Restauranda: OR THE NECESSITY OF Public Repairs, By settling of a certain and Royal yearly REVENUE FOR THE KING. OR The Way to a well-being for the KING and His PEOPLE, proposed by the Establishing of a fitting Revenue for him, and Enacting some Necessary and Wholesome Laws for the PEOPLE.  
London, Printed by Richard Hodgkinson, for the Author, and are to be sold by Abel Roper, at the sign of the Sun, over against Saint Dunston's Church in Fleetstreet, 1662.   

REGI ET PATRIAE VERISQUE HONORIS ET FELICITATIS ANGLIAE CULTORIBUS, HASCE VELUTI MATERIARUM SEDES, DICAT DEDICATQUE FABIANUS PHILIPPS.   

THE CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTERS.  

CHAP. I. REvenues of the Kings of England. Pag. 6  
CHAP. II. Supplies and Additions to the Royal Revenues, and the many cares taken therein by Parliaments and otherwise. p. 14  
CHAP. III. Ruin and decay of the Revenues. p. 30  
CHAP. IV. The Remedies. p. 58    

Some Erratas or faults escaped the Printer, which the Reader is entreated to correct and amend in this manner.  
PAge 2 line 15 deal by, p. 7. l. 10 deal may, p. 27 l. 26. for their read the, p. 68 l. 14. interfere, had in principio, & deal, in fine, p. 69. l. 5. for and worse. or worse, and l. 29. for which r. and p. 58. for Chap. l. r. Chap. IU. p. 81. l. 23. deal that, p▪ 83 l. 31. deal and and 〈◊〉.   

Restauranda, OR The necessity of Public Repairs, by the settling of a certain and Royal yearly Revenue for the KING. OR The Way to a well-being for the KING and his PEOPLE proposed, by the establishing of a fitting Revenue for Him, and Enacting some necessary and wholesome Laws for the People.  
A Long course of time, & Annosa vetustas, which wears out and subdues the most stubborn Rocks and Marbles, and crumbles into dust and ruin things of long duration, together with the necessities, cares and affairs, which do usually busy Crowns and Princes and their Royal Revenues in the protection and welfare of themselves and the people committed to their charge, may without the inconsiderate censures of those who think much of every Aid and Contribution which they give towards the effecting or support of their own and their posterities happiness, be well supposed to be no small cause of wasting and lessening those Royal supports or means which our Kings of England have heretofore had to do it withal, and as streams running far from their springs and fountains without the help or company of other waters to augment or go along with them, may be allowed more than a little to dry up or languish, and might silence the murmur and complaints of those who can be content to beg & get all they can from the King, and by too often by false pretences concealing the worth or value of what they ask of him, do gain thereby ten times more than they seem to request, or he intends to give them, and making no scruple to deceive him, which our blessed Saviour never taught them when he commanded to give to Caesar that which was Caesar's, think it is Kingly to be cozened, and that he can never give, or be deceived too much; yet when he comes to demand any help or assistance from them, though it be but for a public good and their own preservation, can cry out, burdens and oppressions, and as if he were some Ocean, never to be drawn dry, or Mountain never to be digged down or exhausted; an Elixir to transmute and enrich others without any waist or diminution of its self, or the Sun in the firmament, which can enlighten, heat, and nourish all things and be never the worse for it, marvel how he can come to want; and if they do believe him to be in any necessity, are ready to lay the cause or blame of it upon his Officers for taking more care of their own Estates than his, and for a thriving way of Arithmetic, by substracting from his to increase and multiply their own; whilst many who have but lately tasted of his bounty, or whose Fathers, Grandfathers or Ancestors have lest them goodly Inheritances, which were either of the gift of the King or his Progenitors; or purchased and gained by beneficial offices and places or employments under them, can look upon every Subsidy, Tax or Assessment as a blast, or mildew of their corn, some plague or epidemical disease, or a greater national calamity, and give them no better an aspect or entertainment then the children of Israel did their Egyptian Tax-masters when they were commanded to make their Tale of Brick and gather the straw, though they never repine or grumble at the same time at ten times a greater sum to a Merry-meeting or a Feast, or spent in a horse-race, a thousand or five hundred pounds lost in a night at dice, three or four hundred pounds spent in a Treatment or Banquet, or the large or sinful expensive vanities of themselves and their wives and children.  
And too many, who would be thought to be better Subjects and Patriots than others, can seem to hate a Civil war, shrink at the imagination of the miseries thereof, tremble at a foreign Invasion Freequarter, Plunder, and the Outrage of Soldiers; complain of want of Trade, or the guarding of the Seas; boast of the ancient honour and glory due unto their Nation, and take a pleasure to recount it to their children, or read it in their Histories, and not a few also who in our late twenty years' rebellion, and the spoils and afflictions which attended it, could drive honester men than themselves into Taxes and Assessments, and think a million and a half in yearly Assessments for some years together, besides a fifth part of their real Estates, a twentieth of their personal, and many other of their Depredations amounting to more than all the Taxes and Aids put together, which for five hundred years last passed were imposed by our Kings and Princes, to be little enough to sacrifice to a mistaken godliness, will notwithstanding do as very little as they can to contribute any thing to the procuring and enjoying the blessings of peace and plenty, or avoid the contrary.  
And do never so well esteem of their own policies, as when they can by pretences of debts, poverty, or charge of children, shift of necessary and public duties, and by undervaluing of their own Estates, or overvaluing others, make as small an offering as they can to their oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy, and necessities of their Prince and Defender of their Faith as well as their Estates.  
And too too many whilst they cannot but acknowledge if Scripture and the Laws of God and man may be their guide and directors, that he hath lately by God's mercy and a miracle redeemed them and their Laws and Liberties out of a slavery which stuck like a leprosy, and was like to be entailed upon them and their posterities, rescued Religion, and gave them their Lands and Estates again which the just Laws of the Land once called their Birthright had forfeited unto him, can by an unheard and not easily to be believed ingratitude, after his Act of Oblivion and Free-pardon, neither deserved nor purchased, and preferments bestowed upon them, fall into such an oblivion as nature abhors, and humanity must needs blush at, and not offer any thing in a benevolence ordered by Act of Parliament instead of a Tax or Subsidy. And very many of those which did give any thing (some loyal and right-hearted excepted) having obtained of the King to give away the principallest Flower of his Crown, by releasing of his Tenors in Capite and by Knight's service, and promised him Tenors in Cord in part of satisfaction, would not be pleased to find the way afterwards to give him so much as the twentieth part of their yearly vain and unnecessary expenses towards the relieving of the public and his private necessities.  
For the better information therefore of all such who are unwilling to part with a Fancy, that the Revenues of our Kings of England are immense or largely sufficient for their occasions, and to dispose them to the duty which the Laws of God and Men have commanded and directed; and evidence the reason and necessity which the King now hath to demand a supplement of his Revenue, and for his good people of England not to deny it him, and that the decays and ruins thereof have not been occasioned only by an heretofore ill-management of the Finances, but by time, and an age of many ages, multiplicity of expenses, indulgences to the people, and necessity of affirs and government, which exhausting the radical heat and moisture, have so spent the spirits of the body politic, as they have brought it to that feinting, languishing and weak condition it is now in.  
It will not be inconvenient from the mountains and hills of time to look down into the valleys of the ages past and take a short view (for a longer would better become the design of a Volume then what is here briefly to be represented) of the Revenues of our Kings of England before and since the Conquest.  

CHAP. I. Revenues of the Kings of England.  
IN the Prospect whereof it will be more than a conjecture, that those of the Saxon race, before the Norman Invasion, had in their Heptarchy (except Wales, and the barren and mountainous part of our Britain, to which the distressed Relics of that Nation had for shelter and safety retired) the most part of the Lands and Revenues of the British Kings; that Egbert King of the West Saxons, and Alured, and after them Edgar sole Monarch of Albion and the Saxon Dominions, and his Successors, having possessed themselves of all the other King's Estates, could not probably be without very large Demesnes and Revenues, and that not only they, but all the succeeding Saxon Kings have made the support of themselves Regality, Government, and Affairs in and by the constant and certain Revenues and profits of their Lands in Demean and Service, which as a Sacrum Patrimonium and concomitant of the Crown, may by the ancient Charters of many of our Kings before the Conquest, the grant of the Manor of Malling in the County of Sussex by Egbert King of the West Saxons, in An. Dom. 838. distinction of Crown Lands and Terra Regis (a great part of which were no other than what was since, and is now called Ancient Demean) mentioned and recorded in Doomsday book, that Liber censualis and grand Register or Survey of the Lands of the Kingdom precedented by the Book or Roll of Winchester, made by King Alfred or Alured, a resumption of some of the Crown Lands in the reigns of King Stephen, Henry the Second, and Henry the Third, and several of their Successors the Articles enquired of in the succeeding Eyres, a Judgement in 6 Edw. 1. against the Abbot of Feversham for some of the Crown lands which were aliened by King Stephen. And the opinion of Bracton, a Judge in the later end of the reign of King Henry the Third lib. 2. de legibus & consuetudinibus regni Angliae, that, Est res quasisacra res fiscalis quae dari non potest, nec vendi, nec ad alium transferri a principe, vel a rege regnante, & quae faciunt ipsam coronam & communem utilitatem respiciunt, may be understood to be unalienable.  
And by the casual and uncertain profits & revenues of the Crown Jure superioritatis, which to such as shall acquaint themselves with the Saxon Laws, Customs, and Antiquities, will appear to be Escheats and Forfeitures, Mines Royal, Herriots, Reliefs upon the deaths of Tenants in Capite, and by Knight's Service (which in those more grateful times amounted to very much) the benefit of Tolls and Customs, Manbote, Bloodwite, with many other Wita's and Wera's Capitis estimationes, mulcts, penalties, and fruits of the Kingly Prerogative, which then, and with Wardships, Liveries, Profits of Annum diem & vastum Fines, Assart lands, and Fines for Encroachments, Purprestures, and divers other things in many Kings reigns after the Conquest were used to be exactly and carefully collected by the Comites, or Earls and Governors of the Shires or Provinces who had the third penny, then accounted so much as to become an honourable allowance for their collecting it; and the Praepositi, Shire Reeves, and other Officers of the Crown, and in the Courts of Justice, as well great as small, and the Iters and Circuits of the Justices: and that when the sins and miseries of our Saxon Ancestors had enriched William the Conqueror, and entitled him to the Directum Dominium of all, and the utile Dominium of the greatest part of the lands and possessions of England: and he had given away much of it to his great Commanders, Friends, Allies & Soldiers (many of whom were not without their own patrimonies and great possessions in Normandy and other transmarine parts) and glutted them with the spoils and inheritance of the English; and had to those large Territories and Demesnes which he reserved to himself, and the Terra Regis and ancient Demesnes of King Edward the Confessor, which he united to the Crown a further increase by the no small Estates and Inheritances of some of his after unquiet great Nobility, as Edwin Earl of York, Ralph Earl of Suffolk, William Fitz-Osberne Earl of Hereford, Edric surnamed the Forester Howard le Exul, Waltheof Earl of Northumberland, and divers other of the English and Normans.  
That which most concerned him and his successors in the reigns of William Rufus and Henry the First, the former of whom had his Estate augmented by the temporalties and vacancies of Bishoprics, Abbeys and Priories, and the later by the Attainders and great Estates and Inheritance of Robert Mowbray Earl of Northumberland, Robert de Belesme Earl of Arundel and Shrowsbury, William Earl of Mortaigne and Cornwall, (both of them having much in demesnes, and a great deal more in service for Aids in war, holden of them, their Coloni or Glebae adscriptitii, socage Tenants, which did most of their servile works without money, and paid them besides an annual Rent in corn and other household provisions,) was to quiet the ruined English, and by intermarriages of them and the Normans and Foreigners and other establishments, to assure what was gained to their posterities, the plenty and abundance whereof continuing through the reigns of King Stephen and King Henry the Second, who greatly enlarged his Dominions by the Duchy of Aquitain, Earldoms of Anjou, Main, Poictou Touraine, and other Provinces and parts of France, the Lands of Henry de Essex his Standard-bearer by inheritance, forfeited for the treason of throwing it down and flying, and reporting that he was slain; the Earldom of Lincoln (Earldoms being then and long after not without great Possessions and Revenues belonging to them:) the Lands of William Peverell Lord of Nottingham; Conquest of Ireland, and whole Counties and Provinces thereof coming to be the King's Demesnes and the forfeitures to Richard the First of many of his Nobility and others who had taken part with his Brother John in his usurpation of the Regal authority.  
All which with the Escheats and Forfeitures of the Terra Normanorum in England, upon the loss of Normandy by King John unto the French, confiscated Lands of a great part of the English Nobility and Gentry, after the misfortune of Henry the Third, in the unquietness of many of his Barons and People, his better fortune in the battle of Evesham, and subduing them in the forty ninth year of his Reign, the accession to the Crown of the Earledoms of Derby, Leicester, Salisbury, and the County Palatine of Chester, with the vast Territories and Estates which belonged unto them, and many other lesser Escheats and Forfeitures; the Forfeiture of Roger Bigod Earl of Norfolk and his Earldom, and great Possessions with divers other Escheats and Forfeitures, the Principality of Wales and the Conquest of Scotland in the Reign of King Edward the First, confiscating of the lands of inheritance (for from the making of the Statute de Donis or Entails in Anno 13. of Edward the first, until Anno 5 & 6 of Edward the sixth, Lands entailed were not forfeited for Treason) of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, Lincoln and Derby; Humphrey de Bohun Earl of Hereford and Essex; of the Lords Clifford, Warrein, Lisle, Tutchet, Cheney, Mowbray, Teyes, Aldenham, Badlesmere and Gifford, and many other men of great note and eminency to King Edward the second, the lands of Mortimer Earl of March, Edmund Earl of Kent, and the Escheat of the great Estate and Inheritance of Hastings Earl of Pembroke to King Edward the third, with several other confiscations and forfeitures, and his Conquest of a great part of France, the forfeitures of Robert de Vere Duke of Ireland, Michael dela Pooli Earl of Suffolk, of the Duke of Gloucester, Earls of Arundel and Warwick, and divers other great Inheritances to King R. 2. the marriage of John of Grant fourth son to King Ed. 3. to Blanch the sole daughter and heir of Henry Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Leicester and Lincoln, making that of Lancaster to be as a Principality or little Kingdom, which by Henry 4, 5, 6, and 7th Kings of England coming afterwards to attend the Royal Dignity, accompanied by the forfeitures of the Dukes of Exeter and Albemarle, Mowbray Earl Marshal, Earls of Kent, Salisbury Huntingdon, Northumberland, Stafford, March and Worcester Owen Glendour; Lords, Hastings, Despencer, Falconbridge, Bardolph, and many others to King H. 4. and the lands of the Earldom of Oxford long detained by him, confiscation of the lands of the Prior Aliens, and all France conquered and in possession, and many other great Estates coming to Hen. 5. by the Attainders of Richard Earl of Cambridge, Earl of Northumberland, Henry Lord Scroop; the lands of Widevill Earl Rivers, and divers other Barons, the Dukedoms of Exeter and Somerset, and Earldom of Devonshire, and many other Lands and Inheritances forfeited to King Edward the Fourth, the Lands and Estate of Henry Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Stafford and Northampton, and Lord of Brecknock and Holderness, Henry Earl of Richmond, and Jasper Earl of Penbroke, with some other to King Richard the Third, accumulated by the great and Princely Inheritance of Richard Duke of York, and all the partakers of him and King Edward the fourth his brother, with the Lands and great Inheritance of the Countess of Warwick, gained by King H. 7. his fortune at Bosworth-field, and the marriage and inheritance, of the Royal and principal heir of the white Rose; the confiscations of the lands of John Duke of Norfolk, Earls of Surrey, Warwick, Lincoln, Lords Lovel, Welles, Audley, and divers others, like many great rivers running into the Ocean of the Crown revenues, made its Lands and Estate to be as vast in Demesnes, and Service, as they were Princely and honourable.  
Which being likewise abundantly enlarged by King Hen. 8. by the unprosperous dissolution of the Abbey and religious Lands, which the envy of the Laity in the reign of King H. 4. had (over and above (as they said) what would serve for the remaning Clergy) computed to be sufficient and enough to maintain fifteen Earls (which after the rate of Earls in those days and their grand revenues, could not be a little) fifteen hundred Knights, six thousand two hundred Gentlemen, and an hundred Hospitals, besides twenty thousand pounds per annum to be given to the King (which was then more than one hundred thousand pounds per annum is now) and were at their dissolution six hundred forty and five Abbeys, Priories and Nunneries, ninety Colleges, one hundred and ten Hospitals, and two thousand three hundred seventy and four Chanteries and free Chapels, then valued at one hundred-eighty six thousand fifteen pounds eight shillings penny farthing per annum.  
And together with the forfeited Lands and Inheritance of Empson and Dudley, George Lord Rochfort, Edmond de la Poole Duke of Suffolk, the Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Surrey Lord Dacres, and divers others and the confiscation of his two great Favourites Wolsey and Cromwell, the former of which left him the stately Palaces of Hampton-Court and Whitehall, and the recontinuing of divers liberties withheld from the Crown by the Lords Marchers of Wales, made so great an accession and increase as the Court of Exchequer was not thought to be comprehensive enough for the care and governance thereof without the short-lived Courts of the Survey, and Augmentation, and First-fruits erected by Act of Parliament for the separate management of the Ecclesiastical Revenues.  
By the dissolution whereof shortly after, and not trusting the Exchequer with the better care thereof, the regal revenues if Mr. Christopher Vernon, a late ancient and expert Officer of that Court hath not been mistaken, or miscast it, were not so little damnified as six hundred thousand pounds sterling; or if plenty had not as it most commonly useth, introduced profusion, and carelessness, might otherwise have been saved.  
Which with the Lands and Inheritance of the Duke of Somerset, and others attainted, added by King Edward the sixth, the forfeitures of the Duke of Northumberland; William Parr Marquis of Northampton, John Earl of Warwick, Sir Thomas Wyatt and others to Queen Mary; the Lands of the Duke of Norfolk, Philip Earl of Arrundel, the Earls of Westmoreland, Essex and Southampton, Sir John Perrot, Leonard Dacres, and others in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and hers as well as King Edward the sixth's ill advised and unhappy clipping and lessening the Lands and Revenues of many Bishoprics, Deans and Chapters; forfeitures of the Lord Cobham & Sir Walter Rawley, and of Winter, Grant, and other the Gunpowder Traitors; the great revenues of the Earls of Tyrone and Desmond, and other large confiscated Escheats and forfeited Estates in Ireland, which came to King James (for before his reign and the subduing of Tyrone, that Kingdom as to the public was a greater charge than profit) addition of Scotland and all the Appennages and Lands of the royal Brethren and Princes of the blood of England in their several times and ages, falling into the Regal Revenues, would have made a plentiful support for the Crown of England, if they had tarried (as they did not) one for another, and continued unwasted and unaliened.   

CHAP. II. Supplies and Additions to the Royal Revenues, and the many cares taken therein by Parliaments and otherwise.  
WHich could not be prevented by a thousand sixty one pounds and three half pence per diem revenue ex justis reditibus, which William the Conqueror had in daily revenue, after his Knight's Fees and his large gifts and rewards given to his friends and followers (which in the now value of money and rates of provision would a great deal more than treble that sum) as Ordericus vitalis, who was born in his reign, and died in the beginning of the reign of King Stephen, hath informed us exceptis muneribus regiis, & reatum redemptionibus aliisque multiplicibus negotiis quae Regis Aerarium quotidie advagebant, besides, Gifts, Presents, Confiscations, and other things which did daily increase his riches, nor by sixty thousand pounds sterling, 〈◊〉 by him in his Treasury, his Censas Nemor●m, rents or profits of Woods, Escheats and incidents of Tenors in Capite and by Knight service, Hidage, Danegeld, Sponte oblata, for all Grants or Favours which passed from him, Cambium Regium, or benefit of Exchanges, rating of the Fees of the Officers of his Household to a certainty per diem, taking accounts upon oath for all his moneys issued out or impressed for repair of his Castles and Houses, and fines for granting of Privileges and Liberties, Contributions to William Rufus towards the building of Westminster-Hall, three shillings upon every hundred Acres or Hide of Land in England to King Hen. 1. and his providence in making every third year a survey of his Woods and Forests, changing of the penalites of mutilation of members into pecuniary mulcts, turning of his rents which were formerly paid in corn and other household provisions, into money, and six pence overplus in every pound for any loss or abatement which might happen in the value of money, which being then by reason of his often absence and residence in Normandy reckoned to be good husbandry, proved shortly afterwards by the change of times, & dearer rates of provision to be the contrary, and a great disadvantage to his Successors; one hundred thousand pounds in money, besides Plate and Jewels left by him in his Treasury, and possessed by King Stephen, resumption of divers Lands aliened from the Royal Revenue; reforming of the Exchequer by Hen. 2. revoking of all Grants of Lands aliened from the Crown, of the Castles of Clebury, Wigmore and Bridgnorth from 〈◊〉 Mortimer, City of Gloucester and Lands belonging unto it from Roger, Fitz Miles Earl of Hereford, Castle of Scarborough from William Earl of Albemarle, with many other Lands, Towns and Castles; and from William Earl of Mortain and Warren, base Son to King Stephen, the Castle of Pemsey and City of Norwich; notwithstanding that himself had granted them to the said William Earl of Mortaign in his agreement with King Stephen, alleging that they were of the Demesnes of the Crown, and could not be alienated, calling of certain of his great Ministers of Estate to account, and imposing a Tax of two pence upon every yoke of Oxen in Ireland, and two pence in the pound by Act of Parliament of every man's Lands and goods in Normandy, to be paid in the year 1166. and a penny in every pound to be paid for four years following, for the relief of the Christians in the Holy war, enquiring by his Justice's Itinerants, and Articles in Eyre in England of the rights of his Crown and Exchequer, taxing in the 32. year of his reign all his Dominions in France, with the Tenth of the Revenues for that year of all, as well Clergy as Laity but such as went in person to the Holy war, the tenth of all their moveables, as well gold as silver, and the tenth of the moveables of two hundred of the richest men in London, and of one hundred in York, banishment of William de Ipre Earl of Kent, with his Countrymen and followers, when they grew to be a burden to the Kingdom; nine hundred thousand pounds in money besides Plate and Jewels inestimable left in the Treasury to his Son King Richard the first, great sums of money gained by him by renewing Charters and Fines imposed upon Sheriffs and Accomptants, and such as had taken part with his Brother John in his usurpations, the tenth of all moveables granted to him, and the City of London giving him a voluntary contribution towards his voyage into the Holy Land; banishment of Otho Earl of York, the Son of his. Sister and all the Bavarians; a fourth part given him by Parliament of all spiritual and temporal Revenues, as much for moveables, and twenty shillings for every Knight's Fee, resumption of many Grants of Lands and Annuities, two shillings of every plough land taken for preparation of a journey to Normandy; examination of the Accounts of his Exchequer Officers, five shillings laid upon every plough land for another foreign voyage, and a general survey made of his Lands and Profits.  
Three shillings for every plough land granted by Parliament to King John for his affairs in Normandy, one hundred thousand pounds taxed upon the Clergy towards his charges in Ireland, a thirteenth of all Spiritual and Temporal men's goods, twenty six shillings eight pence for every Knights Fee two shillings upon every plough land, an Aid of twenty six shillings and eight pence of every Knight's fee towards his wars in Wales, with Escauge of such as held of him besides Benevolences, Escheats and Americiaments; twenty shillings of every Knights see towards his charges in Normandy, forty shillings at another time, and an Aid for the marriage of his Sister Isabel to the Emperor Frederick.  
The fifteenth part of every man's moveables to King Henry the third for a confirmation of Magna Charta and Charta Foreste, fortieth part of every man's goods towards the payment of his debts, and a thirtieth part afterwards granted by Act of Parliament, much of his Forests and Woods converted to errable land, his Parks of Woodstock and Gillingham ploughed, many Grants made in his minority revoked, his great Officers as Hubert de Burgh Earl of Kent, Chief Justice of England, and others called to account, Ranulph Britton Treasurer of his Chamber fined in one thousand marks, a great sum of money given by the City of London to be made Toll-free, every one that could dispend in land fifteen pound per annum ordered to be knighted or pay a Fine; great sums of money gained by composition with Delinquents at seven years' value of their Lands by the Dictum de Kenilworth, his household charges lessened, a meaner Port kept, less Alms given, his Jewels and the Crown royal pawned, Plate sold to pay his debts at no greater a value then the weight though the workmanship did cost as much, and the golden Shrine of Edward the Confessor, forty shillings for every Knights see twice assessed for his wars in Gascony, great sums of money raised of the jews, the banishment of the Poictovins and his half-brothers who had made it too much of their business to beg what they could of the Revenue, and by his own sometimes sitting in the Exchequer to preserve it; thirty two thousand pounds sterling received of Leolin Prince of Wales propaee habenda, and a resumption of divers of the Crown Lands which had been aliened.  
Nor by an Inquiry in Anno 4. of King Ed. 1, by Act of Parliament of the Castles, Buildings, Led and Timber of the Kings, his Demesnes, Parks, Woods, extent of Manors, foreign Parks and Woods, Pawnage, Herbage, Mills, Fishings, Freeholds, Cottages, Curtilages, customary Tenants, Patronages, Perquisit●s of Courts, Liberties, Customs and Services; a Subsidy in Anno 6. of his reign of the twentieth part of every man's goods towards the charges of his wars in Wales, the Statute of Quo warranto in Anno 18. to inquire and seize into the King's hands all liberties usurped; a Subside in anno 22. of his reign upon Woolfels and Hides transported, a tenth of all goods, the eighth of the goods of the Citizens and Burgesses, a twelfth of the rest of the Laity, and a moiety of the Clergy; in anno 25. and in anno 26. the ninth penny of the Commons, the tenth penny of the Clergy of the Province of Canterbury, and the fifth of York, taking away much moneys from the Prior's Aliens, payment by the Clergy in anno 23 of all such sums of money which they had promised to pay to the Pope towards the maintenance of the Holy wars, and half a years value of their Ecclesiastical livings and promotions, abased moneys, four hundred and twenty thousand pounds fifteen shillings and four pence raised from the Jews, and a far greater sum afterwards, contribution of ships and ship-money by the maritime Coasts and Counties in case of danger and invasion, sixty five thousand marks of silver received for Fines of some corrupt Judges, and great sums of money likewise for forfeitures by an Inquisition or Commission of Trail Baston.  
A fifteenth of the Clergy, and a twentieth of the Temporalty to King Edward the Second, in anno primo of his reign, the moveables and personal Estate of the Knight's Templars in England, Contribution of ships and ship-money by the maritime Counties; a fifteenth in anno 6. and the great and rich confiscated personal Estates of the two Spencers, Father and Son, and an Ordinance made pro Hospitio Regis, concerning the regulation of his Household.  
Thirty thousand marks paid to King Edward the third in anno 2. of his reign by Robert Bruce King of Scots, to release his Sovereignty to that Kingdom; a tenth of the Clergy Citizens and Burgesses, and a fifteenth of others granted in anno 6. of his reign, Aids of ships & ship-money by the Seacoasts; and in an. 13. the tenth sheep of all the Lords Demesnes except of their bond Tenants; the tenth fleece of wool, and the tenth lamb of their store to be paid in two years; and that such of them or their Peers as held by Barony, should give the tenth of their grain, wool and Lamb, and of all their own Demesnes, and two thousand five hundred sacks of wool given by the Commons anno 14. the ninth of the grain, wool, and lamb of the Laity, to be paid in two years; the ninth of the goods of the Townsmen, and the fifteenth of such as dwelled in Forests and Chases anno 17. forty shillings for every Sack of wool over and above the old rate anno 18. a Disme by the Clergy of Canterbury for three years, two fifteenths of the Commons, and two dimes of the Cities and Towns to be levied in such wise as the last in an. 20. two fifteen to be paid in two years anno 21. two shillings upon every Sack of wool, granted by the Lords without the Commons in anno 22. three fifteen to be paid in three years: All such treasure as was committed to Churches throughout England for the Holy war, all the goods of the Cluniacques, Cistercians, and some other Orders of Monks, half the wools of the Laity, and the whole of the Clergy; the jewels of the Crown pawned, imprisonment of his Treasurer, abasing some of his 〈◊〉 and ordaining some of his Exchanges of money to be at London, Canterbury and York, moneys abated in weight and made to pass according to former value, and the profits which the foreign Cardinals enjoyed in England during their lives, taken into his hands; one hundred thousand pounds received for the ransom of John King of France, great sums of money for the ransoming of David King of Scotland, Philip afterwards Duke of Burgogne, Jaques de Bourbon, and many of the French Nobility; fifty shillings granted by Parliament in anno 43. for every sack of wool for six years (by which imposition only, as the Trade of Wools and Clothing then flourished, the King, as it was computed, might dispend one thousand marks per diem) fifty thousand pounds by the Laity, and as much by the Clergy, granted him by the Parliament in anno 45. to resume his right in France: a Poll-money by Act of Parliament of four pence for every person of of the Laity that took not alms, of every Clergyman beneficed twelve pence, and of every Religious person four pence, in anno 50. and a resumption of divers of his Crown Lands.  
A Subsidy in the first year of K. Richard the second levied upon the great men, to spare the Commons, Poll-money of every person above fifteen years old, Fines of seaventeen shires in anno 21. and causing them to pay great sums of money for aiding the Duke of Gloucester, and Earls of Arrundel and Warwick; the Bohemians which pestered his Court banished, and a resumption of divers of his Crown Lands.  
A tenth of the Clergy, and a Subsidy of twenty shillings upon every Knight's Fee, twelve pence of every man and woman that could dispend twenty shillings per annum above reprises by their Lands, and so proportionably according to their land revenues, twelve pence of every one whose goods were valued at twenty pounds, and proportionably to what it exceeded, gran-to King Henry the fourth; seven hundred thousand pounds found in King Richard the second's Treasury, two fifteenths of the Commons in the sixth year of his reign, a tenth and a half of the Clergy, and of the Commons two fifteenths in the ninth, a Subsidy by the Laity, and half a mark a piece of the Stipendiary Priests and Friars, in the tenth a Subsidy to be levied through the Realm, and in anno 11. a fifteenth, a resumption of many Grants and Annuities, regulation of his Household, and banishment of the Gascoigners and Welsh, impoverishing him and the Kingdom by Petitions and Suits.  
Great sums of money given to King Henry the fifth by the Clergy, a Subsidy by the Clergy and Laity, a double Disme, and a fifteenth by the Laity, and in the 9th year of his reign two tenths of the Clergy, and a fifteenth of the Laity, and another fifteenth in the same year, his Crown Royal and Jewels pawned, and a resumption of divers Lands and Annuities granted to unworthy persons.  
To King Henry the sixth in anno primo of his reign a Subsidy of five Nobles upon every sack of wool transported for three years, forty three shillings of every sack of wool carried out by Merchant strangers, a Subsidy of twelve pence in the pound of all merchandise imported or exported, 3. shillings upon every Ton of wine for three years granted by Parliament, in 〈◊〉 3. a Subsidy of three shillings upon every Tun of 〈◊〉 and of all other Merchandise twelve pence per pound, except woolfell and cloth or every Benefice of ten marks per annum, ten of that parish to pay six shillings and eight pence, of every Benefice of ten pounds per annum, ten parishioners to pay thirty shillings, and four pence, and so rateably for every Benefice: And of the Inhabitants of Cities and Boroughs every man worth twenty shillings above his Householdstuff, and his own and wife's Apparel four pence, and upwards after that rate or proportion; in anno 8. a Disme and fifteenth of the Laity.  
Great sums of money raised by King Edward the fourth by penal Laws and Benevolences, resumption in the seventh year of his reign of all manner of gifts which he had given from the first day of his reign; A Subsidy in anno 8. of two fifteen and a half, and in anno 13. a Subsidy.  
Some Taxes laid upon the people by King Richard the third, and a resumption of all Lands and Estate granted to Elizabeth Grey Queen of England.  
A Subside to Henry the seventh in an. 2. of his reign at a tenth of every man's goods towards the setting forth an Army into Britain anno 4. two fifteen of the Laity, and two Dimes of the Clergy, Poll-money, of every Duke ten marks, every Earl five pounds, every Baron four pounds, every Knight four marks, of every one worth forty shillings, twelve pence, of every one that took wages twelve pence, of every man above fifteen years old four pence; anno 6. great Benevolences, anno 11. a Subsidy towards his wars in Scotland, anno 〈◊〉 Benevolences and great Fines upon penal Laws, 〈◊〉 ●●ghteen hundred thousand pounds left in his Treasury▪ say the Historians, but as the Lo●d Treasurer Cecil Earl of Salisbury, informed King James four Millions and a half.  
Divers Subsidies granted to King Henry the eighth in anno 6. of his reign, and in anno 14. another Subsidy upon goods, a years value for one year of all the Clergies spiritual livings, a great sum of the Laity in the Parliameat following; anno 25. a Subsidy of four pence per pound in goods from twenty shillings to five pound, from five pounds, to ten pounds, eight pence, from ten pounds, to twenty pounds, sixteen pence, from twenty pounds and upwards, two shillings, of all strangers double, of all Strangers not Inhabitants four pence a head, of every one that had Lands, Fees, or Annuities▪ eight penny the pound, from twenty shillings to five pounds, and so doubled according as they did for goods by several proportions, and of the Clergy three shillings in the pound; great sums of money and treasure by the confiscation of Cardinal Wolsey: Anno 26. tenths and first-fruits of the Clergy formerly paid to the Popes granted unto him; An. 36. a Benevolence; An. 37. a Subsidy of six shillings per pound of the Clergy, two shillings eight pence of the goods of the Laity, and four shilligs per pound of Lands, tenths of all Abbey and Religious Lands reserved upon his Grants, two hundred thousand pounds paid by the Clergy of the Provinces of York and Canterbury to be excused from a Praemunire, and the vast and inestimable treasure in Money, Plate, Shrines, Jewels, Copes and rich moveables upon the spoil of the Abbeys and Religious Houses.  
An Aid given by Parliament to King Edward the sixth, in the 2d. year of his reign, of twelve pence per pound of the goods of his natural Subjects, two shillings per pound of Strangers for three years, of every Ewe kept in several pastures three pence, of every Wether two pence, of every Sheep kept in the Commons three half pence, and eight pence per pound of every woollen Cloth made for sale throughout England, anno 6. Commissions given out for sale of Church goods, an. 7. one Subsidy and two fifteen granted by Parliament, and the gain for some years made by the Coinage of Bullion sent from Sweden and returned in Merchandise.  
One Subsidy of the Laity given to Queen Mary in anno 2. of her reign, eight pence in the pound, from five pounds, to ten pounds, from ten pounds, to twenty pounds sixteen pence per pound, and of all strangers double.  
To Queen Elizabeth in anno primo, a Subsidy and two fifteen of the Clergy, and a tenth of the Temporalty: Anno 5. a Subsidy of the Clergy and two fifteen of the Temporalty; Anno 8. a Subsidy of the Clergy, and a subsidy, fifteenth and tenth of the Temporalty; Anno 13. a Subsidy of the Clergy, one subsidy, two fifteenths and a tenth of the Temporalty, anno 18. a subsidy of the Clergy, two fifteenths and tenths of the Temporalty; Anno 23. the like, Annis 27. & 29. the like; Anno 31. two subsidies of the Clergy and three subsidies and six fifteen of the Temporalty; Anno 39 three subsidies of the Clergy and Temporalty, and six fifteen of the Temporalty; An. 43. four subsidies of the Clergy, and four subsidies and eight fifteen of the Temporalty, the pawning of many of her Jewels, and mortgaging divers of her Lands.  
A Subsidy of Poundage and Tonnage, Wools; Woolfels and Leather anno primo Jac. two parts of Recusants Lands convicted; in anno 3. four Subsidies in the pound by the Clergy, and three entire Subsidies, and three Fifteenths and tenths, and three hundred and fifty thousand pounds for Subsidies unpaid to Queen Elizabeth; Anno 7. an Aid to make his Son Prince Henry a Knight; Anno 18. two Subsidies of the Laity and three of the Crergy; Anno 21. three Subsidies and three fifteen of the Temporalty and some Subsidies of the Clergy.  
Primo Car. primi, three entire Subsides by the Spiritualty; 3. Car. five entire Subsidies granted by the Spiritualty, and as many by the Temporalty; great sums of money raised by Ship-money, and by an Act of Parliament for Poll-money, pawning all his Jewels, and the benefit for some years of Coinage, of two hundred thousand pounds of Spanish Bullion, and returning the value in English Commodities.  
All which being great supplies and easements to the charges and burdens of our several and successive Kings and Princes (and were not without some charge in the collection) would have been much greater if the people of England, keeping close to a long custom of not only getting all that they can from their Kings and Common Parents, but returning as little as they could of their Aids or Thanks unto them, would have permitted them to arrive to a just or true valuation, or any more than a small part of what they should be content to rate one another at, having by an Act of Parliament in 6. Ed. 3. obtained of the King, that from henceforth all Aids should be taxed after the old manner; and not otherwise (the Subsidies being most commonly rated but at two shillings eight pence in the pound for goods, and four shillings in the pound for lands, with consideration of debts and other diminishing circumstances) and put in the Balance and compared with that which was given to the people, by the Confirmations of divers Kings and Queens of Letters Patents and Lands given therein, Coronation Pardons, the General Pardons of 21 Jac. those in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, and of some of our later Kings and Princes (for in the Reigns of many of the former, they were not so frequent, general, or usual.) The Act of Parliament of 21 Jacobi Regis, for debarring the King's Title to concealed Lands after sixty years' possession, where nothing within that time had been answered or paid to the Crown, or was in supper, and the last all-surpassing Act of Indemnity and General Pardon granted by King Charles the second, would be far surmounted by those and many other beneficial Acts of Parliament, granted in every King and Prince's reign, of liberties and benefits to the people.  
And were not enough or sufficient to repair the decays of the Regal Revenues, or keep them from a consumption occasioned by their vast charges of our Kings as well in times of war as peace, to keep their people in safety, peace and plenty, nor to cure the Revenue of a Hecticque Fever of almost 500 years' continuance, though some of our Kings and Princes took some parts of Trade into their own hands to supply their necessities, as the Wool by King Ed. 1. Tin by Ed. 3. that and corn by Hen. 6. and Beer transported by Queen Elizabeth, and notwithstanding the care and provision of divers Parliaments to have the Crown Lands not aliened or wasted and the care of the Laws of England, that the grants of the King shall be void where he is deceived or not truly informed: The Ordinance in the 21 of Richard the second that whatsoever should come to the King by Judgement, Escheat, Wardship, or any otherways, should not be given away: That of primo King H. 4. ca 6. that in a Petition to the King for Lands, Offices, or any Gift the value thereof shall be mentioned, and of that also which they have had of the King's gift, or of other his Pregenitors or Predecessors before; and in case it be not, their Grants shall be void and repealed; the Ordinance of 21 R. 2. that the Procurer of any gift should be punished, continued until 7 H. 4. until the King should be out of debt, under penalty of forfeiting the double value for moving or procuring any such suit: The Statute of 4 of H. 4. cap. 4. that the King grant no Lands or other Commodities but to such as shall deserve them; and if any make demand without desert he shall be punished by the Council, and not obtain his suit: In 11 Hen. 4, That Petitions for any such Grants delivered to the King be examined by his Privy Council lest the King's wants should light upon the Commons; and in 2 H. 6. That all the profits by Wards, Marriages, Reliefs, Escheats, and Forfeitures should be expended in helping to defray the charges of the King's Household, an account of the King's Revenue in 1. Hen. 6. in England, Ireland, Wales and Aquitaine, and of his charges and expenses delivered into Parliament by Ralph Lord Cromwell Lord Treasurer of England, and the Dukes of Bedford and Gloucester, and divers of the Lords of the King's Council appointed to consider thereof; the Acts of Parliament in 18 and 43 Eliz. That the Queen should be answered for the overplus, of the value of Lands granted by her Letters Patents after the rate of threescore years' purchase: The abating in several Kings Reigns the expenses of Household and of their Retinue Favourites Gifts and Rewards, and lessening of charges in War by Tenors in Capite and Knight Service; Aids to make their eldest Sons Knights; and for the marriage of their eldest Daughters, Profit of Annum diem & vastum, Aides and Assistances by Grand and Petit Serjeanties', Aurum Reginae, or something presented to the Queen in former Kings Reigns upon Grants of Lands or Estate, Licences to Trade with prohibited Merchandise, raising their Customs, and sometimes farming out their Ships, Fines upon licences of Alienation or Pardons, Espargne of the Royal Revenue by the Marriages of the Heirs of the Nobility and Gentry of great Estates, and transplanting and inoculating of great and Noble Families and Estates into one another, not only for their good and advancement, but the peace and welfare of the Kingdom, and the checque which King James gave to suits and importunities at Court after that he had given away too much of his English Crown Lands to his craving Countrymen of Scotland, publicly declaring what kind of Suits or Requests might be demanded of him, and what he would not grant; his orders to have once in every quarter of a year Certificates or Accounts of moneys issued for his Household, Wardrobe, Jewelhouse, Chamber, Navy and Stables, and his care and advice with his Privy Council for supplies of his Revenues and regulating his expenses, for that the Exitus was every year by affairs, troubles and cares of State, disturbances, and accidents often happening, a great deal more than the Introitus, the disbursements far exceeding the incomes, the ordinary receipts coming far short of the ordinary disbursements, and the extraordinaries very much out-going the ordinaries.   

CHAP. III. Ruin and Decay of the Revenues.  
BY reason of the great charges and expenses which the Kings of England were at through their several Generations, to protect and defend themselves and their people (though some of them, as in all other conditions and sorts of men were sound to be less provident than others, and more easy to the flatteries of Courtiers, or the necessities or importunities of Favourites or Followers, as King Edward the second and King Richard the second) sixty thousand Knights Fees, or maintenance for them given away by William the Conqueror of which the Religious Houses then, or in the near succeeding times, came to be possessed of 28115. the yearly value of which number of Knights Fees, if now they should be estimated but at ten thousand, and valued but at the rate of twenty pounds per annum, as they seemed to be at the making of the Statute of 1 Ed. 2. would be worth two hundred thousand pounds per annum, and if at three hundred pounds per annum, which is now the least of the improvement (Sir Edward Coke reckoning eight hundred, and others six hundred and eighty acres to a Knight's Fee, and others at the least allowing a large proportion) would make three millions per annum sterling, two hundred and eighty Manors given to Godfrey Bishop of Constance, which he left to his Nephew Mowbray, the Isle of Wight, Earldom of Devon, and Honour of Plimpton given by Henry the first to Richard de Ripariis or Rivers, Earldom of Gloucester to Robert Fitz Henry; great possessions given away by King Stephen to purchase love and fidelity, the great Estates in Land which Maud the Empress was enforced to grant, and her Son King Henry the second afterwards to confirm to divers of the great men and Nobility, as the Earldom of Oxford to Awbrey de vere, Earldom of Arundel to William de Albeney, Earldom of Hereford to Miles of Gloucester, and of Essex to Jeofrey Magnavile to forsake the usurping King Stephen, and the great charge which those twenty years' wars expended; the wars of King H. 2. in France, and with his own Sons there and at home, and of seven and forty thousand three hundred thirty three pounds six shillings & eight pence expended and given towards the wars of the Holy land, great sums of gold and silver sent to the Pope, charges of the voyage or expedition which King Richard the first made in person into Asia and the Holy Land and his ransom; the Earldoms of Mortaigne, Cornwall, Dorses, Somerset, Nottingham, Derby and Lancaster with all their great possessions being a great part of the Crown Revenues given to his brother John, and a great part of the remainder sold: The troubles of King John with his boisterous Barons, the Stanneries Castles and Honour of Barkhamstead and County of Cornwall granted by King Hen. 3. to his Brother Richard his great wars and turmoils in the Baron's wars, which drove him to such wants and perplexities as he and his Queen (as Matthew Paris tells us were sometimes enforced to seek their daily and necessary sustenance from Monasteries, charge of endeavouring at a great rate and price, though unsuccessfully to make his Son Edmond King of Sicily, and furnishing his Son Edward afterwards King. E. 1. with an Army to Jerusalem, that of King Ed. 1. in his wars against the Scots, and subduing that Kingdom, the raising and advancing the unhappy Favourites, Gaveston and the two Spencers, Father and Son, by King Edward the Second, and his troubles, great expenses of Edward the Third, in his Conquering of France, the Dukedom of Cornwall, and Earldoms of Chester and Flint, settled upon the Black Prince his Son, and the eldest Sons and Heirs of the Kings of England successively, preferring of Lionel Duke of Clarence, and his many other Sons, restoring of Don Pedro to the Kingdom of Castille, by the aid of the Black Prince, the Earldom of Salisbury, Isle of Man, Castle and Barony of Denbigh, given to Montacute, and one Thousand Marks Lands per annum besides, to him and his Heirs for taking Roger Mortimer Prisoner at Nottingham Castle, one thousand pounds per annum with the Town and Castle of Cambridge, to William Marquess of Juliers and the Heirs of his body, Honour of Wallingford and Earldom of Cornwall escheated, given to John of Eltham his Brother, the penalties and fines of Labourers, Artificers and Servants in anno 36. of his reign given to the Commons for three years to be distributed amongst them the maintaining and humouring of several Factions of the great Nobility by King. Richard the second his voyage into Ireland, and after misfortunes, raising of John Beaufort Earl of Somerset and John Holland, his half-Brother, to be Earl of Kent and Duke of Exeter; dissensions and troubles in the Reign of King Henry the fourth, preferring another of the Beaufort's to be Earl of Dorset, and his establishment as well as he could in his own usurpations, Chirk and Chirk Lands in Wales given by King Henry the fifth to Edmond Beaufort second Son of John Beaufort Earl of Somerset, the charge of his Conquest of France, the seeking to preserve and keep it by Henry the sixth, long and bloody Factions and Wars of York and Lancaster, Kendal, and other great possessions given to John de Foix, a Frenchman, in marriage with Margaret the Sister to William de la Poole Duke of Suffolk, the Earldom of Shrowsbury to the high deserving Talbot, the Isles of Guarnsay and Jersey, and the Castle of Bristol to Henry Beauchamp Duke of Warwick, the charge of King Edward the fourth in his getting the Crown, the Earldom of Pembroke given by him to William Lord Herbert, the making of friends and parties by King R. 3. pacifying of Interests by King. Hen. 7. his gifts and grants to Stanley. Earl of Derby, and the dying the white Rose into the Red, or uniting of them, the voyages and wars of King H. 8. in France, preferring of Charles Brandon to be Duke of Suffolk, Seymour to be Earl of Hertford, Ratcliff Earl of Sussex, Thomas Manors Earl of Rutland, Sir Thomas Bolein to be Viscount Rochfort and Earl of Wiltshire; his contest with the Pope and other great Princes, large and great quantities of Religious and Ecclesiastical Lands given away to divers of his Nobility many of whom had been the former Donors thereof, and to divers of the Gentry to corroborate what he had done, bring them into a better liking of that action, and to be the more unwilling to leave those Lands which he had given them, a remission of all debts without schedule or limitation in anno 21. of his Reign, endowing six Bishoprics and Cathedral Churches, Pensions for life to many which were turned out of their Cloisters, a perpetual maintenance to the Professors of the Greek and Hebrew Tongues, Civil Law, Divinity and Physic in both the Universities, and to twelve poor Knights at Windsor; the wars of King Edward the sixth in Scotland, creating of John Dudley Earl of Warwick Duke of Northumberland, Seymour Duke of Somerset, Russell Earl of Bedford, St. John Earl of Wiltshire, Rich, Willoughby, Paget, Sheffeild, Barons; his giving away great quantities of Ecclesiastical and Chantry Lands, Viscount Montague, Lord Howard of Effingham, Lord North advanced by Queen Mary, the Subsidy of four shillings in the pound for Lands, and two shillings for Goods granted to King Edward the sixth in the last year of his Reign, remitted by her, and nine thousand two hundred pounds' land per annum of the Crown given away, paying at the same time twelve pound per cent. Interest for twenty thousand pounds borrowed of the City of London, and the greater charges and Expenses of Queen Elizabeth, in protecting the netherlands and United Provinces, which cost her five hundred thirty four thousand pounds, and four hundred thousand pounds in succouring King H. 4. of France, besides what was disbursed for other Protestant Allies, guarding the Backdoor of Scotland, relieving & guarding the young King, who was afterwards her Successor, endeavouring to reduce Ireland to its former obedience, which in a few years cost her, as the Lord Treasurer Cecil Earl of Salisbury in the Reign of King James informed the Parliament, nineteen hundred twenty and four thousand pounds, and defending herself from the Assaults and machinations of the Pope, King of Spain, and other Catholic Princes, advancing and enriching Cecil L. Burghley, Sackvile L. Buckhurst, Charles Blount Lord Mountjoy, Knowles, Wotton, Sidney, Carew, Petre, Compton, Cheney, Norris, and Stanhop, to be Barons; and creating of the Earls of Essex, Leicester, Lincoln and Warwick: Remission of a Subsidy granted to Q. Marry, Farming of her Customs to Smyth but for thirteen thousand pounds per annum, afterwards to forty two thousand pounds, and raising them after that only to no more than fifty thousand pounds per annum, five hundred thousand pounds spent by King James in a total subduing of Ireland, three hundred and fifty thousand pounds paid for Queen Elizabeth's debts to the City of London, for which some of the Crown Lands were mortgaged, and for debts to the Army, Admiralty and Wardrobe, and discharging the reckoning of brass money in Ireland with the same sums in silver; his vast expenses by Treaties and Ambassadors, amounting in the seventh year of his Reign unto five hundred thousand pounds, to keep us in our envied peace and plenty; four hundred thousand pounds disbursed in relieving the Dutch, besides what was spent in satisfying the greedy cravings of the Scottish Nation, preferring and raising of the Duke of Richmond, Ramsey, Earl of Holderness, Earls of Carlisle, Kelley, Morton and Dunbarre, Howard Earl of Northampton, Carr Earl of Somerset, Herbert Earl of Montgomery, Villers Duke of Buckingham, Cranfeild Earl of Middlesex, Cecil Earl of Salisbury, Howard Earl of Suffolk, Montague Earl of Manchester, Ley Earl of Marleborough, and Digby Earl of Bristol.  
All which and many more which might be here enumerated, did not only as was usual in the Reigns of our former Kings, by necessary bounties encouraging of virtue and valour, rewarding of merits and high deservings of Ministers of State, and great Achievements of men of war through a successiion of ages, accidents, occasions, and reasons of State, draw and derive their honours from those fountains of Honour, but large Revenues and Lands many times likewise, to support and maintain their Dignities, and sometimes upon the Petitions of the Commons in Parliament, as to confer upon John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, the Dukedom of Acquitaine in the reign of King Edward the third, to make John Holland the King's half-Brother Earl of Huntingdon in the reign of King Richard the second, and to prefer and advance the Lords John and Humphrey, Sons of King Henry the fourth: and sometimes great Pensions and Annuities were given for life until Lands could be provided to support them, in reward of virtue and their services done or to be done for the good of the Nation, and to continue them and their posterities as props and pillars of the Royal Throne in a grateful acknowledgement of the favours received from it; And besides those former rewards and Ennoblishments, puts it at this day for Creation money, paid to the Dukes, Marquesses and Earls, to no less a charge then one thousand pounds per annum, by which the people were in all ages no loser's, when the Honour strength and defence of the Kingdom was maintained and increased by them, and themselves kept in peace and plenty, the manner of living in ancient and better times, being with little money and small rents, great services, by the thankful and ready duty and affections of Tenants to their Benefactors and mesne Lords, not only made them great in power, but enabled them to imitate their Princes, as much as they could in great hospitalities, deeds of charity and alms, building and endowing of Churches, Abbeys, Priories and Religious Houses, and giving large Inheritances to their Servants, Friends and Followers pro homagio & servitio, and other dependences, Common of Estovers and of great quantities of Lands to several Cities, Towns and Villages and in such a plentiful manner distributed and gave their Lands, as if the Lands in Capite & by Knight Service, Coppyhold Lands & Commons, which our King's Nobility and Gentry bestowed heretofore upon the inferior sort of people, and what they dedicated to God by giving to Churches, Religious Houses, Colleges, Churches and Chapels, should be surveyed and measured, they would amount to no less than two parts in four of the Lands of the Kingdom.  
The quondam lethargy, sleepiness and unactivity of many of the Officers of the Exchequer who should be as the Argus eyes to guard the Royal Revenue; the indulgence heretofore, 
§. 1.  or neglect of some of her Officers, and their not remembering that they were to be the Kings and his Treasurer's Remembrancers, respiting or nichiling of his debts upon feigned Petitions, which can tell how to deceive the most careful Barons or Judges of that Court, when their Sovereign suffered in the mean time very great damage for want of the money, the not duly estreating of all Fines and Amerciaments, corrupt compounding for such as were estreated by under Officers at easy rates, granting to the City of London their Fines and Amerciaments, want of looking after, as they do in other Nations, the execution of those multitudes of penal Laws (which otherwise will be to little purpose) and assisting the collection of the King's legal profits arising thereby, the heretofore carelessness or corruption of some of our former King's Officers, who for fees of favour enlarged their Charters and Grants to bodies politic, Cities, Towns and Corporations, and to as many private persons as would petition for them, and decked them with the flowers of the King's Crown which were not to be parted with so easily.  
So as what by Grants or Prescription which in many cases is but the encroachment or filchings of liberties and privileges, concealed or not well looked after, covered and drawn into a property by a time beyond the memory of man upon a mere supposition, that there might possibly have been a loyal or good grant or commencement for them, every little Manor of those multitudes of Manors and Franchises (which the Commons in a Parliament of King Edward the third complained off) and proportions of Lands in England (many of which are called Manors by supposed Titles or reputation only) as so many little Signories, Jurisdictions or Royalities as they are improperly called, have Courts, Leet and Baron and free warren, some of whom enjoy the honour and profit of the King in trying and executing Felons, and many using all manner of inferior justice upon the Tenants, correction of the Affize of Bread and Beer, have Tolles, Fairs, Markets, Fishings, Waives, Estraies, Felons goods, and of persons outlawed, and waived, Issues, Fines and Amerciaments, Wrecks of Sea, Deodands, Mortuaries, Treasure, Trove, and punishment of breach of the peace, etc. granted or claimed as belonged to them.  
The not having a Clerk for the King besides the Clerks of the Assizes, 
§. 2.  to keep a Roll of all Fines Amerciaments and Profits due to the King in the Iters or Circuits, to estreat and certify them into the Exchequer, as was usual in the Reigns of Henry the third, Edward the first, and the elder Kings, and many of the Justices of peace not duly certifying their Recognizances.  
The letting the Greenwax to Farm with defalcations of such as the King shall grant away, 
§. 3.  which breeds no small neglect in the payment or gathering of it, the not duly making or sending the original Roll of the Chancery into the Exchequer, the posting off many of the King's Farms, and debts de anno in annum by some of the former Clerks of the Pipe, not holding the Sheriff to a strict opposal, nor enforcing them to pay the moneys levied of the Kings before their discharge or departure out of the Court, not drawing of debts down into the Cedule Pipae, being a more forcible process; the heretofore Stewards and Bailiffs of Manors belonging to the Crown, not justly accounting in the Exchequer as they ought, the not awarding (as there shall be occasion) Commissions to worthy Gentlemen of every County to inquire of the King's debts not levied, and of the Sheriffs and other his Officers; false Accounts, ordained by the Statutes of 3 E. 1. c. 19 and 6 H. 4. cap. 3. neglect of the former Clerks of the Estreats, and many other abuses crept into evil customs by some Officers or Clerks of that Court: and in anno 1641. discovered and published by Mr. Vernon; the superfluous number and charge of many Stewards, Bailiffs and other Officers employed, which besides the many deceits used by some of them to the King, and exaction upon the people, did, as was informed, in their annual Fees paid and allowed by the King, yearly exceed three thousand pounds more than what they accounted for, the selling or granting away and dismembering many Hundreds, Wapentakes and liberties from the Crown, and bodies of the Counties, which the Statutes of 2 and 14 Ed. 3. do prohibit to be aliened.  
The falsehood of such as did formerly make kind and easy particulars to such as were to buy or have any of the King's Lands given them; 
§. 4.  knavery and abuse of Under Sheriffs, carelessness and covetousness of the High Sheriffs in appointing them, and not looking better to the performance of their own oaths as well as theirs.  
The not duly accounting for prizes taken at sea, 
§. 5.  and other maritime profits: the heretofore sleepiness or slugishness of Justices of Peace in all or most Counties and Cities, who being entrusted by the Law to take care of the observation of some scores of Statutes and Acts of Parliament would, though their eyes and ears might almost every day persuade them to a greater care of their oaths and the good of their Country, too often suffer gross and numberless offences to increase and multiply, and neither punish, molest or trouble them, or so much as give any information of them, and too many of the Clerks of the peace, Clerks of the Market, and others, not duly recording or certifying their Estreates.  
The customs which in all civilised Nations, and even amongst the Heathen are de jure Gentium, 
§. 6.  to be paid to Kings and Princes, and by the Laws of England and Parliament assent, are due to the King who is the Sovereign of the Sea, keeps the keys of his Ports, gives safe conduct to foreign Merchants to come hither, and by his power, friendship and treaties with his Allies, neighbour, and other Princes, obtains the like with many privileges for his own Merchants to go and trade thither, prevents, with no small charges by his Ambassadors, kept in their Dominions all injuries, procures them right and justice, and in case of denial forceth it, are now so daily cozened, and put up into other Pockets, as notwithstanding all the care taken in the farming or collecting of them, though the people upon the retail are sure to pay them to the full, the King as it is believed doth not receive above a third part thereof, by reason of the treachery and connivance of the former Searchers or Waiters, and the Merchants defraying (as they can sometimes confess) the pompous charge of their City and Country Houses, Wives and Coaches, with their purloined Customs; and that the cosenning of the King in his Excise yields them many times more than their Merchandise, and their Apprentices now not taken under three or four hundred pounds a piece, can live more like Gentlemen then Servants and purchase all kind of vanities, vice and pride with what they likewise filch and take from him and when the Customs are let to farm though the Farmers take them as they are capable of such kind of losses, can abuse their consciences, and persuade themselves that they do no wrong to the King, who is to have only his Farm or Rent: And that howsoever the more they cozen him, the better they may be enabled to trade, and the more they trade the more may be his Customs.  
The not improving of their Lands & other Revenues by raising of their Rents and rates according to the rise of money and provisions which the Subjects have exceedingly, 
§. 7.  and to their great advantage done in their own Estates and Revenues, and ten to one more than what was formerly.  
The heretofore demising and letting to farm very many of the King's Manors and Lands at the old; 
§. 8.  and small Rents for three lives, 21. 31. or 40. years in Reversion, bespeaking a continual wasting and weakening of his Revenues before hand.  
Discoveries of information of deceits or wrong done to his Revenues seldom made, 
§. 9  and then not without an allowance or gratification; craved of three parts in four or a great share to begiven to the discoverers or prosecutors.  
Many men's pretending service to the King, 
§. 10.  but doing all they can to enrich themselves, and deceive and lessen him, and having by indulgence or cunning escapes from punishment, made vice look like virtue; and their wickedness to be successful; or been brought off when not often catched by a gentle composition or some money or recompense given to a friend at Court or Conniver, are so habituated and used to cozen the King; as notwithstanding the severity of our Laws if they were let loose, and not too many of them laid, as they are, to sleep, they do as frequently continue their practice in it, as they dress themselves and put on their clothes, and can as little forbear or live without them, insomuch as some having been known to have been men of an otherwise strict morality, life and conversation, and dealing very punctually and honestly with all men but the King, can no more resist an opportunity or temptation of cozening of him, than a Child at a Basket of Cherries can forbear eating of them, or a Cutpurse not to be nimble in a crowd.  
Disuse of the duties of Sheriffs and Escheators, 
§. 11.  which by their then few conduit Pipes, did better look after the collecting the King's Revenues, and with less trouble and charge to the King and people, bring it into his Cisterns, than those, who being under no oath or control, are, as it is to be feared, by a too often respiting of the King's debts, or laying them to sleep for some years, until they be grown ancient, many times the occasion of their being drowned in a General Pardon, begged by Courtiers, or made to be a new discovery, desperate or insolvent; and by undertaking, more than they should do, have to the greater charge of the King and his people disheartened and caused the more ancient, more diligent, and powerful Officers of the Exchequer for a great part of what belongs unto their Offices to be ineffectual.  
Discontinuance of the Laws and Customs for the collecting of the Regal Revenues, 
§. 12.  and the many excellent cares and orders of the Exchequer, as good as any Prince in the world can have or devise for the speedy and orderly getting in, issuing out, and accounting for the Revenue.  
A succession and improvement of knavery in some whom our former Kings trusted, 
§. 13.  occasioned or encouraged, by our wars abroad in France, after 4 Edward the first, for then there was an endeavour of an Extenta Maneriorum, and an enquiry after many of the Rights and Regalities (which are not returned or certified in Chancery, nor any where else to be found, but by time and the troubles thereof are lost or carried away: And after the Statute of Quo warranto in 12 Ed. 1. for then also the great care and good husbandry of our Kings in preserving or improving their Revenues was not laid aside, or by the troubles of King Edward the second, and the irregularities of his Favourites; for much about that time there began to be a quitting of the former cares of the Revenue, or by our successful wars abroad in France by Edward the third and Henry the fifth, the unhappy Quarrels of the York and Lancastrian Families for almost sixty years together, and the hatching or breeding of them in the unquiet and unfortunate reign of Richard the second, or the short reign of Hen. 7. who had not time enough to reduce things into their former Channel, but was busy in gathering the treasure which he left to his Son Henry the eighth or being newly settled in his Throne, did not think it safe or seasonable to make alterations or put them into their former or better order; or the great increase of Revenue as well as treasure in Money, Plate and Jewels to Henry the eight by the dissolution of the Abbeys and religious Houses, or that the fragments not given away or disposed by him, employed the bounty and munificence of his Successors Edward the sixth and Queen Elizabeth during their several reigns, and her many great cares and affairs of State otherwise busying her, or our Haltion days, peace and plenty in the reign of King James, and a great part of the reign of King Charles the Martyr, and the harkening to pretences, and erecting more Offices to hinder the cheating and knavery of others, when as the proposers either by intending it at first, or easily learning to imitate or exceed them, did afterwards draw from the King and People more money than what their undertake ever amounted unto, and proved to be as little for the King's good as Sir Simon Harvey's design of Reformation in the Reign of King James, for the better ordering of the Expenses of his House, where after many dishonourable essays and retrenchments, casting many of the King's Servants into ruin and discontents, and serving some of the Tables with half a Goose instead of a whole one, he could at last, when he had gained a pension of five hundred pounds per annum for his own life and his wives, put up all his Engines, and conclude with making every thing worse than it was before.  
And no better a husbandry then those that will feed and give wages to half a dozen Shepherds to keep a score of sheep, 
§. 14.  and allow them the keeping of some of their own into the bargain, and make no better a total at the years end, than the Gardener which gives entertainment to a multitude of Caterpillars in his Garden, and thinks it is preserved by them, the waters being ever likely to come short, or but faintly when instead of fewer or greater Pipes, which brought it better, there, shall be so many to divert or waste it in the way or passage to the Royal uses.  
The necessity of Intelligence, 
§, 15.  Leagues and Correspondency with neighbour and foreign Princes and States, and the charges incident thereunto (which cannot be thought to be small, when as that with the house of Burgundy within the space of sixty years, betwixt the reign of King Henry the sixth, and the later end of the reign of Henry the eighth amounted to no less than six millions) the more than formerly greater charges of sending and entertainment of Ambassadors, Princely Gifts and Presents to such as come hither, and the General Pardons at the end of several Parliaments granted by our Kings and Princes, and to the great advantage of the People of late petitioned for as a kind of custom and renumeration for some Aids or Subsidies, which came not up most commonly to a moiety of what was in every Parliament quitted and released to them.  
The granting away in all ages many of the Royal Rights and Prerogatives to the people. 
§. 16.   
And in a long course and series of time, 
§. 17.  like some aged parents in love to some of their children, or by the importunites, or designs, of others, giving away too much of their own Revenues and Estate, and bereaving themselves of that which is now thought too little for those who have gained it from them.  
Restorations (and many times by petitions of one or both Houses of Parliament) of the Lands and Estates which came to the Crown by Attainders and Forfeitures for Treason (their confiscations never amounting 
§. 18.  to the damage done by such attempts and Rebellions, and the charge of suppressing them, and defending themselves and their people) to reconcile the Heirs, Posterity and Allies of such as had been attainted and induce them to a better obedience and love of their Country.  
The no small charges sustained heretofore, 
§. 19  by granting yearly Pensions or Annuities to several of the Nobility to serve extraordinary, besides the ordinary duty of their Tenors, with certain numbers of gens d' arms, and Bowmen in times of war, or upon necessity, the building and endowing of many Colleges and Halls in the Universities, Eton and Winchester Schools, and endowing with great yearly Revenues the Famous Hospitals of Bridewell and Christ-Church in London, and St. Thomas in Southwark, building and endowing a great part of the Cathedrals in England, the Castle and Chapel of Windsor, and Palaces of Sheen, Woodstock, Richmond; repair of the Tower of London, Castle of Dover, etc.  
Charges for the honour of the King and Kingdom in making and instalment of Knights of the Garter, 
§. 20.  and the costly ceremonies thereof, and not seldom sending Ambassadors with it to foreign Princes, expenses in making of Knights of the Bath; and in the reign of our more ancient Kings for Furs and rich Vestments, in making Knights Bachelors.  
Charge of the Courts of Justice and Circuits, 
§. 21.  to preserve the people's Rights, Properties and Liberties, protect them from injuries, and punish the transgressors, now taking away yearly from the regal Revenue fifteen or sixteen thousand pounds per ann. (which in honester and cheaper times, was in the Reign of Henry the sixth as much as worshipfully defrayed, as the Record saith, the expenses of his then no small retinue and household) with the greater charges now more than formerly in all other the necessaries and affairs belonging to the Kingly Office.  
A daily and almost hourly distribution and giving of Royal favours and munificence, 
§. 22.  and necessity of much of it, when as that which amongst private men is accounted providence, thrift and good husbandry would be an unbecoming sparing in Princes, and an avarice and temptation to oppress the people, and that which in others would be prodigality, or a waist and consumptions of their Estates, and reckoned as a folly is in Kings and Princes, most necessary in their bounties and favours wherewith to satisfy and keep in quiet as well as they can multitudes of people, whose numberless passions, iniquities, ill humours, designs, necessities and interests are by the Sword of Justice in one hand: and the Royal Sceptre of grace and Benevolence in the other, to be kept in order by love, honour, obedience and loyalty, the best increasers, maintainers and preservers of public peace and tranquillity, which those who have suffered in the want of it but some days, or months, or a year, or few years, or our last twenty years' folly and miseries, may know how to esteem and value.  
A daily or very often craving and petitioning of some or many of his Subjects, 
§. 23.  and the largeness of a royal heart and hand like an over indulgent Parent, taking a pleasure and content to divest himself to enrich and give them content.  
The vast difference betwixt the charges of Navies and Armies now more than formerly, when a Hobbler or Dragoon Horseman which was wont to be heretofore hired at three pence per diem, now hath no less than two shillings six pence, a Footman eight pence, the pay of a Troop of horse cannot be under four thousand pounds per annum, and of one hundred and eighty men in a Garrison three thousand six hundred pounds per annum.  
The course of war i● the later ages growing more and more tedious and chargeable, 
§. 25.  and so immense, as the Dutch notwithstanding their sout gelt, or Tax upon salt, their vectigal frumenti for corn grinded at their Mills, the eighth part of the price of Pears and Apples, a seventh of all cattle sold to the Butchers, an eighth for wood, a Tax upon Candles, and an Ezcise upon all things eaten, drunk or worn; upon Law Suits, Servants Wages, Ships, Coaches and Carts; a sixth penny upon all lease Lands, Assessments upon demeasne Lands, Gardens and planted Grounds; an eighth upon Houses demised or let, hoofed, gelt, being a Dutch Floren for every poll or head scoors●engelt, a like payment for Chimney money, with many other great Taxes; besides their many profitable and successful depredations in the East and West Indies, etc. great aides from France and England of men and money for many years during their wars; great riches got by the greatest commerce of Christendom, and ransacking Sea and Land for it, have been in sixty years' wars with Spain left very much in debt at the end of the wars.  
And are yet notwithstanding since the wars ended some millions of money in debt, and so much as they were for many years after, and are yet enforced to continue their Excise, and most of their Assessments and Taxes upon the people,  
When the King of Spain notwithstanding his vast Dominions, twenty millions of Ducats, which is above six millions of our sterling money, yearly Revenues; great exactions and impoverishing of his people by yearly Taxes and Assessments; the golden Mines of Peru, Mexico and Potozi, and other inestimable treasures of the West Indies, which P●●hero a Spanish Ambassador in a brag or vie with the treasury of Venice, could say, had no bottom; and having the Sun for its Lord Treasurer, daily to generate and increase its gold; hath yearly for many years yielded the Crown of Spain by and out of the Fifths, sometimes ten, and sometimes fifteen millions of gold, and so much as in the year 1638. two hundred and sixty millions of gold did by the Records of the Customhouse of Seville appear to have been in seventy four years than last passed brought from the West Indies into Spain, and from Potozi in nine years' inclusiuè from 1574. to 1585. one hundred and eleven millions of silver, hath notwithstanding with his wars with the Dutch, and a war of late years with France, chargeable bribes and intelligences, and a thirst after an universal Monarchy, consumed that, and all that he could borrow besides from the Bankers of Genoa.  
And France with all her Taxes and Gabells, beggering and very much enslaving of her common people, hath in a war of thirty years last passed with the Spaniards, fought itself almost off its legs, and into a consumption.  
Which a long and late experience may forbid our wondering at, when as the late long pretending but no performing Parliament could with the spoils of the Kings and Churches Revenues, the Estates of the Nobility, Gentry, and good people in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and more Taxes and burdens imposed by them and Oliver, their man of sin in twenty years, than our Kings of England in five hundred years last passed, all put together, had before laid upon them, could not leave their Oliver when their sins, and his tricks, had made him to be their Master, any more than three hundred thousand pounds sterling in Cash and ready money: and that with that and such of the Royal Revenues as they left him, and those vast Spoils, Rapines, Taxes, Assessments, and pillage of all that were not as bad as himself and his Predecessor Commonwealth Contrivers in the three Kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland, which amounted unto above forty millions, he was not able in a few years' wars with the Dutch and Spaniards to bring about his expenses, & support the Protection, as he called it, of the people with it, but died above three millions in debt, which the debts of our famous King Edward the third, and Henry the fifth, who conquered France, and the most of our indebted Kings never amounted unto.  
When our English Kings and Princes having never received of the people by their Aides and Subsidies the twentieth penny towards their expenses in the preservation, of them and the honour, peace, & plenty of the Kingdom, could never do as the Field Marshals, Stadt Holder's or Generals in Commonwealths have done, or as the late Princes of Orange, did for several successions in Holland and the united Provinces receive great allowances and Salaries, keep and greatly improve and increase their own Revenues, and make the Public bear and defray its vast charges, as well in wars, as the cares and defence of peace in the absence of it, but did bear and sustain the brunt of all that was not extraordinary, and the charge of many a war abroad, and suppressing of insurrections and rebellions at home, out of their own Estates and Revenues, and made many a hard shift even to the pawning of their Jewels, and mortgaging of their Lands without an often calling to the People for Subsidies or other Aids or Assistance to preserve them and their Estates and Posterities.  
Nor took to themselves the liberty which many Subjects do to put into their Accounts and Bills of charges to their Princes their Damnum emergens, damage happening by any service done for him or their Country, and many times their Lucrum cessans, gain or improvement lost, though every man's particular in the defence of their King and Country, is involved in the general, & that the service was not altogether or immediately done or tendered to him, or for the preservation of him or his Estate only and Posterity, but as much if not more for their own concernments, and think themselves to be ill dealt with if they be not speedily and abundantly rewarded.  
To help on which consumption of the Royal Revenues, 
§. 26.  came also the great charges which King Charles the first (upon whom the decay of the Royal Revenues occasioned by the necessities and indulgences of his Predecessors, at once falling might have made him cry out with King Henry the third, as the Monk of St. Alban relates it, seducor undique mutilatus sum Rex et abbreviatus) was at in leagues and confederacies with foreign Princes, maintaining Armies in the Palatinate and Germany, aiding the Kings of Bohemia, Denmark and Sweden, engaging in a war against Spain, and sending a great Fleet and Army to invade him; great expenses in sending a Navy and Army to the Isle of the, and two others to aid the Rochellers, to furnish part of which (for it amounted to a great deal more) he sold at once at too easy rates to the City of London above twelve thousand pounds Land per annum rend of Assize, the payment of fifty thousand pounds per annum Pensions and Annuities out of the Exchequer, (as it was industriously computed by that factious party of Common woe contrivers) to divers of the Scottish Nation, many of whom did afterwards join with his enemies to ruin him; the great and necessary yearly Pensions and Annuities paid to the King and Queen of Bohemia and their children; charges of going with a great Army to the Borders of Scotland against the Covenanting Scots, and maintaining another in England, with the payment of 120000l. principal money borrowed by his Father of divers Citizens of London with interest at 8. per cent.  
Which with the many great cares, 
§, 27.  troubles, wants and necessities which compassed him in on every side, whilst his great virtues for want of necessary supplies of money and treasure were not able to support or bear him up against the storms of an hideous Rebellion, escape the snares and pursuit of a rebellious party, or scour and cleanse that Augaean Stable which had ruined and weakened his Revenues, made him a glorious Martyr for the Laws and Liberties of England, and those that were the causers of it, the great Examples of a Divine Justice overtaking them.  
And enforced him to leave his troubles to descend upon his Son our most gracious Sovereign Charles the Second; with a small and despoiled Revenue, 
§, 28.  which by its fluidness, and the gnawing and deflux of time was as to his Crown Lands brought almost to an Exinanition, and his casual and other receipts, bearing no more proportion to his expenses and disbursements than a Dwarf or Pigmy doth to a Giant or Poliphemus, could do no less then bring the remainder, of that little which was left into a Tabes and almost incurable consumption, when there is so great a difference betwixt the rates of provisions and livelihood, and all manner of things bought or used in the beginning of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, and what is now paid for them, when he is at greater expenses than any of his Progenitors, and a less receiver, receives at the old rate, and buys at the new, his demeasn Lands (besides his Pastures at Cresl●w in Buckinghamshire, which were heretofore employed for the keeping of some Oxen for his household provisions, and his parks, and some adjacent Grounds to his Houses of residence) and all his Land and certain Revenues are not above reprizes one hundred thousand pounds per annum, and two parts of three of that consisting in Fee Farm Rents, which admit of no improvement, when his Customs which should now amount to as much, or more than what they were in his late Majesty's Reign, by the addition of an Excise amounting to one hundred and forty thousand pounds per an. now yields not near so much as it did formerly; the Excise of Ale and Beer, ill collected, o● so chargeable in the gathering of it, as it yields little more than the half of what the Parliament estimated and intended it to be▪ great yearly Revenues & Inheritances in Lands given to men of high deservings, both of him and the Kingdom, all the Confiscations of the late Traitors of a great yearly value, with the benefit of the Post-Office, Wine Lycences, and many discoveries of personal Estates due to the King given to his Brother the Duke of York to make him a Princely Revenue.  
When his ordinary expenses do so much exceed his ordinary receipts, and his extraordinaries are six or seven to one of his ordinaries, is sixteen hundred thousand pounds in debt, spends more than as much again in his household expenses, as formerly now that his Pourveyance is taken away, looseth two hundred and fifty thousand pounds per annum by the loss of his Tenors and Pourveyance, is at eighty thousand pounds per annum charge for the maintenance of the Garrison of Dunkirk, above five hundred thousand pounds per annum for the Navy and Land forces, hath to procure a public quiet, paid many hundred thousand pounds of the Arrears of the Navy and Army employed against himself, and left in Arrears by his Enemies must be ten times a giver, if he should grant every one's Petition, to one that he shall be a gainer or receiver, discontents himself to content others, and forgetting that old rule and practice of the world, sibi proximus is enforced to provide for others and not for himself, and in the midst of his own necessities is to be the rewarder of virtue, and still, as well as he can, the raging waves of the multitude, is the Asylum or refuge of all that are distressed, and bears or lessens their burdens out of his own Revenues.  
And when Neighbour Princes are not usually without ambitions, and taking all opportunities to enlarge their power and Dominions by the weakness of others, or to weaken and oppress any of their Neighbours, and make advantages of their troubles and necessities, do seldom want pretences of titles or revenging Injuries done to them or their people by Kings or their people, and can lay aside their sworn Leagues and Confederacies, as soon as their Interest or Designs shall invite them thereunto, when the French King hath by computation an ordinary yearly Revenue of above twenty millions of Crowns which makes above five millions sterling per annum, besides his extraordinaries, which by Taxes and Tallages in the late wars, being now by a habit and custom grown something easy and familiar to them, may be raised to vast yearly sums of money, and more than treble the ordinary, when the King of Spain aboundeth in his Revenues in his Dominions in Christendom, besides his extraordinary Aids & Assessments, and vast treasures and supplies from the West Indies, which is a ready or rich pawn or credit for borrowing of moneys upon all extraordinary emergencies, occasions, or necessities of State affairs. The City of Venice with her Territories hath above a million sterling per annum in her yearly Income, besides extraordinaries, and a treasure of money enough to pay six Kings ransoms, with Jewels and Plate unvaluable. And the Dutch have one million and two hundred thousand pounds sterling per annum yearly, & ordinary Revenue out of Amsterdam, besides what they have yearly out of all other Cities, Towns and Places, by their huge Excises and Assessments upon all the seven United Provinces.  
And the King of England, who was wont to be Arbiter totius Europae, hold and keep the Balance of Christendom even; and if he do not, it cannot be either safe or well for his own Kingdoms and People, and their Trade and Commerce, must pine and wither away, languish and groan under so great expenses and necessities, whilst he is to preserve himself and people in peace, plenty and safety, and hath so little to do it withal, when at home all men do seem to love and serve him, very many do ask and get what they can from him, and too many deceive him. And as that prudent and great Statesman, Cecil Earl of Salisbury Lord Treasurer of England, observed to the Parliament in the Reign of King James, it is a certain rule, that all Princes are poor and unsafe who are not rich and so potent as to defend themselves upon any sudden offence and invasion, or help their Allies and Neighbours. Hath a small Revenue to govern an unruly People, one part of them ready to run mad with mistaken opinions in Religion, and too many of the residue overgrown with vice and luxury; a burden of burdens laid upon him, the burdens of his people, and the burdens of his Ancestors by their bounties, expense and necessities, and are by so much greater or heavier than theirs, as his Revenues are consideratis considerandis a great deal lesser.   

CHAP. I. The Remedies.  
WHich a small or ordinary repair will not help, but requires new and more solid and lasting foundations, endeavoured seriously, and attempted by King James about the seventh year of his Reign by the advice of his Parliament and Privy Council, but not then or any time since brought to perfection.  
And may in a legal and well pleasing way to the people without the unwelcome raising of the Tenths of the Abbey and religions Lands to the present yearly value, which may be of dangerous consequence, and the Tenths and First-fruits of the Bishops and Clergy of England, who have been over much pared already, or a Resumption of the Crown Lands which unless it be of such wherein the King or his Father have been grossly deceived: and the first money paid for the purchase upon an account of the mesne profits, and interest satisfied, will hugely disturb the Interest and House-gods of too many of the Nobility, Gentry and rich men of the Kingdom, and without any new or foreign devices or Talliages, to raise moneys, and Fricasser, or tear in pieces the already too much impaired estates of a Tax-bearing tired people, which that Monarch of virtues and blessed Martyr King Charles the first did so abhor, as he caused Mr. Selden & Mr. Oliver St. John to be imprisoned in the Tower of London, & a bill to be exhibted in Star-chamber against them and the Earl of Clare, and others, for having only in their custody, and divulging a Manuscript, or writing of certain Italian projects proposed to him by Sir Robert Dudley a Titulado Duke in Tuscanie, and with out the gawling, grating, and most commonly unsuccesful way of Projects, which if set up will be thrown down again by the after Complaints and discontents of the people, or hunting and vexing them with informations or calling their Lands and Estates in question to the ruin of them and their Families upon defective Titles, or by Monopolies or a trebling abuses by pretending to reform them; or Essays of new ways of profit framed or found out by such as design more to themselves then for the good either of King or People, and either know not, or cannot, or will not, foresee the many evils and sad consequences which may as effects from causes, fatally and unavoidably follow such or the like attempts, which the necessities of Kings, or want of competent revenues, may either put them or their servants and followers upon.  
Be, as is humbly conceived, prevented by several Acts of Parliament to be made upon the propositions, following which will not only increase the King's Revenues, but encourage and make the People very willing and well contented therewith, when as what they shall for the present loose thereby, shall at the same time by enacting of some good Laws for them be abundantly repenced.  
By a general enclosure of all waste Lands & Commons belonging to the Kings, 
§. 1.  Queens and Princes revenues in England and Wales, allotting equal and reasonable proportions for satisfaction of Commoners, and by disafforrestation of some Forests and Chases remote from London, or the King's ordinary Residences, the imbanking and taking in of all Lands, infra fluxum & refluxum Maris high and low watermarks derelicted and forsaken by the Sea, or brought thither by Alluvion, and added to the firm Land, and together with the Lands and Revenues now belonging to the Crown of England never to be aliened, rent-charged, or leased more than for 21 years or three lives, which besides the addition of revenues and profit to the King, will very much add to the livelihood and industry of many of the people who will be maintained thereby, better the Lands, and increase subsidies when there shall be occasion.  
And causing the like to be done by a general enclosure of all that now lies waste, and in common, in particular, and private men's Revenues in England, and Wales, amounting to some millions of Acres, will produce the like benefits to the owners and Commoners, who in a grateful acknowledgement thereof may out of their several allotments, as freewill-offerings to their King, pay yearly three pence per Acre to him and his Heirs and Successors.  
That Banks or Mount Piete's be erected in several places of England and Wales, 
§. 2.  as at London, York, Durham, Golchester, Norwich Ludlow, & Denbigh, where money may be lent, and Pawns or Securities taken, not exceeding the Interest of twelve per cent. for a year, or proportionably for greater or lesser times, and that Commissioners in the manner of a Corporation or otherwise, may in every of those places be from time to time appointed by his Majesty his Heirs and Successors, to order and supervise the management thereof, for which his Majesty his Heirs and Successors, may out of the increase and profit of the said Interest, receive and take forty shillings per cent, no one particular person being permitted to employ or put into the said Bank at interest above the sum of five hundred pounds; and that no private or particular person, putting their moneys into the said Bank, shall have and receive above the sum of the current or usual Interest in the Kingdom, or any other gift or reward whatsoever, whereby the intolerable oppression of public and private Brokers those Baptizati Judaei and Pawn-takers, which like Wolves gnaw and devour the poor as sheep, when as driven to them by their necessities, they are enforced to come to them for succour, and give after the rate of fifty or sixty per cent, which the hate of Jews to Christians never arrived to, and a Christian and Protestant Kingdom ought not to countenance.  
That by sumptuary Laws concerning Apparel to be worn by all degrees and orders of people, 
§. 3.  the excess thereof may be regulated and abated, with great penalties to the infringers thereof, which Athens, Sparta and Rome being heathen Commonwealths, and England heretofore by sundry good Laws and Statutes, unhappily repealed in anno 21 Jac. Spain by Pragmaticoes; and France by a late Reiglement have found to be an universal good: and the Commonwealth of Venice held it to be necessary, Nè civium patrimonia nimia intemperantia abliguriantur; to keep their Citizens from wasting and spending their Estates, being Laws now more than ever wanting in England, when as that which will quickly undo private or particular Families, which by their universality do make a Kingdom, is so frequent and every where almost to be found in a daily practice and pursuit of pride, and that cheating one another to maintain it, is the most of the people's cares and consciences, every house almost as to the excess of their vanities, and expenses beyond their Estates, hath a Mark Anthony and Cleopatra in it; and too many men and women, though not so good or well able to bear it as King William Rufus, do think their clothes not costly enough; many of the Nobility and Gentry have wasted and spent themselves almost quite out of themselves, and left themselves little more than their Titles and Pedigrees. The Citizens do all they can to our-doe them infolly; the Farmers, Yeomanry and Countrymen all they can to overtake them, and the Servants to come as near as they can to their Masters, Ladies or Mistresses: And they that first spend themselves to nothing, or very near it, are like to quit the race to those that come after; and they which come last to the brink of ruining their fortunes, which will be probably the common and lower ranks of the people, are likely to learn by those that ruined themselves before them, to stay where they left, & be Masters of the others Estates.  
And that such as shall wear any habits or kinds of Apparel forbidden; be rated in all public Assessments according to the estate and quality of such persons as are allowed to wear the like, that whosoever shall not be of the degree and quality to keep a Coach, or live in the Country not far distant from the Parish Church and keepeth one, shall forfeit and pay 5. l. for every year in which he shall so keep it; that the Justices of Peace in every Country be the Collectors of all the penalties concerning Apparel, Habits and keeping of Coaches, and to have a forth part of the forfeitures upon the receipt, conviction or recovery thereof: that the Masters and Mistresses of Servants transgressing that Act, shall out of the wages due to such Servants pay and answer every of the penalties forfeited by the Servants, not exceeding their said wages, and stop and detain the same, and for their care therein have and receive to their own use one third part in four to be divided of the said penalties; and that the residue of all the said penalties ordained and forfeited by the said Act, shall be collected and answered to the use of the King and his Heirs and Successors.  
Whereby that grand improvement of all Sins and Wickedness, which hath now overspread the Kingdom, that consumption of Estates, and destruction of good Manners; And that high unparalleled and inordinate excess of Apparel and pride, which being the canker of all honesty and virtue, ruined Rome the Conqueror and Mistress of all the World, and, as Histories have told us, never failed to undo many other Kingdoms permitting or allowing it, which our Ancestors and former inhabitants of England would have abhorred and blushed at, may be restrained, and those sinful necessities and plenty of all manner of knaveries, dishonesties, Cheat, and villainies, to maintain it, depressed and extinguished, which the book of God, danger of Sin, Hell, and Damnation, and all that can be said and done by the bishops, Ministers, Preachers, and men of holy Church, without the assistance of such sumptuary Laws, can never, as experience hath sufficiently told us, be able to beat down, extirpate, or lessen.  
Which the pretended loss of the King's Customs by Silks, and other vanities imported, should not deter him and his great Council from attempting, when the prevention of the great waist of gold and silver in making lace and habiliments for such as ought not to wear them, the vent of our Cloth and other English Manufactures in stead of them, suppressing of an universal pride and Sin, which the land groaning under, is not able to bear, the causing of a greater duty and obedience to superiors, which is now too much wanting, and the pacifying of God's wrath and Judgements which are ready to fall upon the Nation, for it will abundantly recompense.  
That seeing the Excise of Beer, 
§. 4.  Ale, Perry and Cider greatly discontents and lies heavy upon the People and the management and way of gathering it, adds to their affliction, and makes them repine at the Nobility and Gentry upon a supposition, that to ease themselves of that which was surmised to be a burden by Tenors in Capite and by Knight service, with the wardships and incidents thereof, they have contrived and raised the burden of more than one hundred thousand pounds per annum Excise to be laid upon them, whereas the losses and damages of the Nobility and Gentry of England, (besides what they may sometimes save in their own wardships, and by reason of Lands holden of the King in Capite and by Knight Service) in the profit and honour of Tenors holden of them by Knight service, and of Wardships and other Incidents, and their just and legal superiorities and commands over their Tenants, which will now be wanting: will if rightly estimated, amount to as much yearly damage and inconveniencies as that one hundred thousand pounds per annum, or more, will come to by that Excise, in which their expenses may tell them they bear a share likewise with the common people, some of the Knights and Gentry losing as much by the taking away of Tenors in Capite and by Knight service, as two hundred pounds per annum communibus annis, and some of the Nobility four or five hundred pounds per annum, and the least of what every of the Nobility and Gentry do yearly lose thereby, will be more than any particular Brewer or Aleseller can be damnified, when as the Beer and Ale, and next buyer or expender, are sure enough to pay for that and many times more.  
That for the remedying of the great Deceits, and Sophistications used by Brewers 
Brewers.  of Ale and Beer, as their false gaugings and measures, not half or not enough boiling it, to spare fuel and fire, putting in Broom, Coriander-seed, Wormwood, and many other newly devised and noxious ingredients instead of Hops, or to make it taste the stronger, which may much endanger the lives and health of the people.  
And the abuses of Merchants, Wine-coopers' and Vintners 
Merchants, Wine-coopers' and Vintners.  in conjuring their Wines as they call it, mingling it with Stum, Molosse or scum of Sugar, Perry, Cider, Lime, Milk, Whites of Eggs, Elderberries, putting in raw flesh, and using so many Adulterations and mixtures, as the Taverns and places of retail do too commonly, vent intoxicating and unwholesome drink by the name of wine, whereby the Wine-coopers, whose Trade was originally and properly only to make and amend vessels for wines, are now by a knowledge and taste of wines, partaking of the Merchants evil secrets and doings, and bringing some ease and conveniences to them by uttering and taking off their hands great quantities of wines upon long days and many months of payment given them, become as it were the Merchant's Masters, and the only Merchants and Sellers of wine to the Vintners and Retailers (which was formerly forbidden them) after they have adulterated, unwholsomed, and almost poisoned them, to the distemper and breeding of sickness in the bodies of men, who for a little wine to warm and cheer their hearts or stomaches, or entertain one another with mutual refreshments, are by such ungodly tricks and devices to purchase to the Merchants, Wine-coopers' and Vintner's filthy and wicked gain and lucre, many times enticed into the confines of death and their own destruction.  
And the many deceits and abuses of Bakers, 
Bakers,  whose weights of bread and honest gains of their Trade is by the Statutes of Assisa, Panis & Cervisiae, in Anno 51 of King Henry the third, to be yearly regulated by the King's Baker of his Household, and the bread of his Court, according to the several yearly rates and prices of corn, and their transgressions contrary thereunto by many other Laws to be severely punished, and the offenders put upon the Pillory.  
Which this last Century or Age by a Non-execution of Laws have not been so happy to see. But the Bakers are now so disused to these ancient good Laws and Regulations, and so used to a custom and cunning of blinding the Magistrates, or such Officers as they entrust therewith or by evading, or diminishing their punishments, as they can by a custom or necessity of sinning, which their deluded consciences do persuade them to be lawful and warrantable enough, make their bread 5 or 6 ounces too light, or short of the legal proportions nor assize, when corn is very dear, and a great deal to light when it is cheaper: And to add to their wickedness as if otherwise it would not be enough, are suspected to mingle chalk and lime amongst their meal, which makes the white bread, and do by combination with the Vintners, Innkeepers and Chandler's (who are the Belly-Brokers to the poor) make their white bread so little as to afford them 16. or 18. to the dozen: and if the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, or the Magistrates of other Cities or great Towns do sometimes go about to try and weigh their bread, and find any Basket or small parcel of bread to be faulty (which by the Sergeants and under Officers too often giving notice over night or before hand what day or way the scrutiny goes makes their care and diligence to be most commonly ineffectual, or to little purpose, or may be easily prevented by some bread honestly made when all the rest do want weight laid in their passage) and seized and sent to prisons, the next days or weeks bread shall be sure to be made the lighter, to recompense the loss of the former. And lesser Corporations being most commonly governed by retailing Tradesmen, and such as have a fellow feeling of one another's mysteries, or that which they suppose to be their Callings, but are usually attended with fraud and cheat, do take no care at all to obstruct, discover, or punish one another's knaveries; by which the poor and their wives and children, whose daily hard labours can scarcely bring them to other diet then brown bread, and skummed cheese, and a cup of good beer when they can get it, are daily and very much oppressed, and their poverties made to increase the riches of those who are so far from relieving their miseries & hardships, as they are a great part of the cause and increase of it; by which great and not to be endured villainies and knaveries, not seldom, but daily and very often practised in a Kingdom, professing Christ and Christianity, by Vintners, Brewers, and Bakers, in Wine, Beer and Bread, the main supports of life and nourishment, (which might have been suppressed if the Stewards of Courts Leet, Sheriffs in their Turns, and the grand Jury men of every County twice a year impanelled and solemnly charged by the Judges to look better to these & other general abuses, not by a strange custom neglected & slept over their had oaths and duties) those grand principles and fundamental necessaries for food and sustenance are corrupted, abused, and unwholsomed, diseases and evils, and oftentimes death arising thereby secretly instilled and conveyed, and as it were forced into the bodies of the people, which may well call and cry for a Reformation.  
As well as the great abuse of Leather, which under colour of transporting Calf skins, and obtaining licence to send thither a certain number of hides or skins of Leather, do ten times exceed the number; and by multitudes of Coaches more than formerly, false Cocquets and connivance of Searchers and Officers in the Ports, which should look better to it, there is (notwithstanding great quantities of Russia and other Leather, & Hides imported from foreign parts) so great a scarcity and dearth of Leather, as that which the Shoemakers, not long ago, were wont to pay but fifteen shillings, for they must now pay double as much, and that which they buy is (by the knavery of the Tanner, who to save the charge of Bark, doth not permit it to lie in the Tannepit half the time appointed by the Law, and of the Currier and the carelessness and worse of the Lord Mayor of London's Officer who keeps the knife, as they call it, at Leaden Hall, and should seize all bad Leather) neither well tanned, good, or cheap; by which villainies, deceits, careless looking to the execution of good Laws, evils of transportation, and some of the Nobilities and Gentry's profuse rates and prices given to their Shoemakers the shoes which they wear, are come to the price of five shillings and six pence, and six shillings a pair; and sober and more careful men in the laying out of their money must now do what they can, pay four shillings six pence or five shillings for a pair of Neat's Leather shoes, for which within this twenty years was paid but two shillings eight pence; and when they have come up to those strange prices, have their inner soles many times made with i'll and soaking Seal skins or Horse hides▪ and all the upper Leather and under of their Shoes so ill tanned, as it being scarcely separated or to be known from a raw hide, it lets in water like brown paper or bays, and with a shower of rain, or a little wet shrivels and runs into wrinkles and an unhandsomeness, and scarcely keeps out a little rain or dirt which breeds Rheums, Colds and Diseases in the people who being Islanders, and living in a Country of so much rain and wet, which by some other Nations living in drier Countries, called the Matella Planetarum, Pisspot of the Planets, cannot walk or live so healthfully as they do in warmer Countries, with wooden Shoes or Sandals, which may be remedied as to the people's better usage in their Bread, Beer, Wine and Shoes, the grand necessaries of life.  
1. By a better execution of the Laws already enacted,  
2. By not altogether trusting Tradesmen with the care thereof in Corporations, who being either of the same Trades, or others furnished with as evil Artifices, are but bad Overseers or Suppressors of deceits in Trade, by which they all now more than ever enrich themselves.  
3. If the Justices of Peace in every County by as Oath particularly to be framed for that purpose, which in a time of heeding no Oaths, or an age of equivocation or putting false constructions or interpretations upon them, may be more then formerly needful, were enjoined better to look to Laws already made, or to be enacted for that end, and allowed upon the discovery or prosecution a fourth part of the forfeitures and penalties, which will help to put them in mind of their duty; and to be like the Athenian Nomophylaces, more vigilant in the finding out, prosecution and conviction of any such transgressors.  
4. That there be yearly appointed by the King, or the Lord Chancellor or the Lord Treasurer in his behalf, Assayers or Surveyors of the Bread, Beer, Wine and Leather made, or to be made or vented in every County and City, which as concerning Ale and Beer will be but the same with the Aleconners and Tasters, which our ancient Laws and Customs thought necessary, and to have for his pains, discovery, prosecution, and conviction of offenders contrary to the Laws made or to be provided, one part in four of the penalties, and to attend therein also, and observe the directions of the Justices of Peace therein.  
5. That the Wines according to the Statutes be, as formerly, rated at a reasonable price set as well for the Merchants as the Vintners or Retailers.  
6. That no Wine-Cooper be upon a great penalty suffered to buy or sell wines, which can never be for the good of the people, when the Devil or the Conjurer having mingled and sophisticated what he bought pure from the Merchant, shall have power to make it as bad as he will, and put it to sale when he hath done.  
7. That every Merchant and Vintner do as the Victuallers and Cooks are by Statutes appointed for the keeping of Lent, yearly enter into Recognizances to the King not to corrupt or alter their wines, nor willingly or wittingly permit them to be adulterated or altered by the Wine-coopers', but to sell them according to the lawful measures, and observe and keep the rates and prices yearly to be set.  
8. That every Brewer and Baker do yearly enter into Recognizances to make wholesome Bread and Beer and keep the Assize.  
9 That every Tanner and Currier do the like as touching the well tanning and dressing of their Leather: And that the Officer which shall keep the knife at Leaden Hall in London do the like well and truly to execute the duty of his place.  
10. That the Vintners who by a late invention and ill use of glass bottles do evade the rates of wines limited by a late Act of Parliament, and recompense the abatement of price by the falseness of their measures, may be ordered to use as formerly; Pint, Quart, Pottle and Gallon, Pots marked and allowed according to Law.  
11. That for the first offence every of the said Tradesmen shall forfeit one hundred pounds, for the second two hundred pounds, and for the third be disfranchised and never more permitted to use that Trade.  
12. And that a conviction of any such offences may be pleaded in bar unto them in any Action to be brought, commenced and prosecuted.  
To be delivered from which great and many deceits and frauds, and every days often committed oppression, by a tyranny of the rich over the poor and needy, and to keep the Wolves from their morning and evening preys, and rejoicing in the spoil of the widows and fatherless, the hungry and necessitous, which by a cheating and blinding of their consciences, they will whether the Laws of God and man will or no, suppose to be lawful, because it is their Trade, and the mysteries of it, or because their Fathers or their Masters did it before them; every one else doth it, and every man must live and make use of their time, labour, calling or opportunities.  
The people of this Kingdom being so universally endamaged by the evils happening by them, and concerned, and like to be benefitted by the remedies, may (as those of Spain, Florence, and other foreign Countries, who in bearing some burdens and Taxes laid upon them are many times rather gainers than losers by the benefit of a Bands, or rule of rating Butchers, and many other Commodities to be bought or sold, so as children cannot be cozened.  
Be very willing that their representatives in Parliament shall consent.  
That upon every Tun of wine, French, Spanish and Rhenish to be vented in England there be by the first buyer forty shillings per Tun paid to his Majesty his Heirs and Successors, and accounted for half yearly in the Court of Exchequer.  
That instead of an Excise upon Ale, Beer, Perry and Cider, every one that shall in a public Alehouse sell Ale, Beer, Perry or Cider, shall yearly pay to the King, his Heirs and Successors forty shillings per annum; and every public Brewer twenty pounds per annum, and a further rate proportionable to the quantities of their Brewing.  
And that to restore this ancient Monarchy, 
§. 5.  and heretofore famous and flourishing Kingdom to its former honour, safety and defence, and an ease from the charge of mercenary Armies and Guards, and to prevent the great and many dangers and inconveniencies which may happen thereby, as also to fatherless Children by Guardianships and breaches of trust, his Majesty and his Heirs and Successors, may have and enjoy his and their ancient rights of Tenors in Capite and by Knight Service, and all mesne Lords & their Heirs their Tenors by Knight Service, with all incidents thereunto belonging, allowing unto every one holding of the King by those Tenors the liberty of being freed from the marriage of his Heir, to be compounded for by yearly paying unto the King into the Exchequer, or into the Court of Wards, next after his age of one and twenty years and livery sued forth, the sum of twenty pounds per annum rend for every Knight's Fee which he shall hold, or proportionably according to the parts thereof.  
1. That in the granting of Wardships to the Mother or next friends, according to the Instructions of King James, with those reasonable cares and considerations of debts and younger children used by the Court of Wards and Liveries, the marriages of the Wards and Rents of their Lands during all the time of their minorities computed together, be never above one years improved value, which will be but the half of that which is now accounted to be a reasonable Fine, and is frequently paid by many Copyhold Tenants whose Fines are certain.  
2. That the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of Durham, who by ancient exemptions and privilege are to have the wardships of Tenants, holding of them by Knight service in their minorities, though they hold other Lands in Capite and by Knight service of the King may be ordained to do the like favours.  
3. That all that hold in Capite and by Knight service be according to their ancient liberties and rights granted by the Charter of King Henry the first, freed (as in reason they ought) from all Assessments of their demeasn Lands touching war.  
4. That Primer Seisins be taken away of such kind of Tenors, and no more paid.  
5. That the Lands holden in Socage, or of any other mesne Lords in case of minority of any in ward to the King, by reason of Tenure in Capite, or pour cause de guard, being taken into consideration only as to the Fine, for the marriage may not be put under any Rent or Lease to be made by the Court of Wards, but freed, as they were frequently and anciently by Writs sent to the Escheators.  
6. That the King in recompense thereof may have and receive of every Duke or Earl dying seized of any Lands or Hereditaments in Capite and by Knight service two hundred pounds, of every Marquis, Viscount and Baron two hundred marks, and of every one that holdeth by a Knights Fee twenty pounds for a Relief, or proportionably according to the quantity of the Fee which he holdeth.  
7. That encroachments and waste grounds holden in Capite and by Knight Service, may be no cause of wardship, or paying any other duties incident to that Tenure, if it shall upon the first proof and notice be relinquished.  
8. That only Escuage and Service of war (except in the aforesaid cases of the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of Durham) and all other incidents (except Wardships) due by their Tenants which hold of them by Knight service, be restored to mesne Lords, and that the Reliefs of five pounds for a whole Knight's Fee, or proportionably according to the quantity of Lands of that kind of Fee holden, shall be after the death of every such Tenant twenty pounds.  
9 That to lessen the charges of Escheators and Juries for every single Office or Inquisition to be found or taken, after the death of every tenant in Capite and by Knight Service, the time of petitioning within a month after the death of the Ancestor, may be enlarged to three months, and the Shire, Town, City, or principal place of every County be appointed with certain days or times for the finding of Offices, to the end that one and the same Meeting, and one and the same Jury, with one and the same charge, or by a contribution of all parties concerned, may give a dispatch thereunto.  
10. That in case of neglecting to petition within three months after the death of the Tenant in Capite and by Knight Service, or otherwise concealing any Wardships, or not suing out of Livery, if upon information brought, issue joined, and witnesses examined, or any time before Hearing or Trial of the Cause, the party offending or concerned shall pay the Prosecutor his double costs, and satisfy the King the mesne rates, he shall be admitted to compound.  
11. That the unnecessary Bonds formerly taken in the Court of Wards at two shillings six pence, or three shillings charge upon suing out of every Diem clausit extremum, or Writ to find an Office, obliging the Prosecutor thereunto, may be no more taken, when as the time limited for petitioning to compound for Wardships, and the danger of not doing of it will be engagement sufficient.  
12. That Grants Leases and Decrees of the Court of Wards may not (to the great charge of the Wards or others concerned therein) be unnecessarily, as they have been, enrolled at length or otherwise, with the Auditors of that Court, when as the same was recorded before by other Officers of that Court to which the Auditors may have a free access, and at any time take extracts out of them.  
13. That a severe Act of Parliament be made against such as shall misuse or waste any Wards Estate, Lands, Woods and Timber committed or granted to them, or any personal Estate which belongeth unto them or shall not give the Wards fit education, or shall disparage them in their Marriages, or marry them without any competent Portion, or shall not within a month after the death of such Ward, or coming to his or her age of one and twenty years make a true account and payment unto the said Ward or his or her Heirs or Executors, of all that shall be by them due and payable to him or them by reason of the said Wardship, upon pain to pay to the use of the said Ward, his or her Heirs, Executors or Administrators, besides the said moneys due and payable to the use of the said Ward double costs and damages expended or sustained therein.  
That all Lands hereafter escheated and forfeited to his Majesty (in cases where there shall be no restoration to the next in descent or remainder) be inseparable, 
§. 6.  and as a Sacrum patrimonium annexed to the Crown, never to be aliened, leased, or charged with any Rent-charge or Annuity further than for life or one and twenty years.  
That all Corporations of Trade, 
§. 7.  may besides Fines and Amerciaments to be imposed and taken to their own use, have also power to impose Fines and Amerciaments to the use of his Majesty and his Heirs and Successors, and have no power to release or discharge any Penalties, and Issues forfeited to the King: And that the Town Clerks of Cities and Towns Corporate, and Clerks of every Corporation or Company of Trade shall be bound by Oath and Recognizance to the King to certify and estreat into the Exchequer all Fines, Issues and Amerciaments forfeited and lost, at two usual Terms in every year, that is to say, Easter and Michaelmas.  
That the By-lawes of every Corporation and Company of Trade, 
§. 8.  and every City and Town Corporate which ought to be perused and approved by the Lord Chancellor of England and Lord, Chief Justices of either Benches, or Justices of Assize, or any three of them, and are not to be contrary to the Laws, may be according to the Statute of 19 Hen. 7. cap. 7. perused and allowed by them.  
That upon every bloodshed or breach of the peace, 
§. 9  as by the Civil Law in foreign parts, and heretofore was anciently used in England by the Common Law thereof, a reasonable mulct or penalty be imposed to be gathered by the Magistrates, as the Drossaerts do in many places in Holland, and be answered to the King, though the parties do agree or release and discharge one another. That all Misericordia's which are now the only Vestigia's, left of that ancient Custom and Prerogative in Cases of Nonsuits, and Pleas of Non est factums not verified, may be put into certain reasonable penal sums, duly collected and answered to the King, his Heirs and Successors, which besides an annual and casual profit to his Majesty, will quiet and lessen contentions, and bring a great ease to the people.  
That in cases of Manslaughter there be before any pardon granted a reasonable satisfaction made according as it was heretofore practised in our Laws of England, 
§. 10.  both before and since the Conquest, made to the wives and children of the Deceased, or if none to the next of kindred, unless the parties concerned shall otherwise agree their recompense or satisfaction, and an Estimatio capitis, or value of the party offending also paid to the King. That upon convictions of Adulteries & Fornication, as was anciently used, there be paid to the King a penalty proportionable to the offence; and that in all Trials for Manslaughter, Murder or other crimes, that hard and unreasonable custom now and heretofore used in England, that witnesses may not be brought, heard, or examined against the King be abolished, and that all good and lawful testimonies which may tend to the discovery of the fact, may be, as in other Cases and Trials, heard and received.  
That there be in every Circuit, 
§, 11.  as anciently, a Clerk, besides the Clerk of the Assize, appointed to enter in a Roll the Fines imposed by the Justices, and to make Estreats thereof duly into the Exchequer.  
That in all Actions of Trespass, 
§. 12.  or any other Action, to be brought in the Court of the King's Bench at Westminster, or by Quo minus in the Office of Pleas in the Court of the King's Exchequer at Westminster, or in the Court of the Marshalsea, or Court of the Verge of the King's Palace at Westminster, whereupon any declaration shall be in debt, there be upon the first Process or Writ such Fines paid to the King, and in such manner as have been anciently and are now paid to the King upon actions of debt retornable in the Court of Common Pleas at Westminster: And that upon every such first Writ the Plaintiffs Attorney do in order thereunto endorse the just sum in debt, which he intendeth to declare upon.  
That every Merchant or Trader that shippeth any goods to be exported, 
§. 13.  or unlades any imported, shall under his hand attested, or if need be, upon his oath deliver unto his Majesty's Farmers or Customers a true note or Cocquet of all such goods exported and imported, and the true contents and value thereof.  
And that whosoever shall wittingly or knowingly deceive his Majesty, 
▪ §. 14.  his Heirs or Successors therein, shall for the first offence forfeit five times the value, and for the second ten times the value, and for the third to be disfranchised, and never more permitted to trade: And that every conviction of any such offence shall if pleaded be a bar to them in any Action to be brought, commenced and prosecuted by them.  
That once in every three years' Commissions be issued to careful and worthy men in every County and City uninterressed, 
▪ §, 15.  to inquire of all charitable uses, and the employments and abuses thereof, and if need be to put a better order therein for the future: and that the Arrears be also collected and paid, the one moiety to his Majesty, and the other to be employed to the charitable uses.  
That Commissions be likewise issued now (more than formerly necessary by the dissolution of Monasteries and Religious Houses, 
§. 16.  and the great disuse of Hospitalities and Alms deeds) to inquire and certify the number of Poor requiring alms in every Parish in every County and City, that all vagabond and wand'ring Beggars be returned to the several Parishes where they were born, and where it cannot may be reduced to some Parishes in every County or City less troubled than others with poor, and more able to maintain them, that the Churchwardens or Governors of every Parish (as is usually done in Holland, where by their excellent orders and care of their Poor, very few are to be seen either wand'ring or miserable) may upon poverty happening to any Family, or the death of a Father or Mother of children, go or send to their houses as the Commissioners de aflictis at Amsterdam usually do, lift up the broken hearted, and inquire what are their necessities, or what there is to maintain them, and accordingly make provision for them, by relieving the aged, sick, or impotent, providing work for such as are able, and putting out of children at fitting ages to be Apprentices, or to service, or some other employments, wherein we may well hope for those good effects which the like courses in France▪ by the erecting of the Hospitals de dieu, or other Hospitals in or about Paris have lately assured, that the increase and decrease of the poor in every Parish, and the Collections and Assessments for them, and Legacies and charitable uses given to the poor be yearly certified to the Clerk of the Peace of every City & County at the Quarter Sessions to be holden after Michaelmas, to be by him entered into fair Books with Calendars and Tables fitted thereunto, & publicly read before the Justices at the next Quarter Sessions after, to the end that the Justices there assembled may duly consider thereof, and make such further orders and Provisions, as shall be fitting and requisite: And that when the English Captives at Algiers shall be released, and no more likely to be in that condition, the one pound per cent. granted by Act of Parliament for that purpose, or the like allowance and proportion for seven years to be allowed out of the Customhouse may be employed to relieve and make a stock for the Poor of England: And in regard that such as sue at Law in forma pauperis, notwithstanding all the cares which have been hitherto taken by the Courts of Justice in assigning them Counsel and Attorneys, and ordering that no Fees should be taken, they do for want of money and those cares and diligences which are only purchased and procured by money, many times, but tyre themselves to no purpose, and after many years' expense of time and labour in trudging to and fro, with their foul and tatered Bundles and Papers, whither away, & die in the hopes of that which for want of a due assistance and vigorous prosecution they could never bring to pass.  
That an Utter-Barrister or Councillor at Law, be once in every three years appointed by the Lord Chancellor or Lord Keeper of the great Seal of England for the time being, and to continue for that time, and no longer, in the high Courts of Chancery and the Courts of King's Bench, Exchequer and Duchy of Lancaster, and a Sergeant at Law in the Court of Common-pleas to be for the like time nominated and appointed by the Lord chief Justice of the Court of Common-pleas for the time being, to be of council & assistant for all rights and duties of men and women suing in forma pauperis, and as Counsel to assist and help the poor of the respective places in the prosecution and recovery of all Legacies and charitable uses given to them or penalties given or ordained by any Statute to be had or levied for their use, or any Parish collections and assessments withheld from them, for which they shall take no Fees but in a reasonable manner upon the recovery thereof, or end of the said Suits: And for their better encouragement may in all the Courts of Justice of this kingdom, according to their said several nominations and appointments, as well Superior as Inferior, have a prae audience in those & other causes next to the Council learned of the Kings and Queens of England, and the Prince or Heir apparent.  
That in every County and City there be a public Workhouse to employ the Poor in the manufacture of Woollen or Linen cloth, making fishing Nets, or other Manufacture; and that for their better encouragement they may as they do in Holland, after a competent number of hours in every day employed in the work of the Public, be allowed two hours in a day to work for their own advantage, notwithstanding that their lodgings, diet, and fitting apparel be defrayed out of the Public; and that the Governors thereof may for their encouragement have the benefit and liberty of Exportation and Importation of any the said commodities without any Custom to be paid for the same, upon the Certificate of the next Justice of Peace of such County or City, upon the oath of every such Governor, that the said quantities to be exported were made or wrought at the said public Workhouse, and upon the oath of such Governor, that the commodities imported are to be employed, and used only in the said public Workhouse.  
And that the kindred of Poor living in any part of England and Wales not taking alms, or overburdened with poverty, may be sought out and enforced to a reasonable contribution according to their abilities towards the maintenance, or providing for such Poor and decayed as within the eighth degree are of their own blood and lineage; and where it may be, put them into such a way of living as may exempt them from the fate of common servants, or people taking alms, or from being placed in common Workhouses, that by such means and provisions to be made for the Poor, which our Acts of Parliament, and the careless and many times purloining Collectors and Overseers of the Poor in several Parishes, have not yet performed. And that all Nobility, Gentlemen and others, excepting such whose constant and necessary attendance upon the persons of the King, Queen or Prince shall not permit the same, having an Estate of Lands of Inheritance of the yearly value of one hundred pounds per annum, or more, above reprises and their houses of residence in any Parish of England or Wales not keeping their Christmas in the said house or Parish, shall at every of the said Feasts pay unto the Poor of the said parish the sum of forty shillings, or proportionably according to that rate of his or their Lands lying or being in the said Parish, besides their other payments to the Poor collected and assessed in the said Parish.  
That so the multitude of Beggars in England may no more be a Byword amongst other Nations, that there may be no complaining in our streets, nor such dismal and sad spectacles, as the leprous, blind, lame and aged people and young children crying out for bread, and ready to starve for want of food or clothing, nor so many counterfeits or tricks to make an ill use of charities to uphold their lazy and ugly condition of life.  
That the Clerks of the Peace and Assizes, 
§. 17.  and every Justice of Peace shall take their oaths not to release or discharge, or respite any Fines, Issues, Recognizances and Amerciaments forfeited & due to the King, but carefully and duly estreat and certify them every half year into the Exchequer in the Terms of Easter and St. Michael, which the example of Hengham a Judge in the Reign of King Edward the first, who for reducing an Amerciament or Fine of thirteen shillings four pence, to six shillings eight pence, in favour and pity of a poor man, was grievously fined, and ordered to provide at his own charge the great Clock at Westminster, may persuade them not to violate.  
That the Balance, 
§. 18.  and In and Out of foreign Trade may be observed and reduced into Books, to be yearly brought into the Exchequer, but not with Blanks, fair Seals, Covers and Labels, as they have used to be to little purpose.  
That the more to encourage Merchants to an honest account and payment of their Customs to the King, 
§. 19  and to deal better with him, it may be enacted that where any Ships of any Merchants, and their goods and lading shall be taken in times of hostility with any other Prince, so as it be not by the carelessness and neglect of the Merchants in carrying prohibited goods, or the Captain or owner of the Ships in not making so good a defence, or not arming or providing themselves so well as they ought, the losses of such Merchants and shipowners' duly estimated and proved before the Judges of the Admiralty shall be refunded out of the next Prizes which shall be taken from that Nation, Prince or Enemy that took it, the accustomed allowances to the Lord high Admiral and others first deducted.  
That the wages of Servants now trebled more than what it was twenty years agone, 
§. 20.  and of Labourers and Workmen very much increased by reason of the intolerable and unbecoming pride of clothes now in fashion amongst them by licence, and imitation of times of pride, disobedience, disorder and rebellion, and the folly of some of their Masters and Mistresses enjoining them to wear clothes too high for them, may be limited and ordered to be as they were before these last twenty years, that every Master or Mistress that giveth more shall forfeit double the value to the King; and that no Servant who hath formerly served in any other place be received or taken into service without a certificate or testimony of their good behaviour from their Master or Mistress where they last served, if they shall not appear to be unreasonable, or for malice, or any sinister ends to deny the same.  
That the Tenths of all the Fishing in the British or English Seas by Barks or Busses, 
§. 21.  now beginning to be instituted, and taken into consideration, which in part was intended to be had by King Edward the sixth upon the coasts of Wales, Ireland and Baltimore, by building a Fort or Castle upon the straight to command (as Captain John Smith relates in his discourse of the benefits of Fishing in our English Seas) a tribute for Fishing, and if industry fail not, is like (if we but imitate the Hollanders, who have hitherto enjoyed that which was none of their own, and enriched themselves by our carelessness) to grow up to a great, and not to be estimated National profit be paid and accounted for to the King and his Heirs and Successors, who may well deserve it, when as besides his Sovereignty of the Sea, and the guard and protection of them by his Navy and Shipping, he hath of late in the midst of his own wants and necessities for the better encouragement of his people to seek their own good, and that which our British Seas will plentifully afford them, given all his Customs inward and outward for any the returns to be made by the sale of Fish in the Baltic Seas, Denmark and France for seven years for the first entrance into the Trade of Fishing.  
That the rivers in England and Wales not yet navigable, 
§. 22.  and fit to be made navigable, may by a public purchase of the Mills or Wears standing upon them, and pulling down the Wears & Kiddels hindering it, attempted in the Reigns of King Henry the third and Edward the third, by several Statutes made for the taking of them away, be made navigable, and a reasonable Toll or Custom upon every Vessel and Fraight, paid to the King, his Heirs and Successors.  
That for the better support of our Nobility, 
§. 23.  and the honours which they enjoy, and that as stars in our firmament, they may be able to attend the Sun their Sovereign, and not suffer such Eclipses in their Estates and Revenues, as too many have lately done, that the Lions which should guard the Thrones of our Kings, may not pine away or languish, and the stately columns and pillars thereof moulder into ruins and decay, and have small, or unbecoming Estates, to maintain them in the splendour of their Ancestors, and the Royal Revenue not to be troubled or lessened by suits or requests to supply them, they may according to the intent and custom of the Fewdall Laws, and the locality which ought to be in Earldoms and Baronies, not be without some honorary possessions, which was so usual and frequent in England, as through the three first Centuries after the Conquest the Lands belonging to Earldoms and Baronies were accounted to be parcels and members thereof, and the word Honour so comprehensive as it contained and comprised all the Lands belonging thereunto, as well as the Earldoms, Baronies and Title which did in sundry of of our former Kings reigns grants pass and comprehend the Land as well as the Titles.  
And that according to that laudable and ever to be imitated example of Thomas late Earl of Arundel and Surrey, in obtaining an Act of Parliament in the third year of the Reign of King Charles the Martyr for the annexing of divers Baronies and Lands to the Castle and Earldom of Arundel, inseparable and unalienable in contemplation of the poverty and small Estates of the then Lord Stafford, and some other of the ancient English Nobility weather-beaten and wasted by the injuries of time or the luxuries, and carelessness of their Ancestors.  
The Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, Barons, and Baronet's of England, leaving some other Lands to their own disposing, for the preferring of younger children, payment of debts, and supply of necessities, which accidents may cast upon them, may be ordered to settle & annex by like Acts of Parliament the Capita Baroniarum, and chief Castles, Manors and Lands belonging to their Earldoms, Baronies or Estates competent and sufficient to keep up and sustain the honour and dignity thereof from the gripes or defilements of poverty and Adversities not to be aliened or separated from their Earldoms, Baronies or Dignities as long as it shall please God to continue them.  
That the ancient use of the Exchequer be restored, 
§. 24.  and the King's revenues carefully collected and answered, and that the Justices in Eyre of the King's Forests and Chases, on this side and beyond Trent, Clerks of the Market, and Commissioners, and Clerks of the Commissioners of Sewers do duly certify into the Exchequer all Fines, Issues, Amerciaments imposed and forfeited.  
That upon all manufactures made beyond the Seas, 
§. 25.  and all things to be imported tending to excess and luxury, as Tobacco, Silks, etc. there be an Imposition more than ordinary, which the wisdom of Neighbour Nations have ever thought expedient, and was in the Reign of King James the prudent advice in Parliament of the Lord Treasurer Salisbury.  
That in the deplorable Cases of wreck at Sea, 
§. 26.  the Masters or Owners of such Ships, not being Pirates or Robbers (whether there be any living thing remaining or not in the Ship) all and every part of the lading, Tackle, and Ship which shall be saved from the fury of the Sea, or found on shore, notwithstanding any detestable custom to the contrary, may according to the Ancient Equitable Laws of Oleron be saved and preserved for the right Owners coming within a year and a day to claim the same, and tendering such just charges and recompense, as by two of the next Justices of Peace not interessed, shall be found to be reasonable, for those that were Instrumental in the preservation thereof, that so the inhuman and unchristian customs of too many who live upon the Sea Coasts, being in a Shipwreck as pitiless and cruel as the Winds and Seas, taking away that which they left, and rejoicing in the disasters and miseries of those that are afflicted, may be abolished.  
That Champerty and maintenance being now crept through the care and severity of all our former good Laws and Statutes made to prevent it, 
§. 27.  into such a general practice and profit, as in the confidence of dark contrivances, and the impossibility or difficulty of discovery of them. Some of our Gentlemen of the Gyges' ring or invisible Estates, in a way which they have found out to live, aswell without a Revenue, or other lawful means and professions as with them, can like Nimrods', or mighty Hunters, by shares gained in the driving of Causes, support an idle Gallantry by the spoil and oppression of others; some women more wily than good can be Agitators or Retrivers of causes, not concerning them, for a part of the hoped for Booty; and many Citizens and Tradesmen do buy pretended Titles and Interests, and engage and furnish money for no small parts to be had upon the success of Suits in Law; and too many Attorneys, Solicitors, and others, can make it the best of their employments to deal in gross and by whole sale, and will not as the Law enjoins them, make Bills or Tickets to their Clients of their just and allowed Fees and disbursments. Some good Laws and powerful restrictions may be made to prevent or punish those grand abuses, and that if either the Plaintiff or Defendant in any Action shall require it, an Oath or Oaths may be given at the Trial or Hearing of such Suits or Causes, to any who may discover such Champerties or Maintenance; and if any shall be found offending therein, either by disbursing of money, to have any share or part of the thing inquestion, on, or by any precontract, or other engagement, the Verdict may not be taken, nor Judgement entered; or if it shall be discovered and proved after the Verdict taken and Judgement entered, before the end of the Term, wherein such Judgement shall be entered; the said Judgement be by the Judges of that Court arrested or made void, and whether it be discovered and proved before Judgement entered, or after the parties offending, as well those that committed the Champerty and Maintenance, as all their Abettors may every one of them forfeit and pay to the King and his Heirs and Successors, the sum of one hundred pounds, and be imprisoned without Bail or Maineprise, until they shall have paid the same, and also forfeit and pay to the party grieved, his double Costs and Damage, together with the moiety, or half of the matter in question.  
That there be no pardon or reversal of any Outlary, 
§. 28.  in Civil aswell as Criminal Causes, or Actions, without five Marks first paid to the King in discharge of his Contempt, and a Charter of Pardon, as was anciently used, first sued out under the Great Seal of England.  
That all Sheriffs, 
§. 29.  under-Sheriffs, and their Deputies, do at the entrance or admission into their Offices, take an Oath not to embrace any Juror or Juries, or for any Fee or Reward, or otherwise to nominate any, at the request either of the Plaintiffs or Defendants, or of any on their behalf; and that they shall not make out, or deliver, or willingly or wittingly permit to be made in their names, any Blank Warrant or Precept to Arrest any person without a Writ under the Seal of the Court, wherein such Action is laid or to be tried, first had and delivered unto them; and that no Sheriff or under-Sheriff, do crave allowance or respite for any debts of the Kings, but upon just cause, That every Juror, if the Plaintiff or Defendant, or their Attorneys shall before they besworn require it, do also take an Oath that he hath not received any Instructions or Evidence before hand from the Plaintiff or Defendant, or their Attorneys, or any on their behalf.  
That all English Merchants trading into Foreign parts, 
§, 30.  may be ordained to bring into England, at or in their return, a certain and reasonable quantity of Bullion or coin of Gold or Silver, to be yearly certified and Registered in the Exchequer, and that such as shall be brought in, may not as it is now, be bought and Registered in the name and for the use of the East Indian Company; and that the East Indian Company to prevent any disguise, which may be made use of betwixt them and the Merchants, may also be ordered yearly to Register and Certify into the Exchequer, all such Gold and Silver Bullion or coin thereof as shall be imported by the said East Indian Company.  
That all Foreign Merchants, 
§, 31.  Trading into England, or any the Dominions thereof, be ordained to export at their returns English Manufactures and Commodities, to the value of what they imported, and not to make their returns in money, or by Bills of Exchange, as the Jews in great numbers trading hither, are known now to do. And that all Merchants Alien, if they be not such as have houses and habitations here, or if they have, do at their first beginning to Trade, enter into Recognizances of great penalties in Chancery, not to Transport, or cause to be Transported out of England, as was in part provided for by the Statute of 2 H. 6. chap. 6. Or returned by Bills of Exchange any more than the sum of five pounds for their necessary charges, upon pain of forseiting treble the value thereof.  
That the many more than formerly used deceits, 
§. 32.  in the Shearing, Tentering, hot Pressing, and false Dying of our English Clothes, which do much or more endamage our Trade of Clothing, than the Transportation of Fuller's Earth, Sheep's Pelts with the Wool upon them, or the Clothes in the Whites, may be by some good Laws, restrained and suppressed; and that the Aulnage aswell of Cloth as Stuffs, may according to sundry Acts of Parliament and other provisions be better looked unto and put in execution.  
That the great and many Deceits, 
§. 33.  Abuses, and Adulterations now used in most or too many Trades and Manufactures, surpassing all the Cheats and Tricks of Hocus Pocus, or which the Pillories, & the Court of Star Chamber heretofore punished, engrossings of Commodities, or carrying them beyond the Seas, on purpose to make a scarcity, and bring them in again at double or greater Rates, unlawful confederacies to make the Manufactures so slight or evil wrought, as they may the sooner be worn out; or by a small price paid to the Workmen, get the greater Rate in the Retail, Bonds or Securities enforced from Workmen not to make or sell at that rate to any other; Combinations to enhance Prices, and so many more ungodly Artifices employed, as Tricks and Trades, are now grown to be Terms convertible, and the Devil's Registers have not precedents enough for them, whereby not only numberless & great oppressions are daily exercised upon the people, to the impoverishing of many of them, by those that like Pikes in the Fish Ponds, do live only better than others, by devouring and undoing the smaller Fry, and industriously employ themselves therein, and at the same time cry out of injustice and oppression where it was not, and busied themselves about Religion and Gospel Purity, when they never intended nor could not afford to practise it, whereby all our English Trade and Manufactures are disparaged and brought into a slight esteem, and made to be unsaleable, or at very low rates in the parts beyond the Seas, and to give place to the Commodities and Manufactures of other Nations more honestly made, and if not speedily remedied, will render all his Majesty's cares of reviving and promoting the English Trade and Merchandise of no avail, as long as that Canker, or a principal cause of the decay and ruin of it shall be permitted, may by some good Laws be restrained and suppressed.  
That the many good propositions heretofore made by Mr. Henry Robinson and some others, 
§. 34.  concerning the Regulation or bettering of the ways of Trade and Merchandise, may now after a Committee of Trade in the times of Usurpation and Confusion, sleeping too much over it, and doing nothing, whilst Trade itself came to be almost ruined, be taken into a more serious consideration, and some good Laws enacted in pursuance of them.  
That the Manufacture of Linen Cloth, the importation whereof from Flanders and other Foreign parts, 
§. 35.  expends the Nation, little less than 100000 l, per annum, by reason that too many of our Wives in England have exchanged their good Housewisfery for Gallantry, and Spinning for spending, may be more encouraged in England by Enjoining six Acres in every hundred Acres of errable Land in England and Wales, to be yearly sowed with Hemp & Flex, and that there be an Aulnage of Linen Cloth, as well as of Stuffs and Woollen Cloth.  
That our Laws be not (as too many of them use to be) Still Born, 
§. 36.  or expiring by that time they can be read or recorded, or Starved at Nurse; but that some good Laws may be made to prevent or cure their Swooning or Convulsion fits, and bring them up to the good ends or purposes, for which they were ordained, and put them in execution. That our Paths being restored, we may rejoice in our Laws and Constitutions, and abhor those wand'ring after Dark Lanterns, or the ignis fatuus of newlights, which have lead us into many great miseries and confusions.  
That the Excise of Ale, 
§. 37.  Beer, Perry, and Cider, and the charges affliction, and troubles, which it brings upon the people, which before our times of misery, would have brought death and ruin any private contriver; and was at the first created by Oliver and his Imps to maintain a cursed Rebellion, and set up a destroying and detestable Anarchy, may be abolished, and taken away, and the Nation restored to the freedom and quiet which they formerly enjoyed under this our ancicent and excellently composed Monarchy.  
That his Majesty's Ancient and just Rights of Royal Pourveyances upon a due Regulation of any evils or oppressions which may be proved to have been committed in the manner of taking of them, 
§. 38.  may be restored to his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, and that very great Consumption of his Estate, occasioned by an enhance, and trebling of the Rates and prices of Provision for his Household, which hath laid heavy burdens upon his too small and overmuch impoverished Revenues, multiplied his wants and necessities, disturbed and disparaged the order and honour of his house, and produced very many great Inconveniences worthy to be remedied by the Parliament, and the care which they usnally take for the support of his Imperial Crown and Dignity, may be cured.  
And when a long and general observation and experience can tell every man, who is not a stranger to his own affairs, or of other men, how hard a thing it is for one that is behind hand to overcome his Poverty and get before hand; how impossible it will be for a private man to live out of Debt, when his yearly and necessary expenses and disbursements shall far surmount his Receipts and Revenues; how necessary a Treasury, Bank, or overplus of money which is Robur belli & fundamentum ac firmamentum pacis, is for a King in times of War, and its many chargeable occasions, and the power and reputation of it in times of Peace to preserve it; and that all Kingdoms and people never were or could think themselves safe without it.  
That in order to public good, and to consolidate the hoped for happiness of King and People, which the pretended Parliaments of our late Times of Usurpation, busying themselves in laying Burdens and Taxes upon the People, for the maintenance of a War, and an Arbitrary power, and Tyranny, and the continuance of their miseries, could never find the way or leisure to establish.  
A Royal and Princely yearly Revenue may be settled upon his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors; and to the end to make the Plaster or the Tent proportionable to the wound, and to the cure intended, and not make the repairs of his Revenues to be insufficient or more chargeable and burdensome, by doing it by parcels or at several times, whereby it may ruin, before it can be repaired, or suddenly after; and for the better satisfaction of some of the Purchasers, who were the cause of their own and his Majesty's troubles and miseries, and of the King's Loyal Party who suffered with him in it?  
The highest monthly Assessment or Tax which in our late times of confusion, was One hundred and twenty thousand pounds per mensem, may by Assessment or Subsidies, or some other way proportionable unto it for the next two years, if the Parliament shall think fit, be assented unto, and yearly collected and paid into such hands as they shall appoint, and such part thereof not exceeding the sum of two hundred thousand pounds, be distributed by his Majesty, to the suffering and Loyal English who took Arms for him or his Royal Father, and never deserted their Loyalty; or to their Wives and Children surviving them, as his Majesty under his sign Manual shall direct, and some other part of the said moneys, not exceeding the sum of one hundred thousand pounds arising out of the said Assessments be employed for satisfaction, without allowance for Interest (which should not be for wickedness or sinful contracts) of such Wives and Children of Purchasers, or the Purchasers of Purchasers, which have yet received no satisfaction according to his Majesty's Declarations, by the Bishops, Deans, and Chapters, or prebend's, or out of his Majesty or his Royal Mother the Queen's Revenues, or which have not been Purchasers by false Debenturs; and the other remaining undisposed moneys as aforesaid, of the said two years' Tax, to be and remain to his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, as a sacred Patrimony unalienable to be annexed, inseparably to the Crown of England, not to be Leased or Rend charged, further than for one or two Lives, or one and twenty years.  
That after the end of five years next ensuing, there be another monthly Tax or Subsidy of 120000 l. more for two whole years than next ensuing, to be raised as aforesaid, and disposed of by such as the Parliament shall appoint for his Majesty's use, of which, if his Majesty shall please, there may also be issued by Warrant under his Majesty's sign Manual, such moneys as his Majesty shall think fitting, not exceeding the sum of two hundred thousand pounds, to be employed for the further relief of such of the Loyal suffering party in England for his Majesty, or his late Royal Father, as his Majesty shall appoint, and that the residue of the moneys to be collected and raised by the said monthly Tax or Assessment for two whole years be, as soon as conveniently it may, laid out and disposed for the purchasing of an honourable Revenue in Land for the King & his Successors unalienable as aforesaid, and to no other use or purpose, which they that could pay as much, and a great deal more to uphold a Slavery, may be better contented to pay, to establish a redemption and freedom.  
And that after the end of three years next after the said two years, there be a like monthly Tax gathered and collected for two whole years next ensuing, to be disposed of by such as the Parliament shall appoint, for the buying of an honourable and Princely Revenue in Lands of inheritance for the King and his Heirs and Successors, never to be aliened from the Crown of England, other then as aforesaid. And although it may seem to be a great sum of money in the Total, to be raised out of the people, yet it being the more probable and easy way, and a great deal more necessary than what hath been done for worse ends and occasions, and being to be born by so many Cities, Towns, Counties, and people as are to contribute thereunto in several years, and with several respirations, will the eby not only free them from many of the like public Taxes and Assessments hereafter, and save them in their purses and estates, as much or more than that will amount unto, by some good Laws and provisions to be made for the freeing of them from many of the gripe and oppressions of one another, but entail our happiness and a greater than formerly freedom, quiet and safety upon themselves and their posterity.  
For there was, is, and ever will be, a necessity of power, strength, and riches to be in a King that intends either to protect or make happy himself and his people, as well as to have their love and affection; and though David when he was in his private condition, could before he was King of Israel rescue a Lamb of his flock, slay a Lion and a Bear, and with a sling and a peeble stone kill the dreadful Goliath; and that Nathan the Prophet (no flatterer but a man of God) had after he was a King, said unto him, The Lord is with thee, and brought him a message from God, that His house, and Kingdom, and throne should be established for ever, yet neither he, nor his subjects the men of Judah and Israel, could believe him or themselves to be in any condition of safety without his mighty men of war, Militia, Captains of thousands, and Captains over hundreds; nor did son Solomon after God had given him a large and understanding heart, and a portion of wisdom beyond that which ever was granted to mankind, with a promise likewise of riches and honour, suppose it to be any policy, to neglect his Tributes and Presents, the improvement and well ordering of his Revenues, and putting an honourable order in his household, to build Cities of Store, and Cities for his Chariots, and Cities for his Horsemen, and a Navy of Ships in Ezion Geber, and send them to Ophir to fetch Gold.  
Nor can it be certainly for the good and safety of the people to do by their earthly King, who untied the chains and fetters of their folly, restored them to their Laws and Liberties, and, as a balm of Gilead, cured and healed the wounds of those that never could do it themselves.  
Nor accord well with their gratitude, or the many protestations and promises which they made of sacrificing their lives and fortunes, and all that they had in order to his happiness.  
Or with the repentance and satisfaction (which makes repentance efficacious) of those that were the causes of his twelve years' misery and affliction, greater, longer, and sharper than any of his own hundred and eight Royal Progenitors ever endured, enough to have turned his youth into the grey hairs and infirmities of an old and decrepit age.  
To do by him as they do by their heavenly King, take, get, and receive all they can from him, but return as little as they may for it, or by the earth their common feeder and nourisher in their lifetimes, and the receiver and entertainer of them at their deaths, by making furrows on her back, and enforcing it to serve all their designs and business; and for all her fruits and kindness, do not so well by her as the Heathen, who could sacrifice to Tellus and Ceres, but think they do enough, if in the months of April and May they shall be pleased to admire her beauty, and beat Harvest well contented to fill their Barns with her bounty.  
And will be as likely to be for their good, as for children to have their parents so poor and impotent, as not to be able to protect them, or for those that are to go a Sea Voyage, to have the ships ill or not at all victualled, or to adventure in a War or Garrison, when the Commander in chief, or the General, upon whose wisdom, valour, strength, and conduct the safety of all dependeth, shall be every day to seek for victuals to feed them or himself, Ammunition or Weapons to defend, and money to pay them.  
Unless they could be assured by no doubting Oracle, that it would be for the good, honour, peace and plenty of the Kingdom to have the head, faim, languish, & want its necessary support & Food, and that the members in the body natural although never so warmly clad, or made much of, can thrive whilst the Head is sick and infirm.  
Or unless they would be as wise as the Citizens of Constantinople, who rather than they would impart any of their Riches to their Emperor for the most necessary defence of their City, Estates, and Religion, against the Turk when their City was besieged by him, would reserve it for a prey to their enemies, and a perpetual slavery for themselves and their posterities, or as our late men of Reformation, and murmerers at their own happiness, did in their complaints, and taking away Ship-money, and exchanging it for more miseries than ever any of their Ancestors endured, when afterwards they were enforced to call their slavery a happiness, and to pay and pray, and give God thanks for it.  
When as the great charge of Government in times of peace, and the quietest imaginable, and the necessity of the people's Aids and Taxes to support it may the better be believed, when Augustus Caesar, notwithstanding the enjoyment and full possession of the Empire, or greatest part of the world, with the riches and spoils thereof laid up in the public Treasuries and their Capitol, enough (besides what Julius Caesar had in the civil Wars consumed) to make it the greatest that ever was together at one time above ground; and his great frugality and care in managing his Revenue, by keeping a book or memorial, as Tacitus saith, wherein Opens publica continebantur quantum Civium sociorumque in armis quot classes Regna Provinciae Tributa vectigalia & necessitates ac largitiones, and had as Bodin saith, received Immanem pecuniarum summam ex Testamentis, great Estates of Inheritance from those very many that made him their Heir, could not subsist without Tributes and Taxes, but though the bloody and expenceful Bellona was laid to sleep, and there was nothing likely to disturb that happy and grateful calm of peace with which the world was then blessed found a necessity to Tax all the world, and even Joseph with Mary the mother of the Redeemer of it, must go up to Bethlehem to be taxed and pay Poll-mony, and for all that with all his care and providence in governing that Empire, having spent two paternal Patrimonies ceterasque hereditates in Rempublicam, and much of his own Estate upon the Commonwealth, left but a small and inconsiderable Revenue to his heir.  
And when as the King by his inestimable charges, great and daily expenses for the protection and good of his people, and necessary maintenance of his Royal Dignity, is in a worse condition than any of his Nobility or Gentry, who may when their necessities enforce them strike sail if they please, and measure their expenses by their Estates.  
Because he cannot defend himself without defending his people, must do like a Prince, and live like a Prince, and it cannot be for the good, safety, and honour of them that he should either live or do otherwise.  
But should rather believe as King James the fifth, in Anno 1540 his Majesties great Grandfather did, when in a preamble to an Act of Parliament in Scotland for the annexation of Lands inseparable to the Crown, he did declare, that it Was understood and weill advisedly considered be the King's grace, and the Estates of his Realm beand assembled in Parliament, that the patrimony of his Crown and Revenues thereof beand angmented is the great weill and profit baith to the King's Grace and his Liege's; and that King James the sixth, his Majesty's Grandfather, and his Parliament of Scotland in Anno 1600. did not err in the preamble of an Act, Of Annexation of forefaulted Lands and others to the Crown, wherein they did declare, That it is clearly understand by the King's Majesty and Estates of the Realm, that the augmentation of the patrimony and Revenues of the Crown, not only serves for the forth setting and maintenance of his Highness' Honour and Royal Estate, but alsorelieves greatly his Subjects of divers charges and heavy burdings. And when after his coming to enjoy the Crown of England, he did in his Declaration in the year 1619. Declaring what things he would be moved to grant to his servants and suitors by way of bounty, and what he would not signify his desire not to cast himself and his posterity into these wants or straits which might drive them to lay burdens on the people.  
Nor should the people of this nobler and better natured Nation, who have in the times of Monarchy been blest with a greater freedom than France, Spain, Holland, Venice, or any Christian or Heathen people, or Kingdom were ever owners of, be unwilling to employ as much of their care and well wishes in settling the King's Revenue, now so much weakened by age and kindness, and ruined for want of repairs, and being repaired, will be but to help to protect and defend themselves as they usually and commonly do in the repairing and building a new their own houses, amending or making new their Clothes when they perceive them to decay, or refreshing or bringing to heart again their Lands which by doing them good have needed it.  
When as those who contrived and assented unto oliver's Instrument of Government, as it was called, who was one of the greatest of villains and Tyrants in the Christian world, and not only murdered his King, but did all he could to destroy the Bodies, Estates, and Souls of his good people, did more resemble Antichrist then either Pope or Turk, highly deserve a burying place under the Gallows, & all that Ignomany could devise to lay upon him, and was of neither Royal or Noble Birth or breeding, and could be well contented to allow him Ten thousand Horse & Dragoons, & twenty thousand Foot, and the Navy to be maintained by a constant yearly Revenue to be raised for that purpose, with the remainder of the Kings, Queens, and Princes Revenues, not disposed of (except Forests and Chases, and the Manors thereunto belonging) all the Lands of Delinquents in Ireland, in the Counties of Dublin, Kildare, Clare and Katerlaugh, the forfeited Lands in Scotland (which were great and considerable) the two parts of Recusants Lands in England, not compounded for, and all Debts, Fines, Penalties, Issues, and Casual Profits belonging to the Keepers of the Liberties of England, so miscalled, with two hundred thousand pounds per annum yearly Revenue, for the Administration of Justice and charge of Government, to be and remain to that Minotaur or Protector, so called, and his successors, and the Framers of that which was called the Petition and Advice, could afterwards in the year 1656. by a fancied Authority of Parliament, not only confirm unto him that Revenue in Land settled upon him, with the Casual profits belonging to the Crown of England, but entreat him to accept of ten hundred thousand pounds per annum, yearly Revenue, to be raised upon the people without a Land Tax for the maintenance of the Army and Navy, with such other supplies, as should be needful to be raised from time to time by consent of Parliament, and three hundred thousand pounds per annum in like manner to be raised for his support of the Government.  
Need not repine or think that, or a greater Revenue to be too much for the highest born Prince in Christendom, and the Heir of a Succession of Kings for more than one thousand years last passed; who could suffer their Regal Power and Authority so to be bound with the Cords of love to their people and the rules of right reason, as the Sun in all his Travails hath never yet beheld a people enjoying better or so good Laws, and Liberties, and less Taxed or burdened with their Prince's occasions.  
And when as there is not any City or Town Corporate in England, but have received and enjoyed their Charters and Liberties from the King or his Progenitors, not any of the Nobility or Gentry, but have had their honours, privileges and dignities, and all or some of their Lands and Estates from them; nor any kindred or family in England, which either by him or some of his famous Progenitors, or the many joseph's and Mordecai's in every age advanced by them, have not mediately or immediately been preferred and advanced, and had all that they have or enjoy by their bounty and munificence, or had much kindness or Royal favours showed unto them, and like the lesser Trees or Shrubs in the Forest, have comfortably grown up and been protected and shadowed by Druinas Royal Oak, for which in the care of their own good and safety which are involved in his, they are as their forefathers were, more than ordinarily obliged by those eternal Bonds of gratitude, which time or adversity should never be able to break or obliterate, to contribute all they can to his welfare, and this our once most famous Monarchy.  
That so our Hercules may not want his Club to defend Himself and his people, that the cry of Debts and people wanting their money, being the worst of Anguishes to a virtuous and generous mind, may no longer afflict him; that the looking upon a small Revenue may not dishearten him to take the accounts of it, and that a greater may, now our Janus Temple is shut, put him in mind to do as Augustus Caesar did when all the world was at quiet, keep an Exact account of his Revenues and Expenses.  
That he who hath builded up our wastes, and raised up the former desolations, may be at rest from his sorrows, and all the people in his Dominions break forth into singing praises to the Most High, which hath made him an Instrument to do wonderful things, and like the Dove sent out of Noah's Ark, to bring us the Olive Branch, which the Deep and the rage of many waters had covered.  
FINIS.