bookseller's sign   

THE PURCHASERS PATTERN.  
In two Parts, Containing.  

I. The true value of any purchase of Land or houses by Lease or otherwise: Also, a moderate Discourse of Usury. With many observations, and Tables of Interest and Rebatement.  
II. The true measuring of Land, Board, Timber, and Gauging of Cask: And discovering the false Rules and Deceits which are used by many therein.   
With many other Rules and Tables of daily use for most men.  
The Second Edition corrected and enlarged.  
By HEN. PHILIPPES.  
LONDOR, Printed by R. & W. Leybourn, for T. Pierrepont, at the Sun in Pauls Church-yard, 1654.   

To the Reader.  
IT is a maxim both in divinity and philosophy, that all virtues are concatenated, and have an influence and dependence one upon the other; but these two, Love and equity, are more eminent and excellent herein: So that, as it is said of the one, that Love is the fulfilling of the whole Law: So it may likewise be said of the other, that Justice is the fulfilling of the whole Law. For Justice is a giving to every one his due: and he that gives God his due, and his neighbour his due, doth all things which both the Law and Gospel requireth.  
But this is one thing makes this world so bad, that as our love is could, so our Justice is blind. I confess Justice by the Ancient Painters is well represented with a Sword in the one hand, signifying the punishment of 'vice; and with a pair of Balances in the other, showing the Equity which ought to be in all our dealings one towards another; but I like not the veil wherewith they hid her eyes, since she ought rather to be Eagle-sighted. I know they would intimate hereby the impartial eye of Justice, that it should be no respecter of persons: but I fear it may more fitly express, that our Justice is often blinded with the Veil of Ignorance, and more often with the mantle of self-love. Both these Veils I am sure must be taken away, or else Justice cannot do its Office.  
As for that of self-love, it is not my task to meddle with it; only I desire all men to follow that Rule of our Lord and Saviour, to do to others as they would be dealt withall, and not those worldly maxims, to make the best of their own; and let the buyer look to himself, as well as he can.  
As for the veil of Ignorance, I have endeavoured what I can to take it away by this Discourse; for considering the many ways whereby most men are apt to deceive both themselves and others in the way of purchasing Land or Leases, and the few instructions which are extant to direct them, together with their obscurity; I have as plainly and briefly as I could, by these following Rules and Tables, set before you the true value of any kind of Purchase; so that, if men will not be wilfully ignorant, they may easily walk in the paths of Justice, without any wandering there from.  
And to make you more heedful hereof, you shal find, that if you will depart from those Rules, grounded ' upon Art and Reason, you may as well deceive yourself as another by your own ignorance, thinking that you buy a good bargain, or fell at a good rate, when you do the contrary.  
It were to be wished if some such Rules as these were at least countenanced and approved of,( if not established and confirmed) by public Authority. But I hope the Truth is so plain and strong of itself, that it needs it not; neither shal I aspire after any such public honour. It's enough for me that I have had your private acceptance of my former labours, & therefore I thought myself engaged to this second Edition; which I hope I have made more plain and useful, by adding and enlarging many particulars, which then I wanted time to do. So that now it will be of more general use to all sorts of men, Landlords, and Tenants, Merchants and Artificers. And though it may be hard to please all, yet I hope none will be justly displeased herewith; my chief purpose herein, being to instruct those who are ignorant, to beware of the craft and covetousness of others; and of the false rules they reckon by, that so all men may have a true and equal profit( as near as might be) in all these kind of Bargains.  
And so once again, desiring your favourable acceptance, I rest,  
Yours H. P.   

A Table of the Contents of this Book.  

THe general purpose, Pag. 1  
Rules of Law to be observed in all purchases, 2, 3  
Interest the rule to estimate the price of any purchase, 4  
Land worth 20 yeers purchase, 5  
Why Land is worth so much, 6, 9  
Value of Leases of Land, 8, 7  
Value of Houses discussed, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14  
Whether a long lease or a short lease is best, 16, to 24  
Value of the purchase of houses outright, 24, 25  
How to reckon for taxes, 25, 26  
Buying of lives, 26, 27  
Rules to calculate the following tables 29, 38  
A table of Decimal fractions, to reduce li. sh. d q. 33  
Tables of purchase at the rates of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, per Cent. p. 40 41, 42, 43, &c.  
The use of these tables explained by several questions and examples, 47 to 59  
Rules in buying Reversions 60  
A table of Reversions, 63  
The value of Reversions of lands, 66  
Value of Reversion of houses, 67  
Other questions of Reversions, 68 to 73  
A brief discourse of Usury, showing there neither is or ever was any other way used in the valuation of purchases, then what proceeds from Interest or Usury, 73, 74, 75 76  
The point of hazard in contracts discussed, 77, 78, 79, 80  
Usury( strictly taken) not absolutely unlawful, 81, 82, 83  
Cautions to be observed herein, 86, 87  
The abuse of Usury discovered, 88, 89  
A remedy prescribed, 90  
Plain tables of Interest at 6 per Centum, for dayes, and moneths, 95, &c.  
Use of these tables, 105, 106  
Some more curious observations in casting up Interest-money, 106, 107  
Another table of Interest at 6 per. Centum, for every day in the year, 110, &c.  
The use of these tables, 114, &c.  
Whether the full half of the whole yeers Interest, may be taken at the half yeers end? 123, 124  
The nature of Rebatement among Merchants, 126  
Rules of arithmetic to cast it up by, 128, 129  
Tables of Rebatement to 24 moneths, 130, &c.  
The use of the said tables, 141, &c.  
How to reduce several times of payments to one, 143   

The Contents of the second part of the Purchasers pattern.  
HOw to measure lengths, 151  
How to measure boards, 152  
A table of Board-measure, 156  
Rules to make and use the said table, 157  
To measure land, 159  
To measure a square piece of land, 160  
To measure a three-sided, or triangular piece of land, 162  
To measure a round piece of land, 164  
To measure any small section of a great circled. 166  
To measure any plot of Land, in What form soever, and to make a plot of any field, 171, &c.  
How solid bodies are measured, 182  
To measure a true squared piece of timber, 183  
A new table of timber-measure, for squared timber, 185  
The demonstration of the said table, 186  
The use of the said table, 188  
How to project the said table into a line, upon a Ruler, for the more ready and exact use thereof, 189  
A table to draw the line by, 193  
To measure timber which is not perfectly square, 195, &c.  
A table for that purpose, 198  
To measure round timber, and a discovery of the falsehood used herein, 199, &c.  
A table for the true and ready measuring of round timber, 207  
How to measure tapering timber, with the error usually committed herein, and how to avoid it, 210, &c.  
A general note for the help of all these tables, 216  
Observations in gauging, 217  
A table for the gauging of Wine vessels, 220  
A gauging line, 221  
The demonstration and use of the gauging table and line, 222, &c.  
How to draw the like line, and a table for that purpose, 228, &c.  
How to make the like line, and table for Ale-measure, 232  
General observations of Measures, 236  
Observations of Weights, 238  
The worth of Gold and Silver, 239  
To try the truth of Gold, 240  
The Assize of Bread, 244  
A table for buying and selling by the pound or hundred, 248  
A table of Accounts, for the ready casting up the true value of any great number of commodities, 250  
A table of expenses, 261  
A table of all the Shires, Hundreds, Cities, &c. 264  
A table of the Kings of England, 266  
A brief chronology from the time of Queen Elizabeth, to the year, 1654, 268    

These Books following are sold by Thomas Pierrepont, at the Sun in Pauls Churchyard.  
Dr. Twisse learned Treatise in defence of the Sabbath-day.  
Dr. Stoughton 17 choice Sermons.  
Mr. Fenners Works in five Treatises.  
Puerilis Confabulat. in English.  
The whole Treatise of the cases of conscience, by Mr. W. Perkins Miscellanea Philo-Theologica, or God and Man, wherein many Secrets of Scripture and Nature are un-bowelled, by Henry Church.  
Dr. Ames Exposition of both the Epistles of Peter.  
The Works of Mr. Nicholas Lokyer in three Treatises.  
The spiritual mans Directory, by Mr. Fenner.  
useful instructions for evil times, by Mr. Nicholas Lokyer.  
Natural philosophy reformed, dy I. A. Comenius.  
Artificers plain Scale by Mr. Thomas Stirrup,  
Dr. Sibbs Christian Charter.  
Certain select cases resolved, by Mr. Henry Shepherd.  
Horometria, or the complete Diallist, by Mr. Thomas Stirrup.  
The description and use of an Universall Quadrat, by which any Triangle either Plain or spherical may be speedily and exactly resolved: also divers questions in arithmetic, Geometry, astronomy, Navigation, Surveying, and Diallings, by Mr. Thomas Stirrup. The complete Body of the Art Military, by mayor Richard Elton.   

In the printing hereof, there have some small faults escaped, the chief whereof are thus to be corrected.  
page. 28. l. 3. blot out, thereof.  
page. 58. l. 19. red, Thus an 100.  
In the decimal tables of Interest, page. 110, &c. A cipher should have been set before each nmmber, as you may perceive in the use thereof, but this small volume would not allow thereof, without leaving out one of the last figures, which may be of more use.  
In the measuring of Land for Rod, r. Rood of Land, in two or three places.  
page. 195, line 2. for squared, red not perfectly square.  
page. 204, line 5, red above 10 inches.   

THE PURCHASERS PATTERN.  
IN the buying and selling of Land, and in the letting and taking of Leases, either of Land or Houses, there are many things very considerable; which may all be redoued to these three general heads.  
First, to the Law, to make the Bargain sure.  
Secondly, to Reason and Iudgement, to know the nature of that you purchase.  
Thirdly, to arithmetic, to find out the true value.  
My chief purpose herein is to speak of this last, referring you in the other two, to your own judgement, and the counsel of others: yet because I am loathe to let those who need some instructions herein, and will be willing to learn, go altogether without, I shall briefly speak somewhat to each of these.  
And in the first place, as to matter of Law, take it as I find it summed up in these Verses.  
First, see the Land which thou intend'st to buy,  
Within the Sellers Title clear doth lye;  
And that no Woman to it doth lay claim,  
By Dowry, jointure, or some other name  
That may it cumber. Know if bond or free  
The tenor stand, and that from each Feoffee  
It be released. That th' Seller be so old,  
That he may lawful sell, thou lawful hold.  
Have special care that it not mortgaged lye,  
Nor be entailed on Posterity.  
Then if it stand in Statute, bound or no,  
Be well advised what Quit-rent out must go,  
What Custome-service hath been done of old  
By those who formerly the same did hold.  
And if a wedded woman put to sale,  
Deal not with her unless she bring her Male;  
For she doth under Covert-barren go,  
Although sometimes some traffic so( we know.)  
Thy bargain being made, and all this done,  
Have special care to make thy Charter run,  
To thee, thine Heirs, Executors, Assigns,  
For that, beyond thy life, securely binds.  
These things fore-known, and done, you may prevent  
Those things rash buyers many times repent.  
And yet when as you have done all you can,  
If you'l be sure, deal with an honest man.  
Much might be said to this in point of law; but neither my skill nor time will afford it. It is the best way for every one, not to trust too much to his own skill, but to use the help of some skilful Lawyer, and knowing Scrivener. And I shall onely add this, that though the man you deal withall, have the repute of an honest man: yet trust nor too much upon that; but be careful to have all the assurance made unto you, as if he were your utter enemy, or a very K.  
IN the second place, before you can know the true value of the thing to be purchased, you must well consider the nature of the thing, and the casualties that it may be subject to, and so according to the goodness and certainty thereof, you must cast up the price at a greater or lesser rate of profit.  
And to this purpose in the first place, take notice that the Rate allowed for Interest money, is the general ground and rule to estimate the value of any purchase by.  
This was formerly in Queen Elizabeths dayes allowed to be 10 pound for 100. But in King James's time, it was, upon very good grounds brought down to 8 pound for an 100. And now of late, by our present State, it is allowed but to take 6 pound Interest for an 100. Now as the Interest of money falleth, so the price of all kind of Purchases riseth. This you may see in the following Tables. And it must needs be so, because the less profit is allowed, the greater principal must be ●●pended to bring in the same profit. Thus when money was at 8 in the 100, then 75 pounds would bring in 6 pounds a year, whereas money being but at 6 in the 100, an 100 pounds will bring in but the said 6 pounds a year.  
But yet you must not think that this Rate allowed for Interest money, is the absolute rule of all Purchases; but as formerly, when money went at 8 for an hundred, yet Land was worth 18 years purchase: so now money is at 6 for the hundred, Land is well worth 20 years purchase. And though men who thus lay out their money upon Land, have but five in the hundred profit for their money; yet there may be good reasons given why men should be willing so to do. As,  
First, Because though every thing be subject to casualty in this uncertain World; yet an estate in Land is less subject to danger, and of more sure continuance, both for a mans own life, and his posterity after him.  
Secondly, It hath been hitherto, and it is like to be so still, that the price of money falls cheaper, and the price of Land riseth dearer: and that not only( as I said before) in proportion to the rate of Interest, but in respect of the value of the things themselves; in such wise, that a ●a●me that formerly was worth but 30 pounds a year, is now worth 50 pounds, or more. So that the old Rents of Land, may in a short time be much improved, whereby the Land-Lord may in a short time mend his bargain, if it be any good pennyworth when he bought it.  
Thirdly, In point of Piety, many men had rather lay out their money in Land, though with lesser profit; then let it out to Interest: Because Usury, through the ill practices of many, hath gotten such an odious name, and been so generally condemned by many godly men.  
Fourthly, There is much equity herein. For as men who have greater Stocks, and Trade by Whol-sale; 〈◇〉 live upon a lesser rate of profit than those who have but small Stocks, 〈◇〉 Trade by 〈◇〉. So men who have great Estates, to buy land therewith; may very well lay out their money at less profit then other men, and yet live better thereof. Thus a man that hath 4000 pounds, may purchase therewith 200 pounds a year, and may live better thereupon, though he have but five pounds in the 100 profit for his money; then he that hath an estate of 1000 pounds in money, and puts it out to Interest at six pounds for an hundred, can live of 60 pounds the yearly Interest thereof. And hereupon the Emperour Justinian made a Law that Noble men and Earls should take but 4 pounds Interest for 100. Artificers might take 8 pounds. Merchant Adventurers 12 pounds, and other men 6 pounds in an hundred.  
And thus much for the price of Land in general, here in England it is worth 20 years purchase. In other Countreys, where money is plenty, and land scarce, it may be worth more; as in Holland land is worth 30 years purchase, and money not worth 3 or 4 per C nt. But in many other places it is worth less. Yea, as I am informed in Lincoln-shire very good land is sold for 15 or 16 years purchase: these things the buyer and seller must consider of, and do therein, as their own judgement, and their occasions, and opportunities offered, will allow them the best bargain.  
IN the next place it may be considered, after what Rate Leases of Land are fittest to be let. And that is according to the present Rate of Interest money, what ever it be; whether 5, 6, 7, or 8 in the hundred.  
For first, It is not fit that they should pay more then their money will yield them; because they are men of smaller estates, and such as, for the most part, do with much care, cost and pains, get their Rent for their Land-Lords, who live many times at ease. And if their Land-Lord think they have too good a pennyworth, he wants not power and will to make him pay more for his next Bargain.  
On the other side, it is not fit that these Leases should be let at any under Rate, both because they are certain, and less hazard therein, then in laying out their money any other way: and also, because the Land-Lord himself gives a dearer Rate, and so would hereby be-too much damnified. And after this Rate you must value all other Annuit'es which are certain, and assured by Lands.  
THe next thing I shall propose to you● consideration, is th●●●●te which is to 〈◇〉 obferved 〈◇〉 letting and selling of Houses. And herein it will be very requisite to consider of the many Casualties which Houses are subject to.  
As first from the Air, they are continually weather-beaten; and sometimes, by extraordinary winds and tempests, much rent and torn; so that in a short time they run to decay, if they be not continually kept in good repair.  
Secondly, from the water likewise they receive continual damage, even by the ordinary showers of rain, which are subject to soak in and rot, and spoil them, if not carefully prevented: and many times also extraordinary floods and inundations destroys them in a moment.  
Thirdly, though this destruction by water need not much be feared in many places; yet fire may be justly feared in all: which, if it once get the mastery, is a merciless enemy; and this it doth too-too often, and is not to be prevented by all our own care and watchfulness, proceeding many times from the carelessness of a neighbour, or an idle servant.  
Fourthly, the Earth itself, though it be their best friend, and for the most part upholds them; yet many times for the sins of the inhabitants, it trembles under them, throws them down, or swallows them up. By this means, whole Cities are sometimes destroyed in an instant: and though this seldom happens in our iceland, yet in Queen Elizabeths dayes there were three of these Earthquakes; and though, blessed be God, they did no great hurt; yet some they did in this particular.  
But passing by all these perty and extraordinary casualties, there is one more which, in my mind, is more to be considered then all the rest; and that especially, if a man buy an house not for his own use and habitation, but to let it out to others. And that is, that many times a man shall meet with an ill Tenant, that will scarce pay his Rent; and sometimes it may stand empty without a Tenant, and so bring in no profit at all; and also hereby it runs more speedily to ruin. And this case is so much the more considerable, because it is so ordinary; and for this very reason, an house that stands voided, is not worth so much by at least a years purchase, as another house that hath a good Tenant in it; and it is so much the worse if the house stands not in a good place, where it is like to be long without a Tenant: howsoever a year is quickly gone, and a year lost at the beginning, is worth as much as two afterward.  
All these things, though men do what they can to prevent them, and shift them off from themselves by Fines and Leases; yet they must needs fall either upon the Landlord or the Tenant, and many times fall heavy enough upon both.  
For these and such like reasons, it was the usual custom, when money was at eight in the hundred, to let Leases of Houses of 21 years, for 7 years purchase. By which reckoning( as you may see by the Tables following) they allowed about 13 in the hundred for the profit of their money to the buyers. For after 12 in the hundred one pound yearly rent for 21 years, is worth 7 pounds, 11 shillings 2 pence, which is above 7 years and an half purchase, therefore bare 7 years purchase yields more profit, and is much about 13 in the hundred.  
Now if this rate were thought fit when money was at eight in the hundred, then, now money is at six, such Leases may very well be let after the rate of ten in the hundred. And so one pound yearly Rent to continue 21 years is worth 8 pounds, 12 shillings and 11 pence, that is, 8 years, an half, and half a quarters purchase. And this I suppose to be the fittest rate for most ordinary houses.  
But yet since some Houses being new and strongly built, need little or no reparations, and others, being old and decayed, need great and costly reparations, and many times must be partly built, since these things lye commonly upon the Tenant, the better sort of Houses will be worth more, and the other less. So that the prizes of all these leases of Houses, may be reckoned after the rates of 8, 9, 10, or 12, per Centum.  
And to conceal nothing from you in this point; the chief thing to be looked upon in this particular, is whether the yearly rent of the house be ranted at such an easy rate, that the house is very well worth it, and will yield rather more then less. In this case, the house may be worth a years or two years purchase more then otherwise. But if the house be but ranted according to its outmost value, it will be a dear pennyworth to give above the rate of 10 per Centum for it.  
It may perhaps be objected against this, the great cost which men are at in building of Houses, so that if Leases of them yield no better rate, those who are at the cost to build them, will scarce have five or six in the hundred for their money laid out upon them.  
To this it may be replied, that Houses are things from whence the Tenant, for the most part, receiveth little or no profit, being chiefly sleeping holes to defend them from the injury of the weather; for which purpose many times less costly houses would serve the turn. And therefore what ever men may lay out upon the building and beautifying of them, for their own pleasure and accommodation, yet it will be the part of every wise builder, to lay out no more thereon, then is fitting and necessary, according to the place it stands in; that so the yearly rent may bring in some considerable profit, at least to the rate of eight in the hundred.  
As for public Buildings, either for strength or ornament, they are not to be measured by so private a Standard.  
If any well affencted persons, or Corporations, having stocks of money lying by them, shall build in convenient places, or Towns wasted by fire, houses somewhat above the degree aforesaid; such men, though they receive less profit, yet they deserve more praise.  
But as for those that lay out so much upon their private houses, that many times they would be glad to sell them again for half their cost; they may thank themselves for their loss; and may well be accounted foolish Builders, that did not consider before hand, what it would cost them.  
By what hath been said, you may perceive that Leases either of Land or Houses, are the most profitable tenors for the ordinary sort of men. But yet you may desire to know whether an ordinary Lease of 21 years; or a longer Lease of 40, 50, or 60 years be best.  
I start this question, to lay open the error of many men, who proceed in these Bargains without sufficient knowledge in point of Art. And from hence it is that one concludes that a short Leas is most profitable, which he thinks thus sufficiently proved.  
Saith he, Suppose a man hath 1000 pounds to bestow upon a Lease, if he will purchase a Lease of 100 years, it will cost 13 years purchase at the least, so your 1000 pounds will buy but 77 pounds a year, which doth not amount to the Use of your money after the rate of eight in the hundred: Whereas, if you will buy a Lease of 21 years, you may have it for seven years purchase, ( money being at the foresaid rate,) so your 1000 pounds will purchase you a Lease of 140 pounds a year, which is 60 pounds a year more then the Use of your money will come unto. So that in the longer Lease you will lose three pounds a year, and by the shorter Lease you will gain three score pounds a year more then your money will yield at Interest.  
This reckoning I confess is true according to these erroneous rules, by which most men make their bargains: and so for want of better knowledge, often times run themselves into very great damages. The chief cause whereof proceeds from mens setting too low a price & value upon a short Lease, and too high a price and esteem upon a long Lease, which is only for lack of Art, And perhaps men may be deceived herein, reasoning thus with themselves, If a man gives 7 years purchase for a Lease of 21 years, it is 7 years before he receives his principal money again, and then he hath but 14 years more for the increase thereof, and in all the 21 years he receives his money laid out but three times over: Whereas, a man giving 13 years purchase for a Lease of 100 years; though it be 13 years before he receive his principal in again, yet then he hath 87 years of clear profit, and in the whole 100 years, receives his money laid out almost eight times over.  
But this reason deceives men in considering too much of the often return of the money, and too little of the length of the time. For he that hath a Lease of 21 years, for seven years purchas●; it is true, he can in that 21 years make but a threefold return of his money: but then after those 21 years, he may make such another bargain for 21 years more, and so return his money three times more. And so continuing to do, in 105 years he may return his principal laid out 15 times over, ten times whereof will be clear gains; whereas the other shall gain little more then half so much.  
Thus you see, count which way you will, it is manifest there is a very great dis-proportion between the price of the long Lease, and the price of the short Lease; which ought not to be so. For what reason is there but that a man should have as good a pennyworth in a long Lease, as in a short one: And I suppose the intent both of buyer and seller is that it should be so: but all the fault lies in those false Rules and customs; and may all with much right and reason be amended by Art.  
The truth therefore is, the short Lease is much undervalued; and the long Lease is much over-valued. For in the short Lease, the buyer hath after 13 in the hundred allowed him for the profit of his money; whereas in the long Lease he hath not after 8. And the reason of this over-valuing the long Lease, is either for want of skill, or consideration what the money in that time, at Interest upon Interest will come to. Indeed all men have not time or skill to cast it up, and there is much want of Tables of sufficient length for this purpose, most Tables not exceeding 31 years. And this was the chief reason of my writing, and therefore I have enlarged my Tables to 100 years apiece: yet not all in single years, because the difference would be but small, in many of the years, and may be supplied well enough by esteemation and proportion.  
Now by these Tables you may plainly see, that however men may esteem of a long Lease, yet in most of these things a Lease of 100 years is worth very little more then a Lease of 60 years; and a Lease of 60 years is not worth much more then a Lease of 31 years.  
As for example, in the Table of ten in the hundred, the price of one pound to continue one and twenty yeares, is worth 8 pounds, 12 shillings, 11 pence, and the like for 31 years, is worth 9 pouunds, 9 shillings, 7 pence; yet the like to continue 60 years, is worth but 9 pounds, 19 shillings, 4 pence; and for 100 years, is not full 10 pounds.  
But you will say, this is very strange, and few men think so.  
I grant it, but the reason hereof is, because men do not consider the profit which their money may yield them in so many years. For though it be not allowed to take ten in the hundred yearly for money; yet those who have any employment for their money otherways, may very well make at least ten in the hundred of it; and after this reckoning, one pound in 60 years will come to 300 pounds, and in 100 years to 13781 pounds; and on the other side, the Reversion of one pound 60 years hence, at this rate, is not worth a penny, and 100 years hence it is not worth the fourteenth part of a farthing.  
By this you may see there is great need of Art which like an equal Umpire, between man and man, may declare the true value of any Lease for any time, so that one bargain shall not be too dear, and another too cheap, but each have a due proportion to the time of years; and so in this respect, there is no more advantage or profit in one kind of Lease more then in another. But he that will not be ruled by Art, but will follow these, or such like, false Rules, must( you see of necessity) either wrong himself or others, yea, and before he is ware, may wrong himself as soon as another, either in buying or selling such bargains.  
In answer therefore to this question: this false conclusion and unjust practise being taken away, so that a man may have as good a penny-worth in a long Lease as in a shot Lease; it will plainly appear, that a long Lease for the most part is the best( at least) for the Tenant. For suppose it be a Lease of Land, the Tenant having a long Lease, may and will strive to improve it what he can, because he is in hopes long to enjoy it, and receive the benefit thereof. And all this will be no great hurt to the Landlord, unless he be too greedy after great Fines, or loves always to be raising his Tenants rents, and so many times as they impoverish their Tenants, their Tenants impair their Land.  
Indeed for Leases of houses the case is more difficult, for they many times cannot well stand out a long Lease; but yet if a man must take such an house that will require new building either in whole or in part, he had better then have a long Lease thereof, that so he may the longer and more certainly enjoy it after his cost and pains bestowed upon it.  
On the other side, when a man hath a short Lease either of land or an house, he dares not do what he would to improve it, lest his Rent should be raised, or he turned out by the greedy covetousness of his Landlord, or the envious greediness of some evil neighbour.  
If any one hath an ill bargain of these long Leases, it is the Landlord, and that is not so much because he shall receive so few Fines, but rather by his taking too great Fines of his Tenants, and so by the Fine to cut off so much the more of his yearly Revenue.  
For you see that for all the money the Landlord receives for the Fines of those Leases, he rebates his Tenant for it, not onely after the rate of simplo Interest, but at Interest upon Interest, at six, eight or ten in the hundred, which you see increaseth so fast in 50 or 60 years, that it eats out almost all the principal Rent, and makes the later half of the years to increase so little in value.  
It is the best way therefore for Landlords, in these Leases, not to take over great Fines, but such as may be onely sufficient to bind their Tenants to keep to their bargains, and make them careful to perform their covenants, lest they forfeit their Leases, and lose their Fines. And this is the best and most politic end of these manner of Fines. And this will be best for the Tenant, and no hurt to the Landlord.  
THere is one question more about the buying of houses, and that is, that if such long Leases of them do yield no more, what may be the value of them to buy them out right?  
To judge the better of this, you must consider the strength and goodness of the house, and the Materials of which it is built; whether Timber, Brick, or ston; In which respects some houses are able to stand many scores( if not some hundreds) of years more then others, and when it comes to be pulled down, these materials may be worth somewhat, or serve to the new building thereof again. Now he that hath onely a Lease( though it be a long Lease) yet he hath none of this profit, but is bound to be at charge to uphold and maintain it in as good order as it was delivered to him.  
Again, suppose these things are little worth, yet the very space and quantity of ground whereon the house stands, may in many places be very considerable, insomuch that it is ordinary for men to build upon a Lease of 31 years, and yet pay a good reasonable Rent to their Landlord besides. Upon these accounts, the purchase of an house out-right, may well be worth two or three years purchase, more then a Lease of an hundred years. So that though the Leases be not worth above 10 years purchase: yet the Fee-simple of an house may be worth 12 or 13 years purchase.  
THere is another thing somewhat considerable in the buying of Land and houses, and that is the Taxes which for the present lye heavy upon them. But this I hope by Gods blessing in a short time will be taken off, so that it will be needless to give any rules about it. Yet to satisfy men in this, I shall set down this briefly. First, the taxes being known what they come to yearly, may be substracted from the outmost yearly value of the Land or house; and so what remaines, you may safely purchase according to the rules aforesaid.  
Yet since they may be taken off in good time, I would wish no man to be over-hasty to sell thus; but at least to divide the burden of these taxes, between his Customer and himself.  
THere is another way of purchasing Land or Houses, by buying Lives therein, And this is the ordinary rule for it. One Life in any thing is accounted of equal worth to a Lease of seven years. Two Lives are worth as much as a Lease of 14 years. Three Lives are worth as much as a Lease of 21 years. And so still increasing by seven years for every Life.  
But this way of reckoning seems to me somewhat unequal, since one or two may live as long as eight or ten, why should there be so great a difference accounted? I confess a mans life is very uncertain, and therefore I would wish any to take heed how they deal in such a way of purchasing: but yet considering on the one side, that by this means one is provided for as long as he lives, and when he is dead he need take no care: and on the other side, that if he be any thing young, or likely to live at all, he may live 20 or 30 years, what reason is there that the seller should be at so much hazard, as to venture 30 to 7 for a single Life?  
Again, though two are better then one, A threefold Cord is not easily broken, yet it is not altogether so in mens lives, but many times three or four may die sooner then one, herein the buyer runs some hazard, which though with more reason then the seller before, yet it is sit he should have some consideration for it.  
Therefore in my mind it were more equal, if a single life were ranted as a Lease of 12 years, or 10 at the least 〈◇〉, and so for any more Lives to decrease one year for every Life. And so they will be worth, as in this little Table. 1 Lives are of equal worth to a Lease of these Years, according to the foresaid Rules and Tables. 12 Or 10 2 23 19 3 33 27 4 42 34 5 50 40 6 57 45 7 63 49 8 68 52 9 72 54 10 75 55 11 77   12 78    
Thus much for these pre-considerations, I shall now set the Tables before you, showing you the true value of any thing according to these Rules and Rates.  
But in the first place, I shall set before you the manner of the construction and calculation of these tables, that so I may leave no just exceptions against what I have said, or shall say in this point.  
The best & most artificial way to make these Tables, is to find certain numbers in continual proportion decreasing, according to the rate of the Interest propounded, which Numbers may show the true worth of one pound principal at the end of any number of yeers. And then by addition of all these numbers one to the other, the fore-said Table of Purchases from year to year is produced, which because they come out all in Decimalls of pounds, you may afterward reduce into pounds, shillings, and pence.  
Thus let the rate of the Interest propounded be 6 in the 100, these numbers will be thus found.  
As 106 li.: to 100 ∷ 1 li.: to 0,9434  
You may increase these fractions as far as you will for the more exactness. And thus much is 1 pound worth at the end of one year.  
Then for the second year,  
As 106, to 100; so 9434, to, 8900: which is the worth of one pound at the end of two yeers, so these two added together make 1,8334, which is the worth of one pound Annuity to continue two yeers.  
So again do for the third year.  
As 106 to 100; so, 8900 to, 8396. which added to the formermakes 2, 6730 which is the value of three yeers.  
And so you must do for every other year, as long as you make your Table for.  
As you may see by this short Table of 7 yeers at 6 in the hundred.  
The decrease or worth of the Reversion. The worth of the Purchase by Ad●ition. 1 ,9434 0,9434 2 ,8900 1,8334 3 ,8396 2,6730 4 ,7921 3,4651 5 ,7472 4,2123 6 ,7050 4,9173 7 ,6651 5,5824  
Thus there is nothing difficult, but onely the reducing of these numbers into the more known value of pounds, shillings, and pence, which may be performed by this Table.  
Note that I have abbreviated this table to four places, considering this will be sufficient exactness, showing the true value of one pound to the tenth part of a farthing; and it is so much more easy in many other propositions, which I have shewed, to be wrought thereby. Also to make it more ready for you, I have set down the fractions from a farthing to a shilling in single farthings.  
A Table of decimal Fractions, showing the proportion of any number of shillings, pence, or farth●●●● to a pound. The pound being divided into 10●●0 parts.  
skill. parts d. q. parts d. q. parts 19 9500 11 3 0490 5 3 0240 18 9000 11 2 0479 5 2 0229 17 8500 11 1 0469 5 1 0219 16 8000 11 0 0458 5 0 0208 15 7500 10 3 0448 4 3 0198 14 7000 10 2 0437 4 2 0188 13 6500 10 1 0427 4 1 0177 12 6000 10 0 0417 4 0 0167 11 5500 9 3 0406 3 3 0156 10 5000 9 2 0396 3 2 0146 9 4500 9 1 0385 3 1 0135 8 4000 9 0 0375 3 0 0125 7 3500 8 3 0365 2 3 0115 6 3000 8 2 0354 2 2 0104 5 2500 8 1 0344 2 1 0094 4 2000 8 0 0333 2 0 0083 3 1500 7 3 0323 1 3 0073 2 1000 7 2 0312 1 2 0063 1 0500 7 1 0302 1 1 0052     7 0 0292 1 0 0042     6 3 0281 0 3 0031     6 2 0271 0 2 002●     6 1 0260 0 1 ●●1●     6 0 0250 0 0 0000  
Or if you like not these decemal Fractions, you may reduce the one pound into pence or farthings, and work as before. Thus if in pence.  
As 106li. to 100li. so 240d. to 226d. 44 / 10●  
Which reduced into shillings and pence, is 18 shillings, 10 pence, 2 farthings ferè.  
Or if you reduce the 20 shillings into farthings,  
As 106li. to 100 li. so 960 q. to 905 q. 7● / 10●  
Which reduced, is as before 18 shillings, 10 pence, 2 farthings, ferè  
But in this if you proceed to make the Table for many years, you must have some respect to the fraction left; which is best by adding a cipher or two to the dividend, and so they will come in tens or hundred parts of a penny or farthing.  
Now these Tables of Reversion being added together, make up the Tables of purchase. But I have not expressed these Tables of Reversion; because I have made little use of them, onely in making the other Tables. If any would make use of them, or any part of them, they may easily take them out of the Tables of Purchase by Substraction, as I shall show in its place.  
Yet because this way is very tedious, and subject to error, by reason of the many divisions and additions, if there be not great care had therein, and one fault herein may produce many; those who have skill in the use of L●garithms may thereby find out the true value of any thing for any number of yeares, without respect had to the former years, which will be a shorter way, and serve as a proof to the Tables, in case of any doubt.  
As now for example.  
Let it be required to know the true value of a Lease of land to continue seven years after he rate of six in the hundred  
First, take the Logarithme of 100, from the Logarithme of 100 and the rate of Interest added together, which in this example is 106.  
Secondly, multiply this Logarithme by the number of years; which in this example is 7.  
Thirdly, divide 100 by the rate of the Interest, which is 6, and it will produce 16,6667; then take the Logarithme hereof, and add it to the former Logarithme, the product whereof will yield the Logarithm of the Arerages with the said sum for that time.  
Fourthly, find out the true number of these arrearages, and out of them subtract the proportional part of 100 before found, according to the rate of the Interest; so you shall have the bare arrearages for that proportional part:  
Lastly, take the Logarithme of these last arrearages, and subtract from them the Logarithme found by the Multiplication of the years( in the second rule) so you shall have the Logarithme of the true value of these arrearages in ready money; the true number whereof being found out and reduced into pounds, shillingst and pence, may be used as any number in the Tables.  
106 Logarithme 2,0253058 100 Logarithme 2,0000000 Rests by Substraction 0,0253058 Which multiplied by 7 7 Comes to 0,1771406 16,6667 Logarithme add. 1,2218487 Yields 1,3989893 This is the Logarithme of   25,0605   From which 16,6667 subtracted, Rests 08,3938   8,3938 Logarithme 0,9239595 Logarithme by Multiplication of Years subtracted, 0,1771406 Rests 0,7468189  
Which is the Logarithme of 5,5824, as in the little Table aforesaid, which reduced, is 5 pounds, 11 shillings, 7 pence, 3 farthings, and somewhat more, which I have set down in my Table, 5 pounds, 11 shillings, 8 pence, not accounting any Fractions under a penny.  

A Table showing the true value of one pound yearly Rent, to continue any number of years under 31, and from thence to 100 years, increasing by every tenth year, after the Rates of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 in the hundred, reckoning Interest upon Interest.  

Purchase of Annuities at 5 per Centum.      li. sh. d.   The number of Years to be purchased 1 0 19 00 The worth of one pound Annuity. 2 1 17 02 3 2 14 05 4 3 10 11 5 4 06 07 6 5 01 06 7 5 15 09 8 6 09 03 9 7 02 02 10 7 14 03 11 8 06 02 12 8 17 03 13 9 07 11 14 9 18 00 15 10 07 08 16 10 16 09 17 11 05 06 18 11 13 10 19 12 01 09 20 12 09 03 21 12 16 05 22 13 03 03 23 13 09 10 24 13 16 00 25 14 01 11 26 14 07 06 27 14 12 11 28 14 18 00 29 15 02 10 30 15 07 05 31 15 12 00   In tens of years 40 17 02 05 50 18 0● 0● 60 18 18 07 70 19 06 10 80 ●9 1● 1● 9 19 15 00 10● 9 16 00  

Purchase of Annuities at 6 per Centum.      li. sh. d.   The number of Years to be purchased. 1 0 18 10 The worth of one pound Annuity. 2 1 16 08 3 2 13 06 4 3 09 04 5 4 04 03 6 4 18 0● 7 5 11 08 8 6 04 02 9 6 16 00 10 7 07 02 11 7 17 09 12 8 07 08 13 8 17 01 14 9 05 11 15 9 14 03 16 10 02 01 17 10 09 07 18 10 16 07 19 11 03 02 20 11 09 05 21 11 15 03 22 12 00 10 23 12 06 01 24 12 11 00 25 13 15 08 26 13 00 01 27 13 04 03 28 13 08 01 29 13 11 10 30 13 15 04 31 13 18 07   In tens of Years 40 15 00 08 50 15 14 06 60 16 03 03 70 16 07 08 80 16 10 02 90 16 11 07 100 16 12 04  

Purchase of Annuities at 7 per Centum.      li. sh. d.   The number of Years to be purchased. 1 0 18 08 The worth of one pound Annuity. 2 1 16 02 3 2 12 06 4 3 07 09 5 4 02 00 6 4 15 04 7 5 07 09 8 5 19 0● 9 6 10 04 10 7 00 06 11 7 10 00 12 7 18 10 13 8 07 02 14 8 14 11 15 9 02 02 16 9 08 11 17 9 15 03 18 10 01 02 19 10 06 08 20 10 11 11 21 10 16 08 22 11 01 3 23 11 05 5 24 11 09 5 25 11 13 1 26 11 16 6 27 11 19 6 28 12 02 9 29 12 05 7 30 12 08 2 31 12 10 8   In tens of years. 40 13 06 7 50 13 15 8 60 14 00 9 70 14 03 2 80 14 04 5 90 14 05 1 100 14 05 5  

Purchase of Annuities at 8 per Centum.      li. sh. d.   The number of Years to be purchased. 1 0 18 06 The worth of one pound Annuity. 2 1 15 08 3 2 11 06 4 3 06 03 5 3 19 10 6 4 12 05 7 5 04 01 8 5 14 11 9 6 04 11 10 6 14 02 11 7 02 09 12 7 10 08 13 7 18 01 14 8 04 10 15 8 11 02 16 8 17 00 17 9 02 05 18 9 07 05 19 9 12 01 20 9 16 04 21 10 00 04 22 10 04 0 23 10 07 5 24 10 10 7 25 10 13 6 26 10 16 3 27 10 18 9 28 11 01 0 29 11 03 2 30 11 05 2 31 11 07 0   In tens of Years 40 11 18 06 50 12 04 08 60 12 07 06 70 12 08 10 80 12 09 06 90 12 09 09 100 12 09 11  

Purchase of Annuities at 9 per Centum.      li. sh. d.   The number of Years to be purchased. 1 0 18 04 The worth of one pound Annuity. 2 1 15 02 3 2 10 08 4 3 04 09 5 3 17 09 6 4 09 09 7 5 00 08 8 5 10 08 9 5 19 11 10 6 08 04 11 6 16 01 12 7 03 02 13 7 09 09 14 7 15 09 15 8 01 03 16 8 06 03 17 8 10 11 18 8 15 01 19 8 19 00 20 9 02 07 21 9 05 10 22 9 08 10 23 9 11 7 24 9 14 2 25 9 16 6 26 9 18 7 27 10 00 6 28 10 02 4 29 10 04 0 30 10 05 6 31 10 06 10   In tens of Years 40 10 15 02 50 10 19 03 ●0 11 00 10 70 11 01 08 80 11 02 00 90 11 02 01 100 11 02 02  

Purchase of Annuities at 10 per Centum.      li. sh. d.   The number of Years to be purchased. 1 0 18 02 The worth of one pound Annuity. 2 1 14 08 3 2 09 08 4 3 03 04 5 3 15 09 6 4 07 01 7 4 18 04 8 5 06 08 9 5 15 02 10 6 02 10 11 6 09 09 12 6 16 03 13 7 02 00 14 7 07 04 15 7 12 01 16 7 16 05 17 8 00 05 18 8 04 00 19 8 07 03 20 8 10 03 21 8 12 11 22 8 15 5 23 8 17 7 24 8 19 8 25 9 01 6 26 9 03 2 27 9 04 8 28 9 06 1 29 9 07 4 30 9 08 6 31 9 09 7   In tens of Years 40 9 15 07 50 9 18 04 60 9 19 04 70 9 19 09 80 9 19 11 90 9 19 11 100 10 00 00  

Purchase of Annuities at 12 per Centum.      li. sh. d.   The number of Years to be purchased. 1 0 17 10 The worth of one pomnd Annuity. 2 1 13 10 3 2 08 00 4 3 00 09 5 3 12 01 6 4 02 03 7 4 11 03 8 4 19 04 9 5 06 06 10 5 13 00 11 5 18 09 12 6 03 10 13 6 08 05 14 6 12 06 15 6 16 02 16 6 19 05 17 7 02 04 18 7 04 11 19 7 07 03 20 7 09 04 21 7 11 02 22 7 12 10 23 7 14 04 24 7 15 08 25 7 16 10 26 7 17 10 27 7 18 10 28 7 19 08 29 8 00 05 30 8 01 01 31 8 01 08   In tens of Years 40 8 04 10 50 8 06 00 60 8 06 06 70 8 06 07 80 8 06 08 90       100        

The Use of these Tables.  

First, to know the price of any Annuity, to continue any number of years.  
HAving, according to the former observations, considered the nature of the thing you intend to buy, & so found out after what profit you may fitly lay out your money upon it, whether at 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 in the hundred, according to the certainty or uncertainty of the thing: then to cast up what the value of the purchase will be, according to that rate, you must do thus.  
First, find the rate of the gain you would have for your money at the head of the Table, and find the years of the continuance of the Lease or Annuity on the side of the Table, and in that line under the foresaid rate, you shall find what the purchase of one pound a year is worth, to continue the said number of years; by the which, with a little addition, you may find the true value of any other prized yearly income, whether it be little or great.  
As for Example.  
What is a Lease of ten pounds yearly value, to continue 21 years, worth in ready money, after the rate of six in the hundred interest?  
By the Table you see that one pound a year to continue 21 yeares, after the said rate of six for the hundred, is worth 11 pound, 15 shillings, 3 pence. So then ten pound a year is worth ten times as much, which may be thus easily found.  
Ten times 11 pound is 110 00 00 Ten times 15 shillings is 007 10 00 Ten times 3 pence is 000 02 06 In all 117 12 06  
The like you may do by any other prized Annuity for any other time, and at any other rate of profit for your money, as the nature of the thing requires.  
Thus the like of an house for 21 years, being reckoned by the Table of 10 pound per Cent. for one pound or 20 shillings Annuity is worth 8 pound, 12 shillings, 11 pence; therefore 10 pound per Annum is worth ten times as much, which you may reckon as before, Ten times 8 pound is 80 0 0 Ten times 12 shillings is 06 0 0 Ten times 11 pence is 00 9 2 In all 86 9 2  
But because men usually reckon bargains of this nature by the yearly revenue of the thing, and use to say, such a thing is worth so many years purchase; this may also plainly and truly be done by the foresaid Tables: and though this way cannot be so exact as the other, yet for custome-sake take it thus.  
The Tables are exactly cast up for one pound yearly revenue, at each of the said rates, so that in the sums set down therein, for every pound or 20 shillings you must reckon one years purchase; for ten shillings, half a years purchase, for five shillings, a quarter of a years purchase; and so for any sum under, proportionally.  
Thus in the former example, you found that one pound, to continue 21 years, was worth 11 pound, 15 shillings, 3 pence, that is, 11 years purchase, and about three quarters of a years purchase, after which manner reckoning the ten pound yearly revenue. So, Eleven times 10 pound is 110 00 00 And 3 quarters of 10 pound is 007 10 00 In all 117 10 00  
Which is somewhat less then the former; because this way you cannot( as I said) reckon so exactly without some more trouble: for the Table shows you 11 pound, 15 shillings, 3 pence; and this way it is reckoned, as if it were but 11 pound, 15 shillings.  
Though either of these ways be exact enough for most men, and most questions of this nature; yet if any desire to be more exact, they will find some trouble, when either the Annuity or the numbers in these Tables do not make even pounds, or at least common and known parts of a pound. In this case therefore if you will be curious to know the precise value, you must have recourse to the Table of decimal Fractions, page. 33. and thereby reduce both the price of the Annuity, and the price of the purchase thereof set down in these Tables, into those fractions; and so multiplying one by the other, and reducing the product thereof again by the said decimal Table, you shall have the true value of the purchase exactly.  
Thus, let the Annuity be worth 55 pound, 12 shillings, 6 pence, and you desire to know the value thereof for 21 yeares after the rate of six per Centum.  
This Annuity reduced by the decimal Table, will be 55 li. 625 op. and the Table shows the worth of one pound for 21 years is 11 pound, 15 shillings, 3 pence, which reduced likewise is 11 li. 7625 p. now these two must be multiplied each by other; to which purpose set these two numbers thus.  
11.7625 55.6250 588 1250 2352 50 70575 0 588125   588125   654.2890 6250  
All the difficulty now is in finding out the value of this product. Therefore observe first, that all the figures which are beyond the pounds, or Integers in the Multiplicator, are separated by the point(.) to distinguish them; and under this point there must be a perpendicular line drawn to cut off all the figures under them as useless.  
Then from this line account four figures more in the product,( according to the places of the decimal Table) and there make a prick at 4; so the product appears to be 654 li. 2890. that is, 654 pound, 5 shillings, 9 pence, 2 farthings.  
Or else to be more sure, cast it up as near as you can the former way; and so you shall see whether 2, 3, or 4 of the first figures of the product stands for pounds, and the 4 next take for the fraction.   

II. There is another very necessary question easily resolved by these Tables, and that is, When any one doth ask of you such a sum of money, or so many yeers purchase for a parcel of land, lease, or house, to know what profit be allows you for your money.  
As now, Suppose you may have a lease of an house for 21 years, for eight years and an half purchase, what profit will your money yield you?  
For this purpose; first, you must find the number of years in the sides of the Tables, and look in the several Tables until you find the said sum demanded, or the nearest you can find to it, then at the head of that Table, you shall find the rate of the profit which your money brings you in.  
Thus, if according to this example, you look over all the Tables, for eight yeers and an half purchase, that is 8 pounds, 10 shillings in the line of 21 years, you shall find in the Table of 10 per Centum, at 21 years, 8 pounds, 12 shillings, 11 pence, which is the nearest sum that is to be found in all the Tables; and at the head of this Table you shall find, your money brings you in by this bargain 10 in the hundred profit,   

III. All this which hath been spoken of purchasing of Leases, you may apply to Fines for the abatement of a greater or lesser part of the Rent of any thing.  
Thus, if a Tenant would have 5, 10, or 20 pounds abated in his yearly Rent, it may be reckoned worth so many years purchase as the Tables show for.  
But now suppose a Landlord demand an 100 pound fine for the Lease of an house for 21 years, besides the yearly Rent. I would know how much yearly Rent this 100 pound doth counter-value after the rate of 10 in the hundred.  
In this case, you must take the sum set down in the Table, which for this example is 8 pounds, 12 shillings, 11 pence, and find how many times it is contained in an 100 pound; for so many pounds of yearly Rent it counter-values.  
Now this you may do by reducing the said 8 pound, 12 shillings, 11 pence into pence; so it 2075 pence. likewise in an 100 pound are 24000; this divided by the foresaid 2075, yields 11 in the quotient, and there remains 1175 / 2075, which is somewhat more then an half; so that it is above 11 pound, 10 shillings.  
If you will know this more exactly, multiply 1175 parts of a pound by 20, so you have 23500, which divided by the former number 2075, yields 11 shillings in the quotient, and 675 remaining.  
Again, if you multiply this 675 by 12, it yields 8100, which divided by 2075, yields almost 4 pence, wanting onely half a farthing.  
So that this 100 pound fine should countervalue according to this rate, 11 pound, 11 shillings 4 pence ferè of yearly Rent.  
Or you may have recourse to the Table of Reduction following, and thereby reduce the sum into tenths of pounds.  
Thus the said 8 pounds, 12 shillings, 11 pence reduced, is 8 pound, 6458; with this divide the price of your Fine, an 100 pound, adding some ciphers thereto, as need shall be. So in this example, the Fine being 100 pound, you shall find 11 pound 566, that is, 11 pounds, 11 shillings, 4 pence ferè; and so much yearly Rent doth an 100 pound Fine countervalue at the rate of ten pound in the hundred for 21 yeares.  
Lastly, you may see by the latter end of the Tables, what rate of profit your money yields you, buying any thing out right at any number of years purchase. Thus, at ten years purchase, your money yields you 10 per Centum profit, as you may see by that Table. At 12 years and an half purchase for the free simplo, your money yields you 8 per Centum profit, as you may see by the end of the Table of 8 per Centum. And at 20 years purchase your money yields you but 5 per Centum profit.  
And if you would know this more exactly, take this Rule, Divide an 100 by the number of years, the quotient will show you the rate of the profit you have for your money.  
Th●● 100 divided by 12 years, the price of the purchase of the free simplo, yields, 8, 3333, or 8 pound, 6 shillings, 8 pence for the rate of the profit.  
So 100 divided by 18 years, yields 5, 5555, which is 5 pound, 11 shillings, 11 pence for the rate of your profit.  
Or else if you divide an 100 by the rate of the profit you look to have, in the buying of your purchase, you may see how many years purchase you may fully give for it.  
Thus, Divide an 100 by 6, if that be the rate of the profit you desire in your purchase, and you shall find 16 years and two thirds of a year, so many years purchase you may give, and yet make 6 in the hundred profit of your money.  
By this a man having bought Land or Houses at any price, he may know which of the foresaid Tables he must use in the letting Leases thereof again, that he save or get by the bargain, as he shall think fit; or at least may know whether he gets or loses by the Leases he lets.     

OF Reversions.  
THus much for buying any thing which is presently to be possessed.  
There are other kind of purchases in Reversion, when the thing yields no profit for the present, till some considerable term of years be passed.  
And in these bargains you must also look first into the quality of the thing, and the certainty thereof; and accordingly seek out the value thereof at a greater or lesser rate of Interest.  
And to this purpose there might be the Tables set down, showing the true value of one pound in Reversion after any number of years. But I suppose this needless, because it is included in the former Tables, and may easily be extracted out of them: for if you begin at the head of any of those Tables, and subtract the first line from the next following; and the second from the third, &c. to the end of 31, you shall make a true Table of Reversion, showing the worth of one pound for any year to come.  
But you may also know what the Reversion of one pound will come to at any time to come without this trouble. For if you take the sum set down in the Tables, against the years of Reversion desired, and subtract the sum next above it, from it, the difference will show you the true value of 20 shillings so many yeares to come afterward.  
Thus if you would know, what 20 shillings is worth 21 years hence, after the rate of money now, which is six in the hundred.  
Here the years of Reversion being 21, and the rate of the Interest f●x in the hundred, you shall find in that Table against 21 years; 11 pounds, 15 shillings 3 pence, and in the line above it, 11 pounds, 9 shillings, 5 pence, which subtracted out of the former, there remains 5 shillings, 10 pence, which is the true value of 20 sh. 21 years hence.  
And thus you may do at any other rate, & for any number of years to 31, by the former part of the Tables. But because the latter end of the Table proceeding by ten years will not do the like; therefore, I have made this little Table, which in a general way, shows both the increase and decrease of twenty shillings principal, after any number of years.  

The increase of 20 shillin. principal. A Table of Reversions. The decrease of twenty shillings. 5 6 8 10 12 Rate of the Interest. Pounds Number of years. sh. d. q. 2 15 12 9 7 6 10 0 0 4 30 24 18 15 12 5 0 0 8 45 36 27 22 18 2 6 0 16 60 48 36 30 24 1 3 0 32 70 60 45 37 30 0 7 2 64 90 72 54 45 36 0 3 3 128 105 84 63 52 42 0 2 0 256 120 96 72 60 48 0 1 0 512 135 108 81 67 54 0 0 2 1024 150 120 90 75 60 0 0 1  

The Use of this Table is thus.  
FIrst, find out your rate of Interest at the head of the Table; then look down in that column till you find out the number of years desired; and then against this number of years, in that same line, upon the left hand, you have the increase of 20 shillings, and upon the right hand the decrease or worth of the Reversion of the said 20 shillings for the number of years desired.  
Thus in the middle column of the Table, which is cast up at the rate of 8 per Centum, you shall find that in 27 years one pound or 20 shillings will increase to 8 pound, and the Reversion of one pound is worth but 2 shillings, 6 pence, at the said time of 27 yeares hence  
Note, If you cannot find the number of years exactly, you may guess at it by proportion.  
Also, take notice, this general Table is not so exact as a particular Table hereof is, or ought to be, but yet will serve for the use I shall make thereof.  
And having either of these ways found the value of one pound, you may by addition, find the value of ten or twenty pounds or any other sum for the like time; which substracted out of the full worth of the thing, will give you the price of the Reversion thereof.  
Yet because this way is somewhat troublesone, and may much deceive you in regard of the different value of Land, Money and Leases, I suppose this following to be the plainer and the better way.  

I. If you are to purchase the Reversion of a piece of Land.  
First, consider how many years purchase the Land is worth, if it were presently to be possessed, which is about 20 years purchase, for which account 20 pound.  
Then look in the Table under the rate of six in the hundred,( which is the rate fittest for Leases of Land) how much the years, for which it is engaged, comes to.  
Now subtract this out of the other, and the remaining sum will give you the value of the purchase, accounting the pounds for years, and the shillings and pence for parts of a year.  
Thus for example, any piece of Land being worth 20 years purchase, being engaged by Lease, or otherwise, for 21 years, the Reversion will be worth eight years and a quarters purchase.  
For the full value of it is 20 00 00 The Lease of 21 years at six in the hundred, comes to 11 15 03 Which substracted, shows 08 04 09  
That is, eight yeares, and almost a quarter of a years purchase.   

II. The like course you must take in purchasing the Reversion of Houses.  
First, account their full value, and then subtract the worth of the years for which they are engaged, at rates according to their goodness.  
Thus reckoning a good new built house to be worth 12 years purchase, the reversion thereof after 21 years will be worth about three years, and a quarter, and half a quarters purchase.  
  li. sh. d. For the full value being 12 00 00 The lease of 21 years at ten in the hundred comes to 08 12 11 Which subtracted, shows, 03 07 01   

III. A Tenant hath some term of years in a Lease, and either he or his Landlord desires to have his years increased to any certain number.  
To find the true worth of such a bargain, you need onely find out by the Tables the true value of the whole number of years desired. Then find out likewise the true value of the lesser number of years, that the Tenant hath already. Lastly, subtract the one from the other, and the remainder shows how many years purchase the thing is worth.  
Thus a Lease of Land for 60 years, wherein the Tenant hath already a Lease of 21 years, is worth about 4 years and a half purchase.  
  li. sh. d. For the whole 60 yeares, at 6 per Cent. is 16 03 03 The 21 yeares at the same rate of 6 per Cent. is 11 15 03 Which substracted, rests 04 08 00  
In like manner, a Lease of an house for 60 years, wherein a Tenant hath 21 years already, is worth one year, and a quarters purchase, and somewhat more.  
  li. sh. d. For 60 years after ten in the hundred, is worth 09 19 04 And 21 yeares at the same rate, is worth 08 12 11 Which subtracted, leaves 01 06 05  
That is, about one year, and one quarter of a years purchase: so that let the house be of what yearly Rent it will, the Lease will be worth one year, and a quarter of a years purchase, and about a month over.  
The like you may do for any othe●… number of years.  
But these extraordinary long Lease are not so profitable for the Landlord for they yield him but little more read●… money then a Lease of 20 or 30 years shorter.  
As now suppose a Landlord would make a Lease of Land up to 40 years wherein his Tenant hath 20 years to come, what may it be worth? you shal●… find as before,   li. sh. d. The 40 years are worth at 6 per Centum, 15 0 〈◇〉 The twenty yeares at the same rate are worth 11 15 $wrod$ Which substracted, Rests 03 5 〈◇〉 Now the Lease for 60 yields but 4 8 〈◇〉  
So that for little more then one years purchase he may save 20 yeares benefit to himself or his heires out of 60 years. And if the Lease should be longer, as an 100 years, his damage would be worse.  
So for a Lease of an house,   li sh. d. The 40 yeares at 10 per Centum are worth 9 15 7 The twenty yeares at the same rate are worth 8 10 3 Which substracted, Rest 1 5 4 The Lease for 60 years yielded 1 6 5  
So that by this there will be 20 years saved out of the 60 for very little money. So great loss comes by selling such long Leases, or Reversions.  
And these Reversions are somewhat considerable in a shorter time; as thus,  
Suppose a mans Lease is out within 3 years, and he desires to have a new Lease of 21 years, to begin when his 3 years are out, what is this Lease worth in ready money?  
To find out the worth of this, consider the time he hath in his old Lease, which is 3 years, and this added to 2●… yeors, makes it 24 years. Then look out the full worth of these 24, and subtract from it the worth of the 3 years the rest is the value of the said Lease in ready money.  
Thus, if it be a Lease of Land,   li. sh. d. 24 years at 6 per Centum are worth 12 11 〈◇〉 And 3 years are worth 2 13 〈◇〉 Which substracted, Rests 9 17 〈◇〉  
Which is ten years, lacking on●… half a quarters purchase, whereas 〈◇〉 Lease of 21 years presently to begin i●… redge● worth 11 pound, 15 shillings, 3 pance that is, 11 years and three quarter purchase.  
One question more, and so I shal●… conclude the use of these Tables:  
A man hath his life in a parcel o●… Land, or in an house, and desires t●… have this Lease for life changed in●… a Lease of 21 years  
  li. sh. d. A Lease of 21 years of Land, at 6 per Centum is worth 11 15 3 His life( if strong & lusty) may be worth as much as a Lease of 10 years which at the same rate of 6 per Cent. is worth 7 7 2 Which substracted, Rests 4 8 1  
And so much is it worth to have his Lease altered, viz. 4 years, and almost half a years purchase.  
Many other Rules and Tables concerning Annuities might be propounded, but these I think of most frequent use and necessary consequence, which thus you see may be all performed by this one sort of Tables.  
BUt now since none of these bargains can be made without respect had to these or such like Tables of Interest, or Usury, wherein there must respect be had, not onely to simplo Use, but to Use upon use; I hope I may without offence to any speak a word or two in the defence of Usury.  
The Argument I shall use is onely this; That if it be not onely lawful but necessary to give and take Use upon Use; then, at least, it may be lawful, though not necessary, to give or take moderate simplo Use, according to the allowance of the times.  
That it is not onely lawful but necessary, to take or give Use upon Use, is plainly manifest in all these kind of bargains, which cannot be made any other way. Now the necessity of these bargains is manifest every day, and the lawfulness of them cannot be questioned, being so plainly allowed in the Word of God.  
As for the purchasing of Land and Houses, this is plain, there are many instances of it: And it was a good law, which it were well, if it were still in force; That a mans Lands, either while he were living, or presently after his death, was to be exposed to sale for the payment of his debts. Indeed the rules observed for the valuation of these purchases are not so plain. We red that Abraham paid 400 shekels of silver, for a field to bury his wife in, Gen. 23. which seems to be a great price in those dayes. Jeremiah in the 32 Chap. of his Book paid but 7 shekels and 10 pieces of silver for the field he purchased.  
The plainest law for these purchases is that in Levit. 25.14, 15, 16. If thou sell, &c. According to the number of years after the subile thou shalt buy of thy neighbour, &c. According to the multitude of years, thou shalt increase the price thereof; and according to the so wnesse of years thou shalt diminish the price of it.  
So that they could purchase but( as it were) Leases of land from jubilee to jubilee, which could be but 49 yeers at most; but how they ordered the price, according to the number of those years, it doth not appear.  
I will not bind any to my conceit hereof, but when I was calculating the Table of 12 per Centum, perceiving it to come up very neor to the highest price about 50 years, I presently thought tha●… by some such rule and rate of Intere●● they might very fitly reckon the price of these purchases: for so by this account the longest Leases could be little better worth then a Lease of 50 years, which was the period of the jubilee.  
If any think this was too great a ra●… of Interest for them to take of their brethren: let them consider, that the Iewes ever were, and yet are very greedy of taking great Interest, viz. of 20 or 30 per Centum. For otherwise Nehemi●● did very little ease the people, in defiring the rich to release onely the hundreth part of that which they did exact from their poor brethren, Chap. 5.13. which the margin of our Bibles show to be meant of the loan for the money, which if it were but at 5 or 10 per Centu● would be but a shilling or two in an hundred pounds.  
But however, the rate of the purchase was, this is plain, that there was a consideration to be had to the number of the years, and that the price was to be thereafter: So that there was a kind of implicit Interest used in these purchases.  
But you will say, these bargains cannot come within the compass of Usury, because the buyer herein stands to all hazards.  
I answer, that either his hazard is very little, or for all hazards he is allowed a sufficient recompense; so that for the most part he is upon a surer way of gain then the other; and his gain in casual things is so much overplus, that a man may with good profit take up money at Interest to buy the bargains.  
Indeed this point of hazard is much controverted in this case, some counting is unlawful to contract for gain, unless they also contract for loss; as in partnership. And this they ground upon that Law, Exod. 22.14, 15. If a man borrow ought of his neighbour, and it be hurt or die, the owner thereof not being with it, he shall surely make it good. But if the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good: if it be an hired thing, it came for the hire.  
But this Text speaks little to that purpose, the substance of this law being still in force, and thus to be understood: If a man hire an horse or such like to go a journey, or plough, or such like; and the horse by some sall or other accident die, or be hurt therein, having no ill usage by the borrower, then the Londer can recover no recompense, but onely the hire of his horse, as was agreed upon between them. But if the borrower misuse this beast, then he is liable to pay for it.  
As for that phrase ( the owner being by, or not being by) it may very well be understood of any other person, who is an indifferent witness between the two parties, to give testimony of the well or ill usage of the beast.  
But though this be just, equal and usual in things of this nature, yet it is not so in other things, which are more certain and not subject to such casualties. No man will sell an hundred pounds worth of any commodities, to be paid a twelve month hence for it, upon condition that the buyer makes a good market thereof, and gets by the bargain: but will look for his money agreed for, at the due time; and ought to have it, though the buy lose by the bargain. And though lending of money in this way is not altogether the same case, yet it is very like. Why may not he which lends an hundred pounds for a year be said to sell this hundred pounds worth of silver or gold, to be paid an hundred and six pounds of good money for it again at the years end? and why then may not he as justly demand his price agreed on at the due time, though the other have not made so good profit of it as he expected? as the other creditor may demand his price agreed upon of his Debtor, though he have not made so good profit of it as he expected?  
And to make this appear yet more equal, consider that money is such a commodity that cannot of itself be impaired, as most other things will, so that it is the borrowers own fault,( for the most part) if there be any great loss; and therefore the Lender ought to be free from any damage by the foresaid law, and the borrower is to bear all the loss; for the owner not being by, the borrower is to make the thing borrowed good.  
And yet for all this, as it is fit that in some cafes, where there are extraordinary losses befall men, by the hand of God; the creditor ought both in humanity and Christianity to have pity and patience toward his poor Debtor. So I hope there is no such Lenders of money, but will in the like cases be as forward as others, to approve themselves good and merciful men. Otherwise, the best defence can be made for this course will not avail them, when God shall call them to an account, as he did that wicked servant for casting his fellowservant into prison.  
But for this conditional contract for loss and gain, it is good for nothing But to embroll men in suits of law; or to encourage and empower ill minded men to cousin others of their estates.  
But you will say, this kind of Usury hath not onely been condemned by the most part of the best of men, but by God himself is expressly forbidden, and many curses and blessings pronounced by him in his Word to the keepers and breakers of this very law.  
If this be so, the matter is not to be disputed, but upon survey of the sacred Statutes, I cannot find them so strict and severe in this particular.  
The chief law declared by God himself against Usury, is that in the 23 of Deuteronomy, verse 19. Thou shalt not lend upon Usury to thy brother, Usury of money, Usury of victuals, Usury of any thing that is lent upon Usury. Upon the breaking and keeping this law depends all the other promises and threats in the Scripture: therefore this place being cleared, all other Scriptures relating hereunto, will also be answered.  
Now this at the first view seems to be a general law, forbidding all kind of Usury. But I answer first, the outmost extent of this law, is that one Israelite might not lend upon Usury to another Israelite. For in the very next verse they are permitted to lend upon Usury unto strangers, verse 20. Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon Usury, but unto thy brother thou mayest not lend upon Usury. And I see no reason to understand by these strangers such whom they might oppress and destroy, as some would interpret it; since God gave them so many Items and Commands to be kind to strangers. And how dear it cost the Family of Saul, and the whole kingdom of Israel to do otherwise, you may red in the 2 Book of Samuel, 21 Chap.  
Again secondly, this general law of Usury to their brethren seems to be restrained to their poor brethren in the 25 of Leviticus, 35, 36, 37 verses, Exod. 22.25. so that it chiefly and principally, if not wholly and absolutely, belongs to them.  
Thirdly, I see no reason, why this politic law belonging to the Jews, and fitted to their condition, place, and times, should take so fast hold of us, as some would make it, especially considering the many other laws of this nature, which are not pressed upon us by these men. As their buying of Lands, which were all to return to the old posterity in the year of jubilee, in Levit. 25. And that law of freedom from debts every seventh year, Deut. 15.1, 2, 3, 4. which is parallel to this of Usury in all respects. For first, it is laid down generally in verse 1, 2. Every creditor that lendeth ought unto his neighbour, shall release it in the seventh year. Secondly, Notwithstanding this, it is permitted to demand it of strangers in the 3 Verse. Thirdly, it is permitted to take it of the rich brother in the 4 Verse, Save when there shall be no poor among you. So that the force of these laws, and the e●uity thereof, is to keep them and us onely from oppression of the poor. And from hence our law may be derived, that a Book-debt, without bill or bond, cannot be recovered after seven years. Yet I hope no man will say, that in point of equity and conscience he is discha●●ed from the payment thereof, if he hath wherewith to pay it; neither that his creditor doth offend either against Gods law or mans, in requiring and receiving of him.  
Fourthly, that this law against Usury was onely fitted to the state of the Jews, may be plain from the things forbidden to take Usury upon, which was victuals, and other things as well as money. So that there being few Merchants and Trades-men amongst them, Usury of money was very little necessary; and as for Usury of other things, it tended onely to the oppression of the poor. Who would not spit in that mans face, and count him not worthy to live, that having corn lying in store by him, would not lend his neighbour a bushel or two till his Harvest was reaped, a month or two after, without half a bushel for the use thereof? In such cases of common want and scarcity; it is not onely the duty of private men in charity to lend( if not give) to their poor neighbours, but the public Magistrate ought to look to it, that there be no such wicked men as hoard and hid their corn: nay, more then this, in case of extreme want and famine, it may be lawful and laudable for them to take the stores of corn into their own hands, and distribute them to every one, as need shall require.  
And this was the reason that Usury was forbidden by many other States: viz. the Greeks and Romans; not because it was against the light of nature, but against the rules of policy. And though Aristotle saith, it is a monstrous thing for money to beget money, yet Solomon saith, Money answereth all things, Eccl. 10 19. and is the fittest thing of all others to be employed in merchandise, and put out to Use.  
In these times and places therefore, wherein there are many have so great stocks of money, which they have no way to employ; and others have ways to employ money to profit, but want it; there may very well and fitly be a mutual and reciprocal advantage to both, by a moderate Interest upon money; which I hope I have plainly shewed to be allowed by the laws of God, and is permitted by the laws of the most civil and well-ordered Countreys.  
Yet I would have no man hereby harden his heart against his poor neighbour, and withhold his hand from lending freely to him: nor to repined at the low rate of Interest allotted by the State; much less to soothe up himself in oppression or extortion. Let such know, though Usury be lawful, yet it is scarce laudable. And if any by their unjust courses herein exceed the lawful bounds, they deserve to find no favour with men, however God deals with them.  
In this case therefore I would have all men to take example by the Apostle Paul, 1 Cor. 10.23. All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient. This way may be expedient for some, which is not so for others. Our Saviour in the 21th. of Matthew, in the parable of the Talents, seems to allow the idle servant rather to have put his Talent out to others to Usury, then to let it lye hide in the earth;( though they deserved most commendation that traded and gained therewith themselves.) So then for young Orphans, Widows, and old people, who cannot so well deal in the world for themselves, this way is not onely lawful, but expedient. And for such it is that I pled, who cannot so well speak for themselves: As for others, who out of an idle and covetous mind, would by this means live in the world like Drones in the hive, upon the sweat of others brows; I suppose they are scarce able to answer sufficiently for the defence of themselves, and therefore would wish them to take some other course.  
And to this purpose there is one step higher, which they that will attain to persection must endeavour after. Some things you see are lawful, some things are expedient, but some things are excellent. And these things we ought chiefly to follow. It may be lawful for all, and it may be expedient for some to lend upon Usury; but it is excellent for all to lend without Usury, and that especially to the poor. There are three sorts of men, upon whom we may lay out our money upon a different account. To the rich we may lend upon Usury, for our own sake: to our Brethren and Friends we ought to lend freely, for their sakes: to the poor we ought to give freely, for Gods sake. He that with an holy wisdom thus shares out his estate, to these three sorts of persons, deserves not the black brand of an Usurer, but shall receive praise and profit both of God and men.  
But the cries of the poor, will be very loud against those men, who, notwithstanding the laws of God and men to the contrary, do use such extortion and oppression to the poorer sort of people, as to make them pay not onely 6, 8, or 10, but 20, 30, or 40 in the hundred in greater sums, and much more in lesser.  
It hath been accounted a favourable extortion among them, to lend twenty shillings upon a very sufficient pawn for six pence for one month of 28 dayes, and six pence or eight pence for their Bill or Bond; and so they make 13 shillings of their 20 in a year, which is, 65 pound of an hundred.  
Others lend out to the poorest sort of people twelve pence for a month, for one penny profit; and this, though it seem but little to some, yet by this means they may gain 13 pence with their shilling in a year, which comes to an 108 pounds, 6 shillings, 8 pence, for an hundred.  
Nay, some have been so unconscionable, as to take a penny a week for the use of twelve pence; and so for the 52 weeks in the year, it comes to 4 shillings, 4 pence, which is 433 pound, 6 shillings, 8 pence for an hundred.  
But others are more cautious of coming thus within the danger of the Statute, and let their money out at the lawful rate, onely the Bill-money increaseth their profit.  
Again, others sell commodities to men at unreasonable rates, and then some of their partners buy it again for 20 or 30 in the hundred less; they being surely bound to pay the full price, and all their fees, and under-hand bribes beside.  
Such men as these are justly odious, and may expect, that all the curses, and reproaches against this sin, will fully and speedily sall upon them, except God give them grace to repent of it, and in some good sort to make restitution.  
To remedy this evil, it hath been the custom of some Cities beyond the Sea,( and the endeavours of some honest men to effect the like in this) to have public banks of money for charitable uses, out of which the poor might at any time upon a sufficient pawn, borrow any small sum of money, and yet pay very little for Interest or charges; but onely so much as needs must be allowed towards the maintaining of some few Officers to dispose thereof.  
Ten or twenty thousand pound in such a bank, might be a great relief to thirty or forty thousand poor folkes within the com●a●se of a year; yea though they paid after the rate of five or six in the hundred. And so they who laid in the moneys into the bank, might receive 4 or 5 of it, and the rest go to the Officers for writing the bills, and delivering out the money and goods, which would be a great help to the poor, who are now forced to pay to their brokers after the rate of 30 or 40 pounds in the hundred; and little or no hindrance to those well-minded persons, who should put in money to be thus employed, since they might receive within twenty or forty shillings a year as much as their money will yield them in the purchase of Land, or letting it out to Interest to others.  
But I fear in these unsettled and troublesone times this will hardly be effected; and which is worse, much money that hath been given to Halls and public places for the benefit of poor men and young beginners, is now lost or spent, or converted to other uses, which is an high offence against God, an injury both to the dead and to the living, and an ignominy to themselves.  
And therefore, that men may the better take heed to themselves, both in giving and taking of the lawful Interest, I have here added this Table of Interest after the rate of six in the hundred, being the rate appointed by the State for these present times.      

A New and Exact Table of Interest, showing the true Interest due upon any Sum of Money for any time at the Rate of 6 per Centum.  
FOR the more exactness in this Table, in every Column the money is reckoned not only in pounds, shillings, and pence,( which is ordinary) but each penny is divided into an hundred parts; which, though it may seem somewhat strange at first, yet they are easily then reckoned into farthings, which are more usual with us. For twenty five, which is a quarter of an hundred, make one farthing; fifty of these parts are an halfpenny; and seventy five are three farthings.  
This considered, there will be, I hope, no difficulty in the Table.  

TABLES OF INTEREST At Six per Centum.  
  1 day. 2 dayes 3 dayes li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5       1       2       3 10       2       4       6 15       3       6       9 Pounds 1       4       8       12 2       8       16       24 3       12       24       35 4       15       31       47 5       19       39       59 6       23       47       71 7       27       55       82 8       3●       63       94 9       35       71       6 Pounds 10       39       7●     1 18 20       79     1 58     2 37 30     1 1●     2 36     3 55 40     1 5●     3 15     4 7● 50     1 9●     3 94     5 ●● 60     2 36     4 7●     7 10 70     2 7●     5 52     8 28 80     3 1●     6 31     9 46 90     3 ●●     7 10   1 10 65   100   0 3 ●●   0 7 8●   0 11 83   200   0 7 89   1 3 7●   1 11 67   300   0 11 8●   1 11 67   2 11 5●   400   1 3 78   2 7 56   3 11 34   500   1 7 7●   3 3 4●   4 11 18   600   1 11 67   3 11 3●   5 11 ●●   700   2 3 ●●   4 7 ●●   6 10 ●●   800   2 7 5●   5 3 1●   7 10 6●   900   2 11 5●   5 11 ●●   8 10 52   1000   3 3 4●   6 6 90   9 10 5●  
  4 day. 5 dayes 6 dayes li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5       4       5       6 10       8       10       12 15       12       15       18 Pounds 1       15       19       23 2       31       39       47 3       47       59       71 4       63       78       94 5       78       98     1 18 6       94     1 18     1 42 7     1 10     1 38     1 65 8     1 26     1 58     1 89 9     1 42     1 77     2 13 Pounds 10     1 57     1 97     3 36 20     3 15     3 94     4 73 30     4 73     5 91     7 10 40     6 31     7 89     9 46 50     7 89     9 86     11 83 60     9 46     11 83   1 2 20 70     11 4   1 1 80   1 4 57 80   1 0 62   1 3 78   1 6 93 90   1 2 20   1 5 75   1 9 30   100   1 3 78   1 7 72   1 11 67   200   2 7 56   3 3 45   3 11 34   300   3 11 34   4 11 18   5 10 1   400   5 3 12   6 6 90   7 10 68   500   6 6 90   8 2 63   9 10 35   600   7 10 68   9 10 35   11 10 2   700   9 2 46   11 6 8   13 9 69   800   10 6 24   13 1 80   15 9 36   900   11 10 2   14 9 53   17 9 4   1000   13 1 80   16 5 26   19 8 71  
  7 day. 8 dayes 9 dayes li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5       7       8       9 10       13       15       17 15       20       23       26 Pounds 1       27       31       35 2       55       63       71 3       82       94     1 06 4     1 10     1 26     1 42 5     1 38     1 57     1 77 6     1 65     1 89     2 13 7     1 93     2 20     2 48 8     2 21     2 52     2 84 9     2 48     2 84     3 19 Pounds 10     2 76     3 15     3 55 20     5 52     6 31     7 10 30     8 28     9 46     10 65 40     11 4   1 0 62   1 2 20 50   1 1 80   1 3 78   1 5 75 60   1 4 57   1 6 93   1 9 30 70   1 7 33   1 10 09   2 0 85 80   1 10 09   2 1 24   2 4 40 90   2 00 85   2 4 40   2 7 95   100   2 3 61   2 7 56   2 11 50   200   4 7 23   5 3 12   5 11 1   300   6 10 84   7 10 68   8 10 52   400   9 2 46   10 6 24   11 10 2   500   11 6 8   13 1 80   14 9 53   600   13 9 69   15 9 36   17 9 4   700   16 1 31   18 4 93 1 0 8 54   800   18 4 93 1 1 0 49 1 3 8 5   900 1 0 8 54 1 3 8 05 1 6 7 56   1000 1 3 0 16 1 6 3 61 1 9 7 06  
  10 dayes 20 dayes 30 dayes li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5       10       19       29 10       20       39       59 15       30       59       88 Pounds 1       39       78     1 18 2       78     1 57     2 36 3     1 18     2 36     3 55 4     1 57     3 15     4 73 5     1 97     3 94     5 91 6     2 36     4 7●     7 10 7     2 76     5 52     8 28 8     3 15     6 31     9 46 9     3 55     7 10     10 65 Pounds 10     3 94     7 89     11 83 20     7 89   1 3 78   1 11 67 30     11 83   1 11 67   2 11 50 40   1 3 78   2 7 36   3 11 34 50   1 7 72   3 3 45   4 11 17 60   1 11 67   3 11 34   5 11 1 70   2 3 61   4 7 23   6 10 84 80   2 7 56   5 3 12   7 10 68 90   2 11 50   5 11 1   8 10 52   100   3 3 45   6 6 90   9 10 35   200   6 6 90   13 1 80   19 8 71   300   9 10 35   19 8 71 1 9 7 06   400   13 1 80 1 6 3 61 1 19 5 42   500   16 5 26 1 12 10 52 2 9 3 78   600   19 8 71 1 19 5 42 2 19 2 13   700 1 3 0 16 2 6 0 32 3 9 0 49   800 1 6 3 6● 2 12 7 23 3 18 10 84   900 1 9 7 06 2 19 2 13 4 8 9 20   1000 1 12 10 52 3 5 9 44 4 18 7 56  
  1 month 2 Moneths 3 Moneths. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5       30       60       90 10       60     1 20     1 80 15       90     1 80     2 70 Pounds 1     1 20     2 40     3 60 2     2 40     4 80     7 20 3     3 60     7 20     10 80 4     4 80     9 60   1 2 40 5     6 00   1 0 00   1 6 00 6     7 20   1 2 40   1 9 60 7     8 40   1 4 80   2 1 20 8     9 6●   1 7 20   2 4 80 9     10 80   1 9 60   2 8 40 Pounds 10   1 0 0   2 0 0   3 0 0 20   2 0 0   4 0 0   6 0 0 30   3 0 0   6 0 0   9 0 0 40   4 0 0   8 0 0   12 0 0 50   5 0 0   10 0 0   15 0 0 60   6 0 0   12 0 0   18 0 0 70   7 0 0   14 0 0 1 1● 0 0 80   8 0 0   16 0 0 1 4 0 0 90   9 0 0   18 0 0 1 7 0 0   100   10 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 0 0   200 1 00 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 00 0 0   300 1 10 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 10 0 0   400 2 00 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 00 0 0   500 2 10 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 10 0 0   600 3 00 0 0 6 0 0 0 9 00 0 0   700 3 10 0 0 7 0 0 0 10 10 0 0   800 4 00 0 0 8 0 0 0 12 00 0 0   900 4 10 0 0 9 0 0 0 13 10 0 0   1000 5 00 0 0 10 0 0 0 15 00 0 ●  
  4 Moneths 5 Moneths 6 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5     1 20     1 50     1 80 10     2 40     3 00     3 60 15     3 60     4 50     5 40 Pounds 1     4 80     6 0     7 20 2     9 60   1 0 0   1 2 40 3   1 2 40   1 6 0   1 9 60 4   1 7 20   2 0 0   2 4 80 5   2 0 00   2 6 0   3 0 00 6   2 4 80   3 0 0   3 7 20 7   2 9 60   3 6 0   4 2 40 8   3 2 40   4 0 0   4 9 60 9   3 7 20   4 6 0   5 4 80 Pounds 10   4 0 0   05 0 0   6 0 0 20   8 0 0   10 0 0   12 0 0 30   12 0 0   15 0 0   18 0 0 40   16 0 0 1 00 0 0 1 04 0 0 50 1 00 0 0 1 05 0 0 1 10 0 0 60 1 4 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 16 0 0 70 1 8 0 0 1 15 0 0 2 2 0 0 80 1 12 0 0 2 00 0 0 2 8 0 0 90 1 16 0 0 2 05 0 0 2 14 0 0   100 2 0 0 0 2 10 0 0 3 0 0 0   200 4 0 0 0 5 00 0 0 6 0 0 0   300 6 0 0 0 7 10 0 0 9 0 0 0   400 8 0 0 0 10 00 0 0 12 0 0 0   500 10 0 0 0 12 10 0 0 15 0 0 0   600 12 0 0 0 15 00 0 0 18 0 0 0   700 14 0 0 0 17 10 0 0 21 0 0 0   800 16 0 0 0 20 00 0 0 24 0 0 0   900 18 0 0 0 22 10 0 0 27 0 0 0   1000 20 0 0 0 25 00 0 0 30 0 0 0  
  7 Moneths 8 Moneths 9 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5     2 10     2 40     2 70 10     4 20     4 80     5 40 15     6 30     7 20     8 10 Pounds 1     8 4●     9 60     10 80 2   1 4 ●●   1 7 20   1 9 60 3   2 1 20   2 4 80   2 8 40 4   2 9 60   3 2 40   3 7 20 5   3 6 00   4 0 00   4 6 00 6   4 2 40   4 9 60   5 4 80 7   4 10 80   5 7 20   6 3 60 8   5 7 20   6 4 80   7 2 40 9   6 3 60   7 2 40   8 1 20 Pounds 10   07 0 0   08 0 0   09 0 0 20   14 0 0   16 0 0   18 0 0 30 1 01 0 0 1 04 0 0 1 07 0 0 40 1 08 0 0 1 12 0 0 1 16 0 0 50 1 15 0 0 2 00 0 0 2 05 0 0 60 2 02 0 0 2 08 0 0 2 14 0 0 70 2 09 0 0 2 16 0 0 3 03 0 0 80 2 16 0 0 3 04 0 0 3 12 0 0 90 3 03 0 0 3 12 0 0 4 01 0 0   100 3 10 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 10 0 0   200 7 00 0 0 8 0 0 0 9 00 0 0   300 10 10 0 0 12 0 0 0 13 10 0 0   400 14 00 0 0 16 0 0 0 18 00 0 0   500 17 10 0 0 20 0 0 0 22 10 0 0   600 21 00 0 0 24 0 0 0 27 00 0 0   700 24 10 0 0 28 0 0 0 31 10 0 0   800 28 00 0 0 32 0 0 0 36 00 0 0   900 31 10 0 0 36 0 0 0 40 10 0 0   1000 35 00 0 0 40 0 0 0 45 00 0 0  
  10 Moneths 11 Moneths 12 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5     3 0     3 30     3 60 10     6 0     6 60     7 20 15     9 0     9 90     10 80 Pounds 1   1 0 0   1 1 20   1 2 40 2   2 0 0   2 2 40   2 4 80 3   3 0 0   3 3 60   3 7 20 4   4 0 0   4 4 80   5 9 60 5   5 0 0   5 6 00   6 0 00 6   6 0 0   6 7 20   7 2 40 7   7 0 0   7 8 40   8 4 80 8   8 0 0   8 9 60   9 7 20 9   9 0 0   9 10 80   10 9 60 Pounds 10   10 0 0   11 0 0   12 0 0 20 1 00 0 0 1 02 0 0 1 04 0 0 30 1 10 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 16 0 0 40 2 00 0 0 2 04 0 0 2 08 0 0 50 2 10 0 0 2 15 0 0 3 00 0 0 60 3 00 0 0 3 06 0 0 3 12 0 0 70 3 10 0 0 3 17 0 0 4 04 0 0 80 4 00 0 0 4 08 0 0 4 16 0 0 90 4 10 0 0 4 19 0 0 5 08 0 0   100 5 0 0 0 5 10 0 0 6 0 0 0   200 10 0 0 0 11 00 0 0 12 0 0 0   300 15 0 0 0 16 10 0 0 18 0 0 0   400 20 0 0 0 22 00 0 0 24 0 0 0   500 25 0 0 0 27 10 0 0 30 0 0 0   600 30 0 0 0 33 00 0 0 36 0 0 0   700 35 0 0 0 38 10 0 0 42 0 0 0   800 40 0 0 0 44 00 0 0 48 0 0 0   900 45 0 0 0 49 10 0 0 54 0 0 0   1000 50 0 0 0 55 00 0 0 68 0 0 0  

The use of these Tables.  
NOw to find the Interest of any sum of money for any time, by this table: first, look the sum of money on the side of the Table; then find the time required at the head of the Table; and in the square meeting of these two, your shall find the Interest thereof. Onely note, if you cannot find your sum of money, or the time all at once; you must take it at two or three times; and so add them together.  
Thus the Interest of 146 pounds for six moneths will be found thus.  
  li. sh. d. c. 100 pounds for 6 moneths is 3 0 0 0 40 pounds for 9 moneths is 1 4 0 0 6 pounds for 6 moneths is 0 3 7 20 In all 4 7 7 20  
Which is 4 pounds, 7 shillings, 7 pence, and 20 hundred parts of a penny, that is, almost a farthing, as I noted before.  
And thus you may do for any other sum of money, and for the more exactness, I have set down the Interest-money, not onely in moneths, but in single dayes to a month. Now a month in these Tables is supposed to be just the whereof part of a year, but yet it is ordinarily reckoned by the usual moneths of the year, january, February, March, &c.  
But this way of reckoning by Moneths is not altogether so exact as it might be wished; for some Moneths have but 30 dayes, and others 31, and February hath commonly but 28. And therefore it may be worth the while( especially in great sums) to look more curiously into the time, and count it by dayes ● for otherwise there may be wrong done either to the lender or borrower unawares.  
For instance, suppose a bond made the 10th. of February for six moneths, or half a year, the ordinary time. If you reckon by moneths, it will be due the 10th. of August: but since there are 365 dayes in a year, the half thereof is 182 dayes and an half, but you cannot reckon less then 183 dayes; and if you account these 183 dayes from the 10th. of February, they will reach to the 12th. of August. So that by reckoning the time by the moneths, the borrower will pay the money two dayes too soon. Now if the sum of money be but 1000 pound, the Interest for those two dayes will be 6 shillings, 7 pence( very near) and so much wrong the borrower receives, and the Statute( perhaps) is broken hereby,  
To remedy this; I have observed, that Scriveners usually make such Bonds, to be paid always two dayes after the day whereon the Bond is dated.  
But herein also they may do as much or more wrong on the other side, though with less danger of breaking the Statute. For, suppose a Bond be made upon the 10th. of August, they( according to this rule) make it to be paid the 12 of February; whereas accounting 183 dayes( as they ought to do) for the half year, the Bond will be ( justly) due upon the 9th. of February: and so by this means the Lender loseth three dayes Interest.  
Again, if a Bond be made the 10th. of February to be paid the 12 of August; although in this( by chance) there is no wrong to either party: yet if a new Bond be made this 12 of August, to be paid the 14 of February, the Lender you see in the whole year loseth four dayes, which is very considerable in great sums of money, or when Bonds are often renewed.  
To avoid these inconveniences, I have made this following Table; by which you shall know both the exact time of any part of a year in dayes; and also the Interest which is due for any time or number of dayes. Onely herein I must entreat you to walk a step further into the Art of arithmetic; and instead of Addition to use Multiplication.    


Tables of Interest at 6 per Centum.    D. Januar. D. Februa. D. March 1 1 001.643 32 052.606 60 098.630 2 2 003.287 33 054.246 61 100.273 3 3 004.931 34 055.890 62 101.917 4 4 006.575 35 057.534 63 103.561 5 5 008.219 36 059.178 64 105.205 6 6 009.863 37 060.821 65 106.849 7 7 011.506 38 062.465 66 108.493 8 8 013.150 39 064.109 67 110.136 9 9 014.794 40 065.753 68 111.780 10 10 016.438 41 067.397 69 113.424 11 11 018.082 42 069.041 70 115.068 12 12 019.726 43 070.684 71 116.712 13 13 021.369 44 072.328 72 118.356 14 14 023.013 45 073.972 73 120.000 15 15 024.657 46 075.616 74 121.643 16 16 026.301 47 077.260 75 123.287 17 17 027.945 48 078.904 76 124.931 18 18 029.589 49 080.547 77 126.575 19 19 031.232 50 082.191 78 128.219 20 20 032.876 51 083.835 79 129.863 21 21 034.520 52 085.479 80 131.506 22 22 036.164 53 087.123 81 133.150 23 23 037.808 54 088.767 82 134.794 24 24 039.452 55 090.410 83 136.438 25 25 041.095 56 092.054 84 138.082 26 26 042.739 57 093.698 85 139.726 27 27 044.383 58 095.342 86 141.369 28 28 046.027 59 096.986 87 143.013 29 29 047.671     88 144.657 30 30 049.315     89 146.301 31 31 050.958     90 147.945  

Tables of Interest at 6 per Centum.    D. April D. May D. June 1 91 149.589 121 198.904 152 249.863 2 92 151.232 122 200.547 153 251.506 3 93 152.876 123 202.191 154 253.150 4 94 154.520 124 203.835 155 254.794 5 95 156.164 125 205.479 156 256.438 6 96 157.808 126 207.123 157 258.082 7 97 159.452 127 208.767 158 259.726 8 98 161.095 128 210.410 159 261.369 9 99 162.739 129 212.054 160 263.013 10 100 164.383 130 213.698 161 264.657 11 101 166.027 131 215.342 162 266.301 12 102 167.671 132 216.986 163 267.945 13 103 169.315 133 218.630 164 269.589 14 104 170.958 134 220.273 165 271.232 15 105 172.602 135 221.917 166 272.876 16 106 174.246 136 223.561 167 274.520 17 107 175.890 137 225.205 168 276.164 18 108 177.534 138 226.849 169 277.808 19 109 179.178 139 228.493 170 279.452 20 110 180.821 140 230.136 171 281.095 21 111 182.465 141 231.780 172 282.739 22 112 184.109 142 233.424 173 284.383 23 113 185.753 143 235.068 174 286.027 24 114 187.397 144 236.712 175 287.671 25 115 189.041 145 238.356 176 289.315 26 116 190.684 146 240.000 177 290.958 27 117 192.328 147 241.643 178 292.602 28 118 193.972 148 243.287 179 294.246 29 119 195.616 149 244.931 180 295.890 30 120 197.260 150 246.575 181 297.534 31     151 248.219      

Tables of Interest at 6 per Centum.    D. July D. August D. Septem 1 182 299.178 213 350.136 244 401.095 2 183 300.821 214 351.780 245 402.739 3 184 302.465 215 353.424 246 404.383 4 185 304.109 216 355.068 247 406.027 5 186 305.753 217 356.712 248 407.671 6 187 307.397 218 358.356 249 409.315 7 188 309.041 219 360.000 250 410.958 8 189 310.684 220 361.643 251 412.602 9 190 312.328 221 363.287 252 414.246 10 191 313.972 222 364.931 253 415.890 11 192 315.616 223 366.575 254 417.534 12 193 317.260 224 368.219 255 419.178 13 194 318.904 225 369.863 256 420.821 14 195 320.547 226 371.506 257 422.465 15 196 322.191 227 373.150 258 424.109 16 197 323.835 228 374.794 259 425.753 17 198 325.479 229 376.438 260 427.397 18 199 327.123 230 378.082 261 429.041 19 200 328.767 231 379.726 262 430.684 20 201 330.410 232 381.369 263 432.328 21 202 332.054 233 383.013 264 433.972 22 203 333.698 234 384.658 265 435.616 23 204 335.342 235 386.301 266 437.260 24 205 339.986 236 387.945 267 438.904 25 206 338.630 237 389.589 268 440.547 26 207 340.273 238 391.232 269 442.191 27 208 341.917 239 392.876 270 443.835 28 209 343.561 240 394.520 271 445.479 29 210 345.205 241 396.164 272 447.123 30 211 346.849 242 397.808 273 448.767 31 212 348.493 243 399.452      

Tables of Interest at 6 per Centum.    D. October D. Novem D. Decem. 1 274 450.410 305 501.369 335 550.684 2 275 45●. 054 306 503.013 336 552.328 3 276 453.698 307 504.657 337 553.972 4 277 455.342 308 506.301 338 555.616 5 278 456.986 309 507.945 339 557.260 6 279 458.630 310 509.589 340 558.904 7 280 460.273 311 511.231 341 560.547 8 281 461.917 312 512.876 342 562.191 9 282 463.561 313 514.520 343 563.835 10 283 462.205 314 516.164 344 565.479 11 284 466.849 315 517.808 345 567.123 12 285 468.493 316 519.452 346 568.767 13 286 470.136 317 521.095 347 570.410 14 287 471.780 318 522.739 348 572.054 15 288 473.424 319 524.383 349 573.698 16 289 475.068 320 526.027 350 575.342 17 290 476.712 321 527.671 351 576.986 18 291 478.356 322 529.315 352 578.630 19 292 480.000 323 530.958 353 580.273 20 293 481.643 324 532.602 354 581.917 21 294 483.287 325 534.246 355 583.561 22 295 484.931 326 535.890 356 585.205 23 296 486.575 327 537.534 357 586.849 24 297 488.219 328 539.178 358 588.493 25 298 489.863 329 540.821 359 590.136 26 299 491.506 330 542.465 360 591.780 27 300 493.150 331 544.109 361 593.424 28 301 494.794 332 545.753 362 595.068 29 302 496.438 333 547.397 363 596.712 30 303 498.082 334 549.041 364 598.356 31 304 499.726     365 600.000  

The Use of these Tables.  
THe Tables are so plain, that I suppose they need no demonstration, being made in the form of a plain almanac. Onely I shall show the use thereof in two or three examples.  

I. If a bond be dated the 10th. of February, when is the half year, or 183 days out?  
First, in these tables you shall find against the 10th. of February, the number 41, which shows, it is the one and fortieth day from the beginning of the year; and then if you add 183 dayes being the half year to this 41, it makes 224 dayes. Then look forward till you find this number, which you shall find in this table against the 12th. of August; and this is the day when the half year is finished.   

II. How many days is it from the 10th of August. to the last of December?  
In this you must subtract the later time out of the, former time. Thus, against the last of December, you shall find 365 days, and against the 10th. of August 222 days, which substracted out of the other, there remaines 143, and so many are the dayes required.  
But because many times it will be needful to know the days which fall out in several years, and so the number, out of which you should subtract, will be lesser then the number which you should subtract out of it: in thit case you may first find the days to that years end, and then add the lesser number which fall out in the year following thereunto.   

III. Thus, if you would know how many dayes it is from the tenth of August to the ninth of February.  
First from the tenth of August to the years end, as before was found to be 143 dayes; and to this if you add the dayes found against the ninth of February which are 40, it will make 183 dayes, or half a year, and not the 12 of February, as I noted before.  
The like you may do for any other number of dayes, or any other time of a year, only take notice that the year consisting of 365 dayes, the parts thereof exactly are thus: 

One month, or a twelfth part of a year, is 30 dayes, 10 hours.  
Three moneths, or one quarter, 91 dayes, 6 hours.  
Six moneths, or an half, 182 dayes, 12 hours.  
Nine moneths, or three quarters, 273 dayes, 18 hours.    
But to keep without danger of the Statute, and to allow some favour to the borrower; if you reckon the parts of the Interest-money by the time, then reckon thus, 

For one month, or the twefth part of a year, 31 dayes.  
For three moneths, or one quarter, 92 dayes.  
For six moneths, or an half, 183 dayes.  
For nine moneths, or three quarters, 274 dayes.    
For though six pound be due for an hundred pound at the years end, yet three pound is not due for 182 dayes, and in this there is no need to reckon half dayes; and therefore you must take 183 dayes for the half year.   

IV. To know what is the true use of any sum of money for any number of dayes, after the rate of six per Centum.  
Having found out the true number of dayes, as is before shewed; find out this number of dayes in the Table, and there you shall find in a decimal Fraction the true Interest of one pound for the said time: So that the proportion will be thus, 

As 1li. or 1.0000,000,  
To the number in the Tables;  
So any number of pounds enquired,  
To the like number required.    
Take this number therefore, and multiply it by your principal sum, and then cutting off the seven last figures toward your right hand, the remainder will show you the pounds which it comes to, and the figures cut off, they are a fraction of a pound. But now in the valuation whereof, you need make use but of the first four figures, reckoning the first figure doubled, and it will show the shillings; if the second figure be more then five, take five out of it and reckon one shilling more for it; lastly, the remainder of that above five, and the next following figure, will show the farthings very near, if you abate but one in 25. Or you may find the true value of these first four figures in the decimal table page. 33.  
For example.  
What is the Interest of 555 pounds, for about half a year, or 183 dayes?  
The number against 182 dayes is     .0299.178 This multiplied by 555   555     1495890   1 495890   14 95890 Yields 16 6043,790  
Which, according to the former rules and Tables, comes to 16 pound 12 revilings 1 penny, and a little more, viz. scarce two tenth parts of a farthing.  
And thus you may do for any other number of even pounds: and if you think this too much labour, then if your principal money be not very much, you need take out but the first 4 figures of the Tables to be multiplied( which are therefore separated from the rest by the[.]) and then you must cut off but 4 figures from the product, and those will exactly agree with the decimal Table.  
Thus, the 4 first figures of the former number   ,0299 Multiplied by   555     1495   1 495   14 95 Yields 16 5945  
Which is 16 li. 12 skill. very near.  
But if you will be more exact and know also the interest of shillings and pence, if there be any shillings and pence belonging to your principal sum; you must first reduce them into one decimal fraction, by the Table, and then take the 4 first figures of this number in the Table, and multiply them together. And observe how many figures you multiply by, and cut off so many figures from the end of the product, the rest of the figures; if they be three, put one cipher before them; if they be two, put two ciphers before them, to make them agree to the 4 places in the Table and seek● that s●m in the decimal Table, which will show the true value thereof. Note, that it cannot exceed 0600, which is 1 shilling 2 p●nce 40 hundred parts.  
Thus for example, if your principal sum were 555 pound, 11 shillings, the Interest of the 11 shillings must thus be found; The Interest for 182 dayes is ,0299   11 skill. reduced into decimals is 55     1495     1495     ,0164 45  
By cutting off the two last figures, and adding one cipher to the beginning to make the three figures to four places; the sum is 0164, which in the decimal Table shows 4 pence very near.  
Or yet more exactly, if you add this to your former product of the 555 li.  
li. 16,6043790 ,016445 16,6208 240  
So the whole Interest appears to be 16 pound, 12 shillings, 5 pence.  
But, me thinks, I hear some taxing of me for being so scrupelous in accounting the Interest of money by dayes, and not rather teach some way, how a just abatement should be made for those payments which are made before the year is fully out. For the Act allows to take 6 pound in the hundred for the whole year; now if a man takes 3 pound per Centum for the half year; the said 3 pound in the other half year will yield, at the same rate, 1 shilling, 9 pence, 2 farthings; and thus, some think, a man takes more then the Act allows, and comes within the danger thereof.  
But the Law herein looks upon the year as the fittest measure of time to proportion the Interest by; and the intent of the law is to restrain the grosser abuses of Extortioners, and not to take notice of such niceties a● this; which would have made it either very large and tedious, by appointing exact Tables for it, month by month, nay day by day; or else intricate, and full of snares for men to fall into. The plain meaning of the law is this; that, as a year should measure the time, so the said 6 pound should proportion the Interest; the parts of the one answering to the parts of the other; neither allowing any Interest upon the Interest, for the time under or over a year, nor tying any man to let or take up money for the whole year.  
And the usual custom therefore in this case is a good Comment upon this Law; by which most Bonds of this nature are made to be paid at six moneths end, and yet the full half of the whole years Interest allowed; which would never have been so long and frequently done, if it had been thought any breach of the Statute.  
And therefore, though there might be an allowance made by way of rebatement, and the cause may seem somewhat like, yet it is not the same; neither doth the strictest rebatement used among Merchants, take any notice thereof, but is grounded upon another cause, as you may see more in the next particulars.      

OF Rebatement.  
MErchants, though they seldom let out money to use, yer they often take up much; and that not onely the common way by Bond, which I spake of before, but by way of rebatement; which is thus.  
A Merchant being to sell any commodity, he either sells it for ready money, or to be paid at a certain time, viz. 3, 6, or 12 Moneths after. But the bargain being thus made, it often falls out, that with good convenience, to the buyer, or seller, or both, to have this money paid before it be due; and then there is and ought to be an allowance or ●●batement between them out of the principal, according to the rate of Interest-money allowed at that time.  
Now this rebatement hath been usually reckoned by the Tables ordinary Interest, abating so much out of the principal debt, as the use of the said principal would come to in the time agreed upon. But in reckoning thus, there will always be some damage to the creditor who doth abate, which though in little sums, will not be much, yet in greater sums of money, such as this rebatement is most used in, it will be very considerable, and is of late used by the most skilful Merchants.  
For example.  
The Interest of an hundred pound for six moneths comes to 3 pound. But Now suppose A oweth to B an hundred pound, to be paid six moneths hence: and A and B are agreed to give and take rebate; here ought not to be 3 pound abated out of the hundred pound. Indeed, if the debt had been 103 pound, then there should have been 3 pound abated out of the debt; but there being but an hundred pound due in all, and that not till the end of six moneths; there must be so much a less proportion for the abatement, as there is a difference between 103 and 100; which may be thus found by the rule of proportion, li. li. li. li. As 103, to 100; so 100, to 97.0874.  
Which is 97 pound, ● shilling, 9 pence. So that there is onely 2 pound, 18 shillings, 3 pence to be abated, and not 3 pound, as by the other reckoning.  
Therefore if you would find out the worth of any debt, duke hereafter in ready money; First, find out by the Tables of Interest, what an hundred pound will yield in the time desired: then work by the rule of proportion thus, 

As an 100 pound, with the Interest thereof for that time,  
Is to an 100 pounds;  
So the debt to be paid at that time,  
To its worth in ready money.    
Thus, to find the worth of an hundred pound, due 12 moneths hence.  
As 106, to 100; so 100, to 94.3396.  
Which is 94 pound, 6 shillings, 9 pence, 2 farthings. So that here is not six pounds to be abated out of the 100 pound,( as some have thought) but 5 pound, 13 shillings, 2 pence, 2 farthings. And thus the cred tower may save 6 shillings, 9 pence, 2 saithings, which by the other way of reckoning he will rebate in his own wrong. And if the sum be greater, or the time of payment longer, his damage will be more.  
Again, you see that this money to be rebated doth not increase equally, in an equal time; there was 2 pound, 18 shilngs, 3 pence, to be abated out of the 100 pound, due at 6 Moneths, but there is but 5 pound, 13 shillings, 2 pence, 2 farthings to be abated for the 100 pounds due at 12 Moneths; which is not the double of the other, for so it should have been, 5 pound, 16 shillings, 6 pence. So that these Tables must be cast up for every month at the least, which is the most usual way of reckoning the times of payments among Merchants, and thus I have drawn them out to 24 Moneths, which is as long( I think) as any Merrchant desires to trust.  

TABLES OF REBATEMENT, At Six per Centum.  

Rebate at 6 per Centum.    1 month 2 Moneths 3 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5       30     1 59       89 10       60     1 19     1 77 15       90     1 78     2 66 Pounds 1     1 19     2 37     3 54 2     2 39     4 75     7 09 3     3 58     7 12     10 64 4     4 78     9 50   1 2 18 5     5 97     11 87   1 5 73 6     7 17   1 2 25   1 9 28 7     8 36   1 4 62   2 1 83 8     9 56   1 7 00   2 4 37 9     10 75   1 9 37   2 7 92 Pounds 10     11 94   1 11 76   2 11 47 20   1 11 88   3 11 52   5 10 93 30   2 11 82   5 11 29   8 10 40 40   3 11 76   7 11 05   11 9 87 50   4 11 70   9 10 81   14 9 34 60   5 11 64   11 10 58   17 8 80 70   6 11 59   13 10 34 1 0 8 27 80   7 11 53   15 10 10 1 3 7 74 90   8 11 47   17 9 86 1 6 7 21   100   9 11 40   19 9 62 1 9 6 68   200   19 10 80 1 19 7 24 2 19 1 36   300 1 9 10 20 2 19 4 87 4 8 8 04   400 1 19 9 61 3 19 2 49 5 18 2 72   500 2 9 9 01 4 19 0 12 7 7 9 40   600 2 19 8 41 5 18 9 74 8 17 4 08   700 3 9 7 82 6 18 7 37 10 6 10 76   800 3 19 7 22 7 18 4 99 11 16 5 44   900 4 9 6 63 8 18 2 61 13 6 0 12   1000 4 19 6 03 9 18 0 23 14 15 6 79  
  4 Moneths 5 Moneths 6 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5     1 18     1 46     1 75 10     2 35     2 93     3 49 15     3 53     4 39     5 25 Pounds 1     4 70     5 85     6 99 2     9 41     11 71   1 1 98 3   1 2 12   1 5 56   1 8 97 4   1 6 82   1 11 41   2 3 96 5   1 11 53   2 5 27   2 10 95 6   2 4 24   2 11 12   3 5 94 7   2 8 94   3 4 97   4 0 93 8   3 1 65   3 10 83   4 7 92 9   3 6 35   4 4 68   5 2 91 Pounds 10   3 11 06   4 19 54   5 9 90 20   7 10 12   9 9 07   11 7 80 30   11 9 18   14 7 61   17 5 70 40   15 8 23   19 6 15 1 3 3 61 50   19 7 29 1 4 4 68 1 9 1 51 60 1 3 6 35 1 9 3 22 1 14 11 42 70 1 7 5 41 1 14 11 76 2 0 9 32 80 1 11 4 47 1 19 00 29 2 6 7 22 90 1 15 3 53 2 3 10 83 2 12 5 13   100 1 19 2 59 2 8 9 16 2 18 3 03   200 3 18 5 18 4 17 6 73 5 16 6 06   300 5 17 7 76 7 6 4 10 8 14 9 09   400 7 16 10 35 9 15 1 46 11 13 0 12   500 9 16 0 94 12 3 10 83 14 11 3 14   600 11 15 3 53 14 12 8 19 17 9 6 17   700 13 14 6 12 17 1 5 56 20 7 9 20   800 15 13 8 70 19 10 2 93 23 6 0 23   900 17 12 11 29 21 19 0 29 26 4 3 26   1000 19 12 1 88 24 7 9 66 29 2 6 29  
  7 Moneths 8 Moneths 9 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall.     2 03     2 31     2 58 10     4 06     4 61     5 17 15     6 09     6 97     7 75 Pounds. 1     8 11     9 23     10 33 2   1 4 23   1 6 46   1 8 67 3   2 0 35   2 3 69   2 7 00 4   2 8 46   3 0 92   3 5 34 5   3 4 58   3 10 15   4 3 67 6   4 0 69   4 7 38   5 2 01 7   4 8 83   5 4 62   6 0 34 8   5 4 93   6 1 85   6 10 68 9   6 1 04   6 11 08   7 9 01 Pounds. 10   6 9 16   7 8 31   8 7 35 20   13 6 32   15 4 61   17 2 70 30 1 0 3 48 1 3 0 92 1 5 10 05 40 1 7 0 64 1 10 9 23 1 14 5 40 50 1 13 9 80 1 18 5 54 2 3 0 75 60 2 0 6 96 2 6 1 85 2 11 8 10 70 2 7 4 12 2 13 10 15 3 0 3 45 80 2 14 1 28 3 1 6 46 3 8 10 80 90 3 0 10 44 3 9 2 77 3 17 6 15   100 3 7 7 59 3 16 11 18 4 6 1 49   200 6 15 3 19 7 13 10 15 8 12 2 98   300 10 2 10 78 11 10 9 23 12 18 4 48   400 13 10 6 38 15 7 8 3● 17 4 5 97   500 16 18 1 97 19 4 7 3● ●1 10 7 46   600 20 5 9 57 22 1 6 46 25 16 8 95   700 23 12 5 16 26 18 5 54 30 3 10 45   800 27 1 0 76 30 15 4 61 34 9 11 94   900 30 8 8 35 34 12 3 69 38 15 1 44   1000 33 16 3 95 38 9 2 77 43 1 2 93  
  10 Moneths 11 Moneths 12 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5     2 85     3 1●     3 40 10     5 71     6 25     6 79 15     8 57     9 39     10 19 Pounds. 1   0 11 43   1 0 51   1 1 58 2   1 10 86   2 1 02   2 3 17 3   2 10 29   3 1 53   3 4 75 4   3 9 71   4 2 04   4 6 34 5   4 9 14   5 2 56   5 7 92 6   5 8 57   6 3 07   6 9 51 7   6 8 00   7 3 58   8 11 09 8   7 7 43   8 4 09   9 0 68 9   8 6 86   9 4 61   10 2 26 Pounds. 10   9 6 28   10 5 12   11 3 85 20   19 0 57 1 0 10 2● 1 2 7 70 30 1 8 6 86 1 11 3 35 1 13 11 55 40 1 18 1 14 2 1 8 ●7 2 5 3 40 50 2 7 7 43 2 12 1 59 2 16 7 25 60 2 17 1 71 3 2 6 7● 3 7 11 15 70 3 6 8 00 3 12 11 83 3 19 2 95 80 3 16 2 29 4 3 4 95 4 10 6 80 90 4 5 8 57 4 13 10 07 5 1 10 65   100 4 15 2 86 5 4 3 18 5 13 2 49   200 9 10 5 71 10 8 6 37 11 6 4 98   300 14 5 8 57 15 12 9 55 16 19 7 47   400 19 0 11 43 20 17 0 74 22 12 9 96   500 23 16 2 29 26 1 3 92 28 6 0 45   600 28 11 5 15 31 5 7 11 ●3 18 2 94   700 33 6 8 00 36 9 10 29 39 12 5 43   800 38 1 10 86 41 14 1 48 45 5 7 93   900 42 17 1 72 46 18 4 66 50 18 10 42   1000 47 12 4 57 52 2 7 85 56 12 0 90  
  13 Moneths 14 Moneths 15 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5     3 06     3 92     4 19 10     7 02     7 85     8 37 15     10 98     11 78   1 0 56 Pounds. 1   1 2 64   1 3 70   1 4 74 2   2 5 29   2 7 40   2 9 49 3   3 7 94   3 11 10   4 2 23 4   4 10 59   5 2 80   5 6 98 5   6 1 24   6 6 50   6 11 72 6   7 3 89   7 10 20   8 4 47 7   8 6 53   9 1 90   9 9 21 8   9 9 18   10 5 61   11 1 96 9   10 11 83   11 9 31   12 6 70 Pounds. 10   12 02 48   13 1 1   13 11 44 20 1 4 4 96 1 6 2 2 1 07 10 88 30 1 16 7 44 1 19 3 3 2 01 10 32 40 2 8 9 91 2 12 4 4 2 15 9 76 50 3 1 0 39 3 05 5 5 3 09 9 21 60 3 13 2 87 3 18 6 6 4 03 8 65 70 4 5 5 45 4 11 7 7 5 07 8 09 80 4 17 7 83 5 4 8 8 5 11 7 53 90 5 9 10 31 5 17 9 9 6 05 6 98   100 6 2 0 79 6 10 10 09 6 19 6 41   200 12 4 1 58 13 1 8 19 13 19 0 83   300 18 6 2 37 19 12 6 28 20 18 7 25   400 24 8 3 15 26 3 4 37 27 18 1 67   500 30 10 3 94 32 14 2 47 34 17 8 09   600 36 12 4 73 39 6 0 56 41 17 2 51   700 42 14 5 52 45 15 10 65 48 16 8 93   800 48 16 6 31 52 6 8 75 55 16 3 35   900 54 18 7 10 58 17 6 84 62 15 9 77   1000 61 00 7 89 65 8 4 93 69 15 4 09  
  16 Moneths 17 Moneths 18 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5     4 44     4 70     4 95 10     8 89     9 40     9 91 15   1 1 33   1 2 10   1 2 86 Pounds. 1   1 5 78   1 6 80   1 7 82 2   2 11 55   3 1 60   3 3 63 3   4 5 33   4 8 40   4 11 45 4   5 11 11   6 3 21   6 7 2● 5   7 4 89   7 10 01   8 3 0● 6   8 10 67   9 4 81   9 11 90 7   10 4 44   10 11 61   11 6 72 8   11 10 22   12 6 41   13 2 53 9   13 4 00   14 1 22   14 10 3● Pounds. 10   14 9 78   15 8 02   16 6 1● 20 1 9 7 55 1 11 4 04 1 13 0 33 30 2 4 5 33 2 7 0 06 2 9 6 50 40 2 19 3 11 3 2 8 07 3 6 0 66 50 3 14 0 89 3 18 4 09 4 2 6 83 60 4 8 10 67 4 14 0 11 4 19 0 99 70 5 3 8 44 5 9 8 13 5 15 7 16 80 5 18 6 22 6 5 4 15 6 12 1 33 90 6 13 4 00 7 1 0 17 7 8 7 4●   100 7 8 1 78 7 16 8 18 8 5 1 65   200 14 16 3 55 15 13 4 37 16 10 3 30   300 22 4 5 33 23 10 0 55 24 15 4 9●   400 29 12 7 11 31 6 8 74 33 00 6 61   500 37 0 8 89 39 3 4 92 41 05 8 26   600 44 8 10 67 47 0 1 11 49 10 9 91   700 51 17 0 44 54 16 9 29 57 15 11 56   800 59 5 2 22 62 13 5 48 66 1 1 21   900 67 13 4 00 70 10 1 66 74 6 2 87   1000 74 1 5 78 78 6 9 84 82 11 4 51  
  19 Moneths 20 Moneths 21 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5     5 20     5 45     05 70 10     10 41     10 91     11 40 15   1 3 62   1 4 36   1 05 10 Pounds. 1   01 08 82   01 09 82   01 10 80 2   03 05 64   03 07 64   03 09 61 3   05 02 46   05 05 46   05 08 42 4   06 11 29   07 03 27   07 07 22 5   08 08 11   09 01 19   09 06 03 6   10 04 93   10 10 91   11 04 83 7   12 01 75   12 08 73   13 03 64 8   13 10 57   14 06 55   15 02 45 9   15 07 40   16 04 37   17 01 25 Pounds. 10   17 04 22   18 02 18   19 00 05 20 1 14 08 44 1 16 04 36 1 18 00 11 30 2 12 00 66 2 14 06 54 2 17 00 16 40 3 09 04 88 3 12 08 72 3 16 00 22 50 4 06 09 10 4 10 10 91 4 15 00 27 60 5 04 01 32 5 09 01 09 5 14 00 33 70 6 01 05 54 6 07 03 27 6 13 00 38 80 6 18 09 76 7 05 05 45 7 12 00 44 90 7 16 01 98 8 03 07 64 8 11 00 49   100 8 13 06 19 9 01 09 82 9 10 00 54   200 17 07 00 38 18 03 07 64 19 00 01 08   300 26 00 06 57 27 05 05 46 28 10 01 63   400 34 14 00 77 36 07 03 27 38 00 02 17   500 43 07 06 96 45 09 01 09 47 10 02 71   600 52 01 01 15 54 10 10 91 57 00 03 26   700 60 14 07 34 63 12 08 73 66 10 03 80   800 69 08 01 53 72 14 06 55 76 00 04 34   900 78 01 07 73 81 16 04 37 85 10 04 89   1000 86 15 01 92 90 18 02 18 95 00 05 43  
  22 Moneths 23 Moneths 24 Moneths li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. li. sh. d. c. shall. 5     5 94     6 19     06 43 10     11 89   1 0 38   1 00 85 15   1 5 84   1 6 57   1 07 28 Pounds. 1   01 11 78   02 0 75   02 01 71 2   03 11 56   04 1 51   04 03 43 3   05 11 35   06 2 26   06 05 14 4   07 11 13   08 3 01   08 06 86 5   09 10 92   10 3 77   10 08 57 6   11 10 70   12 4 52   12 10 29 7   13 10 49   14 5 27   15 00 00 8   15 10 27   16 6 03   17 01 72 9   17 10 05   18 6 78   19 03 42 Pounds. 10   19 09 84 1 00 07 53 1 01 05 14 20 1 19 07 67 2 01 03 06 2 02 10 28 30 2 19 05 51 3 01 10 60 3 04 03 43 40 3 19 03 35 4 02 06 13 4 05 08 57 50 4 19 01 19 5 03 01 67 5 07 01 71 60 5 18 11 03 6 03 09 20 6 08 06 86 70 6 18 08 86 7 04 04 74 7 10 00 00 80 7 18 06 70 8 05 00 27 8 11 05 14 90 8 18 04 54 9 05 07 80 9 12 10 28   100 9 18 02 38 10 06 03 34 10 14 03 43   200 19 16 04 76 20 12 06 07 21 08 06 86   300 29 14 07 14 30 18 10 01 32 02 10 29   400 39 12 09 51 41 05 01 35 42 17 01 71   500 49 10 11 89 51 11 04 68 53 11 05 14   600 59 09 02 27 61 16 08 02 64 05 08 57   700 69 07 04 65 72 03 11 36 75 00 00 00   800 79 05 07 03 82 10 02 69 85 14 03 43   900 89 03 09 41 92 16 06 03 96 8 06 86   1000 99 01 11 78 103 2 09 36 107 2 10 28  

The use of these Tables.  

I.  
WHat is the rebate out of 500 pound due 6 moneths hence, to be paid at present? and so how much ready money will satisfy the said debt of 500 pound?  
By the Table you shall find that 14 pound, 11 shillings, 3 pence and half a farthing, is to be abated.  
  li. sh. d. So that, the debt being 500 00 00 The rebatement to be subtracted 14 11 3 So there remaines 485 08 09  
And so much ready money will satisfy the said debt.   

II.  
If you cannot find the whole debt in one line of the Tables, or if the debt be to be paid at two or three payments, then you must take it out of the Tables severally, and then add them together.  
As suppose A hath sold a bargain to B of 1500 pound, to be paid at three six moneths, 500 pound a time: what is the value of it in ready money?  
  li. sh. d. q. The debt is 1500 00 00 0 Rebate of 500l. for 6 moneths 14 11 03 0 Rebate of 500l. for 12 mon. 28 06 00 2 Rebate of 500l. for 18 mon. 41 05 08 1 The Sum of the Rebates 84 02 11 3 Which substracted from the whole debt, there remaines 1415 17 00 1  
The money which must be paid at present.   

III.  
There is another kind of Rebatement, by way of reducing divers times of payment all into one, which is many times used, but yet is not altogether so exact as it should be.  
For example: Suppose the said debt of 1500 li. to be paid at three 6 moneths, what time will the whole debt be due to be paid altogether?  
The rule is thus: First, multiply the sums of money, by the times of their payment, and add the several products together; thus, 500 pounds By 6 moneths 500 pounds by 12 moneths 500 pounds by 18 moneths is 3000 is 6000 is 9000     6000 Which three added together. 3000 The Sum of them all is 18000  
And this product divided by the wholdebt 1500 pound, the quotient will shey 12 moneths for the time of payment.  
This rule is not much out of the way; yet somewhat it sails, as will appear by comparing it with the former. For if the said 1500 pound be to be paid all at 12 moneths, then the worth of it in ready money will appear to be but 1415 pound, 1 shilling, 10 pence, 2 farthings, whereas the true value of the debt in ready money was before found to be 1415 pound, 17 shillings, one farthing; by this means therefore the creditor will lose 15 shillings, one penny, three farthings more then he ought to rebate.  
Yet this way of reducing of payments comes so near the exact truth, that I cannot prescribe a better way in general, to find it out. But if any will be so punctual, and think it worth their labour, let them try one by the other, and so finding the difference, which here is 15 shillings; find out by the Tables of Interest, in how many dayes the 1500 pound will require 15 shillings Interest; and you shall find the nearest time is 3 dayes. For the Interest of 1500 pound so three dayes is 14 shillings, 9 pence: these three dayes therefore being taken from the 12 Moneths aforesaid, shows the true time due for the payment of the whole 1500 pound.   

IV.  
If any will be so strict in their Rebatements, as to look after any time under a month; they may, by the former Tables of Interest, find out the Interest of their principal debt for the odd dayes, and add that to the Rebatement for the moneths, without much error.  
But if they will be more exact, let them, by the Tables of daily Interest, find out the Interest of 1●0 pound for the time desired, and work by the former rule, according to the rule of proportion.  
Thus, if you would know the rebate out of an hundred pound for 190 dayes.  
The Interest for 190 dayes is 3 pound, 1200 parts. Therefore, As 103. 1200, li. to 10●; li. So 100, li. to 96, 9744. li.  
Which is 96 pound, 19 shillings, 6 pence, ferè.  
And thus much for these Tables of Interest. All that I have said hitherto hath been about Interest either simplo or compound, by which you may see the good use which may be made thereof, and how the abuse may be avoided and prevented.  
And here I thought to have put as end to this little Book. But since there are many other things of a general concernment, and not impertinent to the former Discourse, I shall add somewhat concerning a few of them, as briefly as I can.       

THE PVRCHASERS pattern:  
The Second Part.  
showing the measuring of Board, Land, Timber, ston, and the Gauging of Casks.  
With many other Rules and Tables of daily use for most men.  
By Henry Philippes.  
LONDON, Printed by R. and W. Leybourn, for Thomas Pierrepont, at the Sun in Pauls Church-yard, MDCLIV.   

TO THE READER.  
HE that hath any thing to do with Land or Houses, will have some occasion to have some knowledge in the Art of measuring Land, Board, Timber, and such like; and therefore I thought good to adjoin these geometrical Observations, to the former Discourse: whereby those, whose Genius leads them any thing this way, may attain some good knowledge therein, and receive much profit thereby.  
The other things likewise are of such general concernment and frequent use, that they will be profitable to most: and therefore though they are more commonly written of, yet I hope you will find somewhat therein worth your reviews and acceptance.   

geometrical Observations. Of measure, which consists onely in length.  
THree barley-cornes make one inch.  
Twelve inches make one foot.  
Three foot make one yard; which is common English measure, wherewith most English commodities are measured. As for the El, though it be commonly used among us, yet the Statute takes little or no notice of it, it being a sorreign measure, and used about foreign commodities, as Silks, and French linens. The length of the El is five quarters of our yard; so that five yards are four Els.  
These are the measures, by which all small quantities are measured; but for measuring of Land they make use of Poles or Rods.  

16 foot and an half make a Pole or Perch.  
40 Poles make a Furlong.  
8 Furlongs make a Mile.   
So that in a measured Mile, there are 320 Poles, or 1760 yards, or 5280 feet, or 63360 inches, or 190080 barly-corns. But the miles commonly accounted from one place to another are more, unless within 20 miles round off London.  

To measure things which have length and breadth, as Board, glass, Pavements, Tyling, Wainscot, and such like.  
THese things are all measured after the same way; onely there is a difference in the measure by which they are measured. For Board and Glass are measured by the foot; Wainscot, Pavements, and Tyling, by the yard.  
Now in measuring any of these, as Inch, Foot, or Yard, is not onely so much in length, but so much in breadth too, that is, so much square; or if it lacks of it one way, it must be made up the other way. So that upon this account there is 

9 square feet in one yard.  
144 square Inches in one foot.  
72 square Inches in half a foot.  
36 square Inches ina quarter of a foot.    
Now in the measuring of any of these things, you must consider what form or fashion it is of; and accordingly there are several rules.  
First, for Boards, they are usually cut out in long squares. And to measure such, you must first take the breadth thereof in Inches, and likewise the length thereof in Inches; and multiply them one by the other; so you shall have the content thereof in Inches: then to know how many feet it is; divide this number by 144, the square inches in one foot, and the quotient will show the number of feet; and if any thing remain, it is so many square Inches; which you may value by the former Table.  
10 60  
Thus for example: Suppose a Board to be 10 Inches broad, and 5 foot, or 60 Inches long: Multiply 60 by 10, it makes 600, which divided by 144, the quotient will be 4, and there remains 24. So that the board is four feet, and two thirds of one quarter of a foot.  
This is the usual form of boards; onely sometimes they are a little narrowet at one end then at the other; is his case you may take the breadth in the middle of the board; and then do, as before.  
But because most men have not skill thus to divide and multiply; therefore they make use of Tables and lines set upon rules, showing how many Inches in length fitted to any breadth will make a foot; and so by their Compasses or Ruler, they try how many times the said quantity is contained in the length of that board, and reckon it to be so many foot long. This way is ancient, and is much used; and I no ways find fault therewith: and the Tables hereof are so common, that I shall not need to set them down. Onely for variety, and in conformity to some following conclusions, I shall present you with this new Table of Board-measure, which may be used as it stands in the book, or drawn into a line, and set upon a Ruler.  

A Table of Board-measure.      F. parts Breadth. 1 0,083 2 0,167 3 0,250 4 0,333 5 0,417 6 0,500 7 0,583 8 0,667 9 0,750 10 0,833 11 0,917 12 1,000 13 1,083 14 1,167 15 1,250 16 1,333 17 1,417 18 1,500 19 1,583 20 1,667 21 1,750 22 1,833 23 1,917 24 2,000 25 2,083 26 2,167 27 2,250 28 2,333 29 2,417 30 2,500 31 2,583 32 2,667 33 2,750 34 2,833 35 2,917 36 3,000  
This Table shows the proportion which one foot in the length, having any number of Inches in the breadth hath to a foot of board, which should contain 144 square inches, as aforesaid.  
It is thus made by this rule, 

As 12 Inches in breadth, and one foot in length,  
Is to one foot of boord-measure;  
So any other number of Inches in breadth, multiplied by one foot, or 12 Inches in length,  
To the proportional part thereof to a foot.    
For example; if you would find the proportion which one foot length of 10 Inches broad hath to a foot, multiply this 10 Inches by 12, it makes 120. Then,  
As 144, to 1, foot; so 120, to 0,833.  
That is, somewhat above three quarters of a foot, being 833 thousand parts of a foot.  
But now for the use of this Table.  
Having measured the breadth of your board, find it out in the Table, and take the number you find there, and multiply it by the feet which are contained in the length of the board; so cutting off the three last figures, you shall have the number of feet, and the figures cut off will show the parts of a foot.  
Thus in the former example, the board being 10 Inches broad, and 5 feet long, The number for 10 Inches broad is 0,833 Which multiplied by 5 5 Makes 4,165  
That is, four feet, and two thirds of a quarter, as before.  
If you think this too much labour, you may leave out the last figure in the Table, and so work by 100 parts of a foot, but the other will be more exact.  
And thus much for these usual forms of boards; as for any other forms of Pavements, glass, or Wainscot, you may see how they are to be measured in the following examples of land, which I account the more useful and ●entile employment, and therefore shall speak a little more largoly of it.   

How to measure any piece of Land.  
FIrst in general, Land is measured by a Pole, Perch, or Rod, which is usually 16 feet, and an half long; yet in some places they use a Pole of 18 feet, especially for Wood-lands.  
Now, according to the Statute, 4 Poles in breadth, and 40 Poles in length make an Acre. So that 

One Acre contains 160 square Poles.  
Half an Acre contains 80 square Poles.  
A quarter, or 1 Rod, 40 square Poles.    
Some use Chains of four or more Poles long, and divide them, as their fancy pleaseth; I shall onely show you how to do it by Poles.  
But now since every field and parcel of Land hath almost a different form: I shall show you first, how to measure some of the general and common forms; and then how to reduce others thereunto.  

I. How to measure a square piece of Land.  
THis is one of the most common forms, and most easily to be understood. The measuring hereof is, as I shewed before, in the board. For whether it be a long square, as that was, or that the sides be every way equal, as this is: Multiply one of the sides by another of the sides next unto it,( not opposite to it) and the product shows the content in Poles; which divided by 160, will give the content in acres.  
 diagram  
Thus, let the square A B C D represent a piece of Land, being 40 Poles square each way. Then 40 multiplied by 40, make 1600, and this divided by 160, yields 10, which shows the piece of Land is just 10 acres.  
But now if this square were longer one way then another; as suppose the upper half of it, A B E F. Here now A B is 40 Poles, but A E is but 20; these two multiplied, make 800; and this divided by 160, yieds 5 acres.  
But here note, that every four-sided piece of Land is not square, neither can thus be measured; therefore these four-sided irregular figures may best be reduced into two Triangles, and so measured, as in the next.   

II. To measure a Triangular, or three-fided piece of Land.  
THough there are few parcels of Land lye in this form, yet this is the most common form which is measured; because almost all parcels of Land must be reduced into these Triangles before they can be measured.  
In the measuring of all sorts of Triangles, the rule is this,  
Observe which is the longest side, and then measure how many Poles it is from the angle opposed to that side by the nearest way that you can,( which is perpendicularly) to that long side; as is represented by the pricked line in the Triangle following. Then multiply the half of this line by the whole long line; or the half of the long line by the whole of this line, as you shall see most convenient; and so you shall have the content of the Triangle in poles, which you may reduce into a●res, as before.  
 diagram  
Thus, suppose the longest side of the Triangle to be 60 Poles; and the pricked, or perpendicular line 20 Poles. You may multiply either 60 by 10, or 20 by 30, the product is 600, which divided by 160, shows the content to be three. Acres, and three Rods, or quarters.   

III. To measure a Circular piece of Land.  
THere is much ado made about this, and yet but little use thereof; for very little Land falls out to be exactly in this form. It were better, if some way were thought of to measure some small Sections of Circles, which many times hang to the sides of Land.  
The rule, in brief, for the measuring of a Circular piece of Land is this, Multiply half the compass by half the Diameter.  
Note, the Diameter is a line drawn cross the midst of the circled.  
Thus, the Diameter being 14 Poles, and the compass 44: the half of both these is 7 and 22; which multiplied together, yield 154 Poles, which lacks onely six Poles of an Acre.  
 diagram  
The half-Circle, and quarter-Circle may be measured also by this rule, but other Sections are very hard and troublesone, and scarce to be sound out, without knowing the content of the whole circled, or Semicircle; and so of the greater part thereof: and so the remainder is the lesser Section.  
Some, to avoid this trouble, measure the perpendicular line,( or the part of the Diameter) by the half of the Arch. But this gives the content very much too little.  
 diagram  
For Example.  
Suppose in the Quad●an● ADBC, the Radius or Semidiameter being 10000; and the arch A D B 15708 Half this compass 7854 Multiplied by the Radius, 10000 Yields for the content of the whole Quadrant 78540000  
Again, in the plain Triangle A B C, The base A B is 14142 The half whereof is 7071 Which multiplied by the Perpendicular E C 7071 Yields for the content thereof 49999041 Which should be 5●●00000  
But the numbers 7071 being not perfect numbers, cause this small diffetence, which is not to be regarded.  
Now the content of the whole Quadrant being 78540000 And the content of the Triangle A B C, a part thereof being substracted 50000000 Remains for the section ADBE 28540000  
This being the true content of the said Section, if you try the other Rule by it, you will find it much too little.  
For the half of the arch AD●● ●854 Which multiplied by the 〈…〉 pendicular DE 2929 Yields onely ●●004366 Whereas it should be 28340000  
But you may save much of the former trouble, and will come more near the truth, if you take the Chord A B, and the Perpendicular D E, and multiply the whole of the one by two thirds of the other. Thus, The Chord A B being 14142 Multiplied by ⅔ of 2929 1953 Yields 276193●● Which indeed should be 28540000 But yet it is much nearer then the number found the other way. 23004366  
And if the Chord be less, this way will be more exact. And therefore if you will be so curious; you may first find the content of the plain Triangle A D B E in this Section, and then the content of the two little Sections, A D and D B. Thus the content of the plain Triangle A D B E will be found to be 2071095● And the content of the Section A D will thus be found, The Chord A D is 7659 The Perpendicular 762 The two thirds thereof 508 By which multiplying the Chord 7659 It yields 3890772 for the content of the section A D.  
N●w the Section D E is like to the Section A D in every respect; therefore, This number doubled 38907●● is the content of both the sections 7781544 Which add to the Tr●ang. ADBE 2071095● Makes the content of the whole Section ADBE 28492503 Whereas it should be 28540000 So that it wants onely 00047497  
Which, though it seems much in these great numbers, yet will not scarce be considerable in smaller numbers, and is lesser Sections will come more near to the exact truth.    

To measure any piece of Land.  
HItherto you have seen how to measure any parcel of ground which lies in any one of these single forms; but very few parce is of ground do so; and therefore before you can measure it, you must reduce it into some of these foresaid figures. Now the most common and best form into which you may reduce any piece of ground, is to lay it out in several Triangles: and this you may do either in the field itself,( if it be not very great) or else you must draw a plot of the field, and so draw several fines overthwart it; which may divide it into as few Triangles( taking in the whole) as possible may be: and then finding the content of these several Triangles, and add them altogether, and so you shall have the content of the whole field.  
 diagram  
Thus in this figure, which represent a piece of ground, having six unequal sides, you may reduce it into four Th●… angles, by drawing the three lines A●… A D, A E, from the angle at A.  
Now to find the content of this field; first, in the Triangle A B C, you must measure the longest line thereof A C, which is 31 Poles, 73 hundred parts: then measure the perpendicular line B G, which is 7 Poles, 65 parts. Now multiply the one of these numbers by the half of the other, viz. 31.73 by 3.82. and so you shall find the content of this Triangle to be 121 poles, 21 parts.  
Secondly, in the Triangle A C D.  
  poles parts The length of the line A D is 39 66 Length of the Perpend. CH is 15 86 So the content thereof is 314 50  
Thirdly in the Triangle A D E.  
  poles parts The length of the line A D is 39 66 Length of the Perpend. E I is 18 48 So the content thereof is 366 46  
Fourthly, in the Triangle A E F.  
  poles parts The length of the line A E is 36 96 Length of the Perpend. F K is 10 82 So the content thereof is 199 95  
Now if you add the content of these four Triangles altogether, viz.  
  poles parts 1 The Triangle A B C 121 21 2 The Triangle A C D 314 50 3 The Triangle A D E 366 46 4 The Triangle A E F 199 95 The Sum of them is 1002 12  
Which is the content of the whole field; the which if you divide by 160, to bring it into acres, shows 6 acres, 1 rod, 2 poles, and 12 parts.  
The most difficult task in this work is to find the true length of the perpendiculars, especially if you measure it in the field itself, which must always be taken very exactly.  
To which purpose, there will be need of two persons to help one another.  
Thus, if you would find the length of the perpendicular B G, in the Triangle A B C. Let one party stand at the angle B, and let the other go from A toward C, as directly as he can. Now he that stands at the angle A will plainly see whether the other swerveth to the right or left never so little, and must direct him; this must be his part in the work. The other man that walks from A toward B, must carefully observe when he comes just against the angle B, that it may be just upon his side, which will be when he is at G, from whence measuring up to B, he shall have the true length of the line G B.  
But if you have a plot of the field in paper, then you need onely take your compasses, and setting one foot in B, open the other, so that it may touch the line A C in the nearest place thereto, which is in G, then measure this distance upon your Scale of Poles, and so you shall have the length thereof.  
By this you may perceive, that if you can draw a true plot of the field in paper, it will be a great help to the measuring thereof. This may be easily done by many Instruments, and those which have skill to use them. Or if a man have but a Ruler with Sights, and some convenient device to serve instead of a stool or table in the field, that so he may lay a sheet of paper thereon, he may draw the foresaid lines to the several angles of the field; and so measuring the length of them, prick them down with his compasses, and drawing the boundary lines, he shall have the true plot of the field.  
If this also be wanting, yet with a little more labour in measuring, you may thus perform it with your Ruler and Compasses.  
First, being at the angle A, measure the side AB, noting it down in your book, as also the point of the compass which it tends to, which for this purpose you may guess at near enough, if you have any skill therein, or else make use of any sun-dial with a needle and compass. Then likewise measure the line BC, noting the length thereof, and the point of the compass it tends nearest to. Thirdly, measure from C to A, and thus you have the three sides of the Triangle ABC.  
Having these three sides, you may with your Ruler and a pair of compasses, thus set out this Triangle in any paper. First, drawing the line AC, and setting off the length thereof out of any Scale of equal parts, make two points at the ends thereof at A and C. Then taking the length of the line A B out of the Scale, set one foot of your Compasses in A, and with the other make a little arch at B. And then taking the length of the line BC out of the Scale, set one foot of your compasses in C, & with the other cross the foresaid arch at B; so drawing the lines A B, and BC, you shall have the Triangle ABC truly drawn upon the paper.  
In like manner, measuring the side C D, and the breadth of the field from A to D; and setting off the length of these two lines from the points A and C, as before; so you shall have the one half of the field truly drawn.  
Then measuring the side DE, and the breadth A E, from the points A and D you may make the angle at E, and so set of another part of the field con●eined in the Triangle ADE.  
 diagram  
Lastly, measure the sides of the field of and of, and therewith from the points A and E, make the angle at F.  
Thus you have all the angles of the field, so that by drawing the lines from angle to angle, you have the true form thereof, and the lines which you measured cross the field will be of great use in casting up the content thereof, being the bases of four Triangles; so that you have nothing to measure but the perpendiculars, which you may find out by your Scale, or now see how to measure them more exactly in the field itself.  
The fittest Instrument used for this purpose is the Plain Table; which, for a shift, you may imitate with any Ruler with sights upon it, placing this Instrument at one corner of the field, as at A, you must turn the Ruler to the several angles B, C, D, E, F, and draw the lines AB, AC, AD, AE, of; then measure those distances, and setting of the length thereof by your Scale and Compasses; so you shall have the exact proportion of the field.  
Or if you think this measuring too much labour, you may do thus, having taken the proportion of the angles at A, as before, you need measure onely any one of the lines( but the most opposite to it is the best) as AD; then set up your Instrument at D, and set off the length of the line AD 39 poles, 66 parts out of your Scale from A to D; make this D your Centre-point, and so turning your Instrument, that the line DA may point directly to the angle at A, move your Ruler about to the other angles C, B, F, E, and draw the lines DC, DB, DF, DE, and where these lines cross the foresaid lines, there lies the true place and posture of these bounds of the field, And if you have a care to draw these lines exactly, you may by your Scale and Compasses measure the length of any of these lines, almost as exactly as in the field itself.  
And thus also at two stations, you may draw the plot of any larger piece of ground, or the platform of an whole country, with the true distances of all the Towns and Villages therein, which you can see from both these places.  
But many times it falls out, that in measuring great places, or Woods, or Hilly grounds, you can see but few of these angles at once. In this case, you must go round about the wood or field, measuring the sides thereof from angle to angle, and by your Instrument very diligently observing the quantity or proportion of these angles: So you shall have the true Symmetry of the field upon your paper, which you may divide into Triangles, and so find the true quanity thereof, as before.  
But these things require a larger Discourse, I have onely given you a taste; if you please, you may be better instructed by those who have written at large, and expressly hereof, as Mr. Rathborn, Mr. digs, and Mr. Leybourn in his complete Surveyour.   

Of the measuring of Solid Bodies.  
IN the measuring of Timber, ston, and such like solid bodies, there must be respect had not onely to the breadth and length, but also to the thickness. And there are many common rules used in the measuring of these things, which deserve some corrections.  
First, herein you must know, that a foot of Timber is a foot square every way, viz. in length, breadth, and thickness: so that it is twelve times more then a foot of Board; a foot of Board being but 144 Inches, but a foot of Timber is 1728 Inches; and every Inch is square, like a Die, and so is the foot also supposed to be; or if it want of this, either in breadth, or in thickness, it must have it in length: so that in what form soever it be, you must reckon thus: 

1728 square Inches make one Foot.  
864 square Inches make half a Foot.  
432 square Inches make a quarter of a Foot.    
The most common shape which Timber is brought into before it be measured is a long Square, having equal fides; for Trees growing, for the most part, round, by cutting off from each fide alike, they come readily into this Square.  
Now to find the content of such a piece of squared Timber, you must multiply the Inches of the breadth by the inches of the thickness, and then multiply this product by the inches of the length; so you shall have the whole solid content in Inches, which if you divide by 1728, the Inches in one foot; the quotient will show you how many feet are in the piece of Timber.  
But this way, though very exact, may seem somewhat too tedious, and therefore men, who have daily use hereof, have Tables and Lines upon their Rulers, by which having measured the Square of the three, they know how much in length will make a foot of Timber; and so taking out this with their Compasses, they measure how many times that length is found in the length of the piece of Timber; and so conclude it to be so many feet.  
This way, as I shall not speak against it, so it is so common, that I need not set down the Tables thereof; but shall present you with this new Table, which you will find somewhat more ready and exact, especially if you use your pen.  

A Table showing the true quantity of one foot length, of any true squared piece of Timber for inches & half inches      F. pts.   F. pts.   F. pts. Inches Square ½ 0,002   1,08●   4,166 1 0,007 13 1,174 25 4,340   0,016   1,266   4,513 2 0,028 14 1,361 26 4,694   0,043   1,460   4,877 3 0,062 15 1,562 27 5,063   0,085   1,668   5,250 4 0,111 16 1,778 28 5,445   0,140   1,891   5,670 5 0,174 17 2,007 29 5,840   0,2●0   2, ●27   6,043 6 0,250 18 2,250 30 6,250   0,293   2,377   6,460 7 0,340 19 2,507 31 6,673   0,390   2,641   6,890 8 0,444 20 2,778 32 7,111   0,502   2,918   7,333 9 0,562 21 3,062 33 7,562   0,627   3,210   7,780 10 0,694 22 3,440 34 8,028   0,765   3,516   8,263 11 0,840 23 3,673 35 8,507   0,919   3,835   8,750 12 1,000 24 4,000 36 9,000  

The Demonstration of this Table.  
AS the common tables of Timber-measure, show how many Inches and parts make a foot of Timber, the Timber being any number of Inches square; so this shows you by the square of the Timberlog in Inches, how many feet, or 1000 parts of a foot are contained in one foot length thereof.  
Now because some may desire to enlarge this Table, that so it may show not onely for the squares of Inches and half Inches, but the quarters, or tenth parts of Inches:( though these may be well enough by the proportion between the Inches and half Inches) yet I shall show you the groundwork of the Table, and so you may enlarge it at pleasure.  
A foot of Timber, you all know, ought to be 12 Inches square every way, viz, 12 inches in breadth, 12 inches in thickness, and 12 inches in length. Therefore this proportion will follow, If the Square of 12 inches which is 144 Require 1 foot in length, which is parts 1000 What shall any other Square, viz. the Square of 6? which is 36 The answer will be 0.250   

The use of the Table of Timber-measure.  
HAving the true Square of any Timber-log in Inches, and the length thereof in feet, to know the content thereof in feet.  
Take the number answering to the Square of Inches out of the Table, and multiply it by the length in feet.  
Thus, a piece of Timber 18 Inches square, and 25 foot long.  
The number answering to 18 Inches square, is 2,250 Which multiplied by 25 the length   25   11 250   45 00 Yields 56 250 Viz. 56 feet, and one quarter.      
Here may seem some difficulty in finding the product of these mixed numbers, but you may see how to do it in page. 53.  
If you think this somewhat too tedious, you may leave out the last figures of the number, and work onely by 100 parts of a foot.  
Now for the more readiness, and also for the more exactness, you may project this Table of Timber-measure into a line upon your Ruler, in such a manner, that it shall serve better then the former Table,  
But because the foresaid Table falls out in odd parts, which will be very troublesone to divide; therefore it will be worth the while, to find how many inches and parts any certain number of the parts of this line will require, which you may thus find, and so enlarge the following Table, as you please.  
Take the number 144 for 1000 parts, or 12 inches, as before, and multiply it by the parts you desire, and extract the square Root out of the product: note, if it fall not out in equal parts, add some cyphers to it, that so you may have the fraction in a thousand parts at least.  

Thus for  parts Square Roots 0001 000144 0.379 0010 00144 1.200 0100 0144 3.795 1000 144 12.000  
Having thus made the Table, or making use of this already made, divide your Ruler first into Inches, and then each inch into 10 or 100 parts, and out of the Table you shall readily set of the parts of the line of measure; which being done handsomely and truly, will show you the quantity of Timber in one foot length, of any number of Inches square, to the tenth or 100 part of an inch, and to the 1000th. part of a foot; so that having the line, you will have no need of the former Table.  
This you may see more plainly how to perform, by the Gauging-line, which I have drawn after this sort in its following place.  
You may also draw the like line for Board-measure, onely by dividing each foot of your Ruler into 100, or 1000 parts.  

A Table for the division of the Line of Timbermeasure.      In. pts   In. pts.   In. pts. Parts of the line of Timber-measure. 1 0,379 400 7,589 2500 18,974 2 0,537 500 8,486 2600 19,349 3 0,657 600 9,295 2700 19,718 4 0,759 700 10,040 2800 20,080 5 0,849 800 10,734 2900 20,435 6 0,929 900 11,384 3000 20,785 7 1,004 1000 12,000 3500 22,450 8 1,073 1100 12,586 4000 24,000 9 1,138 1200 13,145 4500 25,456 10 1,200 1300 13,682 5000 26,833 20 1,697 1400 14,198 5500 28,143 30 2,078 1500 14,697 6000 29,393 40 2,400 1600 15,179 6500 30,594 50 2,683 1700 15,646 7000 31,718 60 2,939 1800 16,100 7500 32,863 70 3,175 1900 16,541 8000 33,941 80 3,394 2000 16,971 8500 34,986 90 3,600 2100 17,390 9000 36,000 100 3,795 2200 17,799 9500 36,986 200 5,367 2300 18,199 1000 37,948 300 6,573 2400 18,590      
NOw the use of this line being ser upon your Ruler, will be very ready. For measuring the side of any square piece of Timber, you need never look how many Inches square it is, but the line itself, counting from the right end thereof, will give you the number, which you must multiply by the length of the piece of Timber, measured in feet and hundred parts.  
Thus, as before, find the side of a piece of Timber to reach to 2.250 in this line, and the length thereof to be 25 foot, the content thereof is 56 feet and 250 parts, or a quarter of a foot.    

To measure Timber, which is not pay●●tle squared.  
THough this be the common form of Timber, after the first hewing, yet many times by some accident, or by aftersawing, there are many pieces of Timber thicker one way then another.  
Now in this case it is usual with some men to add the broader and the narrower sides together, and so to take the half thereof for the true Square.  
But this must not always be so slighted over, lest you run into great error. For though the error will be little, when the difference between the sides is not much; yet the greater that difference is, the greater will be the error.  
For Example.  
Let the sides of the Timber be to Inches, and 12 Inches; these two added together, make 22, the half whereof is 11; but yet this is not the true square thereof: for 11 times 11 is 121; whereas 10 times 12 is 120, which is the true Area of the said square. Yet here the difference being but one inch in 120, may seem somewhat tolerable.  
But now let the sides of the Timber be 12 inches one way, and 6 the other way; these two added together, make 18, and the half thereof is 9. Now the square of 9 is 81; but the true square of the Timber is found by multiplying 12 by 6. so the are a is 72. Here you see the error will be intolerable. And it is so much the more unconscionable, because it gives the buyer so much less then his due.  
Mr. Bedwell hath framed a very ingenious Ruler for this purpose, if it be carefully made.  
But the best way is to multiply the two sides, and so find the true area of the plain; and then by this Table, which you may also project into a line upon your Ruler, find out the propor●●on of a foot, and so multiply it by the length in feet, as before.  
Likewise, if your Timber-log have ●… other then a square form; whether ●… be regular or irregular, you must ●… de the area thereof, and so you shall ●… have the quantity of one foot length ●… ereof by this Table.  

A Table showing the solid content of one foot length, of any piece of Timber, according to the Area or superficial content, taken at the end thereof.    feet pts. The Inc●es of the Area. 1 0 007 2 0 014 3 0 021 4 0 028 5 0 038 6 0 042 7 0 049 8 0 056 9 0 062 10 0 069 20 0 139 30 0 208 40 0 278 50 0 347 60 0 417 70 0 486 80 0 556 90 0 625 100 0 694 200 1 389 300 2 083 400 2 778 500 3 47● 600 4 167 700 4 861 800 5 556 900 6 250 1000 6 944 2000 13 888 3000 20 833 4000 27 778 5000 34 722 6000 41 666 7000 48 611 8000 55 555 9000 62 500 10000 69 444 20000 138 88●   

To measure round Timber.  
THe way commonly used is to gird these round pieces of Timber about with a string, and so doubling the string, to take the fourth part thereof for the true square.  
As for Example.  
If the compass of the three be 48 Inches, they reckon 12 Inches for the true square thereof.  
But this is very false,, as you may see by this little circled, casting it up after the common way.  
The Diameter of the circled is 14 inches, the compass is 44 inches. This is, according to that rule,  
As 7, to 22:  
So the Diameter, to the compass.  
 diagram  
Then for the content of this circled, if you multiply half of the compass, which is 22; by half of the diameter, which is 7; the true content will be 154 Inches.  
Whereas if you had taken a quarter of the compass, which is 11, for the square root of the circled; this multiplied in itself, would yield but 121 inches; which wants 33 inches of the true content: so there would be lost above a fifth part thereof. And thus there will be in measuring any other round Timber, by this rule, of what compass soever it be, somewhat above a fifth part thereof will be given away.  
All that can be said in the defence of this custom, is that though most Trees grow round, yet they must be hewed square, before they be fit Timber for any use almost; and so this advantage in the measure may very well be allowed, for that which goes to waste in the chips being good for nothing but the fire.  
And in my mind, though Carpenters think not of this excuse, but take this rule for an absolute truth; yet this, I suppose, was the first occasion of this Rule, which may stand with some good reason. For if you consider the former circled, the compass being 44 inches, the inscribed square will be scarce 10 inches, as appears by this proportion, which you may use for any other; 

As 1, to 0,225;  
So the compass 44 inches,  
To the inscribed square 9 inches, 900 parts.    
This is the greatest Square which such a round piece of Timber can be hewn to, and this multiplied in itself, yields 98 inches, 010 parts for the Area thereof. Now if you add these two Areas together, viz.  
  inches The Area of the inscribed square 98 And the full Area of the circled 154 The sum thereof will be 252 And the middle or mean thereof 126 And the content by this rule was 121  
So that this gives an indifferent allowance between the buyer and seller; it being thus measured, neither to the full extent, because of the waste: neither according to the exact square thereof, because that which is cut off, though it be not so good as the other, yet it is good for somewhat.  
But yet for all this, it is fit that the true content of the Timber, let it be in what form soever, should be exactly known, and this is that which the measurer ought to perform. As for the goodness of the Timber, and the waste thereof, men must consider that in the price of the Foot or Tun; and so I believe they do: and therefore being allowed for the waste in the price thereof, there is no reason but they should pay for the full measure which they have, and not have any allowance in that also.  
But many desire to buy Timber round, and will give as great a price for it as for square Timber, because of the allowance which they take to themselves in the measure. For first, they compass the three, and divide the line into three parts, casting away one third part for the waste of the bark and rind: then the other two parts of the line they divide into four parts, and so take one quarter thereof for the true square. Thus in the foresaid three, whose compass was 48 Inches, a third thereof, 16 inches allowed for waste, there remains but 32, and then a quarter of this is but 8 inches, whereas you see before, this three will make a perfect square of 〈◇〉 10 inches, and all the other which is cut off will not be quiter lost; so that they will have at least the one half of the Timber by this way of allowance and false measure.  
Therefore by the way you may take notice of the different value which there ought to be, between good clear timber perfectly squared, and that which is not. The difference between the content of the circled, and the square which may be wrought out of it, as you may see before, is above one third part.  
But because all this, especially in great trees, need not go to chips & waste; you may well in such large round timber, reckon a fifth part for waste, and so the price of five feet thereof to be equal to four feet of square Timber; and in lesser pieces you may reckon a quarter for the waste, and so four feet thereof to be worth as much as three, and so let it be measured to the full content thereof.  
Therefore now I shall, as briefly as I can, show you the readiest ways to find the true content of any round piece of Timber.  
And you may find this out either by the Diameter, or by the circumference.  
If you work by the Diameter, the rule is this; 

As 1, to 0, 7854;  
So the square of the Diameter,  
To the content of the circled.    
If you work by the compass of the circled, which I think will be best and most ready to be found, then take this rule: 

As 1, to 0, 0796;  
So the square of the circumference,  
To the content of the circled.    
And thus having found the content or Area of the circled, you may by the Table( page. 198) find how many feet are in one foot length thereof.  
Or you may work this somewhat shorter, thus; 

As 1, to 0,00055262;  
So the square of the circumference,  
To the proportion of one foot in length thereof, to the measure in feet.    
And according to this rule, I have framed this Table; to help those that are not so ready in these operations, and so might fall into some mistake. By which taking only the compass of the timber, they may know the quantity of the length of a foot thereof.  

A Table, which by the compass of any piece of round Timber shows the true measure of one foot in the length thereof.    C. f. pts. C. f. pts. C. f. pts. Inches of the compass. 10 0.055 40 0.537 70 2.707 11 0.066 41 0.929 71 2.785 12 0.079 42 0.974 72 2.864 13 0.093 43 1.021 73 2.945 14 0.108 44 1.070 74 3.026 15 0.124 45 1.119 75 3.108 16 0.141 46 1.169 76 3.191 17 0.159 47 1.220 77 3.276 18 0.179 48 1.273 78 3.362 19 0.200 49 1.327 79 3.449 20 0.221 50 1.381 80 3.537 21 0.243 51 1.437 81 3.625 22 0.267 52 1.496 82 3.715 23 0.292 53 1.552 83 3.807 24 0.318 54 1.612 84 3.896 25 0.343 55 1.671 85 3.990 26 0.374 56 1.732 86 4.084 27 0.403 57 1.795 87 4.183 28 0. 43● 58 1.860 88 4.279 29 0. 4●5 59 1.923 89 4.377 30 0.497 60 1.988 90 4.475 31 0.571 61 2.056 91 4.576 32 0.506 62 2.124 92 4.677 33 0.602 63 2.193 93 4.780 34 0.639 64 2.264 94 4.882 35 0.677 65 2.335 95 4.987 36 0.716 66 2.407 96 5.093 37 0.756 67 2.480 97 5.200 38 0.798 68 2.555 98 5.307 39 0.840 69 2.631 100 5.526  

The demonstration of this Table.  
THe use of this Table is plain and ready; for having the compass of the Timber in inches, find it out in this Table, and so you shall there find the true quantity of one foot length thereof, which if you multiply by the number of feet, which the Timber hath in length, it shewes the true content thereof.  
Thus, a piece of Timber 48 inches in compass, and 20 foot long is 25 feet, 460 parts.  
For 48 inches in compass gives 1.273 Which multiplied by 20 20 Yields 25.460  
Which is 25 foot, and almost an half; whereas reckoning 12 inches, which is the quarter of the compass, to be the square, it would yield but 20 feet, and so there would be five feet and almost an half lost in this piece of Timber.  
This Table may be also drawn into a line or two upon a Ruler, but I want time to show how, therefore I shall leave it to the Artist himself, who shall have most occasion for it.    

To measure Tapering Timber.  
TApering timber, according as the base thereof is either round, or right lined, is either a Cone, or a pyramid, or a segment of one of these.  
If it be a complete Cone or pyramid having but one base, and ending in a sharp point, then you must multiply the Area of the base by a third part of the height.  
Thus, suppose the four-square pyramid A B C to be 45 foor long, and 18 inches square at the base. You shall find by the Table of Timber-measure( page. 185) that 18 inches square yield for the content of one foot length, 2 feet, 250 parts: this multiplied by 15 feet, which is one third of the length thereof, makes 33 feet, 750 parts.  
Thus the whole pyramid is easily measured.  
 diagram  
But now suppose there were onely a part thereof to be measured, viz. D K B C, being 30 foot long from D to B, being six inches square at D, and 18 inches square at B, as before.  
The common way used herein is to find out the square in the very midst thereof, and to work by that, as if it were the true square, but this way, though it be true in flat, as boards, or land, yet here it yields always somewhat less.  
For, according to this rule, the square in midst at F is 12 inches, and so the piece of Timber should be 30 foot long. But this is not the truth.  
For proof hereof, these two parts of the pyramid A D and D B must, as you saw before, make up 33 feet, 750 parts.  
But the top of the pyramid A D, measured by the true rule, makes but 1 foot, 250 parts. For the base thereof D K being 6 inches square, The solid content of one foot is 0.250 Which multiplied by a third of the length 5.000 Yields 1.250  
Now this 1 foot, 250 parts added to the 30 feet, which was thought to be the measure of the lower part D B, makes but 31 feet, 250 parts, whereas you see it should be 33 feet, 750 parts. So that here is lost 2 foot and an half of Timber by this way of measuring.  
And this way of Ramus, to measure both the parts of the pyramid, and then to subtract one from the other, seem to me more plain and easy then that prescribed by Master Oughtred and Mr. Wingate, for the measuring of such Tapering-timber. Now if you would know how to find the length of that part of the pyramid which is wanting: Observe the difference between the two ends, which in this example is 12 inches, and this proportion will hold well enough in such kind of pyramids.  
 
As the difference of the two ends 12 inch. To the length between them 30 feet So the greater base 18 inch. To the whole length 45 feet And thus the whole pyramid being found, as before to be 33 feet, 750 parts And the top thereof to be substracted 1 foot, 250 parts There remains for the other part. 32 feet 500 parts  
And this is the true quantity of the said Tapering piece of Timber.  
If this way seem too troublesone to the common sort of measurers, they may then measure such pieces of Timber, as if they were two or three several pieces; and thus measuring in the midst of every ten feet length, they will find the work very easy by these Tables, and much more exact then their common way at once measuring.  
Thus, this piece of Timber being 30 foot long.  
The square there of at G, which is in the midst of the first 10 feet is 16 inches, to which there answers in the Table of Timber-measure 1.778, which multiplied by 10, by adding a cipher, and setting the(.) a figure forwarder,   F. parts makes. 17.780 The like at F for the next 10 feet, being 12 inches square is 10.000 The like at E for the last 10 feet, being 8 inches square 4.440 The sum of all three is 32.220 Which lacks onely 00.280 Of the true content 32.500  
As I have shewed you how to do with this square Tapering-Timber, so you may by the round Tapering-Timber, working by the Table of round Timber( page. 207.) Also you may see how to measure any other many-sided pyramid. But I have been already too long in these things: onely the usefulness hereof( all Timber being almost of this fashion) and the errors of many herein, and the little which hath been written hereof by others, hath made me the more large.  
Note, if any of the numbers of these Tables be too little for your occasion, you may work by the half thereof.  
Thus, suppose a piece of Timber or ston to be 48 inches square. This Table reacheth but to 36 inches square; therefore take the half of your number, which will be 24, and this in the Table gives you 4 feet, 000 parts; and this is the quantity of one quarter of a foot length thereof; so that if you multiply it by 4, it makes 16 feet, which is the content of one foot length of that piece of Timber: and so work, as before.   

Of Gauging.  
THere is not much difference( in the thing itself) from measuring of other solids; onely they are measured by feet and inches; these by gallons, quarts, and pints, or tenth parts thereof.  
There are two things herein chiefly necessary, yet both much controverted.  
First, these Vessels being all of irregular forms, how to reduce them to a regular proportion.  
Secondly, to find the true quantity of the Gallon in cubic Inches, or parts of a foot.  
For the first of these, the best way is this, according to Mr. Oughtred.  
Measure the Diameter of the Vessel both at the bung, and at the head thereof; and by the Diameters find out the Area of the circles. Then take two thirds of the circled at the bung, and one third of the circled of the head, and add them together: and lastly, multiply the sum thereof by the length of the vessel.  
For the second thing, the content of our English Gallon, which is the measure of all these vessels. This is most commonly received, that a Wine-gallon contains 231 cubic inches: yet Mr. Wybard pleads very strongly, that it is somewhat less, making the Winegallon to be 225 inches. But the difference being so small, the error will not be much; and therefore, till the exact truth be more certainly known, I shall, with the most, follow the first; counting it better to allow rather a little over-measure, then any thing under.  
And so according to these rules and observations I have Calculated this Table, and framed this Gauging-line; the use whereof is one and the same, and they will serve to help each other.  

A Table for the Gauging of Wine-vessels      Head Bung   D G. pts G. pts Inches of the Diameter 01 0.001 0.002 02 0.004 0.009 03 0.010 0.020 04 0.018 0.036 05 0.028 0.056 06 0.041 0.081 07 0.055 0.111 08 0.072 0.145 09 0.092 0.183 10 0.113 0.226 11 0.137 0.274 12 0.163 0.326 13 0.191 0.385 14 0.222 0.444 15 0.255 0.510 16 0.290 0.580 17 0.328 0.557 18 0.367 0.734 19 0.409 0.818 20 0.453 0.906 21 0.500 1.000 22 0.548 1.097 23 0.599 1.199 24 0.652 1.305 25 0.708 1.416 26 0.766 1.532 27 0.826 1.652 28 0.888 1.777 29 0.953 1.906 30 1.020 2.040 31 1.090 2.180 32 1.160 2.321 33 1.234 2.468 34 1.310 2.620 35 1.388 2.776 36 1.468 2.936 37 1.551 3.102 38 1.636 3.272 39 1.723 3.447 40 1.813 3.625 41 1.904 3.809 42 2.000 4.000 43 2.095 4.190 44 2.194 4.388 45 2.294 4.588 46 2.396 4.795 47 2.503 5.007 48 2.610 5.220 49 2.721 5.442 50 2.832 5.665 51 2.947 5.895 52 3.064 6.127 53 3.275 6.550 54 3.304 6.609 55 3.428 6.856 56 3.554 7.108 57 3.682 7.364 58 3.812 7.624 59 3.945 7.890 60 4.079 8.157  
 ruler  

The demonstration of the Table and Gauging-line.  
THis Table and Gauging-line have one and the same ground, viz. this received theorem, that one third of the Area of the circled at the head; and two thirds of the Area at the circled at the bung added together, and multiplied by the length of the Vessel, gives the true content thereof.  
But now it being troublesone to find this out at length; viz. first the Area of the Circles, and then the content of the Vessel in cubic inches; and lastly, to reduce this into Gallons: therefore the Table shows you one third and two thirds of the Area of any circled ready cast up in the parts of a Gallon for any Diameter to 60 inches, whereby so much of the labour will be saved.  
If you desire a more particular account of the manner of calculating this Table; it is grounded upon these theorems.  
First, As 1, to 0,7854;   So the Square of the Diameter 1 inch, To the content of the circled. 0,7854  
Secondly, As 231, the square inches in one Winegallon,   To 1 gallon, or parts 1,000 So the said content of the circled, 0,7854 To the parts of a gallon 0,0034  
So that the Area of a circled having one inch for its Diameter, is the 0,0034 part of a gallon.  
Now a third part of this number is 0,001133. This number therefore 1133 being multiplied by the square of any Circles diameter taken by inch-measure, and set down according to this Table, gives the third part of the content thereof in Wine-measure, which is the parts to be taken of the circled at the head of the Cask. And this same number doubled is two thirds of the like circled, being the parts to be taken at the bung of the Cask. Thus much for the making of the Table, which you may increase as you please to any parts of the inch.   

Of the Gauging-line.  
NOw because the Table is cast up onely to whole Inches, though the proportional difference for 〈◇〉 part of an inch may be found easily thereby: yet since the number of these Inches must first be measured by some rod or other in the vessel itself, you may set this line so upon your rod, that without having respect to the inch-measure, it will show you the true Area of the circled in gallon-measure, by the depth of the Diameter.  
This line therefore, though the figure is but four inches long, yet the twelve lines therein are supposed to be one continued line, being in all four feet, or 48 inches long; which is as long as most vessels require; but you may enlarge it as you please.  
This line also shows onely a third part of the Area of the circled, whose Diameter is measured thereby; so it is properly to be used onely in measuring the Diameters at the heads. But if you double the number hereof; so you shall have two thirds of the Diameter, and so you may use it for the Diameters at the bung, or else make another line on purpose for them, which may be made by this; each part divided into two, and marked with the double of these numbers.   

Of the use of this Table and Line.  
THe use of this Table and Line, in effect is all one, onely the Table at first may be somewhat more plain, and the line afterwards will be more ready for use.  

To find the content of any Vessel in Wine-measure.  
First, measure the Diameter at the Head, and find the number in the Table belonging to it. Then measure the Diameter of the Bung, and find the number belonging to that. Then add these two together, and multiply the sum thereof by the Inches of the Vessels length, measured in the inside of the Vessel from head to head.  
Thus, according to Master Oughtreds example in the Circles of proportion: suppose a Vessel having the Diameter at the Head be 18 inches, the Diameter at the Bung 32 inches, and the length thereof 40 inches; the content thereof is thus found.  
The Table shows G. parts For 18 inches at the Head 0.367 For 32 inches at the Bung 2.321 These two added together, make 2.688 Which multiplied by the length, being 40 inches 40 Makes. 107.520  
According to his operation it should be 107 gallons, 530 parts, which difference is of no moment.  
The like you must do, if you use the line, onely doubling the number for the Head, if you have not a line on purpose.  
Thus, let the vessel be the same, the line shows G. parts For 18 inches at the head 0.367. For 32 inches, which must be 1.160.5 doubled, because at the bung, 1.160.5 Yields, as before, 2.688 And therefore multiplied by 40 Yields, as before, 107.520  
And thus working by this line, you may readily find these numbers to the 1000 part of a Gallon for each 100 part of an Inch; which is as exact I think as need be.  
And thus this troublesone business is very easily performed, without any Equation of Diameters, or Reduction of measures; which with some confidence I dare present to the candid censure of the better learned, and to the practise of others.  
But though this operation by this line is performed easily, yet the making of this line, will at the first be some trouble, unless you know how to find out some certain equal numbers thereof, viz. every 5 or 10; otherwise, you will never divide the line either truly, or handsomely by the former Table.  
Now to find out these parts, you may remember that 1133, or more exactly, the third part of 34 was the number by which the Table was framed. So that,  
As 34, to 3; So 1, to 882352941.  
This number, or six of the first figures thereof, you must multiply by the parts you desire, and then extract the Square root( as before in the line of Timber-measure) so you may enlarge this Table, and draw this Gauging-line very exactly thereby, having an Inchline upon your Rule, divided into decimal parts.  
Parts Squares Roots In. parts 1 882352 939 0.939 10 8823529 2975 2.975 100 88235294 9393 9.393 1000 882352941 29704 29.704  

A Table to divide the Gauging-line for Wine-measure.    line In. pts. Parts of the Gauging-line. 1 0,939 2 1,328 3 1,627 4 1,879 5 2,100 6 2,301 7 2,485 8 2,657 9 2,818 10 2,970 20 4,201 30 5,145 40 5,941 50 6,642 60 7,276 70 7,859 80 8,401 90 8,911 100 9,393 110 9,852 120 10,287 130 10,710 140 11,114 150 11,504 160 11,882 170 12,247 180 12,602 190 12,948 200 13,284 210 13,612 220 13,933 230 14,246 240 14,552 250 14,852 260 15,146 270 15,435 280 15,718 290 15,997 300 16,270 310 16,539 320 16,803 330 17,064 340 17,320 350 17,573 360 17,823 370 18,069 380 18,311 390 18,550 400 18,787 410 19,020 420 19,250 430 19,478 440 19,703 450 19,926 460 20,146 470 20,365 480 20,580 490 20,793 500 21,004 510 21,214 520 21,420 530 21,625 540 21,826 550 22,028 560 22,228 570 22,427 580 22,621 590 22,815 600 23,008 610 23,200 620 23,390 630 23,575 640 23,763 650 23,948 660 24,132 670 24,325 680 24,495 690 24,674 700 24,852 710 25,029 720 25,205 730 25,382 740 25,55● 750 25,725 760 25,895 770 26,066 780 26,234 790 26,401 800 26,569 810 26,734 820 26,898 830 27,062 840 27,225 850 27,386 860 27,548 870 27,704 880 27,865 890 28,022 900 28,180 910 28,336 920 28,491 930 28,646 940 28,800 950 28,954 960 29,105 970 29,254 980 29,407 990 29,555 1000 29,704 1100 31,153 1200 32,530 1300 33,867 1400 35,148 1500 36,380 1600 37,575 1700 38,730 1800 39,853 1900 40,945 2000 42,008 2100 43,045 2200 44,058 2300 45,049 2400 46,019 2500 46,966 2600 47,898 2700 48,809 2800 49,705 2900 50,585 3000 51,449 3100 52,300 3200 53,137 3300 53,961 3400 54,777 3500 55,572 3600 56,360 3700 57,137 3800 57,905 3900 58,662 4000 59,409   

Of the measuring of Ale or Beer-Vessels.  
TO measure Ale or Beer-Vessels, your best way will be to make the like Tables and Line as for Wine-measure; and so the practise will be all one.  
But first, you must know the true content of the Ale-gallon, concerning which there are divers reports and accounts. Some ancient Artists, viz. Mr. goodwin, and Mr. Reynolds affirm, that the proportion between the Ale-gallon and the Wine-gallon is as 4 to 5; the Wine-gallon being 231 inches, and the Ale-gallon 288 ¾. This, by Mr. Oughtred is much lessened, being supposed by him to be but 272 inches, and ¼ and Mr. Wybard lessons it somewhat more, making it at the most but 270 inches. But so far as I can learn, there are three sorts of measures in use. The measure for Wine being 231 inches; the measure for dry things, as Corn, &c. being about 272; and the measure for Beer and Ale being 288 inches and ¾ The proportion between these three Gallons is 28, 33, 35; but having little to do with the middle Gallon, I shall take the Ale-gallon to be 288 inches and ¾, and conclude the proportion between the Wine and Ale-gallon to be exactly as 4 to 5.  
Now therefore if you have much, occasion to gage Beer-vessels, for your ready use, you may thus make the like Tables and Line as you did for Wine-measure: As 288¾, the inches in one Ale-gallon,   To the parts of a Gallon 1,00000 So the content of the circled, having one inch Diameter 0,7854 To the like parts of a Gallon. 0,00272  
Now a third part of this being 90 〈◇〉 or 90666 multiplied by the square of the diameter of any circled taken in Inch-measure, gives a third part of the content thereof, which is the measure to be used for the head of the Vessel; and this doubled, shows the number to be used for two thirds of the Diameter at the Bunge; and thus you may make a Table for Beer-measure to as many inches and parts of Inches as you please, as you may see before in the Table of Wine-measure.  
Again, if you would draw this into a line, as you did the former; work thus,  
As 272, to 3; so 1, to 11029411765.  
This number, or the seven first figures thereof multiplied by the parts of your line, and the square root extracted out of the product will give you the length of the Gauge-line in Inches & parts, as before, in that Table for the other line.  
Parts Squares Roots In. parts 1 1102941 1050 1.050 10 11029411 3321 3.321 100 110294117 10502 10.502 1000 1102941176 33210 33.210  
But the Reduction being so easy between four and five, I shall crave leave to save this labour of calculating these Tables, having thus shown you how to do them, if you have occasion.  
Lastly, there is one thing in this bufinesse of Gauging, which you must be very careful of; and that is, of taking the true length of the Vessel between the inside of the two heads. This must be very exactly done; for since you must multiply your other sums by this, a small error herein may cause you to give the content a Gallon more or less then you ought. But how to do this, I hope, is better known to the Practitioners hereof then I can declare with many words. And therefore having spoken what I think will be more new and useful to them, I shall here end these artificial Experiments, and proceed to some more common conclusions, which may be of more general use to all men.     

Of wet measures.  

ONe Pound Troy is a Wine-pinte.  
2 pints are a Quart.  
8 pints are a Gallon.  
63 Gallons are a Hogshead.  
84 Gallons are a Punction.  
126 Gallons are a Pipe or But.  
25● Gallons are a Tun.   

Of Ale and soap.  
8 Gallons make a Firkin.  
2 Firkins, a half Barrel.  
4 Firkins, a Barrel.   

For Beer.  
9 Gallons make a Firkin.  
18 Gallons are a Kilderkin  
36 Gallons are a Barrel.  
But the Ale and Beer-gallon is bigger then the Wine-gallon, the proportion between them being exactly, as 4 to 5.    

Dry measures.  

1 Gallon is half a perk.  
4 Pecks are a Bushel.  
8 Bushels area Quarter.   

Of fuel.  
36 Bushels are a Chalderon of Coals.  
4 Bushels are a Sack of Charcoals.  
Shides must be 4 foot long, and must be in compass either 16, 23, 28, 33, or 38 Inches, according as they are marked for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.   
Billets should be 3 Foot long, and should be in compass 7 Inches and a half; 10 or 14 Inches, as they are reckoned for 1, 2, or 3.  
faggots should be 3 Foot long, and in compass 24 Inches, and they ought to be round, and not flat, for so they are much less, though they are all one compass.   

Of weights.  
THere are two sorts of weights used by us: The one is called Troy-weight, the other is Avoir-du-poiz, or over-weight.  
Troy-weight is thus ordered: 

24 full grains of Wheat make a Peny-weight.  
20 Peny-weight make an Ounce.  
12 Ounces make a Pound.   By this Weight Silver, Gold and Bread are weighed.  
In Aver-du-poiz Weight, 

20 Grains make a Scruple.  
3 Scruples make a Dram.  
8 Drams make an Ounce.  
16 Ounces make a Pound.    
But for the great Weights of this sort ordinarily used, 

The Hundred weight is 112 lib.  
The half hundred 56 lib.  
The Quarter 28 lib.   With these few Weights 1 lib. 2, 4, 7 14, 28, 56, you may weigh just an hundred, or any sprite under.   

Observations about Gold, Silver, and other Metals.  

The worth of Gold.    li. sh. d. q One Pound weight is worth 40 0 0 0 One Ounce is worth 3 6 8 0 One Peny-weight is worth 0 3 4 0 One Grain is worth 0 0 1 2  
This is the price of ordinary Gold, Angel Gold is worth somewhat more, and Sovereign Gold somewhat less.  

The worth of Silver.    li. sh. d. q One Pound weight is worth 3 0 0 0 One Ounce is worth 0 5 0 0 One Peny-Weight is worth 0 0 3 0 One Grain is worth 0 0 0 l⅓   

A way to try Gold, whether it he true or counterfeit.  
BEcause there is much false Gold, which is so cunningly contrived, that the truth can scarce be found out by the Touch-stone; and yet it is not good to deface any piece, except one be sure it is counterfeit, I shall show how you may try the truth of a piece of Gold more certainly, then by a Touchstone; and also without defacing the piece any manner of way.  
The trial is thus, thorough your thirty shillings piece of Gold, as you use to do, and put in a grain or two to make the scales even, then provide a pale with water, let the water be about three inches deep, and put your seals with the piece of Gold, and the brass sprite in them into the water; let them stand a little in the bottom of the pale, and then lift them up gently an inch or two from the bottom; and then the Gold, if it be good, will outweigh the brass sprite ten or improve grains, though before out of the water they were equal: And so proportionally the ten shillings place will outweigh his brass weight five or six-grains, and the five skill lings piece his weight two or three grains,  
Now if you would know the cause hereof, it is because Gold quantity for quantity is the heaviest of all metals: so that if you should cast 7 bullets of these 7 metals in one and the same mould, their weights will have this proportion one to another.  
Gold, 1000. Quick 7143. silver, 7143. led 6053. Silver, 5438 brass, 4737 Iron, 4210 tin, 3895  
So that Gold is about a third part heavier then led, and about an half part heavier then Silver or brass: and therefore a place cannot be made of either of these metals, but it must be much bigger in bulk then Gold, so that it may partly be suspected by the breadth or thickness.  
But now the water will certainly discover the difference. For this is a rule in the Art Statick, that every thing under the water loseth so much of its proper weight as the quantity of so much water doth weigh, which is equal to bulk or quantity of their bodies, and so the Gold being not half the quantity of the brass, and yet being of equal weight with the brass, doth not lose half so much of his proper weight, as the brass will: so that if the Gold lose about 10 grains of its proper weight, the brass will lose above 20 of its proper weight; and so the Gold comes to be above 10 grains heavier then the brass, though out of the water they be of equal weight.  
But now the best way to try your Gold this way, if you have any quantity, is thus; Put a piece in the one scale, of whose goodness you are assured, and put the other pieces severally in the other, and make them equal, by putting in a grain or two; then put your scales in the water, and weigh them therein; and if they keep equal weight both in the water and out of the water, you may be confident they are both of one metal.  
And thus you may try the truth of Gold in any other things, as Rings, or such like. Thus it is recorded, that Archimedes found out how much the Goldsmith had cozened King Hiero, in making of a golden Crown, by maingling brass amongst it.  

A Table of the Assize of Bread. By Troy Weight.    Weight of a penny loof.   White. Wheaté Housho sh.   d. oz. d. oz. d. oz. d. sh.   d. 3 price of the bushel of wheat for free-town-bakers. 0 11 5 16 18 22 11 3 price of the bushel of wheat for foreigners. 3 3 3 10 11 15 17 21 3 3 6 3 6 9 19 14 18 19 18 3 9 3 9 9 8 14 2 18 16 4 0 4 0 8 18 13 7 17 16 4 3 4 3 8 9 12 13 16 18 4 6 4 6 8 1 12 1 16 2 4 9 4 9 7 13 11 10 15 7 5 0 5 0 7 7 11 0 14 14 5 3 5 3 7 1 10 11 14 2 5 6 5 6 6 15 10 3 13 10 5 9 5 9 6 10 9 15 13 0 6 0 6 0 6 5 9 8 12 10 6 3 6 3 6 0 9 1 12 1 6 6 6 6 5 16 8 15 11 13 6 9 6 9 5 12 8 9 11 5 7 0 7 0 5 9 8 2 10 14 7 3 7 3 5 5 7 18 10 11 7 6 7 6 5 2 7 13 10 5 7 9 7 9 4 19 7 9 9 19 8 0 8 0 4 16 7 5 9 13 8 3 8 3 4 14 7 1 9 8 8 6 8 6 4 11 6 17 9 2 8 9 8 9 4 9 6 13 8 18 9 0  

A Table of the Assize of Bread. By Avoir-du-poiz Weight.    Weight of a penny loof.   White. Wheaté Housho sh.   d. oz. d. oz. d. oz. d. sh.   d. 3 price of the bushel of wheat for free-town-bakers. 0 12 2 18 4 24 5 3 price of the bushel of wheat for foreigners. 3 3 3 11 4 17 3 23 1 3 6 3 6 10 7 16 2 21 6 3 9 3 9 10 2 15 3 20 4 4 0 4 0 9 6 14 15 19 4 4 3 4 3 9 2 14 7 18 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 13 1 17 5 4 9 4 9 8 3 12 5 16 6 5 0 5 0 8 0 12 0 16 0 5 3 5 3 7 5 11 4 15 3 5 6 5 6 7 3 11 1 14 6 5 9 5 9 7 1 10 5 14 2 6 0 6 0 6 6 10 2 13 5 6 3 6 3 6 4 9 7 13 1 6 6 6 6 6 3 9 4 12 6 6 9 6 9 6 1 9 2 12 2 7 0 7 0 5 7 8 7 11 7 7 3 7 3 5 6 8 5 11 4 7 6 7 6 5 4 8 3 11 1 7 9 7 9 5 3 8 1 10 7 8 0 8 0 5 2 7 7 10 4 8 3 8 3 5 1 7 5 10 2 8 6 8 6 5 0 7 4 10 0 8 9 8 9 4 7 7 2 9 6 9 0   

The use of the two fore-going Tables of the Assize of Bread.  
To know the true Assize of Bread, according to the Statute, you must first know the price of Wheat, which must be neither of the very best, nor worst, but of the common sort.  
Secondly, You must consider whether the Baker which sells the bread live in a City or Corporation, and is a Free-man thereof: or whether he be a foreigner and not free: for the Free-Bakers are by the Statute allowed two shillings upon the Quarter( that is, three pence upon the Bushel) more profit then the foreigners.  
This considered, if you find the price of Wheat in the side of the Table, according to the condition of the Baker, whether Free or not Free, then in the same line you shall find the weight of the penny White, wheaten, & household loaf.  
Now in the first Table this weight of the bread is set down in Troy-weight, which hath 12 Ounces in the pound, and 20 Peny-weights in each Ounce, This is the weight appointed by the Statute to weigh bread by.  
But because every one hath not this Weight, I have therefore added the second Table, which shows the very same with the former in Avoir-du-pois weight( which is more common) and this hath 16 Ounces in the pound, and 8 Drams in every Ounce. Now it hath been found that 13 of these Ounces are equal to one pound or 12 Ounces Troy-weight, and according to this proportion this second Table is made.  
Now the Law is very strict against all Bakers in case of offending in this and some other particulars. For if the mayor or bailiff of any Town find their bread to be made lighter, they may take it away, and give it to the poor of the said Town. And by the Statute of 51 Hen. 3. If a Baker want but one ounce in 36, of this Assize, the fourth time he shall suffer the Pillory without fine or read emption.  

A necessary Table in buying and selling any thing by the Hundred.  F●●ee fone pound. Price of an hundred weight ●●●ce of one pound Price of an hundred weight. Price of one pound Price of an hundred weight. d. q. li. sh. d. d. q. li. sh. d. d. q. li. sh. d. 0 1 0 2 4 6 1 2 18 4 12 1 5 14 4 0 2 0 4 8 6 2 3 0 8 12 2 5 16 8 0 3 0 7 0 6 3 3 3 0 12 3 5 19 0 1 0 0 9 4 7 0 3 5 4 13 0 6 1 4 1 1 0 11 8 7 1 3 7 8 13 1 6 3 8 1 2 0 14 0 7 2 3 10 0 13 2 6 6 0 1 3 0 16 4 7 3 3 12 4 13 3 6 8 4 2 0 0 18 8 8 0 3 14 8 14 0 6 10 8 2 1 1 1 0 8 1 3 17 0 14 1 6 13 0 2 2 1 3 4 8 2 3 19 4 14 2 6 15 4 2 3 1 5 8 8 3 4 1 8 14 3 6 17 8 3 0 1 8 0 9 0 4 4 0 15 0 7 0 0 3 1 1 10 4 9 1 4 6 4 15 1 7 2 4 3 2 1 12 8 9 2 4 8 8 15 2 7 4 8 3 3 1 15 0 9 3 4 11 0 15 3 7 7 0 4 0 1 17 4 10 0 4 13 4 16 0 7 9 4 4 1 1 19 8 10 1 4 15 8 16 1 7 11 8 4 2 2 2 0 10 2 4 18 0 16 2 7 14 0 4 3 2 4 4 10 3 5 0 4 16 3 7 16 4 5 0 2 6 8 11 0 5 2 8 17 0 7 18 8 5 1 2 9 0 11 1 5 5 0 17 1 8 1 0 5 2 2 11 4 11 2 5 7 4 17 2 8 3 4 5 3 2 13 8 11 3 5 9 8 17 3 8 5 8 6 0 2 16 0 12 0 5 12 0 18 0 8 8 0  

The use of this Table.  
BY this Table, knowing the price of one pound of any thing, you may know how much the Hundred weight( being 112 pound) comes to. Or, having bought any thing by the hundred weight, you may know how to retail it again by the pound. Thus if one pound of any thing cost 4 pence, 3 farthings, a hundred weight of the same commodity will cost 2 pound, 4 shillings, and 4 pence. Also, if a hundred weight of any thing cost 4 pound, 6 shillings, 4 pence, the price of one pound thereof will cost 9 pence farthing: the like may be done for any other. But if your commodity come to above 18 pence the pound, you may do it by the half of the price; or else reckon first for the 18 pence, and after for the rest of the price.    

A TABLE of ACCOVNTS For the ready Casting up of the true value of any great number of any Commodities.  

A Table of Accounts.    1 farthing 2 farthings 3 farthings li. sh. d. q li. sh. d. q li. sh. d. q 1       1       2       3 2       2     1 0     1 2 3       3     1 2     2 1 4     1 ●     2 0     3 0 5     1 1     2 2     3 3 6     1 2     3 0     4 2 7     1 3     3 2     5 1 8     2 ●     4 0     6 0 9     2 ●     4 2     6 3 10     2 2     5 0     7 2 20     5 0     10 0   1 3 0 30     ●7 2   1 3 0   1 10 2 40     10 0   1 8 0   2 6 0 50   1 0 2   2 1 0   3 1 2 60   1 0 3   2 6 0   3 9 0 70   1 5 2   2 11 0   4 4 2 80   1 8 0   3 4 0   5 0 0 90   1 10 2   3 9 0   5 7 3 100   2 1 0   4 2 0   6 3 0 200   4 2 0   8 4 0   12 6 0 300   6 3 0   12 6 0   18 9 0 400   8 4 0   16 8 0 1 5 0 0 500   10 5 0 1 0 10 0 1 11 3 0 600   12 6 0 1 5 0 0 1 17 6 0 700   14 7 0 1 9 2 0 2 3 9 0 800   16 8 0 1 13 4 0 2 10 0 0 900   18 9 0 1 17 6 ● 2 16 3 0 1000 1 0 10 0 2 1 8 ● 3 2 6 0 2000 2 1 8 0 4 3 4 0 6 5 0 0 5000 5 4 2 0 10 8 4 0 15 12 6 0 10000 10 8 4 0 20 16 8 0 31 5 0 0  
Number of Ells, or such like.  

A Table of Accounts.    1 pence 2 pence 3 pence   li. sh. d. li. sh. d. li. sh. d. 1     1     2     3 2     2     4     6 3     3     6     9 4     4     8   1 0 5     5     1●   1 3 6     6   1 0   1 6 7     7   1 2   1 9 8     8   1 4   2 0 9     9   1 6   2 3 10     10   1 8   2 6 20   1 8   3 4   5 0 30   2 6   5 0   7 6 40   3 4   6 8   10 0 50   4 2   8 4   12 6 60   5 0   10 0   15 0 70   5 10   11 8   17 6 80   6 8   13 4 1 0 0 90   7 6   15 0 1 2 6 100   8 4   16 8 1 5 0 200   16 8 1 13 4 2 10 0 300 1 5 0 2 10 0 3 15 0 400 1 13 4 3 6 8 5 0 0 500 2 1 8 4 3 4 6 5 0 600 2 10 0 5 0 0 7 10 0 700 2 18 4 5 16 8 08 15 0 800 3 6 8 6 13 4 10 0 0 900 3 15 0 7 10 0 11 5 0 1000 4 3 4 8 6 8 12 10 0 2000 8 6 8 16 13 4 25 0 0 5000 20 16 8 41 13 4 62 10 0 10000 41 13 4 83 6 8 125 0 0  
Number of else, or such like.  

A table of Accounts.    4 pence 5 pence 6 pence   li. sh. d. li. sh. d. li. sh. d. 1     4     5     6 2     8     10   1 0 3   1 0   1 3   1 6 4   1 4   1 8   2 0 5   1 8   2 1   2 6 6   2 0   2 6   3 0 7   2 4   2 11   3 6 8   2 8   3 4   4 0 9   3 0   3 9   4 6 10   3 4   4 2   5 0 20   6 8   8 4   10 0 30   10 0   12 6   15 0 40   13 4   16 8 1 0 0 50   16 8 1 0 0 1 5 0 60 1 0 0 1 5 0 1 10 0 70 1 3 4 1 9 2 1 15 0 80 1 6 8 1 13 4 2 00 0 90 1 10 0 1 17 6 2 05 0 100 1 13 4 2 1 8 2 10 0 200 3 6 8 4 3 4 5 0 0 300 5 0 0 6 5 0 7 10 0 400 6 13 4 8 6 8 10 0 0 500 8 6 8 10 8 4 12 10 0 600 10 0 0 12 10 0 15 0 0 700 11 13 4 14 11 8 17 10 0 800 13 6 8 16 13 4 20 0 0 900 15 00 0 18 15 0 22 10 0 1000 16 13 4 20 16 8 25 00 0 2000 33 6 8 41 13 4 50 00 0 5000 83 6 8 104 3 4 125 00 0 10000 166 13 4 208 6 8 250 00 0  
Number of else, or such like.  

A table of Accounts.    7 pence 8 pence 9 pence   li. sh. d. li. sh. d. li. sh. d. 1     7     8     9 2   1 2   1 4   1 6 3   1 9   2 0   2 3 4   2 4   2 8   3 0 5   2 11   3 4   3 9 6   3 6   4 0   4 6 7   4 1   4 8   5 3 8   4 8   5 ●   6 0 9   5 3   6 0   6 9 10   5 10   6 8   7 6 20   11 8   13 4   15 0 30   17 6 1 0 0 1 2 6 40 1 3 4 1 6 8 1 10 0 50 1 9 2 1 13 4 1 17 6 60 1 15 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 70 2 0 10 2 6 8 2 12 6 80 2 6 8 2 13 4 3 0 0 90 2 12 6 3 0 0 3 7 6 100 2 18 4 3 6 8 3 15 0 200 5 16 8 6 13 4 7 10 0 300 8 15 0 10 0 0 11 5 0 400 11 13 4 13 6 8 15 0 0 500 14 11 8 16 13 4 18 15 0 600 17 10 0 20 0 0 22 10 0 700 20 8 4 23 6 8 26 5 0 800 23 6 8 26 13 4 30 0 0 900 26 5 0 30 0 0 33 15 0 1000 29 3 4 33 6 8 37 10 0 2000 58 6 8 66 13 4 75 0 0 5000 145 16 8 166 13 4 187 10 0 10000 291 13 4 333 6 8 375 0 0  
Number of else, or such like.  

A table of Accounts.    10 pence 11 pence 12 pence   li. sh. d. li. sh. d. li. sh. d. 1     10     11   1 0 2   1 8   1 10   2 0 3   2 6   2 9   3 0 4   3 4   3 8   4 0 5   4 2   4 7   5 0 6   5 0   5 6   6 0 7   5 10   6 5   7 0 8   6 8   7 4   8 0 9   7 6   8 3   9 0 10   8 4   9 2   10 0 20   16 8   18 4 1 0 0 30 1 5 0 1 7 6 1 10 0 40 1 13 4 1 16 8 2 0 0 50 2 1 8 2 5 10 2 10 0 60 2 10 0 2 15 0 3 0 0 70 2 18 4 3 4 2 3 10 0 80 3 6 8 3 13 4 4 0 0 90 3 15 0 4 2 6 4 10 0 100 4 3 4 4 11 8 5 0 0 200 8 6 8 9 3 4 10 0 0 300 12 10 0 13 15 0 15 0 0 400 16 13 4 18 6 8 20 0 0 500 20 16 8 22 18 4 25 0 0 600 25 0 0 27 10 0 30 0 0 700 29 3 4 32 1 8 35 0 0 800 33 6 8 36 13 4 40 0 0 900 37 10 0 41 5 0 45 0 0 1000 41 13 4 45 16 8 50 0 0 2000 83 6 8 91 13 4 100 0 0 5000 208 6 8 229 3 4 250 0 0 10000 416 13 4 458 6 8 500 0 0  
  2 shall. 3 skill. 4 skill. 5 skill.   li. sh. li. sh. li. sh. li. sh. 1   2   3   4   5 2   4   6   8   10 3   6   9   12   15 4   8   12   16 1 0 5   10   15 1 0 1 5 6   12   18 1 4 1 10 7   14 1 1 1 8 1 15 8   16 1 4 1 12 2 0 9   18 1 7 1 16 2 5 10 1 0 1 10 2 0 2 10 20 2 0 3 00 4 0 5 00 30 3 0 4 10 6 0 7 10 40 4 0 6 00 8 0 10 00 50 5 0 7 10 10 0 12 10 60 6 0 9 00 12 0 15 00 70 7 0 10 10 14 0 17 10 80 8 0 12 00 16 0 20 00 90 9 0 13 10 18 0 22 10 100 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 200 20 0 30 0 40 0 50 0 300 30 0 45 0 60 0 75 0 400 40 0 60 0 80 0 100 0 500 50 0 75 0 100 0 125 0 600 60 0 90 0 120 0 150 0 700 70 0 105 0 140 0 175 0 800 80 0 120 0 160 0 200 0 900 90 0 135 0 180 0 225 0 1000 100 0 150 0 200 0 250 0 2000 200 0 300 0 400 0 500 0 5000 500 0 750 0 1000 0 1250 0 10000 1000 0 1500 0 2000 0 2500 0  
  6 skill. 7 skill. 8 skill. 9 skill. 10 skill.   li. sh. li. sh. li. sh. li. sh. li. sh. 1   6   7   8   9   10 2   12   14   16   18 1 0 3   18 1 1 1 4 1 7 1 10 4 1 4 1 8 1 12 1 16 2 0 5 1 10 1 15 2 0 2 5 2 10 6 1 16 2 2 2 8 2 14 3 0 7 2 2 2 9 2 16 3 3 3 10 8 2 8 2 16 3 4 3 12 4 0 9 2 14 3 3 3 12 4 1 4 10 10 3 0 3 10 4 0 4 10 5 0 20 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 30 9 0 10 10 12 0 13 10 15 0 40 12 0 14 00 16 0 18 0 20 0 50 15 0 17 10 20 0 22 10 25 0 60 18 0 21 0 24 0 27 0 30 0 70 21 0 24 10 28 0 31 10 35 0 80 24 0 28 0 32 0 36 0 40 0 90 27 0 31 10 36 0 40 10 45 0 100 30 0 35 0 40 0 45 0 50 0 200 60 0 70 0 80 0 90 0 100 0 300 90 0 105 0 120 0 135 0 150 0 400 120 0 140 0 160 0 180 0 200 0 500 150 0 175 0 200 0 225 0 250 0 600 180 0 210 0 240 0 270 0 300 0 700 210 0 245 0 280 0 315 0 350 0 800 240 0 280 0 320 0 360 0 400 0 900 270 0 315 0 360 0 405 0 450 0 1000 300 0 350 0 400 0 450 0 500 0 2000 600 0 700 0 800 0 900 0 1000 0 5000 1500 0 1750 0 2000 0 2250 0 2500 0 10000 3000 0 3500 0 4000 0 4500 0 5000 0  

The use of this Table of Accounts.  
THis Table will serve for many uses, but that which it will be most used about, as being most necessary, is to find out the true account of any number of ells, yards, or pounds, being sold for so much the yard, ell, or pound.  
For Example.  
What will 5000 ells of Lockram at 11 pence the ell come?  
To find out this, first look the price of the ell, at the head of the Table, then look down the side of the Table for the number of the ells, so you shall find in the last column but one of the Table, and in the last line but one thereof, that 5000 of any thing at 11 pence a piece, comes to 229 li. 3 ●● il. 4 pence.  
Now if you cannot find your price in one column, or your number of things in one line, you must make two or three parts thereof, and add them altogether, as in the Tables of Interest and Rebate before.  
Thus, if you would know what 1500 ells at nine pence half penny come to.  
First, in the Table of nine pence.  
  li. sh. d. 1000 nine pences are 37 10 00 and 500 nine pences are 18 15 00 Then in the Table of half pence. 1000 half pence are 02 01 08 and 500 half pence are 01 00 10 In all 59 07 06  
You may make this work somewhat shorter, if you divide your numbers, so that they may lye together, and so take them both together out of the Table, by adding them in one sum. As now 700 and 800 make up 1500, Then li. sh. d. 700 nine pences are 56 5 0 800 nine pences are 56 5 0 And       700 nine half pence 3 2 6 800 nine half pence 3 2 6 In all 59 7 6  
But the Table is so plain and useful, that you will easily find out ways of yourself, to cast up any such account very certainly and suddenly thereby.  
This Table also( if you have any occasion) will serve you as a Table of Interest at five pound per Centum. For if instead of the number of pence at the head of the columns, you reckon so many Moneths, then the Sums underneath, will show the true Interest, due for any number of pounds, set down in the side of the Table; just as before in the Table of Interest at six per Centum, pag. 101, 102, 103, 104.    


A Table of expenses or Wages, whereby knowing what it is for one day, you may see what it is in a Week, month, or Year.  By the day By the week By the month By the year.     li. sh. d li. sh. d li. sh. d Pence 1 0 0 7 0 2 4 1 10 5 2 0 1 2 0 4 8 3 0 10 3 0 1 9 0 7 0 4 11 3 4 0 2 4 0 9 4 6 1 8 5 0 2 11 0 11 8 7 12 1 6 0 3 6 0 14 0 9 2 6 7 0 4 1 0 16 4 10 12 11 8 0 4 8 0 18 8 12 3 4 9 0 5 3 1 1 0 13 13 9 10 0 5 10 1 3 4 15 4 2 11 0 6 5 1 5 8 16 14 9 Shillings 1 0 7 0 1 8 0 18 5 0 2 0 14 0 2 16 0 36 10 0 3 1 1 0 4 4 0 54 15 0 4 1 8 0 5 12 0 73 0 0 5 1 15 0 7 0 0 91 5 0 6 2 2 0 8 8 0 109 10 0 7 2 9 0 9 16 0 127 15 0 8 2 16 0 11 4 0 146 0 0 9 3 3 0 12 12 0 164 5 0 10 3 10 0 14 0 0 182 10 0 11 3 17 0 15 8 0 215 0 0 12 4 4 0 16 16 0 219 0 0 13 4 11 0 18 4 0 237 5 0 14 4 18 0 19 12 0 255 10 0 15 5 5 0 21 0 0 273 15 0 16 5 12 0 22 8 0 292 0 0 17 5 19 0 23 16 0 310 5 0 18 6 6 0 25 4 0 328 10 0 19 6 13 0 26 12 0 346 15 0 20 7 0 0 28 0 0 365 0 0  
In a year there are 365 dayes, and in one pound or 20 shillings there is 240 pence. So that one penny a day comes in the year to one pound, one half pound, one groat, and one penny; and thus you may reckon for any other number of pence.  
As for Example, 6 pence a day. Is 6 pound, 06 00 00 6 half pounds, which are 03 00 00 6 Groats, which are 00 02 00 6 pence 00 00 06 In all 09 02 06 Upon this Table you may make these and such like considerations.  
A penny a day in one year comes to one li. 10 skill. and 5 d. Therefore in 21 yeers, it will come to 31 li. 18 skill. 9 d, This will come only by the saving thereof. But if you also employ this, so that it may gain after the rate of ten in the hundred, it will amount to above four score and six pounds in the said time, which may be a good portion for a mans child.  
A penny is a small, regardless sum,  
Yet in a little while to pounds will come.  
He then that carelessly his pence doth spend,  
Will quickly bring his pounds unto an end.  
But he that careful is, and every day  
Doth save these few pence, which well spare he may,  
In little time, much profit he shall find,  
Both for himself, & those he leaves behind.  
A penny well saved is a penny got,  
And will do well to make thy kitchen hot:  
But he that will not spare for th'other pot,  
Doth seldom thrive, but find the beggar 〈◇〉  
Some men will say such men are penny wife.  
And oft pound foolish, yet this difference liis  
Between these spare pence and such getting spenders,  
These prove the borrowers, th'other prove the lenders.  
But if one penny in each day doth come  
In so short time unto so great a sum,  
Then to what number do our sins amount,  
Which not by dayes, but minutes we may count?  
How careful therefore should we be, each day,  
That one good work( at least) we do, which may  
( By Gods acceptance through Christ) countervail  
The many times & things wherein we fail.   


A Catalogue of all the Shires, Hundreds, Cities, Market Towns, and Parish Churches in England and Wales.  Shires. Hundred: C●●ies Ma●● Town: ●ari● Chur 1 berkshire 20 00 12 140 2 Bedfordshire 09 00 10 116 3 Buckinghamshire 10 00 11 185 4 Cambridgeshire 17 00 08 163 5 Cheshire 07 Chest 13 068 6 Cornwall 09 00 22 161 7 Cumberland not Carli 09 058 8 Darbyshire 06 00 08 106 9 Devonshire 03 Exce 37 394 10 Dorcetshire 34 00 18 248 11 Durham not Dur. 06 118 12 Essex 20 Colc. 21 415 13 Glocestershire 30 Gloc 20 280 14 Hampshire 37 Winc 21 289 15 Hartfordshire 08 00 18 120 16 Herefordshire 11 Here 08 176 17 Huntingtonshire 04 00 06 079 18 Kent 66 Canter Roches 17 398 19 Lancashire 06 00 15 026 20 Leicestershire 26 00 12 200 21 Lincolnshire 31 Linc 26 630 22 Middlesex 07 L.W. 04 186 23 Northampton shi 20 Peter 10 326 24 Nottinghamshire 08 00 08 168 25 Northumberland not 00 11 168 26 norfolk   Nor. 26 660 27 Oxfordshire 14 O●n●. 10 280 28 Rutland 05 00 12 248 29 Shropshire 15 00 14 170 30 Somersetshire 42 03 33 385 31 Staffordshire 05 Leyc 13 130 32 suffolk 22 00 28 575 33 Surrie 13 00 09 140 34 Sussex 65 Chic 18 312 35 Warwickshire 09 Cove 15 158 36 Westmerland not 00 04 026 37 Wiltshire 29 Salis 19 304 38 Worcestershire 07 Vore 10 152 39 Yorkshire   York 46 563 40 Anglesey 06 00 02 074 41 Brecknockshire 6 00 03 061 42 Cardiganshire 05 00 04 064 43 Carmarthinshire 06 00 06 087 44 Carnarvonshire   00 05 068 45 Denbighshire 12 00 03 057 46 Flintshire 5 00 01 028 47 Glamorganshire 10 00 07 118 48 Montgomeryshire 07 00 06 047 49 Monmouthshire 06 00 06 127 50 Merionethshire 06 00 03 037 51 Pembrokeshire 07 00 06 145 52 Ra●norshire 6 00 04 052 In all, 52   25 654 10056   


A Table of the Kings of England  Kings. They began to Reign. They Reigned     yea. mo. da 1 Wil. Conqu. 1066 Octob. 14 20 11 22 2 Wil. Rufus 1087 Septem. 9 12 11 18 3 Henry 1 1100 August 1 35 4 11 4 Stephen 1135 Decem. 2 18 11 18 5 Henry 2 1154 Octob. 25 34 9 2 6 Richard 1 1189 july 6 9 9 22 7 John 1199 April 6 17 7 0 8 Henry 3 1216 Octob. 19 56 1 0 9 Edward 1 1272 Nove. 16 34 8 9 10 Edward 2 1307 july 7 19 7 6 11 Edward 3 1326 Ianua. 25 50 5 7 12 Richard 2 1377 june 21 22 3 14 13 Henry 4 1399 Septe. 29 13 6 3 14 Henry 5 1412 March 20 9 5 24 15 Henry 6 1422 August 31 38 6 16 16 Edward 4 1460 March 4 22 1 8 17 Edward 5 1483 April 9 0 2 18 18 Richard 3 1483 june 22 2 2 5 19 Henry 7 1485 August 22 23 8 19 20 Henry 8 1509 April 22 37 10 2 21 Edward 6 1546 Ianua. 28 6 5 19 22 Mary 1553 july 6 5 4 22 23 Elizabeth 1558 Nove. 17 44 4 15 24 james 1602 March 24 22 0 3 25 Charles 1625 March 27 23 11 2  

The use of the Table of Kings.  
This Table of the Kings I suppose may be necessary in the searching out the antiquity of many old Evidences, which are dated many times by the yeers of the King then reigning, and not by the yeers of our Lord. And it might be more plain and profitable if it were drawn out a little larger, but time and paper are wanting: I have only therefore as a pattern shown how it might be done in this hundred yeers last past, and added some brief notes out of History thereunto.  
The use of this following Table will appear in such questions.  
How long is it since the 25 year of King Henry the Third?  
Which is thus found,  
Henry 3 began to reign, Anno Dom. 1216  
To which add the 25 yeers, 25 So is it Anno Domini 1241 Which substracted from the present year 1653 There remains the yeers since 412    

anno Dom An. Reg. Queen Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth began to Reign the 17 of November, Anno Domini, 1558. 1558 1 Queen crwoned. Parliament called. 1559 2 Mass, Monks, and Monasteries suppressed. 1560 3 War in Scotland against the French and Scots. Twenty persons slain by Gun-powder in Crooked Lane. 1561 4 Merchant Tailours School founded.     Pauls Steeple burnt. 1562   Small money coined.   5 Many monstrous Births. 1563   Tempests and Earthquake.   6 Great Plague in London, 20000 died thereof. 1564 7 Goods first sold by the common Out-cry.     The Heavens seemed to burn.     Thames frozen over. 1565 8 Great Tempests. 1566 9 King James born.     7 Aldermen died in London. 1567 10 Royal Exchange finished.     King James crwoned in Scotland. 1568 11 A dry Summer.   12 Q. of Scots taken England.     A great Lottery. 1569   Rebellion in the North.   13 66 Constables executed for it     Wars against Scotland. 1570 14 Strange Earthquake in Herefordshire. 1571   The Christians Victory at Lepanto. 1572 15 Massacre in France.     The new Star. 1573 16 Earl of Essex goes to Ireland. 1574 17 Counterfeits punished.     One drowned in Dowgate Channel. 1575 18 An Earthquake.     Anabaptists punished. 1576 19 Frobishers Voyage to the North. 1577 20 Strange infection at the Assizes in Oxford. 1578 21 A great Snow. 1579 22 A Smith made a Lock, Key and Chain, which weighed but a grain and a half. 1580 23 A great Earthquake.     A blazing Star. 1581 24 Campian, and two jesuits more executed.   25 The calendar reformed by Pope Gregory. 1582   Three killed with Gunpowder at Galley-Key. 1583 26 Earthquake in Dorsetshire. 1584 27 Nantwich burnt.     Traitors executed. 1585   Holland sues for protection.   28 Tobacco first brought into England. 1586   Ludgate new built.   29 Queen of Scots beheaded. 158 30 Blackwel Hall new built. 1588 31 The Spanish Armado overthrown. 1589 32 Duke of Guise murdered. 1590 33 Hacket a Blasphemer hanged 1591 4 Volunteers go into France.     The East-India Company begun. 1592 35 The Thames almost dry. 1593 36 10635 died of the Plague in London. 1594 37 Great Tempests. 1595 38 Scarcity of Corn. 1596 39 Essex taketh Cadiz in Spain. 1597 40 Wheat at thirteen shillings the Bushel  
anno Dom An. Reg. King James. 1598 41 Great Temp●sts and Frosts. 1599 42 Earl of Essex goes to Ireland. 1600 43 ambassador from Russia and Barbary. 1601   Essex beheaded. 1602 44 Q. Elizab. died at Richmond. King James began to Reign, March 24, Anno Domini, 1602. 1603 1 K. james comes into England. 30578 died of the Plague in London. 1604 2 Peace made with Spain. 1605 3 The Powder-Treason. 1606 4 Squire Lepton road five times between York and London in five dayes. 1607 5 Moor-fields beautified. 16 8 6 A great Frost.     Edmondsbury burnt.     Oath of Allegiance. 1609 7 New Exchange in the Strand built. alum first made in England. 1610 8 King of France murdered.     Prince Henry created Prince of Wales. 1611 9 bartholomew Legatt an Arrian burnt in Smithfield. 1612 10 Prince Henry died.     The Lady Elizabeth married to the palgrave. 1613 11 The Artillery Company revived.   12   1614 13 Sir Hugh Middletons Water.   14 Great Snow and Frost. 1615   Smithfield paved.     Somersets downfall. 1616 15 Prince Charles created Prince of Wales. 1617 16 Haydock the sleeping Preac●● 1618   Sir Walter Raleigh decollated. 1619 17 The troubles in Bohemia begun. 1620 18 King of Bohemia driven out of Prague. 1621 19 Proclamation against talking of State-matters. 1622 20 Prince Charles his Voyage into Spain. 1623 21 Black-Friers fell down. 1624 22 English murdered at Amboyna. King Charles began to Reign the 27 of March, Anno Domini, 1625. 1625 1 The King marrieth the Lady Mary, daughter to the King of France.     A great Plague all over England, so that there died in London 63000 in that year. 1626 2 The King is crwoned.     Quarrels with Spain and France.  
anno Dom An. Reg. King Charles.     An Earthquake in England. 1627 3 The Isle of Rhee taken and spoiled. 1628 4 Duke of Buckingham stabbed 1629 5 The Plantation of New England. 1630 6 Prince Charles born.     Peace agreed between England and Spain.     King of Sweden invades Germany. 1631 7 The K. requires of the Emperour to restore the Prince Palatine to his Rights.     battle at Lipsick, Tylly slain. 1632 8 London Bridge burnt. 1633 9 The K. of Sweden having obtein'd many victories, is ●lain in the great Batter of Lutzein, wherein his forces were notwithstanding victorious, and pursue their conquests. 1634 10 Ratisben yielded to the Emperour, after a long siege, having made 465 Sallies. 1335 11 The Hollanders trouble the Spaniards in the West Indies; 1636 12 The Dutch spoil the Spaniards Silver Fleet. 1637 13 The Popes nuntioes received in the Kings Court, and the English liturgy sent into Scotland. 1638 14 The Scots dislike these new Orders, and make a National Covenant against them. Patentees and shipmoney vex the common people. 1639 15 The Dutch spoil the Spanish Navy neor Dover, notwithstanding the English Navy lye by, and stir to hinder the fight.     Threescore thousand slain by an Earthquake in Italy. ●… 640 16 The Scots prosecute their Covenant by force of Arms, they invade England, sand their desires to the King.     The King calls a Parliament in April, but shortly dissolveth it.     The King grants the Scots their desires, and appoints another Parliament against the third of November, 1640. 1641 17 The King returns out of Scotland, and is received with great pomp and state at London.     The Earl of Stafford is condemned and decapitated, and the Archbishop of Canterbury put into the Tower. 1642 18 Great dissension grows between the King and the Parliament.     The King leaves the Parliament, goes into the North. Sir John Hotham denies the King entrance into Hull.     The King and Parliament fall from words to blows.     The King sets up his Standard at Nottingham.     The Parliament choose the Earl of Essex for their general; and besides some other lesser encounters they come to a great battle at Edge-hill In the mean time the Irish take occasion to rebel. 1643 19 The Kings forces grow strong and prosperous under Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, who take Bristol & exeter, and besiege gloucester, which is valiantly defended by Col. Massey, until the Earl of Essex came and removed the Siege, and afterward beats the Kings forces at Newberry. The Parliament call in the Scots to help them, and the K. the Irish, who are well hanselled at Nantwitch. 1644 20 The Scots being entred into England, join their forces with the Earl of Manchesters; York besieged: and the great fight at Marston Moore. But the E. of Essex going too far into the West, loseth his train of Artillery, and most part of his foot in Cornwall. Yet the remainder of the Army joining with the Earl of Manchesters forces, get the better of the Kings forces at the second newberry battle; who not prosecuting the Victory, makes the Earl ill thought of. 1645 21 The Arch-Bishop of Canterbury beheaded.     A Treaty of peace at Uxbridge, but to none effect. Sir Thomas Fairfax made Lord general of the Parliaments forces, who routs the kings forces at Nazeby; afterward raiseth the Siege a Taunton, and recovers Bristol. 1646 22 Lord General Fairfax having recovered all the West, returns back, and besiegeth Oxford, but the King privately gets out, and goes to the Scotch Army, who were now marching out of England again; the work being( as was thought) pretty well over. 1647 23 The King is delivered by the Scots into the hands of the Parliaments Commissioners, who bring the King to Holmby. From whence he is taken by the Army, & brought among them to Royston. Some difference there is between the Parliament and Army about this; but the whole Army join together, bring the King to Hampton-Court, and march through London. But in a while the Army beginning to jar among themselves, the King is sent privately away into the Isle of Wight; whither the Parliament sand him four bills to sign, which the King refuseth, and desires a personal Treaty. 1648 24 Many Petitions are presented from several Countreys about this personal Treaty, which not being accepted, cause some insurrections in Kent, Surrey, and Essex. The navy also revolt, and the Scots invade us under the conduct of marquis Hamilton. But Colchester is taken by the Lord General Fairfax; and the Scots beaten at Preston in Lancashire by the Lord general cronwell; and so all is quiet a-again. Yet this brought things so about, that a personal Treaty with the King is agreed upon, and Commissioners sent to the King; who being there above two moneths, and nothing concluded; the Parliament and Army begin to jar again: the Army purge the Parliament; and then the King is brought to trial, condemned, and beheaded. 1649   Shortly after the Kings death the House of Lords is voted useless: marquis Hamilton is condemned for bringing in the Scots; and the Earl of Holland and Lord Capel for being to busy in the last Summers insurrection, were all three beheaded together. The royalists in Ireland under the command of the Earl of Ormond are grown Masters of the field, and besiege Dublin. Hereupon the L. Gen. cronwell prepares to go thither, the very news whereof puts such courage into our souldiers, and such fear into their enemies, that Dublin before his arrival relieves itself, and afterward all the other places are speedily regained; and so all being set in good order again, the Lord General cromwell leaves the Lord Deputy Ireton to follow that business, and returns into England. A lamentable accident by Gun-powder in Tower-street, many houses being blown up, and almost an hundred persons slain. 1650   The Scots having treated with the late Kings eldest Son, receive him among them, and crown him King, raising all the forces they can to assist him. Hereupon the Lord general cronwell is made Lord general, and marches with the Army into Scotland: where the Scots having almost tired out our Army, and caught them at great advantage, grow bold to face them at Dunbar; but after a little fight, the English had a great Victory: 10000 Scots being taken, and the Lord general takes up his quarters in edinburgh. 1651   The Scotch Army thus defeated were most of them Presbyterians; so that the young King and his party are not much sorry for the loss, but think now to recover all into their own hands. They grow strong in the North, but dare not come over the Fife to fight our Army; and having possession of the pass at Sterling, keep our Army from coming at them. But in July some of our Army get over the River in Boats, and overthrow a strong party of them. And most of the Army being afterward got over, march Northward toward S. Johnstown, thinking the King would follow them. But the King ●nd his Army presently fall into England, and march as far as Worcester without any opposition, our Army being so far behind them. But staying here, they are overtaken & hemmed in by our forces; and upon the 3d. of Sept. being the day of their great overthrow last year at Dunbar, they are here likewise totally routed; so that the King himself very hardly escaped. Some English imprisoned for complying with the Scots, and Mr. Love and Gibbons beheaded. 1652   Ireland being thus conquered, Scotland subdued, England quiet, the Parliament take the many complaints of Merchants and Seamen against the Dutch, and many other public injuries offered by them into consideration, and make an Order, that the Dutch shall bring no commodities into our parts, but such as are of the growth of their own country. This mads the Dutch, makes them strengthen their Navies, thinking to over-power us at Sea. Yet fearing the worst, they sand their Commissioners hither to treat for an agreement. But in the mean time, thinking they had got a great advantage of us, they set upon a part of our Navy by Dover, who valiantly de●end themselves, beyond expectation. Thus the Treaty is broken off, and the war grows both at home and abroad; our Fleets for the most part worsting of theirs, but in the Straights they get the better of our Merchants. Glasco in Scotland burnt. A Comet appears from the 8 or 9 to the 30 of December. 1653   Marleborow burnt. The old Parliament that had now continued above 12 years, is dissolved by the Army, and a new one chosen, and set up by them. Yet this great change( blessed be God) hath made no confusion, but all things go on and prosper. The Dutch came in a vapouring humour into Dover-road, and made some shot into the Town, but they have been well paid for it twice since; their chief admiral Van Trump being slain in the last. And now they have sent two more Commissioners, in reference to another Treaty; wherein I desire God first and chiefly to give them and us a spirit of wisdom and concord to end this war; or else to give us such a spirit of wisdom and courage to follow it, that we may maintain our just rights and privileges, in despite of them or any other that shall oppose therein.   
FINIS.