A DISCOURSE CONCERNING LIBERTY of CONSCIENCE, In which are Contained PROPOSALS.  
About what Liberty in this kind is now Politically Expedient to be given, and several Reasons to show how much the Peace and Welfare of the Nation is concerned therein.  
By R. T.  
LONDON,  
Printed for Nathaniel Brook, and are to be sold at his shop at the Angel in Cornhill. 1661.   

A DISCOURSE CONCERNING Liberty of Conscience, etc.  
I Am not ignorant that it is the fate of those who propound models concerning Affairs of State or Religion, to be usually looked on as knaves or fools, and as such who either do not know the incurable defects of humane nature, or by pretending to cure them, would only mend their own fortunes.  
Leaving therefore the makers of plat-forms about moral things to such censures as attend them, I shall not here in this following discourse of Liberty of Conscience, so much resemble him that draws the model of an house, as one that applies an Engine to quench one a fire. And indeed the security of the Nation is so concerned in the granting of this Liberty, that any who shall by the contrary practice pretend to promote that, will most truly deserve the name of a projector.  
Moreover, I know that in nothing more than about Liberty of Conscience querulous persons have shown a childishness in their complaints, without telling what the very thing is that troubles them, and how far they would have it removed; and so complaining for want of Liberty of Conscience in general, have been as ridiculous as a Plaintiff would be, that brought his Action about another's owing him money in general, or a Judge that accordingly ordered some money in general to be paid. When therefore any subjects have expressed the due Liberty their Consciences need, then is a King in a capacity to show a Godlike benignity and power in granting the things they ask, as far as they conduce to his honour and the people's good. Nor is it rational that this Liberty should be granted on other terms: For a King that gives to all men all the Liberty of Conscience they beg from Him this day, will be forced to beg it from them the next. As I shall therefore decline such an offer of the ways of securing Liberty to the Consciences of the several parties among us, as might amount to the exactness of a model, and seem to impose upon the Magistrate, and tempt other men into an opposition of those methods whereof they were not the Inventors, so shall I likewise avoid the error of those who cry out for want of Liberty, before they know their own minds fully in this affair, or take care that the Magistrate shall know them otherwise then by inspiration. Nor shall I at all in these papers consider what Liberty to the Consciences of others Religion, but purely what political interest prompts us to give. It is, I confess, none of the most renowned principles for Nations to preserve a fair intercourse with one another, and with their respective Members, because 'tis their interest so to do; but 'tis a thing much more shameful for a people to be so infatuated, as not to see their interest when it is most obvious to them; as in this case of the due Liberty of Conscience it so eminently is, that it can be the real Concernment of none but Soldiers of fortune to oppose it. 'Tis pity but those miseries which some men's pedantic incivilities to the Consciences of others have formerly overwhelmed the Nation with, should be so instructive to us, as to convince us of the necessity of setting out the true bounds of Liberty of Conscience, as the Egyptians of old by the overflowing of their Nile were forced upon the study of Geometry, that so the certain bounds and proprieties of Lands might afterward be retrived.  
I shall therefore without any more Prefatory words address myself to the proposals about the freedom that is now fit to be given to the several Protestant parties, differing in lesser matters of Religion among us; whose persuasions being different from those owned by the Reverend Divines of our old Hierarchy, do put them in a present necessity of having some liberty granted to them.  
First then I shall propound, that (if there be not a coalition of those that are called the Presbyterians, and the Assertors of the former Hierarchy among us, into the same form of Church-Government, and thereby the Presbyterians so called be put in a capacity to divide the highest preferments of the Church with others,) however no Ministers may be devested of their present Livings, or be made uncapable of being presented to other, merely because they have been ordained by Presbyters without Bishops.  
Secondly, that any public Preachers of the Independent persuasion, may not merely because of that discriminating opinion of theirs, be rendered uncapable of being Lecturers in any Parish where the major part of the Parish, and the Minister shall desire them so to be. More liberty is not desired in their behalf, because, according to their principles, it is not lawful for them to take Tithes, and to do the usual Offices of a Minister in a Parish.  
The Reasons why I judge it convenient that the Pastors and Teachers of Independent Churches should thus (if nothing be alleged against them but their particular opinion) be permitted to preach publicly, are, because as to the Doctrinal part of Religion, they concur with the 39 Articles of the Church of England, and they are generally men of strict lives, and are such as have been bred up in the Universities; and if they have not the liberty allowed them to preach publicly, it will necessarily occasion their preaching to their Churches in private meetings, which may be of worse consequence to the Magistrate than their public preaching can be. And again, their opinions about Church-Government, though possibly not true, are not unworthy of good and Learned men; for by such they have been owned, as namely by Ames, Ainsworth, and Cotton of New-England.  
Thirdly, that those of these persuasions that are not Ministers, I mean Gentlemen and Tradesmen, Presbyterian or Independent, may not for their opinions sake as to Church-Government be debarred of any civil employment in the Nation they are otherwise capable of.  
Fourthly, that Anabaptists may not be punished merely for their opinion of Administering Baptism as they do, and their meeting to pray and preach, and take the Sacrament of the Lords Supper together. For though those of that persuasion were in Germany as so many fireships among the States of the Empire, it doth not follow that others here must necessarily prove incendiaries in the same manner: 〈◊〉 the acts of reasonable creatures may much more vary in several places, than Lightning and Thunder happen to be more hurtful in some Country's then other, and some plants more or less poisonous in several places.  
Fifthly, that the Quakers may for a while be tolerated, till we have seen what effects their light within them will produce. A present and a speedy punishing so numerous a party would not be prudent, because the persecution of one party would alarm all the others, and make them fear that their turns would be next. This is a party that none have reason to fear as long-lived according to the course of nature; for it doth not cherish the hopes of its followers by any sensual pleasures in this World, nor can its principles assure men of any reward in the World to come; because the Quakers having degenerated from the light of the Scripture to that within them, they can have no grounded assurance of any good terms in another World.  
Those of them that are idle, and go from Town to Town, neglecting their callings, may without any injury or provocation to the rest of the parties he compelled to work. And I am confident that these poor Enthusiastic people, by hard labour and diligence in their callings, might be at once cured of their melancholy and errors, and be thus induced no longer to call a bad spleen a good Conscience. Undoubtedly any Enthusiast that had been tired in some Mechanical Trade by very hard labour in the day, would find little gusto in reading jacob Behmon's works at night.  
Sixthly, that those who profess the belief of a fifth Monarchy, that is, of Christ's Reigning personally on the Earth a thousand years, and draw no consequences from thence about their duty in promoting that fifth Kingdom, by being active in dethroning any Magistrates, or divesting Bishops and Ministers of their places, because they are said to be of the fourth, may not for that opinion be liable to any punishment. For as ill uses as this opinion hath been put to in our days, it was believed by almost all the Fathers of the Church before the first Nicene Council.  
And therefore I do so state this sixth proposal, that only those now that believe a Millennium, and draw no more consequences of Rebellion and Sedition from it then its Primitive assertors did, may have the benefit of liberty.  
As for those who by this innocent opinion would occasionally disturb civil Societies, it is fit they should be dealt with as enemies of mankind, and as such who would found the fifth Monarchy in a colluvies of more vile people than Romulus did the fourth, and would multiply Confusions and Disorders in the World, by destroying propriety, and producing innumerable swarms of Hypocrites; in so much that if the Devil were to reign personally on the Earth, he would not fill the World with more prodigious impieties. For 'tis likely that he would not take away more men's lives than they, but rather be willing that several generations of men should still succeed one another; and that he would account the most provoking indignities that could be offered God in the World, were only to be shown by those men who would advance their temporal designs by Religion; it being a greater affront to a King to be put to servile and ignominious uses in his Kingdom, then to be banished from it.  
Till any factious assertors of the fifth Monarchy can show God's warrant for their having Donations from him of our Estates, as the Israelites could for their seizing on those of the Egyptians, we have reason to look on them as the Nations exterminated by joshuah out of their Countries did on him, who, as Procopius saith in the second book of his Vandalics, caused Pillars to be erected with words on them in the Phanician Language, which he thus renders, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i.e. We fly from the face of joshuah the thief, the Son of Nun. But without doubt these men's design is not to claim our goods by such a right as God's people, the Israelites, (who yet were weary of the Theocracy they lived under) did the Egyptians first of all, but as the Mammelucs did since, whose Government is the true example of theirs who would rule us by a Nation within a Nation.  
And indeed those men may be ashamed to ask Liberty of Conscience, who in their principles proclaim they will never give it; from whom all the favour such as are not of their opinions can hope is to be kept so well in heart, as to be able to hew their wood and draw their water for them. Moreover, their abusing those words of the Saints inheriting the Earth, or, which is all one, founding dominion in grace, would leave us still in a state of war. For every man pretending to have grace, nothing can decide the controversy but the Sword where there is no infallible judge. Among the Papists there is a pretended one, and so the opinion of giving the balance of Land to the party preponderating in grace, where there is a steady hand to hold the scales, is not among them so mischievous as here it would be.  
Seventhly, that neither the old Discipline, nor the Ceremonies of the Church of England, nor an acknowledgement of the lawfulness or expediency thereof be obtruded on any of the forementioned parties; nor that any censures from Ecclesiastical Courts, by Fines or Excommunication may be extended against them for Nonconformity. For though Excommunication from a Church which a man doth not own as true, or having Authority over him; doth terrify him no more than predictions of Thunder from Almanacs, yet it makes that tremendous punishment of the the Gospel, that judgement precursory of the last, cease to be formidable. But truly according to the Custom of our Church, and much more according to the Church of Scoland, an Excommunicate person is some way obnoxious to outward punishments. And as our barbarous custom is for the Lord of a manor to seize upon all the goods of any shipwrecked persons that were thrown up by the Sea on his ground, so in Scotland often the goods of those men who fall as wrecks on the shore of the Church, accrue to it. And thus accidentally trouble is created to the Magistrate about tempering the rigour of the Church by his power: As one not many years since Excommunicated in Scotland, procured his Excommunication to be taken off by a Counsel of War; and so it was reversed errante gladio, as laid on possibly errante clavae.  
Having thus presented the proposals to be considered, and therein occasionally given some Reasons for Liberty of Conscience, as it concerns some of the respective parties among us; it remains now that more general Reasons be produced, and such as are comprehensive of the concernments of all or most of the parties differing in lesser matters of Religion: To prove how much a due liberty granted to them will conduce to the peace and safety of the Nation, and what public inconveniences will follow from the contrary.  
The first Reason shall be taken from the necessary connexion between Civil liberty, and that which is Spiritual; and therefore they that would divest any of their spiritual liberties, do alarm them with just causes of fear about their losing civil liberties by the same hands.  
For, first, it must necessarily be presumed that such persons intent to be judges how far men's civil and spiritual liberties reach, and what are the frontiers of both. Nothing we see is more common among the Romish Priests, then to pick the pockets of the people, in ordine ad spiritualla. And 'tis most certain that he who doth impose any thing upon the people under the species of Religion, would not leave them a power to judge whether it be in order to it or no. For if they are the Judges of it, they will say that any thing in Religion which displeaseth them opposeth their civil liberty, and so nothing at all will therein be enjoined.  
Secondly, those that take away from others their spiritual liberties, show that they can take away part of their civil at least, or else the whole of them, accordingly as they valued their spiritual liberty. If it be said that men's civil liberties are thought more important than their spiritual, yet it may be replied, that in the thoughts of very many men their spiritual liberties are as considerable as part of their civil: So that the total destroyers of spiritual liberty show that part of the civil is at their mercy. And if they are able to take away one part of men's civil liberties, they are by that means in a better capacity to take away another; just as he that is able to take away one limb from a man's body, is the more able to take away another, because by the loss of that a man hath the less strength to defend himself against a further assault.  
But although in some parts of the World men have not the same high esteem for spiritual liberty as for civil, just as the par or proportion of Silver to Gold in several Countries doth differ, it may be affirmed that in this Nation generally they have. 'Tis true that broken-fortuned men do not value civil liberty, nor men of debauched Consciences spiritual; but neither of these qualifications hath produced a general undervaluing of either sort of liberty among us. As to what may be objected concerning some Popish Countries, as Venice, etc. where they have not a proportion of esteem for spiritual liberty equal to their civil; I answer, that their Religion obligeth them to perform a servile obedience to the Bishop of Rome in things sacred, and they looking on him as infallible, have no reason to prise a liberty of not obeying him: Yet even in those places obedience to the Roman Catholic Religion is not maintained by the severe Discipline of an Inquisition. The policy of the French Nation is in this respect exactly good, the liberty of the Gallican Church being so cautiously asserted in order to the liberty of the Gallican Kingdom, where their Courts of Parliament in case of Appeals do declare void and null the Pope's Bulls and Excommunications; and forbid the execution of them when they are found contrary to the liberty of the French Church, and the King's Prerogative. Nor without cause were the several European Princes jealous of the Pope's designs to invade their civil liberties, when, as Mr. Selden observes in his Dissertatio ad Fletam, Innocent the second being very earnest with them to admit the Canon Law into their Territories, they received the Civil Law, to keep out the Canon.  
In which Law the Bishops of Rome have several Titles, De emptione & venditione, De locato & conducto, and several other Titles that concern Temporal affairs between man and man.  
Thirdly, they engage themselves to be in readiness by Temporal power to maintain their conquests over men's spiritual liberties: For he that takes away a feather out of a man's hat, is obliged in interest to take away his sword from his side. If it be said that a man may think himself bound in Conscience to oppress people in spiritual things, but not in civil; I answer, most certainly than his Conscience will lead him to put them out of a condition to assert their spiritual liberties so oppressed. It is with restraining the freedom of Conscience as the denying a mare liberum to neighbouring nations, which any Prince that doth must not trust to prescription of long time, or imaginary lines in the heavens whereby the compass of his dominion of the Sea may be determined, but to powerful Fleets.  
Fourthly, they give men just cause to think that they will be willing to invade their civil liberties, whenever their Consciences or their interests shall prompt them to it.  
From what hath been said in this first Reason about the connexion of civil and spiritual liberty, and men's concernednesse in the valuation of both, I shall occasionally affirm, that the next best way to Liberty of Conscience for the preservation of the public peace of a Country, where spiritual liberty is regarded in any high measure by the people, is an Inquisition. But he hath much to learn in Politics, who thinks that an Inquisition is practicable among us as 'tis in Spain, where one Religion hath had quiet possession in the Country so many years.  
The second Reason to prove that the Peace and Safety of the Nation will be very considerably advanced by the allowance of freedom to men's Consciences, shall be this;  
As long as there is such a due Liberty of Conscience granted, 'tis hardly possible for any civil Wars to happen on the account of Religion, which for want of this freedom may. If there are but two parties in a Nation that differ from one another in Religion, 'tis not unlikely but that a civil War may arise on the account of Religion, though the one doth tolerate the other; because either of them that thinks its share in the chief Magistrates savour least, may for that reason attempt a forcible suppression of the other: But any such War can hardly be where the parties differing in Religion are many; For they are not likely to know the exact strength of one another, and their several animosities will keep them from joining together against any one that doth not invade their liberty in general. Nothing but extreme necessity can bring them to meet amicably and consult together. For the nearer they seem to one another in opinion, the sharper their mutual hatreds are; just as people of several Countries that live in the frontiers of each, do hate one another with a greater vehemence than those more remotely situated do.  
Besides, 'tis probable that if any one of the parties tolerated should go about to make itself uppermost, (which design only could make it fly out into a civil War) the rest would immediately Join to suppress it. For they are not sure they shall have that from the conquering party, after all the horrors of War, which they already possess, to wit, a fair liberty. Which if it be competently allowed to the several parties, seditious persons at home, and the Ministers of State to our enemies abroad, will be deprived of their old benefit from our Divisions in Religion, which they accidentally made use of as a handle to draw us into civil War; just as by the Spanish Counsels formerly the Kings of France have been excited to persecute the Huguenots sometimes, and the Huguenots been fed with money and advice to resist their persecutors; and as in like manner Richelieu is thought to have encouraged the last Archbishop of Canterbury to increase his severity toward the Puritans, and to have animated the Scotch and English Puritan to do as they did.  
I grant that in respect of foreign invasion it is somewhat dangerous for a Prince to tolerate any Religion in His Country that his neighbours are of, and those potent, and likely to invade him. For then such an invader would expect assistance from those of his opinion in Religion, who would promise to themselves the advantage of having their opinions the Paramount State-Religion upon the invaders success.  
And for this reason we are obliged to be wary in the toleration we allow Papists. We have no reason to be afraid of the toleration of Calvinists, because the united Provinces in the Low Countries are of that persuasion, for they are not a Commonwealth of increase by Arms but Trade. Nor would they take our Country if we should offer it them, for they would not know what to do with it, as their affairs at present are, and likely to be.  
In this second reason I consider, that as there is hardly a possibility of a civil War arising on the account of Religion, if there be a fair Liberty of Conscience established; so there is danger in this particular from the several parties if there be no such liberty. I grant that 'tis the principle and practice of some of these parties, and especially those called Presbyterian (by far the most considerable of them) to suffer for Religion, rather than to resist merely for it; and therefore we have no reason to charge them with taking up of Arms purely for Religion. But yet I think, had it not been for Religion's sake, and for the greater freedom of their Consciences, they would not formerly have pretended that necessity or lawfulness to take up Arms on a civil account as they did. For though their right in civil things was, as they pretended, the Constituent cause of the War, yet Religion was the impulsive, or that which inclined them to make use of the other; of which though they thought lawfully they could, yet but for this impulsive cause they would not have made use. And truly any man that considers the addictedness of the English Nation to Religion in general, will not wonder at men's being stimulated thereby to do what in civil things they think they lawfully may. Of this propension of the English not only to Religion, but vehemence in it, 
Barclay in the 4th. book of his Euphormio.  Barclay doth well take notice, who saith of them, Nec quicquam in numinis cultu modicum possunt; and afterward speaking how ridiculously narrow in their principles our several Sects were, saith, they thought unos se coelestium rerum participes, exortes caeteros omnes esse. i e. Nor can they in the worship of God do any thing without excess, they think themselves the only sharers of Heavenly things, and all other persons to be no way concerned in partaking of them. Nor is the strong and passionate inclination of this Kingdom to Religion, a humour bred lately among us since the introduction of Protestancy; for the greatest part of the Decretal Epistles in the books of the Canon-Law were sent to the English as rescripts occasioned by their addresses to the Pope, for his determination in several matters of Religion. Besides, it may be attributed much to the efficacy of Religion in general among us, that no Epidemical vice is charged upon our Nation, as upon others.  
But that which is most important in the confirmation of the tendency that the liberty propounded hath to promote the safety and peace of the Nation, is the consideration of the prevalent interest these several parties have therein, and consequently ability to do harm or good; which I shall make use of as a THIRD REASON of the abovementioned assertion.  
Now here I shall begin with the sort of Divines called Presbyterian, (though more truly meriting to be styled those that are for moderate Episcopacy) and shall consider their interest and strength.  
And first, the whole Kingdom of Scotland is united in a solemn League with them: Nor is the federal union likely to be dissolved between that Nation and them, because they have submitted to the form of Primitive Episcopacy described by the Bishop of Armagh, their Covenant binding them only against that high Prelacy formerly in use among us.  
Secondly, the way of their preaching being very practical, and accompanied with zeal and vehemence, doth leave generally deep impressions on the minds of men, and consequently creates among the people a reverential esteem for their persons. And indeed so many Preachers as there are of the moderate Episcopal or Presbyterian way, there are so many Orators, whereby they influence the people more than if they were so many Postillers. Every one of them almost doth, as Tully saith, aculeos relinquere in animis audientium. Their way of Preaching is not whining, like that of the Sectaries; and though far from being in most of them conformable to the Rules of Rhetoric, yet I count it suitable to Oratory, because it doth persuade. 'Tis beyond dispute, that this way of Puritanical preaching hath insinuated itself much into the affections of many, by that civility and emendation of manners it hath proselyted them into, and so hath obtained respect both from them and their relations. Nor can it but be supposed that the common sort of men, I mean such as live by Trade, whose being either rich or beggars depends much on the honesty of their servants, should like that sort of Preachers best, who are most passionate and loud against Vice, and the appearances of it. And the impressions of this practical way of Preaching are the more permanent in their hearers, because these Preachers do propagate the belief of the morality of the Sabbath, and do oblige their hearers to discourse on that day chiefly of Religious things, and to pass their time in Prayer, and Repetition of the Sermons then preached.  
Thirdly, they are highly esteemed by a great part of the people for the strictness and austority of their lives. And by nothing more than unstained lives can Ministers attract reverence for their persons and Doctrines.  
How much men's affections cool toward a Religion many of the Teachers whereof are debauched, appears by that common observation of Travellers, that the people who live at a great distance from Rome are more superstitious than those who live in Rome, where they see so much profaneness among the Grandees of the Church.  
Fourthly, being for the most part of them not much immersed in the Studies of School-Divinity, and indeed more Polite Literature, as Philology, etc. they are enabled to preach oftener, and have more Sermons of Practical Divinity to Print, than the Reverend Divines of the old Hierarchy; and by this means to add to their repute and credit with the people.  
Fifthly, they converse more generally with one another, and with the common people, than the Reverend Divines that are for the former Prelacy do. And indeed men that are resolved Students, and habitually Bookish, have regrets against conversation, especially that of those men they can gain no knowledge by. Nor indeed is the company of illiterate Laymen ordinarily acceptable to any Scholars, but such as pursue knowledge in mechanics. Now so great and general is the conversation of the Divines called Presbyterian with one another, that not one of them can come to live in any Country, but in a few weeks is known to all the Ministers of that party there, whom he meets at Lectures, or public Fasts. On the other side, it is usual for the Divines of the former Prelatical persuasion, to admit only those to a freedom of converse with them that are in Ecclesiastical or Civil Dignity equal to them. Moreover, the Divines called Presbyterian do more than the others converse with their hearers, and by this means have the interest of Confessors among Lay-people, from whom they hear related the most secret passages of their Lives and Consciences, and of the spiritual Maladies and Desertions they languish under.  
And here it may be observed how the nonconforming Divines were heretofore necessarily more than the other obliged to be much in the company of their Lay-hearers; for by being so, most of them got those Church-preferments they had: Their opinions causing them to be put by from Fellowships of Colleges in the Universities, they betook themselves for shelter to the Lay-Puritans in several parts of the Nation, and so compassed the being Lecturers in Corporations and Market-towns. And hereby they became of more active tempers, saw more of the World, were more hardened, either for the resisting what troubles they could, and bearing what they could not resist, than others that in quest of knowledge and the highest dignities of the Church, had been long in Universities accustomed to private and sedentary lives.  
Sixthly, by their disesteem of Ceremonies and external pomp in the Worship of God, they are the more endeared to Corporations, and the greater part of persons engaged in Trade and Traffic, who hate Ceremonies in general, that is, forms and set behaviours that are not necessary, as being not at leisure for them, and as they are expenceful, and as contrary to their Genius and Education. And indeed men that live amidst the continual dispatches of business in a way of Trade, do naturally grow into a hatred of what doth unnecessarily take up time. We see therefore in Holland, that Funerals (the last solemn Offices the dead can have paid them, and of which the observation in less Trading Countries doth with its Ceremonies devour so much time) are there to be celebrated before two i'th' afternoon; and for every hour that a Hearse is kept in a house after that time, somewhat what is paid to the State. Nor can it otherwise be, but that the same persons who nauseate Ceremonies in Civil things, will loathe them likewise in Religious: Just as a man that hath an antipathy against Muskadine in his Parlour, cannot love it at the Sacrament.  
The Fathers, upon whose writings those that would now recommend Ceremonies to the Church do build their assertions of them, were such as did live in the Southern parts of the World, where Ceremonies are more loved in Civil and Religious things, then by us Northern people they are. And besides, the people there being of sharper wits then among us they are, the Artifices of Ceremonies are requisite to raise mists before their understanding faculties, and to detain them from as much knowledge as they can by admiration, lest they should become the less obedient by being the more knowing. The eminency of the Southern wits above the Northern appears to us from the constant and just complaints of Northern Nations, that the Southrens have still overreached them in Treaties, after they had defeated their Armies in the field. And what I here observe concerning these Nations, is attested by Bodin in his fifth Book De Republicâ: Where he shows what his observation of the Genius and subtle understandings of Southern people was, and how it was fit they should be awed into the doing of things by a solemn and pompous managery of Religion.  
'Tis further observable concerning Northern Nations, that they are more addicted to Trade then Southern; which they are necessitated to be, because the things that of their own accord, that is, without industry, grow out of the Earth, are fewer among them then Southern; and because they are more populous: and while they are more than the other Nations addicted to Trade, they must needs be less addicted to Ceremonies. The Hollanders may serve as an instance to evince the truth of this, who having scarce any native commodities, & being a populous Country, for their quantity of ground, and being forced to advance Trade, can hardly abstain from Markets on the Lord's Day, and do account it a piece of Devotion to cover their Wares in Sermon time. Much less could they, or indeed any Trading Country, admit so many holidays as our Church of England did abound with. The Lutheran Religion being professed chiefly in Countries that subsist by Trade, though it owns an Episcopal form of Church-Government, hath annexed to it but few Ceremonies; and I think except bowing at the name of jesus, and standing up at the Creed, none considerable. Nor are there in any Church of Calvin's persuasion Responsalls to be used by the people in their Liturgies, as in ours: Nor in the Lutheran Churches, do any but the Catechized boys mind them much. And in Holland the Lutheran Church doth admit men to the Sacrament without private Confession and Absolution, which in less Trading places it strictly requires. While I am now enquiring into the disposition of Trading Countries, I shall by the way observe, that the interest which the Protestant Religion hath in them, is its greatest visible security and defence. For though Princes of the Popish Religion do command a greater quantity of ground then Protestant Princes, yet they have not an interest in Maritime Towns and Trading places equal to them. And and as the present State of Christendom is, he that commands the Sea commands the shore, and the Dominion of the Sea through God's mercy is in Protestant hands. But to return from whence I digressed. If we reflect on those that did most love Ceremonies heretofore in our Nation, we shall find them to have been persons of the greatest Rank and Quality among us, who did affect Ceremonies in Civil things; or of the poorest sort, who did get their daily bread by the Charity of the other. The middling sort of men, and especially the substantial Tradesmen of Corporations, did generally disgust them. So natural is it for men to paint God in colours suitable to their own fancies, that I do not wonder at Trading persons who hate Ceremonies, that they thus think God in respect of this hatred altogether such as themselves. And therefore Almighty God designing his Worship from the Jewish Church to be full of Ceremonies, and such as were Typical of his Son, did divert that Nation from the utmost promoting of Trade. To this end they were not planted, except a few of them by the Seaside, but in Inland places, and thereby were the better enabled to advance shepherdry, and the multiplying of various kinds of cattle in order to their Sacrifices. They were forbid to take use money of one another, not that there was any real evil or Injustice in Usury, but that it would have drawn them on to the advancement of Trade, and consequently have interrupted the course of their solemn Rites and Ceremonies: Religion would then have suffered by Trade, whereas the contrary thing hath since happened from it. For beside those Vices that are concomitant of Idleness, which Trade repels, the increase of Navigation must necessarily propagate the knowledge of Christian Religion, as well as humane Arts and Sciences. Thus, Multi pertransibunt, & augebitur Scientia.  
If in opposition to what hath been said about Trading persons, being generally disaffected to Ceremonies in Religion; any shall urge, that in the Popish Republics Trade and Ceremonies are both used: It may be answer d, that the many Ceremonies there are rather endured then loved, and that if men's understandings were not there misguided by a belief of their being necessary to salvation, the practice of them would quickly be abated; just as we see the motion of a lock to be altered when the hand is removed that held back the spring. Let but the Protestant Religion get ground there, and so consequently the Tributes of their time be no more demanded for their present Ceremonies, and we shall soon find how unwilling they will be to pay them.  
I shall now briefly speak of the other parties, as the Independents, etc. and take notice of their considerableness, and hopes of bidding fair for an interest in the hearts of any of the people.  
And here I shall observe, that if these Sects had got no ground in the Nation, that yet they want not their likelihoods of doing it; and that first by reason of the ready inclination of many among us to mutability, in nothing more than their opinions about controverted things in Religion. For opinions held by the English are held by Islanders; And therefore Bodin in his Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, and fifth chapter of it, doth very judiciously show how people are to be moderated by different Laws, according to their Climates and Situations, which he confirms by mentioning the several Vices and Virtues of Countries remotely distant from one another; saying, how that Ventosa loca ferociores homines & mobiliores reddunt, quieta verò humaniores & constantiores. i e. Countries disturbed with frequent winds make men more fierce and mutable; but Countries that are free from such, do make men more civil and constant.  
And secondly, because the Protestant Religion doth indemnify us in the Court of Conscience, for believing in matters of Religion according to the Dictates of our private Judgements, or rather oblige us to it. Doubtless, if it be not lawful for every man to be guided by his private judgement in things of Religion, 'twill be hardly possible to acquit our separation from the Romish Church from the guilt of schism. The Genius of the Protestant Religion doth make it as natural to us to weigh and consider any notions, though recommended to us by our Ministers, as 'tis to tell money after our spiritual Fathers, which we shall be as ready to do as after our natural. Nor can the decisions of Synods and General Councils terminate our inquiries in Religion, or keep single Divines from recommending notions the fide. And therefore as any Judge is concerned to be wary how he gives sentence in a cause, or enforceth the Execution of it, when there lie appeals from his to several other Judicatories; so doth it likewise import Synods or Conventions of Divines to be cautious in their deciding matters of Faith, since every such cause is to be carried from their Bar to the examination of more than ten thousand Chancellors, as many being Judges of the cause as there are rational men. It hath been long since observed by many, that Christian Religion hath moderated the extremity of servitude as to civil things in the places where it hath been received. And certainly it is much more consonant to that Religion, and especially that form of it which hath asserted its spiritual freedom from the impositions of others, to allow spiritual liberty to others. Nor doth it seem worthy of Christ, who hath left us a Religion full of Mysteries, and not any visible Judge of them, to have designed about those any visible Executioners. If any man thinks otherwise let him say so. I might further show how these Sects caresse the vulgar, in giving the power of the keys to the people in their gathered Churches; and how likely 'tis that many busy men, and of good natural parts, who have not Learning enough to procure any good Church-preferment from the old or modern Episcopal men, and it may be any such Learned men as have been repulsed by them as to preferment, will be gathering Churches.  
But this present inquiry concerning the interest the several Sects among us have in the hearts of many, needs no further prosecution. We find too many places swarming with them: And such is the peculiar temper and complexion of most people of these persuasions, and the melancholy of them more fixed and sharp then that of any other party, that this concurring with Religion (of which I doubt not but very many of them have a true sense) will incline them to persist in their present practices. Of the height and setledness of these men's discontents we had experience, in their voluntary removal out of the Nation, carrying their Estates with them, some to Holland, and others to New England; when the other more sagacious party of non-Conformists, since called Presbyterians, chose to weather out the storm at home, and to get for themselves as good terms as they could.  
THE FOURTH REASON that I shall urge to prove how much the peace and security of the Nation will be advanced by the liberty propounded, may be taken from the inclinations of Orders and Degrees of other men among us, and such as are not much engaged in these parties; who account it their interest to be free from any religious impositions of the Clergy, and to have the power of Bishops so moderated, as that they may not be able to make any suffer for not being of their opinions in lesser matters of Religion. And here I shall observe, first, how the Judges of the Land and the Lawyers generally have been ready to curb the excess of power in any Bishops. The Bishops judging of Ecclesiastical causes according to the Canon Law, (a Law of which Albericus Gentilis, that renowned Civilian, saith in the 19th. chap. of his second Book De Nuptiis, Sed hoc jus brutumque & barbarum sane est, natum in tenebris seculorum spississimis, productum a monacho tenebrione, etc.) was an occasion of our Lawyer's contrasts with them. And what may well create suspicions, that the Bishops keeping of Courts as they did was not according to Law, may be had from those words of the Archbishop of Canterbury, in his Epistle Dedicatory to the King before his Speech in the Star-chamber.  
I do humbly in the Church's name desire of Your Majesty, that it may be resolved by all the Reverend judges of England, and then Publish d by Your Majesty, that our keeping Courts and Issuing Process in our own Names, and the like Exceptions formerly taken, and now renewed, are not against the Law of the Realm, etc.  
And how ready the Lawyers have been to check the severity of Ecclesiastical Courts, their innumerable prohibitions show. In the days of Popery the Prelates could awe the Judges with Excommunication, for such crimes as the Church called so. But how little of terror the application of that censure hath had since, appears from the frequent denouncing of it against the same man. And therefore that Learned Lawyer Judge jenkin's, in the second part of his Works, saith, that for opposing the excesses of one of the Bishops, he lay under three Excommunications.  
Secondly, the substantial body of the Gentry heretofore was, and is still likely to be for the moderating the exercise of Episcopal power, and for the opposing its extravagance.  
The oath ex officio, and commuting for penance, and other such kind of things, cannot but be thought troublesome to them. But that which I shall here chiefly take notice of, is, how a considerable part of the Gentry of England is grown more inquisitive in matters of Religion within these late years then formerly.  
Where this enquiring temper is not, no opinion so horrid but may be universally believed. Thus the Turks may be induced to think that there is a Devil in the juice of Grapes, and the Papists that there may be a God therein. But when men are neither by Religion or temper restrained from searching into the causes of things, they will not in civility to other men's understandings believe propositions to be true or false. And that which makes me (beside my own observation) to conclude that many of the Gentry of late are grown more inquisitive in Religious things then formerly, and are likely so to continue, is, because they are more than heretofore inquisitive in civil things.  
As when the polished knowledge of philology had obtained a conquest over the insignificant Learning of the Schoolmen, no man was thought worthy the name of a Scholar but he who understood the Greek Tongue; so since the late introduction of real Learning into the World by Galilaus, Tycho Brahe, my Lord Bacon, Gassendus, & Des Cartes, neither the knowledge of elegant words, or nice Speculations, will yield any man the Reputation of being Learned that is altogether rude in Mathematics; which as they were formerly counted the Black Art, and their Professors, such as Roger Bacon, Conjurers, so may possibly School-Divinity and School-Divines hereafter be.  
Having thus asserted the present searching disposition of a great part of our ingenious Gentry, it may well be hence inferred that liberty of conscience may be of high use to them, and that if any Ecclesiastical persons determine any thing contrary to their reasons, they will not believe them, or, if against their safety, not obey them. I think therefore by the way, it was very politicly done of the Consistory of Cardinals to imprison Galilaeus for affirming the motion of the Earth, since that notion of his might fill the world with several new debates and inquiries, and so Ignorance the mother of Devotion be destroyed.  
To prevent which, effectual care is taken by the Jesuits, as appears by the instructions given them in the Directory of their order, called Directorium exercit. spirit. Ignatii Loyolae, part 2. p. 172. Where there are, Regulae aliquae tenendae ut cum Orthodoxâ Ecclesiâ sentiamus. And the first Rule is, Vt sublato proprio omni judicio, teneamus semper promptum paratumque animum ad obediendum Catholicae & Hierarchicae Ecclesiae. It follows p. 176. Reg. 13. Ut Ecclesiae conformes simus, si quid quod oculis nostris appareat album nigrum illa definiverit, debemus itidem quod nigrum sit pronuntiare. This is in the Edition of that Book at Tholou, Anno 1593. and confirmed by the Bull of Pope Paul the third.  
In short, he that hath had but any conversation with that ingenious part of the Gentry who have concerned themselves in the consideration of Church-Government, cannot but take notice of these two assertions being in vogue among them; which whether true or no 'tis not here pertinent to determine.  
The first, that 'tis possible for Monarchy to subsist here without that high power our Bishops formerly had, and so that Maxim, No Bishop no King, hath been disbelieved. This Maxim seems to them true concerning Turkey, No Mufti no Grand Signior, because the Mufti can with the Screen of Religion as he pleases hide the ugliness of those actions the Grandeur of the Turkish Empire is supported by. But our Kings govern according to Law, and so the Engine of Superstition is not here of use for the amusing people into slavery. I confess, any party of men that will not own the King's Supremacy in Ecclesiastical causes as well as Civil, is not fit to be allowed as the State-Religion.  
But that Supremacy of the Kings in Ecclesiastical matters and in Civil, is acknowledged by the Divines that are for the Lord Primates form of Episcopacy, as much as by any other.  
A second assertion very much received among them is, that no particular form of Church-Government is of Divine right. Of this opinion my Lord Bacon shows himself to be expressly in his Considerations touching the Edification and Pacification of the Church of England: and so my Lord Falkland, in one of his printed Speeches, where speaking of Bishops, he saith, I do not believe them to be jure divino, nay I believe them to be not jure divino, but neither do I believe them to be injuria humana. So that it is no wonder that among our ordinary enquirers after knowledge this notion is believed, which was so by those two incomparably Learned persons. And it may seem much more to gratify the power of Princes, than the Maxim, No Bishop no King can do. The Author of the History of the Council of Trent, makes mention how Laymez, General of the Jesuits, spent a whole Congregation in proving that Bishops are jure pontificio, and not jure divino; and said, that the power of jurisdiction was given wholly to the Bishop of Rome, and that none in the Church hath any spark of it but from him. 'Tis there said how the Legates were of opinion that the question of the Divine Right of Bishops was set on foot to gratify the Authority of Bishops, and that the importance of that might be to infer that the Keys were not given to Peter only, that the Council was above the Pope, and the Bishop's equal to him; they saw that the Dignity of Cardinals Superior to Bishops was quite taken away, and the Court brought to nothing; that the Preventions and Reservations were removed, and the Collation of Benefices drawn to the Bishops.  
Thus we see how apt men are to make use of Divine Right, as fire, and to count it a good servant, but a bad Master. Nor are some without their fears, that if Bishops were here publicly owned as by Divine Right, that the King would quickly lose his Power of nominating them, and subjects the benefit of Appeals from their Courts to the King in Chancery. I acknowledge that a moderate Episcopacy is generally reputed of Church-Governments the best: But the believers of the Divine Right of it are of late years grown very few. For the skirmishes in the Press and Pulpit concerning it, between the Divines of several parties, have occasioned two popular reasons to be brought against it; which how valid they are, is not my task to determine.  
The first is this, That is not likely to be of Divine positive Right (which is the Right here meant) about which Christians equally considerable for strength of parts, both natural and acquired, and for time spent in that part of controversial Divinity that concerns Church-Discipline, and withal for holiness in their lives, do at last disagree.  
The second Reason drawn from the eager Disputes of Churchmen about their several Divine Rights is this; Nothing really oppressive of Civil Societies, or destructive of their welfare, is of Divine Right: but so these forms of Church-Government have been by the opposite Divines of each Persuasion accused to be, and likewise by other persons.  
It hath been further observed by many, that though several things were once confirmed in the Church by an Apostolical Precept or Practice, they are like Laws abolished by desuetude, and do not now oblige the Christian world, according to the Vogue of all our Churchmen: as namely the Diaconissaes, the Anointing the sick with Oil, the People's saying Amen after the Ministers Prayers, and Preaching with the head uncovered, etc.  
To conclude the Examination then of this particular; a considerable number of the Laity, whose Fortunes and Parts do keep them from standing up and drawing their swords to maintain other men's Creeds in every circumstance of them, having by the contests of the Clergy found out (as they think) the Vanity of all their pretendings to Divine Right, will not encourage immoderate and high behaviours in any one party of them; but upon this their imagined detection adhere to that form of Church-Government that shall seem to them most consistent with the Nations good; just as the Roman Emperors were sometimes chosen in the Camp, Euulgato (as Tacitus saith) Imperiarcano, Principem alibi quam Romae fieri posse.  
Thirdly, it is natural to Parliaments to check any Power that invades a due Liberty of Conscience, themselves wanting it as well as those whom they represent.  
Nor can any body of men be well without it, as we see in the late Assembly of Divines, that party which joined against the Independents did want Liberty of Conscience about no mean points in Religion; some of those Presbyterian Divines (as they were called) being of calvin's, and others of Bishop Davenants opinions, concerning Election and Reprobation.  
And moreover, the Parliament that called that Synod was in matters of Religion much more divided.  
But I shall choose to look further back on the nature of our Parliaments in reference to Religion. It cannot be expected that while Popery was prevalent in England, much Liberty of Conscience should be granted; the Pope being then reputed the Vicar of Christ in Spiritual things, was necessarily to be obeyed therein.  
And yet notwithstanding the Authority he had here, no man suffered death for opposing his Dictates in Religion, till the second of Henry the fourth. Nor are there wanting Lawyers, and those both Learned in their Profession, and in this case uninteressed, who deny that this Statute was ever more than a pretended one, and say that it was never assented to by the Commons; and that whereas in the Act itself it is said, Praelati & clerus supradicti, ac etiam communitates dicti regni supplicarunt, that those words, Communitates dicti regni, are not in the Parliament-Roll, in which when the Law comes to be Enacted it runs in this form of words, Qui quidem Dominus Rex ex assensu magnatum, & aliorum procerum ejusdem Regni, concessit & statuit, etc. where the Commons are not at all named. See Mr. Bagshaw of the Temple his Reading on the Statute of 25. Edward the III. called, Statutum pro clero, p. 32.  
But that de facto this Statute went currant for Law, the cruel effects of it did too clearly show. Yet as high as the Popish Clergy than was, with whom that usurping King complied, the Commons petitioned the King to take away their Temporal Possessions, and that the Statute made against Lollards in the second year of the King might be repealed. And by the complaint of the Commons, as appears by the Statute of 25. Henry the VIII, it was then in part repealed.  
Afterward in a Parliament held Vicesimo octavo of the Queen the Commons quarrelled with the Excessive Power of the Clergy, desiring to have it restrained both in the conferring of Orders, and in their Censures and Oath Ex officio.  
'Tis true, the Foundation of the high Commission is built upon the Statute of the first of Queen Elizabeth; but the design of that was chiefly to destroy the interest of the Popish Clergy than not exterminated. In the Reigns of following Princes, a party known by the Name of Puritan had obtained a large Vogue in Parliament, insomuch that that party, and another called the Patriots (a sort of men who were Zealots for the welfare of the Nation, though not for any Religion) being frequently in conjunction, were the overbalancing party in the House of Commons. And in the last Parliament on the fifteenth of December, 1640. It was resolved, nemine contradicen●e, That the Clergy of England Convented in any Convocation or Synod, or otherwise, have no power to make any Constitutions, Canons or Acts whatsoever, in matter of Doctrine, or otherwise, to bind the Clergy or Laity of this Land, without the Commons consent in Parliament; and that the several Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiastical, treated upon by the Arch-Bishops of Canterbury and York, and the rest of the Bishops and Clergy of those Provinces, and agreed upon by the King's Majesty's Licence, in their several Synods began at London and York, 1640. do not bind the Clergy or Laiety of this Land, or either of them. Which Vote of that House may seem to be grounded on this consideration, that a Legislative power is inseparable from the King and Parliament; and that if a Parliament would transmit their interest in the Legislative Power to any other order of men, they cannot do it, more than a Judge can delegate his Authority to his Clerks, or any be a Deputies Deputy.  
I shall only here further observe, that the Lawyers (whose Obligations on the account of interest to moderate the power of Bishops I have before spoke of) are still likely to be a great part of the House of Commons, and to have the conduct of Parliamentary Affairs much in their hands, and to concur with any party against the Bishops, if they should invade the due Liberty of men's Consciences, or endeavour to make themselves formidable in the Nation.  
The LAST REASON I shall urge to prove what advantages will redound to the Nation from the allowance of a due Liberty of Conscience, is, that it will necessarily produce an advancement of our Trade and Traffic, the hindrance whereof must needs follow from the contrary practice. The largeness of Trade in any Country is most certainly founded in the populousness of it.  
'Tis only in populous Countries that the wages of workmen are cheap, whereby a greater store of Manufactures is prepared for Exportation. In populous Countries only they fell their own Commodities dear, and buy foreign cheap. 'Tis there that Land is worth twice as many years purchase as elsewhere. And in such Countries only is the fishing Trade carried on, which none will employ themselves in that can live upon the shore reasonably well; and which in populous Countries enough will not be able to do.  
This then being laid down as a principle, that the wealth of any Nation depends on its populousness, I may confidently affirm, that the populousness of a Country doth much depend upon the Liberty of Conscience that is there granted.  
The Kingdom of Spain may here serve for this to be Exemplified in, where there are not men enough to Manufacture their own Wool, and where there is more black money, Brass or Copper Coin used then in other Nations, notwithstanding all the Silver that comes thither from the West-Indies. It was the rigour of the Inquisition that brought that Monarch, who would have been an universal one, to send Ambassadors to his high and mighty subjects.  
But we need not look out of our own Country for instances of Trades suffering together with Freedom of Conscience: For by reason of the former severity exercised on those that would not conform to the Ceremonies imposed, many thousands of people bred up in a way of Trade and Traffic left the Kingdom, going, some of them to America, and others to Holland, where our Countrymen did compensate to the Hollanders for several Manufactures which they directed us to, when the Rage of Duke Alva's persecution occasioned their residence among us. And what could more prejudice the Trade of our Country I know not, than the peopleing other Countries with our Artificers, and the teaching them our Arts and Manufactures. And it is considerable that the sort of Trading men on whom the shock of persecution did seem to light most heavily, was that of those whose Trades did lie chiefly in advancing our staple-Commodity of Wool, and preparing our Old and New Draperies for Exportation: to which Trades the ordinary sort of Puritan Non-Conformists were rather inclined then to ploughing and digging, because in these Trades of theirs; as namely Weaving, Spinning, Dressing, etc. Their Children might read Chapters to them as they were at work, and they might think or speak of Religious things, or sing Psalms, and yet pursue their Trades. Besides, these Trades were more suitable to their Constitutions, which were generally not so Robust as of others; and to the melancholy of their tempers.  
Now these men being frequently disturbed by Apparitors, and summoned to Ecclesiastical Courts for working on holidays perhaps, or going on a Sunday to some Neighbouring Parish when they had no Sermon in their own, or for some such causes, were so hindered in the course of their Trades, that they were necessitated to remove out of the Kingdom. They could not expect that Merchants or other Trading persons would employ them and take their work, unless they could bring it in at such a set time that it might be as occasion required Exported, and sent to Fairs and Markets abroad at punctual times likewise; which Merchants are concerned in taking care of, lest their Commodities be undersold.  
Now these Puritan Traders were not in a capacity to dispatch the sending in of their Manufactures to others at the time agreed on, by reason of their frequent Citations to, and Delays at, the Bishops Courts.  
And since other Nations have now the way of making Cloth, as namely France, Holland and Flanders, if we do not sell it cheaper than they, we shall hardly have any abroad sold at all.  
To conclude the Examination of this particular affair; not any that hath searched at all into the nature of the Trade of this Nation, but believes that the best way to advance it would be to call in and invite any Protestant strangers to come and live among us; and to encourage Artists of all Nations to come and plant themselves here: which cannot be done without the giving them a due Liberty of Conscience, and if it be our interest to encourage strangers, and give them this Liberty, this dealing may much more be expected by our own natives.  
But, 'tis needless to insist longer in giving plain reasons for a plain proposition.  
I shall only therefore before I now draw this discourse about the due Liberty of Conscience that is fit to be practised in this Nation toward an end, show that thereby the Reverend Fathers of the Church, the Bishops, will find their interest advanced in particular, as well as the interest of the Nation in general.  
If any man shall say that the Government of the Church by Bishops is the most pure and Apostolical, I am firmly of his opinion; yet as No Bishop no King is now no uncontradicted Maxim, so is it less unquestioned, that no force in matters of Religion, no Bishop. But notwithstanding the severity that hath been exercised on men's Consciences by former Prelates, such is the prudence of some of the present Fathers of the Church, that they will I believe see it to be as much their interest to give Liberty of Conscience, as it can be the interest of any men to receive it. And indeed if this were but in a fair manner distributed among the several Sects I have spoken of, they would no more endeavour the destruction of the Episcopal Clergy, than the jews at Rome tolerated do design the ruin of the Pope. Nay further, these Sects having liberty under their Government would serve them as a balance against popular envy. I have often wished that our Nobility would dispose the Education of some of their Sons in order to Ecclesiastical preferments, and that a great deal of envy might be diverted by the same persons, being Lords Spiritual and Temporal. But it cannot be expected that persons nobly descended should be engaged in Holy Orders, till they could see the way of Administering things in the Church to be as much in the affections of the people here, or above danger from their hatred, as in other Countries it is, where the Nobless are many of them Churchmen. Now than the Reverend Fathers the Bishops, may compass the Affections of the people by Liberty of Conscience, and security from the danger of their hatred by an Inquisition; but (as I said before) that cannot itself be compassed here.  
Indeed our Ecclesiastical Rulers have reason to steer us cautiously, since they sit at Helm in such a ship as hath thrown very many Pilots overboard. And it may well become those Worthy Divines that have been of late released through God's good Providence from the extremity of their sufferings, to be of most calm, quiet and sedate spirits, just as persons taken from the rack do presently fall asleep.  
The great alteration in the body of the people since these last twenty years, requires that our old ends of promoting the welfare of the Church of England, should be attained by the conduct of new means.  
For the greatest part of the old Assertors of all the Ceremonies of the Church are lodged in graves, many of the zealous Lovers of them are now in Heaven, where Calvinists and Episcopal men agree; and the present Major part of this Land consists of those, to whom the introducing the old Church-Government will seem an innovation.  
I grant the inconveniences which we suffered for want of Church-Government in general have been many, and those which we should have suffered from a Scotch Presbytery would have been more. But yet it must likewise be granted, that the undistinguishing vulgar will be but too ready to endeavour the removal of any Church-Government which doth at present inconvenience them, without considering that the miseries they formerly felt will thereby recur upon them; just as a horse will strive to fling any Rider that doth at present gall and spur him too much, without considering that the next Rider may possibly gall him worse; or as a man would try to repel the hand of one who held a burning coal to his flesh, though he should tell him that if that coal were removed he would apply a hotter. They therefore that would endear any form of Church-Government to the Majority of the people, are concerned to make it largely diffusive of advantage to them.  
'Tis very apparent how many parties among us have been ruined by narrowing their interest, and not making it national. And God grant that after all our inquiries about Church-Discipline, the Gentry of England be not by any divisions the present Clergy may cause, tempted to cry up the Divine Right of Erastianisme, and say No Erastian no King; which opinion doth as much exceed the Episcopal in giving power to the King, as the Episcopal doth the Presbyterian, or that the Independent persuasion.  
It is therefore the true interest of the Clergy here so to temper the Government of the Church, that it may be accommodated to the content and satisfaction of the Gentry or other Lay-people, and of its own Members. And 'tis very irrational to think that any Church-Government in a Protestant Country can be so, which doth restrain a large and almost absolute power to the hands of a few. Nor is it more prudent for France to own no distinction between a Gentry and a Nobility, but to allow equal privileges to such as we reduce to two Orders here, that it may effectually curb the insolence of the Peasants, then for the whole Clergy here to grow into one body or form of Government, and all the parts thereof to be influenced with a convenient power, that so it may be in no danger from the Enemies of a Ministry in general. Nor was there ever any thing propounded as a means to make the Clergy of England very considerable, that can be thought comparable to the form of Episcopacy described by the Bishop of Armagh. And therefore I do not wonder that its publicly owned by the Divines formerly called Presbyterian (who now deserve a name less odious, and to be called the Divines that are for moderate Episcopacy, as I said before) but rather that it is not as generally contended for by all their brethren of the Church, excepting a few that are actually invested with the highest Dignities therein. Now if we divide the Clergy here into 〈◊〉 parts, not one in three hath these great Dignities, or is likely in any time to attain to them. But that which the Bishop of Armaghs' model of Episcopacy offers to more than three parts of four, is an Accession of power, or a gaining of that Authority in Ecclesiastical matters, as namely in Ordination and Church-Censures, which before they had not. And certainly, the grasping of present power must needs to any Ingenious men of the Clergy seem more delightful than the tedious Expectation of distant preferments, and the servile licking up of any men's spittle, that others hereafter may do so with theirs. By the practice of this model the spirit of the Clergy would be kept from being embased, and the ordinary sort of Vicars would be cured of affecting servility, laziness and ignorance. Industry, Parts, Learning, would be likewise thereby encouraged. For the power of the Keys being thus given to the Bishop and all the Presbyters in any Precinct or Diocese, those men that could offer the best reasons for things, and show the greatest strength of parts, would be most swaying in Ecclesiastical Conventions.  
Nor is it likely that the Gentry would be aggrieved at the practice of this way of Episcopacy, or every Church-Censure's passing through a Consistory of Divines. For 'tis not probable that in such an Assembly there should be a Combination to execute any censure on any man, to gratify the lusts or private piques of another. Besides, there is no such way that a Divine can use to make himself considerable with the Laiety as his being eminent for power in the sphere of his own Profession; just as a Mercer that would by any sway influence the Company of Drapers, must first obtain a large interest in his own Company.  
In short, the Clergy by this fair distribution of Ecclesiastical power among them will not be in danger of ruin by the discontents of any of its Members, or of any of the Laiety while Liberty of Conscience is secured to them, and Ceremonies are not imposed. Nor is there any way by which the incoveniences of the Presbyterian Government can again invade us, but by the engrossing of Ecclesiastical power in the hands but of few persons, and by their using Rigour and Violence. I know 'tis ridiculous to imagine that a Presbyterian Government can under that notion find many to own it now in this Kingdom.  
Yet are the Non-Conformists likely still to increase, as from Edward the sixths' time to this they have gradually done. And some that are weary of our former Presbytery, may yet be willing to return to it, if they find Episcopacy Afflictive to them; though thereby they only shift their pain. For nothing so much as Persecution makes men set up, Altar contra altar, every man choosing rather to be a Sacrificer on his own Altar, than a Sacrifice upon another's. If any Ecclesiastical persons therefore shall design to gratify the Peace and Welfare of the Nation without the allowance of a due Liberty of Conscience, I shall think their only aim hereby is to confirm the truth of their Doctrine and Discipline by a miracle. I cannot but judge them too sagacious, to believe that they can convince men's understandings of the truth of any Assertions by Torturing their bodies. For men by the rage of passion to conduct knowledge into the World, is as unlikely as the lighting of a candle with Gunpowder. How ridiculous is it to think that Truth got any thing by the writings that passed between Luther and Henry the eight? There are several erroneous opinions, that if we wish the world well rid of, we shall find to die away of their own accord, if we do not exasperate the maintainers of them; just as nature makes us amends for the ugliness of Monsters in their being short-lived. Yet even in the case of natural unhandsomeness, I have seen the vulgar vary from their common Rule of judging it, when a deformed Malefactor hath been going to Execution. Nor do the words of Cheaters that die on Gibbets want belief among the Rabble. And if the common people are always so ready to believe what is affirmed by infamous persons, because they are dying, we may well suppose they will give credit to the words of such as lived demurely when they are to die, because such and such thing were affirmed by them. I believe that hardly more Priests have been cut off by the Law then Papists thereby made. That Faith hath been given to the Assertors of Popish opinions, because they have been dying, which they could just have drawn from me by raising the dead. Nor is it a thing unobserved by any lookers into Antiquity, that the Christian Religion hath still got ground in the World, not by persecuting but being persecuted.  
But that which I cannot without horror observe, is, that the not allowing a due Liberty of Conscience, hath instead of advancing the cause of Truth, propagated Atheism in this Nation. This doth but too clearly appear from that Irreligion many of our Gentry have been infected with by the Reverend Divines of the Church of England not having had freedom to Worship God in public according to their Consciences. For several persons of the Gentry not being able to hear a Liturgy, (a way of Prayer which every Church in the Christian World but ours than had) and Sermons from such Divines as were not Puritan, chose rather not to go to Church at all then be there present at the Worship they disgusted; and no marvel that thus neglecting Gods public service, they at last grew unconcerned in any Religion.  
The like temptations to Atheism would be incident to many that are not of the Gentry, if Liberty as has been propounded, should not be given to the Nonconformist Divines. For though several of this sort of men would exercise their Devotion in private meetings, and some would join with such public Worship as was to be had, yet many would hear no Sermons at all, as possibly not liking that which looks like a Conventicle, and more disliking the way of praying and preaching used by very many Divines that adhere to the former Episcopacy. Now 'twere pity that this disease of Speculative Irreligion should infect the Commonalty as well as others, and that by the persecution of Ministers, who differed from us in lesser things, we should as it were nail those Canons that might be employed in battering the Atheism of the Age, because they are not all of the same length and shape. Which Atheism I fear hath occasionally been not a little advanced by the disagreements of Ministers about the Divine Right of several forms of Church-Government. For things to be believed and done in order to salvation, can have no more than a Divine Right, and their opinions of Discipline have claimed so much; and by this means they have made some foolish men apt to think that the Trumpet of Religion giveth an uncertain sound, and that nothing at all is of any Divine Right. I account the body politic of the Nation to be as well concerned in the upholding Religion as the Souls of men; the Majesty whereof would be sufficiently kept up, if the Teachers of it did either agree in all points about it, or else in this one thing, that the dissenters in lesser Controversies of Religion are obliged to allow a mutual toleration. And indeed when I consider what opinions men call one another Heretics for not agreeing in, it seems to me the same thing, as if after the Pope had pronounced Virgilius the Bishop of Saltsburg Heretic, for saying there were Antipodes, he should have called the Pope Heretic too for saying there were none. These parties that differ so in the circumstantial points of Religion are equally Antipodes to one another, and alike near Heaven, and in the Revolution of a few hours they see the same fun, though not the same stars; I mean, they have the same Fundamental, though not less considerable Truths. The Popish Religion among all the different rituals our forefather's used was accounted the same, some Worshipping God, Secundum usum Sarum, and others, Secundum usum Bangor, etc. Why then may not the Protestant Religion be so esteemed here among our little varyings? Though possibly some very few Divines of all parties here for want of Prudence and Goodness of nature may endeavour the rigorous imposing of things not necessary, that is, such as we may be without, and which all Protestant Churches but ours are without; yet will the Laiety probably, and I hope a great part of the Clergy of several persuasions be far from concurring with them as Abettors of such an odious work as may produce further mischiefs to Church and State, merely to gratify the blind zeal or unpurged choler of a few. If God's Ambassadors have a mind to quarrel about Precedency or Ceremonies in Religious things, pretendding that it is necessary to observe them most strictly, the people are now grown so wise as not to think it necessary for themselves to encounter hazards, to make some of these Legates of Heaven submit to the Punctilios of others; just as several Ambassadors from one Prince falling out in a strange Country about Ceremonies in Civil things, which one of them being of a loftier humour would reduce the rest to practice, would hardly find any of the Natives of the place concerned in their debate, whatever love they bore to their Master.  
FINIS.   

A DISCOURSE REPRESENTING THE LIBERTY of CONSCIENCE, That is Practised in FOREIGN PARTS.  
By N.Y.  
LONDON, Printed for Nathaniel Brook, and are to be sold at his shop at the Angel in Cornhill, 1661.   

THE LIBERTY of RELIGION, Which is in use amongst PROTESTANTS.  
'tIs first enquired what Liberty the States which profess the Protestant Religion give to different opinions within their Dominions?  
To this I shall briefly answer, and begin with the Northern Climate, going along and relating what I have observed in every different Jurisdiction.  
When I was in Sweden, I found the Administrators of that Kingdom very much inclined to Moderation towards the Reformed party, for they suffered them not only to have Schoolmasters of their own to teach their Children, but also they permitted them to have private meetings in their distinct Colonies, wherein they had the free use of holy Ordinances in their own way without disturbance: And although the Clergy of the Nation did not willingly allow this; yet whiles the King Gustavus and his Daughter the Queen Christina ruled, their Liberty was not abridged; but when Charles came to the Crown by the Resignation of Christina, the old Chancellor Oxenstiern, in favour of the Clergy, caused the King to take an Oath at his Coronation, whereby he was obliged not only to restrain all public exercise different from the Lutheran, but also to abridge the Reformed party of the Liberty which they had formerly enjoyed; which hath had some operation upon their freedom: but how far they are abridged of it now, I am uncertain.  
In Denmark there is no Liberty granted to any that differs in judgement, so far as I have been acquainted with that State, only in Holstein, when the Remonstrants after the Synod of Dort, had not that Liberty which they desired in Holland, they planted themselves in Eidersh at Fridericksburg, where they and others also obtained the prviledg of the exercise of their profession without control, which is continued unto them still. Moreover, in Holstein at Altena, the High and the Low Dutch, and the French Reformed Churches have the Liberty of public meetings in their profession; who dwelling in Hamburg, and not obtaining that Liberty within the City, have procured it within a little English mile from the Gates thereof.  
In Dantzick, the three Professions, viz. Reformed, Lutherans, and Papists, have, or rather had, an equal liberty in the time of Keckermannus. The Reformed party had the preeminence of the Government, and then they did in a friendly manner admit of some Lutherans to share with them in it (for in Religious concernments all were alike;) but since they have been admitted to partake with them in the Government, they have found a way to worm the Reformed party out of power, by which means they have abridged them of their ancient Privileges and Liberties; so that before these late troubles they were forced to appeal to the King of Poland, who made decrees in favour of the Reformed party; but in these late troubles the ways of redress have been obstructed.  
And at Elbing, when I was there the chief of the Magistrates, and the regents of the School also, being of the Reformed Religion, the Liberty was so equal that no party had any perceptible power over the other, but all was carried with that moderation, that no offence was either taken or given whiles I was there: but since (I fear) it is fallen out otherwise, a fierce Lutheran Minister succeeding in the room of him that then was there, who by dividing practices, and distinguishing forms, hath disturbed their Peace.  
In Poland there was an absolute freedom for the exercise of all professions, and the venting of all opinions; the Papists, the Protestant, Calvinists, Lutherans, Anabaptists, Socinians, etc. all had an equal Liberty: and because the Protestants in former time found that by their Divisions, and distance in Communion from each other they were much weakened, therefore in the year 1570 they agreed at Sendo●●ire, in a Synod of the three parties, viz. the confession of Helvetia, of Bohemia, and of Ausburg, to unite and make up but one body▪ to which effect they established afterward at many National Synods several Orders, to remove and prevent scandals and disorderliness from amongst themselves, and to confirm their unity by the means of mutual Edification.  
In Transylvania both the Reformed and the Lutheran profession are equally free, and in national Synods they meet together, and consult in common, concerning the means of mutual edification; whereof I have a large proof in the business of Peace and Unity, concerning which they have done more than any of the Churches in Europe, by answering all the doubts which were proposed unto them as Cases of Conscience to be resolved.  
In Germany heretofore the reformed party did freely exercise their Religion under the Protection of the Princes of their own profession; but the Lutherans did always make it a matter of Dispute, whether that Liberty did belong unto them yea or no? yet now the Treaty of Peace lately concluded at Munster and Osnabrugge hath decided fully that controversy; for, by a Statute-law it is determined that the reformed party shall have the same right and privilege of free exercise which Lutherans and Papists have; and this is thus determined by the 7th Article of the Instrument of Peace. Quoniam verò controversiae Religionis, etc.  
Now because the controversies of Religion, which are in agitation at this time amongst the forenamed Protestants, have not been hitherto reconciled, but have been referred to a further endeavour of agreement, so that they still make two parties; therefore concerning the right of reforming, it is thus agreed between them; That if any Prince, or other Lord of the Territory, or Patron of any Church, shall hereafter change his Religion, or obtain, or recover a Principality or Dominion, either by the right of succession, or by virtue of this present Treaty, or by any other Title whatsoever, where the public exercise of Religion of the other party is at present in use, it shall be free to him to have his Court-chaplains of his own Confession about him in the place of his Residence, without any burden or prejudice to his Subjects ● but it shall not be lawful for him to change the public exercise of Religion, or the Laws or Ecclesiastical Constitutions which have been there hitherto in use, or take from these that formerly were there their Churches, their Schools, their Hospitals, or the revenues, persians and stipends belonging thereunto, or apply them to the men of their own profession; or obtrude Ministers of another Confession unto their subjects, under the pretence of a Territoriall, Episcopal or Patronall right, or under any other pretext whatsoever; or bring about any other hindrance or prejudice, directly or indirectly, to the Religion of the other party.  
And that this agreement may be the more firm, in the Case of such a change, it is lawful for the Commonalties themselves to present; or such as have not the right of presentation, they shall have the right to name fit schoolmasters, and Ministers of the Churches to be examined by the public Consistory or Ministry, if they be of the same Religion with the Commonalties, which nominate and present; or if they be not of the same Religion, they shall be examined in the place which the Commonalties shall choose; whom the Prince or Lord shall afterwards without any denial confirm.  
This Statute-law of the Empire is the ground of all that freedom which the Reformed, or the Lutheran party, can lay claim to, when they fall under Magistrates of a different profession.  
As for the observation of this Law, it is found that the Reformed Magistrate is almost every where more equitable towards Lutherans, than these are unto those: for in the Palatinate, at Heidelberg, and other places; in Hessen, at Smalcalden, and at Marpurg, and in some places of Anhalt; in all the Territories of the Elector of Brandenburg, and in the Principalities of Nassaw, where the Reformed have the supreme power, the Lutherans have their full liberty without interruption; but where the Lutherans have the supreme Authority in Germany, I know no places where they permit the free exercise of the Reformed profession; but in the places named heretofore in Holstein, at Fridericksburg and Altena; and in Hamburg the English have their freedom within the City, but none else; nor do I know any Imperial City where the Magistrate is Lutheran, which permits the Reformed party to have the liberty of public profession within their walls: there is one of the Lutheran Earls of Hanaw, who hath given of late years to the Reformed party dwelling in Strasburg, the liberty to build a Church upon his Territory, and to have their public meetings therein: and one of the Lutheran Marquesses of Brandenburg hath done the like a year or two ago to the Reformed inhabitants of Noimberg.  
At Bremen, where the Magistrate is wholly reform, within the City the Lutherans have the possession of the Cathedral Church, where they exercise their Religious Worship in public; but there are complaints made of the late King of Sweden, that in the Territory under his Jurisdiction he hath suffered the Statute of the Empire touching the freedom of Religion to be violated, by casting out the Reformed Ministers, and imposing Lutherans upon the Reformed Professors, depriving them of the Liberty which they have enjoyed ever since the first Reformation of these places from Popery.  
In the Low Countries of the united Provinces, the Lutherans, the Remonstrants, and the Anabaptists have a freedom to meet in a public way; others of all sorts do meet in private: and the difference which is made between the Professors of several parties is chiefly this; that the Reformed party, which doth own the National Confession, and are owned to be Members of the National Congregations, have only the Privilege and Preeminence of being admitted to places of Trust in the State, from which all others are excluded. And this Liberty of Religion which the united Provinces have yielded and maintained unto all sorts; hath made that little spot of ground to be the Centre of the Trade of Europe, having only three Seaports, the Wicling, the Maze, and the Texel: and these Ports are not easy neither, but difficult to be entered.  
In the Cantons of Switzerland and Geneva there is no different Profession publicly tolerated: although in the Circumstantial way of the Administration of Ordinances, and in the particular order of Discipline and Government, each Canton is different from another; yet they fell not out about their differences, but correspond in a friendly manner in matters of common concernment.  
In France the Protestant Churches are to be considered within themselves, for the Liberty which they enjoy under their Popish Magistrate is not under our consideration; but the liberty which their national Synod doth give to particular men to protesse different opinions without bleach of unity in the Church, is that which is to be observed, and may be a precedent to teach others Moderation; for in the late Controversies between Monsieur du Moulin and Monsieur Amyraut concerning Predestination, wherein many others were engaged on both sides, although some hairs did begin to break forth; yet the national Synod hath allayed the distemper, and preserved Peace and Unity in the Churches, notwithstanding the difference of judgement which was found amongst them. The freedom which the particular Churches have to depute some of their members from their Consistories to the Colloques and Provincial Synods is the means to preserve their Unity and Peace.  
In Switzerland the freedom which the Churches enjoy doth wholly depend upon the Constitution of their order, as ratified by the Civil Magistrate, who in each canton is Sovereign; and upon the correspondency between the Churches, which is ordinarily managed by those of Zurich towards all the rest: for as the Canton of Zurich hath the precedency, and direction in all Civil matters of common concernment, so hath the Antistes and Consistory of Zurich in matters Ecclesiastical a kind of trust put upon them to communicate to the rest, by way of correspondency, matters to be advised on for mutual concurrence.  
In Germany there is no such correspondency between the Churches, but their freedom, in the exercise of Discipline and Government depends wholly upon the Sanction which the Prince and his Ecclesiastical Senate or Consistory doth make concerning the order and way of administering all things.  
In the Low-countries the freedom of meeting in Classes and in Synods; in Classes every Month, or oftener, if need be, according as the Classes are divided) in Synods Provincial every year once) is the preservation of these Churches in unity; for the six Provinces, viz. Gelderland, Holland, Ulrecht, Friesland, Groaning, and Overyssell, hold their Synods so consecutively, that they can send from each Synod Deputies to another, to correspond with them, and to communicate matters of Deliberation, that there may be no causes of breaches between them; the Province of Zeeland hath no settled time of Synodical meeting, but the Classes of Middelburg upon all Emergencies doth give notice to the other Classes, of the adjacent Islands of matters to be taken into consideration: So that in the Low-Countries the Liberty to meet for the ordering of all things within themselves, which preserves the Churches in France; and the Liberty to correspond and to communicate one with another the things which they settle by order, which preserves the Churches in Switzerland, is more complete than any where else; and because the Deputies, or rather Commissioners from the Civil Magistrate are always present at the Provincial Synods, therefore their decrees are more valid, and yet altogether free in matters of spiritual concernment.  
This is the Liberty which I have observed to be in use amongst Protestants within themselves, in the exercise of their profession, by public meetings, by the administration of Government within themselves, by Classes and Synods, and by a Correspondency with one another in Religious matters. As for the Liberty which particular members have in each Congregation, and which the Congregations have in each Classis or Colloque, and by what Rules that Liberty is limited, is a matter of more diffuse consideration, and perhaps of little use for the end for which this information is desired: therefore I shall not enlarge upon that subject.   

OF THE LIBERTY of RELIGION  
In use between PROTESTANTS & PAPISTS.  
IF it be inquired what Liberty Papists have where Protestants bear Rule, or Papists give to Protestants when they have all the power:  
It may be Answered by the consideration of the places where each power is prevalent.  
On the one side, in Sweden and Denmark, and in all the Territories of the lower and upper Saxony, wherever Protestants have the sole power, no Papists are permitted to have any public exercise of their Religion; and on the other side, in Austria, Bohemia; Moravia, and all the heritable lands of the House of Austria, in Franconia, Bavaria, and the upper Palatinat where the Papists have the sole power, no Protestants are permitted to have the public exercise of their Religion.  
These whole Territories forenamed on each side being entire Bodies within themselves, under one head either of the one or the other profession, without the intermixture of different Dominions, are uniform in the exercise of their Religion respectively different. But the intermediate parts of the Germane Empire are interwoven under several Princes of different Religions, and therefore are of a mixed profession: my meaning is not, that the professions and forms of Religion's worship are mixed and jumbled together in one; but that both professions are exercised, some here and some there, in different places.  
And because the inhabitants of the intermediate Territories being mixed, and pretending to have each of them a right to the same places of worship, quarrels and strife did arise amongst them, therefore when they deprived one another of the freedom to exercise their profession, the Treaty of Peace at Munster and Osnabrugge did appoint the Restitution of places for the public exercise of Religion on both sides, and ordered that all matters of this kind should be settled thenceforward as they were in use heretofore in the year 1624. which order occasioned a Deputation from all the States of the Empire at Francford in the years 1656, 57 and following, to see that Decree and other matters put in execution.  
Now the Intermediate Territories are the Circles of Westphalia, of the Rhine, of the Welterans, of Franconia, and of Suaben; containing many Principalities and great Cities depending immediately upon that Empire; which being of different professions, and mixed one with another in respect of their Territories and Jurisdictions, in the time of war none that was prevalent did suffer a different Religion to be exercised: But since the Instrument of the Peace made at Munster and Osnabrug was published, the Liberty of Religion is to be Regulated universally by the seventh article, and some other articles determining matters between Protestants and Papists; and according to this Constitution, although some Territories which formerly were under Protestant Princes are now under a Popish power, and vice versa, yet the Liberty of Religion is to be left unto each party as it was used in the year 1624. Thus the Duke of Newburg, and one of the Landgraves of Hessen, and a Prince of Nassaw, and some others, are obliged to leave unto the Protestants within their Dominions the free exercise of their Religion which formerly they had. In like manner in some of the Imperial Cities, as in Francford, Ausburg, and others, the Papists have their free exercise restored unto them amongst the Protestants; at Ausburg also the Magistrate is half of the one and half of the other profession; but in all the other Imperial Cities, so far as I remember, the Magistrates are wholly Protestant's, except at Collen and Heilbron, where they are wholly Papists.  
Thus matters of freedom stand in the Germane Empire.  
In Poland, Hungaria and Transylvania, the Protestants and Papists have heretofore had a promiscuous Liberty; only whensoever of later times either of the parties did grow more prevalent in power, they have abridged each other of their Liberties: and now at this time the Protestants of Transylvania have put themselves under the Protection of the Turk, to maintain the Liberty of their Conscience, because the Jesuits by the power of the Emperor, which they can command to bring about their designs, would have forced them to embrace their Superstition.  
In Switzerland the Protestants and Papists when they made their league at first to maintain jointly their Liberties against the House of Austria, or any other pretenders to have Jurisdiction over them, they agreed mutually upon this also, that if any of the Natives living in the Cantons of either side should change their Religion, (for then they were perfectly divided and separated upon the interest of Religion, and so have continued still, that no Papists have any free exercise of Religion among Protestants, nor Protestants among Papists;) that then they should be permitted respectively to sell their goods, and transport themselves unto the party whose Religion they should embrace: but of late the Popish Canton Switz did break this agreement, and would not suffer some of their Native inhabitants to partake of this freedom, but finding that some families had changed their Religion, they did confiscate their goods; and taking hold of some of them, by the Instigation of the Friars and Jesuits, they condemned some of them to death, and others to the Galleys; which was the cause of the late war which broke forth amongst them; and although they cease from open Hostility, yet this business is not fully composed.  
And because there are some places of Common Jurisdiction, wherein there are inhabitants of both parties, and the Cantons of each Profession put governors by turns for some years over them, it falls often out that the Protestant inhabitants in these Jurisdictions are commonly abridged of their Liberty by the Popish Governors; which gives continual occasion of complaints and disputes between the Cantons, and at last may break forth to some violent rupture, and to a total suppression either of the one or the other.  
In France, by Virtue of the Edict of Nantes, the Protestants ought to have the full Liberty of their Religion in the places of their abode, and enjoy all the Rights and Privileges which belong to Natives; but since the time of our troubles in England they have been very much abridged thereof in several places; yet in Oliver the Protector his time they got some enlargement, which now since the Peace is made with Spain doth cease, so that they are under the danger of being persecuted every where, as being expoposed to the fury of the multitude, without any assurance of Safety, further than it is an inconveniency to the Society of Papists themselves with whom they live; otherwise the Jesuits and Popish Emissaries are restless to stir up their zealots to molest them, and do what they can to extirpate them; witness that which fell out of late at Montauban, at Bourdeaux, at Dieppe, and and elsewhere.  
In the Valleys of Piedmont the poor Churches there since the Peace made have still been molested more or less without intermission; for besides other matters, that which is their chief concernment, namely the Liberty to meet at St. Giovanni, to exercise their Catechism, that not only the youth may be instructed, but those of riper years confirmed in the Protestant Religion, is wholly taken from them. This Liberty is in a manner the whole substance or chief part of their public exercise; this formerly they have always had, and by this last treaty of Peace it hath been confirmed unto them; nevertheless they are deprived of it, and new matters of quarrel are form against them for other pretences, and chiefly against their Ministers; for the design is to fright away their Leaders, that being scattered like lost sheep upon the mountains, they may become a prey to the wolves that seek to devour them.  
In the Low-countries both of the United and of the Spanish Provinces, there is a certain reciprocal Liberty for the Papists in the Dominions of the States, and for the Protestants in the Dominions of the Spaniard; but the Liberty is not equal, for in the United Provinces the States allow the Papists a certain number of Priests to administer unto them the things belonging to their Conscience in a private way, which is done by an express concession or condescension; but in the Spanish Dominions no such thing is granted unto the Protestants who live amongst them, but the Ministers who administer Holy things unto them privately, do it at their peril; they have no Concession to attend any private meetings, but only they are winked at, and suffered to do (what they venture upon) by way of Connivance; so that the difference is, that the Papists in the United Provinces have an assurance of freedom which they enjoy, but the Protestants in the other Provinces have no such freedom assured unto them; which makes the Papists increase and multiply in the Dominion of the States, and the Protestants diminish in the other Provinces: and the effect of this may be, that when some of the Papists shall creep into places of power, and finding the Protestants divided amongst themselves, and their own party strong enough to make a head with the assistance of neighbour foregin forces, they may make a total change of Government in that Commonwealth.  
FINIS.