A BRIEF DISCOURSE OF A PASSAGE BY THE North-POLE TO JAPAN, CHINA, etc.  
Pleaded by Three Experiments: And Answers to all Objections that can be urged against a Passage that way.  

As  
1. By a Navigation from Amsterdam into the North-Pole, and two Degrees beyond it.  
2. By a Navigation from japan towards the North-Pole.  
3. By an Experiment made by the Czar of Muscovy, whereby it appears, that to the Northwards of Nova Zembla is a free and open Sea as far as japan, China, etc.   
With a MAP of all the Discovered Lands nearest to the Pole.  
By joseph Moxon, Hydrographer to the King's most Excellent Majesty.  
LONDON, Printed for joseph Moxon, and sold at his Shop at the Sign of Atlas on Ludgate-Hill. 1674.   

A Brief Discourse of a Passage by the North-Pole to Japan, China, etc.  
AMong the many Essays that have been made to find a near Passage to japan, China, etc. the most probable and likely hath as yet (in my opinion) been over-seen, or at least not attempted. And therefore I shall hereby communicate my Conceptions to Public approbation or censure. It is that a Passage may very probably be about the North-Pole. And the Reason inducing me to conceive so, is, That we have no certainty from all the Discoveries that have been made of any Land lying within 8 degrees about the Pole: But on the contrary, that I have credibly been informed by a Steer-man of a Dutch Greenland Ship, that there is a free and open Sea under the very Pole, and somewhat beyond it. And I for my own part give credit to his Relation, and do conceive that any sober ingenious Man would do the like, did he know in what an honest manner, and by what an un-interessed accident I happened to hear it; For thus it was: Being about 22 years ago in Amsterdam, I went into a Drinking-house to drink a cup of Beer for my thirst, and sitting by the public Fire, among several People there happened a Seaman to come in, who seeing a Friend of his there, who he knew went in the Greenland Voyage, wondered to see him, because it was not yet time for the Greenland Fleet to come home, and asked him what accident brought him home so soon: His Friend (who was the Steer-man aforesaid in a Greenland Ship that Summer) told him that their Ship went not out to Fish that Summer, but only to take in the Lading of the whole Fleet, to bring it to an early Market, etc. But, said he, before the Fleet had caught Fish enough to lad us, we, by order of the Greenland Company, Sailed into the North-Pole, and came back again. Whereupon (his Relation being Novel to me) I entered discourse with him, and seemed to question the truth of what he said. But he did ensure me it was true, and that the Ship was then in Amsterdam, and many of the Seamen belonging to her to justify the truth of it: And told me moreover, that they sailed 2 degrees beyond the Pole. I asked him, if they found no Land or Islands about the Pole? He told me No, there was a free and open Sea; I asked him if they did not meet with a great deal of Ice? He told me No, they saw no Ice. I asked him what Wether they had there? He told me fine warm Wether, such as was at Amsterdam in the Summer time, and as hot. I should have asked him more questions, but that he was engaged in discourse with his Friend, and I could not in modesty interrupt them longer. But I believe the Steer-man spoke matter of fact and truth, for he seemed a plain honest and unaffectatious Person, and one who could have no design upon me.  
But though I believe this story, yet methinks I hear many object against it, and are apt to urge three seeming Reasons to prove it false, or at least some particulars of his Relation. And first, That it cannot be warm under the Pole, because that about Greenland, and many other Parts less Northerly, the Sea is so full of great Bodies of Ice, that Ships can hardly sail for it. Secondly, Or if warm, yet not so warm as at Amsterdam in the Summer time, because the farther Northerly the colder Wether. Thirdly, Or if they were under the Pole, that they could not tell how to come back, but that they might as well go farther from, as return nearer to home, because the Needle pointing always North, they must needs lose themselves in the North-Pole, where it must indifferently respect all points of the Horizon alike.  
One Answer may serve to the first and second Objection; That it cannot be warm under the North-Pole, etc. If we consult the Experience of Travellers and Navigators, we are told that between the Tropics, nay under the Equinoctial is generally as moderate Wether as here in England in Summer time. Why may it not then be as warm under the Pole, as here or at Amsterdam in the Summer time? The small height the Sun hath there can be no exception, for than we having the Sun in its Summer Solstice in lesser Altitude than between the Tropics, it must needs be much colder here, which is contradicted. But one Reason why it is as warm here as between the Tropics, is, because between the Tropics the Sun remains scarce above 12 hours of 24 above the Horizon to warm it, when as here it remains almost 17 hours of 24 above the Horizon, and therefore leaves a greater impression of heat upon it: And the farther Northward we go the longer it remains above the Horizon, and less under the Horizon every 24 hours, till we come within the Arctic Circle, where the Sun remains for half a year together, viz. all the Summer above the Horizon, and never sets: And therefore though his beams are not so perpendicular yet they must needs cause a great degree of heat upon the Horizon.  
And if it be argued that it is so cold about Greenland, etc. and the Seas so full of Ice that Ships can hardly sail for it, yet cannot that Argument prove that it is so about the Pole: Because the Ice is made about shores of Land, but never in open Sea, and comes there only by strength of Currents, or high Winds, which does indeed carry it some small distance from the shore. But as this Relator said there is under the Pole a free and open Sea, etc. and consequently void of Ice, in Summer time at least. Besides, experience tells us, that all Land-briezes are colder than those that come from Sea, and therefore it may be cold about Greenland, because of the Land, and yet warm under the Pole, where the Sea is open, etc.  
The third Objection is, that if they were under the Pole, they could not tell how to come back, because of the indifferency the Needle should bear to every point of the Horizon.  
I examined not my Relator upon this Argument, though when I was parted from him I was sorry I did not. But it is easy to apprehend how to guide a Ship either forward or backward by an Observation of the Sun a little before you enter the Pole: for by finding in or near what Meridian it is, or upon what part of the Ship it bears, whether on Head or Stern, on Starboard or Larboard, you may measure Time near enough with a Glass, to know several days after in or near what Meridian the Sun is at any known or estimate time, and consequently know how to proceed forwards, or come back with your Ship. Or if the Moon have North Latitude you may do the same by the Moon. But if the Pole were Traded, in short time it might be found by Variation of the Needle, for there is doubtless Variation in it, and in all the Meridian's about it several Variations.  
Thus far it appears there is a free and open Sea in Summer time (at least) about the North-Pole. But I shall add another Relation of one james Ben, whose Father lived about five years ago in Crown-Court in Russel-street in Covent Garden, and himself lives now in Wapping. This Mr. Ben sailed to japan with the Dutch as a Carpenter of the Ship, and he told me that that Year, viz. 1668. he was newly come home from japan: I asked him how long they were under way home from thence? He told me he could not well tell, because when they set out from japan the Captain commanded the Steer-man to sail due North, and they did sail from thence about 400 Dutch Miles, which is almost 27 degrees due North. I asked him whether they met with no Land or Islands? as I had done before the Dutch Greenland Steer-man: He told me No, they saw no Land, but that there was a free and open Sea so far as they Sailed, nor any sign of Land appeared. I asked him why they sailed so far Northward? He told me he could not tell, only the Captain commanded it, etc. But I suppose the East India Company commanded the Captain either to make a Discovery of Land to increase Trade, or to satisfy themselves with the knowledge of an open Sea, that when they saw Reason they might expedite their Voyages between Holland and those parts that way. I was thus Inquisitive with him, because ever since I heard the former Relation of the Greenland Steer-man, I harped at a Passage through or about the North Pole to japan, China, etc. and by these two Discoveries it appears very probable that there is so, and that it is passable in Summer time.  
I come to a third Relation, not only of the probability, but of the certainty of a Passage found by the Russians this last year, as it came to the hands of the Secretary of the Royal Society from Amsterdam, by a Correspondent of his; which in Transact. Numb. 101. run in these words:  
A Letter, and Map, not long since sent to the Publisher, by an Experienced Person residing at Amsterdam, containing a true Description of Nova Zembla, together with an intimation of the advantage of its shape and position.  
SIR,  
I Herewith send you what I have received out of Muscovy, which is a New Map of Nova Zembla and Weigats, as it hath been discovered by the express order of the Czar; and drawn by a Painter, called Panelapoetski, who sent it me from Moscow for a Present: by which it appears, That Nova Zembla is not an Island, as hitherto it hath been believed to be; and that the Mare glaciale is not a Sea, but a Sinus or Bayliff, the waters whereof are sweet, which is the same with what the Tartars do also assure us, who have tasted those waters in the very midst of the Sinus. The Samojeds as well as the Tartars do unanimously affirm, that passing on the back of Nova Zembla, at a considerable distance from the shore, Navigators may well pass as far as japan. And 'tis a great fault in the English and Dutch, that seeking to get to japan on the Southside of Nova Zembla, they have almost always passed the Weigats. The letter O in the great River Oby marks the place of a Cataract or Fall of waters. The letter K denotes the conjunction of Zembla with the Continent. The River marked L, runs toward China, called Kitaie: which is not every where navigable, by reason of the rocks and other inconveniencies that obstruct the passing of Vessels. Weigats itself is very difficult to pass, because of the great quantity of Ice, conrinually falling into it out of the River Oby, whereby that straight passage is stopped up. The Samajeds go every year a fishing upon the said sweet Sea and that on Nova Zembla's side. This Map of Nova Zembla is here omitted, because here is set forth a Map of all the Lands nearest about the North-Pole.  
FINIS.