Licenced, Febr. 21. 1675/ 6.  
Henry Oldenburg.   

THE PRESENT STATE OF Tangier: IN A LETTER To His GRACE, THE Lord Chancellor of Ireland, And one of the Lords Justices there.  
To which is added, The PRESENT STATE of ALGIERS.  
LONDON: Printed for Henry Herringman, at the Sign of the Anchor in the Lower Walk of the New Exchange. MDCLXXVI.   

THE PRESENT STATE OF TANGIER: In A LETTER To His GRACE, The Lord Chancellor of IRELAND, etc.  
May it please Your Grace,  
BEing conscious to myself of my own very great incapacity to render such an Account as may be delightful and satisfactory; I am ashamed so unprofitably to divert you from better employments, and so palpably to discover my own weakness in the following Description of the City of Tangier, and the Territory thereunto belonging: wherein howsoever I had rather bewray my folly in this abrupt Narration, than administer an occasion to be suspected in my readiness to obey your Commands; and therefore I presume to present to your Grace these hasty Notes, resolving to deal truly and impartially, according to what I have seen and observed, and what hath been related to me by credible persons.  
On Saturday the 12 of June last, early in the morning, we entered the Passage into the straits, between Cape Spartel and Cape Trafalgar, in one of His Majesty's Frigates: from the Cape to Tangier, (the wind blowing fresh from the Land) a most odoriferous smell, like to the Fume of Cedar or Juniper, entertained us; which I conceive to be a mixture of pleasant scents arising from the variety of sweet Trees and Herbs growing there wild: the Coast rocky, rugged, and full of Hills, yet very safe for Ships, very green with Grass and Herbs, and full of Trees. When we came into the Bay of Tangier, there fell a most vehement storm of rain, which continued an hour, and (as it is said) was more than was seen at that time of the year in any man's memory. Being saluted with a thousand shots of great Guns from the Mole, the Castle, the Forts, and the Ships riding in the Bay, we landed, where we were met by the Mayor and Corporation in their Gowns, and conducted through a Guard of Soldiers from thence to the Castle.  
The City of Tangier is in the Latitude of 35 deg. 35 min. situated very pleasantly about the middle way between the Entrance and the Mouth of the straits, in a large Bay like a Semicircle, in plain sight of the Coast of Spain, being less than six Leagues distant from it: the weather naturally very hot and scalding, but so tempered with Friscoes and Breezes both from Land and Sea, that the Air is rendered very tolerable; the Sky always bright and serene, no Rain (nor hardly a Cloud) being seen there for three parts of the year: the Levant-wind, (which blows very often and very strong, especially during the months of July and August) as it makes the weather more cool, so, besides its unkindness to Ships, it is not very agreeable to Health; many people, especially such as are sickly, being then faint, and more dis-composed. The City seems to have been one of the greatest in the World, which is apparent by the old Walls and Ruins, extending S. E. about two miles, as far as old Tangier, (where stands a heap of ruined Buildings, a pleasant River, wonderfully stored with several sorts of good Fish running near it, and a large Stone-Bridge over it, but now broken) and stretching N. W. near three miles, and beyond Teveot-Hill, (so called from that Renowned Person the Earl of Teveot, who there was cut off the by Moor) and a pretty Brook, called Jews-River, running about the middle way. I dare not take upon me the part of an Historian, or go about to give an exact Account of the Annals of this Place; but only in a few words to deduce the Summary History of its several Owners, till it came into the Hands of His Sacred Majesty, (whom God long preserve over us, and that City under Him.)  
Tangier, or Tingis, was first built (as some say) by those fugitive Canaanites, who in the Fields adjoining erected Pillars, with this Inscription in the Phoenician Language, importing in English, We flee from the face of the Son of Nave, the great Robber: Or, as others, by Tinga, Wife of Antaeus, slain by Hercules. I shall not mention what Leo Africanus saith of it, because himself allows it fabulous. It was a City of great note and esteem, when the Carthaginians contended with the Romans, and gave Name to all the adjacent Country, but is said to have been buried by Caesar in the Ruins of Juba its King; but by Claudius (who first made Mauritania Tingitana a Roman Province) to have been restored, and made a Colony, called Traducta Julia: From thence it continued the Metropolis of Mauritania, until Constantine the Great laid it to the Diocese of Spain; in which condition it continued during some time of the Empire, until about the year 642. Suintilla King of the Goths in Spain, added it to his Dominions. So that they seem to err, who report, this City, and its dependant Country, to have been possessed by the Vandals, invited into Africa by Boniface, in the Empire of Valentinian the third. It continued subject to the Goths, longer than Spain did: for though Osman, the third Caliph Successor of Mahomet, conquered the rest of Barbavy; yet Tingitana was still held by the Goths, and afforded retreat and shelter to the Sons of Vitiza, the true Heirs, during the Usurpation of Roderic the last King, and also some years after his slaughter, and the subversion of the Gothish Kingdom in Spain, by Musa and Tariffe, Lieutenants to Vlidor Vlit, the Saracenical Caliph. The Moors, when they held this Town, had here a Public School or University, where their Youth were taught Letters; as also an Hospital liberally endowed by Joseph a Ben Teifin, the second of the Almora Vides, who founded Morocco, conquered Fez, and subdued all the Moorish Roytelets in Spain, adding this to his large Dominion. Under his Successors of the three Races, (the Almoravides, the Almohades, and lastly the Merines') Tangier was their chief Port for Spain; for in this Bay, and that of Alcazzer, not far from the Point, did Alboacen embark his Army for Spain, consisting of 400000 Foot, and 70000 Horse, who were discomfited by the Christians at Salado near Tariffa: by which blow, the power of the Miramemolins was so broken, that their Empire declined very fast both in Spain and Africa, their civil dissensions also hastening their downfall; in which decay of the Merin Family, Tangier was deserted by the Moors, as most of this Coast was, on the approach of Alphonso the fifth, King of Portugal, who took possession of it An. Dom. 1472. whose Successors held it with continual Wars, and various Successes with the Xerisses, until the year 1669. when it was delivered to that excellent and much-lamented General, the Earl of Sandwich, for the use of CHARLES the Second, King of Great Britain. But whosoever desires a more particular and satisfactory account of these things, may consult Herodotus in Vita Cambysis, Procopius, Enagrius, Josephus, and Bochartus his Phaleg, Plutarch's Sertorius, etc. the Histories of Spain, written by Mariana or Turquet; of Portugal, by Osorius, etc. of Africa, by Leo, and others.  
It is certainly a very sweet and well-chosen place, at the foot of a very great Hill, on which the Castle standeth, on a Declivity, but yet insensible, of an irregular square, and fenced with a high, thin, old-fashioned Wall, (much like to that of Droghedah in Ireland) having only two Gates, one toward the Country, called Port-Catharina, a wonderful strong, and well-contrived Entrance; the other to the Sea, called the Water-Gate. The Streets are extremely narrow, (which is absolutely necessary in all places where the Sun is so much Vertical) which makes the Town seem much smaller, and less considerable than it is: but were they extended at the rate of the new Streets in and about London, it would take up a great deal of Ground, and appear a very large Town. The Houses are low, and generally little, with Spanish Roofs, almost flat, (which is the cause that it makes the less show) the Walls generally of Stone and Mudd, the covering crooked Tiles, the In side and Ceilings of Slit Deal, or Pine: There are many of the Officers and principal Townsmen, who have fine, large, commodious, and well-furnished Houses and Gardens; and indeed the Houses are for the most part very pretty and convenient, hardly any without a little Garden, but extremely beautiful and delighting, full of sweet Herbs, and pleasant Trees, especially Vines, which running up upon Pillars made of Stone, and Espaliers made of great Reeds, (which for that purpose they commonly Nurse in a corner of the Garden, and annually cut down for that use) all their Walks, and Backsides, and Spareplaces, are covered and shaded with Vines, mightily loaden with excellent Grapes, of divers sorts, sizes, and shapes, and some very early ripe. The Air, taking one time with another, exceeding temperate, not so sultry as many times of the day in Ireland, nor so sharp as many of the nights there. It is observed, that the Inhabitants here (as of the adjacent Country) are much subject to sore eyes, which I am apt to impute not to any innate quality of the Air, but to the dryness and continual brightness of it. Newcomers are welcomed constantly with strange Blisters and Pimples, like to the Smallpox, which is generally attributed to the biting of Muskitoes, (which are just the Gnats in some parts of England, but a little more pert) and Chinches, (which much resemble Ticks, but that they leave so intolerable a stink when they are killed) but I rather think it to proceed from an Ebullition of the Blood, upon change of the Air, it happening most severely to such as drink much water at their first coming. There can be no place in the World better accommodated with Water, and the best that can be tasted; no Garden in the Town (at least on the North-West-side) but hath a Well, and some many; and in the Marketplace is a handsome large Conduit, with a very fair Cistern, and a Cock continually running on each side: the Water is brought to the Town in most admirable and costly Aqueducts, made formerly by the Romans, and said to come from the Foot of Mount-Atlas; but where the Passages are, no man can discover, till you come within two hundred paces of the Lines, and there they may be seen, curiously made of Brick and Stone; and at every twenty yards, or thereabout, a little Well, into which the Gravel, Mudd, or any other Filth doth fall, and when they are filled, it is easy to empty and cleanse them. I have often wondered that the Moors (such inveterate Enemies and Haters of all Christians, especially the Tangerines') should forbear cutting and spoiling the Aqueducts, or poisoning the Water; till I understood, that it is a point of their Law and Religion, not to destroy any thing that is made for the natural and necessary use of Mankind, (which is the cause that they so curse and exclaim on the Christian-Dogs, when a Party hath been sometime sent out of this Garrison to burn their Corn.) The Land about the Town is very rich and pleasant, abundantly luxuriant in the production of fine Flowers, (as Narcissus, Crocus, Iris, etc.) and sweet smelling Plants, which with so much care and cost are nourished and reared in the Gardens of Europe; so that the Hay made there by the Garrison, is only a withered Nosegay of Rosemary, Thyme, Marjoram, Pennyroyal, and other sweet-smelling Herbs. In the Gardens are very good Pease, Beans, Artichokes, (Asparagus growing wild in the Fields) Strawberries, Lettuce, Purslane, Cucumbers, etc. but Melons, so plentiful, so various in the shape and kind, and so delicious, that it cannot be described to understanding and belief. The common Fruits of this Place are Apricocks and Peaches, (which I cannot say are so good as in England, and I conceive the cause to be, that they are Wildings, and not mended by Inoculation) Figgs, which bear twice a year, and Mulberries, (much better) Oranges, Lemons, Limbs, Citrons, Pomegranates, Plumbs, some Cherries, but not worth eating, some Pears and Apples, but very scurvy, (which probably ariseth from the cause before hinted, that no pains are taken in Grafting;) but the Grapes are certainly not to be paralleled in any place of the World. They ordinarily use Calabashas, a kind of a long Pompion, and Simnels, in stead of Cabbage and Turnips, but they are no way comparable to either of them. The Fields about the Town were heretofore much more delightful, when they stood full of Orange-Trees, Lemons, Olives, Pomegranates, Figgs and Mulberries; but some time since, there being no timely provision made for Firing, the Soldiers were necessitated to cut them down, and burn them, for want of other Fuel. There is a very great and curious Wood near the Town, green all the year, which I daily saw out of my Chamber-window; and though I did not hold it convenient to take a nearer survey of it, I was told, by such as in time of Peace have been in it, that it is a ravishing Wilderness of Oranges, Lemons, Figgs, etc. Scarlet-Oak, and Cork-Trees; and in stead of Briars and Thorns, thickened with Damask Roses, Groves of Myrtle, Jasemine, and Bushes of Rosemary.  
The Hay-Harvest useth to be about the middle of May, and is completely made in two days. Barley and Wheat are cut down in June; the Grain trodden out by Oxen, laid up in Caves, and the Straw kept for Food for Horses and Cattle: And in the Month of August, the Stubble through the whole Country is set on fire, partly to destroy the Vermin, which otherwise would become insupportable, and partly to enrich the Ground, there being no other manure used. The Seasons seem to be opposite to those in England and Ireland, and quite inverted: for whereas there from May to Allhallontide, the Ground is green, and pleasant, and covered with Grass, and from thence to April dry, white and withered; on the contrary, all the Verdure and Sweetness in Barbary, rank Grass, and variety of Flowers and Herbs, is from November to April; but from thence to November, the Ground dry, white, withered, and burnt with the Sun; this I mean of the Country, but the Gardens are perpetually green, and produce two Crops in a year of almost all Garden stuff and Salads: nay, the Cows, Asses, and Horses, (directly contrary to the usage of England) do live all the Summer upon Hay, and chopped Barley-straw, (which is brought in Barca-luengos from Spain) and upon Grass in the Winter. If a Peace were made with the Moors, all manner of Fresh Provisions would be as good as in England, and as plentiful and cheap as in Ireland: the Beef and Mutton is not so generally fat, but as sweet and juicy as in any other place: Hens, Chickens, Capons, Geese and Turkeys, are extremely plentiful, and very good; the Pigeons very large, and very fat; but the Ducks are certainly the best in the World: for being kept from Puddles and dirty feeding, and fattened with Oatmeal and Pease, the Flesh of them is quite changed in colour and taste. I have eaten here Plover, Curlew, and Bustard, and very good; the Partridge, though much larger, doth not please me so well as those of England and Ireland: but here are a sort of Birds about the bigness of a Pheasant, the Spaniards call them, Pesones de Campo, which I must commend above all the Fowl that ever I tasted. In the mean time, no place under Heaven, perhaps, is better furnished with excellent kinds of Fish, and great plenty; here are (beside Soles, Gurnet's, Mullets, Turbets, Lobsters, Eels, Shrimps, etc. in common with England) Codfish, Bonitoes, Old-women, Porgoes, Salmonettoes, Rock-fish, Starfish, and many other, for which they have no name. The Castle of Tangier is situated most securely and most delightfully upon a very high Hill, overlooking the Town, Country, and Harbour; Fortified, beside its Foundation, on inaccessible Rocks, by four the most regular, high, and well-built Bastions that can any where be seen; several excellent, and inexhaustible Wells within it; and is, in a word, to all appearance, a place impregnable; all the Storehouses of Ammunition and Provision, many Houses, Streets and Gardens contained within it, and very near the third part of as much Ground as is in the whole City, being divided from it by a Wall that reacheth to the Sea. The Upper-Castle, or the Governors' House, is very noble, large and commodious, and owes its beauty and conveniences to the care and generosity of that excellent Person, the Earl of Middleton, late Governor, and doth afford a most incomparable Prospect, all Ships that pass to or from the Mediterranean sailing under the sight of the Windows: out of Foraging-Port, the Gate that looks to the Sea, an even, plain, and very pleasant Walk leads to Charles Fort, a strong and well fortified Place, and Commanded by Captain Charles Daniel, whose Ingenuity I must not forget, that hath so curiously beautified the Fort, without impairing the Strength, having on one side made a most delightful Walk between the Wall and the Graft, about twelve foot wide, and near two hundred yards long, curiously Gravelled, and covered close with Vines, which run up upon Pillars, and afford a cool shade on the hottest day. On another side he hath his Melon-Gardens, and not far from thence his Garden for Flowers and Herbs; so that Charles Fort, which is the great terror to the Moors, and which they dare not come near, is the greatest delight of the Inhabitants of Tangier, and continually visited like Spring-Garden. There is another House of Pleasure within the Lines, which they call by the name of White-Hall, a place where the Ladies, the Officers, and the better sort of people, do refresh and divert themselves with Wine, Fruits, and a very pretty Bowling-Bare. The Mole is in its design the greatest and most noble Undertaking in the World, (all other Moles, as at Genoa, Malaga, Algiers, etc. not deserving more than the name of a Key, in comparison of it) it is a very pleasant thing to look on; and if it may be finished according to His Majesty's purpose, who hath spared no cost upon it, it will not only secure the Bay and Ships in it, but in time render Tangier very considerable and advantageous to His Majesty and His Kingdoms: It is now near four hundred and seventy yards long, and thirty yards broad, several pretty Houses upon it, and many Families; on the inner side twenty four Arched Cellars, and before them a curious Walk, with Pillars for the Mooring of Ships. Upon the Mole are a vast number of great Guns, which are almost continually kept warm, during fair weather, in giving and paying Salutes to Ships which come in and out: for the most part of the year there are employed in this work three hundred Men, and several Carts with good Teams of Horses continually going with Stone and other Materials between the Mole and Whitby; which is a little English Hamlet, planted by that industrious and ingenious Gentleman Sir Hugh Cholmely, where are about twenty Families, beside at least an hundred Labourers and Soldiers lodge there every night, and are sufficiently defended by Guns and Forts from any Attaque of the Moors. It is very pleasant to see how busy every man is there in his several Trade; the Smiths, Carpenters, sawyer's, Cooper's, Wheelwrights, Carters, Masons, Miners, Drill-men, Quarry-men, and Stone-cutters, making a pretty confused Music, and very pleasant to such as do not pay for it. There were in Tangier, when the Portugueses left it, seventeen Churches and Chapels; but now there are only two; one whereof, with a large scope of Ground, a Convent, and Lodgings for the Churchmen, and very commodious Outhouses and Gardens, is left to the Portuguese Inhabitants, and is indeed a fine Church, delicately beautified all round it with neat and costly Altars: the other, a pretty plain Chapel, formerly dedicated to St. Jago, and now to Charles the Martyr, is the Protestant Church, and very well filled on Sundays. There is also an Hospital for sick and wounded Soldiers, very well provided for; and an Exhibition of 200 l. per ann. for maintaining and breeding the Orphan-childrens of Soldiers or Townsmen.  
Tangier, and the Territory belonging to it, is at the present governed by the Earl of Insiquin, a Person of very great Abilities, and  Loyalty. In whose time though it unluckily fell out, that a party of men were cut off by the Moors, yet it ought to be no Impeachment of his Prudence and Conduct. For the Garrison being extremely scarce of Provisions, the Stores exhausted, and nothing to be had from Portugal or Spain, (whither he sent Vessels with ready money to buy Meat, but could get none) and the Corporation by a Remonstrance laying before him how ill the Stores were furnished both in quantity and quality, he called a Council of War, by whom he was with one consent advised and entreated to send a Party out to fetch in a Prey of Cattle; and accordingly on the 19th of September he sent out a Party of 500 men, under the Command of Sir Palms Fairborn, (being the rather induced to it by the encouragement of James Hamet, a Renegado- Moor, recommended to the Governor as a fit person to be a Spy) the Forlorn consisting of 100 Soldiers, and about 35 Volunteers, marched two miles beyond the Body, and were suddenly encompassed by a great Party of Horse, who lay in Ambush, and all slain, except Captain Alexander Mac Kenny, who commanded 15 Horsemen; and being dismounted, lay among the dead bodies, till he found an opportunity to steal into the adjoining Wood, where he lay that night, and attempting to return to the Garrison next day, he was met by the Moors, and carried prisoner to Tetuan: He gave an account by Letter, that sitting in a Tree, he saw the Moors gather 80 bodies from among the dead, of such as were most considerable among them, and having laid them in a Funeral-Pile, and performed their accustomed ceremony in howling and lamenting, burned them, leaving a great number of the ordinary sort mingled among the dead bodies of our men: In the mean time the main Body, being divided into two parties, one commanded by Sir Palms Fairborn, the other by Captain James Leslie, made a safe and honourable Retreat, though furiously attacked on all sides by a great number of Horse and Foot, performing their parts even to admiration. This action was a very great terror to the Moors, who never lost so many men, since the English possessed the Place; and thereby were feelingly convinced, that the Christians would fight for their Lives, which before they would not seem to allow, all the former Losses having happened upon treacherous surprises, and at such times when our men were not provided for a fight. The Garrison consisteth of 1440 Foot, and 30 Horse, and is certainly a Body of as brave, bold, well-trained men, as are to be seen any where in the World; they are paid 6 d. per diem in meat, and 3 d. in money. The Town is for the most part peopled with His Majesty's Subjects, who live neatly and pleasantly, and are generally of a kind and hospitable disposition: The Corporation consisteth of a Mayor, six Aldermen, and twelve Common Council-Men, all annually elected, and then approved and sworn by the Governor. Every Sunday the Mayor and Aldermen in their Scarlet Gowns, and the Common-Council-Men in Purple, do pay a civility to the Governor, coming up to the Castle, and from thence attending him to the Church. There are in the City about 200 Families, beside Officers (who have, and keep very good Houses) and Soldiers, who have very convenient Quarters assigned them, Strangers, the Inhabitants within the Castle, the Dwellers on the Mole, and at Whitby. Among the Inhabitants there are some few of several Nations, as French, Spanish, Portugueses, Italians, and divers Jews both of Barbary and Europe, who are great Dealers in Trade, and have their several Synagogues within the Town: I say, several, for although they agree in the common Reading and Veneration of the five Books of Moses, their Denial of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and their Hatred to Christians; yet they are not free from their little Schisms, as appears by a passage since my coming hither, which may perhaps be worth the relating.  
On the 9th of July last, a Petition was presented to the Governor by Joseph Artnitel, Samuel Mexias, Joseph Benjamin, and Moses Benazara, in the name of the Barbary-Jews residing in Tangier, setting forth that Abraham Cohen, an Amsterdam-Jew, did continually affront, molest, and disquiet them, that they could not attend their Callings: whereupon Abraham Cohen, and the European-Jews, being summoned, and the matter heard, it appeared that they were on both sides in Faction and Fire, for that the said Abraham Cohen and his Fellows did drink Wine, and traded in Swines-Flesh; for which cause the Tangier-Jews had made their complaint to the Sabios of Tetuan, who had actually Excommunicated the said Cohen, and the rest: but the Governor perceiving knavery in the business, and that the inhibiting the European-Jews to bring Pork into the Town, might be out of design to hinder the bringing in of Provisions; and that their Appeal to the Moorish-Jews at Tetuan, and the publishing of an Excommunication, was a very great presumption, and an affront to His Majesty's Government; commanded the Barbary-Jews within a few days to dissolve the Excommunication, and to renounce the Authority of Tetuan, or any other Power, but of the King of England; or else he would turn them and their Families out of Town: which took good effect, caused a Peace among them, and no more was heard of it. The following Address was made to the Mayor of Tangier by Abraham Cohen, etc.  
Forasmuch as certain Tetuan-Jews, who at present are residing in this City of Tangier, have given out, that they have a Decree from the Sabios of Tetuan, by which they do Excommunicate all and whatsoever Jew and Jews, who shall join in Communion with Abraham Cohen to say their Prayers: We the Underwritten, do supplicate, that they may give us a Copy of the said Decree, to the end we may not fall into a Praemunire, and to amend ourselves in case we have failed, and to undergo that chastisement which shall be due to us in conformity to the Law of Moses.  
Tangier, this 21 of Tamos, Anno 5435. 

Abraham Cohen,  
Jaacob Cohen,  
Jacob del Canio,  
Isaac de Mexias.    
Upon an Order from the Mayor, the Decree was produced; which, for the satisfaction of your Grace, who may be pleased with such a curiosity, I have set down, as it was Translated out of the Hebrew Language into English.  
To the Holy Congregation of the City of Tangier, whom our Lord preserve, Amen.  
After having desired your joint Peace, Peace be unto you, your Fellow-helpers, and all those that are joined with you, Amen.  
WE send this unto you, by reason of one we received from you, complaining in what manner Abraham Cohen treats you, of his Abuses, and what he hath done to your Congregation; and if it be so as appears by your Letter, it is a sign that he is not of the seed of Aaron the High Priest, loving Peace and persecuting it, loving the Creatures, and endeavouring to have Differences at Law with them; and it is not a new thing with him to desire the continuance of Law-Suits wheresoever he lives, but also to fasten them on others; and thus he made his Disturbances in Sally, and separated a House of Prayer for himself, and in the end pretended to confirm what the Learned say, Every House of Prayer that is not designed to a good intention, cannot be confirmed: But on his side it signifies little what he can do unto you, for that we once, by reason of the complaints you made, used our utmost diligence to set you up a House of Prayer, that so you might have no Communication with him; and yet you do join and meet with him; now you seek after him, you have no reason to complain: Yet notwithstanding all this, if sufficient Testimonies shall come, signed by those that are not concerned on either side, we will do unto him here what the Law requires: But without this, by reason of the evil Offices that you say he hath done, and does you, and for things he doth contrary to the Law, as drinking of Wine, making profit of those things which he cannot do according to Law, and acting several things of the like nature, We order, That no Jew enter into his House of Prayer to pray with him, much less rehearse the Ten Commandments with him; and whosoever shall enter into his House of Prayer to pray with him, and rehearse the Ten Commandments with him, he is Excommunicated by the Justice of Heaven and Earth: And the same Excommunication reaches any one whatsoever that shall drink of the said Wine, make any profit thereof, or of goods of the like nature; and whosoever shall do any thing of what is above recited, and break our Order, there shall be used to him, the same as is usual to those persons that are Excommunicated, No Jew shall speak to him, much less shall he come within four cubits of him, and he cannot be esteemed for one of the Ten. We say no more.  
Tituan, the 18 of Sinan, 5435. Jacob Aboab, Isaac Bivas.  
There remain in Tangier many marks of the Roman Greatness, Ingenuity, Arts, and Architecture: as,  
1. The strong, vaulted, well-compiled Foundations of Houses, (in the digging up of which great store of Medals are found, of Corinthian Brass, Copper, and Silver, stamped with the Effigies of their Emperors, and Consuls, and with other Mottoes and Fancies.  
2. The outside of the Rock next to the Bay, between the Water-Gate and the Mole, on which the Town-Wall is built, which is faced with Rows of little Walls from the Water to the Foundation of it, equally distant one from the other; which served not only to strengthen the Foundation, and to keep it from sliding, but also for an Amphitheatre; and on these Rows of Seats did the people sit to behold their Pastimes and Shows upon the Water, the whole Bay being under the view of it.  
3. The curious Arches and Vaults, among which I saw one built with Brick and Freestone, of an unknown length, about eight foot wide at the Floor, and about ten foot high; the half of which Arch is standing, and serves for a curious, close, cool Walk.  
4. The Aqueducts, of which I have given an account before. I shall not mention the Salt-Pits, (though a pretty curiofity, cut out in the Natural Rocks that lie on the surface of the Ground within the Lines) nor the strange, deep, narrow Pits cut into the Rocks, (of which I cannot apprehend the use, unless for Burying-places) because they may be the work of the Portugueses. But one thing I must mention, a Remain of the Moorish Grandeur, the Ruins of a most rich and sumptuous Structure, some of the Floors whereof are yet to be seen, made of small Roman Bricks two or three inches square, of divers colours, the sides of the Walls lined with delicate Mosaic Work; and in one place is an Inscription of Arabic Characters cut in Stone, not worn by time, though done more than three hundred years since, very easy and plain to be read, the Letters not being cut into the Stone, but the Stone cut away from the Letters; and because this is a piece of great Curiosity, as well as Antiquity, I have caused it to be Transcribed from the Original, and afterward Translated.  
The Translation of an Arabic Inscription contained in a Stone of Marble, at the Entrance from the Vestry of the English Protestant Church of Tangier, called, CHARLES the Martyr, formerly a Moorish Convent.  
In the Name of God, Amen.  
AMemorandum of the holy Convent, under the Almighty's Obedience, which God preserve in his Grace and Favour:  
Being a Register and Roll of the Revenues and Lands belonging to the said Convents Incommings, as well those which are situated within the City of Tangier, as without the same; together with their Limits and Districts, and how far the said Revenues do extend themselves.  
Those situated within the said City, are, viz.  
First, A Shop wherein Herbs are sold; and another where Starch is made and sold; with another Shop nigh unto the Halbardeer; and another Shop somewhat higher, where Oil, Figgs, Reasons, and such like Ware is sold; and a third Shop adjoining to the former. And moreover, four other Shops, situated in the Butcher's Row, adjoining joining to each other: all which Shops afore-specified, have each of them a little back-yard: and also another Tailor's Shop under the Arch; with another Shop belonging to the Wafersellers, next adjoining to the Bakehouse; and another Shop where Chopped Straw is sold, and Tinder and Match, and such like Commodities; and another Moiety of a Shop where the Water-bearers refort, below the Spinters, the other half of which belongs to one, called Majanez; and from thence on the other side of the Street, hard by the Shop where Spicery Wares are sold, and where the Cutlers do live, there is another Shop, equally high with the said Convents situation; as also a House situated in the Street where the Stone-cutters do live; a little higher than the Potter's dwellings.  
Moreover, The Convent and its Church, is situated towards the West, and doth contain a Court-yard, surrounded with Houses or Lodgings; to wit, round about the whole situation; also the said Convent hath a Free-School, being a large and vast Room, in which the Inhabitants Children are taught to Write and Read; besides which the Convent contained all such Lodgings and Conveniences, and other necessary Offices and Accommodations as behoved, and were necessary and requisite for the entertaining and lodging of the Priests, Clerks, Lay-brothers, and other Ministerial Persons to the said Convent belonging and appertaining. Besides which, there was another Shop, fituated at the foot of the said Convent; and yet lower than that, a second Shop, where Earthen Ware, as Pots, Pans, and Dishes, are usually made, etc. And this is the Revenues which the said Convent doth enjoy within the said Cities Walls.  
The Revenues belonging to the said Convent situated without the Walls, in the Country abroad, viz.  
Consist in One hundred fifty and four several Fields and Gardens, with Houses and Wells intermingled here and there; as also with some Orchards for Fruits, and Summer-Houses for Recreation; all which are set down in the Moorish Roll, with their Moorish Names and Appellations thereunto annexed; which being conceived to be too tedious and superfluous to be here specified, are omitted, as being of no moment nor benefit to be Read, but rather a trouble and vexation, etc. being only bare Moorish obsolete Names, at present not known, nor in use, etc.  
Finally, The said Moorish Roll is closed in this manner following, viz.  
And thus we have specified all the Revenues and Incommings of the said Convent; and to the end it may remain to posterity, we have Engraven it in this Stone, on the last day of the Month called Rabbea the second, In the Year Seven hundred forty and three; And thus we have made an end thereof, etc.  
God be praised, Amen.  
It is to be observed, that since this Arabic Inscription was Engraven on the said Stone, there are 343 years past, it being according to the Moorish Account the year 1086. and with us according to the Christian Computation, the year 1675. etc. Which is only set down to show the meaning of the said Arabic Inscription and Antiquity, for the better satisfaction of your Grace, who may please yourself with such a Curiofity.  
The first Governor of Tangier under the King of England, was the Earl of Peterborough, a Person of Noble and Generous Qualities, a great Friend to the Soldiers, and very likely to have made the Place considerable, had not His Majesty, upon some greater Employments, called him home.  
In whose room was sent that excellent Soldier the Earl of Tiveot, whose Fame will be fresh, while there is a Stone standing in Tangier: he was of indefatigable Industry, a complete Soldier, a resolute Man, and in all probability had he lived to this time, would have enlarged the Demeans of Tangier to a very great compass: but in the midst of his Endeavours, he was by false Intelligence betrayed to march out with five hundred men, (most of them armed only as Pioners) and were all, except a very few that escaped, destroyed together.  
Immediately after whose death, Sir Tobias Bridges, who Commanded the Horse, was by joint consent of the Officers, voted to the Government; which he held till  
Col. John Fitz Gerald, (a Gentleman as well of known Valour, and tried Experience, as of an Ancient Family) was made Deputy-Governour.  
And so remained until the Lord Bellasis was sent over, whose Gentleness, Prudence, and Moderation, did mightily endear him both to Garrison and Town: but his indisposition urged him, within less than a year, to get His Majesties Leave to be recalled, much to the sorrow of that Place.  
Upon his return, Col. Henry Norwood was appointed Deputy-Governour; who not only terrified the Moors by his Arms, but outdid them in their Wit, and managed the Government of that Place with very great Honour to the King, and Advantage to the People.  
Then the Earl of Middleton was appointed Governor, a Person very famous for his Conduct in War, of great Courage, and as great Experience, of excellent Learning and Parts, and Liberal beyond Example: He made the Governors' House, of a Portuguese-Dungeon, to become a very Noble Palace; caused the Castle, with the Storehouses of Victuals and Ammunition, to be separated from the Town by a strong Wall; and would have done many brave Things for the Good of that Place, but falling into a Flux, he was much weakened; and rising one night to call for a Candle, he stumbled over his Servant, who lay cross the Threshold fast asleep, and with the fall broke his Arm short at the Shoulder, and within a few days died.  
After his death, Col. Roger Alsop was appointed Deputy-Governour; who, if his Legs were answerable to his Heart, would give convincing Testimonies of his great Worthiness of that, and a much better Employment.  
The Earl of Insiquin is the present Governor, whose Character to Write, were a kind of flattery to commend before the Face; and to your Grace especially, who so well know him, I need say but this, He is of greater Abilities than either himself would discover, or his Friends could expect, till he came to the Trial of them; and I cannot doubt but that His Majesty will find him to be most useful for His Service there, or in any other Place.  
And now, my Lord, having led you a tedious Walk round our little Town, and narrow Lines, (which may be paced over in the time that this Paper may be read) I am to beg pardon for this most impertinent Interruption; which I cannot but hope for, because innocently intended: And as I have reason to believe, your Grace will not read it twice; so I seriously promise, you shall never be troubled in this manner again by,  
My LORD, Your Graces most Obedient Servant, G. P. Tangier, Sept. 29. 1675.   

THE PRESENT STATE OF Algiers.  
LONDON: Printed for H. Herringman, 1676.   

THE PRESENT STATE OF ALGIERS.  
Their First Rise. The Several Changes of the Government. The Manner of the Present State, and the Principal Persons in Credit. What People the City of Algiers consists of, and the Number of the Inhabitants. Their Militia, and the Discipline thereof. Their Naval Forces, and Sea-Discipline.  
BY the Ancient Records of the Divan Hoggi, or Public Secretary, it appears, that the City was formerly Commanded by the Genoeeses, who kept a constant Garrison in the Castle, that stands at the head of the Mole, of about three hundred men, until the defeat of Bajazett by Tamburlaine the Great, when two Brigantines of fugitive Turks put in there for shelter; who conspiring with the Arabs and Moors, 
Then the Divan was kept in the Cassale, the Aga was kept in a Cage to preserve himself from the fury of the multitude.  in a few days after, on a Holiday, (as they were at Mass) fell upon them, and became their Masters. Whereupon, as having before practised the Trade of Piracy, they armed all the Vessels they could make themselves Masters of, and in short time had One hundred & fifty Sail in Corso. They builded then likewise the Cassale, where the Public Treasure is kept, and the principal Magazines for Arms and Provisions, and form a Government by a Divan, who was to sit every Saturday to consult of Public Affairs, till in the year of the Hegira 810. in respect to the Grand Signior, they admitted Bashaws of his to precide in the Divan, and Govern them; (only keeping in their hands the Command of the Cassale:) The first whereof was called Osman Bashaw, allowing them 12000 Dollars per annum out of the pay, besides an allowance of all sorts of Provision for his whole Family and Officers.  
Under these Bashaws (who above the said allowance found ways to exact great Treasures from the Moors and Inhabitants, in so much that some of them, after their ordinary three years' residence, have been known to carry away 200000 Dollars, besides Jewels, etc.) they lived with great Obedience, notwithstanding all the said Oppressions, until the time of Vsuff Bashaw, a Gallant Prince, and one that made it more his business to increase the Conquests against the Moors, than to mass up Wealth, for which reason then, upon the Petition of the Public Divan, his Commission by the Grand Signior was renewed. He took Constantine from the Moors, Bugia from the Christians, Bona from the Tuniseenes, marched with his Army into the Zachary, 
A desert Country only affording Dates.  sixty days Southeast, and continued his Conquest four months march towards Angola, all which are to this day Tributary to Algiers: So having been two years in the Camp, he returned in great triumph, accompanied with all the popular applauses imaginable. But all this could not secure him from the secret conspiracy of his Kia; who, having had the sweetness and benefit of the pay in his absence, made a faction against him, murdering him in the Bettistan, or Marketplace, in the year 1642. Since which time, though they have received the Bashaws sent by the Grand Signior, yet have they never admitted them to sit in the Divan, or to meddle with Public Affairs, but they have been muzzled, receiving only their ancient allowance, the extraordinary Revenues being wholly taken away; so that this place being not of so great profit as was formerly, it has not been so greedily sought for at the Ottomans Porte, witness this present Bashaw, called Ishmael, who has lived here now near fifteen years.  
After the said Rebellion, there has been a person chosen out of, and by the Divan, to sit over the pay, and had the Title of Governor. To his care was committed the receipt and payment of all money brought into the Public; and his presence required at the pay of the Soldiers, which is every two months. Thirteen persons have succeeded in this Office, of which but one is found to have died in his bed, the other having been poisoned, or murdered by some means or other. The last that served in that Office, was Ally Aga, who was cut in pieces by the Soldiers in the year 1672. after their Ships were burnt in Bugia: When the said Ally Aga came to the Government, the Divan consisted of Bulga-Bashaws, Geo-Bashaws, and Youde-Bashaws, in all above one thousand Persons, besides that the Soldiers would come into the Divan upon any Foreign Affair that was to be debated; so that it was a rabble of people, and a confused multitude, until he found a way to reduce them to forty eight, of each quality beforementioned, viz. 144 persons in all, whereof himself was the head. The day that he was murdered, all the Soldiers were in Arms in great confusion; some that were of his party fled and escaped, others were killed in the Streets, and in their Houses: the Bashaw then brought out the Grand Signors Bandera, and made Burgone, That all Soldiers should come under it; which they readily submitted to; so that it was believed the Bashaw would be brought into the King's House, or place of Judicature, and the former Authority of his Predecessors not only restored, but also the Keys of the Cassale given him, when in the middle of the tumult, a bolder fellow than the rest cried out to bring in Mahomet Raise Treig, formerly Admiral, 
Present Government.  but at that time in disgrace: this cry was seconded by all the Seafaring people, and in less than half an hour it was determined to fetch Treig to the King's House. The Old Man knew not whether they came to Kill, or to Crown him: But so soon as he came there, he was given to understand that they had chosen him Governor; which he obstinately refused, until some that had occasioned his coming thither, cried, Father, Will you let us suffer by your Humility? Upon which he made a bold speech to the Soldiers, telling them, If they gave the Government into his hands, he would be absolute, and no ways controlled by the Divan; whose Counsel he would willingly adhere unto, but the Decisive Vote should be left to him. They, unwilling to refuse him any thing at that time, did above all this deliver unto him the Keys of the Cassale, never before in the possession of one man, but kept by Eighty Bulga-Bashaws that attended there by turns, Eighty every week going up and exchanging the other Eighty; and so they proclaimed him by the Name of Dey, making him Superintendent over all the Militia by Sea and Land, Director of the Cadees, and Head of the Divan. To his assistance they joined Babba Hassan, 
The Divan is reduced by this Governor to 24 Yeo-Bashaws, 24 Bulga-Bashaws, 24 You-Bashaws; in all 72.  one that married his daughter, a stout Turk, and well learned in the Mahometan Law; to his charge is committed all Receipts and Payments, so that he hath the same Office former Governors had, he is entitled the Dey's Lieutenant, and General of the Army: without the City, he acts in all respects with as absolute power as the Dey himself, and neither of them makes use of the Divan for any thing but trifling affairs.  

The Aga.  
THere is also an Aga, (or Lord Mayor of the City) exchanged every two months. This Office is taken gradually, as will be seen in the manner of the Militia: He is attended by eight Grand Chomes, and several other Officers; hath Drums and Trumpets, and other Music allowed him, and twelve thousand Doubles to defray the charges of his Agaship. He is the second person in the Divan, 
Caya or Kia.  and hath a Kia that acts like a Chamberlain of the City, and decides all Differences that happen between one Inhabitant and another, unless it be some criminal cause, and then he carries them to the Dye; or a cause in Law about the Title of Houses, and then he sends to the Caddee, who is to determine the matter gratis. All other Places of Trust, Civil as well as Military, are wholly in the disposal of the Dye, or his Lieutenant Bobba Hassan, who so well understand each other in the Government, that hitherto nothing has been contradicted which one hath proposed or acted.  
The City consists of divers sorts of people, as,  

I. Cololies.  
Cololies, or the Sons of Turks born there, which for the most part are brought up to Handicraft-Trades: for since the time of Maharam Bashaw, which was in the year 1625. the Cololi made a conspiracy against the Government, and seized on the Cassale, and blew it up, wherein was by estimation five hundred Barrels of Powder, hoping by this means to bring the Government into their hands, but they were presently overcome, and it was then decreed that none of the Cololies should ever be capable of any Public Office by Land for the future; yet they are continued in pay, and may rise to forty Dobles per month, according to their merits.   

II. Jews.  
THe Jews, whereof there are two sorts, the Natives consisting of thirteen thousand Families, which for the most part are Handicraft-men and Brokers; the other Christian Jews, so called because they are bred up in Spain, Portugal and Italy, and go habited like the people of the Country from whence they came; these are for the most part Merchants, and cunning fellows above the rest.   

III. Tagareens.  
THe Tagareens are banished Moors from Andalusia, of which there is about eight hundred Families: they are the principal people that deal in Slaves, and are great Armadores to fit out Ships against the Christians, being for the most part very rich.   

IV. Jerbeenes.  
THe Jerbeenes, so called from the Isle Jerbis near Tunis; these are all Merchants or Pedlars, and may be about three hundred Families, besides Comers and Goers, who may have six or eight Barks and Vessels yearly Trading between Jerby, Alexandria, Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers.   

V Moor.  
THe Native Moors, who have by little and little gotten Houses and Habitations within the City, and are about seven hundred Families.   

VI  
CAbiles, Biscaries, and Moors, from the Zachary, or Southern Country: they serve as Porters, and are less esteemed amongst the Turks, than the Christian Slaves: they attend the Soldiers to dress their Horses, and other slavish services, for which they have no other reward but a little bread; they are in number at least five thousand.   

VII. Christian Slaves.  
I Know not if it be proper to set down here the Christian Slaves also, that according to the best Computation are constantly Eighteen thousand; of which about Nine hundred are Galleyslaves, whose lives are very miserable, the rest are employed by their several Patrons, some in their Garden-house, or sent to Sea, according to the professions and qualities of the Patrons, by whom for the most part they are better treated than any Slaves in all the Grand Signors Dominion, having the benefit to keep Shops, Taverns, to work upon their Handicraft-Trade, paying their Patrons a certainty a month, not exceeding three Dollars per month, according to the best agreement they can make; and what they can make more, is not in the power of the Patron to take away from them; by which means many thousands of Captives have obtained their liberty by their own industry. They have also liberty to say Mass, and hear it every day in the week at the respective Banyards, and places allowed for that service. The Protestants also have a place to preach and pray in, which is performed in the English Consuls House by the several Nations, English, Germane, and Dutch, etc. 
Protestants have the benefit of the Hospital.  They have also an Hospital maintained by the King of Spain, with an allowance of twelve thousand Dollars per annum, a Doctor, Chirurgeon, and Apothecary, with two Fathers of the Order of St. Trinidad to say Mass. There is also a Vicar-General, who has allowance of six thousand Dollars per annum out of France, being left as a Legacy by the old Duchess of Orleans.  
All these abovesaid are commanded by the Levant-Turks, which in all exceed not sixteen thousand. Out of which they have three Camps, or marching Armies, and thirteen Garrisons to be supplied, besides the Ships and Galleys at Sea; so that in the Town to Govern this vast multitude, is seldom left more than two thousand Soldiers.  
It would fill a very great Volume to relate the Differences and Heresies they have one among the other in their Religion; but all the Mahometans frequent one and the same Meskitoes and Churches, and are not so inveterate one against the other, as the several Sects amongst the Christians.    

Militia.  
THe Militia consists of two sorts of Soldiers, of which the principal are the Levant-Turks, brought hither yearly by Ships employed to that service, as occasion requires. At their first entrance into their pay, they are called young Turks, and have four Dobles per month, four Loaves of bread per diem, and a Lodging in the Casharee, or Public Quarter: his pay increaseth one Doble per annum, and one Doble every time he goes into the Camp, and engageth against the Enemy, and one Doble for every head he brings from the Enemy. At the death or removal of every Bashaw, or Dey, or Governor, the pay increaseth one Doble per month, until his pay amount to forty Dobles per month, and his bread to eight Loaves per diem; then he is in full pay, and can rise no higher in pay, although he hath never so high an Office: so that the pay of the Dey himself is no more than forty Dobles per month, and eight Loaves of bread, though he hath other Perquisites, etc. that amounts to a vast, but unknown sum. If a Soldier marries, he loses the benefit of his bread, and lodging in the Casharee. A Soldiers first Preferment is to be Spahee, or Trooper; from a Spahee he comes to be a Steward of the Casharee, or a Quartermaster for his Tent: from thence an Oude-Bashaw, and then a Yeo-Bashaw: the eldest Yeo-Bashaw is Kia, or High Sheriff of the City; he in two months becomes Aga, or Lord Mayor of the City; whose Office, as I said before, lasts but two months, and then he is misuled, and past all Offices of the Government; stands in full pay, and is called Missuled Aga: It is usual to be thirty or forty years in pay before they come to that Office.  
But the poorest Soldier, and though never so ignorant and incapable, when his turn comes, is set on Horseback, and hath a rich Vest put upon him, and made Aga for two months, which may be worth to him, besides the Honour, about five hundred Dollars. There are many Soldiers that, after they arrive to be Spahees, 
Sometimes an Aga is changed in two days, but he hath the full allowance for the whole time.  desire to continue so; and then they, next to him, take his Office: Of these are about two thousand, that have their allowance for their Horses, and are in full pay, keep ranging up and down the Country, and have Freequarter wherever they go amongst the Moors: They assist the Beyes to gather in Contribution, etc.   

Runnegadoes.  
ARunnegado that is written in the pay, enjoys all the benefit that a Natural Turk doth, and is made Aga when his turn comes, as well as a Levant-Turk. If a Slave turns Runnegado, it is at the pleasure of his Patron to have him written in the pay, for he continues still a Slave, unless his Patron gives him his liberty. There are of the Runnegadoes written in pay about three thousand.   

Zwows.  
THe next rank of Soldiers are called Zwows; these are Moors that List themselves in pay upon any extraordinary occasion, and are durante beneplacito, and their pay never exceeds twenty Dobles per month. But their Officers are better paid, which are elective: These are always placed in front of the Battle, with Muskets. To which may be added the Subby Anni, a sort of resolute savage Moors, that wait upon the Turks, and live upon the spoil of the Enemy: They fight with Pikes or Lances only. Of the Zwows are in number and pay about four thousand.  
When they fight with the Moors and overcome them, all the spoil of the Enemy is brought to the Deyes or General's Tent, it being accounted a great crime and disgrace for any Soldier to touch the worth of an Asper, but to get the heads of the Moors, and bring them to the Deyes' Tent, receiving for every head as be fore hath been said, a Doble per month in pay until he comes in full pay, by which means they seldom or never give Quarter in time of fight; nor is there between any Enemies in the World such an hatred as the Moors and the Turks bear one to the other. Their Order of March and Discipline in the Camp, is so little different from the Turks in other parts of the Grand Signors Territories, that it will be needless to relate more of them.   

Naval Forces, and Discipline thereof.  
THeir Naval Forces four years since was the greatest part destroyed by the English at Cape Spartle and Bugia: but they have since built about five and twenty Sail of Ships, good Men of War, from twenty to forty Guns, and have at present thirty two Men of War, and three Galleys, the List whereof I have hereunto annexed, besides several Brigantines and small Crafts, and two Ships upon the Stock that will carry fifty Guns each. The manner of maintaining is different to any that I have either seen or heard of; for of all the said Ships and Galleys, not one of them belongs to the Public, but all to private persons, armed out as our Privateers in England.   

The Soldiers know when their turn is to go into the Camp, at which time he may not be absent.  
THe Soldiers that go to Sea in their Ships, are not taken notice of when they Embark, nor are commanded to that service; so that it is not easy to know how many Men go in every Ship, being sometimes twice as many as at other times; and if a Soldier lose a Leg or an Arm in the Sea-service, he is cut off half his pay, and is incapable of any other Office in the Public.  
The Armadors that fit out the Ships, provide no Ammunition for the small Arms, but each Soldier finds his own Musket and Cutles, with Powder and Shot. For Provision they have only Bread and Vinegar, and some few Olives from the Armadors.  
They lie always upon the Deck without Cabins or Hamacks, and are quartered in time of fight not much different to what they are in our Men of War. The Soldiers that are upon the upper Deck, and stand only to their Muskets, are called the Tiffa. They have great encouragement for entering of the Prize if they fight; he that gets an Ensign hath a reward sometimes of three hundred Dollars; and the like is given to the first, second, and third Man that enters, according to the hazard he hath attempted.   

How they share their Plunder.  
WHen the Prize is taken, there is no Powder belongs to any body, but all is brought to the Mainmast and sold, and that money is kept and joined to the rest. Then the Ship, Goods, and Slaves are sold for the most; one eighth part of the Goods and Slaves belong to the Public, and half of the Hull of the Ship, the other half belongs to the Armadors, after the Beylick or public part is deducted, one half of the rest is the Armadors, the remainder belongs to the Ships company, and is thus shared: The Captain hath twenty shares for himself, the Lieutenant five shares, the Gunner three shares, the Gunroom crew and best Soldiers two shares, the private Soldiers one share; a Christian Slave hath two shares; a savage Moor (of which many go to Sea) one share. There goes also an Aga in each Ship, whose Office is the same of a Judge Advocate, and hath a greater Command over the Men than the Captain, except in time of Fight; He is sent on Board by the Public to represent at his return any difference that should happen on Board in the time of the Voyage; He hath for his pains three shares. All the Goods that are taken in the Prize, as well the Christians as the Hull of the Ship, are sold by an Outcry, and the whole Sum kept entire until all be sold; and then after the Public part is deducted, the Armadors and Soldiers share the rest, as .   

Galleys.  
THe Galleys are seldom armed out but in the Summer, and are rather a charge to the Armadors than profit, having seldom taken any purchase considerable: The charge of putting out a Galley is usually imposed upon such persons as are known to be very Wealthy, who have a Banyard to keep their Slaves in, whereof there are three, according to the number of the Galleys, to each of them belonging about three hundred Slaves, out of whose ransom the Armadors do draw no small profit, as having bought them commonly for an inconsiderable price, and not granting them their liberty again but at a high rate, the poorest of them pays one thousand Dobles, or about three hundred Dollars, with its Port-charges included.   

Territories.  
THe Territories of Algiers are bounded on the East with Tunis: Two days march of that City is a Town called Calla At-Sevan, where is a Garrison of twenty Soldiers sent from Algiers. The yearly Tribute brought from thence is twenty thousand Dobles.  
The next is Tibuisa, a Garrison of the same force, and pays the like Tribute of twenty thousand Dobles per annum.  
The next is Biscary, lies Southeast from Algiers fifteen days journey; hath a Garrison of one hundred Soldiers, and pays Tribute twelve thousand Dobles per annum. The Soldiers of Biscary at their yearly exchange in their march homeward, receive the yearly Tribute of thirty Negroes, from a place called Worgola.  
The next is Constantine, a famous and strong City, so well seated and fortified, that one hundred Soldiers who lie in Garrison there, are able to defend it against ten thousand. It pays Tribute one hundred and fifty thousand Dobles per annum.  
Next to Constantine is Bona, which hath a Garrison of one hundred Soldiers, and pays one hundred thousand Dobles per annum, and one hundred Kintals of Butter.  
The next is Mesela, has twenty Soldiers, and pays Tribute ten thousand Dobles per annum.  
The next is Lemora, has twenty Soldiers, and eight thousand Dobles per annum.  
The next is Berenan, a famous Castle built by the Christians, and seated amongst the Mountains about seven days march Southeast: it hath a Garrison of eighty Soldiers, and pays Tribute to the Dey, or General of the Army, fifty thousand Dobles per annum.  
The next is Giggery, which hath a Garrison of twenty Men, pays fifteen thousand Dobles per annum, famous for the great defeat given the French there in 1663.  
The next is Buggi, where Sir Edward Spragge burnt their Armada, hath a Garrison of one hundred Soldiers, and pays twelve thousand Dobles.  
To the Westward their Territories extend as far as two days journey from Fez and Morocco. The principal and most remoted Town, is Trimesan, an ancient and large City, well inhabited by the Moors and Cololis that are married and live there: The Garrison consists of one hundred Soldiers, and pays one hundred thousand Dobles per annum.  
The next is Mastagan, a fine Town well fortified by the Seaside, hath a Garrison of one hundred Soldiers, and pays Tribute to the Dey one hundred thousand Dobles.  
Besides these, is, 

Shershell,  
Dellus,  
Kollia,  
Bleeda Millyeave,  
Masson Medden,   and divers other Towns, inhabited by the Moors; and several Turks are married and live among them.  
For the Collection of the Contribution of all these parts, are three Camps yearly sent out, besides the forementioned Garrisons which are yearly relieved. To each of these Camps is a Bey, or General that Farms the Contribution.  
The first Camp is called the Churke Mahallas, Commander Harradien Bey, and rangeth all the East as far as their utmost bounds to the Eastward. His Army consists of fifty Tents, in each Tent is forty Soldiers, he pays five hundred thousand Dobles per annum.  [The Bey is usually a Person of Noble Blood, bred among the Moors, of which is many so esteemed by them. He hath an Aga in the Camp, as the Ships have at Sea; and the Soldiers are as much or more obedient to the Aga than the Bey.] 
The second is Mahalla Titera, or the Southward Camp, they consist of fifteen Tents, and two hundred Spahees; they are Commanded by Dell Bey, who gathers Contribution sixty days journey Southward, from whence he brings many Negroes of Angelo, and sometimes Gold having farmed it for one hundred and fifteen thousand Dobles per annum.  
The third is Carpe Mahallas, or the Western Camp, they consist of sixty Tents, and gather Contribution within two days journey of Fez, and all the Westward part from Algiers. This Camp is commanded by Ben Ashia Melias', Brother to the Captain that was taken in the Algier-Frigat. He pays the Public five hundred thousand Dobles per annum.  
Besides these Revenues, this City of Algiers receives from the Handicraftsmen eighteen thousand one hundred and eighty Dollars per annum.  
The Jews pay two thousand eight hundred and eighty six Dollars per annum.  
The Farmers of the Wax and Hides pay eighty five thousand Dobles per annum.  
The French pay for the Coral Fishing at Bastion twenty five thousand Dobles per annum.  
The Genoveeses pay for the Privileges they enjoy upon Tobacco, ten thousand Dollars per annum.  
The Custom of Goods may amount to twenty thousand Dollars per annum.  
Moreover, if any Turk dies without any Heir lawfully begotten, his whole Estate goes to the Public: If he hath one or more Daughters, the Goods of the Turk are given her; but of a Moor the Daughter cannot inherit: This brings in an unknown and vast Revenue, it having been computed some years to amount to four hundred thousand Dollars.  
From the poor Slaves there arises no small profit to the Public: for after the Slaves are sold at the Badistan, or Marketplace, they are carried to the King's House, and entered again, where every farthing that is offered for them more than was in Batistan, turns to the benefit of the Public, besides every Slave pays to the Public fifteen Dollars for his head, and ten per cent. for so much as he is redeemed for: Add to this the ⅛ part of all Prizes, and what else is exacted by the Revenues laid upon all sorts of people, which all amounts to a vast unknown sum of money.  
Every two months they pay their Soldiers; 
No Person is permitted to go into the Treasury.  and what money remains, is sent up to the Cassale, from whence they have never yet taken any thing: so that the mass of Wealth that is believed to be therein, might very well defray the charges of an Army, fit to take both that and the City; when it was blown up by the Collolies, that part stood where the Treasure lies, and received little or no prejudice.   

Their Trade.  
THe Trade of Algiers is the most inconsiderable of any great populous City in the World, depending chief upon the success of their Pirates: among the Tukrs I do not find ten Merchants, and they only use to Tunis and Alexandria, from whence they are supplied with Linen Cloth, Coffee, and other Merchandise.  
The Handicraftsmen are chief Collolis, or Sons of Turks, who being uncapable of Preferment in the Government, are brought up to earn their bread, and are well improved in their several Arts. Every Trade and Profession hath an Emeene, or Master of the Company, whose care is in effect the same as the Masters and Wardens of a Company in London; but more absolute, it being in his power, and also incumbent upon him, to chastise any of them with blows, when they shall deserve it, or lay what forfeit he sees cause upon any misdemeanour; to force them to pay their debts, if for any Commodity belonging to their Trade, and to demean themselves civilly. Each Trade lives in a Street by itself. The Power given the Emeene is no small ease to the Governors. They have a Fabric of Cloth, and Linen, and almost all things necessary for Mankind; so that the Manufactories they stand in need of from Christendom, is so often supplied by Prizes, that the Consumption of the place supplied by Merchants, is most inconsiderable.  
Of English, the Goods brought hither is chief Cloth, of which four hundred pieces per annum is the greatest Consumption, some Iron, Led, and Tin, but in all not enough to employ one good Ship to make two Voyages a year.  
The current money of that Country is Asper's, of which 232. make a Ryall of 8 8, a Coin that is altogether unfit for any other Country, being not full three quarters of an Ounce of Silver in a Dollar of Ryall 8 8. They Coin also a Substance of Gold, which is the just weight of an Hungarian, and is worth two Rials 8 8, and three quarters in Asper's, so that a Merchant that brings his Wares hither by selling them for the money of the Country, finds loss of twenty per cent. to the pound in the exchange of Spanish money, that it hath much discouraged all Trade hither.  
The greatest production of Merchandise to be transported of the growth of the Country, is Wax, about three hundred Kintals per annum, Hides about twenty thousand, and nothing else worth noting; but of prize-good no small quantity, having been, as I have particularly noted, one hundred eighty and seven Prizes brought in, in less than two years and an half.  
All Goods that are not contrabanda to be brought from Spain and Italy, pay 11 1 2 per Custom, a Ship pays fifty Dollars Port-charges, and a Barrel of Powder to the Cassabe.  
The Weights and Measures are no ways altered since the time that several have undertaken to give an account thereof.   

A LIST of the Ships in Algiers.  
Ships Names. Captains. Men. Guns. What in their Stern. Marygold Aly Raise Canary 350 40 S The Lion  350 40 Lion Red The Citron Tree Hamet Lagere 350 40 Citron Tree The Orange Tree Samson Raise 350 40 Orange Tree The Moon Regip Raise 350 40 Half Moon in a Ring The Samson Asaph Race 200 40 Samson The Seven Stars Buffoon Race 250 36 Seven Stars The Fountain Baker Oggia 250 36 Fountain The Lemon Tree Ally Raise 250 36 Lemon Tree The two Lions Biram Raise 250 36 Two Lions Muskitto Assaine Raise 250 34 Stambol Church, and 2 Calabashes. Pine Tree Mahomet Torsett 250 30 Pine Tree The Sun Cornet 200 28 The Sun Blew Yellow Rose Topall Oggia 200 26 Yellow Rose The Sun Fortass 200 24 The Golden Sun Three Roses Mustap. Chelett 200 24 Three Roses The half Moon Biskaine 200 24 The half Moon The Flower Pot Mustapha Raise Canary 300 34 A Golden Flower Pot The Green Rose Corally Raise 200 20 Green Rose  Mustap. Reis Genores' 250 30 A new Ship The Star Mustap. Reis Greek 250 30 The Star Sun and Pearl Hassan Raise 200 24 Sun and Pearl A Carvel Over Raise 150 16  The Pearl Ashatt 150 16 Pearl The two Stags Mah. Raise Malles 200 20 Two Stags The great Pearl Abducadre Raise 200 24 Great Pearl The little Lion Mustaph. Raise 150 16 Lion Rose and Pigeon Bostanges 150 18 The White Rose and Pigeon. Pearl and 3 Roses Taggarin 80 8 Pearl and 3 Roses Settia Vsuph Raise 80 8  Settia Regip Raise 80 8   Mahamel Raise, the Deys Son 400 50 2 new Ships.  Bashaw Ship 400 50 2 new Ships.  
Seven Brigantines, and three Galleys.  
FINIS.