St. Foine Improved, A DISCOURSE Showing the Utility and Benefit which ENGLAND Hath and may receive by the GRASS CALLED St. FOIN, And answering the Objections urged against it.  
Being useful for all Ingenious Men.  
Written by a Person of Honour lately deceased.  
LONDON, Printed by S. G. and E. G. for Nath. Brooke, at the Angel in Cornhill, 1671.   

St. Foin Improved, OR THE GRASS CALLED St. FOIN.  
Vindicated and Commended to all that delight in Husbandry, and other ingenious Men.  
NOtwithstanding the great benefit which divers places of this Kingdom have already in part, and are like hereafter to receive more abundantly, by the improvement of dry and barren Ground, and the increase of Pasture and Meadow upon them, through the Sewing of the Grass-seed called St. Foin, yet there are not wanting some, who not only speak themselves, but would also engage the State against it; as if the common Mother of all the People, could be persuaded to discourage the industry of some of her Children (for the common good and wealth of the Kingdom, as well as their own particular advantage) to gratify some others with the monopoly of all the Hay and Herbage thereof; and to satisfy rather their imaginary fears (as anon shall be declared) than their real sufferings; although all they can suffer, is but the abatement of that gain which they have so long time made by the sufferings of their Neighbours, making their advantages upon others necessities: And it were very great partiality, to force any part (and by far the greater part of the Nation to labour still under their necessities, and not to suffer them to supply themselves by the improvement of their own Grounds (which proportionably improveth the stock and riches of the Nation) that some Men might still have the opportunity to sell their Hay, and let their Pasture so much the dearer.  
If these Men could allege, that by this improvement of the dry and barten Ground, their rich Grounds were made poorer, or less fruitful, or that what was abated in their Lands was gained by Foreigners, and not by their own fellow Subjects (which secureth the Kingdom from any loss) they had more colour of reason on their side; but in this case they have none at all: For as the Commonwealth receives no detriment by it, so neither doth any particular man receive any prejudice thereby, but by accident, if at all; but on the other side the Kingdom in general is thereby enriched, many private men advantaged in their estates, without the least injury to any particular Man whatsoever: for it is well known how great and vast a quantity of Land there hath been, and still is in England and Wales, which of its own nature is neither Meadow, or any considerable pasturage, in respect of so great a proportion of ground, insomuch that the Inhabitants of divers places have been forced to buy Hay at excessive dear rates, 20 s. 30 s. 40 s. and sometimes 3 l. and 5 l. a Tun, and to fetch it by Cart, six, ten, fifteen miles. Others have been forced to supply the want of Hay by Turnips (as in Norfolk) and all this not sufficing, men have set their wits on work to get more Pasture and Meadow, whereupon, great Levels of Fens have been Drained in some Countries; and in other places Meadow and Pasture hath been exceedingly increased by the watering of dry and course Grounds, and those that having so done, have had opportunity to sell their Hay, and set their Herbage at very dear rates to their neighbours, now that their own turn is served, they would pull up the ladder (as they say) after them, and would hinder others from improving their dry Grounds, in such ways as they are capable of improvement; as if the Rain were to fall, and the Sun to shine only on some men's Lands. The Men of the Vale might as well desire that those of the Hill-country might not Fold, or Dung their Ground, or Sow any Corn, that so (having no Corn of their own) they might be forced to buy it at a higher rate from those of the Dale; and with far greater appearance of reason might they urge such a restraint, because the Vale being the Granary of the Kingdom would thereby be encouraged to Sow more Corn, and forbear to turn so much Tillage into Pasture, and that the Tillage of the Hill-countries doth but waste the strength of Men and Beasts, and the stock of the Kingdom to little purpose, and will fail the Nation in dry years, and supply it but a little in wet years. In like manner the Wood-land-countries might with as good reason desire that no French Furze might be sown (as in Devonshire and Cornwall) nor any Wood planted in naked Countries, that they might sell their Wood the dearer, or that no Turfs or Coals might be made use of, (as I have heard) that when Sea-coal began to be first burnt in London, those that feared the fall of their Wood from the prizes they formerly sold at, procured a Petition to be preferred to the House of Commons, against the buring of Sea-coal, as corrupting the Air of the City. Now though there is hardly any thing so innocent, or useful to Mankind, but that envy, and self-interest may find somewhat in it to cavil at, yet could I never hitherto hear of any thing that was objected particularly against this improvement by St. Foin, saving only that it fills the Nation with over much Meadow and Pasture, which if it be accounted a nuisance, the same thing bathe been done many other ways, and those not altogether free from particular exceptions against them.  
It cannot be objected here, as against the Draining of the Fens, or the watering of Meadow, that the Slabb and Mud which remains after the Water is drawn off the Ground, and the Sun's heat comes upon, it corrupts the Air, and makes it unwholesome. Nor that it indangereth Cattle with the Murrain, for want of Water, in dry years, as it is found that low and Fen-grounds do, or that it rotteth or deceiveth Gattle (as the Hay of some watered Ground doth) and which is but course, and not very good for Sheep at the best. Nor that it destroys any Fish, or prejudices any Mill, nor hinders Navigation, or pens the Water up too long upon other men's Ground above, or keeps it too long from them below, or that thereby any man's ground is cut away, or that any Man's Common, Fishing, Fowling, or other way of livelihood is destroyed, or that the Water is carried off one part, to lie heavier, and more dangerously on another side. All, or some of which, may be truly objected against Draining of Fens, and Watering of Meadows, notwithstanding all which the Kingdom hath been thought in general so much advantaged by the increase of Pasture and Meadow (all which St, Foin doth, as anon shall be shown) that it hath by particular Acts countenanced the own, and never discountenanced the other.  
But now say some (and this is the only objection that ever I heard against St. Foin) there is so much Meadow and Pasture in the Kingdom, that there is not stock to spend it. A strange paradox, that plenty should make the Kingdom poor; but before I speak directly to that principle (which is that of all monopolists, tending to the enriching of a few, by the impoverishing of many) I demand how doth the truth of this assertion appear; because in some parts, where in plentiful years there is always Hay to spare, especially where they were used to sell their Hay, and never look out to provide stock, therefore they conclude, that it is so generally and constantly; whereas there cannot be a clearer demonstration of the contrary, than the cost Men are still at of 40 s. and 50 s. an Acre to improve their Grounds by St. Foin, which they would never do if they knew not how to get stock to eat their Grass and Hay, when they had been at so much cost, and charge to promote it. Nay, it is so far from that, that notwithstanding the great plenty of old Hay, that was left the last year, and the improvement by St. Foin, the Inhabitants (even in some Parishes where there is a considerable proportion of St. Foin) have yet this last year bought Hay at 20 s. the Tun and more, and fetched it six miles and more by Cart. And I know a Gentleman that hath above 40. Acres of St. Foin, and yet is forced still to buy Hay for the ordinary stock of his Farm: And surely none need to fear, but if there be Meat there will be Mouths, and the increase of Grass and Hay will proportionably increase the stock of the Kingdom; and as there is more sustenance for Cattle, there will be more buyers of them, and then there will be more Breeders; and rather than stock should be wanting, the Improvers by St. Foin will in time breed for themselves and others too, that Grass having a special quality to beget store of Milk, and that very good, whence amongst other names it is called Idygala, and will be as proper to breed, as to feed .  
Now whereas some are ready to impute the abatement of the price of their rich Grounds and Meadow, to the improvement of St. Foin, it is in (probability) but a mistake of non causa pro causa, for there hath not been so much of it yet sown, as that it can be generally felt through the Kingdom, as the abatement of Rents hath been, and that as much or more in such Countries where none of that Grass hath been, nor in many miles near them, as in those Countries where it hath been Sown. And as much or more in Farms chief consisting of Corn, and little of Meadow and Pasture, and that for these ten years last passed, when very little St. Foin was Sown or spoken off. So that such abatements of Rent must proceed from some other causes of the general decay in Trade.  
On the other side, that which is feared will be an effect of this, and the like improvements, is not like to be, for the Sowing of St. Foin doth not make the rich Grounds, and Meadows poor, or more barren. And whereas it may be thought that the more plenty there is of Grass and Hay, of the less value they will be, that doth not follow neither, and if it did, yet would there no inconvenience thereby happen to the public. I say it doth not necessarily follow, that the more store there should be of Hay and Grass, the cheaper they should be, for as I said before, the more meat the more mouths both of Men and Beasts, and the more of them the more Merchandizers, the more Manufactures, and the more Money; and every way the more will be the Riches, Strength, Prosperity, and Glory of a Nation. It may be, that as an uncertain temper of weather (sometimes heats and sometimes colds) is prejudicial to the natural body, so will an uncertain and vatiable state of scarcity and plenty prove hurtful to the body politic, the one starving, and the other glutting it; but whatsoever layeth a foundation of a certain plenty, must needs be of great advantage to the public; and though there may be some little appearing, or possibily some real loss to some Men, till such time as they have accommodated their particular concerns and interests, to such alteration in Trade, as may happen upon a new Improvement, and till such time as plenty hath wrought out itself a vent, yet this loss is no other than such as the Husbandman seems to sustain in casting away his Seed, which he will find again at Harvest with great advantage. As for example, in this Improvement whereby the sustenance of all sorts of Cattle is increased, as Men find they have more keeping, so will they look out for more stock of all sorts, and the more Buyers there be the more Breeders there will also be, and the more Breeders the more Feeders, the means of feeding as well as of breeding being increased. So that scarcity of Hay and Grass will sooner make goods cheap than plenty thereof, for Men will not buy above the prop rtion of the means they have to maintain or feed of what they buy, and yet those that are necessitated to sell for want of means to keep their stock must sell though at low rates, which indeed is when there are but few that have means to keep stock, is the advantage of those few, because they may buy cheap, and sell dear, but withal it is (as all Monopolies are) very disadvantageous to the public; for it discourages the Breeders of Stock, and the less Stock the less Compost and Dung, and the fewer working Oxen and Horses, and so the less Corn, and the less Meat, Drink, and Clothing, the fewer people will be in a Nation, and so fewer Soldiers, fewer Tradesmen, fewer Merchants, because fewer Workmen, and fewer Materials to work upon, and lesser sustenance for the Workmen.  
And if it shall be demanded where we shall have a sufficient stock of Men? I answer, there is little doubt of the fertility of these Northern Nations of England and Scotland, if the want of means and subsistence did not put a restraint upon Marriage (which draws after it divers other inconveniences, of Bastards, Beggars, &c and we find by experience that the richest Countries are best peopled, and freest from Beggars; and it is not to be doubted, but that as the good husbandry of Densuring or Devonshering of Land (and the like) hath rendered the County of Devonshire a rich and populous Country, which of its own nature is but a barren Soill. So in time will this improvement by St. Foin, and other such like, render the Downy and dry parts of England and Wales more rich and populous. And if it might be supposed that the King's Dominions could not afford a sufficient stock of Men and Cattle, for the consumption and working of inner Commodities when increased: Plenty of good and valuable Commodities will draw Men from all parts of the world, or at least such Commodities will be of value in all parts of the world.  
If we had such plenty of Corn, Meat, Tallow, Leather, Butter, Cheese, Wax, and Honey, (for them also St. Foin will certainly increase Bees, so exceedingly delighting to feed on the Flowers thereof) as that with the surplusage of our own Consumption we might send over great quantities beyond Seas, and also be able out of our own abundance to under sell other Nations, we should not need to fear the vent of them, for our Commodities would be most vendible, because cheapest. Besides, by having a great quantity of such substantial Commodities for the life of Man to Transport, we should bring our Export to be far greater than our Import, which now is feared to fall be owe it, and to be the chief cause of the want of Money, and Consequently of the decay of Trade in the Kingdom, and must needs (if not prevented) in time beggar it in the end.  
But to such as are afraid of plenty, I shall further say, that it is greater riches not to need, than to have much money. What are Men the worse, though they receive less money from their Lands or goods, if all things they stand in need of for Meat, Drink, Clothing, and other necessaries, may be bought with less money. And what if Men sell off Goods cheaper, if they can buy them in as much cheaper.  
Indeed some persons would not have so much Money in their Pockets to carry on a Trade, which is neither profitable to themselves, nor the Kingdom, but very prejudicial to both; that is excessive Gaming, and Betting at Cockings, and Races, and other superfluous, that I may not say, luxurious expenses upon Foreign Commodities, tending (for the most part) to the impairing of the health of the body, or to the nourishing and venting of the vanity of the mind, and withal exhausting the estates of particular Men, and the general stock of the Kingdom, or at least diverting so much thereof from useful Trades and Employments, to those that are far from being useful or profitable. Wherein if Gentlemen would by their own moderation set a law to themselves, or that there might be a restraint put upon them by wholesome Laws (as the Romans both anciently, and of latter times under the Emper ours were very strict therein) there would not be such great sums of money diverted from the Trade of the Nation, for the carrying on of such superfluous and vain expenses (I speak as to the excess) whilst others in the mean time keep up their moneys, for to be ready to purchase the Estates of such Unthrists at easy rates, to omit many other inconveniences that follow thereupon: If such as have no Lands left to be improved by St. Foin (as few that have any considerable estates but have) would spare somewhat out of such superfluous and hurtful ways of expense, they may at easy rates enough purchase good quantities of such Lands, which by this way of improvement they might sufficiently balance any damage they doubt they might sustain thereby in their rich Grounds and Meadows.  
Again, as I said before, that he is richer that needs not money, than he that hath it, so the best way for a Nation to have plenty of money is not to need it; for it is necessity that drains away the money of a Nation, and forceth them to buy of Foreigners at dear rates, but when they have abundance for all necessary uses of their own, what they have to spare brings them in so much clear money without any deductions for the supply of their own wants from abroad; and the cheaper our Commodities are in Foreign Markers, the more money will come into the Nation in the end, and make our Commodities the most vendible, because cheapest, and because we are able to afford them so. And the contrary course held by our Merchant-Adventurers in starving the Markets beyond Sea hath not a little prejudiced us in our Manufacture of Cloth, enforcing other Nations out of necessity to set up the Manufacture of Cloth, which they neither would, nor could have done (having none or few Materials of their own growth) if we had not held our Cloth at too high rates, and served Foreign Markets so sparingly, so that our Neighbours are now able in some sort of  to under sell us. I have said all this to satisfy the doubts and jealousies of such as are the owners of rich Pastures and Meadows: but now admitting they may have some cause of jealousy and doubt; yea, say it be some damage for a while, yet if it shall excite their industry, as necessity hath done theirs that were possessors of dry and barren Lands, Faelix necessitas quae ad meliora conducit, and those that have rich Grounds, have far the better Ground to work upon, for rich Soils are capable of holding their value at least, if not of improvement several ways; but the dry and high Grounds are capable of very few ways of improvement. If increase of Pasture and Meadow in the hill and barren Countries, should induce men in the vale and other parts to return again to Tillage, and especially to employ some of their rich Grounds for Hemp and Flax, though it might be some trouble and cost at the first, it would after turn to far greater profit to the owners, and of singular advantage to the public, by the increase of such fort of Commodities of our own growth, and the Manufactures relateing thereunto, besides the advantage which would after accrue by the change of the Seed; sometimes one sort of Grain, and sometimes another, which those Grounds would bring forth in great abundance; as also Rape and Cole-seed, all sorts of Fruits and Garden-stuff, and after return to good Pasture and Meadow again. A rich Soil is capable of any thing almost, and the constantly using of it one way, only gratifieth sloth and idleness; but seasonable change of the best suits with the nature of almost all Grounds, but especially of rich Soils, and is most profitable to the owners, and to the public.  
I shall now add something, as to the parallel which I heat some in discourse make between St. Foin and the Planting Tobacco in England, as if there were the like reason for the prohibiting of the one, as of the other; whereas the difference between them is very appatent in Reason; Justice, and Policy.  
First in Reason, for the English Tobacco (which is laid down as a principal reason for the restraint thereof) is not so whole some as that which comes from beyond Sea, nor in reason can be, for want of the like influence of the Sun; whereas St. Foin is so far from being unwholesome, that it is the most wholesome Grass that Cattle can eat; from whence some have thought it to be called St. Foin, that is to say, sanum, faenum, but 'tis indeed called in French St. Foin, 
Country-farm page 697 and 698.  that is sanctum faenum; for that as some say (and those Doctors of Physic too) it may seem seem to spring out of the Earth, as it were of a more especial favour from God, not only for the nourishing and facting of Herds of Cattle, but also to serve for Physic for Beasts that are sick, and in that respect is called of the Latins Medica.  
Secondly, there was cause to restrain the Planting of English Tobacco in Justice to those that have adventured their lives and fortunes in those Colonies; so far off from their Native Countries, for the in largentent of the King's Territories and Dominions, and have engaged themselves to vend their Tobacco, only in his Majesty's Dominions, upon promise and assurance, that their Trade should not be prejudiced by the Planting of Tobacco here in England.  
Now the owners of rich Ground and Meadows have no such point of Justice to insist upon in opposition to such as improve their Lands by St. Foin, but on the other side it would be great partlality, if not in justice, to hinder men from improving their Land by their industry, which of common right every man may do and will be encouraged therein by every wise State, if the public receive no prejudice there by, as in this improvement I doth not but great advantage; neither doth any particular man suffer any injury thereby; for if he did, the Law would do him right, nor can any man suffer thereby, but by accident, (if at all) nor at all, but out of his sloth and want of industry.  
Thirdly, In Policy: As the Cases relate to the Public, there is a vast and wide difference. For in that of English Tobacco, as is largely declared in the preamble of the Act, the Navigation of the Kingdom, and the Consequences thereof, the enlargement of the King's Domin●ons and Territories by those American Colonies, the vent of our native Commodities to them, the great Trade that relates to them, and the King's Customs out of it would be lost, or much impaired, only to gratify a few Persors in a peddling profit, which they attempt to make in some patches of Ground, to raise a small quantity of unwholesome Tobacco, which could not (in any sort) supply the defect of the other; much less countervail all those other great and weighty Considerations before mentioned, and yet might be sufficient to discourage those Plantations, which after would not be so easily restored again.  
But in the improvement by St. Foine there is nothing of all this, or like it, but the contrary in all respects. It is so far from prejudicing Navigation, or any of the American Colonies, that it rather promoteth both, by furnishing this Kingdom with great abundance of such Commodities as we vent there, and in other parts, whereby more Shipping will be employed, and also by this meant there will be a greater plenty of Beef, Butter-Cheese, etc. for the Provision of Ships and Seamen: Neither is there any danger of destroying a great and certain Trade, in attempting to raise a petty one, that will in no sort supply the want, or countervail the damage of the other. For should St. Foin fail (as Clover Grass doth in a few years) the rich Grounds, and watted Meadows, are not thereby made more barren, or less capable to supply the necessities of the Nation than they were before; neither are the Grounds sowed with St. Foine made barren thereby afterwards, but on the contrary, it renders Ground more fertile and fit for Corn; in so much that such Ground as before was would bring none, or very mean crops of Corn, being ploughed up after St. Foin, the roots thereof are as good as any dung unto it, and will make it bear some good crops of Corn; and then being sowed again with St. Foin, it will, bear it again as well as ever it did; so that it may continually be renewed when the spirit of it is spent, with the advantage of some intervening crops of Corn: And in this sort they in other Countries do order it; and so no doubt shall we also do in England, when there is more plenty of it.  
To conclude, there is not any sort of improvement more profitable, and withal so innocent as this; for most of other improvements, together with their usefulness, are some ways injurions to particular men, and inconvenient to the Public (as in watered Meadows, and draining of Fens hath before been remembered) and yet there is nothing objected against St. Foin, which might not and may not equally be objected against them, if the increasing of Meadow and Pasture be a nuisance. And they that are equally and first in the transgression, ought equally and first to be suppressed: and much rather than an improvement whereof the usefulness is very great, and in some particulars (as anon shall be remarked) not to be paralleled by any sort of Natural or Artificial Herbage or Fodder whatsoever; and yet it is so far from being injurious to any, that it doth not so much as offend the senses, by any ill sight or smell, as watering and burning Ground doth, but is very, pleasant to the eye by its Vernal and Autumnal verdure and Summer's purple vesture, which Flowers (from whence the Bees so greedily suck their Nectar) cannot but render the Air also more sweet and wholesome.  
To sum up in the end of my discourse the Commodities which will accrue to particular Men, and the Public by St. Foin; I shall mention in the first place that which the opposers of it (out of a principle common to all Monopolists) call a nuisance, viz. the increase and plenty of Pasture and Meadow, and consequently of the stock of store, and wealth of the Kingdom; and that especially in such places where there was, and yet is most need thereof.  
Secondly, the Grass and Hay that is raised thereby, is beyond all sorts of Grass and Fodder, in that it is not only Meat, but Medicine, as hath before been said.  
Thirdly, this Grass when once well rooted, runneth down so deep into the Ground, that is neither in danger of heat not cold, stirreth betimes in the Spring, lasteth long in the Autumn, springeth suddenly again after it is cut down or fed, and wherein it exceedeth all sorts of Pasture and Meadow, (except some watered Meadows on great Rivers, which is not without some prejudice to Mills and Navigation.) In the driest years, when all the richest Pasture and upland Meadows are burnt away, this will be both good Pasture and Meadow. What a mischief than would it be to deprive the Kingdom of such a Commedity, which will supply its necessities, when other means generally fail.  
Fourthly, this Grass is good both for breeding and feeding of all sorts of Cattle, and begetteth so much Milk, and so good, that the Dary maid shall in one week's space find a great alteration for the better, both in the colour, quantity, and quality of the Milk, from what any ordinary Pasture will yield.  
Fifthly, (to conclude with that sweet and very profitable Commodity It must certainly raise very much and very good Honey and Wax, Bees delighting so much to feed upon it.  
And therefore unless that which God promised as a Blessing to the Israelites, seem a Curse to England, viz. A Land flowing with Milk and Honey. I hope no man will from henceforth endeavour to hinder the increase of St. Foin.  
This and the like improvements (if encouraged) cannot but make the Nation rich, populous and prosperous as we see that of our Neighbours of France and Flanaers are, from whenee we learn these and the like improvements: but if we shall choose to follow them in their Vanities and Superfluities, and shall not withal imitate them in their Virtues and Industry, but discourage what they encourage and thrive so much by; we may justly fear, we shall be the Tail and not the Head; always Borrowers and Buyers, and never Lender's or Venders: and so become the Object of all our Neighbours Affronts and Scorns, which God forbidden.   

THE SOILS, HUSBANDRY, And USES proper for St. FOIN With the several Manners of its Improvement; Fit to be known by all that delight in HUSBANDRY.  
THe Soils proper for St. Foin, 
The soils proper.  are the most of dry Grounds, though they be very barren, trial having been made plentifully on Stony and Chalky Grounds, not worth two shillings the Acre, which have thereby been improved to be worth forty shillings the Acre, and have so continued for thirty years.  
Sheer and sleight Sands, 
The improper soils.  are the only proper dry Grounds; but mixed Sands, as are generally the Red and Brown, bear it singularly well: all Clays and other cold and wet Grounds bear it not.  
The times of sowing it are in Autumn, 
The times of sowing.  from the beginning of August, till the end of September: In the Spring, from the beginning of February till the end of March; but the earlier it is sown in either season the better.  
For sowing it in Autumn, 
Sowing it in Autumn.  the Tillage ought to in all respects the same as for Wheat, with this difference: That before it be sown, the land must be harrowed very fine to levelly it: Then sew it, and harrow it in, as other Grains.  
There is this way also of doing it with small charge, 
Another way.  and good success. If Land be sowed with Summer-Corn, and is very free from Weeds, let the Corn be Mowed low; and so soon as it is off the Ground, turn up the Land with a Blow, and Harrow it very well, dragging off as much of the Stubble as conveniently may be; when it is fine, Sow the St. Foin, Harrowing it in, as before. To wrap or wreath, or raddle the spiks or teeth of the Harrow not to go into the Ground above two inches and an half.  
Note, 
Note.  In the Autumn, it must ever be sowed alone without Corn.  
In Spring, 
Sowing in the Spring.  the Husbandry, it must be in all respects the same as for Batley: for the Land must be made very fine, and be Harrowed before it be sowed, as is before directed. In this season it may be sown with Oats or Barley (but Oats are the better;) or without either, which is surely best.  
If without Corn, 
Without Corn.  the manner of Husbandry differs not from the former Description of sowing it in the Autumn. If with Corn, the Corn must be first sowed and harrowed after the usual manner; then sow the St. Foin and harrow it, as before directed.  
New broken Ground cannot be sowed with it, 
With Corn new ground  till the Crop be first had; after which, the Ground being presently turned up, and harrowed about Alhollontide, it will be fit to sow the Spring following.  
To make present trial whether any Ground will bear it, 
Fo● present Trial.  let a small Plot about four yards square be digged with a Spade, and made fine with a Gardentake, and sow the St. Foine in rows, as is wont to be done with Garden Pease: If the ground be sward ground, the Turf must be ●●aven off and cast away, that the remaining Earth may be fine: This must be carefully enclosed, and if it prosper well, it shows the soil proper: This may be done in several places, if the soil very, for more assurance.  

The consevat on of it.  It must be carefully fenced and conserved from  the first year, nothing being suffered to come into it: the second year generally it may be Mown, and the after-grass fed about Alhollontide; but  would not be suffered to stay in it in wet seasons till the root be strong, which will be the third Summer. If it be not of sufficient growth to mow the second year, (as in very dry Grounds, in cold and dry Springs it will not) it may then be fed with  about the middle of May; but the  would not be suffered to stay very long on it, for much treading will be hurtful to it being yet tender.  

The Uses.  After the second year, all the time it lasts, which is various (for in some soils it hath endured much longer then in others) it may be annually mowed or fed as is desired, without any repair by dung, or other soil whatsoever: but it is not convenient to mow the same Grounds constantly, but they should be sometimes mowed, and other times fed.  

For Hay.  If it must be reserved for mowing, it must be laid in by the middle of April at latest, but Lady day is a fit time. It is fit to cut when it gins to flower, which commonly is about the middle of May, sometimes later: It is made in all respect as other Hay. This Hay is very good for most uses, that other Hay is; only it seems too gross for Sheep, for Horses it excels.  

The seeding it g●een, with great beasts.  When it is designed for Pasturage, it must be laid early, as the beginning of March, which will render it fit to be fed by the middle of April or May-day at latest. None but great  would be pastured on it at this time of the year, which it feeds singularly well, without danger of suffocation, which is incident to Clover-grass. It breeds abundance of Milk in Milch-Beasts, and the Butter that is made of it is excellent.  

Feeding it with Sheep.  The After-Moth, and Grass that springs in Autumn, in the Grounds that have been pastured, may Sheep safely be fed with, which it fat's suddenly: it is very good for Ewes and Lambs, keeping them in high state, and promoting growth, but they must not be suffered to go on it past Lady-day.  
Note there must be sowed four Bushels upon an Acre.   
FINIS.