A General TREATISE OF THE DISEASES OF Infants and Children, etc.   

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A General TREATISE OF THE DISEASES OF Infants and Children.  
Collected from the best PRACTICAL AUTHORS.  
By JOHN PECHRY of the College of Physicians in London.  
LONDON: Printed for R. Wellington, at the Lute in St. Pauls-Church-Yard. 1697.   

THE PREFACE.  
CHildren, if they are virtuous, are great Blessings, and a public good. It is therefore the duty of Parents to inure them betimes to a Regular course of Life, nor ought Persons of the best Quality to think the guidance of their Children beneath them. For Cornelia, the Mother of the Gracchis▪ and Aurelia the Mother of Augustus Caesar, were Governesses to Children; and Cato, tho' he kept a Tutor in his House, did himself frequently instruct his Son: So did Augustus his grandchildren, and the great Theodosius would often sit by the Tutor▪ while he was instructing his Son. And certainly it is best and safest for Parents to have their Children under their own Eye and inspection. But above all, the Father's Example is of greatest force to instruct the Son, and his Actions Authorize the same in the Child, nor can the Father chastise him, for what himself is guilty. But to come to the business in hand, Parents should endeavour as much as in them lies, to provide for the health of their Children. The Father must not enfeeble his body by excessive Drinking or any other Vice, for thereby the Child suffers for the Father's fault: nor ought such as have hereditary Diseases to Marry. The Mother, during pregnancy, must observe a good Diet suitable to her Temperament, Custom, Condition, and Quality, and the right use of all the six Non-naturals. She must not lace herself so close as she was wont to do, for straight lacing hinders the growth of the Child, and often makes it either Abortive or Miss▪ shapen. If the Mother can't or will not suckle the Child herself, care must be taken to procure an healthy, strong, and vigorous Nurse, of an Age not under twenty five, nor above thirty five, and her Milk must be throughly purified after her lying in before she gives suck; her Breasts ought to be pretty Big, Firm, and Fleshy, and her Nipples must be a little raised, and of a moderate Bigness and Firmness, and well perforated with many little holes; and she must have a sufficient quantity of Milk for the Child's nourishment, and the colour of it must be white, and the smell of it must be sweet and pleasant: she must be merry and cheerful, and smile often to divert the Child.  
To conclude, the young Physician must take Notice that great caution must be used in prescribing Opiates and Vomits for Children, for many dreadful Symptoms have been occasioned thereby.  
From the Angel and Crown in Bazing Lane, London, January 2d. 1697.   

THE INDEX.  

A.  
ALmonds inflamed. Page. 86.  
Apthae, and Bladders in the Gums. ibid.   

B.  
Breeding of Teeth. p. 88  
Breathing difficult. p. 93.   

C.  
Children Newborn, their Diet and way of Ordering. p. 1.  
Convulsions. p. 74.  
Cattarrh, Cough. p. 93.  
Costiveness. p. 112.  
children's wasting. p. 158.   

D.  
Diseases, and Symptoms of Infants in General. p. 14.   

E.  
Ears inflamed, pains, moisture, Ulcers and Worms of them. p. ●3.   

F.  
Fevers of Children. p. 18.  
Frights in sleep. p. 69.  
Falling of the Fundament. p. 137.   

G.  
Galling of Children. p. 147.  
Gripes. p. 103.   

H.  
Hickops. p. 98.  
Hydrocephalus. p. 64.   

I.  
Inflammation of the Head. ibid.  
Inflammation of the Belly and Hypochondres. p. 106.   

L.  
Looseness. p. 107.  
Loosening the String of the Tongue and the Ranula under it. p. 91.   

M.  
Measles. p. 40.   

N.  
Navel sticking out. p. 132.  
Navel inflamed. p. 135.   

R.  
Rickets. p. 148.  
Ruptures. p. 128.   

S.  
Stone in the Bladder. p. 139.  
Squinting. p 82.  
Scabs, and Ulcers from Milk. p. 48.  
Syriasis. p. 66.  
Smallpox. p. 27.   

T.  
Tinea. p. 54.   

V.  
Vomiting. p. 100  
Urine difficult. p. 142.  
Urine involuntary. p. 145.    

OF children's Diseases.  

CHAP. I. Of the Diet and Ordering of Children Newborn.  
AFter the Navel-string is Cut and bound up, and the Infant is washed, you must inquire about the Constitution of it: 〈…〉 which purpose you must first consider whether the Mother was healthy at the time she was with Child; for that is a sign of a healthful Child, esecially if the Father be also of a sound onstitution: Afterwards you must ind what is the colour of the new born Infant; it is best when the colour is reddish all over the Body, for that by degrees turns daily florid: but those Children that are at first Florid or White, are most commonly of an ill temperament, Cold, Dull, and not long lived. The crying of the Child new born, aught to be loud and clear, because it signifies plenty▪ of Spirits, and a strong breast: But if the Child cries low, it is a sign that the vital strength is small, and the Spirits few, and the Muscles of the Breast weak: You must more over consider whether the magnitude, figure, passages, situaon of all the parts be as they ought; and therefore the Midwife should handle it gently, and search whether any thing be amiss in any part that it may be rectified as much as may be: Let her often extend and contract the Arms and Legs, and cleanse them from filth, and she must see whether the Eyelids, the Ears, the Nostrils, the Fundament, and Privities are as open as they ought to be, and she must take notice of the Fingers and Toes that they do not stick together. She must put her finger into the Mouth and cleanse it from filth, and see whether the Child be Tongue-tied or not afterwards the Child must be swaithed up, and laid in the Cradle. Galen says that before it is clothed, the body must be sprinkled all over moderately with Salt, that the skin may be rendered thereby more dense and solid than the inner parts; for he says, they are all equally soft in the Womb: But it is to be feared that the salt by its biteing quality should occasion itching and other inconvenienceis, and therefore this custom was soon left off, and instead of it they washed newborn Children with Wine, and what Galen says is not agreeable to reason; for the skin in the Womb has a peculiar Constitution different from the internal parts; nor is it safer to thicken the skin and to hinder transpiration, as Galen says in another place, much less is the custom of some barbarous people to be imitated, which was also used formerly in Germany, viz. the dipping the warm Infant from the Womb in the next Brook, that thereby it may be rendered more strong and lusty, and to try the strength of their Children, whom they chiefly design for the Wars; for without doubt none but strong Children would survive such a dipping.  
Before the Teat be offered to the Child, some Honey or Oil of Almonds ought to be given it, to carry off from the stomach and bowels some filth Collected in the Womb; for a certain black and pitchy matter is contracted in the Womb, and aught to be presently evacuated, for if it be not, sits are occasioned, and some think the Child ought to be dieted three whole days with fresh Oil of Almonds and Sugar, and others Order some other Woman to suckle, the child, till the Mother's milk is pure. The child must be defended from all external injuries, and it must be kept in an Air moderately hot; and if it be not of a very good constitution, an Air inclining to the contrary must be chosen: But respect must be had to the seasons of the year. The Cradle must be placed where there is not too much light, and so as that the light of the Sun or of a Candle may be seen directly, and great care must be taken that the child be not frighted, and it must never be left alone, left it be injured, by venomous Creatures, or some other external injuries, which they cannot resist, for it is known that Scorpions, Serpents, and such like Creatures have crept into children's mouths, or other wise injured them, or Cats by lying upon them have suffocated them. Let th' Child lie in a Cradle by itself and not with the Mother or Nurse, till it has its hands and feet at Liberty to help itself, lest, as has been often found, it be suffocated by the Nurse, or by the Bed, and the Cradle should be so made, that it cannot easily be overturned by Rocking.  
Infant's should sleep more than they do wake, that thereby Concoction may be the better perfected, and the spirits invigorated, and therefore if watchings are troublesome, sleep must be endeavoured by Singing, Rocking, and offering the Teat often: but care must be taken that the Stomach be not over burdened with Milk  
The new born Child must be Bathed once a day; and moderately rubbed; for such frictions help Concoction, and the distribution of the nourishment, and serve instead of exercise and motion, which the Infant by reason of its Tenderness cannot undergo, and they strengthen the members and make them firm. After bathing, the Infant must be swathed up, lest it should move its hands and feet too freely, and thereby distort the bones, which are yet very flexible▪ but after four months the hands and arms may be let loose, but the whole breast and belly must be swathed for a-above a year to comfort the heart, and to defend the parts, and you must be sure to cleanse the Child often, to prevent Itching and Excoriation. And care must be taken that the body be kept open, which may be easily done if the Milk be good, and in a convenient quaintity. But if the Belly be bound, it must be anointed below the Navel with some Oils, or emollient liniments, or an emollent glister must be injected.  
Moderate crying Conduces to the evacuating the brain, to dilate and cleanse the Lungs, and excites the Natural heat: but when it is immoderate it is wont to occasion fluxions upon the eyes, Catarrhs, and Ruptures. It does least hurt before sucking, and and when the milk is concocted, but because most commomly Children do not cry without a cause, but are provoked by something that disturbs them, a Prudent Mother or Nurse will endeavour to find out what is the cause ●hat that being removed, the Child may be at quiet: She will see whither the Linen be fouled for Children love to be clean, and will not sleep quietly till filthy close are removed from them: the Mother will see whether they are swaithed too hard, or whether they are not pinched by the wrinkling of the Linen, or pricked by a pin, or whether gripes be the occasion.  
As to the nourishment it must be fed with milk for some months, and it may suck as often as it will, if it be not subject to a vomiting or looseness and provided the Stomach be not overcharged, and in suckling of a Child you must take notice to offer by turns the right and left breast, especially after it is permitted to use its hands; for if you do not observe this, it will be accustomed to use one hand. After some months you may feed the Child with Pap.  
But it is not convenient to give solid meats before they have their Teeth; for they cannot chew them: But after the Teeth are bred, it is convenient to accustom them by degrees to solid food; yet notwithstanding you must not deny them milk, bread, pulse boiled, and flesh, first chewed by the Nurse may be sometimes given them, but hard meats must not be allowed. In this mixture of aliment we must take care, while milk is in the Stomach that no acid or austere thing be given, which may coagulate or corrupt the milk in the Stomach.  
When the Limbs of the Infant are strong, and it begins to use its hands and feet you must not too early allow of such motions, much less must you put them upon their feet too soon, as some unskilful Nurses do, and by that means crook their Legs but when they are able to stand upon their Legs, they must be somewhat sustained by the Leading-strings and afterwards that they may be accustomed to go alone, you must put them into running-Chairs, such as are common in Families, and suffer them to push them along themselves, and by this sort of playing exercise, they will be accustomed to their feet, and learn to go, and to stop themselves: But when they begin to go without help, they must not be left alone, and to prevent all danger it is best to put rolls about their heads. As to bathing, a Child new born aught to be washed every day, but from the third month, to the seventh month till they are weaned twice a week. If the Child be apt to use its left hand, you must bind it up and leave the right free, that by frequent use it may become agile and strong.  
The Child must not be weaned before it has all its Teeth, for till then it cannot chew solid Meats; besides, in breeding the Teeth, especially the Dog-teeths, Children are subject to Fevers▪ pains of the Gums, and other Symptoms▪ and it is to be sear d that weaning them increases their misery. But here can be no certain time set for weaning Children; for those that are brisk may be sooner weaned, and those that are weak may suck longer, and sometimes Children are to be weaned before they ought, by reason the Nurse or Mother are sick, or have conceived; and therefore some are weaned in the tenth month, and some in the twelfth, and yet it is most convenient that the Child suck a year and an half, or two years; and it is proper to diet them with milk a little longer; for the parts being strengthened by this agreeable aliment, partake of the benefit of it for the whole life. but at what time soever the Child is weaned, unusual meats are not suddenly to be offered to it; it ought therefore to be accustomed to them by degrees while it does Suck; for all sudden changes are dangerous, and a Man is offended by good Meats, if he be not accustomed to them; therefore Pape and Chicken-broath are first to be given, and when they have been weaned a while, Pulse, and flesh of easy digestion and good juice, first chewed by the Mother or the Nurse. It is better so wean a Child in the Spring or Autumn, than in the Summer or Winter, least to the alteration of the body, which is occasioned by the new diet, another proceeding from the heat or cold of the ambient air be added to it, and so the Child be prejudiced: Some Women think, and not without Reason, that it is better to wean a Child at the increase of the Moon, than at the decrease: and because it sometimes happens, that Children cannot be drawn from the Teat by any means, the Papes must be anointed with the juice of Wormwood, or with the following Lineament.  
Take of Honey two Drams, of Aloes half a Dram, of the juice of Wormwood one dram.  
But these things must not be used too much, lest the Lips and Gums of the Children should be inflam d, or the Stomach hurt: and because sometimes some Children dislike Honey and sweet things, you may anoint the Papes with them, and so cause an aversion: but the best way of weaning them is for the Mother or Nurse to get out of sight; for if the Children do not see them they will not cry for the Breast.  
As to the Diet of Children that are weaned till they come to be seven years old, it ought to be very different from that of the adult; for Children are yet weak, and their bodies tender, and so cannot easily bear errors in diet: at this age they ought to be fed often, and so much meat ought to be given them, as may not only suffice for their nourishment, but for their growth also, as Hypocrates rightly observes, Children says he, are least able to bear Hunger, and among such those especially that are of a quick Wit.  
As to the Passions of Mind, we must endeavour that Children be not violently moved with Anger; or affected with Sorrow, nor Frighted; for these violent Passions of the mind make great impressions upon the Body, and so occasion the falling Sickness and other Diseases▪ Iniquity is connatural to Infants, and they are more prone to Evil than to Good, we must not therefore indulge them too much, but from their tender years we must so endeavour to moderate all the Faculties and Affections of their Souls, that they my be obedient to Reason; for in this Age the foundation of a good Life is to be laid. Do we not see that young Lions and Bears, when they are young, can be made so tame, as to obey the very nod of the Keepers; whereas if you let them alone till they are grown up, they will for ever after remain Fierce and Wild, why then should not the mind of a Child be so tamed, as to obey Reason, and to hearken to advice: but there are not the appearances of all the affections in the first years; anger shows itself first by crying and the like; and therefore you should endeavour to nip this animosity in the bud, and they that will not be reclaimed by admonition, must be disciplined by the rod, that in time to come they may be sit to perform the Offices of a Man: Play must be allowed them to moderate their affections, and indeed this age can scarce do any thing seriously, only you must take care that their play does not injure their bodies; such exercises must be allowed as are agreeable to their years, and they must not be bred up in sloth; for it being necessary that they should be plentifully said, as has been said, unless they use exercise, the nourishment will not be well distributed to all the body, and the native heat will be suppressed; In this Age they must be often washed: They that converse with them must take a special care that nothing blasphemous, scurillous, or immodest be said or done, so as to give an ill example to them: About the sixth year of their age, they should be put to School to a Master, who is to instruct them in all things necessary to a good Life.   

CHAP. II. Of the Diseases and Symptoms of Infants in General.  
WHat ever diligence has been used for the right ordering of the Diet of Infants, yet notwithstanding they are often subject to Diseases; for that blood which was wont to be evacuated every month, and those vicious humours that were wont to be carried off with it, being detained nine whole months in the Womb, it may easily happen that the Child be injured there by, especially all Mother's being not equally healthful, and besides many great errors being committed in Diet, many vicious humours are communicated to the Fetus with the nourishment; all which, though not always, disorder Children in the Womb, and sometimes after they are Born, occasion various Diseases and Symptoms; and sometimes the Child is injured in the Birth, or by the cutting of the Navel-string, or by the change of place; for when it was in the Womb, it was encompassed with peculiar cover, flesh, membrans, and humours all warm and soft.  
The Diseases and Symptoms of Children are many, some common with the adult, which being added by some Authors to Treatises of children's Diseases makes them bulky; and therefore I will here pass them by, and treat only of such as are proper and familiar with them.  
In the cure of Infants a special regard is to be had to the Methods and Medicines, for Children by reason of the weakness of their bodies, cannot under go severe methods or strong Medicines: They do not well bear bleeding, nor strong Purges, but where purging is required, a Suppository ought to be used, or a Glister must be injected. For instance.  
Take of the leaves of Violets, and Mallows, each one handful, of the Flowers of Camomile, and Violets, each one pugil: boil them in a sufficient quantity of fountain water. Take of the strained liquor four or five ounces, according to the age, and add to it of Syrup of Roses solutive, half a ounce, six drams, or an once of oil of Violets, half an ounce, make a Glister:  
Take of the Whey of Goats-milk a sufficient quantity, add to it of Syrup of Succory with Rhubarb, or of Honey, or of Syrup of Roses solutive six Drams, of Oil of Violets half an ounce, make a Glister.  
But if there be occasion for other Purges they are most conveniently given to the Nurse or Mother; for the purgative quality is imparted by the Milk to the Child; or lenitive purges may given to Children, respect being had to their age, as Syrup of Roses solutive, Syrup of Succory with Rhubarb, Cassia, Manna, or the like.   

CHAP. III. Of the Fevers of Children.  
THE first indication incuring children's Fevers is to prepare well the acid, that it may be the easier ejected, but this preparation must not be endeavoured by Sudorificks, properly so called, that is such as heat the body, which are by no means to be used for Infants or Children; but such things as absorbe the acid, and gently restrain the Ebullition, are to be used the chief of these are Crabs-Eyes and Claws, Oyster-shells, Cuttle-bones, Eggshells, Coral, Coraline, Pearl, Mother of Pearl, both the Bezoarstones, Hearts-horn burnt, burnt Ivory, the Bone of a Stag's heart, Shave of Hearts▪ horn, Bolearmonick, Seald-earth, Bloodstone, and the like, and among compounds, compound powder of Crabs Claws, the Goastone, and confection of Hyacinth.  
Take of compound powder of Crabs Claws, and of Pearl prepared, each one dram, mingle them, make a powder to be divided into six equal parts. Or,  
Take simple powder of Crabs-Claws one dram, of Crabs-Eyes prepared two scruples, of Cochinel six grains mix them, make a sine powder to be divided into six Papers; let one be taken as soon as may be, and another two hours after, and afterwards let one be taken every fourth hour for the first two days, unless the Child be a sleep: but let the Powders be taken in a spoonful of the following Julep, and give a spoonful presently after.  
Take of the Aqualactis Alexiteria four Ounces, of black Cherry Water, each two Ounces, of compound Peony and Epidemic Water, each two Drams, of pearled Sugar half an Ounce; mingle them, make a Julep. Or,  
Take of Sweet Almonds blanched, number ten, beat them in a Mortar, and pour upon them gently half a pint of Barley water, or of Aqualactis Alexiteria; strain it and add six Drams of simple Cinnamon water, half an Ounce of White Sugar; mingle them make a julep.  
Sometimes I am wont to use, other things being omitted, a julep that hath much Pearl in it, but I order that the Glass should be well shaken, before it be poured out.  
Take of Black Cherry water, four Ounces, of the Water of all the Citron two Ounces, of Aquamirabilis, and prepared Pearl, each two Drams, of White Sugar half an Ounce; mingle them, make a Pearl julep, give three spoonfuls at a time.  
But if the Child be troubled with a Cough, give half a spoonful of some ●ectoral mixture, or Linctus, and let him take less of the Powders above prescribed.  
Take of the Powder of Coraline, and simple Crabs claws, each one Dram and an half, of the Syrups of Maidenhair and Marsh-mallows, each one Ounce, balsom of Tolu half an Ounce, of red Popy-water half an Ounce, mingle them.  
Bolearmonek is often properly mixed with such things to good purpose, it powerfully stops Cattarhs flowing upon the Lungs. The juice of pennyroyal eated, and sweetened with Sugar-cany, is also better than most other remeys. Oil of Sweet-almonds is very ood, if Children can take it, so is Brimstone and the Flowers of it.  
The foresaid Powders are to be repeated seldom, or often, according to the degree of the Symptoms: but it is here to be noted, the Gripes, Restlessness, and Watchings of Children, are as easily appeased by testaceous Powders as Pains and Watchings by Narcoticks in grown eople.  
The third day, unless the Smallpox Measles, or Scarlet-Fever appear, I order a Child of one year old to be purged in the following manner.  
Take of Syrup of Succory with Rhubarb 〈…〉 Drams, of choice Rhubarb powdered fifteen Grains, or a ●●uple, of Aqualactis ●●●lectiteria one Dram, of small Cinnamon water thirty drops; mingle them. Or,  
Take of Sweet-almonds blanched, number three, beat them in a marble Mortar, and pour upon them gently an Ounce or an Ounce and an half of Barleywater: in the strained liquor dissolve three Drams or half an Ounce of the best Manna● mingle them, and make a purging Emulsion.  
Sometimes I order this or the like Plaster to be applied to the region of Navel, especially if Children are troubled with Worms.  
Take of Succortrine Aloes, one Dram, of the powder of the leaves of Savin, of the tops of the lesser Centaury, and of the Flowers of Camomile, each one Scruple, with a sufficient quantity of Venice Turpentine, make a Plaster; let the margin of it be spread with the Plaster of Cumin to make it stick the better, and sometimes it may be converient to add to the other ingredients a Scruple of Coloquintida.  
There is no purging Medicine more ●oper for Children, and more innocent ●an Rhubarb, it gently and safely eva●ats the matter occasioning the Fever, ●d gently purges off the Humours, that arthen the Stomach and whole Body, ●d it strengthens, wherefore it is very ●oper for Infants, Children big belli● Women, Old Men, and such as have ●en weakened by Diseases.  
After the Purge hath done working, ●me Powder like the former must be ●ven in the Evening, and afterwards ●ust be repeated three or four times in day at fit times for two days, and on ●e third day purging must be used, ●d it must be dosed according to the ●eration of the former.  
These things being performed, the ●orst Symptoms most commonlly ●ase.  
As to Bleeding of Children, though it ●ay be used, when the Febrile matter is cast upon the Lungs, or for a hooping Cough, yet it is plainly a remedy not agreeable to their nature.  
A Child about three years and a● half old was seized with a small Fever that was continual, and accompanie● with very irregular Exacerbations, she complained of a great pain in the Head and sometimes in the Belly, she nauseated all meat, and was very sleepy, 〈◊〉 that the standers by thought she would have the Smallpox: There was a twitching of the Nerves in sleep, and she ha● sometimes a dry Cough. I prescribe● the following things.  
Take of Aqualactis Ale●iteria six Ounce▪ of Epidemick-water half an Ounce▪ 〈◊〉 prepared Pearl one Dram, of the simpy powder of Crabs-claws two Drams, 〈◊〉 Cristaline Sugar half an Ounce; ming● them, make a julep, whereof let● her tak● three spoonfuls every fourth hour, shaking the glass before useing of it.  
Take of Succotrine Aloes one Dram, of the tops of the lesser Centaury, of the leaves of Savin▪ dried, each▪ half a Dram, of Burgundy-pitch one Dram, of Venice-turpentine a sufficient quantity; make a Plaster to be applied to the Navel.  
The next day she persisted in the use of the julep, and a Blistering Plaster was applied to the Neck: A Glister with Milk, Sugar, and Salt was injected, because the Belly was bound: At bedtime she took the following Bolus.  
Take aethiop's Mineral, and Merourius Dulcis, each fix Grains, of Marmalade of Quinces, two Scruples, make a Bolus.  
The next morning she took the following purging Syrup.  
Take of Syrup of Buckthorn two Drams, of the Earl of Warwick's Powders six Grains, of choice Rhubarb powdered twelve Grains, of tincture of Saffron twen●y drops, of Black-Cherry-water one Dram; mingle them.  
On the fourth and fifth day, the following mixtnre was given by spoonfuls.  
Take of Coraline two Drams, of the leaves of Mint dried and powdered, one Scruple, of the simple powder of Crabs claws one Dram, of Balsamic Syrup, and of the Syrup of Marsh-mallows, each one Ounce, of Orange-water half an Ounce; mingle them.  
The evening preceding the sixth day, the Bolus before prescribed was repeated, and the morning following the purging Syrup, by the virtue where of the Child vomited up a Worm, and soon after recovered.  
The Fevers which are occasioned by corrupted Milk are known, for that the Teeth are not come, and there are signs of corrupted Milk, grips, frequent yellow or green stools: Fevers that come from breeding the teeth known by the signs of breeding teeeth: these Fevers most commonly are not dangerous, for the cause being taken away, they cease of themselves; but if the corruption of the Milk continues long, the children's lives are in danger: Those Children, says Hippocrates, who have an Acute Fever upon breeding the Teeth are seldom troubled with convulsions; yet they are sometimes destroyed by a Flux of the Belly and Watchings.  
If the Fever proceed from corrupted milk, you must use cooling and moistening things, because such Fevers generally come from Choler, and therefore such nourishment must be given to the Mother or Nurse, viz. Lettuce, Endive Sorrel, an Emulsion of the four greater told Seeds, and a Ptisan of Barley, and the Mother or the Nurse must abstain from Wine, whilst the Child's Fever continues, and the Nurse must be gently purged with Manna, Cassia, or Syrup of Roses Solutive; and alteratives may be given to the Child, as the Juice ●nd Syrup of Violets, or the Syrup of Sorrel or Citron; the waters of Succory endive, and Violets sweetened with Sugar, and the Spine must be anointed with an Ointment made of the mucilages of the Seeds of Quinces and Fleabane, of Oil of Violets and a little Wax; or a Plaster made of Houseleek, Plantain, Nightshade, Rue, Barley-Meal, ●nd the White of an Egg may be applied to the Stomach; and it is necessary when the Milk is corrupted, and ●urns to choler, to apply to the Stomach ●ooling and astringent things, that the corruption of the Milk may be prevented; and the Concoction helped.  
Take of the Oils of Roses and Mastich, each half an Ounce, of red Sanders and Coral, each one Scruple, of Wax a little; mingle them.  
But if the Fever proceed from breeding the Teeth, we must endeavour to make the eruption of them easy, but more of this, when we come to speak of breeding Teeth, and the Alteratives mentioned before for the Fever occasioned by corroupted Milk are of use here and do good.   

CHAP. IU. Of the Small Pox.  
THere are two sorts of them, the distinct and confluent the distinct begin with a shivering, and coldness, which is presently followed with excessive heat, a violent pain in the Head and Back, Vomiting, a great propensity to Sweat in grown persons: But I have not observed, says Sydenham, any such disposition in Children, either before or after they come out: A pain at the cavity of the Breast, beneath the region of the Heart, if it be pressed with the hand, dullness and sleepiness, especially in Children, and sometimes convulsive fits, and if these happen to them that have all their Teeth, I reckon the Smallpox are at hand, which, most commonly, coming out a few hours after, sufficiently answer the prognostication: For instance, if the Child has a Convulsive fit in the evening, as it usually happens, the Smallpox appear the next Morning; and more over I have very often observed, that when they come immediately after these fits, they rise in large Pustles, and are mild, and favourable, and seldom Flux▪ It is to be noted that sometimes the course of separation is passed over gradually without any sickness, but most commonly, as we said before, the sickness before the eruption is most violent.  
The distinct Smallpox usually come out on the fourth day inclusively, and sometimes a little latter, but rarely before, at which time the Symptoms most commonly abate, or totally vanish: The eruption is after this manner, first pimples as big as small pins heads here and there show themselves, and first of all in the Face, Neck, and Breast, and afterwards in the whole body: At this time the Jaws are afflicted with a pain, that increases as the Pustles rise, which, growing daily bigger and higher, inflame the neighbouring skin and flesh; for about the eight day, from the first approach of the sickness, the spaces between that before were somewhat white now begin to be red, and swell more or less, according to the number of the Pustles, so that sometimes the eyes are swelled up and the Patient is deprived of sight: Next after the Face, the Hands and Fingers swell more or less, according to the number of th● Pustles▪ Th● Pustles that were smooth and red to this day, are now grown rough and some what white, which is the first sign of their coming to maturity; more over they cast out by degrees a certain yellowish matter. On the eleventh day the tumour and inflammation of the Face manifestly diminish, and on the fourteenth or fifteenth day totally vanish.  
That s●rt of Smallpox which is called the Flux has the same Symptoms with the distinct, only they are more violent: Moreover a looseness sometimes preceds the eruption, and continues a day or two after it: This sort comes out generally on the third day; and sometimes so like a Erisppelas or the Measles, that they cannot be easily distinguished: These do not rise so high as the distinct, especially those in the Face: After the eight day they begin to change into a duskish-colour.  
A Looseness afflicts Children in the Flux-Pox, but does not invade Children so soon, as Spitting does grown people; But at what time soever it comes, if it be not stopped by art, it continues thro' the whole course of the Disease.  
I have always observed, that when the Disease was violent, the sick had as it were a fit in the Evening, and then the Symptoms raged as it were more cruelly.  
As soon as the signs of this Disease show themselves, I keep the sick from the open air, and forbid them the use of Wine and Flesh, and allow them Small bear gentlly warmed with a Toast for their ordinary drink, and now and then permit them to drink as much of it as they will. I order them for victuals, Oatmeal and Barley-broths, and roasted Apples, and other things which are neither too hot nor cold, nor hard to be digested, I forthwith prohibit an hot regimen, and the use of all manner of Cordials: On the forth day I commit the sick to his Bed, and then if the Pustles come not out well, some gentle Cordial may be properly prescribed, at lest for once to drive them out. Among the Medicines for this purpose, those they called Paregorick, such as liquid Laudanum, Diascordium and the like, if they be mixed in a small quantity with some proper Cordal waters, excel the rest: when the Pustles first come out, I then carefully consider whether they be of the distinct or confluent kind, because they differ exceedingly one from the other, though they agree as to some symptoms; if therefore from the bigness and paucity of the Pustles, and the slowness of the coming out, and from the vanishing of sickness and other symptoms, which tyre the Patient after the eruption of the Flux-pox, it appears that they are the distinct sort, I take care that the sick be refreshed with Small-beer, Oatmeal and Braley gruel, and the like: and if the Smallpox be but few, and in Summer time, and that very hot, I see no reason why the Patient should be kept stifled in ●ed, and why he may not rather rise a few hours every day, provided the inconveniences of too much cold or heat may be prevented by the place and clothing: but if either the cold season of the year, or a large eruption of the Puscles put the Patient under a necessity of keeping his Bed continually, I take care that he lie not hotter, nor has more clothes on him, than when he was in health, and that he have a fire kindled only in the Morning and Evening, unless it be Winter, nor do I require, that he should be always fixed to one place, lest he Sweat, which I confidently affirm cannot be promoted without great danger: when the Disease is going off, it is proper to give some proper Cordial Medicine, and at the same time also a little hotter, and more cordial-diet may be allowed: For instance Sugar-soaps, and Oat-mea●-caudle, and the like; nor is there any need of any other thing at all in the distinct and gentle sort, if the Patient be treated moderately with this method and diet, unless by chance restlessness or watchings should now or then persuade the use of a Paregorick.  
But if the Smallpox flux, the case is very hazardous, for this sort is no less different from the other, than the Plague is from this, though among the vulgar, who take names and words for things, the cure of both is said to be the same; for towards the end of the Disease, the sick is in great danger, namely, on the Eleventh day, in the common Flux-pox, on the fourteenth in a worse sort and on the sevententh in the worst sort, and sometimes tho rarely▪ on the 21st. day, the Fever, the restlessness, and other symptoms invading together, whereby the sick is generally destroyed, unless art relieve him; wherefore seeing there is so much danger, when they flux, the Physician should endeavour all he can to hinder their fluxing, by bleeding presently in the Arm, if there be the least suspicion of the Flux-pox, and by giving a Vomit afterwards, and by keeping the sick up till the sixth day, from the first sickness, afterwards he must be put to Bed, and kept there till the end of the Disease: But he must have no more clothes on, nor a greater Fire in his Chamber, than he used to have, when he was well, and he must drink freely of Small beer, or other coolling Liquors. But because notwithstanding the Sick freequently grows hot, lightheaded, and restless, I give an Anodyne every night, but a little earlier than is usual; because in this Disease, a sit of heat and restlessness comes, almost every day, towards the evening.  
But, which is to be lamented, notwithstanding these, and all other physical helps, the Sick is very often seized on the eleventh day, or on some other of those days, which we said were most fatal, in the various kinds of Flux-pox, with a violently Fever, difficulty of Breathing, and restlessness, and dies suddenly: Therefore in this deplorable case, blood must be taken away, according to the strength and age of the Patient; from a young man ten or twelve ounces must be taken, and in the evening a large Anodyne must be given, as before, and so afterwards morning and evening, and sometimes oftener: but it is to be diligently noted, that in some the fury of the Disease is so high, that a very large dosed Anodine cannot stop its force in twelve hours; in which case it is necessary to repeat the Anodyne every sixth or eighth hour.  
And because it happens often at the lattor end of the Disease, that the Body is bound up so much, that the Sick is like to be suffocated, and consequently is in great danger; in this case I have given successfully to grown people an▪ ounce and an half of Lenitive Electuary dissolved in four ounces of Succory water, or the like, which draught generally gives some stools before night: but if it does not, an Anodyne must be given in the evening, and sooner notwithstanding the Purge, if great restlessness, or some considerable sickness threatens danger: if therefore the Purge does not answer the first day▪ it must be repeated the next, and then it seldom fails: and in this manner Bleeding and Purging may be repeated by intervals, as occasion requires. But it is to be noted, that the sick must not be purged till the thirteenth day, or after, nor then, unless bleeding has gone before.  
For spitting of blood and bloody Urine coming upon the Smallpox (for both these Hemorrhagies come sometimes at the beginning of the Disease) after Bleeding largely once, give an Anodyne.  
Take of red Poppy-water two Ounces, liquid Laudanum, 14 drops, of distilled Vinegar three Drams, of Diacodium half an Ounces; make a draught to be repeated every night at bed time.  
Note that bleeding must be ordered and prescribed according to the age and condition of the Patient: The like is to be observed in giving Anodyens, and dosing other Medicines.  
Take of Troches of Lemnian Earth, Bloodstone, Dragon's Blood, and red Coral prepared, each half a Dram, of Dragon's Blood, and red Coral prepared, each half a Dram, of Mastic, and Gum Arabec●, each one Scruple; mingle them make a fine powder, whereof let him take half a Dram every third hour, drinking upon it four or five spoonfuls of the following julep.  
Take of the waters of Plantain, and Oak-buds, each three Ounces, of Cinnamon water hordeated, two Ounces, of Syrup of dried Roses one Ounce, make it a little accid with Spirit of Vitriol.  
Emulsions also of the four greater cold Seeds, with white Popies do a great deal of good. After the Hemorrhagy is quite stopped, you must proceed, according to the method prescribed in the Smallpox.  
The looseness in Children must be permitted in the Flux-Pox, because it evacuates the morbific matter.  
At last when the Pustles are crusty and hard, anoint the face often with Oil of Sweet-Almonds.  
Note, if in the distinct Smallpox, the Face does not swell, you must give an Anodyne presently: But if the Patient be light headed, and very Sick, and makes water often, but little at a time, he can be relieved no other way, death being near at hand, than by giving Narcoticks freely, or by taking away a large quantity of Blood, and exposing the Body to the Air: But I would not be so understood here, as if in every frenzy coming upon the Smallpox, there being no symptom more frequent, that I should advise bleeding presently, but only in that which therefore happens, because the Face does not swell in the distinct kind, though there be a great number of Pustles.  
Note also, for a suppression of Urine, which sometimes afflicts young and brisk people, nothing does so well as taking the sick out of Bed, and after he has walked twice or thrice cross the room, by the assistance of the by standers, he will presently make water freely, and be much relieved thereby.  
Note, the symptoms arising from catching cold, or by evacuations unduly used, whereby the Smallpox are struck in, must be removed by Cordials, and an agreeble Regimen: But they must not be continued after the symptoms are gone off, the chief of these are flatting of the Pustles, and a looseness in the distinct Smallpox; for in the Flux a depression of the Pustles is natural, nor is a looseness dangerous in Children: In both these cases, a Cordial Portion made of distilled Waters, Diacordium liquid Laudanum, and the like, is proper, not only to remove these symptoms, but also at any time of the Disease, if the Sick complains of a pain at the Heart, or of Sickness: But to speak the truth, symptoms of this kind are very rare compared with those that owe their original to the other extreme, which is more fatal, though less blamed.  
When the Patient is mending, and and the Pustles are falling off, after he has eat meat a few days, namely, about the 21st, or 22d day, I think he ought to be blooded, if the Disease has been violent, and after bleeding, he must be purged three or four times.   

CHAP. V. Of the Meassels.  
THis Disease chiefly invads Infants and all those that are together in the same house: it begins with shaking and shivering▪ and with an inequality of heat and cold, which mutually expel one another the first day: the second day it ends in a perfect Fever with violent Sickness, Drowth, and want of Appetite, the Tongue is white, but not dry; there is a tickling Cough, with a heaviness of the Head and Eyes accompnied with perpetual drowsiness, and for the most part an humour distils from the Eyes and Nose; and this effusion of Tears is a certain sign of the approaching Measles, to which this is to be added, no less certain, viz. that though this disease shows itself most commonly in the Face, after the manner of little swellings in the Skin, yet in the Breast, rather red Spots than swellings are perceived, arising no higher than the superficies of the Skin: The Patient sneezes as if he had taken cold, and the eyelids swell a little before the eruption; he vomits, but is oftener troubled with a looseness with greenish stools; but this chiefly happens to Children, that are breeding their teeth, and they are frowarder in this Disease, than they are commonly wont to be: The symptoms increase till the fourth day, at which time generally (though sometimes they are deferred) little red spots like fleabites begin to come out about the Head, and other parts of the Face and being increased in number and magnitude branch into one another, and so paint the Face with large red spots of various figures, which are occasioned by little red wheals, not far distant one from another, that are elevated a little above the Superficies of the Skin, and their Protuberancies may be perceived by a gentle touch, though they can scarce be seen: These spots spread themselves by degrees from the Face, which at first they only possessed, to the Breast, Belly, Thighs, and Legs: but they affect the Trunk and Members with redness only, without any sensible inequality of the skin: The symptoms of the Measles do not abate by the eruption, the Cough and Fever increase, with difficulty of breathing, weakness of the Eyes, and the defluxion on them, and the drowsiness, and want of Appetite continue the same as before: On the sixth day, or there about, the skin breaking, and the Pustles drying off, the forehead and Face grow rough; and at that time the spots in other parts of the body are very large and very red: About the eight day, the spots in the Face vanish, and are scarce perceived in the rest of the body▪ but on the ninth day, they totally disappear, and as we said, the Measles most commonly vanish on the eighth day▪ at which time the vulgar, being deceived by reckoning upon the time, the Smallpox used to last, affirm they are struck in, though they have really finished their Course, and they think that the symptoms, which come upon their going off, are occasioned by their being struck in so soon; for the Fever, and difficulty of breathing are increased at that time, and the Cough is more vexatious, so that the Patient cannot sleep night nor day: Children are chiefly subject to these ill symptoms, which appear now at the going off of the Measles, by reason of two hot a Regimen, ●r hot Medicines, that were used to ●orce them out, and by this means ●hey are cast into a Peripneumonia, which destroys more than the Smallpox; and yet the Measles are not at all dangenerous, if they are skilfully managed: Among the rest of the ill symptoms, ● looseness often happens, which either presently succeeds the Disease, or continues many Weeks after it, and all its symptoms are gone off, not without great danger to the Patient; and sometimes after a very hot Regimen, the Measles are first lived, and afterwards black, ●ut this only happens to grown people, and they are utterly lost, when the blackness first appears, unless they are presently relieved by bleeding and a more temperate Regimen.  
As the Measles are much of the same nature with the Smallpox, so is the method of cure much the same, hot Medicines, and a hot Regimen are very dangerous, how frequently soever they are used by ignorant Nurses to drive the Disease from the Heart: The Patient must be kept in his Bed only two or three days after the eruption, that the blood may gently breathe cut according to his own genius thro' the Pores of the Skin, the inflamed Particles, which offend it; he must have no more clothes nor Fire, than he is wont to have whe● he is well. I forbid all flesh, and allo● Oatmeal and Early-broaths and the like and sometimes a roasted Apple▪ hi● drink must be either Small-beer, or Milk boiled with treble the quantity of Water. I oftentimes mitigated the Cough which almost continually accompanies this Disease, with a draught of some pectoral decoction, or with a Linctus fitted for the purpose; but above all the rest I took care to give Diacodium every night thro' the whole course of the Disease. For instance,  
Take of the Pectoral Decoction, one pi● and an half, of Syrup of Violets, and Maidenhair, each one Ounce and a● half; mingle them and make an Apozem, take three or four Ounces three or four times a day.  
Take of Oil of Sweet-Almonds, two Ounces, of Syrup of Violets and Maidenhair, each one Ounce, 〈…〉 a sufficient quantity; 〈…〉 them and make a 〈◊〉 us, let the Sick 〈◊〉 often of it▪ especially when his Cough troubles h●m.  
●ke of Black-Cherry-water three Ounces, of Diacodium one O●nce; mingle them for a Draught to be taken every night: But if the Patient be an Infant, the Dose of the Pectorals, and of the Narcotick is to be lessened with respect to the Age.  
But if by means of two hot Cordials, ●d too hot a Regimen, the Patient be danger of his life, after the Measles off, which is very frequent, by rea● of the violence of the Fever, and fficulty of breathing, and other accints, that use to afflict those, that ●e a Peripneumonia, I have bled the ●allest Infants in the Arm, and have ●en away that quantity of Blood, which ●ir Age and strength indicated with ve● great success, and sometimes when the ●ease has been obstinate, I have not fear● to repeat bleeding; and truly it is not few Children that have been at the ●nt of Death, by reason of this symp●n, whom by God's blessing I have ●ed by bleeding, nor have I found as ●, any other certain way to vanquish This happens to them, after the ●asles go off, and is so very fatal, that may well be counted the chief Minister of Death, destroying even more th● the Smallpox: And the loosne● which, as we said, follows the Measles is also cured by bleeding; for wherea it owes its rise to vapours of inflame● blood rushing in upon the Guts, (which is also common in a Pleurisy, Peripneumonia, and other Diseases, that are occasioned by an Inflammation) whereby they ar● stimulated to excretion; it is bleedi● alone that gives relief, by causing a revulsion of these sharp humours, and b● reducing the Blood to a due temper.  
Nor is there any reason, why any on● should wonder, says Sydenham, that bleed young Children, whereas, fo● what I have hitherto observed, says he● it may be as safely performed on them as on the adult: And truly it is so necessary, that we can neither cure the symptom above mentioned, nor some other that happen to Children without it. For instance, by what means can w● deliver those, that are breeding Tee● from Convulsions, which seize them i● the ninth and tenth month, with a swelling and pain of the Gums, whereby th● Nerves are oppressed and enraged, an● from whence also, these Paroxysms arise but by bleeding, which alone is much to 〈◊〉 preferred in this case, before the most celebrated specificks whatever, that are ●et known, whereof some do hurt by ●heir adventitious heat, and whilst they are thought to Cure the Disease by a certain occult faculty they promote it by their manifest heat, and kill the patient, not ●o mention at present, that wonderful ●elief which bleeding gives in the hoop●g Cough, wherein it far surpasses all ●ectoral Medicines whatever.   

CHAP. VI Of Scabs and Ulcers from Milk.  
OF all the particular diseases of the parts of the humane body, that are proper to, and familiar with Children, if we begin with the Head, and so proceed to all parts of the body, these Scabs and Ulcers are first to be considered; they come at the time when the Child sucks, and perpetually emit a Sanies, or purulent matter. The Scabs are white, but the Ulcers are of another colour: The Scabs are also all over the body as well as in the Face, whereas the Ulcers are chiefly in the Head: But because the causes of them do not much differ, and the method of cure is the same, we will treat of them together in this Chapter: they arise from excrementious humours which are serous, and accid, and they occasion itching: These humours are collected partly in the Womb, and they arise partly from a fault in the Mothers or Nurse's milk, and afterwards are cast out by nature upon the habit of the body: It is commonly held that these Ulcers keep Children in health, and not without reason; for by this means nature expels the vicious humours from the inner parts of the body to the habit of it, and if they vanish, Children are subject to Fevers and other Diseases, and Hypocrates says, that if there be Ulcers in the Head, about the Ears, in the Face, or in any other part of the body, Children will be free from fits.  
These Scabs generally go off of themselves in time, but if they continue long, ● Tinea is occasioned, and the hairs fall off, and it is to be feared, that these Ulcers may foul the Skull, if the matter be very filthy; for it has been observed, that the Skull has been so corrupted by these Ulcers, that it has fallen off, and the meanings have appeared.  
But when there is no danger to be feared, especially when the Face is not deformed, nor the Eyes hurt, the Ulcers ought to be left to themselves, yea we ought to endeavour that the other matter be expel d, and if the Ulcers vanish, ●nd the Child fall sick upon it, we must give Fumitory, Scabious, Carduus-Benedictus, Hartshorn, or the like to drive the humour out again, and cooling and astringent things, which repel the matter must not be used: But the Nurse in the mean while ought to observe a good Diet, and to abstain from Salt and acid things, and all things that generate ill juries, as▪ Onions, Garlic, Radish, Pulse, salted Meat, and the like; and if her body be foul, the vicious humours must be purged off; for otherwise the Child will be prejudiced, and the Disease increased: but if the ill humours are evacuated, these Ulcers will soon go off; wherefore these humours should be altered and prepared with Medicines made of borage, Bugloss, Fumitory, Succory, Hops, the roots of Polypody, sharp pointed Docks, and afterwards they must be purged off with the leaves of Senna▪ Epithymum, Rhubarb, Black Hellebore, or with Diacatholicon, tryphera, Per●●ca, or the like; and afterwards you must give such things as strengthen the Viscera▪ and attemperate and expel the other humours. As,  
Take of the Conserves of borage, Bugloss, Violets, Fumitory, and Succory, each 〈◊〉 Ounce, of the candid roots of Succory and of the bark of Citron candied, ●cah half an Ounce, of the Species Diarrhodon, Abatis, Diamargarit frigid: Hartshorn prepared, each one Scruple, with a sufficient quantity of Syrup of Gillyflowers make an Electuary. Or,  
Take of Hartshorn prepared two Drams, of Magistery of Goral, one Dram, of the Species Diamargarit, Frigid, half a Dram; make a Powder, whereof give the Nurse daily half a Dram, or a Dram.  
●ome of these Medicines▪ may be also given to the Children, as Syrup of borage, Fumitory, Polypody, and Hops, and the Child's Body may be evacuated, respect being had to its age, with Glisters, with Manna, or laxative raisins or the like.  
But if the Disease continue long, and here is danger that great putrefaction ●ill arise under the Scab, and so foul he Skull, we must use Topics, and first he head must be washed with a Deoction of Mallows and Barley, or ●ith a Decoction the roots of sharp ●ointed Doke, the leaves of a Mallows, he greater Celandine Wormwood, the Seeds of Fenugreek, Vetches, Lupins, and Beans: If you would have it abstersive, you must boil the Herbs in Wine, or you may make a Lotion with roots of Marsh-mallows boiled in child's urine alone, or mixed with Barleywater, afterwards anoint the part with the Oil of Roses, and Bitter-Almonds mixed with a little Lytharge: Or,  
Take of the Ashes of Myrtles, and Nutshells, each one Dram, of Tutty one Dram and an half, of old Butter washed in Rose-water one Ounce; mingle them. Or,  
Take of the juice Beets, of greater Celendine, each one Ounce, Hogs-lard two Ounces, Sulphur, one Dram, mix them. Or,  
Take of Lytharge moistened with Oil of Roses, one Ounce, Ceruse half a Dram, Aloes and Frankincense, each one Dram and an half, Myrrh on Dram, Oils of Roses and Rue, each a sufficient quantity; mix them in a Mortar. The following is stronger.  
Take of the powder of Red-roses, of the roots of Briony, Pidgeons-dung, Verdegrease, and Sulphur, each two Drams, Oils of Junipir, and Wall-flowers, each a sufficient quantity, mix them in a Mortar, and anoint the part with it every other day: Or,  
Take of Cerass and Lytharge, each two Drams, Balaustins, and Agarick, each one Dram, with Oil of Roses, and a little Vinegar, make an Ointment: Or having rubbed the affected part with soft Soap, wash it off with a proper decoction.  
If the Skull be hurt by the Ulcers, the Scab must be first taken off, and mollified with Mallows and Violets boiled in May Butter, or in Lard: Afterwards the Ulcer must be washed and dried with a Lee made of the ashes of the Vine Beetch, and Ash, ●a little Butter being added to it; when the Skull appears you must apply Honey of Roses mixed with spirit of Wine; afterwards you mnst apply the powder of the roots of Birthwort, and Peruvian Balsam, or you may add Turpentine washed in Tobacco-water.   

CHAP. VII. Of a Tinea.  
IF the Ulcers continue long, or are ill cured, they turu to a Tinea, viz. crusty and fetid Ulcers of the Head, corroding the skin: It is properly reckoned amongst the dieases of Children, though the adult have it too; for though grown people are sometimes afflicted with this disease, yet it has its beginning in their Infancy, it is called Tinea from the Moths that spoil clothes; because these Ulcers corrode the skin as Moths do clothes: It differs from Scabs, and the Ulcers treated of in the foregoing Chapter, by being dry and crusty, whereas they are moist and have always an humour flowing from them, and they sometimes possess other parts of the body as well as the Head, but this only the Head: The cause of it is a Salt and acid humour degenerating to melancholy, taking its rise from the Mother's blood, wherewith the Child was nourished, or from the ill milk of the Nurse, or Mother▪ and by progress of time, and the long continuance of the disease, and neglignce, (for it most commonly befalls poor people's Children) it turns to this disease. Moreover it is easily imparted to Infants, when the cap of that which has it, is put upon another infant: This disease is not always the same, for sometimes it is scaly, sometimes viscous.  
This disease plainly appears to sight and is commonly known, for some crusty and dry Ulcers are seen upon the Head, sometimes they are green, sometimes yellow, and sometimes of an ash-colour, scarce any thing flows out of them, and that which does is very fetid.  
It is very difficult to cure; that which is new, and of a yellow colour, and a little moist is easiest cured: But that which is old, ●uite dry, of an ash-colour or black, is very hard to cure: If it seize a Child in its infancy, it can scarce be cured till the Child come to an age fit to bear the Medicines the Disease requires, and the severity of the Cure▪ and when it is cured, Hair seldom grows upon the place, especially if the skin be hard and testatious, and does not look red when it is rubbed: but if the skin be soft, and looks red upon rubbing, there is hopes hair may owe again, though not without difficulty.  
The indications are the same with o●er Ulcers, namely magnitude lessen▪ requires Medicines that incarn, the lution of the continuity requires things ●at conglutinate; but we cannot satisfy hese indications, unless the corroding humour be taken off, and this must be done by strong cleansing Medicines, that you may go to the root of the disease, and therefore the crust must be first taken off by such things as cleanse and corrode: And because the humours are dry and adust, and the skin is thereby dried and thickened, moistening things must be also used, to loosen and open the pores of the skin.  
But because tender Infants cannot bear these Medicines, lest the disease take too deep root, you must in the mean while apply to the ulcers leaves of Cabbage or Beet, greased with Butter or Lard, to mollify and to make a passage for the matter.  
Take of the juice of Fumatory, Cabbage, sharp pointed Dock, Elecampane, each one Ounce and an half, of lethargy half an Ounce, with a sufficient quantity of Lard, Oil of Rue, and Wax, make a foft Ointment: Or,  
Take of the shells of green walnuts burnt a sufficient quantity, a little Turpentine, and with Oil of Eggs make a Lineament.  
But when the Child is arrived at such an age, as to be able to bear strong Medicines, and the severity of the cure, you must first sufficiently evacuate the body with Senna, Rhubarb, Agarick, or the like, and then you must take off the crust with things that cleanse strongly: As,  
Take of Sulphur two Drams, of Mustard half a Dram, Staves-Acre, of the roots of Briony, each one Dram, of the sharpest Vinegar, one Ounce, of Turpentine half an ounce, with a sufficient quantity of Bears fat, make a Lineament. Or,  
Take Water-Cresses, and beat them, and fry them with Hogslard, and apply them in stead of a Cataplasm to the Head, let it continue on twenty four hours, to make the crust fall off, and if you continue the use of it, it will cure the disease. The scabby crust being taken off, you must pull out the Hairs by the roots; for the venomous matter sticks most to them, and this may be done by Nippers, or by Medicines that take off the Hair: A pitch Cap. is ordinarily used for this purpose, the which they apply either to the whole Head, or only to the part where the Ulcers are; they keep it on some days, and afterwards pull it off with the Hairs with it. Or,  
Take of fine Wheaten-flower two ounces, of Rosin half an ounce, boil them in water to the form of a Pultis, spread it upon strong linen cloth, and apply it to the S●abs, let it lie on a night and a day, then pull it off.  
Afterwards emolliment things must be used, which may correct the dry intemperies of the skin, and open the pores, and drive away the Excrements that lie deep in the skin: As,  
Take of the roots of Marsh-mallow, sharp pointed Docks, and White Lilies, each one ounce, of Mallows Fumitory, and Sage, each two handfuls, boil them in a Lee, and add to it a little Vinegar, and wash the Head with it every day twice. Afterwards.  
Take of the roots of Briony, sharp pointed Dock, Elecampane, each one ounce, of t e leaves of Fumitory, greater Celandine, and Scabious, each two handfuls, of the flowers of Camomile and Melilot, each one handful, boy them in Lee, and wash, or foment the head with it twice every day, afterwards with a course Cloth, or with the oil of Staves-acre, or radish, or with the juice of Onions, rub the Head till it looks red, that the vicious humours that lie deep may be drawn out: Or,  
Take of live Sulphur, one ounce, of White Hellebore, Staves-arce, each two Drams, of Lard a sufficient quantity; mingle them▪ Or,  
Take of both the Hellebores, Sulphur, Vitriol, quick Lime, Allom, Galls, each half a Dram, of Verdigrease, two ●rams, with a sufficient quantity of liquid Pitch and Wax, make a Cerate: Or,  
Take of burnt Allom, and Vitriol, on ouncè and an half, of round Birthwort, and Verdegrease, each two Drams of Ship-Pitch one ounce, of Horse Fat, one ounce and an half, of old Butter half a Pound, mix them.  
Some use Arsenic, Aurepigmentum, Quicksilver and the like: but because the afflicted part is so near the Brain, some say these things ought not to be used, lest a venomous quality should be imparted to the Brain, and so the Patient should be destroyed; but Quicksilver is much safer than Arsenic, and therefore being killed with fasting spittle, it may be mixed with the Medicines above mentioned.  
The Children so affected must forbear Salt and acid Meats, Garlic, Onions, Pease, Cabbage, Pork, and other things that breed ill juice.   

CHAP. VIII. Of the Lousy Disease.  
THO grown people, if they live nastily and wear foul clothes, and do not change often their woollen, as well as their Linen, are subject to louse, yet this nasty disease is most familiar to Children, nor can gentlemen's Children be free from them, for they breed in their Heads: They are occasioned by putrefaction: It is a troublesome and nasty disease, and occasions great itching, and is dangerous, if they possess the whole body; for some have died of them.  
Lice forsake people when they are a dying, and run away in Troops; they being offended with the ill vapours that arise from dying bodies.  
To prevent Lice, Children must be kept clean, and have an orderly diet, They must abstain from meats of ill juice, especially Figs: But if Lice are generated, they must be removed by universal remedies, if their be occasion; but first such external Medicines must be used, as take of the matter that breed Lice, and kill them when they are bred, as Staves-acre, Wormwood, Scordium, Rue, the leaves of Pine, and Cypress, the roots of Elecampane, Long Birthwort, Lupins, the Seeds of Nettles, Black Hellebore, Coloquintida, Sulphur, Bulls-Gall, Soap▪ Sea-water, of all which Lotions or Liniments may be made. As,  
Take of long Birthwort and Lupins, of the leaves of Pine and Cypress, each equal parts, boil them for a Lotion to the Head. Or,  
Take of the roots of Elecampane two Ounces, of Briony half an Ounce, of Beets, Mercury and Soapwort, each one handful, of Lupins one Ounce, Nitre, half an Ounce, boil them for a Lotion for the Head.  
Or you may make perfumed Washballs for the same pupose.  
Take of Venice Soap six Ounces, of the powder of Cinnamon, half an Ounce, of Oil of Aniseeds one Dram, of Musk grains five; make Balls.  
After washing the Head, anoint it with such an ointment as Follows.  
Take of the powder of Staves-aere three Drams, of meal of Lupins half an ounce, of white Agarick three Drams, of live Sulphur two Drams, of the Gall of an Ox half an ounce, with a sufficient quantity of Oil of Wormwood, make a Linement. Or,  
Take of Staves-acre one ounce, of Wormwood and Rue, each half an ounce, of Sulphur, and Nitre, each two Drams, make a powder, and with Oil of Laurel make an ointment.  
The stronger Medicines are white Hellebore, Quicksilver killed with fasting Spittle. Some use Arsenic, but this is dangerous. As,  
Take of the Seeds of Staves-acre one ounce, white Hellebore three Drams, of Quicksilver killed with fasting Spittle two Drams, with Lard and Oil of Laurel, make an ointment.  
But some think that Quicksilver ought not to be used to tender Infants, because it may occasion ill symptoms, besides there are other more gentle Medicines that are sufficient to Cure this Disease.   

CHAP. IX. Of an Hydrocephalus, and Inflation of the Head.  
AN Hydrocephalus is a watery Tumour of the whole Head, it sometimes seizes grown persons, of which Carolus Piso has two observations; but it most freequently befalls Infants, their heads being so soft, as that they may be easily extended. Some Children have had this Disease in the Womb, but many have been afflicted with it after the birth. Rhasis says he saw a Child, whose head was so increased in length and breadth, that the body was not able to bear it. Pareus says he saw four such Children, and cured them.  
If the water be contained within the Skull, it is much more difficult to cure than when without, and is most commonly deadly: The indication is to evacuat the waters, and to dry them up▪ This may be done by medicines applied to the Head, Ears and Nostrils.  
Take Snails in their Shells number Thirty, of Marjoram and Mugwort, each one handful, and beat them, and add to them one scruple of Camphor, and half a dram of Saffron with oil of Camomile make a Cataplasm, and inject the following water into their Nostrils.  
Take of Nutmegs, Cloves, and Cubebs, each one scruple, of common sweet smelling Flag, and of the bark of Frankincense, each half a Dram, of the water of Marjoram, three ounces, mingle them.  
Or with the balsom of Marjoram, Cloves, and Nutmegs, Musk, and Amber the Nostrils may be anointed; and hot Oils may be injected into the Ears.  
But if the water be not carried off in this manner within twenty days, incision must be attempted, and the brain must be opened, and the water extracted, but by degrees, and by turns, lest the Child's strength be too much dejected, and care must be taken, that the cold air does not hurt the Brain.  
Authors make mention of another Tumour in the head, which they call inflation, which is generated by wind contained under the skin of the head, or membranes of the brain, and so it distends the head, and increases the bulk of it; but wind alone without water can scarce be collected in so great a quantity in this cold part of the body, as to make an inflammation here, but if water be collected here, it is not impossible but some of it may turn to wind; and if so rarifying and discussing Medicines must be applied to the head, as Oils of Rue and Camomile, the Seed of Rue, Anise, and the like.   

CHAP. X. Of a Siriasis.  
THis disease is known by a heat in the forepart of the head, and by the cavity in it, by the hollowness of the Eyes, redness of the Face, dryness of the body, want of Appetite, and Sleep; this disease is dangerous and most commonly deadly, according to the opinion of the women, and they suppose any disease will be so, if this bone, or the membrane subside, and make a hollowness; and indeed the Children so affected generally die in three days, and many apply the 50 th' Aphorism of the 7 th' Section of Hippocrates to this disease, quibus cerebrum sideratum est, intra tres dies interiunt, si vero hos superaverint, sani fiunt. Because there is a hot intemperies with matter, it indicats refrigeration; but the humour that flies to the part discussion: But to prevent the flowing of more matter, it is proper to purge, which may be conveniently done by a Glister, or by Syrup of Roses solutive, or by Syrup of Violets. Cooling things may be prepared of the juice of Lettuce, Gourds, or Melons, or a fresh Gourd may be cut in slices and applied: but you must take notice in the use of these things, that they must be applied actually cold, and when they grow hot, they must be renewed: but at the same time care must be taken, that the brain which is but just under, and only covered with skin and membranes, be not hurt by the too great use of cooling things; therefore it is safest to anoint the part with Oil of Roses, Or,  
Take of oil of Roses half an ounce, Populeon Ointment, two Drams, the white of one Egg of the emulsion of Poppy seeds made in rose water, two drams, mingle them.  
When the fluxion is over, and the inflammation is stopped, things that discuss made of Cammomile, Dill and the like must be used: As,  
Take of Camomile, one ounce and an half, of Dill half a on ounce, the yelk of an Egg; mingle them.  
When the fluxion is over, and the inflammation is stopped, things that discuss made of Cammomile, Dill and the like must be used: As,  
Take of oil of Camomile, one ounce and an half, oil of Dill half an ounce, the yelk of one Egg; mingle them.  
Take of the tops of Dill, half an handful, of the Flowers of Camomile, one Pugil; boil them in water; add oil of Camomile one ounce; mingle them.  
Or you may apply the waters of Camomile or Dill. The Nurse must observe a good diet, whereby the heat of the Milk may be attemperated; therefore let her use cooling diet, as a Ptisan of barley, an Emulsion of the greater cold Seeds, Poppy, Lettuce, Endive, she must wholly abstain from wine, and strong beer, and she must either drink water, or smallbeer: The Child must be kept in a cool air, and the Nurse avoid all great commotions of the body and mind, especially anger.   

CHAP. XI. Of Frights in Sleep.  
TO come now to the symptoms of the animal faculty, in the common sense, and imagination two symptoms happen, viz. Frights in sleep, and great watchings: and first as to frights in sleep, they are nothing but sleep disturbed by terrible dreams, according to Hypocrates, parvis & nuper natis puerulis accidunt pavo res inter dormiendum. Tho Aristotle says that Children do not dream before they are four years old: but experience teaches us otherwise; for it appears plainly, by their laughing and frights in sleep.  
The cause of frights are impure vapours mingled with the animal Spirits, that disturb them, and represent to the imagination terrible Phantasms: These vapours arise from the Stomach, and are caused by ill concoction, and therefore this disease chiefly happens to such Children, as suck greedily, and more than the Stomach can Concoct, upon which account the milk corrupts, and raises vapours to the brain, that disturb the animal spirits, and it is not absurd to think that these vapours are sent to the head by the veins as well as by the Oesophagus: For as in the Nightmare, that is generated by a too great quantity of food, affording blood filled with gross wind, thick vapours ascend thro' the vessels to the brain, and occasion this disorder; so if Infants fill their Stomach with too much food, blood also full of gross vapours may be generated, which being elevated to the brain occasion this disease. These frights also happen in Fevers, and in the Smallpox, and Measles, and they also sometimes come from Worms.  
This disease is easily known by the standers by; for the Children groan and shake in their sleep, and cry out of a sudden, and a hot and fetid vapour exhals from their mouth most commonly.  
This disorder must not be contemned, for it is often the forerunner of sits, wherefore you must endeavour to remedy it in time, by removing the vicious humours from the stomach, that corrupt the meat: In order to which, the Nurse ought to be healthy, and to eat moderately of meats of good juice, and to abstain from all, that yield an ill nourishment, that the milk which the Infant sucks may be good: The Infant also aught to suck sparingly, that the Stomach be not burdened, nor must the Infant after sucking or feeding be presently laid asleep, but must be kept up a while, that the meat may descend to the bottom of the Stomach, and be the easier concocted, and that the corrupt meat may be removed from the Stomach, or vomited up: Oil of Sweet-Almonds may be given to the Child, or you may give a spoonful or two of Honey of Roses solutive, to carry off the vicious humours by stool.  
The cause of the disease being taken off, the Stomach must be strengthened, which may conveniently be done with magistery of Coral, and consection of Hyacinth given in milk, and you may anoint the Stomach with the Oils of Wormwood, Mint, Mastic, or Nutmegs: And before sleep it is good to give the Child a Lozenge of Diamosch dissolved in Milk: If this symptom proceed from a Fever, you must take care of that, if from Worms proper remedies must be used.  
Some in this case use Annulets, as Coral, or the tooth of a Wolf hung about the neck.   

CHAP. XII. Of Watchings.  
ALL the while the Child is in the Womb, it is almost perpetually asleep, and for some times after it is born, if it be well, it is always almost asleep, for the brain is yet very moist, and abounds with a great deal of humedity, therefore when it watches much, and cannot be brought to rest, either by rocking, singing, or giving the breast, nor by any other way, it is to be reckoned of a sickly constitution. This Disease is very dangerous, and especially to children, because it is so contrary to the nature of them, and occasions, Convulsions, Fevers, and Catarrhs, and other Diseases.  
If those acid Vapours that disturb sleep, and occasion watchings proceed from the corruption and fault of the milk, care must be taken for a Remedy.  
If a Fever, or some pain be the cause, it must be removed and the child must be cleansed, but Medicines that provoke sleep are not so safely used in Children, as in grown-people. Some Nurses indeed are wont to give Infants at bed time Syrup of Poppies, or the like, but this is very injurious to them; but if there be occasion, the Nurse ought rather to take things that cause sleep moderately, as sweet Almonds, Lettuce, the seeds of white Poppy▪ and the like. As to externals, the feet may be washed with a Decoction of the tops of Dill, of the flowers of Camomile, and the heads of Poppies, and it is very good to anoint the soles of the feet with the marrow of Stag's bones, but strong Narcoticks must not be applied to the head; for the moist and weak brains of Infants will be thereby offended. It is safest to use fresh oil of Dill for anointing the Temples, or you may anoint them with the oil of Roses mixed with a little oil of Nutmegs, or you may apply a Cataplasm made of the seeds of white Poppies, a little Saffron, and Woman's milk, and the nostril's may be anointed with a little ●yl of Violets; if the brain be dry, a ●ag dipped in Violet, or Lettuce water, and pressed out, may be applied to the head.   

CHAP. XIII. Of children's Convulsions.  
children's Convulsions are so frequent that they are almost the only species of Convulsions; they are chiefly subject to them in the first● months, and at the time they breed their Teeth, but they also happen at other times, and proceed from other causes, in such as are disposed to them. Sometimes they do not come presently after the Birth, but lie hid until the breeding of Teeth, or not till a great while after, and take their rise from other evident causes, as from an unhealthy, or big bellied Nurse, from milk coagulated, or corrupted in the Stomach, from a Feverish disposition, from Ulcers or Scabs in the head, or other parts, suddenly disappearing, from changes of the air, or from the conjunction, or opposite aspects of the Sun and Moon. We must endeavour to prevent these Convulsions in Children and Infants, o● to cure them, when they are come; for if the former Children of the same Parents have been subject to Convulsive Fits, this Disease ought to be prevented by the early use of Remedies, in such as are born after. To this end it is customary to give to newborn Babes, as soon as they begin to breath, some Medicine proper for Convulsions, as some drops of pure honey, a Spoonful of Canary Wine, sweetened with Sugar, oil of swee● Almonds fresh drawn, a drop of oil of Amber, or half a Spoonful of Epileptic water; besides these things used at first, which certainly do good, some other Remedies ought to be administered. For instance, give a Spoonful twice a day of the following Liquor.  
Take of the waters of Black Cherries and Rue, each one ounce and an half, of Langiuses, Epileptic water, one ounce, of Syrup of Coral, six drams, of prepared Pearl fifteen grains; mingle them in the Vi●l.  
The third or fourth day after the Birth, make an Issue in the neck, and if the countenance be florid, evacuate by bleeding an ounce and an half, or two ounces of blood from the ingular Vein: But take care that too much blood do not flow out in sleep. Rub gently the Temples with the following Linement.  
Take of oil of Nutmegs by expression, two drams, of balsam of Copiaba, three drams, of Ambar one scruple; mix them.  
Hang round the neck the roots, and seeds of male Peony, and Elks-hoof sewed up in a rag. Moreover Medicines proper for Convulsions must be given daily to the Nurse. Let her take morning and evening a draught of Whey, wherein the roots of male Peony, or the seeds of sweet Fennel have been boiled.  
Take of the Conserves of the flowers of Bettony, Male Peony, and Rosemary flowers each two ounces; of the roots and flowers of Male Peony, each two drams; of red Coral prepared, and white Ambar, each one dram; of the the roots of Angelica, and Zedoary prepared, each half a dram, with a suffient quantity of Syrup of Peony. Make an electuary; let the Nurse take the quantity of a Nutmeg of it morning and evening, and be very orderly in her diet.  
But if the Infant be actually seized with Convulsions, you must apply a Blister to the neck, or behind the ears, and if the Infant be of a hot Constitution, Leaches must be applied to the jugular Veins, and Linements must be used to the temples, nostrils and neck, and to the soles of the feet, and glisters, which empty the belly plentifully, must be injected, and every sixth or eighth hour, specific Remedies must be given.  
Take of oil of Copaiba, and Castor, each two drams, of oil of Ambar, half a dram; make a Lineament.  
Apply to the soles of the feet the P●●ist●r with Euphorbium spread on Leather.  
Take of prepared Pearl, of the Powder de Guttita, each one dram, mingle them for twelve Papers, whereof let the Child take one morning and evening in a Spoonful of the following julep, drinking after it one or two Spoonfuls.  
Take of the waters of black Cherries, and of Lily of the Valleys, each two ounces; of Fennel water and Compound Peony water, each two drams; of Syrup of red Poppies six drams.  
Take of the powder of the seeds of Rue, of Castor, and Asasetida each a sufficient quantity, mingle them, and tie it up in a rag sprinkled with Vinegar, and put it often to the nostrils.  
Vnzerus Commends much the gall of a sucking kitling, all the juice being taken out out of the bladder, and mixed with a little water of Lime-flowers and given to the Child; and an excellent Physician says, that he knew several Children cured with this Remedy. When by reason of breeding Teeth difficultly Convulsions happen, this symptom is secondary, and less dangerous, and therefore does not require the first and chief work of healing; in this case we are more solicitous to ease the pain, and to take off the Fever; and therefore we order a thin cooling diet, and the eruption of the Teeth is to be endeavoured, either by rubbing, or cutting the Gums, and things that are annodyne are to be applied to the swelled and pained parts, and blisters and bleeding are to be used▪ often, and we ought to procure sleep, and to qualify the fury of the blood: But in the mean time temperate Medicines for Convulsions, and such as do the least stir the humours are to be used, and blisters often do also give relief.  
But Children are sometimes seized with Convulsions, from other occasions and accidents; the cause most commonly of such, is either in the head or in the bowels; when the former is suspected, as is wont to be known by the signs, which show watery humours heaped up in the brain, the Medicines abovementioned must be used. Moreover for those who bear purging well, a vomit, or gentle purge must be prescribed, Wine and Oxymel of Squills, also Mercurius Dulcis Rhubarb, and Rosin of Jalap are of good use. When the cause of the Convulsions seems to be lodged in the bowels, or where Worms or sharp humours in the belly are the cause; for Worms, a purge of Rhubarb or of Mercurius dulcis with the rosin of Jalap, must be given, and the following Medicines are also of use.  
Take of the roots of Virginia Snake-weed powdered, one dram; of Coral calcined till it is white, half a dram; make a powder. The dose is half a scruple, or a scruple twice a day for three days following, drinking upon it the decoction of the roots of grass.  
Take of Hiera Piera, and of Venice Treacle, eachone dram; make a plaster for the 〈◊〉  
If the Convulsions are thought to proceed from sharp humours, disturbing the bowels and stomach, purging upward or downward is to be ordered by turns; to this end a gentle vomit of Wine of Squills, or fault of vitriol is to be given, if the Child is inclined to vomiting of its own accord.  
Take of Syrup of Peony three ounces; Salt of vitriol two scruples, of Compound Lavender-water one dram. Mingle them, give a Spoonful three or four times in an hour, till the Child has once vomited, or went to stool once.  
But if evacation downward seem most proper, give the infusion of Rhubarb, or the powder of it, or Syrup of Succory with Rhubarb, or Syrup of roses with Agarick; and with these remedies, seasonably used, Convulsion fits have been often cured in Children; and moreover Glisters are to be used frequently, and external Medicines, namely Fomentations Linements, or Emplasters must be applied to the belly.  
Take of the leaves of Camomile cut small, two handfuls, put them into two bags made of fine Cloth, or of Silk, which being dipped in hot milk, and pressed out, are to be applied successively to the Belly.   

CHAP. XIV. Of Squinting.  
SQuinting belongs to animal Actions hurt, wherewith new born babes are seized. This Disease is either natural, by reason of an ill conformation of the eye, or is co tracted by custom, the Infant turning its eye often in the Cradle to a Candle, or the light ill placed, or it is occasioned by a Disease, when after, frequent sits, the muscles of the eyes are distorted.  
If it be from the very birth, it is hardly cured, or when it proceeds from sits; but if it arise from an ill custom, it may be cured, if it be taken in time; but when it is let alone a long while, it is in a manner incurable.  
It is cured by placing a Candle opposite to the part, whereunto the Eye is preternaturally inclined, or fine Pictures or the like may be offered to the sight in the same manner, and by constant and daily use, the eye may be reduced to a right position, or a mask may be so made that the sight may be directed right.   

CHAP. XV. Of the Pain, Inflammation, Moisture, Ulcers and Worms of the Ears.  
AMongst children's Diseases, Hypocrates reckons the moisture of the ears; for the brain of Children being very moist, part of the humidity is sometimes evacuated by the ears: And this is seldom done without an inflammation; for most Commonly, if superfluous humours flow plentifully to the ears, an inflammation is occasioned, and pain arises from thence, and when it is not discussed by reason of the moisture of children's bodies, but turned to matter, afterwards blood, matter and senies flow, out, and sometimes Worms are bred in the ear.  
These Disease's are not to be neglected, for the pain which is most commonly joined with them, may kill a grown person in seven days, says Hypocrates, and much easier a Child, or may occasion fits, or great watchings; besides because children's ears are very moist, Worms are are apt to be generated in them, and sometimes by a continual flux of humours, and by foul Ulcers, the bones of the ear are at length corrupted, and if the Ulcer is not cured in time an incurable deafness arises, and therefore the cure must be begun early. And first, if the pain be very violent, care must be taken to quiet it; but children's bodies cannot bear strong Medicines, it is sufficient for them, that their ears be fomented with warm milk, with oil of Roses, or Violets, or with a decoction of poppy heads, or you may put into the ear the white of an Egg with a little Saffron.  
And to cleanse the care from moisture it is good to use honey of Roses, or water of honey which must be put into the ear with a tent; and if these things are not sufficient, Allom diluted with Wine must be put into the ear with a little soft wool it; is also good to put into the ear with soft wool the roots of Orris, Myrrh, and Saffron, Nitre, Allom, and Saffron mixed with Wine and Honey. Or,  
Take of Virgin-honey half an ounce, of red Wine two ounces, of Allom, Saffron and Nitre, each one scruple. Or the fresh oil of Hempseeds mixed with a little Wine, may be dropped into the ear.   

CHAP. XVI. Of Aphthae, Bladders of the Gums, and and an instamation of the Almonds.  
ULcers arise often in the mouths of Children, which are called Aphthae; they are occasioned by ill milk, or by corruption of the stomach; for the internal parts of the mouths of Children being very soft and tender, and unaccustomed to meat in the Womb, if the milk be sharp or any otherwise faulty, their mouths are soon Ulcerated, or if acid vapours arise from corrupted milk in the stomach, their mouths may be easily Ulcerated this way; for the tunic of the Jaws is common to the Osophagus, and so the faults of the stomach are easily communicated to the jaws.  
The bladders of the Gums are much the same with the Aphthaes, and are also occasioned by corrupted milk, and the cure is the same.  
Take of Lentils excorticated, what quantity you please, powder thém, and chew them, and apply them to the Gums. Or,  
Take of the flower of Millium, half an ounce, of Rose water, and Omphacine oil, each a sufficient quantity; make a Linement.  
Hypocrates reckons an inflammation of the Almonds amongst children's distempers, they are most subject to it from the eleventh year of their age to the thirteenth. As to the cure, you must endeavour to keep the belly open, if there be occasion, you must give a Glister, and in the beginning repellents must be used, afterwards resolvents must be used with them at length resolvents only in a manner. The part affected must be anointed with honey of Roses, Syrup of dried Roses, Syrups of Myrtills, Pomgranats, or Diamoron, according as the state of the Disease requires; and the neck must be anointed with the oils of Almonds, Camomile, or St. John's wort. In some cases it is necessary to apply a blister to the poll.   

CHAP. XVII. Of breeding Teeth.  
AMongst all the Diseases and Symptoms which are wont to happen to Children, breeding of the Teeth is the most proper; for tho' many other Diseases are familiar to Children, yet there are very few, that are unavoidable, excepting the breeding of the Teeth. Although the breeding of Teeth be Nature's work, yet by reason of the Diseases and various Symptoms, which easily accompany it, it is reckoned amongst children's Diseases. As soon as Children are born, they have Teeth, but they lie in the gums: Yet some Children have been born with Teeth, appearing as Pliny relates in his natural History of Marcus Curius, who was therefore called Dentatus. But the Teeth most commonly do not come forth till the seventh Month; first those that are called Incisores, afterwards the Dog Teeth, and at length the Grinders. There are many preternatural disorders, that arise from the solution of continuity. Frst a great itching is perceived in the Guns, afterwards pricking as it were of needles, and this occasions great pain▪ waching, inflammations of the Gums, Fevers, Looseness, Convulsions, and these commonly happen upon the coming forth of the Dog Teeth, commonly called the Eye Teeth, and therefore it is commonly said, that Parents should not reckon much upon their children's lives, till the Eye teeth are come forth. The first Teeth fall away about the seventh year, and new ones come in their room, without pain, because the Gums were perforated before.  
Tho' Children cannot tell the pain they suffer in breeding Teeth, yet it may be known, first by the time they use to come out in, which is about the seventh month; and then because Children frequently put their fingers in their months to assuage the pain; thirdly, because the Mother or the Nurses perceive they squeeze the nipple harder than they used to do; fourthly, the Gums are white in the place where the Teeth endeavour to come out, and sometimes at length various ill Symptoms arise, as pains, watchings, Looseness, Fevers, and Convulsions.  
As to the prognostics, breeding of Teeth is often very dangerous, and many Children die of the Diseases and Symptoms that are occasioned thereby. Those Children that have a Looseness in breeding of Teeth, are least subject to Convulsions, and when an acute Fever happens, it most commonly prevents Convulsions, because the matter occasioning Convulsions is carried off by the Fever. Children breed their Teeth best in winter.  
As to the cure, we must endeavour to ●oo●en and mollify the Gums, that the Teeth may come out the easier, and we ought to use cooling things to ease the pain and inflammation: But they must be mixed with Emollients; therefore rub the Gums with the finger dipped in honey, or with honey mixed with butter; or let the child bite a Candle made of Virgin Wax, or anoint the Gums with a mucilage of Quince-seed made in Mallow water, or rub the Gums with the brains of a Hare.  
Foment the Jaws without with a decoction of Marsh mallow flowers of Camomile, and Dill, or with the mucilage of the seeds of Quinces, and Marsh mallows mixed with the yolk of an Egg, if the Gums are inflamed, the juice of Nightshade or of Lettuce must be added to the former things. The Nurse must observe a good diet, rather cooling than hot, she must use Oatmeal and barley broths, porched Eggs, Prunes, Indive, Lettuce, and the like; she must abstain from salt and acid meats, and from Wine.   

CHAP. XVIII. Of loosening the String of the Tongue, and of the Ranula under the Tongue.  
IT happens often in Infants, that the Tongue is bound so straight by the string, that it cannot well or freely move and sometimes in the place where the bridle of the Tongue is, a soft and white swelling appears, which they call Ranula.  
The binding of the Tongue is most conveniently removed by Surgery; for tho' Midwives often break the string as soon as the Child is born, or cut it with a groat, yet they often err in the operation, and do it many times when there is no occasion, therefore it is much safer to use a skilful Surgeon; afterwards apply the following Linement.  
Take of barley meal half an ounce, mingle it with a sufficient quantity of Clarified honey, and over a gentle fire let all the humidity exhale, that it may be reduced to a powder, and with honey of Roses make a Linement.  
As to the Ranula under the Tongue; there are large and conspicuous Veins under the Tongue, which are sometimes filled with ill blood; therefore if a phlegmatic humour be gathered here, and sweats out thence, and sticks there within the passage of the flesh, a tumour is occasioned by it and the blood like a Fungus generated upon a Tree; and if it continue long and increase, it hinders the speech; and therefore aught to be timely remedied; wherefore the tumour is to be removed by the application of Salt and Frankincense mixed, or with powder of Sage mixed with honey of Roses and a drop or two of spirit of Vitriol. Or,  
Take of Cuttle bone, Sal Gemma and Pepper, each one dram; of burnt sponge three drams; make a powder, wherewith rub the tumour or with the foregoing powder and honey make a Linement, and anoint the tumour with it, and apply under the chin a Plaster made with equal parts of Goose-dung and honey boiled in Wine to the consumption of the Wine.   

CHAP. XIX. Of a Catarrh, Cough, and Difficulty of breaking.  
CAtarrhs arise in Children from their natural constitution, and moist temper of their brains, whereby many excrements are heaped up there; for too great a quantity of milk burdening the stomach sends vapours to the head and fill the brain, and Children being unaccustomed in the Womb too cold, the extreme coldness of the air, or too much heat, or much clothes upon their heads, pour the matter upon the Nostrils Jaws, or Lungs, and if the excrementitious humours cannot be evacuated by the Nostrils they fall upon the Aspera Arteria, and cause a Cough; but if they fall upon the Bronchia of the Lungs, they cause difficulty of breathing.  
These Symptoms are easily discovered, but whether the humour be cold or hot, may be known in the following manner: if the humour be hot, the Catarrh is thin, the Children often sneeze, the face is florid, and the jaws look red, and a hot vapour exhales from their mouths, and the Nurses perceive it when the Children suck. If the humour be cold▪ it is thick, and the Children do not sneeze, nor is there any redness in the face or jaws nor heat in their mouth. But whether the difficulty of breathing arise from matter coming from the head or from phlcgmatick blood, may be known as follows: If it come from the head, there is a Catarrh, and also a Cough, and in breathing a noise is perceived, the air not passing freely through the obstructed Bronchia: But if it be occasioned by a phlegmatic humour arising from the hypochonders, there is no Catarrh nor Cough, and the hypochonders appear inflated and tumid.  
Catarrhs, Coughs, and difficulty of breathing are not to be neglected in Children; for Coughs do not only occasion Watchings, and frequent Vomitings but also ruptures; and Catarrhs occasion suffocations, and sometimes kill.  
They are not easily cured, because children cannot bear all sorts of Remedies, and besides they do not know how to spit up the matter.  
We must principally endeavour, that the intempers which occasions the matter be rectified, and the fluxion of the humour to the breast hindered. But because children cannot take or bear many Medicines, and nature it, self without the help of Medicines, does most commonly concoct the cause of the Catarrh, and so stop it, if a good diet be observed; therefore great care must be taken that neither the Child or Nurse commit any error in diet; wherefore the Infant's stomach must not be filled with milk, or any other meat, and the nurse must abstain from Acid Salt, and acid things and all other things which send many vapours to the head, and it is useful to give a Pectoral decoction to the nurse.  
Take of figs and jujubs, each number ten, Sebestins number thirty, raisins stoned, ten drams, Liquorish two drams, Maiden Hair, Hyssop and Violets, each half an ounce; boil them in three pints of Fountain water to the Consumption of a third part.  
Care must be taken to keep the belly loose with honey, Syrup of Roses, Solutive, Cassia, Manna, or with Glisters▪ it is al● convenient to give a Spoonful of oil of sweet Almonds fresh drawn, and mixed with Sugar Candy; for it loosens the belly, and eases the cough: or vomiting may be provoked by putting a finger in the child's mouth: But you must take a special care to keep the belly loose if difficulty of breathing arise from an repletion of the stomach, or Hypochondres, than it is also proper to give flax-seed with honey, and a little cummin-seed; afterwards give the juice of Fennel with milk or Syrup of Jujubes and Maidenhair, and if the matter be thick, Syrup of Hyssop, or an emulsion of sweet Almonds and Pine Nuts made in Scabious water: or some other convenient water, and sweetened with Sugar Candy; or a Linctus may be made of the species Diaireos, or Diatragacanth: Frigid, Penidiat Sugar, and with Syrup of Jujubes, or with honey, oil of sweet Almonds, and the juice of Liquorish and Fennel.  
But if the Catarrh be hot, an emulsion of the four greater cold seeds may be prepared in Mallow-water, and the species of Diatragacanth frigid, may be added to it; and to dry up the Matter of the Catarrh, hot linen stups sprinkled with red Roses and Frankincense may be applied outwardly, and the children's feet may be washed with Beer, wherein Cephalick Herbs have been boiled; afterwards anoint the soles of the Feet with Deers-suet, or the O●l of Laurel.  
And because the Catarrh sometimes falls upon the Jaws and Aspera Arteria, because the Nostrils are stopped, anoint them with Butter, or with the Oil of Bitter, or sweet Almonds often in a day. Or,  
Take of the Juice of Beets and Majoram,, each two drams, of Chickweed half an ounce, of Oil of sweet Almonds one ounce, mingle them, and anoint the Nostrils therewith.  
Or, put up the Nostrils Butter to the bigness of a Pea; or you may apply Marjoram to the Nostrils, that sneezing may be provoked, to evacuate through the Nostrils the matter which flows upon the Aspera Arteria.  
To conclude, some anoint the Breast with Butter, Hens-fat, or Oil of Camomile, and Oil of Almonds, to render Respiration more easy.   

Chap. XX. Of the Hickops.  
THe Hickops happen to Children, by reason of the corruption of Meat in the Stomach, or by the repletion of the stomach with Milk, or because of the refrigeration of the stomach by external Air, whereby the expulsive faculty of the stomach is so much offended, and irritated to expel that which troubles it.  
The Hickops, for the most part, are not dangerous in Children; but if the câuse of it be so great, as to be communicated to the rest of the Nerves, and to occasion other Convulsions, it is most commonly deâdly.  
If the Hickops be occasioned by a corruption of the Meat, it ought to be cast up by Vomiting, to which end, put your Finger in the Child's mouth, or a feather dipped in Oil: afterwards strengthen the stomach with things that heat, and lessen the Child's diet.  
If the Hickops are occasioned by a corruption, and fault of the Milk, it must be amended with proper Remedies, and the corrupted Milk must be carried off from the Child's stomach, with syrup, or Honey of Roses solutive; and afterwards Conserve of Red Roses, with Powder of Coral, and Bolearmonick must be given▪ If the Hickops âre occasioned by Refrigeration, the stomach must be heated by external and internal Medicines, give the Infant syrup ôf Mint, or of Bettony; foment the stomâch with a decoction of the Leaves of Mint and Wormwood, and with the Roots of Cyperus, and afterwards anoint with Oil of Mint, Mastic, or Dill; or apply a Cataplasm made of Mint and the seeds of Dill beaten up with Oil of Mastic, or Mastic and Frankincense mixed wi●● the White of an Egg, may be applied to the Orifice of the stomach. Or,  
Take of Mastic one ounce, of Frankincense, and the seeds of Dill, each two drams, of Cummin-seed one dram; powder them; and mix them with the Juice of Mint; apply a lenient stup dipped in it to the Stomach.   

Chap. XXI. Of Vomiting.  
THis is occasioned in Infants most commonly by sucking too greedily, or by reason of Worms: it may also proceed from phlegm in the stomach, and sometimes from a weakness of it.  
If Vomiting proceed from too great a quantity of Milk, the Nurse may soon know it, and the Child is at ease presently after vomiting: if it be occasioned from the corruption of the Milk, it may be known by what is brought up and it is either yellow, green, or some other vicious colour, and it smells ill. Worm's may be known by their proper signs.  
Vomiting in Children, is most commonly not dangerous, and Women commonly say, that those Children are longest lived, who Vomit sometimes from the very Birth; and this opinion is not irrational; far Infants having collected some vicious Humours in the Womb, that lie in their stomaches, which is moreover laxed, humid, and weak, they easily generate crudities, by sucking too much, and so the Milk is corrupted; therefore if the vicious humours collected in the stomach, are ejected by vomiting, it is much better, and more for their health, than if these humours were retained, and distributed to the innermost parts of the Body.  
If Vomiting proceed from a great quantity of Milk, there is little danger; for most commonly the Children are better âfter it: but if it proceed from corruption of the Milk, it is ill; for many other symptoms are apt to accompany it. If it▪ continue long, it is dangerous; for it causes a Consumption, and often kills. If that which is rejected be white and s●egmatick, it is better than that which is of a safron, green, or blackish colour.  
If the Vomiting proceed from a great quantity of Milk, the Child must not suck often, nor never fill the stomach. If the Vomiting proceed from a corruption of the Milk, it must be rectified by proper Remedies, and that which is corrupted, must be carried off with Syrup, or Honey of Roses solutive; and to strengthen the Child's stomach, you must give Syrup of Mint, or Syrup of Quinces. Or,  
Take of the Wood of Aloes, Mastic, Coral, each half a dram; of Galingal, half a scruple; mix them with the Syrup of Quinces, or the powder of them may be taken in the Nurse or Mother's Milk.  
If the Humour be acid and hot, give Syrup of Pomegranates or Syrup of Coral: apply to the stomach the Stomach Cerate, or a Toast dipped in Malago Wine. Or,  
Take of the Oils of Mastic, Quinces, Mint, Wormwood, each half an ounce; of Oil of Nutmegs by expression, half a dram; of Powder of Cloves, one scruple. Or, Take of Red-Roses, half an handful; of Mint one pugil; of the Roots of Cyperus, and of Myrtleberries, e●ch two drams; boil them in Red-wine, dip a Sponge in the Wine, and apply it to the stomach. Or,  
Take a White-bread-Toast, moistened with Vinegar, three Yolks of Eggs boiled till they are hard; and of Mastic, Frankincense and gum-arabic, each a sufficient quantity, with the juice of Mint, make a Plaster. Or,  
Take of Mastic, Frankincense, Red Roses, each two drams; Cloves one scruple, with the Juice or Water of Mint, make a Cataplasm.  
If the Milk be hot, anoint the Stomach with the Oils of Roses, Myrtles, Quinces; As,  
Take of the Oils of Roses and Myrtles, each one ounce; Sperma Ceti two drams; of the Powders of Coral, and of all the Sanders, each half a dram; mingle them. Or,  
Take of Mastic, Red-Roses, each two drams; Balaustins' one dram; of a Toast muistened with Rose-Vinegar, one ounce and an half; with a sufficient quantity of Oil of Roses, make a Cataplasm. Coral is counted a Specific in this case, and therefore is hung about children's Necks to prevent Vomiting.   

Chap. XXII. Of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Gripes' frequently happen to 〈◊〉 either with a Looseness, or without it: They most commonly proceed from the Milk, Wind, and acid Humours being generated by it; for if too great a quantity of Milk burdens the Stomach, Crudities and Wind are occasioned, and sometimes the Nurses eating windy things is the cause, or cold Air that offends the Child's belly; and if the Milk be corrupted in the Stomach, when it descends to the Guts, it gnaws, and vellicats them, and so causes pain. Worms in the bowels oftimes causes pain.  
The Gripes in Children are known by their restlessness, and continual crying, and refusing to suck, and by throwing themselves hither and thither. I● the Pain be occasioned by Wind, it sometimes remits, and sometimes increases▪ the Belly i● inflated, the Child belches▪ and breaks Wind backwards; if it proceed from an Humour, the Pain is almost continual; and if the humour be phlegmatic and viscid, the Belly is most commonly bound, and the Excrements are slimy. If the Pain proceed from corrupted Milk, or from bilious and choleric humours, there is most commonly a looseness joined with it, and the Excrement is of a saffron, or green colour. If the Pain proceed from Worms, there are signs of Worms.  
The Gripes, if they continue long, weaken Children, and occasion Convulsions, but the worst Gripes proceed from corrupted Milk, and acid Humours, and those which proceed from Worms, are also dangerous.  
If the Gripes take their rise from Wind and crude Humours, and the belly is bound, it is convenient to inject a Glister.  
Take of Pellitory of the Wall, and of the Flowers of Camomile, each half a handful, boil them in the Broth of Flesh; take of the strained Liquor three or four ounces; of Honey of Roses strained an ounce, half the Yolk of an Egg, make a Glister. This Glister may be given to a Child of a Month, or two Months old, or you may give the Child Oil of Sweet-Almonds fresh drawn, an hour before it eats, for it loosens the Belly, and eases the Pain.  
Heurnius says, That he has found that a scruple of the Seed of Anise grossly beaten, being given to Children newborn, mixed in a spoonful of Pap, has freed them from green Choler, and filthy Phlegm, and that it eases the Gripes. We must apply outwardly such things as gently heat, attenuate, dissipate and loosen▪ and are also anodyne; to which end you must anoint the Belly well with Oil of Dill, or Pellitory bruised and mixed with Oil of Camomile; or you may make a Fomentation of the Flowers of Camomile. Or,  
Take of the Flowers of Camomile, and of the tops of Dill, each one handful; of the Seeds of Flax and Fen●greek, each half an ounce, boil them in Wine, and foment the Belly with it twice a day.  
But if the Gripes proceed from corrupted Milk, and acid Humours, things that cleanse must be used; give therefore Syrup of Roses solutive, or Honey of Roses solutive, or Syrup of Succory with Rhubark, or a Glister may be injected made of a decoction of Bran and Pellitory, and Syrup of Roses solutive. Or,  
Take of Barleywater three or four ounces; of Oil of Dill one ounce, or one ounce and half, the Yolk of one Egg, make a Glister.  
Outwardly apply Oil of Roses mixed with the Oils of Dill and Camomile▪   

Chap. XXIII. Of the Inflation of the Belly, and Hypochondres.  
IT often happens, that the Hypochondres and Belly of Children under the short Ribs swell, and are as it were inflated. These Swellings arise from sucking, or eating more than they can well concoct; upon which account crude Humours and Wind are heaped up in the Stomach and neighbouring parts, and so occasion this inflation of the Hypocondres.  
The Disease is known by the inflation and hardness of the Stomach, and the Hypochondres, and the Children are afflicted with a narrowness and contraction of the mouth of the Stomach, and they breath difficulty.  
This Disease is easily cured, if a good Diet be observed; wherefore the Children must feed sparingly, that the Crudities may be concocted; nor should they suck or eat, till that which was eaten before is concocted and it is good; to purge off the crude Humours with Honey of Roses solutive, and the Powder of the Roots of Paeony, Orris, and the Seeds may be given, or a Linctus may be made of the Powders with Honey, or the Oil of Sweet-Almonds and Sugar, and the Hypochondres may be fomented with a decoction of the Flowers of Camomile, and the Seeds of Cummin; or they may be anointed with the Oils of Camomile, Rue, or Laurel.   

Chap. XXIV. Of a Looseness.  
A Looseness is very common to Children, and it most commonly happens about the time they are breeding their Teeth but sometimes also when they are not breeding their Teeth, when either their Stomach or Bowels are cooled by the external Air, and so a due concoction is hindered; or it may happen though the Stomach be very well, when it is overburdened with too large a quantity of Meat or Drink, which breeds Crudities, and corrupts the Meat, and Meat that is crude, unconcocted and corrupted, if it be not rejected by Vomit, causes a Looseness. A Looseness may also happen by a fault in the Milk or Meat, from whence ill chyle is generated in the Stomach, which provokes Nature to frequent Evacuations; the humidity and looseness of the Bowels may be also a cause.  
A Looseness appears of itself, but whether it be occasioned by breeding of Teeth, or from some other cause, may be known by the signs of breeding Teeth. If it proceed from an Intemperies of the Stomach and Bowels, some external causes went before, which might occasion a cold or moist Intemperies in the Stomach or Bowels. If this Flux proceed from an Humour falling from the Head, it may be known by a Catarrh being present, and what the matter is, which is evacuated, may be easily known; for if the Humours are crude, the Meat is evacuated Unconcocted, the Child is troubled with belching, and the Excrements are slegmatick and white; but if the Humours are hot, and the Meat is corrupted, those things which are evacuated, are yellow or green, and stink, and the Child is much gripped.  
What Celfus says in general of Fluxes in the Belly, is also true as to Children, viz. That a Looseness for a day or more is often good for the health if no Fever accompany it, and if it go off within seven days; and therefore a Looseness in Children, if they bear it well, must not be presently stopped; for corrupted Humours in the Stomach are often commodiously evacuated thereby, whereas if they were retained, many grievous symptoms would arise; and therefore Hypocrates says in his Book of breeding Teeth, that those Children that have a looseness in breeding Teeth, are least subject to Convulsions.  
But if Children do not well bear their Looseness, and it takes away their Stomach, and makes them weak, it must be stopped; and a Looseness is dangerous in Children, if it come upon an acute Fever, and if that which is evacuated be black.  
In the Cure, we must first consider, whether the Child sucks or not, and next, whether it be breeding the Teeth, or not; for if the Child yet suck, the cure must not be directed to the Child, but to the Mother, or Nurse; and we must consider whether the Milk be good, or not; for if the Milk be bad, it must be amended, or if that cannot presently be done, the Nurse must be changed. The Nurse must use an astringent Diet, and must abstain from Fruits, and crude Meats, and such as are of difficult concoction. But if the Infant does not suck, the cure must be directed to it: but whether it suck or not, the vicious Humours that are evacuated, must not be unseasonably stopped, especially when Children are breeding their Teeth; for that which would otherwise occasion a Fever, and other mischief, is thereby evacuated; and therefore the business must be left to Nature, especially if the Flux be not large, and if the Child bear it well: but if it does not bear it well, the cause on which it depends must be removed, and the Humours must be carried off by such Medicines as afterwards bind, as by Syrup or Honey of Roses solutive, or with Conserve of Roses made with Manna. Or,  
Take of the decoction of the Seeds of Millium, and all the Myrobalans, each two or three ounces; of the Simple Syrup of Roses, one or two ounces, make a Glister, when the Humours are cleansed away, if the cause be hot, give the Syrups of dried Roses, of Quinces, Myrtles, or Coral, or the Powders of Pearl, Coral, Mastiches, Hartshorn, and Red Roses, or the Powder of Myrtles with a little Dragons Blood. Or,  
Take of Nutmeg, and Mastic, each one scruple, give them mixed with Syrup of Quinces.  
Let the Belly be anointed with the Oils of Myrtle, Roses, and Mastich. As,  
Take of Oils of Myrtle one ounce, of Oils of Mastic and Roses, each half an ounce, wax a little and mingle them. Or foment the Belly with a decoction of Red Roses, Mullein, and Plantain made in Red Wine Or,  
Take of Red Roses and Mullein, each one handful; of the Roots of Cyperus, two drams; of Mastic, half an ounce: make a Linen Bag, put these Ingredients into it, and boil it in red astringent Wine, and apply the Bag to the Belly. Or,  
Take of Quinces boiled in Red Wine, and pulped through a Sieve, four ounces; of a Toast sprinkled with Vinegar, one ounce and an half, with a sufficient quantity of Oil of Mastic, make a Cataplasm. Or,  
Take of the Roots of Comfrey, one ounce; of the Leaves of Platain and Mullein, each three handfuls; of Red Roses, one handful; of Balaustines, half an ounce, boil them in Water for a Bath.  
But if the Looseness proceeds from a cold cause, and the Excrements are white give Syrup of Mastic, or Syrup of Quinces, mixed with Mint Water; and outwardly apply Medicines made of Mint, Wormwood, Mastic, or Cummin. As,  
Take of the Oils of Nard, Mastic, Mint, each half an onnce; of the Powder of Coral, half a dram; of Oil of Nutmeg by expression, two scruples, with a sufficient quantity of Wax, make an Ointment.  
Or you may apply to the Belly, Mint boiled in Wine, or a crust of Bread moistened with Mint-Water, or a Bag of Mint, Wormwood, and Red Roses, Mastich, Nutmeg, and Cloves.   

Chap. XXV. Of Costiveness in Children.  
IT often happens that Children are bound in their Bodies, or go to Stool seldomer than they ought, which happens by reason of a cold and dry Intemperies of the Bowels, or because the Humours are viscid and phlegmatic; but this chiefly happens by a fault in the milk, when the Mother and Nurses use a gross, viscid, and astringent Diet, and drink too sparingly. A hot Intemperies of the Liver, Spleen, or Reins, may also occasion Costiveness, or an obstruction of the Gall, which should stimulate the Guts to excretion.  
This Disease is manifest of itself, but what is the cause of Costiveness, or of going to stool seldom, must be carefully considered. If a natural dryness of the Guts is the cause, the Belly is scarce ever orderly dischârged, if gross and viscid Phlegm is the cause, the Excrements when they are evacuated, are covered with it; if any error in Diet of the Nurse or Mother be the cause, it may be known by them. If a hot and dry Intemperies of some neighbouring part be the cause, it will be manifested by the signs of them; if Choler, which irritates the Guts to excretion, does not flow to them, the Excrecrements will not be tinctured, but be white, or of an Ash-colour, and the colour of the Child's body will be yellow.  
Those grown People, whose Bellies are bound, are sometimes very healthy, Nature being accustomed to evacuate the liquid parts of the Excrements, or to discuss them insensibly: but it seldom happens that Children, whose Bellies are bound, are very healthy; and it is best for Young People to have their Bellies open; for when they are bound, Vapours from the Excrements are cast upon the whole Body, and gripes, pains of the Head, and other ill Symptoms are occasioned.  
The cure of Costiveness in Children is to be performed two ways; first by removing the Cause, and then by loosening the Belly. First we must endeavour that the cause of Costiveness be removed, and if the temper of the Bowels be cold and dry, Children must be frequently washed, and when the Intemperies is cold, you must use a Bath of hot Stomach-Herbs; when it is dry, you must use things that moisten, as Mallows, Marsh-mallows, Pellitory of the Wall, and Bears-breech.  
If the Mother or Nurse have used meats, which bind the Belly, as Quinces, Medlars, Pears, Beans, or the like, they must for the future, abstain from all such things, and instead of them, they must use such things as mollitie the Belly, as Mallows, Raisins, Pruns, and the like.  
If the Infant be pretty big, and eats as well as sucks, it must abstain from all astringent things, and use such things as loosen. If viscid Phlegm stick to the Guts, and the Excrements are covered with it, things that incide and cleanse, must be used, as Honey of Roses solutive, or Syrup of Horehound, or the like: If any neighbouring part be hot and dry, the Intemperies of it must be corrected with the Syrups of Violets, or Succory, or with a decoction of Barley, or with an emulsion of the four greater cold Seeds, and the like. If the Choler does not pass from the Gallbladder to the Guts, the obstructed passages must be opened with a decoction of the roots of Grass, of Fennel, Asparagus, Maidenhair and the like.  
But we must not always wait till the Causes are taken away; for the Belly must be seasonably loosened to prevent ill symptoms, which may be done by external and internal Medicines. Amongst Externals are Suppositories, which may be made of Honey and Salt, or with crude Honey put into a Rag, or with Lard, Soap, or the root of Mallows besmeared with Butter. Or,  
Take Mouse-dung, half a dram, with Goats-suet, make a Suppository.  
But Nature must not be accustomed to the too frequent use of Suppositories▪ for if so, she will not ease the Belly, unless she be provoked by them: it is therefore better to use Glisters, and other external things, which may also remove the cause of the Disease, and correct the dryness of the Guts, or carry off the viscid Phlegm, according as their is occasion. As.  
Take of common Oil three or four ounces, of brown Sugar two or three drams, the Yolk of one Egg, of Salt three grains, make a Glister. Or,  
Take of the Roots of Marsh-mallows, half an ounce; of Mallows and Pellitory of the Wall, each half an handful; of the Flowers of Camomile, one pugil; of the Seeds of Flax and Fenugreek, each one dram, boil them in Water. In three, five, or six ounces of the strained liquor, according to the age of the Child, dissolve two or three drams, or half an ounce of Cassia, of common Oil one ounce, or one ounce and an half with the Yolk of one Egg; ●ake a Glister. Such things may be applied to the Navel, as loosen the Belly, ● Oil of Sweet▪ Almonds alone, or with grain or two of Scammony, or Colovintida, or Butter, or Hen-fat, with ulls' gall, or with the Juice of Sowread. Or,  
Take of Aloes, two drams; of the Gall of Bull, one dram; of Scammony, one ●ruple, with a sufficient quantity of Butter, ●ake an Ointment; fill a Walnut▪ shell with ●, and apply it to the Child's Navel.  
And the whole Belly may be anointed with an emollient Ointment. As,  
Take of fresh Butter, and of Hens and ●ucks Grease, each half an ounce; of Oils ●f Sweet-Almonds and of Flax, each three ●rams; of Calf's Marrow, of Ointment ●f Marsh-Mallows, each two drams, with ● little Wax, make an Ointment. Or,  
Take of the Leaves of Mallows and Marsh-mallows, each one handful; of the ●eeds of Flax and Fenugreek, each half an ●unce; of Figs, number six; boil them in Water, and pulp them through a Sieve, and add of Butter and of Hens-fat, ●ach one ounce; of Ointment of Marsh-mallows half an ounce; of Saffron one Scruple; mix them, make a Cataplasm, to be applied to the Belly. If you would have it loosen more forcibly, you must add Aloes, and other Purgers; or you you may make a Cataplasm of fine Flower, and Juice of Dwarf-Elder. But you must take notice, that these Cataplasms, and other Purging medicines applied to the Belly, must not touch the stomach.  
To the Children that are pretty big, you must give a scruple, or half a dram of Cyprean Turpentine; or a decoction of red Cabbage with Honey; or Syrup of Violets, Roses solitive, or loosning Raisins, or Cassia from two drams to six, or Manna, which may conveniently be dissolved in milk. Or,  
Take of the Pulp of fat Figs, and of Raisins stoned, each two drams; of Jujubes' number seven; of Cassia, half an ounce; of the solutive Electuary of Sebestins and Pruns, each two Drams, with the Syrup of preserved Myrabolans called Chebuls, make an Electuary. The Dose is one Dram.  
Young Children make take suggared milk, or they may lick Honey, and such purging medicines as are agreeable to the age, and constitution of the Child, may be given to the Nurse.   

Chap. XXVI. Of Worms.  
Worm's are chiefly bred in the bowels of Children, and some have them in the Womb after they are born, they are generated by eating too much, and by the confusion of the milk with other meats, and by reason of their hot and moist constitution, which is very apt to produce Worms; and the sweet things which Children eat, and are delighted with, are apt to generate Worms; but they are chiefly generated by Fruit, which Children eat greedily.  
There are three sorts of Worms, round and long, like Earthworms; broad and knotted, and the small which are called Ascarides. The first sort are most frequent to Children.  
If Worms are ejected by stool or vomit, there is no need of other signs: but because they often lie hid a long while, before they are evacuated, and because Children do not understand, or cannot discover what they all, there is need of signs to find out Worms. And first in general, when Worms lie hid in the Bowels, the mouth is full of spital, which often runs out, and a peculiar stink exhales from the Mouth; they have terrible Dreams, as may be known by various motions in Sleep, they grind their Teeth after an unusual manner in Sleep, their Sleep is disturbed, they put forth their Tongues, scratch their Noses often, and seem to Chew, they have a dry Cough, sometimes they are troubled with Nauseousness, Vomiting, and Hickops, sometimes they have too great an Appetite, and sometimes none at all; and they are most commonly Thirsty, the Belly is swelled; sometimes they are bound in their Bodies, but most commonly they are loose, their Urine is most commonly thick and white, they are gripped, especially when the Belly is empty, and when the Worms want to be fed: The Body is thin, by reason of the defect of Nourishment, which the Worms consume. The Children are often troubled with cold Sweats, and sometime they have Flushing in their Faces, and presently again they are Pale. Sometimes they are seized with Convulsions, and often with ill Fevers: But these Signs belong chiefly to long and round Worms; for broad Worms, and the little ones called Ascarides have other signs; for those which have broad Worms have too great an Appetite, and unless they are supplied, they perceive a gnawing and pain in their Bellies, and sometimes they faint away, if they are not presently fed; but otherwise, the Gripes are very gentle; for the broad Worm is slow, and sticks to the Bowels, and so does not easily move from place to place. The Body is much extenuated and weak, and sometime also, some of the Signs abovementioned are present: But the following is the most certain Sign, viz. if with the Excrements, some Corpuscles like the seeds of gourds are ejected. When there are Worms called Ascarides, there is a violent Itching in the Fundament, and a continual endeavour to go to Stool; for, sticking in the right Gut, they continually provoke it.  
Children have Worms often a long time without any great Detriment; but oftentimes grievous Symptoms come upon them, such as we mentioned above. The Ascarides are the least hurtful; for they are small, and stick in the right Gut, a place far distant from the noble Parts, and they are easily cast out; yet sometimes they occasion Ulcers in the right Gut. The broad Worms are very difficultly cured, and often grow old with the Man, yet they do not occasion girevous Symptoms, nor Death. The long and round Worms are the most hurtful for they induce sometimes various Symptoms, and it has been found, that they have eaten through the Guts, and Belly too. Those that are thin and extenuated, are not so bad as those that are thick and great, and full of Blood; for if they are thin, it is a sign that the matter wherewith they are nourished is not very copious; on the contrary, it is an Argument, when they are big, there are many excrementious humours in the Body: White Worms are better than Yellow, Livid, Red, or Blackish. Those that are of a plain Figure are better than those that are of a Serpentine, or other prodigious Figure: It is better that they should be evacuted by Stool, than upwards; and worst of all when they eat their way out. Worms are dangerous when they are accompanied with a Fever; if Convulsions, and a grinding of the Teeth come upon Worms, it is dangerous. If dead Worms cannot be expelled by the force of Remedies, or by the defect of Aliment, it is dangerous.  
It is better to prevent the Generation of Worms in Infants, than to kill and expel them, when they are Generated. The Generation of Worms is to be prevented by Diet and Medicines; the Diet ought to be such, as no way conduces to the Generation of them, namely, Meats of good Juice, sprinkled sometimes with the Juice of Pomgranats, Oranges, or Citrons; sweet, fat, and viscid things are to be avoided, especially the frequent use of Milk or Fish; also Summer Fruits, and Figs, Wine and clear Beer, is good against the Worms, it is good also to put into the Beer shave of Hartshorn.  
As to medicines, we must endeavour that the matter which generates Worms, be either evacuated, or rendered unfit to generate them; and therefore the Belly must be kept open, that the matter may be gently Evacuated. Some perseribe for Children Aloes, Hiera Pi●ra, and Rhubarb in the form of Pills, or in a Bolus, but how they make them take it, I know not; for the Children▪ now a days, will not take any such thihg, unless they are well grown. A decoction of Sebestins is more palatable, or Table●s of Diaturbith, with Rhubarb, or some syrup made of Plants that kill Worms, with the Leaves of Senna, Agarick, and a little Rhubarb. Amongst Medicines, which resist the generation of Worms, bitter things are most proper, as Wormwood, Scordium, and the like: But because Children will not easily take them, those things that are more pleasant, may be sometimes given, as a Decoction of the Roots of Grass, and of Mouse ear, the juice of Lemons, and Citron, and sometimes a drop or two, of Spirit of Vitriol, may be given in a convenient Liquor.  
But if it plainly appears, that Worms are generated, we must endeavour to expel them.  
Amongst the Medicines, which may be conveniently given to Children, the following are the chief, Coralline, Wormseed, the Roots of white Dillany, Hartshorn, the Water and Decoction of Grass Roots, and Mercurius dulcis: As,  
Take of Wormseed, two Drams, of Coralline and Hartshorn prepared, each one Dram, of the Roots of Peony, white Dittany, and Magistery of Coral, each one Scruple, make a Powder: Or,  
Take of Wormseed, Coralline, each one Dram and an half, of the Roots of white Dittany, and Tormentil, each half a Dram, make a Powder, or give the essence of Peach Flower, or half an Ounce, or an Ounce of the Water, or Decoction of Fern, or half a Scruple, or half a Dram of the Powder of Fern.  
But you must consider, whether a Fever accompany the Worms; for if there be a Fever, you must use cooling things, and add to them such things as resist Malignity, as the juices of Lemons, Pomgranats, Oranges, Vinegar, Hartshorn, Bezoar, and Confection of Hyacinth; or the following Potion may be given:  
Take of the Water of Grass, four Ounces, of Syrup of Sorrel, and Citron, each one Ounce, of Syrup of Violets, half an Ounce, of Spirit of Vitriol, two or three Drops, mingle them, give a Spoonful or two at a time.  
Moreover you must observe, that Medicines to kill the Worms, especially bitter things, must be taken in by the Mouth, and that sweet things must be injected after the manner of a clyster; for the Worms, hating bitter Medicines, will go downwards, and will be alured thither, by the sweet things, and so will be the easier ejected; and therefore, when Medicines are given to kill the Worms, a Glister of Milk must be injected: Or,  
Take of Raisins, number Ten, of Figs, number Seven, Boyl them in a sufficient quantity of Water, in four, or six Ounces of the strained Liquor, dissolve an Ounce, or an Ounce and an half of Sugar, and so make a Glister.  
It is to be noted also, that you must not always keep to one Medicine, for the Worms will be accustomed to it, and so will not be driven away.  
Apply outwardly to the Belly, especially about the Navel, Medicines that are Proper to kill Worms, as the Leaves of Peach Tree, Wormwood, and Lupins, of each a like quantity; or, apply to the Belly Cummin mixed with Bull's Gall, or a Cataplasm made of Wormwood, St. John's Wort, Bulls Gall: Or,  
Take of the Powder of Wormwood, Nigella, the lesser Centaury, Wormseed, the Meal of Lupins, each half an Ounce, of Oil of Wormwood a sufficient quantity, of Wax half an Ounce, mingle them over the Fire, make an Ointment, wherewith anoint the Belly: Or,  
Take of the Powder of the Seeds of Nigella, and of Wormwood, each two Drams, of the Meal of Lupins two Ounces, of the juice of Rue one ounce and an half, of the juice of Wormwood four ounces, or if you cannot get the juices, make the Cataplasm with Oil of Rue and Wormwood; apply is to the Navel in a Rag, as large as the Palm of the Ha●d: Or.  
Take of Venice Treacle, half an ounce, dissolve it in the juice of Wormwood, and anoint the Belly therewith; or, take of the Meal of Lupins four ounces, of the Powder of 〈◊〉 Myrrh, tansy, Wormseed, each two drams, of Scordium Vinegar two ounces, of Bulls Gall half an ounce, with a sufficient quantity of the Juice, or Oil of Wormwood, make a Cataplasm: Or, the following Bath may be prepared:  
Take of the Leaves of the Peach Tree, and Wormwood, each a sufficient quantity, Boyl them in Water, and let the Child sit up to the Navel in it.  
But if there be a Fever, more temperate things must be used: As,  
Take of the Juices of Purslain, and of Peach Leaves, each three Ounces, of Vinegar one ounce; of the Meal of Lupins, a sufficient quantity, make a Cataplasm.   

Chap. XXVI. Of Ruptures.  
CHildren are afflicted with Ruptures, by the fall of the small Guts into the Scrotum, the Peritoneum being relaxed, or broken by violent crying, a cough, and much straining in going to Stool: But grown Children are sometimes bursten by violent motions of the Body, and indeed the Peritoneum in Children is tender, so that it may be easily relaxed, or broken.  
There is another Tumour, which often happens in the God of Children new Born, which is commonly reckoned amongst Ruptures, and yet the Peritoneum is sound; it proceeds from watery Humours abounding in the Belly. A Rupture, or Tumour of the Scrotum appears to sight: But we must carefully mind, whether the Swelling be occasioned by the falling of the Gut into the Scrotum, or from a watery Humour that flows thither; in a Rupture the Swelling is most commonly in one side of the Scrotum; for the Peritoneum is seldom broke in both sides, and you may perceive that by touching with your Finger, and the hole, through which the Gut falls may be felt with the Finger: But the watery swelling of the Cod is most commonly on both sides, and the Scrotum is more inflamed than when there is a Rupture, and no Hole can be perceived in the Peritoneum, and no cause, that might produce a Rupture, went before, and there are signs of Crudity present.  
A Rupture in Children is easier Cured than in grown persons, for the Peritoneum in them is soft and easily unites.  
Some say, that all watery Swellings in the Scrotum, are harder cured than a Rupture, but this is false in Children; for experience Testifies, that this watery Swelling is easily Cured by Discutients, nay, it often goes away of itself, in progress of time, the Humours being dried up.  
In the Cure of a Rupture, we must endeavour to keep the children's Bodies open, that they do not fill their Bellies too much, nor cry much, and if they are some what grown, they must abstain from all violent Motion.  
You must lay them on their Backs, and gently put up the Gut, and apply a proper Plaster, or Cataplasm, and bind it on with a Truss.  
Take of Plaintain, Sanicle, each half an ounce▪ of the Meal of Lentils, and Lupins, and red Roses, each two drams, of Frankincense one dram, Alum half a dram, make a Powder, and with a sufficient quantity of it, beaten up with the white of an Egg, make a Cataplasm to be applied to the part ●ffected: Or,  
Take of Frankincense, Cypress, Nuts, Aloes, and Acacia, each two drams, Myrrh one dram, make a Powder, mix it with Iseing-glass, and apply it in form of a Plaster: Or,  
Take of Cypress-Nuts, two drams of Balaustins, of the Powder of the Root of Comfry, Thorrow-wax, Sanicle, Rupture-wort, each one dram, Bdellium one dram and an half, Bole-Armentick two Drams, Dragons▪ Blood four Scruples, Greek Pitch one ounce, Rosin of the Pine six drams, with Turpentine-wax, and Oil of Eggs. make a Cerate: Or,  
Take the green Leaves of Thorrow-wax, and the fresh Roots of Comfry, beat them them small, and with a third part of new Wax, make a Plaster, and apply it to the part affected: Or,  
Take the Roots of Comfry cleansed, beat them, and heat them, and apply them in a Linen Rag, and change them every twelve hours.  
At the same time, inward Medicines must be used, which may help to Conglutinate. As,  
Take of Sanicle, Plantam, each half an handful, of Agrimony, half an handful, of the Roots of Comfry, half an ounce, boil them in a pint of Water, in a double Vessel, strain the Liquor, and sweeten it with Sugar, and let the Child drink often of it hot.  
Mouse-ear also is very good, gathered in May, the Powder of it being taken every day in Broth.  
The Powder of the lesser Moon-wort, is also good, taken in red Wine, or in a Decoction of Comfry. Thorrow-wax is also good, taken in a Powder, or in a Decoction, so are Rupture-wort, and the Roots of Comfry.  
If the swelling of the Scrotum be occasioned by a watery Humour, anoint the Scrotum with the Oils of Laurel, Elder, or Rue, and apply a Cataplasm, made of Bean-Meal, of the Seeds of Flax, and Fenu-Greek, of the Powder of the Flowers of Camomile, and Elder, and of the Seeds of Cumin.   

Chap. XXVII. Of the sticking out of the Navel.  
THe sticking out of the Navel is near a kin to a Rupture; it happens when the Navel is not rightly bound, or when the Peritoneum is relaxed, and Humours, and Wind are collected there.  
If the Midwife has not rightly cut the Navel, but left it longer than it ought to be it is incurable, but it is rather troublesome than dangerous; but if the Navel, being consolidated after the Birth, is afterwards two much extended or Bursten, or Ulcerated, it is often incurable, if it be neglected at first, and if it be not cured in Infancy, it may in the adult age occasion a deadly Iliack passion, if the Guts that lie upon it are inflamed.  
If the Peritoneum be only relaxed, things that bind and strengthen must be used▪ if it be Bursten, you must use things that unite, and consolidate; and if the Causes which extend, relax, or break the Peritoneum are present, they must be removed. You must therefore endeavour to keep the Child from crying, and as quiet as possible, and to hush it to sleep as often as you can; if there be a Cough, you must endeavour to stop it, and all violent motion must be avoided. Baths are not convenient, for they relax the Navel, the Child and Nurse must abstain from windy Meats: the Belly must be kept open; for straining in going to stool is injurious.  
If the Peritoneum be too much dilated, and wind extends the Navel, make a Cataplasm in red Wine, with equal parts of the Powder of the Seeds of Cumin, Lawrel-ber●ies, and the meal of Lupins, and apply it to the Navel; or make a bag of the Seeds of Cumin, and Celtick-Spike boiled in red Wine, and apply it to the Navel: afterwards apply Astringents, and a Bolster, and bind it on with a swaith. But if the Peritoneum be Bursten, you must first reduce the Guts, and afterwards use those Medicines which are proposed in the foregoing Chapter, and you must apply a Bolster to the Navel, and bind it on straight with a swaith, to prevent the falling out of the Guts again.  
Take of Cypress-nuts, Frankincense, Myrrb, Mastich, Sarc●cole, Alom, and Ising-glass, each one dram, with the whites of Eggs make a Cataplasm; or you may apply to the Navel Mint beaten with the white of an Egg, and you may give the Child such Medicines as are proper for Ruptures, as one scruple of Comfry root. Or,  
Take of the root of Comfry, red Coral, Mastic, Shephords-purse, each one dram, make a Powder.  
If the Navel be Ulcerated, the cure must be ordered, as shall be said in the following Chapter▪ and to the Navel must be applied Oil of Roses, wherein Ceruse washed has been rubbed, or the Plaster called Gryseum.   

Chap. XXVIII. Of an Inflammation of the Navel.  
THe Navel is sometimes inflamed in Infants, chiefly after the Abscission, for by reason of the Pain, especially when the Ligature is not rightly made; and by reason of an injury from the external air, the Blood flows to it, and occasions an inflammation; it may be known by the swelling, hardness, redness, heat, and pulsation.  
If care be taken of this inflammation at first, it is easily cured, otherwise a Fever usually happens, which endangers the Child. If it turn to an Abscess it often kills.  
As to the cure, as in other inflammations, so here, The pain must be mitigated, and the Fluxion stopped, and that which flowed in must be discussed; apply the following Cataplasm to ease the pain.  
Take of Mallows boiled and bruised one unce, of Barly-meal, half an ounce, of Lupins, and Fenugreek, each two drams, with a sufficient quantity of Oil of Roses, make Cataplasm: Or,  
Take of Coltick Spike, half an ounce, of Turpentine three ounces; with Oil of sweet Almonds, make an Ointment.  
To repel the Blood, use the following:  
Take of the Powder of Frankincense one dram, of Acacia and Fleabane, each half a dram, with the white of an Egg, make a Cataplasm, to be applied to the Navel. Suppuration must be hindered as much as is possible; but if it will come to Suppuration, use the following.  
Take of Turpentine half an ounce, the yolk of one Egg, Oil of Roses two ounces, mingle them.   

Chap. XXIX. Of the falling of the Fundament.  
THe falling of the Fundament▪ sometimes happens to Children, either by reason of the looseness of the Muscle which shuts it, or by the too great moisture, and softness of it, which frequently follow upon a looseness; or it sometimes happens by the too great endeavours in going to Stool, or in a Tenesmus.  
It is easily known, but whether it proceeds from too great moisture, and from humours following to the Belly, or from too great endeavours in going to Stool, may be easily known, by the Bystanders. If it proceed from too great endeavours in going to Stool, it is easily cured, if it be taken in time; for the longer it is out of its place, the more it is altered, and the more difficultly put up: but if it proceed from too great moisture, it is difficultly cured, especially if a looseness accompany it; for it can scarce be perfectly cured, till the Flux be stopped: besides Medicines that are necessary are not easily retained, and the virtue of them is apt to be spoiled by the Excrements.  
The whole cure consists in putting up the Fundament, and retaining it in its place; it ought therefore to be presently put up; but if it be so swelled that it cannot easily be put up, it must first be fomented with a decoction of Mallows and Marsh-mallows, and anointed with the Oil of white Lilies; or the Infant must sit in a bath made of the same Herbs; and afterwards the Fundament must be retained in its place by astringent Medicines.  
Take of red Roses, Balaustines, Cypress-nuts, Pomgranate-pe●l, each half an ounce, of Sumach, Frankincense, and Mastic, each two drams; boil them in rough Win●, and foment the Anus with a sponge dipped in it.  
After the Fomentation, use the following Powder:  
Take of red Roses, and Balaustines, each half a dram, of Frankincense, Mastic, and Myrrh, each one scruple, make a Powder, put it in Cotton, and apply it to the Fundament; or you may make a fume of the Powder.  
But because it cannot well be received by the Child, fume rags dipped in Alomwater, and apply them to the Anus; and le●t it should fall down again, the Child must keep its Legs together: and if they are very young, their Legs must be bound with a swaith.   

Chap. XXX. Of the Stone in the Bladder.  
THe Stone is frequently generated in children's Bladders, and very seldom in their Reins: whereas, on the contrary, old Men are generally afflicted with the Stone in the Kidneys.  
The Stone in the Bladder in Children is chiefly generated by Milk, and if it be impure, not only Stones but also other Diseases are generated; but all impure Milk does not breed the Stone, but only that which is made of gross and viscid Meats, and of such as are apt to breed the Stone, especially if the Child suck greedily, and burden the Stomach with those things that generate crudities: But because we see many Children fed with Milk, and with Pap, and yet are not troubled with the Stone, other Causes must be added, namely first, some weakness of the Liver and Stomach, upon which account, the Meat is not well concocted, and that which is unprofitable is not separated, but much of the earthy, and Stone making Juice remains in the Chyle, and moreover the hot intemperies of the Reins is a cause.  
As soon as there is any rudiment of a Stone, new Matter gathers about it daily, and grows to it; but Boys are more subject to the Stone, than Girls, because the urinary passages in Women is shorter, and more open than in Men; and therefore the Matter which is apt to produce the Stone is easier ejected in Women.  
You may know the Stone in Children by the following Signs; they make water with pain, and oft render it drop by drop, yea, often the Urine is quite suppressed, and that Urine which is evacuated is sometimes clear as water, sometimes as white as Milk, or like Whey, and sometimes some Blood is evacuated with the Urine, and Sand appears with the Urine; Moreover Infants perceive an itching in the virile Member, and therefore they frequently scra●ch it, and at length there is sometimes an erection.  
The Stone in the Bladder is a very desperate ●is●●s●; for tho' it does not presently kill, ●e● if it be not presently cured, it increases daily, and afterwards it cannot be reme ie● any other way, than by cutting o extraction of the Stone, which is very dangerous; for if the Stone be large, Children many times die as well as grown People.  
If from the difficulty of Urine, and other signs it appear, that the Child is disposed to the Stone, we must endeavour all we can to prevent the breeding of it; and therefore the Stomach must not be filled with too much Meat, and the Nurse and Infant must abstain from all Meats, that are gross and viscid, and apt to generate the Stone, and the Belly must be always kept loose, and the breeding of the Stone must be prevented by external and internal Medicines; and therefore a Bath must be prepared forth Infant, made of Mallows, Marsh-mallows, Pellitory of the Wall, Parsly, Dill, and of the s●eds of Flax and Fenugreek. After the Bath, the parts about the Bladder must be anointed with Ointment of Marsh-mallows, and Oils of white Lilies and Scorpions, and a Cataplasm must be afterwards applied, made of green Pellitory of the Wall boiled in the Oil of white Lilies, and Camomile, and give the Child a scruple or two of the Powder of Crabs-eves, or of white Amer, or of Goats-blood prepared in Parsly-water: and it may be useful sometimes to give half a dram of Cyprean Turpentine.   

Chap. XXXI. Of the difficulty, and retention of the Urine.  
SOmetimes Children render their Urine with difficulty and pain, and often by drops, and sometimes it is quite stopped. In Children there are two causes of this, namely that gross humour whereof the Stone is generated▪ which also occasions a Stranguary and disury, and then the Stone which occasions a suppression of Urine: the causes which generate this gross humour, are gross and viscid Milk, Pap made o● Flower and Milk, and Cheese.  
The retention of the Urine plainly appears, if there be a difficulty of Urine, it may be known by being rendered by drops, and by the crying of the Child, and the Urine is gross and turbid: if there be a Stone, that may be found by the Catheter, and thereby it may be removed from the Orifice of the Bladder, to make a passage for the Urine.  
This is a very dangerous Disease; for if it proceed from gross Matter, it will turn to the Stone, if it be not timely removed If the Suppression of Urine proceed from the Stone, it is as dangerous as the Stone itself, and suppression of the Urine itself, is dangerous, especially in Children, because no natural evacuation in them can be suppressed without danger.  
The cure therefore must be begun early, and it is in a manner the same with that which was proposed in the foregoing Chapter of the Stone, namely the causes of the difficulty, or suppression of the Urine must be removed; therefore care must be taken in the first place, that the Nurse and Child use such Meats, which do not conduce to the production of the humour that generates the Stone, and then Medicines must be given that purge these humours, as Honey of Roses solutive, Cassia and Turpentine: afterwards Baths, Fomentations, and Unctions made of those things, which are proposed in the foregoing Chapter; and let such Medicines be taken inwardly as are mentioned there; for those which can expel the Stone can carry off the humour that generates it; and the water of Sea-grass, Restharrow, Filipendula, and a decoction of Vetches are useful.  
If the Stone obstruct the Orifice of the Bladder, it must be removed thence by laying the Child upon its Back, and shaking its Legs, or by the Catheter.   

Chap. XXXII. Of Incontinence of Urine.  
CHildren when they are very Young, and when they lie in the Cradle, and know not what is filthy or neat, make Water in their clothes, and so by custom, they sometimes do so, when they are grown up in sleep, and some also when they are awake; for the Muscle that shuts the Orisice of the Bladder is accustomed to let the Urine go, when it is irritated by the quantity of it. But sometimes there is also a weakness of the Muscle, proceeding from a Cold, and moist Intemperies of it, contracted from abundance of gross and cold Humours, which are in the tender Age; or it may proceed from an Obstruction, and Compression of the Nerve of the Sphincter, and sometimes a Stone hinders the shutting of the Bladder.  
This Disease is not easily known in Infants; for than it is reckoned to proceed from their tender Age, and when they are a little grown, it may proceed from custom: But if it be from the Stone, it may be found by the Signs of the Stone.  
If the occasion be custom, it most commonly goes off, in time of its own accord; for they being ashamed of it, restrain it: But if the custom grow to a habit, or if some Disease be joined with it, it seldom leaves them as long as they live. If it proceed from the Stone, it cannot be cu●ed, till the Stone is taken away.  
If it proceed from an ill custom, Children must be admonished to make Water often. If it proceed from a cold and moist Intemperies, such things must be used as alter it, and the Flegmatic Humour must dried and carried off, and the Nurse's Diet must be hot and dry, and she must eat with her Meat, Sage, Hyssop, Marjoram, Fennel, and Savory, The Child must not drink much, and care must be taken, that its Belly be kept open, and the Region of the Bladder must be anointed with Oil of Orris, and the like, or a Bath must be prepared of Sulphur, Nitre, and Oak-Leaves, unless some Natural, Sulphurous, or Alom bath can be had; and let the following Powder be given.  
Take of an Hog, or Boar's Bladder dried, the Testicles of a Hare dried, the Throat of a Cock dried, each half an ounce, of Accorns, two Scruples, of the Leaves of Catmint, and M●●e, each one Scruple; make a Powder, give a Scruple, or half a dram, in the Water of Oak-Leaves.   

Chap. XXXIII. Of the Galling of Children.  
IT frequently happens, that the Skin of the Hips, and the parts there about, in Children, is fretted off, which occasions pain, and makes them restless. It is caused by the Accimony of the Urine, when the Linen is not often changed; for if they are kept clean, and the Linen often changed, this seldom happens: But those Children that have an Acridurine, and are fat, are most Obnoxious to it.  
It is easily Cured, but if it be let alone, it occasions Ulcers in those parts; therefore the Children must be often uva head, and cleansed with a Bath made of Mallows, marsh Mallows, Pellitory, Roses, and Bran, and after the Bath, the parts may be sprinkled, or touched with a Rag, filled with white Pompholix; or a fine Powder may be made, with Lytharge of Silver, Roses, Frankincense, and Burnt-Alom, or the part may be anointed with the Ointment called Drapompholigos.   

Chah. XXXIV. Of the Rickets.  
THis Disease began about sixty Years ago, in the West of England, it seizes Children when they are about half an Year old. The proportion of the parts is Irregular. The Head is bigger than ordinary, so is the Face; the Wit is sharper than is usual in such an Age, the Members are thin and wasted; the Skin is loose; the Bones are most commonly bowed, and the Joints knotted. The Breast is narrow and sharp; the Ribs are knotted, and the Belly is big. These things are observed outwardly.  
As to the inward parts, the Liver is larger than usual, the Stomach and Bowels are larger, than in those that are well; the Mesentery is affected with Glanduls, that are larger than ordinary, the Lungs are stuffed and swelled, and sometimes Purulent, and often stick to the Pleura. The Jugular Veins, and the Carotid Arteries are sometimes larger than they should be. All the parts are weak, and unfit for motion; and such Children will Play only sitting, and do not care to stand: And at length, the Head cannot be sustained by the weak Neck.  
Tho' this Disease is not commonly deadly, yet the Symptoms growing to a height, it sometimes degenerates into a Con sumption, hectic Fever, Dropsy of the Lungs, or an Ascites, and so at length is deadly.  
The sooner it comes, the worse it is, if it be not Cured before Children are five Years old, they are ever after very Sickly. An Itch coming upon this Disease, much conduces to the Cure.  
As to the Cure, we must begin with Purging; because most commonly, there is abundance of Phlegmatic Humours heaped up in the Belly, and the Bowels are frequently afflicted with Scrofulous tumors.  
If the Belly be bound, or the Bowels troubled with Wind, or Gripes, Glisters must be used frequently, which must not be only Solutive, but sometimes Alterative, and Corroborative, for instance.  
Take of the Leaves of Mallows, one handful, of the Flowers of Melilot, Camomile, and Elder, each one Pugil, of the Seeds of Anise, and Fennel bruised, each half a dram, boil them in a sufficient quantity of new Goats-Milk; to four, five, or six ounces of the strained Liquor, add of brown Sugar, and Syrup of Violets and Roses, each one ounce, make a Glister, inject it warm a good while after Eating.  
Corroborative Glisters may be make in the following manner.  
Take of fresh Stone, Hors●dung, one ounce and an half, of the Flowers of Rosemary, and Sage, each one Pugil, of Juniper-berries, two drams, of the Seeds of Anise, and Fennel, each half a dram, infuse them close and warm in a sufficient quantity of Whey. In four ounces of the strained Liquor, dissolve one ounce of brown Sugar, and six drams of fresh Butter; mingle them, make a Glister. There may be also added, if it seem convenient, six drams of Manna.  
If the Stomach be burdened with vicious Humours, and they tend upwards, Vomits may be given: But in the Prescription of them, respect must be had to the tender Age, and they should rather consist of Salt of Vitriol, and the Wine of Squills, than of stybeat Medicines; for it is not safe to give these to Infants, for fear of Convulsions.  
Give of Wine or Oxymel of Squills, half an ounce, or an ounce; half an hour after, give a large quantity of Posset drink, and provoke Vomiting with the Finger, and let it be repeated now and then.  
Some days after Vomiting, or if Vomittnig be not to be used, gentle Purging must be instituted, and repeated by intervals. As,  
Take of the Augustan Syrup, or of Syrup of Succory with Rhubarb, six drams, or an ounce, of Cream of Tartar, ten or fifteen grains, mingle them, let them be taken early in the morning, either by themselves, or in a draught of Posset drink.  
If the Sick be affected with Worms, or the King's-Evil, the following Bolus may be given by intervals.  
Take of Mercurius Dulcis, from six to ten grains, Rosin of Jallup or Scammony, two or four grains, of the Chemical Oil of Juniper, one drop, make a Powder, which may be made into a Bolus with the Pap of a roasted Apple; let it be taken early in the morning.  
After gentle Purging, if the Sick be of a Sanguine constitution, Blood-letting is of use. Issues are also very effectual in this Disease, especially an Issue made betwixt the first and second Vertebra of the Neck. Besides Purging and Chyrurgical Remedies, Specific altering Medicines are to be used; to which sometimes Diuretics, and Diaphoreticks are to be added. The Specific Remedies, that are found most effectual to cure this Disease, are either simple or compound. Among Simples the following are most approved; Wood of Gujacum, and its Bark, Sassafras, Lentisk-wood, Rosemary, the knotty part of Fir, the Roots of China, and Sarsaparilla, the three Sanders, the Roots of Osmund Royal, or rather the Cloves of the Roots, the Roots of Sea-fern, or rather the Buds of them. Grass roots, the Roots of Asparagus, Eringo, Succory, Burdock, the Barks of the Roots of Capers, the Capillary Herbs, and chiefly Trichomanes, Ceterach, Wall-rue, Harts-tongue, Liverwort, Male-speedwell, Agrimony, Brooklime, Watercresses, the Leaves and Flowers of Sage; Rosemary, Bettony, dead Nettle, and of Tamarisk. Also Steel prepared, or its Salt, or Vitriol, Tartar, Castor, Flowers of Sulphur, Earth Worms, millipeds prepared, and the like, whereof Compositions may be made in the following manner:  
Take of the Cloves of the Roots of Osmund-Royal, or the Roots of Sea-fern, or the Twigs of the Roots of it, scarcely sprung above ground, one handful, boil them in a pint of Milk, or Spring-water, to the consumption of a third part, let the strained Liquor with Sugar be drank twice or thrice a day.  
Take of the Leaves of Tea, one dram, of the Flowers of Sage and Bettony, each half a dram, put them in a convenient Vessel, and pour on them a pint of boiling water, let them stand close and warm about an hour; sweeten the strained Liquor with Sugar, and let it be drank in the same manner as the former.  
Take of Lentisk-wood, Rosemary, of the Ro●ts of Sarsaparilla, flowering Fern, or male-fern, each three ounces, of the Herbs Agrimony, Maidenhair, Speedwell, Haris-tongue, Sage, Bettony, each two handfuls, of the tops of Fern and Tamarisk, each two handfuls, boil them in so●r Gallons of Ale, till one is consumed; when it has done working in the Vissel, put into a bag two hundred Millipedes washed in white Wine, and gently bruised, of Juniper-berries, two ounces, of Nutmegs sliced, number two, hang the bag in the Vessel, and put a piece of Steel in it to make it s●●k. If there be any suspicion of the Scurvy, you may add of Water-cresses and Brooklime, each two handfuls, after a fortnight, let it be drunk for the ordinary drink.  
But the Medicine, which is most approved in this Disease, is Ens veneris, five or six grains of it may be taken every Night at Bedtime in half a spoonful of Syrup of Gill●flowers.  
If the Lungs are stopped with viscid Humours, as happens often, and the Mesentery with scrofulous Glands, three or four drops of Balsam of Sulphur mixed with Sugar-candy powdered, may be given Morning and Evening.  
Note, Steel must not be given in Coughs, Plurises, a stoppage of the Lungs, nor when there is a Hectic Fever.  
The Bath water is very proper, and is excellent to take off the swelling of the Belly; the following artisicial Bath as much commended. Place the Sick in a large Vessel, and put round him warm Barley Fermented, which has been a while infused in boiled water, as is usually done for making Beer, cover him well, and let him abide in it to provoke sweat.  
Regard must be had to the Symptoms coming upon this Disease, the most frequent whereof is a Looseness: for the cure of which, gentle Purgers, as an infusion of Rhubarb, Tamarinds, and Sanders, or a Bolus made of them is of use, and sometimes astringents and gentle Opiates may be used; but Purging must go before. Sometimes immoderate sweeting afflicts the child, which if it follow a Feverish Fit is critical, and ought not to be rashly stopped: but if it flow in ordinately, it is a sign, that the Body is oppressed with ill Humours; therefore this sort of sweat must be corrected by a gentle Purge, especially with Rhubarb. Apperitives also, and such things as help Concoction must not be omitted.  
Breeding of the Teeth difficultly is familiar to this Disease, and often occasions a Fever; in which case, gentle evacuations, especially by Glisters, must be made; and sometimes it is necessary to cut the Gums, to make way for the Teeth, and to apply a Blister behind the Ears; and if there be great pain and watchings, Hypnoticks must be used, as a dram or two of Diacodium in a spoonful of Cowslip water.  
External things must be used, as Exercises of all sorts, and if the Child be able, walking frequently, if not, he must Play sitting, or be carried about in the Nurse's Arms, or the like. Frictions are also good in this case, with warm Flannel the Parts to be rubbed are the Spine, which is primarly affected, and the Muscular parts: but you must not rub the Bones where they stick out, the Concave parts of the Bones, you must.  
Ligatures are also of use, which are to be made above the Knee, and above the Elbow; but they ought to be soft and loose. Boots are also of use: but you must take care that they press a little upon the Protuberant part of the Bone, and scarce touch the Cavity. Bodice are also to be used, to keep the Body upright. Swinging is also necessary.  
A Formentation of all sorts of Wine, and common Aqua Vita is also very good for this purpose to corroberate the nervous Parts, which must be used for the weak Parts, and especially for the Spine: which being done, the Parts must be ●●ointed with Oil, or some proper Ointment, which we shall mention by and by; and instead of Wine, the following Decoction may be used.  
Take of the Roots of Osmund Royal, or of Male-fern, three ounces, of the Leaves of Bettony, Sage, Rosemary, Marjoram, Water-cresses, each one handful, of the Flowers of Cammomile, Melilot, and Elder, each one pugil, of the Berries of Laurel, and Juniper, each half an ounce; boil them in a sufficient quantity of Fountain water to a quart, add of white Wine, or of common Aqua Vitae, one pint. Keep the strained Liquor for use.  
Take of the Leaves of Elder, Laurel, Marjorum, Sage, Rosemary, Bettony, and the tops of Lavender; each two handfuls, of the Berries of Juniper, and Laurel, each one ounce; cut them and bruise them, and put them into a pot, with three pound of May Butter, or of Fresh Butter, and add to them half a pint of Aqua Vitae, and while the strained Liquor is hot, add half an ounce of Oil of Nutmegs by expression, and one dram of Peruvian Balsam, mix them, make an Ointment. Instead of May Butter, Beef Marrow, or Deers Suet, and Oil of Worms, or Oil of Foxes; each one pound and an half may be used. The Ointment must be applied warm, before a hot Fire, and the Parts must be rubbed with a warm hand, till they are dry.  
If the Belly be hard and swelled, the following Ointment must be applied.  
Take of the Oils of Capers, Wormwood, and Elder, each one ounce, of the Ointment above prescribed, one ounce and an half; of Gumm Ammoniacum dissolved in Vinegar, half an ounce, make a Linement whilst the Ointments are applied to the Hypochondres, the Bowels must be handled by the Nurse.  
If the Lungs are affected, the Breast must be anointed with some pectoral Ointment, or with the Ointment of Marshmallows, and at the time of Unction, a little Oil of Nntmegs by expression may be mixed with it.   

Chap. XXXV. Of Chilarens Wasting.  
THough the wasting of Children may be referred generally to the Diseases of Children, yet I think it necessary to mention it here; because Children wax extremely Lean, without any manifest cause, whereas the adult seldom grow Lean, but by reason of a Fever, a Consumption, or some other manifest Disease. Perhaps it may happen by a fault in the Milk, or for want of Milk; and sometimes Children wast much with one Nurse, but being remove to another, thrive well. Worm's may be also the cause, for they destroy the nourishment; and so sufficient Blood cannot be generated for the nourishment of the Body; and if Blood should be generated, and transmitted through the Veins to the whole Body, yet if there are Worms in the Back, Arms, Legs, and almost over the whole Body, and there are so sometimes; the nourishment will be devoured by them. These Worms are very small, and are bred in the Skin, and the Heads of them appear like black hairs upon Priction in a Bath; they are generated by vicious Matter shut up in the Capillary Veins, turned into Worms, when transpiration is hindered.  
If the wasting be occasioned by a fault in the Milk, the Milk must be amended; if Worms in the Bowels are the cause, Medicines prescribed in the Chapter of Worms must be used. If small Worms in the Back, Arms, and Legs are the cause, the Children must be bathed▪ and Honey must be mixed with the Bath, and the Musculous parts must be rubbed with a Lineament made of crumbs of Bread and Honey.  
FINIS.    

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