AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND: COMPRISING The Principal Affairs of this LAND, From its First Planting, to the coming of the English Saxons.  
TOGETHER With a CATALOGUE of the British and Pictish KINGS.  
By Daniel Langhorne, B. D.  
LONDON, Printed for Charles Harper, and John Amery, 〈◊〉 the Flower-de-luce, and at the Peacock, both against St. Dunstan's Church in First-street. 1676.   

To the Reader.  
Courteous Reader,  
I Here present thee with an Introduction to the History of England, comprising in a Chronological way the most Ancient Affairs of Britain, as well Ecclesiastical as Civil and Military, to the coming in of our English Nation. Herein I have neither absolutely followed nor rejected Geffrey of Monmouth, but have made use of him as far as he may be reconciled with better Writers, and give some light to what we find delivered by them. I have here exhibited a Catalogue of KINGS truly British, without crowding in Roman Emperors and Governors; As also another Catalogue of the Pictish Kings, taken out of fordoes M.S. Scotichronicon.  
If this small TRACT shall be so happy as to meet with Favourable Entertainment, it will encourage me to proceed in endeavouring a greater performance.  
Daniel Langhorne.   

AN INTRODUCTION TO The History of England.  
Britannia.  
BRitaine, the most Famous (if not the Largest) Island of the World, is by the Curious Comparers of the Celestial spaces placed under the Eighth Climate, included within the 18th and 26th Parallel. In Compass it is reckoned to be about One thousand eight hundred thirty six miles. Known it was to the Greeks before the Romans heard of it, as appears by Pytheas Massyliensis, whom Strabo quoteth about the distance of Thule from this Island, And Moschion out of whom Athenaeus telleth us, That the Main Mast of King Hiero's great Ship was found by a Swineherd in the Mountains of Britain, and by Phileas Tauromenites conveyed into Sicily. Aristides calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, The Great Island: And Dionysius after speaking of this and Ireland, says, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Now for their greatness verily exceeding great they are,  
And seek through Islands all, none may with British Isles compare.  Though Scythinus Côus in Apollonius among other strange Tales which he tells of it, bounds it within the Precinct of four hundred Stadia; the falsity whereof is sufficiently notorious, though possibly he might mean Brittia Batavica. Polybius indeed is the ancientest Author extant, that mentioneth it, thus speaking in his Third Book, Of the utmost Ocean, the British Isles, the plenty of Tin, Gold and Silver in Spain, old Writers with different Opinions have reported much. The first Latin Author in whom we find the name of this Country, is Lucretius, (who lived but a little before Caesar,) in these Verses concerning the difference of Air, 
Nam quid Brittannum coelum differre putamus,  
Et quod in Aegypto est quà mundi claudicat axis.  
For Air, what difference is there in Britain Isle, think we,  
And Egypt Land, where Arctic Pole to stoop men plainly see.  This spacious Island was more particularly called Albion, the name of Britain being taken in a larger sense, as comprehending Ireland too, which by Ptolemey is termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. So Martianus Heracleota in periplô, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The British Isles are two, the one called Alvion, the other Iveruia. And Dionysius Afer calls them both, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, agreeing with Strabo in placing them over against the mouth of the Rhine. And so Enstathius commenting on that place of Dionysius, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, The British Isles are two, Vernia & Alvion, or Bernia and Albion. With these we may join that Book De Mundo, which goes under the name of Aristotle, though judged by the Learned not so ancient as the time wherein he lived, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In it (speaking of the Ocean) are two very great Islands called British, Albium and Hierna. But Pliny extends the name of Britain further to all about it, when speaking of this Island: Britain, saith he, renowned in the Greek Records and ours both, lieth betwixt North and West over against Germany, France and Spain, but with a great distance between them, they being the greatest parts by fare of all Europe. Albion it had to name, when all the Isles adjacent were also called Britannies. Some will have it to have received this name from the fabulous invention of the Greeks, who as they called Italy Hesperia, from Hesperus the Son of Atlas, France Galatia from Galates the Son of Polyphemus, so would have this Land denominated from Albion the Son of Neptune, mentioned with his Brother Bergion by P●mponius Mela. But others derive it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which, as Festus tells us, in Greek signifieth White, from which word the Alps have their Appellation. So that Albion seems to be corrupted from Alphion; for it is environed with huge White Rocks: And Fracastorius speaking of the English Sweat, observes this Country to be a white plasterish Soyl. And long ago Orpheus in his Argonauticks speaking of this Island as lying next to Ireland, calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, The White Land. For which very Reason Luyd fetches the name of Britain from Pride Cain, signifying in British A Comely white form. Mr Hill in his Notes upon Dionysius Afer, conceives this name of Albion to be framed by the Greeks from Allybaun, by which name the Irish Scots called the Northern part of this Island; And this way too it will be originally denominated from Whiteness, for Ellan-Ban in Highland Scottish signifies a White Island.  
Others will have it to be called Albion for Olbion, from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Felicity, in respect of the Air and Soil; Though it seems more probable, that both this Island and Olbia an ancient City of Gallia Narbonensis took their names from Olbia a City of Cimmeria near the River Boristhenes, from whence the Ancestors of the Britain's came.  
Here it will not be impertinent to make some Inquiry how it came first to be called Britain. Some bring it from the Brutians in Italy, who in Greek are written 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and their Country 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which being sometimes mistaken for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, hath caused strange confusion in History. But the Antiquity of that Name and Nation reaching no higher than the Reign of the elder Dionysius, 
Justine lib. 23.  and the taking of Rome by the Gauls, renders it very improbable; because since that time the Roman Records were safely preserved, and some Historian or other would in all likelihood have transmitted to memory the migration of any considerable Colony from Italy to these parts. Camden saith, That from Birth a British word signifying Painted, Depainted, Died and Coloured, and Tania which as the Greek Glossaries tell us, betokeneth in Greek A Region, it was named Brittania; And Selden fetches its Name from Birth Inis, two British words signifying a Painted Island, or the Island of Paint. The Native Britain's are zealous assertors of Brutus, and will have him to be the Author of their Stock and Name, and therefore spell it with a Y, viz. Britain, it being frequent with them in derivation of words to turn V into Y; their National name in the plural number being written Brytaniaid, and the name of Brutus being usually pronounced by them as if it were spelled Brytys.  
Many Learned men explode the whole Narration of Brutus, and deny that ev●● there was any such man, affirming his very ●●●th to be the mere product of Geffrey of Monmouth's Brain. But hereunto I cannot reasonably assent, for though I look upon Geoffrey to have been no faithful Translator, but believe him to have inserted a great many Fictions into that little Chronicle which was brought over from Armorica, whereby Giraldus Cambrensis was induced to term it a Fabulous History, and the Church of Rome thought fit (among other Books prohibited) to forbid his Writings together with Merlin's Prophecies to be published, yet I see no cause why we should reject all of it as commentitious, seeing Vennius who lived some Centuries before him, speaks of Brutus though doubtfully, one while making him the same with Junius the first Consul; another time calling him Brito, and making him the Son of Silvius the Son of Ascanius the Son of Aeneas; and lastly fetches his descent from Jabath the Grandson of Japhet by his Son Jovan or Javan, thus; Jabath, Jona, Bathe, Isran, Esdra, Ramires, Abirt, Oth, Ecthec, Aurthac, Ethac, Maier, Simeon, Boib, Thoi, Ogomun, Setherir, Alanius, Isation, Brito; To Brito he adds three Brothers, Francus, Romanus, and Alemanus. To Armenon the Brother of Isition he gives five Sons, Gothus, Valagothus, Gebidus, Burgundus, Longobardus; And to Negno another Brother, four Sons, Vandalus, Saxo, Bogarus and Turgus. The uncertainty of this and his other Stories he excuses, because the great Masters and Doctors of Britain had no skill in the Antiquities of their Nation, and left no memorial in writing, confessing that himself had gathered whatsoever he wrote, out of the Annals and Chronicles of the Holy Fathers. Henry of Huntingdon speaks of Brutus or Bruto in the first and second Books of his History, and in his Epistle to Warinus a Briton concerning the Kings of the Britain's; And Giraldus himself in that Seventh Chapter of his Description of Wales, where he so blames Geffrey, yet acknowledgeth Brutus for Founder of the Kingdom of the Britain's. And both these were as ancient as Geffrey. Thaliessin the chief of all the British Poets living in the days of Malgon Guineth, styles his Countrymen Wedilhion Troia, the remnant of Troy; And we read in Ammianus, that some who after the destruction of Troy fled, 
Lib. 15.  possessed themselves of Gaul at that time void and unpeopled, meaning, but thinly inhabited, from whence they might easily pass over hither. As Monumethensis himself confesseth, that Brutus arrived in Gaul before he came into Britain. To this purpose it were not much amiss to allege that Verse which goes about under the name of Sibylla, wherein they are termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as it were from Brutus, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Betwixt Bryts, and gaul's their Neighbours rich, in Gold that much abound,  
The roaring Ocean Sea with blood full filled shall redound.   
Some there are who would have the Britan's to come of the Race of the Grecians, and Britannia to be deduced from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a term given by them to their Finances and Revenues, of which opinion are Cooper and Eliot. And truly 
* Lib. 6. de Bello Gall.  Caesar says, that he found the Greek letters to be in use with them; And it is evident that their Language hath a greater affinity with the Greek, than almost any other hath. Diodorus Siculus saith of them, 
Lib. 5. cap. 8  That they used Chariots in fight, as the report goes of the ancient Grecians at the Trojan War. But all that they say to prove them sprung from Greece, may serve as well to make good their original from the Trojans; who were themselves a Colony of the Grecians transported by Teucer out of Crect into Phrygia. Certain it is out of Homer and others, that the Trojans had Greek names, and their manner of fight was the same. Nor is it at all likely, that in so short a space as the Reign of Seven Kings, they should quite forgo the Language and Customs of their Ancestors, though the Britan's might well undergo a great alteration in both, for so long it was ere the Romans knew them. As for the Altar erected in Caledonia with an Inscription of Greek letters mentioned by Solinus, it may seem to be the work of some Grecian, that came with these Trojans from Chaonia, or some other Greek Travellers, in honour of Ulysses as a great Navigator, by which means Vlyssippo too (now Lisbon in Portugal) seems to have gotten its name. I confess it does not appear to me an irrefragable Argument against the so long received Tradition of Brutus, that no Roman Historian speaks of him, since we find in them but a slender account of those times wherein he must be supposed to have lived, and little more than the bare names of the Alban Kings which more directly appertained to them. And for those who wrote after the entry of the Romans into Britain, much of their Writings is lost, as of Tacitus, Suetonius, Dion Cassius and others, which might have made something for this purpose. Nor is there any great weight in the objection of some others, That the name of Brutus is not so ancient as the time of this British King; since Nennius calls him Brito, of which name Hyginus Polyhistor mentions a Centaur (or Thessalian), and other Greek Writers speak of a Nymph named Britona and Britomartis. But when the Romans came to be Lords of the World, the Britan's ambitious to claim Kindred with them, and to ingratiate themselves with them, might possibly vary the Greek name of this Prince into the Roman name of Brutus, differing little from it in their pronunciation. And seeing it is manifest that even the most unlearned and barbarous Nations have preserved the memory of some of their old Heroes, especially of the Founders, without Greek or Roman Authors, why may we not allow our Britan's their Brito or Brutus, though we do not admit the whole Beadroll of Kings recited in the Monmouth History? It seems the old English Saxons believed him to be the Founder of the British Kingdom, as these Verses out of an old Saxon Manuscript in Trinity College Library in Cambridge show: 

Of alle for one ƿiman 
In Comm. ad Bedae Hist. Eccl. lib. 1.   
Ðat Heleine ƿas icleped þorn; is battle furst began  
On Heyman ƿas þorn; ere bifor ðh; at icleped ƿas Dardan  
Of him come þorn; e good Bruigt þat; ƿas ðh; e furst man  
Ðat loverd ƿas in Engeland asc ich eu telle can.  
And again, After Bruit his oƿe name he cleped hit Brutaine;   

The Land was Brutain called from Brutus' own name.  
One Woman caused the Trojan War, whose name  
Was Helen, Dardan Prince of noble fame  
Was Ancestor to Brute first British King,  
From whom the Stems of British Princes spring.    
No small question is raised about his Father Silvius, whom Monumethensis will have to be the Son of Ascanius, supposing probably that after the difference between Julus and his Uncle the Son of Lavinia was reconciled, whereby Silvius Postbumus was adjudged to succeed his deceased Brother, and the Pontificate (being the next degree of Honour to the Kingly Dignity) was assigned to Julus; He in respect to the King, and to ingratiate himself with the Alban among whom the name of Silvius was in great request, (as Virgil in his Sixth Book of his Aeneads denotes, Silvius Albanum nomen; the fair Daughter of Tyrrhus the chief Herd-master to King Latinus being also named Sylvia,) might assume that name for his praenomen; and for a straighter linking of their Friendship, married the Niece (as Geffrey saith) of Queen Lavinia. Some conceive Silvius the Father of Brutus to be the same with Posthumus, and Son to Aeneas really, but to Ascanius adoptively; which opinion cannot be admitted, because he after about Nine and twenty years' Reign, died a natural death, which our British Historians deny of the other, making him to be slain by his mistaking Son, so that their relation would better agree with Silvius Aeneas the Son of Posthumus, of whose immature death there is some show of a conjecture out of 
* Aen. 6.  Virgil, who makes a doubt whether he ever attained to be King, 
Silvius Aeneas paritèr pietate vel armis,  
Egregius sin unquam regnandam acceperit Albam.  
Aeneas Silvius renowned for Arms, and Piety,  
If e'er of Alba he attain the Royal Monarchy.   
And 
* Met. 15.  Ovid favours this, leaving him out of his Catalogue of Alban Kings, and making Latinus the immediate Successor to Posthumus: 
— Successit Sylvius illi,  
Quo satus antiquo tenuit repetita Latinus  
Nomina cum Sceptro.  
Silvius succeeds, whose Son upholds with fame  
The old Latinus 's Sceptre and his name.  And if Silvius Posthumus were also named Ascanius as well as his Elder Brother, which Livy seems to hint in the beginning of his 
* Pec. 1.  History, then may Brutus be this way too the Grandson of Ascanius, and being banished for his Parricide leave his Brother Latinus to succeed his Grandfather in the Kingdom: Though I am not ignorant that others understand Virgil speaking in that place of Silvius Aeneas, not to mean that he died before his Father, but that it was very long before regained his right which his usurping Guardian had withheld from him And in lead, as Livy saith, who can positively determine about things so ancient?  
As concerning the Original of this People, Learned Cambden proves them to be descended from the Gauls, by solid Arguments drawn from their agreement in Religion, Customs and Language, their vicinity, & their very name. For they did most generally (as still they do) call themselves Kumero, Cymro and Kumeri, and a British Woman Kumeraes, and their Tongue itself Kumeraeg; And hence we have the names of Cambri and Cambria, Cumbri and Cumbria, which proves them a stock of the famous Cimbrians, who were the same with the Gauls, being one Nation called by two names. So 
* D● Proconsul.  Cicero speaking of Marius, saith that he repressed the Armies of the Gauls etring in great numbers into Italy, when yet Historiographers witness that they were Cimbrians, and Lucan calls the Fellow (that was hired to kill Marius) a Cimbrian, whom Livy and others affirm to have been a Gaul; And out of Plutarch's Errors, Reinerius Reineccius averreth, That the Gauls and Cimbrians used the same Language. And hereunto Appian in his Illyricks, gives his suffrage, The Celts or gaul's, saith he, whom they call Cimbrians. And as all other Nations fetch their first Original from Asia, so do these from the Asiatic Cimmerians the posterity of Gomer the Son of Japhet, from whom also, as Josephus and Zonara's report, the ancient Gauls were called Gemari Gomeraei and Gomeritae, from whence the name of Kumeri, is easily deduced. Mr. Humphrey Lhuyd in his short Description of Britain, conceives these Kumeri or Kymri to be those very Cimbrians who so terribly endangered the state-of Rome, and finding in the Book of Triads that one Irpus of Scandia by subtlety under pretence of Kindred, and Honour to be achieved, induced a great number of Britan's to assist him in his Enterprise who never returned home again; he concludes it probable that the British Kymri passed over into the Danish chersonese, whereby it came to be termed Cimbrica, and after some Exploits there, joining with the neighbouring Teutons, and afterward with the Ambrens a people of Gaul, made sharp War upon the Romans, vanquished Papyrius, Scaurus, Manlius, Silanus, and Caepio, and were at length with much difficulty overcome by Marius and Catulus; After which the remainders of the Cimbrians and Teutons seem to have retired to the chersonese. These Ambrons who aided the Cimbrians in this War, were a people so mischievously addicted to Spoil and Rapine, that in Tract of time the word Ambro came to be commonly used to signify a Devourer, as Isidore long ago hath told us; whence John Caius his mistake in thinking that Gildas joins these Ambrons with the Picts and Scots, (when he speaks of their second vastation of his Country, saying that they came, aesi Ambrones Lupi, like Ambrones Wolves,) is very obvious; it being clear, that by Ambrones Lupi, he meant devouring Wolves; in which sense Geffrey of Monmouth termeth the Saxons also Ambrones. Mr. Lhuyd to strengthen his opinion, produces Plutarch's testimony in his life of Marius, that it was not known whence the Cimbrians came, only that it was from a far Country, and that like clouds they issued into France and Italy with the Teutons; tacitly inferring a likelihood that they might come from this Island. And to this he adds divers other Arguments, drawn from the agreement of that people with the Britan's, in Language and names of their Kings, and their Customs, as, their neglecting of Gold and Silver, their Reverence towards Women and Priests, their sacrificing men to Mercury, their Shields, Armour and Swords, and the very shape of their Bodies. Nor was this the first time that the Britan's made War upon the Romans, if we may believe the relation of the British History, and the constant Tradition of that people concerning Brennus. Sir John Price in his Defence of the British History, is offended with Polydore Virgil for saying that the Insular Britan's had both their Name and Original from the Britan's of Armorica, and will not allow that any Britan's were before the time of Constantine the Great. Yet Pomponius Laetus saith, That they were descended from the Armorican Cities; And Pliny, among the Maritime people over against Britain, near the County of Bullen, reckoneth the Britan's, from whom a Haven of the Neighbouring Morini was called by the name of Portus Morin●●um Britannicus; and of them Learned Cambden understands Dionysius Afer to speak in these Verses, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
And verily that utmost point and angle of this 
* Europe.  part  
Inhabit the Iberians people of haughty heart,  
Near Gibraltar at Hercules his Pillars called of old,  
Turning upon the Main in length what way the current cold  
Of Northern Ocean with strong Tides doth overflow and swell,  
Where Britan's and those fair white folks the Martial Germans dwell.  For, saith he, these words [Where Britan's] seem to have respect unto those other [Turning upon the Main in length.] Eustathius in his Commentary upon that Author takes it for granted that he meant the  Britan's, telling us, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Of these Britan's the Isles of Britain over against them took their denomination. Venerable Bede is of this opinion too, At the first, said he, this Island had these Britan's only to inhabit it, (from whom also it too● the name) who, by report, having sailed out from the Tract of Armorica into Britain, challenged unto themselves the South Coasts thereof, and in process of time peopled the greatest part of it. And it is not at all unlikely that the name of Armorica might extend so far, as to take in the Country of those Britan's, as well as the Sea Coasts of Aquitaine on the other side, since the word only signifies a Country situate upon the Sea, and is not taken by all to be strictly a peculiar name of a particular Province. And Geffrey of Monmouth tells us, that Brutus set sail from the River Loire which belongs to Armorica when he came hither; thereby confessing, what Bede had said, That they came from Armorica, but bringing them thither from a farther Country. But whether our Britan's had their name from them of the Continent, or they of the Continent from our Islanders; most credible it is that the Britan's came over hither from Gaul, as Tacitus tells us; Generally, saith he, if a man consider all Circumstances, it is most likely that the Gauls being Neighbours peopled the Land of Britain next unto them. For it stands to good reason that every Country received the first Inhabitants from places near bordering, rather than from such as were more disjoined, as Cyprus out of Syria and Phoenicia, Crect out of Greece, and Sicily out of Italy, especially if this Island were once conjoined to the Continent of Gaul, as some have conceived not without probable grounds. Who will not judge that our Belgae, Attrebatij, Parist, and Cenimagni, came from the Belgae, Atrebates, Parisij, and Cenomanni of Gaul? Like as the Menapij of Ireland from the Belgic people of the same name. The Germans who were Cimbrians (or Gomerians) too, and therefore of Kin to the Gauls, sent over some Colonies into both these Islands, of which Extract Tacitus reports our Caledonians to have been, and the very name of the Irish Causi proves them an Offspring of the Germane Chauci. Druids and Bards were in great request among both the Gauls and Britan's; And Tacitus saith, that there is an apparent conformity between these two People in their Ceremonies and Superstitious persuasions; and indeed, in many other things too, as Judicious Cambden clearly shows. Certain it is, that those parts of the World were first peopled, which lay nearest to the place where the Ark did first rest after the Flood, and from whence Mankind was increased, so that all Nations must necessarily derive their first beginning from Asia. Japhet, Noah's eldest Son, (Ancestor to the Europaeans, whom the Greeks and Romans call Japetus) had seven Sons. Their Seats, as Josephus saith, 
Lib. 1. Cap. 1.  beginning from the Mountains Taurus and Amanus, stretched, in Asia to the River Tanais, in Europe to Gades; And Isidore out of an ancient Author citeth this, The Nations descended of Japhet possess from the Mountain Taurus Northward the one half of Asia and all Europe so far as to the British Ocean, leaving names to places and people both, of which very many afterwards were changed, the rest remain as they were.  
The Divines generally understand Moses in the Tenth of Genesis, to mean Europe, by The Isles of the Gentiles (as consisting mostly of Islands) which were planted by the Children of Japhet. And the Targumists in their Notes upon the same place, join with them thus, saying, The Sons of Japhet, Gomer, and the names of their Provinces Africa, and Germania, and Madai, and Macedonia, and Asia, and Thracia. Here, by Asia, is meant a Province of Sarmatia Astatica, 
Lib. 11.  near Sindica, mentioned by Strabo, and inhabited by the Asaei or Asiotae; but what Region they understand by Africa, whether Phrygia, as Bochartus; or Cilicia, as Sheringham conceives, or Africa propria, I shall not take upon me to determine; though I rather incline to believe the last: As for the Land of Madai, Mr. Mede in his Discourse upon the Fifth Verse of the Tenth Chapter of Genesis, conceives it to be Aemathia, and will have it to be so called for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Land of Madai, judging it improbable, that Madai's Offspring should continue in Media in the midst (as it were) of Shems' portion and Inheritance. But I rather think that the ancient Medi did for the greatest part remove into Sarmatia, where they were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sauromatae, for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sauromadae, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Prince, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Madai, as Princely Medes, and that some of Shems' Issue taking up their places and mixing with the remnant which stayed behind, did also assume their name. 
〈◊〉 2. cap. 12.  Diodorus Siculus makes something for this my opinion, who speaking of the Colonies sent by the Scythians out of the Countries which they had subdued, mentions two as the chief; the one from Assyria which settled near Pontus and Paphlagonia; the other from Media, which settled near the River Tanais, and were called Sauromatae.  
And Pliny saith, 
Lib. 6. Cap. 7.  Dein Tanain amnem gemino ore fluentem incolunt Sarmatae, Medorum (ut ferunt) soboles. The Sarmatians (as is reported) the Issue of the Medes inhabit upon the River Tanais which runs in two branches or channels. I take Madai therefore here, to be Sarmatia Europaea; The other countries', namely Germany, Macedon and Thrace, are known to be Provinces of Europe.  
That the Eastern parts of Asia were first Inhabited is very evident, from the two last Verses of the Third Chapter of Genesis, in the former of which Verses it appears, that Adam was sent out of Eden into the same place where he was created, and whence he was removed into Paradise; and that this place was on the East of Eden, is clear from the last Verse, where it is said, that the Cherub with the flaming Sword was placed on the East of the Garden to prohibit his return. In the sixteenth Verse of the Fourth Chapter it is said of Cain, That he dwelled in the Land of Nod on the East of Eden, and Eden itself was in the East, as we find in the Eighth Verse of the Second Chapter. And as the Eastern parts were first planted after the Creation, so were they likewise first replanted after the Flood.  
Sir Walter Raleigh and others have sufficiently proved, that the Ark rested upon the Caucasian Mountains near Margiana, a Country famous for Vines, where the people have a constant Tradition that Noah planted his Vineyard; where also the Mountain and River Janus, and the Mountain Nyseus, so called of Bacchus Nyseus or Noah, were found; for these Mountains are part of that long ledge of Hills which by Moses are called Ararat; by others Taurus. And as I said before, it stands to reason that those countries' were first peopled, which were nearest to the place where the Ark rested; so that China, India, Persia and Scythia may well be accounted the first Lands that were inhabited after the Deluge. From thence upon the multiplying of Mankind, was sent forth that Colony by whom Babel was built, as Moses testifies, telling us, Genesis 11.6. That they journeyed from the East; thereby plainly showing the Error of the common Opinion, That the Ark rested in Armenia, and that these people came from thence; whereas Armenia lies Northwest of Shinaar.  
Gomer the Son of Japhet seems to have seated himself in Bactriana where Ptolemey placeth the City 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chomara, and the people named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chomarians, for Gomarians, who removing into Scythia Sacana, planted themselves near the River Jaxartes, where the same Ptolemey placeth the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Comarians. From hence Gomers' posterity spread themselves over a good part of Scythia on this side of the Mountain Imaus, founding the Nations of the Syevi, Sasones, Asaei or Asiotae, and others who afterwards passing through Sarmatia sat down in Germany and Scandia.  
Some may possibly expect that I should fetch our Ancestors from the building of Babel, as if all the World had been there, whereas the contrary is evident enough; since it cannot be imagined, that from the Flood till that time, Noah (who was then living) and all his posterity, should live like Vagrants without any fixed habitation, and wander so far as Shinaar; Besides, that such an irreligious undertaking was very disagreeable to the piety of Noah, Shem and Japhet. I conceive therefore that when Noah had by Divine Inspiration divided the World among his three Sons, and given directions for their removals as the propagation and multiplication of Mankind should require, Cham and his Issue, whose ways were most displeasing to the Religious Patriarch, were sent away first and farthest off, who being gotten out of the reach of Noah's authority, fell upon that ungracious attempt, and afterwards founded the ancient Kingdoms of Egypt and Babylon; while the Eastern parts of Asia were peopled by the posterity of Shem, and the children of Japhet planted themselves Northwestward. The foresaid Comarians removing into Albania, came (with a small change of their name) to be called Cimmerians, and imparted their new Appellation to the Mountains Cimmerini. From Albania they sent Colonies into Asia Minor, of which such as descended from Ashkenaz planted themselves in Pontus, Bythinia and the Lesser Phrygia, giving name to the Isles called Ascaniae before Troy, to the Bay called Ascanius, and a River and Lake of the same name in Bythinia. And likely it is that in honour of Ashkenaz, the Princes of those parts took the name of Ascanius, of which name we find the Son of Aeneas, and before him another mentioned by Homer among the Kings that aided the Trojans. 
Lib. 2.  The descendants of Rhiphath seated themselves in Paphlagonia where they were called Riphaei and Heneti, and those of Togorma in Galatia and the Greater Phrygia. But when the posterity of Shem was so increased that Lud's Issue came into those parts, than (in obedience to Noah's order which was yet sacred with the Children of Shem and Japhet) these Ascanians, Rhiphaeans, and Togormians leaving behind them such as were unfit for Travel, crossed the Euxine, and passed up the Mouth of Ister, and from thence taking their Expedition for Germany, sat down by the Western Ocean, as Plutarch saith, of which more anon. Those few which stayed in Asia mixing with Lud's Posterity, preserved the Names and Memories of their Ancestors.  
In Germany the Cimmerians suffered another small alteration of their name, and were called Cimbrians, from thence planting Gaul, and from Gaul, Britain.  
But Isacius Pontanus in his Description of Denmark denies the Cimbrians to be the same Nation with the Cimmerians, contrary to the general Opinion of Ancient Authors; for Strabo in his Seventh Book tells us out of Posidonius, That the Cimbrians made Excursions as far as maeotis and named the Bosphorus, Cimmerian, which is the same with Cimbrian; seeing the Cimbrians are by the Greeks called Cimmerians; here Strabo consents with Posidonius in the latter clause, but rejects his opinion of the Cimbrians giving name to the Bosphorus, himself in the same Book deducing it from an adjoining Mountain named Cimmerius, which was so denominated from the ancient Cimmerians. And yet out of the Eleventh Book of the same Strabo, it may seem that the name of the Cimbrians was famous there, for he mentions Pagus Cimbrieus near the Lake of Maeotis, where they that used to sail in that Lake were wont to take shipping. But what Posidonius saith of the Cimbrians, being the same with the Cimmerians, is likewise averred by Diodorus Siculus, 
Lib. 5. cap. 9  where speaking of the Celts and gaul's, he thus proceeds, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Their Valour and fierceness being blazed abroad, some affirm that in Old Times they over-ran all Asia, and that these People were called Cimmerians, which name was by Tract of time corrupted into the shorter Appellation of Cimbrians. Then he adds, That by these, Rome was taken, Apallo's Delphian Temple plundered, a great part of Europe, and no small part of Asia made Tributary; hereby clearly making them the same with the Gauls, and consequently the true Progenitors of the Britan's. Diodore 's testimony is confirmed by Plutarch in his Life of Marius; his words are these, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, They were at first named Cimmerians, afterwards not unfitly Cimbrians. And, a little before, he says, Some conceive that the Cimmerians which were first known to the Grecians, were but a small part of the whole Nation, a band of Fugitives or seditious persons, forced by the Scythians to remove from Maeotis into Asia under the Conduct of Lygdamius; but the main Body, and most Warlike part of them had their habitations in the remotest Coasts hard by the Ocean. Which description agrees very well with the dwellings of our Cimbriaus near the Germane Ocean: Neither is Plutarch's calling this, a Conjecture, sufficient to invalidate the authority of more ancient Writers than himself.  
In the last place we shall produce Stephanus Byzantinus in the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The Cimbrians, whom some call Cimmerians. By these Authors it is manifest, that the Cimbrians were the same with the Cimmerians, and with the Gauls; and that they were Germane none deny. Those Cimmerians which (when the rest went for Germany) stayed about Bosphorus dwelling on both sides of it, being afterwards expelled with their King Lygdamius (as is aforesaid) by the Scythians, invaded Lydia in the time of Ardys the Son of Gyges, and took Sardes, all but the Castle, maintaining their get in despite of what he or his Son Sadyattes could do against them, making Excursions as far as Phrygia, and building there the City Cimmeris. But Halyattes succeeding his Father, gave them a great overthrow; after which both he and they wearied with so long a War, became more pliant and inclinable to peace, which was at last concluded between them, Galatia and part of Pontus being assigned to the Cimmerians, whereby the rest of the Lydian Kings Dominions was cleared of these troublesome Guests.  
Herodotus writes, 
Lib. 4.  That the Scythian Nomads (who dwelled in Coelo-Syria) being infested by the Massagetes, crossed over the River Araxes, and invading the Cimmerians forced them to take this Expedition into Asia minor; and a little after he relates another Tradition, viz. That the Arimaspians expelled the Issedons their Country, who falling upon the Scythians forced them to seek new Seats, by whom the Cimmerians were dispossessed of their Dwellings. But it is not likely that these Disseizing and Expulsions were so soon after one another; for who will believe that the Scythians who were not able to keep their own Country, should so presently expel the Cimmerians, (who were not so inconsiderable a handful of men as Plutarch's Authors seem to make them, unless they mean it in respect of the far greater Body of the Nation inhabiting upon the Germane Sea) and pursuing them vanquish the Medes, and obtain the Sovereignty of Asia for Eight and twenty years. Likely it is, that the Issedons being Expelled by the Arimaspians might by the help of the Massagets drive the Scythians into Cimmeria and possess their Seats; The same Herodotus telling us in another place, That the Massagetes dwelled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
Lib. 1.  over against the Issedons, both Nations inhabiting near the River Araxes; and that the Scythians, in a long tract of time, growing numerous and powerful, might expel the Cimmerians (weakened by dissenting Counsels among themselves) and perform such great exploits in Asia.  
The forenamed Arimaspians and the Arimphaeans both of them Aramite Nations, as their names show, passing by the Massagets and Issedons, and following the Nomads entered Scythia and seating themselves there (a little before the Voyage of the Argonauts) were reckoned for Scythians, and grew to be of such fame, that from them, (as Pliny saith) all the Scythians were Anciently by their Neighbours called Aramaeans. 
Lib. 6. Cap. 17.  But to return from whence we digressed, the Cimmerians were (as we see) the Ancestors of the Cimbrians, and these Cimbrians the first Planters of Germany, Gaul and Britain. They were also called Celts, as Appian witnesseth in his Illyricks, saying, that the Autarians fell into great Calamity through Apollo's anger because they Warred at Delphos, together with the Celts who are called Cimbrians. And Plutarch in his Marius termeth them Celto-Scythians, referring to their Cimmerian Original, for the Cimmerians and all the people of the North of Asia and Europe being not well discovered and known by the Greeks and Romans, were by them Comprehended under the general name of Scythians, 
Lib. 11.  and all that vast Tract of ground by them peopled was termed Scythia as Strabo writes. Cimbrians and Celts were names of equal extent, and of ancienter date than Germans, Gauls, and Britan's; concerning which three Nations, that they were of the same Celtic or Cimbrian Stock, is well Collected from their agreement in language. The Gauls which were with Brennus in Greece named in their own Language, as Pausanias saith, 
Lib. 10.  that Order of Horse-fight which consisted of three horses in a rank, Trimarchia; for a Horse they called Marcha, which in that very signification is mere and pure British; for Tri, signifieth three; and March, an Horse. Many other Instances of this sort are produced by Cambden, to whom I remit the Reader.  
Pliny out of Philemon affirms that the Dead Sea was in the Cimbrians Language called Morimarusa, which is perfect British; for Mor, signifies the Sea, and Marus, Dead. So then the British Language agrees with the Cimbrian and Gaulish: Next let us see for the Gaulish and German; And here, Festus Pompeius tells us, Cimbri linguâ; Gallicâ Latrones dicuntur; Latrones in the Gaulish Language are called Cimbri; and Plutarch in his Marius, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are by the Germans named Cimbri; Now 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, and Latro in Latin, did anciently, as well as now, denote one and the same thing: formerly Latro signified a Soldier, in which sense it occurs in Plautus and Terence; and Latrocinari is used by them for Militare; and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is derived of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is ex bello vivere, to live by War; and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, were spoils taken from the Enemy. And Didymus upon those words of Homer, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, saith he, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, was not infamous, but of good import among the Ancients. And Eustathius upon these words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, saith, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 differs from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for a man 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, when he gets any thing by War, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is more general when a man gets any thing by bargain, free gift, casual finding, or any other way. And this thall suffice to show that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was one who lived by War, a Soldier, and Synonymous with Latro; whereby it appears, that Plutarch's Germane spoke the same Language with Festus his Gauls. Kemff or Kemp signified a Camp among the old Germans, and still retains the same signification; from hence come Kemffer, Kemper, and Kimper, denoting a Martial man: And because Kimper was so near of found to Kimber, Festus and Plutarch, who had very little insight into the Cimbrian Language, were induced to think those two words imported one and the same thing: And other later Writers have stickled mainly to have this People denominated from Kimper. 
Lib. 1. cap. 7.  But Josephus tells us, That the Grandsons of Noah had the honour to have the Nations called after their names; and if Gomer did not give name to this People, I cannot find any to whom he did, and so he, though eldest Brother, must find harder measure than all the other Sons of Japhet. Kimper and Kimber therefore though sounding alike, are of different originations, Kimper being corrupted from Kemper, which is derived from Kemp or Kemff; whereas Kimber or Cimbrian, comes from Kimmer or Cimmerian, and, that, from Komer or Comarian, which is so denominated from Gomer. But these resemblances and nearnesses of words, are shelves upon which too many Writers have been wracked. Thus the Henochij in the East have passed for Heniochi, as if they had owed their original to the Charioteers of Castor and Pollux. And here at home, Caermarden in South-Wales hath been derived from Caer Merdhin the City of Merlin, instead of Caer Maridun the City of Maridunum mentioned by Ptolemey. Yet if we should grant that the name of Cimbrians came from Kimper, it would make nothing against their being the same with the Cimmerians, seeing divers Nations when they became great and powerful, have willingly admitted a small alteration in their name, when that change carried in it something of August and Illustrious Import; yet so, that the tract and print of the old name should still remain discernible in the new. Thus they who formerly were called Getae and Getici, came to be called Gothi and Gothici, because Got in their language signifieth Good and Divine; And our Cimmerians becomeing dreadful to the neighbouring Nations, might possibly come to be called Cimbrians, from their Warlike Courage.  
That the Magogaei, Medi, Jaones, Thobeli, Moschi and Thrace's were of the Posterity of Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Mosoch and Thiras, no man denyeth; why then should only Gomer be robbed of his Issue? But some there be who are infected with the old Monkish humour of labouring with all their might to derive their Nation from Shem, because of him came the holy Seed; and therefore deny the name of Cimmerians to be so ancient as to have any relation at all to Gomer, telling us, that they were formerly called Gerberians.  
Pliny indeed speaking of the City Cimmerium, 
Lib. 6. Cap. 6.  adds, Quod anteà Cerberion vocabatur, which was formerly called Cerberion, which may be true of that City; but that the people were called Cerberians before they had the name of Cimmerians, no ancient Author hath averred, though several have written, that they were also called Cerberians. For having conquered Cerberium, they gave it the name of Cimmerium; yet it retained also its old name with the new one, as the old name of Byzantium was not so abolished by the new one of Constantinople, but that the City retained both appellations, and the people were sometimes called Byzantini, as well as Constantinopolitae. And from this Cerberium they came to be sometimes termed Cerberians, as the Franci having subdued Gallia, and seated themselves there, were thence named Galli as well as Franci. The Doors winning Lacedaemon, were thence called Lacedaemonij; and the Getae conquering Thracia and part of Scythia, were termed Thrace's, and Scythae. Some are of opinion, that the Greeks called this People, Cerberians, and their City, Cerberion, that is, Infernal, from their dreadful looks, and out of hatred, because they had been shrewdly afflicted by them, and Jonia more than once grievously ransacked. 
Lib. 1. cap. 8. Sect. 6.  And Sir Walter Raleigh conceives Pliny to be mistaken in making Cerberium to be the City of the Maeotian Cimmerians, and tells us, that it was a Town of Campania, (where the Italian Cimmerians dwelled, 
Pliny, lib. 3. cap. 5.  where also were the River Acheron, and the Lakes Acherusia and Avernus) and that it was so called of the unhealthful Waters savouring of Brimstone, which Augustus caused to be cleansed by letting in the water of the Lake Lucrinus. But if Pliny were not mistaken, yet this may be further said, That those words of his, Cimmerium which was formerly called Cerberion, are not necessarily to be understood, that it was called Cimmerium, but that it was anciently called Cerberion, as well as Cimmerium, though the name of Cerberion was then worn out of use; as the same City was called Augusta & Londinum, in the time of the Roman Government, though the former name hath been quite loft long ago. So that it amounts to no more than if he had said, Londinum quod antea Augusta vocabatur; Londinum which was formerly called Augusta, whereas yet it is certainly known that the name of Londinum is of as great (if not greater) antiquity as that of Augusta.  
As for the other Fancies of some inconsiderable Greek Scribblers who affecting singularity write the name of this People wrong, purposely to coin as wrong a derivation of it, either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Winter, in respect of the coldness, or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Mist, in regard of the darkness of their Bosphoran habitation, I look upon them as mere effects of the vanity of that Nation, who use all shists to draw the original of all people and places to themselves. But in the next place they tell us out of the Thirty eighth Chapter of Ezekiel, That the Posterity of Gomer and Togormah were in Gog's Army against Israel, which was raised out of the Countries which were either subject to, or confederate with, the Seleucidan Kings of Syria: And out of the Fifty second Chapter of Jeremy, they show that Ashkenaz, is joined with Ararat and Minni the greater and lesser Armenia in the War of the Medes against Babylon, and therefore not likely to be far from them. Here we grant, that by Gomer are meant the Cimmerians inhabiting Galatia and part of Pontus; by Togormah, part of the Phrygians; by Ashkenaz, the other part of the Phrygians, together with the Bithynians and the rest of Pontus, because in all these countries' there had been Colonies of the Issue of Gomer, Ashkenaz and Togormah, who at their departure into Europe had, as we said before, left behind them some remnants, from which the Prophets might denominate the whole Provinces, as Ezekiel doth all the Syrian Empire from Magog (which the Greeks call Hieropolis) a City of Coelo-Syria. But this doth no ways contradict what we have said, That the main Body of Gomers' Posterity planted Germany, Gaul and Britain; the Britan's being the undoubted offspring of the Gauls, 
Lib. 1. Cap. 7.  whom Josephus expressly terms Gomarians, and avoucheth Gomer to be their Founder; and the Jews and their Rabbins make Ashkenaz the Father of the Germans, and call Germany by no other name than the Land of Ashkenaz; and the Learned Mélanchthon, with other worthy Writers, say, that the Germans are called Tuiscones for Die Ascanes. Thus Ashkenaz, as the Eldest Brother, hath the honour to give Name to the ●●●ntry, though the Posterity of his Brothers, Rhiphath and Togormah, joined with his in the planting of it. As Japhet then possessed the North of Asia, with Europe and its Isles; so his Son Gomer possessed the utmost borders of Europe, which his Name significantly imports, being first imposed upon no light occasion, but rather by Divine Providence and Inspiration; for Gomer in the Hebrew Tongue betokeneth Utmost Bordering. The Cimbrian gaul's therefore were Ancestors to the Britan's, (not the Britan's to the Cimbrians, as Humphrey Lhuyd would have it.  
But to go on, the Britan's were divided into many Principalities and Nations, divers of which were subdivided into smaller Septs and Tribes, Cornwall and Devonshire were possessed by a people, whom Solinus nameth Dunmonii, Ptolemy Danmonii, (and in some Copies, Damnonii,) of these the more Western seem to be called Cossini for Corini, as we read Fusii for Furii, Valesii for Valerii; the more Eastern, Ostidamnii, Ostaei, and Ostiones, though Artemidorus, whom Stephanus follows in his Book of Cities, being a Stranger, and not throughly acquainted with the Affairs of Britain, confounds and mistakes them for one another. But whether our Ostaei, or Ostiones, gave beginning to the Nation of the same name in Livonia, or they to these, I cannot positively determine, only thus much I may observe by the way, That that people, as Tacitus saith, came near to the Britain's in Language. The Durotriges inhabited Dorsetshire; the Belgae Somerset, Wilishire, Hantshire, and the Isle of Wight; These Belgae w●●● as I conceive, those Britan's which, as Caesar saith, 
Lib. 2. de bell. Gall.  were subject to Divitiacus King of Soissons, whom some have mistaken to be the same with Divitiacus the Heduan, Brother to Dumnorix, not considering that Caesar, with whom this latter was contemporary and familiar, speaks of the former as dead some while before, and mentions one Galba for his Successor; of these the Segontiaci were a Tribe, dwelling about Holeshot and Silecester. The Attrebatii held Berkshire, among whom Comius of Arras was of great Authority, whither he fled, after he had incurred Caesar's displeasure: Of these the Bibroci, who dwelled about the Hundred of Bray, were a Tribe. Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire were possessed by the Dobuni, whom Dion Cassius calleth Bodunni, and of these the Ancalites about the Hundred of Henly were a Tribe. Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire, were possessed by a people whom Dion Cassius calls Cattuellani, Ptolemey Cattieuchlani, according to some Copies Cattidudani, and Cathicludani; of these the Cassii about Caishow were a Tribe, and, as I conceive, the Cenimagni too, though I cannot define the place of their dwelling, unless it were about Dunstable, which was anciently named Magintum, Magioninium, and Magiorinium. For I cannot assent to Mr. Camdens' conjecture, that this people were the two puissant Nations of the Iceni and Regni; since if Caesar had brought them likewise to submit to the Empire of Rome, Detraction itself could not have set so small a value upon his performance against the Britan's, as Horace, Propertius, Seneca, Lucan, and Tacitus do, telling us, that he scarce meddled with them, that he only discovered them, but did not deliver them to the Romans. Neither is Tacitus necessarily to be understood to speak of Caesar's Transaction with the Cenimagni, where he, treating of Ostorius, saith, that the Iceni had willingly sought the Amity of the Romans; seeing any one that shall take notice of that place, will find that it may be as well applied to the first coming of A. Plautius. And Mr. Camden himself writing of the first Inhabitants of Britain, takes it for granted, that these Cenimagni had both their Original and Name from the Cenomanni of Gaul. The forenamed Iceni had Huntingtonshire, Cambridgeshire, with the Isle of Ely, and Norfolk, and Suffolk. These were also called Igeni, and Tigeni, and by Ptolemy Simeni. The Trinobantes, or Trinoantes, enjoyed Essex and Middlesex; and the Kantii, Kent; though some Copies of Ptolemey have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as that which Camden made use of, making it the name of the Country, not of the People. And if those Copies be the truer and more Authentic, than it is only by the name of the Place, and not of the Inhabitants, which may make way for a critical conjecture, That the neighbouring Regni, who in the time of the Roman Government had Surrey and Sussex for their part, did formerly possess Kent also; which if it be so, we need not go far to seek whence this people had their name, since the Greek Navigators might as reasonably call them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (as Ptolemey calls them,) from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to break, because between their Coast and Picardy, by the violent force of waves, Britain was broken off from the Continent, as they did Rhegium a City of Italy, standing upon the Sicilian Straits; and Vitsan, upon the Continent opposite to the Kentish shore, may without any forcing or detortion be derived from Guith a British word, signifying division, or separation. Mr. John Twine, and others, are of opinion, that there was an Isthmus, or narrow neck of land, that in times past conjoined these Regions, and afterwards being broken either by the general Deluge, or continual beating and rushing in of the waves, or some extraordinary Earthquake, did let in the waters to make a passage through: for the nature of the Soil in both Shores is the same, where the distance is narrowest, both Shore's rising up with losty cliffs of the same kind of matter and colour, so as they may seem to have been riven asunder. Besides, 
Plin. lib. 2. cap. 88  ancient Writers tell us, that the force of the Sea did as much between Cyprus and Syria, Euboea and Boeatia, Atalante and Euboea, Besbicus and Bithynia, Sicily and Italy, Calpe and Abila; nor is the breadth of the Sea much greater between our Island and the Continent, than either the straits of Gibraltar, or of Sicily, to wit, about twenty four miles over, and not above twenty five fathom deep, whereas the Sea on both sides of it is much deeper. Servius Honoratus, commenting on that verse of Virgil, Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos, And Britan's quite disjoined from all the World, saith, that Britain was in times past joined to the Main. And Claudian seems to be of this mind, — Nostro diducta Britannia mundo, Britain that's severed from our Roman world; the word, Diduco, signifying an actual severing, as being diametrically opposed to Contraho. Neither can it be doubted, but that the face of the Earth hath been much altered, partly by the Deluge, and partly by long continuance of time, and other causes; whereupon Ovid in his Metamorphosis brings in Pythagoras thus speaking: 
Vidi eg● quoth quondam fuerat solidissima tellus  
Esse fretum, vidi factas ex aequore terras.  
Myself have seen main ground sometimes turned into Sea and Sand,  
And seen I have again the Sea become main settled Land.   
That the Regni were so named from Regnum, a Kingdom, as some would have it, because the Romans permitted them to remain under the Regal Government of Cogidunus, seems to me no satisfactory reason; neither doth Tacitus say, that the Cities given to him were in this tract; and I am rather of that Gentleman's mind, who wrote the life of Nero Caesar, that both they and his Kingdom lay in the Midland Countries, where his Authority and Fidelity, commended by the same Tacitus, did certainly much advantage Suetonius Paulinus in his long March from Anglesey to London, when Boadicia had excited so great an Insurrection; whereby he answered the expectation of his Politic Lords, whose aim in their Kindnesses and Donations was, to have even Kings for their instruments of Thraldom and Servitude. The Coritani, bordering upon the Dobuni or Bodunni, inhabited the Counties of North-Hampton, Leicester, Rutland, Lincoln, Nottingham, and Derby. And next to them the Cornavii, or Cornabii, possessed Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, and Cheshire, and of these the Cangi or Ceangi were a Tribe inhabiting the Seacoasts of Cheshire. The Silureses, whom Ptolemy calleth Sylires, possessed the Counties of Monmouth, Hereford, Radnor, Brecknock, and Glamorgan. The Dimetae or Demetae (corruptly in some Copies of Ptolemey written Metae) had the Counties of Caermarden, Pembroke, and Cardigan; the Ordevices, Ordovices, or Ordovicae, (corruptly Ordolucae) inhabited the Counties of Flint, Denbigh, Caernarvon, Merioneth, and Montgomery, containing the Principalities of North-Wales and Powis, (South-Wales being divided between the Silureses and Dimetae;) these people were in all probability of the offspring of the Veneti of Armorica, from whom the greatest part of their Territory seems to have received the name of Guineth and Venedotia, which name of Guineth Cambden conceives Pausanias to have aimed at in his Arcadia, where for Genunia he would have Genuthia to be read. Lancashire, Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and the Bishopric of Durham, were possessed by the brigants, a stout people, and true Sons of the old Cimbrians, who, as the Germans mentioned by Caesar, accounted no Robberies infamous that were committed without the borders of their own State, and allowed the practice thereof to exercise their Youth withal, and to keep them from idleness; as in that warlike age when men reckoned that their Right, which they could win or hold by might and dint of sword, for which they were so famed, that they were from thence called brigants, that is, Grassatores, Robbers, or else others that followed the same courses were so named from them. Of these the Gabrantovici were a Sept, as also were the Setantii, as likewise the Parisi, and the Jugantes too, if that name be not a mistake in Tacitus for brigants. In this Territory of the brigants Nennius placeth the country of Guennesi (wherein stood Caer Guortigerne) which name is in some sort preserved in Went a Riveret, and Wentworth a Town of the West-Riding of Yorkshire, and Wentsdale a Vale in Richmondshire. Northumberland (strictly so called,) Teifidale, Twedale, Merch, Lauden, Liddesdale, Eusedale, Eskedale, Annandale, Nidisdal, Galloway, Carrict, Kyle, Cuningham, Cluydsdale, with part of Lennox and Sterling. Sherifldome, were peopled by the Ottadini, Gadeni, Selgovae, (by Tacitus named 
* In vita Agricolae.  Horesti) N●vantes, and Damnii, all comprehended under the general term of Maeatae, as descended from the Maeatae, a Tribe of the Cimmerians. All the country beyond these was held by the Epidii, Cerones, Carnonaeae, Carini, Cornabii; Smertae, Logi, Cantae, Caledonii, Vacomagi, Vennicones or Vernicones, and Taizali. Of these the five first made up the Nation of the Attiscoti, of whom St. Hierome speaks in his second Book against Joviman: Quid loquar de caeteris nationibus, cùm ipse adoleseentulus in Galliâ viderim Attiscotos gentem Britannicam humanis vesci carnibus; What should I talk of other Nations (said he,) when I myself in France, being a youth, saw Attiscots', a British people, seed upon man's flesh. For so Henricus Gravius tells us it is read in those Manuscript Cepies which he made use of, not, Scotos, as it is in the common Edition, and the Agnomination of Gentem Britannicam, is a good evidence for it. And it is not unlikely, that in the same Book of that Father, where we read, Ante hoc Autem quoties in Britanniâ humanis veseebantur carnibus, nunc jejuniis refiiciunt antmam suam; these words, Autem quoties, through the carelessness of the Corrector, or ignorance of the Transcriber, crept in for Attiquoti, so that the sense should be thus: Before this the Attiquots in Britain did feed on man's flesh, but now relieve their souls with fastings. And in St. Hierom's eighty third Epistle, written to Oceanus, we find another barbarous custom of theirs mentioned, where he speaks of some, who Scotorum & Atticotorum ritu, ac de Republia Platonis, promiscuas uxeres, communes liberos babeant; After the manner of the Scots and Atticots, and according to Plato's Commonwealth, have Wives and Children in common. For so Marianus Victorius affirms it to be in his Copies, which is undoubtedly the genuine Reading, though in the Old Edition of Basil, Atticorum be foisted in for Atticotorum. As likewise for the first place that I cited out of St. Hierome concerning this people, we find in one Copy Attigottos, in another Cattacottos, in a third Cattitos; and in another place, where this Father speaks of them, Erasmus putteth down for them, Azotos. By Ammianus Marcellinus they are named Attacotti, and, in the Book called Notitia, Attecotti. I conceive Attis oti to be the true name of them, and that they were first so termed by the Venedotian Britan's from Vch Y Scot, signifying in British, Above or beyond the Scots, in respect of their Country, situate upon the Deucaledonian Sea, over or beyond Dal-Raida in Ulster the Habitation of the Scots, which butts forth into the Sea between North-Wales and Cantyre; as the Ottadini of Northumberland, according to Camden, from Vch Tin, above or beyond the River Tine. Unless we shall think they were named Attacotti from the Attaci, 
Lib. 4. cap. 12.  (a Cimmerian Tribe mentioned by Pliny,) as descended from them. Of the other seven Nations, or rather Tribes or Septs, whose Country lay along the Germane Sea; the Caledonii, whom the Panegyrist calls Caledones, inhabiting from Sinus Lelanonius, or the River Levin, to Vararis or Murray Frith, were of greatest fame: Insomuch that 
* In vita Julii Agricolae.  Tacitus calls all beyond Glotta and Bodotria by the name of Caledonia, and the people, Caledonians; and others extend the Name to the whole Island, calling the Sea also which environs it, Oreanus Caledonius, the Caledonian Ocean, and using the term of Caledonian woods, for all the Woods of Britain. Hence likewise it is, that all the people beyond the Maeatae were sometimes divided into Deucaledones, (from whom the Deucaledonian Sea on the West of Scotland had its appellation) that is to say, the Caledonians of the South, or of the right hand, from the British word, Deheu, betokening the Right hand; and Vecturiones, them of the North, or of the left hand, from Chwithic, signifying the left hand; for the Britain's, after the manner of the Hebrews, used to denote the South by the right hand, and the North by the left. But when the Caledonians strictly so called, with their neighbours between the mountains of Drum Albin and the Germane Sea became united into one Nation and Kingdom with the Picts, these two names of Vecturiones and Deucaledones, (whom 
* Lib. 27.  Ammianus Marcellinus, ignorant of the British Language and Etymology, terms Dicaledones) were restrained within a narrower compass, the former being taken only for the Northern men, as the latter was for the Southern of that Kingdom. At which time they who dwelled on the other side of Drum Albin in a rougher and more defensible country, not mixing with the Picts, but preserving themselves a distinct State, began to be named Attiscots', and with the Picts and Scots grievously annoyed the Britain's, that lived under the Roman Government; till at length the Scots out of Ireland coming up Dunbritton Frith, and being received and assisted by the Picts, so far gained upon them, that they were fain to incorporate with them, and pass into their Name, becoming members of the Scottish Kingdom, as their Neighbours were of the Pictish.  
By these Nations was Britain peopled, which falling afterwards into the hands of the Romans, was by them had in no small estimation, as it deserved; for it enjoys so kind and temperate an Air, that the Summers are not excessive hot, and the Winters are very mild; the Soil so exceeding fruitful, that Orpheus reported it to be the very seat of Ceres, thus speaking of it: — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.— Lo, here the stately Halls of Ceres' Queen. And others have taken these Islands to be the Fortunate Isles, so much celebrated by the Ancients. From hence the Romans used to send into Germany yearly a Fleet of eight hundred vessels (bigger than Barges) laden with Corn for maintenance of their Armies. Abundantly stored it is with Corn, Fruits, and , full of Mines and veins of Metal; accommodated with brave Rivers full of divers sorts of excellent Fishes, and with secure and capacious Havens; the ambient Sea contributing a moderate warmth to it, and serving it with great variety of Fishes too; besides a kind of Pearl, mentioned by King Juba, Pliny, Marcellinus, and Beda, the desire of which, as Suetonius saith, was one of the inducements that made Caesar take his Voyage hither, who causing a Breastplate to be made of them, dedicated it to Venus Genitrix, as from whom he derived his descent. And St. Origen affirms the British Pearls to be the best next to those that are bred in the Red Sea, or found among the Indians. Indeed it was the very Barn, Garner, and Storehouse for victuals of the Western Empire, which made the Orator, in his Panegyric to Constantius Chlorus, term the detention of it by Carausius and Alectus, so great a damage to the Commonwealth. And here I should run higher in the just praise of my Dear Country, but that I conceive it more proper for a Choragrapher than an Historian.  
Sextus Rufus, who lived in the beginning of the first Valentinian's Reign, tells us in his Breviary, that Britain (so much of it as was under the Romans) was divided into four Provinces, viz. Britannia prima, being all the South-coast, which of one side lieth between the British Sea and the River Thames, with the Severn Sea on the other side, so named, because it lay nighest to Rome. Wales, in the largest extent from the River Severn and the Irish Sea, made up Britannia secunda, so called, because it lay remoter off. Maxima Casariensis, extending from Humber to Glotta and Bodetria, was so named, because it was the largest; and the middle Country between Thames and Humber was called Flavia, from the Emperor Constantine's Praenomen, Flavius. But when in the time of this Valentinian and his Brother Valens, the Northern people had seized part of Maxima Caesariensis from Glotta and Bodotria, (now called the Friths of Dunbritton and Edinburgh) to the River Tine, Theodosius (Father to the Emperor Theodosius) recovered it, and named it Valentia in honour of the Emperors, by whom it was made a distinct Province of itself. To which we may add the Country inhabited by the Caledonians and Attiscots', making up six Provinces in all. Septimius Severus had formerly divided Britain into two parts, the Higher, which was the nearer; and the Lower, which was the remoter: and before the coming of the Romans it was divided into three parts, Loegria, now England; Albania, Scotland; Cambria, Wales; at what time they were so overgrown with Idolatry, that they in a manner equalled the Egyptians for multitude of Deities, worshipping Andate or Andraste, Camulus, Bellotucadrus, Viterinus, Magontus, and others; besides that it is likely, that they also adored the Idols of the Gauls, Teutates, Hesus, and Tharanis, seeing both these Nations had one and the same Theology of the famous Druids. For these were to the Gauls and Britan's Divines, Philosophers, and Lawyers, as the Bards were their Prophets, Poets, and Historians. These last embalmed the memories of the Ancients in Rhyming Verses, which looked both backwards in their Relations, and forward in their Predictions; so that their Confidence meeting with the Credulity of others, advanced their wild conjectures to the reputation of Prophecies. The Druids taught one Chief and Supreme Deity over all the other Idols, holding also the Immortality of the Soul, yet with the Pythagorean error of Transmigration, (but restrained only to Humane Bodies;) though whther they had it from Phythagoras or he from them, be questioned by Lipsius. Their chief Deity was This Pater. He that desires to know more of them, may consult Caesar, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Lucan, Pomponius Mela, Pliny, Ammianus Marcellinus, Lactantius, Eusebius de Praeparatione Evangelicâ, and the Comedy Aulularia of Pseudo-Plautus, with Otho Heurnius, Camden, and Selden.  
Under the Romans Britain was at first accounted a Presidial Province, and appropriate to the Caesars, as being annexed to the Roman Empire after the division of Provinces ordained by Augustus, and had Propraetors of their own. The Emperor Septimius Severus having overcome and slain Clodius Albinus, divided it into two Prefectures mentioned before, of the Higher and the Lower. But Constantine the Great made an alteration of Government both here and throughout the Empire, which I think fit to set down out of Mr. Camden. He ordained four Prefects of the Praetorium, viz. of the East, of Illyricum, of Italy, and of Gaul; two Masters of the Soldiers, or Commanders of the Forces, the one of Footmen, the other of Horsemen in the West, whom they termed Praesentales. For Civil Government, there ruled Britain the Perfect of the Praetorium, or Grand Seneschal of Gaul, and under him the Vicar-General of Britain, who was his Vicegerent, and honoured with the Title of Spectabilis, that is, Notable, or Remarkable. Him obeyed respectively to the number of the Provinces (viz. in the time when the Book called Notitia Imperii was written) two Consular Deputies in Maxima Caesariensis and Valentia, and three Precedents in the other three Provinces, who had the hearing of Civil and Criminal causes. For Military Affairs there ruled the Commander of the Footmen in the West, at whose disposition were the Count of Britain, the Count of the Saxon Coast, and the Duke of Britain, each styled Spectabilis. The Count of Britain seemeth to have ruled the inland parts of the Island, (keeping his residence in the South,) who had with him seven Companies of Foot, and nine Cornets or Troops of Horsemen. The Count of the Saxon Coast, who is named by Ammianus, 
Lib. 27.  Comes maritimi Tractûs, Count of the Maritime Tract, for defence of the Sea-coast, had seven Companies of Footmen, two Guidons of Horsemen, the second Legion, and one Cohort. The Duke of Britain, who defended the Marches or Frontiers against the Barbarians, (keeping his residence in the North) had the command of eight and thirty Garrison Forts, wherein kept their Stations fourteen Thousand Foot, and nine Hundred Horse. So that in those days, if Pancirollus have kept just computation, Britain maintained nineteen Thousand two Hundred Footmen, and seventeen Hundred Horsemen, or much thereabout, in ordinary. Besides all these, Comes Sacrarum Largitionum, that is, the Receiver of the Emperor's Finances or public Revenues had under him in Britain; the Rational or Auditor of the Sums and Revenues of Britain; the Provost of the Emperor's Treasures in Britain, (who kept his Office in Augusta or London, whence those Treasures were called Augustenses;) and the procurator of the Gynegium or Drapery in Britain, in which the  of the Prince and Soldiers were woven. The Count also of Private Revenues had his Rational or Auditor of Private State in Britain; to say nothing of the Sword (Fence-School) procurator in Britain, whereof an old Inscription maketh mention, and other Officers of an inferior degree. Having named the Count of the Saxon Coast, I think it fit here to take notice of an Error in some Learned Writers, who will have this Saxon Coast to be the hastern shore of Kent, which is well refuted by Mr. Selden in his Mare clausum; 
Lib. 2 c. 6.7.  showing likewise that not only the Cimbrian and Batavian shores were called Saxon, from that Nation there inhabiting, but also the Belgic and Armorican. Zozimus mentions their seizing of part of Batavia, near the mouth of the Rhine in Constantine's time. And in the Notitia Imperii we find under the Duke of Belgica secunda, Equites Dalmatas Marcis in littore Saxonico, and under the Duke of Armorica was Tribunùs Cohortis primae novae Armoricae Grannona in littore Saxonico. The Saxons of Baieux occur in Gregory of Tours, 
Lib. 27.  as old Inhabitants of the Armorican Coast; besides that Ammianus records, how in the time of Valentinian and Valens, they with the Franks did terribly infested Gaul both by Sea and Land. But their ancient Seat was in part of the Cimbrick chersonese near the River Elbe, from whence they at times invaded and denominated so large a Sea-coast, which was the Boundary of this Count's Jurisdiction to the East. And here we must observe, that the Limitaneous Counts and Dukes under the Roman Empire had their Titles generally from the utmost limit of their Province; as the charge of the Rhine was committed to a Praefect, whose Praefecture extended to the further Shore of that River: whence Posthumus (as we find in Trebellius Pollio) is by the Emperor Valerian styled, Limitis Transrhenani Dux; and Vopiscus, in the life of Tacitus, speaks of Lime's trans Rhenum, where the Roman Empire ended, and the Germane Territory began. And so this Count's Government extended over all the British Sea to the Shores of Cimbria, Batavia, Belgica, and Armorica, comprised under the name of the Saxon Coast, who was therefore called Comes littoris Saxonici per Britanniam, not because any part of Britain was so termed, (the Saxons having no footing there till Hengist's time,) but because the Count kept his residence there in any of the Sea-towns of Kent, Sussex, Suffolk, or Norfolk. Thus the Command of the Praefects of Danubius and Euphrates reached to the further Shores of those Rivers, and the Asian Proconsul's to the European Shore of Hellessont. Nor is it strange, that he should have his Title from that Coast, which was the very part of his Province that he was to have a more especial care of, as that from whence the greatest danger was to be expected. The Britan's before the coming of the Romans had no strong nor well built Cities, Woods serving in stead of them; for when they had by felling of Trees mounded and fenced therewith a spacious round plot of ground, there they built for themselves Halls and Cottages, and for their  set up Stalls and Folds, which served them for places of Refuge and Retreat in time of their Wars, which were very frequent, the Country being divided into so many petty Nations, and the Confines very small. But under the Imperial Government they had eight and twenty considerable Cities as appears by Gildus, besides many Towns of good note, of which there were three Archbishoprics, York, London, and Carleon upon uske, though now there be but two in England, Canterbury and York, and the Archbishop of St. Andrews Primate of Scotland. And for the more commodious passage of Soldiers and Travellers, the Romans made several Causeys or Street-ways here, of which these four were most remarkable: Watling-street, so called of one Vitellian, who is said to have had the charge of making it; Ikenild-street, so called, because it began in the country of the Iceni; Fosse, so named, because, as some think, it was fenced on both sides with a Ditch; and Ermin-street, denominated, by a Germane word, of Mercury, under the name of Erminsùl, that is, the Column of Mercury, who was deemed to have the charge of Ways, whence also by the Greeks he was named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and had Statues with four sides called in old time Hermae, set every where upon Highways.  
But it is time now to hasten to the History of the Ancient Britan's, before the Entrance of the English. And here I shall first set down what is reported by Annius of Viterbo, and Geffrey of Monmouth, to have been transacted here before the coming of the Romans, which though generally by the Learned reputed Fabulous, may yet serve for the Readers delectation and recreation.  
Britain and Gaul are said to have made up one Kingdom anciently, of which Samothes, Surnamed Dis pater, was the first King; after whom succeeded his Son Magus, than Sarron Son to Magus, Druis Son to Sarron, Bardus Son to Druis, Longo Son to Bardus, Bardus junior Son to Longo, Lucus Brother to Bardus, Celtes Son to Bardus; this King was Surnamed Bretanus; and had a Daughter named Galatea, whom Hereules Lybicus married, and of her begat Galates, (Parthenius Nicaeus calls the Mother Celtice, and the Son Celtes, after his Grandfather's name;) this Galates reigned after his Grandfather and Mother: then followed Narbon Son to Galates, Lugdus Son to Narbon, Beligius Son to Lugdus, who dying without issue Jasius King of Italy (Son of Camboblascon, who was great Grandson to Thuscus the Son of Hercules) succeeded him; but he being murdered by his Brother Dardanus, had for his Successor Allobrox, a nearer Kinsman to Beligius, put by before possibly for being under age. Then followed Romus Son to Allobrox, Paris Son to Romus, Lemanes' Son to Paris, Olbius Son to Lemanes, Galates junior Son to Olbius, Namnes Son to Galates, and Rhemus Son to Namnes. During the Reigns of these Samothean Kings happened nothing remarkable, only that in the time of King Lucus, Osiris the great King of Egypt was slain by his Brother Typhon, with the help of Laestrigon, Antaeus, Geryon, Albion and Bergion the Grandsons of the murdered Hero by his Son Neptune, after which Albion and Bergion with a multitude of Africans coming into Spain (where Geryon reigned) from thence invaded and conquered Britain and Ireland, where they ruled for some years. But in the time of Celtes, Hereules pursuing the revenge of his Father's death, kills Typhon and Antaeus, settles his Brother Orus and his mother Isis in the Kingdom of Egypt, destroys Geryon in Spain, and marches into Gaul with intention to pass into Italy. Celtes joyfully entertains him, in requital whereof he built the City of Alexia. Albion and Bergion suspecting he would at length call them to an account, resolved to be before hand with him, and came against him with a puissant Army, who, having married Galatea, and increased his Army with Gaulish Supplies, encountered them in a place named The Stony Strand, or Stony Field, (now called by the French, Le Craux,) where after a long and terrible fight the two Brothers were defeated and slain. From thence Hercules departed into Italy, where he slew Laestrygon. The Samotheans in Britain, emboldened by the success of this Battle, took up Arms against the residue of the Africans that were lest behind, commencing a long war, which continued till the coming of Brutus.  
In this interval the fifty Daughters of Dioclesian King of Syria, having all murdered their Husbands in one night, were for their punishment embarked in a Ship well victualled, but without Pilot, Mast, or Sail, and so committed to the mercy of the Seas. At last they were cast upon the Western Coast of this Island, then inhabited by the African Progeny, to whom women were very welcome, in regard the Samotheans disdained to give their Daughters to them. The Eldest of these, named Albina, was married to the Prince of these Barbarians, and renewed to this Isle the name of Albion, which had been before imposed by Neptune's forementioned Son of that name, but now was worn out. This Fable I conceive to be founded upon the Grecian Story of Danaus his Daughters. King Remus having no other children but one Daughter, gave her in marriage to Franicus, Francus, or Frantion, Son to Hector King of the Germans, whose Father Brennus was lineally descended from the ancient Tuisco. He succeeded his Father and Father-in-Law, and kept his residence in a City of Pannonia which himself had built, and called Sicambria, after the name of his Son Sicamber, who reigned after him, and married a Lady named Galatea, having first slain his Rival Acis a Sicilian Prince. The Greeks for his valour called him Polyphemus, which signifies, famous; and the Poet's fable him to be a Cyclopian Giant, and Son of Neptune, whom they generally make the Father of Gigantic Issues. This Polyphemus Sicamder is by the Germans named Woltheim Sichinger. At his death he divided his Kingdom between his three Sons; to Celtes he left Germany, who extended the name of Celts to all the people of that Land; Gaul, and so much of Britain as was held by the Samotheans, fell to Galates; and Pannonia to Illyrius, who by Conquest added to it the Country which of him took the name of Illyris. Francus had parceled Gaul into twelve Provinces, and appointed over each of them a Viceroy, with orders to be aiding to his Samothean Subjects as occasion should require: but Ambition prompted them to other Designs, whereunto they were animated by their Princes over-large Bounty, who (it seems) had made their Prefectures Hereditary; so that after the death of Galates, whose Reign was spent in Wars abroad, they assumed to themselves the Royal Title and Power. In the Reign of Wolfheim Sichinger the famous City of Troy was taken by the Greeks, whereupon Aeneas and Antenor were forced to seek new seats, of whom the latter found means to settle himself about Milan, the other in Latium, whose Son and Successor Ascanius built Alba Longa. But far worse fortune had many of their Countrymen, who with their Families were carried away Captive into Greece by Pyrrhus, and by him kept in slavery. From him descended one Pandrasus, as Geffrey calls him, though the Greeks had another name for him, who shown himself very cruel to the issue of these Trojans. In his time a certain Nobleman dying left two Sons, the one by a Greek wife, the other (named Assaracus) by a Trojan, who falling out about the sharing of their Father's Territory, caused the King to interest himself in the quarrel, who hating the Trojan Nation, and consequently Assaracus for his relation to them, took his Brother's part against him, and would by force have disseised him of his Inheritance, if he had not been opportunely succoured by Brutus, of whom we come now to speak.  
Ascanius' King of Alba dying, there arose a controversy about the succession between his Son Julus, and his Half-Brother Sylivins Posthumus the Son of Aeneas by Lavinia, the first being favoured by the Trojans, the other by the Latins, who being more numerous, advanced Posthumus to the Crown, assigning the Pontificate to Julus, who upon the reconciliation assumed his Uncle's name for his Praenomen, and was called Silvius Julus. It was made a piea against him, that he was not of years sufficient to manage the weighty affairs of a Kingdom; by which it appears that he married very young, having had two Sons before his Father's death, from the Elder of whom the Julian Family descended. The Younger, named Brutus, proved fatal to both his Parents, for his Mother died in Childbed, and at fifteen years of age he by mischance killed his Father at a hunting, for which he was banished by Posthumus, and went into Greece, where upon sundry occasions he gave such proofs of his valour, as encouraged the poor oppressed Trojans to repair to him, and request him to undertake the freeing of them from the Grecian Bondage. Brutus becomes their Prince, and entering league with Assaracus wins two victories of Pandrasus. In the first, Antigonus the King's Brother, and his friend Anacletus were taken Prisoners; in the other, the King himself. Hereupon, by the means of a Trojan named Mempricius, ensued a peace, whereby Assaracus was secured in his Right, and Brutus obtained in marriage the King's eldest Daughter Innogen, with a Fleet of three hundred twenty four Ships, well provided with all necessaries to transport the Trojans and their Families to another Country. The first place he arrived at, was an Island where Diana had a Temple, whose Oracle he with his Soothsayer Geryon, consults about the success of his Voyage, and receives a propitious Answer. From hence departing, he sailed along the coast of afric, conquering by the way the Pirates of those Seas, and for a fresh supply of provision was forced to land in Mauritania, and forage the Country; then passing the Straits of Gibraltar came, as Geffrey of Monmouth saith, into the Tyrrhen Sea. It should seem, the old British Writers meant not by that name the Sea of Etruria, for the Straits-mouth was out of the way from the Mediterranean thither; but they understood some nearer Sea by it, as appears by Nennius, who tells us, that King Belinus the Son of Minocanus subdued the Isles of the Tyrrhen Sea, whereas the Britan's never used to sail so far as ●●ruria with any considerable Fleets; yet why any Sea between the Straits and Britain should be so called, I cannot see. Here Brutus met with another Fleet of Trojans, commanded by Chorinaeus, who was descended from Antenor; him he acquaints with the Answer he had from the Goddess, and prevails with him to join with him in his Design. Hence they pass forward through the  Sea, and cast Anchors in the River Loire, which parted Aquitaine and Armorica. Gaul was at this time governed by twelve Princes, one of whom, named Groffarius, had Pictavia, and part of these two Provinces aforenamed for his share, who hearing the arrival of these Strangers in his Dominions, sent out a party to take an account of them. These found Chorinaeus with two hundred men chase their Master's Deer, and after some angry Expostulations fell to blows, where Imbert Commander of the Gauls was slain by Cherinaeus, and his men put to flight. Groffarius hereat incensed, marches against the Trojans, who now were all landed, and ready for the Encounter, which was very sharp; but at last the Victory fell to the new Comers, who wasting the Country at their pleasure, loaded their Ships with spoil and pillage. In this Battle one Suardus, a great Nobleman of Gaul, lost his life by the hand of Chorinaeus. But now the other Eleven Princes hasten to the succour of their vanquished friend, and overbearing the Strangers with multitude, beat them to their Camp, and there beseige them. About midnight Chorinaeus gets out with three thousand men, and lodges them in an adjoining Wood till morning, at what time Brutus marched into the field, whom the Gauls most furiously assail with assured hopes of Conquest, when on a sudden Chorinaeus from the Wood falls in desperately upon their Rear, who seeing themselves engaged both before and behind, and thinking these last had been a new supply brought by Sea, and more in number than they were, began to faint; which their Enemies perceiving redoubled their courages, and charged them so fiercely, that they put them to a total rout. In this fight Turnus, the Nephew of Brutus. who came from Italy with Chorinaeus, was slain, after he had performed incredible exploits, from whom the people of the country where the Battle was fought were named Turones.  
Brutus began now to consider, the numbers of his men were shrewdly diminished by these conflicts, whereas the losses of his Adversaries would easily be repaired by fresh recruits, which he could not have, and therefore enquiring the name of the Land, and finding that the place intended him by the Oracle lay beyond it, he re-embarqued his Soldiers, and with a prosperous Gale sailed into Britain, arriving at Totnes in the Province of Danmonia, and putting to flight the Albionians who opposed his landing. The forementioned war between the Samotheans and Albionians becoming hereditary had lasted for divers Ages, the former having the better of it, and possessing the best part of the Isle, so long as their Kings kept their residence in Gaul, and assisted them in their exigencies; but when Fran●us removed his Court into Pannonia, committing the government of Gaul to twelve Prefects, whom he likewise ordered to be aiding to his Samothean Subjects when they should need their help, they minding nothing more than to establish themselves in their Prefectures, and to secure them to their Posterity, took no care at all of Britain; whereby the Albionians, who were glad to keep themselves in the craggy and mountainous Moors, while the others were helped from beyond Sea, were emboldened to contend with them in open field. The issue was, that after many bloody Battles both Nations were reduced to such a paucity, that Diana's Oracle, when consulted by Brutus about the event of his Voyage, is said to have termed this a Desert Island, such animosity and hatred was between these two people, though there was room enough and to spare for both. The Samotheans having heard of Brutus his same, presently repaired to him, and received him for their King, who to make good the opinion his new Subjects had conceived of him, sought out the Albionians, and utterly defeated them, and then gave Danmonia to Chorinaeus, from whom the Western part of it was called Corinia, now Cornwall. But as they were solemnising a Festival for joy of their Successes, not suspecting any danger, on a sudden they were set upon, and many killed by thirty of the boldest Albionians, who since their overthrow had lurked in Caves thereabouts. Brutus and Chorinaeus with their company betake themselves to their weapons, and surrounding these Desperadoes slew them all but their Chief, whose name was Gormagot, and is reported to have been a Giant of a prodigious height, whose strength Chorinaeus desired to try in wrestling, which he afterwards did by the Seaside; in which contest he was so enraged with the pain of his three Ribs which had broke in the struggling, that heaving him up by main strength he cast him violently down a steep Rock into the Sea where he perished. After which to prevent such surprises for the future, they by degrees extirpated his whole Crew; and this was the end of the Albionians, so named from their Founder Albion, who are said to have been a Generation of Giants.  
Brutus thus settled in his new Kingdom, ordained, that all his Subjects both Samotheans and Trojans should be called Britan's, and then upon the side of the River Thames he built the City Trinobant (which the Welsh will have to be more rightly named Troynovant) for a place of Residence for himself and his Successors: dying, after a happy Reign of four and twenty years, he left his Kingdom to be divided between his three Sons, but reserved the Superiority and Sovereignty to the Eldest which was Locrine, whose part was better than both his Brothers, and was of him named Loegria, as Camber's part was named Cambria, and Albanactus his share Albania. This last was invaded and slain by Humber King of the Huns, whose death was soon revenged by Locrine and Camber, by whom the Huns were overthrown and destroyed, and their Prince drowned in his flight. Three Ladies were taken Prisoners by Humber in Germany, whom he brought with him into Britain, one of which called Estrildis was a King's Daughter. Locrine's intended her for his wife, and therefore carried them all three with him to Court. But Chorinaeus hearing of it, to whose only Daughter and Heiress he had been affianced while his Father lived, came to him, and by menaces compelled him to persorme his former Engagement. Yet he still retaining his affection to the Captive Lady who was very beautiful, kept her and her two Companions in a Cave till the death of Chorinaeus, and then repudiating Guendolena married Estrildis. But this injury was not long unpunished, for the rejected Queen returning into Danmonia levied an Army, wherewith she gave Battle to her wanton Husband in Worcestershire by the River Stour, and victoriously slew him. Estrildis here taken was thrown into the River Severne, and drowned with her Daughter Habren, which she had by Locrine. Madan, the Son of Locrine and Guendolena, being under age, his Mother governed for him as Guardian fifteen years, and then retiring to a private life, died within a short space, whereupon the King gave Danmonia to his Uncle Camber.  
After Madan reigned his Son Mempricius who murdered his Brother Manlius, than Eboracus or Ebrauc the Son of Mempricius, Brute Surnamed Green-shield, the Son of Ebrauc, Leil the Son of Brute, Rudibras the Son of Leil, Bladud the Son of Rudibras, and Leir the Son of Bladud. This King had only three Daughters; Gonerilla, married to Maglanus Prince of Albania, descended from Albanactus; Ragana, married to Henninus Prince of Danmonia, descended from Camber; and Cordelia, married to Aganippus a Gaulish Prince, descended from one of those twelve with whom Brutus fought, which twelve, after the death of Galates the Son of Wolfheim Sichinger, had made themselves absolute in their several Provinces, each of them assuming the Name and Title of King, as likewise did the Germane Princes after the death of Celtes. Aganippus restored King Leir, who had been expelled by his other Sons in Law, and he in requital at his death left his Kingdom to Cordelia, which she ruled worthily while her Husband lived, but after being taken and imprisoned by her Nephews, she killed herself.  
The Kingdom must now be divided into two parts, whereof the Southern is allotted to Cuneda the Son of Henninus, and all North of Humber to Morgan the Son of Maglanus, which Agreement held not long; for Morgan not satisfied with his moiety, falls out with his Cousin, who overcomes and kills him, thereby getting the whole, which he leaves to his Son R●●a●●. To him succeeded his two Sons, one after the other, first Gorgustus, then Sisillius, and after him Jago, Son or Grandson to Gorgustus, Chinimarchus the Son of Sisillius, and Gorbodugus the Son of Chinimarchus, whose two Sons contended for the Kingdom; but Ferrea finding himself the weaker fled into Gaul, whence returning with such forces as he had procured of Suardus one of the Kings there, he was slain in battle by his Brother Porrex, who yet enjoyed not the fruits of his victory, being in revenge hereof cruelly murdered as he slept in his Tent by Queen Videnia, the Mother of them both, assisted in that bloody design by her Maids. This plunged Britain into Civil Wars, and turned the Monarchy into a Pentarchy, under the Governments of Pinnar King of Loegria, Rudave King of Cambria, Stater King of Albania, Jevan King of Northumbria, and Cloten's King of Cornwall, whose Father Chinimarchus was son to Prydain, and Grandson to Aedhmaur the son of King Gorgustus.  
Dunvallo Molmutius, the son of Cloten, reduced the Land to a Monarchical State again, subduing all his Competitors but Jevan, (or Owen, as some call him) who terrified by the death of the rest submitted himself; yet the generous Conqueror suffered their Sons to hold under him part of what their Fathers had enjoyed. He is said to be the first that wore a Crown of Gold here. His sons Belinus and Brennus parted the Island between them after their Father's death, the Southern moiety with the Sovereignty being assigned to Belinus as the Elder, and the Northern to Brennus, whom Cenulphus King of the Morini invaded to his own hurt, being vanquished and chased home with shame. Brennus herewith puffed up, would no longer stand to the first Agreement, but by the advice of some flattering Incendiaries, sailed to the King of Norway, and obtaining his Daughter in Marriage, with a strong Army to make war upon his Brother, who being informed of his design, had seized his Principality into his own hands. The King of Denmark, a former lover of the Norwegian Princess, arms all his power, and meets this bold Britain upon the Sea, where in the heat of the fight a sudden Tempest severs and scatters the Fleets. The Danish King having luckily seized the Ship wherein was his beloved Lady, was with two others, making four Ships in all, cast upon the British Shore, and there taken and delivered to Belinus, while his Fleet made shift to get home; and Brennus with his Navy was driven upon the  Coasts, nor was it long ere he crossed over to Northumbria, and fought with his Brother in the Forest of Galtres, but losing the day, and all his Ships but one, fled to Seginus, King of the Senones and Allobroges. Belinus now treats with his Danish Prisoner, who swearing to become his Liegeman, and pay a yearly Tribute, and leaving Hostages for performance, is dismissed with his Lady. Brennus in this time had so far gained the love of Seginus, that he bestowed upon him his only Daughter, and dying shortly after, left all to him; so that he thought himself able to deal with his Brother, and getting leave of his Neighbour-Princes to conduct his Soldiers through their Countries, transported them into Britain, where the two Brothers being ready to encounter one another, were reconciled by their mother Convenna. They therefore fall to consulting, how they should dispose of those multitudes of Warriors that were raised and brought together on both sides, and resolve to purchase Renown by conquering foreign Nations. Passing into Gaul they easily induced these people to join with them in their Enterprises, being thereto encouraged by the former prosperous successes of Sigovesus in Germany and Pannonia, and of Bel●●vesus and Elitovius in Italy. Having now greatly increased their numbers and strength, it was judged sit to divide their Forces, and part asunder.  
Brennus enters Italy, having Aruns an inhabitant of Clusium for his Guide over the Alps, and at his instigation besiegeth that City. Aruns did this, because he could not otherwise be revenged upon Lucumo a potent Citizen, who had abused his Wife. The Clusines crave help of the Romans, who send three Sons of Marcus Fabius Ambustus to Brennus, to try if fair words might avail any thing in the behalf of their Friends. But these hot-spirited Youths taking offence at the Answer they received, forgot the duties of Mediators and Ambassadors, and encouraging the besieged to make a Sally, put themselves in the head of their Troops, in which Action Quintus, one of the Brothers, slew a great Commander of the Gauls. This was a violation of the Law of Nations, for which Brennus, having in vain demanded their persons of the Senate, marches towards Rome, and takes the City, having first defeated their Army near the place where the River Allia runs into Tibur. They that escaped from the City and the Battle fled to the City of Veij, and afterwards under the conduct of Camillus (who before was banished to Ardea, but now made Dictator) relieved those Senators which still held out the Capitol, who compelled by famine had newly bought their lives, and were paying the Gold. Brennus had received the greatest part when Camillus came upon him, and worsting him in a tumultuary skirmish forced him to quit Rome, and following the Enemy fought a pitched battle with him eight miles off in the Gabine Way, where after a sharp dispute the Romans prevailed, and the valiant Brennus, with all his Gauls and Britan's, lost their lives upon the spot, not one escaping, as Livy writes, 
Dec. 1. lib. 5.  to carry the news. Here was most of the Gold regained, the rest being a long time after recovered by Livius Drusus, Propraetor of Gallia Cisalpina, 
Su●t. in Tib.  which at the first appearance of the Dictator had been sent away for Tuscany, (where the Gauls had then divers Colonics) with some Troops to guard it, who hearing the loss of their Companions entered into the Service of the Tyrant Dionysius. Belinus had better fortune, and subdued Pannonia, where he settled the Gauls and most of his Britan's, married his Daughter Cambra a warlike Lady to Antenor King of the Sicambrians, and returning home with Honour died in peace. Next to him reigned his Son Gorguntius, who slew the Danish King, and conquered his country, because he refused to pay the promised Tribute. Then Guiteline, Son to Gorguntius, and Husband to the Learned Queen Martia, Sisillius Son to Guiteline, Chiomarus Son to Sisillius, Danius Brother to Chiomarus, and Morindus Son to Danius by his Concubine Tangustella, by whom the King of the Morini invading this Land was overthrown, and slain. This victory he used cruelly, putting all to the Sword that were taken. Morindus is said to have aided the King of Orkney against Basanus King of the Sicambrians, but lastly adventuring to fight singly with a Sea-monster, he was devoured by it, the Monster dying presently after of the wounds he had given it. After his death the Kingdom was divided between his five Sons, Gorbonian, Archigallo, Elidurus, Eugenius, and Peridure. Of these, Gorbonian, a just Prince, died peaceably, and was succeeded by his Son Regin: Archigallo for Tyranny was expelled by his Nobles, who gave his Kingdom to his Brother Elidurus, through whose intercession he was restored, and reigned afterwards very nobly, parting his Principality at his death between his two Sons, Morgan and Eneon. But Elidurus found not the same kindness from his other two Brothers, who took him prisoner, and shared his Province between them, till Eugenius dying first, and then Peridure, he again recovered his Kingdom, and left it to his Son Gerontius. Edwal the Son of Eugenius or Owen, and Runo the Son of Peridure, succeeded their Fathers like wise in their Provinces.  
Thus was Britain cantoned into sundry parcels, besides, that the Descendants of those Princes who acknowledged the Sovereignty of Dunvallo and his Successors hitherto, now renounced all manner of Subordination. Which caused Tacitus to write of the Britan's thus: 
In vita Agric.  Heretofore they were governed by Kings, now they are drawn by petty Princes into Partialities and Factions.  
After Gerontius, reigned his Son Cadellus, (for the British History takes no notice of the Posterity of the other Princes.) Then followed Coelus the Son of Cadellus, Porrex the Son of Coelus, Cherinus the Son of Porrex, whose three Sons shared their Father's Inheritance between them. Their names were Fulgentius, Eldadus, and Androgeus. To this last succeeded his Son Vrianus, after whom reigned these Kings in a direct line from Father to Son: Flind, Clidacus, Clotenus, Gorguntius, Merianus, Bladud, Capys, Owen, and Sisillius, who made another partition between his two Sons, Bleg●red and Archivallo; Eldon the Son of Archivallo ruled after his Father, and then followed in a lineal Succession Redion, Rodericus, Sawyl (surnamed Penissel,) Pyrrhus, Caporius, Gilquellus (surnamed Minocanus,) and Belinus; he by his valour much enlarged his Hereditary Dominions, for which he was entitled The Great. For this is that B. M. Beli Maur, so famous among the Cambrian Genealogists. He had three Sons, whom in his old age (for he lived till the first coming of Caesar) he assumed as Partners in his Kingdom, assigning each of them a Province with Regal Authority and Title. Immanuentius had the Trinobantes, and was Surnamed Lhud, that is to faith, Russet or Tawny, it being usual with the Britan's, both ancient and modern, to impose Names and Surnames from colours. Caswallan had the Cattieuchlani, and is by Dion Cassius called Suellan corruptly for Cassuellan. And indeed it is very likely, that the same causes which lost us so many Books of that excellent Author, might make some corruptions in them that were left; unless we shall think Suellan or Swallan was his true name, Case being a Praeaddition taken from the Cassii, the chief Sept of the Cattieuchlani, as Cattimarus, Teutobochus, and Decebalus, had the beginnings of their Names from the Cattis, Teut●nes, and Daci; though afterwards the name of Swallan grew out of use, and Caswallan was used in its stead in honour of this Prince. Nennius I conceive had Kent, and might be the Father of Cyngetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, and Segonax.  
These three Princes acknowledged a subordination to their Father Belinus, whom Geffrey of Monmouth will have to be dead some years before the Romans arrived here, vainly esteeming it a disparagement to Lhud to reign under his Father, and aiming to give Caswallan the entire honour of managing all the war from the first beginning; and therefore makes, that Belinus, which then lived, to be Caswallan's General and Counsellor, not his Father, contrary to Nonnius, who expressly terms him, King of the Britan's. And Henry of Huntingdon will needs have him to be his Brother, and Cambden takes him for Caswallan himself, contrary to the Cambrian Genealogists, who all consent that he was his Father.  
Thus far have we waded through the Maeandrian Intrigues of Antiquity from Samothes, obtruding nothing upon the Reader's belief of this that we have taken either from Annius of Viterbo, or Geffrey of Monmouth; though both those Authors have been followed and owned by some Learned men. Neither is there any thing herein more incongruous or incredible, than what the Greek and Roman Writers have delivered concerning the Originals of their Nations, which things are yet allowed a place in many Authentic Historians and Chronologers. What follows, comes from the hands of more approved Authors.  
In the year of the World's Creation, Three Thousand Eight Hundred Ninety five, according to the common Computation, Pompey and Crassus being Consuls the second time, Calus Julius Caesar having now by Conquests overrun Gaul, out of an innate desire of Glory, alured also, as Suetonius saith, with hope of Pearls, which as he was informed were engendered and gathered in the Creeks of the British Sea, and being incensed against the Britan's for sending both Naval and Land supplies to his Enemies, and entertaining such as run from him, took up a resolution to make the Puissance of Rome known to these Islanders; which being discovered by Merchants, some particular States sent Ambassadors to him, promising to put in Pledges, and yield obedience to the Roman Empire. Caesar commending their Prudence, and exherting them to continue in the same mind, sends them back with Comius in their company, whom he had made King of Artois, giving him instructions to work them to a suller submission, and prepare them to give him a quiet admission with his forces into their Country. Hereupon the British Princes join to oppose him, of whom Geffrey nameth these, Caswallan, Androgeus, and Tenerantius, with Crederus King of Albania, Guitellus of Venedotia, and Britael of Demetia. Lhud, as he writes, (though falsely) was dead some years before, and therefore is not here mentioned; and King Belinus (as I said before) is only brought in to be his Son's General.  
Caesar having gained what knowledge he could of the British coast from C. Volusenus, whom he had sent out to descry it, embarks two Legions in eighty Ships of burden, and some Galleys, and endeavours to land in Kent. Here Dolobellus, General to King Belinus, (as appears by Nennius, who calls him his Proconful) stood ready to receive him, and performed his part so bravely, that the noble Roman confessed, the terror of such resolute opposition made his Veteran Soldiers forget their wont valour. But in the end they gained the Shore, and put the Britan's to flight with extraordinary slaughter. 
In Caesar ●●.  Caesar is brought in by Julian attributing to himself the honour (if it be at all an honour to that person which he sustained) of being the first that left his Ship, and 〈◊〉 Land; but this were to make him not understand what became him; and he acknowledges it was the Eagle-bearer of the tenth Legion. 
Lib. 4. de bello Galli●●o,  Caesar marching forwards encamps upon a great Plain, supposed to be Barham-Down, where he beheld the dispersion and loss of a considerable part of his Flect by the violence of an unexpected storm. Comius found not such entertainment as he expected, being imprisoned as a Spy by the Britan's, who were wise enough to perceive, that the Romans aimed at more than they should be willing to grant; yet finding by the late conflict that there was an apparent inequality in the match between the Roman and Britain Arms and discipline, they judged it convenient to make their best terms, and submit; to which end they dispatched Ambassadors to him, and with them sent back Comius, thinking by the one to moderate his anger, and by the other in consequence to procure a peace; which they obtained the easilier, by reason of the late Wrack, and the approach of Winter, yet were enjoined to deliver Hostages. But understanding his want of Horsemen, and the losses he had sustamed by the Tempest, they took courage again, and slew to Arms.  
About a thousand Horsemen were coming after him in eighteen Ships, which being got within view of the Camp, were driven by a sudden storm, some back to the  coast, others upon the Western part of the Island, from whence they had much ado to recover the Continent again; and those Ships that were with him fared as ill, for the Galleys which were drawn up to the Shore were filled with the Tide, and the Ships of burden that lay at Anchor were so shaken with the Tempest, that they were almost rendered unserviceable. The seventh Legion being sent out to fetch in Corn, was set upon by the Britan's, and in danger of being cut off, if Caesar had not seasonably come to the rescue, who contenting himself with putting his Enemies to a stand, considering it was not now a fit time to offer Battle, while his men were scarce recovered of so late a fear, only keeps his ground for a while, and soon after returns to his Camp. The Britan's giving themselves out for Victors, sent strait to all the neighbouring States for more forces, and getting together a great multitude drew towards the Romans; but Caesar encouraging his Soldiers received these Guests with a battle before his Camp, put them to rout with slaughter, and burnt and laid waist all round about. Daunted with this ill success they again crave peace, which he granted them, but withal severely reproved them for their breach of faith, and imposed a double number of Hostages to be sent after him into Gaul, whither the season of the year required him to hasten; so that (all his Ships but twelve being by this time made able to abide the Sea, by incessant labour of the Soldiers) he hoist sail about midnight, and arrived safely with all but eleven Ships of burden upon the Continent; these not keeping their course landed at a Port of the Morini, who would have put them to the sword in hopes of prey, if Caesar hearing of their peril had not sent his Horsemen to fetch them off. The Senate advertised of these passages by his Letters. decreed a solemn Procession and Supplication of twenty days, and himself ordering Labienus to chastise the rebellious Morini, went to Rome, as he used to do every Winter, to look after his concernments there.  
About this time died King Belinus, having reigned forty years, yet did not his death hinder the Britan's from celebrating a solemn Festival in Trinovant, for joy of Caesar's departure. But here fell out an unlucky accident, which proved of very ill consequence. As the Youth were exercising themselves at Martial sports, it chanced that two young Noblemen fell out; the one, named Hireldas, is by Geffrey of Monmouth said to be Nophew to Caswallan; the other, named Evelinus, to Mandubratius: Henry of Huntingdon saith they were their Sons. In this quarrel Hireldas was slain by Evelinus, whem Caswallan would therefore have had to be put to death; but Mandubratius prevailed with his Father Immanuentius to protect him. Caswallan thought it too difficult a matter to contest at that time with his Brother in his own Royal City, he departs therefore, but quickly returns with strong Forces which he had in readiness, kills Immanuentius, seizes the greatest part of his Kingdom, and compels Mandubratius to flee for safety of his life into Gaul. Nennius, who adhered so faithfully to him in his war against the Romans, may seem likely to have sided with him now, there being a grudge between him and Immanuentius, for going about to change the name of Trinovant to Caer Lud, as the 
* Lib. 1. cap. 10.  Monmouth Writer tells us.  
These proceed of Caswallan alarmed the Neighbour-States, who thereupon took up Arms against him. And thus were the Britan's embroiled in Civil wars, not fearing belike Caesar's return, whose hasty departure they looked upon as little better than flight, and thought he was as desirous to leave them, as they were to have him, and therefore all the States but two neglected the sending of their Hostages after him.  
Here now some of those that are so earnest to derive our Britan's from Troy, might argue, that the forementioned Martial Sports were for the solemnising of King Belinus his Funeral, which was certainly a custom of the Trojans, as may be evinced out of Virgil's Aeneids, 
Lib. 5. ●  where Aeneas causeth the Obsequies of his Father Anchises to be celebrated with such Exercises: and the like appears there to have been done upon the noble Hector's account, where the Poet speaks thus of one Dares.  
Idemque ad tumulum quo maximus occubas Hector  
Victorem Buten immani corpore qui se  
Bebryciâ veniens Amyci de gente ferebat,  
Perculit, & fuluâ moribundum extendit arenâ.  
The mighty Butes at great Hector's Tomb  
Of Amyeus the Champion's kindred, come  
In quest of Honour from Bebrycian Land  
By him was quelled and laid along the strand.  
Caesar was now come back from Rome, and readily receives Mandubratuts into his protection, resolving upon a second expedition into Britain, as not being well satisfied with the success of the former. His Lagats had spent the Winter much better and 〈◊〉 than the Britan's, in providing a strong 〈◊〉, which the others took not care to do. They had in all probability sustained an irreparable loss in that famous Sea-sight, wherein the Veneti with a Navy of two hundred and twenty good Ships of Oak engaged D. Brutas, all which were there lost but a very few, who escaped by the ben●●●t of the night. The greatest part of this 〈◊〉 are judged to have been sent from hence to did the Veneti, 
Lib. 2. c. 2.  by Mr. Seiden in his Mare cla●●um, where he lays down solid reasons for his opinion. Indeed the Roman Writers make more frequent mention of a sort of Ships by this people used, of which the K●●ls and Footstocks, or upright Standards were made of slight Timber, the rest of the body framed of Osiers, and covered over with Leather. But that they had better Ships, fit for any Sea-service, appears by Gildas, who could not else have blamed them for not encountering the Romans with a warlike Navy; though afterwards the use of them was interdicted by the conquerors, and only the other sort allowed them. Caesar spurred forward by his own inclinations, and Mandubratius his solicitations, embarks again with a much greater power than before, in a Navy of eight hundred Ships, and lands at the same place without opposition▪ the Britan's who had been there to resist him (as was afterwards known) being frighted away with the greatness of his Heat. Presently he encamped, and then leaving Q. Atrius with ten Cohorts, and three hundred Horse to guard his Ships and Baggage, marches up into the Country about twelve Miles, and by the side of a River, supposed to be the St●wr, set upon the Britan's, who received him courageously, but were at last forced to take to the Woods, where was one of their old Fortifications, whereof all the Entrances were barred up with great Trees felled for that purpose, and laid overthwart one another; but the seventh Legion locking all their Shields together like a Roof close over head, having raised a Mount, entered the Wood, and drove them out, whom they pursued not far, the ways being unknown to them, and the Evening approaching, which was better spent in pitching and fortifying their Camp. The next day Caesar sent out three parties to pursue the Britan's, of whom the hindmost were yet in sight, when intelligence was brought by Horse purposely sent from Q. Atrius, that his Navy was terribly Wracked by a Tempest the night before, many of his Ships being utterly spoiled, and almost all of them shrewdly shattered. Hereupon he recalls those Soldiers, and himself in person hastens to the Seaside. There he sets all his Shipwrights to work, sends for more to Labienus, who in his absence commanded in chief in Gaul, with orders to build more Ships, and with incredible pains of his Legionaries who laboured day and night, brought it to this effect, that all but forty Ships were made serviceable, and being haled up to land, were enclosed within one and the same Fortification with the Camp; and so leaving to their defence the same strength as before, he returns to the place from whence he came. There he found ready for him a greater Army of Britan's than any that had yet come against him; for upon the news of his second arrival with so great Forces, they found a necessity for a speedy composure of their intestine dissensions. And though Caswallan had at other times also, during his Father's life, been at war with divers States that bordered upon him; yet in this exigence, both in regard of his power, and his ability, in Martial Affairs, they all judged him the fittest person for the management of this War, and in a public Council elected him their Captain-General. He therefore with his Cavalry and Charioteers entertains Caesar with a sharp conflict, but finding his naked Britan's unable to maintain the fight long against the wellarmed Veterans, retreats to the Woods, still turning upon the Pursuers, and cutting many off; and observing his opportunity, when Caesar thought there had been an end of fight for that day, and was employing his men about entrenching, suddenly issued out upon those that kept ward before the Camp, and was in a fair way to have put them to the sword, if two Cohorts had not been speedily sent to their rescue, who joining with them, were with other fresh supplies gotten behind the Britan's. But such an impression of terror was upon them, that Caswallan found it not very difficult matter to charge through the midst of them, and carry off his men with safety. In this fight Nennius received his mortal wound, having first slain a Tribune, named Laberius, whom Orosius Beda, and Monumethensis through mistake call Labienus. The next morning the Britan's showed themselves here and there in small companies upon the Hills, and had some slight skirmishes with their Enemies; but at Noon they fell furiously upon C. Trebonius, who was sent out a foraging with three Legions, and all the Horse; these they charged even to the very Legions and their Standards, but were as stoutly received by the Romans, who repulsed them, and pressed so hard upon them, that they put them by from their former way of fight; and giving them no time either to rally, or stand, or descend from their Chariots, gained a complete victory, with much slaughter of the Assailants in the Battle and pursuit. After this the Britan's never encountered the Romans with their main power, for the greater part of them departed to their several Provinces. Caesar then marched to the River Thames, which he was informed was not where passable but in one place. To impede his passage, under the water were stuck many sharp Stakes unseen, and others upon the further bank, where good Forces stood embattelled to set upon them in that disorder, which they reasonably hoped this Device might put them in. The place retains the name of Coway Stakes, near oatland's still. Nennius ascribes this to Dolobellus, chief Commander now under Caswallan, as he had been under his Father before. But all was spoiled by Traitorous Fugitives, and discovered to Caesar, who sending over a party of Horse first, ordered his Foot to follow, which they resolutely performed, wading up to the neck with such speed and violence, and fell on so boldly, that they soon put the amazed Britan's to slight, whom Polyaenus falsely reports to have been frighted at the sight of an Elephant, with a Turret upon his back. Caswallan now despairing of success by open force, resolves to try if he can weary out his Enemy; and therefore retaining with him only four thousand Charioteers, he attends the motions of the Romans. By the advantage he had in the knowledge of the Country he saved himself from being forced to fight, and as often as their Horsemen went forth, and strayed out in the fields for Forage or Booty, he sent out his Chariots upon them from the Woods, who slaughtering some, and terrifying others, made them afraid to range abroad, and Caesar himself was induced to give strict command, that none should part from the Legions, who in all their march had nothing left them in their way but empty Fields and Houses, which they spoiled and burnt, the  being before driven away by the Britan's. In the mean time the Trinobantes submit to Caesar, requesting him to send their Prince Mandubratius to them, and to protect him against Caswallan's violence. Of them Caesar required and received forty Hostages, and Corn for his Army, and therewith sent Mandubratius to them. The Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, and Cassij, follow their example, and yield to Caesar, who learns by the last that Caswallan's chief Town (supposed to be Vernlam) was not far off. Thither he speeds, and assaults it in two several places, the Britan's soon quitting it, of whom many were taken in their flight, and put to the sword. In Kent, Cyngetorix, Carrilius, Taximagulus, and Segonax, by Caswallan's orders, assail the Roman Camp, but were repulsed by those that were left to guard it, who in a Sally did good execution upon them, and took Cyngetorix Prisoner.  
Caswallan after so many losses finding himself basely deserted by the other States, by means of Comius of Artois, sought and obtained at Caesar's hands a Peace upon these terms, That he should pay a certain Tribute yearly, and no ways molest Mandubratius, or the Trinobantes, and that Hostages should be given for the performance, which was accordingly done. And thus the Victor having spent almost all the Summer here, with a great number of Captives returns into Gaul, being forced to transport his Army at two several passages, by reason of the loss of Ships, which the forementioned Storm had caused. After this Caswallan (whom Caesar calls Cassivellaunus) reigned seven years, and died in peace, having reigned in all nineteen years, eleven with his Father, (as likewise did Lhud) and eight after his death. Mandubratius is by Beda called Androgorius; by Orosius and Monumethensis, Andregeus; and is in the Book of Triads reckoned the first of the Three most infamous persons that Britain ever bred, as who was not content to have recovered his own, but also procured by his insinuating solicitations the submission of those other Cities, which ruined all the brave endeavours of his Heroic Uncle for his countries' liberty, who (as Caesar tells us) was Maximè permotus defectione Civitatum, Most of all troubled with the Revolt of the States. The Monmouth Writer makes this Androgeus (in stead of Comius) the procurer of his Uncle's peace, and the valiant Scaeva to be his Son, and one of the thirty Hostages (abating ten of the true number,) whereas the Traitor Bericus (of whom anon) had been a sitter Son for such a Father, and Scaeva. by better Authors appears to be a Roman, and to have been in Caesar's Service before the delivery of those Hostages: Then he tells us, that Androgeus forsook his Principality, and went with Caesar to Rome, which is evinced to be false by the injunction laid upon Caswallan not to meddle with him. His Brother Tenevantius was of a more public spirit, and would not seek to revenge the wrongs done to his Family by the enslaving of his Country, but joined with his Uncle against the common Enemy, whereby he so won upon him, that dying issueless he left him his Kingdom, which was enlarged by the accession of the Province of the Trinobantes. upon the death of Mandubratius, who also had no Children. This King withheld the Tribute, whereupon Augustus, about twenty years after Julius Caesar's last Invasion, resolved upon an Expedition hither, rather than put up such a contempt from a Country of little note in those days; but being come into Ganl, he there heard news of the Revolt of the Pannonians, which diverted him for that time. Seven years after he was coming again, but finding Gaul in an unsettled condition he accepted the offers of the British Ambassadors, who promised Obedience and Satisfaction for the Tribute detained. But upon fail of payment he the next year prepared for a third Expedition; which to prevent, the Britan's again send Ambassadors to him, who coming to Rome, offered Gifts in the Capitol, and sacrificed to the Roman Gods, swore him Fealty in the Temple of Mars, agreeing to pay Tolls and Customs for all Wares which they transported into other parts, and paid him their Tribute. By this obsequious address Augustus was pacified, not being over-ambitious to catch at all opportunities of enlarging his Empire, which he thought was already great enough, as likewise did his Successor Tiberius.  
To Tenevantius, after twenty three years Reign, succeeded his Son Cunoheline. Augustus was now in peace with all the world, a fit time for our Saviour the Prince of Peace to be born in, at whose very Birth the Devil's Oracles began to cease. For about this time that mighty Emperor, consulting the Oracle about his Successor, received this Answer, as Suidas saith. 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
An Hebrew Child, whom the Blessed Gods adore,  
Hath bid me leave these Shrines, and pack to Hell,  
So that of Oracle I can no more,  
In Silence leave our Altar, and sarewell.  Hereupon at his coming home, he in the Capitol erected an Altar, and ther●●n in Captial 〈◊〉 caused this Inseription to be engraven, HAEC EST AKAPKIMO-GENITI DEI, This is the Altar of the First-begetten Son of God.  
In Tiberius his time the Britan's kept very fair correspondence with the Romans, as may be gathered out of Tacitus, from their friendly sending back to Germanious ● then warring in Germany such of his Soldiers as had been cast upon their Coasts.  
Caligula intended to invade them, but that by his shuttle head, sudden repentance, and foolish attempts against Germany, it came to nothing. Yet he came on as far as Batavia, where Adminius, the Son of Cunobeline, being for some offence banished by his Father, was, with those few that accompanied him, by this vainglorious Emperor taken into Protection. Who thereupon bragged in his Letters to the Senate, 
Anno Do. 40.  that the whole Island was yielded to him. The issue of this his Expedition was, That he made his Army march embattelled to the Seashore over against Britain, and commanded them to gather Cockles, Muscles, and other Shel-fishes into their Helmets, terming them the Spoils of the Conquered Ocean; and in memorial of this Exploit he built a high Watch-Tower, which was afterwards named Brittenhuis, and then returned to Rome, leaving his Enemies, the Britan's and Germans, to laugh at his strange folly and madness. Cunobeline after a long and peaceable Reign of sixty six years, died, leaving behind him divers Sons, Togodumnus, (whom the Britan's call Guiderius,) Caradock, Adminius, Arviragus, and others. The first of these had reigned many years before with his Father, whom he had but newly interred, when suddenly he found himself necessitated to prepare for his defence against the Romans.  
Hitherto the Britan's enjoyed an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the free use and exercise of their own Laws and Customs, only paying a Tribute. But now the Rebellion of some ambitious persons makes way for their more absolute subjection; for being unable to make good their parties against their Princes, they flee to Rome, and there find favourable entertainment. Of these one Bericus was the principal, who incited Claudius to make war upon the Britan's; who were grown so stout, that they refused to pay the Tribute, because their Fugitives were not delivered up to those that were sent to demand them. Claudius sends over A. Plantius with an Army, who soon after his arrival overcomes Caradock first, 
43  and then Togodumnus, upon which, part of the Dobuni, who had been subjected by the Cattieuclani. shook off their old Masters, and submitted to him, receiving a Garrison. Plautius' marches forwards to a River, on the further side of which the Britan's, who deemed it unpassable without a Bridge, lay careless and secure. The Germans, whose custom was to swim armed through the swiftest and yiolentest Rivers, were sent over first, with orders to strike especially at the Horses, whereby the Chariots might be rendered unserviceable. These were seconded by Vespasian and his Brother Sabinus, by whom the Britan's were surprised, and many of them killed, but night coming on hindered further execution. The next morning the Britan's joined Battle with them, which continued a long space with doubtful success, till Sidius Geta, at the point of being taken, so bestirred himself, that through his valour chief the Romans obtained the victory. After this another Battle was fought near the mouth of the River Thames, where the Britan's were again overthrown; though this victory cost the Romans dear, many of them being lost, not only in the fight, but in the pursuit too, following the Chase too rashly among the Bogs. Togodumnus retreating to Portchester, was there slain by Vespasian, (who subdued those parts,) which was about two years after Cunobelines death. The Britan's were more enraged than daunted at the death of their King, and Caradock, who succeeded, carried on the War with such fiereness, that Plautius' despairing of Conquest sent word to the Emperor of the doubtful condition of his Affairs. Claudius, glad of this occasion to get himself an Honourable Name, sets forward with strong Forces, and armed Elephants, and coming over joins with Plautius, and marches against the Britan's, who were so far from fearing him, that they adventured to fight a set Battle with him, but were overpowered and vanquished. After which Claudius took Camalodunum, formerly the Royal City of Adminius, (or Etiminius, as his name is inscribed in an old Coin,) where he reigned under his Father before his Banishment. Divers Cities submitted hereupon, and were committed to the Government of Plautius, the first Propraetor or Lieutenant of Britain. Claudius' for these Successes was several times by his Army saluted Imperator, and tempering his Conquests with Clemency, though he disarmed the Britan's, yet he remitted the Confiscation of their Goods, for which they worshipped him as a God. Having achieved these Exploits in the space of sixteen days, (for he stayed here no longer) he departed homewards, and came to Rome at the end of six months from his first setting out from thence, entering the City in Triumph. Plantius goes on with the relics of the War, and speeds so well, that it was decreed he should have the less sort of Triumph, called Ovation, at his Return, wherein the Emperor honoured him with his company, and gave him the right hand all the way both going and coming. And Vespasian, who had fought thirty battles here, (in one of which he had beed slain, if he had not been rescued by his Son Titus,) and had sudued two Nations, and above twenty Towns, together with the Isle of Wight, was rewarded with Triumphal Ornaments, and other great Dignities. Valerius Asiaticus, Junius Silanus, Sidius Geta, and others, had marks of Honour conferred upon them. P. Ostorius succeeding Plautius, was entertained with troubles at his very entrance upon his Charge, for they that had leagued with the Romans, or submitted to them, were overrun by the other Britan's, who encouraged themselves with a conceit of the new Propraetor's unacquaintedness with the Army. But he knowing first Successes to be of great consequence, with his readiest Cohorts advanced against them, whom he soon routed and dispersed, and then fell to disarming them that he suspected, and by placing Garrisons and Forts upon the Rivers Antona and Sabrina, attempted to hem in so much of the Island as he was concerned to defend. Sabrina is granted by all to be Severn, but Antona is not so well known, Camden saith it is the River Nen that runs by Northampton, but then he will have it to be transcribed amiss for Aufona, upon a supposition that the Britan's called all Rivers Avon, and so Northampton should be contracted of Northafandon. But I cannot see any necessity of blaming the Transcriber here, nor any reason why Northampton or Northanton may not take its name from Antona, since himself allows Southampton to be so called from a River of the very same name. The Icenians, who had sought the friendship of Plautius, disliked the proceed of Ostorius, and armed against him, with their Confederates, but were overcome, whereby they that wavered were confirmed in their obedience. In this conflict M. Ostorius, the Licutenant's Son, merited a Civic Crown or Garland. The Cangi were the next who felt the anger of the Romans, by whom their Territory was wasted and harryed all over. The Lieutenant was gotten near the Sea-coast which looks towards Ireland, when some stirs among the brigants brought him back; but those he quickly quieted by seizing and punishing some great ones, who would have incited that people against him, the rest upon his willingness to remit the Commotion departing peaceably to their homes.  
But a War with the Silureses could not be avoided; King Caradock in person headed them, who could not be prevailed with by all the Lieutenant's endeavours to have any peace with the Romans. Against him therefore Ostorius bends all his Force, having given some Cities to a British King named Cogidunus, to engage him against those that should raise any disturbances while he was dealing with the Silureses. Caradock considering how Siluria was hemmed in between the Severn and the Sea, marched into the country of the Ordovices, who were confederated with him, where all the odds were to his own party; all the difficulties to his Enemies. Ostorius follows, and near Clun-castle in Shropshire, forced him to a Battle, wherein though he and his Britan's fought stoutly, yet the fortune of Rome prevailed. Here his Wife and Daughter were taken Prisoners, and some Brothers of his yielded themselves; himself escaping to Cartisinandua, Queen of the brigants, was by her command unworthily bound with Irons, and delivered to his Enemies, in the ninth year of the war, and the seventh year of his Reign. Which being made known at Rome, all desired to see this Warrior, who had so long held out against their power. Thither he was sent, and at his coming the people were assembled as to a solemn spectacle, and the Emperor's Guard stood in Arms. First passed his Servants, bearing his Trophies won in former Wars; next, his Brothers, Wife, and Daughter; last of all, himself, who coming to the Emperor's Tribunal, without any manner of dejectedness, thus spoke to him. If my moderation in prosperity had been as great as my Nobility and Fortune was, I had come rather a Friend into this City than a Captive, neither would you have disdained to receive me with Covenants of Peace, being a Prince descended of Noble Ancestors, and commanding many Nations. My present estate as it is to me dishonourable, so to you it is glorious. I had Horses, Men, Armour, Wealth, no wonder if I was unwilling to lose them. If you will reign over all, all must obey. If I had sooner yielded and been delivered into your hands, neither had my Fortune nor your Glory been so renowned, and in your severest determining of me both will be quickly buried in oblivion. But if you spare me, I shall be an Example of your Clemency for ever. Caesar moved with the bravery of his Carriage, pardoned him with his Wife and Brethren, (and most probably his Daughter too, though forgotten by Tacitus,) who being unbound did their reverence to the Emperor, and the Empress Agrippina. Then the Senators being called together discoursed of the Show, and affirmed it to be no less Honourable than when Scipio shown Syphax; or Aemylius, Perseus; or whosoever else exhibited conquered Kings to the people; wherefore the ornaments of a Triumph were decreed to Ostorius.  
This Caradock, Surnamed Frichfras, viz. with the strong Arm, is in the Book of Triads named First of the Three most valiant Britan's; the Roman Writers call him Caratacus, Caractacus, Cataractacus, and Catacratus: what became of him afterwards, I find not, but I suppose that he did not long survive his entrance into Rome; for else it is likely he would have returned to his Kingdom, and in point of Gratitude have restrained his Silureses from continuing Hostility against the Romans.  
Caradock had one Brother yet at liberty, which was the brave Arviragus, who succeeding in the Kingdom soon made the Enemy know, that the Britan's wanted not a General. He took old Caswallan's course, to avoid set Battles, and to watch for Advantages. The Perfect of the Camp with his Legionary Cohorts (who were ordered to build Fortresses in the Country of the Silureses) he surprised and killed, with eight Centurions, and many of the stoutest Soldiers, and had cut them all off, if speedy Succours had not come from the neighbouring Villages and Castles. Shortly after he fell upon the Foragers, and routed them, and the Troops of Horse that were sent to help them; nor could Ostorius stay their flight by sending out some Cohorts lightly appointed, till the weighty Legions coming on, put a stop to the violence of the Pursuers, and made them retreat. After this passed divers Skirmishes, the Silureses omitting no opportunity, commanded or without command, to assail the Enemy from their Woods and Bogs, being strongly incensed at a Report, that Claudius was resolved to extinguish their very Name. They in th●s heat intercepted two Auxiliary Cohorts, who were foraging too securely to feed the Avarice of their greedy Prefects, and by sending abroad liberal shares of the Spoils and Captives which they took, drew other Nations to join with them These and some other adverse Accidents so troubled Ostorius, that worn out with cares and travels he died, whom Avitus Didius Gallus succeeded in the Lieutenantship. He was dispatched hither in great haste, that the Province might not be destitute of a Governor; yet could not make such speed, but that before his coming the Legion of Manlius Valens had been defeated by the Silureses, who made large excursions into the Roman Pale, till the Lieutenant marching out, kept them somewhat more within their own Bounds.  
The brigants would willingly have engaged in their countries' cause against Ostorius at his first coming, if their King Venutius could have been induced to own the Quarrrel; but he reigning in right of his Wife Cartismandua, suffered himself to be wholly guided by her, who judging the friendship of the Romans very conducible to her designs, restrained the people's forwardness, and made up the breach with Osterius to his full satisfaction. But growing weary of her Husband, and falling in love with Velocatus who was his Servant and Armour-bearer, she abused her marriagebed, and laboured to make the Adulterer King. Venutius nettled with these injuries, and the intercepting of his Brother, and some of his nearest Kindred, took Arms against the faithless Queen, and brought her to such Exigencies, that Didius was fain to send some Cohorts to her Aid, by whose help she won a Battle of her Husband; and in another conflict Caesius Nasica with his Legion had somewhat the better. But Venutius quickly recruited his Forces, the people flocking to him apace, out of indignation against the Adulteress, whose Treachery to him and Caradock had made her generally odious. And so stoutly he maintained the War against the Romans, that though they rescued Cartismandua from his just vengeance, yet he kept possession of the Kingdom in despite of them; so that Didius being aged had enough to do to keep up a Defensive War, which he was fain to manage by Deputies, only building here and there a Fortress further into the Country, that he might seem to enlarge his Province. Nero was now Emperor, who but for very shame would have withdrawn his Forces out of Britain.  
To Didius succeeded Verannius, who died in the first year of his Government, having only made a few Inroads upon the Silureses, and left a great Boast behind him, That if he had lived but two years more, he would have conquered all; thereby at his death manifesting his vanity, though while he lived he had carried a great name of precise Severity.  
Suetonius Paulinus followed him, a Commander of as high a reputation as any of his time; whose beginnings proved so successful, that they emboldened him to attempt the Conquest of Anglesey, which was a very populous Isle, and the primary Seat of the Druids, who encouraged the people to make a stout resistance: notwithstanding which the Romans prevailed, but before they could settle their new Conquest, they were necessitated to return for suppression of a dangerous Insurrection. Prasutagus, King of the Iceni, dying about this time, according to the flattering custom of that Age, left Caesar his Heir with his own two Daughters, thinking it a very politic course to secure his Family from future injuries, but his intendment was basely frustrated; for under colour to oversee and take possession of the Emperor's new Inheritance, his Kingdom, House, and Wealth, which was very great, became a prey to Centurions and greedy Officers, the chief of the people were disseised of their Estates, his Kinsmen reputed as Slaves, his Daughters deflowered, and his Wife Boadicia whipped. Hereupon the Iceni solicit the other Britan's (who had matter enough of complaint too, especially the Trinobantes, who had suffered the like indignities from the Colony of Camalodunum) to join with them for redress of their common wrongs, and to lay hold on the present opportunity of the Lieutenant's absence in the Isle of Anglesey. Thus all on a sudden they flee to arms, under the conduct of Queen Boadicia, whom Tacitus calls, a Lady of the Royal Blood; whereby it should seem, that Prasutagus attained the Kingdom by marrying her. The Romans were warned of the approaching danger by sundry Prodigies, yet were not able to prevent it. The angry Virago having amassed a numerous Army, hastens to her Revenge; which they of Camalodunum fearing, sent to the Procurator Catus Decianus for aid, who would not or could not spare them above two hundred men, and those ill armed, who stood the Colony in little stead; for the Britan's took the Town, and sacked it, putting all to the sword, and destroyed the Temple that had been erected in honour of Divus Claudius, together with the Priests named Sodales Augustales. Petilius Cerealis hastening to the rescue with the ninth Legion, was met by the way and defeated, the Foot all cut off, himself with the Horse escaped to the Camp, and saved themselves within the Fortifications. Suetonius hearing of these things marched strait to London, which he intended to make the Seat of War. But considering the paucity of his numbers, and the disastrous rashness of Cerealis, he changed his resolution, and notwithstanding the cries and prayers of the Inhabitants, quitted the place, which was presently taken and sacked by the Britan's, as also was Verolamium, above seventy thousand Roman Citizens and Associates perishing in this Commotion. Decianus (whose Exactions had been a grand incentive to these stirs) was fled into Gaul as a place of greater safety. But the Lientenant having gotten together about ten thousand men, and chosen a very advantageous place for his purpose, resolved now to try the issue of a Battle, wherein the Britan's were overthrown, with the loss of eighty thousand men. Cerealis and his Horsemen had their share in the honour of this Victory, which made some amends for their former miscarriage. But Paenius Posthumus, Campmaster of the second Legion, having contrary to the discipline of War disobeyed, when he was sent for, and thereby defrauded his Soldiers of their parts of Glory in this success, for very grief and shame slew himself. The Britan's intended, as Dion saith, to give another Battle, if they had not been hindered by the death of Boadicia, who made herself away by poison. Yet Caesar thought fit to augment his Forces by sending Recruits out of Germany, whereby the ninth Legion was again supplied. Virtue never wants Detractors, and so Suetonius, having done such eminent Services for the Emperor, was yet, through the calumnies of Julius Classicianus, who succeeded Decianus in the Procuratorship, and upon the loss of some few Galleys upon the Shore, and the Galleyslaves in them, discharged from his Lieutenantship; though Polycletus, Nero's Freedman, who was sent to take an account of the business, could find nothing of any consequence against him, but that he was too severe to the Conquered, which his Accusers said obstructed the Settlement of the Province.  
Petronius Turpilianus succeeded him, who only kept things as he found them, whom Trebellius Maximus followed. Against him Roscius Caelius, Lieutenant of the twentieth Legion, raised such a Mutiny, that finding his interest in the Army too weak to master him, he repaired with his Friends and Followers to Vitellius in Germany, and followed him in his Enterprises, having obliged him formerly by fending over eight thousand men to Hordeonius Flaccus for his Service. In the mean time Britain was governed by the Lieutenants of the Legions, among whom Roscius Caelius, as the boldest, bore the greatest sway.  
Vectius Bolanus was sent by Vitellius to succeed Trebellius, in whose time nothing memorable passed. All this while Venutius with his brigants, and the Silureses, held out, who had not joined with Boadicia, as either looking upon himself as slighted by her, or else disliking her womanish and impotent way of management. Him I conceive to be the same whom others call Arviragus, and his intercepted Brother to be Caradock, and Cartismandua to be Genissa, whom Geffrey of Monmouth will have to be the Daughter of Claudius, possibly by Adoption.  
But Vespasian coming to the Empire, sent hither Petilius Cerealis in the room of Bolanus, who sought many Battles with Venutius, and some bloody, conquering or wasting the greatest part of the brigants; and his Successor Julius Frontinus was so successful against the Silureses, that he forced them to acknowledge the Sovereignty of the Roman Empire.  
About this time Roderick, King of the Picts, came from Scandia to Ireland, and by the Scots there inhabiting was directed to Albania, where he and his men were willingly received by the Caledonians, who then expected to be invaded by the Romans, and therefore looked upon these new-come Guests as a seasonable Succour, and found their Assistance very useful in the ensuing War.  
Julius Agricola followed Frontinus, who at his first arrival was entertained with unwelcome Tidings; for the Ordovices had defeated a Squadron of Horse which lay in their Borders, with such a slaughter, that very few escaped. But this was cruelly revenged by the new Lieutenant, who marching thither massacred the greatest part of the Nation; then invaded and conquered the Isle of Mona, or Anglesey. After which Agricola turning his Forces Northward, made the rest of the brigants (who remained unvanquished by Cerealis) give Hostages, and admit Garrisons; as likewise did the Maeatae, to which they were induced by the generosity of his Demeanour, as well as the power of his Arms. That narrow partition of ground from Glotta to Bodotria, (now the Friths of Dunbritton and Edinburgh) which divides the Maeatae from the Caledonians and Attiscots', he fortified with Garrisons and Castles; and furnished that part of Britain which lieth against Ireland with Forces, in hope of achieving something upon that Island when he had done with this, to which end he gladly received a certain Irish Prince expelled by civil dissension, and under colour of kindness retained him, till a fit occasion should serve. These his proceed caused the people beyond Glotta and Bodotria to look about them, especially the sight of his Navy, which he had manned out to search the Creeks and Harbours of their Country, alarmed them, as though now the Secret of their Sea were disclosed, and no refuge remained if they were overcome. The Caledonians therefore assault his Castles, for whose relief the Lieutenant advances, dividing his Army into three parts; which advantage the Britan's quickly spying united their Forces, and in the dead of night set upon the ninth Legion, which they were likely to have cut off, if Agricola had not come seasonably to their assistance, notwithstanding which the Caledonians fought valiantly for a good while, but were at length overpowered, and driven out of the field. About this time a Cohort of the Vsipians, levied in Germany, and sent over into Britain, having slain a Centurion and certain Soldiers among their Maniples, and set over them for direction in discipline, fled and embarked themselves in three Galleys, compelling the Masters of the Vessels to execute their charge, and only one doing his Office, the other two being suspected were slain; so putting off to Sea, they were driven uncertainly hither and thither, sometimes landing and skirmishing with the Britan's for Booty, and were at last reduced to such misery, that they were fain to eat one another, first the weakest, then as the lot lighted. Thus having been carried round about Britain, and lost their Galleys for want of Pilots, they were seized by the Suevians and Frisians for Pirates and Rovers, and being sold for Slaves from Master to Master, some of them happened into the hands of Romans, among whom they grew into a Name by relating their so strange Adventure. Agricola increasing his Army with the addition of many Britan's, more faithful to him than to their Country, marches up further into Caledonia, and on the declining of the Hill Grampius (now Grantzbain) finds his Enemies lodged to the number of thirty thousand, to whom the courageous Youth, and even the Old men that were yet vigorous, and had gained Renown in former Services, daily flocked. Galgacus, the Son of Liennacus, Prince of the Caledonians, reckoned in the Book of Triads for the second of the three Illustrious British Heroes, was Commander in chief. Agricola having sent his Fleet before to distract the Britan's by frequent and uncertain Landings, and to do them what other mischief they could, charged valiantly upon them, and was received with equal courage, whilst the one side fought for life and liberty, the other for honour and conquest. The manner of the Fight is excellently described by Tacitus; the success in short was this, That the Britan's after a stout resistance were vanquished with the loss often thousand men, and on the Roman part were slain three hundred and forty, and among them Aulus Atticus Captain of a Cohort. The poor Caledonians after this Overthrow forsake and burn their Habitations, and the Roman Scouts meet with nothing but Silence and Desolation. The Summer was almost at an end, and therefore the Lieutenant brings his victorious Army into the borders of the Horrestians, (so called for Horeskians, or Areskians, because dwelling upon the River Eske,) and receives of them Hostages, and commands the Admiral of his Navy to sail about Britain, by whom it was first found to be an Island, and the Isles of Orkney discovered and sudued. Himself with slow Marches to awe the new conquered Nations with the very stay of his Passage, disposes his Army into Winter-quarters, and the Fleet having finished their Voyage, return to the Port, which in Tacitus is, through frequent Transcriptions, corruptly written Trutulensis, as Beatus Rhenanus saith, for Rhutupensis. As Agricola was one of the best Generals of his time in the world, so was he also a Prudent and Politic Governor; first, he reform his own Family, not permitting his Attendants or Followers to sway or meddle in Public Affairs; then the Army, by electing Officers, not for Bribes or Affection, but for Virtue and Merit; next he took care for the observing of Equity, and corrected all those petty Abuses in the collecting of Tributes, and Exactions, which are usually more grievous than the Burden itself; the people rude and scattered, and therefore prone upon every occasion to War, he so persuaded, as to build Temples, Houses, and places of public resort, the principal men's children he caused to be educated in the way of Learning; and by commending the wits of the Britan's above the Gauls, made them affect the comptness of the Roman Language; then he brought them to imitate the Roman fashions for Attire, and so by little and little the incitements and materials of Luxury, stately Edifices, Baths, and sumptuous Banquets, grew to be in request among them. By these means the Nation was softened, and in a manner pleased with their Servitude.  
In all probability, if Agricola had continued in his Government, he had subdued the whole Island; but the Emperor Domitian envying his Glory recalled him, sending in his place Salustius Lucullus, whom he afterwards put to death, because having devised certain Spears or Lances of a new fashion, he had called them after his own name, Luculleans. Soon after, as is collected from a Preface of Tacitus to the first of his Histories, the Britan's freed from the fear of Agricola, who was poisoned with the Emperor's privity, again betook themselves to Arms, at what time the Name of Arviragus was famous at Rome, as appears from Juvenal, who brings in Fabricius Veiento thus flattering Domitian.  
Regem aliquem capies, aut de temone Britanno  
Excidet Arviragus.—  
Some King thou shalt take Captive, or shalt make  
Arviragus his British Throne forsake.  
This valiant King, after a long Reign, from the time of Claudius to the latter end of Domitian, (whom Juvenal and Ausonius style, Bald Nero) dying, left his Kingdom to his Son Marius, whom the Britan's call Meurig.  
By this time the Christian Religion was planted in sundry parts of Britain. In the Chronicle attributed to Flavius Dexter, and in the Epistle of Hugh, a Portugal Bishop, to Maurice Archbishop of Bracara, we read, that St. James the Son of Zebedee came hither; and the Fragments ascribed to Helecas Caesar Augustanus tell us, that his Mother Salôme, and his Father Zebedee (whom they confound with Aristobulus) were here also. This St. James at his return to Jerusalem was put to death by Herod Agrippa. Nicephorus Callistus writes, that Simon Zelotes (called also the Cananite, from his Birth-place, 
Eccles. Hist. lib. 7. cap. 48.  Cana of Galilee) came into Britain, where he was crucified and buried, as Doretheus in his Synopsis, and the Greek Menologies have it, which latter assign the tenth day of May for his Martyrdom. Thomas Dempster, a Scotch Historian, 
Hist. Eccles. Scot lib. 2. num. 159.  saith, that St. Barnabas came into the North part of Britain, now called Scotland, and there Baptised Beatus, the Apostle of the Helvetians. Aristobulus, Brother to St. Barnabas, (mentioned by St. Paul in his Epistle to the Romans) is by the same Dorothaeus recorded to have been Bishop of Britain; which is confirmed by the Suffrage of the Greek Menologies, who assign the fifteenth day of March for his Martyrdom, which here he suffered, in the second year of Nero, according to the Fragment of Helecas Caesar Augustanus. Venantius Fortunatus, and Sophronius Patriarch of Jerusalem, 
Comment. de Petro & Paulo, ad diem Jun. 39  say, that St Paul was in Britain; and Simeon Metaphrastes affirms as much of St. Peter, adding, that he tarried here a long time, and converted many Nations, settled their Churches, and ordained Bishops, Priests, and Deacons. Isidore and Freeulphus say, that St. Philip the Apostle came into Gaul and preached there, from whence he sent over hither, in the year Sixty three, twelve Disciples, of whom Joseph of Arimathea was of greatest note, to whom Arviragus gave a certain place named Inis witrin, called also Avalon, and Glastonbury, where they are said to have led an Eremitical life, and to have built a Church in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and to have had other Lands bestowed upon them by Marius and Coelus. This is accounted the ancientest Church of Britain, and was afterwards much reverenced and enriched by many Kings and Princes, as appears by William of Malmesburie's History of the Antiquities of Glastonbury, and by King Henry the Second Charter granted to the new Church there, in the year one Thousand one Hundred and eighty five, (which was termed Magnum Privilegium, and is to be seen among the Archiva in the Tower of London,) and by many other Writers. Pudens and Claudia, mentioned by St. Paul in the end of his second Epistle to Timothy, are credibly thought to be the same with Aulus Pudens, and Claudia Rufina, whom the Poet Martial celebrates, (which Claudia was a British Lady, and by some Writers thought to be King Caradock's Daughter, mentioned by Tacitus;) and Linus, the first Bishop of Rome, mentioned also in the same Epistle, is by Clemens, in his seventh book of the Apostles Constitutions, said to be their Son; 
Chap. 47.  and Petrus Equilinus gives them two other Sons, Timotheus and Novatus, and to Pudens by another wife named Sabinella he gives two Daughters, Potentiana (or Pudentiana) and Praxedis. This Timotheus converted Lucius a British Prince, and suffered Martyrdom when the first Antoninus was Emperor, and Pius Bishop of Rome. Lucius being Baptised by Timotheus about the end of Evaristus his Papacy, leaving his Principality, and taking with him his Sister Emerita preached to the Rhaetians and Bavarians, became Bishop of Chur, where he was Martyred under Aurelius Antoninus, as his Sister was at a neighbouring place called Trimontium.  
In Hartmannus Schedelius his Chronicle, we find (among those that flourished under Trajan) Taurinus Episcopus Eboracensis, and Eutropius Episcopus Cantu: which some of the Hagiocleptae, or Steal-Saints taking hold of, have endeavoured to persuade the world that the one was Bishop of York, and the other of Canterbury; whereas it is evident from other Authors, that Eboracensis is through mistake put for Ebroicensis, and Cantu: for Santu: the one being Bishop of Eureux in Normandy, the other of Saints in Xaintoigne. But Britain was not so barren of Saints that it should need to steal any from other Countries, and it is justly famous for receiving and preserving the Christian Faith from the very times of the Apostles. Eusebius Pamphilus, in his third Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, affirms, that some of the Apostles went beyond the Ocean to the Isles that are called British. Theodoret likewise, in his Ninth Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, reckons the Britan's express●● among those Nations to whom the Apostles themselves had preached. Before these, Tertullian tells us, That those places among the Britan's which yielded the Romans no access, were now subdued unto Christ. 
Lib. adversus Judaeos, c. 7.  And Origen in his Fourth Homily upon Ezekiel, and in his Sixth Homily upon the first Chapter of St. Luke, confirms the Antiquity of Christianity in Britain. Gildas, after reciting Boadicia's insurrection, (whom he calls the Deceitful Lioness,) and the quelling of it by the Romans, informs us, That between the latter end of the Reign of the Emperor Tiberius, and the victory of Suetonius Paulinus, which was obtained about the year of Christ Sixty one, the Christian Religion began to take footing in Britain; in the mean time (saith he) Christ the true Sun spreading forth, not from the Temporal Firmament, but from the Castle and Court of Heaven, (which exceedeth all Times) throughout the whole world, his most glorious Light, in the latter end as we know of Tiberius Caesar's Reign, (whereas in regard that the Emperor against the will of the Senate threatened death to the Disturbers thereof, Religion was largely propagated without any hindrance,) did first cast on this Island (starving with frozen Cold, and in a far remote Climate from the visible Sun) his gladsome Beams, to wit, his most holy Laws; which although they were received of the inhabitants but with Lukewarm minds, remained notwithstanding fully and entirely in the minds of some, and in others less, until the nine years' Persecution of the Tyrant Dioclesian.  
What he saith of Caesar's threatening death to the Disturbers or Accusers of the Christians, we also find in the fifth Chapter of Tertullian's Apologeticus, and in the Chronicle of Eusebius, at the last year, or last but one of the Reign of Tiberius. Thus early did Christianity enter into this Land, where it was never since totally extinct, though sometimes shrewdly eclipsed.  
Some stirs there were in Britain in Trajan's time, who being engaged in war with the Dacians, and other remote Nations, the Northern people, with the help of the Picts and their King Roderick, hoped to recover their ancient Bounds, and revenge the overthrows they had received from Agricola. Hereupon they invade the Province, but with ill success, for the Caledonians are beaten by the Romans, and driven to their old Shelters; and the Picts are at Stanmore in Westmoreland vanquished by Marius (who was now leagued with the Romans,) and Roderick slain; in memory of which victory the British King erected Rerecross, as some conceive.  
Berenchus is said to have succeeded Roderick, who finding himself unable to cope with Marius, retired into Cathnesse, and there seated himself and his followers. The Scottish Writers pretend, that both their own Nation and the Picts were settled in Britain long before, and that these people were Moravians of Germany; but how falsely, is known to any one that is never so little versed in History, seeing those Moravians were never heard of before the days of the Emperor Lewis the Debonair. Neither did Moravia in Scotland take name from that remote Nation, but from Mor, which in British signifies the Sea, as being a Maritime Province; as Moravia in Germany took its Name from the River Mora, which passes through it. Some reject this Story of Marius his Victory; but that which William of Malmesbury relates in the Prologue of his third Book De Gestis Pontificum, seems no contemptible Evidence for it. There is (saith he) in the City of Lugubalia (now Carlisle) a Dining-Chamber built of Stone, and arched with Vaults, so that no spiteful force of Tempests, nor furioun flame of Fire could ever shake or hurt it, (the Country is called Cumberland, and the people Cumbrians,) in the forefront thereof this Inscription is to be read, MARII VICTORIAE, that is, To the Victory of MARIUS.  
Here Camden thinks fit to acquaint us, how he had learned, that another, making mention of this Stone, saith, it was not inscribed, Marii Victoriae, but Marti Victori, that is, To Victorious MARS. But that this is clearly contrary to Malmesburie's mind, his words immediately following show. What is meant by it, I am at a stand for, unless part of the Cimbrians haply planted themselves here, after they had been driven out of Italy by Marius. Here, 
Lib. 4. cap. 9  saith Ranulphus Cestrensis in his Polychronicon, William of Malmesbury was deceived, in thinking the Inscription upon this Stone appertained to Marius the Roman Consul, but it is no wonder, seeing he had not read the British Book where it is written of King Marius. Neither indeed could he have read it in Geffrey's History, which was not published when Mulmesbury wrote.  
Cneus Trebellius was the next Lieutenant of Britain, that we read of, after Salustius Lucullus; and after him Julius Severus, who being called hence by Adrian to suppress the Jewish Rebellion, the Northern Britan's, with the Picts, again entered the Province, and so fiercely assailed the Romans and Southern Britan's, that the Emperor was fain to come in person to their relief, by whom the Enemies were repulsed, and again forced to betake themselves to their skulking holes, and Adrian approving the policy of Tiberius for girding the Empire within moderate bounds, withdrew the Limit from Agricola's Fence an hundred Italian Miles, (as he had done in the East further, from Tigris to Euphrates,) and erected a Wall of Turf for fourscore Italian Miles in length from Gabrosentuns, 
Spartianus in vita Adriani. 122.  now Gateshead, to Carlisle, (which should divide the Barbarians and the Romans asunder) strengthened with great Stakes or Piles pitched deep in the ground, and fastened together in manner of a Mural or Military mound for defence. And then having reform many things throughout the Island, triumphantly returned to Rome, and upon his Coin entitled himself The Restorer of Britain.  
The next Lieutenant here was Priscus Licinius, whom Adrian afterwards employed in an Expedition against the Jews, as appears by an old Inscription.  
In the year of Christ, one hundred twenty five, died Marius the British King, to whom succeeded his Son Coelus, who kept peace with the Romans, and paid them their Tribute as his Father had done. In his time the brigants confederating with the Northern people made Inroads into Genunia, 
Paus. in Arcad.  a Neighbour-Province, (which Camden thinks should be written Genuthia, taking it to be the same with Guinethia, or North- Wales,) against whom the Emperor Antoninus Pius (by whose Ordinance as many as were in the Roman world became Citizens of Rome) sent Lollius Vrbicus Lieutenant into Britain, who subdued them, and fined them with the loss of a good part of their Territory, and driving the Northern Enemies further back, enlarged the Bounds of the Roman Province again as far as Agricola's Frontier-Fence between Glotta and Bodotria, 
In vita Antorini Pij.  building there (as Julius Capitolinus saith) another Wall of Turfs, viz. beyond that of Adrian. Seius Saturninus was now Archigubernus of the Navy in Britain, as we find in the Digests; 
Lib. 36.  but whether by that Title be meant Admiral, or Arch-Pilot, is questionable.  
In the beginning of the Reign of the Emperor Aurelius, the Picts and Caledonians raising new Commotions, were quelled by Calpurnius Agricola, who succeeded Lollius in the Lieutenantship.  
Coelus having reigned forty years, died in the Year, one Hundred sixty five, leaving his Kingdom to his Son Lucius, whom the Britan's call Lhes, and Surname him Lever Maur, that is, Great Light, because he was the first Christian King of their Nation. For having heard of the Miracles wrought by Christ and Christians, and particularly of the Emperor's Victory over the Germans, obtained by the Prayers of the Christian Legion, and observing the Piety and Sanctity of the Lives of those who in Britain professed that Religion, he begain to entertain a high and honourable opinion of it. Theonus, Elvanus, and Meduinus, lived at this time; of whom the first was the first Archbishop of London, the other two were employed by the King to Eleutherus or Eleutherius Bishop of Rome, to request him to send some able Teachers hither to instruct and Baptise him and his people. Radulphus de Baldock and Gisburnensis say, that at the receipt of this Message the good Bishop for joy sung the Angel's Hymn, Gloria in Excelsis. The time of this Embassy is much controverted. Beda, Marianus, and Florentius, though dissenting in the computation of Years, yet agree in this, that they refer it to the beginning of Eleutherus, which, according to Eusebius, was in the year, one Hundred seventy six, in the sixteenth year of the Emperor Aurelius, when Aper and Pollio were Consuls. Hereupon Faganus and Duvianus are dispatched into Britain, who the same year baptised the King, and many of his Subjects. The Names of these two are strangely varied by Authors, the former being called Fugatius, Fagatius, Fagaunus, Foganus, Fuganus, Euganus, and Figinus, and Phaganus; the other, Damianus, Dumianus, Dunanus, Dunianus, Dimianus, Dimanus, Dinnamus, Diwanus, Divianus, Divinianus, Derwianus, and Donatianus. The Britan's called them Fagan, and Dwywan. With these was also Marcellus (or Marcellinus) afterwards Bishop of Triers and Tongres. King Lucius having now received the Faith, is reported to have requested the Bishop of Rome to send him a Copy of the Roman Laws; whereupon Eleutherus sent him this Letter.  
You have desired us to send you the Laws of Rome, and of Caesar, which You would use in your Kingdom. We may reject the Laws of Rome and of Caesar at all times, but in no wise the Law of God. Ye have lately by God's mercy received the Law and Faith of Christ in the Kingdom of Britain. Ye have with you in your Kingdom both Testaments, out of them by God's Grace, with the Counsel of your Realm, take a Law, and by it with God's sufferance govern your Kingdom of Britain. For You are God's Vicegerent in your Realm, according to the Royal Prophet, 
Psal. 24.1.  The Earth is the Lord's, and the fullness thereof, the world and they that dwell therein; and again, according to that Royal Prophet, Thou lovest Righteousness, and hatest wickedness, 
Ps. 45.7.  therefore God thy God hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows. And again, according to the same Royal Prophet, 
Ps. 72.1.  Give the King thy Judgements, O God, etc. for he said not, the Judgements, nor the Righteousness of Caesar. For the King's Sons are the Christian Nations and people of the Realm, who live and abide in the Kingdom, under your Protection and Peace, according to the Gospel, 
Mat. 23.37.  even as a Hen gathereth her Chickens under her wings. The Nations and people of Britain are your people, whom however divided, you ought to gather into one, to reclaim to Concord and Peace, and the Faith and Law of Christ, and to the Holy Church, to cherish, maintain, (or to lead by hand) protect, govern, and always defend them from injurious and malicious Folks, and from their Enemies. 
Eccl. 10.16  woe to the Kingdom whose King is a Child, and whose Princes eat in the morning: I do not term a King a Child for Infant-age, but for Folly, Iniquity, and Madness, according to the Royal Prophet, 
Ps. 55.23.  Bloody and deceitful men shall not live out half their days; By Eating we understand Gluttony, by Gluttony Luxury, by Luxury all filthy perverse and wicked things, according to King Solomon, Into a malicious Soul Wisdom shall not enter, nor dwell in the body that is subject unto sin. Rex dicitur à Regendo, non à Regno; A King hath his name from his Ruling, not from his Kingdom. As long as you govern well, you shall be a King: which if you do not, the Name of King will not be evidenced in you, and you will lose that Name, which God forbidden. Almighty God grant you so to govern the Kingdom of Britain, that you may reign for ever with him whose Vicegerent you are in the said Realm.  
This Letter was written in the year, one Hundred seventy nine, when the Emperor Commodus was Consul with Vespronius; and is to be seen in Lambard's Archaeonomia, (Printed at London in the years 1560, and 1644,) among Edward the Confessor's Laws, and in a Copy of our old Laws written in Edward the fourth's time, now kept in Sr. John Cotton's famous Library; and likewise in an Ancient Manuscript Chronicle, called Brutus and Breton. William Harrison hath inserted it into his description of Britain, 
Lib. 1. c. 9  having translated it into English out of sundry ancient Copies.  
Theon Bishop of London is said to have built St. Peter's Church in Cornhill, London, with the help of Ciranus the King's Cupbearer, which Lucius liberally endowed, and made it to be the Episcopal Sea for the Diocese of London. But Fagan and Dwywan not confining their endeavours only to Lucius his Kingdom, converted the greatest part of Britain, with the assistance of Elvan and Medwin, of whom the former had been made a Bishop at Rome, the other a Doctor, as Johannes Tinmuthensis, and Capgrave in the life of Dubricius, and an old Tract concerning the first state of the Church of Landaffe, affirm; meaning Presbyter, or Priest, as I suppose, by Doctor; for the title of Doctor, doth not appear to have been so ancient in the Church, in the sense wherein it hath been since used. Divers other Bishoprics are reported to have been erected about this time as York, Carleon upon uske, Winchester, Gloucester, Congresbury, Landaffe, and other places. Philippus Berterius, and Archbishop Usher of Armagh, take York to have been the Metropolis of Britain at that time, as being a Roman Colony, and honoured with the Emperor's Palace, and the Praetorium of Britain, in regard whereof Spartianus terms it by way of Excellency, 
In vita Severi.  The City. And in the Council of Arles, Eborius of York subscribed before Restitutus of London. He that in the year, one Thousand four hundred and sixty, wrote the History of the Archbishops of York, makes Fagan the first Archbishop of that Sea; but Harrison, in his description of Britain, saith, 
Lib. 1. cap. 7.  that one Theodosius was Bishop there in the time of Lucius, who might be so indeed in the latter end of Lucius his Reign, after Fagan's death. The Church of Winchester being finished in the fifth year of Lucius his Conversion, viz. in the year, one Hundred and eighty, was then Dedicated by Fagan and Dwywan, at which time also one Devotus was made Abbot of the Monastery which the King had founded for certain Monks professing the Egyptian Rule of St. Mark. And about the same time was also founded the renowned Abbey of Bangor. And now the Northern men are up in arms again, and passing Lollius his Fence, were come as far as Adrian's Wall, which they broke down, putting most of the Soldiers that defended it with their commander to the sword, and entering the Province wasted and spoiled it at their pleasure; against whom Vlpius Marcelius was sent, who valiantly beat them back to their own homes, and governed the country with such same and reputation, that the Emperor Commodus, whose Vices were as notorious as his Lieutenant's Virtues, fearing the growth of his Credit with the Romans, in an envious mood sent him Letters of Discharge. After his departure the Army, which he had kept in excellent Discipline, fell to mutinying and civil Dissensions, the Officers abusing and defrauding the common Soldiers; whereupon fifteen Hundred of them went to Rome, and complained against the Emperor's grand Favourite, Perennis, as the cause of those and many other distempers in the State, for which he was put to death. Yet did not this compliance so appease the British Army, but that they would have set up another Emperor; and Helvins Pertinax, who here succeeded in the Lieutenancy, endeavouring to suppress their insolency by severe means, provoked them to an Insurrection, in which divers were slain, and himself left for dead, whereupon he was glad for his own safety to get himself revoked.  
In his place came Clodius Albinus, who so worthily demeaned himself, that Commodus either for fear or favour honoured him with the Title of Caesar, which yet he accepted not; but upon a false report of the Emperor's death, having in a set speech discovered himself to be better affected to the old Government, of the Senate and Consuls, than to Monarchical Empire, he was commanded to resign to Junius Severus. But Pertinax succeeding Commodus was not long after murdered by the Praetorian Guards, who sold the Empire to Didius Julianus, who enjoyed his Purchase but a very little time, being soon after slain by Septimius Severus. This Emperor, to keep Albinus. (who during the late Broils had made bold to keep his place) from attempting any thing against him during his Wars with Pescennius Niger, created him his Caesar, which he now accepted, as having a greater esteem for him than for Commodus. But Niger being defeated and slain, Severus falls to practising the death of his new Caesar, and therein failing proclaims him Traitor and public Enemy, and comes in person against him with the strength of the Empire. Albinus hereupon bestirs himself, and increasing his Army with the Flower of the British Youth, crosses over into Gaul, where near Lions a Battle was fought between them, in which at first Albinus had the better, but was at last overthrown and killed, his Head being sent to Rome by the Conqueror as a token of the Victory. After which Severus divided the Roman Province here into two Prefectures, of which the Southern part was termed the Higher, and the Northern was termed the Lower.  
About the beginning of Albinus his Government here, Fagan and Dwywan went to Glastonbury, where they found nothing but ruin and desolation, for the Hermits who took care of the Church were all dead long ago. This Church they repaired, and placed there twelve of their Associates, procuring King Lucius to confirm to them and their Successors by Charter, the Donation of such Lands as had been given by his three Predecessors to Joseph and his Companions. Nine years they are said to have spent in this place, and then having visited their Converts, and confirmed them in the Faith, to have deceased in Britain, where divers Churches were afterwards erected and consecrated to their memory. After Theon's death Elvan was Bishop of London, and is said to have built a Library adjoining to his Cathedral, and to have converted many of the Druids to Christianity.  
King Lucius having built St. Peter's Church at Westminster, St. Maries at Dover, and a Church at Canterbury, which was afterwards called St. Martin's, died, and was buried in the Cathedral of Gloucester, as Geffrey saith, in the year two Hundred and eight, as Hollinshed out of ancient Writers tells us, having reigned three and forty years, according to the Author of the Genealogicon de Gestis Anglorum. I know there is great difference in Writers about the time of his Reign and Conversion, which I conceive was partly occasioned through the variety of Computations of the years both of Christ's Nativity and Passion. As for his Reign, some allot him but twelve years, as Caxton, Bale, Grafton, Stow, and Basin stochius, too short a space by far for the many memorable works done in his time; others allow him seventy seven years, as Matthew Westminster, the Chronicle of Salisbury, and the Pensile-Table of St. Peter's Church in London; but these than take from the years of his Predecessors, and make his Great Grandfather Arviragus, and his Grandfather Marius, to be dead before Domitian's time. They generally give him the Character of a Religious and Munificent Prince, and say, that he did very liberally give Possessions and Territories to Churches and Churchmen, which he confirmed to them by Charters, and that he privileged Churches and Churchyards to be Sanctuaries, and places of Refuge for such Offenders as fled to them. He was the first European King that we read of, who received the Christian Faith, and Britain the first Land in which it was by Public Authority professed. A high and singular Honour for our Country, and which (next to Divine Providence) is in a great measure to be ascribed to the clemency of the Emperor Aurelius to the Christians, upon his miraculous victory over the Germans. Some with a manifest Antichronisme confound this King with Lucius the Apostle of the Rhetians and Bavarians; but Achilles Cassarus, in his description of Augspurg, (as we have him in Munster's Cosmography,) and Archbishop Usher of Armagh, 
Cap. 6.  in his Treatise De Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Primordiis, do judiciously distinguish the one from the other. Again others, in opposition to a whole cloud of Eminent Witnesses, make him a mere Larva, denying that ever there was any such King, because Britain was then subject to the Romans. But these do not consider, that it was customary with the Romans to permit Kings to reign in several Countries which they had subdued, as in Judaea Herod, in Cilicia Tarcondemus, in Cappadocia Archelaus, in Pontus Polemon, in Mauritania Juba, and here in Britain Cogidunus; and that even at this time the Emperor Lucius Verus having finished the Parthian War, did, as Julius Capitolinus saith, distribute Kingdoms to Kings, and Provincial Governments to his Counts. I do not fond suppose that he was King of all Britain, (as Geffrey would persuade us) nor yet of the greater part of it; but I rather think, that after Arviragus was driven out of Siluria by Frontinus, and out of Ordovicia by Agricola, the Province of the Belgae, with part of the Province of the Dobuni, might upon his submission be granted to him, as places not so difficult to be reconquered, if he or his Successors should revolt, being an open Champain Country, of easy access, and surrounded in a manner with Roman Garrisons. That Arviragus, Marius, Coelus, and Lucius, bore some sway in this part of the Island I am the rather inclined to believe, because I read of their Sepulture at Gloucester, and their Bounty to Glastonbury, besides the last King's Liberality to Winchester and Congresbury, all which places stand within this Territory. Neither did Lucius restrain his Beneficence within the limits of his own Kingdom, but piously extended it to several other parts of Britain, where Christianity had taken any footing. This we find written of him by Bale; Lucium pium, Coeli filium unicum, Romanorum fautorem, Caesaris Marci Antonini Veri tum benevolentiâ tum autoritate Britannis post patrem imperâsse; That Lucius the Godly, the only Son of Coelus, a friend to the Romans by the favour and authority of the Emperor Marcus Antoninus Verus, reigned over the Britain's. And Archbishop Usher in his Primordia saith, 
Cap. 3.  that there were found here in England two ancient pieces of Coin; one of Silver, which was in the keeping of M. Josephus Hollandus; the other of Gold, which himself saw among the Cimelia in Sr. Robert Cotton's Library, stamped with the effigies of a Christian King, as appeared by the Cross, upon which these three Letters, LUC, were inscribed.  
In the mean time Virius Lupus was so overmatched by the Maeatae and Caledonians, that he was constrained to buy his Peace and the liberty of some Prisoners with great Sums of Money; but understanding that Severus had now ended his other Wars, he sends him an account of the British Affairs, who thereupon taking with him his two Sons Bassianus and Geta, sets forward with a mighty Army to revenge his Lieutenant's disgrace: he arrives in Britain in the same year that Lucius died, and finding divers Competitors striving to succeed him, puts an end to the Conquest, by laying the Kingdom to the Higher Province. The Northern people terrified with his coming crave peace, but in vain; whereupon the Prince of the Caledonians, whom Fordon Boetius and Lesley call Fulgentius, (though Geffrey names him Fulgenius, and saith, that he was Brother to Martia the first wife of Severus) sails over to Scandia, to procure a fresh Supply of Picts; with which, and his own Subjects and Confederates, by the advantage of Loughs, Bogs, Mears, Mountains, and Woods, better known to him than to the Romans, he made such stout resistance, that the Emperor in this Caledonian War lost no less than sifty thousand men. Yet did not Severus desist (though for age and weakness he was fain to be carried in a Litter) till he had marched to the furthest part of the Island. In which Expedition he worsted his Enemies in all conflicts, and at last flew Fulgentius, whose Successor Argetocoxus such for peace, and obtained it upon condition, That all the Country between the two Fences of Adrian and Lollius should be yielded back to the Romans, from whom it had been lately gained. During this peace the Empress Julia discoursing with the wife of Argetocoxus, Sarcastically scoffed at the looseness of the British Ladies; who thereat incensed made her this brisk Reply: Much better do we British women fulfil the work of Nature than you Romans, we with the best men accustom openly, you with the basest commit private Adulteries.  
Severus having thus tamed the Northern men, builds a strong Wall, where Adrian had formerly made his of Turf, fortified, as Orosius saith, with a deep Trench, and between certain spaces many Towers or Battlements. This Wall was from his Name called by the Britan's, Guall Sever, and Mur Sever, stretching in length eighty two Italian Miles, which Number being set down in Figures bysome Italian Writers thus, LXXXII, hath been variously corrupted and altered through the negligence of Transcribers, while some for L. the Quinquagenary numeral, have put down C. the Centenary, making CXXXII Miles, whereas the Land is nothing near so broad in that place; and others have wholly left out the L. shrinking this place of Ground to XXXII Miles, which number agrees neither with this place, nor that of Lollius his Fence, being far too short for this, and too large for the other. Severus now assumes the Title of Britannicus Maximus, and at York (where that Oracle of the Law Papinianus sat to minister Justice) he and Bassianus being consuked in a case or question of Right, gave forth their Imperial Constitution, De Rei Vindicatione. But the Northern people, ever impatient and unquiet, soon took occasion to break the Peace, against whom the Emperor sent out his Army, with command to spare neither Sex nor Age, but to put all to the sword, and so having in some sort repressed this Commotion, worn out with the toils and labours of War, and with trouble and grief for the unreclaimable misdemeanour of his Sons, especially the Elder, who had attempted to kill him, he ended his life at York, in the year two Hundred and Eleven, whose Body was bestowed in a Funeral Fire at a place beneath that City westward, near to Ackham, where is to be seen a great Mount of Earth raised up, which of him is named SEVER's Hill.  
His Eldest Son Bassianus (whom he had by his first wife Martia) succeeded in the Empire, who concluding peace with the Northern people, took Hostages of them, and departed out of Britain. His Stepmother Julia he incestuously married, and having cruelly murdered his Brother Geta, and many of the Noblest Romans, was himself, after a Tyrannical Reign of six years, slain in Mesopotamia, by the conspiracy of his Successor Ma rinus.  
In the out-land parts which lay beyond the Wall, the Roman Soldiers built themselves Stations, which they fortified and furnished with all necessaries, and when Alexander Severus came to be Emperor, he gave (as Lampridius saith) to the Captains and Soldiers of the Marches, as well in Britain as in the other parts of the Empire, these Grounds and Lands which were won from the Enemies, so that they should be their propriety, if their Heirs served as Soldiers, and that they should never return to any private men; concluding, that they would go to the Wars more willingly, and take the better care if they should defend their own peculiar Possessions. And this Mr. Camden looks upon as the beginning of Feuds. This good Emperor Alexander was afterwards slain in his Pavilion at Sicila, a Suburbial Village to the City of Mentz, by Julius Maximinus, who succeeded him. Under the Emperor Gordianus, we find by the Inscription of an Altar-stone, dedicated to the Honour of that Emperor, and his wife Furia Sabina Tranquilla, that Nonius Philippus governed here as Propraetor.  
In the time of Valerianas', we read that melo a Britan (whom some call Mallonius, Melanius, and Meloninus) going to Rome to pay the British Tribute, was there converted by Pope Steven the First, and in the year two Hundred filty six, made Bishop of Rouen in Normandy, which Church he governed for many years. Of the thirty Tyrants which usurped the Imperial Title against Galienus, five took upon them that Style and Power in Gaul, which were Posthumus, Lollianus, Victorinus, Marius, and Tetricus. These likewise bore sway in Britain, as their Coins here found do testify. The first of these, to tie Coelus to his interest and party, permitted him to assume the name of King. This Caelus, Surnamed Godebog, was the Son of Teguanus, and was lineally descended from Aflech, one of the Sons of King Lhud. He was a man of great power and repute among the Britan's, and began his Reign, in the year two Hundred sixty two, as Hollinshed, Cooper, Powel, and Isacson tell us, and reigned twenty seven years. Some will have his Kingdom to have been in that part of the Land which is now called Essex, and Colchester to be denominated from him; others place it in Ordovicia, where he had great possessions by his wife Stradwen, Daughter and Heiress to Cadwan, a potent man in those parts. Tetricus, the last of the sorenamed Usurpers, not enduring the insolency of his mutinous Army, and warned by the violent deaths of his Predecessors, submitted himself to the Emperor Aurelianus, by whom he was made Corrector of Italy.  
Britain then returned to the obedience of the Roman Empire, at what time Constantius Chlorus, serving here under Aurelianus, married Helena the Daughter of King Coelus, and of her begat the Famous Constantine.  
In the time of Probus, those two Monsters of Drunkenness and Lechery, Bonosus and Proculus (of whom the former was a Britain by descent) seized this Island, together with Gaul and Spain, but being overcome, paid their lives for their Ambition. Then Victorinus Maurus, the Emperor's Favourite, procured the Government of Britain for a Friend of his; who was no sooner come hither, but he rebelled; whereupon the same Victorinus, to free himself from suspicion of Treachery, came over to him, pretending that he fled from the Emperor, and being entertained by the Usurper, slew him in the night, and returned, which put an end to that Revolt. This Tyrant is by some conceived to be that Claudius Cornelius Laelianus, whose Coins are found in this Island, and no where else. About this time Probus gave leave to the Spaniards, Gauls, and Britan's to plant Vines, or make Wine; and to keep the people in better subjection sent over some Companies of Vandals hither, who seem to have kept their station upon those Hills near Cambridge, which Henry of Huntingdon terms, The most pleasant Mountains of Balsham, from a little Village of that Name standing beneath them, but the Students call them, Gogmagog Hills. On the top of which there is to be seen a Fort entrenched, and the same very large, strengthened with a threefold Rampire, which Gervase of Tilbury calleth Vandelbiria. Beneath Cambridge, saith he, there was a place named Vandelbiria, for that the Vandals wasting the parts of Britain with cruel slaughter of Christians, there encamped themselves; where upon the very top of the Hill they pitched their Tents, there is a Plain enclosed round with a Trench and Rampire, which hath Entrance into it but in one place as it were at a gate.  
Carus Manlius coming to the Empire, made his two Sons, Carinus and Marianus, Caesar's, allotting by decree to the former, Britain, Spain, Gaul, and Illyricum, who seems to have exploited something here against the Northern people, from these Verses of Nemesianus: 
— Nec taceam quae nuper bella sub Arcto,  
Foelici Carine manu con●●ceris, ipso  
Penè prior genitore Deo.—  
Neither may I the Wars in silence hid,  
Dispatched of late with happy hand i'th' North  
By thee, Carine, thy Father Deified  
Who dost well near surpass in works of worth.  But after the death of his Father and Brother, Diocletian being saluted Emperor by the Eastern Armies, vanquished and slew Carinus at Murgum or Murtium, in the confines of Maesia and Pannonia.  
Diocletian associated with him in the Empire his old Companion in Arms, Maximian, committing the Western parts to his Government, by whom Caius Caransius, a Menapian, who had given good proof of his Abilities in the late War against the  Rustics called Bagaudae, was entrusted with the charge of Admiral of the Roman Fleet for scouring the Seas, and guarding the Maritime Coasts, then terribly infested by the Saxons and Franks. But he designing to enrich himself, and oblige his Complices, suffered some of those Pirates to pass under Compositions, and others he would not seize till they had first rob and spoiled the true Subjects, and what he did intercept, he neither restored to the Provincials, nor accounted to the Public. These courses made him suspected of intentions to rebel, whereupon Maximian sent some Forces against him, with orders to put him to death. To prevent this danger, having made sure of the Navy, he crossed over into Britain, where he drew to his side the Roman Legion that was lest here in Garrison, and detained other outlandish Cohorts which he ●ound here, listed the very Merchants and Factors of Gaul, and procured great Aids from the Germane Nations, especially the Franks, and putting on the Purple Robe sent out his Ships to Sea, who did more mischief to the Roman Subjects of Gaul, Spain, Italy, and other places, than ever the Germans had done, whence this was called the Piratic War. By these means he so strengthened himself, that Maximian, not able to come any nearer to him than the Seashore, and having his hands full enough at that time of other Enemies, thought fit to make a feigned Peace with him for the present, yielding Britain to him, with Gessoriacum (now Boloign,) and some other Sea-towns neighbouring to it. And now Carausius, to gratify his new Subjects, turned his Forces against his Northern Enemies, whom he defeated, and then, as Nennius informs us, he re-edified the Wall between Glotta and Bodotria, and fortified it with seven Castles, and built a round House of polished Stone upon the bank of the River Carun, which took name of him, (now commonly called Carron,) erecting therewith a Triumphal Arch in remembrance of his victory. This House is by some called Arthur's oven, by others Julius hoff, and the Temple of Terminus. After, ensued a peace, which Carausius the more willingly granted, because he conceived these people might be useful to him, if the Roman Emperors should break their Agreement with him, and invade him.  
In the year two hundred eighty nine, Coelus the British King died, and was buried at Glastonbury, to whom succeeded his Brother Trahern. Diocletian and Maximian had now conferred the Title and honour of Caesars upon Constantius and Galerius, whom, as Eutropius saith, they made to put away their former Wives, and so Diocletian married his Daughter Valeria to Galerius, and Maximian gave his Empresses Daughter Theodora (whom she had by a former Husband) to Constantius.  
The detention of Britain could now no longer be endured, and therefore in the year two Hundred ninety two, Constantius Caesar, Surnamed Chlorus, is sent against the Usurper, who besieged Bolóigne, and with Stones and Timber obstructing the Port, kept out all Relief, whereby the Garrison was forced to surrender; after which followed the yielding of all on that side of the Sea, and the Soldiers were pardoned, and taken into Caesar's Service. These Losses much impaired the reputation of Carausius with his own party, who the same year was slain, after seven years' Reign, by Caius alectus, Captain of his own Guard; who was the more emboldened to this Treason, because he presumed the Romans would never be able to provide a Navy sufficient for the recovery of the Island. Having therefore murdered his Master, and assumed the Title of Emperor, he sent out his Ships to rob and spoil the Subjects of Rome, and thinking himself secure enough, became a most luxurious Tyrant. The year following, Constantius leaving orders for the preparing of a strong Fleet, transfers the War into Batavia, which the Franks had seized by the help of Carausius, and the revolt of that people. Cleve was besieged by them, and reduced to great extremity, when Constantius with invincible courage surmounting all the difficulties of a tedious march through Woods and Bogs where the Enemy had planted themselves to impede his passage, came seasonably to the relief, and overthrowing the Assailants freed the City, and following his fortune recovered the Province, forcing Assaricus and Gaiso Princes of the Franks to sue for peace, which with much ado they obtained, but so, that he transplanted many of their Nation into Gaul, to till the waist and desert places there.  
In the year two Hundred ninety four, Constantius having gotten his Armada now in readiness, set sail with a mighty Army though in a very Tempestuous Scason, and by the benefit of a Mist passing by the British Fleet unseen, which was placed near the Isle of Wight to discover and intercept him, arrived happily in Britain to the great joy of the oppressed Inhabitants, who ran out with their Wives and Children to meet their Deliverer, whom they looked upon as sent them immediately from Heaven, and adored the very Sails and Oars of the Ship that brought him. Presently he set all his Ships on fire, to take from his followers all hopes of escaping otherwise than by conquering. alectus, who relied chief upon his Naval strength, and thought Constantius had given over all hopes of regaining this Country, when he saw him engaged in war with the Franks and Batavians, was hereat so surprised, that flying up and down like a madman, he lighted upon Marcus Aurelius Asclepiodotus, Grand Seneschal of the Praetorium, and not staying for the coming up of all his Forces, only with the Accessaries of his Treason and his mercenary Germans, and those not marshaled in good order, desperately began the Battle, in which his Army was routed, and himself slain, having first cast off his Purple Robe, his body being hardly found among the dead Carcases. The slaughter fell heavy upon the Barbarians, of whom such as escaped hasted to London, designing to sack it, and so take their flight; but part of the Roman Army, which in the Mist had been severed at Sea from the rest, coming thither at the same time, put them to the Sword, with their Commander Livius Gallus at a place near a Rivulet, which from him was called Gallbrook, now Wallbrook.  
Thus was Britain restored to the Romans, after it had been withheld for ten years' space by the two Usurpers. And because so many Tyrants had from the time of the Emperor Galienus born sway in Britain, therefore Porphyrius the Philosopher, who lived in those days, termed it, A fertile Province of Tyrants. And here by the way it will not be amiss to observe, that this Porophyrius is the first and ancientest Writer that makes mention of the Scots, which he doth in his very next words; as his contemporary the Orator Eumenius is the first that mentions the Pictis. As for Geffrey's narration of Bassianus, Carausius, alectus, Asclepiodotus, and Coelus, I do not hold it worth the reciting, as being contrary to the truth of all History and Chronology. This Asclepiodotus had been Consul with Afranius Hannibalianus, in the year two hundred ninety two, of whom Vopiscus speaks with Honour in his Lives of Aurelianus and Probus. Constantius leaving him to govern Britain, departed hence to war against the Almans, whom he overcame with the slaughter of sixty thousand of their men.  
In the year three Hundred and three, while Asclepiodotus ruled here, the tenth Persecution began in the month of March, wherein this Land, which had escaped all the former, bore a great share. Here, on the two and twentieth day of June, suffered Alban the Protomartyr of this Island, and the Soldier Heraclius, who being appointed for his Executioner, preferred death before the employment. This Alban was by Birth a Britain, by Descent a Roman, of a Noble Family, and of great Authority, whose dwelling at Verulam, and dying near it, did much ennoble that City. The place where he died was called Derswold, and Holmhurst, where now stands a noted market Town, which bears his Name. His Death is said to have been accompanied with divers Miracles, and particularly Gildas tells us, That by his Prayers he made a way through the River for himself, and a thousand others to pass over dry-footed. This River, now named Colne, passing by Colnebroke a market Town, runneth into Thames, of which Gildas therefore accounted it an Arm, and called it by the name of Tamisis. The men which followed Alban through the River soon after laid down their lives for the same cause, among those that suffered with Amphibalus.  
On the first of July suffered Aaron and Julius, Citizens of Caerleon upon uske; and on the sixteenth of September the forementioned Amphibalus, a famous Doctor of the Monastery of Caermarden, but born at Caerleon, by whom Alban was converted; after whose death he fled to the borders of Wales, whither he was followed by a great many Christian Verulamians, to the number of nine hundred ninety nine. But a party of Soldiers were sent to bring them and their Instructor back, who quickly seizing their prey, in their return put the Verulamians to death by the way at Lichfield, and bringing Amphibalus with nine others of his Companions to a place called Redburn, (about three Miles from St. Alban,) there cruelly slew them; at which time about a Thousand more of the same City of Verulam declaring themselves to be Christians, were likewise Martyred with them. On the next day, being the seventeenth of September, here suffered Socrates and Steven, of whom the latter is conceived to be that Steven, whose name we meet with in the Catalogue of the Archbishops of London; which if we take for granted, we may then suppose that Socrates might be Archbishop of York, seeing we find his Name placed before Stevens in the Roman Martyrology, and others. But if Steven was Archbishop of London, there can be then but little time allotted to his Successor Augulius, whom some call Augurius, Augulus, and Agulinus. For we find, that he also suffered Martyrdom here on the seventh day of February following. About the same time Nicolas, a British Bishop, suffered, and was buried at Peblis in Lauden, near the Monastery of Meilros, where, in the Reign of King Alexander the Third, was sound an Urn of Stone, with Ashes and Bones of a man's body, which seemed to have been torn piece-meal. Some three or four paces off was found a stately Cross in a certain Coffer of Stone, on which Coffer was engraven this Inscription, Locus sancii Nicholai Episcopi, The place of St. Nicholas a Bishop. In this place King Alexander built a Church, and gave it to the Monks of the Holy Trinity. Dempster would have this Nicholas to be a Scot, but allegeth no Authority for his opinion, and it is as well known for evidence of the contrary, that Lauden in the time of this Persecution was in the possession of the Britan's, as that Dempster is a notorious Hagiocleptes. Melior, or Melorus, and many others, were then invested with the Crown of Martyrdom in this Island. But in the year three Hundred and four, the Emperor's Diocletian and Maximian freely resigned to Galerius and Constantius, which latter presently put an end to the Persecution in Britain, Gaul, and Spain, though in the other parts of the Empire, under Galerius and his Caesars, it lasted eight years longer.  
In the East that renowned Soldier St. George was martyred about the beginning of this Persecution. He was born in Cappadocia of Christian Parents, and after the death of his Father was carried by his Mother into Palestine, whereof she was a Native, and Heiress to a great Estate there, which upon her decease fell to him. For his valour and good Service in the Persian War, he was first made a Military Tribune, and afterwards a Count Imperial, and was in high esteem with Dioclesian and Galerius, till they set up their Edict at Nicomedia against the Christians. For than our George coming thither, could not contain himself, but moved with Zeal and pious Courage tore it down, and putting off his Military Habiliments, and making Doal of all his Substance to the Poor, on the third Session of the Senate, when the Imperial Decree was to be confirmed, he boldly avouched himself to be a Christian. And when neither by allurements nor threaten he could be drawn to renounce his Religion, after sundry cruel Torments which he endured with undaunted resolution, Sentence was pronounced against him, That he should be drawn through the City and beheaded; which was accordingly performed upon the three and twentieth of April, in the year three Hundred and three; in which year; as I said before out of Eusebius, the Persecution began, and therefore I cannot assent to them who place his death in the year, two Hundred and ninety. Of this George I understand Eusebius to speak, 
Hist. Eccl. lib. 8. cap. 5.  where he saith: Presently one of those who were not obscure, but most glorious, as they are reputed according to the excellencies of this world, as soon as the Edict against the Churches was published at Nicomedia, moved with zeal and fervent faith, took down and rend the Writing as profane and impious, which was set up in an open and public place, when two Emperors (meaning the Emperor, and his Caesar) were in the City, and even he who of all the rest was most honoured and chief of the Four. But he who first behaved himself thus worthily, suffered likewise those punishments, which in all likelihood attended one that had dared to do such an Action, and manifested an undejected and undaunted Spirit to the very last. Thus far Eusebius. His Body was afterwards by his Servant conveyed back to Palestine, and interred at a City called Lydda and Diospoliis, now St. Georges, near Ramah. He is reported, by his constancy at his suffering, and by private Reasonings and Conferences, to have converted many, and among the rest, Vincentius, who was Martyred in Spain. That George suffered where the Emperor kept his Court, is agreed by all, which sufficiently proves, that neither Lydda nor Ramah was the place, as some, deceived by his Burial at the former, have written; but Nicomediae, where all the Histories of those times aver that Diocletian usually resided.  
The Arians, to procure the reputation of Saintship to their George the Alexandrian Bishop, confounded him and our Martyr into one, composing a mixed Legend of their Acts and Sufferings, stuffed with such sottish forgeries of Saint Athanasius, whom they make a Magician, and Alexandra the wife of Dacianus, and such like, that Pope Gelasius though fit to reject it with others of the same nature as Apocryphal; but that he might not be misinterpreted, to deny the being of those Saints whose Legends he condemned, he thus concludes his Canon: Yet notwithstanding this, we with the Church devoutly reverence all those Martyrs, and their glorious sufferings ' which are better known to God than men. Yet did not this Censure, though past with the advice of above seventy Prelates, hinder succeeding Writers from inserting those Fopperies into their Relations of this Saint, whereby some, as Calvin, Chemnitius, etc. have been induced to think that there was never such a man. Others, 
De Idol. Rom. lib. 1. cap. 5.  of whom Dr. Reynolds is the most considerable, have really believed him to be the same with George of Alexandria, though he confesseth, that in his opinion, Gelasius did believe him to be a Holy Martyr; which he could not surely think of the Arian George, whose death was but an hundred and thirty years or thereabouts before his Papacy, too scant a time to have his impieties and villainies forgotten. 
Amm. Marcel. lib. 22.  Neither was the Arian George a Cappadocian, (as this Martyr was,) which Dr. Reynolds goes about to prove, but a Cilician, born at a Town of that Province, called Epiphania, in a Fuller's House, but dwelling in Cappadocia, when the Emperor Constantius the Younger appointed him to be Bishop of Alexandria, many years after the other George's Martyrdom. By Dacianus, the Legendaries mean Galerius Caesar, a Native of Dacia, who had that Denomination from his Country, as the Emperor Adrianus had his Name from Adria, a Town of Italy whence his Family came, and Diocletian from Dioclea in Dalmatia, where he was born. They call him King of the Persians, in regard of his great victories over that people, from whom he won five Provinces, and was in a fair way, as we find in Aurelius Victor, to have subdued the whole Kingdom, if Diocletian had not recalled him. The Fable of George killing a Dragon to save a Virgin's life, seems to be taken from the Poetical Fiction of Persens and Andromeda; though it may not unfitly be judged Emblematical, if by the Virgin we understand his Soul, and by the Dragon the Devil; the one preserved, the other conquered by his Christian Magnanimity, and constant perseverance. His name is commemorated in the Martyrologies of Greece and Rome, and many ancient Authors; his Relics reverenced, and Churches erected and dedicated to his memory in several Lands.  
I have spoken the more of this Martyr, that it may appear to the world, that the Kings and the Nation of England, who for some Ages have had a peculiar respect for this Saint, whom they chose for Patron of the most Noble Order of the Garter, have not bestowed all this Honour either upon a Heretic, or a mere Chimoera.  
Bouchet, in his Annals of Aquitain, writes, That Helena the Daughter of King Cloel (so he calls Coel) brought Constantius two other Sons besides Constantine, and that the youngest named Lucius having slain the Elder, was by his Father banished out of Britain, and condemned to a Monastical life. Embarking therefore with divers Priests and Religious men, he crossed over to Poictou, where at a place from him called Lucionum, now Lusson, he founded an Abbey and a Church in honour of the Virgin Mary. This he relates out of an old Hymn of that Church. But seeing no Ancient approved Author mentions any other Son of Helena's besides Constantine, I rather think this Lucius to be the same with him who preached to the Rhaetians and Bavarians, since all the Writers of his Acts agree, that he preached in Gaul before he entered into Germany.  
Gaul had been much depopulated by the frequent eruptions of the Barbarous people; whereupon Constantius, as he had translated many of the Franks to manure the Grounds about Langres, 
Rad. Niger. & Lib. Triedum.  Rheimes, Troyes, and Amiens, thought fit to draw a Colony of Britan's into Armorica; which was transported thither under the command of Conan, the Son of King Coel, whom his Sister, the Divorced Princess Helena, accompanied.  
In the year, three Hundred and five, the Picts raised some Commotions here, which brought the Emperor over, who gave them an Overthrow, but was constrained by sickness to return to York, where he died, in the year three Hundred and six, and was buried at Caer Seiont near Caernarvon, which place was in honour of him called also Caer Custeint: 
Nenn.  whose Body being found there in the year, one Thousand two hundred and eighty, 
Mat. Westm.  was by King Edward's command Honourably interred in the Church of Caernar●●●●.  
To him succeeded the Noble Constantine, worthily Surnamed, The Great; who happily came Post from Rome to Boulogne, just as his Father was setting Sail his last time hither, as we find in Eumenius, and an old Historian published with Ammianus Marcellinus, by Henricus Valesius. His Father when he was made Caesar, to assure Galerius of his fraternal love, had put this his Son to him to be trained up in Martial Discipline, out of his Stepmother Theodora's sight. But he discerning him to be of a great a spiring soul, exposed him to continual perils, wherein he so behaved himself, that he always came off with Honour. This made his envious Guardian cause him to be the more narrowly observed, resolving either by policy or force ever to detain him in his power. Constantine perceiving himself to be in some sort a prisoner, determined to take the first opportunity for his Escape, so that when Maximinus and Severus were made Caesar's by Galerius, which was according to Eusebius his Chronicle in the year preceding the death of Constantius; he knowing himself as worthy of that Dignity as they, procured a feigned permission to return to his Father. And coming to Rome took Post there, and maimed all the Post-horses by the way, till he got out of Italy, to prevent the pursuit of Severus Caesar, whom he understood to have private Instructions from Galerius to apprehend him. Coming safe to Constantius, he was by him before his Embarquing declared Caesar, the same year, as Aurelius Victor saith. He stayed behind to govern Gaul in his Father's absence, but hearing that he lay sick at York, he hasted thither to see him, who upon his deathbed appointed him to succeed him, not without the envy of his Brothers, who csteemed him as the Son of a British Princess not so nobly born as themselves, whose Mother was a Roman Emperor's Daughter-in-law. Which stuck so deep in the stomach of his ungracious Nephew Julian, that he was not ashamed to style the Empress Helena, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Anaughty and mean woman; and Zosimus terms her, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A shameful Mother, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, An unworthy woman, who was not the lawful wife of Constantius; the falseness of which appears, in that he was forced to put her away, in order to his marriage with Theodora. And both Jews and Gentiles by way of reproach called her Stabularia, or Hostess, (because she so devoutly sought out that Inn and Stable at Bethlehem where Christ was born, and there founded a Church,) which gave occasion to that fabulous report of her keeping an Hostelry at Drepanum in Bythinia. But her Heroic Son was so far from being ashamed of his Mother, that he declared her Augusta, and at Triers she had a stately Palace for her residence, while he kept his Imperial Court there, which retaining her Name long time after, caused the Abbot Berengosius and others to imagine her a Native of that City.  
Constantine pursuing the Relics of the Pictish War, soon brought the Enemy to terms of Submission, and then crossed the Sea to Gaul, where the next year he married Fausta, the Daughter of the late Emperor Maximian, by whom he was then declared Augustus, which Title he had forborn till that time. Octavius, Lord of the Evissaei, people inhabiting part of the Counties of Monmouth and Hereford, which from them took the name of Ewias, leaguing himself with the Northern men, risen up in Rebellion here; against whom the Emperor sent back his Uncle Traherne, (who happened at that time to be with him upon some business,) between whom, near Winchester, was sought a Battle, in which the British King was put to the worst, and compelled to flee into the Country of the brigants, where the greatest part of the Roman Army lay, to oppose the Picts, and their Allies. The Rebel following him thither (presuming much upon the strength and power of his Confederates) where another Battle was fought, in which Traherne and the Romans prevailed; who pursued Octavius so eagerly, that they forced him to quit the Land, and sail to Scandia, leaving orders with his Friends to contrive some means for dispatching the King; which was quickly effected: for Traherne thinking himself secure, road out of London with a small Retinue, and was intercepted by the Lord of Verulam, who with an hundred men lay in Ambush for him, and slew him, in the year three hundred and eleven, when he had reigned two and twenty years. Hereof Octavius was immediately advertised, who hastening his return, and getting his Complices together, became very strong; but Constantine coming against him in person, the same year subdued him, and upon his submission suffered him to hold some part of Cambria, with the Title of King under him. Eusebius speaks of this Exploit, saying, That Constantine, after he had furnished his Army with mild and modest Instructions of piety, 
Euseb. de vita Constantin. lib. 1. cap. 4.  invaded Britain, that he might likewise reform those who dwell environed round about with the waves of the Ocean, bounding the Sun's setting as it were with his Coasts. And in another place, 
Cap. 19  He passed over to the Britan's, enclosed on every side within the Banks of the Ocean; whom when he had overcome, he began to compass in his mind other parts of the world, that he might come in time to secure those that wanted his help.  
After this he overcame and killed Maxentius and Licinius, and established Christian Religion throughout the Roman Empire. He caused the Council of Arles to be assembled, in the year three hundred and fourteen, about the Donatists, to which Eborius Bishop of York, Restitutus Bishop of London, Adelphius Bishop of Colchester, Sacerdos a Presbyter, and Arminius a Deacon, repaired out of Britain, and subscribed. He also called the Famous Nicene Council against the Arians, in the year three hundred twenty five, whereat some of the British Clergy were present, and held with the Orthodox men. In his time the Government of Propraetors or Lieutenants ceased in Britain, in stead whereof succeeded Vice-gerents, or Vicar's General, of whom Pacatianus was the first.  
In the year three hundred thirty seven, died the Emperor Constantine, the Great and Singular Ornament of this his Native Country, in respect whereof the Panegyrist crieth out, 
Panegyric. 3.  O Fortunate Britain, and more happy now than all other Lands, that hadst the first sight of Constantinus Caesar.  
But Livineius will not allow this Honour to Britain, and tells us, That this passage only imports, that he was here made Caesar; whereas we have already shown out of Aurelius Victor, that he was made Caesar the same year with Maximinus and Severus when he came to his Father in Gaul, just as he was embarquing for Britain, 
Lib. 7. c. 19  which is acknowledged by Nicephorus. Ad that those two were made Caesar's the year before the death of Constantius, is expressly affirmed by Eusebius in his Chronicle: 
Lib. 4. c. 53.  who likewise in his life of this Emperor, deduceth his Reign from that year, saying, that he reigned two and thirty years wanting some odd months and days. For if he had computed his Reign from his Father's death, which was on the twenty fifth of July, in the year three hundred and six, he could have reckoned but thirty years nine months and twenty eight days, to the twenty second day of May, in the year three hundred thirty seven, at which time Constantine died. Besides, the Panegyrist speaks of his ennobling this Land by his Birth, where he saith to him of his Father, Liberavit ille Britannias servitute, tu etiam nobiles illic oriendo fecisti; He freed Britain from Servitude, Thou madest it also Noble by being Born there. For I know not how to render Oriendo, better than by, Being Born; and the Grammarians will tell us, that Orior, and Oriundus which comes from it, import Birth and Descent. Yet others, from the mistaken words of Julius Firmicus, 
Julius' Fir mic. mathes. lib. cap. 4.  conceive him to be born at Naisus in Illyricum, not considering, that Firmicus speaks of Constantius the Son of Constantine, who was also styled Maximus, and born in Illyricum, as appears by Julian, his Cousin and Successor. And Lipsius, misled by a corrupted Copy of Firmicus, in stead of Naisus reads Tarsus, and placeth it in Bythinia, 
Orat. 1. i● laudem Co●●stantii.  near Drepanum, where Nicephorus reports this Emperor to be born in the time of Diocletian; whereas the Age of Constantine, according to all approved Writers, proves him to be born in the Reign of Aurelianus. Britain was his Birth-place, in Gaul he was made Caesar, in Britain he was invested with the Purple Robe, and the Imperial Dignity, though he modestly abstained from the Title of Augustus, till at his Marriage in Gaul it was conferred upon him by his Father-in-Law. He re-edified Byzantium in Thrace for the conveniency of its situation, and Drepanum in Bythinia in honour of the Martyr Latcianus there buried; calling the former from his own name Constantinopolis, and the latter from his Mothers, Helenopolis. And, as William of Malmesbury saith, he planted a Colony of Britan's (which had served him in his Wars) in Armarica, which I conceive to be that Army mentioned in the Book of Triads, that went forth under the conduct of Caswallan the younger, and Gueno and Guavar, and sat down in Aquitain, whereof the Britan's accounted Armorica to be a part: both this, and Conan's forementioned Army, are said to have consisted of one and twenty thousand men apiece.  
By his Concubine Minervina he had a Son named Crispus, whom he put to death; and by his wise Fansta he had three Sons, Constantinus, Constantius, and Constans, among whom he divided his Empire.  
In this division, Britain with Gaul and Spain fell to Constantinus, who as Eldest Brother expected a larger share, and finding himself disappointed, invaded the Territories of his Brother Constans, by whose Captains he was trained into an Ambush, and slain near Aquileia, when he had reigned three years. His Provinces were presently seized by Constans, who having overcome the Franks in a great Battle, 
Liban. in Basilico.  crossed over into Britain, as Libanius writes, with his Brother Constantius in the Wintertime, and quieted some stirs here. 
343. Julius' Firmic. de Error. profan. Releg. c. 29.  Whereupon Julius Firmicus (not the Pagan ginger, but the Christian speaks thus to them: Ye have in Wintertime subdued under your Oars the swelling and raging Billows of the British Ocean; the waves now of the Sea, unto this time hardly known to us, have trembled, and the Britain's were afraid to see the unexpected face of the Emperor. What would ye more? the very Elements, as vanquished, have given place to your Virtues. This Voyage was in the year four Hundred forty three; and four years after, Constans caused a Council to convene at Sardica, at which some British Bishops were present, and gave their suffrages for Paulus and Athanasius against the Arians. At this time Gratianus, Father to the Emperor's Valentinian and Valens, was General of all the Military Forces in Britain, who was Surnamed Funarius, because in his youth going about with a Rope to sell, five Soldiers that set upon him were not able to wrest it from him.  
In the year, three hundred and fifty, Constans was slain by the Traitorous Conspiracy of Magnentius (Surnamed Taporus,) the Son of a Britain, but born in Gaul among the Laeti, who usurped the Western Empire, and after three years inauspicious Reign, being vanquished by Constantius, he slew himself to avoid the Conqueror's Justice.  
After this victory strict Enquiry is made for his Abettors, and among the rest that suffered, Gratianus Funarius, who had now quitted all public employment, and betook himself to a private life, was sinned in the confiscation and loss of his Goods, because he was reported to have lodged the Tyrant, and given him entertainment. For the like purpose Paulus a Notary, Surnamed Catena, from his craft in linking matters together, 
Amm. Marcel. lib. 14.  was sent into Britain to discover and apprehend the Favourers of Magnentius, who violently seized upon the Fortunes and Estates of many, spoiling and undoing a great number, imprisoning such as were freeborn, and grieving their bodies with Bonds, and bruising some of them with Manacles, and all by patching together many false Accriminations against them. Which gave such distaste to Martinus the Vicegerent here, an honest upright man, that having in vain entreated him not to ruin such innocent persons, he threatened to departed the Land, hoping this malicious Inquisitor might for fear thereof be induced to surcease his cruel proceed. But Paulus supposing that hereby his Trade was impaired, converted his spite against the Vicegerent himself, whom he drew in, to have his part in the common perils, and went very near to bring him also prisoner bound, with Tribunes, and several others, to the Emperor's Privy Counsel. Whereat Martinus was so incensed, that he assailed him with his Dagger, but failing to wound him mortally, stabbed himself; and Paulus fearing to stay any longer in an enraged Province, now destitute of a Governor, hasted away, carrying over with him a great company in chains, of whom some were dragged and tortured, some proscribed and outlawed, some banished, and others suffered punishment by the sword.  
And now Constantius being sole Monarch, resolves to promote the interest of Arianism, and to that end, in the year three hundred fifty nine, summons a Council to meet at Ariminum upon the Emperor's charges, which was resused by the Gaulish and British Bishops; only three of the British for mere poverty accepted it, judging it not so  to live upon the Prince's Cost, as to burden any private Purse, though the other Bishops had offered to contribute to them. Here though the Arians got some advantage by the Emperor's power, and the violence of his Perfect Taurus, and the subtle Policies of the two Heretical Bishops, Valens and Vrsacius, yet did the Western Provinces, and particularly Britain, continue free from that Heresy long after, as Athanasius, and the other Bishops of Egypt and Lybia testify, in their Letter to the Emperor Jovianus concerning the Nicene Creed.  
In the year three Hundred and sixty, 
360. Amm. Mare. lib. 20.  the Savage Nations of the Scots and Picts broke the Peace, and by sundry Inroads wasted the Frontiers in dreadful manner. Julianus Caesar therefore sent over Lupicinus to repress their boldness, who with a power of light-armed Herulians, Batavians, and Maesians, set sail from Boulogne in the midst of Winter, and landed at Rutupiae (now Richborough,) and marched to London, to take order there for the management of the War. In the mean time Julianus Caesar is by his Army saluted Augustus; whereupon he makes preparations against Constantius, and mistrusting the turbulent humour of Lupicinus, Whom he knew to be an arrogant and haughty man, he sends a Notary to Boulogne to look that none should pass from those Coasts to Britain; so that returning before he had any information of what had happened in his absence, he was able to make no Disturbance. In his room came Alypius, whom Julian after the death of Constantius recalled, and employed in that vain attempt of re-edifying the Temple of Jerusalem.  
In the year three hundred sixty four, 
364. Amm. Marcel. lib. 26.  Valentinianus and Valeus were made Emperors, in the beginning of whose Reign the Picts, Saxons, Scots, and Attiscots' assailed the Britan's, and vexed them with continual turmoils for some years. Nectaridius, Count of the Maritime Tract (or the Saxon Shore) was slain, and Bulchobaudes Duke of Britain circumvented by the enemy's Ambuscadoes. 
Amm. Marcel. lib. 27.  Upon these News Valentinian sent hither Severus, Lord High Steward of his Household, and presently revoking him sent over Jovinus a famous Commander, who perceiving his own Forces too weak to perform any great matters, dispatched Proventusides back for a greater supply. But the Emperor, who could not well spare him, ordered his return, and sent Theodosins to succeed him in his Charge here; who being a man of great Experience in Martial Affairs, having with him the Batavians, Herulians, Jovijs, and Victores, fell upon the spoiling Bands and Companies of Robbers, routed and stripped them of their Prey and Prisoners, and after a full restitution of all, save only some small parcels bestowed upon his wearied Soldiers, he triumphantly entered the Ancient Town of London, which Posterity called Augusta, where he got what intelligence he could from Captives and Fugitives, of the condition of the Enemies; who being of disserent Nations, and the war scattered, secret Wiles and sudden Excursions would be most available against them. Many Deserters and Runagates he brought back to the Roman Service, by Proclamation of Impunity. Then he requests, that Civilis, a man of noted Integrity, might be sent him to govern the Land as Deputy, and with him Duleitius, a renowned Captain. And now he marches out from London against the Barbarous people, 
Amm. Mar. cel. lib. 28. 368.  and gaining all places of advantage to forelay them, discomfited and put to slight divers Nations, whom a long unchastised Insolence had emboldened to invade the Roman Empire, and laid the foundation of a lasting Tranquillity, restoring every where the decayed Cities and Castles. In the mean time Valentinus a Pannonian, banished hither for a crime of a high nature, solicited the Exiles and Soldiers with large promises of Rewards, to allure and draw them to an Insurrection, but was seasonably prevented by the wary General, who delivered him, and some sew of his inward Complices, to Dulcitius to be put to death; yet politicly forebore any further inquisition into the Conspiracy, as knowing that too many were engaged in it. And having now recovered the Province between the two Walls, he fortified the Frontiers with standing Watches and strong Fore-fences, and so brought it to the former ancient Estate, that upon his motion it had a lawful Governor to rule it, and was, in honour of the Emperors, named Valentia. The Areans, a kind of people formerly instituted on purpose to run to and fro, by long journeys, to find out the designs of the neighbour Nations, being convicted of holding traitorous correspondence with them, were displaced by him from their Stations. So having quieted and settled all things here, he was sent for by Valentinian, of whom he was Honourably received, and made General of the Horse. In this war, his Son named also Theodosius, and Magaus Clemens Maximus, gave good proofs of their valours, which came afterwards to be Emperors.  
About this time lived Chebius, or Keby the Son of Solomon, a Cornish Prince, brought up by Hilarius Bishop of Po●ctiers, by whom made a Bishop; returning into Brit●●●● he passed some time at Menevia, from whence he sailed into Ireland; and building a Church in a certain Island stayed there four years, and lastly coming back to Mona, now Anglesey, there spent the remainder of his days with his disciples at a place called from him Caer Guby, for Caer Keby; as Hilary-point, a Promontory of the same Isle, had its name from his Master, whom the Britan's highly honoured.  
Valentinian having mastered part of the Almans, 
Amm. Marcel. 29. 373.  made Fraomarius King of the Bucinobantes, (an Alman Tribe dwelling near Memz,) whom soon after, in regard his Territory had been shrewdly harassed in the Germane Wars, he translated into this Island, with Authority of a Tribune over his own Countrey-forces, which for number and valour were very considerable.  
In the year three hundred seventy five, died the British King Octavius, (whom the Cambro-britans' call Eucta, and Euciha) after a long Reign of sixty four years, leaving behind only one Daughter named Helena, who, as Geoffrey saith, was, by the means of Caradoc Prince of Cornwall, and his Son Maurice, married to Maximus, probably when he came hither under the Noble General Theodosius. Geoffrey makes him to be near of kin to Constantine the Great, whose Grandfather King Coel, as he tells us, had three Brothers, T●●●●rne, Leoline, and Marius; of whom Leoline married a Roman Lady, and by her was Father to Maximus, who was brought up in Spain, where (by what means soever it came to pass) he fell into such despicable Poverty, that Latinus Paratus the Panegyrist terms him Patris incertum, a man whose Father was unknown, Ft mensularum servilium Statarium lixam, A standing Drudge to Servants Tables, and Ausmius calls him, Armigerum lixam, An Army-Drudge: yet afterwards by his valour he risen to great preferment, and wanted not the spirit to challenge Kindred with the Emperor Theodesius, which in all likelihood he could not have had the impudence to have done, if his Parentage had been so very base as some would imply. The Panegyrist calls him, an Exile from the world, not because he was banished hither, but for the same reason that he calls all the Britan's so, because they were secluded by the Sea from the greater World. It seems he commanded here in chief, after Civilis, and Dulcitius, and Fraomarius, and overcame Conan Mertadoc, forcing him and his partakers to sly to the Scots, who had newly seized upon part of Albania. They by entertaining the vanquished Britan's drew upon themselves a dangerous War, in which part of the Picts with their King sided with Maximus, and part of them under the conduct of one Melga aided Conan and the Scots. But Maximus being for his former victory proclaimed Emperor by his Army in the year three hundred eighty two, gave his Enemies the same year a notable Overthrow, upon which Conan and his Britan's submitted. Tiro Prosper in his Chronicle makes mention of this last victory briesly thus. Maximus in Britanniâ à militibus Imperator emstitutus, incursantes Picios & Scotos strenuè superavit; Maximus being made Emperor in Britain by the Soldiers, valiantly overcame the invading Picts and Scots. And in respect of his former Battle, Gregorius Turenensis saith of him: 
Lib. 1. cap. 38. al. 43.  C●●m per Tyrannidem oppressis Britannis sumpsisset victoriam, à militibus Imperatorem creatum fuisse; When having oppressed the Britan's by Tyranny had gotten the victory, he was made Emperor by the Soldiers. In the year three hundred eighty three he crossed the Sea, taking with him the flower of the British Youth to increase his Army, and entered the mouth of the River Rhine, and conquered Brittia a Batavian Island, where he placed a Colony from Britain, over whom he appointed Conan Meriadoc to rule as Prince. Gratian had some years before set forth a Law, That every one should be permitted freely to follow what Religion he pleased, and all Sects indisserently to assemble in Churches, (except Manchces, Photinians, and Eunomians,) which made way for the Arian Heresy into Britain. And as hereby he gave distaste to the Orthodox Christians, so by his extraordinary favour to the Alans, and other Barbarous Mercenaries, he incurred the hatred of the Roman Soldiery, who deserting him betook themselves to the Service of Maximus. Gratian at first contemned this Adversary, but finding his Error too late, after some unsuccesful skirmishes fled to Lions, whither Maximus follows, and by the Stratagem of his General Andragathius, circumvented and slew him. Hereupon he creates his Son Victor, Caesar; puts to death Ballio and Merobaudes, two great Commanders under the late Emperor, settles his Imperial Seat at Triers, sends an Army into Spain, which soon brought that Country under his obedience, and makes a feigned Peace with Theodosius, and the younger Valentinian; of whom, the former acknowledging him for his Associate in the Empire, ordered Cynegius Perfect of the Praetorium, then going into Egypt, to exhibit his Image publicly to the Alexandrians; the other, to remove all cause of suspicions and jealousies, dismissed the Hunns and alan's, whom he had hired to his Assistance. In the mean time Conan concluded a Marriage with Ursula, Daughter to Deonotus Prince of Cornwall, who had there succeeded his Brother Caradoc; but this unfortunate Lady, with many others who were sent over to be matched with Conan's Britan's, being driven up the Rhine by Tempest, were seized and inhumanely slaughtered by the Soldiers of Gramus the Scot, and Melga the Pict, and the Huns whom Valentinian dismissed, but were buried at Celein, and in tract of time came to be reputed Martyrs and Saints. Their deaths are supposed to have happened about the year three hundred eighty three.  
I know Trithemius, and Geoffrey of Monmouth say, that Maximus presently after his landing, settled Conan in Armorica, but considering that the Germane Shore had been strangely out of Vrsula's way from Cornwall, if her Voyage had been designed for that Country: It seems to me more probable, that Conan governed first in Brittia Batavi●a; especially seeing all Writers affirm, that Maximus arrived at the mouth of the Rhine, and that Procopius speaks of a Kingdom of Britan's in that Island. 
〈…〉.  I shall here set down his own words.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The Isle of Brittia lieth in this Ocean, not above two hundred Stadia from the Shore, over agunst the Mouths of the Rhine, and in the midst between Britain and Thule. For Britain lieth to the West, over against the furthest part of Spain, distant from the Continent no less than four thousand Stadia; but Brittia lieth behind those Coasts of Gaul which are upon the Ocean, North from Spain and Britain. And Thule (as far forth as is yet known) is situate in the remote parts of the Ocean Northwards. But I have already spoken of Britain and Thule before. This Island Brittia three most populous Nations de inhabit, which have every one their several King to rule them; and these Nations be called Angili, Frisones, and (after the name of the very Island) Brittones. Note they seem to be so vast a multitude of people, that every year a great number of them, with their wives and children, flit from thence to the Franks; and they give them entertainment, and plant them in that part of their Country which seemeth most desert above the rest. And hereupon men say, they challenge to themselves the very Island. And truly not long since, when the King of the Franks sent certain of his people in Embassage to Constantinople to the Emperor Justinian, he sent withal some of the Angili, pretending ambitiously that this Island was under his Dominion.  
Had Mr. Camden seen this passage of Procopius entire, 
Camd. in Anglo-Sax.  he had not then mistaken this Brittia for our Britain; but he had only the latter part of it transmitted to him by Franciseus Pithaeus, and was likewise in all probability misled by John Tzetzes, and his Brother Isaac; of whom the former in his Notes upon Hesiod, the other in his upon Lycophron, calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Britain, for Brittia, and both of them relate Poetical Fictions of dead men's Souls carried thither. This Island lay near Caligula's Watch-Tower, called Brittenburg, and Huis de Britten, but hath been long ago, with many others thereabouts, swallowed up by the Sea: unless we should rather think it to be Valachria, which Levinus Lemnius conjectureth to have taken its name from our Welshmen.  
About this time Priscillian a Spaniard, of Noble Birth, revived the Heresy of the Gnostics, wherein he was countenanced by some Bishops, especially by Instantius, and Salvianus, (who laboured to make himself Bishop of Abila;) upon which a Council was assembled at Bordeaux, from which the Heresiarch appealed to Maximus, by whom he was put to death, being also convicted of Sorcery and Obscenity; though Martin Bishop of Tours had interceded for the sparing of his life, desiring that he might be left to the Desinitive Sentence of the Bishops, it being an unexampled heinous Encroachment, for a Secular Judge to determine Causes of the Church. Divers others suffered with him, and Instantius (whom the Council had declared unworthy of his Bishopric) was banished with Tiberianus to the Isle of Silly.  
In the year three hundred eighty seven, Maximus quarrels with Valentinian for molesting the Orthodox Bishops, and committing Gaul to the care of his Son Flavius Victor, whom he had lately declared Augustus, enters Italy with such terror, that the young Emperor, and his Mother Justina, were constrained to flee to Theodosius for secure. After whose flight his Enemy was received with all honour by the Cities of Italy; and afric readily submitted to him, so that he was now sole Monarch of the Western Empire. But Theodosius first checking Valentinian for favouring Auxentius and the Arians, and laying down before him the justice of God's Judgements upon him, at last prepares to restore him, and levies a mighty Army, which he increases with numerous Aids of Goths, Huns, and alan's. Maximus nothing daunted hereat, resolves to be on the assailing hand, and advancing into Pannonia superior, takes in Petovio, (now Petow in Stiria) seated upon the River Dravus, and leaving in it a strong Garrison, marches to Syscia, (now Sysseg upon the River Savus, in Windischland,) and takes that too, meaning to make it the Seat of the War. And hearing that Theodosius intended to send Valentinian and his Mother by Sea into Italy, being now confident of his strength in field, he commands Andragathius (whom he had ordered to guard the Alps) to embark his Forces, and intercept them, which yet he failed of performing, they being landed, and joyfully received by their friends before his coming. Yet he continued out at Sea, by reason of a report that Thodesius designed to follow them with his whole Army. In the mean time some of the Barbarous people who served under the Eastern Emperor, were by his Fnemies bribed into a Conspiracy against him, which being discovered, they withdrew themselves, and fled towards Macedon to the Bogs and Lakes, but were found out by the Pursuers, and almost all of them put to the sword. Having thus prevented that danger, 
I atinus Pacatus in Paneg.  he marches up to Syseia in Pannonia, where Maximus abode his coming; between whom was fought a cruel Battle, in which Maximus was overthrown with great slaughter, and forced to fly to Petovio, where his Brother Marcellinus meets him with brave Recruits. Theodosius follows, and sights another Battle with him there, where after a sharp contest he again defeats him, but night drawing on gave him opportunity to escape. The Conqueror pursues, and by the way receives into his service some Squadrons of his Enemy's Forces which submitted to him. At his entrance into Italy he is triumphantly received by the Inhabitants and Soldiers of Haemona, (a City situated at the Foot of the Alps,) and passing forward sat down before Aquileia, whither Maximus was fled; who appearing too much dejected at the late change of his fortune, made his followers despair of all possibility of standing out. Whereupon to make their own peace, they seized him as he was dealing money to the Soldiers, and stripping him of his Imperial Robes delivered the City and him to Theodosius, in which extremity he recollected his Spirits, and behaved himself undauntedly before his Adversaries. But when the victorious Emperor discovered some inclinations to pi●y and commiseration of his condition, his Officers drew this unhappy Prince out of his sight, and three miles off from the City beheaded him. Andragathius, who was scouring the Ionian Sea with his Fleet, hearing of his Master's death, and knowing that he must now expect the utmost severity upon the Emperor Gratian's account, threw himself headlong into the Sea, and there perished. This Victory was thence forward, as Pr●cipius saith, celebrated by the Romans with an Anniversary Festival. St. Ambrose taxeth this Maximus of favouring the Jews too much, and saith of him, Idcirco Syscia & Petovione, atque ubique terrarum victus est; Therefore was he overcome at Syscia and Petovio, and every where else. In the mean time Nannienus and Quintinus, 
Greg. Turon.  whom he left in Gaul to assist his Son Victor, vanquished the Franks at a place called Carbonaria; after which Armorica was given to Conan, who had done good Service in the fight: whereupon he with a considerable number of his Britan's, quitting Brittia, settles himself among the other Britan's, who had been formerly planted there by Constantius and Constantine. The aforesaid victory so encouraged Quintinus, that he would fain have persuaded his companion to carry the War into their country, who warily refused, and returned to Mentz. But Quintinus resolute in his way, passes on by Nuys, and falls into the Ambushes which Genebald, Marcomer and Sunnon had laid for him, by whom he is sound beaten, and Heraclius Tribune of the Jovijs, and the greatest part of the Army cut off, the rest escaping by the benefit of the night and shelter of the Woods. But Arbogastes is now dispatched into Gaul by Valentinian, who vanquishes and takes Victor, and puts him to death, and places Carietto and Syrus in the rooms of Nannienus and Quintinus. This end had the Empire of Maximus, in the year three hundred eighty eight, when he had reigned six years, whom Sulpitius Severus, Orosius, and Bede, affirm to have been a worthy man, and fit to be Emperor, if he had attained it lawfully; and so this Island returned to the obedience of Rome.  
Soon after this we find our Britan's going in Pilgrimage to Palestine and Syria to visit Jerusalem, and Simeon Stylites; but others of them we meet with not so well employed. For now Pelagius country's his Heresy, which some few years after he vents, with his two Disciples, Celestius an Irish Scot, and Julianus an Italian of Campania. This Pelagius was a Britain, and as 
* Polychron. lib. 4. c. 31.  Ranulphus Cestrensis and 
† Tinm. in vita Sancti Albani.  Joannes Tinmuthensis say, was Abbot of Bangor; and some will have him to be called Morgan in his own country language, for Morgan in British signifies the same with Pelagius. His Heresy shrewdly disturbed the Church for many years, of which I shall say nothing here, because so many have written largely of it. Chrysanthus, the Son of a Bishop named Martian, governed Britain as Vicar at this time with great reputation, having formerly been a Consular Deputy of Italy under Theodosius, and was afterwards for his integrity, against his will, made Bishop of the Novatian Churches about Constantinople, and was so charitable, that of all Ecclesiastical Revenues and Profits he reserved nothing to himself but two loaves of Bread on the Lord's day.  
In the year three hundred ninety three, the Emperor Theodosius being then Consul with Abundantius, the S●ots from the Northwest, 
Florent. Vi gorn.  and the Picts from the North wasted this Isle of Britain: and three years after, 
Joannes Major. lib. 2. ca●●. 1.  the Scots again joining with the Picts invaded the Roman Province; to repress whom, Stilico, Guardian to the Emperor Honorius, sent over a Legion under the command of Victorinus of Tolosa, who drove them home, and new fortified the Wall, placing a Legion there against all occasions. The Scotish Writers say that he went near to have reduced the Picts into absolute subjection. It should seem the Saxons also did then infest this Land, and were repulsed by him, 
Claud. lib. 2. de laud. Stilic.  from these words of Claudian, in which Britain is brought in speaking to Stilico.  
Me queque vi●inis pereuntem gentibus, inquit,  
Munivit Stilico, totam quum Scotus jernen  
Movit, & infesto spumavit remige Tethys,  
Illius effectum curis, ne bella timerem  
Scotica, nec Pictum tremerem, nè littore toto  
Prospicerem dubtis venientem Saxona ventis.  
And me did Stilico protect, when I  
Was like to perish by the cruelty  
Of Irish Scots, and when the Sea abounded  
With Rovers Ships, which all my Coasts surrounded;  
His cares have brought to pass that Scotch invasions  
I dread not now, nor Pictish Depredations;  
Nor ken from far the Saxons come to spoil  
On every turn of wind my plenteous Soil.  
And in another place: 
Lib. 2. in Butrop. Exnuch.  
— Domito quod Saxone Tethys  
Mitier aut fracio secura Britannia Picto.  
Britain's secured, and Seas much calmer grown,  
Since Picts and Saxons have been overthrown.  And in his Epithalamium to Palladius and Celerina, speaking of the Roman Forces, among the rest he mentions; 
— Quae Saxona froenat  
Velure Scotum Legion.—  The Legion which both Scot and Saxon awes. Where we see the Poet attributes to Stilico the performances of his Licutenant, as formerly Fronto ascribed to the Emperor Antoninus the Exploits of his Propraetor here. But about the year four hundred and two, Alarick the Goth made his first irruption into Italy, and besieged the Emperor Honorius in Asta of Piedmont, to whose relief the Roman Armies hasted from all parts, and among others Victorinus with his Legion, with whose help Stilico forced Alarick to raise his Siege, and overcoming him in two other Battles at Pollentia and Verrona, 
Sigon. de Occid. Imp. lib. 10.  chased him out of the Country, though in the former he lost a great part of his Horse, together with their Commander, whose name was Saul. By the departure of Victorinus the Britan's were again exposed to the fury of the Scots and Picts, who in the year four hundred and five, sorely infested them, as the Annals of Connaught report. And the year following, the Vandals, alan's, Quades, Marcomanns, Herules, Turcilirgs, Suevians, Saxons, Almans, and Burgundians, breaking into Gaul, struck such a terror into those Roman Forces which remained here in Britain, that fearing lest the flame of their neighbour's fire might flash out and catch hold of them, and despairing of Protection from Honorius, they in the year four hundred and seven, with the consent of the Britan's, set up their Commander Marcus for Emperor; but soon after upon some dislike slew him, and in his room set up Gratianus Municeps a British Roman, who, as Geoffrey of Monmouth saith, overthrew the Scots and Picts in the time of Maximus; and probably some such success might create in him that insolent humour, which rendered him hateful to his Soldiers, who therefore deprived him of his Empire and life, when he had reigned four months. They then confer the Sovereignty upon one Constantine, whose Name they deemed auspicious and an Osse of good luck, whom though some Writers speak contemptibly of, yet Procopius terms him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
Lib. 1. de bello Vand.  A man not obscure, or ignoble. Geoffrey makes him the Brother of Aldroenus the British King of Armorica, and saith, that he likewise defeated the Scots and Picts, and married a Roman Lady of Noble Blood. His reign he places much later than in truth it was, (as he likewise doth the Reigns of his Sons, Aurelian, Ambrose, and the famous Arthus,) assigning contrary to all Chronology, ten years to his Government, between the refusal of Aetius to help the Britan's, and the entrance of the English Saxons; and makes his Son Constans to reign not with him, but after his death, telling strange stories of the murders of both these Princes by Picts. And Hector Boëtius makes two Constantine's of this one, and hath a long Narration of the Battle between the later and the Scotish King Dongard, who yet was not born when Cinstantine died, nor had his Father Fergusius then any thing to do in Britain, as I shall show hereafter. But leaving these Triflers to their Fables and falsehood, I shall proceed to what I find in approved Historians.  
Constantine being thus made Emperor, makes Justinian and Neviogastes Commanders of the Celtic Bands, 
Zosim. lib. 6. Sigon. de Occid. Imper. lib. 10.  and gathering all the Roman Soldiers here that were fit for service, and all the strength of Britan that Maximus had left, transported them into Gaul, landing at Boloign, where he stayed some few days, and in that short space was so fortunate, as to draw all the Roman Forces as far as to the Alps to take part with him. Limenius Perfect of the Praetorium, and Cariobaudes a great Commander, finding themselves unable to resist him, fled into Italy, from whence Sarus is sent with an Army against him, by whom Justinian is vanquished and slain, with the loss of the greatest part of his Army; and Neviogastes treating of Articles of Agreement with him, was by him put to death, contrary to his Oath. After this he lays Siege to Valentia, whither Constantine was retreated as to a place of strength, expecting there the coming of his two Generals, Edobichus a Frank, and Gerontius a Britan. Upon whose approach Sarus raises his Siege, seven days after his first sitting down before the Town; yet had much ado to escape out of the hands of those valiant and experienced Captains, being fain to part with all the Spoil he had gotten in this War to the Bacaudae or armed Rustics, who met him at the Alps, to procure of them free passage into Italy. Constantine encouraged with this success builds Fortresses upon the Alps, as well Cottiae and Peninae, as those towards the Maritime Coasts, wherever there was any passage. The Rhine, which ever since Julian's time had been neglected, he fortified with a Garrison, and sent his Son Constans (whom of a Winchester Monk he had made Caesar) with an Army into Spain against Didymius and Verenianus, the Kinsmen of Honorius. In this Expedition Constans made Terentius General, and Apollinaris Perfect of the Praetorium. Against whom, Didymius and his Brother, with the Lusitanian Armies, made stout resistance, but finding themselves overpowered, armed the Country people and Slaves against him, and brought him to hard straits; but notwithstanding all their brave endeavours, they were at last overcome, and taken Prisoners with their wives: upon which their Brothers, Theodosius and Lagodius, giving all for lost, quitted Spain, the former fleeing to Honorius, the other to the Eastern Emperor. Constans having thus reduced Spain, places the Honoriaci, and other Celtic Forces in Garrison upon the Pyrenaean Hills, (though the Spanish Armies had desired that themselves and not Strangers might be entrusted to guard the Passages and Entrances into their own Country, as anciently they were,) and leaving the Furniture of his Court and his wife at Saragosa, and Gerontius to command in his absence, returns to his Father, carrying with him the two Captive Princes, whom Constantine forthwith commanded to be put to death. And now he sends an Ambassador to Honorius, requesting to be held excused for suffering the Purple to be forcibly put upon him by the Soldiers, who knowing nothing as yet of the death of his Kinsmen, in hopes of saving their lives sent him of free gift the Imperial Robe. To confirm this Agreement, and to excuse the deaths of Didymius and Verenianus, Constantine dispatches another Ambassador, named Jovius, who told the Emperor, that they were slain by the Soldiers, without the privity of Constantine, and against his will. But finding Honorius highly incensed at it, he advised him, that considering the present posture of Affairs, he should remit his anger against Constantine for what was past remedy, promising that if he would give him leave to repair to his Master, and inform him of the state of Italy, he would return to his assistance with the Forces of Gaul, Spain, and Britain; and upon this assurance he was safely disinist. For Strlico's design to make away the young Theod sius, and thereby to get the Eastern Empire for his Son Eucherius, being discovered, he was put to death by the command of Honorius; whereupon Alarick the Goth, who feared none but him, entered Italy again, which Expedition proved so much the more prosperous to him than the former, that he took and spoiled Rome, and many other Cities; so that the Emperor stood in great need of help against him. In Gaul, Constantine, holding his condition now secure, becomes supine and negligent, giving himself over to Gluttony and Belly-chear. His Son Constans he sends back into Spain, who taking with him one Justus to be General of his Army there, gave thereby such offence to Gerontius, that he set up one of his friends named Maximus for Emperor at Tarracon, and excited the Vandals, and other Barbarous people in Gaul, to break their league with Constantine, who was too weak for them in this conjuncture, the greatest part of his Forces being in Spain, and siding with his Enemies. This advantage was espied and taken by the Nations beyond the Rhine, who hereupon cruelly afflicted several parts of Gaul with their incursions, and the Maritime Cities of Britain with their Piracies. Which when Constantine could not redress, the Britan's addressed themselves to Honorius, and craved aid of him. But he having his hands full of the Gothick War, advises them to take courage, and defend themselves, and by his Letter acquits them of their subjection to the Roman Empire.  
They therefore thus discharged, took Arms, and defended themselves as well as they could; whose example was quickly followed by the Britan's of Armorica. At the same time the Franks crossing the Rhine, took the Imperial City of Triers, and the Vandals, Sueves, and alan's passed over the Pirenaean Hills, and joining with the Forces which Constans had left there in Garrison, entered Spain. Constantine now declares his Son Constans, Augustus and Associate in the Empire, and displacing Apollinaris from his Praetorian Prefecture bestows it upon another. Ellobichus or Allobichus, a man of great power and trust with Honorius, upon some distaste, privily invites Constantine into Italy, who passing the Alps marched to Verona, and was ready to cross the Po, when news was brought him of the sudden death of Ellobichus, upon which he returned back to Arles where he kept his residence, having caused that City to be called after his own name Constantina, and ordained, that the Assemblies for Assizes of seven Provinces should be there held. Honorius being hereof advertised as he returned from a journey, immediately alighted to give God thanks for so great a deliverance from an unsuspected Domestic conspirator. And now he had leisure to think of revenge against Constantine, since his greatest Enemy Alarick King of the Goths, was also lately dead at Consentia. In the mean time Gerontius leaving Maximus in Spain, marches for Gaul; whereupon Constantine order his Son Constans to stay at Vienna, while he sends Edobichus to the Franks and Almans for aid. But Gerontius takes Vienna by Assault, and kills Constans, and from thence conducts his Forces against Constantine himself, and lays Siege to Arles. Thither comes Constantius, General for the Emperor Honorius, and sits down before the City too. At whose coming Gerontius finding that many of his Soldiers deserted him, and fearing a general Revolt in case of longer stay there, broke up his Leaguer, and hasted for Spain (with those that would follow him,) in such sort as little differed from plain flight. The remainder of his Army went over to Constantius, who hearing that Edobichus was advancing against him, sent his Lieutenant General ulphilas, and part of his Army before, with orders to conceal themselves in some convenient place, while their Enemy passed by; himself follows, marching directly against Edobichus, between whom was fought a cruel Battle: but in the end Edobichus being charged by Constantius before, and by ulphilas behind, was with great slaughter defeated, and in this distress flees to an ancient friend of his named Ecdicius, whom he had many ways obliged formerly. Ecdicius receives him with a feigned kindness, and in the night cuts off his head, which he presents to Constantius, in hopes of being well rewarded for it. But when he would have stayed in the Camp, the worthy General commanded him to departed, as detesting the sight of him who had been perfidious to a deserving friend. This success so discouraged Constantine, that to save his life he turned Priest, when he had reigned four years; and so Arles, after a Siege of four months, was surrendered. Constantine being taken with his Son Julian, whom he had named Nobilissimus, was sent into Italy, and near the River Mincius beheaded by the order of Honorius, in the year four hundred and eleven.  
In the mean time Jovinus, who commanded in Gaul under Constantine, drawing together all the Forces of that Country, with strong supplies of Franks, Burgundians, and alan's, in stead of endeavouring the relief of his Master sets up for himself, and puts on the Imperial Robes at Auverne, which added to the dejection of the Besieged in Arles, and hastened their yielding.  
In Spain, Gerontius, after his shameful return, grew into such contempt with the Soldiers, that they beset his house in the night, where, with the help of his friend Alanus and a few Servants, he defended himself stoutly, and slew above three hundred of them, and when his Darts and other weapons were spent, he might at last have escaped at a private door as his Servants did; but not enduring to leave his wife Nonnichia, whom he entirely loved, to the violence of enraged Mutineers, he first cut off the head of his dear friend Alanus, then of his own Wife Nonnichia, at the earnest entreaty of them both, who loved him so affectionately, that they would not survive him. Last of all, he turns his sword against himself, but missing the mortal place finishes his work with his Poniard, more fortunate in his friend than Edobichus, though less deserving it for his Disloyalty.  
Of the death of this Gerontius, Mr. Humphrey Lhoyd saith in his brief Commentaries, there were extant in his time very ancient British Rhymes, if he mistake him not for another Gerontius that was Prince of Danmonia, many years after this man's time.  
Upon the surrendry of Arles, Constantius goes against Jovinus, whom he overcomes and drives out of the country. In his room up starts his Brother Sebastian, whom Constantius soon defeated and slew, together with his Complices, Salustius and Rusticus. Next he conducts his Forces into Spain against Maximus, whom with like success he vanquishes and takes Prisoner; but after a short time dismisses him, as one who had not aspired to that usurpation through his own ambition, but was only made a Stolen to the Politic ends of his Advancers.  
Those Britan's that came over with Constantine, when the War was ended, never went home, but joined themselves with their Brethren in Armorica: 
Procop. de bello Vand. lib. 1. Bed. lib. 1. cap. 11.  yet did not the Romans at all look after the recovery of Britain, as Procopius and Bede with others tell us, having still work enough nearer home. And for some time indeed the Britan's defended themselves pretty well: but in the year four hundred and eighteen, their old Enemies assailed them so fiercely, doing so much mischief both by Sea and Land, and threatening more, that the residue of those Romans who had planted themselves here, thought it their wisest and safest course to remove into Gaul, 
Annal. Saxon. & Athelward. lib. 1.  hiding for haste under ground great part of their Treasure, which was never after found. Gildas styles this Invasion, which lasted some years, A Trampling under foot, a most cruel Infestation and Depression, and calls it the First, accounting all their former Hostilities as nothing in comparison of this, and those that ensued: the Picts he terms here a Transmarine Nation, because parted from the rest of Britain in a manner, by two Arms of the Sea, now named the Friths of Edinburgh and Dunbritton.  
The Britan's thus overpowered and oppressed, send Ambassadors to the Emperor Honorius, and humbly beseech him, with piteous prayers and promises of perpetual Subjection and Loyal Obedience for the future, to secure them in this their distress: whereupon in the year four hundred twenty two, a Legion strongly provided for the War was by Aetius, General of the Forces in Gaul, dispatched hither, who encountering with the Enemies, and killing a huge number of them, drove them out of the Province, and by so bloody a victory delivered their Friends and Subjects from imminent peril. Then they ordered them to build across the Island, between the aforesaid Friths of Edinburgh and Dunbritton, from Abercorne to Kirk Patrick, as Lollius and Cerausius had done before, a Wall, which being made with Garrisons of Soldiers, might be a terror to their Foes, and a safeguard to themselves. But the Romans being recalled to be employed against other Enemies, could not stay to see the work done; so that it being made without fit Directors by the common people and unreasonable Rout, not so much of Stone as of Turs, proved to little purpose.  
This year the two forementioned Usurpers, Maximus and Jovinus, going about to raise new Stirs with the assistance of the Barbarous Nations, were taken in Spain by Castinus and Boniface, who sent them into Italy, where they served to adorn the Trinmph of the Emperor Honorius.  
About this time flourished two famous British Bishops, Fastidius, and Ninianus, of whom the former wrote to one Fatalis a worthy Book, concerning Christian Life, (as some Copies of Gennadius have it, or as others, concerning Christian Faith,) and another, of continuing in the state of Widowhood; the other converted the Southern Picts, inhabiting between Forth and Grantzbain, and was the first Bishop of Candida Casa, (now Whitleerne in Galloway,) where he built a Church of Stone, which, as Joannes Tinmuthensis saith, was the first Church of Stone in Britain; and in Ireland he founded a large Monastery at a place called Cluayn Coner, both he and his Brother Plebeias were Canonised for Saints.  
In the year four hundred twenty five, the Picts and Scots knowing that the Romans were returned home, again invaded the Britan's, breaking down the Rampire, and all other Fences, committing all sorts of cruelty, and sending out their Piratic Vessels rob and ransacked their Coasts in a miserable manner. The Britan's therefore again send suppliant Ambassadors to entreat the Romans, in mere commiseration of their case, and for their own Honour, once more to relieve them. Whereupon Aetius, by the Emperor Valentinian's command, in the year four hundred twenty six, sends over another Legion under the conduct of Gallio of Ravenna, woe forthwith marched against those spoiling Enemies, and giving them a notable Overthrow, chased them home with a terrible slaughter.  
After this Exploit the Romans declare to the Britan's, That the present condition of the Empire would not permit them to take any more such troublesome Journeys, and therefore they must resolve to defend themselves, and not be afraid of Nations no ways more valiant than they, if by sloth and idleness they did not weaken themselves. So giving Manful Exhortations to a Fearful People, and teaching them to make and handle Arms, they together with the Inhabitants, at the common charge of all, and with the private additional helps of many, built a Wall of Stone from Sea to Sea, in the same place, where, as Bede and others say, 
Bed. lib. 5. cap. 12.  Severus built his Wall; and on those Shores which used to be most infested with Pirates they erected Watch-Towers in divers places at convenient distances, and beyond the Wall they fortified up and down Stations for Soldiers as was done in Severus his time. And so the Romans (never to return again) bid adieu to the Britan's; and the year following, Gallio, (who had done this Service,) Mavortius, and Sinnox, were sent into afric against Boniface, in which War the two former lost their lives the same year by the treachery of their companion Sinnox, who himself received the just reward of a Traitor from the hands of Boniface, being by him put to death.  
In the year four hundred twenty nine, 
Presp.  Florentius and Dionysius being then Consuls, Agricola the Pelagian, the Son of Severianus a Pelagian Bishop, comes into Britain, and here diffuses the contagion of his pestilent opinion; against whom the British Clergy, more Pious than Learned in those calamitous times, knowing his Doctrine to be Heretical, and yet not able to confute him, crave aid of the  Bishops, whom Pope Celestine, at the Suit of Palladius a Deacon of Rome, excites to help their British Brethren in this exigence. Whereupon a Council is assembled, wherein Germane Bishop of Auxerre, and Lupus Bishop of Troy's, men famous for their Learning and Sanctity, are assigned to the work. These crossing the Sea in the dead of Winter, had a very stormy passage, which was attributed to Evil Spirits, and at their arrival found a great deal of hurt had been done here in a short space. However by continual preaching, not only in Churches, but also in Streets and fields, and by Miracles accompanying their Doctrine, they confirmed many that wavered, regained others, and convening a Council at Verulam in the year four hundred and thirty, did there in public Disputation put to silence their chief Adversaries. From thence the Bishops went for Wales, where, as Nennius saith, one Banlius King of Powis, infected (as it seems) with Pelagianism, and therefore refusing to entertain Germane, and hear his Preaching, was destroyed with his Palace by Lightning; and Cadel a Swineherd, who had lodged and treated the Bishop to his best ability, was therefore advanced to the Heaven-burnt Tyrant's Throne.  
In the year four hundred thirty one, being the eighth year of Theodosius, reckoning from the death of his Uncle Honorius, the Picts and Scots understanding the resolution of the Romans to come back no more, assail the Britan's again, and with greater confidence than ever before drive the dismayed Soldiers from their Stations, and seize into their hands all the Country which lay on that side of the Wall. There was placed along this Wall, upon an high Fort, a Garrison, consisting of such as lacked both Military skill and courage, who warding and watching there day and night, became lazy with doing nothing. The Enemies coming on, with their hooked weapons easily pulled down these unwarlike Wretches, and dashed them to the ground, and making a great Breach in the Wall, at a place thence called Thirlwall, (which is as much as a Wall pierced through,) they went forward taking several ways, and committing horrible spoils and bloody slaughters every where as they went. The Picts in their way meet with the Saxons, who were come upon the same design of spoil and slaughter; with them they join, and all together march into North-wales. The Britan's had there an Army to oppose them, and hearing of their Enemy's approach, applied themselves to the two Bishops, bemoaning their past and present miseries to them, who bid them be of courage, and promised them their assistance. The decay of the State had wrought a strange decay of Religion, the greatest part of this Army was yet unbaptised; they therefore first list them under Christ's Banner by the initiating Sacrament of Baptism, and then German, who in his younger days had been a Soldier, undertakes to be their General. It was then the time of Lent, and in the Camp there was a place set a part and dressed up with Boughs for Easter-day. The Enemies judging the Britan's more taken up with acts of Religion than the exercise of Arms, hasten against them after the Paschal Feast as to an assured victory. German draws up his Army in a valley compassed about with Hills, by which the Enemy was to pass, and having laid an Ambush in a convenient place, giveth order that what word they heard him pronounce aloud, the same they should repeat with an universal Shout. The Saxons and Picts pass on securely, and Germane thrice aloud cries Halleluiah, which answered by the Soldiers with a sudden burst of clamour, is from the hills and valley redoubled, and presently they that were in Ambush show themselves. The Enemies were hereat strangely astonished, and searing that some unexpected Succours were come to the Britan's, were seized with such a general consternation, that breaking their Ranks, and throwing down their Arms, they ran away in a miserable consusion, leaving their Pillage to the Pursuers, many of them in their hasty flight being drowned in the River. This victory was gained in Flintshire, hard by a Town called by the Welsh, Guiderue, by the English, Mold, and hence the place of Fight was named Maes Garmon, 
Usser. de primord.  that is to say, German's field, near which runs the River allen, wherein so many of the Britan's were baptised, and of the Enemies drowned. The same year the two Bishops returned home, having overcome both Spiritual and worldly Adversaries, and acted many memorable things here which we may read in Constantius, Beda, Nennius, and others. And this very year the forementioned Palladius was by Pope Celestine sent into Ireland to be Bishop of the Scots there, who had received the Christian Faith, and to spread Christianity in those parts; who took with him twelve of his Disciples; to four of whom, namely Augustine, Benedict, Silvester, and Solonius, he committed the care and charge of three Churches which he built in the Province of Lemster, whither he was come, after he had been with the Scots in Ulster. But Nathius the Son of Garcon King of Lemster opposing and disturbing him, and those wild people not willing to entertain his Doctrine, he departed thence into Albania, and spent some time in preaching to the Picts, among whom he died at Fordon in Mernis, where the common people call him St. Pad. Antonius Possevinus saith, he was a Britain, and we find the same of him in an old Marginal Note to St. Patrick's Charter (in William of Malmesbury's M. S. History of the Antiquity of Glastonbury, in the Library of Trinity College in Cambridge,) speaking of Celestine's sending him to Ireland, Eodem anno vel praecedente misit idem Papa ad praedicandum ibidem virum nomine Palladium, Britannicum genere, sed idem citò repatriavit sine effectu. The same year, or the year before, the same Pope sent a man named Palladius, a Britain by Nation, to preach there, but he soon returned without effect.  
Upon the death of Paliadius, Pope Celestine sent over Patrick, in the year four hundred thirty two, to convert the Irish; and soon after himself died, 
Prosp. contra Collat. cap. 41.  of whose Endeavours for Britain and Ireland, Pr●sper gives this Testimony; Nec segniore curâ ab hoc eodem morbo Britannias liberavit, quando quosdam inimicos gratiae solum suae originis occupantes etiam ab illo secreto exclus●t Oceani, & ●rdinato Scotis Episcopo dum Romanam Insulam studet strvare Catholicam, fecit etiam Barbaram Christianam.  
The Empress Placidia, 
Idacius & Marcellinus comes.  Mother to the Emperor Valentinian, being reconciled to Boniface, resolved to make him Magister Militum, Chief Commander of the Forces of the Empire in the place of Aetius, which yet she thought could not easily be done, while Aetius continued in the head of the Gal●ick Army; she therefore had contrived to have him elected Consul for this year with Valerius, and thereby drawing him to Rome to look after his Charge there, sends for Boniface out of afric, and at his coming bestows upon him the Command she had designed for him. Aetius not brooking to see himself so supplanted, and his utter Enemy put over his head, stood out in opposition, with such of his friends and followers as he could get together, and came to a conflict with him; wherein these two famous Generals met, and fought hand to hand, and Aetius with his Javelin gave Boniface his mortal wound, whereof he died about three months after, (charging his wife Pelagia, whom he left very rich, to accept of no other Husband but Aetius, as judging none but him a fit Match for his Relict.) Aetius himself received no hurt in this combat, yet loath to hazard his friends too far against the whole Army of Italy, retired, and dismissing them betook himself to a private life in the Country; but understanding that one who owed him an old grudge plotted to murder him, he privately sped to Rome, and from thence by Dalmatia to Pannonia, then possessed by the Huns, with whose help he recovered the Emperor's favour and his former Command, displacing Sebastian Boniface's Son-in-Law who then held it, and being advanced to the Dignity of a Patrician returned into Gaul.  
The Britan's did not make a right improvement of Germans victory, but lost both Courage and Virtue when they lost the sight of the two Bishops, relapsing to their old courses of Debauchery and Dissension, being, as Gildas describes them, as eager and prompt to Civil Broils, as they were backward and heartless against Foreigners. This encouraged their Enemies to prosecute the War more furiously, in which after some variable successes, they so prevailed at length, that they forced the Britan's in many places to quit their Towns and Cities, and flee to the Woods, not daring to till their Grounds, because they durst not hope to reap; and then arose a cruel Famine (both here and in divers other parts of Europe) so that these people had nothing to keep them alive, but what they got by robbing one another, and by Hunting.  
And here, 
De Gest. Scot lib. ●, cap. 1.  because John Maior and others wonder, that the Britan's should be unable to deal with the Picts and Scots, it will not be amiss to consider the sundry Draining and numerous Levies made of them, for the service of the Emperors in their Wars abroad. Learned Camden hath observed out of Ancient Inscriptions, and the Book called Notitia Provinciarum, That these Companies underwritten served the Romans in their Wars, and were here and there dispersed over their Provinces, which also were from time to time evermore supplied out of Britain: Ala Britannica Milliaria, Ala quarta Britonum in Aegypto, Cohors prima Aelia Britonum, Cohors tertia Britonum, Cohors septima Britonum, Cohors vigesima sexta Britonum in Armenia, Britanniciani sub magistro peditum, Invicti Juniores Britanniciani, & Exculcatores Jun: Britan: inter auxilia Palatina, Britoneses cum magistro Equitum Galliarum, Invicti Juniores Britones intra Hispanias, Britoneses Seniores in Illyrico; besides, the several forementioned Colonies transported by Constantius Chlorus, Constantine the Great, Maximus, and the Last Constantine, who settled in Armorica, and are by Procopius called Arboricans for Armoricans, and are commended by him and Zosamus for valiantly asserting and maintaining their Liberty, when the rest of Gaul was overrun by Barbarians. Nor were the Provincials only thus exhausted, but sometimes too the Northern Britan's were drawn into the Roman Service. For among the Palatine Aids within Caul, were reckoned Attecotti juniores Galiicani, and Attecotti Honoriani seniores; and within Italy, Attecotti Honoriani juniores. Which people so weakening themselves to pleasure the Emperors, became an easier prey to the intruding Scots,  
It appears then, that the loss of this Island was a great damage to the Romans, who bore sway here above four hundred and sixty years, from Julius Caesar's Conquest to the last Constantine, and so highly esteemed, that they called it the Roman Isle, and Romania, and the Roman Language was grown so familiar among them, that Gildas calls the Latin Tongue his own Language. In all which time the Britan's had Kings of their own, reigning in some part of the Land, which no other European Province of the Empire had. And this may be further said for the credit of our Britan's, That when the Barbarous Nations like an inundation broke into the Roman Empire, all the other Provinces never endeavoured to assert, in the way of war or opposition, either their ancient reputation, or their Native Liberties, but suffered themselves to be won, lost, fought for, and again recovered by their quarrelsome Masters, as if they had no Title to their own Country, but were born to follow the fortunes of all Pretenders: only this people stood up for themselves, and when stored with a new stock of vigorous Youth, contested bravely, not only with the Picts and Scots, but with the Saxons too, though much more potent Enemies. But at this time, as I said, the Britan's were in a very low condition, which William of Malmes bury, 
Lib. 1. de Reg.  having spoken of Maximus and Constantine, thus describes. When the Tyrants had left none in the Country but half Barbarians, none in the Cities and Towns but such as wholly gave themselves to Belly-cheer, Britain destitute of all Protection by her vigorous young men, bereft of all exercise and practice of good Arts, became exposed for a long time to the greedy and gaping jaws of the hordering Nations.  
Aetius was at this time Captain General of the Forces of the Empire, and Consul the third time with Symmachus, in the year four hundred forty six, to whom the Distressed Britan's send their Ambassadors with a piteous mournful Letter, superscribed, To Aetius thrice Consul, the Groans of the Britan's: and after a few words, thus: The Barbarians drive us to the Sea, the Sea puts us back to the Barbarians, between these two sorts of Death we either have our Throats cut, or are drowned. The Brave Roman affords them pity, but can spare no Succours, not daring to diminish his Forces, because Attila the Hun, that Scourge and Terror of the World, than threatened the Empire with a terrible Invasion.  
The Britan's therefore thus disappointed of their last hopes, oppressed with War and Famine, were many of them fain to yield themselves Slaves to the raging Foes, merely to get some food, were it never so little, to comfort and refresh their poor hungry Souls. But there were some Nobler Spirits left, who betaking themselves to the Mountains, Grots, and desert woody Forests, made from thence a worthy resistance. Some fortunate Successes brought them more companions, so that having their numbers pretty well increased, with such as mere Despair made valiant, they adventured to sight their Enemies in plain field, and giving them sundry overthrows chased them out of the Country.  
Having thus happily disburdened the Land of those Spoilers, they enter into consultation about preserving it for the future; and knowing that it would not be long before their Enemies returned again, they resolved to choose among themselves one supreme King for management of their succeeding Affairs both military and civil, to whom all the other Roytelets should be subordinate. Hereupon they elect Vortigern (Prince of Ewias,) not the best but the greatest man among them, one whose vices were in some sort compensated by the virtues of his Sons, who in all probability were the chief Instruments of their so late Deliverance. By this surcease of Hostility the desolate people's sore of Famine was perfectly healed, and in the stead of it there ensued in the year four hundred forty seven such a fertility, and abundant plenty, as had never been remembered in any age before, which was abused to all kinds of riot and luxury, which was attended with exorbitant licentiousness, and all manner of vice, not only among the Latty, but among many of the Clergy too. And to fill up the measure of their Gild, Pelagianisme enters upon the Stage again; to repel which, those of the British Clergy, who retained their integrity and care of the Church, once more implored Bishop German's help, who (though Lupus was yet alive, and lived long after,) taking with him Severus Bishop of Triers, a man eminent for his piety, who had been Lupus his Disciple, came over hither in the year for hundred forty eight, and assembling a Council in Siluria, there confuted the Heretical Teachers, who were strait adjudged to Banishment, and delivered up into the hands of Germane. In the next place he sharply reproved Vortigern for his incestuous marriage with his own Daughter, by whom he had a Son named Faustus, whom the impudent Mother herself was not ashamed to present to the grave Bishop, in the face of the whole Convention. Vortigerne taking offence at the Bishop's plain dealing with him, left the Council in a rage, having let flee slanderous speeches against that holy man; but his Eldest Son Vortimer, a Prince of another temper, stayed behind, and gave the Land for ever to Germane, wherein he had suffered so reproachful an abuse; whereupon that part of the country was named Guarthenion, which in English signifies, A Slander justly retorted: and retorted it was, for here was the Tyrant for his Enormities Excommunicated. The place is now called Gurthrenion, in Radnorshire. In this Council it is said, that the Son of one Elaphius, who was seized with a strange lameness in the very flower of his youth, was miraculously cured and restored to the use of his limbs by Germane; who taking with him the forementioned Pelagian Sticklers returned into Gaul, and there disposed of them in such place where they could not infect others, and were themselves under cure of better instruction. At his return the Armorican Britan's made an address to him upon this occasion. The Britan's, as I said before, were settled in Armorica, whereof they possessed the greater part, the rest lying to the River Loire, being still held by the Romans, and a little before this time governed by one Exuperantius: at first they lived under the government of the Empire, though Conan Meriadoc, and his Son Grallon, did by permission carry some show of Authority among them. But in the last Constantine's time, they, as I said before, cast off all subjection to the Romans, and Solomon, Conan's Grandson, governed them as an absolute King. Aetius, desirous to reduce them, employs Eucharicus King of the Almans against them, whereupon they request German to mediate for them, and procure a peace; which he undertakes, and treats with Eucharicus, who refers the matter to Aetius, and Aetius to the Emperor Valentinian, then residing at Ravenna. The good Bishop, though very aged, takes a journey thither, where he is honourably received by the Emperor and his Mother Placidia, and had certainly prevailed in his suit, if the Armoricans had not upon some occasion or advantage raised new stirs, and thereby made the difference wider. Here German dies, and his body being embalmed, was with a noble Attendance carried back into Gaul, and with great solemnity interred at Auxerre.  
In the mean time the Britan's here proceeding in their courses of Impiety, are alarmed with a dreadful report of their old Enemies coming on afresh with full purpose to seize and possess the whole Island from one end to the other. And to add to the terror, at the same time the Pestilence breaks out so violently, and destroys such multitudes, that there were scarcely enough living left to bury the dead. All this while King Vortigern (whom Blandus calls Vertigerius; Paulus Diaconus, Vertegernus, Pomponius Laetus, and Stephanus Pighius, Vertigomarus; and Wernerus Laerius, Vortigonus,) lay buried in voluptuousness and sensuality, till at length excited by the people's clamours, he summons a Council, by whose advice this Proud unlucky Tyrant (as Gildas terms him) resolves upon a desperate Remedy for a desperate Disease; and decrees, That the English Saxons shall be invited to accept of Seats in some part of the Island, and to sight for them; which made Gildas cry out: Oh the most palpable darkness of their Senses! Oh desperate and blockish dulness of their Minds! Those whom in their absence they dreaded more than Death itself, were now freely and willingly invited to inhabit with them under the roof (as I may call it) of one self same House, by the foolish Princes of Taneos, giving indiscreet counsel unto Pharaoh! Yet there are some, who look upon this Design as not so very unpolitick, however it proved unsuccessful, since by this means at one time the Northern Enemies might be kept out, and the British Shores eased of the Saxons frequent depredations, and preserved from the inroads of others of the same country of Germany, and the same Piratic Trade. Besides which, Vortigern might have another reason in reference to his own particular, namely, that he might be sure of their assistance, in case the Britan's at any time disliking his Government, should go about to bring in and enthrone Aurelianus Ambrose, Constantine's Son, then living with great reputation in Armorica, of whom (as Nennius saith) he stood in continual fear.  
Upon this invitation, in the year four hundred forty nine, which was the fourth year of Vortigern's Reign, Theodosius the younger and Valentinian the third being then Emperors, Asterius and Protogenes Consuls, the English Saxons entered this Land, who laid the Foundation of the Famous English Monarchy, which hath here flourished by God's mercy ever since its first erecting, and may, I trust, by the same mercy continue flourishing to the end of the World.  
FINIS.   

The Kings of the Britain's, from Beli Maur to Vortigern.  

BEli Maur.  
Immanuence Lhud.  
Caswallan.  
Teneufan.  
Cunobeline.  
Guiderius Togodumnus.  
Caradoc.  
Arviragus Venutius.  
Marius, or Meurig.  
Coel.  
Lhés Lever Maur.  
Fulgen.  
Argetocox.  
Coel.  
Traherne.  
Eucthaef.  
Deonot, Father toVrsula.  
Cuneda, Father to Guen the Mother of Igren, Arthur 's Mother.  
Vortigern.    

Archbishops of York.  

FAganus.  
Theodosius.  
Socrates.    

Roman Governors of Britain, and Usurpers.  

AVlus Plautius.  
Ostorius Scapula.  
Avitus Didius Gallus.  
Veranius.  
Paulinus Suetonius.  
Petronius Turpilianus.  
Trebellius Maximus.  
Vectius Bolanus.  
Petilius Cerealis.  
Julius Frontinus.  
Julius Agricola.  
Salustins' Lucullus.  
Cnaeus Trebellius.  
Julius Severus.  
Priscus Licinius.  
Lollius Vrbicus.  
Calpurnius Agricola.  
Vlpius Marcellus.  
Helvius Pertinax.  
Clodius Albinus, Usurper.  
Virius Lupus.  
Nonius Philippus.  
Posthumus, Usurper.  
Lollianus, Usurper.  
Victorinus, Usurper.  
Marius, Usurper.  
Tetricus, Usurper.  
Eborius.  
Fastidius.  
Samson.  
Piranus.  
Thadiocus.    

Archbishops of London.  

THeon.  
Elvan.  
Cadoc, or Cador.  
Owen.  
Conan.  
Paludius, or Palladius.  
Stephen.  
Augulius.  
Iltutus, or Restitutus.  
Thedwin.  
Thedred.  
Hilary.  
Guiteline, or Gosseline.  
Vodine.  
Theon.  
Bonosus and Proculus, Usurpers.  
Cl. Cornelius Laelianus, Usurper.  
Caius Carausius, Usurper.  
Caius Allecius, Usurper.  
M. Aurelius Asclepiodotus.  
Pacatianus.  
Gratianus Funarius.  
Martinus.  
Lupicinus.  
Alypius.  
Nectaridius and Bulchobaudes.  
Severus.  
Jovinus.  
Theodosius.  
Civilis and Dulcitius.  
Fraomarius.  
Maximus, Usurper.  
Chrysanthus.  
Victorinus.  
Marcus, Usurper.  
Gratianus Municeps, Usurper.  
Constantine and Constans, Usurpers.  
Gallio of Ravenna.    

The Angles were a Tribe of the Suevians, and both Suevians and Saxons were the Offspring of the Syebi and Sasones in Asia, and came into Europe together, being of the same Gomerian Original with the Cimbrians.  

Kings of the Saxons.  
STresaeus.  
Bedwig.  
Gualas.  
Hadras.  
Ittermon.  
Heremod.  
Skeph reigned in Sleswick.  
Skeld.  
Bevin.  
Tetuas.  
Geta went to Asgard.   

In Asgard.  
Gedulph, Son to Geta.  
Finne.  
Fridulph.  
Frelaph.  
Fridwald.   

In Germany.  
Henry.  
Sifrid.   

Woden, Son to Fridwald returned into Germany.  
Weldeg and his Brethren, with Sirick and his Sons, Hunding and Gelder.  
Anônymus, contemporary with Wermund King of the Danes.  
Gelder, contemporary with Tordo King of Sweden, and Dan the third King of Demnark.  
Artrick.  
Ansenrick.  
Wilkin the I.  
Swerting and Hanef.  
Swerting the II.  
Wilkin the II.  
Witikind.  
Wilkin the III. with his Brother Sigar.  
Marbod.  
Bodo.  
Vecta.  
Vita.  
Witigils.  
Hengist.    

Kings of the Suevians, before the departure of the Angles from them to the Saxons.  

ANônymus, contemporary with Metellus Celer.  
Arionistus, or Ernest.  
Nasua and Cimberius.  
Maroboduus.  
Vannius.  
Vangio and Sido.  
Italicus and Sido.    

Kings of the PICTS.  
THE Picts and Scots were Gothick Nations, of the same Gomerian Original with the Cimbrians, and came from Scandia, which is also called Scythia Germanica. But in regard our British Histories have hitherto been too deficient concerning the Pictish Kings, I shall here exhibit a Catalogue of them out of John fordoes M. S. Scotichronicon, and Hector Boethius.  

Cruithhe Camelon reigned ann. 50.  
Ghede 100  
Ghede II. Hect. 100  
Chrine. Hect. 150.  
Tharan. 150.  
Ghede III. 150.  
Duchil. 40.  
Dinorth Tisy. 20.  
Duor Deghel. 20.  
Decok Heth. 60.  
Congust. 20.  
Caranath Creth. 40.  
Garnard Bolg. 9  
Wipopneth, whom Hector calls Unipanus. 30.  
Blarchassereth. 17.  
Phiathus albus.  
Thalarg Amfrud. 16.  
Canatalmel. 6.  
Dongard Nethles. 1.  
Feredeth Finyel.  
Gannard Dives. 60.  
Nectan II. Hect. 60.  
Nectan II. Hect. 60.  
Hungurst, Son of Fergus. 40.  
In his time Regulus brought St. Andrew's Relics into Albania.  
Thalarg, Son of Keother. 24  
Durst (alias Nectan) Son of Irby. 48.  
In his time Palladius taught in Ireland and Albania.  
Thalarg, Son of Amyle. 2.  
Nectan Chaltamoth. 10.  
Durst Germerth, Son of Ethrede. 38.  
Galan. 15.  
Durst, Son of Gigurun. 5.  
Durst, Son of Ethrede. 8.  
Durst, Son of Gigurun, ag. 4.  
Garnard, Son of Gigurun. 6.  
Kelturan, Son of Garnard. 6.  
Thalarg, Son of Mordeleth. 11.  
Durst, Son of Mometh 1.  
Thalagath. 4.  
Brewed, Son of Meilothon. 19  
In his time Columba came from Ireland to Albania.  
Garnard, Son of Dompnach. 20  
He built the Church of Abernethy.  
Nectan, Son of Irban. 11.  
Kenel, Son of Luchrens. 14.  
Nectan, Son of Food. 6.  
Brewed, Son of Fathna. 5.  
Thalarg, Son of Farthard. 11.  
Thalargan, Son of Amfrud. 4.  
Garnard, Son of Dompnal. 5.  
Durst, Brother to Garnard. 6.  
Brewed, Son of Bridebile. 11.  
In his time Egfrid, King of the Northumbrians, was slain by the Picts.  
Nectan, Son of Brewed. 18.  
To him Abbot Celfrid writ, about the observing of Easter, and Clerical Tonsure after the Roman way.  
Garnard, Son of Feredeth. 14.  
He slew Amberclet King of the Scots, and gave an Oratory to the nine Daughters of Dovenald.  
Oengussa, Son of Fergus. 16.  
Nectan, Son of Decil: Nine Months.  
Feredeth, Son of Alpin: Six Months.  
Alpin, Father of Feredeth. 26.  
Brewed, Son of Cenegus. 2.  
Alpin, Son of Cenegus. 2.  
Thalargan, Son of Durst. 1.  
Thalarg, Son of Drusken. 4.  
Cenegus, Son of Thalarg. 6.  
Constantine, Son of Fergus. 40.  
He built the Church of Dunkeld, 226 years after the building of Abernethy Church by Garnard.  
Hungus, Son of Fergus. 10.  
Durstolorgus, Son of Hungus. 3.  
Feredeth, Son of Badoc. 3.  
Brewed, Son of Feredeth. One Month.  
Kened, Son of Feredeth. 1.  
Brewed, Son of Fethel. 2.  
Drusken, Son of Feredeth. 3.   
Five of these Kings are omitted in fordoes Scotichronicon, viz. Ghede the second, Chrine, and Ghede the third; and the two Nectan's between Garnard and Hungurst; but they are here supplied out of Hector Boetius. I confess it is to be feared, that in this Catalogue there may be some mistake, either in the computation of years, or the order of succession. And therefore I could hearty wish, that some Ingenious Lover of Antiquity could produce some more perfect and exact List of these Kings, than this which I have faithfully transcribed out of the forementioned Author.   

The TABLE.  

A.  
ALbion, whence so called, Page 4  
Ambrons', a mischievous Nation. Page 13, 14  
Asia, a Province of Sarmatia Page 18  
Asaei & Asiotae. ibid.  
Ancalites, a British People Page 34  
Attrebatij. ibid.  
Attiscoti, a Northern People Page 40, 41 

Invade the Roman Province Page 150    
Albina, Dioclesian's Daughter. Page 53  
Androgeus, a British Prince Page 71, 82  
Adminius or Etiminius. Page 84, 85, 87  
Arviragus, King of the Britan's. Page 91  
Avitus Didius Gallus, Governor of Britain. Page 92  
Agricola subdues the Ordovices. Page 98 

He overcomes the Caledonians. Page 101    
Agricola Calpurnius represseth the Picts and Caledonians. Page 111  
Adelphius Bishop of Colchester. Page 144  
Arminius a British Deacon, ibid.  
Albinus Governor of Britain. Page 117  
Argetocoxus Prince of the Calcedonians. Page 122 

His Wives Reply to the Empress ibid.    
alectus an Usurper Page 130, 131  
Asclepiodotus a Roman General. Page 131 

Was Governor of Britain, Page 132    
Alban and Aaron Martyrs, Page 133  
Amphibalus and Augulius, Page 134  
Alypius Governor of Britain Page 150  
Armorica planted with Britan's. Page 162, 174.  
Ambrose Son of Constantine. Page 166, 191   

B.  
BRitain, its Circuit. p. 1 

Whence named. p. 5, 6  
Whether it was ever joined to France. p. 36    
Brito King of Britain. p. 9 

Also a Centaur. ibid.    
Britona or Britomartis. ib.  
Britan's whence descended, p. 12, 13  
Belgae, a British People. p. 34  
Bibroci & Bodunni. ibid.  
brigants, whence so named. p. 39  
Britain how divided p. 44, 45  
British Idols. ibid.  
Bards, what they were. p. 45  
British Government under the Romans p. 46, 47  
Britain's Cities and Streets, p. 50  
Brutus, the same with Brito p. 9 

His Descent and Exploits, p. 55, 56  
His Successors. p. 62    
Brennus the Elder's Wars, p. 64, 65, 66  
Belinus King of Britain, p. 63 66  
Belinus the Great. p. 68 

His Sons p. 69  
His Death p. 74    
Boadicia's Insurrection p. 95  
Bonosus an Usurper p. 126  
Brittia Batavica subdued, p. 155, 156   

C.  
CImmerians, Ancestors to the Cimbrians. p. 13, 26 

And to the Britan's. ibid.    
Cerberion, a City. p. 30  
Catticuchlani, Cassij, Cenimagni, Cantij. p. 34, 35  
Cossini & Corini p. 33  
Coritani, Cornavij, Cangi. p. 38  
Cantij. p. 35  
Caledonijs, Cantae, Carini. p. 40  
Carnonacae, Cerones, Cornabyi. ibid.  
Count of the Saxon Coast, p. 47, 48  
Caswallan, a British King. p. 71, 74 

His War with Caesar p. 78 79    
Cunobeline succeeds his Father p. 83 

His Sons p. 85    
Caligula, intends to Invade Britain. p. 84  
Caradock, a British Prince. p. 85 

His War with Ostorius, p. 89  
His Speech. p. 98    
Cartismandua, Queen of the brigants p. 93  
Cerealis overthrown. p. 95 

Made Governor of Britain p. 98    
Conversion of Britain p. 103 104  
Coelus King of the Britan's. p. 68 110. 125  
Cogidunus a British King. p. 89  
Carausius an Usurper. p. 128 129  
Constantine the Great, born in Britain p. 126. 145 

His Victories. p. 142. 143 144    
Chrysanthus, Governor of Britain p. 163  
Constantine an Usurper, p. 166 

His Exploits. p. 166, 167, etc.     

D.  
DAnmonij & Durotriges, British Nations, p. 33. 34  
Dobuni, where they dwelled, p. 34  
Dimetae or Demetae. p. 38  
Deucaledones. p. 42  
Druids, Famous Philosophers p. 46  
Dolobellus, a British General. p. 71, 80  
Duvianus or Dwywan sent thither with Fagan. p. 112  
Dulcitius, a Renewned Captain. p. 151  
Deonotus, Ursula 's Father, Prince of Cornwall. p. 156   

E  
ETiminius, a British Prince p. 187  
Elvan's Embassy, to Eleutherius p. 111 

He was the second B●shop of London p. 118    
Eborius Bishop of York p. 115 144  
Elutherius his letter to Lucius p. 112  
Eucta or Eucthaf p. 153  
Edobichus, Treacherously Murdered p. 172  
Ellobichus, a Traitor dies suddenly p. 171  
Epistle of the Britain's to Aetius p. 186 

English, enter into Britain p. 191     

F  
FRontinus, Governor of Britain p. 98 

subdues the Silureses. ibid.    
Fagan, sent hither by Eleutherius p. 112 

Was the first Bishop of York p. 115    
Fulgentius, opposeth the Emperor Severus p. 121 122  
Fraomarius, King of the Bucinobantes p. 153  
Fastidius, a famous British Bishop p. 176 

Famine afflicts the Britain's p. 183    
Faustus, a good Son of bad Parents p. 188   

G  
GOmer, Ancestor to the Britain's p. 12. 13  
Gabrantovici p. 39  
Gadeni p. 40  
Guiderius, King of the Britain's p. 85  
Galgacus Prince of the Caledonians p. 100  
Genissa, the same with Cartismandua p. 97  
Gogmagog Hills, a Station of the Vandals p. 126  
George the Cappadocian a famous Martyr p. 135 136  
Gueno and Guavar, conduct a Colony of Britain's into Armorica, p. 146  
Gratianus Funarius, was General in Britain p. 147 

his goods Confiscated p. 148    
Goths overcome by Stilico, p. 165  
Gratianus the Emperor slain by Maximus p. 155  
Gratianus Municeps, an Usurper p. 166  
Gerontius, a Britain p. 167 

Turns rebel p. 170. 171  
Kills himself p. 173    
Gallio overthrew the Picts and Scots p. 176. 177  
Germane, Bishop of Auxerre comes with Lupus Bishop of Troy's into Britain p. 178 

They confute the Pelagians ibid.  
And vanquish the Saxons and Picts p. 177. 180    
German comes again with Severus Bishop of Triers p. 188 

He dies in Italy p. 189     

H  
HOresti, the same with the Selgovae p. 40  
Heraclius, a Martyr in Britain p. 133  
Helena Married to Constantius p. 126. 142 

conducts a Colony with her Brother Conan into Armorica p. 140    
Honorius, acquits the Britain's of their subjection p. 170  
Honorius, sends help to the Britain's p. 175   

I  
JApheth, Ancestor to the Europaeans p. 17  
Iceny, a British people p. 35  
Jugantes, p. 39  
Julius Caesar's Wars in Britain p. 71. 77  
Julius Severus, Governor of Britain p. 109  
Julius, a British Martyr p. 133  
Jovinus sent over into Britain p. 150  
Jovinus, an Usurper p. 172 175   

K  
KEnt, by whom inhabited p. 35. 36  
Kentish Men, oppose Caesar p. 71. 81  
Keby, a British Saint p. 152   

L  
LOgi, a Tribe of the Maeatae p. 40  
Lucullus, Governor of Britain p. 102  
Licinius Priscus, Governor of Britain p. 110  
Lollius Urbicus, punisheth the brigants ibid.  
Lucius, first Christian King of the Britain's p. 111  
Lupus, Governor of Britain p. 121  
Lollianus, an Usurper p. 125  
Laelianus, an Usurper p. 126  
Livius Gallus slain p. 132  
Lucius converted the Rhaetians and Bavarians, p. 119 

He founded an Abbey at Lusson p. 139    
Lupicinus sent over against the Scots and Picts p. 149   

M.  
MAdai, Ancestor to the Sarmatians. p. 18, 19  
Maeatae, a British People. p. 40  
Mandubratius, the same with Androgeus, p. 74. 82  
Marius, King of the Britain's p. 103 

his victory over the Picts p. 107. 108    
Medwins Embassy to Eleutherius p. 111  
Marcellus the Roman Governor repulseth the northern enemies p. 116  
melo, a Britain, Bishop of Rouen p. 125  
Marius, an Usurper ib.  
Melior or Melorus, a British Martyr p. 135  
Magnentius, an Vsuper p. 147  
Martinus Vicegerent, of Britain p. 148  
Maximus Marries Helena the Daughter of Eucta, p. 153 

Overcomes Conan Meriadoc. p. 154  
And the Scots ibid.  
His other Exploits p. 155, 165, etc.    
Marcus an Usurper p. 166  
Maximus an Usurper p. 170. 175   

N.  
NOvantes, a British People. p. 40  
Nennius, a British Prince. p. 69. 79  
Nonius Philippus Governor of Britain p. 124  
Nicolas a British Martyr. p. 134  
Nectaridius, Count of the Saxon shore, slain. p. 150  
Nannienus Overcomes the Franks p. 162  
Ninianus Converted the Southern Picts. p. 176   

O.  
OStaei, Ostiones, Ostidamnij. p. 33  
Ordevices, a British People. p. 38  
Ostadini. p. 40  
Ostorius succeeds Plautius in the Government of Britain p. 88  
Octavius rebels against Traherne p. 142 

He is overcome by Constantine p. 143     

P.  
PArisi, a Tribe of the brigants p. 39  
Plautius invades the Britan's p. 85. 86 

Was the first Roman Governor here p. 89    
Paulinus Governor of Britain p. 94  
Prasutagus King of the Iceni p. 94. 95  
Pertinax, Governor of Britain p. 116  
Posthumus an Usurper. p. 125  
Proculus an Usurper. p. 126 

Persecution in Britain. p. 133    
Pacatianus, Vicegerent of Britain p. 144  
Paulus Catena a mischievous Notary p. 148  
Proventusides p. 150  
Pelagius the Heretic a Britain p. 163  
Plebeias Brother to Ninianus p. 176  
Pelagianisme brought into Britain by Agricola p. 177  
Palladius a Deacon of Rome p. 178 

Is sent into Ireland p. 181    
Placidia displaceth Aetius. p. 182  
Restores him. p. 183  
Picts overthrown and expelled by the Britan's p. 187  
Pestilence afflicts the Britan's p. 190   

Q.  
Quintinus Overcomes the Franks p. 162 

Pursuing them too far he is beaten. ibid.  
He is displaced. ibid.     

R.  
REgni, a British People, p. 36 

Whence so named. ibid.    
Roderick King of the Picts p. 98  
Restitutus Bishop of London p. 115. 144  
Romans in Britain hid their Treasure under ground p. 174  
Romans drain Britain with numerous Levies. p. 184   

S.  
SYlvius Father to Brutus or Brito p. 10. 11  
Sarmatians descended from Madai p. 18. 19  
Comarians & Chomarians p. 20  
Segontiaci & Simeni, British People p. 34. 35  
Silureses or Sylires p. 38  
Setantij p. 39  
Selgovae & Smertae p. 40  
Samothes first King of Gaul and Britain p. 51 

His Successors. ibid.    
Suellan, the same with Caswallan p. 69  
Scaeva a valiant Soldier, p. 82  
Saturninus Archigubernus p. 114  
Sacerdos a British Priest, p. 144  
Severus divides Britain into Two Provinces p. 117 

He builds a Wall cross the Island p. 122    
Socrates and Stephen British Martyrs p. 134  
Severus sent over into Britain p. 150  
Stilico sends Victorinus against the Scots and Picts p. 163  
Saxons invade the Britan's p. 150. 164 

They are invited hither by Vortigerne. p. 190     

T.  
TRinobantes & Tigeni, British People p. 35  
Tenevantius, Brother to Androgeus p. 71. 82 

Succeeds his Uncle p. 82. 83    
Togodumnus, the same with Guiderius p. 85. 86  
Turpilianus, Governor of Britain p. 97  
Trebellius Governor of Britain ibid. p. 109  
Theonus Bishop of London p. 111  
Theodosius second Bishop of York p. 115  
Tetricus an Usurper p. 125  
Trahernes, a British King, p. 129  
Taporus, the same with Magnentius p. 147  
Theodosius beats the Northern men p. 151 

And recovers Valentia p. 152  
And displaceth the Areans, ibid.     

V  
VEnedoti, People of North-Wales p. 39  
Vacomagi and Vennicenes p. 40  
Vecturiones p. 42  
Vespasian's Acts in Britain, p. 86. 87  
Venutius, a King of the brigants p. 93  
Vellocatus an Adulterer, ibid.  
Veranius Gowernour of Britain p. 94  
Vectius Bolanus, Governor of Britain p. 97  
Venutius, the same with Arviragus ibid.  
Victorinus an Usurper p. 125  
Vandelbiria p. 127  
Victorinus repulsed the Picts and Scots p. 163  
Ursula a British Saint p. 156  
Vortigerne made King of the Britan's p. 187 

Commits Incest with his own Daughter p. 188  
He invites the Saxons into Britain p. 190     

W.  
WAll built by Adrian, p. 109 

And by Severus p. 122    
Wall of Turf erected by the Britan's p. 175  
Wall of Stone built by the Britan's. p. 177   
FINIS.