I. Simon Fecit   

A COMPENDIUM OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY: FROM The Beginning of the World, To the Reign of The Emperor CHARLES the Great.  
Written Originally in Latin, By Monsieur Le CLERC.  
Done into English.  
Nescire quid, antea quàm natus sis, acciderit, id est semper esse Puerum.  Cicero. 
LONDON, Printed for M. Gillyflower, in Westminster-Hall; J. Tonson, at Grays-Inn-gate, next Grays-Inn- 〈◊〉 W. Freeman, at the Bible in Fleetstreet; J. Wa●●●●, in the Temple; and R. Parker, under the Royal-Exchange. MDCXCIX.   

THE AUTHOR'S EPISTLE TO THE READER.  
Courteous Reader,  
THERE is no necessity I should take upon me to set forth the usefulness of those Tracts, wherein the History of Mankind is contracted into a narrow compass; the vast number of such sort of Books, which have been published by learned Men, especially from the Time when good Literature has begun to revive in these our Western Parts, doth sufficiently evidence the Sentiments of the learned World in this matter: These are the only Two things that can be required at my hands; first, why I chose rather to project a New Method of my own, than make use of others Industry, after the labours of so many learned Men that are still extant; and then to show the Reason of my Design: Both which I shall dispatch in a few words.  
In the Course of my Studies, I could not but observe, that most of these sorts of Epitomes were either too long or too short; so that there was a Deficiency in both, that obstructed the Reader from receiving the benefit he hoped for, in the perusal of them; for they are written to the intent they may be frequently turned over by the Studious, and almost retained in their memories; which cannot be, if they are of the larger size: For the Design of such Works as these, is, That the Times wherein the most remarkable Events that have happened among all Nations, may be notified, and that the Chronology of them, compared one with another, may be revolved upon; so that who were Cotemporaries among the remotest Nations, and what things fell out in the same Age, may be easily produced: But this cannot be done, if your Historical Compendiums be too short, of which there are very many, in which the Chronology is too summarily comprehended.  
Both these faults we have endeavoured to shun herein, and therefore we have followed Dionysius Petavius, the most accurate of Chronologers, in this our Epitome, till the Year of our Lord, 533. to which he brought down his Annals. Not that we look upon him to have been wholly free from error, in so perplexed a thing, and that admits of so much variety; nay, we have noted some here: But undoubtedly he is less guilty than those who have wrote before him; neither are they rashly to be called Faults, that oppose some Conjectures, wherewith Chronologers do now a-days abound.  
What was chief wanting in those Epitomes that are already extant, and for the amending whereof we have applied ourselves, in this our COMPENDIUM, we have taken to be these things: 

1. A truer, though short Narration of many things, which were not very aptly represented in the days of our Ancestors, such as those Matters that are boasted of, concerning the Four Monarchies, and many others:  
2. A pointing to several Modern Writers, from whom a fuller knowledge may be had of several things, which we have briefly mentioned:  
3. A more accurate and truer expounding of many Particulars relating to the Holy Scriptures, and Ecclesiastical History, than is found elsewhere.   Most Writers have, as it were, combined, in every thing to commend and approve of those who have succeeded in their Designs; when, on the contrary, they have mostly condemned others, and laden them with Reproaches, who have had the misfortune to be born down with the number of Voices; as if prosperous Events, and the multitude of Consents, were infallible arguments of Truth; or that whoever were commended in Ancient Times, were worthy of Praises; as those who were condemned, should be really guilty: But herein we neither absolve nor condemn any Man, saving that the thing itself does clearly absolve or condemn them; and, for the most part, we have also barely declared the thing as it was, without making any enquiry what Opinions were true or false, but what really happened, and actually came to pass.   

AN INDEX of the PERIODS.  

I. PERIOD, From the Creation of the World, to the Deluge, pag. 4  
II. PERIOD, From the Deluge, to the Calling of Abraham. p. 5  
III. PERIOD, From Abraham, to the Law of Moses, p. 10  
IU. PERIOD, From the Law, till the Taking of Troy, p. 15  
V PERIOD, From the Taking of Troy, to the Building of the Temple of Jerusalem, p. 22  
VI PERIOD, From the Building of the Temple, to the First Olympiad, p. 25  
VII. PERIOD, From the First Olympiad, to the Return of the Jews, p. 29  
VIII. PERIOD, From the Return of the Jews, to the Taking of Carthage, p. 43  
IX. PERIOD, From the Taking of Carthage, to Jesus Christ, p. 80  
X. PERIOD, From the Birth of Christ, to the Conversion of Constantine, p. 96  
XI. PERIOD, From the Conversion of Constantine, to the Reign of the Emperor Charles the Great, p. 125    

A COMPENDIUM OF Universal, History, FROM The beginning of the World, to the Reign of the Emperor Charles the Great.  
AS we are wont, when we learn Geography, in order to remember where the less noted Towns, and more inconsiderable Burroughs stand, to six in our Memories the Situation of the Principal Cities, about which we place those other lesser ones and Villages; so when we study History, it will be of advantage to us to settle in our thoughts certain Times that are remarkable for some illustrious Event, to the end we may refer unto them whatever we meet with in the Monuments of the Ancients; which sort of Events are distinguished by the Name of Epochs, because our Minds do as it were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, inhere or dwell upon them when they are employed to divide the Age of the World, by the help of those Epoches, into certain intervals of time.  
This our Compendium is distinguished into twelve Epoches, and therein we take in whatever has happened from the beginning of the World, to the Reign of Charles the Great: For here an end ought to be put to Ancient History; for about these times it was, that the Roman Empire was utterly destroyed, and new Kingdoms set up both in Asia and Europe.  
The first Epoch shall be the Creation of the World, which, according to the Computation of Dionysius Petavius, whom we shall follow for the future, happened the year before Christ 3984. From hence to the Deluge, will be comprehended an History of 1656 years, for it was in that year of the World the Universal Deluge happened, before our Saviour's Birth 2328.  
The Second shall be Noah's Flood, from whence to the calling of Abraham, which happened in the year of the World 2022, before Christ 1962, are computed 366 years.  
The Third shall be taken from the calling of Abraham out of Mesopotamia, to the time of the Law given by Moses, which we refer to the year of the World 2453, before Christ 1531, and comprehends 431 years.  
The Fourth commences from the time of the Law given by Moses, from whence to the taking of Troy, we reckon 347 years, in the year of the World 2800, before Christ 1184.  
The Fifth is the Destruction of Troy, from whence to the building of the Temple of Jerusalem, which was effected An. M. 2992, before Christ 992, are comprehended 192 years.  
The sixth is the Building of the Temple at Jerusalem by Solomon, which was 216 years before the first Olympiad, which is computed to fall in the year of the World 3208, before Christ 776.  
The Seventh is taken from the first Olympiad, from whence are reckoned 238 years, to the return of the Jews from the Babylonish Captivity, that happened An. M. 3446, before Christ 538.  
The Eighth is the Freeing of the Jews from the Babylonish Captivity by Cyrus, which fell out 336 years before Carthage was overcome by Scipio. An. M. 3782, before Christ 202.  
The Ninth is taken from the Subduing of Carthage, which happened 202 years before our Saviour's Birth, and fell out in the year of the World 3984.  
The Tenth is the Birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ, from which to the Conversion of Constantine the Great to the Christian Faith, are reckoned 312 years, which fell out An. M. 4296.  
The Eleventh is taken from the Conversion of Constantine, which happened 488 years before the Reign of Charles the Great, which begun in the year of our Lord 800, An. M. 4784.  
The Twelfth we fetch from the Reign of Charles the Great, with which we close up this our Compendium of Ancient History. Now as for those Intervals of time, that flow between the several Epoches, them we call Periods.  

The Creation, The First EPOCH.  
From the beginning of the World to the Deluge, are computed 1656 years, which space contains  
The First PERIOD.  
The year of the World, The year before Christ, 1. 3984.  
THE most accurate Chronologers do reckon that the World was Created in Autumn, in the Month of October, concerning which you may consult Dionys. Petavius his Ration. Lib. 2. p. 2. as also his book De Doc. temp. p. 2. l. 9 c. 7.  
We are informed by no other History besides the Scripture, what was done in this Interval of time; which yet at the same time speaks of things with that obscureness and brevity, that but little knowledge of those times, can be got from thence: Recourse may be had to the first six Chapters of Genesis, where after the Creation of the World, these are the principal Events to be met with.  
The Creation of Adam and Eve; their sinning and begetting Cain and Abel.  
129. 3855.  
Cain Slew his Brother Abel, when Adam and Eve had no other Sons besides them; but afterwards begat Seth; the Scripture says nothing of any Children they had of the Female Sex, save that before Adam died he begat Sons and Daughters, Gen. 5.4.  
987. 2997.  
Enoch was Translated to Heaven, without tasting of Death.  
1536. 2448.  
God forewarns the corrupted World of the Deluge by Noah an hundred and Twenty years before it came to pass.  
Here two things are observable, the long life of the Antediluvian Patriarches, and their food. They lived then many Ages, which when some Men have not been able to digest, they have said they were Monthly years, so that 1200 years before the Deluge made up no more than 100 Solar years; but how ridiculous this is, will immediately appear, by observing of the Computation; for according to their Calculation, Seth who is said to have begot Children, when he was 105 years old must have begot his first born at nine years of Age; and others, as Enoch, Cainan, and Mahalaleel must have done so much sooner. See Lanct. Diu. Inst. lib. 2. c. 12.  
As to their Food, most of the Ancient, and many of the Modern Writers have been of Opinion, that they lived only upon Fruit, and that eating of Flesh did not begin till after the Flood, which is very likely from Gen. 9.3.   

The Deluge, The Second EPOCH.  
From the Deluge, to the calling of Abraham, are 366 years, which Interval makes up  
The Second PERIOD.  
The year of the World, The year before Christ, 1656. 2328.  
GOD sent the Deluge to destroy the Corrupted Race of Mankind, from off the face of the Earth, and Noah with his Family alone escaped; whereof there remain clear Footsteps in the Ancient Monuments of the Heathens; concerning which, among others, Hugo Grotius may be consulted in his Annotations on the first Book of V R. C. as also Sam. Bochartus in his Phaleg lib. 1.  
The Memory of Noah and his Sons, Sem, Cham, and Japhet, remained among the Heathens, though obscured with divers Fables, as they have showed.  
1809. 2175.  
Then Mankind began to Build the Tower of Babel, to preserve them a Name among Posterity, and about which they might fix their Habitations, lest they should be scattered over the face of the Earth; But through Discord, they were dissipated into different Regions, and it came to pass in process of time, that the Original Language underwent various changes among a People that were so remote from one another. Of this you may see what we have writ in our Philological Comment upon Gen. 11.  
The Posterity of Sem fixed their Seats in the upper Asia; of Cham partly in Asia, and partly in Africa; and of Japhet in the lesser Asia and Europe. See Gen. c. 10. as also the forecited Bochartus.  
Soon after the first Discipation of Mankind, Nimrod the Son of Chus, who in the Chaldee is called Bar-Chus, whence the name of Bacchus amongst the Greeks, began to settle his Empire in Mesopotamia; the beginning of whose Kingdom were Babylon, Ezech, Chalne and Acchad in the Land of Sinaar, that is, Babylon; from whence he went out into Assyria, and built Nineve, Rechoboth, Chalach, and Rosen, as Moses relates, Gen. 10.10, 11. by which words is only meant, that he laid the Foundation of those Cities, which were afterwards so called; for Nineve was so named some ages after by Ninus. See Bochartus his Phaleg, Lib. 4. c. 12.  
But whether the Kingdom descended from this first King to his Posterity, is uncertain. Africanus doth indeed recite the Names of seven Chaldean Kings, and six Arabian, that Reigned in Babylon; but these are clearly different from those which some have produced out of Ctesia. The first that Africanus has, is called Evechous, but that in Ctesia is Belus; and therefore all these are to be reckoned amongst the obscure number. See Is. Vossius and Dion. Petavius.  
Kingdoms were in those times very small; and what has been usually said of that great Empire of Babylon, whose bounds were extended by Ninus the Son of Belus, who is thought to have been Nimrod, through all the greater Asia, is a mere Fable. The Earth in those days, was in a manner encumbered every where with Trees, and inhabited rather by wild Beasts than Men.  
A little after began the Egyptian Dynasties, which were in number four, the Theban, Thinitican, Memphitican and Tanitican Dynasties, whose respective Metropolitan Cities were Thebes, This, and Memphis in the Higher Egypt, and Tanis seated in that part of the Country called the Lower Egypt; but the first that seems to have possessed all Egypt was Menes, the first King in each Dynasty. He seems to have been the same with Cham, Noah's Son. Sir John Marsham has a Catalogue of his Successors. Sec. 1. and onwards, who is to be consulted with, concerning the Antiquities of Egypt.  
About these times Fohi seems to have flourished as first Emperor of China, though their Calculation exceeds that of the Hebrews, which we follow, and doth better accord with the Greek of the Septuagint, but wherein the error lies, who can tell? See Is. Vossius de Aetate Mundi.  
The Kingdom of Scicyone in the Peloponnesus, is thought to have had its beginning not long after, whereof Aegialeus was the first King, who is placed by Chronologers about these times. See Petavius.  
Arts seemed to have flourished about the end of this Period, and Architecture was now first known, because certain Pyramids of a Stupendious bigness and height are thought to have been built at this time in Egypt; but seeing the beginning of all Ancient History commences here, we have commonly no more than the Names of Kings and Patriarches, and Fables beyond.  
At this very time, Idolatry seems to have sprung up in the World, seeing before now, all Mankind worshipped one only God. And this was the Original thereof. Men knew that there were certain separate Essences, which were called Angels, besides the Supreme God, whom the Almighty sent as his Legates or Ambassadors, and if I may say so, as it were, lesser Gods, unto Men. These, Mankind at first worshipped as God's Ambassadors; as we see the Hebrews themselves held them in great Reverence. But when they once fell into that Notion, that the Supreme God committed Empires, Cities and Families to the care of these lesser ones, they grew by degrees, almost forgetful of the Supreme Deity, and shown that Reverence to those lesser Gods, that was due to him alone. Then they fell into an opinion, that the Souls of Excellent Men, after their decease, were admitted into the Order of those lesser Deities; and hence it came to pass, that Deceased Kings were worshipped, as if they had been taken into the number of the Gods. All which however did not hinder, but that that Ancient and True Opinion still Survived amongst most Nations, that there was a Supreme God, and that it was upon him alone, that the rest of the Inferior Deities had their dependence.  
Moreover, because Angels sometimes delivered Oracles in Statues, as John Spencer concerning Urim and Thummin, prettily conjectures, the Heathens erected Statues to their Gods. And it should seem afterwards to have come to pass, that when both the Worship and Manners of the Gentiles displeased the Angels of Light, because they saw many put them up in the place of the Creator, they forsook them; and the Angels of Darkness succeeded in their places, whence the Scripture says, the Heathens worshipped Devils; not that the Heathens did believe they adored Evil Spirits, which we call Devils; but because their Temples and Statues were only inhabited by Devils. But the discussion of these things require a larger Volume.   

The Calling of Abraham, The Third EPOCH.  
From Abraham's Calling, to the Law given by Moses, are 431 years, which makes up  
The Third PERIOD.  
The year of the World, The year before Christ, 2022. 1962.  
IDolatry being now grown prevalent in the World, God was pleased to make choice of some Family, from among the rest of Mankind, wherein the Knowledge and Worship of one only Supreme God might be kept up; and therefore he called Abraham one of the Posterity of Sem, out of Ur of the Chaldees, and commanded him to go into the Land of Canaan, where he made himself oftener, and more clearly known unto him by the Ministry of Angels; and especially gave him that Signal promise, that it should some time come to pass, that one of his Posterity should bring the Blessings of Heaven unto all Nations.  
A little after the coming of Abraham into the Land of Canaan, as there were several petty Kings, both on this and the other side of the Euphrates, there happened to be a War between them, as you have it in Gen. 14. where mention is made of Amraphael, King of Sinaar, or Babylon, not as King of all Asia, as is commonly thought the Kings of Babylon then were; but as the Companion of Kedorlaomer, King of Elam, who was much more Potent, as having certain Kings in the Land of Palestine, that were his Subjects. And here is an Invincible Argument for the overthrow of that opinion concerning the Kingdom of Babylon, that it extended over all Asia before Abraham's time, under Ninus and Semiramis, and Ninyas Semiramis Son; seeing Amraphael was King of Babylon at this time, and not Arius, as they would have it, who follow Ctesia, or Ninyas the Son of Ninus, as Vopiscus after Africanus, is of opinion; neither was the King of Babylon, equal in power to the King of Elam.  
There were several Kings in these times, in the Land of Palestine, among whom Abimelec and Melchisedec are mentioned, and who yet retained the knowledge of the True God.  
The Scriptures also contain the History and Birth of Ishmael, Isaac, Esau and Jacob, which may be consulted for that end.  
2046. 1938.  
Abraham was 99 years Old, when God gave him his Commandment about Circumcision, and the same year were Sodom, Gomorra, Adma and Tseboim, overthrown with Lightning, setting fire to the Sulphurous Earth, which thereupon sunk, whereunto the River Jordan and other Rivulets flowing, and mixing their Waters with the Sulphurous matter, form the Lake Asphaltites; concerning which, I have made a particular Dissertation elsewhere. This Conflagration, which Lot with his Wife and Daughters was flying from, reached his Wife, who out of Curiosity stopped, or turned her face back, and made her give up the Ghost, with the fright of such a dreadful Spectacle; for so are those words in Scripture to be understood; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and she was a Statue for ever, that is, she grew stiff, and remained like a Statue in the same place; which we have also showed in another Dissertation.  
2122. 1857.  
In Isaac's Days, Inachus founded the Kingdom of the Argives in the Peloponnesus, and had Successors, of which see Petavius. Tanaquillus Faber, a very Learned Man, after he had observed in his Notes upon the Bibliotheca of Apollodorus, That there was nothing in Greece older than the time of Inachus, says, that Inachus was of Eternal Original, which the Name of itself sufficiently discovered; for that Inachus was no other than Anach or Enach, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in old Greek; which word, as is manifest from the Writings of the Poets, signified a God or Gods. So far he. We shall not meddle with his Etymology, but give our own Opinion of it. The Phoenicians in Old Times were the first Navigators, and such as adventured to Sail to remote Countries; now the Name of the Phoenicians is derived from the Hebrew word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Anac; for the Phoenicians were as it were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bene-Anac, as Bochartus shows at large, Chan. lib. 2. c. 1. that is, the Sons of Anak or Anakims, which were famous in the Land of Palestine; and that it should be so, will appear to be no wonder, if we will allow that those who came first into Greece, were of the number of them who were called Anakims, so that the first Inhabitants of that Coast might have been called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Anakims, Anakim, Inachus; and hence it came to pass, that Gods and Kings were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, those, as it were, who were of the stock of the Anakims, being translated into the number of the Gods, or such as sprang from them, who first Reigned in Greece; as the Syrian Princes were called Hadads', the Egyptian, Pharaohs and Ptolemy's, and the Roman Caesars, from some excellent Person who was the Founder of the Empire, and bore that Name.  
2202. 1782.  
Ogyges' built Eleusine in Attica, and six and twenty years after, during his Reign in that Country, happened that which was called the Ogygian Deluge in those parts, above two Hundred years before that of Deucalion's. Perhaps this Story had its original from Noah's Flood, which in Hebrew may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Deluge of the Ocean, Mabboul Chab, from which word, it may be, the Name of Ogyges was form. So also they have confounded Noah's Deluge, with that of Deucalion, as we shall see by and by.  
2237. 1747.  
Joseph the Son of Jacob, being Sold by his Brethren, was carried into Egypt, and there, as you have it in Genesis, being raised into great Authority, he sent for his Father and his whole Family thither, and settled them in Lower Egypt, in the Land of Goshen, with the King of Egypt's leave.  
2373. 1611.  
Moses the Deliverer and Legislator of the Israelites, was born at a time when all the Male Children of the Israelites were commanded to be slain through Pharaoh's cruelty.  
Cecrops was said about this time to have gone from Egypt, and planted a Colony in Attica, where he built twelve Cities, and made Laws for Government.  
A little after happened Deucalion's Flood in Thessaly, which the Greeks confound with that wherein all Mankind Perished, as they do Deucalion with Noah. For Example, the Scripture says, that Noah was a Man of the Earth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Isch Haadamah, that is, an Husbandman, which words may also be turned 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Husband of Pyrrha or Red; for Adamah signifies Red, as well as Earth. Hence when the Phoenicians told the Greeks, that he in whose time the Deluge happened, was, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vir Rubrae, that is, of the Earth, they fancied their Deucalion to have a Wife, whose Name was Pyrrha; Deucalion also can hardly be the Name of one Man, but there are rather two words couched under this one 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 digle jon. vexilla jonum, the Banner of the jonians, whereby they meant some Troops that had escaped the Deluge. They are afterwards said to have filled desert places with Colonies, by throwing of stones which were turned into Men; because indeed their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Abanim, which word in the Phoenician Tongue, signifies both Sons and Stones, possessed themselves of those places. That this Deluge was not universal, and so that one Man and one Woman were not the only Persons that survived it, is manifested by Justin out of Trogus Pompeius, Lib. 2. c. 6. in these words; There were some escaped by flying to the tops of Mountains, or by being carried in Ships to Deucalion King of Thessaly, by whom for that reason, the Race of Mankind was said to have been repaired.  
The Phoenicians who filled Europe with their Colonies, as Bochartus excellently proves in his Canaan, did certainly about these times under the Conduct of Cadmus, arrive in great numbers in Greece, whither they brought their Religion, and a vast number of Fables, no small part whereof the same Great Man hath made manifest to arise from their own ill understood words.  
The History of Moses may be taken out of the Scripture, his Flight from Egypt, his Return, and chief Miracles have happened in this our third Period.   

The Law given by Moses, The Fourth EPOCH.  
From the Law given by Moses to the Destruction of Troy, are 347 years, which comprehends  
The Fourth PERIOD.  
The Year of the World, The Year before Christ, 2453. 1531.  
WHEN the Children of Israel had continued in the lower Egypt for 217 years, and suffered a cruel Bondage under the Kings of that part of the Country, who by the Egyptians are called Shepherds, and took away that Country from the Ancient Egyptians, they were at length after the working of divers Miracles, freed by Moses, as the Scriptures declare.  
They increased to a vast Multitude in Egypt, seeing there were six hundred thousand Men able to bear Arms, that went out of the Country, from whence we may gather that they amounted in all at least to two Millions of Souls. These passed the Red-Sea in one Night, which by the following method, might be done in the space of eight hours; let us suppose that the space of the Sea so divided to each side as it was, might contain an Army, whose front consisted of two hundred Men, that is, about two hundred paces broad; and let us suppose that the Israelites filled all that space, so that the front of the Army or Multitude, consisted of two Hundred; and lastly, let us grant that the Channel of the Red-Sea contained in breadth, the space of two hours passing over, so that 120000 Men might be contained in the Channel of the Sea so long and so broad, marching in a Body, whose front was made up of two hundred Men. Which Notion carries nothing of absurdity in it; seeing every one at least is allowed a pace square, for six thousand Paces takes in at least two hours' Journey, which if multiplied by 200, which was the breadth allowed for the dried space, this will make up 120000 paces square. Hence 'tis manifest, that the first Rank of the Army, might reach the opposite Shoar in two hours' time; and that Body which followed the six thousand Men two hours after; by which method 120000 Men might pass through that Sea in four hours. Now let us allow the other four hours for the rest of the People, and all the Children of Israel might pass over in the space of eight hours. But it is to be noted, that the Red-Sea might have been narrower, and the space from whence the waters were driven, larger; from whence it follows, that that passage through, might have been done in less time than we have assigned.  
It seems wonderful, that such a vast number of People could be contained in the lower Egypt; but the wonder will be lessened to him that considers how populous and fertile Egypt was of Old. Concerning which consult J. Vossius observ. var. c. 10. Neither could there be any danger in the Opinion, though we were to grant, that the Copyers or Transcribers might through neglect mistake in the number, so as that they are sometimes found in our Books, to be more than really they were. But of this we shall speak elsewhere. After they had passed dryshod through the Red-Sea, they lived forty years in the Deserts of Arabia, where what befell them is contained in Exodas, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. There it was more especially that they received the Law, which comprehended three sorts of Precepts. The first related to good Manners, and were common to all Mankind alike; others related to Sacred Rites; and the third were established for the Government of Civil Society.  
The Moral Precepts were approved of by all Civilised Nations, and every Wife Man; as to the Ceremonials, there are several of them taken from those of the Egyptians, which God established by a Law, because the Israelites were already used to them; those being rectified which might be faulty, concerning which you may consult the Famous J. Marsham and J. Spencera There were also many things in their Polity alike, from whence it came to pass, that the Athenian Laws agreed in many things with those of the Hebrews, as Learned Men, and especially Sam. Petyte, have observed; which last has made a Collection of them; because, that as Cecrops the first King of Athens, being an Egyptian born, brought his own Country Laws into the Country of the Athenians; so also Moses by God's Command, the Children of Israel having been used to the Laws of Egypt, commanded many Precepts out of them, though he added many particular ones: But above all others, this was peculiar to the Commonwealth of Israel; that God was the chief Magistrate therein; and that there was no name of any other Polity, could agree with it; so that a new one was to be invented, which they called a Theocracy.  
2493. 1421.  
Moses died before he got into the Land of Canaan, leaving to the Jews that Law which he had given them in the Name of God.  
2498. 1486.  
Joshua having Subdued the Land of Canaan, divided it among the twelve Tribes, and died eight years after.  
2570. 1425.  
The Argives having turned out Gelanor the last King of Inachus' Race, gave the Government to Danaus, who came from Egypt into Greece.  
2525. 1459.  
When the Children of Israel after the Death of Joshua, fell into Idolatry, they were Conquered by Cuschan, King of Mesopotamia, and paid him Tribute for eight years; but at length they were delivered by Othoniel, the first Judge after Joshua in Israel.  
2583. 1401.  
The Israelites returning again to their former sins, were subdued by Eglon King of Moab, who was Slain by Ehud their second Judge.  
Some think that Minos Reigned about this time; others will have him to have Reigned King of Crete much later; some again contend there were two of them, one more Ancient, and a famous Lawgiver, and the other co-temporary with Theseus, who also lived about the end of this our Period.  
The Kingdom of Troy was Erected and Enlarged in the lesser Asia, by Dardanus, Erichthonius, Tros, Assaracus, Laomedon, and some other Princes.  
Pelops the Phrygian, the Son of Tantalus, Reigned in Peloponnesus, and left his Name to all that Country.  
At this time the Isthmian Games were institutedh which were Celebrated in Honour of Archemorus every third year, at the Isthmus of Corinth. But some will have them to have been Consecrated to the Memory of Archemorus by Adrastus, and those Captains that went to Thebes, which happened later; perhaps these only restored them in Honour of Archemorus.  
Belus in the same Age Reigned in Assyria, and after his Death, was reputed to have been taken into the number of the Gods.  
2663. 1321.  
Jabin King of Canaan, Subdued the Israelites, but they were delivered Twenty years after by Deborah and Barak.  
2730. 1254.  
He was Succeeded by Gideon, who overthrew the Midianites without fight; this Man was otherwise called Jerubbaal, and Sanchoniathon of Berytis consulted him, when he writ his History, which he composed in the Phoenician Tongue, and which Philo-byblius translated into Greek, of which version there are some fragments still remaining. See Sam. Bocha●tus in his Canaan, lib. 2. Cap. ult. You may also consult Henry Dodwell's Dissertation concerning it, who would have Sanchoniathon to be a Supposititious Author.  
2770. 1214.  
Abimelech the Son of Gideon, after he had Slain his Seventy Brethren, Invaded the Office of Judge.  
He was Succeeded by Thola, Jair, and Jephtha, whose Deeds are recorded in the Book of Judges. We shall only observe out of the History of Jephtha, who vowed his Daughter in Sacrifice, that some Learned Men have thought the Fable of Iphigenia to have sprung from thence, whom the Greeks are said to have Slain in Aulis. Certainly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 do not much differ, about which you may consult Capellus in his Diatriba de voto Jephthae. But these belong to the following Period. Many things during the time of these Judges in Israel, worthy of Remembrance, have happened both in the East and West, which cannot be reduced to any certain year.  
Ninus the Son of Belus, Reigned in the Greater Asia in the time of Deborah; the same that built Niniveh, and extended the Empire of Assyria far and near through Asia. It was then this Empire seems to have begun to Flourish, so as that Ninus may be esteemed as it were the founder of it. The Computation of Herodotus is herein more exact; from which it appears that the Empire of the Ancient Assyrians, lasted only 500 years, especially in the upper Asia.  
After Ninus his Death, his Widow Semiramis Ruled the Empire, concerning whom as well as Ninus, you may read Justin lib. 1.  
Palaetyrus or old Tyre, was built in the Reign of Ninus, as some would have it; but others have thought it to be much older. As for Greece there were several Kings who Reigned one after another, as well in Athens as in Peloponnesus.  
In Erichthonius his Reign, who was the fourth King of the Athenians from Cecrops, were the Panathenaea or Minerva's Festival instituted; and under Erichtheus the Sixth King, were appointed the Eleusinian Sacrifices, in Eleusis a City in the Province of Athens, which were attended with very Great and Sacred Rites; and Phoemonoe was the first Priest at Delphos, that delivered Oracles in Hexameter Verse.  
Amphion Reigned in these times at Thebes, and Perseus at Mycenae.  
A little after the time of Baruck, the Theban Hercules the Son of Amphitryon and Alcmene Flourished. He was believed to have been Jupiter's Son; because in Old Times all that were Valiant, were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. e. Jupiter's Sons; even as the Hebrews called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Sons of the Strong, or of the Gods, Bene Elim. There were other Herculeses older than this, of whom as also of their whole History, we have Treated in a particular Dissertation already.  
The expedition of the Argonauts is to be referred to that Age, which seems to be mingled with Fables that arose from want of a right understanding of the words of the Phoenicians that related to them. For example, a Ship is called Argo; and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Archo in the Phoenician Tongue, signifies a Long Ship. It's said that Ship spoke; because the Phoenician word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Doberah, signifies one speaking, or the Helm. See Sam. Bochart. in his Canaan, and my Dissertation the Statue Selina.  
Atreus and Thyestes lived a little after in the Peloponnesus, who were Notorious for their mutual enmities and wickedness.  
Theseus brought twelve Towns built by Gecrops in the Land of Athens in the time of Gideon, into one City.  
Seven Captains wage War against Polynices King of Thebes, to wit, Adrastus, Eteocles, Amphiaraeus, Tydeus, Hippomedon, Capaneus, and Parthenopeus. Most of these having perished in that War, their Children called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. e. Posterity, by way of Peculiarity, were revenged upon the Thebans ten years after, whom they overthrew in a great Battle, under the Conduct of Alcmeon, Amphiaraus his Son.  
2655. 1329. 2768. 1216.  
Janus Reigned in Italy an Hundred and fifty years before the Arrival of Aeneas; and Latinus about 35 years.   

The Destruction of Troy, The Fifth EPOCH.  
There are 192 years from the Destruction of Troy, to the Building of the first Temple of Jerusalem, which makes up  
The Fifth PERIOD.  
The Year of the World, The Year before Christ. 2800. 1184.  
A War arose between the Trojans and Grecians about Paris, the Son of Priamus King of Troy, his stealing away Helen the Wife of Menelaus King of Sparta, which after Ten years' continuance, ended in the Destruction of Troy.  
We shall hereafter mingle this Epoch, taken out of profane History, with those Epoches taken from the Scripture; because there is nothing generally so Celebrated in the History of the Heathens, as this is: Jair the Gileadite, was Judge in Israel at this time.  
Ibsan, Elon, Abdon, Samson, Eli and Samuel, Succeeded him in this Period in order; whose years may be taken out of Petavius his Tables, and teir History from the Scripture.  
2832. 1182.  
Aeneas, that same year when Troy was taken, in the Autumn, Sailed into Thrace, where he wintered, and two years after while he tarried in Sicily, whither he went from Thrace, having weathered the Tyrrhene Sea, he arrived in the Summer at Laurentum, and soon after having Married Lavinia King Latinus' Daughter, he Built the City Lavinium on that Coast.  
2803. 1181.  
The Rutilians under the Conduct of Turnus, wage War against Latinus and Aeneas, wherein Latinus and Turnus were killed Aeneas Reigned three years in Italy. Petavius will supply you with the order of his Successors.  
2817. 1167.  
A few years after, the Kingdom of Sicyon, which according to the computation of some, had lasted about a Thousand years, entirely ended: To wit, the year before Jeptha took upon him to be Judge in Israel.  
2832. 1152.  
Ascanius the Son of Aeneas, Built Alba Longa, Thirty years after the Building of Lavinium.  
2881. 1103.  
The Heraclidae under the Conduct of Temenus, Cresphon and Aristodemus, fixed their Habitations in Peloponnesus, in the time of Sampson's Judging Israel.  
Next year began the Kingdom of Corinth, as also of the Lacedæmonians, which was continued by the two Families of Erysthenides and Proclides, descendants from Hercules. Here the Epoch is fixed of the Return of the Heraclidae, which is much celebrated among the Greek Writers. They were said to have returned at that time into Peloponnesus, because they had endeavoured though in vain, an Hundred years before to invade that Country.  
2189. 1095.  
That return of theirs happened to be when Eli was Judge in Israel, who being Succeeded by Samuel, the Children of Israel in his time despising the Authority of the Judges, would have a King set over them, and so Saul of the Tribe of Benjamin was Elected.  
In his time Codrus the last King of Athens, Sacrificed his Life for the safety of his People; whose Sons Medon and Nileus contending for the Kingdom, the Athenians took the opportunity to abolish the Royal power, and made choice of Archons, whose Office was to be perpetual, but they were to give an account to the People of the Administration, and Medon Codrus' Son, was the first that bore that Office.  
2913. 1071.  
In these times the Greeks that were the Posterity of the 
* Heb. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Which may be read jon or Javan.  Javans or jonians, sent Colonies into Asia, from whence they came, wherefore the Javanian Athenians, and their Posterity the 
† Heb. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bene Eol, the Sons of a Storm, or such as in a Storm came from Asia into Greece.  Aeolians contended, that Asia Minor was first planted with their Colonies, whereas they ought to have acknowledged, that they themselves were descended from thence, but that afterwards they stocked the Country with new Colonies that was till than but ill Peopled. They were the People that Built Cuma and Smyrna.  
2929. 1055.  
David Reigned after Saul, being descended of the Tribe of Judah, and was at first a Shepherd, afterwards both King and Prophet.  
2969. 1015.  
Solomon succeeded David, as famous in the Art of Peace, as his Father excelled for his Knowledge in Military Affairs, and he built a Temple unto God.   

The Building of the Temple of Jerusalem, The Sixth EPOCH.  
From the Building of the Temple of Jerusalem, to the first Olympiad, are computed 216 years, which makes  
The Sixth PERIOD.  
2992. 992.  
SOlomon built a Temple unto God, which his Father David who was desirous to set upon that work, was forbid to do, and finished the same in the 23d. year of his Reign; Herein was the Ark of the Covenant laid up, which before was wont to be kept in Moses his Tabernacle.  
The Scripture informs us that this King was adorned with all accomplishments, both of Body and Mind; but that towards the end of his Life, he had not been able to withstand the Temptations of Women; so that he fell unto base Idolatry, for the love of his Wives and Concubines, whereof he had very many.  
In his time, the Kings of Tyre were very potent, and Hiram then Reigning, made a League with Solomon. See Marsham ad Saec. 14.  
Hadarezer or his Son Reigned in Syria, as appears from 2 Sam. 10. and from that time forward, the Kings of Syria seem to have been very powerful to the time of Nabopolassar, who brought Syria as well as Judaea, under the Subjection of the Assyrian Empire. See 1 Kings 20.2. and 2 Kings 8, 9, 12. Petavius thinks Homer lived at this time, which was not two Hundred years after the Destruction of Troy. See his Book De Doct. Temp. 9 c. 30. Some make him an Hundred years later at least. Hesiod was cotemporary with him, or at least but a little later, but if you will believe the Authority of Arundel's Marble, a little older. See Marsham ad Saec. 15.  
3009. 975.  
Solomon was Succeeded by his Son Rehoboam, who for want of Management, lost the Sovereignty over the Ten Tribes, and continued only to Reign over Judah and Benjamin.  
Jeroboam the Son of Nebat, possessed himself of the other ten Tribes, and made them Golden Calves to Worship, as you have it in the first Book of Kings.  
Hence the Posterity of Jacob came to be divided into the Kingdom of Judah, and the Kingdom of Israel, which for some Ages after without interruption, had different Kings, whose names and years you may take out of Petavius his Tables.  
In Rehoboam's time lived Sesac or Sesostris, the most Potent King of Egypt, who took Jerusalem, and having united the four Dynasties of Egypt into one Kingdom, made a Conquest of a great part of Asia. See Marsham ad Saec. 14, 15.  
3026. 958.  
Abijah, Rehoboam's Son, Succeeded his Father in the Kingdom of Judah, and set upon Jeroboam with four Hundred thousand Men, who had double the number, and overcame him: Neither should this be looked upon as a wonder, that so many Soldiers should be found in so small a Country; for in those days there were no standing Troops, but all the Men, except such as were Aged, Children and the Sick, went upon the Expedition.  
3098. 886.  
In the Seventeenth year of Pygmaleon King of Tyre, when two Kings of the same Name, for both were called Joram, Reigned in Judah and Israel, Dido left Tyre, and built Carthage, whence 'tis manifest that Virgil in making Aeneas and Dido to be cotemporaries, has been guilty of a great Anachronism. See Sam. Bochart. in his Canaan L. I. c. 24. who says that Carthage was called Carthada in the Phoenician Tongue, that is, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cartha-hadath or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cartha-hadthah a new City, and that the Tower was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Botsrah, from which word being pronounced by the Greeks, Byrsa, arose the Fable of the Oxhide, being cut into small thongs; for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is an Oxhide, whereas the Hebrew word signifies a Fortress.  
3100. 884.  
When Ahaziah King of Judah was dead, and that his Mother Athaliah having destroyed all the Seed Royal, obtained the Kingdom by Tyranny, Lycurgus the Famous Lacedaemonian Lawgiver flourished in Greece, whose Laws are extant in his Life, writ by Plutarch. This was the greatest fault in his Polity, that it was altogether Military, as if a Commonwealth was less founded upon the Arts of Peace, than upon Military Virtues, and the next to it was, that all the Infants who were born with any imperfections, and the Hilotae or Husbandmen, lest they should grow too numerous, were put to death.  
3108. 876.  
Petavius and others confine to this year, the end of the Babylonian Empire, Sardanapalus being Slain by Arbaces Governor of the Medes, whom they reckon to have been the last King, as if no body had been advanced to his place, and that the Empire of the Medes had Succeeded that of Babylon, which we have confuted in our Com. Philolog. ad cap. 10. Gen.  
Arbaces the Mede, having shaken off the Babylonish yoke, set his Countrymen at liberty, which they retained for about fifty years, until they chose Dejoces for their King, as Herodotus says, Lib. 1.  
3142. 842.  
In the Reign of Joash King of Judah, and of Jehoahaz King of Israel, Hazael who slew his Master Benhadad King of Syria, and invaded his Throne, was very troublesome to Judah and Israel both; neither did his Son Benhadad carry it any otherwise towards the Hebrews, but he was overcome by the King of Israel, 2 Kings 13.25.  
3160. 824.  
In these times lived Elisha the Prophet, Elijah's Successor; and not long after the Prophet Jonah, who foretold Jeroboam King of Israel, he should be victorious over the Syrians, 2 Kings 14.25. What year it was he went to the Ninivites, is not known; but there is no doubt but it was before the Destructiof that City, which was Prophesied by the Prophet Nabum, and which seems to have happened in the Reign of Nebuchodonosor King of Babylon, and of Cyaxanis over the Medes. See Petavius his Book, de Doct. Temp. lib. 10. c. 3.  
3170. 814.  
The Kingdom of Macedon was founded this year, Jeroboam II. being King of Israel, as Joash was of Judah. Caranus the Argive of the Heraclidan Race, as being the Eleventh in course of Descent from Hercules, taking a band of Men along with him out of the Peloponnesus, began to Reign in Macedon. You may be supplied with his Successors to the time of Philip out of Petavius.   

The First Olympiad, The Seventh EPOCH.  
From the first Olympiad, to the return of the Jews out of the Babylonish Captivity, were 239 years, which makes up  
The Seventh PERIOD.  
The year of the World The year before Christ. The Olympiads. 3208. 776. Olym. 1. Year 1.  
IN the time of Azariah King of Judah, the Olympic Games instituted of old by Hercules, were restored by Iphitus. They were celebrated every fourth year, and lasted for five days. The usual time for them, was in the Month of July, and the City Olympia in Elis, was the place where they were held, which as it stood in the Neighbourhood of Pisa was sometimes confounded with it. These Games were chief made up of five sorts of exercises, viz. of Leaping, Running, Quoiting, Darting and Wrestling; and he that was conqueror at all these, was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and by the Latins Quinquertio But after the Greeks had begun to breed Horses, Horse-races were also admitted among rest either with a single Horse, or with Chariots drawn with two Horses, or with four. The Arts of Music, Poetry, Eloquence, etc. were afterward introduced into the number.  
As these Games returned every fourth year, the space of four years was called an Olympiad, and from thence it was the Greeks began to reckon their years by Olympiads, and hence whatever has any truth or certainty therein, in respect to their Chronology, dates its original. There was nothing that could be relied on before, as to their years. Whence M. Varro, who divided the Age of the World into three Periods, that is, to an uncertain, fabulous and historical one, did begin this last from hence: hereof you may consult Sir John Marsham De Chronologia Graecorum ad Saecul. 16.  
3213. 771. II. 2.  
At this time Phul King of Assyria, was troublesome to the Children of Israel; and it was now that Ninive seems to have been rebuilt, which is said to have been destroyed before by Arbaces the Mede.  
About these very times, the Greeks lead Colonies into Sicily, the most considerable of which was that conducted by Archias of Corinth, who built the City of Syracuse.  
Hosea Prophesied also then, who sometime after was followed by Esaias, or rather was cotemporary with him in respect to Age and Prophesying.  
In this Age, to wit, in the fourth year of the fifth Olympiad, the Archons which till now had continued in Office for life, were at Athens made to hold but for ten years; and the first of them was Alcmaeon.  
After the Reign of fourteen Kings in Italy, from the time of Aeneas, Romulus, Numitor's Grandson, set up a new Kingdom, of which Rome was the Metropolis, whose Foundations are thought to have been laid about the end of the third year of the sixth Olympiad, whence from the following year, that way of reckoning from the building of the City, dates its beginning.  
Year of World. Before Christ. Olymp. Building of the City. 3231. 753. VI iv. 1.  
Romulus' first King of the Romans, Reigned thirty eight years, and the year following, the Conquerors at the Olympic Games began to be crowned, whereas they had before no other reward, save that their Names were Registered among the public Records. Those Crowns were made of Pine, Apple, Olive-Trees, etc.  
3237. 747. VIII. two. 7.  
While Phul and Tiglath-Phalasar his Successor Reigned in Assyria, and fixed their Royal residency in the City of Ninive, Nabonassar began his Reign in Babylon, whence the most celebrated Aera of Nabonassar, took its beginning among the Chaldeans. This Person seems to have restored the Babylonish Empire which was fallen, and to be the same with him who was called Baladan, whose Son was Merodac, 2 Kings 20.12. See Petavius Lib. 9 c. 52. De Doct. temp.  
The Sabines having by a certain Stratagem, possessed themselves of the Rock Tarpeia, were troublesome to the Romans; and both Parties being ready to decide the difference by a Battle, they were by the intervention of the Roman Matrons made friends, so as that they coalesced both into one People; and Tatius, and Romulus Reigned jointly together.  
3241. 743. IX. two. II.  
The Messenian War between the Messenians and Lacedæmonians began this year, and lasted for twenty years, till the Messenians were utterly overthrown, Aristodemus a brave Man, being General of the Messenian Forces. Pausanias and Justin may be consulted hereupon.  
3258. 743. XIII. iii. 28.  
In the time of Hezekiah King of Judah, the Lacedæmonians were overthrown in a great Battle by Aristodemus, who to propagate an offspring, prostituted their Wives; from whence sprang the Parthenians, who thirty years after under the Conduct of Philantus the Son of Aracus, who was the Author of the prostitution of the Women, going to seek out new Habitations, possessed themselves of Tarentum in Italy. See Justin L. 3.  
3263. 721. XIV. iv. 33.  
Salmanassar who Succeeded Tiglath Phalasar in the Kingdom of Assyria this year, which was the last of Hezekiah's Reign, after he had taken Samaria and Hosheah, King of Israel, carried the ten Tribes Captive into Assyria and Media, and Transplanted into their room other Nations given to Idolatry, the History whereof may be read, 2 Kings 17. and from them sprang those People who were afterward called Samaritans, who received the Law of Moses; and of the Books of Scripture allowed the Pentateuch only to be Canonical; and they have the same to this day, written in the old Hebrew Characters ' which the Jews have changed for the Chaldee one's.  
3269. 715. XVI. two. 39  
Romulus, as we have already said, the first King of the Romans, and cotemporary with Hezekiah, while he mustered the Army in the Marshes of Caprea, upon the sudden rising of a Tempest, was never seen more. Some would have it, that he was killed by the Senate, and that afterward to avoid the scandal of it, he was taken into the number of the Gods; as if Mars had snatched him up into Heaven. See Dionysius Halicarnas. Lib. 1.  
About this time Sennacherib King of Assyria, entered with an Army into Judaea, as is set forth, 2 Kings 19  
But in the lesser Asia, that Gyges, who was so famous for his Wealth, Governed, being the first King of Lydia of the Mnermnadan Race after four others descended from Hercules, of whom the last, whose name was Candaules, he with the Queen's assistance, cut off.  
3270. 714. XVI. iii. 40.  
Numa Pompilius Succeeded Romulus in the Kingdom of Rome, who improved the City by Religious Ceremonies, and Civil Laws, and Reigned three and forty years.  
Next year Merodac King of Babylon, while Assaraddon, Sennacherib's Son, ruled in Assyria, sent Ambassadors to Hezekiah, as we read, 2 Kings c. 20. Assaraddon is thought to have invaded the Kingdom of Babylon, which opinion is grounded upon this Argument, in that there is no further distinction made after that in Scripture, between the Kings of Babylon and Assyria.  
3286. 698. XX. iii. 56.  
Wicked Manasses Succeeded his Father Hezekiah, who eight years after, being carried captive into Babylon, upon his repentance, was restored again, and Reigned in all 55 years.  
In his time the Medes, under the conduct of Arbaces, shook off the yoke of the Kings of Babylon, and constituted Dejoces, who was a Man eminent for Justice and Equity, to be their King, by whom was built the famous City of Ecbatana, concerning whose name and largeness, you may consult Bochartus in his Phaleg, l. 3. c. 14.  
3297. 687. XXIII. two. 67.  
From this time forwards the Archons at Athens were chosen annually, and the first of them was Creon.  
The Messenians, the nineteenth year after the first War which they had waged with the Lacedæmonians, revolted from them, under the leading of Aristomenes, who for the space of fourteen years, valiantly defended them. But at last the Lacedæmonians after ten years' Siege, took Messina and put an end to the War. And the remainder of the Messenians, upon the overthrow of their Country, Sailed into Sicily, where they possessed themselves of Zancle, which they called Messin●….  
3313. 671. XXVII. two. 83.  
The year before the Messenians Sailed thither, Tullus Hostilius Succeeded Numa Pompilius, and Reigned three and twenty years.  
Egypt, from the time of Sesostris King of that Country, who, we have told you, was cotemporary with Rehoboam, was molested with intestine troubles, and divided into parts among divers Princes, until again in this Age, it was brought under the obedience of Psammetichus alone, concerning which, see Sir John Marsham ad Saec. 16.  
3326. 658. XXX. i. 96.  
Cypselus began to act the Tyrant at Corinth, and held it for thirty years, having expelled the Bacchiades, who hitherto had had the chief management of the Public; whence it came to pass, that Demaratus the Corinthian Sailed into Italy, for fear of that Tyrannical Government, and fixed himself at Tarquinij, a City of Etruria.  
3341. 643. XXXI. two. 111.  
Manasses King of Judah, was Succeeded by his Son Amon, who after he had Reigned two years, left Josiah to Succeed him, who was a pious and good King.  
3345. 639. XXX. two. 115.  
Ancus Martius the fourth King of Rome, began his Reign now, which he continued for four and twenty years.  
Then Solon was born, the Lawgiver of Athens, and the year before Thales Milesius, both which were of the number of those seven famous Wisemen of Greece. The names of the other five who were equal to these two, were these, Periander the Corinthian; Pittacus a Mitylenian; Bias of Priene, Chilon the Lacedaemonian, and Cleobulus the Lindian. Of these see the Book writ by Ausonius, entitled Ludus Septem Sapientum.  
A few years after, Phraortes the Son of Dejoces King of the Medes, having laid Siege to Ninive, perished with the greatest part of his Army; but Cyaxares his Son, who Succeeded him in the time of King Josiah, going about to Revenge his Father's Death, renewed the Siege of the said City; the Father or Grandfather of Nebuchodonozor being then King of Babylon. While Cyaxares was engaged in that Siege, the Scythians, under the Conduct of Madye, making an Eruption out of Scythia, overpowered him, and so roving through all that part of Asia, which is more to the South, held it under their power for eight and twenty years.  
3359. 625. XXXVIII. vi. 129.  
This year, according as Dionys. Petavius conjectures, Nabopolassar, Nebuchodonozor's Father, began his Reign in Babylon, and as Berosus says, who writ his Annals of the Chaldaeans in Alexander's time, he appointed a Lieutenant under him over Egypt, Phoenicia and Syria, whom afterward Rebelling against him, he reduced by his Son Nebuchodonozor unto obedience.  
3361. 623. XXXIX. iv. 131.  
Draco corrects the Laws of Athens, and made such severe ones, that they were said 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to be writ not with Ink, but with Blood.  
3370. 614. XLI. iii. 140.  
This year Tarqvinius Priscus the fifth King of Rome began his Reign, and continued it for 28 years. He was Son to Demaratus the Corinthian, who before being named Lucius at Lucumum, was upon his living at Tarquinij called Tarqvinius.  
3374. 610. XLII. iii. 144.  
After Josiah was overthrown and killed by Necho King of Egypt, he was Succeeded by Jehoahaz his Son, who Reigned only three Months, for being carried into Egypt, Nechoh put Jehoiakim into his room, who Reigned eleven years.  
3376. 608. XLIII. i. 146.  
Nabopolassar sent his Son Nebuchodonozor this year into Syria, that he might bring the King's Lieutenant that had Rebelled against him, to his duty; which when he had effected, he over-ran Judaea, took Jerusalem, imposed a Tribute upon King Jehoiakim, and carried away some of the People into captivity, among whom was Daniel the Prophet. Having returned from thence to Babylon, he Succeeded his Father in the Kingdom, and from hence they compute the beginning of the seventy years, which Jeremiah speaks of c. 30.  
The Scythian Nomads, a few years after, when they had held Asia for 28 years, being feasted by Cyaxares, being made drunk with Wine and fallen fast a sleep, were utterly cut off by him.  
3385. 599. XLV. two. 155.  
This year Nebuchodonozor dispossessed Jehoiakim, who Rebelled against him, of his Kingdom, and put his Son Jehoiachin in his stead, who did not Reign above three Months and some days, for he Rebelling also, he was besieged in Jerusalem by an Army from Babylon, to whom he Surrendered himself, and was carried thither. This was the second Captivity wherein Ezekiel, Mordecai, and Josedek the Highpriest were carried away.  
Then Nebuchadnezer made Mattaniah his Uncle King, in stead of Jehoiakin, and called him Zedekiah, who was the last King of Judah, and Reigned eleven years.  
In these times flourished Epimenides and Anaximander the Philosophers, Aleman and Alcaeus the Poets, and Sappho the Poetess; and from this Age forwards, Greece abounded with such Wits.  
3390. 594. XLVI. iii. 160.  
Solon not long after being Praetor in Athens, corrected Draco's Laws, which were too severe, as Platarch Relates in Solon's Life.  
The same year Astyages the last King of the Medes, Succeeded his Father Cyaxares, Nebuchadnezer being then King of Babylon, who three years after took Jerusalem, and put out Zedechiah's Eyes, after he had Slain his Children before his face, and saving a few poor People, led all the Jews into Captivity.  
He also not long after according to Ezechiel's Prophecy, c. 26. and so on, took Tyre after a long Siege, and leveled it with the ground; which must be understood of Palaetyrus, that stood upon the Continent, not of the new City that was built in the Island, and which was now first built. For when the Tyrians saw that they were no longer a match to the Chaldaeans, they carried every thing that was valuable, with their Wives and Children into the Neighbouring Island, leaving the old City to the Chaldaean Army, and built a new one, in that Island. See Sir John Marsham, ad Saec. 18.  
After Nebuchadnezer had subdued the remainder of Judaea and Palestine, he Conquered the Ammonites and Moabites, and the Egyptians soon after also.  
3397. 587. XLVIII. two. 167.  
Now the Amphyctions, that is, Senators chosen out of all Greece, who sat at Delphos about the management of the public concerns of that Country, appointed the Pythian Games to be celebrated every fourth year, as well as the Olympic one's, in honour of Apollo.  
3407. 577. L. iv. 177.  
Servius Tullius the sixth King of Rome Reigned 41 years, who was of so obscure an extract, that his Parents were not known; whence Seneca in his CVIII. Epistle says, This shows, that there were two Kings of Rome, one of which hath no Father, and the other no Mother. For who Servius' Mother was is doubtful, and as for Ancus, he had no Father, he being called Numa's Grandson; which words are worth noting, because they are a clear illustration of those words of the Author to the Hebrews, where Melchisedec is said to be without Father, and without Mother.  
Next year Nebuchadnezer having made Amasis' Governor of Egypt, he slew King Apries, whom Jeremy calls Vaphree, and after he had for some years Ruled Egypt, in the name of the King of Babylon, he shook off his yoke.  
At the same time the Nemaean Games were first celebrated by the Argives; and than it was that Aesop the Phrygian, and Author of the Fables flourished among the Greeks.  
3420. 564. LVI. i. 190.  
Evilmerodac Succeeded Nebuchadnezer his Father, and Reigned three years. Neriglissor Son in Law to Nebuchadnezer having Slain him, substituted his own Son in his room, and as his Guardian managed the Government for five years, whom therefore, Daniel the Prophet attributes to Baltassar, for so was his Son called.  
About these times, Pisistratus first played the Tyrant at Athens, who being afterwards twice ejected, recovered his power as often within the space of sixteen years.  
Then also Astyages the last King of the Medes, according to Justin and others, was divested of his Rule by his Grandson Cyrus; but according to others, whose opinion, as being grounded upon Xenophon's Authority, we the more readily favour; He died when Neriglissor King of Babylon made War upon him, and left Cyaxares II. to Succeed him, who made Cyrus the Son of his Sister Mandanes, the Daughter of Astyages, and of Cambyses King of Persia, who paid Tribute to the Medes, absolute Commander of his forces; though we cannot deny but Marsham reconciles these two opinions in this manner, when besides the Kingdom of the Medes, whose capital City was Ecbatana, he makes another of the Medes and Persians.  
For he thinks that Cyaxares the first King of the Medes, whom he supposes to have been Assuerus, delivered the Persians, whom his Father Phraortes had Conquered, to his Son Darius to be governed by him as their King. Whom Daniel c. 9.1. calls, as he conjectures, Darius the Son of Assuerus, of the Seed of the Medes. And Cyaxares I. had Astyages for his Successor in the Kingdom of the Medes, Dispossessed by Cyrus; but Darius who was also called Astyages, the Grandfather of Cyrus, had Cyaxares for his Successor. See Marsham ad Saec. 18. But there are many things that do occasion me to descent from him, though otherwise it must be confessed; that there can be nothing almost besides conjectures in this business.  
3426. 558. LV. iii. 196.  
Croesus' last King of Lydia, Reigned sixteen years, his Father being still alive, as Petavius supposes.  
The Poets Ibycus, Simonides and Stesichorus, as also the Philosopher Anaximenes flourished at this time.  
3429. 555. LVI. two. 199.  
After the Death of Neriglissor, Baltassar his Son Reigned alone nine Months, at the end whereof he was Slain by Nabonides' faction, or as Petavius thinks by that of Darius the Mede, and Nabonides or Darius the Mede succeeded him.  
In this Age lived Xenophanes of Colophon the Philosopher; and Theognis the Poet, Surnamed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, now flourished.  
Phalaris the Tyrant of Agrigentum flourished then also; one Perillus is said to have made him a brazen bull hollow within, wherein he shut up Men alive, and putting fire under it, made their crying to seem like the bellowing of a Bull. But the first on whom the experiment was tried, was Perillus himself, of whom Ovid in his first Book de Arte Amandi, after he had said that Busiris slew the Man who first taught him to pacify the Gods with the blood of his Guests, speaks thus. 
Et Phalaris tauro violenti membra Perilli  
Torruit, infelix imbuit auctor opus.  
Justus uterque fuit: neque enim Lex aequior ulla est,  
Quàm necis artifices arte perire suá.   
3440. 544. LIX. i. 210.  
Croesus' King of Lydia, marched against the Persians, or the Army of the Medes and Persians, commanded by Cyrus the Persian, and while he hoped to return home Conqueror, he was deluded by the Ambiguous answer of the Oracle. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉:  
For having passed over the River Haly, he was overcome by Cyrus, and upon the taking of Sardis, was made a Prisoner, and carried into Captivity, leaving all Asia unto Cyrus.  
A little after flourished Anaximander the Milesian, who foundout the obliquity of the Zodiac, and Pherecydes of Scyros, (not the Syrian, for he was not of Syria, but of the Isle of Scyros) who was Pythagoras his Master, who not long after were followed by Hipponax and Hippicus the Poets.  
In these times lived Consucius, in the furthermost parts of Asia, among the Chinese, who was an excellent Philosopher. Of whom see Mart. Martinius in his History of China, lib. 4. and Philip Coupletius in his Proem to Confucius.  
Not long after Croesus his overthrow, when Harpagus in Cyrus' Name, governed the lesser Asia; the Phocaeans being weary of his Rule, left Asia, and Sailed into Gaul, where they fixed their Seats about a place where now Marseilles stands, and built that City.  
3446. 538. LX. v. 216.  
This year Cyrus having subdued the King of Babylon's Confederates, marched to Babylon itself, which he took; and for his Reward, his Uncle Cyaxares, who died soon after, bestowed his only Daughter Mandanes upon him; whom when he had married, he was made Heir to all Cyaxares his Kingdom, and gave a beginning to the Persian Monarchy, which had not any equal to it before.  
Daniel the Prophet lived to this time, who was carried captive into Babylon by Nebuchadnezer, to whom under Nabonidus or Darius the Mede, the last King of Babylon, the Prophecy of the Seventy weeks was Revealed, upon the elapsing of which, the Messiah was to come, as we shall see hereafter.   

The Return of the Jews, The Eighth EPOCH.  
From the Return of the Jews out of the Babylonish Captivity, to the Subduing of Carthage, are 336 years, which makes up the  
Eighth PERIOD.  
Year of the W. Year before Christ Olymp. of the Building of Rome. 3446. 538. LX. v. 216.  
THE same year wherein Cyrus began his Reign, upon the taking of Babylon, he put forth a Decree, wherein the Jews who were held in Captivity by the Kings of Babylon, were ordered to Rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem; in obedience to which, they returned in great numbers into their own Country, under the Conduct of Zorobabel, together with Josua the Son of Josedec the High Priest.  
Two years after they laid the Foundations of the Temple, and erected an Altar; But the Samaritans their Neighbours, who also worshipped the God of Israel, while they pretended a readiness of themselves to assist the Jews in the work, and were refused by the Jews, they endeavoured by their Calumnies, to induce the King of Persia to put a stop to the further carrying on of the building, Esd. 4.  
In these times Simenides of Ceos, Anacreon of Samos Lyric Poets, and Xenophanes the natural Philosopher and Poet, flourished amongst the Greeks.  
3451. 533. LXI. iv. 221.  
This year Tarqvinius Superbus the last King of the Romans, having Slain his Father in Law began his Reign, which continued for four and twenty years.  
Five years after, Cyrus wageth War with the Scythians, if you believe Justin and Herodotus, and was slain by Thomyris Queen of Scythia: But Ctesias says, that he was wounded in a Battle he fought against the Derbices, and died three days after, having first given many good Precepts to his Sons Cambyses and Tanyoxares. But Zenophon clearly describes him dying pleasantly in a good old Age, after he had Reigned thirty years.  
He was Succeeded by Cambyses, II. King of Persia, who Reigned seven years and five Months, Cambyses upon the Death of Amasis' King of Egypt, and his being Succeeded by Psammenitus in that Kingdom, invaded it; where after he had done many cruel Acts, and in the mean time commanded his Brother in Persia to be put to Death, he at last ran mad, and not long after was wounded and died.  
After his Death a certain Magician called Smerdis, very much resembling Tanyoxares both in body and face, took upon him to be the same Person, and Reigned seven Months. Petavius thinks this Man to have been Artaxerxes, whom Esdras makes to Succeed Ahasuerus, c. 9.7. See his Book de Doct. temp. lib. 12.27.  
About these times Polycrates the Tyrant of Samos, was crucified by Oron Governor of Sardis, who took him by a stratagem, after he held the Tyrannic power for eleven years with great Success.  
3436. 521. LXIV. iii. 233.  
After the counterfeit Tanyoxares had hid himself seven Months, he was at last taken, and destroyed by the Seven Peers of Persia, who conspired against him, and one of their number, viz. Darius the Son of Hystaspis, was made choice of in his room.  
In the Second year of his Reign, the Jews begged leave to finish the begun work, and at length after sixteen years, began to build again, notwithstanding all the efforts of the Samaritans to obstruct them, who were always very obnoxious to the Jews. The Temple was entirely finished within the compass of six years, and a little after the Passover was kept at Jerusalem, Esd. 6.  
A few years before, to wit, in the fourth of Cambyses his Reign, before the Birth of our Saviour 527, upon the Death of Pisistratus Tyrant of Athens, Hippias Succeeded, who was his Eldest Son, and held the Government for eighteen years. Hipparchus a very Learned Man, was his Brother, who is said to have compiled the Rhapsodies of Homer into one Volume, which were before in several scattered pieces. This Man seeing he maintained the Tyranny of his Brother, was Slain by Harmodius and Aristogiton, who though they were themselves killed in the midst of the Guards; yet this did so incense the Athenians, that they Divested Hippias of the Government, who strove now to maintain it in vain, and so put an end to Pisistratus his Tyranny.  
3472. 512. LXVIII. two. 242.  
Not long after, the Province of Babylon Revolted from King Darius, which however after a long Siege of the City of Babylon, he recovered by the cunning of Zopyrus.  
While these things were doing in Greece and Asia, Tarqvinius Superbus the last King of Rome, was expelled from thence, because that his Son Sextus Tarqvinius Ravished Lucretia, and immediately thereupon the Kingly Authority was Abrogated, and two Consuls created in the place of the Kings; The first that executed that Office, were L. Junius Brutus, and L. Tarqvinius Collatinus, which last was by P. Valerius who succeeded him, forced to lay down because of his invidious Name; as not long after M. Horatius succeeded Brutus, who was Slain in Battle, a Catalogue of the Consuls that succeeded, you have in Petavius.  
About these times, Pythagoras of Samos flying both from Samos and the Rulers of it, for fear of the Tyranny exercised there, went an exile into Italy. Syloson, Polycrates' Brother, was then Tyrant of Samos; Hence 'tis manifest, that Ovid who makes Pythagoras to be Numa Pompilius his Tutor, is guilty of a gross Anachronism.  
Next year after the Creation of Confuls at Rome, M. Valerius Poplicola, in his second Consulship, Triumphed for his Conquering Tarqvinius and the Etrurians, whom he excited to make War upon the Romans. But his Victories rendering him afterwards suspected by the People, he made a Law, whereby a Citizen that was called into question for his life, might Appeal from the Consuls and the Senate to the People. In the mean time the Family of the Tarquins making it their constant business, to seek for aid among the Neighbouring Nations against the Romans, stirred up Porsenna King of Etruria, to make War upon them; in which War the Romans did great exploits; and amongst others, M. Horatius Cocles, Mutius Scaevola, and Cloelia Virgo, very much signalised themselves, by whose Valour more especially, Porsenna was brought to raise the Siege of Rome, which he had invested, and to grant a Peace to the Romans. A little after the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was Consecrated by M. Horatius.  
At that time Darius being to make War upon the Scythians, made a Bridge over the Thracian Bosphorus, and then over the Danube; from whence passing over into Scythia, after he had lost a great part of his Army, he returned into Asia, leaving Megabazus to subdue Europe, with Eight hundred thousand Men, as being persuaded thereto by Hippias the Tyrant of Athens, who by the assistance of the Persian Forces, thought to reassume his lost power. Megabazus Conquered Thrace and Macedon for the King of Persia, as also the jonians, but having been overthrown by the Athemians upon several occasions, Darius was so incensed at it, that he resolved to make War upon Greece.  
In these times flourished Heraclitus the Ephesian, and Democritus of Abderis, both famous Philosophers.  
The Romans won many Victories over the Sabines and Vejentians, they brought also the Latins, who made a bustle and stir against them, after various overthrows, wherein the Romans still worsted them, to renew their Alliance with them, to whom they added the Volsci and Aequi, who also gave them trouble.  
3491. 493. LXXI. iv. 261.  
But the Romans themselves could scarce be at Peace at home; for the Commonalty, finding they were oppressed with the extortions of the Nobility, passed over the Anien, to the Hill called Mons Sacer, as if they designed to erect another Republic without any Nobility; but they were brought back to Rome, by the Speech and Dexterous Management of Menenius Agrippa. There it was that three Tribunes of the People were first created, by a Law which they called the Holy Law, to whose number two more were afterwards added, who were to defend the Privileges of the Commonalty against the Nobles: The Power of these Magistrates was esteemed most Sacred, and no Law could be enacted without one of them were present.  
While these wranglings were at Rome, Darius made open War upon Greece, and Mardonius his Son in Law was the first that expelled their respective Tyrants out of the Cities of jonia, and reduced Thrace and Macedon again, which had shaken off the Persian yoke under its obedience.  
3492. 490. LXXII. iii. 264.  
At length when he had entered Greece, he engaged at Marathon, a City of Attica, with the Athenians and Plataeensians, who under the Conduct of Miltiades, whose number did not exceed ten thousand Men, overthrew three hundred thousand of these Barbarians; Dariuses soon after, as he was preparing for a new expedition, died.  
At this time flourished Aeschylus the Athenian a Tragic Poet, and Sophocles his Countryman was now born, who excelled him in the same sort of Poetry. Now the Athenians by the advice of Themistocles, built the Pyraeum; and Gelo became Tyrant of Syracuse.  
C. Marcius Coriolanus being Banished from Rome, excited the Volsci to make War upon this Country, and being made their General, he besieged Rome, whose Siege when he could have taken it, he raised, at his Mother's tears and entreaties.  
3498. 486. LXXIII. iii. 268.  
Sp. Cassius, in his third Consulship, was the first Author of the Agrarian Law, which was made about dividing the Land of the Hernici, whom the Romans and Latins had Conquered; but next year the same Cassius, as affecting Tyranny, was thrown down headlong over the Rock Tarpeia, and so perished.  
3500. 484. LXXIV. i. 270.  
While the Romans waged War with the Vosci, Vejentians and Aequi, their Neighbour Nations, Xerxes, fourth King of Persia succeeded Darius, and Reigned twenty years; in the fourth of his Reign, he made War upon Greece, whither he Transported his Land Forces, consisting of eight hundred thousand Men, over a Bridge made cross the Hellespont. His Navy consisted of above twelve hundred Ships; But he was first beaten by the Athenians, more especially under the Conduct of Themistocles, in a Naval fight at Salamis; and three hundred Spartans' under the leading of Leonidas, durst with wonderful boldness oppose his Land-forces at the straits of Thermopylae, where valiantly fight, they were every man of them Slain. But that vast Army was next year utterly overthrown at Plataea, a City of Boeotia, Mardonius being General of the Persians, as Pausanias and Aristides were of the Grecians.  
In these times flourished Pindar the Poet, and Anaxagoras the Philosopher.  
3057. 477. LXXV. iv. 277.  
Caeso Fabius, who with the single Family of the Fabiuses, to the number of three hundred and six of ripe years, and four thousand Vassals, made War against the Vejentians, was overthrown by them at the River Cremera, and the whole Army destroyed, of which Ovid in his Fastorum says. 
Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes,  
Ad Bellum missos perdidit una dies.  
One day the Fabiuses all  
One day the Fabian Race made all extinct.   
But that many things are false herein, as that amongst such a number of Men grown, there was one under Age, is shown by Dionys. Halicarnasseus, and the matter is handled at large by Jac. Perizonius, in his Observe. c. 5.  
At this time Sicily was embroiled several ways, what with Gelon and Hieron Tyrants of Syracuse, and Theron of Agrigentum within; and the Carthaginians from without, who endeavoured to possess themselves of it.  
3510. 474. LXXVI. iii. 280.  
Artaxerxes was made partner with his Father in the Kingdom.  
About the same time Sophocles began to teach the way of Tragedies, and a few years after was the most excellent Tragedian Euripides born. In the same Age, also flourished Herodotus of Hallicarnassus, who is the most Ancient of all the Greek Historians we have.  
3514. 470. LXXVII. iii. 284.  
Cimon the Son of Miltiades, Admiral of the Athenians Fleet, took away several Cities of Asia from the Persians, and overcame them at Sea with two hundred and fifty Ships only, when they had no less than three hundred and forty; and a little after gained another Victory over their Land Forces at Eurymedon, a City of Pamphylia.  
The Athenians at that time waged War with good success, against their Neighbours in Greece, and gave divers overthrows to the Thassians, Thracians and Aeginetans. The Lacedæmonians also brought the Hilotes and Messenians, who Rebelled against them, under Subjection again, having sent home the Auxiliary Troops of Athens, because of the suspicion they had of them.  
3516. 468. LXXVIII. i. 286.  
T. Quinctius General of the Romans, obtained a Victory over the Voscians, and after the taking of Antium, Triumphed.  
Next year upon the Death of Hieron in the Isle of Sicily, succeeded his Brother Thrasibulus, in his Tyranny over Syracuse, but being expelled by the Syracusians, he went into Banishment to Locris; and from that time forward, the Syracusians enjoyed a free State for 40 years together, till Dionysius his days.  
3519. 465. LXXVIII. iv. 289.  
Artabanus the Hyrcanian slew Xerxes, and Accused his Brother Darius of the Parricide before Artaxerxes, whom, as we have said, Xerxes had made his Copartner in the Empire; Darius being condemned to die, Artaxerxes was wounded by Artabanus, but afterwards slain by him, whence he obtained the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or Long Hands; and began this year to Reign alone, and Reigned XL years.  
To him Themistocles fled in his Banishment, who was very kindly received, and rewarded by him. The same Artaxerxes was a great favourer of the Jews, and in the twentieth year of his Reign, gave Nehemiah leave to Rebuild the Walls of Jerusalem, when Cyrus had only allowed them the favour of Rebuilding the Temple. Nehemiah finished that work in a very short time, notwithstanding all the opposition made to the contrary by the neighbouring Samaritans, Ammonites and Arabians.  
3522. 462. LXXIX. iii. 292.  
In the mean while there was a Law made at Rome, after several Tumults raised by the People, which was called the Terentian Law, concerning the Quinqueviri that were to be created with consular power, as well from among the Commonalty as Nobility.  
The year after Ap. Herdonius the Sabine, with four thousand Exiles and Servants, seized on the Capitol; but soon after by the assistance, above all others of the Tusculans, they were driven out. Thenceforward the Romans gave many overthrows to the Sabines and Aequi; and when it happened so, that  
Minucius the Consul, through ill management, was Besieged by the Aequi in his Camp, Quinctius Cincinnatus being called from his Blow, to take upon him the Office of Dictator, he conquered the Aequi, and made them Slaves.  
The Athenians this very time, under the Conduct of Leocrates, often beat the Corinthians and Epidaurians, and forced Garrisons upon the Aeginetae and Megarensians, after which, under the leading of Myronides, they Routed the Lacedæmonians, and from this spark was afterwards that flame of the Peloponnesian War kindled.  
3530. 454. LXXXI. iii. 300.  
Petavius thinks that Daniel▪ s Seventy weeks, aught to take their beginning from this year. See Lib. 12. de Doc. temp.  
This same year, upon the Abrogating of the Terentian Law, concerning the Quinqueviri, there were three Ambassadors sent into Greece, to make an inspection into the Laws of that Country, and especially into those of Athens, that they might amend the Roman Laws by them. Upon the return of the Ambassadors, which was three years after, the Tribunes of the People and Consuls were laid aside, and the Decemviri constituted, to set down the Laws of the Commonwealth, who were the first that reduced the same into ten Tables, which by the addition of two more to them afterwards, made up those Famous twelve Tables, which were the foundation of the whole Body of the Roman Laws.  
After the Republic had for the space of two years or a little more, been Governed by this sort of Magistracy, it reverted to its Ancient form upon this occasion. As the Decemviri demean themselves but indifferently in their charge, and that Appius Claudius had made Virginia a free Maiden of Rome, a Slave, out of the hopes he had to enjoy her, her Father Virginius Slew him, made the People Mutiny, and brought things so to bear, that the Office of the Decemviri was Abrogated, and Tributes of the People and Consuls were chosen again.  
While these things were doing in Rome, Nehemiah returning from Chaldaea, together with Ezra the Scribe, Rectified the corrupt manners of the Jews, and pressed upon them the observation of the Law of Moses.  
From this time it was, that the Jews began to gather the Books of Scripture together into one Volume, which is the same we have at this day. But seeing that the Jews during the Babylonish Captivity, had almost forgot the Hebrew Tongue, and way of Writing, the Ancient Books were written in Assyrian Characters, and what was read in the Hebrew Tongue in the Scriptures, was expounded to the People in the Chaldee; See Lud. Capellus concerning the Hebrew letters. But the Samaritans when they received Moses his Law, before the Phoenician or Ancient Character was grown quite obsolete, preserved them; from whence it comes to pass, that the Pentateuch, which was written in the Ancient Letters, is so handed down to us. There are Relics of them to this day in Mount Gerizim.  
In this Age Herodotus, whom the Greeks call the Father of History, published his Books, when there was already an History of the Hebrews for fifteen Ages, beginning only with Abraham, without going higher: He seems to have said nothing of the Hebrews, because that the Land of Judaea, at that time, was through the long absence of its Inhabitants, in a mean State, and the Jewish affairs were inconsiderable; besides that, it was the business of the Greeks to know only those Nations, with whom they had some commerce or other.  
Artaxerxes King of Persia, being overthrown several times by the Greeks, but more particularly by the Athenians, under the Conduct of Cimon, was forced to make a Dishonourable Peace with them, upon these conditions amongst others; that he should be obliged to leave the Maritime Cities of Asia free; that he should not come nearer to the Sea, than the space of ground that a Horse could run over without stopping; and that he should not be carried in a Ship, between the Cyamean and Chelidonean Islands.  
While the Athenians were overcoming the common Enemy, they procured to themselves the envy of their Neighbours, and especially of the Lacedæmonians; from whence breaking out into an open War; the Lacedæmonians were often worsted in Battle by Pericles and Tolmides, the Athenian Generals; At last both sides agreed to a Truce of thirty years, which neither kept.  
In these times flourished Democritus, Melissus, Empedocles, Parmenides, Zeno Eleates, and Socrates, who is to be preferred before all the rest of the Philosophers; As also the orators Gorgias, Prodicus, Lysias, together with the Poets, Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Euripides.  
3540. 444. LXXXIV. i. 310.  
This year were the Tribunes of the People upon a Tumult of the People, first created with Consular Power; but finding that would not do; about three Months after they put Consuls in their room: Next year, the Quinquennial Censors were first Created; who had full power over the manners of the Citizens, so as to punish and regulate them as they pleased, not long after Sp. Melius, in the time of a great Famine at Rome, by distributing of Corn to the People, thought to make himself King; but L. Quinctius being made Dictator, he was Slain in pursuance to his commands by C. Servilius Ahala. The Romans in the succeeding years, gained several Victories over the Vejentians and Etrurians, especially under the leading of Mamercus Aemilius.  
In the mean while there were divers Commotions raised in Greece; the Athenians under the Command of Pericles reduced once, and again the Revolting Samians under their Obedience; And seeing according to Thucydides, it was not long after, that the first War between the Corcyraeans and Corinthians broke forth, the Athenians by the persuasion of the Ambassadors of Corcyra made an Alliance with them, by whose Aid they became Conquerors. And now the Lacedæmonians out of envy to the Athenians, having called a Diet; concluded that the Truce made fourteen years since, was violated by the Athenians.  
3553. 431. LXXXVII. two. 323.  
Hence sprung the Peloponnesian War, while the Romans being involved in a War with the Aqui and Volscians, under the Conduct of A. Posthumius the Dictator triumphed over them. This Posthumius put his Son to Death, because he had fought contrary to his Commands. These were the principal causes of the Peloponnesian War; because the Lacedæmonians envied the power of the Athenians, and for that Pericles, after he had spent Seven thousand Talents during the time of his Magistracy, refused to give an account thereof; which he hoped to get clear of, when the People were involved in War; neither was he mistaken therein, for two years after he died.  
In this War which lasted for seven and twenty years, Theramenes, Thrasybulus, Demosthenes, and Alcibiades, on the Athenian side, performed many brave Exploits; and those that were Famous among the Lacedæmonians were Brasides, Myndarus and Lysander Admiral of their Fleet, who took Athens, razed the Walls of the City, and committed the Government of it to thirty Tyrants. Thucydides has written an accurate History of this War, and he lived in that Age. We shall pass by the circumstances thereof, and briefly touch upon other things, that fell out in the interim of time.  
3558. 326. LXXXVIII. iii. 328.  
This year, there were again created at Rome, four Military Tribunes, who fought against the Vejentians with bad Success. But Mamercus Aemilius being made Dictator, he overcame them together with the Fidenates, and took and razed the City Fidena itself.  
Next year upon the Death of Artaxerxes, who Reigned forty years, Xerxes Succeeded for two Months, and Sogdianus for Seven.  
3560. 424. LXXXIX. two. 331.  
Darius' The Bastard Succeeded him, and was the Ninth King of Persia, who Reigned nineteen years.  
There were two Consuls created at Rome next year, according to Ancient custom, who were Succeeded by nine Military Tribunes with the same power, for the space of nine years.  
3568. 416. XCI. 338.  
The Athenians undertake the Sicilian War, in favour of the Citizens of Aegesta and the Leontini, against those of Selinos and Syracuse, Alcibiades; Nicias and Lamachus, being constituted Generals of their Forces. Alcibiades was presently after recalled, as being accused of an impious fact; because he had taken care to throw down all the carved Statues of Mercury, the night before his departure; but Alcibiades fled to Lacedaemon, whom he excited to send Succours to the Syracusians, who sent Gylippus, by whom at last the Athenians received great overthrows.  
Alcibiades a little after, got leave to return home from his Banishment, and brought things so to bear, that Tissaphernes who was angry with the Athenians, was reconciled to them, and that an Oligarchy was set up in Athens. Wherefore there were four hundred appointed for the Administration of the Government, butthey degenerating into Tyrants were removed, and other Magistrates put into their room, to whom the care of the Commonweath was committed.  
3574. 410. XCII. iii. 344.  
While the War was carried on in Sicily, between the Cities of Aegesta, Syracuse, and others of that Island; Hannibal the Grandson of Amilcar, the Son of Giscon, was sent thither by the Carthaginians, to whom the Aegestans fled for Succour.  
At length the People of Rome, did the year following prevail to get three Quaestors of the People made: The Romans afterwards overthrew the Volscians divers times, and hitherto confined themselves within the bounds of Italy. Hence forward also the Military Tribunes managed the Republic for fifteen years.  
3579. 405. XCIII. iv. 349.  
Many Memorable things happened this year, when the Siege of Veij began, which lasted ten years; And Dionysius raised such accusations against the Commanders of the Syracusians, that he was at last in conjunction with others chosen General: And when afterwards he commanded the Army alone; he set himself up for a Tyrant, and compelled the Carthaginians though often conquerors, to make Peace with him.  
Darius' the Bastard dies, and was succeeded by Artaxerxes his Son, who was called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Mindful, and who Reigned forty weeks, being the tenth King of Persia.  
The following year was the 28th of the Peloponnesian War, wherein Athens after six months' Siege, was taken by Lysander, as we have said already. The thirty Tyrants set upby him in Athens, were after three years expelled by Thrasybulus, who restored a Democratical Government there.  
3583. 401. XCIV. iv. 353.  
The same year that the thirty Tyrants were expelled out of Athens, Cyrus, to whom his Father Darius had given the lesser Asia, made War upon his Brother Artaxerxes, and perished therein. There were ten thousand Auxiliary Greeks in the Army, who though they had lost their General Clearchus, a Lacedaemonian, whom the Persians slew after Quarter given; yet they returned into Greece in spite of the Persians, through Nations that hated them even from the Euphrates by way of the Euxine Sea, which they coasted, under the Conduct first of Chaerisophus the Lacedaemonian, and then of Xenophon the Philosopher and incomparable Historian, a Native of Athens. Xenophon himself writes this History in his Books, entitled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The next year was a mournful one, by the Death of the incomparable Philosopher Socrates, who was Seventy years old, and by Anytus and Melitus accused of Irreligion or Profaneness. From him Philosophers were called Socratics, who after had the name of Academics, of whom Plato was chief, but by no means to be compared with Socrates.  
3588. 396. XCVI. i. 358.  
M. Furius Camillus being made Dictator, takes Veij, while what with Dionysius, the Carthaginians, and Cities of Sicily the War Raged every where in that Island; Agesilaus King of Lacedaemon, having entered into a Confederacy with Nephreus King of Egypt, obtained divers Victories over the Persians; but being shortly after recalled, he fought against the Boeotians and their Allies, with uncertain Success; and the Lacedæmonians could not help being stripped of the Dominion of the Sea, where Conon the Athenian Admiral of the Persian Fleet, gave them several overthrows.  
3591. 393. XCVI. iv. 361.  
There were Consuls chosen this year at Rome, as there were also the year following, but from thence forward for five and twenty years, there were Military Tribunes created, or else they had no chief Magistrates at Rome.  
In the third year after the Creation of Consuls, when the Commonwealth was Governed by six Military Tribunes, the Cisalpine Gauls laid Siege to Clusium, whose Inhabitants had Recourse to the Romans for Succour, of whom they begged three Commanders of the Fabian Family; who seeing they could do no good with the Gauls, under their Conduct they went towards them in a Suppliant manner in Battle Array. The Gauls being moved with their unusual boldness, marched strait to the City, overcame the Romans in a great Battle at Allia, and took Rome except the Capitol: But while they shown themselves careless of their Affairs, Camillus who had before been driven into Banishment, having gathered some disorderly Troops together, did for all that overthrew them, whom he drove out of the Roman Territories.  
But M. Manlius, who for delivering the Capitol, was called Capitolinus, being suspected for his Liberality towards those who were in Debt, to have a design that way to assume a Regal Authority, was thrown down headlong over the Rock Tarpeia, and so an end made of him.  
3606. 377. C. iv. 377.  
When the Lacedæmonians endeavoured to oppress the Cities of Greece, and possessed themselves fraudulently of the Theban Tower called Cadmaea; the Thebans shook off their yoke, by the assistance of the Athenians, whence arose the Boeotian War wherein after various Conflicts and Events of War▪ the Lacedæmonians were reduced to great extremities by the Boeotian Generals, and especially by Pelopidas and Epaminondas, and lost the Dominion of Greece; whence sprung continual Wars between the Grecian Cities.  
Artaxerxes King of Persia, being about to make War against Egypt, exhorted them as well then as afterwards, to a Peace to no purpose; but that expedition into Egypt under the Conduct of Pharnabazus and Iphricrates, through the overflowness of the former, came to nothing.  
3618. 366. CIII. iii. 388.  
This year died Artaxerxes Mnemon, and was succeeded by Ochus the Eleventh King of Persia, whom Lud. Capellus thinks in his Chron. Sacr. to be Ahassuerus the Husband of Esther. It's certain the two former Syllables of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Achasveros do not ill agree with the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. This King according to Eusebius his account, Reigned six and twenty years.  
3621. 363. CIV. two. 391.  
In the time when a great Plague raged in Rome, L. Manlius Imperiosus was made Dictator, according to Ancient Custom, in order to settle the Government. This Man had a Son, whose Name was Titus Manlius, whom he had Banished into the Country, and where while he remained, he was informed that his Father was cited into Judgement by M. Pomponius Tribune of the People, which made him return to the City, and with his drawn Sword, forced the Tribune to lay aside the Accusation, whereby he gained much of the People's love. This same year that followed next after the Plague, when a certain Chasm opened itself in the forum, M. Curtius threw himself alive into it; after which the Romans gained several Victories over the Gauls.  
In the mean time the power of the Thebans was wonderfully augmented in Greece, by the valour of Epaminondas; but he dying of the wounds he received in the Battle of Mantinaea, where he overcame the Lacedaemonian and Arcadian Armies, that Republic fell with him.  
In Asia, the Nobles having form a Conspiracy, Revolted from the King of Persia; but being betrayed by Orontes Governor of Mysia, they were in a short time reduced to their Duty. Thachos King of Egypt, who paid Tribute to the Great King, Revolted at the same time from him, being Assisted therein by Agesilaus King of Lacedaemonia, to whom he gave the Command of his Land Army, while Chabria● the Athenian was Admiral of the Fleet; but Nectanebos Thachos' Son, having forsaken his Father, fled to Persia, and returning with a Persian Army into Egypt, he Besieged his Father, together with Agesilaus in the City of Memphis; but Agesilaus making a Sally, overthrew the Persians, and being soon after about to return into Greece, he departed this life, while he was in the Country of Cyrenaica.  
3625. 359. CV. two. 395.  
This year died Perdiccas' King of Macedon, being slain by the Illyrians, and was Succeeded by Philip the Son of Amyntas, who in a short time won several Victories over the Athenians, Paeonians and Illyrians.  
The Jewish Affairs in these times were of no great consideration, but the Country seems to have been peaceably cultivated, under the Persian Government; which however did not hinder, but that a great number of the Jews, who before and after the Captivity, had fixed their Habitations in Egypt, were Transplanted by King Ochus into Hyrcania.  
3627. 357. CV. iv. 397.  
While divers Wars were waged among the Greeks, all which seem to have turned to the advantage of Philip King of Macedon only; Dionysius Tyrant of Syracuse, was divested of his Government by Dion, during his absence from Syracuse. Two Transport Ships laden with Mercenary Troops, overturned a Government furnished with 400 Ships of War, an Hundred thousand Foot, and Ten thousand Horse.  
In the mean time Philip Subdued the three Neighbouring Kings of Thrace, Paeonia and Illyria, and in the three hundred fifty sixth year before the Birth of Christ, had born to him by his Wife Olympias his Son Alexander, on the very same day wherein the famed Temple of Diana at Ephesus was burnt: Of this Timaeus in his History spoke prettily, when he said, that it was not to be wondered, that Diana, who was desirous to be at the Labour of Olympias, should be absent from home, as you have it cited in Cicero de natura Deor. lib. 2. c. 27.  
A little after began that called the Sacred War in Greece, which the Thebans and Locrensians undertook against the People of Phocis, because these last had possessed themselves of some part of the Holy Ground, and afterwards by the encouragement of Philomelus, pillaged the Temple of Apollo at Delphos. Philip, after eight years' time, put an end to this War, by destroying the Cities of Phocis.  
3633. 351. CVII. two. 403.  
Artaxerxes Ochus sent an Army against the Phoenicians and Cyprians, who revolted from him; and subdued the Cyprians, by the help of Idrieus Prince of Caria, Photion of Athens, and Evagora, who held Cyprus in his Name; but Tennes King of Sydon, having received from Nectanebos King of Egypt, some mercenary Greeks to assist him, defended himself for some time: but afterwards, having made a Peace with the King, he was slain; which brought the Sydonians to such a desponding condition, that they burned themselves, and all their Substance, together with their City, all at once. From hence forward the Riches of New Tyre seem to have increased, as being a Place that was very potent in Alexander's days, whereas the Affairs of the Sydonians were but in a mean condition.  
Nectanebos himself was driven out of Egypt by Ochus, with the assistance more particularly of the Theban Army, and forced to fly into Aethiopia.  
Four Years after, Dionysius recovered Syracuse, ten years after he had lost it: but the Syracusians, some time after, having got of the Corinthians Timoleon for a General, (who had killed his Brother Timophanes, for seeking to compass the Supreme Power into his hands,) Dionysius was driven out again; who went to Corinth, where, it was said, he turned Schoolmaster, to get him a livelihood. The same Timoleon overthrew the Carthaginians divers times.  
In this tract of time, the Romans, under the Conduct of several Dictator's and Consuls, (a Catalogue of whom you have in Petavius' Tables) won several Victories over the Gauls, Samnites, and other neighbouring Nations: but they underwent very great danger in that called the Social War; where T. Manlius struck off his Son's Head, because that being challenged to a single Combat, he overcame his Enemy, when there were strict Orders given that none should stir out of their Ranks. The other Consul P. Decius Must devoted himself to death for the Army; the same being a Ceremony usual to the Romans in extreme Danger.  
3644. 340. CX. i. 414.  
Artaxerxes Ochus was succeeded by Arses, who was the twelfth King of Persia, and reigned four years.  
At this time flourished Isocrates, Demosthenes and Aechines, Athenian Orators, and the Philosopher Anaxarchus. Epicurus was born the year before Ochus his death.  
Philip, after many happy Successes, overcame the Athenians and Boeotians at Charonea; in which Battle, his Son Alexander, but then Eighteen years of age, fought valiantly. Then Philip was chosen by all Greece to be their Captain-General against the Persians: but next year he was slain by Pausanias, after he had reigned four and twenty years.  
3648. 336. CXI. i. 418.  
Bagoas the Eunuch, who slew Ochus, and put Arses upon the Throne, having laid him aside, and substituted Darius Codomannus, Arsamus' Son, and Great Grandson to Darius the Bastard, in his room: yet when he went about to take away Darius by Poison, Darius forced him to drink the Cup he had made ready for that purpose.  
In the mean time, Alexander, Philip's Son, was chosen General of the Greeks, against the Persians; and when the Thebans revolted from him, he hasted from Thrace, where he was then waging War, besieged Thebes, took and leveled it with the ground; no Houses being saved but a few, among which were those of Pindar and Epaminondas. From thence, the following year, he transported the Army into Asia, and overturned the Persian Empire. We shall pass over most of his Actions unmentioned, as being such as may easily be seen in Quintus Gurrius.  
3652. 332. CXII. i. 422.  
Alexander, after he had taken Tyre, went to Jerusalem, with a design to be revenged on the Jews, who refused to send him any Aid while he was engaged in the said Siege: but he was pacified by Jaddua the Highpriest, (who being dressed in his Sacerdotal Ornaments, went out to meet him, with all the People clad in White, and commanded Sacrifices to be offered for him) and granted the Jews many Privileges. In these times also, Manasses the Brother of Jaddua raised a Disturbance, who refusing to put off Sanballat's Daughter, the Samaritan, whom he had married contrary to the Law, was forced to flee to Samaria. Sanballat his Father-in-Law, who was much in favour with Darius, by whom he was made Governor of that Country, obtained leave of the King for this Man to build a Temple in Mount Garizin, like unto that at Jerusalem. The same Sanballat, when he saw how prosperously things went with Alexander, revolted from Darius, and sent the other some Auxiliary Troops when he was besieging Tyre, whereby he won to himself the Favour of Alexander.  
From thence Alexander went, and in the Battle of Arbela gave Darius a total Overthrow; who having norrowly escaped being killed among the rest, was said to have been slain afterwards by Bessus Governor of Bactria. The Persian Monarchy ended with this King, after it had lasted for about two hundred years.  
Whilst Alexander the Macedonian subdued the Upper Asia, Alexander King of Epirus, his Uncle, waged War in Italy, where at length he died. It's reported, that he comparing the War his Sister's Son was engaged in with his own, should say, That Alexander had to do with Women, but he with Men.  
In the mean time the Romans fought with the Gauls and Samnites with various success: but at last, after having been beaten in some Battles, they came off Conquerors in the War.  
3660. 324. CXIV. i. 430.  
Alexander having almost conquered all Asia by Arms, returned to Babylon, and died there, after he had reigned twelve years, and seven months, on the 22d. day of June. He would appoint no Successor; but his Empire being divided into several Dynasties, was from henceforwards infested with continual Wars. At length, from these Dissensions arose two most potent Kingdoms, viz. that of Seleucus Nicanor in Syria, and of Ptolemy the Son of Lagus in Egypt; from whence sprung the Seleucian and Lagidan Race of Kings, which are to be had in Petavius' Tables.  
3661. 323. CXIV. two. 431.  
Eight thousand mercenary Greeks, that some years before had been disbanded by Alexander, having made choice of Leosthenes the Athenian for their General, now Alexander was dead, recover the Liberty of Greece, overcome Antipater Governor of the Country, and besiege him in Lamia's a City of Thessaly, whither he had fled. In this Siege Leosthenes was killed with a Stone, and Hiperides made his Funeral Oration; Demosthenes at the same time rejoicing, because of the Money he had received from Harpalus. But being recalled next year, the Macedonians vigorously renew the War against the Grecians, and especially the Athenians; and having overcome them, they put a Garrison into Munichia, and forced Demosthenes to flee from Athens again; who, on the 10th of November, poisoned himself in the Isle of Calauria.  
Aristotle is said to have died the same year, aged sixty three. A little after, Demades the Orator, entreating Antipater, in the Name of the Athenians, to withdraw his Garrison from Munichia, was, together with his Son, slain.  
3663. 321. CXIV. iv. 433.  
While Alexander's Successors contend with one another with various success, the Consuls of Rome, T. Veturius Calvinus, and S. Posthumius, were overcome at Furcae Caudinae, and sold for Captives; but next year, the Romans, under the happy Conduct of L. Papirius, served the Samnites the same sauce.  
Three years after, Agathocles Son to Carcinus, made a Citizen of Rhegium, to fill up the number, being first taught the Potter's Trade by his Father, did afterwards turn Soldier; and being in time chosen General, made himself at last a Tyrant, and from thenceforwards waged divers Wars in Sicily against the Athenians and Syracusians, and in Africa against the Carthaginians.  
About these times, Demetrius Phalereus fled from Athens to Ptolemy King of Egypt, who made him Keeper of his Library, which was very great. In which Age flourished also Demetrius Poliorcetes, who should not be confounded with the other. The first Demagogus was an Athenian; but the other was Son to Antigonns who then possessed himself of Greece, and other Countries. Then also lived Arcesilaus, Prince of the Newer Academy, who was descended from Pitanes a City of Aeolis. Epicurus sprung from the Gargettian Tribe of Athens; and Philemon and Menander, both Comic Poets, were Cotemporary with him. In the mean time the Romans waged divers Wars with the Etrurians, Samnites and Gauls.  
All things were quiet with the Jews at the beginning of the Seleucian and Lagidan Monarchies, Seleucus allowing them the freedom of all the Cities of Syria, while Ptolemy conferred singular Privileges on them in Egypt.  
At this time flourished the Philosophers Crates and Theophrastus.  
Agathocles, after he had reigned over the Kingdom of Syracuse, and other neighbouring Cities of Italy and Sicily, for eight and twenty years, and escaped great Calamities, was poisoned by Archagathus, who with him slew his own Father Agathocles, and the other's Son, who was designed by him for his Successor.  
While Alexander's Followers and their Children contended with one another with various fortune, they sullied the Glory they had gotten before, with innumerable Villainies. The Commonalty of Rome being oppressed with Debt, withdrew into the Place called Janiculum; but being pacified by Q. Hortensius the Dictator, they returned again.  
3699. 285. CXXIII. iv. 470.  
Ptolemy (called by the Alexandrians, Philadelphus, by way of Antiphrasis) the Son of Ptolemy Lagus and Berenice, in his Father's life-time began to reign, and reigned Thirty eight Years. In this or the foregoing year there was a Translation made of the Law of Moses into the Greek Tongue, by the Septuagint, who were brought together for that end by Philadelphus, and perhaps by his Father. Concerning which Translation there are many fabulous things vented, and whereof Humphrey Hoddy hath written learnedly, in his Differtation, cont. Hist. Aristeae de LXX. Int.  
As soon as Philadelphus came to the Kingdom, and that his Father was dead, Demetrius Phalereus began to decline in Favour; and at last was banished, in the second year of Philadelphus, wherein Lagides died with the biting of an Asp. He had offended Philadelphus, because he had put Lagides in the head, to leave some one of the Sons of Eurydices, his other Wife's, his Successor, and not Philadelphus the Son of Berenice; and therefore it does not seem that this Person should correct the Translation of the Septuagint, as some would have it, which is far enough from the Attic Dialect.  
We do not mention in this place the Wars and Dissensions of Alexander's Successors, no, nor their Names: but we think it next to Impiety to pass over Pyrrhus' King of Epirus.  
3703. 281. CXXIV. iv. 473.  
When the Tarentines had first pillaged the Romans Ships, and evil entreated the Ambassadors that had been sent to them to complain of the Wrong, they made War upon them; wherein they were at first overthrown in a great Battle, by the Romans.  
But next year, Pyrrhus being invited by them into Italy, overcame the Romans, who were frighted chief at the unusual sight of his Elephants; and when C. Fabricius was sent to him about the Redemption of Prisoners, he dismissed them all without any Ransom.  
Then he sent Cynea for his Ambassador to Rome, about concluding a Peace. But Appius Caecus opposed it; and so there was another Battle fought between them with doubtful success, but was attended with that consequence that Pyrrhus was forced to leave Italy. Then he transported his Army into Sicily, where he first fought successfully against the Carthaginians: but when, in a short time, his Affairs began to decline in that Island, he returned on a sudden into Italy, but he was overcome by the Romans, despoiled of his Camp, and forced to forsake Italy, having left a Garrison in the Tower of Tarentum.  
He spent six years in these Expeditions to little purpose. After his return into Epirus, he began to ravage Macedon, and by little and little, after he had won a Victory over Antigonus, seized upon it all. The second year after this, Cleonymus the Lacedaemonian invited him into Laconia, to assist him to dispossess his Brother Arius of the Kingdom. He came, and had almost possessed himself of Sparta: but being at length beaten from thence, he laid Siege to Argos; and being upon entering into the City itself, he was killed by a Woman that let a Tile fall upon his Head.  
While Pyrrhus was in Italy, the Gauls, under the Conduct of Brennus, wasted Macedon, and other Parts of Greece: but when they went about to take Delphos, they were said to have been driven from thence by an Earthquake, Thunderbolts, and portentous Signs. Brennus soon after dying of his Wounds, they invaded Thrace, under the Command of Comontorius, and exacted Tribute of the Byzantians.  
3715. 269. CXXVII. iv. 485.  
Hiero of Syracuse, being seven years before chosen General, by the Soldiers, was this year saluted King of Syracuse.  
The Romans in the mean time wage various Wars with the Tarentines, Samnites, Bruttians, Vmbrians, Picentians, and Salentines, wherein they always came off Conquerors. The Carthaginians fearing so much fortune, gave the Tarentimes some assistance, and so they broke the League which they had hitherto observed with the Romans. Seeing therefore that in the fourth year after Hiero took upon him the Dominion of Syracuse, the Mamertines, who had possessed themselves of Messena, were molested by him and the Carthaginians, and for that reason sought assistance from the Romans, the first Punic War began.  
3720. 264. CXXIX. i. 490.  
Appius Claudius Caudex the Consul transported an Army into Sicily, and so worsted Hiero, that he was necessitated to leave the Mamertines, and to retreat to Syracuse.  
Because we have made mention of this War, we will briefly recount the chief Events thereof, without the interfering of other things: Wherefore next year, Man. Valerius Maximus and Man. Ottacilius being Consuls, they sailed into Sicily, as the Consuls of the succeeding years did, who won divers Victories over the Carthaginians and Sicilians. The Romans, who knew nothing hitherto of Maritine Affairs, did, in the fourth year of the War, set out a Fleet; and the year following, under the auspicious Conduct of C. Dulius the Consul, overcame the Carthaginians in a Sea-Fight, though they were very skilful in Maritime Affairs, as they did often also in the succeeding years, tho' they underwent divers Shipwrecks.  
In the ninth year of the War, after the Carthaginians had to no purpose opposed their Fleet of Three hundred and fifty Ships, against that of the Romans, consisting of Three hundred and thirty, which was Commanded by M. Attilius Regulus, they could not hinder the Roman Army to make now their first Descent into Africa. Regulus, in the beginning, performed many things very successfully; but next year he was overcome and taken by Xantippus the Lacedaemonian. This Man's Fortitude is very admirable, who when he was taken and sent to Rome by the Carthaginians, to treat about the Redemption of Prisoners, but supposing at the same time that the thing was a Dishonour to the Commonwealth, he dissuaded the Senate from it, and returned into Africa; where, if we believe Appian, he was cruelly put to death by the Carthaginians, in a Cave full of Iron Spikes: But Jac. Palmerius upon Appian shows that this sort of Death is fabulous.  
After this, the Romans being worsted in divers Naval Fights, and lessened by Shipwrecks, were for some years compelled to yield the Dominion of the Seas to the Carthaginians: but in the three and twentieth year of the War, having repaired their Fleet, they beat the Carthaginians near Agates, an Island on the African Coast, under the Conduct of Q. Lutatius the Consul; and next year, which was the twenty fourth, they granted Peace to the Carthaeginians, upon hard Conditions.  
In the beginning of this War, Eumenes, after Phileterus, held the Principality of Pergamus in Asia; and Nicomedes King of Bythinia gave the Name of Nicomedia to the enlarged City of Astacus.  
The Republic of Achaia began to flourish about the middle of this War: About thirty years before, divers Cities of Achaia entering into a Confederacy, gave beginning thereunto, and entrusted the same to be administered by two Praetors, that were chosen soon after. But afterwards the Supreme Power was devolved upon one; and the first that exercised that Charge alone, was M. Carynensis, who after four years' time was succeeded by Aratus of Sicyone, who though but twenty years of age, brought his Country to enter into a Confederation with the other Cities of Achaia.  
Between the first and second Punic War, Learning began to be cultivated at Rome. Livius Andronicus was the first that wrote Fables; who for his Contemporaries had Ennius, Pacuvius, Naevius, and other Poets given to promote the Art in their Mother-Tongue.  
3749. 235. CXXXVI. two. 519.  
The Romans quickly appeased the Tumults that arose both in Africa and Sardinia; and having made Peace every where, did now the first time shut the Temple of Janus, after the days of Numa; afterwards they won divers Victories of the Gauls, Ligurians, and Sardinians. At the same time, Teuta Queen of the Illyrians permitted her Subjects to pirate by Sea, and pillage the Coasts of Italy. The Romans sent C. and L. Coruncanus to make complaint hereof unto her; of whom Lucius speaking bolder than the other, was, contrary to the Law of Nations, slain. But next year the Queen was overcome, and forced to pay Tribute: And a little after, the Romans, having sent Ambassadors to the Achaians, Aetolians, Athenians and Corinthians, began now the first time to intermeddle with the Affairs of Greece. But almost all the Greeks having entered into a stricter Alliance, made Antigonus, the Tutor of Philip King of Macedon, their General.  
3764. 220. CXL. i. 534.  
The Carthaginians in this and the preceding Age possessed themselves of the greatest part of Spain. Asdrubal was Governor there for the space of eight years, who both held and enlarged that Province more by Gentleness than Arms. But his Successor Hannibal, a Man intent upon War, and new Undertake, broke the Peace, with laying Siege to Saguntum, a City in Confederacy with the Romans; which, without any regard had to the Roman Embassy, after seven months, he took. The same Ambassadors insisted at Carthage, That Hannibal should be given up to them: But their Demands were rejected.  
3766. 218. CXL. iii. 536.  
Hence sprang the Second Carthaginian War, which commenced twenty four years after the First. When Rome was reduced almost to the last extremity in it by Hannibal, she was delivered by Scipio, who for that reason was surnamed The African. This War continued for the space of seventeen years, whereof you have a compendious and elegant Description in Florus:  
We shall now return to the Jewish Nation, of whom we have almost said nothing since the time of Alexander: These People were infested by the Kings of Syria and Egypt divers ways; and 'tis said, that Antiochus King of Syria, being overcome by Ptolemy Philopater King of Egypt, attempted to enter into the Temple of Jerusalem, but was kept out from thence by a Miracle; and that Philopater, going about to force the Jews, who lived in Egypt, to abjure their Religion, was also warned from Heaven to desist.  
The Empire of Parthia is said, a little before this, to have taken its Original in Asia, the first King whereof was Arsaces, from whom the succeeding Kings were called Arsacidae. At the same time also, several of the Eastern Nations strove who should soon shake off the Macedonian Yoke: But others there are who would have these things to have come to pass in the time of the first Punick War.  
Philip King of Macedon, in the heat of the Second Carthaginian War, made a League with Hannibal; and falling into Peloponnesus, cut off Aratus by Poison.  
At the same time, Laevinus the Praetor, in conjunction with the Aetolians, and Attalus King of Pergamus, began to infest Greece. The Achaians, and other Nations of that Country, had recourse to Philip for Aid to withstand them, who was already angry with the Romans, because the said Praetor had fought against him for the Apolliniati; and not only so, but after having burnt his Fleet, forced him to march back into Macedon. And these were the Adventures that gave a beginning to the Macedonian War.  
3772. 212. CXLII. i. 542.  
The Scipio's at this very time were successful in Spain against the Carthaginians; but they were both of them, three years after, together with their Army, slain by Asdrubal.  
Marcellus also carried on the War with good success in the Isle of Sicily; and at last, after three years' Siege, took the City of Syracuse. Archimedes alone, by the help of some new-invented Engines, continued to resist, and was, against Marcellus' will, slain by a foolhardy Soldier.  
Hannibal's Successes began to decline in Italy, while he endeavoured, but to no purpose, by the Siege of Capua, to expel the Romans, and attempted Rome herself in vain, though he slew Marcellus, after two Battles fought with uncertain victory; especially after his Brother Asdrubal, who was come into Italy to join him with his Forces, had been slain by Cl. Nero, and Livius Salinator, both Consuls.  
But in Spain, P. Scipio took New Carthage in one Day, overthrew the Carthaginian Army; and passing over into Africa, made a League with Syphax and Massinissa, Kings of Numidia: And returning afterwards from thence into Rome, he made all necessary Preparation to go back again into Africa, and settled the Affairs both of Sicily and Spain, that were out of order.  
3778. 206. CXLIII. iii. 548.  
While Scipio was thus engaged, Philopoemenes, Praetor of Achaia, performed a great many other notable feats, as well as overcame Mechanidas Tyrant of Lacedaemonia, whom Nabis succeeded.  
The Romans sent Ambassadors next year to King Attalus, to bring the Image of Idaea the Mother of the Gods to Rome: but as in pursuance to the Answer of the Oracle, the best Man of the whole City was to receive her; young P. Scipio Mnasica was the Person adjudged worthy of that Title. And hence it was that those Plays called Megalesia, were instituted in honour of the said Goddess.  
Syphax, upon his marrying of Sophonisba, Asdrubal's Daughter, having fallen off from the Romans, and closed in with the Interests of the Carthaginians, was overcome and taken Prisoner by Scipio and Nssinissa: And when the Carthaginians had endeavoured, to no purpose, to induce the Romans to make a Peace, they recalled Hannibal out of Italy; who, sore against his will, passed over into Africa, where he was overcome by Scipio in battle, who imposed Conditions of Peace upon the Carthaginians, and sent their Ambassadors to Rome; whither himself afterwards returned in triumph.   

The Conquest of CARTHAGE, The IXth EPOCH.  
From the Conquest of Carthage, to the Birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ, were Two Hundred and Two Years; which comprehends  
The IXth PERIOD.  
The Year of the World, The Year before Christ, Olymp. From the Building of the City, 3783. 201. CXLIV. iv. 553.  
UPon the terminating of the Carthaginian War, that called the Macedonian grew hot between the Romans and King Philip; which was also made an end of by them, by the frequent Overthrows given King Philip, within the term of five years.  
3789. 195. CXLVI. two. 559.  
Hannibal, impatient of Rest, endeavoured still to excite his Countrymen to make War upon the Romans; but he was constrained, for fear of the latter, to flee into Asia, to Antiochus the Great, who was preparing to invade the Romans. This King did indeed suddenly enter Greece, but was quickly overthrown in a great Battle by M. Acilius Glabrio, and so forced to leave that Country. But this was not all; for in the sixth year after the first Preparations for War, he was overcome in Asia itself, by L. Scipio, who, for that reason, had the Surname of Asiaticus given him, and obliged to purchase a Peace, by quitting all claim to the Countries on this side Mount Taurus. Two years after, P. Scipio Africanus, and Lucius Asiaticus, were both adjuged Guilty; the former for taking Money of Antiochus, to clap up a Peace; and the other, for misapplying the Treasure of the State.  
The Romans, in these times, having subdued the Aetolians, and so become Arbitrators of the Affairs of all Greece, received Embassies from all Parts bringing Complaints against Philip, who by his Son Demetrius, whom he deputed for that purpose, cleared himself before the Senate.  
In this and the following year died three of the most famous Men of that Age, viz. Scipio Africanus, at Liternum, whither he had voluntarily gone into Banishment; Philopomoenen, Praetor of Achaia, at Messena, by whose Citizens he was slain; and Hannibal, in Bythinia with King Prusias, where, lest he should be given up by him to the Romans, he ended his days with Poison. Philopomoenen was succeeded by Lycortas in the Praetorship of Achaia: But this Republic could not continue long, for the Romans its Enemies.  
3804. 180. CL. i. 574.  
Philip King of Macedon had two Sons, whereof one was a great Enemy, and the other a Friend to the Romans. Now the former, whose Name was Perseus, being afraid lest Demetrius, the younger, (of whom before) relying upon the Friendship of the Romans, should after their Father's death, contend with him for the Kingdom, he brought such false Accusations against him to his Father, that he commanded him first to be poisoned, and when he was half dead, to be strangled. But Philip, not long after, coming to know the Innocency of Demetrius, died of grief about three years after, and was succeeded by Perseus in his Dominions.  
3817. 167. CLIII. two. 587.  
This Prince spent the first five years of his Reign in making Preparations of War against the Romans, though he could scarce bear the shock of their Power for the space of four. L. Aemilius Paulus triumphed for subduing of him, and reduced the Kingdom of Macedon into the form of a Roman Province, thereby putting an end thereto, after the same had stood for Seven hundred Years.  
Two years after Perseus had begun his Reign over Macedon, Antiochus Epiphanes succeeded Seleucus in the Kingdom of Syria. Of this Prince it was, that Jason, having ejected his Brother Onias, obtained the High-Priesthood, and received him at his entry into Jerusalem in great state. He sent the said Prince, then fitting out a Fleet in Phoenicia, Money, by his Brother Menelaus, who gave him the same in his own Name; and with the addition of three hundred Talents more, procured the High-Priesthood for himself: But failing again in the Payment of the promised Money, his Brother Lysimachus was substituted in his room. Hence arose great Contention between these High-Priests. Antiochus being afraid lest the Jews would revolt from him when he had failed, as he had endeavoured, to invade Egypt, went back to Jerusalem, took away the Vessels out of the Temple, and committed many other Outrages there. Soon after, he endeavoured, by exquisite Torments, to bring the Jews to abjure their Religion; many of whom he forced to it: though he was not able, by the cruelest kinds of Death he could think of, to frighten others to it; among which number were Eleazar and his seven Brethren, of whom read, 2 Mac. vi. & seven.  
3816. 168. CLIII. i. 586.  
Matthatias, one of the Lineage of Aaron, fled to the Mountains of Judaea, and invited those Jews who were zealous for their Old Religion to come and join him: but he dying the following year, left Judas Maccabaeus his Son to succeed him, who performed many famous Exploits against Antiochus his Captains. Now the reason why Matthatias' Sons were called Maccabees, was because these letters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Machbai, were on their Ensigns, which are the initial letters of these four words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Who, among the gods, is like unto thee, O Lord? They were also called Hasmonaei, from the Chaldee word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifies Princes.  
3819. 165. CLIII. iv. 589.  
Judas, after he had won many Victories over Antiochus' Generals, purged the Temple that had been polluted, and consecrated the same by a new Dedication, on the 25th. Day of the Month Casleu, that is, November the 23d. Hence it was that the Feast called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or, The Dedication of the Temple, was celebrated every year.  
Next year, Antiochus being dead, Judas began to take upon him the Office of Highpriest, though he could not yet take the City of David, where Antiochus Epiphanes had planted a Garrison. While he laid Siege to it, Antiochus Eupator, the Son of Epiphanes, came with an Army to Jerusalem, and for some time sat down before it; but having afterwards patched up a Peace, he entered the City, and took and demolished the Walls thereof. A little after this, Demetrius Soter, this Prince's Uncle, who had been long kept for an Hostage at Rome, privately left the City, went into Syria, and having recovered his Father's Kingdom, slew Antiochus, and Lysias his chief General; and then growing angry with the Jews, he was soon after, by the artifice of Alcimus, who lay upon the catch for the High-Priesthood, brought to make a League with them. But the Peace was of no long duration; for next year a War broke out between them, and Judas Maccabaeus fought Bacchides, Demetrius' General, and slew him.  
Now it was, that Eumenes and Attalus, Kings of Pergamus, lived, as also Hipparchus a famous Astronomer among the Greeks; not to forget Pacuvius of Brundisium, a Tragedy-Writer among the Romans.  
3835. 149. CLVII. iv. 605.  
The Carthaginians molesting Masinissa King of Numidia, who was Confederate with the Romans, and building Ships contrary to the Articles of the last Peace, gave a beginning to the Third Punic War, which was carried on by Sea and Land by both Consuls, and within four years finally terminated with the Destruction of Carthage by Scipio Aemilianus.  
Much about the same times began the Achaean War, occasioned by the Achaians driving out the Roman Legates from thence; as also the War in Spain, against Viriatus, who invaded Lusitania.  
3839. 145. CLVIII. iv. 609.  
The Jews, under the Conduct of Jonathan the Brother of Judas, did well enough, neither were the Kings of Syria at Enmity with them; and Jonathan brought things so well to bear, that he made a League with the Romans and Lacedæmonians; which last he accosted in a very honourable manner, as if they had been originally descended from the same Stock as▪ the Jews, 1 Maccab. xii. He was succeeded in the Office of Highpriest by his Brother Simon, three years after the forementioned League.  
3851. 139. CLXI. iv. 621.  
The Achaean War was terminated within a year after the first commencement of it; and the City of Corinth being burnt by L. Mummius, Achaia was reduced into the form of a Province: which is so much the more to be wondered at, that the Jews should a little before make an Alliance with the Lacedæmonians who were in Confederacy with the Achaians. But in Spain things were carried on with various successes, until now that Scipio Aemylianus, after a long Siege, destroyed Numantia.  
Simon, two years before this, being treacherously slain by Ptolemy his Son-in-Law, he was succeeded by John Hyrcanus, his Son, who was at first in amity with Antiochus Sidetes, but afterwards becoming his Enemy, laid some of his City's waste, and among others Sicima and Garizim, where the Temple that had been built above two hundred years before, was utterly destroyed: Then he subdued the Edomites, and forced them to be Circumcised, because they were the Posterity of Abraham.  
The very same year that Numantia was taken, died Attalus, and left the Romans his Heir; and the now bringing of rich Hang, Paintings, Pictures, Precious Movables, etc. out of Asia into Italy, began to infect the Romans with Luxury, and debauch their Manners. That year also, Tiberius Gracchus, Tribune of the People, raising a Sedition in the City, was slain.  
It was not long after, that the Romans began to lead Colonies into Gallia Transalpina, after they had subdued the Inhabitants of the Province of Narbonne; whilst all things in Asia were turned topsy-turvy by base Murders, among the Kings of Syria, Demetrius was killed by his Wife Cleopatra, for Rhodogunes' sake. She also did the same by his Son Seleucus, who had assumed the Kingly Power without her Authority. Antiochus Grypus reigned in his stead, who made his Mother Cleopatra, that would have given him Poison, drink it herself. After which, he waged War with his Brother Antiochus Cyzicenus for a long time, with various success.  
3873. 111. CLXVII. two. 643.  
This year began the Jugurthine War, the History whereof is written by Sallust. King Jugurtha corrupted some of the Roman Commanders with Money, and received great Overthrows from others of them; till at length, after the Revolution of eight years, he was led in triumph by C. Marius then Consul.  
At that time it was, that Aristobulus, upon the Death of Hyrcanus, succeeded as Highpriest, and reigned one year, leaving the Kingdom to Alexander Jannes, his Brother, who was greatly distressed by Ptolemy Lathurus King of Egypt.  
Marius overcame the Teutones and Ambrones, at a Place called Aquae Sextiae; and from henceforward the Romans began to oppress the Gauls.  
3830. 94. CLXXI iii. 660.  
Ariobarzanes being by Mithridates expelled the Kingdom of Cappadocia, was restored by L. Silvius, Propraetor of Cilicia; and this gave a beginning to the Mithridatick War, which kept the Roman Armies in play for forty years together. A little after, Nicomedes King of Bythinia, being expelled by the same Mithridates, was reinstated by Silvius. But Mithridates, the very next year after the Restitution of Nicomedes, having levied a greater Army, seized on and wasted Phrygia, took care to put to death all the Citizens of Rome that were in Asia, and that in one day, and invaded Macedon Thrace, and Greece.  
Silvius was at that time engaged in the Italian War, and gave the Samnites a great overthrow. Marius, in the mean time, by the assistance of C. Sulpicius Tribune of the People, endeavoured to deprive him of his Command: But Silvius returning out of Campania to Rome, slew Sulpicius, and put Marius to flight. Italy was again much afflicted the following year, with the Armies commanded by Marius, Cinna, Carbo, and Sertorius, while Silvius won many Battles from Mithridates, and wasted his Army. Marius' dying of Sickness, Cinna being then Consul, L. Flaccus succeeded Silvius in the Command: but his own Lieutenant Fimbria killed Flaccus; who being afterwards forsaken by the Army that went over to Silvius, slew himself. Nay, Cinna was also slain by the very Army he got ready to march against Silvius, leaving the Consulship to Carbo alone, who refused to accept of the Terms of Peace offered him by Silvius. This Man therefore marched out of Greece, at the Head of Thirty thousand Men, and with them overthrew a much more numerous Army of Cn. Norbanus Flaccus the Consul, in Battle. At the same time, Q. Sertorius, who had an Army in Italy, despairing of any good Success, went into the farther Province of Spain, which fell unto his lot to govern: But Cneus Pompeius, who afterwards conquered him, joined Silvius with three Volonian Legions, being then but Three and twenty Years old. Silvius, next year, overthrew C. Marius, the other's Son, in battle, at Praeneste; and then possessing himself of the City, confiscated the Estates of his Enemies. He also fought with and overcame the Praetor Damasippus, Marius, Carrinates, and the Samnite Troops, before the Gate called Collina. He was afterwards made Dictator; which Office, after three years' space, he laid down of himself.  
3906. 78. CLXXV. iii. 676.  
Hyrcanus, upon the death of King Alexander, his Father, succeeded him in the Kingdom of Judaea, and reigned eleven years. In the mean time, Sertorius in Spain, being one while beaten, another while Victor, worsted the Roman Armies commanded by Metellus and Pompey, in divers Battles; till that after five years, both himself, and Perpenna his Lieutenant, were slain by the Treachery of their own Men, whereby Pompey had the opportunity of recovering Spain.  
At that time, Servilius conquered the Isaurians, and took their Cities in Cilicia; from whence having got the Surname of Isauricus, conquered the Pirates, and reduced Cilicia and Crete into the form of a Province, he triumphed. L. Lucullus engaged in the Mithridatick War, and won many Victories over that King. That War called the Servile one, breaking forth, under the Conduct of Spartacus, it was with difficulty put an end to in three years' space, by M. Crassus' the Praetor, and Cn. Pompeius.  
Cicero was then Quaestor in Sicily, and began to be famous for his Eloquence. Varro also, with Lucretius, Catullus, and other learned Men, lived in those days.  
3917. 67. CLXXVIII. two. 687.  
Servilius having not perfectly destroyed the Cilician Pirates, and others, who having repaired their Shipping, infested the Seas every where, Pompey was entrusted with an extraordinary Commission to clear the Seas from those Robbers; which he performed with that celerity, that he either took them all, or having burnt their Ships, rendered them incapable of more mischief, in the space of forty days. The same Pompey being next year sent against Mithridates, did at length put a final period to that War, and so had the honour of Triumphing: He performed also many famous Exploits almost throughout all Asia.  
Then Hyrcanus, King and Highpriest of the Jews, was put out of the Pontificate, by his Brother Aristobulus, who exercised that Charge for the space of three years; but being taken Prisoner by Pompey, when he conquered Jerusalem, he was, together with his Children, sent to Rome, and Hyrcanus restored again to his former Office.  
The same year, Cicero being Consul, delivered the Commonwealth of Rome from a most dangerous Conspiracy: Catiline, who was the Chief of it, being overcome and slain by Petreius, Lieutenant to Anthony the other Consul.  
3924. 60. CLXXX. i. 694.  
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar having contracted a strict Friendship one with another, form a Design of oppressing the Commonwealth, now distracted with divers Factions. Caesar obtained Gaul for his Province, and held the same for ten years: Syria fell to Crassus his lot; from whence marching against the Parthians, he was, together with his Son P. Crassus, and the whole Army, hemmed in by their Horse, and slain: The two Provinces of Spain came to Pompey's share. In the mean time, Cicero was sent to, and recalled from Banishment. Hyrcanus, in Judaea, being driven out of Jerusalem by Alexander the Son of Aristobulus, was restored by Gabinius. This same Gabinius, that he might lessen the Authority of the Grand Synedrim or Council at Jerusalem, erected four more like thereunto, viz. at Gadaris, Amathus, Jericho, and Saphoris.  
While Caesar was getting several Victories over the Gauls and Germans, Pompey dedicated his Theatre, and gave Plays wherein ten Lions and eighteen Elephants were slain: But Crassus, as was said before, warring rashly against the Parthians, perished in the said Expedition.  
3933. 51. CLXXXII. two. 703.  
Cicero, this year, got a Decree of the Senate, to make him Proconsul in Cilicia; and after having overcome some bands of Robbers in Mount Amanus, and taken some Castles, was saluted by the Army with the Title of Imperator. Cassius also, at the same time, valiantly defended Syria against the Irruption of the Parthians; so that they were forced to be gone, re infectâ.  
Next year, after the Senate had in vain required Caesar to dismiss his Army, broke out the Civil War between him and Pompey; wherein first Caesar entering Italy with his Army, drove the Senate and Pompey from thence: Then Pompey's Troops in Spain submitted to him; and after that, returning victorions to Rome, he entered upon the Consulship, and having transported his Army over into Epirus, he overcame Pompey himself; who flying into Egypt, was slain by Ptolemy. Caesar pursuing Pompey thither, was very like to have been cut off by the King of Egypt: yet he overcame the Alexandrians, and entered upon the Office of Perpetual Dictator: He conquered Scipio, Pompey's Son-in Law, in Africa, the following year; and at last, in the fifth year from the first breaking out of the Civil War, beat Pompey's Sons in Spain: by which last Victory he got the Sovereign Power entirely into his hands.  
Then he bethought himself of regulating the Course of the Year; and seeing the preceding one, which was called the Year of Confusion, by his Command, consisted of 445 Days; this, which was the 45th. before the Birth of our Saviour, was the First Julian Year, the same being made up of 365 Days, and 6 Hours; which being set together, make One Day in every Fourth Year, the same being called the Bissextile or Leapyear. See Pet. Rationar. p. 2. l. i c. 1.  
He was slain in the fourth year of his Dictatorship, and the sixth after the commencement of the Civil War, on the First of March, in the Senate-House.  
There was one Antipater, an Edomite by Nation, who being advanced by the favour of Hyrcanus to the highest Employments at the Court of Jerusalem, proved very serviceable to Caesar, in the Expedition he made to Alexandria, and therefore was made by him Governor of Judaea. This Man was Herod the Great's Father, who for all that, upon the death of Caesar, assisted Cassius; and when he was overcome, joined in with the Interests of M. Antony, as we shall see by and by, and made way for himself to obtain the Throne, by his marrying, some time after, Mariam, Hyrcanus' Granddaughter.  
We are to observe, in the first place, that Brutus and Cassius, who were Heads of the Conspiracy for cutting off of Julius Caesar, were in some time overcome by C. Octavius Caesar, and M. Antony, after they had caused great Disturbances in the Empire, which would be too tedious for me to particularise: what was most remarkable, were the Proscriptions they made, wherein perished a great many of the best and most accomplished Men, of which number was Cicero. M. Lepidus, as Triumvir, had a hand in these mischiefs, with Antony and Caesar; and then dying, left the Supreme Power in their hands: but they almost ever after were at perpetual enmity one with another, until at last they broke out into a Civil War.  
Sextus Pompeius, who was the only surviving Son of Pompcy the Great, was then in possession of Sicily, and had a strong Naval Force: but being at length conquered by Octavius Caesar, he was by Antony's Command cut off, as he was going to him for succour.  
3945. 39 CLXXXV. two. 715.  
The Parthians, while these things were in agitation, broke into Syria; and having seized on Jerusalem, they, at the Instigation of Antigonus, the Son of Aristobulus, cut off the Ears of Hyrcanus, divested him of the Pontificate, and made Antigonus Highpriest in his room. Herod, who took Hyrcanus' part, fled to Antony and Caesar, at Rome, of whom he obtained the Kingdom of Judaea, according to a Decree of the Senate, beyond his own expectation: From thence going into Judaea, and being assisted by C. Sosius, he took Jerusalem, in the fourth year of his Reign. Having made Antigonus a Prisoner, he crucified him; and thus having put an end to the Dominion of the Hasmonaean Family, that had continued One hundred twenty six years, he advanced one Ananelus, who was fetched from Babylon, and made him Highpriest: but he discharged him afterwards, and put in Aristobulus the Brother of Mariam, his Wife; whom, soon after, because he found him Popular, he caused to be strangled, as he was swimming: He also commanded his Wife Mariam to be beheaded, some years after, because she continually upbraided him with that Murder.  
3953. 13. CLXXXVI. two. 723.  
This year was the Actium War, waged by Augustus Caesar against Antony and Cleopatra; wherein the former prevailed, and took Egypt, while the other two laid violent hands upon themselves. Caesar triumphed the third year after, and it was not long before he obtained the Name of Augustus.  
The Actions performed by him we shall pass over, as having been set forth by divers Persons, and only say, That after such bloody Beginnings, when once he got the Supreme Power into his own hands entirely, he proved to be an excellent Prince, and governed the Commonwealth with great Clemency; the most notable Examples whereof you have in Seneca, de Clementia. He was also a favourer of Learning, whereby it came to pass that many excellent Men flourished in all sorts of good Literature, in his time; the chief of whom, whose Writings have reached our hands, were Livy, Strabo, Vitruvius, Virgil, Horace, Tibullus, Propertius, Ovid, etc.  
He had no Male Children, but only one Daughter named Julia, whom at first he married to Marcellus, his Sister's Son, that died young; and afterwards to M. Vipsanius Agrippa, who, together with Maecenas, was his intimate Friend. From this last Marriage came Caius, and Lucius Caesaeres, who being Adopted by their Grandfather, died young. Augustus also Adopted Tiberius and Drusus, his Sons-in-Law, the Children of Livia. Tiberius' died without leaving any Child; for his Son Drusus, by the treachery of his Wife Livia, died before him. But from Germanicus, the Son of Drusus, came a numerous Progeny, of whom hereafter; yet Germanicus himself, as well as his Father Drusus, lived not to an advanced Age.  
3979. 5. CXCIII. iv. 750.  
Herod, after the perpetrating of various Murders, and even upon his own Children, Alexander and Aristobulus, Mariamne's Sons; being near his end, for the completing of his Cruelty, slew the Children of Bethlehem, because there was a rumour spread abroad, That the King of the Jews should be born there. For Christ, according to the Calculation of Petavius, whom we follow herein, was born about Fifteen Months before the death of Herod. The Wise Men, soon after; came into Judaea; and from their making an enquiry, where the King of the Jews was born, Herod took occasion to cut off the Infants, as aforesaid. He also, a little after, commanded his Son Antipater, whom he kept in Prison, and knew he had designed to poison him, to be slain. The which when Augustus heard, Macrobius, in his Saturn. lib. two. c. 4. says he should express himself to this purpose, That it were better to be Herod 's Hog, than his Son. Archelaus, after Herod's death, came to Rome, that, in pursuance to his Father's Will, he might obtain the Kingdom of Judaea from Augustus, who divided the same into Tetrarchies, or four Governments, two whereof he bestowed upon Archelans, and gave Herod Antipas, and Philip, each of them one.  
3983. 1. CXCIV. iv. 753.  
Though all Chronologers do agree, that our Saviour was born about these Times, yet as to the Year they do not agree: some are of opinion, that blessed Nativity happened six years before the vulgar Computation; Petavius thinks it to have been five; and Baronius and Scaliger, with some others, will have it to be no more than two years. In the mean time, that they may not derogate from the ancient usage, and lest a confusion should be introduced into the Account, all reckon the Years according to the Vulgar Opinion, which is, That our Saviour was born when Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, and L. Calphurnius Piso were Consuls, on the Twenty fift Day of December, Forty three Years after the first Consulship of Augustus, when, in conjunction with Antony and Lepidus, he invaded the Rights of the Commonwealth of Rome. Yet this is not accounted the First Year of Christ, but the following one only, in reference to the Calculation of the Julian Year.   

Christ, The Xth EPOCH.  
From the Nativity of Christ, to the Conversion of Constantine the Great; are reckoned Three Hundred and Twelve Years; which makes up.  
The Xth PERIOD.  
Years from the Birth of Christ, 3.  
TIBERIUS, who was of a morose and jealous Nature, being not able to agree with Caius and Lucius Caesar's, withdrew into the Isle of Rhodes, and lived there for seven years; but having this year obtained leave of Augustus, he came back to Rome, wherein Lucius, being sent into Spain, sickened, and died at Marseilles. Eighteen Months after his Brother's decease, Caius also departed this life, in Lycia, as he was at last returning into Italy, whither he had been required to come, by Augustus. Tiberius, from henceforward, was, as it were by the Suffrage of all Men, designed Successor of the Empire. Augustus had indeed a third Grandson from his Daughter Julia, whose Name was Agrippa; but him he never dignified with those Honours, nor loved to that degree as he did his Brothers.  
Augustus, at length after he had governed the Empire for fifty seven years, obtained the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or easy death, which he wished for, at Nola in Campania, on the 19th. of August, in the Seventysixth year of his age.  
14.  
Tiberius' succeeded Augustus, and reigned Two and twenty years: This Prince, by his overcruelty, afflicted the Romans grievously, (as you may see in Tacitus and Suetonius.) In the mean time, Germanicus, the Son of his Brother Drusus, reduced the mutinous Legions in Germany to Obedience, though they made a tender unto him of the Empire, and led them against the Cherusci, Chatti, and Angrivarii, Nations dwelling about the Rhine; whom he overcame, and then triumphed. From thence he was sent with an extraordinary Commission into the East; of whom Tiberius, who was of a most mistrustful and exceeding timorous Disposition, growing jealous, 'twas believed he was poisoned by Piso, Governor of Syria, two years after. Tiberius, after the Revolution of seven years, left Rome, and retired to Campania, with an intention never to return, confining himself to the Island Caprea to his dying day. The very same year that he went into Caprea, was Pontius Filate sent Governor into Judaea.  
28.  
The next year, which was the fifteenth of the Reign of Tiberius, John the Son of Zacharias, who was born in the same year with our Saviour, began to preach Repentance in Judaea; neither did he admit the Jews themselves to become his Disciples, without they were first Baptised.  
30.  
After he had spent a year in that Work, Christ came to be baptised by him, and then began his own Ministry; but John was cast into Prison by Herod, upon account of the Reason given in the Gospel. This year died Livia, Tiberius' Mother, being hated by her wicked Son, when she had lived eighty six years.  
33.  
Christ, in the third year after he began his Preaching was Crucified, for the Salvation of Mankind, on the Twenty third Day of March, the Sixth Festival, and fifteenth Moon, according to the Usage field in Judaea, when he had celebrated the Passover the third, or at least the second time, aster he had entered upon his Office: He died towards the end of a Friday, and rested in the Grave all the Saturday, together with part both of Friday and the Sunday following, that is, about Six and thirty Hours in all. He arose the Twenty fifth of March, before Sunrising; ascended into Heaven the Third of May; and sent the Holy Ghost upon the Apostles, the Thirteenth of the same Month.  
The Apostles henceforward began to preach the Gospel, not only in the Ghaldaean or Greek Tongues, which were used in Judaea, and common to them, but also in all other Languages throughout the World. This very year Stephen was martyred; and the Church of Jerusalem, except the Apostles, scattered.  
34.  
But that we, according to our Custom, may mix Profane with Sacred History, two very memorable things happened at Rome this same year, and four years after. Sejanus, who had been in highest favour with Tiberius, was accused by him, in the Letters he wrote to the Senate; there upon taken Prisoner, and put to death: And the Parthians, who were at very ill Terms with Tiberius and the Romans, growing weary of their King Arabanus, came to Rome, that they might get Tiberius to allow of Phraates to be their King. But Phraates dying on his Journey, he made Tyridates their King; and him, Vitellius, Governor of Syria, conducted to his Kingdom. Then died Philip, Herod's Son, on whom Augustus conferred a Tetrarchy, in Judaea.  
36.  
Paulus Tarsensis, who was converted to the Faith, in the Three and thirtieth Year of our Redemption, began then to enter upon his Apostolical Function; and three Years after his Conversion, went up to Jerusalem, to see Peter; from thence to Caesarea; and from Caesarea journeyed to Tarsus.  
37.  
Next year died Tiberius, and was succeeded by Caius Caligula, Germanicus' Son. As soon as he came to the Empire, he set Agrippa, Herod's Grandson by Aristobulus, at liberty; and not only bestowed on him the Tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias, but also the Title of King. This is that Agrippa whereof mention is made in the Acts of the Apostles.  
Peter went the same year to Antioch; where, after the Revolution of three years, the Disciples of Christ were called Christians.  
Caligula, after he had reigned four years, and abounded in all Wickedness, so far as to have a mind to be esteemed a God, and worshipped accordingly, was at last cut off by Chaerea, and other Conspirators.  
41.  
Claudius, his Uncle, succeeded him, who was as remarkable for his Blockishness, as the other was for his Madness. Seneca writ an elegant satire upon him, entitled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
This Emperor also enlarged the Kingdom of Agrippa, by adding Judaea and Samaria thereunto; which made him go to Jerusalem, and to please the People, to persecute the Christians, of whom he slew James the Apostle, and threw Peter into Prison.  
The Ancients have recorded, That Peter went next year from Antioch to Rome, to oppose Simon Magus: But some Modern Writers in this and the last Age, from some Difficulties in Chronology, and other light Conjectures, deny that Peter ever was at Rome, and even, what all Antiquity hath unanimously concurred in, that he suffered Martyrdom there. But it looks like an absurdity, in a thing of that nature, to contradict all Men, because we cannot clear up some Difficulties that lie in the way. Indeed, it's certain, Peter never was at Rome in the space of four and twenty years together; but that he never saw that City, looks like a crime to deny. Consult hereupon the First Dissertation of Dr. Pearson, concerning the Succession of the First Bishops of Rome, chap. seven, viij.  
There are no Remains left, to show whether at Rome, or where else, the Second Epistle of Peter was written. Hugo Grotius, Salmasius, and Joseph Scaliger, think it to be none of his. The First is said to be written from Babylon; and by Babylon, the Ancients meant no other than Rome, by reason of the Greatness of the Roman Empire, in conformity to that of Babylon, and whose Metropolis might therefore very well be dignified with the Name of the Metropolis of the Babylonish Empire. 'Tis true, Peter makes no mention of Paul therein, because he was not then at Rome: The time when it was written cannot be assigned. See Lud. Cappellus, in his Appendix to the Apostolical History; where, however, he inclines to the contrary Opinion. The same Author has furnished us with an History of Paul's Travels, and the time when he wrote each of his Epistles: which Argument is also most accurately handled by Dr. Pearson, in his Annals Paulini, and Praelectiones in Acta.  
49.  
Claudius, in the ninth year of his Reign, turned the Jews out of Rome, and the Christians also with them, who were at that time confounded with, and taken for the Jews: whence Suetonius says that they, Auctore Chresto tumultuantes, growing tumultuous under Christ their Leader, were expelled Rome. Then it was, as some will have it, that Peter returned into Judaea, and Aquila and Prisoilla came to Corinth, (as you have it Act. xviii.) The same year arose a Controversy at Antioch, about the Jewish Ceremonies: Whereupon the Apostles, with the Church of Jerusalem, make that Decree that is contained in the XVth Chapter of the Acts.  
Claudius, at that time, having slain his Wife Messalina, who was an open Adulteress, married Agrippina the Daughter of his Brother Germanicus, who, by Domitius Ahenobarbus, had a Son, whose Name was Nero; to whom this same Year, he assigned L. Seneca, now recalled from Banishment, for his Tutor: and being moved thereunto by the advice of his freed Man, Pallaes', disinherited his Son Britannicus, whom Messalina bore him.  
In the fourth year of Claudius' Reign, died King Agrippa: so that his Kingdom was put under the Government of Roman Magistrates; who by innumerable Enormities so exasperated the minds of the Jews, that they broke out at last into open War.  
54.  
Claudius' being removed by Poison, was succeeded by Nero; whose very Name was enough to strike Horror, for his brutal savage Disposition, and unheard-of Cruelties: He slew his own Mother, Brother Britanmicus, Seneca his Tutor, and other famous Men; turned Stage-Player; set. Rome on fire, and having cast the odium of the Crime upon the Christians, cut off a great many of them by exquisite Torments.  
In his time lived Perseus, and Lucan the Poet, as did Quintilian a little before; who was a most excellent Rhetorician. It was not long after that Juvenal flourished; to whom we are to join Curtius the Historian, though he published his History in Vespasian's Reign.  
68  
Peter and Paul are thought to have suffered Martyrdom at Rome, in the fourteenth and last year of Nero's Reign.  
69.  
The Jewish War began a little before; whereof Josephus, who was engaged therein, has writ an accurate History. Vespasian, Governor of Syria, won many Victories over the Jews, before he assumed the Empire into his Hands, which he acquired the year after Nero's death, when Galba, Otho, and Vitellius, having slain one another, had in vain endeavoured to secure themselves. He then made his Son Titus Commander in Chief in the Jewish War; who, after a Siege of seven months, took Jerusalem, and razed it down to the Ground. As there was scarce any other Nation that committed such flagitious Impieties and Evils as the Jews did in this War, so was there scarce ever any that suffered so much. A little after this, was Onion, or the Temple of the Jews, in Egypt, built by Onias the Highpriest, leveled with the Ground, upon a Tumult raised by the Jews in that Country.  
Somewhat before these-times, are supposed to be written the Two Epistles of those Apostolic Men, (viz.) Barnabas, which is Catholic or Universal; and Clemens, First Bishop of Rome, to the Corinthians. The Ancients differ very much, whether Clemens, or Li●●●, or else Cletus, was first fixed in the See of Rome, Hereof you may consult Dr. Pearson, and Henry Dodwell▪ in his Dissertation concerning the Succession of the first Bishops of Rome.  
At this time flourished Asconius Pedianus, the famous Grammarian; as did also Pliny, Author of the Natural History.  
79.  
After Vespasian had for the space of ten years and six months governed the Empire, he died, and left Titus, the best of Emperors, to succeed him; who complained, That he lost a Day, when he had not done some good Deed or other. But he scarce attained to the third year of his Reign, in which he was cut off by an untimely fate; and left so much the more longing after him, by how much his Brother Domitian, that succeeded him, proved a worse Prince than he. This Man growing imperious both towards God and Man, commanded himself to be styled both God and Lord, slew a great many of the Citizens, and expelled Philosophers out of Rome; for which Sulpitia writ the satire upon him, which is still extant.  
81.  
But he who was thus outrageous to Heathens, proved much more so to the Christians, in raising up the Second Persecution after Nero against them, though it was of short duration; of which you may read, as well as of others, in Dodwell's Dissertation, entitled, de Pancitate Martyrum.  
93.  
John the Apostle is said, at that time, to have been thrown into a Cauldron of hot Oil, and to have come from thence safe and unhurt, and to be afterwards banished to the Isle of Patmos. Christianity began now to spread itself far and near, so that Persons of highest Quality began to own and profess it; of the number of whom was Flavius Clemens, Consul, and Domitian's Cousin German; whom, for that reason, he commanded to be put to death.  
About these times, it's generally believed that John writ the Apocalypse, or Book of Revelation; and Josephus himself bears witness, that he was employed in writing his Book of Antiquities. At the same time flourished Justus of Tiberias, Josephus' Enemy, who also wrote the Jewish History.  
96.  
Domitian, after he had reigned for the space of fifteen years, was slain by certain Persons, that conspired against him, and was succeeded in the Empire by Cocceius Nerva, who rescinded all the other had done: whence it came to pass, that John had the opportunity of returning from the Isle of Patmos, into Asia; where, the next year, which was the Ninetieth of his Age, he is said to have wrote his Gospel, and to have lived two years longer.  
98.  
Nerva, after he had reigned one year, and some months, had Vlpius Trajanus for his Successor; who did great things; for he conquered the Dacians, Armenians, Iberians, Sarmatians, Parthians, and several other Barbarous Nations. But the Persecution that was raised during his Reign, against the Christians, did not a little detract from that Princely Virtue of Clemency wherewith he was allowed to have been endowed: However, it was of no long continuance, as appears by the 17th Epist. Lib. 10. of Plinius Junior, where he gives the Christians a great Character. This is reckoned for the Third Persecution, wherein many did not die, (as Mr. Dodwell sets forth.) But yet it was under this Emperor, that Clemens Bishop of Rome, and Ignatius of Antioch, suffered Martyrdom: concerning whose Epistles, that are remaining, you may consult the most learned Doctors, James Usher, and John Pearson.  
113.  
The Jews making an Insurrection in Cyrene and Egypt, after having committed many Outrages, were slain in vast numbers, as well in the forementioned Places, as in the Isle of Cyprus; whither it was Enacted to be a Capital Crime for any of the Jews to go, though driven thither by a Storm.  
117.  
Aelius Adrian succeeded Trajan in the Empire, when the latter had reigned nineteen years; and in his time it was, that Florus and Suetonius, the Roman Historians; and the Greek Philosophers, Plutarch, and Sextus the Empirick flourished.  
In this Reign, Saturninus, Basilides, and Carpocrates, the Heretics, are said to have lived; from whom, some are of opinion, the Sect of the Gnostics sprung, though others think them older. You may consult Dr. Hammond on this Head, in the Third Chapter of his Prooemial Dissertation concerning Antichrist: He thinks those Heretics to have had their Original from Simon Magus, and that they were given to all manner of filthy Concupiscence, and no farther Christians than in Name; which, in time of Persecution, they made no scriple to deny. They must certainly be the worst of Men, who, in the days of the Apostles, boasted of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, vain Science. See 1 Tim. vi. 20. But of this we have already spoken in several places of our Additions to Hammond's Annotations 〈◊〉 the New Testament.  
In this Age it was, that Quadratus a Disciple of the Apostles, and Aristides an Athenian Philosopher, wrote Apologies for the Christian Religion; which are lost, though there be a fragment of the former extant in the Sixth Book, and Third Chapter of Eusebius' Natural History. About those Times was also written that Tract which we have now under the Name of Hermes Pastor.  
128.  
Aquila Ponticus, who was at first a Christian, then turned Jew, translated the Old Testament into Greek, in the time of Adrian; who not long after began to rebuild Jerusalem, and to carry a Colony thither, calling the same by the Name of Aelia Capitolina. This the Jews were offended at; wherefore they began secretly to consult about making an Insurrection, and at last broke forth into open Rebellion, under the Conduct of Barchochebas, who boasted himself to have been the Messiah, and therefore took that Name upon him which implied as much as The Son of a Star, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. But having failed the Expectation of the Jews, (for he and a great number of his Men were overthrown by Hadrian) he was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Barchozba, i. e. The Son of a Lye.  
Phavorinus, of whom A. Gellius hath written so much, in his Book called Noctes Articae, flourished at this time; as did also Ptolemy, the famous Mathematician.  
137.  
Adrian adopted Cejonius Commodus Verus, to whom he gave the Name of Aelius Verus; and, together with his Adopted Son, died the following year: But had, a little before his departure, adopted Arrius Antoninus, (who afterwards got the Surname of Pius,) but it was upon this Condition, That he should adopt Arrius Verus, and M. Aurelius.  
He was succeeded by Antoninus Pius, in whose Reign lived Justin Martyr, several of whose Pieces are still extant; Galen of Pergamus, the famous Physician; Arrian, a Philosopher of Nicomedia; Maximus of Tyre; Sextus of Chaeronea, Plutarch's Grandson; and Lucian of Samosata. Martion and Valentine, the Heretics, began at that time to diffuse their Heresies at Rome.  
161.  
Antoninus Pius dying this year, was succeeded by the two Caesars, M. Aurelius Antoninus, and L. Aelius Verus, who, eight years after, died of an Apoplectic Fit. These Emperors waged various Wars both against the Parthians and Germans, with good success.  
In the Reign of these Emperors, lived Athenaeus, Author of the Deipnosophists; and Polycarpus, among the Christians, whose Epistle to the Philippians is still extant, and who himself was martyred; Theophilus of Antioch, whose Books we have to Autolychus; as also Melito of Sardis, and Athenagoras, whose Apology for the Christians, and Book concerning the Resurrection, are still in being.  
Marcus Aurelius, after a Reign of nineteen years, about nine whereof were in conjunction with Verus; and the rest, either alone himself, or with his Son Commodus, ended his days in Pannonia, now called Hungary. This was the best Prince that ever governed the Roman Empire; he left an excellent and most useful Book behind him, entitled, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, on which Thomas Gataker wrote learned Notes.  
180.  
The best of Emperors was succeeded by the worst of Sons, L. Aurelius Commodus; in whose time lived Irenaens, Bishop of Lions; and Theodotion Ponticus, who translated the Old Testament into Greek. Montanus also, together with Priscilla and Maximilla, gave now a beginning to the Heresy of the Montanists. Neither are we to forget, that Julius Pollux flourished in this Age, whose work called Onomasticon is still extant.  
192.  
Commodus, after he had escaped several Plots against him, was at last taken off, by the Contrivance of Martia his Concubine, with Laetus and Electus, his Chamberlains; who advanced Pertinax in his room: but he could not hold it full three months, and so was slain by the Soldiery. Next after him was Didius Julianus made Emperor, who, in about two months' time, ran the same fate as his Predecessor. In the mean time, L. Septimius Severus in Pannonia, Pescennius Niger in Syria, and Clodius Albinus in Britain, set up for the Empire. It was agreed, not long after, between Severus and Albinus, That the former should allow the latter the Dignity of Caesar: And as for Niger, Severus overthrew him in battle, at the River Euphrates, and slew him. When he had reigned near six years, and frequently endeavoured, though in vain, in a clandestine manner, to cut off Albinus, he at last attacks him with open force. They fought a very great Battle, at Lions, in France; where, after many Men were slain on both sides, Albinus also fell, leaving the Empire to Severus alone.  
197.  
There was a great Controversy arose between the Asian and Western Churches, concerning the Observation of Easter: Victor, Bishop of Rome, who would have that Feast to be celebrated the first Sunday after the Fourteenth Day of the New Moon which immediately followed the Vernal Equinox, Excommunicated the Bishops of Asia, who thought the same should be celebrated on the very Fourteenth Day itself. For which Procedure of his, Irenaeus sharply reproves Victor.  
Two years after, Severus, who had given his Son Bassianus the Name of Antoninus, and made him Caesar, in pursuance to a Decree of the Senate, created him Emperor; as he did his other Son Caesar.  
202.  
Under this Emperor, it's said, the Fifth Persecution arose, but it does not seem to have been very great. Then it was, that Tertullian and Origen flourished; the former in Africa, and the other in Egypt.  
211.  
When Geta, Severus' younger Son, was created Augustus, Antoninus sought all opportunities to kill his Father: Which when he came to understand, he wasted away for very grief, and died at York, in Britain, when he had built a Wall, for the defence of that City and the Roman Province, from Sea to Sea, cross the Island, against the Incursions of the Picts. He reigned seventeen years, eight months, and some days.  
As soon as he was dead, Antoninus commanded the Physicians, who would not obey him, to take off his Father by Poison, to be put to death; and in their ruin was also Papinian the Lawyer involved, because he would not consent to the said Execution.  
215.  
Agrippinus, Bishop of Carthage, having held a Council in these times, Enacted, That Heretics should be rebaptized.  
217.  
Antoninus the Emperor, after he had ravaged the Kingdom of Parthia, and was come back to Mesopotamia, was taken off by Opilius Macrinus, by the means of Martialis the Centurion, after he had reigned for six years: But Macrinas himself, after one year's Reign, together with his Son Diadamenianus, whom he had made Caesar, was slain by the Soldiery.  
Antoninus Alagabalus, a most wicked Emperor, succeeded him. He was at first a Priest of Alagabalus, a God of the Emisseni, from whom he had his Name; for Alah gabal, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, signifies a Mountain-God; or God of the Mountain. The Emissenians worshipped God, under the form of a Mountain, which they believed to have fallen down from Heaven, and who was esteemed to be the chief among them, as is set forth at large by Is. Casaubon, and Claud. Salmasius, upon Heliogabalus of Lampridius. He introduced the Worship of his Name-sake-God into Rome, and built him a Temple there.  
He adopted his Cousin-German, Alexander, Mammea's Son, whom he called Caesar; and after he had reigned three years, and nine months, was, together with his Mother Julia, slain at Rome, in a Tumult made by the Soldiery, and thrown into the Tiber.  
222.  
Alexander, a good Prince, assumed the Imperial Dignity: He is said to have worshipped Apollonius Tyanaeus, Christ, Abraham, and Orpheus, in his private Chapel: so that we do not find the Christians much molested in his Reign. Nay, it's said, that he would have built a Temple for our Saviour; which Adrian was affirmed to have designed, who commanded Temples to be built in Cities without any Statues in them. He also allowed especial Privileges to the Jews; and if any suffered Martyrdom in his Reign, the same must be attributed to certain Lawyers, whose Counsel he made use of, and who were great Enemies to the Christians. Amongst others, Ulpian, Pomponius, Celsus, Modestinus, Paulus, Proculus, and Venuleius, were famous.  
231.  
About these times it was, that Origen undertook a most useful Work upon the Old Testament; he put forth that called by the Name of Tetrapla, where you have first the Hebrew Text in Hebrew Characters, than the same in Greek; after which follows the four famous Versions, of the Septuagint, Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion; whence sprang the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, not from the number of the Columns, but of the Versions; for the Columns were five, whereas the Versions were no more than four. An Example whereof, we have subjoined in this place: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hebraic. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 LXX Int. Aquila Symmach. Theodot. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But seeing that in the Reign of Antonine Caracalla, there were three Versions more found in a great Tub at Jericho, which they called the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh; there were with the addition of these, two Columns more made, one whereof took up the Fifth place, as the Sixth and Seventh, who were looked upon as all one, took up the other; and perhaps there was no great difference between them. That work being ended in this manner, they called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because the same consisted of fix Versions, the Sixth and the Seventh being reputed but for one. But Epiphanius, and some other eminent Writers, have given this Edition the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because they had a regard to the Columns, and not the Versions; that is, they allowed two Columns for the Hebrew Text, and six for the Versions, for the reason already given. They have also, for the same reason, called that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which we before, with Origen and Jerom, have distinguished by the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Origen hath also done this in the Septuagint's Version, that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or that which was vulgarly used, wherein are many things added or borrowed from other Interpreters: he hath distinguished them which were not the Septuagints, with Asterisms and Lines; but in the Hexapla, hath inserted the Septuagint's unmixed. As to this point, you may consult Eusebius, lib. vi. cap. 16. of his Ecclesiastical History, and Henry Valesius upon him, as also Is. Vossius adtertias Objectiones Ric. Simonii. Andrew Masius' Pref. to the Greek Text of Joshua, may withal be seen upon this occasion.  
From this Origen, several of whose Pieces are quite lost, but many still extant, as from an Everlasting Fountain, have the Fathers of the Greek Church drawn almost all their Writings: neither did St. Jerom borrow a little matter from him, though his great Opponent; nor Ruffinus, Presbytes of Aquileia, who stuck close to his part, who also translated much of him into Latin. He was afterwards accused of divers Errors; concerning which, you may consult Sulpicius Severus, in his Dialogues. Indeed, as to those Controversies relating to Grace, yea, and to the Holy Trinity, and other Points of Christian Theology, he hath very different Sentiments from those which afterwards prevailed, especially in the Latin Church. At that time flourished Gregory Thaumaturgus, and Julius Africanus, who were great Admirers of Origen.  
In this Age it was, that Artaxerxes the Persian, after he had overcome and slain Artabanus, restored the Empire to the Persians, or rather suppressed the Name of Parthia: yet Alexander overcame this Prince; but was soon after, together with his Mother, slain by the Soldiers, when he had reigned thirteen years.  
In his Reign lived Dio Cassius, who wrote the Roman History.  
235.  
Maximinus, whose Father was a Goth, and Mother an Alane, succeeded him; being made Emperor by the Soldiery, without the concurrence of the Senate. This very year, to which Writers refer the Sixth Persecution, the Gordians, Father and Son, usurp the Empire: Which was no sooner made known at Rome, but the Romans, by the Authority of the Senate, revolted from Maximinus, and chose Twenty Senators to take care of the Public Weal. But after the Revolution of one year, the Gordians were slain by Capelianus, and Maximinus himself, while, together with his Son, he laid Siege to Aquileia, was cut off also. The Senate presently advanced Maximius and Pupienus into his Place: But these, as being beloved by the People, and hated by the Soldiery, ran the same fate, in the following year.  
238.  
Gordianus, yet a Child, was chosen Emperor, by the African Legions; who, by the Assistance of Misitheus, his Father-in-Law, a most valiant and learned Person, held the Dignity for six years: But not being able to hinder Philip the Arab from killing him, and getting himself to be Praefectus Praetorio, or Captain of the Lifeguard, in his room, he was slain the next year by the same Person.  
244.  
M. Julius Philippus, together with his Son of his own Name and Caesar, held the Empire for about five years. Some of the Ancients have mistakingly thought these Philips to have been Christians, as after Joseph Scaliger, and David Clerk, in his Sacred Questions, quaest. nineteen. hath showed. The Father was slain at Verona; and the Son at Rome, by the Soldiery.  
249.  
The next that succeeded in the Empire, was Decius, who was descended from Lower Hungary, and who is said to have raised the Seventh Persecution against the Christians.  
St. Cyprian flourishing under this Prince, who, a year before Decius came to be Emperor, was made Bishop of Carthage, wherein he succeeded Donatus. Not long after, a Schism broke forth in Africa, upon account of the Defection of Persons from the Faith, in time of the Persecution, which we have spoken of; whom Felicissimus the Deacon would never allow to come to Communion; wherein he was followed by Novatus and Novatianus, the Presbyters,, who, a little while after, were condemned, in a Synod held at Rome.  
251.  
Three years after, Decius was succeeded in the Empire by C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus, and C. Vibius Volusianus, whom his Father made his Colleague in the Empire: But these, at the expiration of about three years, as they were marching against Aemylianus, who was forming new Designs against them in Moesia, were slain at Interamna; and three months were hardly at an end, when Aemylianus himself ran the same fate.  
254.  
Valerian was made Emperor in Noricum; and Galienus at Rome, under whom began the Eighth Persecution.  
In the third year of their Reign, St. Cyprian having assembled a Synod of the Bishops of Africa, Enacted, That the Baptism of Heretics was not valid; and that therefore they ought to be Rebaptised, who had been Baptised by them. The same thing was Decreed by Firmilianus Bishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, and Dionysius of Alexandria. Stephen Bishop of Rome opposed both, and got another Synod of Italian Bishops to withstand them. Two years after, St. Cyprian was martyred in Africa.  
In these times, several Nations from Scythia and Germany, particularly the Gorani, Goths, Carpi, and Burgundians, made an Irruption into the East; which wrought so much Distraction in the Empire, that many assumed the Imperial Dignity, among whom, seeing there were thirty Persons of greater Eminency than the rest, they were called by the Name of the Thirty Tyrants, which was taken from that of the Athenian Oligarchy, the History of whom we have written by Trebellius Pollio.  
About these times, Sabellius, originally of Ptolemais, in Libya, is said to have broached his Opinion; which, if we may give credit to the Ancients, was this, That he believed God who was one and the same numerically, was in certain respects called Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.  
260.  
Valerian going unadvisedly to confer with Sapores King of Persia, was taken and slain by him. Galienus, after he had reigned with his Father for seven years, held the Empire eight years longer; but not without the Assistance of his Brother P. Lucinius Valerianus, whom his Father had created Caesar.  
While this Prince gave himself up wholly to his Pleasures, Odenatus King of Palmyra seized on the East, and defended those Parts against the Persians: but being slain soon after, his Wife Zenobia, a Woman of a masculine Spirit, took the Government upon her.  
At this same time it was, they say, that Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, was condemned in the First Synod of Antioch, for teaching, that Christ was but a mere Man.  
268.  
Gallienus and Valerianus being treacherously slain, M. Aurelius Claudius succeeded, who reigned almost two years.  
270.  
This last Emperor dying of the Plague, was succeeded by Aurelianus; who is reckoned among the good Princes. In his Reign, it's recorded, That Paul of Samosata was condemned again, at Antioch: That when he would not go out of the House belonging to the Church, nor be driven from the Flock whereof he was Pastor before, he was driven thence by the Authority of the Emperor Aurelian, though an Heathen. Which how it could be done, I cannot easily imagine; seeing that Eusebius, who tells this Story, says, that the Ninth Persecution raised against the Christians, was in this Emperor's Reign.  
275.  
This Emperor overcame Zenobia, and led her away in Triumph; and commanded his Rhetorician, Longinus, who was Greek Secretary to him, because it was thought he had wrote haughty Letters, to be put to death. Himself, after a year and half's Reign, was treacherously murdered by Mnestheus, his Secretary. After whose decease, happened, what had never come to pass at any time before, an Interregnum for Eight Months, while the Senate and Army would leave the Power of choosing an Emperor to one another. M. Claudius Tacitus was chosen by the Senate, who died six months after, and was succeeded by his Brother Florianus; who, in about another month's time, was slain, and succeeded by Marcus Aurelius Probus.  
276.  
In this Emperor's Reign sprang up the Heresy of the Manichaeans, which had its beginning from a Babylonish Servant, whose Name was Manes, now, in that Language, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Man, i. e. a Vessel, which with the addition of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, dechai, of the Living, makes it Mandechai, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, the Vessel of God. This Man defended the Fatality held by the Stoics, and denied  so far to Man, that all things must be done necessarily: but for Sin and Vice, he attributed none of that to God; for he urged with the Persians and Magi, that besides God, there was another Principle which was the Author of all Evil. There were also several of the ancient Heretics, who, in like manner, denied this Freedom, and introduced a fatal Necessity: Which made Irenaeus, Athenagoras, Origen, and other Fathers, inveigh most sharply against such Opinions.  
282.  
The Emperor Probus, for his severe Discipline over the Soldiery, in his March through Illyricum, was slain by them, after he had reigned six years.  
He was succeeded by M. Aurelius Carus; who made his Sons, Carinus and Numerianus, Caesar's, and who succeeded him, he being slain in Mesopotamia, by a Thunderbolt, within a year's time. It was not much longer, before Dioclesian, a Dalmatian, the Freedman of Anulinus the Senator, cut them off. In these days lived Olympius and Nemesianus the Poets, some Eclogues of whom, which are not contemptible, have survived to our times.  
284.  
Then also flourished Minutius Felix, Arnobius, and not long after, Lactantius, who writ against the Heathens, in the Defence of the Christian Religion.  
Seeing there were now divers Tumults in France, that Britain was not quiet, Wars coming on from the East, and Seditions raised in Africa; Dioclesian created Maximianus Herculius, whom he had made Caesar before, now Emperor. And not long after, they constituted each of them a Caesar, which were Maximianus Armentarius, and Constantius Chlorus, who was sent into Britain, against Carausius, that had caused himself to be declared Emperor.  
291.  
Eutropius saith, That Dioclesian was the first that found out the form of Royal Usage, more than that of the Roman Liberty; and commanded himself to be Adored, when all others before him were only Saluted; That he wore Jewels on his  and Shoes. For the Ensign of Empire consisted before in a Purple Robe only, but in other things they went like other People. But it's manifest, the same thing was done by Caligula; and perhaps he inveighs the more bitterly against Dioclesian, because he saw he was hated by the Christians; For Eutropius lived in the time of the first Christian Emperor's.  
302.  
Dioclesian and Maximianus Herculius, after they had put an end to various Wars, raised the Tenth and greatest Persecution of all against the Christians: They pulled down their Temples and Churches every where, (if we may call those Places so, where the Christians privately met to worship) and sought out for the Scriptures in every corner; which they forced from many, with exquisite Torments: who, for that reason, were called TRAITORS. Some time after, there was a Synod held against them, at Cirtha, in Numidia; wherein those who had not given them up, would have the Traitors Excommunicated: But as there were several of the Bishops who had been themselves tardy in the point, they let the matter fall. This Account we have in St. Augustine, against Cresconius, lib. iii. cap. 26. Whence 'tis evident, there were not as many suffered Martyrdom, as the Writers of the latter Ages have boasted of.  
304  
This year, Dioclesian and Maximianus Herculius having laid aside the Imperial Dignity, the first at Nicomedia, and the other at Milan, resumed a private Life: while Constantius Chlorus and Maximinianus Armentarius were at the same time declared Augusti, as Severus and Galerius Maximinus were also made Caesar's. These Princes divided the Provinces of the Empire, so as that it was assigned to every one what part it was his business to govern and defend.  
Constantius died two years after, at York; and his Son Constantine, by the unanimous Consent of the whole Army, was saluted Caesar, and next year Emperor. But when Constantine's Picture was brought to Rome, Maxentius, the Son of Herculius, was presently proclaimed Emperor, by the Praetorian Bands.  
The same year, Caecilianus was constituted in the Place of Mensurius Bishop of Carthage, by Felix of Aptungitanum: From whence sprung a Schism, for that those to whom the Church-Plate was entrusted by Mensurius, were compelled to give them up to Caecilianus, (if so be we are bound to believe herein St. Augustine and Optatus, the Donatists' Opponents, from whom only we have this Account.) The Schismatics pretended that Caecilianus had been Ordained by the Traditores, or Betrayers (as they called them) wherefore they thought that they had a Right to Create another Bishop, which was Majorinus. The Chief Man among them, was Donatus of Casae-Nigrae, from whom the Schism was denominated.  
307.  
When Galerius Maximianus came to understand that Maxentius, who was his Son-in-Law, had invaded the Imperial Authority, he endeavoured both himself, and by his Generals, though in vain, to subdue him. His Father Maximianus, hoping he might by the means hereof assume the Purple again, went from Lucania to Rome; but being found to have conspired against his Son, he was expelled from thence: And so he fled to Constantine, then in Gaul, on whom he bestowed his Daughter Fausta in Marriage, and withal, consigned unto his hands (as far as in him lay) the Title and Power of Augustus, or Emperor.  
Licinius, who before had been declared Caesar, by Maximianus, did the following year assume the Name of Augustus: So that there were this year no less than four Emperors, (viz.) Maximianus, Constantine, Maxentius, and Licinius.  
The Donatists, at the same time, gathered a Synod of Two hundred and seventy Bishops, at Carthage, wherein they Decreed, That the Betrayers should be rebaptized; and upon their Refusal, be Excommunicated.  
311.  
Galerius, in the mean time, by an Edict, put a stop to the Persecution of the Christians, which he had before promoted, and died of an infectious Wound he had received. An Anonymous Author, published by James Sirmondus, adds, That this was such a drunken Emperor, that when in drink he commanded what ought not to be done, he Enacted, upon the Advice of the Praefect, That none should execute his Commands after Dinnertime.   

THE Conversion of Constantine, The XIth EPOCH.  
From the Conversion of the Emperor Constantine, to the Reign of Charles the Great, are Four Hundred Eighty Eight Years; which comprehends,  
The XIth PERIOD.  
312.  
Constantine is said to have seen, this year, in the Air, something representing the Sign of the Cross, with these words on it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, In this thou shalt overcome, and that then he was converted. He thereupon, together with Licinius, to whom he was reconciled, put out several Edicts in favour of the Christians: But he made War upon Maxentius; who being beaten, fell, in his flight, over a Bridge that was built across the Tiber, into that River.  
The Donatists from thenceforward raised many Disturbances in Africa, whose Dissensions Constantine endeavoured to accommodate, by the means of some Bishop employed for that end, (tho' to no purpose) upon application being made to him upon the said account, which Dionys. Petavius wrongfully ascribes to the next year. He did indeed Enact, That the Determination of the Bishops, even in Civil Controversies, should be allowed of. But he ought to have referred this Edict to the Year 331; for the same was dated at Constantinople, which began to be re-edified, A. D. 328: And this Observation we have from David blondel, who hath inserted the same, with some few more, in the Margin of Petavius.  
Upon this, a War broke out between Constantine and Licinius; wherein the former prevailing in two great Battles, imposed these Terms upon the other, That he should govern Thrace, the East, and remoter Provinces, while Constantine should from Illyricum possess all the rest of the Empire Westward. It was not long after, before Constantius and Crispus, the Sons of Constantine the Great, as also Licinius the Son of Licinius, were made Caesar's.  
At the same time, it's said, Arius, a Presbyter of Alexandria, taught the People publicly, that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Word, was not of so perfect a Substance as the Father, though he were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, most like unto him; inasmuch as his Substance had been created by the Father, before the Formation of the World, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of that which had no Entity. But Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria, who, with several others, believed the Word to be a Substance altogether equal to that of the Father, and Eternal, turned Arius out of the Church; who, for all that, drew several Bishops to take his part, the chief whereof was Eusebius Bishop of Nicomedia.  
Philostorgius, who wrote an Ecclesiastical History from the time of the Nicene Council, down to that of Theodosius the Younger, some Fragments, and a short Compendium whereof, made by a Person who was of the Homoousian Opinion, are still extant, testifies, that one Alexander, Surnamed Baucala, made a difference between Arius, and Alexander the Bishop; and that from thence it was, that occasion was taken to preach the Consubstantial Doctrine. This Philostorgius was indeed a favourer of Arius' Opinion; but there is no reason we should give him no manner of credit, and all, as is usual, to those of the opposite Party.  
324.  
About the same time began Licinius, out of hatred to Constantine, to trouble the Christians, and soon after brake out into open War; but being overcome by Constantine, in some Engagements both by Sea and Land, he was brought to comply: yet Constantine finding at last, that he and Martinianus, whom the other had made Caesar, could not forbear forming of new Designs and Attempts, he commanded his Head to be struck off.  
325.  
But as the Controversy about the Celebration of Easter, (of which we have already made mention, in the time of Victor, Bishop of Rome) did still the more heighten the Differences between Arius and his Opponents, there was a Synod appointed to be called, to meet at Nice, from all the Roman Empire, wherein met cccxviii Bishops; and the same began on the 14th. of June, and ended on the 25th. of August following.  
In this Council it was Enacted, That all should celebrate Easter on the same Day, that is, the first Sunday after the Fourteenth Day of the New Moon next succeeding the Vernal Equinox. There was also a Creed or Confession of Faith made, wherein that Opinion that opposed Arius' Sentiments was confirmed. As for the Creed, you will find it in Socrates, l. i. c. 8. of his Eccles. Hist.  
But because this Synod was accounted to be the first Ecumenical Council, we shall contrary to our custom, say somewhat more concerning it.  
In the first place, There were great Contentions between the Bishops, which is expressly affirmed by Eusebius, cap. xiii. lib. 3. of the Life of Constantine; though Constantine, in a grave Speech, exhorted them all to Peace and Unanimity: These are his words; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. Some began to accuse their Neighbours, while others defended themselves, and returned the Accusation upon their Opponents. Neither could their Wranglings be composed any otherwise, than by throwing their Petitions into the fire.  
There is no small Controversy about the meaning of the Nicene Creed; concerning which, you may read Stephen Curcellaeus' Dissertation, de Vocibus Trinitatis, etc. where he shows, the Nioene Fathers believed there were Three Gods equal to one another. There were Five Bishops who would not subscribe, and they were Eusebius of Nicomedia, Theognis of Nice, Maris of Chalcedon, Theonas of Marmarica, and Secundus of Ptolemais: These said, they could not consent to admit of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because that may be said to be Consubstantial, which proceeds from another either by Partition, or Flowing, or Eruption; by Eruption, as the Bud is from the Roots; by Flowing, as Children from their Parents; and by Partition, as two or three small vials, from a mass of Gold. But none of these ways can the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or Word, be the Son of God. But the Synod said, that the Son was from the Father without any Partition, as it might be in Corporeal things; but they made use of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as signifying only the Equality of the Substance, and not Numerical Unity.  
Eusebius Bishop of Caesarea, who sat near the Emperor in the Synod, was at first dubious whether the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 should be allowed of; but at last, upon granting him to make his Interpretation, he gave way to it. He said, He approved of it, for peace sake, as he did also of those words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Begotten, not made; because they said Made was a word that was common to all other Creatures, that were made by the Son, wherewith the Son had nothing like unto them; and moreover, that he was not made like unto those things made by him, but was of a much more excellent Substance than all the Creatures, which indeed the Divine Oracles taught us to be of the Father, by some secret method of Generation: That he was Consubstantial with the Father, implied no more, than that the Son hath nothing of likeness in him to the Creatures he had made, but that he was like unto, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Father alone, of whom he was begotten; and that he was of no other Subsistence, or Substance, but of the Father. These things, which are taken out of Eusebius Bishop of Caesarea's Epistles, (as you have them in the forementioned place of Socrates, and others that might be mentioned) do sufficiently manifest unto us, that the Nicene Fathers had other sort of Sentiments, than what the Modern Christians have, in relation to the said Point.  
The Arians also themselves did at length acquiesce, except Theonas and Secundus, with the Creed of that Synod, and allowed of it; but upon that Condition, (as you have it in Athanasius' Second Apology) That Arius, who himself also allowed thereof, should not return to Alexandria. Athanasius, next year, was advanced into the See of Alexandria; who, while he was yet but Deacon, stiffly opposed Arius. Philostorgius hath many things in relation to him, that are not much to his Reputation; which perhaps are as little to be credited, as what the Consubstantial Men have said concerning Arius, and therefore are yet no more to be rejected than these.  
326.  
The same year, which was next after the Synod, Crispus Caesar, upon account of his being suspected to have committed Incest with his Mother-in-Law, was put to death, by his Father's Command: And Fausta being kept in custody till the following year, was killed in a Bath, because she was thought to have falsely accused Crispus. Ablavius, who afterwards attained to the Honour of being Consul, hath set forth Constantine's Cruelty, in the following lines: 
Saturni aurea saecla quis requirat?  
Sunt haec gemmea, sed Neroniana.   
Then Constantine and his Mother Helen built several Churches in Judaea, Jerusalem, Mount Olivet, and Bethlehem.  
330.  
The Council of Nice, by the Definition they made, could not extinguish the Dissensions reigning among the Christians. In Egypt there were great Animosities between the Arians and Athanasians: Which last the Consubstantial Writers have so far favoured, that they have condemned the other's Proceed in all Points. This year there happened a Tumult at Antioch, arising from the same Cause; which Petavius, after Baronius, hath mistakingly assigned to the Year 324, and citys Eusbius' Authority for it, to no purpose; when that Author, in Constantine's Life, lib. iii. cap. 60. speaks of things quite different therefrom, and such as happened five years after the Synod was held; as H. Valesius, upon that place in Eusebius, hath demonstrated: Upon the death of Paulinus Bishop of Antioch, they had great feuds amongst them in that City, about the Choice of a Successor; the Arians being obstinately bend to have Eusebius Bishop of Caesarea translated thither. [Euseb. lib. iii. de Vita Constantini, cap. 57] At length, Eustathius, a Catholic, and worthy Prelate, was put in. [Theodor. lib. i. c. 7.] blondel has well observed, in the Margin of Petavius, it's wrong; for what Eusebius relates, belongs to the Deposing of Eustathius. He might also have added, That it was not the Arians, but Eustathius, that was the occasion of the Sedition; whom Eusebius (in the forecited place) calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
This same year was the City Byzantium Dedicated, which Constantine had two years before begun to rebuild, and was, according to the Emperor's Name, called Constantinople. From henceforward it was made the Metropolis of the East, and began to be called ΝΕΑ ΡΩΜΗ.  
333.  
Constans, the Son of Constantine, was made Caesar this year. The Sarmatians, about the same time, that had been so often conquered, and their rebellious Servants being brought to submit, were divided through Macedon, Thrace, and Italy.  
335.  
Dalmatius, the Emperor Constantine's Brother's Son, having been advanced to the Dignity of Caesar; the Empire was in this manner divided between the Caesars. Constantine the Younger had the Charge of Gaul; Constantius, of the East; and Africa, Illyricum, and Italy, was the lot of Constans; whilst Dalmatius was to look after the Gothick Frontiers.  
Then it was that Athanasius was condemned in the Synod of Tyre, because he had by ill methods got himself made Bishop of Alexandria, and for other grievous Offences, if you will believe Philostorgius. [See lib. iii. §. 11.] It's certain, that though Philostorgius was a favourer of Arius; yet where he believes him to have fallen into an Error, he fails not to reprove him; and therefore he might deal candidly in other things. [See lib. two. §. 3.] Athanasius being accused a second time, by the same Bishops now assembled at Constantinople, that had condemned him at Tyre, was by Constantine banished to Treves. This year it was, that Arius is said to have died by a wonderful Judgement of God, as his Adversaries afterwards gave out; but their Squabbles were then too hot to incline us to give credit to either Side.  
337.  
This year died the Emperor Constantine the Great, after a Reign of One and thirty years. His three Sous, Constantine, Constantius, and Constans, were immediately Proclaimed; who divided the Empire betwixt them. Dalmatius Caesar, Constantius the Brother of Constantine the Great, and Anaballianus, on whom the Purple and Golden Robe was conferred by Constantine, who declared them Nobilissimi at the same time, were also in some measure Sharers in the Empire. As to this last mentioned Dignity, you may consult John Meursius, in his Lexicon Graeco-Barbarum, under the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. But these three were slain in a Tumult of the Soldiery, by the means of Constantius, who egged the latter to it, or at least connived at them; and together with them, Optatus made a Patrician by Constantine, (of which word see the said Author, under the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) the same being a new-coined Honour, which privileged him who enjoyed it, to take Place of the Praejectus Praetorio. At the same time, Ablavius, who was Praefectus Praetorio, was cut off also. We learn out of Philostorgius, that there was a Rumour spread abroad, That Constantine was poisoned by his Brethren; and that when he found his death draw nigh, he made his Will, and commanded the first of his Sons that should reach Nicomedia, where he died, to revenge his death: And perhaps, Constantius, who first arrived there, laid hold of this pretence to cut them all off.  
341.  
Athanasius was honourably recalled from Banishment, by Constantine the Younger; who, not long after, making War upon his Brother Constans, and breaking more like a Robber, than an Enemy in War, into his Division of the Empire, was slain. Athanasius was thereupon called to the Synod of Antioch, where about an hundred Bishops were assembled, one third whereof espoused Arius' Opinion; who condemned and deposed him, putting Gregory the Cappadocian into his See. In the mean time, Julius, Bishop of Rome, absolved not only Athanasius, in a Synod assembled in that City, but also condemned the Synod of Antioch: And Athanasius returning to Alexandria, raised a great Tumult against Gregory, wherein divers Soldiers and Citizens were slain. Macedonius, at the same time, being substituted by Hermogenes, the Emperor's Praefect, in the room of Eusebius, who from the See of Nicomedia, was translated to that of Constantinople, Hermogenes was tore to pieces by the Homoousian Party (as they were called,) these last being intent to restore Paul, who had been put out, to the exercise of his Function again.  
Then it was, that Photinus, the Disciple of Marcellus of Ancyra, they said, broached his Opinion concerning Christ; which was much the same, as far as may be gathered from the Ancients, with that of Paul of Samosata, of which we have made mention under the Emperor Aurelian.  
344.  
There was a new Council held by the Arians, at Antioch; wherein was form a new Confession of Faith, besides that made in the former Synod held in the same City, wherein the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was left out. The latter is said to have been Lucian the Martyr's, whom Alexander Bishop of Alexandria, and Philostorgius, own to have been of Arius' Opinion. [See Sozomen, lib. iii. cap. 5.] Lucian, and the Arians in this same Confession, declining to make the Son Consubstantial, say, that he was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, As to his Divinity, Immutable, and not obnoxious to Change, but the Immutable Image of the Essence, Council and Power of the Father, the Firstborn of every Creature. H. Valesius translates the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, In no wise differing. But though the word frequently occurs in that sense, yet it signifies also Immutable. Which inclines me to believe, that Lucian would have a Confession made in such terms as were agreeable to both Parties; which hath been often done, in relation to this Controversy.  
347.  
While Constantius was engaged in a War against the Persians, Constans, in the West, was intent upon the Restitution of Athanasius to the See of Alexandria; and for that end, with his Brother's concurrence, called a Synod at Sardis, a City in Illyricum, in the Confines of Thrace and Mysia. Here met Three hundred and seventy Bishops; wherein, when most of them were Homoousians, Athanasius was absolved. But the Arian Bishops, stealing from thence, met at Philippi, and set up contrary Decrees, which they also called by the Name of Sardis-Decrees. Neither would Athanasius have been recalled to Alexandria, but that Gregory being killed by the Homoousian Party, and that Constantius, moved by Constans his threathing Letters, thought fit to restore him, for Peace-sake, two years after the Synod of Sardis,  
350.  
Constans was this year slain by Magnentius, who seized upon the Empire in Gaul. The same was done by Vetranio in Panonia, and Nepotianus at Rome: But Magnentius quickly overpowered the rest, though he was himself, a year after he assumed the Empire, ruined by Constantius.  
The same year, wherein Magnentius was slain, there was a Synod held at Sirmium, wherein Photinus was condemned. They were all Arian Bishops that met there, yet their Canons were no less sound than others. Then it was, the Appellation of Pagan is thought to have had its original, to wit, when Constantius commanded all the Soldiery to embrace Christianity, and cashiered those that refused, and would have them called Pagans.  
When Constantius marched against Magnentius, he made Constantius Gallus, his Cousin-German, Caesar; but in about four years after, when he had perpetrated a great many Cruelties, he took care to have him slain. Julian, Gallus' Brother, had much ado to escape the same sat; but he was afterwards sent to Athens, to study.  
357.  
Athanasius was about the same time condemned in the Synods of Arles and Milan, and several of those that were for the Homoiousians Doctrine were banished, of which number were Laberius Bishop Rome, Hilary of Poitiers, Eusebius of Verceil, with other Bishops. Liberius, after two years' Exile, subscribed the Condemnation of Athanasius, and put out a Confession of Faith, wherein the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was left out; though he said, the Son was in all things most like unto the Father. About these times it was, that the Arians began to be distinguished into Homoiousians and Anomaeans; of which the first said, he was in all things of like Substance with the Father; whereas the other contested, he was unlike unto him, (if the Ancients may be credited upon this Head.)  
Julian, whom Constantius had created Caesar, performed many famous Exploits in Gaul and Germany, while Constantius made an Invasion into Sarmatia.  
After the Celebration of the Synod of Ancyra, wherein the Anomoeans were condemned, and that several Places were pitched upon to hold a General Council at; it was at last agreed, there should be two Synods had; one at Seleucia, in Isauria, for the East; and the other at Ariminum, in Italy, for the West.  
359.  
There were great Contentions between the Homoiousians and Anomoeans, but at length the latter were worsted; and that Confession of Faith that was made in the first Synod, held at Antioch, in the Year 341, was approved of; wherein the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was only left out.  
There were Four hundred Bishops met at Ariminum, of whom almost one fourth part favoured Arianism; and wherein, after divers Janglings, and many Delays, most of them subscribed to a Confession of Faith, wherein the Son of God was denied only to be a Creature like unto the rest of the Creatures.  
Macedonius was said, the following year, upon his Expulsion from Constantinople, to have broached his Opinion concerning the Divinity of the Holy Spirit. This Man did indeed deny, with the rest of the Arians, that the Son was Consubstantial with the Father, and contended that he was only like him in all things; but he openly said, that the Spirit was a Creature. [See Theodoritus' Ecclesiast. Hist. lib. two. cap. 6.] He was succeeded by Eudoxius the Anomoean, who had been before Bishop of Antioch; at whose departure arose much strife at Antioch. There were some who would follow Eustathius, who was Expelled in the Year 330; but others were for Miletus, who had been introduced by the favourers of Eudoxius, and forsaken Arianism: And, lastly, some sticking close to the Opinion of Arius, withdrew from the Communion of both, and followed Euzoius for their Bishop.  
362.  
Constantius and Julian had been very jealous of one another for some years; and the latter had at length broke out and made War upon Constantius, if the other, in his return from the Persian War, had not died. Then Julian made an open Profession of Heathenism; and having opened the Temples of the Gods, took the Office and Part of Pontifex Maximus upon him. This Prince alured many to become Heathens, and fomented the Divisions that were between the Bishops, who were already, of their own accord, but too much disposed to them.  
Lucifer Calaritanus began a Schism, which had its first rise from him; and that was, That he and his Followers would not Communicate with the Lapsed.  
Themistius, Libanius, and several other Philosophers flourished at this time, whom Julian greatly favoured, who, to give him his due, was a most learned and valiant Prince, and in whom there was scarce any thing reprove able, save his Heathenish Superstition. He began to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem, but could not finish the Work. As he was the same year waging War against the Persians, and had begun the Battle without his Coat of Mail on, he received his mortal Wound by an uncertain Hand.  
363.  
Jovian was immediately chosen Emperor by the Soldiers, being before the Chief of his Domestics; who, having made a Peace with the King of Persia, returned to Constantinople; where he professed himself to be of the Homoousian Belief. He caused the Temples of the Heathens to be shut up, and allowed the Christians to open Schools for the Professors of the Liberal Arts, which Julian had prohibited. But he dying next year, as was said, with the Smell of Prunes, was succeeded by Valentinian; who having declared Valens, Augustus, left him at Constantinople, to govern the East, while himself went to do the same in the Western Parts of the Empire. Then the Arians, Semi-Arians (for so they called the Homoiousians,) and the Homoousians or Consubstantialists, filled all places, especially the East, with Tumults, and Valens proved to be a favourer of the Arians.  
Gregory and Basilius, who before had led a Monastic Life, left their Solitude, that they might oppose the prevailing Arians, and defended the Homoousian Doctrine.  
367.  
Upon the death of Liberius, there was such a base Contention between Damasus and Vrsicinus, about the Bishopric of Rome, that there were no less than an Hundred and thirty seven Persons found slain in one day, in the Church of Sicininus. At length Damasus prevailed, and is said to have been lawfully chosen, as 'tis usual with the Church History, where all things are judged by the Event of them.  
Valentinian, the same year, created his Son Gratian, Augustus, from the Tribunal; while Valens, in the mean time, fought several Battles against the Goths.  
Didymus of Alexandria, a most learned Man, lived in these times, though he had lost the use of his sight since he was but five years old; so did also Ruffinus of Aquileia, who translated several Pieces of Origen's Works into Latin; as well as Basil, Bishop of Caesurea; and Gregory of Sasimum, in Cappadocia.  
371.  
It's recorded, as a very singular thing, That Valentinian allowed the Altar of Victory to stand in the Capitol, and the Heathen Senators to offer Sacrifice upon it; for which he had thanks given him by Symmachus, a most eloquent Man, whose Works are still extant. The truth of it is, both the Theodosian and Justinian Codex are full of very severe Rescripts against Heathens and Heretics; so far, if I may so say, was the nature of Christian Meekness unknown unto them.  
374.  
Auxentius, Bishop of Milan, was succeeded by Ambrose, who was chosen to that See, the eighth day after he was baptised. Then it was, that Jerom, Epiphanius, Augustine (though not yet converted to the Faith,) and Martin, Bishop of Tours, lived; which last wrought a great many Miracles, (according to the Account given by Sulpicius Severus, a faithful Writer, both in his History and Dialogues:) But we may justly prefer, before all those miraculous Stories, what is said concerning Martin's Judgement, in respect to the Slayers of Heretics, with whom he would not Communicate, and did not above once, and that against his will, at the instance of Maximus Tyrannus.  
375.  
Upon the death of Valentinian, besides Gratian, who was already Emperor, his younger Brother was also elected to the Dignity; and next year, Valence was overcome in Thrace, by the Goths, and his Body never found, the Barbarians having burnt the Village, whither he was carried, out of the Army. The Goths thereupon ravaged all Thrace and Moesia, and advanced sometimes even to the Gates of Constantinople, but they were repulsed by the Citizens.  
379.  
As they stood in need of a valiant Man in the East, to repress the fury of these Barbarians, and their Incursions, Gratian made Theodosius Emperor, and so retired to the Western Parts of the Empire; and it was not long before Theodosius overthrew the Goths, and drove them out of Thrace.  
Then was there a Council held at Antioch, wherein it was Agreed between Meletius and Paulinus, Successor to Eustathius, That upon the death of one or other of them, the Survivor was to be Bishop alone. Here also, Apollinaris of Laodicea was condemned; who, they say, should affirm, that the Word was only united to the Flesh of. Christ, and not to the Soul, and that the Soul remained in sin. [See Theodoritus, lib. v. cap. 3.] But his Adversaries bring him in, arguing in so absurd a manner, that it gives occasion for no small doubting, whether they have given a faithful Account of his Opinion.  
There arose a great Controversy in the Church of Antioch, (to use the words of Henry Valesius) concerning the word Hypostasis; the Meletians affirming there were Three Hypostases or Substances in the Trinity, whereas the Eustathians would have only One therein. Alexander, in the Council held at Alexandria, reconciled the matter, by enacting, That the Profession of the Nicene Faith should be only required, without making any mention of the Hypostasis, (as you may see in Athanasius' Synodical Epistle to the Church of Antioch:) But this Controversy, notwithstanding the Decree of the said Council, continued in the Church of Antioch, (as Jerom witnesseth, in his lviith Epistle to Damasus.) Valesius is of opinion, they differed only in words; which is true: But the Word-warring did not consist herein, that they who affirmed or were for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, meant it to be One Substance for Number; or that they who were for the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, believed there were Three Persons, though they participated of one and the same Numerical Substance. The Ambiguity consisted herein, that those who stood upon the term 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, meant that there was but One Substance in Species; whereas others affirmed there were Three Hypostases in Number, though they agreed with others in respect to the Unity of the Species, as others did with them as to the Trinity of Substances. Now the original of the strife, or rather obscurity of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, was this, that the word bore two significations, one whereof was in use among Philosophers, and the other among the Vulgar. The Philosophers called the Existence of some thing, and not the thing itself, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Examples whereof we have in Budaeus' Commentaries of the Greek Tongue, p. 138, & 244. Now in this sense some have affirmed there were Three Hypostases, that is, that there were Three Substances in the Trinity, subsisting apart from one another, though they were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a like perfect, and of the same kind: But 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in the vulgar sense, is not the Existence of the thing, but the Thing itself; and accordingly, Paulinus Eustathianus asserts a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is, that the Substance of the Son and of the Holy Spirit is not of a different Nature. The same Budaeus has Examples of this Notion, pag. 466. In the Synod convoked at Sardis, whose words are recorded in Theodoritus, lib. two. cap. 8. there is an Anathema pronounced against those who say that the Hypostases of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost are different, and 'tis affirmed there was but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, one Hypostasis, which the Heretics call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It's expressly said in the words of this Synod, that the Heretics call that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which the Catholics name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: but Jerom, in his Epistle to Damasus, doth not use another word, when he saith, That all the learned Schools, in all Ages, knew no other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Many others have also spoke after the same manner.  
Gregory Nazianzen went to Constantinople, and began to engage the People with such an admiration of his Learning, that he had had that Episcopal See conferred upon him, unless Peter of Alexandria had withstood it; who made it his business, in the absence of the other, to get Maximus (who from a Cynic was turned Christian) by ill methods, substituted in his room. But Demophilus the Arian, and Maximus, being turned out by the Authority of Theodosius, he was, not long after, brought in again to the Church of Constantinople.  
381.  
Then was the Second Ecumenical Synod convocated in that City, when Meletius first, with some other Bishops, confirmed Gregory in Antioch, before the Synod met together. Afterward, upon the death of Meletius, and that Flavian was substituted in his room, Gregory, upon account of the forementioned Compact, opposed it: so that a Contention arose; and upon the arrival of the Egyptian Bishops, things came to that pass, that Gregory relinquished the Bishopric of his own accord. After this, there were Canons made against Macedonius.  
Maximus, next year, seized upon the Empire in Britain; and having the Seat of his Empire at Treves, he made his Son Victor his Colleague therein. Not long after, his General, Andragathius, flew the Emperor Gratian, now forsaken by his Party; while Theodosius, in the East, gave the Dignity of Augustus to his Son Arcadius.  
385.  
There was a Synod held at Bourdeaux, against Priscillian, Bishop of Abila, in Spain, and some others; who being declared guilty of notorious Wickednesses, were beheaded, and their Disciples slain. The Bishops Idacius and Ithacius were so eager for the Infliction of the said Punishment, that 'twas thought Martin of Tours refrained Communicating with them upon that account, (and herein you may consult Sulpitius Severus.)  
St. Jerom went the same year into the Land of Palaestina, and St Augustin was converted from Manichaeism, saving that he never utterly relinquished the Notion of Fatal Necessity, and the Sentiments of the Manichaeans concerning the Liberty of Man.  
About these times, Valentinian the Younger put forth an Edict in favour of the Arians; while Theodosius, on the other hand, did many things in favour of the Homoousians (as they called them.) So that the pious Rules no less striven with one another, by the Authority of the Emperors, whom they endeavoured to engage on their side, than they did in Reproaches and anathemas.  
Now it was that Cyril of Jerusalem flourished; and Jerom and John, both Presbyters of Antioch, (which last was called Chrysostom) began to grow famous; and about two years after the latter was made Presbyter, when the Antiochians had thrown down the Statues of Theodosius, he made those Orations which are known by the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. At the same time, Maximus the Tyrant was overcome and slain by Theodosius, at Aquileia: Neither did his Son Victor survive him long; for Count Arbogastes cut off his Head, in Gaul. Theodosius restored to Valentinian what he took from Maximus. Two years after, the People of Thessalonica having slain a principal Officer of his, Theodosius commanded a great slaughter to be made of them: For which reason, St. Ambrose shut him out of the Church of Milan, till he had given signs of a Public Repentance; neither was he admitted in, till after the expiration of some months, as other Penitents used to do. Moreover, he made a Law, That the Execution of Sentence past, should be deferred for Thirty Days.  
Valentinian also, the same year, made a Law concerning Deaconesses, and Women consecrated to God, That they should give nothing to the Churches. Which was Repealed not long after: And this proved to be the fate of all the Edicts that seemed to take any thing away from the Clergy. A Decree of the same Emperor had a like success, wherein it was Enacted, That Monks should not enter into Cities, but dwell in solitary Places. For the same was disused in three years after, or thereabouts.  
391.  
Eugenius relying upon the aid of Count Arbogastus, invaded the Western Empire; and Valentinian, not long after, died of a Wound he received of Arbogastus, at Vienna. He was a Catechumen a● that time, and desired Ambrose to Baptise him, before he went upon the Expedition he had projected against the Barbarians. But though he died unbaptised; yet Ambrose in his Funeral Sermon, sticked not to say that he was saved.  
Then began great Wranglings to arise about Origen's Opinions, between John Bishop of Jerusalem, and Epiphanius Bishop of Salamis, in Cyprus, whose Epistle concerning the said John of Jerusalem's Errors is still extant, and was turned into Latin by St. Jerom. Paladius of Galata, and Ruffinus a Presbyter of Aquileia, were favourers of the same Opinions. You may consult Sulpitius Seuerus' Dialogaes, and the Origeniana of P. D. Huetius, upon this Subject.  
Theodosius, being accompanied with Honorius, whom, the year before, he had created Augustus, marched against Arbogastus and Eugenius; and having joined Battle, was worsted the first day: But he overcame the day following, the Winds (as they said) fight for him. Theodosius died the year after this Victory. Ruffinus had dispossessed his Son Arcadius of the Eastern Empire, to whom his Father had assigned it, had it not been for Stilicho, Honorius' General, who defeated and slew him.  
Then Augustine, who had been ordained Presbyter five years before, was made Bishop of Hipp. Claudian, the last of the Latin Poets, flourished at that time.  
Eutropius was assisting to Stilicho, in the overthrowing of Ruffinus; but they could not agree long: Eutropius made it his business to get the former, who was going to the East, declared an Enemy to the Commonwealth, by the Emperor and Senate; and endeavoured, from under Honorius' Command, to take away Africa, by the means of Gildon; wherein he proved at first successful: But Mascezel, Gildo's Brother, having received supplies of Men from Stilicho, overcame his Brother, and distressed him so far by his Victory, that he went and hanged himself; and himself, soon after, was, by Stilicho's Command, thrown over a Bridge, into the River.  
398.  
John Chrysostom was made Patriarch of Constantinople, a Person no less addicted to a severity of Discipline, than famous for Eloquence.  
While he ruled the Church of Constantinople, Gainas, a Confident of Eutropius, having made a League with the Barbarians, so far deceived him, that in some time he effected his ruin: But after divers Commotions raised in Constantinople, he was at length slain himself in Thrace.  
At the same time, Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria, having assembled a Synod, took care to have Origen and his Followers condemned. He used ill the Origenian Monks of Egypt, who, in vain, fled for Protection to St. Chrysostom.  
400.  
Then it was, that Alaricus, King of the Goths, wasted Italy; and had Gaul and Spain assigned him, by Honorius, to dwell in.  
There were several Synods held about these times, in Africa, against the Donatists; whom at length, seeing they could not do it by Arguments, they overcame by Force. And this, St. Augustine, in his Epistle to Vincentius, asserts to be lawful.  
403.  
St. Chrysostom, not long after, was condemned by Theophilus of Alexandria, and some other Bishops, at the Instigation of Eudoxia the Empress, whom he had offended, by inveighing against the Plays that were celebrated in honour of her, at her Silver Statue, which stood not far from the Church. Next year he was exiled into Cilicia, thence into Armema; and in the fourth year of his Banishment, died at Comana, upon the Euxine Sea.  
408.  
Arcadius himself, who sent him into Banishment, died also not long after, leaving Theodosius, his Son, an Infant, behind him, and whom he recommended to the Protection of Isdegerdes' King of Persia, who discharged the Trust committed to him with great fidelity.  
Stilicho, endeavouring to get his Son Eucherius made Caesar, was slain. Whereupon, Alaricus offered to enter into a League with Honorius: But the latter rejecting the Terms, the other advanced with his Army twice to Rome, and at last took the City; while one Constantius, an obscure Person, who invaded the Empire, was in the mean time slain in Gaul. Alaricus, when he had taken and plundered Rome, did, at his departure, take along with him Placidia, Honorius' Sister, and bestowed her in Marriage on Ataulphus, his Kinsman; who, upon the other's death, that happened in a short while after, succeeded him in his Dominions.  
413.  
About these times, Coelestius, a Disciple of Pe●…gius, who was a Scot or Britain, was condemned ●n the Synod of Carthage. Pelagius' Tenet was, That all Men had strength enough, and to spare, bestowed upon them by God, whereby freely to discharge their Duty; and that they stood in no need of other extraordinary Grace to help them therein, besides what the Providence of God bestowed upon all Men; and, That Infants were neither capable of Vice nor Virtue, which then only exert themselves, when they become adult. Others, who denied the said liberty, and believed most Men, through an Eternal Necessity, which they called Predestination, were adjudged to go to Hell, withstood them stiffly; and under the Name of Divine Grace, (which they said Pelagius was an Enemy to) established their own Opinion among the Christians, which before was scarce ever heard of in the World.  
At the same time, Attalus and Heracliaenus, set up for Tyrants in Italy and Africa, but quickly lost their Usurped Power; while the Goths, in the mean time, waged War against the Alans and Vandals, in Spain and Gaul, under the Conduct of Vallias, Ataulphus' his Successor, who restored Placidia to Honorius, and was married to Count Constantius.  
514.  
This year, the first Synod at Diospolis, in the Land of Palestine, was held against Pelagius; where he is said to have retracted his Errors, and to be absolved. Another Synod, in conformity to this, condemned the Pelagian Errors in Africa; and sent Letters to Innocent, Bishop of Rome, to induce him to do the like. The same thing was done that year, by the Synod held at Milevitum, in Numidia. But Coelestius, the Disciple of Pelagius, coming to Rome, after the death of Innocent, cleared himself before Zosimus, than Pope; who wrote to the Clergy in Africa, That if they knew of any one that were minded to accuse Coelestius, they should send him to Rome: And he did at the same time inveigh bitterly against Lazarus and Herotes, two Gaulish Bishops, for their rash Accusation of Coelestius and Pelagius. He wrote also, not long after, such other Letters in favour of Pelagius, which Pelagius' Adversaries say were obtained through cunning Dissimulation: But there is no reason we should believe them, before Pelagius; seeing they used all the Artifice imaginable to defame his Doctrine, and obtained an Order from Honorius against him. [See Ger. John Vossius, in Historia Pelagiana.]  
From thence, in the mean time, arose Contentions about Appeals from Places beyond the Seas; while Zosimus, in opposition to the African Bishops, urged, That Appeals to the See of Rome were lawful; and for this he insisted upon I do not know what Canon of the Council of Nice, whereby he said it was manifest those Appeals were Canonical. But the African Fathers found the Canon was fictitious, by sending some to the East, to bring them the Canons of that Council: And hence sprung a Schism between the Roman and African Churches.  
420.  
While the Romans waged War against the Persians in the East, and that Honorius, who governed the Western Empire, wasted away his time in Idleness, the Kingdom of the Franks, under Pharamont, is said to have begun.  
424.  
A few years after, when Placidia, with her Sons Valentinian and Honorius, were driven away by the Emperor Honorius, she fled to Theodosius, into the East; where she had the Dignity of Augusta conferred upon her, as her Son Valentinian had that of Caesar. This Prince, upon the death of Honorius, was sent into Italy, to suppress John, Principal Notary, who had invaded the Empire of the deceased. Which he successfully performed, and in a little time after, did, by the help of Aetius, a valiant Man, to whom he was much obliged, overthrow Count Boniface, who had seized upon the Empire in Africa.  
428.  
Nestorius, Bishop of Constantinople, is said to have spread his Doctrine at that time; whereby he contended, as they would have it, That there were Two Persons in Christ. Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria, opposed him vehemently; though it's very likely, the whole Contest was nothing but mere Word-warring: nay, if Cyril's words were as rigidly scanned as those of Nestorius, the Bishop of Alexandria would appear to be more Heterodox than the other. But yet the Synod assembled at Ephesus, which was called the Third General one, and which consisted of Two hundred Bishops, condemned Nestorius: But John, Bishop of Antioch, coming thither with his Party, did, on the fifth day after Nestorius' Condemnation, serve Cyril the same turn, and annul the Council's Decrees. From whence arose a Schism in the Eastern Churches, which could scarce be composed again. The whole Controversy had its beginning from the ambiguity of the words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: For while some confounded the terms, and said there were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Christ. Others, who made a Distinction between them, contended, That there were indeed Two Natures in him, but One Person. Besides which, there were also some who said there were but One Nature and One Person in him; from whence afterwards sprang the Opinion of the Eutychians, of whom by and by. At length, when Cyril's Party, who were at first inferior to the other, got the better on't with the Emperor Theodosius, Nestorius' Books were condemned: In Defence whereof, the Nestorians published the Books of Diodorus of Tarsus, and Theodorus of Mopsuestenum, who defended both Natures, which were condemned by some, and approved by others, when they did not rightly understand one another.  
Then was the Theodosian Code published, being the year after Vincentius Larinensis put out his Book called Commonitorium.  
The Goths, Huns and Vandals, about these times, molested the Roman Empire, in divers Parts; tho' the Roman Generals craftily made use sometimes of one, sometimes of another's friendship, in order to appease the rest.  
437.  
Valentinian the Second married Eudoxia, Theodosius' Daughter, to whom he had been betrothed a long time before. Eudoxia, the Mother of this Prince, went to Jerusalem the next year, to pay her Vows, where she stayed for the space of a year; for than it was that holy Places began to be had in much veneration, and many Pilgrimages were under taken thither: several also of the Relics of the Saints long since deceased, began to grow famous, by which great Miracles were said to be done; whereby it came to pass, that Men began to invoke the holy Martyrs, and others, by whose Prayers they believed those things they asked of God, would be more easily obtained. From henceforward the Thirteenth Book of Dionysius Petavius de Doct. Temp. is stuffed with a great many Monkish Stories, he neglecting no opportunity of taking notice of those Relics, which at that time grew in vogue with the People.  
439.  
Carthage was taken by the Vandals, after it had been almost for Six hundred years in the hands of the Romans. The Conquerors are said to have vented their rage against the Christians, and especially the Priests, by the Command of King Geisericus.  
It's said, there were several Manichaeans discovered at this time in Italy, who were sharply prosecuted by Leo, Bishop of Rome.  
Bleda and Attila, Kings of the Huns, ravaged Illyricum and Thrace; and besides that, extorted great Sums of Money from Theodosius. But Attila, after his Brother Bleda was slain, had the whole Power in his hands; and not long after, over-ran almost all Europe.  
448.  
Eutyches, this year, is said to have been convicted of Heresy, in the Synod of Constantinople, because he confounded the Natures of Christ, which Nestorius had over separated. But next year, there was a Synod held at Ephesus, wherein Dioscorus, Bishop of Alexandria, restored him to Communion again, from whence arose great Janglings.  
450.  
Theodosius having once expelled his Wife Eudoxin, and Sister Pulcheria (whose wise Counsels had been a long time useful to him) from the Court, did now, upon a sense of his error, recall them, and died not long after, after he had appointed Marcianus to succeed him; who, (together with his Wife Pulcheria) taking the Reins of Empire into his hands, assembled the Council of Chalcedon, which was styled the Fourth General one, and wherein Eutyches and Dioscorus were condemned.  
From these times it seems to have come to pass, that the Abyssines, and others in Egypt, who were infected with Dioscorus' Doctrine, have begun to oppose other Christians, as there were many in Babylon who followed Nestorius' Opinions, remnants of whom continue to this day, both in Africa and Asia.  
Though Attila, at that time, was overcome in some Battles, by Aetius, yet he wasted Gaul and Italy far and near; in which Age, they say, the City of Venice had its beginning; many Persons, for fear of Attila, flying into the Island wherein the same is situated.  
453.  
He died the year after he had quitted Italy.  
454.  
Valentinian, not long after he had put Aetius to death, was himself cut off by Maximus, a Senator, who had advised him to that Fact. But Eudoxia, Valentinian's Wife, called Geisericus out of Africa; who possessing himself of Rome, transported vast Riches from thence into Africa, and married Eudoxia's Daughter, of the same Name, to his Son Hunericus.  
455.  
Avitus, in the mean time, usurped the Empire in Italy; while Mer●veus, who was the third in descent from Pharamund, and who distinguished the first Race of the Kings of France by that of the Merovingian, according to his own Name, reigned among the Franks.  
Theodoricus, King of the Goths, brought the Suevians, who held part of Spain, under his Subjection, after he had made their King Rechiarius his Prisoner, being encouraged thereunto by the Persuasions of Avitus.  
457.  
But this Person, next year, being forsaken by the Gauls and Goths, lost both his Empire and his Life. At the same time died Martianus, Emperor in the East▪ and was succeeded by Leo, with whose consent Majorianus was made Emperor of Ravenna. But this Prince, after four years' Reign, was slain by Ricimer, and succeeded by Severus.  
In those times it was, they say, that the Egyptian Monks, of the Eutychian Persuasion, raised Commotions, under the leading of Timotheus Aelurus, and that at last they advanced him into the Episcopal See of Alexandria, when they had slain Proterius; but that Aelurus, soon after, was banished by the Emperor Leo.  
463.  
Peter Fullo, another seditious Person, having expelled Martyrius, invaded the See of Antioch. They say, this Peter held the same Opinion as the Theopaschites, who affirmed, That not only Man, but God had suffered; and that he had added to the Trisagium, who died for us, these words, Sancte fortis, Sancte Deus, Sancte Immortalis, qui passus es pro nobis, miserere nobis: O Holy and Strong, Holy God, Holy and Immortal, who hast suffered for us, have mercy on us. But he was quickly banished by Leo.  
465.  
This year, Severus, by the Treachery of Ricimer, a Patrician, was poisoned and died; after whose decease, there was an Interregnum for one year, when Theodoricus, King of the Goths, departed this life, and left his Son Evaricus to succeed him. After this, did Leo the Emperor send Anthemius, a Nobleman, to Rome, and made him Augustus.  
467.  
In the mean time Geisericus, who with a strong Fleet wasted the Coasts of Greece, being overcome by Lea's Generals, sued for Peace, and confined himself within the Bounds of Africa: But soon after, he raised new Commotions; which were difficultly quelled, because of the Treachery of Basiliscus, whom Leo sent against him.  
472.  
Anthemius was slain by Ricimer, his Son-in-Law, and Olybrius advanced to his Place, who died the same year. His Successor was Glycerius. After him came Majorinus, and then Nepos, all of them in the space of two years. There were also others who rashly snapped at the Western Empire, which they could not hold. At length, Augustulus, the Son of Orestes, was the last Emperor of the West.  
474.  
Leo, in the East, left a Son of his own Name, Leo II. who made Zeno his Colleague in the Empire; and not long after, by his death, gave Basiliscus and opportunity to invade the Empire, who expelled Zeno: But he, in a short time, recovered his Station, and made an Exile of Basiliscus, in which state he died.  
476.  
In the mean time, the Ostrogoths wasted Illyricum and Italy; while the Arabian Saracens did the same by Mesopotamia, or caused the People to ransom it for Money. The Herulians also being called in by Nepos' Favourers, whom Augustulus had succeeded, divested this last of the Throne, and at length PUT AN END TO THE WESTERN EMPIRE. So that their King Odoacer took the Government upon him.  
482.  
Acacius, whom Zeno had advanced to the See of Constantinople, was the occasion of his writing a Letter to the Clergy and Monks of Egypt; wherein he reconciled the Tenets of those who followed Dioscorus' Opinion with the Decrees of the Synod of Chalcedon: And those who followed the said Decrees, were by others called Melchites, because they embraced the Opinion of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Melech, the King; for in the Arabic Language, used by the Egytian-Arabs, that is the Name they give a King, as 'tis also in the Hebrew. Zeno would have the Egyptians subscribe this Epistle, which in inserted in Evagrius' Ecclesiastical History, lib. iii. cap. 14. but herein they did not comply with him. The same was also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it was written with a design of reconciling the contending Parties. The Synods of Nice, Constantinople and Ephesus are approved of therein; but that of Chalcedon is left out, and this Confession of Faith inserted: We confess one only begotten Son of God, and God made true Man, our Lord Jesus Christ, 
These words are taken out of the Chalcedon Creed. See Evag. l. 2. c. 4.  consubstantial with the Father, according to the Divine Nature, and the same consubstantial with us, according to his Humanity; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: who came down and was begotten by the Holy Ghost, of the Virgin Mary and the Mother of God; That he is One, and not Two, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: For we call both the Miracles and Sufferings, which he endured of his own accord in the flesh, the Miracles and Sufferings of One; but for those who divide or confound them, or introduce a phantom, we by no means receive them; for that true and sinless Incarnation, from the Mother of God, made no accession of another Son; for the Trinity always remains the Trinity, though God, to wit, the Word, one of the Trinity, was Incarnate. Those who have followed this Edict, because they have neither condemned the Eutychians nor others, nor yet adhered to the Heads of any one Faction, have been called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Doubting, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Headless; others give a different original to the Name, than this now suggested.  
484.  
Zeno, over and above the Church-Commotions he had to do with, had ilus and Leontius, who rebelled against him, to suppress. At that time there arose new Wranglings among the Bishops; hence it came to pass, that seeing some had long since introduced the Pictures of the Saints into their Churches, others have esteemed that Practice to tend to Superstition; therefore these last purged their Churches of them, and run them down both by Word and Writing; among whom, Philoxenus, Bishop of Hierapolis, was Chief.  
490.  
This year, Theodoricus, having conquered Odoacer King of the Heruli, possessed himself of Italy. This Prince is not the same as is abovementioned, under the Emperors Martianus and Leo.  
Zeno died next year, and was succeeded by Anastasius, through the favour of Ariadne, the deceased Emperor's Wife, who was enamoured on him, in the Life-time of her Husband. Zeno's Brother, Longinus, being excluded, who being sent by Anastasius into Isauria, rebelled against him, and was with difficulty, after a seven years' War, overcome.  
492.  
Anastasius favoured those whom they called the Doubters, or Headless; and allowed every Man the freedom to follow what he pleased, and turned those out of the Churches who raised Tumults about the Synod of Chalcedon, or condemned or approved it. But the Emperor, who was very much for Peace, could not bring to Agreement those Bishops who were but little acquainted with the Christian Religion; and such sharp Sticklers for the said Divisions, they thundered out their anathemas continually against, and refused Communion with one another. Concerning which, it's worth while to read Evagrius, lib. iii. cap. 30.  
At this time was Odoacer slain by Theodonicus, who having mastered all Italy, besieged him at Ravenna, in vain, for three years.  
495.  
There were indeed many of the Goths who embraced the Christian Religion, in this Age; but they were hated by the Homoousians, as Heretics, because they were Followers of Arius' Opinions. The Kings of France were also Heathens till now, but Clodovieus received the Christian Faith, this year. Then did the Burgundian Affairs flourish, but in a short time the French had the mastery of them.  
501.  
There were great Contests, this year, in the Conclave, whether Symmachus or Laurentius should he Pope; which could not be composed without Bloodshed, though there were Counts present, whom Theodoricus sent thither to suppress the Seditious.  
At length Symmachus prevailed, and therefore was esteemed lawfully chosen; for here things are always measured by Success.  
510.  
Though Anastasius could scarce defend the Empire against the Persians and Saracens; yet he was plagued besides, with the Domestic Seditions both of the ecclesiastics and Laics. The contrary Factions oftentimes murdered one another at the Public Plays, and the Bishops wrangled continually about the Henotick and Chalcedon Synod. Some Historians have recorded, That when he would have added these words to the Trisagium, Who was crucified for us, he was almost destroyed by the Catholic Monks, who while they breathed nothing else but the death of the Emperor, and all the Doubters (thus they called them) cried out as if violence had been offered them, that the time of their Suffering Martyrdom was at hand. [See Evagr. lib. 111. cap. 44. and Theodorus, lib. 11. p. 562. of Valesius' Edition:] But it's hardly credible that Anastasius, who was one of the Doubters, and a lover of Peace, as Evagrius describes him to be, would attempt to do any thing by Violence; but because he would not comply with Macedonius the Bishop of Constantinople's humours, in destroying his Adversaries, it's not to be doubted but what these did, was attributed to the Emperor, as Zealots usually do.  
Historians also say that Severus, the Theopaschite, Invaded the See of Antioch, and that tho' Anastasius before bound him by an Oath, not to put the Council of Macedon under an Anathema; yet as soon as ever he was fixed in his Bishopric, he did, without any regard to his Oath, anathematise the said Council; from whence it's manifest, that while Anastasius mediated between both Parties, he was lashed by both, as it usually happens in Civil Contentions; where the Seditious look upon them to be their Enemies, who do not sight under their Banners.  
514.  
Hence sprang the Rebellion of Vitalianus, a Scythian Count, who took up Arms for the Homoousians against Anastasius; under Pretence whereof he drained great Sums of Money from Anastasius, until a Peace was concluded; upon condition that a Synod should be called where Hormisdas' Bishop of Rome should be present, who was alike an Enemy to the Eutychians and Doubters: They say the Emperor promised to do this with an Oath, but that afterward he broke his word; doubtless because he would not have new Definitions coined, whereby nothing else was designed, but the Oppression of certain Bishops that stood in their way: for they were minded to assemble only the Orthodox, or most of them at least, who should Condemn without Mercy, such as they called Heretics.  
518.  
Now it was that Anastasius died, being above Eighty years Old, and an Emperor endued with great Moderation, but he was exposed to the Reproaches both of the Eutychians and their Adversaries, because he would not let the Reins lose to neither Party; He was Succeeded by Justin, a Thracian Born, who was a Favourer only of the Adversaries of the Eutychians, and carried things no longer with an even hand, according to the Example of Anastasius: Hormisdas sent Messengers to him, who so animated those who were of the same Sentiments with him, that they every where oppressed the contrary Party, by Violence offered to, and Decrees made against them.  
525.  
They say there were a great many Manichaeans at this time in Persia, so that they infected Cabades his Son, who was Heir to the Crown, with their Heresy; which made Cabades cunningly to get them all together into one place, and then sent his Guards who cut them all off; Justin also slew many of them, and by his Edict, according to the Custom of those times, condemned divers others to Death: The same Prince grievously persecuted the Arians, which coming to the Ears of Theodoricus King of the Goths, he sent John Bishop of Rome to Constantinople, to tell Justin, That unless he gave over Troubling of the Arians, Theodoricus would use the Homoousians or Consubstantial Men in the same manner.  
Priscian the Grammarian, and Boetius a Man of Consular Dignity, who was also a very Learned Person, flourished in this Age; this last, together with Symmachus his Father-in-Law, were upon a false Accusation put to Death by Theodoricus, who Imprisoned John Bishop of Rome, together with the Legates he had sent with him to Constantinople; because they seemed underhand to favour the Persecution of the Arians; and that John after his return, troubled them openly, as much as he could, in Italy.  
527.  
Justin the Emperor, after a Reign almosth of Nine Years, made Justinian, his Sister's Son, his Colleague in the Empire, and died not long after. This Prince began his Reign, with the Persecution of Heretics, whose Opinions he Condemned by Edicts, which are still extant in his Code, and with a War against the Persians, which his Generals, because of their Discord, managed with ill Success.  
The Kings of the Hunns and Herulians, did then embrace the Christian Faith, as Tzathus King of the Lazians had done not long before; in whose Favour Justinian made War upon the Persians.  
There were great Differences in the mean time in the Families of the Kings of France, which Petavius hath distinctly set out, who also shows there were divers Synods held in France; as one at Orange against the Semipelagians, and another at Arles for them; each of them boasting their Sentence to be the Opinion of all Christians.  
Justinian at the same time published both his Novellae and his Code, while his General Belisarius waged War against the Persians, and overthrew them; whence it came to pass, that Narses and Aratius, Princes of Persia, took part with the Romans. But the same Persians, renewing the War at the Instigation of Alamandurus' Prince of the Saracens, overcame Belisarius in a bloody Battle.  
532.  
This Year a great Sedition was raised in Constantinople by the Prasinan and Venetan Factions, with whom the Monks and People falling in, occasioned a great Slaughter in the City, and struck such a terror into the fearful Emperor, that he would have left the Place, and was hardly restrained from it by the Persuasions of Theodora his Wife: There were two Persons whom the common People chief struck at in that Sedition, and they were John the Cappadocian, who was Captain of the Guard, and the Lawyer Tribonianus who was Treasurer, both of them very different from one another herein; That the latter was a most Learned Person, but the other illiterate, yet they agreed in this, that both of them were abominably Covetous. Tribonianus published Justinian's Code, Institutions, and most of the Laws that bear the Name of that Emperor; but the Sedition at length was suppressed by the Conduct of Narses and Belisarius.  
A strange Question was started among the Divines of Alexandria in the Reign of Justinian, whether, to wit, the Body of Christ was corruptible or incorruptible before the Resurrection? Those who thought his Body was incorruptible, denied he had suffered any thing; but contested that a fantastical Body was only put upon the Cross, which is the Opinion of the Mahometans at this day. They who contended that Christ's Body was altogether like unto ours; because the Apostle to the Hebrews said, He was made in all things like unto us, Sin excepted, became divided into two Factions; some, among whom Timothy of Alexandria was one, denied that it followed from hence that any thing was unknown unto Christ, while Themistius his Deacon, urged most warmly that he was ignorant of some things; But these last, were branded, as noted Heretics with the Name of Agnoëtae; from whence arose great Commotions in the Reign of Justinian.  
533.  
This Emperor set upon the Vandals in Africa, where they had now fixed themselves almost for an Age, and within two Years space successfully drove them out thence by the Conduct of Belisarius; whilst himself, besides the abovementioned Collections of the Laws, set forth the Digests, which are as it were a Body of all the Ancient Laws. From thence Belisarius where they often overcame Theodahatus King of the Goths, at whose Misfortunes the Goths were so disturbed that they slew him, and advanced Vitiges into his room, who stoutly withstood the Romans, and reigned Four Years.  
539.  
He was at last constrained to deliver himself up into the hands of Belisarius, who lead him in Triumph to Constantinople; but soon after, in the absence of Belisarius, the Affairs of the Goths began to have a better Aspect in Italy, first, under the Conduct of Theudibaldus, and then of Totilas, while the Roman Generals wasted away their time in Idleness.  
545.  
The Doctrine of Origen concerning the Pre-existence of Souls, and the end of Punishments, being defended by some, Origen was again Condemned in Paelaestine: Theodorus, Bishop of Caesarea, who was a favourer of those Opinions, says, that if it were lawful to Condemn a Tenent after the Author's Death, that then the Opinions of Theodorus Bishop of Mopsuesta, Theodoritus of Cyrene, and Iba of Edessa should be Condemned; because they wrote what was contrary to the Determinations of the Synod of Chalcedon, tho' they were not Condemned by it. Hence sprang those three Factions, which wrought great Disturbances in the East, while some Condemned those three Men, and others declined it. Vigilius Bishop of Rome, after some delay, Condemned them, and made himself suspected of Eutychianism, tho' he afterwards be silent in that Matter till the Sitting of the Council.  
553.  
Italy in the mean time was torn to pieces by the Romans and Goths, until Narses overcame and slew Totilas, after he had reigned almost Eleven Years: The fifth General Council was held the same Year at Constantinople, wherein the three  Writers were Condemned, against the will of Vigilius Bishop of Rome; but the same was at length confirmed by that celebrated at Rome, tho' they had condemned the Writings, which had been approved of in the Synod of Chalcedon: The French in the mean time finding the Goths decline in Italy, invaded the remainders of their Conquests in France, and began also to draw nigh to Italy, whereinto together with the Almains, they made several Incursions, in spite of Narses who was Governor thereof.  
561.  
Some who had conspired against Justinian, being detected and taken, accused Belisarius as being guilty of the same Crime, who thereupon was seized with all his Family, but next Year was discharged, being now an old Man. Some Authors, who were too great Favourers of the See of Rome, feigned a Story that his Eyes were put out, and he reduced to beg, because he contested with the Roman Pontiffs for the Empire; but the Greek Writers Procopius and Agathias, who wrote the History of these Times wherein they lived, make mention of no such thing. He died the Second Year after the said Accusation.  
563.  
It's said that Justinian the Emperor, who had plagued the Heretics with so many Edicts, fell into their Opinion himself, who believed that Christ's Flesh was incorruptible and could not suffer, and began to persecute those who were of another Sentiment; wherein, indeed, he did not give us a new instance of his former Cruelty, but turned the same upon others: He died two years after, leaving behind him most excellent Laws to the Roman World: But he was a Prince not fit for War, because he was of a timorous Nature, and therefore mistrustful and Covetous, if we believe the Historia Anecdota of Procopius.  
Towards the end of his Reign, Ethelbert King of Kent, embraced the Christian Religion, being instructed therein by Augustine the Monk, who was sent from Rome thither. Columban the Presbyter, is said to have gone at the same time from Ireland to the Picts, and to have converted them also to the Faith. From henceforward the Christian Religion flourished in that Island, which before seemed to have lain hid therein, seeing the same, if we believe Gildas a British Writer of those times, had been brought thither in Tiberius' days.  
565.  
Justin II. Steward of the Household, and his Sister's Son, succeeded Justinian in the Empire; who, because he did not go out of his Palace by reason of a Megrim wherewith he was afflicted, he could not give a Hearing to the Complaints of the People against the Nobles, which yet were very great; but they had Satisfaction given them through the prudent Management and Severity of the Captain of the Guard.  
Narses in the beginning of his Reign was called out of Italy, and Longinas put into his room, who was the first Exarch of Ravenna: At that time Alboinus, King of the Lombard's, leaving their Habitations in Germany, invaded part of Italy; where they erected the Kingdom of the Lombard's.  
578.  
Justin died without doing any thing memorable, and left Tiberius Anicius Constantine for his Successor.  
Leovigildus, King of the Goths, in Spain is said at this time, to have forbidden that any of those who went from the Homoousian or Consubstantial Party over to the Arians, should be rebaptised by them, as had been practised before; but that they should only be admitted by the Imposition of Hands, with this set form of Words, If he gives Glory to the Father, through the Son in the holy Spirit; which Evagrius also says was in use among the Arians in the East.  
582.  
Tiberius did in the mean time overthrow the Persians in several Battles by his General Mauritius, whom, for that reason he created Caesar, because he had overcome the Enemy with a small Army; and falling Sick not long after, he appointed him to be Emperor, and gave him his Daughter Constantina to Wife.  
The Avarians made War upon him, but without Success, while the French fought with the Lombard's, and the Saxons with the Suevians, who had taken Possession of their Seats in Germany, while the Saxons were with the Lombard's in Italy. These last People, after the Death of Alboinus, were without a King for Ten Years; but at last they advanced Atharitus to the Regal Dignity, who prevailed mightily over the Romans in Italy. Recaredus, at the same time, quits Arianism and espouses the Consubstantialists Opinion in Spain; and for that reason, had the Appellation of Catholic given him.  
Mauritius by his Generals Philippicus and Commentiolus, worsted the Persians in divers Battles, at what time Gregory, surnamed the Great, was chosen Bishop of Rome, in a Season when a great Plague raged there.  
Gregory soon after wrote his Dialogues, and Evagrius bears Testimony, that he wrote his History in the same Age.  
The Avares and Sclavi having possessed themselves of Pannonia, and the neighbouring Countries, Mauritius was almost continually at War with them; therefore as he was resolved to keep an Army upon the Frontiers of the Empire, to defend the remote Provinces, he chose rather that they should take up their Winter Quarters in the Enemy's Countries, than there; which so disgusted the Soldiery that they rebelled against him, and chose Phocas a Centurion to be Emperor; who presently laying hold of the opportunity, marched with a Body of his Troops directly for Constantinople, and soon after, when he had first slain Mauritius' Sons before his Face, put him to Death also, who shown wonderful Constancy in this Tragedy.  
602.  
This Phocas is said to have given the Title of Universal Patriarch to the Bishops of Rome, and a right of Precedency before the Bishop of Constantinople, which happened during the Incumbency of Boniface, who next to Sabinianus succeeded Gregory, and was the Third of that Name.  
606.  
Phocas, as he had begun, went on to reign cruelly, and condemned all to Death whom he suspected to be in the least guilty of any Innovation, without excepting his own Sons in Law: Hence it was that several conspired together against him, and Heraclius and Gregoras made an Agreement between themselves, that he should be Emperor that Killed him; wherein Heraclius prevailed, who immediately, together with his Wife Eudoxia, took upon him the Imperial Dignity: This Prince; observing Phocas' neglect of Military Affairs, made it his first Care to levy an Army, to oppose the Persians, who ravaged all the Frontiers of the Empire: Soon after died his Wife, after she had brought him forth a Son, whom he named Heraclius, and dignifyed with the Title of Augustus; then, with the Permission of Sergius the Patriarch, he Married Martina his own Niece.  
5.  
〈◊〉 that time a most wicked Woman in France, whose Name was Brunechildis, sowed Discord between her Nephews Theodobertus and Theodoricus, disturbed the Royal Family, and at length after he had been twice overthrown, procured Theodobert to be slain by his Brother: She herself afterwards took care to have his Children put to Death, and then removed Theodoricus also, by Poison, out of the way, who was Succeeded by Clotair his Cousin-German, and who obtained the Monarchy of all France, which was before divided between the Brethren.  
Now the first Attempts of Heraclius to raise an Army proving slow and faint, because he was naturally averse to War, the Persians and Avares, rejecting the terms of Peace he offered them, pressed him hard on both Sides; so that he went seriously to work about forming an Army, wherewith having now made Peace with the Avares, he might at least repress the Insolence of the Persians; for which end he was forced to borrow Silver and Gold Plate, and other the Sacred Treasure of the Church: Wherefore the War commenced in the Twelfth Year of his Reign; at the beginning whereof, the Persian General Saes' having, contrary to the Law of Nations, made his 70 Ambassadors Prisoners, sent them to King Cosroes, who being Angry that he had not taken Heraclius himself, commanded Saes his Skin to be flayed off alive, and put Sarbarus into his Command.  
622.  
Mahomet this year being accused of Sedition in Mecha, a City of Arabia, fled to Medina, which for that reason by the Arabs is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Medinath ol Nabi, the Jurisdiction of the Prophet; from this year it is that the Mahometans begin their Aera, which they called by the name of Hegira, i. e. flight: It's said, Mahomet was at first a Keeper of Camels, but that afterwards by conferring with a certain Monk, whose name was Sergius, who was a follower of Manetes' Fantastical Opinion, he became well instructed in the Notion of Predestination, for which the Mahometans are great Sticklers, and for those who thought Christ himself had not Suffered, but that a Phantasm was substituted in his room, which is believed by Mahomet's Followers to this day. From hence it was that the Crafty Man had an itching desire to erect a new Sect in the World, whereof himself was Head; wherefore having Married his Mistress, whom he had served in looking after her Camels; he took this occasion to act the Part of a Prophet: He was taken with the Falling-Sickness, which he pretended to have come upon him, when Michael the Archangel revealed any thing to him. Sergius confirmed the Fiction; and seeing there had been innumerable Divisions and Janglings among the Christians, and were still in being concerning the Holy Trinity, they deemed it a safer Way to assert but one Divine Person and Nature, that all occasion of Strife might be taken away, than to embrace any one of the Opinions in Controversy; he also forbade the Drinking of Wine, as if he had received the same in Command from God; but in reality it was because he had learned it of Sergius the Manichaean, for those Sects thought it a Duty to abstain from Wine. Some have said that Sergius was before a Jew, and that therefore he retained something of Judaisme, which is not unlikely; for besides the Tenants already mentioned to be held by the Mahometans, these that follow savour of Judaisme: It's not lawful for them to Eat Blood, Swine's-Flesh, any Creature that died of itself, any thing Sacrificed to Idols, Strangled, any Animal killed with a Stick, any thing cast out, gored with an Horn, or stung by a Viper. Polygamy is tolerated, and Divorce not forbidden: They also Circumcise as the Jews did; but whether Mahomet instituted the same, or that the said Ceremony is now in use among the Saracens is a question. However this may seem to be commendable in the Mahometans, that they do not Arbitrarily adjudge all Mankind to the Punishments of Hell; as appears from these words of Mahomet, Alcoran. Surat. II. The Musselmen and those who Judaize with the Christians and Zabeans, whoever of them shall believe in God to the Day of Judgement, and do good, shall have their reward of their Lord, but not fear. In like manner he blames the Jews and Christians for Condemning one another; saying, They have affirmed, He shall not enter into Paradise unless he be a Jew or a Christian: Says the Jew, The Christians are nothing; but say the Christians, The Jews are nothing, but in the Day of the Resurrection, God shall judge between them concerning the thing about which they differ. He also pretended, That this Book was brought to him by Piece-Meals, and various Chapters from Heaven by the Angel Gabriel: It's written in elegant Arabic, exactly Commaed, and the Vowel Points are most Accurately added by his Disciples; wherein some Learned Men think they have been imitated by the Jews.  
631.  
Mahomet drew away the greatest part of the Saracens, a People of Arabia, to be his Followers, and as he had espoused Heraclius' Interest, he assigned him Lands to inhabit on the Confines of Arabia Felix, and died Nine years after his flight from Mecha, at which place his Friends buried him, whither the Mahometans go on Pilgrimage to this day to visit his Sepulchre: His Successors afterwards by degrees invaded Egypt, Palestine and Syria.  
626.  
But to return again to Heraclius, when he saw that all the offers of Peace he had made were rejected by the Enemy, and that they kept no Faith with him, he took Courage, and marching in Person at the Head of his Army into Armenia and Persia, got a famous Victory over the Persians: But the Persians so wrought upon the Avares, by the Rewards they gave them, that they should join their Forces with them to set upon Constantinople and Chalcedon; while with another Army they invaded the other Provinces of the Empire: Heraclius sent several Armies against all these Enemies, and called in the Turks to his Assistance, who through the straits of the Caspian Sea, broke out of Scythia into the Persian Territories, and ravaged the same far and near: Now it was that the Name of that Nation came first to be known, who afterwards possessed themselves of all the Provinces of the Eastern Empire: Heraclius, by their Assistance, distressed Cosross very much, who at length falling Sick at Seleucia, was slain by his Eldest Son Siroes, because he endeavoured to make his Younger Son King. But Heraclius triumphed at Constantinople.  
Next year when the Emperor was at Edessa, and entered into a Discourse with Athanasius Syrus, whom, upon the Approbation of the Synod of Chalcedon, he had made Patriarch of Antioch; he asked him, Whether there were one Will in Christ, God and Man, or two? One, answered Athanasius; and Syrus Bishop of Alexandria, with Sergius of Constantinople approving the same, the Emperor embraced the said Opinion, the Favonrers whereof were afterwards called by the Name of Monothelites; and this occasioned great Disturbances in the East.  
632.  
The Saracens being made Strong by the favour of Heraclius, when they saw the Persians weakened with the Losses they had sustained, made War upon them, with that Success, that Othman, after having slain Jezdegirdus the King of Persia, seized upon that Empire; whence arose the Jezdegirdies Aera, which the Persians use.  
Mahomet was Succeeded in Arabia by his Kinsman Abubecher, who was called Chaliph, i.e. Successor; which Name, by way of excellency or peculiarity, was given to Mahomet's Successors; This Man, two years after, was succeeded by Omar; who, in the Reign of Heraclius, invaded Egypt, Palestine and Syria.  
639.  
This year Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople, took care to get the Opinion of the Monothelites declared to be Catholic, in a Synod that was Assembled for that Purpose; and put out his Exposition in the Name of the Emperor, which he sent into Italy, that the Bishops of Rome might Subscribe it, who otherwise should not be confirmed by the Emperor, which then was requisite, that their Election might be valid; but Severinus would not Subscribe, who was at that time chosen Bishop, and who died not long after, as did also Sergius himself.  
641.  
Heraclius, after a Reign of Thirty Years, died of a Dropsy, and was immediately Succeeded in the Empire by his Son Constantine, but in about four months' time was Poisoned by Martina, his Mother-in-Law, who advanced her Son Heracleon into his Place: Yet six Months were scarce at an end, when she, together with her Son, were dispossessed of the Government by the Senate of Constantinople; and that the Son might never after aspire to the Empire, they cut his Nostrils; but for Martina, she had her Tongue cut out; and Constans, the Son of Constantine, was advanced to the Throne.  
645.  
While Sigebert and Lodowick, the Sons of Dagobert, ruled their several Proportions in France; Rotharithus, King of the Lombard's, reduced into Writing the Laws of his Country, which had been hitherto preserved only by Memory and Use, bringing of them all into one Book, which is still extant.  
648.  
Constans, finding that divers of the Bishops of Africa, and others, were alienated from him, because of his addictedness to the Monothelite Opinion; he put forth an Edict, called the Type, whereby he forbade any to speak of the Will of Christ; that this might be a check upon those who were of the contrary Sentiment. But Pope Theodore, supposing that thereby all Discourse was also forbid concerning the Two Natures of Christ, condemned the Type, as impious. The Emperor endeavoured, next year, by the means of Olympius, Exarch of Ravenna, to compel the Italian Bishops to subscribe the Type, but to no purpose.  
In the mean time, the Saracens invaded Cyprus and Sicily, with other Islands, and grew stronger and stronger daily; the Emperor Constantine being not forward enough to oppose their growth, who was forced to buy his Peace of them with Money.  
653.  
Cedrenus says, that Mavias', General of the Saracens, having seized upon the Isle of Rhodes, found there a piece of the Colossus, which had been thrown down above Eight hundred and seventy five Years before, by an Earthquake, after it had stood almost Eight hundred Years: It was eighty Cubits high; and the Legs of it stood so far asunder, that Ships might sail between them. Cedrenus says, that Nine hundred Camels were laden with the remains of it. So that considering the ordinary burden of a Camel is Eight hundred pounds' weight, it followed, that the Weight thereof amounted to above Seven hundred thousand Pounds of Brass. But it's not likely that the Brass should be so much despised, that none of the Christian Emperors thought it worthy to be taken away till those times.  
Next year, Constans the Emperor was overcome in a Sea-Engagement, by Mavias', when the former had dreamed, the night before, that he was at Thessalonica: Which, by the Interpreters of Dreams, was construed to amount to as much as if God had told him, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Yield the Victory to another.  
The same year, Othman, King of the Arabs, who had seized on the Persian Empire, being slain, was succeeded by Hali, whom the Persians make to be equal with Mahomet.  
663.  
The Saracens being engaged in a Civil War among themselves, the Emperor Constans took an opportunity to go into Italy; where, at first, he gave the Lombard's several Overthrows: but being afterwards often beaten by them, he was forced to return to the East: Whither, as he was going, he was slain in a Bath, at Syracuse.  
668.  
One Mizizius, an Armenian, was chosen Emperor in his room; who was quickly overcome and slain by Constantine the Son of Constans. This Constantine was he that had left Constantinople when Beardless, and returned thither a Bearded Man, and was called Pogonatus.  
The Saracens, in his Reign, began to invade Africa, and return with a Fleet again to Sicily, wasting all before them.  
672.  
They did the same in other Provinces of the Empire, and with their Fleet set upon Constantinople itself: but they were stoutly repulsed by Constantine; as also by Bambas, King of Spain, upon whose Coast they came.  
678.  
The Bulgarians, so named from the River Volga or Bulga, making an Irruption from the Northern Shores of the Euxine-Sea, even unto Thrace, began to be troublesome unto the Roman Empire, and grew so powerful, that the Emperor was forced to pay them Tribute.  
681.  
At last, after many Contests, the Sixth General Council was assembled at Constantinople, wherein the Monothelites were condemned, the Western Bishops proving great Sticklers against them.  
685.  
Four years after, died the Emperor Constantine, and was succeeded by his Son Justinian H. who, in the beginning of his Reign, drove the Saracens out of Armenia, and made them pay him Tribute. But they, in a short time, violated the Conditions of the Peace, by removing the Emperor's Garrisons from Mount Libanus, who were posted there. At which the Emperor growing angry, he proclaimed War against them, though they now offered to pay him a greater Tribute than ordinary, and in a submissive manner sued for Peace. He did indeed, in the first Battle, give them the Overthrow, they being uprovided for it; but the Sclavi, whom he led against them, being corrupted, he was overcome again, and lost Armenia.  
692.  
Ten years after the Sitting of the Sixth Council, another was called by Callinicus, Patriarch of Constantinople, wherein he put forth several Canons in the Name of the Sixth Council, and, among others, allowed the Clergy to have Wives, provided they abstained from the use of them in the time of the Administration of the Sacred Mysteries. These Canons were received by the Eastern Churches, but rejected by the Western; and from henceforward the Church of Constantinople was in a manner divided from the Communion of that of Rome.  
694.  
When Justinian II. had done many cruel things, and designed to bring his Soldiers to Massacre the People of Constantinople; Leontius, a Patrician, whom he kept in Prison, having set the Prisoners at liberty, possessed himself of the Empire; and having cut off his Nostrils, banished him to Taurica Chersonesus, where he lived for the space of ten years. Leontius, in the beginning of his Reign, happily drove out the Saracens, who had invaded Africa, by the Conduct of John, his Brother. But the same John, not long after, growing negligent of his Affairs, was overcome by them; and when the Army, for that reason, required he should be brought forth to be punished, they made Absimarus, who was also called Tiberius, Emperor. This Man, marching unexpectedly to Constantinople, seized it, and Leontius also, whose Nostrils he commanded should be cut off, and sent him Prisoner to a Monastery in Dalmatia.  
698.  
We have hitherto omitted the barbarous Names of the French Kings, and their Neighbours, and the continual Wars they almost always waged against one another, the knowledge whereof is not very material; but it were a crime, to say nothing of Pepin, Mayor of the Palace in France, who, about these times, begot Charles Martell, upon his Concubine Alphaida, who succeeded his Father in the same Charge. The Kings of France, in this Age, gave themselves up wholly to Sloth, and left the Management of all their Affairs to the Mayor of the Palace; which made them have the Surname of Faineant, or Slothful, given them; and the Regal Dignity, at last, devolved upon Pepin's Family.  
703.  
Though Absimarus, and his Brother Heraclius, often overcame the Saracens, and governed the Empire very well; yet they could not defend themselves against Justinian, who was Emperor before Leontius: For he being assisted by the Bulgarians, took Constantinople; and having taken Absimarus and Heraclius, in their flight, hung them upon the Walls, and held the Empire nine years. He gave the Bulgarians, at first, Thanks suitable to their Service; but afterwards, violating the Peace, he made a great slaughter of them; for which they took severe Revenge, not long after.  
709.  
Roderick, fearing an Insurrection by the Spaniards, over whom he was King, took away their Arms, and razed the Walls of their Cities: Which gave Walidus, King of the Arabs, an opportunity, by his General Tarichus, to attempt something upon Spain; and having sent a Fleet thither, brought off a very great Booty. But being invited thither, two years after, by Count Julian, whose Daughter Roderick had debauched, he went over with twelve thousand Men into Spain, fortified his Camp upon a Mountain near the Straight of Gibraltar, anciently called Calpe, and afterwards, for this reason, named Gebal-Tarich, that is, the Mountain of Tarich; whence comes the word Gibraltar. Roderick endeavoured, to no purpose, to drive out the Saracens from thence; but there they continued, wasting the Neighbourhood, for the space of two years; till having called in fresh Forces, often defeated, and at last slain Roderick, they seized, in the Year 713, on all Spain.  
In the mean time, Justinian the Emperor, by the unheard-of Cruelties which he exercised in the Chersonesus, because there had been Attempts in that Province to betray him, forced the Inhabitants to make choice of Philippicus for their Emperor; whose Eyes being put out, not long after, was succeeded by Artemius, who was also called Anastasius, whom Rufus, Praefect of the Army, was instrumental to advance to that Dignity; and therefore Philippious was justly punished, seeing himself, a little after he had seized on the Empire, had slain Justinian and his Children.  
714.  
Artemius also had his turn; for the Army which he had sent into Phoenicia, against the Saracens, having slain their General, and fearing Artemius' Displeasure, made one Theodosius, a Syrian, and Collector of the Tribute-Money, Emperor, though against his will. He marched to Constantinople, laid Siege to it for six months; at length, took the Emperor Artemius, and thrust him, shaved, into the Monastery of Thessalonica.  
716.  
But in about two years after, Leo, whom Artemius had before sent to be General, into Armenia, and who stood hitherto for him, took upon him the Imperial Dignity, which the Armenians and Saracens tendered to him, and made Theodosius, his Son, Prisoner; who having been advanced, against his will, to be Emperor, did voluntarily relinquish, and going to Ephesus, he and his Son both took Holy Orders upon them. Leo, soon after, by the help of that which they called Ignis Graecus, or Powder, not unlike that made use of by us at this day, burned a great Fleet of the Saracens. [Isaac Vossius, in his Oservat. cap. xv. may be consulted, concerning the Invention of that Fire.] A new Fleet of the same Nation, consisting of Four hundred Ships, was also partly destroyed by Leo, and partly by Storms. The Emperor had, the same year, a Son born to him, who, at his Baptism, befouled the Baptismal Water; and for that reason, was called Constantine Copronymus. But Artemius, who had fled to the Bulgarians, and by their help endeavoured to recover the Empire, was, the following year, betrayed by them to Leo, and slain.  
722.  
In these times, Charles Martell, Mayor of the Palace in France, after other great feats in Arms, subdued the Saracens also, who were ravaging the neighbouring Provinces, compelling them to retreat over the Pyrenaean Hills; and did many other famous Exploits: And making War upon Adgillus, the Son of Radbodus King of the Frisons, forced him to embrace the Christian Religion; and, by his Authority, was very helpful to Boniface, an English-Saxon, who, by the Command of Pope Gregory II. preached the Gospel in Germany.  
722.  
It's said, the Emperor Leo endeavoured to do the same thing by the Jews at that time, but with ill Success; for those whom he compelled to be Baptised, either fled elsewhere and abjured it, or shut themselves and their whole Family up in their Houses, and setting them on Fire were burnt: He endeavoured, not long after this, to throw out the Images which the Bishops had introduced into the Churches, wherein he found Opposition from the People whom the Priests incensed against him. Gregory Bishop of Rome, condemned his Edict; and having entered into an Alliance with the Lombard's, refused to pay the usual Tax to the Exarch of Ravenna, who governed Italy under the Emperor, and at last brought things so to bear, that the Exarch himself was driven out of Ravenna, and he sought for Aid of Charles Martell, who in the Year 726. won a great Victory of the Saracens, that if Leo should attempt any thing in Italy by force, he might be opposed by French Arms. This Martell also, at the Request of Willibrordus Bishop of Vtrecht, constrained the Frisons, who would not, according to their King's Example, embrace the Christian Religion, by force of Arms at least to feign themselves Christians.  
In the mean time, Leo did not so easily prevail against the Iconolatrae or Image-Worshippers in the East, who stiffly withstood him, while the Exarch Eutychius, with the Assistance of the Venetians, recovered Ravenna.  
731.  
This year, Venerable Bede finished his Ecclesiastical History of the English; and in the next Leo Married Irene the Daughter of Chaganus King of the Chazari, whom he had taken care to have brought up in the Christian Religion, to his Son Constantine, and contended sharply with the Bishop of Rome about the Images, which last would have them again introduced into the Churches, and expelled the Eastern Bishops that favoured Gregory's Party.  
Tho' the Saracens possessed themselves of Spain, yet Pelagius who was descended from the ancient Stock of the Goths, preserved the Country of Asturia, out of their hands, and transmitted the Dominion thereof to his Posterity, wherein he was not a little favoured by the great Slaughter which Charles Martell made of the Saracens in these times; his Son Flavilla succeeded him, and then Alphonso his Son-in-Law, who deducing his Pedigree from Reccaredus, would as well as he be styled the Catholic; which title being neglected by his Successors, was again conferred upon Ferdinand of Arragon, by Pope Julius the Second.  
740.  
Luitprand, King of the Lombard's, did this year divest Transamundus of the Duchy of Spoleto, and wasted the Territories of the Bishop of Rome; for from the time that the Authority of the Eastern Emperors began to decline in Italy, the Bishops of Rome Usurped the Dominion of that City, and the adjacent Country.  
742.  
Next year died three Men of the greatest Authority of any in that Age, viz. the Emperor Leo, Gregory III. Bishop of Rome, and Charles Martell, Mayor of the Palace in France. The first of these was Succeeded in the Empire by Constantine Copronymus, the other by Zacharias, and the third by his Sons Carloman and Pippin.  
Artavastus endeavoured to deprive Constantine of the Empire, while he was engaged in a War against the Saracens; but he overcame him at last. However, Walidus of Damascus King of the Arabs, making use of the Contest between them, ravaged Anatolia or Asia minor, and seemed to menace the Empire with greater Evils, had he not been next year prevented by Death, wherein also died Luitprand, King of the Lombard's; who, had it not been for the intercession of Pope Zachary, would have driven Eutychius quite out of Italy.  
751.  
While Pippin, now his Brother Carloman was turned Monk, managed all Affairs in France at his Pleasure, under Hilderic a sluggish Prince, he proved at length unsatisfied with the Chief Power, and nothing would serve but he must assume the Royal Name also; therefore having dispatched Ambassadors to Pope Zachary, he desired that Stupid Hilderic might be shut up in a Monastery, and himself declared King, as being more worthy, in the opinion of the Nobles, of the Royal Dignity.  
Aistulphus, who at that time was King over the Lombard's, drove Eutychius at length out of Italy, and so an end was put to the Power of the Eastern Emperors in that Country: The same Aistulphus began to be troublesome to the Pope, and endeavoured to Possess himself of the City of Rome; but Stephen, Zachary's Successor, withstood him stiffly, and having sought to Constantine for Aid to no purpose, he has recourse to Pippin, to whom he privily wrote Letters wherein he begged his Assistance against the Lombard's, and Pippin at length prevailed so far with Aistulphus, as to make a Truce with the Pope; but Aistulphus refusing to stand to his Promise, Stephen in the year 754. went himself in Person to Pippin, and wrought so far upon him, as to raise an Army to pass over the Alps in his favour, who accordingly entering Italy, overthrew Aistulphus' Forces, and at last granted him Conditions of Peace: But so, as that he should deliver up Ravenna to the Pope, and make restitution of whatever he had taken from him. From thence he returned into France, and finding by the time a year came about that Aistulphus had violated his Faith, he made a second Expedition into Italy, and having beaten Aistulphus again, imposed the same Conditions upon him. Here was laid the principal foundation of the Pope's Power; so that the Roman Pontiffs were beholding almost for all to Pippin and Charles the Great.  
In the mean time Constantine having assembled 338 Bishops, held the Seventh General Council, wherein Images were put down, and called Idols: The Iconolatrae or Image-Worshippers do not allow this to have been a lawful Synod, because the Western Bishop's consent was wanting.  
759.  
Jusaph, who reigned over the Saracens in Spain, was dispossessed in the Name of the King of the Asian-Saracens, by reason of an overthrow given him by the remainders of the Christians in that Kingdom, and Abderamen made King in his stead, who reigned at Corduba Seven and twenty Years.  
763.  
All the Work which the Image-Worshippers found for Constantine, could not hinder him from making War upon the Bulgarians, whom he overcame, and at his return to Constantinople triumphed; tho' the Turks breaking into Armenia through the straits of the Caspian Sea committed great Depredations there, as they did afterwards, and won great Victories over the Saracens themselves.  
766.  
He sent Ambassadors not long after to Pippin, to persuade him to take away the Images, about which there arose much Strife between the Greeks and Latins in the Synod of Gentiliacum; but nothing seems to have been determined upon that Head: The Greeks also accused the Latins, because they added, and from the Son, to the Nicene Creed, where it treats of the Procession of the Holy Ghost, whereas it was only before, who proceeds from the Father.  
768.  
This year, wherein, after much Contention, Stephen III was chosen Bishop of Rome, died Pippin, who left his Sons Charles and Carloman to succeed him.  
Constantine about the same time, finding by Experience that the Monks were a sort of People given to Sedition, commanded them to leave their Monasteries and to Marry, and so live among the Laiety, unless they rather chose to be banished.  
771.  
Carloman, after a Reign of Four Years died, and left his Brother Charles sole Monarch, of France, who not long after, sent Bertha, Daughter to Desiderius King of the Lombard's, back to her Father: This Prince divested Pope Stephen of the Exarchate of Ravenna, and Charles' Ambassadors could by no means bring him to restore it, which made Charles march with an Army into Italy, and wrest that out of his hands, which he could not effect by an Embassy, and so put an end to the Kingdom of the Lombard's: Paul the Deacon was Secretary to Desiderius, and was the most Learned Man of those times, and therefore highly esteemed by Charles, who, as the times went, was a Learned Prince. Alcuin an Englishman, and Charles his Tutor, was also a Person not inferior to the Deacon.  
773.  
The Saxons by their continual Rebellions cut out much Work for him now, and afterwards; while that Constantine the Emperor died in the mean time, leaving Leo III. his Son to succeed him; who also created his Son Constantine, of that same Name with his Grandfather, Emperor, when he had first bound his Nobles by an Oath, that they should suffer no other to Reign; Leo had before this made his Wife Irene his Mother's Namesake, Augusta: This same Princess was the King of Bulgaria's Daughter, whereas the other Irene was Daughter to the King of the Chazari; which I thought fit to take notice of in this place, lest the sameness of the Name should work any Confusion in History.  
779.  
Whilst Charles the Great, overcame the Saracen Prince of Navarr in Spain, Leo also got a great Victory over that People in Syria. This Prince was so set against the Idolaters or Image-Worshippers, that upon his finding some Images with his Wife Irene, he abstained from her Company, tho' she denied that she knew any thing of them. Irene, soon after upon his Death, in her Son's Name assumed the Imperial Power, and held it for Ten Years. Thereupon the Images were presently set up again, and the Monks and Nuns sent into their Monasteries.  
Nicephorus, Leo's Brother, whom Copronymus had formerly given the Dignity of Caesar to, was still alive; who, when some of the Nobles had endeavoured to advance to the Throne, was seized by Irene, together with his Brothers, shorn, and shut up in a Monastery.  
786.  
Irene, this year, endeavoured to assemble a General Council at Constantinople, in order to Condemn the Image-Breakers, but was obstructed in her Design, by a Sedition of the Common People; yet next year, there was one held at Nice, wherein the Image-Breakers were condemned, and this second Nicene Council was called the Seventh General one, by those who approved of the Worship of Images.  
Irene and Charles could not well agree, because Rachisius, Duke of Beneventum, her Vassal, was quelled by Charles, when he would have made War upon the Bishop of Rome; wherefore the Proud Woman sent an Army into Italy to restore the Kingdom of the Lombard's; but being overthrown by Charles' Forces, they returned to Constantinople without effecting their Design.  
788.  
This year the Normans or Danes, arriving at first with three Ships only in Britain, ravaged the Sea-Coast of it.  
In the mean time, the Government of Irene grew daily more and more intolerable to the Nobility; but when she observed that some of them favoured her Son's Interest, she thrust them into Monasteries, and forced the Inhabitants of Constantinople to Swear fealty to her, without any mention of her Son: But she could not the year following hinder Constantine by a Joint Consent of the Army to be advanced to his Father's Throne. Tho' this Prince, who before was invited by every body to take the Administration upon him, being beaten often in the succeeding years, became hated almost of all Men, and lest his Uncle's might perhaps be preferred before him, he commanded their Eyes to be pulled out, and their Tongues cut off; by which Fact of his, he increased the hatred already so universally conceived against him.  
792.  
In these times lived George of Taras, the next Man in Authority to the Patriarch of Constantinople, who took in Africanus and Eusebius' Chronicle into his own; As also John Mailros and Claud Clement, both Scotchmen, who moved Charles the Great, to Found the University of Paris, especially at Alcuin's Instigation.  
794.  
A little after this, there were almost Three hundred Bishops, besides several Abbots, gathered out of Charles' Dominions, who met at Frankford; where, after they had, in the first place, condemned some Spanish Bishops, for adhering, as they thought, to Nestorius' Opinion. They then took into their Consideration the Proceed of the Second Council of Nice, where Pope Adrian presided by his Legates, and which he had Approved of; and Decreed, That Image-Worship was a wicked Practice, and that the Approvers thereof were in the wrong, and therefore that the Canons of the said Council were to be rejected, though approved of by the Bishop of Rome.  
While these things were in agitation in the West, Constantine, having divorced his Wife Mary, at the Instigation of Irene, his Mother, who studied to render him odious to the People; that she might obtain the Empire a Second time, married another whose Name was Theodete; whereat the Inhabitants of Constantinople were much offended.  
797.  
At length the Mother did so reconcile herself to the Nobility, that two years after, she took care to secure his Person, and put out his Eyes; which proved so grievous to him, that he died within a few days after, while Irene invaded the Administration of the Government. It was not long after, before she slew Nicephorus and Christophorus, her Husband's Brothers, and so the whole Race of Leo Isaurus became extinct. Then she sent Ambassadors to treat with Charles about a Peace, whom he honourably received.  
800.  
Next year, Charles went to Rome, to decide the Pope's Case, who being accused of many wicked Actions, had been evilly entreated; and upon his taking an Oath, that he was innocent, he spared him. After which, going, on Christmas-Day, into the Cathedral of St. Peter, he was saluted by Leo, and all the People of Rome, with the Title of Augustus, and Emperor of the West.  
It's said, Irene took this very ill; but afterwards, when Charles treated with her about a Marriage between them, he was acknowledged by her. However, the Marriage did not go on; because that in the very nick of time when Charles' Ambassadors came to Constantinople, she was deposed by Nicephorus a Nobleman, and sent close Prisoner to the Isle of Lesbos. This Nicephorus reigned in the East almost nine years; and Charles, from the time that he was saluted Emperor, ruled in the West fourteen, for he died in the beginning of the Year 814: He was both a learned and very warlike Emperor, insomuch that his Army was never beaten, when he was present.   

The XIIth EPOCH. The Empire of Charles the Great.  
AT length we are come to our Last EPOCH, which is that of the Reign of the Emperor Charles the Great, wherewith we close up the XIth. Period of our History: And we have no more to do now, after we have heaped up so long a Catalogue of Errors and Impieties, wherewith the History of Mankind hath been perpetually diversified, but to declare,  
That none appears to us to be a perfect Pattern, either of Wisdom or Sanctity, but our only Saviour JESUS CHRIST, whom Almighty God, his, and the Father of us all, has proposed to be the alone Exemplar of our Imitation in all things; To whom be Glory and Praise. Amen.  
FINIS.    

AN INDEX OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY.  

A  
ABderamen the Arab King of Corduba, Page 188  
Abraham called out of Chaldea, Page 10  
Absimarus the Emperor, Page 181  
Abubecer, Chaliph, Page 186  
The Achaean Republic, Page 75  
The Achaean War, Page 86  
The Egyptian Dynasties, Page 7  
Aelius Verus the Emperor, Page 107  
Aemilian the Emperor, Page 116  
L. Aemilius Paulus, Page 82  
Aeneas his Travels, Page 23  
Aeolidae or Aeolus, when named, Page 24  
Aeschylus the Poet, Page 49  
Aesop, Author of the Fables, Page 39  
Agathocles, Tyrant of Syracuse, Page 70  
Agesilaus, King of Lacedaemon, Page 60, 63  
Agnoetae, Page 165  
Agrippa M. Vipsanius, and his Children, Page 94  
Agrippa, Herod 's Grandson, Page 99  
Agrippinus the Carthaginian, Page 111  
Aistulphus the Lombard, 187. often beaten by Pepin, Page 188  
Alagabalus, Page 111  
Alaricus, King of the Goths, 147. takes Rome, Page 148  
Alboinus, King of the Lombard's, Page 168  
Alcaeus the Poet, Page 37  
Alcibiades, General of the Athenians, Page 58  
Alcman the Poet, Page 37  
The Alcoran, Page 173  
Alcuin, an Englishman, Page 190  
Alexander, King of Epirus, Page 68  
Alexander the Macedonian born, 64. fights at Chaeronaea, 66. His Feats, 67. dies at Babylon, Page 68  
Alexander, King of the Jews, Page 88  
Alexander the Emperor, Page 112  
Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria, Page 125  
Allia, the Battle there, Page 61  
Altar of Victory, Page 139  
Amasis invades the Kingdom of Egypt, Page 39  
Ambrose of Milan, Page 139  
Amphion, King of Thebes, Page 21  
Anakims, a Noble Family of Palestine, Page 12  
Anacreon the Poet, Page 44  
Anastasius I. Emperor, who loved the Peace of the Church, Page 159, 160  
Anastasius II. Emperor, Page 183  
Anaxagoras the Philosopher, Page 50  
Anaxarchus the Philosopher, Page 66  
Anaximander the Philosopher, Page 37, 42  
Anaximenes the Philosopher, Page 41  
Angel-Worship or Idolatry, the Occasion of it, Page 8  
Anibal the Son of Amilcar wages War in Spain, Page 76. passes into Italy, 77. his Affairs decline, 78. is overcome in Africa, 79. flies to Antiochus, 80. dies of Poison with King Prusias, Page 81  
Annibal the Brother of Giscon, Page 59  
Anthemius the Emperor, Page 156  
Antigonus, Surnamed. Daturus. Page 76  
Antioch, the Difference in the Church there, Page 136, 141  
Antipater, Praefect of Greece, Page 69  
Antipater the Edomite, Page 92  
Antioch, a Council held there by the Arians, Page 133  
Antiochus Epiphanes, Page 83  
Antiochus Eupator, Page 83  
Antiochus Grypus, Page 86  
Antiochus the Great angry with the Jews, 77. overcome by the Romans, Page 80  
Antoninus Pius Emperor, Page 108  
M. Antonius, Triumvir, Page 92  
Apollinaris of Laodicea, Page 341  
Apries, King of Egypt, slain, Page 39  
Aquila Ponticus, Page 107  
Aratus, Praetor of Achaia, Page 75  
Arbaces gets the Medes their Liberty, Page 28  
Arcadius made Emperor, 146. dies Page 148  
Archagathus, the Grandson of Agathocles of Syracuse, Page 70  
Archelaus the Tetrarch, Page 95  
Archias of Corinth, Page 30  
Archimedes of Syracuse, Page 78  
Armies, how they were so Numerous in Ancient Times, Page 27  
Perpetual Archons of Athens, 24. made every Ten Years, 30. last Annual, Page 34  
Argonauts Ship, whence called, Page 21  
Arian, their Differences, Page 127  
Arians divided into Parties, Page 141  
Ariminium, a Synod there, Page 136  
Aristides, General of the Athenians at Platea, Page 50  
Aristides, an Athenian Philosopher, and a Christian, Page 107  
Aristobulus, Highpriest of the Jews, Page 86, 93  
Aristodemus the Messenian, Page 32  
Aristomenes the Messenian, Page 34  
Aristophanes the Comic Poet, Page 55  
Aristotle the Stagyrite, flourished under Philip and Alexander, Kings of Macedon, and was Praeceptor to the latter, and Author of the Peripatetic Sect, Page 69  
Arius the Heretic, Page 125, etc.  
Arnobius, Page 120  
Arrianus the Philosopher, Page 108  
Arsaces, first King of Parthia, Page 77  
Arses, King of Persia, Page 66  
Artabanus slew Xerxes, Page 52  
Artaxerxes Longimanus is made Partaker of the Kingdom with his Father, 50. Reigns alone, 51. Makes a base Peace with the Greeks, Page 55  
Artaxerxes the Mindful, King of Persia, 59 overcomes his Brother Cyrus, Page 60  
Artaxerxes Ochus, King of Persia, 62. subdues the Cyprians and Phoenicians, Page 65  
Artemius the Emperor, Page 184  
Ascanius builds Asbalonga, Page 23  
Ascanius Pedianus, Page 103  
Asdrubal, Brother of Annibal, is slain, Page 78  
Asphaltidis, the Original of that Lake, Page 11  
Assarhaddon invades Babylon, Page 33  
Assuerus, Esther 's Husband, who he was, Page 40  
Astyages, the last King of the Medes, Page 38, 40  
Athanasius, chosen Bishop of Alexandria, Condemned at Tyre, 129. Recalled from Banishment, 132. Condemned again in Asia, Acquitted in Italy, Returns to Alexandria, ibid. Condemned in the West, Page 135  
Athenaeus the Grammarian,  
Athenagoras, Page 108  
Athens taken by Lysander, and betrayed by the Thirty Tyrants. The Athenians begin a War with the Lacedæmonians, and make a Truce, 55. Win many Victories under Pericles, 60. Begin the Peloponnesian War, ib.  
M. Attilus Regulus, Page 74  
Attalus I. King of Pergamus, 78. II. makes the Romans his Heirs, Page 85  
Attila, King of the Huns, Page 153  
Atreus, when he lived, Page 21  
Avares created a great deal of trouble to the Eastern Emperors, Page 170, 171  
Aurelian the Emperor, Page 118  
M. Aurelius Anton. Emp. Page 108  
Augustine converted from Manichaism, 144. Made a Bishop, Page 146  
Augustulus Emperor, Page 156  
Augustus gets the Power. The learned Men that flourished in his time, Page 93, 94   

B  
BAbylon taken by Cyrus, Page 42  
Babylon taken by Darius, Page 46  
The Babylonian Tower, Page 6  
The Babylonian Kingdom, whether it ended with Sardanapalus, Page 28  
Baladan, the same as Nabonassar, Page 31  
Baltassar, King of Babylon, Page 39  
Barac, King of Israel, Page 19  
Barchocheba, Page 107  
Barnabas, his Epistle, Page 103  
Basil of Caesarea, Page 138  
Bede, Page 185  
Belisarius, Page 164  
Belus the Assyrian, Page 19, 166  
Boethius, Page 163, 167  
Brennus the Gaul, Page 73  
Brunechildis, a Wicked Woman, Page 171  
Brutus and Cassius conquered, Page 92  
Bulgarians troublesome to the Eastern Empire, Page 179  
Byrsa, a Tower of Carthage, from whence called, Page 27  
Byzantium Dedicated, Page 130   

C  
Cadmus', when driven into Greece, Page 14  
Chalcedon Synod, Page 154  
Caligula, Emperor, Page 99  
Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Page 180  
Cambyses the Father of Cyrus, Page 40  
Cambyles Second King of Persia, Page 44  
Caracalla, Emperor, Page 113  
Caranus the Heraclidan, Page 29  
Charles the Great 's Reign, Page 195  
Charles Martell, 184. overcomes the Saracens, Page 185  
Carthaginians wage the First War with the Romans, 73. the Second, 76. the Third, Page 84  
Carthage, when it was built, and whence named, Page 27  
Carausius, Page 120  
Carinus, Emperor, Page 119  
Carus, Emperor, Page 119  
Catiline 's Conspiracy, Page 89  
Catullus the Poct, ibid.  
Cecrops 's Age, Page 13  
Censors of Rome first created, Page 56  
Chabrias the Athenian, Page 63  
Chaerisophus the Lacedaemonian, Page 60  
Christ 's Nativity, 95. His Death, Page 98  
Christians, when so called, Page 100  
Chrysostom, 144, 147. Condemned, ibid.  
Cicero, Quaestor, 89. Consul, ibid. Proconsul of Sicily, 90. His Death, Page 92  
Cimon, Miltiades 's Son, his Exploits, Page 51, 55  
Claudius, Emperor, Page 100, 101  
Claudius (M. Aurelius) Emperor, Page 118  
Claudius Clemens, Page 192  
Clearchus the Lacedaemonian, Page 60  
Clement 's Epistle, Page 103, 105  
Cleopatra, Syrian Queen, a wicked Woman, Page 86  
Clodius Albinus, Emperor, Page 109  
Clodovaeus the French King, Page 160  
Codrus the Athenian King, Page 24  
Coelestius, a Disciple of Pelagius, Page 148, 149  
Colossus, the Remains thereof at Rhodes, Page 178  
Columban, an Irishman, Page 168  
Commodus, Emperor, Page 109  
Confucius, the Socrates of the Serans, when he lived, Page 42  
Conon an Athenian, Page 60  
Constans, Caesar, 131. slain, Page 135  
Constants the Son of Constantine, Heraclius 's Grandson, Emperor, Page 177  
Constantinople, New Rome, Page 130  
Constantinopolitan Synod, the Second Ecumenical one, Page 143  
Constantinopolitan Synod, the Sixth Ecumenical one, Page 179  
Constantinus Chlorus, 120. made Emperor, Page 121  
Constantine, Emperor, 121. His Conversion, 124. His Decree in honour of the Bishops, ibid. War with Licinius, ibid. His Cruelty, 129. His Death, Page 131  
Constantius, the Son of Constantine, Caesar, Page 125  
Constantius, Heraclius 's Son, Emperor, Page 176  
Constantinus Pogonatus, Emperor, Page 179  
Constantine Copronymus, Page 186  
Constantine, the Son of Leo III. Emperor, Page 190  
Constantius Caesar, 131. His Death, Page 137  
Constantius Gallus Caesar, Page 135  
Consuls at Rome first Created, Page 46  
Crates the Cynic, Page 70  
Crispus Caesar, 125. slain, Page 129  
M. Curtius throws himself into the Chasm, Page 63  
Q. Curtius the Historian, Page 102  
Chuschan, King of Mesopotamia, Page 18  
Croesus, the last King of the Lydians, 40. is overcome by Cyrus, Page 41  
Cyaxares I. besieging Nineve to no purpose, is overcome by the Scythians, 36. Destroys them, ibid.  
Cyaxares II. King of the Medes, 40. makes Cyrus his Son in Law, and his Heir, Page 42  
Cyprian the Martyr, Page 116, 117  
Cypselus, a Tyrant of Corinth, Page 35  
Cyril of Alexandria, Page 151  
Cyril of Jerusalem, Page 144  
Cyrus the First Persian King, 42. His Death, Page 44  
Cyrus the Younger makes War upon his Brother, Page 59   

D.  
DAlmatius Caesar, 131. slain, Page 132  
Damasus, Bishop of Rome, how created, Page 139  
Danaus, King of the Argives, Page 18  
Daniel the Prophet, Page 39  
Darius, the Son of Hystaspis, King of Persia, Page 45  
Darius makes War upon the Scythians to no purpose, His Death, Page 47.  
Darius Medus, who he was, Page 43  
Darius Codomannus, King of Persia, 66. is overcome by Alexander, Page 63  
Darius the Bastard, King of Persia, Page 58  
David 's Reign, Page 25  
Deborah the Prophetess, Page 20  
P. Decius Must devoted himself to Death, Page 66  
Decius, Emperor, Page 116  
Dejoces, first King of the Medes, Page 28, 34  
Demetrius Phalereus, 90. Poliorcetes, ibid.  
Demates the Orator, Page 69  
Demaratus of Corinth goes into Banishment, 35. His Son becomes King of the Romans, Page 36  
Demetrius, Philip 's Son, Page 81  
Demetrius Soter, Page 84  
Democritus the Philosopher, Page 47  
Demosthenes the Orator, Page 69  
Desiderius Longobardus, conquered by Charles the Great, Page 190  
Deucalion 's Flood, 13. Whence the Name of Deucalion, Page 14  
Diacrinomenians, or the Doubting, Page 158  
Diadumenianus Caesar, Page 111  
Dido, what time she lived, Page 27  
Didymus of Alexandria, Page 139  
Deluge, Universal, what Year, Page 6  
Dio Cassius, Page 114  
Dioclesian the Emperor. His Pride, 120. His Cruelty towards the Christians, 121. Resigns his Imperial Dignity, ibid.  
Dionysius Senior, Tyrant of Syracuse, Page 59  
Dionysius Junior is expelled by Dion, 64. Recovers Syracuse, and is thence expelled, Page 65  
Dioscorus of Alexandria, Page 154  
Domitian the Emperor, Page 104  
Donatists Schisms, 122, 124. Extinguished by force, Page 147  
Draco amends the Laws of Athens, Page 36  
Drusus, Aug. his Son in Law, Page 94  
C. Duillus the Consul, Page 74   

E.  
ECbatan built, Page 34  
Eglon, King of the Moabites, Page 18  
Ehud, King of the Hebrews, ibid.  
Eleusinian Sacrifices, when instituted, Page 20  
Elam, its Kings more powerful than those of Babylonia, Page 10  
Elisha the Prophet, Page 28  
Empedocles the Philosopher, Page 55  
Ennius the Poet, Page 75  
Epaminondas the Theban, 62. His Death, ibid.  
Ephesian Synod, Page 151  
Epimenides the Philosopher, Page 37  
Epiphanius, Page 140, 146  
Epicurus the Philosopher, Page 66  
Epoch, what they be. How many in this History, Page 2  
Ethelbert, King of Kent, Page 168  
Evagrius the Historian, Page 170  
Evaricus, King of the Goths, Page 156  
Eugenius the Tyrant, Page 145  
Evil-merodach, King of Babylon, Page 39  
Eumenes, King of Pergamus, Page 75  
Euripides the Tragedian, Page 55  
Eusebius of Caesarea, Page 128  
Eustathius of Antioch, Page 130  
Eutropius, a Seditious Captain, Page 146  
Eutyches condemned, Page 152  
Eutychius the Exarch, thrust out of Ravenna, 185. Recovers it again, ibid. Is Expelled a second time, Page 189  
Ezekiel the Prophet, Page 37   

F  
Fabius' (Caeso) slain, with the whole Fabian Family, Page 50  
Fables of the Greeks, relating to the Second Period, Page 8  
Fausta, Constantine 's Wife, slain, Page 129  
Florianus the Emperor, Page 119  
Florus, Page 106  
Fohi I. King of the Serans, Page 8  
Francfort Synod, Page 192  
Fruit, the Antidiluvian Food, Page 5  
M. Furius Camillus expels the Veians, Page 60  
Furcae Caudinae, Page 69   

G  
GAinas, a Seditious Person, Page 147  
Galba the Emperor, Page 103  
Galen, Page 108  
Galenus Maximus Caesar, 121. Emperor, Page 122  
Galienus the Emperor, Page 116  
Garizim Temple, Page 67  
Gauls depopulate Macedon, and other neighbouring Coasts, Page 73  
Gauls take Rome, and are expelled, Page 61  
Geisericus, King of the Vandals, 153, takes Rome, Page 154  
Gelon, Tyrant of the Syracusians, Page 50  
Gentiliacum 's Synod, Page 189  
George the Sub-Patriarch, Page 192  
Germanicus, Son of Drusus, Page 94, 97  
Geta the Emperor, Page 110  
Gibraltar, whence derived, Page 182  
Gideon, Judge of the Hebrews, Page 19  
Glycerius the Emperor, Page 156  
Gnostics, Heretics, Page 106  
Gomorrah 's Subversion, Page 11  
Gordianus the Emperor, Page 115  
Gordias the Rhetorician, Page 55  
Goths, their Affairs grow desperate in Italy, Page 165  
Goths, Arians, Page 160  
Gratian, Aug. 139. is slain, Page 143  
Gregory Thaumaturgus, Page 114  
Gregory the Great, Page 169  
Gregory III. Bishop of Rome, Page 184  
Gregory Nazianzen, Page 139, 143  
Gyges, King of the Lydians, Page 33   

H  
HAdarezer, King of Syria, Page 26  
Hadrian the Emperor, Page 107  
Heretics ordered by some to be rebaptized, by others not, Page 117  
Hali, Patriarch of Persia, Page 178  
Hazael, King of Syria, Page 28  
Helen is stolen, Page 22  
Henoch taken up into Heaven, Page 4  
Henoticon 's Epistle of Zeno, Page 158  
Heracleon the Emperor, Page 176  
Heraclides return into Peloponnesus, Page 24  
Heraclitus of Ephesus, Page 47  
Heraclius I. Emperor, Page 171  
Heraclius II. Emperor, Page 172  
Hercules the Theban, when he lived, and why he was called the Son of Jupiter, Page 21  
Ap. Herdonius possessing the Capitol, is from thence cast down, Page 52  
Hermas, Pastor, Page 107  
Herod the Great made King of Judaea, 92, 93. His Reign, Page 94, 95  
Herod Antipas, Page 95  
Herodotus Halicarnasseus, Page 51, 54  
Hesiod, what time he lived, Page 26  
Hieron, Tyrant of the Syracusians, Page 51  
Hiero Junior, King of the Syracusians; Page 74  
Hilarius, a Pict, Page 135  
Hipparchus, an Astronomer, Page 84  
Hipparchus, an Athenian, Page 45  
Hippias, a Tyrant of Athens, Page 45, 47  
Hipponax▪ a Poet, Page 42  
Hiram, King of the Tyrians, Page 25  
Homer, at what time he lived, Page 26  
Homer 's Poems, by whom collected, Page 45  
Honorius Aug. Page 146  
Horace, Page 94  
Hosea the Prophet, Page 30  
Hyperides the Orator, Page 69  
Hypostasis, Dissensions about the word, Page 141  
Hyrcanus, King of the Jews, Page 88, 89   

I  
JAbin, King of the Canaanites, Page 19  
Jaddua, the Highpriest of the Jews, Page 67  
Janus, when he reigned, Page 22  
Ibycus a Poet, Page 41  
Iconolatrians, vexed by Leo Armenus the Emperor, 184, & 185. Defended by the Bishops of Rome, 184. Condemned by the Seventh Synod, 188. by Leo III. Page 191  
Idolatry, when and how it sprung up, Page 8  
Jephtha 's Daughter gave Original to the Fable of Iphigenia, Page 20  
Jerom, Page 140, 144  
Jeroboam 's Reign, Page 26  
Jerusalem 's Walls repaired, Page 52  
Ignis Graecus, Page 183  
Ignatius, a Martyr, Page 105  
Image-Worship defended and opposed, Page 158  
I nachus, whence so called, Page 12  
Joakim, King of the Jews, Page 37  
John the Apostle, Page 105  
John Hyrcanus, Page 85  
John Mailros, Page 192  
John, Principal Notary, Page 151  
John, Zacharias 's Son, Page 97  
Ionas the Prophet, Page 28  
Jonathan the Machabite, Page 84  
jonians, whence so called, Page 24  
Joseph carried into Egypt, Page 13  
Josephus the Historian, Page 105  
Joshua divides Canaan, Page 18  
Jovian the Emperor, Page 138  
Irene, Daughter to the King of Bulgaria, 190. defendeth Images, 191. Her Wickedness, Page 192  
Irene, Chaganus 's Daughter, Page 185  
Isdegerdis 's Fidelity in the Education of Theodosius, Page 148  
Israelites, how they could pass over the Red Sea in so short a time, Page 15  
Isthmian Games, when instituted, Page 19  
Italian War, Page 87  
Jews First Captivity, 37. Second, ibid. Third, Page 38  
Jews return from Babylon, 43. Lay the Foundation of the Temple, ibid. At last finish it, Page 45  
Jews change their Letters, Page 55  
Jewish Priests descent among themselves, Page 82  
Jews compelled to abjure their Religion, by Leo Armenius, Page 184  
Jewish War with Vespasian, Page 103  
Judas the Macchabite, Page 84  
Jugurtha and his War, Page 86  
Julianus (Didius) the Emperor, Page 109  
Julianus Caesar, the Emperor, 136. professeth Heathenism, 137. His Death, Page 138  
Julianus the Count, calls the Arabians into Spain, Page 182  
Julius the African, Page 114  
Julius Caesar obtains Gaul, 90. His Civil War, is slain, ends it within five years, ibid. Page 91. ibid.  
Julius Pollux, the Grammarian, Page 109  
Justinian I. Emperor, 163. His Heresy, Page 167  
Justinian II. Emperor, his Exploits, and various Fortune, i 79. His Death, Page 183  
Justin I. Emperor of Thrace, Page 162  
Justin II. Emperor, Page 163  
Justin Martyr, Page 108  
Justus the Historian, Page 105  
Juvenal, Page 102   

L  
LActantius, Page 120  
Langobards invade part of Italy, Page 169  
Langobardian Laws, Page 177  
Latinus, when he reigned, Page 23  
Lavinium, when built, Page 23  
Leo I. Emperor, Page 155  
Leo II. Emperor, Page 156  
Leo III. an Armenian, Emperor, Page 183  
Leo IV. Emperor, by others III. omitting the II. the Son of Leo I. because of his short Reign, Page 190  
Leocrates the Athenian, Page 53  
Leonidas, King of the Lacedæmonians, slain at Thermopylae, Page 49  
Leontius the Emperor, Page 181  
Leosthenes the Athenian, Page 69  
Leovigildus, King of the Goths in Spain, Page 169  
M. Lepidus, Triumvir, Page 92  
Libanus the Sophist, Page 138  
Liberius, Bishop of Rome, Page 135  
Licinius the Emperor, 123. His War with Constantine, 125. Falls out again, 126. Is slain, ibid.  
Licinius, Son of Licinius Caesar, Page 125  
Livius Andronicus the Poet, Page 75  
T. Livy, Page 94  
Lot's Wife, whether she was turned into a Pillar of Salt, Page 11  
Lucan, Page 102  
Lucian of Samosata, Page 108  
Lucifer Calaritanus, Page 137  
Lucretius the Poet, Page 89  
L. Lucullus, Page 88  
Luitprand, King of the Langobards, Page 186  
Lycortas, Praetor of Achaia, Page 81  
Lycurgus, and the Errors of his Polity, Page 30  
Lysias the Orator, Page 55   

M  
MAcchabees, whence so called, Page 83  
Macedonian Kingdom, when it began, Page 23  
Macedonius the Heretic, Page 136  
Macrinus the Emperor, Page 111  
Magnentius the Tyrant, Page 135  
Mahomet, a False Prophet, his Tenets and Beginning, Page 172, 173  
Majorianus the Emperor, Page 155  
Man's Life formerly longer, Page 5  
Mamercus Aemilius, Page 57  
Manasseh, King of Juda, Page 34  
Manasseh, the Brother of Jaddua, Page 67  
Manes the Heretic, 119. Manichaeans in Persia, Page 162  
L. Manlius Imperiosus, Page 62  
T. Manlius kills his Son with an Axe, Page 66  
Marathonian Battle, Page 48  
M. Marcellus takes Syracuse, 78. is slain by Annibal, ibid.  
Marcian the Emperor, Page 154, 155  
Mardonius prospers in Thrace and Asia, 48. is overcome at Marathon, ibid. at Plataeae, Page 50  
Mariam, Herod 's Wife, Page 92, 93  
Martina Augusta, Page 176  
Martinianus Caesar, Page 126  
Martin, Bishop of Tours, Page 140  
Marseilles, when it was built, Page 42  
Massinissa, King of Numidia, Page 79  
Mattathias the Priest, Page 83  
Mavias', a Saracen, Page 177  
Mauritus the Emperor, Page 169, 170  
Maxentius the Emperor, Page 122  
Maximus the Emperor, Page 114  
Maximianus Armentarius, Caesar, Page 120  
Maximianus Herculius, Emperor, 120. lays aside his Royal Dignities, 121. attempts to take them up again, Page 122  
Maximius the Emperor, Page 114  
Maximus thrusts himself into the Empire, 143. He is slain, Page 144  
Maximus of Tyre, Page 108  
Maecenas (C. Cilnius) Page 94  
Megabasus, sent into Europe by Darius, Page 47  
Melchites, who they were, Page 157  
Melissus the Philosopher, Page 55  
Melito of Sardis, Page 108  
Sp. Melius aspires to the Kingdom of Rome, and is punished, Page 56  
Menander, a Comic Poet, Page 70  
Menenius Agrippa reduces the Commonalty of Rome, Page 48  
Meroveus King of the Franks, Page 154  
Messenians, Builders of Messana, Page 34  
Messenian First War, 154, Second War, ibid.  
Miltiades the Athenian, Page 48  
Minos, it may be two of the Name, Page 18  
Minutius Felix, Page 120  
Misitheus, Gordian 's Father in-Law, Page 115  
Mithridates, and his War with the Romans, Page 87, 89  
Monks commanded to Marry, Page 189  
Monothelites, their Original, Page 175  
Montanus the Heretic, Page 109  
Moses, his Birth, 13. His Acts, 15, 16. His Laws, His Death, Page 17-18  
L. Mummius of Achaia, Page 85  
Myronides the Athenian, Page 53   

N  
NAbis, a Lacedaemonian Tyrant, Page 79  
Nabonassar, Restorer of the Babylonian Empire, Page 31  
Nabonidus, the last King of Babylon, Page 41  
Nebuchadonosor carries away the Jews captive, 37. Besieges Tyre, 38. His Death, Page 39  
Naevius the Poet, Page 75  
Necho, King of Egypt, Page 36  
Nectanebos, the Son of the King of Egypt, revolts from his Father, 63. Is overcome by the Persians, Page 65  
Nehemiah repairs the Walls of Jerusalem, 52. Regulates their corrupt Manners, Page 54  
Nemaean Games instituted, Page 39  
Nemesianus the Poet, Page 120  
Nepos the Emperor, Page 156  
Nepotianus the Tyrant, Page 135  
Neriglissor, Nebuchadonosor 's Son-in-Law, Page 40  
Nerva the Emperor, Page 105  
Nestorius Condemned, Page 151  
Nicene First Synod, Page 127  
Nicene Second Synod, Page 191  
Nicephorus, Brother of Leo Armenius, Page 191  
Nicephorus Patricius the Emperor, Page 194  
Nicomedia, by whom and when it was built, Page 75  
Nimrod 's Reign, Page 6  
Nineveh built, 20. Repaired. Page 31  
Ninus, when he lived, and why he is thought to be the Founder of the Babylonian Empire, Page 20  
Noah 's Sons, what Coasts they inhabited, Page 6  
Numa Pompilius, King of the Romans, Page 33  
Numantia taken, Page 85  
Numerianus the Emperor, Page 119   

O  
OCtavius Caesar, Triumvir, 92. See Augustus.  
Odonatus, King of Palmyra, Page 117  
Odoacer, King of the Heruli, Page 159  
Ogyges 's Reign, and Flood, Page 13  
Olybrius the Emperor, Page 156  
Olympic Games restored by Iphitus, Page 29  
Olympian Conquerors, when they began to be Crowned, Page 31  
Olympius the Poet, Page 120  
Omar, a Chaliph, Page 176  
Origen, 112. His Tetrapla, Hexapla, Octapla, Page 113. 

His Opinions, Page 114  
Origen 's Opinion condemned after his Death, Page 166    
Otho the Emperor, Page 103  
Othoniel, Judge of the Jews, Page 18  
Ovid 's Anachronism, Page 46   

P  
PAcuvius the Poet, Page 75, 84  
Pagan's Name, whence risen, Page 135  
Palladius of Galata, Page 146  
Panathenaea, when instituted, Page 20  
Papinian the Lawyer, Page 111  
Paris Academy, Page 192  
Parmendides the Philosopher, Page 55  
Parthenians Builders of Tarentum, Page 32  
Parthians seek a King of Tiberius, Page 99  
Parthian War, whence risen, 77. It's end, Page 114  
Passover, Differences concerning its Celebration, Page 110  
Paul- the Apostle, Page 99  
Paul the Deacon, Page 102  
Paul Ictus, Page 112  
Paul of Samosata, the Heretic, Page 118  
Pausanias overcomes Mardonius at Plataea, Page 50  
Pelagius 's Opinion, 148. Synods held against him, Page 149  
Pelagius, who was descended of the Goths, preserved the Country of Asturia, and transmitted the Dominion thereof to his Posterity, Page 185, 186  
Pelopidas a Theban, Page 62  
Peloponnesian War, 56. The Occasion thereof, Page 57  
Pelops, when he reigned, Page 18  
Pilgrimages for Religion's sake, Page 152  
Pericles the Athenian, Page 55  
Perillus 's fate, a Blacksmith, Page 41  
Perseus, King of the Mycenians, Page 21  
Perseus, the last King of the Macedonians, Page 82  
Perseus the Poet, Page 102  
Persian War begun, Page 114  
Pertinax the Emperor, Page 109  
Pescennius Niger, the Emperor, Page 109  
Peter, whether he has been at Rome, 100, 102. His other Epistle, Page 101  
Peter Fullo the Heretic, Page 155  
Phalantus, a Parthenian Captian, Page 32  
Phalaris the Tyrant, Page 41  
Phantasiasticks, Page 165  
Pharamund, Page 150  
Phavorinus the Philosopher, Page 107  
Pherecydes the Syrian, Page 42  
Phylemo, a Comic Poet, Page 70  
Philetaerus, King of the Pergamenians, Page 75  
Philippicus the Emperor, Page 183  
Philip the Arab, Emperor, Page 115  
Philip, the Son of Amintas King of Macedon, 46. is slain, Page 66  
Philip, the last King of Macedon, save one, Page 78, 81  
Philip the Tetrarch, Page 95, 99  
Philomelus, the Author of the Holy War, Page 64  
Philopoemen, Praetor of Achaia, Page 81  
Philostorgius, whether to be believed, or not, Page 125, 129  
Phocas the Emperor, Page 170  
Phoemonoë delivered the first Oracle in Hexameter Verses, Page 21  
Phoenicians, whence so called, Page 12  
Photinus the Heretic, Page 133, 135  
Phraortes besieges Nineveh to no purpose, Page 35  
Phul, King of the Assyrians, Page 30  
Pindar the Poet, Page 50  
Pippin, Son of Charles Martell, King of France, brought back Aistulphus into his Obedience, Page 188  
Placida, Sister of Honorius, 148. She is Dignified with the Title of Augusta, Page 150  
Plataean Battle, Page 50  
Plato the Philosopher, Page 60  
Pliny the Elder, Page 103  
Pliny the Younger, Page 105  
Plutarch the Philosopher, Page 106  
Polycarpus the Martyr, Page 108  
Polycrates, a Tyrant of Samos, Page 45  
Cn. Pompey the Great, his Acts, 90. overcome by Caesar, and slain by Ptolemy, Page 91  
Sex. Pompey, Son of Cn. Pompey, Page 92  
Pontius Pilate, Page 97  
Porsennus his War with the Romans, Page 47  
A. Posthumius Dictator, Page 56  
Priscian the Grammarian, Page 163  
Priscillian the Heretic, Page 144  
Probus the Emperor, Page 119  
Prodicus the Rhetorician, Page 55  
Propertius, Page 94  
Psammeticus, King of Egypt, Page 35  
Psmamenitus, King of Egypt, Page 44  
Ptolemy, the Son of Lagus, Page 70  
Ptolemy Philadelphus, Page 71  
Ptolemy Philopater, a Hater of the Jews, Page 77  
Ptolemy the Mathematician, Page 107  
Pulcheria Augusta, Page 154  
Punic War, 72. Second War, 77  
Pupienus the Emperor, Page 115  
Pygmalion 's Kingdom, Page 27  
Pyrrha, whence so called, Page 14  
Pyrrhus, King of the Epyrots, Page 72  
Pythagoras the Philosopher, Page 46  
Pythian Games instituted, Page 38   

Q  
QUadratus, Page 107  
T. Quinctius Cincinnatus triumphs over the Volscians, and Antium, 51. Overcomes this Aequi, Page 53  
Quintilian, Page 102   

R  
RAchisius, a Beneventan Captain, Page 191  
Ravenna 's Exarchate, its Beginning, 168. It's End, ibid.  
Recharedus the Catholic, Page 169  
Rehoboam 's Reign, Page 26  
Roderick, King of Spain, Page 182  
Rotharitus Langobardus, Page 177  
Romulus 's Reign, 32. His Death, Page 33  
Ruffinus of Aquileia, Page 139  
Ruffinus, a Seditious Captain, Page 146   

S  
SAbellus the Heretic, Page 117  
Saguntum Besieged, Page 76  
Salaminian Battle, Page 49  
Salmanassar, King of Assyria, Page 32  
Samaritans, sent from Assyria into Judea, 32. use the ancient Characters of the Hebrews, Page 54  
Sanaballat, a Samaritan, Page 67  
Sanchoniathon, an Historian of Phoenicia, Page 19  
Seven Wise Men of Greece, Page 37  
Sapph the Poetress, Page 38  
Saracens, when they began to flourish, Page 177  
Sardis, a Synod held there, Page 134  
Saul 's Reign, Page 24  
P. Scipio Aemilianus, Page 84, 85  
P. Scipio Africanus ended the Second Punic War, 79. Condemned, Page 81  
L. Scipio Asiaticus, Page 80  
P. Scipio Nasica, Page 79  
Scipio, Pompey 's Son-in-Law, conquered in Africa, Page 91  
Scythians invade Asia, Page 36  
Sedekiah, the last King of Judaea, Page 37  
Seleucian Synod, Page 136  
Seleucus Nicanor, Page 68  
Semiramis, Queen of Babylon, Page 20  
Sennacherib, King of Assyria, Page 33  
Sextus of Chaeronea, Page 108  
Seventy Greek Interpreters of Moses 's Law, Page 71  
Q. Sertorius 's Acts, Page 88  
Servius Tullius 's Reign, Page 39  
Servile War, Page 89  
Servilius Isauricus, Page 88  
Sesostris, King of Egypt, what time he lived, 26. Subdues Asia, ibid.  
Seth, when born, Page 4  
Severus (L. Septimus) the Emperor, Page 109  
Severus Caesar, Page 121  
Severus the Emperor, Page 154  
Severus the Theopaschite, Page 161  
Sextus the Empirick, Page 106  
Sicyons Kingdom, 8. comes to a period, Page 23  
Sidon burnt, Page 65  
Simon the Maccabee, Page 85  
Simonides the Poet, Page 44  
Sirmium Synod, Page 135  
Smerdis Magus, Page 44  
Socrates, Chief of the Philosophers, 55. His Death, 60. His Disciples, ibid.  
Sodom destroyed, Page 11  
Sogdianus, King of Persia, Page 57  
Solomon's Kingdom, Page 26  
Solon, when born, 35. Corrects the Laws of Draco, Page 38  
Sophocles the Tragedian, Page 51  
Spanish War, Page 84, 85  
Spartachus, General of the Servii, Page 89  
Stesichorus the Poet, Page 41  
Stephen the Protomartyr, Page 98  
Stephen, Bishop of Rome, Page 117  
Stephen the Pope flies to King Pepin, to no purpose, Page 187  
Stilicho, one of Honorius 's Captains, Page 146, 147, 148  
Strabo, Page 94  
Suetonius, Page 106  
L. Silvius, his Exploits, Page 88  
Sulpitius Severus, Page 140  
Syloson, a Tyrant of Samos, Page 46  
Symmachus, Page 139  
Symmachus, Bishop of Rome, when Created, Page 160  
Syphax, King of Numidia, Page 79  
Syrian Kings, most Potent in the times of the Kings of Israel, Page 26, 28  
Syracuse built, Page 30   

T  
TAchos, King of Egypt, Page 63  
Tacitus the Historian, Page 105  
Tacitus the Emperor, Page 119  
Tarichus the Arabian Invades Spain, Page 182  
Tarqvinius Priscus 's Reign, Page 36  
Tarqvinius Superbus, King of the Romans, 44. is Banished Rome, Page 46  
Tatius Reigns with Romulus, Page 32  
Temple of Jerusalem built, 25. Dedicated, Page 83  
Tertullian, Page 110  
Teuta, Queen of the Illyrians, Page 76  
Theban War, twice begun, Page 21  
Themistius, Page 138  
Themistocles Conquers Xerxes, 49. Is Banished. Flies to Artaxerxes, Page 52  
Theodoricus I. King of the Goths, Page 155  
Theodoricus II. King of the Goths, 159. a Disciple of Arius, Page 163  
Theodosian Code, Page 152  
Theodosius the Elder, Emperor, 140. His Repentance, 145. His Death, Page 156  
Theodosius the Younger, Emperor, 148. His Death, Page 154  
Theodosius, a Syrian, made Emperor, Page 183  
Theodotion Ponticus, Page 109  
Theognis the Poet, Page 41  
Theophilus of Alexandria, Page 147  
Theophilus of Antioch, Page 108  
Theophrastus the Peripatetic, Page 70  
Theron of Agrigentum, the Tyrant, Page 50  
Theseus, when he lived, Page 21  
Thrasibulus, Tyrant of Syracuse, Expelled Page 51  
Thucydides the Historian, Page 56  
Thyestes, when he lived, Page 21  
Tiberius obtains the Empire, Page 97  
Tiberius Anicius, the Emperor, Page 168  
Tibullus, Page 94  
Timaeus 's jocular Expression concerning the Birth of Alexander, Page 64  
Timoleon 's Acts at Corinth, Page 65  
Timotheus Aelurus, Page 155  
Titus Vespasian the Emperor, Page 104  
Tolmides the Athenian, Page 55  
Trajan the Emperor, Page 105  
Trebonianus the Emperor, Page 116  
Three Factions, Page 166  
Tribonianus the Lawyer, Page 164  
Tribunes of the Roman People instituted, Page 48  
Thirty Tyrants of the Roman Empire, Page 117  
Triumvir's Proscriptions, Page 62  
Troy, when its Kingdom began, Page 18  
Trojan War, the occasion thereof, Page 22  
Tullus Hostilius 's Reign, Page 34  
Turks called in by Heraclius, to his Assistance, Page 175  
Type, an Edict of Constans the Emperor, Page 177  
Tyrus (Old) When it was Built, 20. Destroyed, and Rebuilt, Page 38  
Twelve Tables, containing the Roman Laws, Page 53   

V  
VAlens the Emperor, 138. His Death, Page 140  
Valentinian the Elder, Emperor, Page 138  
Valentinian the Younger, slain, 145. His Laws, Page 144, 145  
Valentinian, the Son of Placidia Augusta, 150. His Death, Page 154  
Valerian the Emperor, Page 116, 117  
Valerian, Caesar, Page 117  
M. Valerius Poplicola, Page 46  
Vallias, King of the Goths, Page 149  
Vandals, they possess themselves of Africa, Page 153  
M. Varro, Page 89  
Veij, is Besieged, Page 59  
Venetians, their Original, Page 154  
Vespasian the Emperor, Page 104  
Vetranio the Tyrant, Page 135  
Vincentius Lirinensis, Page 152  
Virgil, Page 94  
Viriathus Lusitanus, Page 84  
Vitalianus the Count, Page 161  
Vitellius the Emperor, Page 103  
Vitruvius, Page 94  
Ulpian the Lawyer, Page 112  
Volusianus the Emperor, Page 116   

W  
WAlidus, King of Arabia, sends an Army into Spain, Ransacks Anatolia, Page 182. 186  
Western Empire put to an end, Page 157  
Willibrordus, Bishop of Utrecht, Page 185   

X  
XEnophanes the Philosopher, Page 44  
Xenophon the Socratic, Page 60  
Xerxes I. King of Persia, 49. Conquered by the Greeks, ibid. Is slain by Artabanus, Page 52  
Xerxes II. King of Persia, Page 57   

Y  
YEar amended by Julius Caesar Page 91  
Years in ancient Times were not Monthly, Page 5   

Z  
ZEno the Emperor, Page 157  
Zeno the Philosopher, Page 55  
Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, Page 118  
Zorobabel, Leader of the Jews, brought back out of Captivity, Page 43  
Zosimus, a Roman Bishop, Page 150   
THE END.   

BOOKS Printed for M. Gillyflower, J. Tonson, W. Freeman, J. Walthoe, and R. Parker.  
A New Voyage to Italy, with Curious Observations on several other Countries, as Germany, Switzerland, Savoy, Geneva, Flanders, and Holland. Together with useful Instructions for those who shall Travel thither. Done out of French. The Second Edition, Enlarged above one Third, and enriched with several new Figures. By Maximilian Misson, Gent. In Two Volumes.  
A Complete Body of Chyrurgical Operations, containing the whole Practice of Surgery, with Observations and Remarks on each Cases; amongst which are inserted the several ways of Delivering Women in Natural and Unnatural Labours. The whole illustrated with Copper Plates, explaining the several Bandages, Sutures, and divers useful Instruments. By M. de la Vauguion, M. D. and Intendant of the Royal Hospitals about Paris. Faithfully done into English.  
The Roman History, from the Building of the City, to the perfect Settlement of the Empire by Augustus Caesar, containing the space of 727 Years; and from the Settlement of the Empire by Augustus Caesar, to the Removal of the Imperial Seat by Constantine the Great, containing the space of 355 Years: Designed as well for the understanding of Roman Authors, as the Roman Affairs. Carefully Revised and Corrected. In Two Volumes, Octavo. By Laurence Echard, A. M. late of Christ's College in Cambridge, Prebendary of Lincoln, and Chaplain to the Right Reverend James Lord Bishop of that Diocese.