ACCEDENCE Commenced GRAMMAR, Supplied with sufficient RULES, For the use of such (Younger or Elder) as are desirous, without more trouble than needs to attain the LATIN TONGUE; The Elder sort especially, with little Teaching, and their own Industry.  
By JOHN MILTON.  
LONDON, Printed for S. S. and are to be sold by John Starkey at the Mitre in Fleetstreet, near Temple-bar. 1669.   

TO THE READER  
IT hath been long a general complaint not without cause, in the bringing up of Youth, and still is, that the tenth part of man's life, ordinarily extended, is taken up in learning, and that very scarcely, the Latin Tongue. Which hardy proficience may be attributed to several causes; In particular, the making two labours of one, by learning first the Accedence, than the Grammar in Latin, ere the Language of those Rules be understood. The only remedy of this, was to join both Books into one, and in the English Tongue; whereby the long way is much abbreviated, and the labour of understanding much more easy: A work supposed not to have been done formerly, or if done, not without such difference here in brevity and alteration, as may be found of moment. That of Grammar, touching Letters and Syllables, is omitted, as learned before, and little different from the English Spelling-book; especially, since few will be persuaded to pronounce Latin otherwise then their own English. What will not come under Rule, by reason of too much variety in Declension, Gender, or Construction, is also here omitted, lest the course and clearness of method be clogged with Catalogues instead of Rules, or too much interruption between Rule and Rule: Which Linaker setting down the various Idioms of many verbs, was forced to do by Alphabet; and therefore, though very learned, not thought fit to be read in Schools. But in such words, a Dictionary stored with good Authorities will be found the readiest guide. Of figurate Construction what is useful is digested into several Rules of Syntaxis: and Prosodie, after this Grammar well learned, will not need to be Englisht for him who hath a mind to read it. Account might be now giun what addition or alteration from other Grammars hath been here made, and for what reason. But he who would be short in teaching, must not be long in Prefacing: The Book itself follows, and will declare sufficiently to them who can discern.  
J. M.   

ACCEDENCE Commenced GRAMMAR.  
LAtin Grammar is the Art of right understanding, speaking, or writing Latin, observed from them who have spoken or written it best.  
Grammar hath two Parts: Right-wording, usually called Etymology, and right-joyning of words, or Syntaxis.  
Etymology, or Right-wording, teacheth what belongs to every single word or part of Speech.  

Of Latin SPEECH are Eight General Parts:  

Declined.  
Noun  
Pronoun  
Verb  
Participle   

Undeclined.  
Adverb  
Conjunction  
Preposition  
Interjection   
Declined are those Words which have divers end; as Homo a man, hominis of a man; Amorett I love, amas thou lovest. Undeclined are those words which have but one ending, as been well, cum when, tum then.  
Nouns, Pronouns, and Participles, are declined with Gender, Number, and Case; Verbs, as hereafter in the Verb.  

Of Genders.  
GEnders are three, the Masculine, Feminin, and Neuter. The Masculine may be declined with this Article Hic, as hic Vir a Man; The Feminin with this Article Haec, as haec Mulier a Woman; The Neuter with this Article Hoc, as hoc Saxum a Stone.  
Of the Masculine are generally all Nouns belonging to the Male kind, as also the Names of Rivers, Months, and Winds.  
Of the Feminin, all Nouns belonging to the Female kind, as also the names of Countries, Cities, Trees, some few of the two latter excepted: Of Cities, as Agragas and Sulmo, Masculine; Argos, Tibur, Praeneste, and such as end in 'em, Neuter; Anxur both. Of Trees, Oleaster and Spinus, Masculine; but Oleaster is read also Feminin, Cic. Verr. 4. Acer, siler, suber, thus, robur, Neuter.  
And of the Neuter are all Nouns, not being proper Names, ending in 'em, and many others.  
Some Nouns are of two Genders, as hic or haec dies a Day; and all such as may be spoken both of Male and Female, as hic or haec Parens a Father or Mother; some be of three, as hic haec and hoc Pelix Happy.   

Of Numbers.  
Word's Declined have two Numbers, the Singular, and the Plural. The Singular speaketh but of one, as Lapis a Stone. The Plural of more than one, as Lapides Stones; yet sometimes but of one, as Athenae the City Athens, Literae an Epistle, aedes aedium a House.  
Note that some Nouns have no Singular, and some no Plural, as the nature of their signification requires. Some are of one Gender in the Singular; of another, or of two Genders in the Plural, as reading will best teach.   

Of Cases.  
Nouns, Pronouns, and Participles are declined with six End, which are called Cases, both in the Singular and Plural Number. The Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative.  
The Nominative is the first Case, and properly nameth the thing, as Liber a Book.  
The Genitive is Englisht with this Sign of, as Libri of a Book.  
The Dative with this Sign to, or for, as Libro to or for a Book.  
The Accusative hath no sign.  
The Vocative calleth or speaketh to, as O Liber O Book, and is commonly like the Nominative.  
But in the Neuter Gender the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative, are like in both Numbers, and in the Plural end always in a.  
The Ablative is Englisht with these Signs, in, with, of, for, from, by, and such like, as de Libro of or from the Book, pro Libro for the Book And the Ablative Plural is always like the Dative.  
Note, that some Nouns have but one ending throughout all Cases, as Frugi, nequam, nihil; and all words of number from three to a hundred, as quatuor four, quinque five, etc.  
Some have but one, some two, some three Cases only, in the Singular or Plural, as use will best teach.    

Of a Noun.  
A Noun is the Name of a thing, as Manus a Hand, Domus a House, Bonus Good, Pulcher Fair.  
Nouns be Substantives or Adjectives.  
A Noun Substantive is understood by itself, as homo a man, domus a house.  
An Adjective, to be well understood, requireth a Substantive to be joined with it, as bonus good, parvus little, which cannot be well understood unless something good or little be either named, as bonus vir a good man, parvus puer a little boy; or by use understood, as honestum an honest thing, boni good men.  

The Declining of Substantives.  
Nouns Substantive have five Declensions or forms of ending their Cases, chiefly distinguished by the different ending of their Genitive Singular.  

The first Declension.  
THe first is when the Genitive and Dative singular end in ae, etc. as in the Example following. Singular. Plural. Nom. Voc. Abl. musa Nom. Voc. musae Gen. Dat. musae Gen. musar 'em Acc. musam Dat. Abl. musis.  Acc. Musas  
This one word familia joined with pater, mater, filius, or filia, endeth the Genitive in as, as pater familias, but sometimes familiae: Dea, mula, equa, liberta, make the Dative and Ablative plural in abus; filia and nata in is or abus.  
The first Declension endeth always in a, unless in some words derived of the Greek: and is always of the Feminin Gender, except in names attributed to men, according to the general Rule, or to Stars, as Cometo, Planeta.  
Nouns, and especially proper Names derived of the Greek, have here three end, as, es, e, and are declined in some of their Cases after the Greek form. Aeneas, acc. Aenean, voc Aenea. Anchises, acc. Anchisen, voc Anchise or Anchisa, abl. Anchise. Penelope, Penelope's, Penelope, Penelopen, voc. abl. Penelope. Sometimes following the Latin, as Marsya, Philocteta, for as and es; Philoctetam, Eriphylam, for an and en. Cic.   

The second Declension.  
THe second is when the Genitive Singular endeth in i, the Dative in o, etc. Sing. Plur. Nom. Voc. Liber Nom. Voc. Libri Gen. libri Gen. librorum Dat. Abl. libro Dat. Abl. libris Acc. librum Acc. libros.  
Note that when the Nominative endeth in us, the Vocative shall end in e, as Dominus ô Domine, except Deus ô Deus. And those following, Agnus, lucus, vulgus, populus, chorus, fluvius, e or us.  
When the Nominative endeth in ius, if it be the proper name of a man, the Vocative shall end in i, as Georgius o Georgi; hereto add filius ô fili, and genius o geni.  
All Nouns of the Second Declension are of the Masculine or Neuter Gender; of the Masculine, such as end in it, or, or us, except some few, humus, domus, alvus, and others derived of the Greek, as methodus, antidotus, and the like, which are of the Feminin, and some of them sometimes also Masculine, as atomus, phaselus; to which add finis the name of a disease, grossus, pampinus, and rubus.  
Those of the Neuter, except virus, pelagus, and vulgus (which last is sometimes Masculine) end all in um, and are declined as followeth: Sing. Plur. Nom. Ac. Voc. Studium Nom. Ac. Voc. Studia Gen. studii Gen. studiorum Dat. Abl. study Dat. Abl. studiis.  
Some Nouns in this Declension are of the first Example Singular, of the second Plural, as Pergamus the City Troy, Plur. Haec Pergamon; and some names of hills, as Maenalus, Ismarus, haec Isma ra; So also Tartarus, and the Lake Avernus; others are of both, as sibilus, jocus, locus, high loci, or haec loca. Some are of the Second Example Singular, of the first Plural, as Argos, Caelum, Plur. high Caeli; others of both, as Rastrum, Capistrum, Filum, Fraenum; Plur. fraeni or fraena. Nundinum, & Epulum, are of the first Declension Plural, Nundinae, Epulae; Balneum of both, balneae or balnea.  
Greek proper names have here three end, os, on, and us long from a Greek Diphthong. Haec Delos, hanc Delos. Hoc Ilium. The rest regular, Hic panthus, o panthu, Virg.   

The third Declension.  
THe third is when the Genitive singular endeth in is, the Dative in i, the Accusative in am and sometimes in in, the Ablative in e, and sometimes in i, the Nom. Acc. Voc. Plural in es, the Genitive in 'em and sometimes in ium, etc. Sing. Plur. Nom. Gen. Voc. Panis Nom. Ac. Vo. panes Dat. pani Gen panum Acc. panem Dat. Abl. panibus. Abl. pane  Sing Plur. Nom. Voc. Parens No. Ac. Voc. parents Gen. parentis Gen. parentum Dat. parenti Dat. Abl. parentibus. Acc. parentem  Abl. parent   
This third Declension, with many end, hath all Genders, best known by dividing all Nouns hereto belonging into such as either increase one syllable long or short in the Genitive, or increase not at all.  
Such as increase not in the Genitive are generally Feminin, as Nubes nubis, Caro carnis.  
Except such as end in er, as hic venture ventris, and these in is following, natalis, aqualis, lienis, orbis, calais, caulis, collis, follis, mensis, ensis, fustis, funis, panis, penis, crinis, ignis, cassis, fascis, torris, piscis, unguis, vermis, vectis, postis, arcis, and the Compounds of assis, as centussis.  
But Canalis, finis, clunis, restis, sentis, amnis, corbis, linter, torquis, anguis, hic or haec; To these add vepres.  
Such as end in e are Neuters, as mare, rete, and two Greek in es, as hippomanes, cacoëthes.   

Nouns increasing Long.  
Nouns increasing one syllable long in the Genitive are generally Feminin, as haec pietas pietatis, virtus virtutis.  
Except such as end in ans Masculine, as dodrans, quadrants, sextans; in ens, as oriens, torrens, bidens a pickax.  
In or, most commonly derived of Verbs, as nador, clamour; In o, not thence derived, as ternio, senio, servo, temo, and the like.  
And these of one syllable, sal, sol, ren, splen, as, bes, pes, mos, flos, ros, dens, mons, pons, sons, grex.  
And words derived from the Greek in en, as lichen; in er, as crater; in as, as adamas; in es, as lebes; to these, hydrops, thorax, phoenix.  
But scrobs, rudens, stirps the body or root of a tree, and calx a heel, hic or haec.  
Neuter, these of one syllable, mel, sell, lac, sar, ver, cor, aes, vas vasis, os ossis, os oris, rus, thus, jus, crus, pus. And of more syllables in all and are, as capital, laquear, but halec hoc or haec.   

Nouns increasing Short.  
Nouns increasing short in the Genitive are generally Masculine, as hic sanguis sanguinis, lapis lapidis.  
Except, Feminin all words of many syllables ending in do or go, as dulcedo, compago, arbour, hiems, cuspis, pecus, pecudis: These in ex, forfex, carex, tomex, supellex: In ix, appendix, histrix, coxendix, filix. Greek Nouns in as and is, as lampas, iaspis: To these add chlamys, bacehar, syndon, icon.  
But margo, cinis, pulvis, adeps, forceps, pumex, vamex, imbrex, obex, silex, cortex, onyx and sardonix, hic or haec.  
Neuters are all ending in a as problema, in en, except hic pecten, in are as jubar, in ere these, verber, iter, uber, cadaver, zinziber, laser, cicer, siser, piper, papaver; sometimes in ur, except hic furfur, in us as onus, in ut as caput; to these, marmor, aequor, ador.  
Greek proper names here end in as, a, is and eus, and may be declined some wholly after the Greek form, as Pollas pallados palladi pallada; others in some Cases, as Atlas, acc. Atlanta, voc. Atla. Goramas, plur. garamantes, acc. garàmantas. Pan panos pana Phyllis phyllidos, voc phylli, plur. Phyllides, acc. phyllidas. Tethys', tethyos, acc. tethyn, voc. tethy. Neapolis, neapolios, acc. neapolin. Paris, paridos or parios, acc. parida or parin. Orpheus orpheos orphei orphea orpheu. But Names in eus borrow sometimes their Genitive of the Second Declension, as Erechtheus, erechthei. Cic. Achilles or Achilleus, Achillei; and sometimes their Accusative in on or 'em, as Orpheus Orpheon, Theseus Theseum, Perseus Perseum, which sometimes is formed after Greek words of the First Declension Latin, Perseus or Perses, Persae Persae Persen Persae Persa.   

The fourth Declension.  
THe fourth is when the Genitive Singular endeth in us, the Dative Singular in vi, and sometimes in u, Plural in ibus and sometimes in ubus. Sing. Plur. Nom. Gen. Vo. Sensus Nom. Ac Voc. Sensus Dat. sensui Gen. sensuum Acc. sensum Dat. Abl sensibus. Abl. sensu   
The fourth Declension hath two end, us and u; us generally Masculine, except some few, as haec manus, ficus the fruit of a tree, acus, porticus, tribus: but penus and specus hic or haec. U of the Neuter, as gelu, genu, veru; but in the Singular most part defective.  
Proper Names in os and o long pertaining to the Fourth Declension Greek, may belong best to the fourth in Latin, as Androgeos, Gen. Androgeo, Acc. Androgeon. Hic Athos, hunc Atho, Virg. Haec Sapph, Gen. Sapphus, Acc. Sapph. Better Authors follow the Latin form. as Dido didonis didonem. But jesus jesus jesus jesum jesu jesu.   

The fifth Declension.  
THe fifth is when the Genitive and Dative Singular end in ei, etc. Sing. Plur. Nom. Voc. Res Nom. Acc. Voc. res Gen. Dat. rei Gen. rerum Acc. rem Dat. Abl. rebus. Abl. re   
All Nouns of the fifth Declension are of the Feminin Gender, except dies hic or haec, and his Compound meridies hic only.  
Some Nouns are of more Declensions than one, as vas vasis of the third in the Singular, of the second in the Plural vasa vasorum. Colus, laurus, and some others, of the second and fourth. Saturnalia saturnalium or saturnaliorum saturnalibus, and such other names of feasts, Poemmata poemmatum, Poëmatis or poëmatibus, of the second and third Plural. Plebs of the third and fifth, plebis or plebei.    

The declining of Adjectives.  
A Noun Adjective is declined with three Terminations, or with three Articles.  
An Adjective of three terminations is declined like the first and second Declension of Substantives joined together after this manner. Sing. Plur. Nom. bonus bona bonum Nom. Vo. boni bonae bona Gen. boni bonae boni Gen. bonorum bonarum bonorum Dat. bono bonae bono Dat. Abl. bonis Ac. bonum bonam bonum Ac. bonos bonas bona. Voc. bone bona bonum  Abl. bono bona bono   
In like manner those in er and ur, as sacer sacra sacrum, satur satura saturum: but unus, totus, solus, alius, alter, ullus, uter, with their compounds Neuter, uterque, and the like, make their Genitive Singular in in's, the Dative in i, as Unus una unum, Gen. unius, Dat. uni, in all the rest like bonus, save that olius maketh in the Neuter Gender aliud, and in the Dative alii, and sometimes in the Genitive.  
Ambo and duo be thus declined in the plural only. Nom. Voc. Ambo ambae ambo.  
Gen. amborum ambarum amborum.  
Dat. Abl. Ambobus ambabus ambobus.  
Acc. ambos or ambo, ambas ambo.  
Adjectives of three Articles have in the Nominative either one ending, as hic, haec, & hoc felix; or two, as hic & haec tristis, & hoc triste; and are declined like the Third Declension of Substantives, as followeth. Sing. Plur. Nom. hic haec & hoc Felix Nom. high & hae felices; & haec felicia Gen. felicis Gen. felicium Dat. felici Dat. Abl. felicibus Acc. hunc & hanc felicem, & hoc felix Acc. hos & has felices, & haec felicia Voc. o felix Voc. o felices, & o felicia. Abl. felice or felici  Sing. Plur. No. hic & haec tristis, & hoc triste Nom. high & hae tristes; & haec tristio Gen. tristis Gen. tristium Dat. Abl. tristi Dat. Abl. tristibus Acc. hunc & hanc trist●…, & hoc triste Acc. hos & has tristes, & haec tristia Voc. o tristis, & o triste Voc. o tristes, & o tristia.  
There be also another sort which have in the Nominative Case three Terminations and three Articles, as hic acer, hic & haec acris, hoc acre. In like manner be declined equester, volucer, and some few others, being in all other cases like the Examples beforegoing.   

Comparisons of Nouns.  
ADjectives, whose signification may increase or be diminished, may form Comparison, whereof there be two degrees above the positive word itself, The Comparative, and Superlative.  
The Positive signifieth the thing itself without comparing, as durus hard.  
The Comparative exceedeth his Positive in signification, compared with some other, as durior harder; and is formed of the first Case of his Positive that endeth in i, by putting thereto or and us, as of duri, hic & haec durior, & hoc durius; of dulci, dulcior dulcius.  
The Superlative exceedeth his Positive in the highest degree, as durissimus hardest; and it is formed of the first case of his Positive that endeth in is, by putting thereto simus, as of duris durissimus, dulcis dulcissimus.  
If the Positive end in er, the Superlative is formed of the Nominative case by putting to rimus, as pulcher pulcherrimus. Like to these are vetus veterrimus, maturus maturimus; but dexter dextimus, and sinister sinisterior sinistimus.  
All these Nouns ending in lis make the Superlative by changing is into limus, as humilis, sunilis, facilis, gracilis, agilis, docilis docillimus.  
All other Nouns ending in lis do follow the general Rule, as utilis utilissimus.  
Of these Positives following are formed a different sort of Superlatives; of superus, supremus and summus; inferus, infimus and imus; exterus, extimus and extremus; posterus postremus.  
Some of these want the Positive, and are formed from Adverbs; of intra, interior intimus, ultra ulterior ultimus, citra citerior citimus, pridens prior primus, prope propior proximus.  
Others from Positives without Case, as nequam nequior nequissimus.  
Some also from no Positive, as ocior ocissimus. Some want the Comparative, as novus novissimus, sacer sacerrimus.  
Some the Superlative, as senex senior, juvenis junior, adolescens adolescentior.  
Some ending in us, frame their Comparative as if they ended in ens, benevolus, maledicus, magnificus magnificentior magnificentissimus.  
These following are without Rule, Bonus melior optimus, Malus pejor pessimus, Magnus major maximus, Porvus minor minimus; Multus plurimus, multa plurima, multum plus plurimum.  
If a Vowel come before us, it is compared with magis and maximè, as pius, magis pius, maximè pius; idoneus, magis and maximè idoneus. Yet some of these follow the general Rule, as Assiduus assiduissimus, strenuus strenuior, exiguus exiguissimus, tenuis tenuior tenuissimus.    

Of a Pronoun.  
A Pronoun is a part of Speech that standeth for a Noun Substantive, either at present or before spoken of, as ille he or that, hic this, qui who.  
There be Ten Pronouns, Ego, tu, sui, ille, pse, iste, hic, is, qui and quis, besides their Compounds, egomet, t●…e, hicce, idem, quisnam, aliquis, and such others. The rest so called, as meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras, cujus and cujas, are not Pronouns, but Adjectives thence derived.  
Of Pronouns such as show the thing present are called Demonstrotives, as ego, tu, hic; and such as refer to a thing antecedent or spoken of before are called Relatives, as qui who or which.  
Quis, and often qui, because they ask a question, are called Interrogatives, with their Compounds ecquis, numquis.  

Declensions of Pronouns are three.  
Ego, tu, sui, be of the First Declension, and be thus declined. Sing. Plur. Nom. Ego Nom. Acc. Nos Gen. mei Gen. nostrum or nostri Dat. mihi Dat Abl. nobis Acc. Abl. me  Voc. Caret Voc. Caret. Sing. Plur. Nom. Voc. Tu Nom. Acc. Voc vos Gen. tui Gen. vestrum or vestri Dat. tibi Dat. Abl. vobis. Acc. Abl. te  Sing. Nom. Voc Caret Dat. sibi Plur. Gen. sui Acc. Abl. se.  
From these three be derived meus, tuus, suus, noster, vestor, nostras, vestras, (which are called Possessives) whereof the former five be declined like Adjectives of three Terminations, except that meus in the Vocative Case maketh mi, mea, meum; Nostras, Vestras, with three Articles, as hic & haec nostras & hoc nostrate, vestrate. In other Cases according to Rule.  
These three, ille, iste, ipse, be of the Second Declension, making their Genitive singular in ius, their Dative in i; and the former two be declined like the Adjective alius, and the Third like unus before spoken of.  
Sing. 

Nom. ille illa illud, Gen. illius, Dat. illi.  
Nom. iste ista istud, Gen istius, Dat. isti.  
Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum, Gen ipsius, Dat. ipsi.    
These four, hic, is, qui and quis, be of the third Declension, making their Genitive singular in jus, with j consonant, and be declined after this manner. Sing. Plur. Nom. hic haec hoc Nom. high hae haec Gen. hujus Gen. horum harum horum Dat. huic Dat. Abl. his Acc. hunc hanc hoc Acc. hos has haec Voc. Caret Voc. Caret Abl. hoc hac hoc   
Of iste and hic is compounded istic istaec, istoc or istuc. Acc. istunc istanc, istoc or istuc. Abl. istoc istac istoc. Plur. istaec only. Sing. Plur. Nom. is ea id Nom. two eae ea Gen. ejus Gen. eorum earum eorum Dat. ei Dat. Abl. iis or eye Acc. eum eām id Acc. eos eas ea Voc. Caret Voc. Caret Abl. eo ea eo  Sing. Plur. Nom. qui quae quod Nom. qui quae quae Gen. cujus Gen. quorum quarum quorum (queis Dat. cui Dat. Abl. quibus or Acc. quem quam quod Acc. quos quas quae Voc. Caret Voc. Caret Abl. quo qua, quo or qui   
In like manner quivis, quilibet, and quicunque the Compounds.  
Sing. Nom. Quis, qua or quae, quid. Gen: etc. like qui. So quisquam, quisnam, Compounds.  
Of Quis are made these Pronoun Adjectives, Cujus cuja cujum, whose: and hic & haec cujas and hoc cujato, of what Nation.  
Quisquis is defective, and thus declined. 

No.  
Quisquis  
Quicquid   

Ac.  
Quicquid   

Ab.  
Quoquo  
Quaqua  
Quoquo      

Of a Verb.  
A Verb is a part of Speech, that betokeneth being, as Sum I am, or doing, as Laudo I praise: and is declined with Mood, Tense, Number and Person.  

Moods.  
THere be four Moods, which express the manner of doing: the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential or Subjunctive, and the Infinitive.  
The Indicative Mood showeth or declareth, as Laud I praise.  
The Imperative biddeth or exherteth, as Lauda praise thou.  
The Potential or Subjunctive is Englisht with these Signs, may, can, might, would, could, should; Or without the 〈◊〉 Indicative, if a Conjunction go 〈◊〉 follow. As Laudem. I may or can praise Cum laudaverim when I praised. Cavissem, si praevidissem I had bewared if I had forseen  
The Infinitive is englisht with this sign To, as Laudare to praise.   

Tenses.  
THere be three Tenses which express the time of doing: The Present, the Preterite or past, and the Future.  
The Present Tense speaketh of the time that now is, as Laudo I praise.  
The Preterite speaketh of the time past, and is distinguished by three degrees: the Preterimperfect, the Preterperfect, and the Preterpluperfect.  
The Preterperfect speaketh of the time not perfectly passed, as Laudabam I praised or did praise.  
The Preterperfect speaketh of the time perfectly passed, as Laudavi I have praised.  
The Preterpluperfect speaketh of the time more then perfectly passed, as Laudaveram I had praised.  
The Future Tense speaketh of the time to come as Laudabo I shall or will praise.   

Persons.  
THrough all Moods, except the Infinitive, there be three Persons in both Numbers, as Sing. Laudo I praise, laudas thou praisest, laudat he praiseth; Plur. Laudamus we praise, laudatis ye praise, laudant they praise. Except some Verbs which are declined or formed in the Third Person only, and have before them this sign, It; as Taedet it irketh, oportet it behoveth, and are called Impersonals.  
The Verb which betokeneth being, is properly this Verb Sum only, which is therefore called a Verb Substantive, and formed after this manner.   

Indicative.  
Pres. sing. I am. Sum, es, est, Plur. sumus, estis, sunt.  
Pret. imp. I was. Eram, eras, erat, Pl. eramus, eratis, erant.  
Pret. perfect I have been. Fui. fuisti, fuit, Plur. suimus, fuistis, fuerunt or fuere.  
Pret. plup. I had been. Fueram, fueras, fuerat, Pl. fueramus, fueratis, fuerant.  
Future. I shall or will be. Ero, eris, erit, Pl. erimus, eritis, erunt.   

Imperative.  
Be thou. Sing. Plur. 

Sis, es, esto.  
Sat, esto.   

Simus,  
Sitis, este, estote.  
Sint, sunto     

Potential.  
Pres. sing. I may or can be. Sim, sis, sit, Pl. simus, sitis, sint.  
Preter impers I might or could be. Essem or forem, es, et, Pl. essemus, esse tis, essent or sorent.  
Preterperfect I might or could have been. Fuerim, ris, rit, Pl. rimus, ritis, rint.  
Preterplup. with a conjunction. Simo If I had been. Fuissem, es, et, Pl. emus, etis, enter.  
Future Simo If I shall be or shall have been. Fuero, ris, rit, Pl. rimus, ritis, rint.   

Infinitive.  
Pres. and preterimperf Esse, to be.  
Preterperfect, & pret. pluper. Fuisse, to have or had been.  
Future Fore, to be hereafter.  
In like manner are formed the Compounds: Absum, adsum, desum, obsum, praesum, prosum, possum; but possum something varies after this manner.  
Indicat. Pres. Sing. Possum, potes, potest, Plur. possumus, potestis, possunt. The other are regular, poteram, potui, potueram, potero.  
Imperative it wants.  
Potent. Pres. Possim, etc. Preterimperfect, Possem.  
Infin. Pres. Posse. Preterite. Potuisse.   

Voices.  
IN Verbs that betoken doing are two Voices, the Active and the Possive.  
The Active signifieth to do, and always endeth in o, as Doceo, I teach.  
The Passive signifieth what is done to one by another, and always endeth in or, as Doceor I am taught.  
From these are to be excepted two sorts of Verbs. The first are called Neuters, and cannot take or in the Passive, as Curro I run, Sodeo I sit; yet signify sometimes passively, as Vapulo I am beaten.  
The second are called Deponents, and signify actively, as Loquor I speak; or Neuters, as Glorior I boast: but are formed like Passives.   

Conjugations.  
VErbs both Active and Passive have four Conjugations, or forms of declining, known and distinguished by their Infinitive Mood Active, which always endeth in re.  
In the first Conjugation, after a long, as Laudare to praise.  
In the second, after e long, as habere to have.  
In the third, after e short, as legere to read.  
In the fourth, after i long, as audire to hear  
In these four Conjugations, Verbs are declined or formed by Mood, Tense, Number, and Person, after these Examples.   

Indicative Mood,  

Present Tense  Singular. Plural. I praise. Thou praisest. He praiseth We praise. Te praise. They praise. Laudo, laudas, laudat, laudamus, laudatis, laudant. Habeo, habes, habet, habemus, habetis, habent. Lego, legis, legit, legimus, legitis, legunt. Audio, audis, audit, audimus, auditis, audiunt.  
I praised or did praise. Preterimperfect ten. sing. 

Laudabam,  
Habebam,  
Legebam,  
Audiebam,   bas, bat, Plur. bamus, batis, bant.  
I have praised. Preterperfect ten. sing. 

Laudavi  
Habui  
Legi  
Audivi   isti, it, Plur. imus, istis, erunt or ere.  
I had praised. Preterpluperfect tense sing. 

Laudaveram  
Habueram  
Legeram  
Audiveram   ras, rat, Plur. ramus, ratis, rant.  
Future tense sing. I shall or will praise. 

Laudabo  
Habebo   bis, bit, Plur. bimus, bitis, bunt. 

Legam  
Audiam   es, et, Plu. emus, etis, enter.   

Imperative Mood.  
Pres. Sing.  Praise thou. Let him praise. Let us praise. Praise ye. Let them praise. Lauda, laudato. Laudet laudato. Pl. laudemus. Laudate, laudatote. Laudent, laudanto. Habe, habeto. Habeat habeto. Pl. habeamus, Habete, habetote. Habeant, habento. Lege, legito. Legat legito. Pl. legamus. Legite, legitote. Legant, legunto. Audi, audito. Audiat audito. Pl. audiamus. Audite, auditote. Audiant, audiunto.   

Potential Mood.  
I may or can praise. Present tense sing. Laudem, laudes, laudet, Pl. laudemus, laudetis, laudent. 

Habeam,  
Legam,  
Audiam,   as, at, Pl. amus, atis, ant.  
I might or could praise. Preterimperfect tense sing. 

Laudarem,  
Haberem,  
Legerem,  
Audirem,   res, ret, Plur. remus, retis, rent.  
I might or should have praised. Preterperfect tense sing. 

Laudaverim,  
Habuerim,  
Legerim,  
Audiverim,   ris, rit, Pl. rimus, ritis, rint.  
If I had praised. Preterplu. sing. with a Conjunction. Si 

Laudavissem,  
Habuissem,  
Legissem,  
Audivissem,   ses, set, Pl. semus, setis, sent.  
If I shall praise or shall have praised. Future tense sing. Si 

Laudavero,  
Habuero,  
Legero,  
Audivero,   ris, rit, Plur. rimus, ritis, rint.   

Infinitive Mood.  
Present and Preterimperfect tense 

Laudare,  
Habere  
Legere,  
Audire,   To 

Praise.  
Have.  
Read.  
Hear.    
Preterperfect & Preterpluperfect tense. 

Laudavisse,  
Habuisse,  
Legisse,  
Audivisse,   To have or had 

Praised.  
 
Read.  
Heard.     

Verbs of the third Conjugation irregular in some Tenses of the Active Voice.  

Indicative Mood  
Present Tense singular.  
Volo, vis, vult, Plur. Volumus, vultis, volunt.  
Nolo,— Plur. Nolumus,— nolunt.  
The rest is wanting in this Tense.  
Malo, mavis, mavult Plur. Malumus, mavultis, malunt.  

Preterite.  
Volui.  
Nolui.  
Malui.   
Volo and Malo want the Imperative Mood.   

Imperative.  

Sing.  
Noli,  
Nolito.   

Plur.  
Nolite,  
Nolitote.    

Potential.  
Present ten. sing. 

Velim,  
Nolim,  
Malim,   is, it, Plur. imus, itis, in't.  
Preterim perfect ten. sing. 

Vellem,  
Nollem,  
Mallem,   es, et, Pl. emus, etis, enter.   

Infinitive.  
Present. 

Velle,  
Nolle,  
Malle.    
Indicat. Pres. Edo, edis or es, edit or est; Plur. Editis or estis.  
Imper. Ede or es, edito or esto. Edat, edito or esto. Plur. Edite este editote estote.  
Poten. Preterimperfect Tense, Ederem or essem.  
Infinite. Edere or esse.    

Verbs of the fourth Conjugation irregular in some Tenses Active.  
EO and queo, with his Compound Nequeo, make eunt and queunt in the Plural Indicative present, and in their Preterimperfect ibam and quibam, their Future ibo and quibo.  
Imperat. I, ito. Eat, ito. Plur. Eamus. Ito, itote. Eant, eunto.  
Potent. Eam. Irem. etc.   

The forming of the Passive Voice.  

Indicative.  
I am praised. 

Pres. Sing.  
Laudor, aris or are, atur,  
Habeor, eris or ere, etur,  
Legor, eris or ere, itur,  
Audior, iris or ire, itur,   

Plur.  
amur, amini, antur.  
emur, emini, entur.  
imur, imini, untur.  
imur, imini, iuntur.    
I was praised. Preterim. perfect tens. sing. 

Laudabar,  
Habebar,  
Legebar,  
Audiebar,   baris or bare, batur, Plur. bamur, bamini, bantur.  
Note that the Passive Voice hath no Preterperfect, nor the Tenses derived from thence in any Mood.  
I shall or will be praised. Future tense sing. 

Laudabor,  
Habebor,   beris or bear, bitur, Plur. bimur, bimini, buntur. 

Legar,  
Audiar,   eris or ere, etur, Plu. emur, emini, entur.   

Imperative.  
Present singular  Be thou praised. Let him be praised. Let us be praised. Be ye praised. Let them be praised. Laudare, laudator. laudetur, laudator. Pl. laudemur. laudamini, laudaminor. laudentur, laudantor Habere, habetor. habeatur, habetor. P. habeamur. habemini, habeminor. habeantur, habentor. Legere, legitor. legatur, legitor. Pl. legamur. legimini, legiminor. legantur, leguntor. Audire, auditor. audiatur, auditor. P. audiamur. audimini, audiminor. audiantur, audiuntor.   

Potential.  
I may or can be praised. Present sing. Lauder, eris or ere, etur, Plur. emur, emini, entur. 

Habear,  
Legar,  
Audiar,   aris or are, atur, Plu. amur, amini, antur.  
I might or should be praised. Preterimperfect sing. 

Laudarer,  
Haberer,  
Legerer,  
Audirer,   reris or rear, retur, Pl. remur, remini, rentur.   

Infinitive.  
Present & Preterimperfect 

Laudari  
Haberi  
Legi  
Audiri   To be 

Praised.  
Had.  
Read.  
Heard.      

Verbs irregular in some Tenses Passive.  
EDor, editur or estur: The test is Regular.  
The Verb Fio, is partly of the Third, and partly of the Fourth Conjugation, and hath only the Infinitive of the Passive Form.  
Indicat. Pres. Sing. Fio, fis, fit, Plur fimus, fitis, fiunt. Preterimperfect, Fiebam. Preterperfect it wants. Future Fiam, etc.  
Imperat. Fi, fito. Plur fire, fitote. Fiant, fiamo.  
Potent. Pres. Fiom, etc. Preterimperfect, Fierem.  
Infinite. Fieri.  
Also this Verb Fero, is contracted or short'ned in some Tenses, both Active and Passive, as Fers, fert, for Ferris, ferit, etc.  
Indicat. Pres. Sing. Fero, fers, fert, Plur.— Fertis is,— Preterperfect, Tuli  
Imperat. Fer ferto, etc. Plur. Forto fertote.  
Potent. Preterimperfect, Ferrem, etc.  
Infinite. Far.  

Passive.  
Indicat. Pres. Sing. Feror, ferris or far, fertur, etc.  
Imperat. Sing. Forro, fertor, etc.  
Potent. Preterimperfect, Ferrer.  
Infinite. Ferri.    

Of Gerunds and Supines.  
THere be also belonging to the Infinitive Mood of all Verbs certain Voices called Gerunds and Supines, both of the Active and Passive signification  
The first Gerund endeth in di, as Laudandi of praising or of being praised. The second in do, as Laudando in praising or in being praised. The third in dumb, as Laudandum to praise or to be praised.  
Note that in the two latter Conjugations, the Gerunds end sometimes in undi, do, dumb, as dicendi or dicundi: But from Eo alwayes eundi, except in the Compound Ambiendi.  
Supines are two. The first signifieth Actively, as laudatum to praise; the latter Passively, as laudatu to be praised. Note that most Neuters of the second Conjugation, and volo, nolo, malo, with many other Verbs, have no Supine.   

Verbs of the four Conjugations irregular in the Preterperfect Tense or Supines.  
VErbs of the first Conjugation form their Preterperfect Tense in avi, Supine in atum, as Laudo laudavi laudatum.  
Except,  
Poto potavi potatum or potum; neco necavi necatum or nectum.  
Domo, tono, sono, crepo, veto, cubo, form vi, itum, as cubui cubitum; but secui sectum, fricui frictum, mico micui: yet some of these are found Regular in the Preterperfect Tense or Supine, especially compounded, as increpavit, discrepavit, dimicavit, sonatum, dimicatum, intonatum, infricatum, and the like.  
Plico and his Compounds form vi or avi, as explicui explicavi explicitum or explicatum; except supplico, and such as are compounded with a Noun, as Duplico Multiplico in avi only.  
But Lavo lavi lautum lotum or lavatum, juvo juvi, adjuvo adjuvi adiutum.  
Do dedi datum, Sto steti statum, in the Compounds, stiti, stitum and sometimes stotum, as Presto prestiti prestitum and prestatum.  
VErbs of the second Conjugation form their their Preterperfect Tense in vi, their Supine in itum, as habeo habui habitum.  
Some are Regular in their Preferperfect Tense; but not in their Supines, as doceo docui doctum, misceo miscui miscum, teneo tenui, torreo tortui tostum, censeo censui censum, pateo patui passum, careo carui cassum and caritum.  
Others are Irregular both in Preterperfect Tense and Supines, as Jubeo jussi jussum, sorbeo sorbui sorpsi sorptum, mulceo mulsi mulsum, luceo luxi.  
Deo in di, as sedeo sedi sessum, video vidi visum, prandeo prondi pransum. And some in si, as suadeo suasi suasum, rideo risi risum, ardeo arsi arsum. Four double their first Letters, as Pondeo pependi pensum, mordeo momordi morsum, spondeo spopondi sponsum, tondeo totondi tonsum, but not in their Compounds, as dependi depensum.  
Geo in si, and some in xi, as urgeo ursi, mulgeo mulsi mulxi mulctum, augeo auxi auctum, indulgeo indulsi indultum, frigeo frixi, lugeo luxi.  
ieo lo and neo nevi, vieo vievi vietum, But Cieo cievi citum, deleo delevi deletum, fleo flevi fletum, compleo complevi completum; as also the Compounds of Oleo, except redoleo and suboleo; but adolevi adultum, neo nevi netum, but maneo mansi, torqueo torsi tortum, haereo haesi.  
Veo in vi, as serveo servi, but deferveo deferbui, conniveo connivi and connioci, movi motum, vovi votum, cavi cautum, savi sautum.  
THe third Conjugation sormeth the Preterperfect Tense, by changing O of the Present Tense into I; the Supine without certain Rule, as lego legi lectum bibo bibi bibitum, lambo lambi, scabo scabi, ico ici ictum, mando mandi mansum, pando pandi passum, edo edi esum or estum, in like manner comedo, the other compounds esum only; rudo rudi, sallio salli salsum, psallo psalli, emo emi emptum, viso visi visum, verto verti versum, solvo solvi solutum, volvo volvi volutum, exuo exui exutum, but ruo rui ruitum, in compound rutum, as derui derutum; ingruo, metuo metui.  
Others are irregular both in Preterperfect Tense and Supine.  
In bo, scribo scripsi scriptum, nubo nupsi nuptum, cumbo cubui cubitum.  
In co, vinco visi victum, dico dixi dictum, in like manner duco, parco peperci and parsi parsum and parcitum.  
In do, these three loose n, findo fidi fissum, scindo scidi scissum, fundo fudi fusum. These following, vado, rado, laedo, ludo, divido, trudo, claudo, plaudo, rodo, si and sum, as rosi rosum, but cedo cessi cessum. The rest double their first Letter in the Preterperfect Tense, but not compounded, as tundo tutudi tunsum, contundo contudi contusum, and so in the other Compounds. Pendo pependi pensum, dependo dependi, tendo tetendi tensum and tentum, contendo contendi, pedo pepedi peditum, cado cecidi casum, occido, recido recidi recasum. The other Compounds have no Supine. Caedo cecidi caesum, occido occidi occisum. To these add all the compounds of do in this Conjugation, addo, credo, edo, dedo, reddo, perdo, abdo, obdo, condo, indo, trado, prodo, vendo vendidi venditum, except the double Compound, abscondo abseondi.  
In go, ago egi actum, dego degi, satago sategi, frango fregi fractum, pango to join pegi pactum, pango to sing panxi, ango anxi, jungo junxi junctum; but these five, fingo, mingo, pingo, stringo, ringo, loose n in their Supines, as finxi fictum, ningo ninxi, figo fixi fixum, rego regi rectum; diligo, negligo, intelligo, lexi lectum, spargo sparsisparsum. These double their first Letter, tango tetigi tactum, but not in his Compounds, as contingo contigi, pango to bargain pepigi pactum, pungo and repungo pupugi and pungi punctum the other Compounds punxi only.  
Ho in xi, traho traxi tractum, veho vexi vectum.  
In lo, vello velli and vulfis vulsum, colo colui cultum; excello, precello, cellui celsum; alo alui alitum altum. The rest, not compounded, double their first Letter, Fallo fefelli falsum, refello refelli, pello pepuli pulsum, compello compuli, cello ceculi, percello perculi perculsi perculsum.  
In more, vomo vomui vomitum, tremo tremui, premo pressi pressum, como, promo, demo, sumo, after the same manner, as sumpsi, sumptum.  
In No, sino sivi situm, sterno stravi stratum, sperno sprevi spretum, lino levi lini and livi litum, cerno crevi cretum, tomno tempsi, contemno contempsi contemptum, gigno genui genitum, pono posui positum, cano cecini cantum, concino concinui concentum.  
In Po, rumpo rupi ruptum, scalpo scalpsi scalptum, The rest in ui, as strepo strepui strepitum.  
In quo, linquo liqui, relinquo reliqui relictum, coquo coxi coctum.  
In ro, verro verri and versi versum, sero to sow sevi satum, in compound situm, as insero insitum; sero of another signification most used in his compounds, ●…ssero, consero, desero exero, serui sertum, 〈◊〉 ussi ustum, gero gessi gestum, quaero quaesivi quaesitum, tero trivi tritum, curro, excurro, praecurro, cucurri cursum, the other compounds double not, as concurro concurri.  
In So, accerso, arcesso, incesso, idcesso, ivi itum, capesso both i and ivi, pinso pinsui pistum and pinsitum.  
In sco, pasco pavi pastum; compesco, dispesco, ui; posco poposci, disco didici, quinisco quexi, nosco novi notum, but agnosco ognitum, cognosco cognitum.  
In to, sisto stiti statum, flecto flexi flexum, pecto pexui pexi pexum and pectitum, necto nexui nexi nexum, plecto plexi plexum, sterto stertui, meto messui messum, mitto misi missum, peto petivi petitum.  
In vo, vivo vixi victum.  
In xo texo texui textum, nexo nexui nexum.  
In cio, facio feci factum, jacio jeci jactum, lacio lexi lectum, specio spexi spectum, with their Compounds, but elicio elicui elicitum.  
In dio, fodio fodi fossum.  
In gio, fugio fugi fugitum.  
In pio, capio cepi captum, rapio rapui raptum, cupio cupivi cupitum, sapio sapui sapivi sapitum.  
In rio, pario peperi partum.  
In tio, quatio quassi quassum, concutio concussi concussum.  
In uo, pluo plui pluvi plutum, struo struxi structum, fluo fluxi fluxum.  
THe fourth Conjugation sormeth the Preterperfect Tense in ivi, the Supine in itum.  
Except, Venio vent ventum comperio, reperio, reperi repertum, cambio campsi campsum, sepio sepsi septum, sarcio sarsi sarsum, farcio farsi fartum, fulceo fulsi fulsum, sentio sensi sensum, haurio hausi haustum, sancio sanxi sanctum or itum vincio, vinxi vinctum salio salui saltum, in Compound sultum, as desilio desilui desultum, amicio amicui amictum, aperio, operio perui pertum, vēneo venivi venum, singultivi singultum, sepelivi sepultum.   

Of Verbs Compounded.  
THese Verbs Compounded change a into e throughout, Damno, lacto, sacro, fallo, arceo, tracto, partio, sarcio, carpo, patro, scando, spargo, as conspergo conspersi conspersum.  
These following change their first vowel into i, and some of them their Supines into e, habeo, lateo, salio, statuo, cado, laedo, cano, quaero, caedo, tango, egeo, teneo, taceo, sapio, rapio, placeo, displiceo, displicui displicitum; Except complaceo, perplaceo, posthabeo.  
Scalpo, calco, salto, change a into u, as exculpo.  
Claudo, quatio, lavo loose a, as excludo, excutio, eluo.  
These following change their first Vowel into i, but not in the Preterperfect Tense, and sometimes a into e in the Supine, emo, sedeo, rego, frango, capio, jacio, lacio, specio, premo, as comprimo compressi compressum, conjicio conjeci conjectum, pango in two only, compingo, impingo: Ago, in all but perago, satago, circumago, dego and cogo coegi: Facio with a Preposition only, not in other Compounds, as inficio, olfacio: Lego in these only, diligo, eligo, intelligo, negligo, seligo, in the rest not, as praelego, add to these supersedeo.   

Of Verbs Defective.  
VErbs called Inceptives ending in sco, borrow their Preterperfect Tense from the Verb whereof they are derived, as tepesco tepui from tepeo, ingemisco ingemui from ingemo; as also these Verbs, cerno to see, vidi from video, sido sedi from sedeo, fero tuli from tulo out of use, in the Supine latum, tollo sussuli sublatum from suffero.  
These want the Preterperfect Tense.  
Verbs ending in asco, as puerasco; in isco, as satisco; in urio, except parturio, osurio: these also, vergo, ambigo, ferio, furo, polleo, nideo, have no Preterperfect Tense.  
Contrary, these four, Odi, caepi, novi, memini, are found in the Preterperfect Tense only, and the Tenses thence derived, as odi, oderam, oderim, odissem, odero, odisse, except memini, which hath memento mementote in the Imperative.  
Others are defective both in Tense and Person, us Aio, ais, ait, Plur. aiunt. The Preterimperfect aiebam is entire. Imperative, ai. Potential, aias, aiat, Plur. aiamus, aiant.  
Ausim for ausus sim, ausis, ausit, Plur. ausint.  
Salveo, salvebis, salve salveto, salvete salvetote, salvere.  
Ave aveto, avete avetote.  
Faxo, faxis, faxit, faxint.  
Quaeso, Plur. quaesimus.  
Infit, infiunt  
Inquio or inquam, inquis inquit, Plur inquiunt. Inquibat, Cic Topic. inquisti, inquit. Future, inquies, inquiet Imperat. Inque inquito. Potent Inquiat.  
Dor the first person Passive of do, and for before faris or far in the Indicative, are not read, nor der or fer in the Potential.    

Of a Participle.  
A Participle is a part of Speech, partaking with the Verb from whence it is derived in Voice, Tense, and signification, and with a Noun Adjective in manner of Declining.  
Participles are either of the Active or Passive Voice.  
Of the Active Two. One of the Present Tense ending in ans, or ens, as laudans praising, habens, legens, audience, and is declined like faelix, as hic haec and hoc habens, Gen. habentis, Dat habenti, etc. Docens docentis, etc. But from eo, euns, and in the compounds iens euntis, except ambiens ambientis. Note that some Verbs otherwise defective, have this Participle, as aiens, inquiens.  
The other of the Future Tense is most commonly formed of the first Supine, by changing m into rus, as of laudatum laudaturus to praise or about to praise, habiturus, lecturus, auditurus; but some are not regularly formed, as of sectum secaturus, of jutum juvaturus, sonitum sonaturus, partum pariturus, argutum arguiturus, and such like; of sum, futurus: This, as also the other two Participles following are declined like bonus.  
This Participle, with the Verb Sum, affordeth a second Future in the Active Voice, as laudaturus sum, es, est, etc. as also the Future of the Infinitive, as laudaturum esse to praise hereafter, futurum esse, etc.  
Participles of the Passive Voice are also two, one of the Preterperfect tense, another of the Future.  
A Participle of the Preterperfect Tense, is formed of the latter Supine, by putting thereto s, as of laudatu laudatus praised, of habitu habitus, lectu lectus, auditu auditus.  
This Participle joined with the Verb Sum, supplieth the want of a Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect Tense in the Indicative Mood passive, and both them and the Future of the Potential; as also the Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect of the Infinitive, and with ire or fore the Future; as laudatus sum or sui I have been praised, Plur. laudati sumus or suimus we have been praised, laudatus eram or fueram, etc. Potential, laudatus sim or fuerim, laudatus essem or fuissem, laudatus ero or fuero, Infinite. laudatum esse or fuisse to have or had been praised; laudatum ire or fore to be praised hereafter.  
Nor only Passives, but some Actives also or Neuters, besides their own Preterperfect Tense, borrow another from this Participle; Caeno Caenavi and Caenatus sum, Juravi and juratus, Potavi and potus sum, Titubavi and titubatus, Careo carui cassus sum, Prandeo prandi and pransus, Pateo patui and passus sum, Placeo placui placitus, Suesco suevi suetus sum, Liber libuit and libitum est, Licet licuit licitum, Pudet puduit puditum, Piget piguit pigitum, Taedet teduit pertaesum est, and this Deponent Mereor merui and meritus sum  
These Neuters following, like Passives, have no other Preterperfect Tense, but by this Participle, Gaudeo gavisus sum, fido fisus, audeo ausus, fio factus soleo solitus sum.  
These Deponents also form this Participle from Supines irregular; Labour lapsus, patior passus, perpetior perpessus, fateor fassus, confiteor, diffiteor diffessus, gradior gressus, ingredior ingressus, fatior fessus, metior mensus, utor usus, ordior to spin orditus, to begin orsus, nitor nisus and nixus, ulciscor ultus, irascor iratus, reorratus, obliviscor oblitus, fruor fructus or fruitus, miserior misertus, tuor and tueor tuitus, loquor locutus, sequor secutus, experior expertus, paciscor pactus, nanciscor nactus, apiscor aptus, adipiscor adeptus, queror questus, proficiscor profectus, expergiscor experrectus, comminiscor commentus, nascor natus, morior mortuus, orior ortus sum.  
A Participle of the Future Passive is formed of the Gerund in dumb, by changing m into s, as of laudandum laudandus to be praised, of habendum habendus, etc. And likewise of this Participle with the Verb Sum, may be formed the same Tenses in the Passive, which were formed with the Participle of the Preterperfect Tense, as laudandus sum or fui, etc.  
Infinite. Laudandum esse, or fore.  
Of Verbs Deponent come Participles, both of the Active and Passive form, as loquor loquens locutus locuturus loquendus; whereof the Participle of the Preter Tense signifieth sometimes both Actively and Passively, as dignatus, testatus, meditatus, and the like.   

Of an Adverb.  
AN Adverb is a part of Speech joined with some other to explain its signification, as valdè probus very honest, benè est it is well, valdè doctus very learned, benè mane early in the morning.  
Of Adverbs, some be of Time, as hodiè to day, Cras to morrow, etc.  
Some be of Place, as Ubi where, ibi there, etc. And of many other sorts needless to be here set down.  
Certain Adverbs also are compared, as Docte learnedly, doctiùs doctissimè, fortiter fortiùs fortissimè, saepe saepius saepissime, and the like.   

Of a Conjunction.  
A Conjunction is a part of Speech, that joineth Words and Sentences together.  
Of conjunctions some be Copulative, as et and, quoque also, nec neither.  
Some be Disjunctive, as aut or.  
Some be Causal, as nom for, quia because, and many such like.  
Adverbs when they Govern Mood and Tense, and join Sentences together, as cum, ubi, postquam, and the like, are rather to be called Conjunctions.   

Of a Preposition.  
A Preposition is a part of Speech most commonly, either set before Nouns in Apposition, as ad patrem, or joined with any other words in Composition, as indoctus.  
These six, di, dis, re, se, am, con, are not read but in Composition.  
As Adverbs having Cases after them, may be called Prepositions, so Prepositions having none, may be counted Adverbs.   

Of an Interjection.  
AN Interjection is a part of Speech, expressing some passion of the mind.  
Some be of sorrow, as heu, hei.  
Some be of marveling, as papae.  
Some of disdaining, as vah.  
Some of praising, as euge.  
Some of exclaiming, as o, proh, and such like.   

Figures of Speech.  
Word's are sometimes increased or diminished by a Letter or Syllable in the beginning, middle or ending, which are called Figures of Speech:  

Increased  
In the beginning, as Gnatus for Natus, Tetuli for tuli. Prothesis.  
In the middle, as Rettulit for Retulit, Cinctutus for Cinctus. Epenthesis.  
In the end, as Possit for dici. Paragoge.   

Diminished  
In the beginning, as Ruit for Eruit. Apherisis.  
In the middle, as Audiit for Audivit, Dixti for dixisti, Lamna for lamina. Syncope.  
In the end, as Consili for consilii; scin for scisne. Apocope.     

The second part of Grammar, commonly called Syntaxis, or Construction.  
HItherto the Eight Parts of speech Declined and Undeclined have been spoken of single, and each one by itself: Now followeth Syntaxis or Construction, which is the right joining of these parts together in a Sentence  
Construction consisteth either in the agreement of words together in Number, Gender, Case, and Person, which is called Concord; or the governing of one the other in such Case or Mood as is to follow.  

Of the Concord's.  
THere be Three Concord's or Agreements.  
The First is of the Adjective with his Substantive.  
The Second is of the Verb with his Nominative Case.  
The Third is of the Relative with his Antecedent.  
An Adjective (under which is comprehended both Pronoun and Participle) with his Substantive or Substantives, a Verb with his Nominative Case or Cases, and a Relative with his Antecedent or Antecedents, agree all in number, and the two latter in person also: as Amicus certus. Viri docti. Praeceptor praelegit, vos vero negligitis. Xenophon & Plato fuere aequales. Vir sapit, qui pauca loquitur. Pater & Praeceptor veniunt. Yea though the Conjunction be disjunctive, as Quos neque desidia neque luxuria vitiarant. Celsus. Pater & Praeceptor, quos quaeritis. But if a Verb singular follow many Nominatives, it must be applied to each of them apart, as Nisi foro & curiae officium ac verecundia sua constiterit. Val. max.  
An Adjective with his Substantive, and a Relative with his Antecedent agree in Gender and Case; but the Relative not in case always, being ofttimes governed by other constructions: as Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. Liber quem dedisti mihi.  
And if it be a Participle serving the Infinitive Mood future, it ofttimes agrees not with the Substantive neither in Gender nor in Number, as Hanc sibi rem praesidio sperat futurum. Cic. Audierat non datum ire filio Uxorem. Terent. Omnia potius actum iri puto quam de provinciis. Cic.  
But when a Verb cometh between two Nominative cases not of the same number, or a Relative between two Substantives not of the same Gender, the Verb in Number, and the Relative in Gender may agree with either of them; as Amantium irae amoris integratio est. Quid enim nisi vota supersunt. Tuentur illum globum qui terra dicitur. Animal plenum rationis, quem vocamus hominem. Lutetia est quam nos Parisios' dicimus.  
And if the Nominative cases be of several persons, or the Substantives and Antecedents of several Genders, the Verb shall agree with the second person before the third, and with the first before either; And so shall the Adjective or Relative in their Gender; as Ego & tu sumus in tuto. Tu & Pater periclitamini. Pater & Mater mortui sunt. Frater & Soror quos vidisti.  
But in things that have not life, an Adjective or Relative of the Neuter Gender, may agree with Substantives or Antecedents, Masculine or Feminin, or both together; as Arcus & calami sunt bona. Arcus & calami quae fregisti. Pulcritudinem, constantiam, ordinem in Consiliis factisque conservanda putàt. Cic. Off. 1. Ira & aegritudo permista sunt. Sal.  
Note that the Infinitive Mood, or any part of a Sentence may be instead of a Nominative Case to the Verb, or of a Substantive to the Adjective, or of an Antecedent to the Relative, and then the Adjective or Relative shall be of the Neuter Gender; And if there be more parts of a Sentence than one, the Verb shall be in the plural number; Diluculo surgere saluberrimum est. Virtutem sequi, vita est honestissima. Audito proconsulem in Ciliciam tendere. In tempore veni, quod omnium rerum est primum. Tu multum dormis & saepe potas, quae duo sunt corpori inimica.  
Sometimes also an Adverb is put for the Nominative Case to a Verb, and for a Substantive to an Adjective; as Partim signorum sunt combusta. Propè centies & vicies erogatum est. Cic. verr. 4.  
Sometimes also agreement, whether it be in Gender or Number, is grounded on the sense, not on the words; as Illum senium for illum senem. Iste scelus for iste scelestus. Ter. Transtulit in Eunuchum suam, meaning Comaediam. Ter. Pars magna obligati, meaning Homines. Liv. Impliciti laqueis nudus uterque for Ambo. Ou. Alter in alterius jactantes lumina vultus, Ovid. that is, Alter & alter. Insperanti ipsa refers te nobis, for mihi. Catul. Disco omnes. Virg. Aen. 2. for tu quisquis es. Duo importuna prodigia, quos egestas tribuno plebis constrictos addixerat. Cic. pro S Pars mersi tenuere ratem. Rhemus cum fratre Quirino jura dabant. Virg. that is, Rhemus & frater Quirinus. Divillimur inde Iphitus & Pelias meus. Virg.   

Construction of Substantives.  
HItherto of Concord or agreement; the other part followeth, which is Governing, whereby one part of Speech is governed by another, that is to say, is put in such Case or Mood as the word that governeth or goeth before in construction requireth.  
When two Substantives come together, betokening divers things, whereof the former may be an Adjective in the Neuter Gender taken for a Substantive; the latter (which also may be a Pronoun) shall be in the Genitive Case; as Facundia Ciceronis. Amator studiorum. Ferimur per opaca locorum. Corruptus vanis rerum. Hor. Desiderium tui. Pater ejus.  
Sometimes the former Substantive, as this word Officium or Mos, is understood; as Oratoris est, It is the part of an Orator. Extremae est dementiae, It is the manner of extreme madness. Ignavi est, It is the quality of a slothful man. Ubi ad Dianae veneris; Templum is understood. Justitiaene prius mirer belline laborum. Virg. Understand Causâ. Neque illi sepositi Ciceris, neque longae invidit avenae. Hor. Supply partem.  
But if both the Substantives be spoken of one thing, which is called apposition, they shall be both of the same case; as Pater meus vir, amat me puerum.  
Words that signify Quality, following the Substantive whereof they are spoken, may be put in the Genitive or Ablative Case; as Puer bonae indolis, or bona indole. Some have a Genitive only; as Ingentis Rex nominis. Liv. Decem annorum puer. Hujusmodi pax. Hujus generis animal. But genus is sometimes in the Accusative: as Si hoc genus rebus non proficitur. Varr. de re rust. And the cause or manner of a thing in the Ablative only; as Sum tibi natura parens, preceptor consiliis.  
Opus and Usus when they signify Need, require an Ablative; as Opus est mihi tuo judicio. Viginti minis usus est filio. But Opus is sometimes taken for an Adjective undeclined, and signifieth Needful; as Dux nobis & Author opus est. Alia quae opus sunt para.   

Construction of Adjectives, Governing a Genitive.  
ADjectives that signify Desire, Knowledge, Ignorance, Remembrance, Forgetfulness, and such like; as also certain others derived from Verbs, and ending in axe, require a Genitive; as Cupidus auri. Peritus belli. Ignarus omnium. Memor praeteriti. Reus surti. Tenax propositi. Tempus edax rerum.  
Adjectives called Nouns Partitive, because they signify part of some whole quantity or number, govern the word that signifieth the thing parted or divided, in the Genitive; as Aliquis nostrum. Primus omnium. Aurium mollior est sinistra. Oratorum eloquentissimus. And oft in the Neuter Gender; as Multum lucri. Id negotii. Hoc noctis. Sometimes, though seldom, a word signifying the whole is read in the same Case with the Partitive, as Habet duos gladios quibus altero te occisurum minatur, altero villicum, Plaut. For Quorum altero. Magnum opus habeo in manibus; quod jampridem ad hunc ipsum (me autem dicebat) quaedam institui. Cic. Acad. 1. Quod quaedam for cujus quaedam.  

A Dative.  
ADjectives that betoken Profit or Disprofit, Likeness or Unlikeness, Fitness, Pleasure, Submitting, or Belonging to any thing, require a Dative; as Labour est utilis corpori. Aequalis Hectori. Idoneus bello. Jucundus omnibus. Parenti supplex. Mihiproprium.  
But such as betoken Profit or Disprofit have sometimes an Accusative with a Preposition; as Homo ad nullam partem utilis. Cic. Inter se aequales.  
And some Adjectives signifying Likeness, Unlikeness, or Relation, may have a Genitive. Par hujus. Ejus culpae affines. Domini similis es. Commune onimantium est conjunctionis appetitus. Alienum dignitatis ejus. Cic. Fin. 1. Fuit hoc quondam proprium populi Romani longè a domo bollare. But propior and proximus admit sometimes an Accusative; as proximus Pompeium sedebam. Cic.   

An Accusative.  
NOuns of Measure are put after Adjectives of like signification in the Accusative, and sometimes in the Ablative; as Turris alta centum pedes. Arbour lata tres digitos. Liber crassus tres policies, or tribus pollicibus. Sometimes in the Genitive; as Areas latas pedum denûm facito.  
All words expressing part or Parts of a thing, may be put in the Accusative, or sometimes in the Ablative; as Saucius frontem or front. Excepto quòd non simul esses caetera laetus. Hor. Nudapedom. Ou. Os humerosque deo similis. Virg. Sometimes in the Genitive, as Dubius mentis.   

An Ablative.  
ADjectives of the Comparative degree, englisht with this sign then or by, as also Dignus, Indignus, Praeditus, Contentus, and these words of Price, Carus, vilis, require an Ablative; as Frigidior glacie. Multo doctior. Uno pede altior. Dignus honore. Virtute praeditus. Sorte sua contentus. Ass charum.  
But of Comparatives, plus, amplius, and minus, may govern a Genitive, also a Nominative, or an Accusative; as Plus quinquaginta hominum. Amplius duorum millium. Ne plus tertia pars eximatur mellis. Varro. Paulo plus quingentos passus. Ut ex sua cujusque parte ne minus dimidium ad fratrem perveniret. Cic. Verr. 4. And Dignus, Indignus, have sometimes a Genitive after them; as Militia est operis altera digna tui. Indignus avorum. Virg.  
Adjectives betokening Plenty or Want, will have an Ablative, and sometimes a Genitive; as Vacuus ira, or irae. Nulla Epistola inanis re aliqua. Ditissimus agri. Stultorum plena sunt omnia Integer vitae, scelerisque purus. Expers omnium. Vobis immunibus hujus esse mali dabitur.  
Words also betokening the cause, or form, or manner of a thing, are put after Adjectives in the Ablative Case; as Pallidus ira. Trepidus morte futura. Nomine Grammaticus, re Barbarus.    

Of Pronouns.  
PRonouns differ not in Construction from Nouns, except that Possessives, Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, by a certain manner of speech, are sometimes joined to a Substantive, which governs their Primitive understood with a Noun or Participle in a Genitive Case; as Dico mea unius opera rempublicam esse liberatam Cic. For Mei unius opera. In like manner Nostra, duorum, trium, paucorum, omnium virtute, for nostrum duorum, etc. Meum solius peccatum, Cic Ex tuo ipsius animo, For ●…ui ipsius. Ex sua cujusque parte, Id. Verr. 2. Ne tua quidem recentia proximi Praetoris vestigia persequi poterat. Cic. verr. 4. Si meas presentis preces non putas profuisse, id. Pro Planc. Nostros vidisti slentis ocellos. Ovid.  
Also a Relative, as qui or is, sometimes answers to an Antecedent Noun or Pronoun Primitive understood in the Possessive; as Omnes laudare fortunas meas qui filium haberem tali ingenio praeditum. Terent.   

Construction of Verbs.  
VErbs for the most part govern either one case after them, or more than one in a different manner of Construction.  

Of the Verb Substantive Sum, and such like, with a Nominative, and other oblique Cases.  
VErbs that signify Being, as Sum, existo, fio; and certain Passives, as dicor, vocor, salutor, appellor, habeor, existimor, videor; also Verbs of motion or rest, as incedo, discedo, sedeo, with such like, will have a Nominative Case after them as they have before them, because both Cases belong to the same person or thing, and the latter is rather in apposition with the former, then governed by the Verb; as Temperantia est virtus. Horatius silutatur Poeta. Ast ego quae divum incedo regina.  
And if est be an impersonal, it may sometimes govern a Genitive, as Usus Poetae, ut moris est, licentia, Phaedrus l. 4. Negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut &c Cic. verr. 2.  
But if the following Noun be of another person, or not directly spoken of the former, both after Sum and all his Compounds, except possum, it shall be put in the Dative; as Est mihi domi pater. Multa petentibus desunt multa.  
And if a thing be spoken of, relating to the person, it may be also in the Dative; as Sum tibi praesidio. Haecres est mihi voluptati. Quorum alteri Capitoni cogn men fuit. Cic. Pastori nomen Faustus fuisse serunt. Liv.   

Of Verbs Transitives with an Accusitive, and the Exceptions thereto belonging.  
VErbs Active or Deponent, called Transitive, because their action passeth forth on some person or thing, will have an Accusative after them of the person or thing to whom the action is done; as Amo te. Vitium fuge. Deum venerare. Usus promptos facit. Juvat me. Oportet te.  
Also Verbs called Neuters, may have an Accusative of their own signification; as Duram servit servitutem. Longam ire viam. Endimionis somnum dormis. Pastilloes Rufillus olet. Nec vox hominem sonat. Cum Glaucum saltasset. Paterc. Agit laetum convivam. Horat. Hoc me latet.  
But these Verbs, though Transitive, Misereor and Miseresco, pass into a Genitive; as Miserere mei. Sometimes into a Dative. Huic misereor. Sen. Dilige bonos, miseresce malis. Boet.  
Reminiscor, Obliviscor, Recordor, and Memini, sometimes also require a Genitive; as Datae fidei reminiscitur. Memini tai. Obliviscor carminis. Sometime retain the Accusative; as Recordor pueritiam. Omnia quae curant senes meminerunt. Plaut.  
These Impersonals also, interest and resert, signifying to concern, require a Genitive, except in these Ablatives Feminine, Moa, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, cuja. And the measure of concernment is often added in these Genitives, magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, with their Compounds; as Interest omnium rectè agere. Tua resert teipsum nosse. Vestra parvi interest.  
But Verbs of Profiting or Disprofiting, Believing, Pleasing, Obeying, Opposing, or being angry with, pass into a Dative; as non potes mihi commodare nec incommodare. Placeo omnibus. Crede mihi. Nimium ne crede colori. Pareo parentibus. Tibi repugno. Adolescenti nihil est quod succenseat. But of the first and third sort, Juvo, adjuvo, laedo, offendo, retain an Accusative.  
Lastly, these Transitives, fungor, fruor, utor, potior, and Verbs betokening want, pass direct into an Ablative. Fungitur officio. Aliena frui insania. Utere sorte tua. But fungor, fruor, utor, had anciently an Accusative. Verbs of want, and potior, may have also a Genitive. Pecuniae indiget. Quasi tu hujus indigeas patris. Potior Urbe, or Urbis.  
Sometimes a phrase of the same signification with a single Verb, may have the Case of the Verb after it; as Id operam do, that is to say, id ago. Idne estis authores mihi? for id suadetis. Quid mo vobis tactio est? for tangitis. Plaut. Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem? Id.   

The Accusative with a Genitive.  
HItherto of Transitives governing their Accusative, or other Case, in single and direct Construction: Now of such as may have after them more Cases than one in Construction direct and oblique, that is to say, with an Accusative, a Genitive, Dative, other Accusative, or Ablative.  
Verbs of Esteeming, Buying or Selling, besides their Accusative, will have a Genitive betokening the value of price, flocci, nihili, pili, hujus, and the like after Verbs of Esteeming: Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, and such like, put without a Substantive, after Verbs of Buying or Selling; as Non hujus te aestimo. Ego illum flocci pendo. Aequi boni hoc facio or consulo. Quanti mercatus es hunc equum? Pluris quam vellem.  
But the word of Value is sometimes in the Ablative; as Parvi or parvo aestimas probitatem. And the word of Price most usually; As Teruncio eum non emerim. And particularly in these Adjectives, Vili, paulo, minimo, magno, nimio, plurimo, dimidio, duplo, put without a Substantive, as Vili vendo triticum. Redimete captum quam queas minimo. And sometimes minore for minoris. Name a Caelio propinqui minore centessimis nummum movere non possunt. Cic. Att. l. 1. But Verbs Neuter or Parsive have only the oblique Cases after them; as Tanti eris aliis, quanti ribi fueris. Pudor parvi penditur. Which is also to be observed in the following Rules.  
And this Neuter Valeo governeth the word of value in the Accusative; as Denarii dicti quod denes aeris valebant. Varr.  
Verbs of admonishing, accusing, condemning, acquitting, will have, besides their Accusative, a Genitive of the Crime, or penalty, or Thing; as Admonuit me errati. Accusas me 〈◊〉 Vatem sceleris damnat. Furem dupli condemnavit. And sometimes an Ablative with a preposition, or without; as Condemnsbo eodem ego to crimine. Accusas furti, an stupri, an utroque? De repetundis accusavit, or damnavit. Cic.  
Also these impersonals, poenitet, taedet, miseret, miserescit, pudet, piget, to their Accusative will have a Genitive, either of the person, or of the thing; as Nostri nosmet poenitet. Urbis me taedet. Miseret me tui. Pudet me negligentiae.   

An Accusative with a Dative.  
VErbs of Giving or Restoring, Promising or Paying, Commanding or Showing, Trusting or Threatening, add to their Accusative a Dative of the person; as Fortuna multis nimium dedit. Haec tibi promitto. Aes alienum mihi numeravit. Frumentum imperat civitatibus. Quid & cui dicas, videto.  
Hoc tibi suadeo. Tibi or ad te scribo. Pecuniam omnem tibi credo. Utrique mortem minatus est.  
To these add Verbs Active compounded with hese prepositions, prae, ad, ab, con, de, ex, ante, sub, post, ob, in and inter; as Praecipio hoc tibi. Admovit urbi exercitum. Collegae suo imperium abrogavit. Sic parvis componere magna solebam.  
Neuters have a dative only; as Meis majoribus virtute praeluxi. But some compounded with prae and ante may have an accusative; as Praestat ingenio alius alium. Multos anteit sapientia. Others with a Preposition; as Quae ad ventris victum conducunt. In haec studia incumbite. Cic.  
Also all Verbs Active, betokening acquisition, likening, or relation, commonly englisht with to or for, have to their accusative a dative of the person; as Magnam laudem sibi peperit. Huic habeo non tibi. Se illis aequarunt. Expedi mihi hoc negotium: but mihi, tibi, sibi, sometimes are added for Elegance, the sense not requiring; as Suo hunc sibi iugulat gladio. Terent Neuters a dative only; as Non omnibus dormio. Libet mihi. Tibi licet  
Sometimes a Verb Transitive will have to his accusative a double dative, one of the person, another of the thing; as Do tibi vestem pignori. Verto hoc tibi vitio. Hoc tu tibi laudi duces.   

A double Accusative.  
VErbs of ask, teaching, arraying, and concealing, will have two accusatives, one of the person, another of the thing; as Rogo is pecuniam. Doceo te literas. Quod te jamdudum hortor. Induit se calceos. Hoc me celebas.  
And being Passives, they retain one accusative of the thing, as Sumptumque recingitur anguem, Ovid. Met. 4. Induitur togam. Mart.  
But Verbs of arraying sometimes change the one accusative into an ablative or dative; as Induo to tunica, or tibi tunicam. Instravit equum penula, or eque penulam.   

An Accusative with an Ablative.  
VErbs Transitives may have to their accusative an ablative of the instrument or cause, matter, or manner of doing; and Neuters the ablative only; As Ferit eum gladio. Taceo metu. Malis gaudet alienis. Summa eloquentia causam egit. Capitolium saxo quadrato substructum est. Tuo consilio nitor. Vescor pane. Affluis opibus. Amore abundas. Sometimes with a Preposition of the manner; as Summa cum humanitate me tractavit.  
Verbs of endowing, imparting, depriving, discharging, filling, emptying, and the like, will have an ablative, and sometimes a genitive; as Dono te hoc annulo. Plurima salute te impertit. Aliquem familiarem suo sermone participavit. Paternum servum sui participavit consilii. Interdico tibi aqua & igni, Libero te hoc metu. Implentur veteris Bacchi.  
Also Verbs of comparing, or exceeding, will have an ablative of the excess; as Praefero hunc multis gradibus. Magno intervallo eum superat.  
After all manner of Verbs, the word signifying any part of a thing, may be put in the gènitive, accusative, or ablative; as Absurdè facis qui angas te animi. Pendet animi. Discrucior animi. Desipit mentis. Candet dentes. Rubet capillos. Aegrotat animo, magu quam corpors.    

Nouns of Time and Place after Verbs.  
NOuns betokening part of time, be put after Verbs in the ablative, and sometimes in the accusative; as Nocte vigilas, luce dormis. Nullam partem noctis requiescit. Cic. Abhinc triennium ex Andro comigravit. Tit. Respondit triduo illum, ad summum quatriduo periturum, Cic. Or if continuance of time, in the accusative, sometimes in the Ablative: as Sexaginta annos natus. Hyemem totam stertis. Imperium deponere maluerunt, quam id tenere punctum temporis contra Religionem. Cic. Imperavit triennio, & decem mensibus. Suet. Sometimes with a Preposition; as Ferè in diebus paucis, quibus haec acta sunt. Ter. Rarely with a genitive; as Temporis angusti mansit concordia discors. Lucan.  
Also Nouns betokening Space between places are put in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative; as Pedem hinc ne discesseris. Abest ab Uybe quingentis milibus passuum. Terra marique gentibus imperavit.  
Nouns that signify Place, and also proper Names of greater places, as Countries, be put after Verbs of moving or remaining, with a Preposition, signifying to, from, in, or by, in such case as the Preposition requireth; as Proficiscor ab Urbo. Vivit in Anglia. Veni per Galliam in Italiam.  
But if it be the Proper Name of a Lesser Place, as of a City, Town, or Lesser Island, or any of these four, Humus, Domus, Militia, Bellum, with these signs, on, in, or at before them, being of the first or second Declension, and singular number, they shall be put in the genitive; if of the third Declension, or Plural Number, or this word rus, in the dative or ablative; as Vixit Romae, Londini. Ea habitabat Rhodi. Conon plurimum Cypri vixit. Cor. Nep. Procumbit humi bos. Domi bellique simul viximus. Militavit Carthagini or Carthagine. Studuit Athenis. Ruri or rure educatus est.  
If the Verb of moving be to a Place, it shall be put in the accusative; as Eo Romam, Domum, Rus. If from a Place, in the ablative; as Discessie Londino. Abiit Domo. Rure est reversui.  
Sometimes with a Preposition: as A Brundisio profectus est. Cic. Manil. Ut ab Athenis in Boeotiam irem. Sulpit. apud. Cic. Fam. l. 4. Cum te profectum ab domoscirem. Liv. l. 8.   

Construction of Passives.  
A Verb Passive will have after it an ablative of the doer, with the Preposition a or ab before it, sometimes without, and more often a dative: as Virgilius legitur a me. Forts creantur sortibus. Hor. Tibi sama petatur. And Neutropassives, as Vapulo, veneo, liceo, exulo, fio, may have the same Construction; as Ab host venire.  
Sometimes an accusative of the thing is found after a Passive; as Coronari Olympia. Hor. Epist. I. Cyclopa movetur. Hor. for saltat or agit. Purgor bilem. Id.   

Construction of Gerunds and Supines.  
GErunds and Supines will have such cases as the Verb from whence they come; as Otium scribendi literas. Eo auditum Poetas. Ad consulendum tibi.  
A Gerund in di is commonly governed both of Substantives and Adjectives in manner of a genitive; as Causa videndi. Amor habendi. Cupidus visendi. Certus eundi. And sometimes governeth a genitive Plural; as Illorum videndi gratia. Ter.  
Gerunds in do are used after Verbs in manner of an ablative, according to former Rules, with or without a preposition; as Defessus sum ambulando. A discendo facile deterretur. Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, gloriam adeptus est. In apparando consumunt diem.  
A Gerund in dum is used in manner of an accusative after prepositions governing that case; as Ad capiendum hosts. Ante domandum ingentes tollent animos. Virg. Ob redimendum captivos. Inter coenandum.  
Gerunds in signification are oft-times used as Participles in dus; Tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa. Cic. Orationem Latinam legendis nostris efficies pleniorem. Cic. Ad accusandos homines praemio ducitur.  
A Gerund in dumb joined with thè Impersonal est, and implying some necessity or duty to do a thing, may have both the Active and Passive construction of the Verb from whence it is derived; as Utendum est aetate. Ou. Pacem Trojano a rege petendum. Virg. Iterandum eadem ista mihi. Cic Serviendum est mihi amicis. Plura dixi quam dicendum suit. Cic. pro Sest.   

Construction of Verb with Verb.  
WHen two Verbs come together without a nominative case between them, the latter shall be in the Infinitive Mood; as Cupio discere. Or in the first Supine after Verbs of moving; as Eo cubitum, spectatum. Or in the latter with an adjective; as Turpe est dictu. Facile sactu opus scitu.  
But if a Case come between, not governed of the former Verb, it shall always be an accusative before the Infinitive Mood; as Te rediisse incolumem gaudeo. Malo me divitem esse, quam haberi.  
And this Infinitive esse, will have always after it an accusative, or the same case which the former Verb governs; as Expedit bonos esse vobis. Quo mihi commisso, non licet esse piam. But this accusative agreeth with another understood before the Infinitive; as Expedit vobis vos esse bonos. Natura beatis omnibus esse dedit. Nobis non licet esse tam di ortis. The same Construction may be used after other Infinitives Neuter or Passive like to esse in signification; as Maximo tibi postea & civi, & duci evadere contigit. Val. Max. L. 6.  
Sometimes a Noun Adjective or Substantive governs an Infinitive; as Audax omnia perpeti. Dignus amari. Consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere. Caes. Minari divisoribus ratio non erat. Cic. verr. 1.  
Sometimes the Infinitive is put absolute for the preterimperfect or preterperfect Tense; as Ego illud sedulo negare factum. Ter. Galba autem multas similitudines afferre. Cic. Ille contra haec omnia ruere, agere vitam. Ter.   

Construction of Participles.  
PArticiples govern such cases as the Verb from whence they come, according to their Active or Passive signification; as Fruiturus amicis. Nunquam audita mihi. Diligendus ab omnibus. Sat sanguine diuûm. Telamone creatus. Corpore mortali cretus. Lucret. Note deâ. Edite regibus. Laevo suspensi loculos tabulasque locerto. Hor. Census eque strem summam. Id. Abeundum est mihi. Venus' orta mari. Exosus Bella. Virg. Exosus diis. Gell. Arma Perosus. Ovid. But Pertaesus hath an accusative otherwise then the Verb; as Pertaesus ignaviam. Semet ipse portaesus. Suet. To these add participial adjectives ending in bilis of the Passive signification, and requiring like case after them; as Nulli penetrabilis astro lucus erat.  
Participles changed into Adjectives have their Construction by the Rules of Adjectives; as Appetens vini, Fugitans litium. Fidens animi.   

An Ablative put absolute.  
TWo Nouns together, or a Noun and Pronoun with a Participle express or understood, put absolutely, that is to say, neither governing nor governed of a Verb, shall be put in the ablative; as Authore Senatu bellum geritur. Me duce vinces. Caesare veniente hostes fugerunt. Sublato clamore praelium committitur.   

Construction of Adverbs.  
EN and ecce will have a Nominative, or an accusative, and sometimes with a dative; as En Priamus. Ecce tibi status noster. En habitum. Ecce autem alterum.  
Adverbs of quantity, time, and place require a genitive; as Satis loquentiae, sapientiae parum satis also compounded with a Verb; as Is rerum suarum satagit. Tunc temporis. Ubique gentium. Ed impudentiae processit. Quoad ejus fieri poterit.  
To these add Ergo signifying the cause; as Illius ergo Virg. Virtutis ergo. Fugae atque formidinis ergo non abiturus Liv.  
Others will have such case as the Nouns from whence they come; as Minime gentium. Optime omnium. Venit obviam illi. Canit similiter huic. Albanum, sive Falernum te magis appositis delectat. Hor.  
Adverbs are joined in a Sentence to several Moods of Verbs.  
Of Time, Ubi, postquam, cum or quum, to an Indicative or Subjunctive; as Haec ubi dicta dedit. Ubi nos laverimus. Postquam excessit ex Ephebis. Cum faciam vitula Virg. Cum canerem reges. Id.  
Donec while, to an Indicative. Donec er is feliae. Donec until, to an Indicative or Subjunctive; Cogere donec oves jussit. Virg. Donec ea aqua decocta sit. Colum.  
Dum while, to an Indicative. Dum apparatur Virgo. Dum until, to an Indicative or Subjunctive; as Dum redeo. Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas. Dum for dummodo so as, or, so that, to a Subjunctive. Dum prosim tibi.  
Quoad while, to an Indicative. Quoad expectas contubernalem. Quoad until, to a Subjunctive. Omnia integra servabo, quoad exercitus huc mittatur.  
Simulac, simulatque to an Indicative or Subjunctive; as Simulac belli patiens erat simulatque adoleverit atas.  
Ut as, to the same Moods. Ut salutabis, ita resalutaberis. Ut sementem feceris, ita & meats. Hor. Ut so soon as, to an Indicative only: as Ut ventum est in Urbem.  
Quasi, tanquam, perinde, ac si, to a Subjunctive only; as Quasi non norimus nos inter nos. Tanquam feceris ipse aliquid.  
Ne of forbidding, to an Imperative or Subjunctive; as Ne saevi. Ne metuas.  
Certain Adverbs of quantity, quality, or cause; as Quam, quoties, cur, quare, etc. Thence also qui, quis, quantus, qualis, and the like, coming in a sentence after the principal Verb, govern the Verb following in a Subjunctive; as Videte quam valdè malitiae suae considat. Cic. Quid est cur tu in isto loco sedeas? Cic pro Cluent. Subsideo mihi diligentiam comparavi quae quanta sit intelligi non potest, nisi etc. Cic. pro Quint. Nam quid hoc iniquius dici potest, Quam me qui caput alterius fortunasque defendam, Priore loco dicere. Ibid. Nullum est Officium tam sanctum atque solemn, quod non avaritia violare soleat. Ibid. Non me fallit, si consulamini quid sitis responsuri. Ibid. Dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere. Ibid. Docui quo die hunc sibi promisisse dicat, eo die ne Romae quidem eum fuisse. Ibid. Conturbatus discedit neque mirum, cui haec optio tam misera daretur, Ibid. Narrat quo in loco viderit Quintium. Ibid. Recte majores eum qui socium fefellisset in virorum bonorum numero non putarunt haberi oportere. Cic. pro Rosc. Am. Quae concursatio percontantium quid Praetor edixisset, ubi caenaret, quid enuntiasset. Cic. Agrar. 1.   

Of Conjunctions.  
COnjunctions Copulative and Disjunctive, and these four, Quam, nisi, praeterquam, an, couple like cases; as Socrates docuit Xenophontem & Platonem. Aut dies est, aut nox. Nescio albus an after sit. Est minor natu quàmtu. Nemini placet praeterquam sibi.  
Except when some particular construction requireth otherwise; as Studui Romae & Athenis. Emi fundum centum nummis & pluris. Accusas furti, on stupri, an utroque?  
They also couple for the most part like Moods and Tenses; as Recto stat corpore, despicitque terras. But not always like Tenses; as Nisi more lactasses, & vana spe produceres. Et habetur, & referetur tibi a me gratia.  
Of other Conjunctions, some govern an Indicative, some a Subjunctive, according to their several significations.  
Etsi, tametsi, etiamsi, quanquam an Indicative; quamvis and licet most commonly a Subjunctive; as Etsi nihil novi afferrebatur. Quanquam animus meminisse horret. Quamvis Elysios miretur Graecia campos. Ipse licet venias.  
Ni, nisi, si, siquidem, quod, quia, postquam, posteaquam, antequam, priusquam an Indicative or Subjunctive; as Nisivi mavis eripi. Ni faciat. Castigo te, non quòd odeo habeam, sed quòd amem. Antequam dicam. Si for quamvis a Subjunctive only. Redeam? Non si me obsecret.  
Si also conditional may sometimes govern both Verbs of the sentence in a Subjunctive; as Respiraro, si te videro. Cic ad Attic.  
Quando, quandoquidem, quoniam, an Indicative; as Dicite quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba. Quoniam convenimus ambo  
Cum seeing that, a Subjunctive; as Cum sis officiis Gradive virilibus aptus.  
Ne, an, num, of doubting, a Subjunctive; as Nihil resert, fecerisne, an persuaseris. Vise num redierit.  
Interrogatives also of disdain or reproach understood govern a Subjunctive; as tantum dem, quantum ille poposcerit? Cic. verr. 4. Sylvam tu Scantiam vendas? Cic. Agrar. Hunc tu non ames? Cic. ad Attic. Furem aliquem aut rapacem accusaris? Vitanda semper erit omnis avaritiae suspicio. Cic. verr. 4. Sometimes an Infinitive; as Méne incaepto desistere victam? Virg.  
Ut that, lest not, or although, a Subjunctive; as Te aro, ut redeat jam in viam. Metuo ut substes hospes. Ut omnia contingant quae volo.   

Of Prepositions.  
OF Prepositions, some will have an accusative after them, some an ablative, some both, according to their different signification.  
An accusative these following, Ad, apud, ante, adversus adversum, cis citra, circum circa, circiter, contra, erga, extra, inter, intra, infra, juxta, ob, ponè, per, propè, propter, post, penes, praeter, secundùm, supra, secùs, trans, ultra, usque, versus; But versus is most commonly set after the case it governs, as Londinum versus.  
And for an accusative after add, a dative sometimes is used in Poets; as It clamour coelo. Virg. Coelo si gloria tollit Aeneadum. Sil. for ad coelum.  
An ablative these, A, ab, abs, absque, cum, coram, de, e, ex, pro, prae, palàm, sine, tenus, which last is also put after his case, being most usually a genitive, if it be Plural; as Capulo tenus. Aurium tenus.  
These, both cases, In, sub, super, subter, clam, procul.  
In, signifying to, towards, into, or against, requires an accusative; as Pisces emptos obolo in coenam seni. Animus in Teucros benignus. Versa est in cineres Troja. In te committere tantum quid Troes potuere? lastly, when it signifies future time or for; as Bellum in trigesimum diem indixerunt. Designati consules in annum sequentem. Alii pretia faciunt in singula capita canum. Var. Otherwise in will have an ablative; as In Urbe. In Terris.  
Sub, when it signifies to, or in time, about, or a little before, requires an accusative; as sub umbram properemus. Sub id tempus. Sub noctem. Otherwise an Ablative. Sub pedibus. Sub umbra.  
Super signifying beyond, or present time, an accusative; as Super Garamantas & Indos. Super coenam. Suet. at supper time. Of or concerning, an ablative; as Multa super Priamo rogitans. Super hac re.  
Super, over or upon, may have either case; as Super ripas Tiberis effusus, Saeva sedens super arma. Frond super viridi.  
So also may subter; as pugnatum est super subterque terras. Subter densa testudine. Virg. Clam patrem or patre. Procul muros. Liv. Patria procul.  
Prepositions in composition govern the same cases as before in apposition. Adibo hominem. Petrudunt naves scopulo. And the Preposition is sometimes repeated; as Detrahere de tua fama nunquam cogitavi. And sometimes understood, governeth his usual case; as Habeo te loco parentis. Apparuit humana specie. Cumis erant oriundi. Liv. Liberis parentibus oriundus. Colum Mutat quadrotarotundis. Hor. Pridie Compitalia. Pridie nonas or calendas. Postridie Idus. Postridie ludos. Before which accusatives aunt or post is to be understood, Filii id aetatis. Cic. Hoc noctis. Liv. Understand Secundum. Or refer to part of time. Omnia Mercurio similis. Virg. Understand per.   

Of Interjections.  
CErtain Interjections have several cases after them. O, a Nominative, Accusative or Vocative; as O festus dies hominis. O ego laevus. Hor. O fortunatos. O formose puer.  
Others a Nominative, or an Accusative; as Heu prisca fides! Heu stirpem invisam! Proh sancte Jupiter! Proh deum atque hominum fidem! Hem tibi davum!  
Yea, though the Interjection be understood; as Me miserum! Me coecum, qui haec ante non viderim!  
Others will have a Dative; as Hei mihi. Vae misero mihi. Terent.   
FINIS.   

ERRATA.  
PAge 16. Line 5. for hoc nostrate Read hoc nostras or nostrate.  
P. 31. L. 11. f. visi r. vici.  
P. 35. l. 21: f. Quaesimus r. Quaesumus.  
P. 54. l. 8. f. Transitives r. Transitive.  
P. 55. l. 8. f. Tit. r. Ter.