Sacris ordinibus non- ritè initiati, tenentur ad eos ritè ineundos. IN Thamisin Rhodanus turbatas devehit undas, Et nostra insanis littora vastat aquis. Lemani sese tentant attollere fluctus, Et Lacus Oceano bella movere parat. Dux facti auratis fulget Calvinus in armis, Innumerísque ferox classibus alta premit. Nescio quos vehit ille Senes, & nomina priscis Non audita viris, & nova jura crepat. Nos pia simplicitas, nos prima ac purior aetas, Aeterníque movent jussa tremenda Dei. Non sacras patimur leges & vinc'la resolvi, Non adeò faciles in nova damna sumus. Quid populi furias, & murmura vana timemus? Quid rabies? tetricae quid potuêre minae? Nos ritus prisci, & veterum reverentia Patrum, Nos tenet antiquae Relligionis amor. At vos, qui tumidae voluistis cedere genti, Vos non-calcatum qui tenuistis iter, Desinite, & nostras tandem redeatis ad aras, Non juvat ulteriùs Gallica castra sequi. Expetit amplexus Ecclesia nota priores, Et pandit placidum Mater amica sinum: Illa quidem natos, quos devius egerat error, Inque suas aedes, & sua jura vocat. Nam neque supremum fas est fraudâsse Tonantem, Devotúmque Deo surripuisse Caput: Nec leges violâsse licet, quas cana vetustas Jusserat à sera posteritate coli. ERGO, Qui modò nostra novus venisti in templa sacerdos, Nec firmare potes, nec revocare gradum, Mitratos apices, & quos tegit infula crines Prostratus summâ cum pietate petas; Sic tua sacratus curabis ovilia Pastor, Te ducente gregem, sic bene semper eant. Non datur Purgatorium Pon 〈…〉 aut Platonicum. VEl meritó. Nec enim levia aut ludio 〈…〉 Fata Deus meritis, & stant sua praem 〈…〉 Est Locus aeriis longè semotus ab oris, Quò se proponit manifesta in luce videndum Ipse Deus, propiúsque piis se mentibus infert: Justitia haec immota colit loca, lancibus aequis Expendens quae facta virûm: queîs vivere curae est Haud coeli immemores, & tactos Numine vero Ascribit coelo, quos ipso è fonte voluptas Demulcet, liquidísque uberrima gaudia rivis. At quos foedus amor mundi in peccata volentes Egerit, excipient aeternis Tartara flammis, Et tortor Satanas, tortus magìs omnibus ipse: Nec mora, nec requies: sedet, aeternúmque sedebit Poena illis, precibúsque hoc jus revocabile nullis. At Sancti clamore legunt decreta secundo Justitiae, legésque pias mirantur, & ipso Jura olim edocti, sanctóque oracula libro Inter eos unus, longè celsissimus, omnes Eminet Origines, nec jam transcribit Olympo Quicquid id est Erebi: jam nunc juvat esse modestum, Spésque avidas revocare, & tantis parcere votis. Non eadem Romae tamen & sententia coelo est; Vertit Roma Acheronta, atque imo Tartara fundo, Eximit inferno manes, atque inserit astris. Et quisquam stupet, Astronomos ascribere coelo Serpentésque, Ursósque, & factos astra Leones; cum foedi manes & adhuc tortoris olentes Sulphura, & ignitâ latè loca foeta Mephiti, Quíque ferunt maculas etiamnum in fronte recentes, Lividáque hesterni retinent vestigia flagri, Scilicet exiguo argento, & mox vindice Papâ Elapsi, loca pura colent, & dummodo Romae Sic visum fuerit, nec digna Quiritibus illis? Tantum Relligio?— Tu quoque cede Deo, totúmque in pectora Numen Accipias, & prona Dei vestigia adores, Infelix Ratio, mundóque haud aequa futuro, Heu nimiùm coeca, & multo notissima lapsu. Túne etiam mussas, ipsos te posse Neronis, Sejanos, & quicquid habent jam Tartara diri Eripere, & licèt haud unum recreare valebat Vel guttâ Abramus, Tu, Tu tamen omnibus una Aeternos praestare putas, te vindice, fastos? Pone animos, nec fige Deo temeraria leges. En! Vidén ' ut germana Fides tua temperat uni Obsequitúrque Deo, totúmque ità subjicit orbem, Fatorum Regina, volentibus imperat astris. Illa tamen morietur, eris tu sola superstes. Ah! Sapias tandem, & coelo te crede faventi; Nam soli sapuisse Deo prudentia summa est. Julii 7. 1663. In die Comitiorum, Respondente M ro. Morton S. T. B. & Coll. D. Joan. Soc. ICONISMUS 1. A DESCRIPTION of The TUBA STENTORO-PHONICA In different Figures and Dimensions; TOGETHER WITH A brief ACCOUNT of what Trials and Experiments have been made of them, both at Sea and Land. THe first Instrument of this kind (though the Invention had been long before digested in my thoughts!) was by my directions made in Glass, in the Year 1670. and is described in Ponism. 1. Fig. A. Icon. 1. Fig. A. Num. 1. being about 2 Foot 8 Inches in length, the Diameter of the great end 11 Inches, and the Diameter of the little end 2 ½. In this Instrument I was heard speaking at a considerable distance, by several Persons, and they likewise were heard by me, and found that it did very considerably magnify (or rather multiply) the Voice. Whereupon I caused another to be made in Brass, about 4 Foot ½ in length, the Diameter of the greater end 12 Inches, and of the less, 2 Inches; as in Fig. A. num. 2. Icon. 1. Fig. A. Num. 2. is described. And for the better conveniency of opening and shutting the mouth without losing any part of the breath (the loss of a small part whereof sensibly abates the lowdness of the voice) I caused the Mouth-piece (described Fig. A. num. 3. Icon. 1. Fig. A. Num. 3. ) to be made somewhat after the manner of Bellows, that so by opening and shutting, it might answer the motion of the mouth exactly, and yet be held so close, that it might not lose any part of the breath in speaking. Of this second Instrument, there were two trials made very successfully in St. James' Park; where, at one time, the Lord Angier standing by the Park wall near Goring-House, heard me speaking (and that very distinctly) from the end of the Mall near Old Spring-Garden: And at another time, His Majesty, His Royal Highness, Prince Rupert, and divers of the Nobility and Gentry, standing at the end of the Mall near Old Spring-Garden, heard me speaking (word for word) from the other end of the Mall, (though the wind were contrary;) which is 850 Yards, or near ½ of a measured English Mile. ICONISMUS 1. This Instrument I carried down below the Bridge (being accompanied with a Gentleman or two of my acquaintance) as far as a place called Cuckolds-point, and leaving it there in the hands of a Waterman, we Rowed down very near Deptford; and there, notwithstanding the noise of Seamen and Carpenters in divers Ships both before and behind us, we heard very distinctly most words the said Waterman spoke in it, whom we judged to be at least a Mile and an half distant from us, and concluded that had the River been free from noise, we might have heard and understood much further. After that, I caused to be made a fourth Instrument of Copper (as is described Fig. C. Icon. 1. Fig. C. ) about 21 Feet in length, the Diameter of the great end 2 Foot, and of the little end 2 ¼; and of the same Figure and Shape with the former, only it was more exactly wrought. I gave likewise directions at the same time (for variety sake) for a fifth Instrument of Copper, the length whereof was 5 Foot 6 Inches, the Diameter of the great end 21 Inches, and of the little end 2 Inches, as in Fig. D. Icon. 1. Fig. D. Icon. 1. Fig. E. As likewise for two smaller Instruments, whose length was each 5 Foot 6 Inches, the Diameter of the great end 10 Inches 1/●, and of the little end 1 Inch ⅙. The third and fourth of these Instruments were, at one Trial, heard from off the River over against Fauxhall, to the nearest part of Battersey over against Chelsey: And at another, from Hide-Park-Gate to Chelsey-Colledge; either of which distances was judged to be above a Mile and an half. And by what Trials I have made of the two least of all, I conceive they may maintain a conference, in a still calm evening, at the least three quarters of a measured Mile. After this, by His Majesty's special Command, the three largest of these Instruments were sent to Deal Castle, and there several Trials were made of them by the Honourable Francis Digby Esq Governor of that Castle; a particular Relation whereof was given under his own hand to the Right Honourable the Lord Arlington, His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State, in a Letter bearing Date the 14 th' of October, 1671. A Copy whereof His Lordship gave me leave here to insert. The Copy of a Letter written to the Lord Arlington, His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State, by the Honourable Francis Digby Esq Governor of Deal Castle, bearing Date, October 14. 1671. MY LORD, SIr Samuel Morland having by the King's Order sent hither three of his new Speaking-Trumpets, I have found them, upon several Trials to answer, if not exceed what could be expected from them; which I thought necessary to let your Lordship know, as the best way of satisfying His Majesty concerning them. The first Experiment I made, was between Waumer Castle and Deal Castle, with the disadvantage of a side Wind and some noise of the Sea, and yet we heard very distinctly from Castle to Castle, which are about a measured Mile asunder. Since that I have tried the biggest of the three, which is turned Trumpet-wise, and when the Wind blows from the Shore, we hear plainly off at Sea as far as the King's Ships usual ride, which is between two and three Miles. This we have done several times, but particularly some days since, we heard from the Castle, to Sir John Chichley's Ship, which lay in the best of the Road. So that without question, they will be of great use in all occasions where it's necessary to give Orders or Intelligence at a distance; but most of all at Sea, where we can give and take the advantage of the Wind, as is best for hearing. We have found likewise, that by laying one of these Instruments to the Ear, the Words are heard more distinctly; and I am confident, there will be found several other ways of improving them to greater perfection, since the improvement has been so considerable at first. I am, My Lord, Your Lordship's most obedient Servant, FR. DIGBY. A SHORT DISCOURSE Touching the Nature of Sounds, and the manner how (as I conceive) they are magnified, or rather multiplied by the Tuba Stentoro-Phonica. I Shall not here engage myself in any tedious Philosophical Discourse touching the Nature of Sounds, forasmuch as I believe it equally mysterious with that of Light and Colours, and consequently too fine and too subtle a thing for humane reason and understanding to comprehend. True it is, as to the act of Vision, that by the help of curious Anatomists, we may trace the Refracted Rays of visible Objects (more or fewer in number as the Pupilla is dilated or contracted) through the several pellucid Tunicks and Humours of the Eye, till we find their Pictures or Images (their postures only inverted!) fairly lodged in the Tunica Retiformis. But how these Images or Representations are afterwards transmitted to the reasonable Soul? whether by the mediation only of that incredible number of Capillamenta (or small Threads) of which the Optic Nerve is composed? and if so, how the various percussions of the extremities of those Capillaments in the Tunica Retina, are repeated by the other extremities of the same Capillaments in the Brain? and how the Soul by contemplating the one, can discern the other, with so great a variety of Figures and Colours? Or whether that immortal Fire, in the act of Vision, makes any use of the Animal Spirits (those nimble Mercuries of which it has such plentiful Repositories in the Ventricles of the Brain) to conduct the Species into its private Recesses there, as she does undoubtedly employ and send them forth in greater and lesser numbers, to animate the Muscles, and so give diversities of Motions to our bodily and living Engines? And lastly, what manner of Creatures those little active Spirits are? and how they are commanded? and how they obey? is best known to the God of Nature, whose wonderful Workmanship we all are. ICONISMUS 1. All therefore that I shall adventure to say upon this Subject, is only to give the Reader a short account of what Observations I have made, relating to this Instrument; and where I attempt to give a reason, it shall be with all submission to Men of greater Learning and better Understanding. I. I do find that a small Tube (as for example, that of an ordinary Trumpet) does not at all magnify the Sounds, or Words, or Syllables; but on the contrary does much lessen and diminish it. II. I do find it necessary, that the Diameter of the least end of one of these Instruments must be equal to (if not greater than) the Diameter of the Orifice of the Speakers Mouth; and that what it wants of that, so much the less does the Instrument magnify (or multiply) the Voice. For Example: I made 2 Mouth-pieces for the Instrument in Icon. 1. Fig. D. num. 1, 2, 3. and 4, 5, 6. Icon. 1. Fig. D. Num. 1, 2, 3. and 4, 5, 6. the Diameter of the middle part (2) was an Inch, and of (5) about ½ of an Inch, but found that the one did not magnify ½, nor the other ¼ so much as the same Instrument with a Mouth-piece like unto that in Icon. 1. Fig. A. num. 3. Icon. 1. Fig. A. Num. 3. And indeed it seems reasonable, that the Mouth of Man being an Instrument that Nature has already fitted for the work; to apply to it an Orifice less than its own, is, in truth, to put a check to the motion of the Air and Breath, and consequently to lessen the Sound of the Voice. III. I find that the Instrument must be enlarged by degrees, and not too suddenly. For Example: I made such a one as in Icon. 1. Fig. D. Icon. 1. Fig. D. which did not magnify the Voice in any proportion, as did those in Fig. B, C, or E. Fig. B, C, E. which I cannot attribute to any thing, but it's not being enlarged by degrees, as the others are; as by comparing their respective dimensions will better appear. IV. That the least end, or rather the Mouth-piece of this Instrument, must be so applied and fitted to the Speakers Mouth, that no Air or Breath be lost, and yet that the Mouth have free liberty of opening and shutting, that so the Articulation be entirely preserved. ICONISMUS II. V. I do find by divers Experiments, that the Polyphonismus (that is to say, the Focus, or Point where the Voice is most magnified or multiplied) is the Centre of its greater Orifice, as in Iconism. 2. Lit. B. Icon. 2. Lit. B. And from that point, to the Centre of the least Orifice (which is indeed the whole length of the Axis) it is magnified less and less, in proportion, as the Diameter is shortened. VI I find, that the turning and winding of this Instrument, either Trumpet-wise, or in any other Circular Figure, does not at all prejudice it: On the contrary, I do believe it rather strengthens and confirms the Voice. VII. I humbly conceive (with submission to better judgements) that the Voice, as it is transmitted through this Instrument (A B C D) from the Mouth A, endeavours all the way, to spread and dilate itself by spherical Undulations; but finding opposition on every side, makes a percussion in every point of each imaginary Circle of the Tube, viz. V V, T T, S S, R R, Q Q, P P, O O, N N, M M, L L, K K, C D, etc. and so reundulates back to the respective Centres of every such imaginary Circle; That is to say, The Circle Q Q to its Centre c; The Circle P P to its Centre b; The Circle O O to its Centre a; The Circle N N to its Centre z; The Circle M M to its Centre Y; The Circle C B to its Centre B, etc. ICONISMUS II. Wherefore, if this Instrument A B C D were cut off in the points M M, it would not magnify ⅛ of what it does at the whole length, which I have sufficiently experimented, and am entirely satisfied therein. And as to the points of Reundulation and Reverberation, my opinion was very much confirmed to me by a late Experiment I made with a Vessel of Quicksilver, of the same Figure with this Iconismus H E G F I, in the midst whereof were small thin Hoops, or pieces of wood bend and fixed in the same Figure as is C K O V A V O K D, being closed at the end A, and open at the end C D. Into this Vessel I put Quicksilver enough to cover the whole Figure, and consequently the Figure A B C D. And then striking the Quicksilver smartly in A with the end of a stick, it begot a numberless number of Curvilineal Undulating and Reundulating Figures, not unlike to the Figures V V, T T, S S, R R, etc. from the point A, to the point B, which were reverberated from the sides A N C, and A N D, as they were driven along one by another. This Experiment, together with another which I lately made, by carrying one Ear along the Line E F and W G, with what exactness I possibly could, whilst a Gentleman did me the favour to read some pages of a Book, with an even tone, in each of the four Instruments B, C, D, and E, in Iconism. 1. separately and distinctly: At which time I plainly found, that as my Ear advanced towards the point B, the Voice was sensibly magnified; but as it was removed towards W, it was somewhat abated; and as it was removed either towards C, D, or G, it was abated two, three, four, five, six, and more degrees; made me conclude for certain, that in every point of the imaginary Axis there is a Focus or Polyphonismus, but that the principal and chiefest Focus where the greatest Polyphonismus of all is, that is to say, the point where the Voice is most of all magnified or multiplied; is B. This Focus (or Polyphonismus) being now no longer imprisoned in the Tube, dilates itself by spherical Undulations into the Medium (as in Icon. 2. may more plainly appear) till such time as it meets with some opposition; as for example, let us suppose it in the points H, E, G, F, I, from which points, and innumerable others, it is reundulated, multiplied, and reverberated throughout the Sphere of its activity: For by how much stronger the percussion is in B, so much greater is the Sphere of Undulation and Reverberation, and consequently the Voice is heard at a greater distance. And that such Reundulations and Reverberations do exceedingly magnify or multiply Sounds, I cannot but recommend to the Readers contemplation, a famous Experiment made in the Year of Our Lord 1615. by one Bernardus Varenius (a sober and learned Writer) as he himself relates it in his Geographia Generalis, Lib. 1. Prop. 41. who, after he had with much pains and difficulty climbed up to the top of Carpathus, a Mountain of Hungary, (whose perpendicular height he judged to be a Germane Mile, and above all Winds and Motions of the Air) he discharged a Pistol, which made at first no greater noise, than if he had snapped a stick in sunder; till after some small space of time, being dilated, it waxed greater and stronger, and filled the Woods and Dales beneath. But descending through the annual Snows, towards the lower part of the Mountain, he discharged a second time, and the noise was so horrible, that it exceeded the Report of the greatest Cannon; insomuch that he feared lest the whole Mountain would have fallen with him. This noise lasted about ⅛ of an hour, till it had been multiplied and reverberated from the most abstruse Caverns of the Mountain, etc. as is better expressed in the Authors own words, Varen Geograph. Gen. l. 1. prop. 41. Explosi in ea summitate sclopetum, quod non majorem sonitum primo prae se tulit, quam si ligillum vel bacillum confregissem, post intervallum autem temporis murmur prolixum invaluit, etc. So that from this Experiment of Varenius, we are to conclude with him, That the percussion of the Air made by the first discharging of his Pistol on the utmost top and sharpest point of the Mountain, being dilated by a spherical Undulation, and meeting with no Objects to reundulate it, was at the first scarcely heard by him who discharged it; whereas the second Report, being nearer to the Caverns and Woods beneath, were suddenly and prodigiously multiplied and reverberated. VIII. But in the last place, as to the demonstrative part of this Tuba Stentoro-Phonica, together with the exact Figure and Dimensions of it, That is to say, " What is that Right-lined, Curvilineal, or mixed " Figure? And what are its exact Dimensions? " And what the Sphere of its Activity? That " best and most magnifies Humane Voice in " Syllables, Words, and Sentences? is a new Problem, which I humbly propose to the learned Philosophers, and Critics of this our Age, as a thing that merits their Studies and Contemplations, hoping that some one or other of them, either at his own, or his Prince's charge, may happily find a way how it may be clearly solved and demonstrated, whereby the Invention may come to be of greater use and benefit to Mankind, than from this first Adventure of mine could reasonably be expected. — Et erit mihi magnus Apollo. A Brief ACCOUNT of the Manifold USES OF THIS TUBA STENTORO-PHONICA, OR LOUD-SPEAKING-TRUMPET, Both at SEA, and LAND. I. At Sea. I. IN a Storm, or in a dark night, when two Ships dare not come so near one to the other as to be heard by any man's ordinary Voice; I conceive it may be of great use, that by this Instrument they may with great facility speak and discourse together at half a mile or a miles distance, or more, if occasion require, especially if alternately they take the advantage of the Wind. And if that be so strong, that but one of the Ships can have any opportunity of speaking with the Wind, the other may answer by signs, though directly against it. II. In a Storm, it is of great use in a single Ship, that one man's Voice giving Orders for governing and steering the Vessel, may be heard distinctly by all the Mariners. Of which His Majesty, who perfectly understands all Maritine Affairs, is so sensible, that He has already given order for some of these Instruments of the smaller size (as judging them most useful) to be made and put into several of His Royal Ships. And it is to be believed, that when the use of them shall be more publicly known, few Ships (whether Men of War or Merchantmen) will go to Sea without them. III. In Calm weather, an Admiral may give Orders to his whole Fleet, though they lay two or three miles about, without sending out Boats and Messengers from Ship to Ship. IV. In cases of great Expedition, Orders may be given from such Forts as the Castle of Deal, etc. to any one or all the Ships riding in the Road. And if it be a matter of secrecy, it may be spoken in cipher, being before hand agreed on between the Governor of such a Castle, and the Admiral or chief Commander aboard those Ships. II. At Land. I. IN case a Town or City be Besieged, and so close girt about, that there can be no message sent in; by this Instrument at one, two, or three miles' distance, they may be told that there is Relief coming, and what number, and when they are to expect them, and how they are to behave themselves upon their approach; and this by speaking in cipher, as is before mentioned. And so on the contrary, may the Besiegers make as good use of this Instrument to threaten and discourage the Besieged, not only the Officers and Soldiers on the Walls and Bulwarks, but all the People and Inhabitants, how great and spacious soever the Town or City be. II. A General may himself speak to his whole Army, though forty or fifty thousand men or more, either to give Orders to his Commanders and Officers, or to encourage and put life into his common Soldiers. III. Whereas now a Herald at Arms making a Proclamation, though of never so great concernment and importance, can scarcely be heard by above thirty or forty Standers-by; by the help of this Instrument he may be heard very distinctly by many thousands. And the Case is almost the same in such Courts of Judicature as the Kings-Bench in Westminster-Hall, etc. where many of His Majesty's Subjects are punished for not hearing the Call of the Common Crier, further, and beyond the sphere of activity of the said Cryer's speaking Organ. IV. An Overseer of Works, of what kind soever, may by this give Orders to many hundreds of Workmem, without once removing his station. V. In case of great Fires, where usually all people are in a hurry, the Officers and Commanders may by this Instrument so govern the Assistants, as to prevent disorder and confusion, and consequently may save a Town or City from perishing. VI In case a number of Thiefs and Robbers attaque a House that is lonely, and far from Neighbours, by such an Instrument as this, may all the Dwellers round about, within the compass of a Mile or more, be immediately informed, upon whose House such an attaque is made, the number of Thiefs or Robbers, how armed and equipped, what manner of persons, with the colour and fashion of their Habits, and by what way they have made their escape, with any such like circumstances; whereby they would certainly know, with what strength to come upon those House-breakers, where readily to find them, or which way to pursue them. No particular whereof can be performed by either Drum, Trumpet, Bell, or any other Engine or Instument, hitherto in use. These and many more may be the Advantages of this New Instrument, as it is already invented: And I do not doubt, but were the Dimensions of the Fig. C. in Icon. 1. sufficiently enlarged, it might render a Voice audible at the least eight or ten Miles, either at Sea or Land, with a favourable Wind. And what further additions to, and improvements of this Invention may hereafter, by the Art and Industry of Ingenious and Learned Men, be found out, Time and Experience will better show. In the mean time, if the World shall kindly accept these my first Endeavours, it will be an Encouragement to me hereafter to produce others. SOLI DEO GLORIA. FINIS.