THE GARDEN OF EDEN. OR, An accurate Description of all Flowers and Fruits now growing in England, with particular Rules how to advance their Nature and Growth, as well in Seeds and Herbs, as the secret ordering of Trees and Plants. By that learned and great Observer, Sir HUGH PLAT, Knight. The Fourth Edition. LONDON, Printed for William Leake, at the Crown in Fleetstreet betwixt the Two Temple Gates. 1654. TO THE HONOURABLE and most perfect Gentleman, FRANCIS FINCH junior, of the Inner Temple, Esquire. SIR, YOu may please to pardon my forward inscribing this Book to your name. Were it a Work of mine own composition, I should have thought on a meaner Patron. But the memory of that learned Knight the author (to whom I had so near Alliance) may excuse this presumption. He was a great Searcher after all sorts of Knowledge, and as great a lover of it in all others. And I humbly conceived I could not do him a higher service than by placing his Book under your Protection, who are not more honoured by those many Noble Families whence you are descended, than by that large Portion of Learning and virtue which have so enriched your Noble mind; and rendered you precious to all that know you. I hope that candour and sweetness which accompanies all your Actions, will also show itself in acceptation of this Offering from him who is ambitious of no other title than SIR, The most humble and most devoted of all those that honour you CHARLES BELLINGHAM. The publisher To the Reader. I Shall not blush to tell you, I had some ambition to publish this Book, as well to do right to the learned Author (my ever honoured Kinsman) as to check their forwardness who were ready to violate so useful a Work. There are some men (of great name in the world) who made use of this Author, and it had been civil to have mentioned his name who held forth a candle to light them to their desires; but this is an unthankful age. And what ever you may think of this small Piece, it cost the Author many years search, and no small expense, there being not extant in our language) any work of this Subject so necessary and so brief. He had consultation with all Gentlemen, Scholars, nay not a gardener in England (of any note) but made use of his Discoveries, and confirmed his inventions by their own Experience. And what ever they discovered (such was his modesty) he freely acknowledges by naming the Authors, sometimes in words at length, as Mr. Hill, Mr. Taverner, M. Pointer, M. Colborn, M. Melinus, M. Simson, and sometimes by T. T. A. P. &c. What ever is his own hath no name at all, unless sometimes (and that not often) he add H. P. at the end of the Paragraph. And when he refers you to some other part of the Book, 'tis according to the Number or Section, not the Page, for that only serves for the Table. He wrote other pieces of Natural Philosophy, whereunto he subjoined an excellent Abstract of Cornelius Agrippa de Occulta Philosophia; but they fell into ill hands, and worse times. As for this Collection of Flowers and Fruits, I would say (if I had not so near Relation to it) that no English man that hath a Garden or Orchard can handsomely be without it, but at least by having it will find a large benefit. And all Ladies and Gentlemen by reading these few leaves may not only advance their knowledge and observation when they walk into a Garden, but discourse more skilfully of any Flower, Plant, or Fruit than the gardener himself, who (in a manner) grows there night and day. Farewell. C. B. The Author's Epistle To all Gentlemen, Ladies, and all others delighting in God's Vegetable Creatures. HAving out of mine own experience, as also by long conference with divers Gentlemen of the best skill and practice, in the altering, multiplying, enlarging, planting, and transplanting of sundry sorts of Fruits & Flowers, at length obtained a pretty volume of experimental observations in this kind: And not knowing the length of my days, nay, assuredly knowing that they are drawing to their period, I am willing to unfold my Napkin, and deliver my poor talon abroad, to the profit of some, who by their manual works, may gain a greater employment than heretofore in theirusual callings: and to the pleasuring of others, who delight to see a rarity spring out of their own labours, and provoke Nature to play, and show some of her pleasing varieties, when she hath met with a stirring workman. I hope, so as I bring substantial and approved matter with me, though I leave method at this time to Schoolmen, who have already written many large and methodical volumes of this subject (whose labours have greatly furnished our Studies and Libraries, but little or nothing altered or graced our Gardens and Orchards) that you will accept my skill, in such a habit and form as I shall think most fit and appropriate for it; and give me leave rather to write briefly and confusedly, with those that seek out the practical and operative part of Nature, whereunto but a few in many ages have attained, then formally and largely to imitate her Theorists, of whom each age affordeth great store and plenty. And though amongst these two hundred experiments, there happen a few to fail under the workman's hand (which yet may be the Operators mistake not mine) yet seeing they are such as carry both good sense and probability with them, I hope in your courtesy I shall find you willing to excuse so small a number, because I doubt not, but to give good satisfaction in the rest. And let not the concealing, or rather the figurative describing of my last and principal secret, withdraw your good and thankful acceptation, from all that go before; on which I have bestowed the plainest and most familiar phrase that I can: for▪ Jo. Baptista Porta himself, that gallant and glorious Italian, without craving any leave or pardon, is bold to set down in his Magia naturalis, amongst many other conclusions of Art and Nature, four of his secret skills, (viz. concerning the secret killing of men, the precipitation of salt out of sea water, the multiplying of corn two hundred fold, which elsewhere I have discovered: & the puffing up of a little past, to the bigness of a football) in an obscure and enigmatical phrase. And I make no question, but that if he had known this part of vegetable Philosophy, he would have penned the same as a Sphinx, & rolled it up in the most cloudy and dark some speech that he could possibly have devised. This Author, I say, hath emboldened me, and some Writers of more worth and higher reach than himself, have also charged me, not to disperse or divulgate a secret of this nature, to the common and vulgar eye or ear of the world. And thus having acquainted you with my long, costly, and laborious Collections, not written at adventure, or by an imaginary conceit in a Scholars private study, but wrung out of the earth by the painful hand of experience: and having also given you a touch of Nature, whom no man as yet ever durst send naked into the world without her veil; and expecting, by your good entertainment of these, some encouragement for higher and deeper discoveries hereafter, I leave you to the God of Nature, from whom all the true light of Nature proceedeth. H. P. Knight. An alphabetical Table to the Book. A. Anise seeds to grow in England page 78 Apple cornels to set 101 Apple agreeth not with a pear-stock 120. notè contra 121 Apples kept without wrinkles 164 Apricot multiplied 127 Apricot, which is best 136 Apricocks fair 157 Apricocks to bear well 148 Apricot stones to set 155 Apricocks in what ground 146 Apricocks to prosper 105 Arbour when to cut. 90 Arbour aloft 94 Artichokes from frost 39, 41, 79 97 B. Barking to help 159 Barking of trees 107 Barley growing without earth 47 Barrenness in trees, upon what cause, and how helped 163 Bays to plant 36 & 100 Beasts of herbs to grow speedily 76 Birds of herbs to grow speedily 76 Blossoms from frost 104 to stay blossoming 157 Borders of herbs delicate 77 Box tree to plant 100 Branches to root 70, 102, 105 Briony sap to gather 62 C. Candying of growing flowers 42 Canker avoided 107 Carnations growing in winter 50, 96 Carnations old and revived 52 Carnations how to set 69 Carnations plants to carry far 69 Carnations seed to gather 72 Carnations of divers kinds upon one root. 75 Carnation pots of a stately fashion 49, 50 Carnations to multiply 83 Carnations early 65 Carrots kept long 66 Carrots to grow large 35, 67 Carrots when to sow 68 Cats at the roots of trees 99 Cherries when to plant 101 Cherries growing long upon the tree 105 Cherry stock wild, of what bigness to graft on 110 Cherry upon a plum stock 113 Cherries fair 157 Cherry to grow large 119 Cherries in clusters 265 Chestnut tree to plant 111 Scions how to choose 119 Scions made the stock 120 Scions how to carry far 126 Scions to prosper 146 Scions and stock suitable 164 Coleflower seed to gather and plant 73 Coleflower to bear late 74 Coliander to sow 81 Colour of a flower altered 71, 138 Cucumbers to multiply 63 Crabstock, at what bigness to be grafted 109 D. Dogs at the tree roots 99 Dung for potherbs 35 Dwarf-trees 150 Dwarf-trees in an orchard 52 Depth for trees 108 E. Earth barren strengthened 77 Earth, see Ground Eldern to plant 36, 100 Elme no stock to graft on 120 Elm to land truly 152 Early fruit 56, 64, 103, 145 F. Fearn to enrich ground 33 Flower de luce of seed 91 Flowers to grow gilded 41 Flowers candied as they grow 42 Flowers to keep backward 66, 67 or forward 64, 65 Flowers to grow upon trees 71, 67 Flowers grafted one upon another 71 Flowers single made double 85 Flowers from frost 96 Fruit early. See Early. Frets of herbs in a delicate manner 77 Fruit hanging long upon the tree 104 Fruit without stones 136 Fruit hidden with leaves 136 167 G. Garden enriched philosophically Garden ground rich 70 Garden within doors 44 Garlic to grow large 35 Grafting in the bud, with all the rules 111 Grafting in the scions, with all the rules 117 Grafting, how often in the year 135 Grafting between the bark and tree 139 Grapes kept long 67, 92, 97 Grapes growing long upon the Vine 105 Ground to temper 33 Ground enriched with Fearn 33 Ground enriched with soot 33 Ground enriched with horn 34 Ground enriched 99, 100 Gilding of leaves, and flowers growing 41 H. Hasels when to plant 101 Hedge of fruit trees for a garden 72 Hedge when to cut 90 Hedge of white-thorn, how to use 72 Herbs with great heads 34 Herbs to grow upon trees 71 Herbs grafted one upon another 71 Hops, how to order 98 Horn to enrich ground 34 I. Inoculation, witb all the rules thereof 111 K. Kernels when to set 70 L. Leaves growing gilded 41 Leeks to grow great 36 Lettuce to sow 37 Lettuce seeds to gather 37 Lettuce to grow great 37 Lopping of trees for beauty 108 139 Lopping of trees for bearing 147 M. Medlar upon a white thorn 110 Medlar stock for a Quince 137 Melons to grow great 63 Melons to order 57 Musk-mellon to prosper 94 Melons to multiply 63 Mistletoe to find 86 Misselchild 86 Moss to kill 160 Mould rich for Orchard or Garden 33, 99 N. Nursery, what ground it requireth 134 Nuts, when to set 70 Nuts set 111 O. Oak, when not to be felled 109 Oak, how to land 152 Onions and Baysalt sowed together 34 Onions how to order 79 Orchard of dwarf-trees 52, 103 Orchard ground how to keep 140 Orchard wet, how to help 146 Orchard barren to bear 99 P. Parsnips kept long 66 Parsnips when to sow 68 Parsnips to grow large 35, 68 Peaches in what ground 149 Peach stones to plant 102, 155 Peach upon a plum-stock 123 Pear, in what ground 149 Pear stocks, of what bigness to be grafted on 110 Pear, not to be grafted upon a white thorn ibid. Pear tree when to plant 101 Peascods early and late 80, 90 Pineapple when to set 102 Pinks of Carnations, and in carnation time 72 Peony of the seeds 91 Pippin upon what stocks 137 Pyramids of herbs to grow speedily 76 Plants, when to set 102 Plants rooted, how to remove without harm 88 Plums growing long upon the trees 105 Plum-stocks white, of what bigness to graft on 110 Plum agreeth not with a Cherry stock 113 Plum-stones when to set 101 Pompions to grow great 38 Pompions to multiply 63 Poplar to grow 100 Potherbs, what dung they require 35 Pots for Carnations, of a stately fashion 49, 75 Pruning of trees for beauty 108 pruning of trees for bearing 147 Purslane seed to gather 37 Q. Quinces when to plant 101 Quince grafted upon Medlar 121 Quinces to grow delicate 155 R Radish 91 Radish to grow large 35 Roots when in their best strength 40 Roots to grow long and great 67 Roots old removed 88 Roots of trees, how to be ordered in setting 149 Roses grafted, upon what stocks 38 Rose musk to bear late 40 Roses growing in winter 50 Roses to bear late 65, 82 Roses to defend from frost 65 Roses early 65 Roses late 66, 82, 95 Roses to multiply 83 Rose to bear twice in one year 89 Rose of Gelderland, how to plant 90 S. Salt sowed with Onions 34 Sap in trees checked 162 Sappiness in wood avoided 153 Sap of herbs, how to gather 82 Sap of trees, how to gather 156 Seeds how old they may be 34 Seeds how to choose 34, 84 Seeds to multiply 67 Seeds to sprout speedily 84 Seeds to grow full and plump 91 Seeds kept from fowl 91 Sent of flower altered 71. 138 Snails to kill 35 Soot to enrich ground 33 Spring when to set 102 Stock gillyflower made double 85 Stock and scions suitable 164 Stock gillyflowers how to plant 69 Stock gillyflowers to continue long growing 88 Stock when it is big enough to be grafted on 110 Stock made to prosper 131 Stock to multiply 134 Stones when to set 70 Strawberries wild into gardens 38 Strawberries how to water 38 Strawberries early 64 Strawberries large 92 Suckers planted 111 Spinach when to sow 91 To Taste of a flower altered 71, 138 Timber or tree togrow of any fashion 148 Trees old recovered 56, 103 Trees coming of a branch 70 Tree to bush in the top 55, 9 Trees to prosper 105 Tree from barking, or canker 107 Tree, at what depth to set 108 Trees to top 108 Tree bark-bound, helped 31 Tree let into another 124 Tree how to transplant 134, 143 Tree transplanted, how it altereth. 137 Tree-gum in Winter 140 Tree to grow tall 55 Tree made to root higher 141, 162 Tree with a wreathed body 142 Tree-gum in Autumn 158 Tree to burnish 160 Tree barren to bear 143 Tulip to double 86 Turnips kept long 66 Turnips to grow large 35 V. Vine cutting to choose 35 Vine when to plant 35 Vine young, when to prune 35 Vines old, recovered 56, 103, 145 Vine to carry grapes long upon it 105 Vineyard how to keep 141 Vine bleeding helped 145 Vineyard to plant 54 W Walnut tree to plant 111 Walflowers how to plant 69 Wardens in what soil 159 Warden agreeth not upon a white-thorn 110 Water philosophical for gardens 167 Water artificial for gardens 75 93 Wax artificial for graffing 124 Weather ill to work in 109 White-thorn for what scions 110 White-thorn stock at what bigness to be graffed on 109 Woods speedy 106 Worms to kill 70 THE GARDEN OF EDEN. OR, A brief Description of all sorts of Fruits & Flowers, with means how to advance their nature and growth in England. I Shall not trouble the Reader with any curious rules for shaping and fashioning of a Garden or Orchard; how long, broad, or high the Beds, Hedges, or Borders should be contrived; For every man may dispose it as his House or quantity of ground requires. And (to deal freely) I look on such work as things of more facility than what I now am about. Every Drawer or Embroiderer, nay (almost) each Dancing-Master may pretend to such niceties; in regard they call for very small Invention, & less learning. I shall therefore speak to that which common searchers pass over, or never aimed at, being somewhat above their reach, who neglect the cause of what they find effected. Yet I shall begin with the ground, soil, or earth itself, as the Foundation of all; still confessing what light or assistance I had from those who employed their hours this way as well as myself. 2. Break up your ground, Tempering the ground. and dung it at Michaelmas. In Januar. turn your ground three of four times, to mingle your dnng and earth the better, rooting up the weeds at every time. Proved by Mr. T. T. 3 In winter time, Fern to enrich ground. if you cover the ground which you mean to break up in the Spring, with good store of Fern, it keepeth down grass and weeds from springing up in winter, which would spend some part of the heart of the ground, and it doth also enrich the ground very much, for all manner of Roots and herbs. By Mr. And. Hill. Ashes of Fern are excellent. 4. Quaere, Soot to enrich ground of enriching ground with Soot, which Mr. Stutfield (that married my Lord North's brother's Daughter) assured me to have found true in pasture grounds, the same only strewed thinly over. 5. Shavings of Horn strewed upon the ground, Shavings of horn to enrich ground. or first rotted in earth, and (after) that earth spread upon the ground, maketh a Garden ground very rich. Probatum at Bishop's Hall, By H. P. 6. Onions & Baysalt sown together, onions & Bay-salt. have prospered exceeding well. 7. The surest way to have your seeds to grow, Age of seeds. is to sow such as are not above one year old, T. T. 8. If herbs be nipped with the fingers, herbs with great heads. or clipped, they will grow to have great heads. T. T. 9 Choose such seeds as be heavy, Choice of seeds. & white with in, T. T. 10. Swine's & pigeon's dung are good for potherbs and sifted ashes laid about them, Dung for potheabs' killeth Snails, To kill snails. T. T. 11. If you would have garlic, Roots made large. parsnep, radish, turnip, carrot, &c. to have a large root, tread down the tops often, else the sap will run into the leaves, T. T. 12. Take the cutting of a Vine from a branch that spreadeth most in the midst of the Tree, choosing of a Vine cutting. and not from the lowest nor the highest branch, having five or six joints from the old stock, and it would be a cubit long or more: Vine when to plant. plant it in Octob. or March. T. T. 13. Proine not your young Vines until they have had three years' growth. Young Vines to proine. T. T. 14. Every slip of a Bay tree will grow, bays to plant. strip off the great leaves, and set them in March when the sap beginneth to rise. T. T. 15. Every plant of an Eldern will grow. Eldern to plant. T. T. 16. First, Leeks to grow great. put some good fat dung into water, and therein water your leeks one night, and make your beds of good fat dung, that the dung may be a foot at the least in depth: then cover the bed with Fern, and set the leeks with a great planting stick, and fill not the holes with earth, but water them once in two days and no more; after this manner of setting I have seen leeks as great as the stem of a spade. T. T. 17. Sow lettuce in August for Winter. lettuce to sow. T. T. 18. After the lettuce is all blown, lettuce seed how to gather. and some of the bolls begin to bear a white poff, then cut off the whole great stem, and lay it a drying in the sun: and when it is dry, beat it up and down with thy fist upon a board, & put altogether in a dish, & blow away softly all the dust. lettuce to grow great. T. T. And if you sow or set your lettuce in the shade they will be very great. 19 When it hath bolls, Purslane seed to gather. cut it up, and lay all the herb to dry in the shadow than beat it out. T. T. 20. Strawberries which grow in woods, Wood Strawberries into Gardens. prosper best in Gardens: and if you will transplant them forth of one Garden into another than every the last ground by watering the same either with sheep's dung, Watering of strawberries. or pigeon's dung infused in water; by Master Hill. 21. The musk and yellow Rose, Roses grass upon what stock. and all those double and centiple Roses, may well be grafted in the bud upon the Sweet-brier. By Mr. Hill. 22. If you would have Pompions to grow exceeding great, Pompions to grow great. first plant them in a rich mould, then transplant those sets into other fat mould, watering them now and then with the water wherein pigeon's dung hath been infused, then take away all the hangs-by, maintaining only one or two main runners at the most, and so you shall have them grow to an huge bigness. Proved by Mr. Hill. You must nip off these side branches about blossoming time, with their flowers and fruits; and take heed you hurt not the heads of the main runners, for then your pompions will prove but dwindlings. 23. In winter time raise little hills about your Artichokes close to the leaves, Artichokes from frost. See this in Numb. 26. 58. because they are tender; and if any extreme frosts should happen, they might otherwise be in danger to perish. 23. Musk rose to bear late. If you cut away the old branches of a Muskerose, leaving only the shoots of the next year to bear; these shoots will bring forth musk roses the next year, but after all other musk-rose trees. By Mr. Hill. 25. Roots in their best strength. The roots of every tree and plant, are most full of sap when their tops or heads are most green and flourishing: and when the bark of the Tree will pill and loosen from the body, then will the rind also loosen from the root; and when the tops begin to wither or stand at a stay, then do the roots likewise. And therefore that common opinion, that roots are best and of most force in Winter, is erroneous. So as if I should gather any roots, for the use of physic or Surgery, I would gather them either at their first putting forth of leaves, or else between their first springing, & the springing up of their branches, when they begin to incline towards their flowering. By A. H. 26. artichokes from frost. 23, 38. If every evening you lay a great colewort or cabbage leaf upon the top of every Artichoke, this will defend the apple from the violence of the frost. Flowers or leaves gilded and growing. By Goodman the gardener. 27. A branch of Box or Rosemary will carry their leaves gilded a long time fair, Quae●● of Isinglasse dissolved. notwithstanding the violence of rain, if you first moisten the leaves with the gum of mastic, first dissolved in a hard egg according to art, and leaf-gold presently laid thereon. Do this in a summer's day, when all the dew is ascended, and when the Sun being hot, may presently harden the mastic, and so bind down the gold fast unto it. Quaere, if myrrh and Benjamin will not do the like, dissolved as before. 28. Make gum water as strong as for ink, Flowers candied as they grow but make it with Rose-water; then wet any growing flower therewith, about ten of the clock in a hot summer's day, and when the Sun shineth bright, bending the flower so as you may dip it all over therein, and then shake the flower well; or else you may wet the flower with a soft callaver pencil, then strew the fine seared powder of double refined sugar upon it: do this with a little box or searce, whose bottom consisteth of an open lawn, & having also a cover on the top; holding a paper under each flower, to receive the sugar that falleth by: and in three hours it will candy, or harden upon it; & so you may bid your friends after dinner to a growing banquet: or else you maycut off these ers so prepared, and dry them after in dishes two or three days in the sun, or by a fire, or in a stove; and so they will last six or eight weeks, happily longer, if they be kept in a place where the gum may not relent. You may do this also in balm, Sage, or Borrage, as they grow. 29. I hold it for a most delicate and pleasing thing to have a fair Gallery, A Garden within doors. great Chamber or other lodging, that openeth fully upon the East or West sun, to be inwardly garnished with sweet herbs and Flowers, yea and Fruit if it were possible For the performance whereof, I have thought of these courses following. First, you may have fair sweet marjerom, basil, carnation, or rosemary pots, &c. to stand loosely upon fair shelves, which pots you may let down at your pleasure in apt frames with a pulley from your Chamber window into your Garden, or you may place them upon shelves made without the room, there to receive the warm sun, or temperate rain at your pleasure, now and then when you see cause. In every window you may make square frames either of lead or of boards, well pitched within: fill them with some rich earth, and plant such flowers or herbs therein as you like best; if herbs you may keep them in the shape of green borders, or other forms. And if you plant them with Rosemary, you may maintain the same running up the transumes and movels of your windows. And in the shady places of the room, you may prove if such shady plants as do grow abroad out of the Sun, will not also grow there: as sweet briars, bays, Germander, &c. But you must often set open your Casements, especially in the day time, which would be also many in number; because flowers delight and prosper best in the open air. You may also hang in the roof, and about the sides of this room, small pompions or Cowcombers, pricked full of Barley, first making holes for the Barley (quaere, what other seeds or flowers will grow in them and these will be overgrown with green spires, barley growing without earth. so as the Pompion or Cowcomber will not appear. And these are Italian fancies hung up in their rooms to keep the flies from their Pictures: in Summer time, your chimney may be trimed with a fine bank of moss, which may be wrought in works being placed in earth, or with Orpin, or the white flower called Everlasting. And at either end, and in the midst place one of your flower or Rosemary pots, which you may once a week, or once every fortnight, expose now and then to the sun and rain, if they will not grow by watering them with raive water; or else, from platforms of lead over your windows, rain may descend by small pipes and so be conveyed to the roots of your herbs or flowers that grow in your windows. These pipes would have holes in the sides, for so much of them as is within the earth, and also holes in the bottom, to let out the water when you please in great showers And if you back the borders growing in your windows with loose frames to take off and on, within the inside of your windows, the Sun will reflect very strongly from them upon your flowers and herbs. You may also plant Vines without the walls, which being let in at some quarrels, may run about the sides of your windows, and all over the sealing of your rooms. So may you do with Apricot trees, or other Plum trees, spreading them against the sides of your windows. I would have all the pots wherein any herbs or flowers are planted, Pots for flowers of a good fashion. See this also Numb. 56. to have large loose squares in the sides; and the bottoms so made, as they might be taken out at one's pleasure, and fastened by little holes with wires unto their pots, thereby to give fresh earth when need is to the roots, and to remove the old and spent earth, and so in your windows: See more of this in Numb. 30. 30. To have Roses or Carnations growing in Winter, Roses or Carnations in winter. place them in a Room that may some way be kept warm, either with a dry fire, or with the steam of hot water conveyed by a pipe fastened to the cover of a pot, that is kept seething over some idle fire, now and then exposing them in a warm day, from twelve to two, in the Sun, or to the rain if it happen to rain; or if it rain not in convenient time, set your pots having holes in the bottom in pans of rain water, & so moisten the roots. I have known Master Jacob of the Glassehouse to have Carnations all the winter by the benefit of a room that was near his glass house fire; and I myself, by nipping off the branches of Carnations when they began first to spire, & so preventing the first bearing, have had flowers in Lent, by keeping the pots all night in a close room, and exposing them to the Sun in the day time, out at the windows, when the wather was temperate: this may be added to the Garden (mentioned Nu. 20.) to grace it in winter, if the room stand conveniently for the purpose. 31. Reviving of Carnations. You shall oftentimes preserve the life of a Carnation or gillyflower growing in a pot, that is almost dead and withered, by breaking out the bottom of the pot, and covering the pot in good earth, & also the old stalks that spring from the roots; but every third or fourth year, it is good to slip and new set them. 32. Orchard of dwarf trees. If you make an Orchard of dwarf-Trees, suffering none of them to grow above a yard high; then may you strain course Canvas over your Trees in the blooming time, especially in the nights and cold mornings, to defend them from the frosts: And this Canvas being such as painter's use, may after be sold with the loss only of a penny upon the ell. You may use it only for apricocks, and such like rare fruit whose blossoms are tender; or else to backward them after they be knit, if you would have them to bear late when all other Trees of that kind have done bearing. In this dwarf Orchard I would have the walks between the Trees either pavedwith brick, or graveled, and the gravel born up with bricks, that the sun might make a strong reflection upon the Trees, to make them bear the sooner. And to bring forth the better digested fruit, I would also have the plot so chosen out, that all easterly and northerly winds may be avoided by some defence. I would have it but a small Orchard; and if it were walled in, it were so much the better. Help this Orchard with the best artificial earths and waters that are. Uineyard to plant. I think a Vineyard may thus be planted, to bring forth a full, rich, and ripe Grape: or if you could happen upon a square pit of a yard deep, whose banks are sloping▪ & whose earth have been philosophically prepared (as before Num. 10.) & that your Trees were bound sloping to the sides of your Orchard, and backed with boards, or lead, for reflection, that so your trees would prosper and bear most excellent fruit: And to keep your Trees low, when your stock is at such height as you would have it, Trees growing either high or low. nip off all the green bunds when they come first forth, which you find in the top of the Tree, with your fingers; and so, as often as any appear in the top, nip them off: and so they will spread but nor grow tall; even as by nipping off the side buds only, you may make your Tree to grow straight and tall, without spreading, till you see cause: And thus with your fingers only, and without any tool, you may keep your young Trees growing in what form you please. 33. Early fruit To have early fruit, you must have an especial care to plant or graft such fruits, as are the earliest of all other, and then add all artificial helps thereto. 34. Old trees recovered Two quarts of Oxebloud or Horse blood for want thereof, tempered with a hat full of pigeon's dung, or so much as will make it up into a soft paste, is a most excellent substance to apply to the principal roots of any large tree, fastening the same about them, after the root of the Tree hath taken air a few days, first, by lying bare: and it will recover a Tree that is almost dead, Vines recovered. and so likewise of a Vine. For this will make a decaying Tree or Vine to put forth both blossoms and fruits afresh. This must be done to the Tree about the midst of February, but apply it to the Vine about the 3d or 4th of March. This is of M. Nicholson Gardiner. 35. Get a load or two of fresh Horse dung, Ordering of the Musk-Mellon. such as is not above 8. or 10. days old, or not exceeding fourteen: lay it on a heap till it have gotten a great heat, & then make a bed thereof an ell long, and half a yard broad, and eighteen inches high, in some sunny place, treading every Lay down very hard as you lay it; then lay thereon three inches thick of fine black sifted mould; prick in at every three or four inches distance a musk melon seed, which hath first been steeped twenty four hours in Milk: prick the top of your bed full of little forks of wood appearing some four or five inches above ground; upon these forks lay sticks, and upon the sticks so much straw in thickness, as may both keep out a reasonable shower of rain, and also the sun, & likewise defend the cold (some strain canvas slopewise only over their beds) let your seeds rest so until they appear above ground, which will commonly be in six or seven days. You must watch them carefully when they first appear; for than you must give them an hour's sun in the morning, and another in the afternoon; then shall you have them shoot an inch and a half by the next morning; then strew more fine earth about each stalk of such plants as have shot highest, like a little hill to keep the Sun from the stalks: for if the Sun catch them, they perish; and therefore you shall often see the leaves fresh, when the stalks wither. Heighten your hills, as you shall perceive the stalk to shoot higher and higher. The plants must remain till they have gotten four leaves, The shortest way is to buy plants and set them. and then remove them, taking up earth and dung together carefully about every root: make a hole fit for every of them good ground, placing them (if the ground serve) upon an high slope bank, which lieth aptly for the morning sun, if you may; let this bank be covered with field sand two inches thick all over, except near about the plants (this ripeneth & enlargeth the fruit greatly) then cover each plant with a sugar pot, gillyflower pot, or such like, having a hole in the bottom; or else prick in two sticks across, archwise, and upon them lay some great leaves to keep your plants from rain, sun and cold. After they have been planted a day or two, you may give them two hours' sun in the morning, and two in the evening, to bring them forward, but, till they have stood 14. days, be sure to cover them from 12 to 4 in the afternoon every day, and all night long. These pots defend the cold, and keep out all worms from spoiling your plants; and therefore are much better than leaves. Note, that you must defend them in this manner in the day time, until your plants have gotten leaves broad enough to cover their stalks and roots, from all injury of weather; and then may you leave them to the hot Sun all the day long. If there be cause, you must with rain water, water them now and then, but not wetting the leaves. And if by any exceeding cold, or moisture, your plants do not shoot forward sufficiently, but seem to stand at a stay, then take some blood and pigeons' dung tempered (as before in Num. 34.) apply the same to the roots of the young plant; leaving some earth betwixt the roots, and the same will make them to shoot out very speedily. Remember to plant three plants together there in each place, being round, and a little deep, and of the bigness of a round trencher. Now when they have shot out all their joints (which you shall perceive when you see a knot at the very end of the shoot, which is somewhat before the flowering time) than some do use to cover every knot, or joint, with a spade or shovel full of fine and rich earth; and thereby each knot will root, and put forth a new shoot (quaere, of the same course in Pompions or cucumbers) by means whereof you shall have great increase of melons. Pompions and cucumbers multiplied When your melons are as big as Tennis Balls, then if you nip off at a joint, all the shoots that are beyond them, melons to grow great. the melons will grow exceeding great; for then the sap doth not run any more at waste. But some hold, that you shall have greater melons though not so many, if you suffer their shoots to run on without earthing the knots; and then, when when you see your melons of the bigness of Tennis balls (as before) then nip off, at a joint, all the shoots that are beyond the melons, but meddle not with the chief runner. This of Mr. Nicholson Gardiner. Lay your young melons upon Ridge-tiles, to keep them from the ground, and for reflection. 36. Make a high bank, slopewise like a penthouse, early strawberries. that openeth to the Sun, and is by some means defended from all hurtful winds: plant your Strawberries therein, and water them with the infusion of some apt dung, now and then, when the weather is dry. 37. Bow down the branches of Roses, Roses to bear late, and from frost. having buds upon them, into a vessel of wood pitched, standing within the ground, to keep them long upon the stalk, or to prevent frosts if you see cause. 38. Quaere, Early Roses and Carnations. What Pigeons dung and blood, applied to the roots of Roses, or Carnations, will do, in the forwarding of their bearing. 39 Plant Roses, Early Roses. according to the manner set down for Strawberries before (Num: 36.) to have them before all others. 40. Make a Lay of sand, and a lay of carrot roots, carrots, parseneps, and turnips, kept long. cutting away the tops close to the root, with some of the small ends of the carots; do this in October or Novemb: in dry weather: and about the last of December where there is no frost, unpack them again; and if you will then keep them longer, you must pare off the shooting at the upper end of the root, and then lay them in sand. This out of gardiner's kitchen-garden, printed 1599 So of parsnips and turnips. 41. Quaere, Roses and flowers backward. If binding the bark somewhat hard with a packthread, or rather with Brawn-bands, Quaere, of doing thus after the rose is new budded. will not keep roses, and other flowers and fruits, long from blowing, by staying the sap from rising. 42. To have roots prosper and grow great, Roots long and great. you must trench your dung about the depth of your root which you would sow; and if the root once get into the dung, than it forketh, and gathereth fibras, whereas otherwise it will grow wholly into a long, round, and fair root, of Mr. Andr. Hill 43. But if you desire to multiply your seed, Seeds to multiply. not respecting the roots, then mix your dung first well rotted with good mould, and therein sow your seeds and they will encrase much: so as for seeds the dung must lie in the top, and for roots in the bottom By Mr. Andr. Hill 43. Gather your carrot or parsnep seeds &c. Large carrots, or parsnips. from the highest spiring brances, and out of some friend's Garden, where you may be sure of the best; sow these seeds about March, or April: and at drawing time choose the fairest roots of all other; cut off their tops somewhat low, and set them again, and then let them feed the next year; then take the seeds from the highest tops and sow them, and so shall you have most fair and large roots. This of Master Hunt, the good horseman. 44. Take off the tops as far as the green goeth, A new planting of carnations, wall-flowers, & stock gillyflowers. viz. till you come to the wood, from Carnations, gillyflowers, &c. slit them upward through the nethermost joint, thrusting between the joins some fine seared earth, made first into pap; and with the same pap close the ends round about as big as a Walnut: make holes in your pots, and put in your tops so earthed; these do seldom or never fail. By Minisris Hill. Also, the old root is here preserved, and you may carry these tops thus earthed 100 miles in a box. Plants to carry far. Quaere, if this secret will not also extend to stock gillyflowers, Wall-flowers, &c. 45. Cut off a bought from any tree; and two inches from the bottom, Branches to root. take away the bark round about, prick it into the ground, and it will grow. Quaere. 46. In the end of February or March, To kill worms. wet the ground first, and about eight or nine of the clock at night, by candlelight, gather up all the worms in dishes, and so you may destroy them. 47. A Rich mould for a Garden: Rich mould See among the Trees. Numb: 29. 48. Set or sow kernels in November, When to set or sow. Nuts in February, stones of fruit in March, all in the increase of the Moon. 49. Quaere, One plant upon another, or upon a tree. Of graffing roses, the splicing way, and so of thyme, rosemary, hyssop, &c. to be graffed in this manner, either one upon another, or graffing them upon the boughs or branches of trees, if happily they will take. 50. Whether the colour, sent, Colour, sent, or taste of a flower, altered. or taste, may be altered in a Flower or herb, by Art, see the Title, Trees and Plants, numb: 90. 51. Instead of privy hedges about a quarter, Fence of fruit trees. I commend a Fence made with lath or sticks, thinly placed and after graced with dwarf apple, and plum Trees, spread abroad upon the stick. 52. When you would have a strong and speedy whitethorn hedge about your garden, White-thorn hedge. set your plant high and sloping, and not flat, after the common manner. Prick in the cuttings, with the slope side downward, that the rain may not get in between the Wood and the Bark. Weed these hedges twice every year, and as the sprouts do grow of some length, let them be plaited, or braided upward from the ditch; defend them from cattle with a dry or dead hedge. 53 Let Carnations or gillyflowers shed their leaves, Carnation seed to gather. and leave the cod standing upon the root till the end of October, v●z. so long as you may for the danger of frost: then cut off the stems with the cod upon them; stick them upright in some dry place in an upper room, and so let them rest until the Spring, then sow them. Your Carnation seed will prove fair large pink, and bear in Carnation time; by S. 54. Your Coleflower seed will not ripen till Michaelmas, Coleflow re seed to gather & to plant. or a week after; let it stand so long or longer, if you fear not frost, before you gather the seeds, which grow in yellow cups; and being ripe, are also yellow themselves. Be sure you gather the cups before the seeds be shed; put these seeds with their cups or cod in a box, but cover not the box, and keep the box in some place from the frost; prick them in about the full of the Moon in April, when cold weather is spent: remove them when they have gotten four leaves, and in the full of the Moon in any case. Remove some of them in several months, Coleflower to bear late. and so you may save them growing with Coleflowers till Christmas. Your ground cannot be too rich for them; the best removing is not till June and July, and those of least growth, are best to remove late, to bear in Winter. Cover each Coleflower in frosty weather, every night with two of their great leaves, fastened in two places, with two wooden pricks. Do this also in cold gloomy days, when the sun shineth not. 55. Graft the branches of Carnations the splicing way, Divers carnations in one root. as in small twigs of Trees, placing upon each branch a several coloured flower, but let the branches which you graft, be woody enough. By S. 56. Cause large Carnation pot to be made, Stately pots for carnations As before Num. 29. viz. double in bigness to the usual pots, let them have ranks of sloping holes, of the bigness of ones finger, each rank one inch distant from another. Set in the midst of the pot a Carnation, or a lily, and in every of the holes, a plant of thyme or hyssop; keep the thyme or hyssop as it groweth, even with clipping, or in the form of frets or borders, and set these pots upon fair pillars in your Garden, to make a beautiful show. Birds, beasts, pyramids &c. to grow speedily. Also, you may either of stone or wood, make pyramids, lozenges, circles, pentagons, or any form of beast or fowl, in wood, or burnt clay, full of slope holes (as before) in gillyflower pots; these being planted with herbs, will very speedily grow green, according to the form they are planted in: And in this manner may you in two years' space, make a high pyramid of thyme, or rosemary. In hot weather, they would be shaded with some strained canvas from the sun, * See after in Num. 84. and watered now and then by some artificial means. Also, a fret or border may be cut out in wood or lead, Delicate frets or borders. and after placed in a Garden when the hyssop or thyme sides are grown to some height to be let through the cuts, The wood may be laid in some oil colour. and always after kept by clipping, according to the work of the border, or fret: let the earth settle well before you sow your seeds; Earth strengthened. water with an infusion of dung, or good earth, because otherwise the earth within your moulds will spend, and then your plants will decay. 57 Sow English anise seeds when the Moon is at the full in February, To sow Anniseeds in England. or any time between the full and the change: if frosts will not suffer you to take the full Moon, hatch them into the ground, with a rake stricken thick upon them: then strew new horsdung thinly upon the ground, to defend the seeds from the frost. These will ripen about Bartholomewtide; then respecting the Moon as before, sow again, and these seeds will be ripe sooner than those which were sown in February. These seeds will also come up well, being self-sowen, only break up the ground about them when they begin to ripen. That ground which you would sow in February, break up about Michaelmas; let it lie and crumble all the Winter: then when you mean to sow, stir it up again, that it may be mellow; for, the mellower the better. A black rich mellow ground is best, and they like well in a rich dunged ground: Proved by S. 58. Having well earthed your artichokes, then strew upon them some fresh horsdung, artichokes from frosts one inch in thickness, and so leave them all the winter: By 23. 56. 59 onion seeds ordered. Sow Onion seeds in February within eight days after the full at the farthest (but the nearer the full, the better, so all will go to seed, or head, and not grow to scallions: after you have sowed them, cover them as you did your anise seeds, before in Num. 57 By S. 60. Sow the early Pease as near midsummer as the Moon will suffer, Early and late peascods. if you would have them come about six weeks after Michaelmas: but if you would have them ripe in May, then sow them in the beginning of September, somewhat before or after, as the Moon will give you leave: at the full is good, or three days before the full, and till eight days after the full, is also good: these will be ripe in May. Make your holes about one inch and a half deep, wherein you set your pease; let the ground be rich, mellow, and ordered, as before, (numb. 57) in anise seeds; bear them up with sticks, as they do the Gardenpease; cover them after they be set with new horsdung about half an inch thick, all over; and (if you may possibly) plant them so, as that they may be defended from the North, and north-east, by reason of some hedge or wall. Quaere, of covering them with unsleakt lime powdered, after they have been steeped in some apt liquour a convenient time; by S. 61. Colianders to sow. Sow Coliander seeds in February, respecting the Moon as in anise seeds, (Num: 57) but they need no dunging: By S. 62. Sap of Briony, to gather. In April make a deep overthwart cut or gash into a Briony root, taking away the earth first from it; put in a Goosquill a little under the slit, sloping the quill at the end which you thrust into the root: but first make a hole with your knife to get in the quill, and so you may gather great store of the water of Briony, placing a Receiver under the quill; By S. 63. Roses to bear late. Quaere, If one may not prevent the early budding of the Rose, by crosshacking the bark (as in trees to kill moss, or to stay their sap from rising.) 65. Roses and carnation multiplied You may multiply many roots from a province rose, and the double musk-rose, (quaere, of Carnations) if you buy a grafted rose tree, that hath gotten many sprouts from the place graffed, and setting the root so as the body may lie sloping near the earth: then lay as many of the branches as you may conveniently into the earth, losing every slip a little from the body, and pricking with an all about the joint that is next the slip, from whence many sprouts will issue. And thus may you have great store of Province roses without graffing in the bud, because each of them standeth upon his own root; whereas the bud is maintained from one root, which also maintaineth many other branches. By S. See before in numb. 53. 65. Good seeds to know. Put some of your seeds in a saucer of fair water, set it a while upon a chafing-dish of coals; and if they be good, they will sprout in a short time, else not. 66. Quaere, Seeds to sprout speedily. In what time seeds may be made to grow in earth, moistened with warm water now and then, and the same placed in a warm room, over a furnace, with a small temperate heat under the same. 67. Remove a Plant of stock gillyflowers when it is a little woodded, Single flowers doubled. and not too green, and water it presently; do this three days after the full, and remove it twice more before the change. Do this in barren ground, and likewise three days after the new full moon, remove again; and than remove once more before the change: Then at the third full Moon, viz. eight days after, remove again, and set it in very rich ground, and this will make it to bring forth a double flower; but if your stock-gilliflowers once spindle, than you may not remove them. Also, you must shade your plant with boughs for three or four days after the first removing; and so of Pinks, Roses, daisies, Featherfew, &c. that grow single with long standing. In removing, break not the least root. Make Tulipees double in this manner. Tulipee double. Some think by cutting them at every full moon before they bear, to make them at length to bear double. Num: 71. 68 By sitting upon a hill late in an evening, Miseltoe to find. near a Wood, in a few nights a fire drake will appear; mark where it lighteth, and there you shall find an oak with Misletoe therein, at the Root whereof there is a Misell-childe, whereof many strange things are conceived. Missel child Beati qui non crediderunt. 69. Gather your Grapes at the full of the Moon, Grapes kept long. See after in Num. 82 and when they are full ripe, slip each bunch from the stock whereupon it grew, and hang those bunches along by beams, in the roof of a warm chamber, that doth not open to the East, or to the North, and these will keep plump and fresh till our Lady day, or thereabout: or else with every bunch, cut off some of the stock whereupon the stalk grew, and then hang up the bunches. Both these ways be true; By S. 70. Make a ●●●tle square or round hole in a Tree, Flowers in Trees. or in some great arm there of, of half an inch, or an inch deep, fill it with earth, sow therein some Rosemary seeds, Wall-flower, Carnation, or other seeds; and these will grow first in the earth, and after root in the sap of the Trees, and seem in time as if they were graffed. 71. Remove both double and single stock-gilliflowers, Stock-gilliflowers to continue. when they are half a foot high, and then they will stand six or seven years: whereas otherwise they will decay very speedily: See before, Num. 67. 72. If you remove any rooted plants of herb or flower, To remove rooted plants. though it be somewhat forward in the Summer, so as you do it in the evening, after the heat is past; and plant it presently, and water it, there is no danger of the parching heat of the sun the next day. But in any case heave up the Earth with the Root carefully, so as you do not break the least sprig of any root; for then the sap goeth out of the Plant, and it perisheth. This way you may recover great gillyflower roots, and others, without danger; by S. 73. Cut your Roses, Roses to bear twice. after they have done bearing, so soon as the moon will give you leave, viz. the fourth, fift, or sixt day after the change, and so you shall have store of Roses again about Michaelmas, or after. Take heed you cut no branch of a Rose so low, as that you leave no leading branches upon it: for that will hinder the bearing of the Roses exceedingly. It is also good in the after-said days after the change, Hedge and Arbour when to cut. to cut any Hedge, Arbour, &c. to make it grow the better: By S. 74. If you would have Peascods before all men, Early Peascods. sow the early pease in August, three days before the full Moon, or within six days after, and these will come very early; By S. 75. How to plant the Gelderland rose, Gilderland roses. see among Trees and Plants, Numb: 119. 76. How to have Onion seeds, Seeds full & plump. anise seeds, and other seeds, to keep full and plump, see among Trees: Numb: 135. 77. Sow at every wane before midsummer, Radish & spinach. to have Radishes unseeded, and one under another; but at midsummer wane so we Radish, Spynage, &c. but once, to grow till winter unseeded; Proved by Tomkins the Gardner. 78. The double peony, peony and Flowerdeluce. and Flowerdeluce, will grow of their own seed. By Tomkins. 79. Lime beaten to powder, Seeds from devouring and mixed with corn before it be sown, preventeth rooks, and other fowl, from devouring the same. By my Cousin Mathews of Wales; Quaere, If it do not also help to enrich. 80. Gather you Grapes, as before, Grapes kept long. Prove this in cherries, clusters of raisins, figs. num. 69. dry them in a stove, till the faint water be spent, and so you may keep them all the year for your table. Quaere, If they will not plump up again at any time in warm water. Quaere, of drying all manner of apples, plums, pears, &c. this way, for lasting. Before numb. 69. 81. As soon as your Strawberries have done bearing, Strawberries large. cut them down to the ground; and as often as they spire, crop them, till towards the Spring, when you would have them to proceed towards bearing: now and then as you cut them, strew the fine powder of dried cowdung (quaere of pigeon's dung) upon them, and water them when there is cause. After in Num. 85. Field strawberries, this way, will grow two inches about in bigness, as I am credibly informed. every Carnation pots this way. 82. To water your pyramids, Watering artificial. pentagons, globes, beasts, &c. made of wood, or lead, and overgrown with herbs, as before in num. 56. let there be placed a long and large pipe of Lead, or tin plate, reaching from the bottom to the top; let the bottom be soldered up, and let it have divers holes in the sides, at a reasonable distance: then have an exceeding large funnel of tin plate, to let in to the pipe at your pleasure to receive so much rain as will water the same sufficiently; and when it raineth not, you may also water thereby with some rain-water kept of purpose. 83. Quaere, If Pompions planted in large pots, Arbour aloft. will not grow and bear fruit: for than you may have an Arbour of them in an open terrace, leads, or gutter, having a frame to support the fruit. every the earth; as before, Numb. 83. now and then, to nourish the plant the better. 84. Quaere, Musk-Mellon to prosper. If musk-melons will not grow, and bear in such pots, for so in a Leads or terrace, the sun will shine shrongly upon them; and you may defend frosts and cold winds by streining of canvas: water the pots with rain water put into other pans, wherein you may place these pots when you want rain. 85. cut you Roses when they are ready to bud in an apt time of the Moon, Roses late. and they will begin to bud, when other Roses have done bearing: this is an excellent secret, if frosts happen in budding time: for so may you have store of Roses, when others shall have few or none, and may then be sold at a high rate. This I proved the 18th. of March 1606. being a few days after the change, upon divers standards at Bednal-green, being extremely nipped with frosts, in budding time; and many of them did yield me great store of Roses, when the rest of my Garden did in a manner fail. 86. Store of Roses. Cut your Rose-standards in the twelve days, and not before: so they will bear exceeding well. Proved often by Garret the Apothecary, and Pigot the Gardener. 87. Flowers from frost. Towards Winter, new earth your gillyflowers, Carnations; and such other flowers as you would defend from the violence of Winter; then whelm carnation pots that are bottomless upon them, or having a great hole in the bottom: and by this means, neither the sharp winds, nor the frost, can easily pierce to their roots. I hold this to be a good course for the defence of Artichokes artichokes from frost. in Winter. 88 Grapes kept. You may keep bunches of Grapes that are sound and well gathered, in stone pots, covering them carefully, with sand. TO choose ground for a Hop-Garden, you must be sure it be not a moorish or wet soil (though such perhaps may content a wild Hop) but a dry ground, if it be rich, mellow, and gentle, is absolutely best. Yet a light mould (though never so rich) is unapt for this purpose, for the heaviest ground will bear the greatest weight of Hops. Place your Garden so as the Sun may have free access to it, either all day, or warmest part of the day. It must be guarded also from the wind, either naturally defended by hills, which is best; or artificially by Trees: but your Trees must stand aloof, lest the shadow of them reach the Hops, or drop wet upon them, which will destroy all. About the end of March, or beginning of April, take your roots from some Garden where they are yearly cut, and where the hills are raised high (for there the roots will be greatest) let each root be nine or ten inches long, let there be three joints in every root, and of the last year's springing; but be sure no wild hops cumber the ground, which cannot be distinguished by the root, but by the fruit, or stalk. Secrets in the ordering of Trees and Plants. DOgs and cats applied to Dogs and carst to the roots. the roots of trees before the sap rise, have recovered many old decaying trees, shred them. 2. Divers ways for the enriching of a ground, Rich ground. whereof to make an Orchard, see among Flowers. Numb. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 3. Gravelly ground is to Ground enriched. be dunged with chalk, and chalky with gravel, for lack of dung. T. T. 4. Strip away the leaves form the boxes slip, Box tree pranted. and wind not the stem, but set it whole without winding. T. T. 5. bays to plant. Every slip of a bay tree will grow: strip off the great leaves, and set them in March, when the sap beginneth to rise. 6. Eldern to plant Every plant of an Eldern will grow. T. T. 7. Ground enriched. Sand enricheth a clay ground; and clay a sandy ground. 8. Poplar to grow. Every slip of the Poplar tree will grow. 9 Trees to bush in the top. All Trees which you would have to grow thick at the top, and to bush there, cut or prune them in May: for they spring more in June and July, than all the year before or after. 10. Cherries when to plant. Plant Cherries in October, November, January, and February. T. T. 11. Quinces when to plant. Plant Quince Trees in October, November, February, and March. T. T. 12. Hasels and pear trees when to plant. Set Hasells and pear Trees in October, November, February, and March. T. T. 13. Apple cornels set. Set Apple kernels evermore the end that is next the root downward, five fingers breadth between every cornel; moisten them often with water by sprinkling, and set the kernels in March. T. T. 14. Plum-stones set. Set plumstones in November, six or eight inches che deep in the earth. T. T. 15. Pineapple corness set. Set the Pineapple cornel (first steeped in water three days) in October, November, February, and March, four inches deep. 16. Set Peach-stones the sharp end downward, Peach stones set. in November, four or five inches deep. T. T. 17. Springs & plants set Set springs and plants in harvest. 18. Branches to root in the ground. If a Plant put forth many stalks or branches from the root, and you would have each branch to root, then bear up the earth about them to some reasonable height, either with tills or brickbats; and in that earth, every branch will root. (Quare, if your branch will root at any part but in a joint, about the which also, with a great aule you must prick many holes even to the wood,) This is a necessary secret in all such plants as be straight and stiff, and not apt to bow, or to be laid along within the earth. By Mr. Pointer. 19 oed tree or vine recodered How to recover an old decaying tree or Vine, with blood, and pigeon's dung, see among the Flowers Numb. 34. 20. Orchard of dwarf trees. An Orchard of dwarf-trees, that may be defended from all frosts, see among the Flowers, Numb. 32. 21. Early fruit How to have early fruit, see among the Flowers Numb. 33. 22. Fruit growing long. Plant Dwarse Trees, and when the fruit is almost ripe, bow down their branches with their fruit upon them, into great earthen pots, or pitched tubs, either with bottoms, or without bottoms, the pots or tubs standing in the Earth; then cover them with boards and earth from the sun, and the sap of the Tree will keep them growing a long time, as I suppose. Prove this in green fruit, Blossoms from frests. ripefruit, and almost ripe fruit; also in the blooming time, if you fear frosts bow down the branches with the blossoms, as before to defend them in May, from the injury of the weather: and by this help you may happily have Fruit, when others shall want. 23. Grapes growing long upon the Vine. Put a Vine branch through a basket in December, choose such a one as is like to bear grapes; fill the basket with earth, and when the Grapes are ripe, cut off the branch under the basket: Plums and Cherries growing long. keep the basket abroad, whilst the weather is warm; and within doors in cold weather, in a convenient place: Prove this in plums and cherries, &c. 24. Trees to prosper Make divers holes with a crow of iron, round about the bodies of your Trees; and about Alhallontide, pour ox blood into the holes, cover them with earth, and this will make your trees to prosper well. Probatum in Apricot trees, apricocks to prosper By Mr. Andr. Hill. If you do this at the Spring, the smell of the blood will offend you; and therefore this practice is best for the Winter season. 25. Plant the shoots of Sallow, Speedy woods. Willow, Alder, and of all swift growing trees, being of seven years' growth, sloping off both the ends one way, and laying the sloaped ends towards the ground, let them be of the length of a billet, bury them a reasonable depth in the ground, and they will put forth seven or eight branches, each of which will become a tree in a short time. I take moist grounds to be best for this purpose: thus you may have speedy growing woods. 26. To make any branch of a tree to root, Branches to root. see among the Flowers, numb. 45. 27. Mix green cowdung and urine together, Trees from Barking or canker. wash the trees with a brush so high as you think meet, once in two or three months, and it will keep the trees from barking with beasts, conies, &c. and the same doth also destroy the canker. 28. Take of the rich crust of one acre of ground, Rich mould for Ochard or Garden. and therewith you may make any Garden, or Orchard ground, that is but a foot deep in goodness, of what depth you please to make the roots of your trees to prosper the better. 29. In high grounds and sandy, Depth for trees. set Trees deep: in low grounds, and watery, plant them shallow; the shallower the better. By Master Hill. But by Taverner, you must set your Trees so, that the roots may spread in the upper crust, which is the fruitful part of the earth. This crust in some grounds is two foot; in some three foot; in some one foot; and in some but half a foot deep: see the reason more at large, in his book, page 34. 30. Lop, Procining Of trees. top, and prune all Trees in January, in the wane of the moon, and pare them over in March: so shall the bark cover his stock the sooner. 31. Slit the bark of all Trees that are bark bound, Trees baakbound, helped. in February, or March, in the increase of the Moon. 32. Refuse to grass, Ill weather for Orchard works. plant, remove, land, top, prune, to slit the barks of trees, or set or sow kernels, nuts or stones, in weather frosty or watery, and when the wind shall be East or North, or North-east. Yea, the best oak felled under such a wind, Oak when not to be felled. will prove but wind-shaken timber. 33. Small Crabstock of three inches about, bigness of crabstock. or less, may be graffed. 34. Pear stock, bigness of Pear stock and white thou ne. and white thorn stocks of the same scantling, all of them about the length of twelve or twenty four inches. 35. Wild cherry stocks, bigness of wild cherry stocks. three, four, or five foot long and three inches about, little more, or less. 36. White plumstockes would be of the same bigness. White plumstocks. 37. When the stock is able to put forth in one year a shoot of a yard long, When a stock is to be graffed. than is it of strength sufficient to bear a scions; for than it showeth to like the ground well; otherwise, it will never prove a fair tree. 38. A pear or Warden, White thorn no stock for pear or warden; good for a medlar. grasled upon a white thorn, will be small, hard, cappard, and spotted; but a Medlar may well be grafted upon a white thorn. Taverner. 39 The suckers of Quince trees, Suckers planted. and filberts, will prove well being planted. Taverner. 40. For Chestnuts and walnuts, Nuts set. set the nuts only. Taverner. Rules for inoculation, or graffing in the bud. 41. IF you graft in the bud, 1 Close well in the bottom. be careful to close the same well in the bottom of the scocheon; for there the sap riseth that maketh it to take. By Andr. Hill. 42. 2 Time of grasting. From the eight of June until the 24 is the best time to graft in the bud in plums and cherries, but specially in apricocks; but the surest rule is to do this work when you find the bark to come easily from the body. 43. 3 Instrument to graft with. Two parts of three in a Goosquill taken away in breadth, is an apt tool to take off a bud withal, without danger of hurting the bud. By Master Pointer. Some commend a tool of Ivory; some do only slip off the bud and the bark together. 44. 4 Losengewise. Graffing, by taking off a bud losenge wise, and setting the same in another like place upon a stock, is good. By Master Pointer. This is done at such time, as is sit to graft in the scions. 45. 5 What to do when the bud taketh. When your bud takes, than in March after, cut off all that groweth above it, stripping away all the buds that put forth: and that which remaineth serveth to lead up the branch of the bud to keep it straight, and to defend it from breaking with the wind. 46. 6 The lowest bud maintained. If you graft two or three buds upon one tree, and they all do take, maintain only the lowest, and preserve and strengthen the same with some neither branch, as before in num. 45. 47. 7 A cherry upon a plum tree. A Cherry prospereth well upon a Plum stock; but not e contra: and therefore, if you graft a Cherry in the bud upon a branch, or bough, of a plum-tree that doth bear, you may make the same Tree to bear both Plums and Cherries. Proved by Mr. 8 Grafting compasses. Hill. 48. A pair of Compasses made flat at the ends, and sharp with edges, is an apt instrument to cut away the bark for inoculation, both for a true breadth and distance all at once. And so likewise with the same you may take off the bud, truly to fit the same place again in the stocks some Compasses are made flat at one end, and sharp at the other. 49. 9 Galy preserved in the stock. You must have care in this grafting, not to hurt or bruise the jelly next the stock which must minister sap to your bud. 50. 10 jelly in the bud preserved. Also when you have taken off your bud, clip the sides of the bark whereon the bud standeth, with a pair of Scissors, very even, in a square form; or rather somewhat longer than broad: for if you cut the Bark at the ends with a knife, laying the inside upon any board, you will hurt the jelly in the inside, and then the bud will never take. 51. 11 Bud to take no air. Make the place ready for inoculation, and remove not your bud before you mean to place it, for taking of too much air. 52. 12 How to slit the bark. When you have cut down the bark on either side, and likewise at the top, leave the bottom of the bark whole, and then slip down the bark; and between the bark and the Tree, put in the bud, and bind the loose bark of the Tree upon your bud, and by this means your grafting will take more certainly. The lesser your slit is, and the closer that your bud fitteth the slit, it it the likelier to take. 53. Take off your bud from a sprig of the last years shoot, 13 What buds are best. for that is best for this purpose; by Mr. Andr: Hill. 54. Make an overthwart cut at the bottom, 14 How to slit the bark. and then begin your slit upward, putting up your bud from the bottom of your slit, closing well at the bottom, This is contrary to the common course, which beginneth at the top, with a slit downward. Graffing of a scions. 55. A Tool of Ebony, 1 Grasting Tocls or Box, is better to open the bark than a tool of Iron, if you would graft a scions between the bark and the tree. By Master Pointer: for Mars tainteth the sap presently. 56. Grafting whipstock wise, 2 Splicing way. and letting in the scions into the stock by a slit, is good for young Trees, that spring upot stones, or pippins, being of there of four years' growth, and not above. Some call this the splicing way. 57 Grafting upon a old tree, 3. Cleaving he body. by cutting off the head, and one inch from the centre by striking in a small iron wedge, and as it eleaveth by following the same with your knife; and so on either side, placing of a scions, sap to sap; this is a way of grafting used by Master Pointer of Twicknam. 58. Graft within a foot of the ground, 4. Low grafting. if you would have the fruit to grow low, and easy to be gathered; and this is also thought a fit way to make your scions to take, because the sap riseth speedily to the scions. 59 Graft your scions on that side the stock, 5 On which side to graft. where it may take least hurt with the south-west wind (because it is the most common, and the most violent wind that bloweth in the spring, and summer:) so as that wind may blow it to the stock, and not from the stock. 60. If you would have fair and kindly Cherry trees, 6 How to have large Cherries. set the stones of Cherries, of the same kind as your bud or scions is of, and at three of four years, you may graft thereon, according to the manner, spoken of before, in Numb: 57 viz. great Cherries, upon stocks that carry great cherries. 91. Some think it good, 7 What scions is best. that your scions have some of the former years shoot with it, that it may be the stronger to graft, and abide to be put close into the stock; and perhaps it will forward the same in bearing. 62. It is the best way, 8 scions put in close. to put in your scions in the graffing as close and straight as you may: neither are you here to fear the pinching of the stock, unless it be where you graft in a deep cleft of a large body. 63. So likewise you may graft, 9 The scions made the stock. upon a bearing bough of an Apple tree, a contrary Apple; and when that scions is grown great enough to receive another graft, you may graft a contrary fruit thereon; but an Apple scions doth not agree with a pear stock, Uponwhat stock to graft. (not e contra) nor a plum upon an Apple or pear stock, neither will any scions of a Fruit Tree take upgn an elm stock; proved by Master Hill. 64. A Quince may well be grafted upon a Medlar stock: to Quinces upon a Medlar. and a Medlar will grow, but not prosper so well upon a Quince stock, because the scions will outgrow the stock; proved by Master Hill. 65. Unless the uttermost rind or bark of your stock be very gentle and thin, 11 Bark when to slit. it is best to slit the same along: but hurt not the innermost bark when you graft between the bark and the tree By Mr. An. Hill. 66. Before you graft your scions, 12 Prepasing the scions. take a way a little of the uppermost bark on either side the edge, but hurt not the greenish part. 67. If your bark and scions are both straight, 13 When to graft deep. then may you graft the deeper into the stock, viz. four inches, and that is a very sure way to make the scions to take, so as you join sap to sap well; but if either the stock or scions be crooked, then two inches are sufficient. By Mr. And: Hill. 68 You may graft an Apple scions at Christmas, 14 Grasting at Christmas. so as you graft the same very deep into the stock, viz. four inches, or three at the least, and close it well: for, though the sap rise not, yet the moisture of the stock is sufficient to preserve the scions, until the sap do rise; proved by Mr. And: Hill. 69. Long moss, 15 Graft bound with moss well bound about the head of your stock and of an inch or more in thickness, is sufficient alone to keep out both wind and water from the stock where the scions is let in. This must be repaired again at midsummer. 70. Close your scions with red or green wax, 16 Closing the scions. having a little butter therein about the slit: and this both keepeth out the wind, and maketh the sap to creep under, and cover the slit the sooner. 17 Peach upon a plum stock 71. A peach may well be grafted or inoculated in a plmme stock, and will thrive better than upon his own stock. 72. If two Trees grow together, 18 One ●ree let into another. that be apt to be grafted one into another, then let one brach into an other workmanly joining sap to sap. 73. If you have three or four good buds next the foot of the scions, 19 Length of a scions. that scions is long enough to be grafted; and so you may make divers scions of one branch, where you cannot get plenty of scions. 74. Close all your incisions upon small and young stocks, 20 Artifi●iall wax to close with. with a mixture consisting of green wax, or red wax: and if your wax be old, melt the same, and add some fresh turpentine thereto, or else you may use pitch instead of wax, adding Turpentine: but let there be always in your wax, one fifth, or one sixth part of butter, to keep the same supple; and when you have applied this salve close to the joints, then strew thereon the fine powder of dried earth, which you must have always ready; and that keepeth it hard in the sunshine: This is the only composition to make the bark to cover the stock. You must first after your grafting, bind the stock and the scions together, with the bands of brawn, and then lay your tempered wax thereon; and if the band continue whole, you shall cut it in sunder about August following; by Andr: Hill. 75. You may carry your scions in this manner, 21 How to carry a scions far. a long journey without endangering them: First, wax over the ends with the artificial Wax, (mentioned before in Numb: 74.) then role them up in great store of green moss moistened, and tie them, and then put them into a case or box of wood, and so carry them; By And: Hill: You may keep a scions fourteen days or 3 weeks in grafting time, so, as it be done before March, by sticking the same in your window only; yet some will have ends of them dipped in the compounded wax, as before in Numb: 74. 76. Always be careful when you graft upon your stocks the splicing way, 22 Upon large fruited stocks. that your stock be of as large a kind of fruit, or larger, than the scions, or else it will not be able to feed the scions: or else you must graft upon larger stocks, if the scions be of a large fruit, and the stock but of a small fruit. 77. Plant an Apricot in the midst of other plum Trees round about it, 23 Many Apricot Trees of one. at a convenient distance; then in an apt season, bore thorought your plum Trees, and let in to every one of them, one or two of the branches of your Apricot tree, through rough those holes, taking away the bark on both sides of your branches which you let in, joining sap to sap, and lute the holes up with tempered loam; and when they are well knit, the next year cut off the branch from the A. pricot Tree: and so you have gotten many Apricot Trees out of one. Take away in time all the head of your plum Tree, and all other branches maintaining only that which is gotten from the Apricot. But some commend rather the letting in of a branch of one Tree, into the other, worknanly, for the more certain kind of grafting. 24 Observation in stock. 78. Plant every stock with one leading branch, at the least, to carry up the sap: and after your stock hath grown one year, and maketh good show of liking the ground, then graft your scions upon it, leaving one or two leaders; but none so high as to overtop your scions: and when your scions is well taken, then cut away your leaders, and all other spires; and so your scions will prosper exceedingly. By Andr. Hill. 79. Some hold opinion, that if when others begin to graft in the slit, 25 Heading of stocks, and grafting after. you do then cut off the head of your stock, leaving one branch near the head to lead the sap, and then after cold weather is all past, if you graft in the slit, that so your stock and scions will prosper far better, then if you had grafted the same in the slit at the first. By Andr: Hill. But then you must remember to take away the leader, that the sap may more plentifully feed the scions. 80. Some do cut off all their scions in the Winter, 26 When to cut down a scions. viz. either in November, or December, and then lay them in earth; and in the new moon of March or April, they graft them, and they prove exceeding well; persuading themselves, that no knife is so sharp, but that it will hurt the bark orgelly of the scions, if the scions should be cut down when the sap is up. This of Mr. Colborne; who commendeth this course, upon long experience. And if you graft those scions upon such forward trees, Upon what stock to graft. as have put out their sap very plentifully, they will prosper exceeding well; because being hungry, and almost starved for want of nourishment, they take hold of the sap that ariseth from the stock, very eagerly. 81. Note, 27 Stocks when to graft. that your stocks may put forth buds, yea, small leaves; and yet you may safely graft upon them. 28 Stockss to prosper 82. If you would have your stocks of your young grafted Trees to prosper, and grow exceedingly, then suffer the waterboughs to grow up with the stock, till the bodies be as big as your arm, and then prune them at your pleasure; for by this means the sap doth rise more lustily, when it hath many branches to draw from the root. 83. You may graft in the scions, 29 Late, grafting, yet with advantage a month after other men, and yet have a longer shoot than they, the same year, in this manner: Cut off the head of your stock when other men do (which many times falleth out to be in very cold weather) then cover your stock over with your artificial wax, (as before in Numb. 74.) and one month after, or when all cold weather is past, crop your stock one inchlower, and then graft your scions; and then (cold weather being past) the sap will rise very plentifully to maintain the scions. Proved by Master Andr. Hill. 84. Graft not upon any young stock, 30 When to graft a stock. till it be able to put forth a shoot of a yard long in one year (which sometimes will not happen, till it have been of two or three years' growth) for till it put forth abundance of sap, it will never feed the scions sufficiently. proved by Master Andr. Hill. 85. The stocks of black Cherry Trees, 31 Stocks so great cherriet. are best to graft the great Cherry upon; proved by Mr. Colborne. 86. To have your Nursery full of stocks to graft on, 32 Store of stocks. sow the stampings of crabs; which are commonly: full of kernels; By Mr. Kirwin. 87. Let your Nursery consist always of a more barren ground then your Orchard, 33 Ground for a Nursery. whither you mean to remove your stocks and grafts. So likewise, A rule for transplanting of Trees. if you transplant any Fruit trees, bring them always from a worse ground to a better, or else they will never prosper. 88 Slope your stocks which you mean to graft on, 34 Stocks stopped. like colt's feet before you graft them: for so the bark will cover the sooner, and the rain shooteth from the stock the better. Proved by Master Colborne. 89. If you would have your graft to bear quickly, 35 scions to bear quickly. one special help is, to take it out of a bearing branch. 90. At the beginning of the year, 36 The times of several grafting. and before the sap do rise, you may graft in the body of the stock, or by way of splicing upon every little branch of your Tree (but always remember to take off the top of your scions, having any leaves upon it:) when the sap is up, than you must graft between the bark and the stock; and than the sap is so plentifully risen, that the bark will easily pill from the body, then may you graft in the bud, or leaf. How to graft at Christmas, See before in Numb. 69. 91. To graft Roses, 37 Plants upon trees or herbs upon trees, see among the Flowers, Numb. 49. 92. Graft the small end of the scions downward; 38 Fruit without stones, and hidden with leaves. and so of pears and apples; and they will have no coat. Quaere, of glummes grafted upon a Willow, to come without stones. Also, such apples and pears thus grafted, will for the most part hang under the leaves, and not be seen, unless you come under the trees: By S. 93. A grafted Apricot is the best: 39 Apricot grafted. yet from the stone you shall have a fair Apricot, but not so good; and the graft is more tender than the other. By S. 94. Graft a Medlar upon a Quince, 40 A large Medlar. and it will bring a fair and large Medlar: By S. 95. A scion of a pippin, 41 A pippin upon what stock grafted upon a crab-stock, is more kindly, and keepeth better, without touch of canker, then being grafted upon a pippin. By Mr. Simson. 96. Trees that bear early, Why trees transplanted do alter. or often in the year, as pear Trees upon Windsorhill, which bear three times in a year; these, though they be removed to as rich, or richer ground, yet they do seldom bear so early, or so often, except the soil be of the same hot nature, and have the like advantages of situation, and other circumstances, with those of Windsor. And therefore commonly, the second fruit of that Pear tree being removed, doth seldom ripen in other places. By Master Hill. 97. All those fantastical conceits, Colour, sent, or taste altered. of changing the colour, taste, or sent, of any Fruit, or Flower, by infusing, mixing, or letting in at the bark, or at the roots of any tree, herb, or flower, of any coloured, or aromatical substance, Master Hill hath by often experience sufficiently controlled: and though some Fruits and flowers, seem to carry the sent or taste, of some aromatical body, yet that doth rather arise from their own natural infused quality then from the hand of man. 98. Some do never graft between the bark and the tree, Graft between bark and tree. but in old stocks. 99 Land the branches of your trees always in Winter, How to land. before the sap do rise within ten or twelve inches of the trunk; and in the Spring, when the sap is up, cut those branches close to the trunk: And so shall you both have your tree lusty, because no sap is left in those vast branches (which would have been lost, if you had proined them according to the usual all manner, in March, or April) and also the sap will then come purling out, and soon cover the Wood; whereby you shall avoid those blemishes in your trees, which others procure by pruning them in the Winter. By Master Andr. Hill. 100 Quaere, To have green trees in winter. what herbs, flowers, or branches of trees, may be grafted upon the bay or holly tree, or any such tree as keepeth green to Winter, to make them also carry green leave in Winter. 101. Pare your ground with a shod shovel, Orchard ground to order. so often as any grass or weeds begin to put forth, both in your nursery and orchard; and so shall you both keep the ground mellow, and the rain shall have better passage unto the roots of your trees. By Masters Pointer; who keepeth coins in his Orchard, only to keep down the grass low, because otherwise it would be very chargeable. Vineyard to order. Also, in Vineyards, the use is to turn up the grounds with a shallow Plough, as often as any grass offereth to spring: but I think, that prevention of graft, both in Orchard and Vineyard, is much better, if in were not too costly. 102. Upon the Epiphany, Tree rooted higher See after in 106. by reason of a great storm, an Apple Tree, that had not been very fruitful before, was almost blown up by the roots at Hackney; and after with Ropes it was drawn upright, and the what mounted, and the Root covered with earth; and that Tree, the next summer, bare an exceeding great burden of fruit. 103. When your Apple kernels are of two years' growth, Wreathed bodies of trees. then set a long straight stick by each of them, winding the young stock about the stick; by little and little as it groweth, and fastening it with bands under the stick, and so it will grow in a wreathed form. 104. Quaere, Fruit enlarged. If nipping off the new and tender tops about blossoming time will not make summer fruit trees to blossom speedily, or to enlarge the fruit. 105. If an old Tree that is spent, Barren trees to bear. and hath done bearing, be underpropped, so as the body sink not, and that the earth be after taken away from under all the roots, and instead thereof, good rich mould be conveyed into the void places, that so an old tree will flourish again, and bear fruit. See before in Numb. 103. 106. The Lord Zouch, Transplanting old trees. in Winter, in the year 1597 (and Master And. Hill) thinketh moist weather is best, that the earth cleaving to the roots, may be also removed with them, the earth being fast bound with Fearn branches to the roots) removed diverse apple trees, damson trees, &c. being of thirty or forty years' growth, at Hackney: the earth was digged in a good large compass from the roots, the roots little hurt; holes were prepared for each tree before hand, enriched with fresh and good earth; and branches and tops taken off almost close to the trunk; and they were planted again in the same hour wherein they were removed; and the roots placed towards the same point of the compass as they first grew. He had a few damsons the first year, and all put forth leaves at Michaelmas after, anno 1598. 107. Blood laid at the roots of old Vines, Old Vines recovered hath been commended for an excellent substance to hearten them, unto Mr. Andrew Hill. 108. If you cut any Vines when the sap is up, Bleeding of Vines stayed. presently cover the place with good store of Turpentine, and it will stay bleeding. Proved by Mr. Melinus. Some commend the straight binding of a packthread about the bark thereof: some sear with a hot iron, and drop hard wax presently upon it. 109. By the opinion of some men, Early fruits. if outlandish fruit Trees be planted in England, they do strive to put forth blossoms, and to bring fruit at the same time with us, as they did in their natural places, unless the extremity of cold do nip or hinder them. And this seemeth to them to be the reason, why the Black thorn at Glassenbury Abbey, did use to blossom at Christmas, because happily the plant was brought from such a climate, as where it did blossom at the same time of the year. 110. If your Trees stand in wet grounds, Wet Orchard helped. some do advise to lay lime on the face of the ground, to help the bearing of the trees. 111. If whilst you maintain some suckers to your stock, The scions to prosper (because the stock is not yet so big as your arm) your scions doth not prosper to your mind, then nip off the buds that grow upon the suckers, now and then in the midst, till your scions thrive according to your own desire. 112. In pruning of your Fruit Trees, True pruning or of any other shrub or plant bearing fruit you must always have respect, whether it bear his Fruit upon the first, second, or third years sprout; for you must never cut away all the bearing sprouts, if you mean to have any Fruit. As, in Pippins, the third years sprout doth only bear Fruit; and in some other Fruit Trees; only the second years sprouts; in Gooseberries, the last years sprouts bear most, by Mr. Andr. Hill. 113. When your Trees are young, Timber to grow of any fashion. you may bow them to what compass you will, by binding them down with packthread to any circular form, or other shape that pleaseth one best. And by this means your Timber will grow fit for Ships, Wheels, &c. whereby great waste of Timber in time would be avoided. 114. Mix cowdung and Horse-dung well rotted, apricocks to bear. with fine earth and Claret wine Lees, of each a like quantity, bearing the roots of your Trees in Jan. February, and March: and then apply of this mixture to the roots of your Apricot Trees, and so cover them with common earth: by this means, such Apricot Trees as never bare before, have brought forth great store of fruit. Prove this in other Trees. This of Mr. Andr. Hill. 115. Pears, pear, Warden, Peach, in what ground. Wardens, and Peaches, delight in Clay grounds. 116. When you plant any Tree, How to use the roots in settings. press not down the Roots together, with laying earth confusedly upon them, but extend every branch by itself, and cover it loosely with earth, according to that form wherein it did first grow. By Mr. Colborn. Apricot, in what ground. 117. Apricocks like well in sandy ground. 118. Some hold opinion, Dwarf trees. that if one set the slips of an Apple Tree, and so of divers other Trees, that these will prove dwarf Trees. And so of the Tree that beareth a white flower as big as a Rose, Gelderland Rose. called the Gelderland rose. 119. From May to the end of July, Dwarf trees. you may take off the bark from any bough of a Tree, round about the bough four inches deep, if the bough be as large as a man's wrist; or else a less depth will serve. If the bough be less in compass cover the bare place; and somewhat above and below, with loam well tempered with Horse dung, binding down the loam with hay, and brawn bands upon the hay: and so let it rest till about Alhallontide: And then within two or three days of the first New Moon, cut off the bough in the bare place, but in any case cut not the green bark above it; and then set it in the ground, and it will grow to be a fair Tree in one year, according to the length of the bough. Quaere, of watering the loam now and then. Yet in reason, me thinks it a likelier course, to clap a gillyflower pot made of purpose in two halves, with a great hole in the bottom, about such an arm; and after you have bound the pot well with wire, then to fill it with good earth, which you may better water in dry weather, than you can do the lump of loam. You may also use a twig no bigger than ones finger, in the same manner. Yet some do rather commend the binding of the loam, or earthing the Tree, with a pot about it, without taking away any bark at all, but only pricking many holes with a great aule, in that part of the bark which is covered with the loam or earth. You must remember to underprop the pot, or else to hang it fast to the Tree. Quaere, if a branch must not root at a joint. How to land Elms. 120. If you cut off the top or head of an elm, it will not leave rotting downward, till it be hollow, and dote within: but an oak will abide heading and not rot. Also, the boughs or branches of an elm, would be left a foot long, next to the Trunk when you land them. This of an expert Carpenter. 121. To avoid sappiness, Sappiness to avoid. fell both the bodies and the arms of Oaks and Elms in December after the frost hath well nipped them: and so your saplings, whereof rafters, sparres, &c. are made, will last as long as the heart of the Tree, without having any sap. By the same man. 122. Take off a thin turf of two foot, Young trees to grow. round about each tree newly planted, cover the same with Fearn, Pease straw, or such like, a handful thick: water your Trees once a month, if the weather prove dry, with dung water, or common water, that hath stood in some open pit in the sun. This keepeth the ground loose from baking; whereby the Tree will prosper the better, and put forth shoots of three and four foot in one year: remember you do not set any Tree above one foot deep, or little more, & give each Tree some props for the first year, that the wind shake it not too much. And yet some, of good experience, do hold, that it skilleth not how much a young tree be shaken (so as it be not blown up by the roots) and that it prospereth so much the better. 123. Quinces growing a 'gainst a wall, Delicate Quinces. lying open to the sun, and defended from cold winds, eat most delicately. This secret the Lord Darcy brought out of Italy. quaere, of all other Fruits. 124. Set Peach stones in a dry ground, Peach and Apricot stones to set. where there is no water within three or four foot; for this tree hath one root that will run deep into the ground: and if it once getteth into the water the Tree dyeth. The stone bringeth forth a kindly Peach. Set Peach and Apricot stones in pots of earth, within doors in February; keep the earth moist, by what ring now & then; transplant them in March into your Orchard. By S. 125. In the end of March, Sap of tree to gather gather the sap of the Trees within a foot of the ground: but take off the first bark, & then slit the white bark overthwart wise, even to the body of the Tree; but slit only that part of the bark which standeth South-west, or between South & West, because little or no sap riseth from the North, or North-east side. After you have slit the Tree, open the slit with your knife, so as you may let in a leaf of a Tree, first fitted to the breadth of the slit; and from this the sap will drop, as it doth in filtration. Take away the leaf, and the bark will close again; earthing it with a little earth upon the slit. By S. 126. Cut away all the idle shoots of the last year, Fair apricocks and Cherries in your Apricot and Cherry Trees, before Christmas some three weeks, to make your fruit the fairer. 127. If you would stay the sap of Trees from rising, To stay blossoming. to make your Trees to blossom later, thereby to avoid frosts in blooming time, then hack cross-wise, viz. overthwart the Tree, upon so much of the Tree as is within the ground, even down to the root, and then cover it again with earth. Hack it very thick, even through all the bark to the very Wood, in the new moon three weeks before Christmas, if they be Apple trees, pear trees, or warden trees: but for apricocks, do this rather in the full of the moon, next before Christmas; but cross hack your cherry trees and peach trees in the new moon next after Christmas: and so you shall have your blossoms, and by consequence your fruit, come later than other men's do, because the sap cannot rise. I think you must also hack the main root. Cuaere. By S. 128. If you would make a tree in a short time to cast his leaves, Green trees in autumn. and thereby to bring forth young leaves, which will last upon the tree fresh and green, when all other Trees have lost their leaves; then cross hack the bark, close to the wood about midsummer. Quaere, if the Moon be here to be respected. In all the cross hackings here mentioned, let every of them be half an inch, or thereabout, distant one from another; and every rank of hacks, one inch above another, or thereabout. Also, this practice to avoid the fall of the leaf, must be done but every second year to any Tree, for fear of destroying the same. 129. But if in January, Bodies of trees to enlarge. Bark-bound. or before the sap do rise, you hack the body long-wise, and not overthwartly, and that only through the first bark, and no further; this will make the bodies of your Trees to swell, and burnish the better, to maintain their heads or grafts. 130. And if by overthwart hacking you would only kill the moss of Trees, To kill moss. then let your overthwart backs be thorough the bark, even to the wood: and this you must do between Alhallontide and S: Andrews day; viz. so soon as the leaves be off the Tree, both to avoid moss, and to make barren Trees to bear. You must make these hacks with the nether corner, or point of a small hatchet, so as every notch may be about half an inch long: and hack the body the height of a man; viz. one row of hacks, two inches below one another; all over the body: but let there be a distance between the overthwart hacks, so as they may not meet in a round ring, like a circle, about the tree: and by this means the uppermost bark whereon the moss grew, will in time fall clean away, and the moss with it, and the tree will gather a new bark. And though the tree be thus hacked but to a man's height, yet the tree will bear much better the next year. But when your leisure serveth, cross-hack all the body in this manner, even to the trunk, as also a part of every great arm that groweth next the tree: Note, that in seven years the Tree will be bark-bound, and so mossy again, as at the first: and therefore once in seven years you must renew this work. By S. 131. But if your tree bear not, A Tree to root higher. because it was planted too deep at the first, then take away the earth from the body of the tree; and a little below the uppermost face of the ground, prick the body of the Tree clean through the bark, full of holes, with a pretty round all or bodkin, of a reasonable breadth. Then cover the body with earth, and divers new roots will issue, to make the same fruitful. 132. And if your Tree bear not well, Sap choked. by reason that all the sap runneth into leaves, Barren trees to bear. which is a common fault in divers Orchards, then to check the sap, cut off all the young roots that grow about the master roots; and cross hack the body under the ground, and likewise the main roots, as before (Num. 131.) to avoid mosy, and cover the Tree with earth again: for by this means the sap is kept from rising up too plentifully. By S. 133. All barrenness, Causes of barrenness in trees. or unfruitfulness in Trees, doth for the most part arise, either by reason of their mossiness, whose cure is set down before in Numb. 131. or because they are bark-bound; whose remedy is also in Numb. 130. or because they were planted too deep, whose remedy is in Num. 132. or by reason that the sap, which should turn into fruit, runneth together, or for the most part into leaves: and this is remedied also in Numb. 133. 134. app'es' without wrinkles. Gather not your Pippins till the full Moon, after Michaelmas; so may you keep them a whole year without shrinking: and so of the grapes, and all other fruits; so of Onion seeds, anise seeds, and other seeds, which you would keep full and plump. By S. 135. Respect between the stock and scions. Let your tree whereon you graft, be more forward than the scions; viz: let it either have bigger buds than the scions hath, or small leaves: but the scions is best that hath only red buds, and no leaves. 136. Cherries in clusters I have seen Cherriesgrow in clusters like Filberts, viz. 2, 3, 4, and 5. upon one stalk. Cuaere, if it be not performed in this manner; join 2, 3, 4, or 5. leaves with the buds in one flit together, by way of incoulation, and so leave them. Here I will conclude with a conceit of that delicate Knight, Sir Francis Carew; who, for the better accomplishment of his royal entertainment of our late Queen of happy memory, at his house at Beddington, led her Majesty to a Cherry tree, whose fruit he had of purpose kept back from ripening, at the least one month after all Cherries had taken their farewell of England. This secret he performed, by straining a Tent or cover of canvas over the whole tree, and wetting the same now and then with a scoop or horn, as the heat of the weather required▪ and so, by withholding the sunbeams from reflecting upon the berries, they grew both great, and were very long before they had gotten their perfect cherry colour: and when he was assured of her majesty's coming, he removed the Tent, and a few sunny days brought them to their full maturity. A philosophical Garden: with a touch at the vegetable work in physic, whose principal fire is the Stomach of the Ostrich. FIrst, pave a square plot with brick, (and if it be covered with plaster of Paris, it is so much the better) making up sides of brick also plastered likewise: let this be of a convenient depth, fill it with the best vegetable ♄ which you can get, that hath stood two years, or one at the least, quite within his own sphere: make contrition of the same; and be sure to avoid all obstructions, imbibe it with Aqua coelestis in a true proportion, grind it once a day till it be dry: being dry, let it stand two or three days without any imbibition, that it may the better attract from all the heavenly influence, continuing then also a Philosophical contrition every day (this grinding must also be used in the vegetable work where the ☿ of herbs is used instead of aqua coelestis) during all the time of preparation: then plant what rare flowers, fruits, or seeds, you please therein. And (if my Theory of Nature deceive me not this ♄ so enriched from the heavens, without the help of any manner of soil, marvel, or compost (after one years' revolution) will make the same to flourish and fructify in a strange and admirable manner: yea, I am persuaded, that it will receive an Indian plant, and make all vegetables to prosper in the highest degree, and to bear their fruits in England, as naturally as they do in Spain, Italy, or elsewhere. So likewise of that Walnut-tree, planted within the limits of the aforesaid abbey, which on St. Barnabias' Eve standeth bare, and naked without leaves; and upon the day itself, richly clothed with his green vesture. I could remember many Philosophical plants in England, were it not that the loss of Ripley's life, that renowned alchemist, who suffered death (as the secret report goeth) for making a Pear-tree to fructify in Winter, did command an altum silentium in these matters: but it was the denial of his medicine, and not the crime of conjuration, which was but colourably laid to his charge, that wrought his overthrow. Nay, if the earth itself, after it hath thus conceived from the clouds, were then left to bring forth her own fruits and flowers in her own time, and no seeds or plants placed therein by the hand of man, it is held very probable (Unless for the sin of our first Parents, begun in them, and mightily increased in us, the great God of Nature, even Natura naturans, should recall, or suspend those fructifying blessings which at the first he conferred upon his celestial Creatures) that this heavenly earth, so manured with the stars, would bring forth such strange and glorious plants, fruits and flowers, as none of all the Herbarists that ever wrote till this day, nor any other, unless Adam himself were alive again, could either know, or give true and proper names unto these most admirable simples. Also, in the work of fructification, I think that Corn itself may be so philosophically prepared, only by imbibition in the Philosophers aqua vitae, that any barren ground, so as it be in nature kindly for Corn, shall bring forth a rich crop, without any matter added to the ground, and so with a small or no charge, a man may sow yearly upon the same ground And he that knoweth how to lay his fallows truly, whereby they may become pregnant from the heavens, and draw abundantly that celestial and generative virtue into the Mataix of the earth; this man, no doubt, will prove the true and philosophical Husbandman, and go beyond all the country Coridon's of the Land, though never so well acquainted with Virgil's georgics, or with Master Bernhard Palisiy his congelative part of rain water, which he calleth the Vegetable salt of Nature: wherein though he observed more than either Varro, Columella, or any of the ancient Writers in this kind, did ever dream of; yet doth he come many degrees short of this heavenly mystery. Now, to give you some taste of that fire which the Philosophers call the Stomach of the Ostrich, (without which the Philosophers true and perfect Aqua vitae can never be made) you must understand, that it is an outward fire of Nature, which doth not only keep your glass, and the matter therein contained, in a true proportionable heat, fit for workmanship, without the help of any ordinary or material fire: but it is also an efficient and principal cause, by his powerful nature and piercing quality, to stir up, alter and exalt, that inward fire that is enclosed within the glass in his own proper earth. And therefore here, all the usual chemical fires, with all their graduations, are utterly secluded; so as neither any naked fire, nor the heat of filings of Iron, of sand, of ashes, nor of Baln. Mar. though kept in a most exquisite manner, nor any of the fires engendered by putrefaction, as of dung and such like, no nor the heat of the Sun, or of a Lamp, or an Athanor (the last refuge of our wandering and illiterate alchemists) have here any place at all. So that by this fire and furnace only, a man may easily discern a mercenary workman (if he deal in vegetables only from a second Philosopher; and if in any thing (as no doubt in many things) then here especially vulgaris oculus caligat plurimum. This fire is by nature generally offered unto all, and yet none but the children of Art have power to apprehend it: for, being celestial, it is not easily understood of an elemental brain; and being too subtle for the sense of the Eye, it is left only to the search of a divine wit: and there I leave it for this time. The physical use of this fire, is to divide a Coelum terrae, and then to stellify the same with any animal or vegetable star, whereby in the end it may become a quintessence. Here I had thought to have handled that crimson coloured salt of Nature, so far exceeding all other salts, in a true, quick, and lively taste, which is drawn from the philosopher's earth, and worketh miraculous effects in man's body; and withal, to have examined that strange opinion which Doctor Quercitanus, an excellent Theorist in Nature, and a great Writer in these days doth. violently maintain, in his discourse upon Salt-petre. But because it is impertinent to this subject, and that I have discoursed more at large thereon in my Abstract of Corn. Agrip. his book De occult. Philos. and for that Quercitanus doth show himself to be a true Lover of Hermes household, I will not strain my wit, to write against any particular person that professeth himself to be of that family; although both he, and some others, as great as himself, must give me leave, whensoever I shall be forced in that book to handle the practical part of Nature, and her process, happily to weaken some principles and positions, which both he and they have already published; excusing myself with that golden saying of Ar●isttle, {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}. Amicus Socrates, amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas. But I am afraid I have been too bold with vulgar wits, who take no pleasure to hear any man altius philosophari, that they can well understand; and therefore I have compiled this Book in plain terms, of such a Garden and Orchard as will better serve for common use, and fit their wits and conceits much better. FINIS. ●ooks printed or sold by William Leake at the sign of the Crown in Fleetstreet between the two Temple Gates. A Bible of a fair large Roman letter, 4o. Tokt's Heraldy. Man become guilty, by John Francis Senalt, & Englished by Henry Earl of Monmouth. Welby's second Set of music, 3 4 5 and 6 Paris. The H●story of Vienna, and Paris. Calais learned Readings on the Stat. 21. H. 8. cap. 5. of Sewers. Sken' de fignificatione Verba rum. Posing of the Accidence. Delaman's use of the horizontal Quadrant. Corderim in English. Doctor Fulkis Meteors. Nyes Gunnery & Fireworks Gato Major, with Annotat. Mel Helliconium, by Alex. Riss Lizerillo de Tormes. The idiot in four books. Aula Luck, or the house of Light. Topics in the Laws of Engl Perkins on the Laws of Engl Wilkinsons Office of Sheriffs Parsons Law. Mirror of Justice. The Fort royal of Holy Scripture, or a new Concordance by J. H A Tragedy written by the most learned, Hug Grotius, Called Chris●● Patiens, and Englished by George Sands Solitary devotions, with man in glory, by the most Reverend and holy Father, Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury. Ex●●citatio Scholastica. Mathernaticall Recreations with the general horological Ring, and double horizontal dial, by William O●ghtred. Plays. Hero and Leander. The Wedding. The Hallander. Henry the Fourth. Maid's Tragedy. King and no King. Philaster. The grateful Servant. The strange Discovery. The Merchant of Venice