THE Seaman's Dictionary: OR, AN EXPOSITION And Demonstration of all the Parts and Things belonging to a SHIP: Together with an Explanation of all the Terms and Phrases used in the Practic of NAVIGATION. Composed by that able and experienced Seaman Sr Henry Manwayring, Knight: And by him presented to the late Duke of Buckingham, the then Lord High Admiral of England. I Have perused this Book, & find it so universally necessary for all sorts of men, that I conceive it very fit to be at this time imprinted for the Good of the Republic. Septemb. 20. 1644. JOHN BOOTER. LONDON, Printed by G. M. for John Bellamy, and are to be sold at his Shop at the Sign of the three golden Lions in Cornhill near the Royal Exchange. 1644. A Preface: Showing the Scope and Use of this Book. MY Purpose is not to instruct those, whose Experience and Observation, have made them as sufficient (or more) than myself: yet even they should lose nothing by remembering: (for I have profited by mine own labour, in doing this;) But my intent, and the use of this Book, is, to instruct one, whose Quality, Attendance, Indisposition of body (or the like) cannot permit to gain the knowledge of Terms, Names, Words, the Parts, Qualities and manner or doing things with Ships, by long Experience: without which there hath not any one arrived (as yet) to the least judgement or knowledge of them: It being so, that very few Gentlemen (though they be called Seamen) do fully and wholly understand what belongs to their Profession; having only so me scrabling Terms and Names belonging to some parts of a Ship. But he who will teach another must understand things plainly, and distinctly himself, (that in stead of resolving another man's doubts, he do not puzel him with more confusion of Terms of Art) and so (to appear to know somewhat) will still expound Ignotum per ignotius. And for professed Seamen, they either want ability, and dexterity to express themselves, or (as they all do generally) will, to instruct any Gentleman: If any will tell me why the vulgar sort of Seamen hate land-men so much, either he or I may give the reason, why they are so unwilling to instruct them in their Art: whence it is that so many Gentlemen go long Voyages, and return (in a manner) as ignorant, and as unable to do their Country Service, as when they went out. These Words, Terms, and Proper Names, which I set down in this Book, are belonging either to a Ship, to show her parts, qualities, or some things necessary to the managing and sailing of her; or to the Art of gunnery (for so much as concerns the use of Ordnance at Sea,) and those which are familiar words, I set them down; if they have any use, or meaning about a Ship, other than the common sense: And in expounding them, I do show what Use, Necessity, Commodity, discommodity, wherefore, and how things are done, which they import: And therewith the Proper Terms, and Phrases, with the different uses, in any kind appertaining to that word; which for better and easier finding-out, and to avoid confusion, I have brought into an Alphabet. The Use and Benefit whereof is so apparent for any who hath command at Sea, or for any who may be called to censure and judge of Sea-affaires, that I need use two reasons, to enforce it: Only thus much: This book shall make a man understand what other men say, and speak properly himself; which how convenient, comely, and necessary a thing it is, all men (of sense) do know. Should not man be Leashed (being a hunting or hawking) if he should cry hay,- Ret, to the Hounds, and hook again to the Spaniels: Or were it not ridiculous for a man (speaking of the wars) to call a trench a Ditch: Or (at Sea) the Starboard, and Larboard, the right and the left-side of a Ship, and yet they do simply the same, and both dogs and men will understand them alike. To understand the Art of Navigation is far easier learned then to know the Practic of Mechanical working of Ships, with the Proper, Terms belonging to them: In respect that there are helps for the first by many books (which give easy and ordinary Rules for the obtaining to it,) but for the other, till this, there was not so much as a means thought of, to inform any one in it: if a man be a sufficient Seaman with whom I converse, and yet know not how to instruct me, I grant he may be fit to save his Country, but not his friend: But I will speak it with as much confidence as truth, that in six months, he, who would but let me read this book over with him, and be content to look sometimes at a Model of a Ship, & see things how they are done, shall without any great study, but conversation, know more, be a better Seaman, and speak more properly to any business of the Sea, than any other Gentleman, who shall go (two or three years together) to Sea, without this: for by the perusing of this Book, he shall not only know what to question, or doubt of, but likewise be resolved. H.M. The State of a CHRISTIAN, lively set forth by an Allegory of a Ship under Sail: Prov 31.14. job 9.26. Isa. 22.1. Rev 8.9. Taken out of the Victory of Patience. MY Body is the Hull; the Keel my Back; my Neck the Stem; the Sides are my Ribs; the Beams my Bones; my flesh the planks; Gristles and ligaments are the Pintells and knee-timbers; Arteries, veins and sinews the several seams of the Ship; my blood is the ballast; my heart the principal hold; my stomach the Cooke-roome; my Liver the Cistern; my Bowels the sink; my Lungs the bellows; my teeth the Chopping-knives; except you divide them, and then they are the 32. points of the Sea-card both agreeing in number; Concoction is the Cauldron; and hunger the Salt or sauce; my belly is the lower Deck; my kidneys Close Cabins or receptacles; my thighs are long Galleries for the grace of the Ship; my arms and hands the Canhookes, my Midriff is a large Partition or bulk-head; within the circumference of my bead is placed the Steeridge-roome and chief Cabins, with the Round house where the Master lieth, and these for the more safety and decency are enclosed with a double fence, the one Dura mater something hard and thick, the other Pia mater very thin and soft, which serveth in stead of hang; The ears are two doors or Scuttles fitly placed for entertainment; the two Eyes are Casements to let in light; under them is my Mouth the Stowidge or Steward's room; my Lips are Hatches for receipt of goods; my two Nostrils serve as Grating to let in air; at the one end stands my chin which is the Beakenead; my forehead is the upper deck; all which being trimmed with my fat in stead of pitch, and hair in stead of Ockham, are coloured with my skin. The fore-deck is humility; the stern Charity; active obedience the sails; which being hoist up with the several Yards, Halliers and bowlings of holy precepts and good purposes, are let down again by fickleness, faintings, and inconstancy; Reason is my Rudder; experience the helm; hope of salvation my Anchor; passive obedience the Capstaine; holy Revenge the Cat and Fish to haul the sheate Anchor or last hope; fear of offending is the Buoy; virtues are the Cabels; Holy desires and sudden ejaculations the shrouds; the zeal of God's glory is my Mainmast, premeditation the foremast; desire of my own salvation the Missen-mast; saving knowledge the Boltesprit; Circumspection a sounding line; my Light is illumination, Justice is the Card, God's word the Compass; the meditation of life's brevity a Foure-houre glass; Contemplation of the creatures the cross-staff or jacob's staff; the Creed a Sea grammar; the life of Christ my Load star; the Saints falls are Sea-marks; Good examples Landmarks; Repentance Pumps out the sink of my sins; a good conscience keeps me clean; imputative righteousness is my Flag, having this Motto (BEING CASTANNA DOWN WE PERISH NOT) The flag-staff is sincerity; the Ship is victualled afresh by reading, hearing, receiving; Books are Long-boates, Letters are little Sciffes to carry and recarry my spiritual merchandise; Perseverance is my speed, and patience my name, my fire is lust, which will not be clean extinguished; full feeding and strong drink is the fuel to maintain it, whose flame (if it be not suppressed) is jealousy; whose sparks are evil words; whose ashes is envy; whose smoke is infamy; Lascivious talk is as flint and steel; Concupiscence as tinder, opportunity is the match to light it; Sloth and idleness are the Servants to prepare it. The Law of God is my Pilot; Faith my Captain; Fortitude the Master; Chastity the Master's mate, my will the Cousin; Conscience the Preacher; Application of Christ's death the Chirurgeon; Mortification the Cook, Vivification the Caulker; Selfedeniall is an Apprentice of his; Temperance the Steward; Contentation his Mate; truth the Purser; thankfulness the Pursers' mate; Reformation the Boatswain; The 4. humours, Sanguine, Choler, etc. are the Quartermasters; Christian vigilancy undertakes to supply the office of Starboorde and Larboorde watch; Memory is Clerk of the Check; Assurance the Corporal; the Armour Innocency; the Mariner's Angels; Schismatics are searchers sent abroad; my understanding as Master Gunner culls out from those two Budgecaskes of the New and old Testament certain threats and promises which is my only powder and Shot; and with the assistance of the Gunners mate, holy anger against sin, chargeth my tongue, which like to a piece of Ordnance shoots them to the shame and overthrow of my spiritual Adversaries. My Noble passengers are Joy in the Holy Ghost and the peace of Conscience, whose retinue are divine graces; my ignoble or rather mutinous passengers, are worldly cogitations and vain delights, which are more than a good many; besides some that are arrant thiefs and traitors, namely pride, envy, prejudice; but all these i'll bid farewell when I come to my journey's end, though I would but cannot before. Heaven is my Country, where I am registered in the Book of life; my King is Jehovah; my tribute Almesdeeds; they which gather it are the poor; Love is my Country's badge; my language is holy conference; my fellow companions are the Saints. I am poor in performances, yet rich in God's acceptation; The foundation of all my good, is God's free Election; I became bound into the Corporation of the Church to serve him in my Baptism; I was enrolled at the time when he first called me: my freedom is Justification, it was purchased with the blood of Christ, my evidence is the earnest of his Spirit; my privileges are his sanctifying Graces; my Crown (reserved for me on high) is glorification. My Maker and Owner is God, who built me by his Word which is Christ, of earth which was the material: he fraught it with the essence of my soul which is the Treasure; and hath set me to sail in the sea of this world, till I attain to the port of death, which letteth the terrestrial part into the harbour of the grave, and the celestial into the kingdom of Heaven; in which voyage conveniency of estate is a sea-room; good affections serve as a tide, and prayer as a prosperous gale a wind to help forward. But innumerable are the Impediments and perils; for here I meet with the proffers of unlawful gain, and sensual delights as so many Sirens; the baits of prosperity (as high banks) on the right hand or weathershore, and there with evil suggestions, and crabbed adversity (as Rocks) on the left hand or Lee-shore ready to split me; the fear of Hell like quickesands threaten to swallow me; Original sin like weeds clog me, and actual transgressions like so many Barnacles hang about me, yea every sin I commit springs a new leak; my senses are as so many storms of rain, hail and snow to sink me; lewd affections are roaring billows and waves; self confidence or to rely upon any thing but divine assistance, is to lose the bolt-sprit; Restitution is heaving goods over board to save the ship; Melancholy, is want of freshwater, the scoffs of Atheists and contempt of Religion in all places, is a notable becalming; the lewd lives and evil examples of the most a contagious air; Idleness furs it, and is a shrewd decay both of Hull and Tackling. " Moreover sailing along and keeping watch (for they that are Christs-friends you know must look for all they meet to be their enemies) we no sooner look up but presently we ken a man of War, and then we must be for war too, and provide for a skirmish. " Now the Gallyon that hath our Pinnace in chase, and always watcheth for advantages to surprise it, is the Piracy of Hell, the synagogue of Satan; her freight is temptations and persecutions, with all the Engines of mischief; in which the Devil is Master; malice the Master's mate; cruelty the Captain; Murder the Cook; Flattery the Calker; profaneness a Quartermaster; riot the Steward; never content his mate; pride the Cockeson; superstition the Preacher, hypocrisy the Boatswain; covetousness the Purser; lust the Swabber; fury the Gunner; presumption the Corporal; sedition the Trumpeter; drunkenness the Drummer; vices are the sails; custom the Mainmast; Example of the multitude the Foremast; Lusts and passions the Cables; blindness of mind the Rudder; hardness of heart the helm; the wisdom of the flesh the Card; the mystery of iniquity the Compass; the five Senses, or if you will scoffing Atheists, profane foul-mouthed drunkards, and all the rabble of Hell are the Mariners; lewd affections the Passengers; little conscience the Lodestar, she hath two Tire of great Ordnance planted in her, heresy and irreligion (being either for a false God or none) Oaths, blasphemy and curses are the powder and shot, which they spit against all that worship the Lamb, or fight under the ensign of Faith; her armour is carnal security; the Flag in her top, is infidelity, the motto (There is no God but gain) Her ballast which keeps her upright, is ignorance, most of her tackling she has from Rome; Antichrist as Pilot, steers her in such a course that she goes on swiftly, proudly, securely, scorning and scoffing (Sennacharib like) to hear that any Lord should deliver this poor Pinnace out of her hands; yet in the sequel this silly Pink having the insurance of God's omnipresence, finds not only secure from the Stock of the Church's prayers, which like another Merchant man comes into the rescue, but likewise that Gods Almighty power and providence is near as hand as a strong Castle of defence to free her, whereby she escapes even as a bird out of the snare of the hunter, to praise the Lord, who hath not given her as a pray unto their teeth, that would have swallowed up all quick, but deliver her from such swelling waters, floods of affliction, and streams of persecution, as else had gone over her, and even drowned her soul, as it is Psalm. 124. while this great Gallion (though, it seem like that Invincible Armado) flies, and (having no Anchor) when the storms of God's wrath arise, down she sinks to desperation, and perisheth in the bottomless pit or burning lake of fire and brimstone, where we'll leave her to receive a just recompense of reward. R. Y. A BRIEF ABSTRACT, Exposition and demonstration of all Parts and things belonging to a SHIP and the Practic of Navigation. A Aft, or Abast. IS a Sea-terme properly used, aboard a Ship, to distinguish betwixt things done, and placed from-wards the Stem, towards the Stern of the Ship, as when they say, come aft: go aft: or the like; that is, go towards the Stern: Hale the sheate aft: The Mast hangs aft: that is, towards the Stern: A shot raked the Ship fort and aft. that is, came in before, and went out a Stern. Also, we use to say, Abast the foremast: So that this word is not particularly limited to any part of the Ship; but from every part of the Ship hath relation to any thing done, or placed towards the Stern, in respect of any that are towards the stem. As for for example, When we hoyce over yards, we say stretch forwards the main halliards, whose place is abast the mainmast; and contrariwise, stretch aft the fore halliards, which are placed before the main mast, but abast the foremast: When Ships meet, or being in consort, desire to know how all the company doth, they use to demand how they do all fore and aft, the reason whereof is, for that the whole Ships company is divided; both in respect of the labour and command, into two parts, the Boatswain and all the common Sailors under his command, to lie before the mainmast; The Captain, Master, Masters-Mates-Gunners, Quarter-masters, etc. to be abast the mainmast. Aloof. Is a term used in conding the Ship, when she goes upon a Tack, and is commonly spoken from the mouth of the Condoy, unto the Steersman, when he suffers the Ship to fall-off from the wind, and doth not keep her so near, by a wind as she may well lie. Amain. Is a term used by men of War, and not by Merchantmen: When they encounter a Ship, for that implies as much to the other as to bid him yield. Amain is used in this sense also: when any thing is to be let down by a Tackle into the howled or elsewhere, or that a yard is to be lowed, or the like, then when they would have it comedowne as fast as they can: they call a main, which is to let go that part of the rope which they held before, to let it down easily and by degrees: This word also is an adjunct to the greatest and chiefest of some parts of the Ship, viz. The mainmast, the maine-Sayle, the maine-Beame, etc. In men of War, we use waving amain, which is either with a bright Sword, or any other thing, to make a sign to them that they should strike their top-sails: (which commonly they do, either in the foretop, or on the Poop) to strike Amain, is to let fall their top-sails. Anchor. The form and general use of an Anchor is commonly known: but the several parts, proportions, distinctions and appellations, understood by very few, but practised and experienced Seamen: The Anchor doth consist of these several parts: The Ring, the Eye, the Head, the Nutt, the Beam or Arm, the Shanck, the Flooke, to which belongs a stock by which it is made to take hold. The proportion which it holds in itself is, The shancke is thrice as long as one of the flookes, and half the beam. The proportion in respect of Shipping is, To a Ship of 500 tun, we allow 2000 weight for a sheate Anchor, The highest Ship in England's Anchor, is but 3500; The distinctions are made by their use, according to the proportion they bear in the Ship in which they are employed; for that, which in one Ship would be called but a Kedger, or Kedge Anchor, in a lesser, would be a sheate Anchor. The sorts of Anchors, which by occasion of their several uses receive different names and appellations, are first a Kedge, which is the smallest, which by reason of their lightness, is first to stop the Ship in kedging down a River. The next a Stream Anchor, which we use in deep waters to stop a tide withal in fair weather. The other they call by the name of the first, second or third Anchor, (all these being such as the ship may ride by in any reasonable weather, Sea-gate or tide. These are something bigget one than an other: And usually when they sail in any straits or are near a Port, they carry two of these at the Bow. In which respect, they are also called by the name of the first, second or third Bows.) The other which is the biggest, and that which the Seamen call their last-hope, and is never used but in great extremity, is called the Sheate Anchor, this is the true Anchora Spei, for this is their last refuge. The Anchor is a Peeke, that is, when heaving up the Anchor, the Cabell is right perpendicular betwixt the Haws and the Anchor. The Anchor is a Cock-bell, which is, when the Anchor hangs right up and down by the Ships side: and this appointed by the Masters, when they are ready to bring the Ship to an: Anchor. Let fall the Anchor, that is, let in go down into the Sea. The Anchor is fowl, that is, when the Cabell by the turning of the Ship is got about the flooke, which will not only cut the Cabell asunder, but make the Anchor not in hold: And therefore when ever we come to an Anchor, where there is tied, we layout two Anchors, so as that, upon the turning of the tide, the Ship wind up eleere of either Anchor, clear the Anchor, that is, get the Cabell off the flooke; or generally, when they let fall the Anchor, they use this term, to see that the Buoyrope, nor in other ropes do hang about it, fetch or bring home the Anchor, that is, to weigh it in the Boat, and bring it aboard the Ship. The Anchor comes home, that is, when the Ship drives away with the tide or sea; This may happen, either because the Anchor is too small for the burden of the ship, or for that the ground may be soft and one, In such places, we use to show the Anchor, that is, to put boards to the stooke in the form of the stooke, and make it much broader than before: In Porto Fareen by Tunis, I saw the experience of Tallowing an Anchor, where the ground being so soft, we shod our Anchors and yet they all came home, and the Ships drove aground, only, one ship, which had an Anchor tallowed, too fast, the reason I could never truly know, but suppose that it might be, because that the tallow sunk deeper into oze, and finds some harder ground at the bottom, than the other. Boate the Anchor, that is put it into the Boate. Anchoring, or Anchorage. Is when we let fall an Anchor, or more, into the Sea, with Cabells to them, so that the Ship may ride-fast by them; we say, there is good Anchoring, where there is showle water, for in deep waters, the Sea hath more force against the Ship, and the Anchors are very long a weighing upon any occasion: Ground that is not too soft or ozie, in which the Anchors can have no fast hold: nor too hard or knotty, so that it may cut the Cabells: The best ground to ride in, is a stiff clay, or hard sand: Also, where they may ride out of the way of the tide: And lastly, where they may ride Land-locked, so as that the sea-gate, can have no power against them: To which may be added, that the Lee-shore on every side is so soft, that if a ship come aground, she can catch no hurt, or else that they may have sea-room to set sail, if their Cabells break, or their Anchors come home. That place which hath all these commodities, is good to ride in, and here we say is good Anchoring, or good Anchorage; bad Anchoring, or bad Anchorage, is in a place where all or many of the contrary conditions are to be found. Anchor stock, This is a piece of Timber fitly wrought and fastened at the Nuts, crossing the flookes; The use thereof is so to guide the Anchor upon the ground, that one of the flookes may be sure to fasten in the ground, without which, the Anchor would lie flat upon both the flookes, and take no hold: The proportion whereof is usually taken from the length of the shancke. Arme. This is not used as a word of Alarm, at Sea, as it is on Land; for at Sea, we use to say, make ready the Ship; which implies the fitting of all things belonging to a fight. A Ship that is full of Munition, small and great, and her fights and Ordnance well disposed and placed, is called a Ship well armed: To arm a shot, is to bind some Ockham, Rope, Yarn or old clouts, etc. about one end, as in Crosse-bar shot, it is most commonly used, that that end which goes first out of the piece, should not catch hold in any flaws of the piece, whereby it be in danger to break it. The same we use to any kind of broken Iron, of two or three foot long, which we use when we come Board and Board in fight, out of our great Ordnance, we also use to Arm some small shot for Muskets, like our crosse-bar. An Awning. Is a sail or any other thing, made of Cantas or the like, which is spread over any part, or all of the Ship, above the Deck, to keep away the Sun, that thereby in hot countries, men may take the air, and yet not be so subject to the beams of the Sun; in all hot voyages, this is of infinite use, both to keep men from the Sun by day, and the dews by night, which in some places are wonderful infectious. Axletree. The Axletree, is the same in carriage as in a Coach or Cart, and doth support the cheeks of the carriage whereon the piece doth lie. As also, we call the Iron which goes through the wheel of the chain pump, and bears the weight of it: The Axeltres of the Pump. B To BAle. Is to lad water out of the Ships hold, with Buckets, Cans or the like; This because it is more labour, and tires men sooner, and doth not deliver so much as all the Pumps will; we never use, but in great extremities, when either a leak doth overgrow the delivering of the Pumps, or else that the Pumps do fail us a which happens many times in extraordinary pumping, that the pumps with overmuch wearing, draw wind or chance to be stoaked, or else the pump boxes; Irons or the like do fail us. Ballast. Is that Gravel, Stones, Lead or any other goods, which is laid next the keelson of the Ship to keep her stiff in the sea; of Ballast, that is best which is heaviest, lies closest, and fastest, and driest, both for the ship bearing a sail, stowing of goods, health of the company, and saving of cask and other goods; whereof if a ship have too much, she will draw too much water, if too little, she will bear no sail. To trench the Ballast, that is, to divide the Ballast in any part of the ships howld, which is commonly done, to find a Leak in the bottom of the ship, or to undock the ship. The Ballast shoots, that is, runs over from one side to the other, and therefore Come and all kind of grain, is dangerous lading, for that will shoot, but only that they make Ponches (as they are called,) that is Bulk heads of boards, to keep it up fast, that it do not run from one side to the other, as the ship doth heel upon a Tack. Beak, or Beakhead. Is that part which is fastened to the Stem of the Ship, and is supporred with a knee, which is fastened into the Stem, and this is called the Maine-knee; to this is fastened the Choler of the Maine-stay. In the Beakhead, the fore-tackes are brought aboard, and is the proper stand, where men do handle most part of the sprit-sayle, and sprit-sayle, Topsail rigging. And it is also placed for the fashion, to grace the ship. The Beaks-head steeves, or stands steeving, that is, stands very much with the outward most end up, towards the bolt spirit. The Beakhead of the Venetian Argozis, and Shoamsh galleons, do see very much: by which we know them afar off. Beam. The Beams are those great crosse-timbers which keep the ship sides afunder, and do support the Daks, Odops; according to whose strength, a ship is much the better, or worse able to carry Ordinance: All strong and great ships, have a Tire of Beams in hold, that is, a row of Beams, whereon lies a Deck. The main- Beam, is ever the next to the mayne-Mast, at which place we reckon the breadth of the ship: And stom this we call the Beam, both forward and aft-Ward, by the name of the first, second and third, etc. beginning from this, which we call the mid-ship Beam? To Beane. This word in some eases, is taken in the ordinary sense, as for clearing much, as when we say, a Ship will bear much Ordnance; that is, carry much by reason of her strength. Also the bearing, or stowing of much goods from whence, when we describe the greatness of the ship, we say, she is a ship of such a burden; but it is used in many senses, different, according to the diversity of the phrases. To bear sail well, that is as much as to say, she is a stiff guided ship, and will not couce down on a side, with a great deal of sail. A ship to beare-out her Ordnance, that is meant, her Ordnance lie so high, and she will go so upright, that in reasonable sighting weather, she will be able to keep out her Low-Tire, and not be forced to snut in her pores: One ship over- bears the other, that is, was able in a great gale of wind, to carry out more sails then the other, viz. a Topsail more or the like. To bear with the Land, or with a Harbour, or a Ship, is to sail towards it, when we bear too windward of it: To bear under the Lee of a ship, is when that ship which is to weather comes under the other ships-sterne, and so gives the wind to her; this is the greatest curresie that a ship can give an other at sea. The Piece will bear more shot, or not so much, that is, she is overcharged, or will endure a greater charge. The Piece doth come to bear a term in the use of Ordnance: by which is meant, that now she lies right with the mark. Bear in. When a ship sails before, or with a large wind, into a Harbour, or Channel, or else sails large towards the Land, we say, she- heares-in with the Channel, Harbour or Land, but if she sail close by a wind, we use not that speech. Beare-off. When a Ship would not come near a Land, or an other ship, but goes more Roomer than her course doth lie, we say that she bears off from the Land. Also, when we tell how one head-Land Iseland ship, or the like, doth lie from another, that is, upon what point of the Compass, we say, they bear right East, or West, or otherwise, off one an other: In hoisting any thing into the ship, if it hath hold by any part of the ship, or Ordnance or the like, they say bear it off from the shipside: So if they would have the breech or mouth of a piece of Ordnance or the like, put from-ward one, they say, beare-off, or bear- about the breech; So that generally, Seamen use this word bear off (in business belonging to shipping) instead of the word thrust off, which to the like sense, is most commonly used amongst others. Bear up. This is a word we use in conding the ship, whenas we would have her go larger or more before the wind than she did: Beare-up round, that is, to put her right afore the wind, or to bring her by the Lee: The manner of doing it, is no more, but thrusting the helm up to windward, as fare as it will go towards the ships side. Beds. When the Decks lie too low from the Ports of that the Carriages of the pieces, with the Trucks cannot mount the Ordnance fittingly, but that they will lie too near the Port Lass, or Gun-wale; then we make a false Deck, for so much as the Piece will require for her Travesing, to raise it higher, this we call a bed: Also in the carriage of the Piece, that plank which lies lower-most next the Carriage under the breech of the Piece, whereon the Quoynes do lie, is called the Bed. To Belage. Is to make fast any running Rope when it is hailed, as much as you would, as the Halliards, when you hoyce ayard, or the sheets or Tacks, etc. so that it cannot run forth again till it be loosed. A Bend. Is the outwardmost timber on the ships-side, and is also called a Wale: these are the chief strength of the Ships-side, to which the Futtocks and knees of the Beams are Boleed, and they are called by the name of the first, second, etc. beginning with that next the water. To bend, or Bent. Is taken in the common sense: as when the shancke of the Anchor is with overmuch straining crooked, we say, It is Bend: But it is otherwise used, as when they say, Is the Cabell bent, that is, when it is seized and made-fast to the Ring of the Anchor. Unbend the Cabell, that is, unbind it, which we do commonly when we do make account to be long at Sea, before we come into Harbour: To bent two Cabells or Ropes together, that is, to tie them together with a knot, and so to make their own ends fast upon themselves: This is not so sure as splising two Ropes together, but it is sooner done, and most commonly used, when we mean to take them a sunder again, as when a Warp, or any Rope is too short for the present use. A Birth. Is a convenient distance and room to Moor a ship in: Also when they would go clear of a Point, or a Rock, they say, take a good birth, that is, go a pretty distance off to sea-Boord of it. Berthing. They call the raising or bringing-up of Ship-sides, the Berthing of her: as they say, A Clincher, hath her sides Berthed-up, before any beam be put into her. A Bite. By a Bite, is meant any part of a Rope, as it is taken compassing, as when we cannot, or mean not to take the end in hand, because of a Cabell, or other small Rope being Quoiled up: we say, give me the Bite, or hold by the Bite; that is, by one of the fakes, which lies rolled up one over the other. Bildge, or Bulge. The Bildge of the Ship, is the breadth of the flooce, whereon the ship doth rest, when she is aground. A ship is Bilged, that is, when she strikes on a Rock, or an Anchor, or the like, and breaks off her Timbers or planks there, and so springs a Leak. Bildg-water. Is the water by reason of the Ships breadth and depth, lies in the Bildge, and cannot come to the well, and therefore the Flemish ships have generally, broader and longer floares than our ships have, besides the ordinary Pumps at the Mayne-mast, two Bildge-Pumps. A Bittakle. Is a close Cupboard placed in the Steeridge before the Whip, or tiler, whereon the Compass doth stand, which is not fastened together with iron nails, but wooden pins, because that iron would draw the Compass, so that it would never stand true. These are to be so contrived, that they may carry candles or lamps in them, to give light to the Compass so as it may disperse no light, and yet to let any be seen about the Ship. A Bitter. Is no more, but a turn of the Cabell about the Bits, which is used in this kind, when we come to Anchor in any great Tide, or current, or wind, especially in deep water, after the Cabell is run-out a convenient way. We take a turn which is about the Bits, that we may by little and little, veer it out at ease: for otherwise, if a stopper should chance to fail, the Cabell would run all-out, or as the phrase is, End for End, now this turn of the Cabell is called a Bitter, and when the Ship is by this means stopped, we say the Ship is brought up to a Bitter. A Bitter-end. Is that end of the Cabell, which is used to be within board, still at the Bits, when the Ship rides at an Anchor, so that upon occasion when they would have that end bend to the Anchor, they say, bend to the Bitter-end. The Bits. Are the two main square pieces of Timber which stand piller-wise, commonly placed abast the Manger in the Loof of the Ship: and for no other use, but to make fast, or as it were, to Belage the Cabell unto, when we ride at an Anchor; The lower part of them, is fastened, in hold to the Riders, but the middle part doth bear, for their better strength, and are bolted, in great Ships, to two beams, which cross to the Bows of the Ship, and therefore sometimes, in extraordinary storms, we are feign to make fast the Cabell to the Mainmast, for the better relieving the Bits and safety of the Bows which have in great Roadsteads been violently torn from the after-part of the Ship. Blocks. Are these small wooden things, having Sheevers in them, wherein all the running-Roapes do run. There are divers kinds of blocks: as single Blocks, double blocks; Blocks with 3,4, or 5, sheevers in them, and they are called by the names of Ropes whereunto they serve. As the sheate Block, the tack-Block, the fish-Block, etc. Note that double-Blocks, do purchase more than single-blocks, and therefore in all places where we have occasion to use strength with few hands, we have double-Blocks (as to the Tacks of our Ordnance:) But you must note also, that though double-blocks purchase with more ease, yet single-blocks do purchase faster: When we hale upon any Tackle, Halliards or the like, to which two Blocks do belong, when they meet and touch, we can hail no more, and this we call Block and Block. Blow. Every man knows when the wind blows: but there are some speeches used at Sea, which are not generally understood, as the wind blowes-home, or blows through; That is, when the wind doth not cease, or grow less, till it comes passed that place: Also, blow through, is sometimes used, when they think the wind will be so great, that it will blow asunder the sails, In some places, (as I have seen at Santa Cray in Barbary,) the wind being right-off the Sea, and a fresh gale, as much as we could bear out top-sails, when we came within less than a League of the Road, we had little or no wind at all, and it is infallibly ever so. The natural cause whereof, I could never find out: for it cannot be the height of the land, since all that Bay is low land, only the Cape which is not very high; and we know that at the Peekes of Tenneriff and Fyall (which are the highest Lands in all the world) it doth the contrary. Nor can it be the heat of the Land, which should duller the wind, for this happens there in the winter also, and besides we see the contrary in hotter Countries, when a wind increases so much that they cannot bear any top-sails, than they use to say, that they were blown into their courses, (that is,) could only have out those sails. It blows hard, fresh, stiff, high; all words easily known when they express an extraordinary wind, they say, it will blow the sail out of the Bolt-roapes: If the touchhole of a Piece be gulled, much powder will flame out, and that is also called blowing. Bluff, or Bluff-headed. The Boat belonging to a Ship, is either called the Ships-boate, or the Longboat, and this is ever intended to be able to carry-forth and weigh her sheate Anchor; other small Boats, which they carry for lightness, to hoist in and out quickly, are called skiffs and Shallops, according to their form. A good long boat will live in any grown sea, if the water be sometimes freed, unless the sea break very much: The Rope by which it is towed at the Ships stern, is called the Boat rope, to which, to keep the boat from shearing, we add an other, which we call a Gest-roape: we do also to save the Bows of the boat, which would be torn out with the twitches which the Ship under sail would give, use to swite her, that is, make fast a Rope round by the gun-wale, and to that, make fast the Boat rope. Free the Boat, that is, fling out the water: Man the Boat, that is, some men go to row the Boat: The Boats Ging, that is, those that use to row in the boat, which are the Cockson and his Ging, to whom the charge of the boat belongs: Fend the boat, that is, save her from beating against the Ship-sides: Wind the Boat, that is, bring her head the other way. A bold Boat, that is one that will endure a rough Sea well. A ships Boat, is the very Model of a Ship, and is built in parts in all things answerable to those which a Ship requires, both for sailing and bearing a sail, and they bear the same names, as do all the parts of a Ship under water, as, Rake, Run, Stem, Sterne, Bowe, Bildge, etc. Bolt or Bolts. Are iron pins belonging both to the building, and rigging of a Ship; of which there are divers kinds, as Ring-bolts, which are of infinite necessary use, both for the bringing to of the planks and wales to the ship, as also the chief things whereunto we fasten the tackles and breetching of the great Ordnance. Drive-bolts, which is a long one to drive out an other bolt, or Treenell by. Setbolts, used in the building, for firing the planks, and other works close together. Ragg-bolts, which are sharpened at one end and jagged, that they may not be drawnout. Clench-bolts, which are clinched with a Riviting hammer, to prevent drawing out. Fore lock-bolts, which are made at the end with an eye, whereunto a forelock of iron is driven over a Ring, to keep it fast from starting-back. Fender-bolts, which are made with a long head and beat into the outward most bend of the Ship, to save the ship sides, if an other ship should lie aboard her. Bolts are many times called according to the places whereunto they are used, as chaine-bolts, bolts for Carriages and the like: The use of them is so great, that without them a ship cannot be built strong, for they bind together all the timbers knees and the like, which do strengthen the Ship. A Bolt-roape. Is the Rope into which the Sail is soawed, or made fast: that is a three-strained-roape made gentle and not twisted so hard as the others, of purpose to be the more pliant to the sail, as also that they may soaw the sail into it the better. Bolt-sprit. To this is fastened all the stages that belong to the foremast, and fore-top-Mast, and fore-top-gallant, etc. with their bowlings, tacks, besides the rigging which belongs to its particular sails, which are only two: viz. Sprits-Sailes, and spirit saile-top-saile, if a ship spend her bolt-sprit, or, as the more proper speech is, if the bolt-sprit drop by the board, the foremast will quickly follow, if it be a rough sea, especially if you go by a wind, this bears the same proportion for length and bigness, as the foremast doth. A Bonnet. Is belonging to an other sail, but is commonly used with none but the Missen, main and fore-sailes, and the sprit-sailes I have seen, but it is very rate, a topsail bonnet, and hold it very useful in an easy gale, quarter winds or before a wind, this is commonly as deep as the sail it belongs to, there is no certain proportion for some will make the Mainsail so deep that with a showele bonnet, they will latch all the mast without a drabler: Others will make the maine-saile-showler, that they may with foul weather bear it safer, and then the bonnet will be the deeper. Alas on the bonnet, or bring to the bonnet, that is, put it to the course: losing is here very proper, because it is made fast with latchetts, into the eylot-holes of the sail: Note that when we do speak of the sail in any correspondence to the bonnet, we call it the course, and not the sail: as we say when a ship hath those sails out; course and bonnet of each: not mainsail and bonnet, and foresail and bonnet. Shake off the bonnet: that is, take it off. A Boome. Is a long Pole, which we use commonly to spread out the clew of the studding-sayle; yet sometimes also we Boome out the clue of the Mainsail, and foresail, to spread them out so much the broader to receive more wind. When we say a ship comes booming towards us, it is as much as to say, she comes with all the sail she can make: Note that booming of sails, is never used but quarter winds, or before a wind: For by a wind, Studding sails, and booming the sails is not useful: In coming into harbours where the channel is narrow and crooked, and the land about it overflowen, they use to set poles with bushes, or baskets at the tops, to direct how men should steer along the channel by them: and these are also in many places called Boomes, but in some others, they are called Beacons. Board, or a Board. By this is not only meant deales-boords, or the like, but otherwise: for when we use the word, A board, at sea, it is as much as to say, within the ship; To go a board, that is to go into the ship. Bring the tack close a board, that is, pull down the tack close to the Chestree or the gun-wale: Board and board, that is, when two ships touch each other. The weather-boord, that is as much as to say, to windward. To make a board, or as we use to say, to board it up to a place, is to turn to windward; which we do, by standing sometimes one way, sometimes the other for the gaining a place to windward: In which, note that the farther you stand-off upon one point of the Compass, the better board you shall make: and it is better making long boards, than short-boords, if you have sea room. A long-boord is, when you stand a great way off before you tack or turn. A short-boord, is when you stand-off but a little. A good board, is when we have got up much to windward, for sometimes we take a great deal of pains, and get little, either by reason of a current or tide, that may take her on the weather-bowe, or by reason of a head-sea, which may drive her to Lee-ward, and hinder her way, or for that the ship may be a Lee-ward ship: Sometimes again, when it is a smooth sea; a current under the Lee-bowe, and a good ship by a wind, she will get a point or two more in the wind than we expect. Here note that a crosse-saile ship in a sea, cannot make her wag nearer than 6 points, unless there be tied or current which doth set to windward, within board, with-out-boord-over-boord: by the board, all terms obvious to common sense. To leave a land on back board, is to leave it asterne, or behind, for the back board, is that which in boats or skiffs, we lean our backs against. In fight, to board a ship, is to bring the ship to touch the other, where you must note the advantages and disadvantages of every place in boarding: and know that when two ships sight, the defendant may choose whether you shall board him or no, but only in the quarter, which is a bad place to board: For men can worst enter there, in respect that it is the highest part of the ships hull: and for that there is only the Missen-shrowdes to enter by; as also, for that ships are hottest there, and men being entered there can do little good, and are easily scoured off with Murderers from the close-sights: the best boarding for entering; is if you can, to board on the bow, for than you may quickly bring all your broade-side to: but the greatest advantage for use of Ordnance, is to board a-thwart her haws, for than you may use all your Ordnance on one side, and she can only use her Chase and her Prow Pieces. The Bow. Is that part of the ship which is broadest before, and gins from the Loof, till it come compassing about towards the stem. The proportioning of this part, is of great importance for the sayleing of the Ship: for this first breakes-off the sea, and is that part which bears all the ship forward, on which is in a manner all the bearing of the ship: If the bow be too broad the ship will not pass easily through the sea, but carry a great deal of dead water before her: if it be too lean or thin, she will pitch or beat mightily into a hollow sea, for want of breadth to bear her up; so that there must be a discreet means betwixt both these: The shaping of this part, doth much import the ships going by a-wind; yet I have seen ships of both sorts go will by a-wind; but most commonly those that have good bold bows, and yet it is certain, that a ships way-after-on is of more importance for her sayleing by a wind. A bold bow, is a broad round bow: a Lean bow, is a narrow thin bow: the bow Piece, is that which lies in the bow. Bowling. Is a Rope which is fastened to the Leetch or middle part of the outside of the sail, the use whereof is to make the sail stand sharper or closer, by a wind: The Ancients, as it is reported, did ever sail before the wind, the reason whereof, I conceive to be, because they had not the knowledge and use of this Rope: It is fastened in 2, 3, 4, or more parts to the sail, which they call the bowling bridle, only the Missen bowling is fastened to the lower end of the yard: This Rope belongs to all sails, excepting spritsail and spritsail topsail, which have no place to hail a Bowleing forward by; and therefore these sails cannot be used close by a wind. Sharp the maine-bowleing: Set taught the bowleing, hale up the bowleing; all these are to make it puld-up hard, or more properly be haled more forward on: East the bowleing, check or conie up the bowling, that is, let it more slack. A Bower. Is any Anchor, which Ships do usually carry at the bow, and from thence, hath its name: for our greatest Anchor we carry in hold, and for better stowage sometimes unstock them. Bows, or to Bowse. Is a word they use, when they would have men pull together, and is chiefly used by the Gunners, when they hail upon their tackles, to thrust a Piece out of a port: they will cry, bowse hoa; that is, pull more upon the tackle: and then they know to pull altogether: And also, when there is occasion to pull more upon tackle, than the other, they will say, Bowse upon the tackle. Bracketts. Are certain little pieces, in the nature of knees, which belong to the supporting of galleries, or ship-heads. Brases. These Ropes do belong to all the yards, excepting the Missen-yard, they have a pendant which is seized to the yard-armes; for to every yard, belongs two Brases, and at the end of a pendant, a block is seized, through which the Rope is reeved, which they call the Brace: The use whereof is, to square the yards and travers the yards: Brase the yard to right, that is to make it to stand just cross the ship: To make right Angles with the length of the ship, all the brases do come afterward-on-as the main brase-to the Poop, the maine-top-saile Brase to the missen-top-and so to the main shrowds: The fort-and-fore-top-sayle brases, down by the maine-and maine-top-sayle-stages; and so of the rest. The Missen bowling doth serve for a brace to the yard; but the crosse-jack brases, are brought forwards to the maine-shrowdes when we go close by a wind. Brayles. Are small-Roapes reeved through blocks, which are seized on either side the ties, some small distance off, upon the yards, and so comedowne before the sail, and are fastened to the Creengleyes, at the skirt of the sail: The use whereof is to haile-up the bunt of the sail, when we do farthel our sails across, which are in this, commodious for a man of war, that he may instantly make up his sails, and let them fall, if in fight he should fall a stern: for note, that in fight we desire to use as few sails as we can, both for the trouble in trimming them, for saving our sails, for hiding our sight, and for avoiding of fire which might light in them; and therefore when we say we will ship ourselves into our fight sails, it is meant we have only the missen maine-top-sayle, with which sails, a ship will work every way: These brailes do only belong to the two courses and to the Missen: Hail up the brayses, and braise up the sail, is all one; when Marchant-men will seem to brave a man of war, if he chase them, they will brayle up their sails, which is as much as to make a sign, they will fight with them. Breech, and Breetching. The Breech, is the after-most part of the Gun, from the touchhole which is in brass Ordnance, ever allowed, to be as thick as the diameter of the Bullet; and those Ropes which are bigger than the tackles that do make, or lash fast the Ordnance to the ship-sides, being brought about the breech of the Piece, are called, Breetching, these we do not use in fight, but at sea, and chiefly in foul weather. A Breize. Is a wind, which blows out of the sea, and doth daily in all seasonable weather, keep his course, beginning likely about nine in the morning, and lasting till it be within little of night we do not commonly call all winds that blow off the sea upon any coasts, Breizes, unless it be there where this course is certain, or rarely misses but in storms and fowl weather: As for example; here on our coast, the winds are never extreme, but on the coast of Barbary, and other places more southerly, they are certain to have the wind off the land all night, and off the sea all day. This Breize is also called a sea turn. A Brest-fast. Is a Rope which is fastened to some part of the ship fore-ward-on, and so doth hold fast the ships head to a wharf or any thing else, and a stern fast is the same for the stern. Breast Roapes. Are the Ropes which make fast the parcel to the yard. Brooming. Is, when a snip is brought aground, or on the careene, to be trimmed, that is, to be made clean, they burn off the old weeds or stuff, which hath gathered filth; which they usually do, either with Reed, Broome, old Ropes, or the like. A Budge-Barrell. Is a little barrel (not altogether so big as a barrel) which holds an hundred weight of powder, and hath a purse of leather, made at the head of it, which is to shut over the powder, to keep it from firing: we use to lay Ordnance with this in harbour for healths and the like, but at sea in fight not, if we can get cathrages, which is the safest way. There are also latin budge-barrels, which are the best. Bulk. The Bulk of a ship, is her whole content in hold, as to say, she is a ship of a great bulk, that is, will stowe much goods; sometimes it is taken for the Merchant's goods, as when they say, let our stock go in bulk together. To break bulk, is as much as to say, to open the hold, or sell, or part all the goods in the hold; As the Indies ships may sell any goods, which they have betwixt the decks, but they must not break bulk, till they have order from the Company, that is, they must not open the howld, to meddle with any merchandise therein contained. Bulk-head. Is generally any division, which is made cross the ship, with boards, whereby one room is divided from the other, as the Bulk-head of the , the bulke-head of the half deck, the bulke-head of the bread room, gun tomb, or the like. Bunt. The Bunt of a sail is, as it were in comparison to the wind, the cod of the net, which receives all the fish; and may as well be called the bag of the sail, and therefore we give a bunt to all sails, to the intent they may receive much wind, (in which is the Anima sensitiva of a ship,) if a sail have too much bunt, it will hang too much to Lee-ward-wind, and as they call it, hold much lee-ward-wind, which will hinder the ships sailing especially by the wind, if it have too little, than it will not hold wind enough, and so not give the ship sufficient way; The difference is rather perceived in topsails then the other, for courses are cut square, or at the least, with allowance of small compass. Buntlines. Is a small line, which is made fast to the bottom of the sail, in the middle part of the bolt rope, to a creengle, and so reeved through a small block, seized to the yard, the use whereof is to trise up the bunt of the sail, for the better fartheling and making up of the sail. A Buoy. Is that piece of wood, barrel, or the like, which floats right over the Anchor, and is made fast by the buoy rope unto the flooke; The use whereof, is not only to take knowledge where the Anchor, but also to weigh the Anchor with the boat, which is sooner done then to weigh it with the ship: Sterne the Buoy, that is, before they let the Anchor fall, whilst the ship hath way, they put the Buoy into the water, so that the Buoy rope may be stretched out straight, and then the Anchor will fall clear from entangling itself with the buoy rope. Buoyant, is any thing that is floating or apt to float: To buoy up a cabell, that is to make fast a piece of floating wood, barrel or the like, to the cabell, somewhat near to the Anchor, that the cabell may not touch the ground; this we do in foul grounds, where we fear the cutting of our cabells: There are Buoyes' also which do belong to ships, and these are left at an Anchor in the sea, to show where any danger is of sands or rocks: these are especially most needful to be used, where the sands do use to alter, or where we can have no fitting landmark. A Butt. By this word taken indefinitely, is meant a vessel or cask, as a Butt of wine, etc. but in sea language, thus, a Butt, is properly the end of a plank, joining to an other, of the outward side of the ship, under water. To spring a Butt, that is, when a plank is lose at one end, and therefore they bolt (in most great ships) all the Butt-head: by Butt-heads, is meant the end of the planks. The Buttuck. Is the breadth of the ship, right-a-sterne from the tuck upwards: and therefore according as she is built, broad or narrow at the transom or laying out of her stern, we say that the ship hath a broad or a narrow Buttock. C A Cabell. IS a three-strand Rope, intended to be sufficient for a ship, to tide by at an Anchor, for otherwise it is counted but a hawser; for a great ships hawser, will make a small ships cabell: Cabells have several appellations, as the Anchors: and are called, the first, second or third, as they grow in greatness; beginning with the last, till it come to the sheate-Anchor-cabell. The best cabells, are those which are made of the whitest stuff, and therefore straits cabells are the best: The next, the Flemish and Rowsie, the last, ours: The making a cabell is termed the laying: as to say, this cabell was well laid: Serve the cabell, or plate the cabell, is to bind some old ropes, clouts or the like to save it from gawleing in the house: Splife a cabell, is to fasten two cabells together with a splife: Coi a cabell, is to lay it up in rowles one above another: Cabell, tire, is the cabell so laid up in rolls. Pay more cabell, that is, when they carry out an Anchor and cabell in the Boat, to turn over into the sea some cabell, that the boat may row the easier, and the cabell be slack in the water: Pay cheap, that is, fling it-over-a part: Veer more cabell, that is, let more go out: Shot of cabell, vide Shot. Caburne. Is a small line made of spun-yarne to bind the cabells, or to make a bend of two cabells, or to seize the winding-taks, and the like. Calm, and be Calm-ing. Is, when at sea we have not any wind, and then we add to it, these Epithetons, flat, dead, or starke-calme: A calm, is more troublesome to a seafaring man, than a storm. If he have a strong ship, & sea-room enough. In some places, as in the straits, when it is an extraordinary great storm, with much wind, and a wrought sea, on a sudden there will be no wind, but a flat-calme, yet an-extraordinary billow which is wondrous troublesome and dangerous, for the having no use of sail to keep her steady on a side; the great sea, will make a ship roll, so that unless she be a very fast ship in the water, she will be in danger to roll her masts by the board, or herself under water. Be Calming. Is when any thing takes away the wind from an other: As when one ship is close under the Lee of an other, the windermost ship doth becalm the Let-ward most: Also when we are near the land, which keeps the wind from us, we say, it doth becalm us. To Camber, or Cambering. We say, is a deck lies cambering when it is higher in the middle, then at either end, and so doth not lie upon a right line: This word, is most commonly applied to the ships keel and beams, and other rounding-peeces, in the ships frame. Camber-keeled, is when the keel is bend in the middle upwards, which happens many times by a ships over lying aground, when either her aftermost part, or fore-most doth not touch: but the most common cause, and the chief reason of combering in great and long ships, is the sharpness of the Hull afore and abast, and the foulness of their floor. A mid-ships, which having more breadth to bear upon the water, is harder to sink then both ends before and abast: which by reason of their sharpness, and great weight, overhead, and in their rakes, which overhangs the groundwork, sink faster into the water, and so their weight forces the keel and whole work in the mid-ships, to give way upwards, which is the main reason of the ships cambering. The Cap. Is the square piece of timber, which is put over the head of any mast, with a round hole, to receive into it the topmast, or flag-staff, by which the topmast is kept steady; for if the head of the mainmast, be too short, so that the Capstand too near the heel, or bottom of the topmast, the topmast will never stand steady, and besides the weight of the topmast, will strain the head of the mainmast so much that it will be in danger to spend it, or bear it by the the board: Every mast hath a Cap, if it carry another, or but a flag-staff at the top. Cap Squares. Are the broad pieces of iron, which belong to either side of the carriage of a piece of Ordnance, to look over the Trunnions of the Piece, over which they are made fast in an Iron pin, with a forelock, the use whereof, is to keep the Piece, from flying or falling out of the carriage, when it is shot off, the mouth of it lying very low, or as the phrase is, under-mettle. The Capstaine. There are two kind of Capstaines, the first called the capstaine, or the maine capstaine: and is that piece of timber which is over-placed, right up and down, next abast the mainmast, the foot standing in a step, on the lower-deck, and the head being, betwixt the two upper decks; The parts are these, the foot, the spindle, the whelps, the barrel and the holds for the bars, to which also belongs the darle of Iron; the use of it, is chiefly to weigh our Anchors, and generally to hoist our strike-downe top-masts, or to have in any thing of weight, as Ordnance or the like, or indeed, to strain any rope that requires great force. The second, is a Gear capsthine, which is placed in the same manner, betwixt the main, and fore-masts; the use whereof, is chiefly to heave upon the Geere-roape, or else to hold off by, when we weigh the Anchor: At the foot of this, there are whelps placed, in a lesser proportion, which is to heave upon the viol for the help of the maine capstaines, in weighing a great Anchor. Come you up-capstaine, that is, those at the capstaine must go backward, and slacken the rope or cabell which they did heave at. In the same sense, they also use these words, Launch at the capstaine, that is, heave no more; roll the capstaine, that is, to stay it with the iron paul, which bearing against the whelps, keep the capstaine from turning back. Capstaine Bars. Are small pieces of timber put through the barrel of the capstaine, through square holes of equal length of both sides, by which the men do heave and turn about the capstaine. A Card, or Sea Card. Is a Geographical description of Coasts, with the true distances, heights and courses, or winds laid down in it, Not describing any Inland (which belongs to maps) the differences and uses of them, will require a long discourse, and they are set down in most books which writ of Navigation, and therefore I leave them to those books. Careene. Careening, is the best way of trimming a ship under water, both for that the Carpenters may stand upon the scaffolds, most commodiously to caulke the seams, or do any other thing that shall be requisite; Also for the saving of the ground timbers, which, especially in ships of great burden and weight, must needs be much wrung, though they be laid never so strong: besides, it is a most necessary trimming for great ships, which are either old or weak built, and also for any ships that have but small float, and are built so sharp under water, that they will be in danger of overthrowing when they shall be brought a ground. This careening is to be done in harbour, where the slower the tide runs the better: And it is most commonly used in such places, where there are no decks to trim a ship in, nor no good places to grave a ship on, or else that it doth not ebb so much that a ship may shew-drie; For the manner of careening, it will be too long and unnecessary to set down all the particulars: In general, it is thus, they take out all, or leave but little of the provision, Ballast, Ordnance (or the like) in the ship: and you must have a lower ship by her, with which she must be haled-downe on a side, and righted again with tackles (yet with the weight of ballast above, or below, they do effect the chief force of the business, and so never strain the ships masts much:) Note that all ships are not of a like condition to careene; for some ships will be very hard to come down, though they have no ballast in them, and those are flemings, built with two standing streaks, these must have some weight upon the deck to help them down, and yet these will right themselves very easy, and therefore need not much in hold to help to right them; Some, as our English built, and the like, will come down easy, and be hard to right, and therefore we keep somewhat in all these (to right them) in hold, and having nothing on the deck, some will comedowne easy and right themselves well: Some will do neither, so that there is not one way for all, but as we see the condition of the ship, we fit things, and work accordingly, any kind of bringing the Ship over to lie on-one-side (she being on float) is called careening, though it be but a few streaks; as we say, she was careened three, four or five strikes: If a ship lie down much with a sail, they will say, she sails on the careene. Carlings. Are those timbers which lie alongst the ship, from one beam to another; which do not only serve to help to strengthen the ship, but on them the ledges do rest, whereunto the planks of the deck are fastened. Carling-knee. Are those timbers which come thwart ships, from the ship-sides to the Hatch-way, which is betwixt the two masts: These do bear upon them the deck, on both sides the mast: and on the ends do lie the coaming of the hatches. A Carriage. Is that whereon we mount our Ordnance; The parts whereof, are the two cheeks, the axeltrees, the bolts, the capsquares, the hooks, the forelocks, the trucks, and the lins-pins, (vide) every one of these, in his proper place: The fashion of these carriages we use at sea, are much better than those of the land; yet the Venetians, and others use the other in their shipping. A Piece clears a shot well, that is, shoots fare, and right, which is a sign that she is smooth and well mettled. A Carthrage. Is a bag made of canvas, which is reasonable good, being made upon a former, the Diameter whereof must be somewhat smaller than the Sillender of the piece, and of such a length or depth, as that it shall contain just so much powder as is the charge of the Piece: This is wondrous necessary for our great Ordnance in fight, both for speedy lading our Ordnance, and also for saving the powder which is in danger to be fired, if in fight we should use a Ladle: These carthrages are many times made of paper, parchment, or the like, but are not so good as the other: There are also other carthrages, or more properly, they are to be called cases for carthrages, which are made of Latin; in which we use to put these other carthrages, to bring almongst the ship, so much the safer from fire till we put them into the Pieces mouth, which is a dare, that in fight, there cannot be too much diligence and order used. Carnells. Are Vessels which go with Missen sails instead of main sails, these will lie nearer the wind then crosse-sailes, but are not so commodious to handle, we have here little use of them, and therefore I speak not much. Carnell-worke. The building of ships first, with their timbers, and beams, and after bringing on their planks, is called carnell-worke, to distinguish it from clinch-worke. Case, Is commonly made round of wood hollowed, and fit for the bore of the Piece, by which most conveniently we can put murdering shot into the Piece: We likewise use bags to the same purpose, but they are not so convenient as wooden cases, because they are apt to catch hold by the way in the flaws of the Pieces: Also some call the sheathing of a ship, the caseing of her. Case-Shot. Is any kind of old Iron, stones, Musket-bullets, or the like; which we put into cases, to shoot out of our great Ordnance: These are of great use, and do much execution amongst men, that ply their smallshot, when we come near, or lie board and board. Casketts. Are small strings made of synnet, flat; they are made fast to the upper part of the yards, in little rings which they call Grommets; Their use is to make fast the sail to the yard when we farthel it up: The biggest and longest are placed just in the middle of the yard, betwixt the ties; these do make up the bunt of the sail, and are termed the breast casketts. Catharpings. Are small ropes, which run in little blocks (like a minnom) from one side of the shrouds, to the other, near the deck; The use whereof, is to force the shrouds taught for the better ease, and safety of the mast in the rowleing of the ship; they are only used to the maine-shrowdes, and fore-shrowdes; Also at the setting on of the Puttocks of the shrouds, they are used; but here they are ever made fast, and do not run in blocks. Catt. The cart, is a piece of timber, fastened aloft, right over the hawse, and hath at the end thereof, two sheevers, wherein is received a rope, with a block, whereunto is fastened a great hook of iron, after the manner of a double tackle: The use is to trise up the Anchor from the hawse, to the top of the forecastle, where it is fastened with a stopper. Catt the Anchor, is to hitch the hook in the ring of the Anchor. Catt-holes. Are two little holes above the gun-roome ports asterne for this use, that when we have occasion to heave the ship asterne, by astern: Fast they bring in the cabell, or hawser, by them to the capstaine, the stern Ports are not so good, because they lie not so even with the capstaine. Caulke. Caulking, is the driving of ockham, spun hair, and the like, into all the seams, rents and treenels throughout the ship, without the which, it is impossible for a ship, to be made thite to swim, and keep out water. Chafe. Or chase is, when any rope is gualed, or fretted, as we say, the cabell is chafed in the hawse, or when a rope rubs against any thing which is not smooth and even, we say, it will chafe the rope. Chains. By naming the chains of a ship indefinitely, is meant those chains to which the shrouds are made fast, on the ship-sides; also those that belong to the topmast shrouds, are called chains: In fight we use to sling our yards in chains, for fear lest the ties should be cut, and so the yards fall down, and these chains are called slings. Chain Walls. Is a broader timber, set on the outside of the ship, than the ordinary walls, and is made of purpose to spread out the shrouds wider, that they may the better secure the mast. A Chamber. Is a charge made of brass or iron, which we use to put in at the breech at any murderer, or fowley, and contains just so much powder, as is fit for to deliver away the murdering shot, or case shot, contained in that Piece: Also the chamber of a great piece of whole Ordnance is counted so fare, or so much of it, as doth contain the whole charge it hath. channel. By channel, is meant the deepest part of any River, or Harbour's mouth; as when we say Steer in the channel, is meant the deepest part of the River; In places where there are lose sands, the channels do alter much according to extraordinary winds, which come and drive the sands with the sea, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the other; As when I came into Mamora, the channel lay hast-south-hast, and west-north-west, but in two Months after, by reason of a fresh shot, it changed to lie in hast-north-hast, and west-south-west, which is five points of the Compass; Sometimes we also call narrow seas, channels, as the English channel betwixt France and England, and Saint George's channel, betwixt England and Ireland: but being in those Seas, if we say steer in the channel, it is meant in the midst of the sea. Charge. We use to say, charge a Musket, but load or lad a piece of Ordnance; A ship of great charge is commonly meant by a ship that draws much water; and sometimes for an unweidie ship, that will not veer and steer, for than she is dangerous, and chargeable upon a lee-shore; Also every man's office in a ship, is called his charge. Chase. When a man of War, doth follow any ship out of his course: or else when any other ship doth alter her course, so as to use all the means they can to fetch up and speak with the other ship; we call that chaseing: And the ship so followed, we call the chase: (as meaning by her,) we say, the chase stands thus, or the chase hath taken in her topsails, or the chase is strooke a hull, etc. There is great experience and judgement to be used in chaseing; For though two men be equally Mariners, and know how to sail and direct his ship, yet if one be a practic man of war, and the other not, the man of war will do much better: The pretence in any chase, is to make the shortest way of it that they can; which is by judging of the chases course so to shape yours, that you may meet in the nearest angles: There is no certain rule for chase; for we must many times be ruled by the condition of our ship: As if the chase clap close by a wind (it being a head-sea) and the man of wars ship, be a short ship, that beats much into the sea, and a lee-ward-ship, then if he clap close by a-wind, his ship will make no way, and therefore he must give a little more large, though he chase under the lee of the other: In chase, we always connet to get to windward, in respect that it is advantage in fight: And for that we cannot board a ship, being too lee-ward, but sometimes (as if it be towards night) to keep sight of the ship, or the like, we must be content to come under his lee, and get as near as we can: The stern chase, that is, when we follow her right astern, and she and we go right upon one point of the Compass: To lee with her forefoot, is the nearest and shortest, that is (as you would say) to lie just a cross her way, so that both keeping on their courses, they shall meet all at a certain point. Chase pieces, are those, which lie right forward one, when we say that a ship hath a good chase, indefinitely, it is meant of her chase forward, and that is, when she is so contrived, that she can carry many Pieces, to shoot right forward, for to the other, I use to add the word sterne-case; The pieces of Ordnance, which lie right fore-ward-on, are called chase-Peeces. Cheeks. Are two pieces of timber, which are fitted on each side of the mast, from beneath the hounds, to the upper end of the mast; and they are made of Oak, to strengthen the mast thereabouts, both for the bearing of the topmast, and hoisting of the yards. In these are the honnes made for the ties to run in: The knees which fasten the beakhead to the bow of the ship, are called cheeks: Also the sides of any blocks, are called the cheeks: Likewise the sides of the carriages, where the turnions of the Pieces do lie, are called, the cheeks of the carriages. Cheteres. Are the two small pieces of Timber with a hole in them, in which the maine-tack doth run, and to which the tack is haled-down, these are placed a little abast the loof of the ship, the one on the one side, the other on the other. Choke. When a running rope sticks in the block either by slipping betwixt the cheeks and the sheever or by any other occasion, that any thing be got about it, or that it have a kinke, so that it cannot run and be haled through, we say the block is choked. Clamps. Are those thick timbers which lie fore and aft, close under the beams of the first orlep, and do bear them up at either end, and are the same that the rise are to the other decks, vide rise. A Cleate. Is a small wedge of wood fastened on the yards, to keep any ropes from slipping by where that is fastened: There are also divers other uses of it: as to keep the eating of the sail, from slipping of the yard. Clue. The clue of a sail, is the lower corner of the sail, which reaches down to the place where the tacks and sheets are made fast to the sail, and it is counted that part, which comes goring out from the square of the sail, towards the lower corner; when a sail is much goring, than she hath a great clew; when a little goring, than she hath a little clew; when it is cut right square and hath no clew, and yet that lower corner of the sail, shall retain the name of the clew of the sail: A ship spreads a great clew, that is, hath very broad yards, and so spreads much canvas; it is good to allow a good clew to a main sail; for by that means, the tack will come the better aboard, and the sheate will come farther aft, whereby the sail will hold more wind. Clew-garnet. Is a rope which is made fast to the clew of the sail, and from thence runs in a block, which is seized to the middle of the yard: The use whereof is, when we farthel our mainsail, or foresail; for the name of clew-garnet doth only belong to the clew-lines of those two sails, than this rope doth hale up the clew of the sail, close to the middle part of the yard. Clew-line This is the same to top-failes, top-gallant-sailes, and sprit-sailes, that the clew-garnet is to the main sail, and hath the very same use: Note in foul weather, the gust, when we take in our topsails, we hale home the lee-clew-line first, because the sail will be taken in so much the easier. A Clincher. Is a small Ship, Bark or Boat, whose planks and boards are larded over one an other, and clinched or nailed one through another, with nails and rooves: whose outside are berthed or wrought up without timber, framed as we do in other ships, which work is called carvel work. To Clinche. Is to barter or rivet a bolts-end upon a ring, or turn back the end of any nail, so as to make it fast at that end which is driven through; we also call that part of the cabell, which is seized about the ring of the Anchor, the clinch of the cabell. Clinching. Is as you would say, a slight caulking, and is most used when we are at sea, and suspect foul weather, so that we may take in water at the ports: we use to command the Carpenter to clinch the ports, that is to drive a little oacham into the seams of the ports, which may be done (to serve turn) either within board, or without board Cloth. We say a sail doth the mast when it is so long, that it touches the gratings or hatches, so as no wind can go betwixt the sail and the hatches and gratings: A ship spreads much cloth, that is, when she hath broad sails. Cloyed. When there is any thing got into the touchhole, or breech of the Peech, so that the priming-powder cannot come to give fire to the rest, we say, the piece is cloyed. Coaming. The coaming or coaming of the hatches, or the gratings, is that piece of timber or plank, which bears them up higher than the decks, so as that they do not lie even with the deck. The uses whereof, are to keep the water from running down at the hatches to give some ease for men to stand upright betwixt the lower decks, if the decks be low, and near together; and also in the coaming they may fit holes for to use Muskets, and so serve for a close fight. Coats. Those pieces of tard-canvas, which are put above the masts, at the partners, and the lumps at the deck, that no water may run down by them, are called coats. The same is used to the rudder-head. Cocks. Are little square things of brass with a hole in them, put into the middle of some of the greatest wooden sheaves, to keep them from splitting and gulling by the pin of the block whereon they turn. The Collar. Is that rope which is made fast about the beakhead, whereunto the dead-man-eye is seized, unto which the main stay is fastened. There is also a rope about the maine-mast-head, which is called a collar, or a garland, and is there placed, to save the shrouds from galling. The Comb. Is a small piece of timber, set under the lower part of the beakhead near the midst, with two holes in it, and is just in the nature, and hath the same use to the fore-tacks, that the chef-trees have to the main-tacks, which is, to bring the tack aboard. Compass. Is that movable instrument with a fly, whereon are described the 32 points or winds by which we direct the steer, our courses at sea. The fashion is known to all, and for the uses, they are handled at large in many books which writ of Navigation. There are three kinds; First the plain Meridional compass (which is the ordinary one;) the second, a compass of Variation, which shows the variation of the Compass from the true north and south. The third, is a dark-compasse, which being but an ordinary compass in use, is only so called, because the fly hath the points described with no colours (as the other are, but only black and white, being most convenient to be seen, when we steer by night, without any light, but only skie-light. To Conned, or Cun. I think this word comes of conducere in Latin; so it imports as much as to lead or direct the ship which way she shall go; it is commonly pronounced thus: Cun the ship, which implies as much as to direct him at helm how to steer. In long courses, when we are off at sea, there is not so much heed taken of it, for than they direct their course upon a point of the Compass, and so let him at the helm look to the steer right on that point; but in chaces and narrow channels (where the course lies not directly upon a point of the compass) there the Master, Mate, or some other standing-aloft, doth give direction to him at the helm; and this we call conding or cunning: Sometimes he who commands the ship will be speaking to him at helm, at every little yawe, (which the seafaring love not, as being a kind of disgrace to their Iteeridge) then in mockage they will say, sure the channel is narrow he conds so thick; whereby you may gather, that in narrow channels, it is necessary and useful to con thick. Note that according as the ships sails are trimmed either before or by a wind, so they use several terms in conding, and to use other, were improper and ridiculous amongst them: If the ship go before a wind, or as they term it, betwixt two sheets, than he who conds uses these terms to him at the helm, starr-boord, larboard, the helm a mid-ships. Note that when we say starrboard, the meaning is, that he must put the helm to the starrboard side, and then the ship will go to larr-boord, for the ship doth ever go contrary to the helm, if the ship go by a wind, or quarter-winds, they say a loof, or keep your loof; or fall not off, veer no more, keep her to: touch the wind; have a care of the lee-latch; all these do imply the same in manner, and are to bid him at the helm, to keep her near the wind: East the helm; no near; bear up; these words do appoint him to keep her from the wind, and make her go more large or right before: Some speeches are common to both, as steady, that is, keep the ship from going in and out, but just upon the point that you are to steer, and as you go; and such like. Cooke-Roome. The Cooke-Roome, is the place, where they dress their victuals, and this room is to be placed in divers parts of the ship, according to the ships employment, in Marchant-men (who must employ all their hold for the stowing of their goods, and so stow their victuals betwixt their decks (it is best to have the Cook-room in the forecastle) especially being contrived in the furvasses, for the saving of wood, in long journeys: as also for that in fight, they bring their stern and not their Prow to fight: and therefore it will be the less discommodity to them: besides, they do not carry so much ordnance forward on, and therefore the weight of the Cook-room, is not so offensive: but in a man of war, it is most inconvenient to have it in the foreship or forecastle: my reasons these. 1. It will (be it placed as well as can be) hinder the use of the ordnance. 2. It will lie over the powder. 3. Being a man of war pretends to fight most with his prow; that part is likewise to receive shot, which if any chance to come amongst the bricks in the Cooke-roome they will spoil more men than the shot: And besides, the Cookroom itself for that voyage is spoilt, there being no means to repair it at sea, and then they must needs use another; so that I think no man of discretion will commend or use that for most sufficient, which is most subject to be destroyed, and cannot be repaired. 4. A man of war, ever carries much ordnance there, and therefore it is fit to avoid (as much as may be, any weight that may charge her foreship. 5. It is dangerous for firing the ship: for being made-up to the ship-sides, so that men cannot go round about it in long continuance, and much heating they may fire the ship unawares. 6. It takes away the grace and pleasure of the most important and pleasantest part of all the ship: for any one who comes a board a man of war, will principally look at her chase, being the place where the chief offensive force of the ship should lie. And to conclude, I do not know any commodity it can give to a man of war: wherefore in my opinion, the best placing the Cooke-roome, is in the hatch-way, upon the first Orlop (not in the howld, as the King's ships do, which must needs spoil all the victuals with too much heating the howld, or at the least, force them to stowe it so near the stern and stern, that it must needs wrong and wring the ship much, and lose much stowage: and it being there placed, as it doth avoid all the former inconveniences, both of the hold and forecastle, and yet shall be as serviceable, so hath it this benefit more: That it doth wonderfully well air the ship betwixt the decks, which is a great health unto the company. But if I were to go to Sea, as a man of war, I would have no Cook room at all; but such an one as I would have contrived to be removed, and strooken down in howld if I list, and yet it should waste no more wood than these do, and dress sufficient victuals for the company, and roost or bake some competent quantity for the Commander; or any persons of quality. Cardage. All kind of ropes belonging to the rigging of a ship, is by a general Appellation called Cordage. Cowneer, Is the hollow arching-part in the ship stern, betwixt the Transom, and the lower part of the Gallery, which is called the lower Counter, the upper Counter is from the Gallery, to the lower part of the upright of the stern. Cowrse. Is taken for that point of the Compass, which the ship is to sail upon, as to say, the place we must now go to lies East, we then direct our course East. Al●ir the course, that is, sail upon another point of the Compass; Mistake the course, that is, not to know how the land lies, or which way to go, also Maine-course and fore-cowrse Missen-cowrse, are the fails without the bonners; note all ships of great burden have double courses to hold more wind, and give the ship more way in a fresh gale, but in an easy gale they hinder (as do all things that are weighty over head.) A Crabb. Is an Engine of wood, with three claws placed on the ground, just in the nature of a Capstaine being placed, and most commonly used where they build ships, for the launching out, or heaving in of a ship into the dock, or off the key. A Cradle. Is a frame of Timber, brought along the outside of the ship by the Bildge, wherein they do launch ships for the greater safety. In Spain, and other places, they use to trim all their great ships in them. Craft. Is any kind of Nets or lines, or hooks to catch fish, for at sea, they will say, when they have lost their lines or Nets, that they have lost their craft, we also call small vessels, as Ketches, Hoys, Craes, and the like, small Craft, and he that sails in them, we say he uses small craft. Cranckc. We say a ship is cranek-sided, when she will bear but small sail, and will lie down very much, with little wind, the came thereof, is, that her breadth being laid too low, she hath nothing to bear her up, when once she gins to heel, we also say she is cranckc, by the ground, when she cannot be brought a ground, but in danger to overthrow: the reason whereof is; she hath no bildge to bear her, her floor being laid too narrow. Creengles. Are little Ropes spliced into the bolt-Roapes, of all fails belonging to the main and Foremast, unto which the Bowling bridles are made fast, and they are also to hold by, when we shake off a bormet. Cros-bar. Is a round shot, with a bar of iron, (as it were) put through the middle, coming out at both ends, some 6. or 8. Inches more or less, this will not flee so fare as a round shot, but further than a Langrell or chaine-snot; it is very good to use in fight; for the cutting and spoiling of Roaps, sails, yards and masts, as also to do execution amongst men, where they stand plying their small shot, but it is not used under water, for that it will hardly go through a good ship sides, unless it be used out of very great ordnance. Cros-Jack. Is a yard at the upper end of the Missen Mast, under the top, and there is sloong, having no halliards, nor ties belonging to it: the use whereof is to spread, and hale-on the missen topsail Sheets. Cros-peece. Is the great piece of timber, which goes a cross the bit-Pipes, and is that whereunto we be-lay the Cabell. Cros-trees. Are those cross pieces of timber, which are set on the head of the Mast, being bolted and let into one another very strong. In a general Appellation, all these fore-Peeces, being so made, and put together, are called the crosse-trees, but in truth and more strictly, only those two pieces, which go thwart ships, are called crosse-trees, and the other which go longest ships are called Treissell Trees, the use whereof is to bear and keep the topmast up, for the foot of the topmast is fastened in them, so that they bear all the stress. These also do bear upon them the tops, and do necessarily belong to all Masts, which carry any other top or flag-staff at the head. Crowfeets. Are those small lines or ropes, which stand in 6, 8, 10. or more parts, being so divided and put through the holes of a dead-man-eye, they are of no necessity, but only set up by the boat-swaines, to make the ship show full of small rigging; and are placed to the bottom of the Back-stages of the fore-top-mast, sprit-saile-top-mast-missen toppe-mast, and the toppe-gallant-masts. Cubbridghead. Is the same that is a bulk head: only that we use this word to the bulk head of the forecastle and the half deck, which we call the cubbridge-head afore or the cubbridge-head abast. Culver-taile. Is a manner of letting one timber into another, so as that by no means they can slip out: All their Carlings have their ends so let into the beams. Cut. This word is used in this sense, cut the sail, that is, when men are aloft upon the yard, the main sail, ok forr-saile, being farthelled up, they must let it fall down, when a sail is well fashioned, they say it is well cut: Cut the Cabell in the laws, that is most commonly used, when we ride in some storms, and desire to set-saile, but cannot stay the weighing of the Anchor, for fear of driving too much to lee ward, or the like: Generally when upon any occasion, we cannot stay to weigh the Anchor, than we put the Cabell in the hawse, to save so much as we can of it: In extraordinary occasion (either at an Anchor, or at sea, we sometimes cut the Masts, by the board the cause) at an Anchor, is when the storm increases, so that the power which the wind hath upon the rigging and the mast, doth force her Anchors to come home, or else endanger the breaking of the Cabel, than they cut down the mast: but if therebe only a great sea gate, and little or no wind, there it is to no purpose to cut the masts, for they do little or no hurt. This happens in many places, where the wind doth not blow home, as at Santa Cruz in Barbary, where some have rid such a road, that the sea hath broke over their foretop, and yet not a breath of wind. At sea, they cut the masts on these occasions, when an extraordinary gust or storm hath so laid the ship on-side, that there is no hope that she can right again, and so would quickly be over-set, or filled with water, then in cutting the Mast, first cut the lee-shrowdes, for else when the mast is over board, it will be hard cutting them, and the end of the mast may chance ro beat out the ships side, next cut a little into the weather-side of the mast, and then cutting the weather shrouds, the mast will instantly and without danger fall over board. Likewise at sea, in a great storm, where the ship rowles much, if the partners give way, the mast will roll out the ships sides. In this case also, if they cannot be mended, the mast must be cut by the board. Cut-Water. The Cut-water is the sharpness of the ship before, which doth as it were, cut the water and divide it before it comes to the bow, so that it may come by degrees, and not too suddenly to the breadth of the Ship, otherwise the ship would beat so full against the water, that she would make but little way: And therefore many times when a ship is to Bluffe, we put to a false stem, and as it were lengthen her for-ward-on, and this we call a Cut-water, which will not only make her sail better, but also make her keep a better wind and not to beat so much against a head-sea. D The DAvitt. Is a piece of timber, having a notch at one end, whereon they hang a block by a strap: and this is only used for to hang that block on, which is called the fish block, by which they hale up the flooke of the Anchor, to the ships bow or loof. It is shifted to either side as they have occasion, and is not made fast to the ship, but laid by till it be used, it is put out betwixt the cat and the loof: Launch out, or launch in the Davitt, that is, put it out or in: Also the boat hath a Davitt, which is set out over the head of the boat with a sheever, into which they bring the bovy rope to weigh the Anchor, and it stands in the Carlings that are in the boats bow. Dead men-eyes. Are a kind of blocks, wherein there are many holes, but no sheevers, wherein the Lanniers go that make fast the shrouds to the chains; The maine stays in some ships, are set taught by lanniers in Dead-men-eyes, but most great ships use double-blocks; the Crowe-feetes do reeve through dead-men-eyes. Dead-water. The water which is the Eddie water at the stern of the ship, is called dead-water, and therefore we say, a ship holds much dead-water, that it hath a great Eddie follows her at the stern or rudder, and this may be called dead, because it doth not pass away with that life, and quickness as the other doth. Deck. The Deck is that floor of plank, whereon we place our Ordnance, it lies upon the beams; they are called by the name of first, second or third deck, beginning at the lowest: also there is the half deck, that is, the deck which is from the Mainmast to the stem, and quarter-deck, which is from the steeridge aloft to the Master's : There is also the spar-deck, which is the upper-most, betwixt the two Masts, and is made very slight, with a meeting, or slight boards, towards the sides of the ship, and a grateing in the midst; also these decks are called by the name of Orlops, as they use to say, the first or second Orlop; a flush Deck, or as they use to say, a Deck flush, fore and aft, that is, when from stem to stem, it lies upon a right line without any fall: Note that the best contriving of a man of war, is to have the decks flush, and to have all her ports on that deck on an equal height, so as that every Piece may serve any port, the reasons are, for that the decks benig flush, men may pass fore and art with much more ease, for the delivering powder and shot, or relieving one another; but chiefly for that if a Piece or two be dismounted by shot in any place where there is a fall, another cannot be brought to supply his place, besides the discommodity that by disjoining the equal bearing part of the ship, the ship is much weakened, and also it loses much stowage in the sterne-sheates, yet there may be some use of these falls to a Merchant man for his defence, who may fit a close fight out of every fall, and though he lose one part of the deck, yet he may still keep more to be gained from him: The Deck cambers, that is, when it doth not lie flat, but compassing; To sink a deck, or to let fall a deck, is to remove it and place it lower: To raise a deck, is to put it higher above water; the making of a deck is termed, the laying of a deck. Deep-see-Lead. Is the Lead which is hung at the deep-see line, to sink it down; the weigh: whereof is commonly 14. pounds; this hath some hard white tallow laid upon the lower end of it, which brings up the ground, and so by the differences of the ground, we know where and upon what coast we are: But in Ozie ground, we use a white woollen cloth upon the lead, with a little tallow, without which cloth, the Ozie would not stick unto the tallow. Deep-see-Line. Is a small line, with which we sound in deep waters to find ground, and so according to the depth and ground in many known places; as in the coming into our channel, and many other places (when we can see no land, yet we know where we are. To Disembogue. Is as much as to say, to come out of the mouth of any Gulf; which being large within, may have some strait, or narrow coming out being used thus; When they come out of the West-Indies, betwixt Cube and Cape, Florida, which is the strait whereout out the current doth set, they say, they Disembogued out of the gulf; but it is not used, for the going out of a Harbour, or the like. To Dispert. Disperting, is the finding out of the difference of the Diametres of the Mettles, betwixt the breech and the mouth of any piece of Ordnance, by which we know what allowance to give to the mouth of the Piece (being ever less than the breech) that thereby we may make a just shot; there are divers ways, but the plainest is the surest and best, which is, by putting in of a straw, or small stick at the touchhole, at the lower side of the concave or sillender of the Piece, and then apply it in the same manner to the mouth, and it will exactly show the difference of the thickness of the Mettle, at the breech and mouth of the Piece. Dock. There are two kinds of Docks, a dry dock, which is made with floodgates, to keep out the Tide, in which we build ships, and repair them, wherein they sit without danger and harm: the other is a wet Dock, which is any crick or place where we may cast in: a ship out of the Tides-way in the Oze, and there, when a ship hath made herself (as it were) a place to lie in, we say, the ship hath docked herself. A Drabler, Vide Bonnett. For this is in all respects the same to the Bonnett, that the Bonnett is to the Cowrse; This is only used, when the Cowrse and Bonnett are to showle for to the Mast, some small ships which are Coasters, and therefore are, for most convenience, to have short cowrses, do use two Drabblers. Drags. Any things that hang over the ship in sea, as Shirts, Gowns and the like, as also the Boat in that respect, all which do hinder the ships way under sail, are called Drags. Draught. By Draught in water, is meant so many foot as the ship goes in water: A ship draws much water, that is, goes deep in water: A ship of small draught, that is, draws but little water. Note that ships of great draught are commonly wholesome ships in the sea; and ships of little draught, commonly go best, but roll most, the first is best for a long voyage, the last for a discovery. To Dregg. Or Dregging, is to take a little Crapnell, which being hung over the Boats-sterne, we let down to drag upon the ground, to find a Cabell which hath been let slip, unto whole Anchor there was no buoy, for this passing along the ground as the Boat doth row, will catch hold of it if it meet with it. A Drift-saile. Is a sail used under water, being veered out right a-head, having sheets to it; the use whereof, is to keep a ships head right upon the sea in a storm; also it is good, where a ship drives in fast with a current, to hinder her driving in so fast; but it is most commonly used by Fishermen in the North seas. Drive. We say a ship Drives, when we let fall the Anchor, and it will not hold the ship fast, but that she falls away with the tide or wind; for which we have no help, but to veer more cabell, for you must note, that the more Cabell is out, the faster and surer the ship will ride, or else to let-fall more Anchors: Also, when a ship is a-hall or a-trie, we say, she drives to Lee-ward, or drives in with the shore, and the like, according to the way she makes. Duck-up. This term is used with the Clew-garnet and Clew-lines of the mainsail, foresail and spritsail, whenas the mainsail or foresail doth hinder his sight forward, that steerers, or any the like occasion: And to the spritsail, most commonly when we make a shot with a Chase piece, for the clew of the spritsail, will hinder the sight, and being not ducked up will be shot away, so than we say, Duck-up the Clew-lines. E Ear-ring. Is that piece or part of the Bolt-roape which at all the four corners of the sail is left open, as it were a ring; The two uppermost are put over the ends of the yards or yard arms, and so the sail is at those two ends made fast to the yard, into the lowermost, the tacks and sheets are seized, or as the more proper term is, they are bend unto the clew. To Ease. This word is used in the same sense at sea, as otherwise we use the word stook, for generally, when we would have any rope slacker and not so hard strained, we say Ease it, (as ease the bowlings, sheets, etc.) only when the tack should be slackened; the proper term is, let rise the tack, which is a very fit term, in respect that the tack being loosed, it rises up from the Chestrees unto which it was haled close. An Eddy. Is the running back of the water in some place, contrary to the Tide, and so falling into the Tide again, which happens by reason of some head-land, or great point, in a River coming out suddenly, and so hindering the full passage of the water, which is had in the Channel before it came to the point. An Eddy-wind. Is that wind, which recoils, or returns back from any sail, hawse, or the like, going contrary to that wind where it proceeds, but is never so strong as the other. End for End. That is a term used, when any rope doth run all out of the block, so that it is un-reeved; or as when a cabell or hawse, doth run all out at the hawse, which may happen, either of purpose, to save the Cabell, or by chance, when coming to an Anchor, if they should miss laying on the stoppers, or that the stoppers should break, than they say, the cabell at the hawse is run-out End for End. Enter. To Enter, is to come into a ship, but in fight, they must be careful to clear the Decks with Fire-pots, or the like, if it be possible from the trains of powder, before men do enter; for it happens many times, that there are more men lost in a minute, by entering, then in long fight board and board; and therefore being so dangerous, it is fit, that men should be well advised first, though many times if a ship be not well provided of close fights, it is the speediest and safest way of taking them. Entring-ladder. Of this there are two, the one, which is used by the ships side, in Harbour, and fair weather, with Entring-roapes to it: this is all made of wood, the other is made of ropes, with small staves for steps, which is hung over the gallery, for entering out of the Boat in fowl weather, when by reason of the ships heaving and setting, they dare not bring the Boat to the shipside, for fear of staveing. Entring-roape. Is the rope which hangs by the side of the ship, in the waste, where men do usually come aboard the ship out of a boat, but it is taken generally for any rope which is given a man to enter by. Eyes. The hole wherein the ring of the Anchor is put, is called the Eye of the Anchor, also the compass, or ring, which is left of the strap whereunto a block is seized, is called the Eye of the strap. Eylot-holes. Are those round holes alongst the bottom of those sails, unto which do belong Bonnets, and the Bonnets have the same for the Drabblers, they have a little line sown about them, to make them strong; and serve for no other use but to receive into them the Latchets of the Bonnets, or, Drabblers, with which the Bonnet is lase to the Cowrse, and the Drabler to the Bonner. F FAddom. A faddom is six foot, which though every one know, is set down to give notice that we measure the length of all our ropes, by Faddoms, and not by any other measure, as we do the compass of the ropes by inches; for we say, a Cabell or Hawfier is so many fathom long, or so many inches about; also we reckon in sounding by Faddomes. A Facke. Is one circle of any rope, a cabell that is queiled up round; and so when they veer out a cabell, they many times ask, to know how much is left behind within-boord, how many Fakes are left. Fall-off. When a ship (under sail) doth not keep so near the wind, as we appoint, we say that the ship falls-off: This happens many times by the negligence of the steenes-man, but many times the fault is in the ship, which happens, either because she may be light a-head, or that her masts may be stayed too forward on, for these two things make a ship head fall from the wind. Falls. When we mention the Falls of a ship (as to say) a ship hath a fall, or many falls, it is meant by the raising or laying some part of the Deck higher, or lower than the other, also the small ropes which we hale-by mall tackles, is called the fall of the tackle; as to say, over-hale the Fall of your main tackle, or cleefe the fall of your tackle (only the wanding tackle hath no fall. To farthel. Or farchelling a sail, is when we wrap-up a sail close together, and so bind it with the Casketts to the yard, but towards the yard-arme we use mape yarnes, for the sail is not very weighty; this manner we use only to the mainsail, foresail and spritsail. Farthelling-lines. Are small lines which are made fast to all the topsails, top-gallant-sailes, and also the missen yard-armes, the missen hath but one, the other one, on either side; by these we farthel those sails, but the topsails have not the bunt bound up to the yard, as the main and fore-sailes have, but is laid on the top, and so bound fast to the head of the mast; this we call stowing the topsail. The Fashion Pieces. Are the two timbers, which do describe the breadth of the ship astern, and are the outwardmost timbers of the ships stern on either side (excepting aloft where the Coconter is connted. Fender-Bolts. Vide Bolts. Fenders. Are many pieces of old cabels, ropes or billets of wood, which are hung over the ships side to keep an other ship or boat from rubbing on the ships side, that they may not break her bends, or rub off the stuff when she is new trimmed; boats have the same, to save them from much beating against the ships side; in the boat, the men have also little short staves, which they call Fenders, hence we say, Fend the boat, that is, save her from beating against the ships side. Fidd. Is as it were an Iron pin, made tape-ring and sharp at the lower end, which is to open the strands of the ropes when we splise two ropes together; but when we splise cabells we use fidders of wood, in the same form and nature but much-bigger, which if they were made of Iron, would be too heavy to work withal; The pin in the heel of the topmast which bears it upon the Chestrees, is a fidd. Fidd-hammer. Is a Fidd made sharp at one end, to splise a rope, and a Hammer at the other end, with a head and a claw, to drive or draw a Nail. Fightts. The mast-cloathes which hang round about the ship to hinder men from being seen in fight, are called the Fightts; also any bulke-head, afore or abast, out of which they may use Murderers, or small shot, or generally any place wherein men may cover themselves, and yet use their Arms, are called close fightts. Fireworks. Are any kind of artificial receipts, applied to any kind of Weapon, Engine or Instrument, whereby we use to set-on-fire the Hulls, sails or Masts of a ship in fight, whereof there are many sorts, but the most commonly used at sea are these, fire-pots, fire-balls, fire-Peekes, Trunks, Brasse-balls, Arrows with fireworks, and the like; to say, all that might concerning these, will require too long a discourse for this that I here pretend A Fish. Is any piece of timber or plank, which we make fast, either to Mast or Yard, to secure and strengthen it, when it is in danger to break, than we command the Carpenter to fish the Mast or yard, which is done, first hollowing it fit for the place, and then nailing it with speaks, and woulding it about with ropes, (This fish is very dry meat. The Fish-block. The block, is the block that belongs to the fish, and is called the fish-block. The Fish-hooke. Is the hook belonging to the Fish, and is called the Fish-hooke. The Fish. Is a Tackle hung at the end of the Davie, by the strap of the block, in which block there is a runner with a hook at the end, which doth hitch the flooke of the Anchor, and so they hale by the fall that belongs to it, and so raise the flock to the bow, or chainewale of the ship. Flags. These are not only used at sea for distinctions of Nations, or Officers of Fleets (as that the Admiral should have his in the Main-top, the Vice-admiral in the fore, and the Rear-admiral in the Missen-top,) but also for distinctions and signs what ships must do, according as they have directions from the chief Commander, as to chase, to give over, to come to counsel, or the like; At sea, to lower, or strike one's Flagg in fight is a token of yielding, but otherwise of great obedience and respect: And to be made to take it in perforce, the greatest disgrace that can be; when they would have the flag out, they say, heave out the Flagg, that is, to wrap it close about the staff; To strike the Flagg, is to pull it down upon the Cap, and so let it hang over lose. Flaire. When a ship is a little howled in near the water, and above that the work doth hang over again, and is laid out broader-aloft, they say, that the work doth Flaire over, this makes a ship more room within board, for a man of War, but it is not so sightly, nor by the most common opinion hold to be wholesome for a ship; yet I have seen the experience, and am of opinion, that it can wrong a ship but little, if her bearing be laid high enough. Floane. When any of the Sheets be not haled home to the Blocks, than they say that the sheate is floane; but when they say, let fly the sheate, that is to let it go amain, or as fare as it will: This is most commonly used in great Gusts, for fear of spending the top-masts, or over-setting the ship; for the sheets being floane, doth hold no wind: I have seen in an extraordinary gust, that when the ship hath been down on the quick-side in the water, we have to make her right again let fly the sheate, but the gust hath fluttred all the sail to pieces, leaving not any jot, or but some rags in the bole-roapes. Flood, It is flood when the water gins to rise, young-flood, quarter-flood, halfe-flood, are all terms commonly known. The Flooke. This is the broad part of the Anchor, which takes hold in the ground; as also those of the Crapnels, which have four flookes. Float. We say, any thing doth float that swims above water, not touching ground, as the ship is afloat, that is, when it is borne up clear from the ground by the rising of the water; A floaty-ship, is a ship which draws but little water. Flowe. When the water doth rise or heighten, we say it doth flow: But note, that ever in all places (Seas or Rivers) where it flows, it flows by the shore, before it flows in the offing or middle of the stream, and so it doth ebb by the shore, before it doth in the stream; the reason is, for that the water is of most force and weight where it is deepest, and so is hardlier returned, being once bend away: When we say it flows at London-bridge, South-west, or at any other place South or West, or as it happens: by this is meant, that when the Moon is at the full, or else new Moon, then upon that day, the Sun being in the South-west point, which is three of the clock in the afternoon, it is high water at London-bridge. The Floor. The floor of a ship, is so much of the bottom of her, as she doth rest upon when she is aground; and therefore those which have long and broad floors, lie fast and safest with the ground, and the others are crank and dangerous, both to wring themselves, and to overthrow. Flush. When a Deck is laid from Stem to Stern without any falls or rise, we say her Deck lies flush, fore and aft, and this word is not used in any other sense. The Flie. Is that part of the Compass whereon the 32. points of the winds are described; to which underneath is the Needle made fast. To Free. When a ship hath much water in her, we say, the Pump will free her, or will not free her; Or when we bale out the water, that is called freeing the ship: Also, when the boat hath water in her, we command them to free the boat; so that this word (Free) is not used in any other respect about a ship, but to get out the water, nor there is not any other word used so properly, for the getting-out of the water of ship, or boat, as this. Fresh-shott. When any extraordinary land-water comes down a River suddenly, or else when any great River comes into a sea, so as that the water is fresh a mile or two (as in many places it is) we say it is a great fresh-shott. The Fore-foote. There is no such place of a ship which is termed her fore-foote; but it is a word used in this kind, when two ships sail, so that one doth lie with her stem so much a-weather the other, that keeping their courses, that ship which doth so lie, will goe-out a head with the other, than we say, that she doth lie with the fore-foote of the other, as she stands or comes with her fore-foote; but being once so past out before her a-head, and by her, we do not say she is passed by her fore-foote, but thus, she is gone-out a-head; so that this word fore-foote, implies no more, but one ships lying, or sayleing across an other ships way. Forelocks. Are little flat pieces of Iron, made like wedges, which are put into the holes at the ends of bolts, to keep the bolts from drawing out or slipping back, all these keep down, and fast the capsquares of the Carriages. Foremast, Vide Mast. A Former. Is a piece of wood, turned round, somewhat less than the bore of the Piece for which it is made; as a Saker Former, a Mimon Former, etc. The use whereof, is to make upon it Paper Carthrages, or Linen Carthrages. Fore-Reache. When two ships sail together, or after one another, she which sails best (that is fastest) doth Fore-reach upon the other. If two ships sail both one way by a wind, one may keep the better wind, the other may fore-reach, than he that doth fore-reach, if he would speak with the other, as suppose he be a Man of War, the other a Merchant, he must cast about when he is so far fore-reached upon her, that he may lie with her fore-foote. Foresail, Vide Saile. Fore-Top-Mast, Vide Topmast. Fore-Yard, Vide Yard. Fowl. When a ship hath been long untrymmed, so that grass, or any filth be grown or got about her, she is foul: Also when any rope which we should hale, is hindered by an other, or tangled in itself (as Topsail, Halliards, Tackle, Falls and the like may be) or any thing else so that it cannot run, we say the rope is foul, as the Sheets are fowl of the Ordnance; the Halliards, Clew-lines, or the like, are foul and so must be cleared before they can be made to run. Foule-Water. When a ship (under sail) comes into shallow water, so that she raises the mud or sand with her way, (which she may do, though she do not touch the ground, but come very near it) we say she makes foule-water. Note that a ship in Showle-water, when she sails with her Keel near the ground, cannot feel her Helm, as well as in deep water: The reason is, for that near the ground, the water hath not that weight and force as it hath when it is deep: and also by reason of an Eddy, which is made betwixt the ground and the bottom of the ship, being so near together, the water cannot come so swift to the Rudder, as it doth in deeper-waters: And note also, that the swifter the water comes to the Rudder, the better the ship doth steer, or feel her Helm. Fownder. When a ship by any extraordinary leak, or else by any great sea that hath broken into her, is half full, or full of water, so that we cannot free the water forth, we say, she is foundered. The word is significant, for just as a foundered Horse cannot go, so a ship which is full, or near full of water, will not feel her Helm, that it will neither veer nor steer, but drive away with the sea, just like a log of wood. Furr, or Furred There are two kinds of furring, the one is after a ship is built, to lay on an other plank upon the side of her (which is called plank,) The other, which is more eminent, and more properly furring, is to rip off the first planks, and to put other timbers upon the first, and so to put on the planks upon these timbers: The occasion of it is, to make a ship bear a better sail, for when a ship is too narrow, and the bearing either not laid out enough, or too low, than they must make her broader, and lay her bearing higher; They commonly Fur some two or three strikes under water and as much above, according as the ship requires, more or less: I think in all the world, there are not so many ships Furred, as are in England: and it is pity that there is no order taken, either for the punishing of those who build such ships; or the preventing of it; for it is an infinite loss to the owners, and an utter spoiling and disgrace to all ships that are so handled. Futtocks. This word is commonly pronounced, but I think more properly it should be called Foote-hookes; for the Futtocks are those compassing timbers, which give the breadth and bearing to the ship, which are scarved to the ground-timbers: and because no timbers that compass, can be found long enough, to go up through all the side of the ship, these compassing-timbers are scarffed one into the other, and those next the keel, are called the lower or ground Futtocks, the other are called the upper Futtocks. G GAge. We are to Gauge our Cask, that we may see how great it is, or how much is leaked out; which we do, by putting down a stick at the Boong, and that, by the witness, will show how much liquor is in it: Also, when we would know how much water a ship draws when she is afloat, we stick a nail into a pike or pole, and so put it down by the Rudder, till this nail catch hold under the Rudder, and this we call gageing a ship: Note that we cannot exactly by this, tell how much water she draws, for we must allow for the Rake of the ship aft-ward on: for the Lole doth not go down in a Perpendicular Line, and so many foot as she draws, is called the ships gage, when one ship is to-weather of another, she hath, as they term it, the weather-gage, but they never use to say, the Lee-gage. Gale. When the wind doth not blow too hard, but reasonably, so that a ship may bear her topsails, a-tripp, we call it (according to the strength of it) either an easy, or loom-gale, which is, when it is little wind: a fresh, stiff strong gale when it is much wind: Sometimes at sea, two ships being not fare asunder; if it be fair, smooth, gentle weather, and but little wind, one ship will have more wind than the other, and sometimes the one be flat, be calmed, the other have a little breath of wind, than they say, the ship which hath the wind, doth gale away from the other. The Garboord. Is the first plank, that is brought on the outside of the ship, next to the Keel. Gar-boordstrake. Is the first strake, or (as you may say) the first seam next to the Keel: Here is the most dangerous place in all the ship to spring a leak; for it is almost impossible to come to it within-boord. The Garnett. Is a tackle, wherewith we hoyce in all Cask and goods, if they be not too heavy, as great Ordnance, etc. It hath a pendant comes from the head of the mainmast, with a block which is strongly seized to the maine-stay, just over the Hatch-way where we use to take in our goods and howld. In this block, they do reel the runner, which hath a hook at one end, within which we hitch the slings, and at the other, a double block, in which we reeve the fall of the runner, and so by that we hale, and hoist in the goods; when it is not used, it is made fast along by the stay, at the bottom of the stay. A Girding, Vide Trusses. Gird. When the Cabell is so taught, that upon the turning of the tide, the ship cannot go over it with her sterne-post; then she will lie across the tide, and then we say, she is Girt; which will instantly be under, if the cabell be veered out slack. Goaring. A sail, is cut goring, when it comes sloping by degrees, and is broader at the clew then at the eareing; all topsails, and top-gallant sails are so. Goose-wing. When we are going before a wind, or quarter winds, with a fair fresh gale, we many times (to make more haste) unparrell the Missen-yard, and so launch-out the yard and sail over the quarter, on the Lee-side, and so fitting Guyes at the farther end, to keep the yard steady with a Boome: we Boome out the Sheate of the missen-sayle, this doth help to give the ship some way, which otherwise the missen-saile won't, especially before a wind; this sail so fitted, is called a Goose-wing. Grapnells. Are in the nature of an Anchor, being used for Galleys, or Boats to ride by, only they differ in form: for Grapnells have four flookes, and never a stock, for it needs none, being that which way soever it fall, two of the flookes do ever hold by the ground: In Men of War, we use them that are light to fling into a ship, to catch hold on some of the Grateings, Rails, Gun-wales, or the like, and so having a chain made fast unto it; we lash fast the ships together. There are also small Crapnels, with three hooks, but not broad like flookes, with which we use to sweep for Hawsers or small Cabels. Gratings. Are small ledges laid over one cross another like a Portcullisse or a prison gate, those which are called the gratings, are betwixt the main and fore-masts which do serve for a close fight, and also for the succour of men, either in hot, or foul weather, with a Tarpawling upon them: There are also in many places of the ship gratings made for air and light, but chiefly over the Ordnance, for the vent of the smoke of the powder, which comes out of the touchhole in fight. To Grave. Graveing a ship, is bringing her to lie dry aground, and then to burn off the old filth and stuff, with reed, broom, or the like, and so to lay on new; Some use only tallow, but that will quickly grow foul, others tallow and soap (which will also quickly grow foul,) The most common and best, is with train-oil, Rosen and Brimstone boiled together, for this will last longest clean: The laying on of the stuff, is called Paying the ship. A Gripe. The Gripe of the Ship, is the compass and sharpness of the Stem under-water, especially toward the lower part: The use whereof, is to make a Ship keep a good wind; And therefore sometimes when a ship will not keep a wind well, they put on an other false Stem to the true Stem to make her Gripe more, To Gripe. We say a Ship doth Gripe, when she is apt (contrary to the Helm,) to run her head or nose to the wind more than she should: There are commonly two causes of this, the one, when a Ship may be too deep a-head, that her head is not apt, by reason of the weight which presses her down, to fall away from the wind; the other may be the staying of the Mast; for if she be a short Ship, and draw much water, if her Masts be stayed too much aftward-on, it will cause her head still to run into the wind: The Flemings being generally long floatie Ships, do stay all their Masts aftward-on very much, else their Ships would never keep a wind, for it is apparent to sense, that all fails from the Mainmast aftward-on the farther aft they stand, the more they keep the Ship to the wind: as the head-sailes, the more forward on they stand, the more power they have to flat the Ship about from the wind. Grommets. Are little rings, which are made fast to the upper-side of the yard, with staples, which are driven into the yard; which have no other use but to tie and make fast the Casketts into them. Ground and grounding. When a Ship is brought of purpose to be trimmed on the ground, or otherwise, that is called grounding the ship: There are three manner of laying a ship aground, that is, either laying her head upwards towards the bank and her stern towards the offwards, and is turned, laying her Pitch-long-to, this is used to Ships that are crank with the ground; for this way, they take the best advantage for the Ship to bear herself: The second is, to lay her all alongst the shore, and to heal her to the shore-ward; this is used to ships which have reasonable good floats, and will bear themselves sufficiently well: The third, is laying her alongst the shore, heeling her to the offward; this we use to Ships which have great broad Floarers (as Fleming's, which have standing strakes;) the reason is, for that otherwise we should hardly come to her Keel: Some sea-fareing-men, are very superstitious of going to sea at certain days, and commonly those hold it good to begin the voyage on Sundays; and therefore to seem to have begun the voyage that day (though they be not ready to go) they will weigh, or as the term is, trip the Anchor, and go a little way, and so come to the Anchor again, this they call breaking ground. Ground-timbers. Are those timbers which are fast laid over the Keel, and so bolted through the Keelson into the Keel, and are those which make the floor of the Ship, and are therefore called ground-timbers, because the Ship doth rest upon these when she lies aground. Gudgeons. Are those Irons which are made fast to the Sterne-post, into which the Pintells of the Rudders are hanged. To Gull. When the Pin of a Block, doth eat or wear into the Sheever, it is called Gulling: Also when a Yard doth rub against the Mast, we say, it will Gull the Mast; and therefore, to avoid that, we put a Plate made of Synnet, to the middle of the yard, to keep it from gulling the Mast. The Gun-wale. That piece of timber, which reaches on either side the Ship, from the halfe-Deck, to the forecastle (being the uppermost bend as it were, which finishes the upper walls of the Hull there; and wherein they put the Stanshions which support the wast-trees) is called the Gun-wale, whether there be any guns there or not: Also the lower part of any Port where any Ordnance doth lie, is called the Gun-wale. A Guye. Is any rope, which is used to keep a piece of Ordnance, or any thing else, the Boat or the like, which is hoist into the Ship from swinging into the Ship too fast, when it is over the gun-wale, to be hoysed-in, then by this rope we do ease it in greatly; and it is commonly made fast to the Stanshions of the wast-trees, and that is called a Guy, which word I think comes from Guide, for this doth guide it in. Also there is a rope, which is fastened to the foremast at one end, and is reeved through a single block, which is seized to the Pendant of the winding-tackle, and so reeved again through an other, which is seized to the foremast, somewhat lower than the first part, and this is to hale forward the Pendant of the winding Tackle, and this rope is called Guye. H To HAle, or over-hale. That which others commonly call pulling a rope, the sea-faring-men call ever haleing (as hale taught the Bowleings; or hale in a rope that hangs without board, or the like in any kind,) To over-hale, is when a rope is haled too stiff, or taught; then to hale it the contrary way that it was haled before, and so to make it slacker. To Hall, or Halling. Halling of a Ship, is calling to her to know whence she is, or whither she is bound, or any other occasion, which is done commonly in these words, o the Ship, or (at sea,) no more but Hoâ, and the other than answers Hâe: These words are common to all Christian seamen, to hall each other in: Also sometimes we seem to call to them, or salute them with whistels or trumpets, and this is called Halling with Trumpets, or whistles. Halliards. Are the ropes by which we hoist all the yards, only the crosse-Jack, nor the sprit-saile-yard have none, because they are ever slung: yet in small-craft, they have Halliards to the sprit-saile-yard. Hand, or Handing. When they would deliver away any thing, to be passed to another, or to have it brought to them, they say, hand this away, or hand me that, or hand it along; so when they want men to hoist, or do any labour, they use to call for more hands, not more men. A Hands peek. Is but a wooden leaver, (which is used instead of a Croa of Iron) to traverse the Ordnance; but most especially to the wind lass in the boat, or Ships which have wind lasses, to heave up the Anchor by. The Harpings. The Harpings of a Ship, is the breadth of her at the bow: Also some call the ends of the bends, which are fastened into the Stem, the Harpings. Hatches. Are those lose parts, and as it were, doors of the Deck, which are in the mid-ship before the mainmast that we open to let down things in Hold; having at each corner, a sheackle of Iron, to lift them by. Hatch-way. By the Hatch-way, Is meant the place Perpendicular, over the Hatches: when they say, lay a thing in the Hatch-way, that is, on the Hatches. The Hawses. Are those great-round-holes, before, under the head, out of which the Cabels do come, when the Ship is at an Anchor: A bold Hawse; Is when they lie high from the water, and this is best, for when they lie low, if there be great sea, the Hawse will still be in the water, and take in much water into the Ship: Fresh the Hawse, that is when we suspect that the Cabell is fretted or chafed, or is like, as many times it will, to burn in the Hawse (for there the Cabell endures the greatest stress) than we veer out a little, to let an other part of the Cabell endure the stress: Also, when we lay new plats upon the Cabell; In the Hawfe, it is called freshing the Hawse: Clear the Hawse, that is, when two Cabels, which come out at two Hawses, and by the winding of the Ship, have some turns one about the other, then undoing these turns, is clearing the Hawse; which is necessary to be done, for else the Cabels will gall one another very much: Any ship, or thing that is cross afore the Hawse, or lies athwart the Hawse; or when one Ship rides with her stern just afore the others Hawse, they say, she rides upon the Hawse. A Hawser. Is a three-strand rope, and may be called a little Cabell, for that which is one Ships Hawser, will be an other Ships Cabell: These do serve for many uses, as to warp the Ship over a bar: the main and fore-shrowdes, are made of Hawsers; only note the difference of the making or laying, is the cause of the difference of the names, which to know, Vide Roapes. The Head, Vide Beakhead. Yet sometimes it is not exactly taken only for the Brake-head; for sometimes they say, a-head, that is, about the foremast, taking as it were, all the forepart of the Ship, for the head. Head-lines. Are the ropes of all sails, which are upper most next the yard, by which the sail is made fast unto the yards. Head-sailes, Are sails belonging to the foremast, spritsail, and spritsail topmast; for these are the sails which govern the head of the Ship, to make it fall off, and to keep out of the wind; these head-sailes (quarter-winds) are the chief drawing sails. Head-sea. When it hath been a great storm, the wind (it may be) will suddenly alter 6. points and more, but the sea will go the lame way it did, for some hours, then if our course lie to go right against this sea (as we may, the wind being altered) we shall meet this sea right a-head, and so we call it a head-sea: Sometimes also when it hath but a little wind, there will be a sea, which will come contrary to the wind, but then, not long after, the wind will come that way, and doth show, that on that point of the Compass, when as that sea comes, there hath been much wind. Note, that generally, before any great storm, the sea will come that way before any wind; which shows that the sea outruns the wind; the reason I take to be, for that the sea being a continuate-body, one part being moved, the wind doth quickly infuse motion to the rest, as we see by the circles which a stone doth make, when it is thrown into the water. Note in head-seas, all short Ships are bad sailors, for they beat much against the sea, but long Ships do go more easily, for they will ride upon two waves at once, and fall more geraly into the sea. To Heave. As we commonly use the word, fling away, so seamen they use the word, heave away; for if it be but a rope, yard, or Ship, they will say, heave it away: Heave over-bood, that rope, yard, or the like; Also the turning about of the Capstaine, is called heaving at the Capstaine; Also when a Ship at Anchor doth rise, and fall with the waves, they say, she heaves and sets. The Heel. The Heel of the Mainmast, foremast, or Missen, is nothing but that part, which is pared away a little, slaunting on the aftward-side of the foot of the mast, like a heel, to give the mast leave to be stayed aftward on; as the Flemings do especially; But the heels of the top-masts are squares, and in that they put the fid of the topmast. To he'll. Is for the Ship to lie down on a side, whether she be a float or aground, and so she heels much or little: She heels to Starboard, or to Port: Some superstitious seamen, when they take in goods, or victuals for a voyage, if by chance in stowing the provision she heel to starboard, will say, it is a sign of a long and bad voyage, for than they will say, she heels from hand-ward, because they take in all their goods on the Larboard side; but if she heel to Larboard, it is a sign of a good-voyage, and some goods to come in: When she is aground, we say she heels to the shore-ward, or to the offward, according as it is. The Helm. Is that piece of timber, which the helmes-man doth hold in his hand, to steer and govern the Rudder, and one end is made fast to the head of the Rudder, but so as that it may be taken off: Though the Rudder be the cause of the Ships working, yet the helm is the instrument which governs the Rudder, and therefore we impute it all to the Helm; as when we say, the Ship feels the Helm, or doth not feel the Helm, that is, will work, and be governed by the Helm, or not; for if a Ship be very foul, or out of her trim, or too deep, or too light, many times she will not feel the Helm, but sail as if she had none. Port the Helm: Starboard the Helm: A mid-ship, or right the Helm, terms of conding, to direct which way the Steersman should put the Helm: In smaller Ships under the rate of 500 Tun, they use to put a whip to the other end of the Helm, and so steer and govern the Helm by that. To Hitch. Is to catch-hold of any thing with a rope, to hold it fast, or with a hook; and we say, Hitch the fish-hooke to the flooke of the Anchor: When we hoist in the boat, Hitch the Tackles in the rings of the boat, or the garnet, the slings, that is, catching hold of it by the hook, to hoist in the goods. To Hold-off. Is when we heave the Cabell at the Capstaine, if the Cabell be very stiff and great, or else have laid in a slimy ozie-ground, it surges, and slips back, unless that part, which is heaved in, be still haled away, hard from the Capstaine, to keep the Cabell close, and hard to the Capstaine whelps, if it be a small Cabell, men may do it in their hands, but if great, then either they hold off with Nippers, or else (as in all great ships) they do bring it to the jeere-capstaine, and this is called, Holding-off. Honey Combed. When a piece of Iron Ordnance (either by being Ill-east, or with over much wearing, is rugged, and hath little holes in the concave of the Piece, she is said to be Honey-combd. This is very dangerous for a cross-bar-shot to catch in, or any ragged shot, as also that some rag of the Carthrage, or piece of the wad may stick in it, and so fire the powder, that shall instantly be put in; to try whether a Piece be Honey-combed, we put in a Nail, or crooked piece of wire at the end of a staff, and so where that catches, we know she is honey-combed, or else light a candle on the end of a staff, and that will show all the imperfections of the Piece. The Hooks. The Hooks of the Ship, are all those forked timbers which are placed upright on the Keel, both in the Rake, and Run of the Ship: These do give the Narrowing and bredthing of the Ship in those parts, according as they are framed, and they are bolted into the Keel; The compassing timbers which are before, and do help to strengthen the Stem and forepart of the Ship, are called breast-hookes. A Horse. Is a rope which is made fast to one of the foremast shrouds, with a dead-man-eye at the end of it, through which is reeved the pendant of the sprit-saile-sheates; and is for no other use, but to keep the sprit-saile-sheates clear of the flookes of the Anchor: Also when a man heaves the head of the shrouds, there is a rope made fast to the shrouds for him to lean against for falling into the sea; Also they use a rope to set taught the shrouds, with wale-knots, one end made fast to the shrouds, to the other, the Lanniers are brought, and so with a handspeeke turning it, they set taught the Halliards, this is called a Horse: Also those little short ropes, which are seized to the middle of the topmast, and top-gallant-stages, with a block, wherein are reeved the topsail and top-gallant bowlings are called Horses. The Howld. All the room betwixt the Keilson, and the first, or lower-decks, is called the Howld; and it is where all our victuals, goods, and stores do lie; yet it is divided into several rooms with bulk-heads, as the Steward's room, the Powder room, the Boate-swaines store, and the like: Running the howld, stowe the howld, clear the howld. Vide the proper names. The Hounds. Are the holes in the Checks which are fastened to the head of the Masts, wherein the ties do run, to hoist the yard; The top-masts have but one hole aloft in the head of the mast, because they have but single ties, and this is also called the Hounds. Howlsom. We say a Ship is a Howlsom Ship in the sea when she will hull, try and ride well at an Anchor, without rowleing or tumbling and labouring much in the sea: A long ship, which draws much water will hull well, try well, and ride well: If she draw much water, and be short, she may hull well, but neither try nor ride well at an Anchor: If she draw little water, and be long, she may ride well, and try well, but not hull well; If she be short, and draw little water, she will neither hull, try nor ride well, and therefore those are the most unhowlsome Ships. Note also that the howseing-in, or laying of the upper works of a ship, do much ease, or wrong her in all these manner of workings; but howsoever the over-carveing of her, is bad for all, and makes her more laboursome than otherwise she would be. Howsing-in. When a Ship after she is pass the breadth of her bearing, is brought in narrow to her upper-works, they say that she is howsed-in: Most are of opinion, that the howseing in of a Ship, makes her the more howlsome in the sea, because the weight of the Ordnance, and her upper works, do not over-hang the Nail, which as they suppose would make her roll the more, but I am sure it takes away a great deal of room for a man of War, and the Tack will never come so well aboard, as when she is laid-out a loft: I have so much experience of both sorts, that I am of opinion if two Ships be given, caeteris paribus, a ship which is laid out aloft, not flairing but proportionably finished to her other works, shall be the howlsomer Ship; for that the counterpoise on either side (the whole weight, not so much over hanging the perpendicular of the Keel) shall keep her more steady, and make her the longer in fetching over a seal: The reason is the same, and will hold proportion in a Ship to the wacking of a Tun-Ambulus, who with equal weight will go much more sure, if his weight wherewith with he doth steady himself, be at the end of the Long-staffe, which by reason of the greatness of the circle, must have a long time to come over his perpendicular, then if the same were in a shorter staff, or in a lump together in his hand, which once inclining either way, be hath nothing by which to secure and counterpoise the weight. To Hoist. When they would hale up any thing into the Ship with a Tackle, or a dead-roape, or get up a yard, they call it Hoiseing: as hoist the water in hoist up the yards. The Hull. Is the very body or bulk of the Ship without Masts, Yards, Ropes or sails. Hulling, Is when a Ship is at sea, and hath taken in all her sails, in calm weather: It is done to save the sails from beating-out against the Masts, but in fowl weather when they are able to bear no sail, the manner is no more, but taking in all the sails, and tying down the helm to the Lee-side of the Ship (and so if she be a good conditioned Ship) she will lie easily under the sea, and thus she makes her way one point afore the beam, that is, if the wind be at West, and the Ship look South, she will make way East, and by South, which is one point afore the beam: the beam will bear East and West. It is not yet agreed amongst all Seamen, whether it be better for a Ship to hull with her topmast up or down: the most received opinion is, to have her down, in respect that generally they suppose the weight aloft will make her steel the more dangerously in a storm. But besides (the experience which I have seen to the contrary) I can give this reason, why it is best in a dangerous and desperate storm, to hull with the top-masts up; all seamen will confess, that the weather Seel is the most dangerous Seel, and therefore must grant, that that is the safest hulling which doth most prevent the danger of the Seel: If her top-masts be down when she Seeles to Lee-ward, the less weight over-bead she hath to hinder her from coming, and rolling back over again to windward, the faster she will Seele-over, and the shorter: so that meeting the windward sea so short, and suddenly it may endanger to break in and founder her, but if the topmast be up, she must needs be the longer in comming-up to windward, and so meet the sea with more ease, that it may have more leisure to break a way under her; yet it is true, she will make the greater Lee-Seele, but in that there is no danger, though to an unexperienced man, there may seem to be. A Hullock. Is a small part of a sail, which is loosed and left open in a great storm, when we dare not have any more out; and is only used in the Missen-saile, when we would keep the Ships head to the sea, with a little sail; making all up, excepting a little at the Missen-yard arm: or else when a Ship will not weather-coile, to lay her head the other way, we lose (for that is the term) a hullock of our foresail, and so changing the helm to the weather-side, the Ship will fall off, and lay her head, where her stern lay before. I The Jeer. Is a piece of a Hawser, which is made fast to the mainyard and foreyards, close to the ties of great Ships (for small Ships do not use it,) and so is reeved through a block, which is seized close to the top, and so comes down, and is reeved through an other block at the bottom of the Mast close by the Deck: Great ships have one on one side, an other on the other side of the ties; the use of this rope, is to help to hoist up the yard, but the chiefest is to secure the ties, and to hold the yard from falling down if the ties should break. The Jeere-Capstaine. This hath its name from the Jeer; which is ever brought to this Capstaine to be heaved at by; It stands in the waist in the hatch-way, and serves for many other uses (as to heave upon the Viol, or hold off the Cabell from the maine-Capstaine. Iron-sick. A Ship or boat is said to be Iron-sick, when the bolts, speeks or nails are so eaten away with the rust or the salt-water, that they stand hollow in the planks, and so the Ship doth receive in water by them, and this is the reason why they put lead over all the bolts heads under water. A Junck. Any piece of a Cabell that is cut off, most commonly any part of an old Cabell, is called a Junck; such as this, they hang for fenders by the Ships-sides, or else untwist it, and make plaits for Cabels, roape-yarne or sinnet, if it be not too old and rotten, if it be old, than they make Ockham of it. A Jury-mast. When by occasion of storm, or fight, we have lost either the foremast or mainmast, we do reserve (if it be possible) the Main or fore-yard; which we put down into the step of the mast, and so fasten it in the partners, and so take the Missen yard, or if we have any other, which serves for a yard, which fitting with sails and ropes in form of the other, we make a shift with a steer, and govern the Ship. K To KEckle, or Keckling. We use this term only to the Cabell, and the Bolt-roape, when we fear the galling of the Cabell in the Hawse, or the bolt-roape against the quarter of the Ship, we turn a small rope round about it, but in manner it differs not from serveing of other ropes, though to these, this serveing is Keckling. A Kedger, Vide Anchor. To Kedge, or Kedging. When in a narrow River, we would bring up or down a Ship, the wind being contrary to the tide, and we are to go with the tide, than they use to set the foresail, or fore-top-saile, and the millen, and so let her drive with the tide; the reason of useing these sails, is to flat her about, if she come too near the shore: also they use a small Anchor in the head of the boat, with a hawser, that comes from the Ship; which Anchor they let fall in the middle of the stream: If the ship come too near the shore, and so wind her head about by that, and so lift up the Anchor again, when she is about; from this use the Anchor is called a Kedger, or Kedge-Anchor. The Keel. Is the first timber which is laid of a Ship, and is the bases whereon all the rest are fastened; and so much is to be accounted the Keel, as doth lie in a strait line, at the one end whereof, is scarffed in the Stem, and at the other, is let in the stern-post; to this are all the ground timbers and hooks, fore and aft, bolted; and on them all the upper-works are raised: A rank Keel, is when a ship hath a deep Keel; and this is good to keep a Ship from rowleing; for if a floaty ship roll too much, that hath but a showle-Keele, we put to an other Keel under the first, to make it deeper, for that will take some more hold in the water; and this we call a false Keel. The Keele-roape. Is a rope which runs alongst the Ship upon the Keel within the Limbers of the ground-timbers, one end comming-out out before, the other abast, some will have this of a basse-roape, but the best is a hair rope for lasting: The use of it is, to clear the Limber-holes when they are stocked with ballast, or any thing else, so as the water which lies betwixt the timbers, cannot come to the well of the Pump. Keel-son. Is the lowest piece of timber within the Ships howld, which lies all along upon the ground-timbers right over the Keel, through which are driven the bolts which do fasten the Keelson ground-timbers and the Keel together. A Catch. Is a small-boate, such as uses to come to Belins-gate, with Mackerel, Oysters, etc. Kewells. Are small pieces of Timber, nailed to the inside of the Ship, unto which we be-lay the sheets and tacks. Keenke. When a rope which should run smooth in the block, hath got a little turn, so as it comes double (as it were) this we call a Keenke: also the same is in a Cabell, if it run-out-doubling in like manner, which happens either by ill quileing of the Cabell, or by letting it run out too fast; but if it be perceived, it is remedied by over-setting the Cabell, else the Cabell very much in that place. A Knaveline. Is a rope, the one end fastened to the Cres-trees under the main or foretop, and so comes down by the ties, to the Ram-head; unto which there is seized, a small piece of biller (some two foot long) with a hole in the end of it, in which hole this line is reeved, and so brought to the ships-side, and haled up-taught to the rails: The use whereof, is to keep the ties and halliards from turning about one an other, which being new, they would ibe, were it not for this line; but after the halliards and ties are stretched a while it is taken away, and no more used, but on the like occasion. Knees. Are those crooked timbers, which are so called, in respect they represent a man's knee bowing; these do bind the beams and the futtocks together, being bolted into both of them; some do stand alongst ships, and some right up and down; you may eafily know them in part where they are used, by the form of them. Kneetles. Are two rope yarnes twisted together in a knot at each end, to seize a rope, or block, or the like. The Knights. There is the maine-Knight, and the fore-Knight; one standing aft the main, the other abast the foremast, upon the second Deck, being fast bolted to the beams: A Knight is a piece of timber wherein are four sheevers, three for the halliards and one for the top-roape to run in, when they are hoist; they are commonly carved with the picture of some head upon them, by which they are easily known. Knittlidge, Vide Ballast, for it is all one. knots. There are two sorts of knots, which are used at sea, the one is a Bowling Knot (which is so made, that it will not slip norslide) with this knot the bowling bridles are made-fast to the Creengles, but it is also used in any other ways: The other is a wale Knot, which is a round knot or knobb, made with three strands of a rope so that it cannot slip. The tacks, top-saile-sheates and stoppers, have these wale-knots, and many other ropes. L To LAbour. We say a Ship labours in the sea, when she rowles and tumbles very much, either a Hull, or under sail, or at an Anchor: A ship rowles most a-hull, when it hath been a grown storm, and suddenly the wind ceases, but the seas continue still, than she will roll, for want of wind: under-sail a ship rowles most, right before a-wind, but bears most upon a-head sea; so that some ships are most dangerous to put afore the sea in a great storm; and weak Ships dangerous to beat against the head-sea at an Anchor; Ships roll and labour most when they lie betwixt wind and tide, which is upon the turning of the tide, when the wind and the tide are contrary; and neither hath got power to make her strain her Cabels, to ride with her head, either to the wind or tide. Ladder. There are three usual Ladders belonging to a Ship, the entering Ladder in the waste; a ladder of ropes, which hangs out of the gallery for foulweather and at sea, to come out of the boat, or go into it; and one at the beak-head, which is made fast over the bolt-sprit to get up upon the bolt spirit by: The Venetians, and most Leavent Ships, and also Spanish Gallioons have Ladders, which go into the top, and come down abast the ties, for they seldo me go up by the shrouds. To Lade. Is to fill the Ship with goods or provision, for when the Howld is full, they say, she hath her ladeing; Also to charge a piece of Ordnance, is to Lad the Ordnance; also some say, Lad the water out of the boat. A Ladle. Is that wherewith we put the powder into a piece of Ordnance, when we take the powder out of a Budge-barrell; we never use that in fight, unless we have spent all our Carthrages, for they are both troublesome, and not so speedy, and dangerous for scattering of powder. Land-fall. Is as much as the falling with the Land, as thus, If we say we shall see Land, such a day, and that it fall out so just according to our reckoning, we say, we have a good Land-fall; or if we be mistaken, than we made a bad Land-fall. Land-locked. When we are in any Road or Harbour, so that the Land lies round about us, and the sea lies not any point open upon us, we say we ride Land-locked, these are very good Roads and Harbours; for no sea can come in to wrong the Ship. Land-to. By this is meant, just so far off at sea as we can see the Land: as when we direct one to lie off at sea in the height of a Capeland-to, that is so near, and so far off, as he may even just see and discern the land, and no nearer. A Land-turne. Is the same off the Land, that a Breize is off the sea, only differing that the Land-turne comes by night, and by sea-turne, or Breize by day. Vide Breize. A Langrell. Is a loose-shot, which goes in with a shackle, to be shortened when it is put into the Piece, and to fly out at length when it is discharged, with a half bullet, either of Lead or Iron at the either end: This is good shot near hand, to use out of our Ordnance, to cut down Masts, Yards, Ropes and Sails; and also it will do much execution among the men aloft; but it is not used betwixt wind and water, for it will not pierce a good Ships-sides. Laniers. Are the small ropes, which are reeved in the dead-men-eyes, of all the shrouds and chames; and the use of them, is either to slacken, or to set-taught the shrouds: also all the stays belonging to any Masts (whether they have Blocks or Dead-men-eyes belonging to them) are set taught by a Lannier; also the small rope, which makes fast the stopper of the halliards to the halliards, is called a Lannier. Large. When a Ship goes neither by a-wind, nor before a wind, but as it were, betwixt both (that is quartering) and such a wind that carries her so, we call a large-wind. To Alas, or Lasing. Is the proper term, for putting-to the Bonnet to the Course, or the Drabler to the Bonner, as Alas on the Bonnet: Also we say, Alas on the Netting to the Roose-trees or the Wast-trees. To Lash, or Lashers. When we bind any thing up to the Ships sides or Masts (as Pikes, Muskers, or a Butt to the Mast, or the like, as fishes and spare top-Masts without-boord) we call it lashing to, but the Lashers chiefly are those ropes, which do bind-fast together the rackles and breechings of the great Ordnance, when they are haled within-boord: The reason is, because the breechings cannot be ha●edup taught by hand, therefore this rope is brought about the breeching and tackles a little before the carriage, right under the Piece, and so lashes them fast together. Lasking. Note that when we say, a Ship goes Lasking, Veering, Quarter-winds, Large and Roomer, it is in a manner all one, for than they neither go by a wind, nor before. Latchets. Are small lines, which are sown into the Bonnets and Drabler like loops, wherewith they alas the Bonnet to the Cowrse, or the Drabler to the Bonnet, putting them into the Eylot-holes, and so lafeing them one over an other. Launch. This word is used instead of putout, as we say; Launch a Ship out of a Dock, or out of the Key; Launch the boat, launch-out, or launch in the Davit; Launch-out the Capstaine bars: Also in an other sense, when they have hoysed-up a yard high enough, or the top. Mast, they cry Launch-hoâ, that is, hoist no more: Also in stowing the howld, they will say, Launch aft, or launch forward, when they would have a Butt or the like brought forward, or aft-ward-on; also when they are pumping, if the Pump sucks, than they cry Launch-hoa, that is pump no more. To Lay a Land. When we are sailed out of sight of a Land so that we cannot see it, we say, that we have laid the line; but if it be so, that some other point of Land do hinder us from seeing it, than we say, that we have shut in, or shut it into the other point. A Leake. There is no Ship so tied, but that with her labouring in the sea, (nay though she ride in Harbour) she will make some water, but we say a ship is Leake, when she makes more water than is ordinary, which is some hundred strokes in 24. or 48. hours: The causes of Leaks are, either the starting some Treevells, the opening of the Seams, the eating of the Worms, or else by receiving some shot under water: The ways of stopping are but two, either within-boord, (which can hardly be, if the Leak be low amongst the ground-timbers or the hooks; but then the best remedy is, to drive down Tallow and Coals mingled together; raw-Beefe, Oatmeale-baggs or the like) if it can be come at, than it is easily stopped with Lead; if it be a shot, they drive-in a Plug, with some Canvas about it; The other is without-boord; when it is easily stopped (if it be not too low) by heeling the Ship over on the other side, and so nailing lead over it; but if it be low, then to stirch a Bonnet, or a Netting which is better with long roape-yarnes opened, and so sucking it under the Keel, to bring it against the Leak: the in-drought of the water will suck in the Ockham, and so stop herself; but this will not continue long; when a Ship is Leake, the term is, she hath sprung a Leak, or she makes much water. Ledges. Are those small pieces of timber, which come thwart ships, from the Wast-trees to the Roofe-trees to bear up the Netting: or so if there be a grating over the halfe-Deck. Lee. This word is many ways used, but generally the Lee is understood for that which is opposite to the wind: The Lee-shore, that is the shore against which the wind blows; yet to be under the Lee of the shore, is to be close under the weathershore, that is, whence the wind doth come: a-lee the helm, that is, put the helm to the leefide of the ship: In conding they use to call him at helm, to have a care of the Lee-latch, that is, to look that the ship go not to lee-ward of her course (a Lee-ward ship, is one that is not fast by a-wind, and doth not make her way so good as she might: To come by the Lee, or to lay a ship by the Lee; is to bring her so, that all her sails may lie against the Masts and shrowds flat, and the wind to come right on her bread-side, so that the ship will lie as it were stark still, or if she make any way, it will be with her broadside right with the beam: The manner of bringing a ship by the Lee (if she have all her sails aboard) is to bear up the helm, hard to windward: Let rise the fore-rack and veere-out the maine-sheate, and take in the Missen, or peak it up (which is called Spelling the Missen. The Lee-fange. Is a rope which is reeved into the Creengles of the Courses, when we would hale-in the bottom of the sail, to alas on the Bonnet, in a strong gale they serve also to help to take in the sail. The Leetch. The Leetch of a sail, is the outward side or skirt of the sail, from the ear-ring to the clew; the middle betwixt which is especially to be accounted the Leetch. Leetch-lines. Are small lines which are fastened to the Leetch of the topsails (for they belong to no other sails) and are reeved into a block at the yard, close by the top-saile-ties: The use whereof is, when they take in the topsails, to hale-in the Leetch of the sail; and note, they ever hale the Lee-leetch line first, for then the rest will come in with more ease. Legs. They are called the Legs of the Martnets, and are small ropes, put through the Blot-roapes of the main and foresail, in the Leetch of the sail, near a foot of length, and so at either end being splised into themselves, they have a little eye, whereinto the Martnets are made, with two hitches, and the end seized to the standing-part of the Martnets. Let fall. Is a phrase generally used for the putting-out any sails, when the yards are aloft; but not if the Mainyard and ford-yard be strooken down, so as that the sails may be loosed before the yards be hoist: but most properly, it is used to the mainsail, fore-sailes, and spirit sail (for to topsails the more proper term is, heave-out your topsails) because they do lie in the top; and to the Missen-saile, we say, set the Missen, and not let it fall. Lifts. Are ropes which belong to the yard-armes of all yards: and do only serve to top the yard-armes, that is, to make the ends of the yards hang higher or lower, or even, as we list. But the topsail lifts, do serve for sheets to the top-gallant-yards, as well as for lifts to the topsail yards; the haleing of them, is called topping the Lists, as top-a starboard, or top a port, that is, hale upon the starboard, or lar-boord-lift. Limbers, or Limber-holes. Are little square holes, cut in the bottom of all the ground-timbers and hooks next to the Keel, right over the Keel (about 3. or 4. inches square) the use whereof, is to let the water pass to the well of the Pump, which else would lie betwixt the timbers; into these is put the Keele-roape. Lins-pins. Are only used about the Trucks of the Carriages, to keep on the Trucks upon the Axletree, being little Iron pin's just the same that keep on Coach-wheels. Lockers. Any little boxes, or as it were, Cupboards which are made by the Ships-sides, to put in shot by the Pieces, or in any other places, are (by a common name) called Lockers: we have them to every Piece, to have the shot lie ready, if on the sudden we should have occasion; but in fight the shot lies not there, but in a rope made like a ring, which lies flat upon the Deck; so that the shot cannot do so much hurt, if that an other shot should light amongst it. A Loggline. Some call this a Minut-line; it is a small line with a little piece of a board at the end, with a little lead to it, to keep it edg-long in the water; the use of it is, that by judging how many fathom this runs out in a Minute, to give a judgement how many leagues the ship will run in a watch, for if in a minute there run out 14. faddom of the line, than they conclude that the ship doth run a mile in an hour, (for 60. (the number of minutes in a hour) being multiplied by 14. (the number of fathom) make just as many places as are in a mile) so accordingly, as in a minute, there runs out more or less, they do by judgement allow for the Ships way; but this is a way of no certainty, unless the wind and seas, and the course would continue all one; besides the error of turning the Glass, and stopping the line both at an instant, so that it is rather to be esteemed as a trick for a conclusion, than any solid way to ground upon: the manner of doing it is, one stands by with a Minut-glasse, whilst another out of the gallery let's fall the log, just as the log falls into the water the other turns the glass, and just when the glass was even out, he cries stop, than he stops, and reckons how many faddom are run-out, so gives he judgement. The Loof. The Loof of the Ship is counted that part aloft of the Ship, which lies just before the Chestrees, as far as the Bulk-head of the Castle; and therefore we call those pieces of Ordnanee which lie there, the loofe-peeces: Loofe-up, a term in conding the Ship, to have him keep her near the wind: Loof into a Harbour, that is, to keep close to a wind, and so go into it: Keep your Loof, that is, to keep close to the wind: to spring-ones Loof, that is, when a Ship is going large, to clap-close by a wind. A Loofe-hooke. Is a Tackle, with two hooks; one to hitch into a Creengle of the Main and foresail, which Creengle is in the bolt-roape of the Leetch of the sail not fare above the clew; and the other to hitch into a strap which is plised into the Chestree, and so to bowse down the sail; the use whereof, is to secure the tackle in a great gale, that all the force and stress may not bear up the tack, and also it is used when we would seize the tack surer, or the like. A Loom-gale. Vide Gale. To Loom. The Looming of a Ship is (as you would say) the very perspective of a Ship; for the word is used in this sense, a Ship looms a great sail; that is, she seems to be a great Ship: she looms but small, that is, shows or seems to be but a little ship. A Lust. When a Ship heels a little to Starboard or port, we say, she hath a Lust that way, though this happen by stowing her Howld unequally: but most properly, a Ship is said to have a Lust to one side or other, when out of her own mould and making, she hath a kind of inclination to one side more than to the other; or it may be by the unequal weight of timbers; for it is a very hard matter, to carry a ships works so even, but that there shall be some small difference; I have seen the experience in many ships, that being equally ballasted, they would carry a greater sail, stop less, and go better upon one tack then upon the other. Lie under the sea. When in a storm we are a-hull, and make fast the Helm a-lee, so as the sea doth break upon the bow and broadside of the ship, we say she lies, or is laid under the sea. M To MAn. We say a Ship is well Man'd, when she hath men enough to use her Ordnance, trim her sails, and ply a convenient number of small shot, besides the Surgeons, Carpenters, and some to hand along powder, and other men that are necessary, but not fighters; I mean so as that men being appointed to their charge shall only intent that; though it be true that a man may step from a Gun to a rope, or from a rope to use a smallshot, and the like, and therefore it may be thought there should not need so many; yet I would have those things done, as works of Supererogation, not as being forced to them, for if necessity then require, whilst the sails are a trimming, the Ordnance or smallshot must lie still: What inconvenience the want of sufficient manning is, in a man of War, they can best tell, who have been best experienced in that loboursome fight at sea, which many times doth not only last for a day, but two or three: for mine own part, though I might well be ashamed not to know, and dare to do as much with a few men, as any other, yet to speak my conscience, and tell my mind clearly, were I worthy to command the King's ships in any service, I would rather have twenty men too many, than ten too few: A Marchant-man, is counted well manned when he hath double so many men, as would else barely sail his ship, yet commonly they lose their ships rather for want of men, then desire to save themselves; for though for a while, he may defend himself, yet the man of War will be sure of him, if he can have sea room, and time enough; When they would have men to go heave at the Capstaine, they say, man the Capstaine; also when Ships meet, and desire to show all their men, they are commanded to come all up aloft, and this they call manning the Ship: So when men are commanded to go up into the top, to take in the Topsails, they say, man the top well (that is) a sufficient number of men to go into the top, to take in the sail; also man the boat. Man of War. I do not mean to describe what a Captain or man is, who is a man of War, but a Ship of War (which is called a man of War among Seamen) making use of the figure Metonimia, (continens pro contento) These qualities, commodities and conditions, I require in a Ship, which I would say should be a right brave man of War: first, she must sail well; secondly, be roomie betwixt the Decks; thirdly, flush without any falls, (for hindering men to pass too and fro at ease,) she must bear out her lower tire all reasonable fitting weather (which if she do, the lower she carries them the better) her chase and bow must be well contrived, to shoot as many Pieces right forward, and bowing, as may be (for those parts come to be most used in fight) the Ordnance not to lie right over one an other, but so, as that upon the least yawe of the helm, one Piece or other may ever come to bear: And lastly, she must bear a stowte-saile, such a Ship well manned, with men convenient, to ply their Ordnance, handle the sails, and use some small shot, were worthy to be called a man of War; That Ship which wants any of these, is like a Soldier who should want either a hand, a leg, or an Arme. The Manger. Is a place made with planks, which are fastened upon the Deck, right under the hawse (some foot and a half high) and sometimes is made like a Triangle, meeting at the outward angle aft-ward, either a baste, or before the foremast; the use whereof, is only to receive the water which comes in at the hawses, when the Ship rides an Anchor in great stresses, that the water should not run aft in the Decks, and so in howld (as it may) Some Ships, whose hawses lie high, and that do ride easily in the sea, need them not; but other have much use of them. Marling. Is a small line made of untwisted hemp to be more gentle and pliant than other lines, and it is also tarred, the use whereof is to seize the ends of ropes from farsing out, also they use to seize the sides of the straps at the arse of the blocks together with this: Also if a sail be ripped out of the bolt-roape, than (if they have haste, or cold-weather, so as they cannot sow it in) they take Marling, and with that (put through the eylot-holes) they make fast the sail to the bolt-roape; this is called marling the sail. Marling-speeke. Is a small speak of iron, made of purpose for the splising together of small ropes, and also to open the bolt ropes when they sow in the sail. Martnetts. Are small lines, which are fastened to the legs on the leetch of the sail, and seem like Crow-feetes, the fall being reeved through a block and the top-mast-head, and so comes down by the mast to the Deck: The Martnetts of the topsails are in the same manner, to the head of the top-gallant mast, but their fall comes no farther than the top, where it is haled; when they are to hale these Martnetts, the term is, top the Martnetts: the use of them are to bring that part of the Leetch of the sail which is next to the yard-arme, up close to the yard, when we farthel the sail; these most commonly belong to the two courses; yet many great Ships have them to the topsails and sprit-sailes. Masts. The Masting of a Ship, is of much importance to the sailing and conditions of a Ship; for if she be over masted, either in length or bigness, it will over-charge the Ship and make her lie-downe too much by a wind, and labour too much a-hull; If she be under-masted, (that is too small, or too short) than she loses the benefit and advantage of spreading so much more sail to give her way: There are some differences, in the proportioning of Masts, according to the use of the Ship, for those which are to go long voyages, are not to be masted according to true proportion, but to be made shorter, and bigger than ordinary, for fear of spending them in a long journey, where they cannot be repaired: But the rule and way whereby we give the true proportion, for the length of any Mast is, to take ⅘ of the breadth of the Ship, and that multiplied by 3. shall give the just number of feet, that the mainmast shall be of in length; the bigness to be one inch to a yard in length, but more, if it be a made-mast; for example: Take a Ship, whose breadth is 30. foot, four fifties of 30. are 24. foot; so I say, that this Ships mainmast must be 24. yards long, for every yard is 3. foot, and 24. inches through, allowing one inch to every yard: The foremast is in length to be ⅘ of the mainmast, which will be 20. yards lacking one ⅘ part of a yard, and 20. inches through: The bolt-sprit ever the same in length and thickness, with the foremast, the missen mast to be half the length of the mainmast, which will be 12. yards long, and 12. inches through: And so this is the true proportion for the Masts of a Ship, which is 30. foot broad at the beam: for as we take the proportion of the length of our yards from the keel, so do we take the proportion of her Masts from the beam, or breadth of the Ship. A long-mast is termed a tawnt-mast; a short mast is termed a lowe-mast. Mats. Are broad clouts weaved of synnet and thrums together, (and some are made without thrums;) the use whereof is to save things from galling, and are used in these places: To the main and foreyards, at the ties, (to keep the yards from galling against the mast) upon the Gun-wale of the Loof, (to keep the clew of the sail from galling there) upon the bolt-sprit and beakhead, to save the clew of the fore-sailes. Mettle. By speaking of the mettle of a piece of Ordnance, is commonly meant, not the quality, but the quantity of the mettle whereof it is made: (as to dispert the mettle: Vide dispert: (When they say, the Piece is laid under-mettle, that is, with her mouth lower than the breech; or contrary, she lies over-mettle if the mouth lie higher than the breech: and if she lie pointblank, than they say, she lies right with her mettle: So that it is seems, because the breech hath most mettle, they do more singularly attribute the word mettle to that, than any other. If a Piece have much mettle in any part, they say, she is well fortified, and so contrary. The Missen. When we say the Missen, it is meant, that we speak of the sail, not of the mast, (as set the Missen, that is, fit the Missen-saile;) Change the Missen, (that is, bring the yard to the other side of the mast; and so the tack to the other board:) And so, speak the Missen, (that is, put the yard right up and down by the mast:) Spell the Missen (that is, let go the Sheate and peek it up) the use of the Missen, is to keep the Ship close to a wind. Note, if a Ship gripe too much, than we use not Missen, for than she will never keep out of the wind; Sometimes also, we use the Missen when we are at an Anchor, to back the Ship astern, to keep her from fouling her Anchor upon the turning of the tide: (sometimes also, we tie with the Missen: Some great long Ships require two Missens, than they call that next the mainmast, the maine-missen; that next the Poop, the Bonaventure Missen. The Missen-Mast. Vide Mast. The Missen-Saile. Vide Saile. The Missen-Top-mast. Vide Topmast. The Missen Yard. Vide Yard. To Moor, or Mooring. To Moor a Ship, is to lay out her Anchors, as is most fit for the Ship to ride by in that place where she is: for there are these kind of Mooreings: first to moor a cross, or thwart, which is to lay one Anchor on one side a river, and the other on the other, right against, so as both Cabels (either for Ebb or Flood) may bear together: Next, to Moor alongst, that is to lay one Anchor right in the middle of the stream on a head, and the other astern, and this is, where they fear driveing a Ship; for then both the Cabels will bear together, if she Tallee in upon either shore: The third is Mooreing water-shot, that is (as you would say) quartering betwixt both, for this is neither across the tide, nor a-longst the tide; when they come into any place, they perceive where, which way, and upon what point of the Compass, the wind or sea is like to endanger them most, and so just there they layout an Anchor, and this they call Mooreing for West, Northwest, or is the Point is: Note, that a Ship is not said to be Moor with least then two Anchors aground, yet if she have but one aground and a Hawser, ashort (which is called a proviso) we say she is Moored, with her head to the shore. To Mount. Mounting a piece of Ordnance, is taken in two senses, that is, either to put them upon, and in their Carriages, (as we say, the Ships Ordnance are not mounted, that is, not on their Carriages) or else when they are in their Carriages, and the mouth of her lies too low for the mark, we say, Mount the Piece higher; But if she lie with her mouth too high for the mark, we say, Let fall the Piece a little, and not dis-mount the Piece; for to dis-mount the Piece, is to take it out of the Carriage, or that the Carriage is not serviceable: as in fight, when a shot hath taken, or broken a Carriage, we say, the Piece is dis-mounted. Munck-seame. This is a kind of sowing the canvases of the sails together, the edge of the one is sown over the edge of the other, and so it is sown on both sides; this is the strongest way of sowing the sails. Murderers. Are small Iron or Brass Pieces with Chambers: In Marchant-men they are most used at the Bulk-heads of the forecastle, half-deck, or steeridge; and they have a Pintell, which is put into a stock, and so they stand and are traversed, out of which they use Murdering-shot, to scour the Decks, when men enter, but Iron Murderers are dangerous for them which discharge them, for they will scale extremely, and endanger their eyes much with them, I have known divers hurt with shooting them oft. N NEale-too. That is, when it is deep water close to the shore, (as you would say, a Bank,) that is right up and down without any showling. Neapes, or Neape-Tide. When the Moon is in the midst of the second and last quarter, than we have Neape-Tides: the Etymology of the word I know not; but the meaning of it is this; The Neape is opposite to the spring, and there are as many days allowed for the Neape or falling of the tides, as for the springer rising of the 〈◊〉 These do cause, that where it doth not ever flow high enough, we are forced to stay for the launching and grounding, and also for going over some Bar, till a spring: Note in Neape-tides, the water is never so high nor so low, as in the spring tides: Also the tides never run so swift in Neapes, as it doth at springs▪ Note, that as the highest of the spring, is three days after the full, or change of the Moon, so the lowest of the Neape, is four days before the full or change; and then we say it is dead-Neape, when a Ship lacks water, so that it doth not flow high enough to bring her off the ground, or out of a dock, we say she is be-Neaped: So if a ship be within a Bard Harbour, that there lack w●ter to carry her over till the spring, we say, she is be-Neaped. The Needle, Is that Iron-wire, which is made fast to the Ply of the Compass; and is that which gives the motion to it, being touched with a Loadstone: The best for to receive and retain the virtue of the stone, are made of steel, and the best form is to make then round with two small points, directing to the North and South: For in this form they do most equally prise the Flie. Who would understand more of these, let him read Dr Barlowes Book of the Lord stone, where all things belonging to the Needle are most exactly and compendiously set down. Nettings. Are those small reaps, which are ceased together with roape-yarnes, in the form of a Net, with Mashes, and are for the most part only used in the waist (yet I have seen Flemings have Nettings over all, from the top of the forecastle over the Poop, and are ●…ched upon the Ledges, which are placed from the wast-trees to the roofe-trees:) In Merchant men it is chiefly used, having a sail laid over it, for to shadow their men, and for a close fight: but I think they are in an error, for it is most dangerous for firing; of small defence if men enter, being quickly cut down, and being once torne-downe (as it may easily with small crapnels) cloy all the waist. In a man of War, it is good to have them for the pleasure and secure of the company, but not to use them in fight. Netting-sailes. Are the sails which they lay upon the Netting. Nippers. Are small ropes (about a faddom and a half, or two faddom long) with a little Truck at one end (or some have only a wale-knot) the use whereof is to hold-off the Cabell from the maine-capstaine, or the gear capstaine, when the Cabell is either so ●…imy or so great, that they cannot strain it, to hold it off with their hands only. O To OBserve. Is to take the height of Sun, or Star, with any instrument, whereby we know in what degree of latitude, the Ship is: I need not say much of this, for it would require many lines, and is taught in every book of Navigation. Ockham. Is nothing but old-roapes, or others untwisted, and so pulled out as it were into lose flax again, also, toe, or flax being so employed about a Ship, is called white Ock-ham; The use of this is to drive into the seams, and to ●…ll parts where they suspect water may come in, as the heads of the treenells, etc. White Ock-ham is best to drive first into the seam next the water, when it is rowled-up, so as when the calker drives it, in it is rolled a thread of Ock-ham. The Offing. By this is means, as much as to say, out in the open sea, from the shore-ward; as if I be at sea in a Ship, the shore on one side me, and on the other side to sea board, an other ship, she is in the offing: So if a ship be faileing into the seaward forward the shore, we say she stands for the offing; So when a ship (as in our Channel) keeps in the middle of the Channel and comes not near the shore, we say she keeps in the offing. Off-ward. Is a term used, when a ship is ashore, and heels to the water-ward, from-wards the shore, they say, she heels to the off-ward: Or if her stern lie towards the sea, we say her stern lies to the off-ward, and her head to the shore-ward. Orlopp. The Orlopp, is no other but the Deck (as we say) the lower Deck, the second Deck; so you may as well say the lower Orlopp, or the second Orlopp: and indeed it is commonly held the proper speech to call them the first Orlopp and the second Orlopp: for this word Orlopp seems to be appropriated only to these two Decks: for if a ship have three Decks, they never call the upper-most, which is the third, by the name of Orlopp, but by the name of Deck, as to speak of them they will say, she hath a tire of Ordnance, on the first and second Orlopp, and also the upper Deck. Over-sett. When a Ship at sea, with bearing too much sail is borne-over on a side and so founded in the sea, we say she was over-sett: Sometimes with an extraordinary wind, the ship may be over-sett, with nothing but the power which the wind may have over her Hull (especially if the wind and current go contrary: I have heard some say, that disemboa-guing out of the Indies, by Cape Florida (where the current ever sets very strong to the Northward) that if they have met with a gust at the North, the wind having power over the Hull of the ship aloft, and the current setting to windward, h●…ving power of the Hull alone, they have been in great danger of f●…dring: Also the turning over of the Cabell or small rope which is quoiled-up, is called over-setting; as over-set the Cabell, etc. Overthrow. When a Ship, that is brought to be trimmed aground doth fall-over on a side, we call it overthrown, and not overset; the reason whereof is, her want of floor to bear her upon, and sometimes it may happen by the indiscretion of those who bring the ship aground, heeling to the off-ward, if the ground be too steepy, whenas they should heal her to the shore-ward, to prevent which, we have no way but to shore her up with her topmast and yard. The Out-licker. Is a small piece of timber (some ● or ● yard's long, as they have occasion to use it) and it is made fast to the top of the Poop, and so stands right out astern, at the outward most end, there is a hole, into which the standing part of the sheate is made fast, and so being reeved through the block of the sheate; is neeved again through an other block, which is seized to this piece of timber near the end, and so the use of this is to hale-downe the Missen sheet to it. This is seldom used in great ships, but the cause why in any-ship it is used, is for that the Missen-mast is placed so far aft, that there is not room enough within-boord, to hale down the sheace flat, and so are forced to use this without-boord. The small French Burtons' and Allownes, do use this most of any ships which I have seen; and generally all Newcastle Carnels have them. Oze, or Ozie. Is a soft slimy, muddy ground, this is no good ground to ride at Anchor in, for the Anchors will not hold her in great stresses: but the best way to make them hold, is to shoe them, and in some places that will not serve neither: Besides this is very bad ground for rotting of Cabels; if a man would have a ship lie long aground, it is best laying her in Oze, for there she will lie very soft and easily; for she will quickly Duck herself there: It is very bad also for rotting the Planekes, and the Ocham, which is in the seams. P A PAntch. Those Mats made of Synnett, which are made fast to the Main, and foreyards (to save them from Gallinge against the Mats) are called Fanches, by a proper name. A Parbunckle. Is a Rope, which is used in the nature of a pair of slings: It is a Rope seized together at both ends, and so put double about the Cask, to hoist it in by, and the hook of the Runner is hitched into it, to hoist it in: this is the quickest way of Slinging the Cask, but not so sure a way for Slipping as the Slings. To parcel, or Parcelling. Is to take a little Canvas (about the breadth of a hand) and so lay it over a Seam, which is first Caulked: and it is most commonly used alongst the Ships-sides, over the . Then heat a little Pitch, and Tar every hit, and power upon this Canvas, and all this together is called Parcelling a Seam. Apparels. Are those things made of Trucks, and Ribs, and Roaps, which go about the Mast, and are at both ends made fast to the yard, and are so made with Truckes, and Ribs, that the yard may slide-up easily. These also with the breast Rope, do hold the yard close to the Mast. The Partners. Are those Timbers, which are Bolted to the Beams, and do compass the shoot in the Mast at the Deck: and are the strength that do keep up the Mast Steady in the Stepp. And also that it should not Rowle-out the Ship-sides; There are Partners at the second Deck, in the same nature, but the Missen hath but one pair of Partners: The Mast doth use to be wedged fast in these, from stirring or wagging; yet I have seen some Ships that would not sail well, unless the Mast were lose) and as they term it, had leave to play in the Partners, but in a Storm it is dangerous to let the Mast have any play, for fear of wronging the Partners, which if they should give way, there is no remedy but to cut the Mast by the Board. A Passarido. Or more properly, a Nepas-artua-Roape, is any Rope wherewith we hale-downe the sheate-Blocks of the Main, and fore-sailes when they are haled afft the Clew of the Mainsail to the Cubbridge head of the Mainmast; and the Clew of the foresail to the Cat head, and this is done, when the Ship goes large. The paul. Is a little piece of Iron, bolted to one end of the Beams, or the Deck, close to the Capstaine, but so easily that it hath leave to turn about: This is it, against which the wheels of the Capstaine do bear, when they would have the Capstaine kept back from turning back again, and therefore they said heave a paul: that is, heave a little more, that the paul may catch hold-of the whelps: this is very necessary sometimes, when they heave up the Anchor in a great fea-gate, to hold fast, lest the force of the Sea, jerking up the Ship suddenly, should fling men from the Canstaine, That is called Pawling the Capstaine; and when they would have the Capstaine go back they say, un-Pawle the Capstaine. To Pay. Is the same that Parcelling is, only wanting the Canvas: for we call it, Paying a Seam, when after it is Caulked, we heat Pitch to lay upon the Seam, to keep is from being praised with the water: we also use no Tar to this: Also when we grave a Ship, we call the laying on the stuff (what ere it be, and Brimstone, and Oil, or the like: Paying her, for they say, Pay her up to the Bends: Pay thick, or the like.) Also when a Ship is to Tack, and that all her Sails are a-Back-Stayes (that is flat against the Shrowds and M●…, so as we are sure she will not fall back again) we say she is Pay●…, and then we let rise the Tack, and hale the sheets, and so come to lay the head the other way. A Peeke. To heave a Peeke, Is to heave the Hawse of the Ship-Right-over the Anchor, so that the Cabell is then a right perpendicular betwixt them. To Ride a Peeke, is to have the Mainyard, and fore yard hoysed-up, and so one end brought up close to the Shrouds, the other being raised up, and so are they done to contrary sides: the Starboord-yard-Arme of the Main yard coming down to the Starboard side, and the Lat-boord of the fore-yard, so the yards seem to cross one another, like a St Andrew-crosse. The manner of doing it is from the Main yard letting go Star-boord-Top-saile sheets▪ and Topping up the Larboard Lists; and so contrariwise for the fore-yard. To Ride a Broud Peeke, is to Ride in the same manner, but the yard must be but half mast high; they never likely Ride in this manner with their yards, but in a River, the reason, lest riding with their yards a cross, some Ship might by chance come fowse of them, and break their yards: Also that Room which is in a Ships-howld from the bits forward unto the Stem, is called the Peeke, or fore-Peeke of the Ship: In the King's Ships the Powder is placed there: Merchantmen place their victuals there outward-bound: but other men of war (which are full of men,) will use it for to ledge some of the Company. Pendants. A Pendant is a short Rope made fast at one end, either to the head of the Mast, or to a Yard, or to the Clew of a sail, and are in bigness, according to the places wherein they are used, having at the other end a Block with a Sheever, to Reeve some Running-Roape into it, as the Pendames of the Tackle, which are made fast to the head of the Mast, and so of the Pendants of the Back-stayes which are there made fast, and hang a little way down on the inside of the Shrowds: Generally, all the yard-armes (excepting the Missen) have Pendants, into which the Braces are reeved, and by them they are easily known. Also they 〈◊〉 those Colours, which are hungout on the yard arms, or from the head of the Mast for a show, to beautify the ship, Pendants. The Pillow. That Timber whereon the Bolt-sprit doth bear, and rest on, at the comming-out of the Hull of the Ship aloft, by the stem, is called the Pillow of the Bolt-spritt. A Pintell. Is a small iron Pin, which is fastened to murderers, as also to Harquabusses, a Crook which is put into a Socket, or any hole, to keep the piece from recoiling: Also those Iron-Pins, which are made fast to the Rudder, and do hang the Rudder to the Sterne-Post (being put into Icon Stocks) and called the Pintells of the Rudder. Pitching. Is not only laying Pitch upon any place (which yet is more properly called Paying, but it is also taken for the placing of the Step of a Mast, as they say, the Main Mast is Pitched a little too-farre aft (that is, stand and is placed too fat towards the Stern of the Ship) but it is not meant by the head hanging too-farte-aft: So the foremast is pitched too farforth (that is) the Ship stands too far-fore-ward on. Also if a Ship fall moon into a Sea, they say, she Pitches much into the Sea: or else she beats much against the Sea: so as to endanger the Top-masts with the stroke, they say, she will. Pitch her Mast by the Board. plats. Are flatt-Roapes, made of Roape-yarne woven one over another, and are for to save the Cabell in the Hawse foom galling. Also we use them in the flookes of the Anchor to save the Pendant of the fore-sheate, from galling against the Anchor. A Plott. And Sea-Card is all one, Vide Card. To Prick a Plot, is to Vote down the Travers of the Ships way, and so comparing it to your observation, finding where the Ship is, to make a small Prick in the Plot in the Latitude and Longitude, where you suppose the Ship to be, and so still keeping account of the days, you shall still see how near, or fare off you are from the place, which you sail to. A Point. The shatpnesse to any head-Land, is called the point of the Land: when they say, that two points are one in another, that is, they are so just in a right line from us, one betwixt the other, that we cannot see the one for the other; Also the Compass is divided into 32. points (representing 32. winds) so that we call sailing by the Compass, sailing upon a point: They use also to undo the Stroud at the end of a Cabell (some 2. foot long) and so make Synnet: of the Roape-Yarne, and lay them one over another again, making it less towards the end, and so at the end, make them all fast with a piece of Marling, or the like. This is called pointing the gabelle. The use where of is to keep the Cabell from farsling, but chief to see that none of the end be stolen off, and cut away. The Poop. The Poop of the Ship is the upper most part ●…terne of the Ships-Hull, and is the Deck over that, which is commonly the Master's . A Port. Is that place out of which the Ordnance are put through the Ships-sides, and these are to be made so large that the Ordnance may have leave to Travers as much Bowing and Quartering as may be, (about 30. Inches is the ordinary rate for a Demi-Cuiverin.) To Port. Is a word used in Conding the Ship, when she is right before a wind, or if the weather-sheate be aft as fare as the Bulk head (which is more than Quarter winds, but not right afore) they will use the word steady a-Port, or Steady a Starboard, the Ship heels to Port: bring things near to port, or the like, terms easily understood. Pouches. Are small Bulk-heads made in howled, either Thwart-Ships, or longest Ships. Those who carry Corn (or any such goods that will shoot over from one side to the other) do make many bulke-heads, or several Rooms (as it were) to keep it up, and these are called Pouches, also when we Careen Ships, there are small bulk-heades, made some distance from the Keeleson, on either side in the hold, which serve to keep up the Ballast when we shirt it, either for the righting or bringing down of the Ship when she is on the Carreen; and these are also called Pouches. Powdor. There are two sorts of Powder, the one serpentine Powder, which powder is dust (as it were) without Corning, and this we never use at sea in Ordnance, not small short, both because it is of small force, and also, for that it will, with the air of the Sea, quickly dry, and lose its force: The other is Corn Powder, whereof there are two sorts, Common powder (which is a great Corn, and not very strong) the other Musket-Powder (which is the finest, strongest, and best we can get:) The Ingredients, which make the powder, are, first, Saltpetre (wherein the force of the Powder consists) next Brimstone, which is apt to flame, and once flamed, causeth the Saltpetre to flame; (last, Cole, which is apt with any sparkle to kindle, but not to flame, yet doth maintain the flame of the other two.) The best Saltpetre is that which hath no fat, the best brimstone without dross: and the best Coal, that which is made of the lightest wood: I only touch some chief things of this, because there are divers books concerning main Conclusions touching the effect of powders in all kinds. The Powder-roome. Is that Room, in howld where we lay the Powder; the great 〈◊〉 in placing this Room, must be to have it farthest from the use of any fire, and freest from the danger of short. Proddy. Is a word used amongst them, in the stead of Ready. As when we come to sight, the Commander bids them make the Ship Preddy, make the Ordnance Preddy, that is, make them ready for to use in sight. A Proddy Ship, that is, when her Decks are all clear, and the Ordnance and all things fitted for sight. Also make the howld Preddy, is to lay any things out of the way, so as that they may stowe the good in commodiously. A Preventure Rope. Vide Rope. A Proviso. Vide Mooreing. The Prow. Is the fore-most part of the Ship considered aloft, and not below between the Decks, (or in howld) to enter into the Prow, is to enter into the Forecastle. The Prow pieces are those which lie aloft before: Go forward into the Prow, that is, Go into the forecastle, before the foremast, and it is most truly understood for that part which is betwixt the Chase and the Loof. Priming. Is so fitting, and filling the touch-holes, with fine-day Powder, and putting in a Priming Iron to pierce the Carthrage, so that that powder being fired, the powder in the Carthrage, may likewise fire to: for if the powder in the touchhole be fired, and the rest within the piece go not off, we say she was not Primed, or not well primed: for this there is powder made very small, and extraordinary dry, and the Gunner hath it in a great home at his Girdle in fight, which horn he calls his Priming-horne: Also the first ground, or Colour which is laid-on, for others to come over, it in painting the Ship is called Priming. Puddings. Are Roots nailed round to the yard-armes of the Main and foreyards, close to the end, and so (in ●. or 4. or more distance one from another) upon each yard-Arme: The use of them, is to save the Robbins from Galling asunder upon the yards, when we hale-home the Top-saile-sheats: Also the Sarving of the King of the Anchor, which Ropes, to save the Clinth of the Cabell from galling against the Iron, is called the Pudding of the Anchor. Pulleys. Are small Blocks, with one or two sheevers in them (and may either be so called, or by the name of small Bleckes) for great blocks are not usually called by the name of Pulleys, as the Pulleys of the Topsail. Brases, Clew, Lines, Manners, etc. Pumps. There are three sorts of Pumps used in ships: The first and most common, are ordinary Pumps, such as are used a shore, and th●se do stand by the main Mast, the next is a But-Pump, which is not used in English Ships, but Flemings have them in the sides of their ships, and are called by the name of Bildge, Pumps, because they have broad long floats that do hold much Bildge-water; The manner of these is to have a staff, some 6. or 7. foot long, at the end whereof is a Burr of wood, whereto the Leather is nailed, and this doth serve in stead of the box: and so two men standing right over the Pump, do thrust down this staff, to the midst whereof is seized a Rope long enough for 6.8. or 10. or more to hale-by, and so they pull it up, and draw the water, this Pump doth deliver more water than the former, and is not so laborious to pump at: The third and last sort, are Chaine-Pumps; these deliver most water, and with most ease, for the Company, and are soon mended if any thing fail, having spare Esses, if any chance to give way: these have a Chain full of Bars and a wheel, which makes it deliver so much, and go so easily. The term is for Pumping, to Pump by Spell, and at ordinary, and Pumps, they reckon by the strokes: As to say, a Spell of 100L. Strokes: b●…t a Chaine-Pump, the Spells go by Glasses: the Pump sucks, that is, draws wind, and hath no water that comes to it: There are also Pumps made of a Cane, or else of Latin, which we put down into the Cask, to Pump up the drink: for at Sea, in howld, we use no spicketts. The Pumpbrake. Is the handle they Pump by in the ordinary sort of Pumps. The Pump-can. Is the Can which they draw water in to pour into the Pumps (and this is a great Can.) The Pump-dale. Is (as it were) the Trough, wherein the water doth run alongst the Deck, out at the Skupper-holes. To Purchase. We call the Caining, or coming in of a Rope by our haleing of it in with our hands, or heaveing it in at the Capstaine, or otherwise, Purchasing; as the Capstaine doth purchase apace, that is, draws in the Cabell apace: Or, the Tackles do purchase, and the contrary; when we cannot get in any thing, or hale it away, we say, we cannot purchase, with the Rope, Tackle, or the like. Note that the more parts that any Tackle, Halliard, or the like do go in, the more easily a man may purchase upon them (as it is easier to purchase with a Block which hath three sheevers then a Block which hath but two:) but then this is longer a doing. Puttocks. Are the small Strowdes, which go from the Shrouds of the Main and fore-Missen-Masts, and allo to the Top-masts shrouds, if the Topmast have a Top-gallant-Top; the use whereof is to go off the Shrouds into the 〈◊〉: for when the Shrouds come near up to the Mast they fall in so much that otherwise they could not get into the top from them. The Puttocks are from the bottom seized to a Staff; which is made fast there to the shrouds, or some Rope which is seized there, and above to a plate of Iron, or to a dead-man-eye, to which the Lanniers of the fore-Mast-shrowdes do come. Q The QVarter, That part of the Hull, of the Ship, which is from the Steeridge to the Transom, or Fashion-peece, is called the Quarter, or the Ships-Quarter. Quarter Deck Is that Deck, which is over the Steeridge, till it come to the Master's . Quartering. Is when a piece of Ordnance, lies so, and may be so Traversed, that it will shoot in the same line, or on the same point of the Compass as the Quarter bears; Also when a Ship sails with Quarter-winds, we say, she goes Quartering; then we let rise the weather-Tack, and hale aft the sheate, to the foremast Shrouds, and Veere-out the Lee sheate a little; this way she goes fastest: for now all sails draw together. Quarter-winds. Are when the wind comes in a baste the Main Mast-Shrowdes just with the Quarter. A quoil. Or a quoil of Ropes, is a Rope laid up-round, one Take over another, as a quoil of Cabell, that is a Cabell quoyled up. But sometimes the word quoil is taken for a whole Rope quoyled, so that if half the Rope be cut away, they say, there is but half a quoil of that Rope. To Quoyle. Is to lay the Takes of the Rope round, over one another, so that when occasion is, they may run out smooth without any kneekes, and also to lie handsomely in the Ship, and many of the small running-Roapes, as the Brases, Top-saile-Hilliards, or the like: we hang up at the Ship-sides, when they are so quoyled: It is a manner at Sea, every night when they set the watch, or Quoyle-up all the Ropes in order, that so they may have them all Leer to come by in the night, if they have occasion to use any of them. Quoynes. There are three sorts of Quoynes used in a Ship, that is the Quoynes which the Gunners use under their Ordnance, for to mount them higher or lower, they are made broad, but thinner at one end then at the other, with a handle at the broad end, to draw it out, or put it further in as you have occasion to mount the Piece; pulling out the Quoynes, is termed to draw the Quoin, Another sort are called Cantick-quoines, these are short, the length of a hand, and are made with three edges, the use whereof is to put betwixt the Cask, at the Bildge hoops of the Cask, to keep the (ask steady from rolling and labouring one against an other. The third sort are standing Quoynes, and they are made of Barrell-boords some four fingers broad, and a fit length to be driven across betwixt the Butts, one end, two or three hoops from the thin-hoopes of one Butt, and the other in the same manner to an other, to keep the chine of the Butt steady from jogging. R RAbbetting. Is the letting-in of the Planks to the Keel, which is a little hollowed away, that the Planck may join in the better, and closer to the hooks and the Keel, and this is only used in the Rake and Run of the Ship, and not in the flat floor: And the hollowing-away is called the Rabbit of the Keel. Rake. The Rake of a Ship, is so much of her Hull, as doth over-hang both ends of the Keel: So that let-fall a-perpendiculer upon the end of the Keel upon the setting on of the Stem, so much as is without that foreward-on is her Rake foreward-on. And so in the like manner at the setting in of her Sterne-post, and that is her Rake aftward-on. Commonly the Rake foreward-on, is more than a third; but less than an half of the length of her Keel, there is not any more rule observed amongst all Nations; for some give long great Rakes, as generally all French built, the Flemmnigs not so much: And for the Rake aftward-on (it being of no use for the Ship, but only for to make her Ship shapen, as they call it, they give as little as may be) which commonly is about a fourth or fifth part of her Rake fore-ward-on: (A great Rake fore-ward-on, gives a Ship good way, and makes her keep a good wind, but if she have not a good full Bow, it will make her litch mightily into the head-sea, besides it doth mightily charge the ship, because it doth over-hang the nail; And if a ship have but a small Rake, she will commonly be too bluffe, and so meet the sea too suddenly upon her bow, which will hinder her going through much: The longer a ships Rake is, the fuller must be the bow: The best conditioned ships have neither too much, nor too little. Ram-head. The Ram-head is a great block, with three Sheevers in it, into which are the Hilliards, and at the head of it, into a ho●… are reeved the ties, this block doth only belong to the main and fore-Hilliards. A Rammer. Is a staff, with a round piece of wood at the end of it, the outwardmost being flat, somewhat less than the bore of the Ordnance to which it doth belong, and this is to drive home the Powder close to the breech of the Piece, and so the shot to the powder, and the wood to the shot, and that is called ramming home the powder or shot. Ranges. There are two, one aloft upon the forecastle a little abast the foremast, the other in the beakhead, before the wouldings of the bolt-sprit, that in the forecastle, is a small piece of timber, which goes over from one side to the other, and there is fastened to two timbers, and on the middle on either side the foremast, two knees which are fastened to the Deck and the timber, in which run the top-saile-sheates in a Sheever; and hath divers wooden pins through it, to be-laye Ropes unto (as the fore-Takes, fore-top-saile-sheates and fore-bowlings; the fore-Loofe-hooke) and that in the Beakhead, is in the same form, whereunto it be-layed the sprit-saile-lifts; the Garnet of the prit-saile, and other Ropes, belonging to the spritsail, and spritsail topsail, Rattling. Is a Line wherewith they make the steps by which we go up the shrouds, and the Puttocks, and so the Top-Mast-shrowdes in great ships, and these steps which make the shrouds look like Ladders, are called the Ratlings of the Shrouds. A Reach. Is the distance of any two Points of Land, which bear in a right line to one an other, which term is most commonly used in Rivers, as Lime-House-Reache, Green-wich-Reach, long-Reach and the like, the Reach being counted so fare, as you can see the Reach to lie in a strait line; Also some call the distance, and crossing betwixt Cape-verd, and the first Iselands, entering to the West-Indies, long-reach. To Reeve. This word is used just in the same sense (in respect of Ropes) that putting in, or putting through; or passing through would be▪ but they ever use this word Reeve; as when we would express that the Tack is put through the Chestrees, we say it is reeved through, or instead of putting a rope through a block, we say, Reeve it in that block, (as the Halliards are reeved in the Knights and Ram-heads,) and it is generally to be understood and applied to all Ropes that pass through blocks, Dead-men-eyes, Chestrees and the like; And so when we would have that Rope pulled out of the block, etc. we say, unreeve that Rope, or the Brases, Lifts, Sheets, etc. are unreeved. Ribs. By a resemblance that the timbers (that is the Futtocks of the ships have when the Planks are off to the ribs of a dead carkasle, we) do in that kind, call all those timbers by a general appellation, the ribs of the ship, though otherwise they have particular names: As if two ships in a sea-gate, lie aboard one an other, and hath broke with her weight some of the others futtock timbers, they will say, she hath broke some of her ribs: Also those little long wooden pieces which are made with holes like the Comb under the beakhead, and do belong to the Apparels of the yards, are called the Ribs of the Patrells. To Ride. We say a ship Rides, whenas her Anchors do hold her fast, so as that she doth not drive away with the tide or wind: for though she shear from one side to the other, yet if her Anchors do hold fast, and come not home, we say she Rides: To Ride a good Road, that is to Ride, where the sea, and wind had much power over the ship, and strain her Cabels very hard: Note a ship rides easiest, and with more security, having but two Cabels splised together (which they call a shot) than she will by three single Cabels, for the length of the shot will give her more scope, to play, and rise upon the sea with ease; for by reason also of the weight, the ship can hardly strain it: For when a great sea comes to yerk-up the ship, the shot is long before it comes to straining, that the force of the sea will be passed before it can come up to bear so much stress, as a shorter Cabell would do: The deeper the water is, the worse it is to Ride, and requires much more Cabell in proportion then showler-water, the sea will break more, yet it hath not that power and weight which the deep water hath, when we Ride any extraordinary road, we strike down our top-masts, and bring our yards alongst ships, in much wind especially: To ride a cross, is to ride with our maine-yards and foreyards hoist up to the hounds, and both yard-armes topped alike: To ride a Peeke, is to ride with the yards Peeked a-Peeke; and also when we ride with the Haws just over the Anchor, than we ride a-Peeke, that is, when we ride ready to set sail; when they would express that they have rid a great Road and stress, they say they rid hawse-fall, that is, that the water broke into the Hawses: To ride thwart, is to ride with her side to the tide, than she never strains her Cabels: To Ride betwixt wind and tide, is when the wind and tide have equal power, one, one way, the other, the other way, so that the ship lies rowleing with her broadside in the Trough of the sea, and thus she will roll mightily, but not strain her Cabels. Riders. Are great timbers (in howld, or else aloft) which are not properly belonging to the Bult of the ship but only bolted on, upon the other timbers to strengthen them where they find the ship to be weak, Marchant-men do spare them as much as they can, because they hinder Stowage of Cask in Howld. Rigging. The Rigging of the ship, are all Ropes which belong either to mast or yards; and more particularly, we say, the mast is rigged, the yards are rigged; that is when they have all the ropes that belong unto them: (we say, a ship is well rigged, when the ropes belonging to her, are of a fit size (not too big, nor too little,) also when there are no unnecessary ropes put up (as to many shrouds, Tackles for the Mast, Crowfeets, or the like:) whenas we say, a ship is over-rigged, it is meant the ropes are too big for her, which is a great wronging to the ships saileing; for a little weight aloft doth hinder, more than a great deal below, by making the ship apt to heel, and howlding wind-taught; for note, that the uprighter any ship goes, the better she dothsaile; for a crank sided ship can never sail well by the wind. To tell the particulars of rigging a ship, will require a small discourse by itself, and would be too long for this, therefore I leave it to some other occasion. Ring-bolts, Vide Bolts. The risings. Are those thick Planks, which go fore and aft on both sides, under the ends of the beams and timbers of the second Deck, the third Deck, the half and quarter Deck, where on the beams and timbers of these Decks, do bear at both ends, by the ship-sides: but those thick planks which in the like sort do bear up the lower Deck, are called Lamps. Rising-timbers. Are the hooks placed on the Keel; which bear this vain in respect, that according to the rising by little and little of these hooks; so the Rake and Run of the ship doth rise by little and little from her flat-floare. A Roade. Is any place where a ship may ride near the Land and yet cannot ride-land-locked for all winds: A good Road is, where there is good ground for Anchor-hold, showle-water, and so as how ere the wind-blow, there can no great sea-gate come-in, being the Land may be in the wind, on one side, and some sands, Rocks, or the like, to break of the sea on the other; (Also we say, if it be a place, as in divers places of Barbary and others) where the sea will give a man warning, that is, the sea will come swelling-in before the wind, as at Saint Saphe, of any fowl weather, so that a man may have time, to set-saile and go to some other Road, on the other side of the Bay-head-land, or the like, this we call shifting of Roads; A wild Road, is a Road where there is little Land on any side, but lies all open to the sea: as to ride upon a head-land, or alongst a shore, where there is no Bay, nor any thing to break off the sea, or wind if it come off the sea. A bad Road is the contrary to the good. A Roader. We call any ship that Rides at an Anchor in a Road, a Roader. Ropes. Generally, all the cordage belonging to a ship, is called by the name of Rope: as we say, a Cabell is a good or bad Rope (according as it is) and so a Hawser or the like, but more particularly, only some, which besides their particular appellations, have the general word Rope added to them: These are an Entering Rope, a Top Rope, a Bolt Rope, a Buoy Rope, a Quest Rope, a Keel Rope, a Bucket Rope, a Rudder Rope, a Preventure Rope, (which is a little Rope seized cross over the Ties, close at the Ram-head, that if one part of the Ties should break, the other should not run through the Ram-head to endanger the yard) a breast rope, and is the Rope which latches the Apparel to the Mast. Roape-Yarnes. Are the yarnes of any ropes untwisted; but most commonly, it is made of the ends of Cabels, half worn, or so, they serve for many uses; to serve small Ropes with, or to make Synnet Masts, or the like; also Kneetles, which is two untwisted together and Caburnes: They serve also to wake-up the yard-aymes of the sails; and therefore still, when we take in our sails, the boys of the ship are to attend the Sailor with these Roape-yarnes, to furnish them as they have occasion to use them. Robin's. Are little lines reeved into the Eylot-holes of the sail, under the Head-Roape, and sure to make fast the sail unto the yard: and the term is, make fast the Robbins, and not tie them: and note that Sea faring men, use the word make-fast, instead of tying, as Land-men use to say, tie a Rope. Roofe-trees. Are those timbers, which are made of light wood (as of mast sawen) that go from the half Deck, to the forecastle, and are to bear-up the grateings and the ledges wherein the Netting lie, these are supported under the stamshions which rest upon the Deck: Also if they have occasion to use any such piece over the half-Deck, for Nettings or sails, it is called a Roof tree. Rove and Clinch. The Rove is that little iron plate, unto which the Clinch-nailes are clinched: The Planks of Clincher-boates, are thus fastened so together, which kind of work is called Rove and Clinch. The Round-house. Is the uppermost Room of the stern of the ship, and that which commonly is the Master's . Rownd-in. This is a term used to the main and foresail, when the wind largesse upon them, they let rise the maine Tack, or fore-Tack, and hale aft the fore-sheate to the Cat-head, and the main sheare to the Cabridge head; this they call Rounding aft, or rounding in the sail, the sheets being there, they hale them down to keep them steady from flying up, with a Rope called a Passaredo. The Roll. Is that round piece of wood or iron, wherein the whip doth go, and is made to turn about, that it may carry over the whip from side to side with more ease. Rowse-in. Is a word they use particularly whenas a Cabell or Hawser doth lie slack in the water, and they would have it made taught; as when a ship rides but by one Anchor, upon the turning of the tide, the Cabell will be slack, and so will be in danger to flow above the Anchor, then to keep it stiff and taught, they will hail in so much as lies slack, and this they call Rowseing in the Cabell, or Rouse in the Hawser, but it is not used in the haleing in of any other Rope, as boate-roape, or the like. The Rudder. Is that piece of timber, which hangs at the sterne-post of the ship, having four, or five, or six irons, which are called Pintels, according to the bigness of the ship fastened to them, which Pintels are fitted for the Gudgeons at the stern post, this is the bridle which governs the ship; the narrower the Rudder is, the better, if the ship do feel it, for a broad Rudder doth hold much water, if the helm be put over to any side, but if the ship have a fat-quarter, so that the water cannot come quick and strong to the Rudder, than she will require a broad Rudder: The putting to of the Rudder, is termed the hanging the Rudder; The part or edge of the Rudder, which is next the sterne-post, is called the inside of the Rudder, the after-most part, is called the Rake of the Rudder. The Rudder Rope. Is a Rope or strap, which is reeved into one hole of the Rudder, near the head, and so likewise through the sterne-post, and then both ends are splised together; this serves to save the Rudder, if it chance to be beaten off, when the ship sticks aground. Rudder-Irons. Are the cheeks of that Iron, whereof the Pintell is part, and these are fastened and nailed round about the Rake of the Rudder. To Rumidge. Is to remove any goods, or luggage out of a place (betwixt the Decks, or any wheels) but most commonly we use this word to the removing and clearing of things in the ships hold, so that goods or victuals may be well stowed and placed, so when they would have this done, they say, they will go Ruming the howld. The Run. Is that part of the ships hull under-water, which comes thinner, and lancker away by degrees from the floare-timber all along to the sterne-post: That is also called the ships way aft-ward-on, (for as she hath either, a good or bad Run, so the water doth pass away swiftly, or slowly alongst her, and the ship doth make more way) we say, a ship hath a good Run, when it is long, and comes off handsomely by degrees, and that her tack, do not lie too low, which will hinder the water from coming strongly and swiftly to the Rudder,: And a bad Run, whenas it is short, and that the ship is too full below, so that the water comes slowly and weakly to the Rudder, the force of it being broken off by the breadth of the ship alow, which will make as it were, an Eddy-water at the Rudder, and that we call a dead water: The Run is of much importance for the ships saileing; for if the water come not swiftly to the Rudder, she will never steer well; and it is a general observation, that that ship which doth not steer well, cannot sail well, and then she cannot keep a good wind: for if a ship have not a fresh way through the sea, she must needs fall to Lee-ward with the sea, and therefore when ships will not steer well, they lengthen them aftward-on, or put to a false sterne-post: Merchantmen do not give so much Run, as a man of War may do, because the narrowing-in of the ships below, doth lose much stowage. Rung heads. Are the heads, or ends of the Rung, which are made a little compass; and do lead or direct (as it were the sweep and mould of the Futtocks; for in these Rung-heads, the lines which give the compass and bearing of the ship do begin: Also more generally, the outward ends of the Hooks, which are in the same manner compassing, are called Rung heads; for the sleeper which is bolted into the other Rung heads, is also bolted into these, and they say, it is bolted fore and aft to the Rung heads. The Rungs. Are the ground-timbers, which do give the flower of the snip; and these are bolted to the Keel, being strait, saving at the ends, where they begin to compass a little. The Runner. Is a Rope, which is a part that doth belong to the Garnet, and the two Bolt-tackles, that before (that comes in the aftermost shrowds of the fore mast) and that Tackle abast (which comes in the foremast shrouds of the mainmast) it is reeved in a single-block, which is seized to the end of a Pendant, and hath at one end, a hook to hatch into any thing, and at the other end a double-block, wherein is reeved the fall of the Tackle, or the Garnet, which doth purchase more than the Tackle or the Garnet would do without it; and therefore, to heavy things they use this; but for light ones, they only use the Tackle with the hook, which is seized to the standing part of the fall: Over-hale the Runner, that is, pull down that end which hath the hook in it, to hitch it into the slings, or the like. S Sails. To every Yard, in the ship, there belongs a sail, and they are called after the name of those yards, whereunto they belong: All head-sailes (that is, those that do belong to the foremast and bolt-sprit) do keep the ship from the wind, and are used to flat the ship: All after-sailes, that is the mast and missen-sailes, do keep her to the wind; and therefore few ships are so well conditioned, as to Steere-quarter-winds with one sail; but must have one after-saile, and an other head-saile (as it were to countermand one an other) yet some ships will steer with their maine-top-saile only: at sea, they call a ship, a sail: as when they descry a ship, they say, A sail, A sail. The sails are cut in proportion, as the Masts and yards are in length, and breadth, one to another (excepting the Missen and spritsail) The Missen-saile, is cut by the Leetch, twice as deep as the Mast is long from the Deck to the Hounds, and the spritsail is ¼ as deep as the fore-sailes. To Serve. To Serve any Rope, is to lay synnet, spun-yarne, Roape-yarne: a piece of canvas, or any the like upon a Rope, and so roll it fast about, to keep the Roaps from galling; as we serve the shrouds, at the head of the Mast, the Boate-roape, or any the like, which are in danger of fretting, against any part of the ships Masts or Yards. A Scarce. Is when the end of one timber, is let into the end of an other, very close and even, or as they term it, wood and wood, that is, so much wood taken away of the one, as is of the other: In this manner the stem is fastened to the keel, and that is called the scarf of the keel: but yet when there is not a piece of timber long enough to make the keel, than they make it of more, which are scarffed one into the other, so when the stem or any other timber, (which ought to be entire and all one,) is too short, it is peeced in this manner, and that they call scarffing. A Scuttle. Is a square hole (so much as conveniently a man may go down at) cut through any Hatch or any part of the Deck to go down by, into any room, most commonly they are in these places, one close before the Mainmast, at the Maine-Hilliards before the Knight, in the forecastle; in the hatch-way, for the Steward's room; one in the Gun-roome, to go down into the stern sheets; one in the Missen , to go down into the Captain's , if they be put from the fight aloft, and so in any place where they delight to go through one Deck, down into an other: also for vent for the Ordnance, there are small scuttles with grateings; they have all covers fitted for them, lest men in the night should fall into them: Also all the little windows and holes which are cutout aloft in the Captains, or Master's cabins, are called Scuttles. To Seize, or Seizing, Is to make fast (or as you would say) to bind fast any ropes together, with some small roape-yarne, marling or any line; Also the fastening of a block at the end of a pendant; Tackle, fall, garnet, or the like, is called seizing, it being bound to with some small line, or the like: So if any rope be too long (as the shrouds are ever) and the end be bound up unto the same rope with any thing, we call it seizing. So that in general, the word seizing, implies as much as binding any thing together, so as that they cannot slip out, as seizing the Tacks into the clew and the like: The boats seizing, is a rope made fast into a little chain or a ring, in foreship of the boat, and is the rope which (in Harbours) they make fast the boat by, to the ships side. A Seel. There is no difference betwixt ceiling and heeling, but that heeling is a steddy-lying down of the ship-on a side, either when she is aground, at an Anchor, or under sail, and saileing, is a sudden lying down, or tumbling to one side or the other, when the sea doth forsake her, that is, when the wave of the sea is passed from under, faster than she can drive away with it: then when the ship lies down on a side, after it we say, she seeles; the Lee-seele, is when she rowles to Leeward; there is no danger in this seal, though it be in a great storm, because the sea will presently come under, and right her: but then when she rowles back to windward, the danger is, lest she should come over too short and suddenly, and so the water break right into her, and founder her, or carry away some of her upper works, as it hath fall'n out with many ships: So that ceiling is but a sudden heeling, forced by the motion, and fear of the sea or wind. Send. When a ship falls (whether under sail, or at Anchor) with her head, or with her stern, deep into the trough of the sea, we say she sends much, either astern or a-head: The reason of sending with her head is, if she have a little bow, not sufficient to bear her up, and a fat quarter to pitch her forward: And so for her sending astern, it is contrary, when she hath too lank a quarter, and too full, or fat a-bowe. To Set aland Sun. or, Ship by the Compass. That is to observe by Compass, how the land bears upon any point of the Compass, this they use most commonly to do, when they are going off to sea from any land, to mark how it did bear off them, that thereby they may keep the better account, and direct their course: Also they use to set the Sun by the Compass, that is, to mark upon what point it is, to know thereby the hea●e of the day: So when two ships sail in sight (especially, when a man of War chases a ship) they will set her by the Compass, that is, mark upon what point she bears, then if they stand both one way, as commonly they do, if the chase strive to go away, by his we know, whether we reach-forth upon her, that is, outsail her, if we bring her forth, she out-sailes us, if we bring her aft, we outsail her, if we altar not, than we go both alike; as for example, the wind being at North, we stand both away West, and the chase bears Northwest (that will be on any weather-bow) then if in saileing, I bring her to bear Northwest, and I by North, I have brought her a point aft, and if I bring her North, I have brought her just with any mid-ship beam, and so I see I fetch upon her, and it is called bringing aft; because, whereas before, she bore upon my loof, now she bears upon my quarter. Settle a Deck. When we have occasion to lay a Deck lower, it is termed, settling the Deck: As if her her Ordnance lie too high, and we would have them lie nearer the water: or that the Decks be close, and we desire rather to settle the lowermost, then to raise the uppermost. Sewing, or, to Sew. When the water is gone from the ship, so that she lies dry, we say the ship is sewed, or if it be but gone from any part (as her head) we say the ship is sewed a-head, if it be a place where the water doth ebb so much, that the ship may lie dry-round, we say she cannot few there. Shackles. Are a kind of rings (but not round) made somewhat long-wise, larger at one end then the other, in the middle of the ports, on the inside, they are used to shut-fast the ports with a billet, which they use to bar-downe the ports with (and that is called the bar of the port) also the fashion, but small ones are made fast to the corners of the hatches, to lift the hatches up by them. The Shanck. The longest part of the Anchor, is called the shanck of the Anchor. Shanck-painter. Is a short chain, fastened under the fore-mast-shrowdes, with a bolt, to the shipside, and at the other end hath a rope: upon the chain doth rest the whole waighth of the after-part of the Anchor, when it lies by the ships-side, and the rope by which it is haled-up, is made fast about a timber-head, this is seldom, or not at all used at sea, but in a Harbour, or a Road. Shearing. Is when the ship goes in and out under-sail, and heat the helm doth not stern her steady: Also where a tide-gate runs very swift, the ship will shear in and out, and so much in some places, that they are feign to have one stand at the helm, and to steer her upon the tide, for fear she should shere-home her Anchors (that is, draw them home) or if it be near the shore, she may shear aground. Sheets. The Sheets are bend to the clew of all sails: In all sails, that are low sails, they serve to hale-aft, or round-aft the clew of the sail, but in topsails, they serve to hale-home (that is to hale close) the clew of the sail to the yard-armes, when they hale-aft the sheate of the foresail, it is to make her fall off from the wind, when the ship will not fall off from the wind, they flat-in the fore-sheate, that is, pull the sail flat in by the sheate, as near into the ships side as may be; Ease the Sheate of the sail, that is, to veere-out, or let go a little of it. Let fly the Sheate, that is, let it run-out as far as it will, and then the sail will hold no wind, but lie floating lose (and then if it be an extraordinary stress of wind) it will split the gale to pieces; but this we do both with top-saile-sheates, and the other sheets, when we suspect the wind will be so great that it will carry our masts by the board, or over-set the ship: Also in great stiff gales, we use to bind an other rope to the clew of the sail above the Sheate-block, to secure and ease the Sheate, lest it should break, and that rope we call a false Sheate, and this is only used to the main, and fore-sailes: Those planks under water, which come along the Run of the ship, and are closed to the Sterne-post, are called Sheets, and that part within-boord, abast, in the Run of the ship, is called the sterne-sheates. Sheathing. Is, as it were casing of a ship: It is done with thin boards, and hair, and tar-laid betwixt the ship-sides and chose boards: this is done only under water, or a very little above; the use whereof is to keep the worms from eating through the planks, as generally in all places to the , they do; the thinner the boards the better, for then, the worm will be presently at the Tar (which he cannot abide) and so hath no means, nor room to work in and out of the plank, and so will eat away more when it is thick, then when it is thin. Sheep-shancks. When two masts, or yards, or if it be but poles, are set up an end a pretty distance off at the bottom, but seized across one an other aloft near the top, we call them a pair of shears: To this seizing, is fastened a double block with a strap, they are placed at the bottom upon the chain wales of the Shrouds, and there are lashed fast to the ship sides, to keep them steady aloft: The use of them is either to set in a mast, or to take out a mast, or if they have no mast, this serves to hoist in and out goods. Sheere-hookes. Are great hooks of Iron (about the bigness of a small sickle, and more) they are set into the yard arms of the main and foreyards: The use whereof is, that if a ship under sail come to board her that hath these hooks, she will cut her shrouds, or tear her sails down with these hooks; some do use them, but they are most unuseful and unnecessary things, and dangerous for the breaking of a yard, if the hook should catch in the other ships mast. Sheevers. There are two sorts of Sheevers used, either of brass or wood; the brass sheevers are now little used but in the heels of the top-masts: the wooden sheevers are either of one whole piece; and these they use for all small pulleys, and small blocks: but in the Knights and winding-tackles-blocks, they use sheevers which are made of quarters of wood letin to each other; for these will hold when the whole Sheevers will split, and are called quarter-sheevers. Shore's. Are any pieces of timber, or any thing else, that is set to bear up an other from sinking or falling, as when a ship is in danger of overthrowing aground, we last fast masts or yards to their sides, they bearing on the ground, and these we call shores, shoaring her up; Also some timbers, that are set to bear-up a Deck when it is weak, or overcharged with weight, are called shores, The Shore. Is counted the land near the sea, or the bank of the sea: The Lee-shore, is that whereon the wind blows; Seamen avoid these by all means, for they are dangerous if it over-blow: The weather shore is that from whence the wind comes. Shot. There are many kinds of Shot; that which flies farthest, and pierceth most, is round-shot, the next is crosse-bar, which is good for ropes, sails and masts: The other langrell; which will not fly so far, but is very good for the rigging, and the like, and for men; so is chain-shot and case-shot, or barrell-shot, which is good to ply amongst men, which stand naked, plying of their small shot. Shot of Cabell. Two Cabels spliced together make a shot, and the use of them is great, in deep-waters, and great roads, for a ship doth ride much easier by one shot, then by three short cabels a-head, Vide Ride. Showle. Showle and shallow are all one: When they say there is very good showleing, it is meant that the water doth grow shallower, by degrees, and not suddenly: nor sometimes deep, and sometimes suddenly a-showle or bank: It is very safe and commodious going-in with a shore, where there is good showleing; for by that we have some certainty whereabouts we are, and how far distant from the land, if the showling be first known, and commonly, where there is good showling, the coast is not dangerous. Shrouds. The Shrouds are those Ropes which come from either side of all the masts, the missen-maine-masts, and fore-mast-shrowdes, have at the lower end dead-men-eyes seized into them; and are set up taught by Lanniers, to the chains, which have also dead-men-eyes in them: At the other end they are fastened over the head of the mast, the Pendants, fore-tackle and swifters being first put-on under them: at this uppermost part they are sarved, for galling against the mast: The topmast shrouds, are in the same manner fastened with dead-men-eyes and Lanniers to the puttocks, and the plates of Iron which belongs to them, and aloft over the head of the masts, the other ease the shrouds, slack the shrouds: that is when they are too stiff set up: Set taught the shrouds; set up the shrouds; that is, make them stiffer: Some ships desire to have the shrouds taught, some slack; The Lanniers are to set up the shrouds, Vide Lanniers: The bolt-sprit hath no shrouds. The Sillinder. The bore, or hollow concave of a Piece of Ordnance, is called the Sillinder. Sinnet. Is a line or a string made of rope yarn (commonly of 2, 6, or 9, which are divided in three parts, and plaited one over an other, as they plate Horses manes) and so is beaten smooth and flat with a mallet; the use of it, is to serve ropes. The Skegg. Is that little part of the Keel, which is cut slaunting, and is left a little without the sterne-post: The reason and use whereof, is only intended to be, that it should save the Rudder from beating-off, if the ship should chance to beat aground, but these Skegges are very unuseful and inconvenient: for first they are apt to snap-off, and so endanger the sterne-post next in a Harbour or River: Where ride many ships, they are apt to catch an other ships cabels, betwixt that and the Rudder: And lastly, when the ship is under-sail, they hold much dead-water betwixt them and the Rudder, therefore it is better ●…ve no skegg, but to hang the Rudder down close to the sterne-post, with the bottom ever to the bottom of the Keel, only pared away a little sloping towards the after-most side of it. The Skiff. Vide Boat; Skuppers, or, Skupper-holes. Are the holes close to all the Decks, through the ship-sides, whereat the water doth run forth of the ship, from the Decks, and many ships have them made of lead. Skupper-leathers. Are the round leathers, which are nailed over the skupper-holes, that belong to the lower-deck, which will keep-out the sea-water from coming in, and yet give leave to any water to run-out of the Deck; these are also over the skuppers of the marger. Skupper-nailes. Are little short nails with broad-heads, made of purpose to nail on the skupper-leathers, with these also they nail on the coats of the Masts and Pumps. A Slatch. When any part of a cabell or rope (that is meant of the middle, not of the end) doth hang slack without the ship (as the cabell, when it is slack in the water, or the Lee-tack, sheets, braces or the like, do hang in the water, or lose by the ships sides) than they say, hale up the slatch of the rope or cabell: Also when it hath been a sect of foul weather, and that there comes an interim, or small time of fair weather to serve their turns, they call it a little slatch of fair weather, or the contrary. Sleepers. Are those timbers, which lie fore and aft the bottom of the ship, on either side the Keelson, just as the rung-heads do go; the lowermost of these, is bolted to the Rung-heads, and the uppermost to the futtocks; and so these between them do strengthen and bind-fast the futtocks, and the Rungs which are let down, one by an other, and have no other binding but the sleepers: These do line-out (as it were, and describe the narrowing of the ships floor. Slings. There are first slings, to sling-casks in (when we hoist it in, or any the like) which are made of rope splised at either end into itself, making an eye at either end, so large as they, think fit, to receive into it the cask: and then the midle-part of the rope also, they seize together, and so make an other eye for to hitch in the hook of the Tackle or Garnet: An other sort are made long, with a small eye at either end, to put the one over the breech of the Piece, the other to come over ●…end of the crow of Iron, which is put into the mouth of the Piece, and so by these they hoist it in: A third sort, is any rope or chain, wherewith we bind fast the yards aloft to the crosse-trees, and the head of the mast, to the end, that if the ties should break, the yard may not come down: these are called slings, which are chief used when we come to fight for fear of cutting the ties. To sling. Is to make fast any cask, Ordnance, yard or the like, in a pair of slings. A Smitting-line. Is a small Rope, which is made fast to the Missen-yard-arme, below next the Deck; and when the Missen-saile is f●…thelled-up, this is made up alongst with it, to the upper end of the yard, the sail being made up with roape-yarnes, and so comes down to the Poop: The use whereof is to lose the Missen-saile without striking down the yard, for they pull the rope, and that breaks all the roape-yarnes, and so the sail comes down; this line is called a smiting line; so they smite the Missen, that is, pull that rope, that the sail may come down. A Snatch-block. Is a great block, with a Sheever in it, and a notch cut through one of the cheeks of it, by which notch they reeve any rope into it, and this is for quickness, to reeve the rope in; for by this notch, one may reeve the middle part of a rope into the block, without passing it in by the end, which would be longer a doing; It is made fast commonly with a strap about the mainmast, close to the upper Deck, and is chief used for the fall of the winding-tackle which is reeved in that block, and so brought to the Capstaine. Sockets. The holes into which the Pintels of the Murderers, forelers, or the like do go, are called sockets: Also some call the Gudgeons, wherein the Pintels of the Rudder do hang, by the name of sockets. A Sound. Any great in-draught of the sea, betwixt two headlands, where there is no passage through, may be called a sound (as Plymouth sound, etc.) But when they name the sound, it is meant of that of the East countries, being the most famous and greatest sea, that is known by the name of a sound. To Sound. Is to try with a line, a pole, or any thing else, the depth of the water: Also when we would know what water is in the well of the Pump, we put down a small line with some weight to it; and that is called sounding the Pump: Vide, Deep-see-line: if you would know more of sounding, instead of biding one sound, they say, heave the lead. Sounding-lead. Is as the deep-sea-lead; only it is commonly but seven pound weight, and about 12. inches long. Sounding-line. The differences betwixt the sounding line, and deep-see-line, are these: the sounding line is bigger than the deep-see-line: A sounding-line is commonly cut to twenty faddom, or little more, the other will be a hundred, or two hundred faddom, the one is used in showle, the other in deep-water; the deep see-line, is first marked at twenty faddom, and so to thirty, forty, etc. but the sounding line is thus marked, at two faddom next to the lead, it is marked with a piece of black leather put into it, betwixt the strands, and at three faddom, the like at five, a piece of white woollen cloth, at seven faddom, a piece of red cloth, at ten, a piece of leather, at fifteen faddom, either a white cloth or a piece of leather, and so it is marked no farther; This may be used, when the ship is under-sail, but the deep-see-line cannot with any certainty. Speekes. Are, as it were, great long iron nails, with sint heads, and are of divers lengths (as a foot or two long) some of them are ragged speekes, that they may not draw out again: they are used in many places for fastening of timbers and planks, in foul weather, they use to speak up the Ordnance, that is, nail down a quoin and the like, to the Deck, close to the breech of the carriage to help to keep the Ordnance strong up to the ship-sides, lest they should break lose, when the ship rowles; and for their further ease, they use to take off the after tackles. A Spell. Is (as you would say) the doing any labour for a short time, and so ceasing for others to take their turns; as when they pump an hundred strokes, or a glass, they call it a spell: A fresh-spell, that is, others come to work, as rowing in the boat, when one says to an other, he will give him a spell, that is, row, or pump in his place, and this word is commonly used, only to pumping and rowing. To Spell. When a sail hath much wind in it, and that for any occasion (either to take in, or for fear of wronging the Masts) we let the wind out of it, so that it may have no force in it: we say, spell the sail, which is done by letting-goe the sneates and bowlings, and braceing the weather-brace in the wind; then the sail will lie all lose in the wind: but this word is most commonly used to the Missen-saile, when they take in the missen, or speak it up, they say, spell the Missen. To spend. When a mast or yard is broke, by fowl weather, or any the like occasion; they say, they have spent their masts, or yards: But if it come by fight, or so, they do not use the word spent, but shot, by the board, or carried away by the board, with a shot, or with an other ships-masts or yards, that may be bigger and stronger. A Spindle. Is the smallest part of the Capstaine, which is betwixt the two Decks: To the spindle of the jeere-capstaine, are whelps to heave the Viol. To Splice. Is to make fast the ends of ropes, one into the other, by opening the strands, at the end of both the ropes, and then with a fid, laying every strand orderly one into an other; also when we would make an eye, at the end of a rope, we take the end of the rope and undo the strands, and so opening the strands, where we would have the splice, with a tide, we draw in the ends of the strands, and so weaving of them orderly, make the splise, and so seize the ends down with some sinner, or the like: There are these sorts of splises; The round splise, that is the splising of the ends of two ropes, one into an other, as I have described; the count-splise, that is, when the ends of either ropes are splised into the other ropes, some distance from the end, and not one end in an other (as the first), than they will make a long slit (as it were betwixt them) which is the reason of the name. Split. When the wind hath blown a sail to pieces, we say the sail is split; Also when sheevers break, we say they split, if a shot come and break a Carriage of a Piece, we say, it hath split the Carriage. To Spoon. Is to put a ship, right before the wind and the sea, without any sail (and that is called spooneing afore.) This is done most commonly, when in a great storm, a ship is so weak with age or labouring, that we dare not lay her under the sea: For though a ship when she spoons afore, doth roll more, yet she strains not so much: but if she be a dangerous rolling ship, than perforce she must be laid under the sea, for else she will roll her mast by the board: And also it is dangerous; for if a sea should overtake her, when she hath a desperate seal, it may chance to break in and founder her; sometimes then to make her go the steddier, they set the foresail, which is called spooning with the foresail: When they do this, they are sure of sea room enough. To Spring. When a mast is but cracked in any part (as at the Hounds, Partners, or else where) we say, it is sprung, as they spring their masts with bearing a-saile, etc. To spring ones Loof, Vide Loof. The Spring, or, Spring-ride. When after the dead-neapes, the tides begin to lift and grow higher, we say, it is spring near upon three days before the full and change of the Moon, the spring gins, and the top, or highest of the spring, is three days after; then the water doth high most with the flood, and low most with the ebb; which is the reason, that at these times, we launch, and grave all of our great ships, the tides also run much stronger and swifter, then in the neapes. Spritsail, Vide Saile. Sprit-saile-top-saile. Vide Saile. Sprit-saile-top-mast. Vide Topmast. Sprit-saile-yard. Vide Yard. Sponge. The sponge of a Piece of Ordnance, is that which makes it clean; they are commonly Sheepskinnes put at the end of a staff, which is made somewhat bigger there according to the bore of the Piece, so as the sponge may go in full and close, but not too strait: but we have it also fitted to the ends of a stiff rope, so is the rammer also, to sponge, and lad within-boord: we ever sponge a Piece of Ordnance, before we put in Powder. In fight, when the Ordnance is plied fast, to keep it from heating, we wet the sponges: Urine is the best, but else with Vinegar, water, or what we have. Spun-yarne. Is Roape-yarne, the end scraped thin, and so spun one to the end of an other, with a wrench, and make it as long as they list: This serves to serve some ropes with, but most commonly it is made to make caburne of. Spurketts. Are the holes, or spaces betwixt the Futtocks, or betwixt the Rungs, by the ship-sides, fore and aft, above and below: To the spurketts below in hold (which are below the sleepers) there are boards fitted, which they take up, to clear the spurkets if any ballast get in betwixt the timbers; but for those aloft, there is no use: only, it were good, they were in all ships, fitted-up with light wood, or old Juncks, to keep the ship-sides aloft, Musket-free. Standing-parts of Running ropes. The standing parts, are those parts of running ropes (or rather that end of a running rope) which is made fast to any part of the ship, to distinguish it from the other part, whereon we use to hale: (as the standing part of the sheate, is that part which is made fast, by a clinch into a ring of the ships-quarter, and the like,) for when we say, hale the sheate, that is meant by the running-part, but if they say, over-hale the sheate, than they hale upon the standing part; the same is of all tackles, and running ropes. Standing ropes. Are counted all those ropes (as the shroud stages, and back-stages) which are not used to be removed, or to run in any blocks; but are only set taught, and slacker as they have occasion. To Stay, or, bring a Ship a-stay. When we tack the ship, before the ship can be ready to be tacked; she must come a-stages or a-back-stages, that is, when wind comes in at the bow which was the lee-bowe before, and so drives all the sails backward, against the shrowds and masts, so that the ship hath no way, but drives with the broadside: the manner of doing it is, at one time, and together, to bear up the helm, let fly the sheate of the foresail, and let go the fore-bowleing, and brace the weather brace of the foresail, the same to the topsail, and top-gallant sail, only they keep fast their sheets: If the spritsail be out, than they let go the spritsail sheate with the fore-sheate, and brace the weather brace; (the Tacks, Sheets, Brases, Bowling of the mainsail, maine-top-saile and missen standing fast as they did) to be taken a-stages: that is, when the wind comes contrary on the sudden; (which happens most upon headlands on calm weather) and so bring the ship a-stages: Sometimes by the negligence of him at the helm, sometimes if it be little wind, and a head-sea, on the weather-bowe: A ship may miss staying, that is to fall-back and fill again: The best conditioned ships, are those which stay with least sails, as with two topsails, or fore-top-saile, or missen, but no ship will stay with less sail than those, and few with so little. Stages, and Back-stages. All the masts, top-masts, and flagstaffs have stages, (excepting the sprit-saile-top-mast) the maine-stay is made fast by a Lannier, to a collar, which comes about the knee of the head: The main topmast stay is made fast into the head of the foremast by a strap, and a dead-man-eye there: The main top-gallant mast, is in like manner made fast to the head of the fore-top-mast: The foremast and masts belonging to it, are in the same manner stayed at the bolt-sprit, and sprit-saile-top-mast; and these stays do likewise help to stay the bolt-sprit; The missen stay comes to the mainmast by the half deck, and the top-mast-stayes come to the shrouds with crowfeets: The use of these stays, are to keep the masts from falling aftward towards the Poop: There is much difference, in staying of masts in respect of a ships saileing or working: Generally the more aft the masts hang, the more a ship will keep in the wind, and the forwarder the less: The Flemings stay their masts much aft, because else their ships being lofty ships would never keep a wind; but short and deep ships rather cover upright masts: There are many differences of conditions in ships for their saileing, according as they are stayed, for some will have the stay-taught, some slack: The back-stayes of all masts (which have them) which are only the mainmast and foremast, and the masts belonging to them, go down to either side of the ship, and are to keep the mast from pitching for-ward-on overboard. The Stern. All the after-most part of the ship, is called the stern (by a general appellation) but most exactly considered, only the very outwardmost part abast is the stern; for the quarter is counted to be from the steeridge to the transom and faskion-peece of the stern. Sterne-sheates. Vide Sheates. To Steer. Is to govern the ship with the helm: He steers best, that keeps the ship evennest from yawning in and out, and also that uses least motion in putting the helm too far over: There are three kind of directions to steer by, the one is, by the land, that is, to steer by any mark on the land, and so to keep the ship even by that, this is easy: The next is, by the Compass (that is to keep the ship upon a point of the Compass; this is harder, because the ships head will come before the Compass:) The third is to steer, as they are directed, and conded (and that is easiest of all;) If you would know the terms belonging to Steering, Vide, Conned. The Stieridge. Is the place where they Steer, out of which they may see the leech of the sails, to see if they be in the wind or not. The Stem. The Stem of the ship, is that great timber, which comes compassing from the keel (wherein it is skarffed) up before the forecastell, this it may be, is not all of one timber (as in great ships it cannot) And this doth guide the rake of the ship, when two ships stand, Stem for Stem, they come right with their heads one against an other: To give a ship the Stem, that is to run right upon her with the Stem: to go Stemming aboard a ship; that is the same, as giving the ship the Stem. A Stepp. They call that piece of timber, which is made fast to the Keelson, wherein the mainmast doth stand, a Stepp: Also those places, and timber, wherein the missen-mast, foremast, and the capstaine do stand, are called Stepps. To Steve, or Steving. We say the bold-sprit, or beakhead Steves, when it stands too upright, and not strait forward enough: Also the Merchants call the stowing of their Cottons (which they force in with screws so much that the Decks will rise 6, or 8, inches) Steveing of Cottons. Stewards-Roome. Is that part of the Howled, wherein the Victuals are Stowed. Stoaked. When the water cannot come to the well, than we say, the ship is Stoake: and that is, when the limber-holes, have some ballast, or any thing else got into them, so that the water cannot pass, we say the limbers are Stoaked: Also when any thing is gotten in or about the bottom of the Pump, so that it cannot draw water, we say the Pump is Stoaked (Corn, and the like, is very bad for this.) Stop. When they come to an Anchor, and have let run-out as much as a sufficient quantity of Cabell, so much as will make the ship ride, or that the ship be in a current, where it is best to stop her a little by degrees, than they say, Stop the ship; and so holdfast the Cabell, and then veere-out a little more and so stop her fully, to let her ride: for stopping leaks, Vide leaks. A Stopper. Is a piece of a Rope, having a wale knot at one end and a lannier splised to it: and the other end is made fast to some part, as the Stoppers for the cabels, to the bottom of the bits, by the Deck; the Stoppers for the main Halliards, to the Knight: The use of them, is chief for the cabels, to stop the cabels when they come to an Anchor, that it may goe-out by little and little, the manner is, but binding the wale-knot about the cabell, with the lanniers, and it will instantly catch-hold in it, so that it cannot slip-away, as the Nippers do, which hold off the cabell, the term is, laying-on the Stoppers; and casting off the Stoppers: Also we use them to the Halliards, when the yard is hoist aloft, to stop it till the Halliards be so laid: A ship rides by the Stoppers, when the cabell is not bitted, but only held fast by them; but this is not safe riding in a stress. To Stowe. Is to put any goods in Howld (in order, for else we say it is not stowed, but lies in howld) also we call it stowing between the Decks of any goods or victuals be placed in order upon the Decks: but it is not used in this kind to small things, as to a Chest or the like, Also the placing and laying of the topsails in the top, is called Stowing the topsails. A Strake. Is the term for a seam betwixt two planks (as the Gard-boord, a-Strake; or the ship heels, a-Strake, that is one seam) some ships are built, with a standing strake, or two, that is, when there is the whole breadth of a plank or two, rising from the keel, before they come to the floor timbers; these ships are naught to lie with the ground, for wring their keels; but this doth make them keep an excellent wind, this built is most used amongst the Flemings. A Strap. A rope which is spliced about any block, that the block thereby may be made fast, to any place where they have occasion to use it: by the eye which is made in the Strap, at the arse of the block. A Streame-Anchor. Is a small Anchor, which we use to the streame-cabell. Streame-Cabell. Is a small cabell, which we ride withal in streams, as rivers, or in faire-weather, when we stop-a-tide, for ever we use the smallest ground-tackle that we have if it will serve, both for lightness to weigh, and to save the best from wetting. A Stretch. They use this word, not as it is commonly, to strain a rope, but thus, when they go to hoist a yard, or hale the sheate, they say, stretch forward the Hilliards, or the sheets: that is, deliver along that part (which they must hale by) into the men's hands, that they may be ready to hoist or hale. To strike. Is to pull down the sails, when one ship Strikes to an other, it is a sign of respect, unless it be for occasion of staying for one: If a man of War come up, with a Merchant, or any other, if he strike, it is intended that he yields himself: Also when a ship beats upon the ground, they say she Strikes: So when we take down the top-masts, they say, Strike them down: So when we lower any thing into the howld with the tackles or any other rope, we call it Striking-down into Howld. Studding-sailes. Vide Boome. A Sturrop. When a ship by any mischance, hath lost a piece of her keel, and that we cannot come well to mend it, but (as it were) patch a new piece unto it, they bind it with an Iron, which comes under the keel, and so upon either side the ship, where it is nailed very strong with speekes to strengthen it, this piece so put to the keel, we call a Sturrop. Suck. When all the water is pumped cut, and that the Pump doth draw-wind, we say, she sucks: Also when a ship doth draw down the helm, and doth (as it were) suck the whip-staffe out of his hand at the helm: A ship gripes, when she doth thus; the reason may be either too much foulness, the standing of her masts too much aft, or she may be out of her trim. Surge. We call a wave a Surge; but it is used in this sense, when they heave at the capstaine, and the cabell slips back again, they say the cabell surges; to prevent which; Vide Nippers. Swifters. Do belong to the main and foremast, and are to secure the shrouds, and keep stiff the mast, they have Pendants, which are made fast under the shrouds, at the head of the mast with a double block, through which is reeved the swifter, which at the standing part hath asingle block with a hook, which is hitched in a ring by the chainewale, and so the fall being haled doth help to strengthen the mast: And this fall, is belayed about the timber-heads of the lower rails aloft. Swifting. When we bring ships aground, or careene them, we use to swift the masts, to ease them, and strengthen them, which is done in this manner, they last fast all the Pendants of the swifters, and tackles with a Rope, close to the Mast, as near the blocks as they can: Then they carry forewards the Tackles, and so bowse them down as hard, and Taught as they can: and this eases the Masts: so that all the weight of the Mast, doth not hang by the head, as otherwise it would, and also doth help to keep it from rising out of the steps. T TAcks. Are great Ropes, having a-wale-knott at one end, which is seized into the Clew of the Sail, and so reeved first through the Chestree, and then comes in at a hole of the Shipside: The use of this is to carry forwards the Clew of the Sail, and to make it stand close, by a wind: and then the Sails are thus, Trimmed: The main Tackefore-saile, and Missen-Tacks, are close a-board, or haled-as forward on-as may be, so are the Bowling of the weather-side: the Lee-sheates, are haled close aft, but the Lee-sheates of the foresail; not so much unless the Ship-Gripe: the Lee-brases of all the yards, are brased aft: and the Topsails are governed, as the Sails whereunto they belong: And hence they say, a Ship stands, or sails close upon a Tack (that is close by a-wind) hale aboard the Tack, that is to have it down close to the Chestrees: East the Tack (that is, not so close aboard:) Let rise the Tack (that is, let it go all out) it is commonly belayed to the bits, or else there is a Kevell which belongs to them: These Tacks do only belong to the Mainsail, and Missen, and they are ever made Tapering. To Tack-a-Ship. To Tack the Ship, is to bring her head about, to lie the other way: as if her head lay first West-North-west, now it will lie East-North-East: the wind being at North. Then supposing the Ship hath all her Sails out, which we use by a-wind, thus they do: first, they make her stay (for which, vide to stays,) when she is stayed, than they say, she is Paid, and so let rise, and hale, that is, let the Lee-Tack rise and hale aft the sheets: and so Trim all the Sails by a-wind as they were before: that is, Cast off that Bowling, which was the weather-bowling and now set up-Taught thither, and so all Sheets, Brases, and Tacks, as a Ship that is trimmed by a-wind must have. Tackles. Are small Ropes which run in Three parts, having either a Pandant with a hook to it, or a Rammer, and at the other end, a block and hook, to catch-hold, and heave in Goods into the Ship: there are these many sorts used, that is, the boates-Tackles (which stand one on the Mainmast Shrowds, the other on the foremast shrowds, to hoist in the boat, and do serve also for other uses) the Tackles which belong to the Mast (which serve in the nature of Shrowds, to keep the Mast from straining) The Gunners Tackles (with which they hale in and out the Ordnance) and last, a winding-Tackle (which vide.) The Rope of a Tackle, is called the fall (that part which we hale-upon) but that end whereunto the block is seized, is called the Standing part, to hale upon a Tackle, is termed to Bowse upon the Tackle. Tallee. When they hale aft the Sheets of the Main or Foresail, they say, Tallee-aft the Sheets. Tampkin. Is a small piece of wood, turned fit for the mouth of any piece: which is put in there: to keep out the Rain, or sea-water from washing-in, when the pieces lie without board. Tapering. Is when any Rope, or any thing else, is made bigger at, one end, then at the other: (as the Tacks are made Tapering) which makes them purchase the better, and saves a great deal of Stuffe, because the Rope at one end bears little, or no stress; I have seen in Flemings, the topsail sheets Tapering. Taper-Bore. Is when a Peeces-bore is wider at the mouth, then towards the Breech: some are of opinion, that these pieces do not recoil so much, but they are not so good: for sometimes if the Shott be too high, it may be it will not come-home to the powder, which is dangerous for the piece. Tarpawling. Is a piece of Canvas that is all Tard over to Lash upon a Deck, or Grating, to keep the Rain from soaking through. Taunt. Is when a Mast is very high, for the proportion of the Ship, we say it is a Taunt-Mast, the Flemings have them so, for the mostpart: for Taunt-Masts, and Narrow-yards are best to sail by a-wind: for the Sails stand so much the sharper: but yet they do wring aship-sides more than a short Mast, and a broad-yard: which is the reason that our Ships use short-Masts and broad-yards. Taught. That is to set a Rope stiff and fast, as we say, Set Taught the Shrowds, the Stays, or any other Rope, when it is too slack. A Tempest When it over-blowes so exceedingly, that it is not possible to bear any sail, and that it is a-wind mixed with Raine, or Hail, they call it a Tempest, which they account a degree above a storm. The Thaughts, Are the seats, whereon those that Row in the do sit. Sight. When a Ship is staunch, and makes but little water, she is sight; which is quickly known by the smell of the water, for if the water stink much, it is a sign it hath laid long in the ship, and if it be sweet, it is a sign it comes in newly. Thowles. Are the small pins, which they bear against with their Oars, when they Row: and stand in holes upon the upper-side of the Gun-wale of the boat, they are commonly made of Ash for toughness. Thwart-Ships. That is any thing that is done, or lies across the Ship, from one side to the other, we say it lies Thwart-Ships: and the contrary is Longest: that is, along the Ship. Tides. This word Tide, is common both to Ebb, and flow, for it is called Tide of Ebb, as well as Tide of Flood: A wind-ward-Tide, is when the Tide runs against wind, than the Sea breaks most, and goes highest; but a Ship, or Anchor strains the Cabels left a Lee-ward-Tide, that is, when the Tide and wind goes both one way, than the Sea is smother: A Tide-gate, that is, where the Tide runs strong. To Tide it over, or up to a place, that is, to go with the Tide of Flood, or Ebb, and so stop the contrary Tide at an Anchor, till the same Tide come again: and this is used, when the wind is contrary, but doth not over-blowe: for than they cannot stop at an Anchor, and if they keep under-sail, they will lose more in one Lee-ward-Tide, than they shall get in two wind-ward-Tides: when they say, it flows Tide, and halfe-Tide in any place, the meaning of it is thus: (for the speech is most improper to common understanding, implying as much as if it did flow a Tide and a half in some places together, and but half an Ebb.) that the Tide doth run three hours (which is four points, longer in the offing than it doth by the shore: by longer, is not meant more hours (for it doth ever Ebb and Flow six hours) but thus, if it be high-water, at the shore, at twelve a Clock it shall not be high-water in the offing till it be three a Clock, (which is the compass and time for the running of half a Tide) so according as it Ebbs or Flows more, they say it tunnes Tide, half, and half quarter (that is, five points) when they come into a Harbour, or over a Stand, they say, they will bring their Tide with them, that is, to come with the flood, which may carry them over: Note that where it flows Tide, and halfe-Tide, that though the Tide of 'slud run aloft, yet the Tide of Ebb runs underfoot, that is, close by the ground: And so for the tide of Ebb, it will flow underfoot. Ties. Are four strand-Roapes, hawser-Laide, which is in respect, that this kind of laying doth not stretch so much as three-shrowd-Roapes, and besides, run smother in the hounds. These are the Ropes by which the yards do hang, and do carry-up the yards when the Hilliards are strained to hoist the yards: The mainyard and fore-yard-ties, are first reeved through the Ram-head, then through the hounds at the head of the Mast, and so with a turn in the Eyes of the sling which are made fast to the yard, they are seized fast, and close to the yard: the Missen-yard, and top-Mast-yard, have but single ties: that is, one doth run in one part, the spritsail yard hath none, for it is made fast with a pair of slings to the bolt-spritt. tiler. The Helm, and the tiler is all one, therefore (Vide Helme) only the word tiler is most properly used for that which we Steer the Boat by; as they say, Give me the tiler of the Boat, not the Helm, yet it is all one in use. Tire. When a Deck hath Ordnance fore and aft (though there want some) we call that a tire of Ordnance, some Ships have two tire or three, the forecastle, and the half Deck being furnished, make half a tire; the Cabell tire, that is, the row which is in the middle of the Cabell when it is Quoyled up. Top-Armors. Are the , which are tied about the tops of the Masts for show: and also for to hid men in fight, which lie there, to fling fire-pots use small shot, or the like. Top-Gallants. Are the Masts above the top-Masts, these sails do draw very much Quarter-winds, in a Loom or fresh-Gale, so it Blow not too-much. Topmast. The top-Masts are ever half so long as the Masts unto which they belong: but there is no one absolute proportion in these and the like things: for if a man will have his Mast short, he may the bolder make his topmast long. Top-Roapes. Are those Ropes wherewith we set, or strike the top-Masts: they belong only to the Main and Fore-top-Mast: this Rope is reeved through a great block, which is seized under the Cap on one side, and then it is reeved through the heel of the topmast, where is a brass sheaver, which is placed thwart ships, and then is brought up and made fast, on either side of the Cap, with a Church to a Ring, which is fastened into the Cap: the other part comes down by the ties, and so is Reeved into the knight, and brought to the Captain when they heave it. To Tow. Is to drag any thing a stern the ship in the water (as to tow the Boat, or to tow a small Ship, or the like, with a Hawser out astern. The nearer any thing is to the Boat, or the like when it is towed the less it doth hinder the Ships way: but the farther off the easier it is, for that which is towed, for then the Ship will not give it such twitches. Transome. That timber which lies a thwart the Stern of the Ship, betwixt the two fashion-peeces, and doth lay out her breadth at the Buttock, is called the Transome: This is just under the Gun-Roome-port a stern: to lie with a Ships-transome, that is to lie Just with the end of the planks where they are fastened to the fashion-peeces a stern: to come in a Ships-transome: that is just betwixt her Gun-Roome-port, and her Quarter-port: this is the safest coming-up, for their Ships are most naked: and their Galleys do use to come-up, but now they begin to cut out ports close by the transome. Travers. We call the way of the Ship (in respect of the points whereon we sail, and the Angles which the Ship makes in going to, and again) the travers of the Ship; as we say, A man doth travers his ground, when he goes in and out: we use to note how many hours the ship hath gone upon a point, what sails she hath forth, how near a wind, and so judge what way she makes: this we set-downe upon a paper besides the Plot, which we call a travers, and then drawing a line from the place where we last were, to that place, where the last Prick or Mark is, we set in the whole: what Course and how fare we are gone: this we call a dead reckoning, then if we can observe and find the observation and this meet, we are sure we are right, otherwise, we trust more to the observation, and reform our Reckoning by that: Also the laying and removing a piece of Ordnance, till it come to lie with the mark, is called the traversing of the Piece. Travers-boord. Is a board which they keep in the Steeridge, having the thirty two points of the Compass marked in it, with little holes on every point, like a Noddy-boord, that is for him at the helm, to keep (as it were) a score, how many Glasses they have gone upon of the Compass, and so strike a pin on that point; This is to save the Master a labour, who cannot with so much curiosity, watch every wind and course so exactly as he at helm, especially when we go by a wind, and the wind veeres and hulls. Treenells. (Quasi nails made of tree) Are the long wooden pins made of the hart of Oak, wherewith they fasten all the planks unto the timbers, for though we bolt the bulke-heads for the better assurance and strength, yet the treenells are they which do most fasten the planks (for we do use as little Iron under water, as we may conveniently, lest the ship should grow iron-sick.) These treenels, must be well seasoned, and not sappy, for then the ship will be continually leaky, and it will be hard to find: If a ship by any beating upon the ground, do make a-give-back, and come a little out again, they term it starting of a treenell. Treenell-trees. Are joined to the crosse-trees, and do lie cross each other, and serve to the same use; they differ only, that the treenell-trees are those which go long ships, and the other thwart-ships. Vide crosse-trees. To Trise. Is to hale up any thing with a dead-roape, that is, when we hale by a rope that doth not run in any block, or hale up by any device, but by hand, as if an empty cask be made fast to a rope (that is no tackle) they say, trise-it-up, or any chest, or like goods, which is fastened to a rope, and so haled up by hand into the ship, we call it haleing by hand, when we have not the help of any capstaine, tackle or the like, which might purchase easier, but only do it, by the immediate and only force of hands. To Try. tying, is to have no more sail forth, but mainsail, the tacks a board, the bowleing setup, the sheate close-aft, and the helm tyed-down close aboard: some try with their missen only, but that is when it blows so much, that they cannot maintain the mainsail: A ship a-trie with her main sail (unless it be an extraordinary grown sea) will make her weigh four points afore the beam, but with a missen, not so much. The Trim. Though commonly by the trim of a ship, is understood the swimming of her, either a-head, or astern, or on an even keel: In whether of these, the ship goes best, that they call her trim, but that is not only to be counted her trim, for some ships will go well or ill according to the staying of the masts: the slackness of the shrowds or the like: Therefore in my mind, the order of the swimming considered with this fitting of her masts, and ropes, wherein the ships sails best should be counted her trim, and not only the line of her swimming in water: The ways of finding a ships-trym, must be with saileing with an other ship, to bring her a-head so many glasses, then astern as many, then on even keel: That way which she goes best, is her trim, in respect of her mould under-water, then to make her go better, ease the stays, or set them up, also the shrouds, than wedge the mast, or give it leave to play, and so in time it is easy (with a little diligence) to find the trim of a ship: Next to men of War (whose daily practice it is) the Scotch men are the best in the world to find out the trim of a ship, for they will never be quiet, but try her all ways, and if there be any goodness in her, they can make her go. The Trough of the Sea. That is in the hollow betwixt two waves, when we lay a ship under the sea (that is, when we lay her broade-side to the sea) we say, she lies in the trough of the sea. Trucks. Are those little wooden wheels (being made without any spokes) that the carriages of the Ordnance do run-on: Also those little round things of wood, which belong to the parcels are called trucks. Trunnions, Are those knobs which come from the side of the Ordnance, and do bear them up upon the cheeks of the carriages. Trusses. Are ropes which are made fast to the parcel of the yards, and are used to two uses, one to bind-fast the yard to the mast, when she rowles either a hull, or at an Anchor; the other is to hale-downe the yards in a storm or gust; these belong only to the main-yard, and fore yard; and they are all brought too, but upon occasion, and also to the missen which hath ever a truss. The Tucks. The word is significant (for it is as you would say) the very gathering-up of the ships quarter under water, if it lie low, that makes the ship have a fat quarter, and hinders the water from passing swiftly to the rudder: if it lie high, the ship must be well laid out in the quarter, else she will want bareing, for her after-works, which being so high and weighty, do charge a ship much. A Turn. Vide Board. V Veer. To veere-out a rope, is to put it out by hand, or to let it run-out when you may stop it; (as veer more Cabell, that is, let more run-out:) veer, it is generally used to the letting-out of more rope to those ropes which are used without-boord, as to the boate-roape, log-line, or any rope whereby we tow any thing: but it is not used to any running-roape but only to the sheets: Veer more sheats (that is, put out) when the wind doth go in and out, that is, sometimes to one point, sometimes to an other, and that suddenly, as in the storms it will very much, they say the wind doth veer and hull. Veering. When a ship sails, and the sheate is veered-out, we say, she goes veering: Vide Large, and quarter-winds, for it is all one. A Viol. When the Anchor is in such stiff ground that we cannot weigh it, or else that the sea goes so high, that the main capstaine, cannot purchase in the cabell, then (for more help) we take a hawser, and open one strand, and so put in it Nippers (some 6, or 8, a faddom distant from each other) and with these Nippers we bind fast the hawser to the cabell, and so bring this hawser to the Jeere-cap-staine and heave upon it, and this will purchase more than the main capstaine can; The Viol is fastened together at both ends with an eye and a wall-knot, or else two eyes seized together. W WAft. To waft, is to guard any ship, or fleet at sea, as we call men of War (which attend Merchant's to conduct them safe along) wafters: Also wafts are used for signs to have the boat come aboard (which is Coat, Gown or the like, hung-up in the shrouds) also it is a common sign of some extremity, when a ship doth hang a waft upon the maine-stay, either that it hath sprung a-leake, or is in some distress. The Wake. The Wake of a ship, is the smooth-water, which the ship doth make a-sterne-her, showing the way that the ship hath gone in the sea; by this we give a judgement what way the ship doth make; for if the wake be right astern, than we know she makes her way good, as she looks, but if the wake be a point, two or more to Lee-ward, than the ship goes to Lee-ward of her course; when a ship doth stay a-weather her wake, that is, when she doth not fall to Lee-ward at her staying but doth it quickly, and then when she is tacked the wake is to Lee-ward, it is a sign she feels her helm well, and is a nimble ship: In chaseing they say, we have got her wake, that is, we are got as far into the wind as she, and so go right after her as she goes. Wale. Vide Bend. Wale-reared. That is, when a ship is built right up, after she comes to her bearing, this is unsightly, and (as they term it) not ship shapen: but it makes a ship within-boord much the roomer, and not the less wholesome ship in the sea, if her bearing be well laid-out. Walt. A ship is said to be walt, when she hath not ballast enough, to keep her stiff to bear a sail. A Warp. Is any rope which is used to warp a ship, which is most commonly a hawser. To Warp. Is to have a hawser, or any other rope (sufficient to hale-up the ship) and an Anchor bend to it; and so to lay that out over the bar, over which we are to go, and so by that, to hale the ship forewards: It is used when we want a wind to carry us out, or into a Harbour, and this is called warping. To Wash a Ship. That is used at sea, when we cannot come aground, or careene-her: we make her heeled-over with her Ordnance and men, upon the yard-armes to aside, and so wash that side, and scrape it, (so much as is out of the water, which is commonly some 5, or 6, strikes) this is done in calms, or in a smooth road. To Wash off the Shore. That is close by the Shore. Wast. Is that part of the ship, which is between the mainmast and the forecastle. Waste-boords. Are the boards which are set up in the waste of a ship, betwixt the gun-wale and the wast-trees; but they are most used for boats, to be set up alongst the sides to keep the sea from breaking into them. Wast-clothes. By a general term, all the clothes which are round about the cake-work of the hull of the ship, are called wast-clothes, and are the same that we call the fights of the ship. Watch. At the sea, the ships company is divided into two parts, the one called the Star-boord-watch, the other the Lar-boord-watch: The Master, is the chief of the Starboard, and his right-hand mate of the Larboard: these are in their turns to watch, trim sails, pump, and do all duties for four hours, and then the other watch is to relieve them: Four hours they call a whole watch: In Harbour, and Rhodes, they watch but quarter watch, that is, when one quarter of the company do watch together. Water-borne. That is, when a ship is even just of the ground that she floats, than she is water-borne. The Water-line. Is that line, which the Shipwrights do pretend should be the depth that the ship should swim in, when she is laden both a-head and astern; for you must know, a ship never draws so much a-head, as she doth astern, for if she should, she would never steer well. Water-shot. Is a kind of moreing, that is to lay the Anchors not cross the tide, nor right up and down the tide, but (as you would say) betwixt both, that is quartering. The Water-Way. That small piece, or ledge of timber, which lies fore and aft on the ships deck, close by the sides (which is to keep the water from running-down there) is called the water-way. Waving. Is making a sign for a ship, or boat, to come towards them, or else to go from them; as the sign is made, either towards or from-wards the ship. Way of a ship. The Rake and Run of a ship, is called her way fore-ward-on, or aftward-on: Also when she sails apace, they will say, the ship hath good way, fresh way, or the like; Likewise, in casting the dead-reckning, they allow her Lee-ward-way, (that is so much as she drives to Lee-ward, from that she seems to go.) To Wether. That is, to go to windward of a place or ship; sometimes we are embayed, so that we cannot weather-a-head-land to get clear, and then we must do our best to turn in and out, till we can have a fair wind, or claw it off. Wether Bowe. That is the Bow next weather, and so of all parts of the ship, or any thing that is to the wind-ward-most-side, we say, it is the weather-part, or a-weather. Weather-coile. Is when a ship is a hull, to lay her head the other way, without looseing any sail; which is only done, by bearing up the helm: It is an excellent condition in a ship; for most ships will not weather-coile: The use of it is, that when we desire to drive with her head, the other way a-hull, than we need not open any sail, wherewith before the ship can come to veer, she will run a great way to Lee-ward, when once she is before the wind and sea, under sail. Wedges. We use to make fast the mast in the partners with wedges; and also to put a wedge into the heels of the top-masts to bear-up the topmast upon the tressell-trees. The Whelps. Are like brackets, set to the body of the capstaine, close under the bars, down to the deck; and are they which give the sweep to the capstaine; these are made so in parts, that the cabell may not be so apt to surge as it would, if it did run upon a whole round body. The Whipp. Is that staff, which the Steersman doth hold in his hand, whereby he governs the helm, and doth port it over from one side to an other; it hath a ring at one end which is put over the end of the helm, and so comes through the roll up into the steeridge: In great ships they are not used, for by reason of the weight of the rudder and the water which lies upon it in foulweather, they are not able to govern the helm with a whip, because conveniently there can stand but one man at the whip. Whoodings. The planks which are joined and fastened alongst the ship-sides into the stem, are called the whoodings. To Wind. To wind a ship, is to bring her head about, either with the boat, or with some oars out at her hawse or sterne-portes (if she be a small ship●) The ship winds-up, that is when she comes to ride by her Anchor: when they are under sail, they use to ask, how winds the ship, that is, upon what point of the Compass doth she lie with her head. Winding-tackle. The winding-tackle is thus fitted: A great double block with three sheevers in it, which is fast seized to the end of a small cabell, which is brought about the head of the mast, and so serves for a pendant: this hath a Guye brought to it from the foremast, into the block there is reeved a hawser, which is also reeved through an other double-block, having a strap at the end of it, which strap being put through the eye of the slings is locked into it, with a fidd, and so hoist the goods: The fall is reeved into the snatch-block, and so brought to the cap-stame, whereby they heave in the goods. Windlasse. Is a piece of timber (having some 6, or 8, squares) and is placed from one side of the ship to the other, close abast the stem, aloft where the cabels come in: These are never used in our great ships; but the Flemings do use them in good ships: the reason is, for that they go very slightly manned, and the windlasse doth purchase much more than a capstaine, and with no danger to the men: for the windlasse they heave about with hand-speekes put into holes made at either end, and though they cannot heave forward, or one should fail, the windlasse will paul itself: But at the capstaine if any fail, they may be thrown from the capstaine, and their brains beaten out against the ship sides, if they weigh in a sea-gate, but the capstaine doth purchase faster by much; and therefore we (having men enough to man it) do use that: they have a windlasse also in the head of the boat, to weigh the Anchor by the buoy-roape. Wind-taugh. Any thing that holds wind aloft, which may prejudice the ship-faileing or riding, is said to be wind-taught (as too much rigging high ropes, and the like;) Also when we ride in any great stress, we bring our yards alongst ships, strike down our top-masts and the like: because they hold wind taught, that is, they hold wind stiffly, (for taught is as much as stiff in the sense of sea language) as set taught the shrouds, that is, set them stiff. Wood and Wood That is, when two timbers are let into each other, so close, that the wood of the one, doth join close to the other. A Worm. Is an Iron on the end of a staff, wherewith they draw out the shot of a Piece, if there be any occasion. Worming. Is the laying of a small-roape, or line alongst, betwixt the strands of a cabell of hawser; The use whereof, is to help to strengthen the cabell, or rope to which it is used; the Flemings use this to new ropes, others to old ropes, that are almost decayed. To Would: or, Woulding. Is to bind Ropes about any Mast, yard, or the like, to keep on a fish, or somewhat to strengthen it: Sometimes when the whoodings give way by the overcharging of the bolt-sprit, they are feign to Would to the Bows: which they do, by passing a Cabell through both sides, and so bringing it in again, and with hand speckes to twist it together as strong as may be: we never fish any Mast, or yard, but we Would it also: And that is called the Woulding of the Mast or Yards. Also those Ropes, which come from the beakhead, over the bolt-spritt, and Lashes it fast down from rising off the pillow, are called the Wouldings of the bolt-spritt. Y YArd. As the length of the Masts are proportioned by the breadth of the Beam, so contrary wise, the length of the yard is proportioned by the length of the Keel: The proportion of this, is not absolute: for he who will have a Taunt-Mast may have the Narrower-yards (and so contrary) but the best, and most absolute agreed on, is this, the Main-yard of the Ship is to be ⅚ parts of the length of the Keel: The topsail yard is to be 3/7 of the Mainyard: and the Mainyard for bigness, is to be ¾ of an Inch for a yard in length: the length of the fore-yard is to be ⅘ of the main-yard: The Crosse-Jack-yard, and sprit-saile-yard, is to be all of a length, but allow the Missen-yards, and sprit-saile-yards ½ an Inch thickness to a yard in length: Top the yards, (that is, make them hang even:) the Clew-lines do properly top the Main and foreyards: but when the Topsails are Stowed, than the Topsail sheets will top them: Brase the yard (that is, Travers aft that yard-arme, whose brace is haled) and by the brases we square the yards, that is, make them hang right-a-crosse, and one yard arm not Traversed more than the other: If the Shrouds be set too forward, they will hinder the traversing of the yard: Traversing the yard, is to brace aft the yard. A Yawe. When the Ship is not steered steady, but she goes in and out with her head, they say she Yawes, this doth much hinder a shipsway; and therefore when a man of war is in Chase, he doth put such to the Helm, who can keep her steadiest and evennest upon a point; which is done only by Care and Judgement; to meet her with the Helm, before her head fall-off, or else come to. A Yoke. When the Sea is so rough, that men cannot govern the Helm with their hands, than they seize two Blocks to the Helm, on each side, at the end, and Reeveing two falls through them, like Gunners-Tackles, bring them to the Ship-sides, and so having some at one Tackle, some at the other, they govern the Helm, as they are directed: There is also another way, with taking a double turn about the end of the Helm, with a single Rope: The ends being be-layed fast to the Ship-sides: And by this they guide the Helm, but not with so much ease, as the other way: Now either of these is called a Yoke to steer by. FINIS. An Index of the Names, and Terms expounded in this Book. A AFt, or, Abast. Page. 1 Aloof. 2 Amaine. ibid. Anchor. ib. Anchoring, or Anchorage. 4 Anchor-Stock. ibid. Arme. ibid. An Awning. 5 Axletree. ibid. B To Bals. 5 Ballast. ibid. The Beak, or Beakhead. 6 Beam. ibid. To Bear. ib. Beare-in. 7 Beare-off. ib. Beare-up. ib. Beds. ib. To Belage. ib. A Bend. 8 To Bend, or Bent. ibid. A Birth. ib. Berthing. ibid. A Bite. ibid. Bildge, or Bulge. ib. Bildge-water. ibid. A Bittackle. ib. A Bitter. 9 A Bitter-end. 9 The Bits. ibid. Blocks. ibid. Blow. 10 Bluff, or Bluff-head. ib. Boate. ib. Bolt, or Bolts. 11 A Bolt-Roape. ib. Bolt-spritt. ibid. A Bonnett. 12 A Boome. ib. Board, or, Aboard. ib. The Bow. 13 Bowling. 14 A Bower. ib. Bows, or, To Bowse. ib. Bracketts. ib. Brases. ib. Brayles. 15 Breech and Breeching. ibid. A Breize. ib. A Brest-fast. 16 Brest-Roapes. ibid. Brooming. ibid. A Budge-Barrell. ibid. Bulck. ib. Bulck-head. ib. Bunt. ib. Buntlines. 17 A Buoy. p. 17 A Butt. ib. A Buttuck. ib. C A Cabell. 18 Caburne. ib. Calm and becalming. ib. To Camber, or Cambring. 19 The Cap. ib. Capsquares. ib. The Capstaine. ib. Cap-staine-bars. 20 A Card, or, Sea-Card. ib. Careene. ib. Carlings. 21 Carling-knees. ib. A Carriage. ib. A Carthrage. 22 Carnells. ibid. Carnell-Work. ib. A Case. ib. Case-shott. ib. Casketts. ib. Catharpings. 23 Cat. ib. Catt-holes. ib. Caulke. ib. Chafe. ib. Chaine-Walls. ib. A Chamber. ib. Channel 24 Charge. ibid. Chase. ib. Cheeks. 25 Cheteres. ib. Choke. ib. Clamps. 25 A Cleate. ib. Clew. 26 Clew-garnet. ib. Clew-line. ib. A Clincher. ib. To Clinch. ib. Clinching. ib. Cloth. 27 Cloyed. ib. Coaming. ib. Coats. ib. Cocks. ib. The Collar. ib. The Comb. ib. Compass. ib. To Conned, or Cun. 28 Cooke-Roome. ib. Cordage. 30 Connter. ib. Course. ib. A Crabb. ib. A Cradle. ib. Craft. ib. Crank. ib. Creengles. ib. Cros-bar. 31 Cros-Jack. ib. Cros-peece. ib. Cros-trees. ib. Crow-feetes. ibid. Cubbridghead. 32 Culver-taile ibi. Cutt. ib. Cutt-Water. ib. D The Davitt. 33 Dead men-eyes. p. 33 Dead-water. ib. Deck. ib. Deep-see-Leade. 34 Deep-see-Line. ibid. To Disembogue. ib. To Dispert. 35 Dock. ib. A Drabler. ib. Drags. ib. Draught. ib. To Dregg. ib. A Drift-Saile. 36 Drive. ibid. Duck-up. ib. E Ear-ring. 36 To Ease. ib. An Eddy. ib. An Eddy-wind. 37 End for End. ibid. Enter. ibid. Entring-ladder. ib. Entring-Roape. ib. Eyes. ib. Eylot-holes. ib. F Faddom. 38 A Facke. ib. Fall-off. ibid. Falls. ib. To farthel. ib. Fartherling-Lines. ib. The Fashion Pieces. 39 Fender-bolts. ib. Fenders. ib. Fidd. ib. Fidd-Hammer. 39 Fightts. ib. Fireworks. ib. A Fish. ib. The Fish-Block. 40 The Fish-hooke. ib. The Fish. ib. Flags. ib. Flaire. ib. Floane. ib. Flood. 41 The Flooke. ibid. Float. ibid. Flowe. ib. The Flower. ib. Flush. ibid. The Fly. ib. To Free. ib. Fresh-shott. 42 The Fore-foote. ib. Forelocks. ib. Foremast. ib. A Former. ib. Fore-reache. ib. Foresail. ib. Fore-Top-Mast. ib. Fore-yard. ib. Fowl. 43. Fowle-water. ib. Fownder. ib. Furr, or Furred. ib. Futtocks. 44 G Gage. 44 Gale. ib. The Garboord. 45 Gar-boordstrake. ib. The Garnett. p. 45 A Girding. ibid. Gird. ib. Goaring. ib. Goose-wing. ib. Grapnells. ib. Gratings. 46 To Grave. ib. A Gripe. ib. To Gripe. ib. Grommetts. 47 Ground and Grounding. ib. Ground-Timbers. ib. Gudgias. ib. To Gull. ib. The Gun-wale. ib. A Guye. 48 H To Hale, or Over-Hale; 48 To Hall, or, Halling. ib. Halliardds. ib. Hand or Handing. ib. A Handspeeke. 49 The Harpings, ib. Hatches. ib. Hatch-way. ib. The Hawses. ib. A Hawser. ib. The Head. 50 Head-Lines. ib. Head-Sailes. ib. Head-Sea. ib. To Heave. ib. The Heel. 51 To Heel. ib. The Helm. ib. To Hitch. ib. To Hold-off. 51 Honey-combd. 52 The Hooks. ib. A Horse. ib. The Howld. ib. The Hounds. 53 Howlsom. ib. Howsing-in. ib. To Hoist. 54 The Hull. ib. Hulling. ib. A Hullock. 55 I The Jecre. 55 The Jeere-Capstaine. ib. Iron-Sicke. ib. A Junck ib. A Jury-Mast. ib. K. To Keckle, or Keckling. 56 A Kedger. ib. To Kedge or, Kedging. ib. The Keel. ib. The Keele-Roape. ib. Keeleson. 57 A Catch. ib. Kevells. ib. Keenke. ib. The Knaveline. ib. Knees. ib. Kneetles. ib. The Knights. ib. Knittlidge. 58 knots. ib. L To Labour. 58 Ladder. ib. To Lade. p. 59 A Ladle. ib. Land-fall. ib. Land-Locked. ib. Land-to. ib. A Land-turne. ib. A Langrell. ib. Lanniers. ib. Lurge. 60 To Alas, or, Lasing. ib. To Lash, or, Lasbers. ib. Lasking ib. Latce●tts. ib. Launch. ib. To Lay-a-Land. ib. A Leake. ib. Ledges. 61 Lee. ibid. The Lee-fange. 62 The Leetch. ib. Leetch-Lines. ib. Legs. ib. Lett-fall. ib. Lifts. ib. Limbers, or, Limber-holes. ib. Lines-Pins. 63 Lockers. ib. A Loggline. ib. The Loof ib. A Loofe-hooke. 64 A Loom-gale. ib. To Loom. ib. A Lust. ib. Lie under the Sea. ib. M To Man. 64 A Man of War. 65 The Manger. 66 Marling. ib. Marling-speeke. ib. Martuetts. ib. Masts. ib. Mats. 67 Mettle. ib. The Missen. 68 The Missen-Mast. ib. The Missen-Saile. ib. The Missen-Top-Mast. ib. The Missen-Yard. ib. To Moor, or, Mooring. ib. To Mount. 69 Munck-Seame. ib. Murderers. ib. N Neale-to. 69 Neapes, or, Neape-tide. ib. The Needle. 70 Nettings. ib. Netting-sailes. ib. Nippers. ib. O To Observe. 71 Ockham. ib. The Offing. ib. Offward. ib. Orlopp. ib. Over-sett. 72 Overthrow. ib. Out-Licker. ib. Oze, or, Ozie. ib. P A Pantch. 73 A Parbunckle. ib. To parcel, or, Parclling. ib. Apparels. p. 73 The Partners. ib. a Passaredo. 74 The Paul. ib. To Pay. ib. a Peeke. ib. Pendants. 75 The Pillow. ib. a Pintell. ib. Pitching ib. plats 76 a Plot. ib. a Point. ib. The Poop. ib. a Port. ib. To port. ib. Pouches. 77 Powder. ib. The Powder-Roome. ib. Preddy. ib. a Preventur-Roape. 78 a Proviso. ib. The Prow. ib. Priming. ib. Puddings. ib. Pulleys. ib. Pumps. ib. The Pumpbrake. 79 The Pump-Can. ib. Pump-Dale. ib. To Purchase. ib. Puttock's. ib. Q The Quarter. 80 Quarter-Deck. ib. Quartering. ib. Quarter winds. ib. A quoil. 80 To quoil. ib. Quoynes. ib. R Rabbitting. 81 Rake. ib. Ram-head. 82 A Rammer. ib. Ranges. ib. Ratlinge. ib. A Reach. ib. To Reeve. 83 Ribs. ib. To Ride. ib. Riders. 84 Rigging. ib. Ring-bolts. ib. The risings. ib. Rising-timbers. 85 A Road. ib. A Roader. ib. Ropes. ib. Roape-yarnes. ib. Robbins. 86 Roofe-trees. ib. Rove and clinch. ib. The Round-house. ib. Rownd in. ib. The Roll. ib. Rouse in. ib. The Rudder. 87 The Rudder-roape. ib. Rudder-irons. ib. To Rumidge. ib. The Run. ib. Rung-heads. 88 The Rungs. ib. The Runner. p. 88 S Sailes. ib. To Serve. 89 A Scarf. ib. A Scuttle. ib. To Seize, or, Seizing. 90 A Seel. ib. Send. ib. To Set a-land-Sun, or, Ship by the Compass. ib. Settle a Deck. 91 Sewing, or, to Sew. ib. Shackles. ib. The Shanck. ib. Shanck-painter. ib. Shearing. 92 Sheets. ib. Sheathing. ib. Sheep Shancks. 93. Shears. ib. Shear hooks. ib. Sheevers. ib. Shore's. ib. Shore. ib. Shot. ib. Shot of Cabell. 94 Showle. ib. Shrouds. ib. The Sillinder. ib. Sinnet. ib. The Skegg. 95 The Skiffe. ib. Skupper, or, Skupper-boles. ib. Skupper-leathers. ib. Skupper-nailes. ib. A Slatch. ib. Sleepers. 95 Slings. 96 To Sling. ib. A Smitting-line. ib. A Snatch-block. ib. Sockets. ib. A Sound. 97 To Sound. ib. Sounding-lead. ib. Sounding-line. ib. Speekes. ib. A. Spell. ib. To Spell. 98 To Spend. ib. A Spindle. ib. To Splise. ib. Split. ib. To Spoon. ib. To Spring. 99 The Spring, or, Springtide. ib. Spritsail. ib. Sprit-saile-top-saile. ib. Sprit-saile-top-mast. ib. Sprit-saile-yard. ib. Sponge. ib. Spunge-yarne. ib. Spur ketts. 100 Standing-parts of Running-roapes. ib. Standing-roapes. ib. To Stay, or, bring a ship a-stay. ib. Stays and Back stayer. 101 The Stern. ib. Sterne-Sheats. ib. To Steer. ib. The Steeridge. 103 The Stem. ib. A Stepp. p. 103 To Steve, or, stoving. ib. Stewards-Roome. ib. Stoaked. ib. Stop. ib. A Stopper. ib. To Stowe. 102 A Strake. ib. A Strapp. ib. A Streame-Anckor. ib. Streame-Cabell. ib. A Stret●h. ib. To Strike. 104 Studding-Sailes. ib. A Sturropp. ib. Suck. ib. Surge. ib. Swifters. ib. Swifting. ib. T Tacks. 105 To Tack a Ship. ib. Tackles. ib. Tallee. 106 Tamkin. ib. Tapering. ib. Taper-bore. ib. Tarpawling. ib. Taunt. ib. Taught. ib. A Tempest. 107 The Thoughts. ib. Sight. ib. Thowles. ib. Thwart-Ships. ib. Tides. ib. Ties. ib. tiler. 108 Tire. ib. Top-Armours ib. Top-Gallants. ib. Topmast. ib. Top-Roapes. 109 To Tow. ib. Transome. ib. Travers. ib. Travers-boord. 110 Treenells. ib. Treenell-trees. ib. To Trise. ib. To Try. ib. The Trim. 111 The Trough of the Sea. ib. Trucks. ib. Trunnions. ib. Trusses. ib. The Tuck. ib. To Turn. 112 V Veer. ib. Veering. ib. A Viol. ib. W Waft. ib. The Wake. 113 Wale. ib. Wale reared. ib. Walt. ib. A Warp. ib. To Warp. ib. To Wash a Ship. ib. To Wash off the shore. ib. Waste. ib. Wast-boord. ib. Wast-clothes. 114 Watch. ib. Water-borne. ib. The Water-line. ib. Water-shot. ib. The Water-way. ib. Waving. ib. Way of a Ship. ib. To Wether. ib. Weather-bowe. ib. Weather-coyle. 115 Wedges. ib. The Whelps. ib. The Whipp. ib. Whoodings. ib. To Wind. ib. Winding-Tackle. ib. Wind Lass. 116 Wind-Taught. ib. Wood and Wood ib. a Worm. ib. Worming. ib. To Would or Woulding. ib. Y Yard. 117 a Yawe. ib. A Yoke. 118 FINIS.