THE PRESENT STATE OF Ireland: TOGETHER With some remarks Upon the Ancient State thereof.  
Likewise a Description of the Chief Towns: With a MAP of the Kingdom.  
LONDON, Printed by M. D. for Chr. Wilkinson at the Black-Boy in Fleetstreet, and T. Burrell at the Golden-Ball under St. Dunstan's Church. 1673.   

THE EPISTLE TO THE READER.  
Much cannot be expected (upon a Subject of this Nature) from a private Person, and one who was seconded with few other helps to accomplish his desires herein, than to consult his own thoughts, and a mall number of Books that lay by him. However, the Reader may be well assured, there is nothing offered here to his consideration in relation to the Present, or Ancient State of Ireland (as far as the Subject would possibly admit of the same) but what is backed with good Authority, and faithfully related by the Author, according to the best information he could obtain. As for other matters here Essayed by way of conjecture, the Author well hopes this mean attempt will shortly administer a fit occasion for a more knowing Person, and abler Pen, to render the World more ample satisfction touching the Public Affairs, and State of that Kingdom; wherein it may seem strange, how that this our Age affords many Treatises entitled The present State of Enngland, France, Italy, Holland, Venice, Muscovy, etc. yet not any thing of that Nature (since his Majesty's happy Restauration) hath been hitherto presented to public view in relation to the State of Ireland, though it be one of the chiefest Members of the British Empire; as if either there were no such thing in Nature; Or at least, that the Affairs thereof afforded not any thing worthy of Note: whereas indeed the continued infelicity of that unhappy Kingdom (till of late) might alone (besides many other remarkes made mention of in this ensuing Treatise) justly breed some curiosity in any knowing person to take into his consideration, what were the true causes why that Realm, whereof our Kings of England have born the Title of Sovereign Lords for the space of four hundred and odd years (a period of time wherein divers great Monarchies have risen from Barbarism to Civility, and fallen again to Ruin) was not in all that space of time throughly subdued, & reduced to the obedience of the Crown of England, although there hath been almost a continual War between the English and the Irish; and why the manners of the mere Irish, were so little altered (till King James his Reign) since the days of King Henry the Second (as appeareth by the description made by Giraldus Cambrensis who lived and wrote in that time) although there hath been since that time so many English Colonies planted in Ireland, as that if the people had been numbered by the Poll, such as were descended of English race, would have been found more in number, than the ancient Natives. To give therefore a brief account of the true causes of those disorders, as also of the exquisite remedies applied (by the late Settlement of Ireland) in order to a perfect Reformation of the same, is one of the chief ends and design of this discourse, wherein if it gives the Reader any competent satisfaction, the Author will deem himself thereby well rewarded for his pains.   


THE CONTENTS OF THE First Part.  

THat Ireland is supposed to be first Inhabited by the Britain's. page 1.  
That it was first Invaded by the Saxon Monarches. p. 3.  
Next by the Northern Nations (about the year 830.) of Danes, Swedes and Normans, all passing under the Names of Norwegians. p. ib.  
And last of all by the English, in K. Henry the Seconds time. p. 4.  
That the Conquest of Ireland by the English, ever since Henry the Seconds time, till now of late, was imperfect, by reason of two great Defects; the first whereof consisted in faint prosecution of the War; and the next, in in the looseness of the Civil Government. p. 6.  
Of the faint prosecution of the War, and the causes of it. p. ib.  
That notwithstanding many obstructions, yet the first English Adventurers (during the first forty years) gained many large proportions of Land in the Provinces of Leinster, Munster, Connaght and Ulster. p. 8.  
That the English being (for a long time) necessitated to maintain a bordering War with the Irish, wholly at the charge of the English Planters, the English Plantations in Ireland began thereupon to decay. p. 9, 10, 11.  
That Morris Fitz-Thomas Earl of Desmond was the first began that wicked Extortion of Coin, Livery and Pay (in K. Edward the Seconds time) which soon after proved the utter ruin of all the English Colonies in Ireland, except those few within the Pale; which Interest of the English could never be put in a way of recovery again, till about the beginning of Queen E●izabeths Reign. p. 12, 13.  
That by reason of the said Earl of Desmond, and divers other Grandees of the first English Conquerors, getting vast Estates from the English Colonies in Ireland, by those horrible oppressjoins of Coin and Livery, etc. many of the English fled into England; and the rest, in a small tract of time, so much degenerated into Irish manners, as that they hated the very name of the English, and took upon them Irish Nicknames. p. 14, 15.  
That those great English Lords, the better to maintain their said unlawful Acquisitions, became thereupon Arch Enemies both to the Government, and the Laws of England: refusing to appear at Parliaments, and no way observing the Dictates and Command of the Chief Governors of that Realm. p. 16, 17.  
That by these means; and by reason of the English Nobility and Gentry passing (afterwards) out of Ireland into England to be engaged in the Civil-Wars between York and Lancaster, wherein most of them perished, the Irish became victorious over all the English, except those within the Pale, without blood or sweat. p. 17, 18.  
That it was a great hindrance to the full Conquest of Ireland, that the first English Conquerors, did not equally communicate the English Laws to the Irish, as well as to English Planters. ib.  
That by means thereof, the English Conquerors, maintained perpetual Enmity, and War, with the Irish, for their own private ends and advantages, to the destruction of the Country. p. 19  
That this was contrary to the practice of the Roman State, who never refused to communicate their Laws to the rude and barbarous people they conquered. p. 20.  
And to the practice of William the Conqueror, who Governed both Normands and the English under one Law. p. 21.  
And against the prudent course Edward the First observed in the reducing of Wales. p. ib.  
That the next Error in the Civil policy, was the over great proportions of Land, with great Royalties and Liberties granted to the first English Adventurers in Ireland, which occasioned many notorious inconveniencies p. 22.  
The reason why such vast proportions of Land were given to the first Adventurers in Ireland. p. 30.  
The manner how Ireland was divided among the English Conquerors, in Henry the Seconds time, and soon after. p. 23.  
That when the Roman Generals had with the public charge Conquered many Kingdoms and Commonwealths, they were rewarded with honourable Offices and Triumphs, and not made Lords and Proprietors of whole Kingdoms and Provinces. p. 31.  
That William Duke of Normandy in the Conquest of England (which he made his own work) distributed sundry Lordships and Monnors unto his followers, but gave not away whole Shires and Counties, as was done in Ireland, in Demesne to any of his Servitors whom he desired to advance. p. ib.  
The like did Edward the First in the Conquest of Wales, p. 32.  
That as the best policy was not observed in the distribution of the Conquered Lands in Ireland by the first English Adventurers; so were they deceived in the choice of the fitttest places to settle their Plantations in. p. 34.  
That the Nature of the Irish Customs are such, that of necessity they make those people Rebels, who make use of the same, to all good Government, and to the destruction of the Commonwealth wherein they live. p. 37.  
That the frequent Rebellions in Ireland in Queen Elizabeth's Reign, especially that notorious one of the Earl of Tyrone and his Adherents, chief fomented by the Pope and the King of Spain, did so far provoke the Queen, as that she made an absolute Conquest of the Irishry p. 44  
That upon the finishing of the said Conquest, to the end the long for wished perpetual Peace and Settlememt of that Kingdom might be established on firm foundations, 'twas propounded, as the fittest expedient, that all the forfeited Lands in Ireland, might be disposed of to such English as should be brought out of England to plant the same, paying thereout yearly, by way of Quitrent, a reasonable consideration, to the Crown of England towards the maintenance of a Standing Army in Ireland. p. 46.  
The same method being observed by the Romans to continue their Conquered Country's in due Obedience to them; And which should also have been also put in practice by the first English Conquerors of the Realm of Ireland p. 48.  
That all such Irish who had forfeited the said Lands, were to be transplanted from one Province into another, and to become only Tenants to the English. p. 50.  
That King James (being swayed by wilder Counsels) wholly waving the Transplantation, & of laying hold on the said forfeited Lands; did (by an Act of Olivion) remit all manner of offences committed against the Crown by the said Earl of Tyrone and the rest of the Irish; which mild resolution of his, was like to be (soon after) ill requited by the said Earl and his Adherents: who practising a new Rebellion in the North of Ireland, and failing therein, fled (upon the guilty conscience thereof) to the Spanish Netherlands, giving thereby an excellent opportunity to settle a brave British Plantation within the fix forfeited Counties in the Province of Ulster p. 50, 51.  
How far King James proceeded in the Reformation and Settlement of Ireland, by dividing the same into Counties, and thereby consequently making way for the Laws of England to be put in execution in all parts of the Kingdom; and by ascertaining also all men's Estates according to English tenure, etc. with many other public Acts, tending to the future good Government and welfare of that Realm. p. ib.  
That notwithstanding all those excellent Constitutions, yet the foundation of that settlement of Ireland (not long after) received a shake, by the Irish denying to contribute towards the maintenance of a standing Army in Ireland An. 1627. (except they might first obtain a Toleration of the Romish Religion) though the Lord Primate Usher in a set Speech (in the presence of the Lord Deputy Falkland) made use of many strong Arguments and reasons to press them thereunto. p. 53.  
That the loss of this rare opportunity by the Irish, to express the height of their Loyalty to his Majesty of England, can never be sufficiently repent of by them. p. 54.  
That the Lord Primate Usher wisely foresaw a storm impending, which was (not long after) unhappily verified by the bloody Rebellion in Ireland, Anno 1641. without the least provocation given by the English to the Irish to perpetrate so wicked an Act, wherein were barbarously destroyed (in a very short space of time) by the Sword and Famine above a hundred and fifty thousand Protestants. p. 54 to 64.  
That the English could not obtain an opportunity to be throughly revenged on the Irish, for their inhuman slaughtering of their Countrymen, till the year 1649. from what time (within the compass of about three years) it is conceived there was not left undestroyed (by the Sword, Plague and Famine) above the eighth part of all the Irish Nation; Being a just judgement of God fallen upon them for their impious carriage towards the poor Protestant British Planters p. 66.  
That the Irish Nation being thus broken, all the Romish-Irish Proprietors were commanded upon pain of death by a certain day to transplant themselves from the Provinces of Lynster, Munster and Ulster, into the Province of Connaght and County of Clare; which was performed accordingly. p. 67.  
A brief description of the admirable Strength of the Province of Connaght, as well by Art as Nature; As also of the lamentable waste condition all Ireland was reduced unto, in the close of the War An. 1652, 1653. p, 67 to 70.  
That immediately after the said Transplantation of the Irish, (being in the year 1653.) certain Regiments of the English Army were disbanded, and settled upon the Lands fallen by Lot to them for their Arrears within the Provinces of Lynster, Munster and Ulster. p. 68 etc.  
That both English and Irish (within three years after) were settled upon their respective proportions of Land assigned to them, or fallen by Lot, in all parts of Ireland. p. 68, 69.  
That within three years ensuing the said Settlement, there appeared a strange alteration in the general state of Ireland, from a most ruinous, to a reviving Commonwealth. p. 70, 71.  
That as his Majesty's Restauration crowned the joy of oll the English in Ireland; so it did as much deject the Irish, who immediately expected thereupon to be generally restored to their former Estates. p. 72.  
What alteration happened to the Settlement of Ireland, since his Majesty's Restauration. p. 73, & 216, etc.  
How that that perpetual Peace and Settlement of Ireland which was so solidly discoursed of, and stoutly fought for in Queen Elizabeth's Reign; and very far proceeded in King James his time; Is now fully perfected, and confirmed by our Gracious Sovereign King Charles the Second, to the glory of God, and the great honour and profit of his Majesty, and security of his three Kingdoms. p. 74 to 79.    

THE CONTENTS OF THE Second Part.  

OF the Name of Ireland and its Climate. p. 80.  
Of its Dimension. p. 81.  
Of the Division, Form, Aire and Commodities of the Province of Lynster. p. 82.  
Of Munster. p. 84.  
Of Ulster. p. 87.  
And of Connaght. p. 90.  
A Character of all Ireland, and how far it differs from England in Aire and Commodities, etc. p. 93, 94.  
Of the Money of Ireland. p. 96.  
Of its Buildings. p. 101.  
Of its Inhabitants and Laws. p. 105.  
And of its Religion. p. 111.  
Of the Manners of the Irish, Ancient and Modern. p. 120.  
How lovingly the Irish lived of late times in Neighbourhood with the English till October 23. An. 1641. And how strangely they altered upon the sudden from more than ordinary good Offices of Kindness, to extreme Barbarism and cruelty, towards their said English Neighbuors, and the rest of the Protestant British Planters in Ireland; with the manner, motives and causes of the same. p. 123, etc.  
Of the number of the Inhabitants of Ireland. p. 145.  
Of the Irish Language. p. 147.  
Of their Stature. p. 150.  
Of their Diet. p. 151.  
Of their Attire. p. 152  
Of their Recreations. p. 153.  
Of the Irish Names p. ibid.  
Of their Sir names. p. 154.  
Of the Government of Ireland p. 156  
A Catalogue of the Lord Lieutenants, Deputies & Lord Justices. p. 158  
The Title of the Kings of England altered from Lords of Ireland to King. p. 17●.  
The Titles of the Crown of England to every part of Ireland, and to the whole divers ways; As to Lynster. p. 171.  
To Meath. p. 172.  
To Munster. p. ibises  
To Ulster and Connaght. p. 173  
Of the several Claims of the Crow● of England to the Land of Ireland p. 174  
Of the Revenue of Ireland. p. 183  
A Table for Reducing Plantation-Acres. p. 186.  
Of the Strength of Ireland, and how it principally consists by its dependency on the Crown of England. p. 196.  
By what ways and means the English (since the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, and a little before) did again extend their Power and Interest in Ireland beyond the narrow Limits of the English Pale. p. ibid.  
Of the great advantages that will accrue, in the future, to the English by their late vast Acquisitions in Ireland, the better to enable them thereby to breed up their Children for the service of that Kingdom, both in Church and State. p. 205.  
How that the Popish Irish Lawyers and Divines, did of late times abuse the advantage they had by their good Education, to the ruin of their own Country. p. 206.  
Of how many Troops of Horse, and Companies of Foot the present Standing Army in Ireland consists. p. 217.  
Of the Militia in Ireland. p. 218.  
How that henceforth there will be nomore need of training up the Irish, together with the English, in the Feats of Arms, which of late times proved very destructive to the English, Interest in Ireland. p. ibid.  
Of Electing Parliament men. p. 221.  
A List of what places Return Parliament-men. p. 223.  
Nobility Subsidy. p. 227.  
Subsidies of the several Bishoprics. p. 231.  
Provincial Subsidies p. 233.  
Salaries belonging to several Courts of Judicature, etc. p. 236.  
Military Payments. p. 239.  
Provincial Officers, etc. p. 240.  
Creation-Money. p. 243.  
Perpetuities and Temporary Payments. p. 245, & 247.  
Pensions and Annuities. p. 246.    

THE CONTENT OF THE Third Part.  

TO the Reader. p. 24●  
That it much imports the future security of the Protestant British Planters, to be for the most part, if not who● possessed, by way of habitation, of th● chief Cities and strong Towns of Ireland, which was sufficiently evidence by the examples of the Cities of Dublin Limrick and Gallaway, upon the fir●● breaking out of the last Rebellion in Ireland, begun the 23d of October Ann● 1641. p. 249  
The Characters of some of the chie● Towns and Cities of Ireland; whereby is discovered, how conveniently they ar● situated (as they lie in the respective Provinces) in reference to Trade and Strength, both foreign and domestic; How they increased and flourished during the last forty years' Peace; And what probability there is, of their future flourishing state and condition, with many other things remarkable in relation thereunto. p. 255.   

In the Province of Munster.  

Of Waterford. p. ibid.  
Of Kingsale. p. 257.  
Of Cork. p. 258.  
Of Youghall. p. ibid.  
Of Limrick. p. 259.  
Of Clonmell. p. 260.    

In the Province of Connaght.  

Of Gallaway. p. 261.  
Of Sleygoe. p. 263.  
Of James-Town. p. 265.  
Of Athlone. p. 266.    

In the Province of Ulster.  

Of Carlingford & Dundalk p. 267.  
Of Cnockfergus. p. ibid.  
Of . p. 268.    

In the Province of Lynster.  

Of Wexford. p. 269  
Of Kilkenny. p. 270  
Of Ross. p. ibid.  
Of Carlough. p. 271.  
Of Tredagh. p. 272.  
Of Dublin. p. ibid.      


IRLANDIA   map of the northern portion of Ireland, possibly incomplete scan   

THE Present State OF IRELAND.  
TO pass by the story how Caesaria, 
Ireland supposed to be first Inhabited by the Britain's.  Noah's Niece, inhabited IRELAND before the Flood; and how three hundred years after the Flood, it was subdued by one Bartholanus a Scythian, who overcame here, I know not what Giants, with other such stuff, wholly resting on the Testimony of the Irish Chronicles, which are thought to relish too much of the Fable; and not altogether to rely upon that opinion grounded on very probable Circumstances, that this Island was first Inhabited by the mixed Nations of Spaniards, Gauls, Africans or Goths, coming out of Spain; and by the Britain's out of Britain (the Irish being observed to partake of tho Customs and Manners of each of these People;) but it seems most likely, that the first Inhabitants thereof came wholly out of Britain; Britain being the nighest unto it, and thereby affording the conveniency of a more speedy Waftage thither; and the ancient Customs, Laws, Language and Dispositions of these People being not much unlike the Britain's, though they were accounted far more Barbarous and Savage by most ancient Writers, than those of Britain are said to be at the first discovery, having never been made so happy as to come under the power of the Romans, the Great Masters of Civility and good Letters in the West of Europe, by means whereof, their Actions and Affairs were buried in Oblivion.  
The Ancient Inhabitants of this Island being thus conceived to be Originally Britain's, 
Ireland first Invaded by the Saxon Monarch.  and the Scots found to inhabit here, about the fall of the Roman Empire; the first Onset it received, by way of Invasion, was by the Saxon Monarches: who, casting their Eyes upon it, made themselves Masters of Dublin and some other places; but could not long possess the same, as being hardly able to defend their own, against that People.  
The next that undertook the Conquest thereof (being about Anno 830. 
Next, by the Northern Nations, all passing under the Names of Danes, Swedes & Normans. ) were the Northern Nations of Danes, Swedes and Normans; all passing, in the Chronicles of those times, under the Name of Norwegians; who first scouring along the Seacoasts, by way of Piracy, and afterwards finding the weakness of the Island, being divided amongst many petit and inconsiderable Princes, made an absolute Conquest of it, under the Conduct of one Turgesius, whom they Elected for their King, but were soon rooted out by the policy of the King of Meth, the only Irish Prince then in favour with the Tyrant. These Northern Nations were the first that brought the Irish acquainted with Traffic and Commerce, and with building of Castles and Fortresses, only upon the Seacoasts; having hitherto known no other defence, but Woods, Boggs or Stoakes.  

And last of all, by the English, in K. Henry 2ds reign, An. 1172.  After this, the Roytelets, or petty Princes, enjoying their former Dominions till the year 1172. in which, Dermot Mac Morogh King of Lynster, having forced the Wife of Maurice O Rorke King of Meth, was driven, by him, out of his Kingdom; who, applying himself to Henry the Second, of England, for succour; received Aid, under the leading of Richard de Clare, Sir-named Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, to be restored to his Kingdom: by whose good success, and the rest of the Adventurers, upon the Arrival of Henry the Second in Ireland; his very Presence, without drawing his Sword prevailed so far, as that all the petty Kings or great Lords, within Lynster, Connaght and Munster, submitted themselves unto him; promising to pay him Tribute, and acknowledging him their chief and Sovereign Lord: But as the Conquest was but slight and superficial, so the Irish Submissions, were but weak and fickle assurances to hold in Obedience so considerable a Kingdom; for no sooner were the Kings of England's backs turned, but the Irish returned to their former Rebellions; and the Kings of England had here, no more power or profit, than the great ones of the Country were pleased to give them: for they governed their People by the Brehon Law, they made their own Magistrates and Officers, pardoned and punished all Malefactors within their several Countries, made War and Peace one with the other, without controlment; and this they did, not only during the Reign of King Henry the Second, but also in the times succeeding, even until the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, which Conquest became thus imperfect, by reason of two great Defects; first, in the faint prosecution of the War, and next, in the looseness of the Civil Government.  

The Conquest of Ireland by the English imperfect (till of late) by reason of two defects, viz. first, faint Prosecution of the War, & the Causes of it.  As touching the carriage of Martial Affairs, from the seventeenth year of King Henry the Second, at what time the first overture was made for the Conquest of Ireland, until the nine and thirtieth year of Queen Elizabeth, when that Royal Army was sent over to suppress the the Rebellion of Tyrone; which in the end, made an universal and absolute Conquest of all the Irishry. It is very evident, that the English, either raised here, or sent hither from time to time out of England, were always too weak to Subdue and Master so many Warlike Nations (or Septs) of the Irish as did possess this Island; and besides their weakness, they were ill paid and worse Governed. And if at any time, there arrived out of England an Army of competent strength and power, it did rather terrify, than break or subdue this People; being ever broken and dissolved by some one accident and impediment or other, before the perfection of the Conquest of it; as namely, Henry the Second, by the Rebellion of his Sons: King John, Henry the Third and Edward the Second, by the Barons Wars: Edward the First, by his Wars in Wales and Scotland: Edward the Third and Henry the Fift, by the Wars of France: Richard the Second, Henry the Fourth, Henry the Sixth and Edward the Fourth, by Domestic contention for the Crown of England itself: Richard the Third, not worth mentioning, as having never got the quiet possession of England, but was cast out by Henry the Seventh, within two years and an half after his Usurpation: And Henry the Seventh himself, though he made the happy Union of the two Houses of York and Lancaster; yet for more than half the space of his Reign there were walking Spirits of the House of York, which he could not conjure down, without the expense of some Blood and Treasure. Henry the Eighth was diverted by his two Expeditions into France, at the first and latter part of his Reign, and in the middle thereof, wholly taken up with the troubles created to him by the great alteration of Ecclesiastical Affairs: And lastly, the Infancy of King Edward and the Coverture of Queen Mary (which were both not-abilities in Law) did likewise in fact disable them to accomplish the Conquest of Ireland; so that all the Kings of England coming thus far short as to the perfecting of the true Conquest of Ireland; let us examine what other impediments were given thereunto in point of Martial Affairs by the Adventurers themselves that first undertook the Conquest of this Kingdom upon their own account.  

That the first English Adventurers had good success in Ireland during the first forty years.  It doth appear, that for the space of about forty years after the first landing of the English in Ireland till the seventeenth year of King John, (during all which time there was no Army transmitted out of England to finish the Conquest of Ireland) that the Adventurers and Colonies already planted there, proceeded with so much good success, as they gained very large portions of ground in every Province: As namely, the Earl of Strongbow, by his Marriage with the Daughter of Mac Morrogh in Lynster; the La●ies in Meth; the Giraldines, and other Adventurers in Munster; the Andeleyes, Gernons, Clinton's, russel's, and other Voluntaries of Sir John de Courcies' retinue in Ulster; and the Bourkeses (planted by William Fitz-Adelme) in Connaght.  
The English Colonies being thus dispersed through all the Provinces of Ireland; were necessitated, 
But being necessitated for a long time to maintain a bordering War against the Irish at the charge of the English Planters.  from the twelfth year of King John, till the six and thirtieth year of King Edward the Third, (being about an hundred and fifty years) to maintain a continual bordering War between them and the Irish, without receiving (during all that time) any supply, either of Men or Money, out of England to manage the same: So that all the chief Governors of the Realm, and the English Lords who had gotten such great Possessions and Royalties (as that they presumed to make War and Peace at their pleasure, without the least advice or direction from the State) being forced to levy all their Forces within the Land, who being ill Paid and worse Governed, it so came to pass, (the public Revenues of Ireland being then inconsiderable to sustain such a charge) that as well the Ordinary Forces which stood continually, as the extraordinary, which were levied by the chief Governor, upon Journeys and general Hostings, were for the most part laid upon the poor Subjects descended of English race; which burden was in some measure tolerable during the Reign of King Henry the Third, and Edward the First; but afterwards became insupportable in the time of King Edward the Second; For Morris Fitz-Thomas Earl of Desmond being chief Commander of the Army against the Scots, began that wicked extortion of Coin and Livery, and pay; that is, he and his Army took Horse-meat, Mans-meat, and Money at their pleasure, without giving any Ticket, or other satisfaction for the same.  
This wicked imposition (made High Treason by the Statute of 11. 
The English Plantations in Ireland began to decay.  H. 4.) became afterwards so habitual and general a fault of all the Governors and Commanders of the Army in this Land, that in a short time it enforced (because the great English Lords and Captains had power to impose this charge, when and where they pleased) many of the poor English Freeholders' to give unto those Lords a great part of their Lands, that they might hold the rest free from that extortion: And many others not being able to endure so intolerable a burden, did utterly quit their Free-holds, and returned into England; by means whereof the English Colonies did soon grow poor and feeble, and the English Lords became rich and mighty: for having placed Irish Tenants upon the Lands, relinquished by the English, upon whom they levied all Irish exactions, and with whom they married, fostered, and made Gossips; so as within one age both English Lords and Freeholders' became degenerate and mere Irish in their Language, Apparel, Arms and manner of fight, and all other Customs of life whatsoever.  

That Morris Fitz-Thomas, Earl of Desmond, was the first began that wicked Custom of Coin and Livery.  But that I may not quit myself so soon of this subject, before I give a more particular satisfaction to the Reader, touching the evil consequences that ensued upon the general practice of this wicked Extortion of Coin and Livery, (which indeed was one of the chiefest causes of the sudden decay and ruin of the first English Colonies in Ireland) he may be pleased to understand, that the forementioned Thomas Fitz-Morrice, Earl of Desmond, did soon (by these oppressive courses) grow from a mean to a mighty Estate, in so much that his ancient inheritance being not one thousand Marks yearly, he became able to dispend every way ten thousand pound per Annum.  
These possessions being thus unlawfully gained, could not be maintained by the just and honourable Laws of England, which would have restored the true owners to their Land again; And therefore this Great Man found no better means to continue and uphold his ill purchased greatness, then by rejecting the English Laws and Government, and assuming in lieu thereof the barbarous Customs of the Irish, whereupon followed the defection of those four Counties, 
Which proved the utter ruin of the first, English Colonies in Ireland, (except those within the Pale.)  containing the greatest parts of Munster, viz. Kerry, Limrick, Cork, and Waterford, from the obedience of the Law; and so successively by the same means, and much about the same time, the rest of the English Lords, and Freeholders' in Ireland (except those of the English Pale) fell away from the English Law and Government in the end of King Edward the Second Reign, and in the beginning of King Edward the third.  
And truly it is here a fit subject of wonder, 
All the English Colonies in Ireland, (except those within the Pale,) degenerate into mere Irish manners.  to consider to what height of baseness the English arrived unto by this defection, in so much as within less time than the Age of a Man, they had no marks or differences left amongst them of that Noble Nation, from which they were descended; for they did not only forget the English Language, and scorn the use thereof, but grew to be ashamed of their very English Names, though they were Noble and of great Antiquity, and took Irish Surnames, and Nicknames. Namely the two most potent families of the Bourkeses in Connaght (after the house of the Red Earl failed of Heirs Males) called their Chiefs Mac William Eighter, and Mac William Oughter. In the same Province, Bremingham Baron of Athenry, called himself Mac Yeoris. D'Execester, or d' Exon, was called, Mac Jordan. Mangle, or d' Angulo, took the name of Mac Costello. Of the inferior Families of the Bourks', one was called Mac Hubbard, another Mac David. In Munster of the great Families of the Geraldines planted there; one was called Mac Morrice, chief of the house of Lixnaw; and another Mac Gibbon, who was also called the White Knight. The chief of the Baron of Dunboyns house, who is a branch of the House of Ormond, took Surnames of Mac Pheris. Condon of the County of Waterford, was called Mac Majoke: and the Archdeacon of the County of Kilkenny, Mac Odo. And this they did in contempt and hatred of the English Name and Nation; of whom these degenerated Families became more mortal enemies, than the mere Irish.  
The Native Subjects of Ireland, 
The Civil War of York and Lancaster, furthered the ruin of the English Colonies in Ireland.  of English Race, in Henry the 6th's time, seeing the Kingdom thus utterly ruined, passed in such numbers into England, as one Law was made there, to transmit them back again; and another Law made in Ireland to stop their passage in every Port and Creek: And as one ill fortune happens in the neck of another, the greatest part of the Nobility and Gentry of Meth, passed over afterwards into England, and were slain with Richard Duke of York (who had been long Lord Lieutenant of Ireland) at the Battle of Wakefield in Yorkshire, after whose death, while the Wars between the two Houses of York and Lancaster were in their heat, almost all the good English blood which was left in Ireland, was spent in these civil dissensions; so as the Irish became Victorious over all, without blood or sweat, except only that little Canton of Land (as aforesaid) called the English Pale, containing the Counties of Dublin, Louth, Kildare, and Meth, (which last hath since the time of King Henry the Eight been subdivided into three Counties; that is to say, East-Meath, Westmeath, and Longford) which only maintained a bordering War, and retained the form of an English Government; so that by the fourteenth of King Edward the Fourth, the State of Ireland was grown to so low an ebb upon an English account, that at their erecting a Fraternity of men of Arms, called the Brotherhood of S. George, for the defence of the said Pale, they exceeded not in number above 200. being all the standing Forces that were then in Ireland, and as they were Natives of the Kingdom, so the Kingdom itself did pay their wages, without expecting any Treasure out of England; However (the great Lords of the natural Irish, and degenerate English being divided into many factions, and never conjoined in any one principle of common interest, and thereby consequently becoming very inconsiderable) this small spot of ground was valiantly maintained for a long time by the weak (but united Forces) of the Kings of England.  
Having proceeded thus far in examining the chief causes that obstructed the Conquest of Ireland (till about the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's reign) as to Martial Affairs; 
And secondly, looseness in the Civil Government of Ireland, for not communicating the Laws of England to the Irish.  I shall now endeavour in the next place to give some satisfaction touching those defects that were observed to be in the Civil Policy and Government of this Kingdom, which gave no less impediment to the full Conquest thereof; which doth first consist in this; That the Crown of England did not from the beginning give Laws to the Irishry, though the Irish did often desire to be admitted to the benefit of it, and protection of the English Laws, but could not obtain it. For although King Henry the Second before his return out of Ireland, held a Counfel or Parliament at Lismore, where the Laws of England were willingly accepted off by all the Irishry, and that confirmed by their Oaths; And though King John in the twelfth year of his Reign, did establish the English Laws and Customs here, and the Courts of Judicature at Dublin, and placed Sheriffs and other Ministers to rule and govern the people according to the Laws of England; yet it is evident by all the Records of this Kingdom, that only the English Colonies, and some few Septs of the Irishry (as O Neal of Ulster, O Malaghlin of Meath, O Connagher of Connaght, O Brien of Thomond, and Mac Muorrogh of Lynster, who were enfranchised by special Charters) were admitted to the benefit and protection of the Laws of England; for in them only the English Laws were published, and put in execution; and in them only did the Itinerant Judges make their Circuits and Visitations of Justice, as namely in the Counties of Dublin, Kildare, Meth, Vriel, Catherlogh, Kilkenny, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Limrick, Kerry, and Typperary, and not in the Countries possessed by the Irishry, which contained at least two third parts of the Kingdom, and even in these Counties the said Laws stretched no farther than the Lands of the English Colonies did extend; so that the Irish were not only disabled to bring any actions, but they were so far out of the protection of the Law, as it was often adjudged no Felony, to kill a mere Irish man in time of Peace; from whence it came to pass, that in all the Parliament Rolls which are extant, from the 40th year of Edward the Third, when the Statutes of Kilkenny were enacted, till the Reign of King Henry the Eighth, we find the degenerate and disobedient English called Rebels; but the Irish which were not in the King's Peace, are called Enemies: Whereby it it is manifest, that such as had the Government of Ireland, under the Crown of England, did intent to maintain a perpetual Separation and Enmity between the English and the Irish, pretending that the English should in the end be able to root out the Irish, which the English not being able to effect, caused a perpetual War between both Nations, which continued four hundred and odd years, and might have continued to the world's end, if in the end of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, the Irishry had not been broken and Conquered by the Sword; and since the beginning of King James his Reign had not been protected and governed by the Law. 
Contrary to the practice of the Romans, and others, etc. who communicated their Laws to the Conquered.   
This was contrary to the practice of the Roman State, which Conquered so many barbarous and civil Nations, and therefore knowing by experience the best and readiest way of making a perfect and absolute Conquest, refused not to communicate their Laws to the rude and barbarous people, whom they had conquered; neither did they ever put them out of their Protection, after they had once submitted themselves; but rather (the better to assure their conquest) by all the means imaginable they could, alured them to Civility, and Learning, whereof the ancient Britain's were a famous instance. This was also against the practice William the Conqueror used, who governed both the Normans and the English under one Law; And against the prudent course that hath been observed in the reducing of Wales, partly performed by King Edward the First, and altogether finished by King Henry the Eighth, by dividing the whole Country into Shires and Circuits, and establishing a Commonwealth amongst them, according to the English Government; by means whereof, that entire Country was in a short time so securely settled in Peace and Obedience, and hath attained to that civility of manners, and plenty of all things, as now we find it not inferior to the best parts of England.  

That the over great proportions of Land granted to the first Conquerors of Ireland occasioned great inconveniencies.  The next Error in the Civil Policy which hindered the perfection of the Conquest of Ireland, did consist in the distribution of the Lands and Possessions which were won and conquered from the Irish. For the Scopes of Land which were granted to the first Adventurers, were too large, and the Liberties and Royalties, which they obtained therein, were too great for Subjects; though it stood with reason, that they should be liberally rewarded out of the fruits of their own labours, since they managed the War upon their own account, and received no pay from the Crown of England, whereupon ensued divers inconveniencies, that gave great impediment to the Conquest: for first, Earl Strongbow was entitled to the whole Kingdom of Lynster, partly by Invasion, and partly by Marriage; albeit he surrendered the same entirely to King Henry the Second his Sovereign; 
The manner how Ireland was divided amongst the first Eng●ish Conquerors.  for that with his Licence he came over, and with the aid of his Subjects, he had gained that great Inheritance; yet did the King regrant back again to him and his Hei●s all that Province, reserving only the City of Dublin, and the canters next adjoining, with the Maritine Towns, and principal Forts and Castles. Next, the same King granted to Robert Fitz-Stephen, and Miles Cogan, the whole Kingdom of Cork from Lismore to the Sea. To Philip le Bruce, he gave the whole Kingdom of Lymrick, with the Donation of Bishoprics and Abbeys (except the City and one Cantred of Land adjoining.) To Sir Hugh de Lacie all Meath. To Sir John de Courcy, all Ulster. To William Bourke Fitz-Adelin, the greatest part of Connaght. In like manner, Sir Thomas de Clare obtained a grant of all Thomond; and Otho de Grandison of all Tipperary; and Robert le Poor, of the Territory of Waterford (the City itself, and the Cantred of the Oastmen only excepted.) And thus was al● Ireland Cantonized among ten Persons of the English Nation. And though they had not gained the Possession of one third part of the whole Kingdom; yet in Title they were owners and Lords of all: so as nothing was left to be granted to the Natives, whose petty Kings and Great ones, our great English Lords could not endure they should Reign in Ireland; nay, they were come that height, by these great Possessions, that they could not brook that the Crown of England itself should have any Jurisdiction or Power over them. For many of these Lords, to whom our Kings had granted these petty Kingdoms; did by Virtue and Colour of these Grants, claim and exercise Jura Regalia within their Territories; in so much, as there were no less than eight Counties Palatines in Ireland at one time. 
The first English Conqueror's exercise Regal Power.   
These absolute Palatines made Barons and Knights, did exercise high Justice in all points within their Territories, erected Courts for Criminal and Civil Causes, and for their own Revenues; in the same form as the King's Courts were established at Dublin; made their own Judges, seneschals, Sheriffs, Coroners, and Escheators; so as the King's Writ did not run in those Counties (which took up more than two parts of the English Colonies) but only in Church Lands lying within the same, which were called the Cross, wherein the King made a Sheriff: And so in each of these Counties Palatines, there were two Sheriffs; one of the Liberty, and another of the Cross: whereby it is manifest, how much the King's Jurisdictions was restrained, and the power of these Lords enlarged by these high Privileges. Again, these great undertakers were not tied to any form of Plantation, but all was left to their discretion and pleasure. And although they builded Castles, and made Freeholders, yet were there no tenors or services reserved to the Crown, but the Lords drew all the respect and dependency of the common people unto themselves. Now let us see what inconveniences did arise by these large and ample Grants of Lands and Liberties, to the first Adventurers in the Conquest.  

The great inconveniences that ensued the Grant of whole Provinces and petit Kingdoms to the first English Conquerors of Ireland.  Without doubt by these Grants of whole Provinces and petty Kingdoms, these few English Lords pretended to be Proprietors of all the Land, so as their was no possibility left of settling the Natives in their Possessions, and by consequence the Conquest became impossible, without the utter extirpation of all the Irish; which these English Lords were not able to perform, nor perhaps willing if they had ability. Notwithstanding, because they did still hope to become Lords of those Lands which were possessed by the Irish, whereunto they pretended Title, by their large Grants; And because they did fear, that if the Irish were received into the King's protection, and made Liege-men, and Free Subjects; the State of England would establish them in their possessions by Grants from the Crown; reduce their Countries into Counties, ennoble some of them, and enfranchise all; and make them amensurable to the Law, which would have abridged, and cut off a great part of that greatness which they had promised unto themselves: They therefore persuaded the King of England, that it was unfit to communicate the Laws of England unto them; and that it was the best policy to hold them as Aliens and Enemies, and to prosecute them with a continual War; whereby they obtained another Royal Prerogative and Power: Which was, to make War and Peace at their Pleasure, in every part of the Kingdom, which gave them an absolute command over the Bodies, Lands and Goods of the English Subjects there. And besides the Irish inhabiting the Lands fully Conquered, and reduced, being in the condition of Slaves and Villains, did render a greater Profit and Revenue, than if they had been the King's Free Subjects, and therefore for these two causes last expressed, they were not willing to root out all the Irishry.  
Again, Those large Scopes of Land, and great Liberties, with absolute Power to make War and Peace, did raise the English Lords to that height of Pride and Ambition, as they could not endure one another, but grew to a mortal War and Dissension amongst themselves; insomuch, that whole Towns and Countries have often times been destroyed by their Contentions, which brought forth divers mischiefs that did not only disable the English to finish the Conquest of all Ireland, but did endanger the loss of what was already gained; And of Conquerors, made themselves Slaves to that Nation, which they did intent to Conquer. For, whensoever one English Lord had vanquished another, the Irish waited, and took the opportunity, and fell upon that Country which had received the blow; and so daily recovered some part of the Lands, which were possessed by the English Colonies.  
Besides, The English Lords to strengthen their Parties, did Ally themselves with the Irish, and drew them in to dwell amongst them, and gave their Children to be fostered by them; and having no other means to pay or reward them, suffered them to take Coin and Livery, upon the English Freeholder; which oppression was so intolerable, as that the better sort were enforced to quit their Free-holds, and fly into England; and never returned, though many Laws were made in both Realms, to remand them back again: and the rest which remained, became degenerate and mere Irish, as is before declared. And the English Lords finding the Irish Exactions to be more profitable than the English Rents and Services, and loving the Irish tyranny which was tied to no Rules of Law or Honour, better than a just and lawful Seignory, did reject and cast off the English Law and Government, received the Irish Laws and Customs, took (as aforesaid) Irish Surnames, refused to come to the Parliaments which were summoned by the King of England's Authority, and scorned to obey the English Knights which were sent to command and govern this Kingdom.  

Why the Kings of England Granted such large Proportions of Land to the first Conquerors of Ireland.  But this aught withal to be taken into consideration, that as these Grants of little Kingdoms, and great Royalties, to a few private persons, did produce the mischiefs spoken of before: So the true cause of making those Grants, did proceed from this; That the Kings of England being otherwise employed, and diverted, did not make the Conquest of Ireland their own work, and undertook it not royally at their own charge; but as it was first begun by particular Adventurers, so they left the prosecution thereof to them, and other Adventurers, who came to seek their Fortunes in Ireland; wherein if they could prevail, they thought it in Reason and Honour, they could do no less than make them Proprietors of such Scopes of Land as they could Conquer, People and Plant at their own charge, reserving only the Sovereign Lordship to the Crown of England: But if the Lion had gone to hunt himself, the shares of the inferior Beasts had not been so great. If the Invasion had been made by an Army, transmitted, furnished, and supplied only at the King's charges, and wholly paid with the King's Treasure, as the Armies of Queen Elizabeth and King James were, as the Conquest had been sooner achieved, so the Servitors had been contented with lesser proportions.  
For when Scipio, Pompey and Caesar, and other Generals of the Roman Armies, as Subjects and Servants of that State, and with the Public Charge, had Conquered many Kingdoms and commonweals, we find them rewarded with Honourable Offices and Triumphs at their return; and not made Lords and Proprietors of whole Provinces and Kingdoms, which they had subdued to the Empire of Rome. Likewise, when the Duke of Normandy had Conquered England, which he made his own work, and performed it in his own person, he distributed sundry Lordships and Manners unto his Followers, but gave not away whole Shires and Countries in Demesne to any of his Servitors, whom he most desired to advance.  
Again, From the time of the Norman Conquest, till the Reign of King Edward the First, many of our English Lords made War upon the Welshmen, at their own charge; the Lands which they gained, they held to their own use, were called Lords Marchers, and had Royal Liberties within their Lordships. Howbeit these particular Adventurers could never make a Conquest of Wales.  
But when King Edward the First came in person with his Army thither, kept his Residence and Court there; made the reducing of Wales an enterprise of his own; he finished that work in a Year or two, whereof the Lords Marchers had not performed a third part, with their continual Bordering War, for two hundred Years. And withal we may observe, that though this King had now the Dominion of Wales, in jure proprietatis, (as the Statute of Rutland affirmeth) which before was subject unto him, but in jure feodali: And though he had lost divers principal Knights and Noble men in that War, yet did he not reward his Servitors with whole Countries or Counties, but with particular Manors and Lordships: As to Henry Lacie, Earl of Lincoln, he gave the Lordship of Denbigh; and to Reighnold Grace, the Lordship of Ruthen, and so to others.  
If the like course had been used in the winning and distribuiting of the Lands of Ireland, that Island had been fully conquered before the Continent of Wales had been reduced. But the truth is, when private men attempt the Conquest of Countries at their own charge, commonly their erterprises do perish without success: as when in the time of Queen Elizabeth Sir Thomas Smith undertook to recover the Ardes: and Chatterton, to reconquer the Fues, and Orier. The one lost his Son; and the other himself; and both their Adventures came to nothing. And as for the Crown of England, it hath had the like Fortune in the Conquest of this Land, as some Purchasers have; who desire to buy Land at too easy a Rate: they find those cheap Purchasers so full of trouble, as they spend twice as much as the Land is worth, before they get the quiet possession thereof.  
And as the best policy was not observed in the distribution of the Conquered Lands; 
That the first English Adventurers in Ireland, were deceived in the choice of the fittest places to settle their Plantations in  so as I conceive, that the first Adventurers intending to make a full Conquest of the Irish, were deceived in the choice of the fittest places for their Plantation. For they sat down, and erected their Castles and Habitations in the Plains, and open Countries; where they found most fruitful and profitable Lands, and turned the Irish into the Woods and Mountains: Which as they were proper places for Outlaws and Thiefs, so were they their Natural Castles and Fortifications; thither they drove their preys and stealths; there they lurked, and lay in wait to do mischief. These ●●st places they kept unknown, by making the ways and entries thereunto impassable; there they kept their Creaghts or Herds of Cattle, living by the Milk of the Cow, without Husbandry or Tillage; there they increased and multiplied unto infinite numbers by promiscuous generation among themselves; there they made their Assemblies, and Conspiracies without discovery: But they discovered the weakness of the English dwelling in the open plains, and thereupon made their Sallies and Retreats with great advantage; Whereas on the other side, if the English had builded their Castles and Towns in those places of fastness, and had driven the Irish into the plains and open Countries, where they might have had an eye and observation upon them, the Irish had been easily kept in order, and in short time reclaimed from their wildness; There they would have used Tillage, dwelled together in Town ships, learned Mechanical Arts and Sciences. The Woods had been wasted with the English Habitations, as they were afterwards about the Forts of Mariborough, and Philipston, which were built in the fast places in Leinster, and the ways and passages throughout Ireland, would have been as clear and open, as they are in England, (or Ireland) at this day.  
Having thus far recounted the manifold defects, mischiefs and impediments that both in the Civil and Martial Affairs so long obstructed the full Conquest of Ireland, I should have here also briefly recited the many good Laws and Ordinances made and enacted from time to time, by the Kings of England and the Parliaments in Ireland, for redressing the said mischiefs and inconveniences; but all fair endeavours and purposes of this kind proving abortive and ineffectual, for want of the Sovereign Sword, as well as the Royal Sceptre to put the same in execution; I shall now only set forth the Nature of the Irish Customs, with the evil Consequences thereof; and then proceed to a conclusion of this discourse, containing those Affairs that shall appear most remarkable in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth, King James and King Charles the First, and especially in the Reign of our present Gracious Sovereign King Charles the Second, in order to the Reformation and good Government of this Realm.  
If we consider the Nature of the Irish Customs, 
The Nature of the Irish Customs destructive to all good Government.  we shall find that the people which doth use them, must of necessity be Rebels to all good Government, destroy the Commonwealth wherein they live, and bring Barbarism and Desolation upon the richest and most fruitful Land of the World. For whereas by the just and honourable Law of England, and by the Laws of all other well governed Kingdoms and Commonwealths, Murder, Manslaughter, Rape, Robbery and Theft, are punished with Death; By the Irish Custom, or Brehen Law, the highest of these offences was punished only with Fine, which they called an Erick. Therefore, when Sir William Fitz-Williams (being Lord Deputy) told Maguire that he was to send a Sheriff into Farmannagh, being lately before made a County; your Sheriff (said Maguire) shall be welcome to me, but let me know his Erick, or the price of his head before hand, that if my people cut it off, I may cut the Erick upon the Country. As for Oppression, Extortion, and other trespasses, the weaker had never any remedy against the stronger: whereby it came to pass, that no man could enjoy his Life, his Wife, his Lands or Goods in safety; if a mightier man than himself had an appetite to take the same from him. Wherein they were little better than Cannibals, who do hunt one another, and he that hath most strength and swiftness, doth eat and devour all his followers.  
Again, In England and all well ordered Commonwealths, men have certain Estates in their Lands and possessions, and their inheritances descend from Father to Son, which doth give them an encouragement to Build, and Plant, and to improve their Lands, and to make them better for their Posterities. But by the Irish Custom of Tanistry, the Chieftains of every Country, and the Chief of every Sept, had no longer Estate then for life in their Chieferies, the inheritance whereof did rest in no man. And these Chieferies, though they had some portions of Land allotted to them, did consist chief in Cuttings and Cosheries, and other Irish Exactions, whereby they did spoil and impoverish the People at their pleasure. And when their Chieftains were dead, their Sons or next Heirs did not succeed them, but their Tanists, who were Elective, and purchased their Elections by strong hand; And by the Irish Custom of Gavelkind, the inferior Tennanties were partible amongst all the Males of the Sept, both Bastards and Legitimate: and after partition made, if any one of the Sept had died his portion was not divided among his Sons, but the Chief of the Sept made a new partition of all the Lands belonging to that Sept, and gave every one his part according to his antiquity.  

That the Irish Custom of Tanistry made all their possessions uncertain.  These two Irish Customs made all their Possessions uncertain, being shuffled, changed, and removed so often from one to another, by new Elections, and partitions; which uncertainty of Estates hath been the true cause of such Desolations and Barbarismes in this Land, as the like was never seen in any Country, that professes the name of Christ. For, though the Irish be a Nation of great Antiquity, and wanted neither Wit nor Valour; and though they had received the Christian Faith, above twelve hundred years since, and were Lovers of Music and Poetry, and all kind of Learning, and possessed a Land abounding with all things necessary for the Civil life of man; yet (which is strange to be related) they did never build any houses of Brick or Stone (some few poor Religious Houses excepted) before the Reign of King Henry the Second, though they were Lords of this Island for many hundred years before, and since the Conquest attempted by the English: Albeit, when they saw as Build Castles upon their Borders, they did only in imitation of us, erect some few piles for the Captains of the Country: yet may it be confidently affirmed that never any particular person, either before or since, did build any Stone or Brick House for his private Habitation; but such as have lately obtained Estates, according to the course of the Law of England. Neither did any of them in all this time, plant any Gardens or Orchards, Inclose or improve their Lands, live together in settled Villages, or Towns, nor made any provision for Posterity; which being against all common sense and reason, must needs be imputed to those unreasonable Customs, which made their Estates so uncertain and transitory in their possessions.  
For, who would plant, improve, 
And therefore unwilling to improve.  or build upon that Land, which a stranger whom he knew not should possess after his death? For that (as Solomon noteth) is one of the strangest vanities under the sun. And this was the true reason, why Ulster, and all the Irish Countries were found so waste and desolate about the beginning of King James' Reign; and so would have continued to the world's end, if these Customs were not abolished by the Law of England.  

The ill conconsequences of Gavelkind Custom in Ireland.  Again, That Irish Custom of Gavelkind, did breed another mischief; for thereby, every man being born to Land, as well Bastard as Legitimate, they all held themselves to be Gentlemen. And though their Portions were never so small, and themselves never so poor, (for Gavelkind must needs in the end make a poor Gentility) yet did they scorn to descend to Husbandry or Merchandise, or to learn any Mechanical Art or Science. And this is the true cause, why there were never any Corporate Towns erected in the Irish Countries.  

The Maritine Towns in Ireland first built by the Ostmen or Easterlings  As for the Maritine Cities and Towns, most certain it is, that they were Built and Peopled by the Ostmen, or Easterlings: for the Natives of Ireland never performed so good a work, as to build a City. Besides, these poor Gentlemen were so affected unto their small portions of Land, as they rather chose to live at home by Theft, Extortion, and Coshering, then to seek any better fortunes abroad: which increased their Septs or Surnames into such numbers, as there are not to be found in any Kingdom of Europe so many Gentlemen of one Blood, Family, and Surname, as there were of late of the O Neals in Ulster; of the Bourkeses in Cannaght; of the Geraldines and Butlers in Munster and Leinster. And the like may be said of inferior Bloods and Families; whereby it came to pass in times of trouble and dissension, that they made great parties and factions adhering to one another with much constancy; because they were tied together, Vinculo Sanguinis; whereas Rebels and Malefactors which are tied to their Leaders by no bond, either of Duty or Blood, do more easily break and fall off one from another. And besides, their Co-habitation in one Territory or Country, gave them opportunity suddenly to assemble, and conspire, and rise in Multitudes against the Crown. And even till of late in the time of Peace, there was found this inconvenience, that there could hardly be an indifferent trial had between the King, and the Subject, or between party and party, by reason of this general Kindred and Consanguinity.  

The Irish by their frequent Rebellions became fully Conquered by Queen Elizabeth.  And now are we arrived at that remarkable time (being about the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's Reign) wherein was laid the foundation of that eternal peace of Ireland, so solidly discoursed of, and stoutly fought for in her time; and soon after very far proceeded in, by King James of blessed memory; But fully perfected (according to all humane appearance) by our Gracious Sovereign King Charles the Second: for though Queen Elizabeth through the whole course of her Reign studied by all the ways and means possible she could, to retain the Irish Nation in their dutiful obedience to her; Howbeit, by their frequent Rebellions (being often excited thereunto by the Pope, and the King of Spain) and especially by that last and general one, so diligently managed by that notorious and ungrateful Rebel Tyrone and his Adherents; they so far provoked her, as that by employing (as it were) her whole care and strength for the suppression thereof, she most happily brought it to an end (by the utter overthrow of the said Tyrone, and the Spanish Forces at the Siege of Kingsale) under the prudent conduct of the Lord Montjoy, than Lord Deputy of Ireland, in the eighth year after it broke forth; which Rebellion had been begun upon private grudges, intermixed with ambition, cherished by contempt and parsimony in England, spread over all Ireland, by pretext of restoring the Romish Religion, and hope of unbridled licentiousness and impunity; Strengthened by the light credulity of some, and secret favour of others which were of great authority, as also by one or two prosperous successes, Spanish Pentions, Spanish Forces, and Papal Indulgences; and protected by the wicked emulations of the English, by a by-partite Government, the covetousness of the old Soldiers, the cunning practices of Tyrone, by his dissembled truces and submissions, by the protections of Malefactors bought for money, the most cumbersome difficulty of places, and by the desperate kind of men, safer in the nimbleness of their heels, than stableness in Battle.  

The ways propounded in Q. Elizabeth's Reign, to establish a perpetual peace in Ireland.  This War proving thus difficult and very tedious, and like to have been also very dangerous, in case Tyrone and the Spaniards had prevailed at Kingsale, caused many wise and worthy persons of the English party, to advise of the best ways that could be thought on, how the Irish, (after the suppression of this Rebellion) might be assuredly contained in their future Obedience to the Crown of England, and not be subject to those frequent relapses, whereof the English and the honester sort of Irish, had too often had a sad experience; in the conclusion of which debate, it was generally agreed upon, that the fittest remedy and expedient to prevent all those future mischiefs and inconveniences, would be (upon the subduing of Tyrone, and his Confederates) to transplant the Rebels of Ulster into Leinster, and those of Leinster into Ulster, and to give all their Lands to such English as should be invited to come out of England to Plant the same, with such Estates as should be thought meet, and for such rents, as in the whole would maintain four thousand five hundred Soldiers, and those disposed of (as now they are) in very advantageous, and well fortified Garrisons, which might prove an exceeding good thing both to her Highness, to have so many old Soldiers always ready at a call, to what purpose soever she please to employ them, and also to have that Land thereby so strengthened, that it should neither fear any foreign Invasion nor practice, which the Irish should ever attempt, but should keep them under in continual awe, and firm obedience. This was therefore a notorious Error, and proved (as you have heard) of sad consequence to the first English Adventurers, and Conquerors of this Kingdom, not to have ascertained (by way of Chiefry to be raised yearly out of the Conquered Lands) a competent maintenance for the perpetual continuing of five or six thousand Soldiers in pay, which should have been disposed of in several strong Garrisons through all Ireland as aforesaid; then would have followed, that the Laws of England might have been as freely communicated to the Irish, as well as to the English Colonies, without any need of turning the Irish into Deserts and Mountains, still to continue them in their Barbarism, but rather to have made use of them (as the present English Planters do) for their Tenants and Labourers, to the great benefit and security of the Public, as well as the Private advantage of the English in Ireland. And this was the course which the Romans observed in the Conquest of England, for they planted some of their Legions in all places convenient, the which they caused the Counntry to maintain, by cutting upon every portion of Land a reasonable rent, which they called Romescot, the which might not surcharge the Tenant or Freeholder, and might defray the pay of the Garrisons. And this hath been always observed by all Princes in all Countries to them newly subdued, to set Garrisons amongst them, to keep them in duty, whose burden they made them to bear, and the want of this Ordinance in the first Conquest of Ireland, by Henry the Second, was the cause of the so short decay of that Government, and the quick recovery again of the Irish, therefore by all means this was to be provided for; And this was thought to be worthy of blame, that in the Planting of Munster (after the suppression of the Earl of Desmond's Rebellion Anno 1580.) that no care was had of this Ordinance, nor any strength of Garrison provided for, by a certain allowance out of all the forfeited Lands, but only the present profit looked into, and the safe continuance thereof for ever thereafter neglected.  
Under every of those English men, were to be placed some of those Irish, to be Tenants for a certain Rent, according to the quantity of such Land as every man should have allotted to him, and should be able to Wield, wherein this special regard was to be had, that in no place under any Landlord, there should be many of them placed together, but dispersed wide from their acquaintance, and scattered far abroad through all the Country: for that was the evil which was then found in Ireland, that the Irish dwelled together by their Septs, and several Nations, so as they might practise, or conspire what they pleased; whereas, if there had been English well placed amongst them, they should not have been able once to stir or murmur, but that it should be known, and they shortened according to their demerits.  
But King James being swayed by milder Councils, 
How far K. James proceeded in the Reformation and settlement of Ireland.  (though Tyrone and all his Adherents had absolutely submitted themselves, both as to life and estate to be at his Majesty's pleasure) did by a General Act of State, cal●ed The Act of Oblivion, published by Proclamation under the great Seal, remit, and utterly extinguish all offences against the Crown, and all particular Trespasses between Subject and Subject, done at any time before his Majesty's Reign, to all such as would come into the Justice of the Assize by a certain day, and claim the benefit of this Act. And by the same Proclamation, all the Irishry (who for the most part, in former times, were left under the tyranny of their Lords and Chieftains, and had no defence or Justice from the Crown) were received into his Majesty's immediate protection. The Public Peace being thus established, the State proceeded next to establish the Public Justice in every part of the Realm, by dividing all Ireland into Shires, and erecting Circuits in every Province, and Governing all things therein, according to the Laws of England; But being it was impossible to make a Commonwealth in Ireland, without performing another service, which was the settling of all the Estates and Possessions, as well of Irish as English, throughout the Kingdom. Therefore, whereas there was (as you heard) but one Freeholder in a whole Country, which was the Lord himself, the rest holding in Villeinage, and being subject to the Lords immeasurable Taxations; whereby they had no encouragement to Build or Plant: Now the Lords Estate was divided into two parts, that which he held in Domain to himself, which was still left unto him, and that which was in the hands of the Tenants, who had Estates made in their possessions, according to the Common Law of England, paying instead of uncertain Irish Impositions, certain English Rents: whereby the people have since set their minds upon repairing their Houses, and Manuring their Lands, to the great increase of the Private and Public Revenues; These proceed bred such comfort and security in the hearts of all men, as thereupon ensued for the space of about forty years, the calmest and most universal Peace that ever was seen in Ireland.  
But the foundation of this so long for wished, 
The Foundation of that settlement shaken Anno 1627. by the Irish refusing to contribute towards the pay of a standing Army in Ireland.  and most delectable Peace, was not so deeply laid, but but that it received a shake by the first storm that threatened England; for being engaged in a War with France and Spain, about the beginning of his Majesty's Reign King Charles the First, and having therefore occasion to send some additional Forces into Ireland, for the better assuring the Peace thereof in such a doubtful time of trouble; A proposition was made by the then Lord Deputy Falkland, to the chief of the Irish Nation, for the contributing of a competent sum of Money, towards the maintenance of those Forces to be established by way of a standing Army in Ireland; To which they would not condescend without a Toleration of Religion first obtained, and then they would willingly maintain five hundred horse, and five thousand foot, wherein the Protestants must have born a share also; But the Protestants not approving thereof; The Lord Archbishop Usher, than Lord Primate of Ireland, was desired by the said Lord Deputy (at a great Assembly, both of Irish and English, met at his Majesty's Castle at Dublin the last of April, Anno 1627.) to press the Irish (by very strong Arguments) to a condescension of the said proposition; where amongst many other most excellent ones than made use of by his Lordship to induce them thereunto; He declared that the resolution of those Gentlemen in denying to contribute unto the supplying of the Army, sent thither for their defence, did put him in mind of the Philosopher's Observation; That such as have respect to a few things, are easily misled; the present pressure which they sustained by the imposition of Soldiers, and the desire they had to be cased of that burden, did so wholly possess their minds, that they had only an eye to the freeing of themselves from that encumbrance, without looking at all to the Desolations that were like to come upon them by a long and heavy War, which the having of an Army in a readiness, might be a means to have prevented; The lamentable effects (said he) of our last Wars in this Kingdom doth yet freeshly stick in our memories: Neither can we so soon forget the depopulation of our Land, when besides the cumbustions of War, the extremity of famine grew so great that the very Women in some places by the way side, have surprised the men that rod by, to feed themselves with the flesh of the Horse of the Rider: and that now again (said he) here is a storm towards wheresoever it will light, every wise man will easily foresee, which if we be not careful to meet with in time, our State may prove irrecoverable, when it will be too late to think of had I witted.  
Proceeding farther, he recounted to them, how that in the days of King Henry the Eighth, the Earl of Desmond had made an offer of the Kingdom of Ireland to the French King, 
Ireland offered to Sale to the French King, in days of K. Henry the Eighth.  (the Instrument whereof remains yet upon Record in the Court of Paris) and that the Bishop of Rome afterwards transferred the Title of all our Kingdoms unto Charles the Fift; which new Grants were confirmed unto his Son Philip, in the time of Queen Elizabeth, with a resolution to settle the Crown of Ireland upon the Spanish Infanta: Which Donations of the Popes, howsoever they were in themselves of no value, yet would they serve for a fair colour to a Potent Pretender, who is able to supply, by the power of the Sword, whatsoever therein may be thought defective. Whereunto, might be added; that, of late in Spain, at the very same time, when the Treaty of the Match was in hand; there was a Book published with great approbation there, by one of Irish Birth, Philip O Sullevan: wherein the Spaniard is taught; that the ready way to establish his Monarchy (for that is the only thing he mainly aimeth at, and is plainly there confessed) is first to set upon Ireland, which being quickly obtained; the Conquest of Scotland, of England next, then of the Low-Countries, is foretold, with great facility will follow after.  
Neither have we more cause (saith my Lord) in this regard, 
A distinction of the Irish.  to be afraid of a foreign Invasion, than to be jealous of a Domestic Rebellion. Where, lest I be mistaken, as your Lordships have been lately, I must of necessity put a difference betwixt the Inhabitants of this Nation: some of them are descended of the Race of the ancient English; or otherwise hold their Estates from the Crown, and have Possessions of their own to stick to, who easily may be trusted against a foreign Invader, although they differ from the State in matter of Religion: for proof of which fidelity in this kind (he saith) he need go no farther, than the late Wars in the time of the Earl of Tyrone; wherein they were assaulted with as powerful Temptations, to move them from their Loyalty, as possibly could be afterwards presented unto them; for at that time, not only the King of Spain did confederate himself with the Rebels, and landed his Forces at Kingsale for their assistance: but the Bishop of Rome also, with his Breves and Bulls solicited the Nobility, and Gentry of Ireland to Revolt from their Obedience to the Queen, declaring that the English did fight against the Catholic Religion, and aught to be oppugned as much as the Turks; importing the same favours, to such as should set upon them, as he doth unto such as fight against the Turks; and finally, promising unto them, that the God of Peace would tread down their Enemies under their feet speedily. And yet for all the Pope's promises and threaten, which were also seconded by a Declatation of the Divines of Salamanca and Valledolid, not only the Lords and Gentlemen, did constantly continue their Allegiance to the Queen, but were also encouraged so to do by the Priests of the Pale, that were of Popish Profession: who were therefore vehemently taxed by the Traitor Suellevan, for exhorting them to follow the Queen's side; which he is pleased to term Insanam & venenosam Doctrinam, & tartareum Dogma, a mad and venomous Doctrine, and a hellish Opinion.  
But besides these, there were a great number of Irish, who either bore a secret grudge against the English, planted among them; or having nothing at all to lose, upon the first occasion, are apt to join with any foreign Invader; for we have not used that policy in our Plantations that wise States have used in former times. They, when the settled new Colonies in any place, did commonly translate the ancient Inhabitants to other dwellings. We have brought new Planters into the Land, (meaning those got by Desmonds' Rebellion, and six Counties in Ulster by Tyrone and his Adherents departing into Spain) and have left the old Inhabitants to shift for themselves; who being strong in body, and daily increasing in number, and seeing themselves deprived of their means and maintenance; which they and their Ancestors had formerly enjoyed, would undoubtedly be ready, when any occasion offered itself, to disturb our quiet; whether then (saith he) we cast our eyes abroad, or look at home, we see our danger is very great.  

The Romish Irish as well as the Protestant British Planters are in equal danger of a Common Enemy.  Neither may you, my Lords, and Gentlemen, that differ from us in point of Religion, imagine that the Community of profession will exempt you more than us from the danger of a Common Enemy. Whatsoever you may expect from a foreigner, you may conjecture by the Answer which the Duke of Medina Sidonia gave in this case in 88 That his Sword knew no difference between a Catholic and an Heretic, but that he came to make way for his Master: and what kindness thy looked for from the Countrymen that were to join with them, they might judge, as well by the carriage which they ordinarily used towards them, both in the Court and Colleges abroad; as by the advice, not long since, presented by them unto the Council of Spain; wherein they would not have so much as the Irish Priests and Jesuits that are descended of English blood to be trusted, but would have you, and all yours to be accounted Enemies to the designs of Spain. In the Declaration published about the beginning of the Insurrection of James Fitz-Morrice in the South, the Rebels professed it was no part of their meaning to subvert Honorabile Anglorum solium; their quarrel was only against the Person of Queen Elizabeth and her Government. But now the case is otherwise; the Translating of the Throne of the English to the Power of a Foreigner, is the thing that mainly is intended, and the re-establishing of the Irish in their Ancient Possessions, which by the the Valour of our Ancestors were gained from them. This (saith my Lord) you may assure yourself, Manet alta ment repostum, and makes you more to be hated of them, than any other of the English Nation whatsoever. The danger therefore being thus common to us all, it stands us upon, to join our best helps for the avoiding of it.  

The Irish refuse to contribute towards a standing Army in Ireland, except they might first obtain a toleration of the Romish Religion.  But all these strong arguments, with many more, could not prevail in the least with the Irish to contribute one penny, in answer to his Majesty's desires on this so important an occasion, without they might first obtain a Toleration of their Religion; To which the Lord Primate told them, that the only way was, to grant to his Majesty freely, what they would give, without all manner of conditions that might seem unequal unto any side; and to refer unto his own sacred breast, how far he would be pleased to extend or abridge his favours; of whose Lenity in forbearing the execution of the Statute (he said) the Recusants of Ireland had found such experience, that they could not expect a greater liberty, by giving any thing that was demanded, then now already they did freely enjoy. The loss of which rare opportunity so seasonably offering itself to the Irish Nation, 
That the Irish have cause to repent their not contributing towards a standing Army in Ireland.  to express the height of their Loyalty and dutifulness to his Majesty, by a free and generous contribution upon so important occasion, they have now leisure enough to repent; for their forwardness manifested afterwards in levying of Forces, and contributing towards the maintenance of that Army designed for an Expedition against the Scots, may seem to proceed (as much if not more) from the prejudice the Irish had against that Nation, both upon the account of their Religion, and their daily accession in great Numbers out of Scotland to inhabit the North parts of Ireland, than any thing of a generous Loyalty that might move them then, more than formerly, thereunto; And as for what overtures, and offers of kindnesses were tendered by them to his Majesty, during the late unhappy Wars in England, was but to fish in troubled waters, with an expectation (after the Example of other disobedient Subjects) to extort from his Majesty (by reason of the disadvantages of the times) such unequal Conditions, as they were out of all hopes to obtain from him in a Calmer season. Besides, they had the honour upon this occasion to have many of their Country men trained up to Military Discipline amongst the English Soldiery, which at last sorted not to the best, for that many of the Irish Soldiers and Commanders proved afterwards unhappily to be the very Ring leaders of that bloody Rebellion begun in Ireland, the 23d of October, Anno. 1641.  
I have more largely insisted upon this of my Lord Primates Speech, than did well consist with my designed brevity; First, because it doth excellently set forth the General State of Ireland, both as touching points of Interest, and also transactions, since the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, down almost as far as the last Irish Rebellion, Anno 1641. Secondly, for that it justifies the necessity of maintaining a standing Army in Ireland, and the conveniency of the late settlement thereof, as very suitable to the whole scope, and subject of this discourse. Thirdly and lastly, because I find my Lord Primate a true Prophet by this his Speech, wherein he foresaw the storm that afterwards fell upon Ireland, in the year 1641. In which were most inhumanly massacred (by the outrageous carriage of the Irish) about a hundred and fifty thousand of the British Planters, without the least provocation given by them to the Irish, to perpetrate so wicked and unparalleled Act of Barbarism. But the unhappy troubles that soon after followed in England, hindered the English from having an opportunity to be throughly revenged on the Irish, for their perfidiously massacred Countrymen, (all Ireland as well as England, being in the mean time divided into several factions, the Popish Irish party of the supreme Counsel against the Pope's Nuntio and his party, afterwards some English and Irish for, and others against my Lord of Ormonds' Peace, and at last some of the Protestant party, and of the Irish for the King, and some others of both parties for the Rump-Parliament, but all in a confusion) till the year 1649. 
The English find an opportunity to be throughly revenged en the Irish Anno, 1649. etc.  At what time a considerable Army of English being transported into Ireland, where after two Disputes, the one at Dublin, and the other at Tredagh, the Royal party there (finding no probability of effecting any thing advantageous to his Majesty's Service) joining their forces with those newly landed out of England, so bore down the Irish, that in less space than three years, there was scarce an Irish man through all Ireland, that durst hold up his hand against them, and by a necessary severity put in practice for the soon finishing of the War, the whole Kingdom became upon a sudden so depopulated, that considering what vast numbers of people were destroyed by the Sword, Famine, and Plague, it is thought that in the conclusion of the said War, there was not left living the eighth part of all the Irish Nation; a just judgement of God inflicted on them for their notorious Barbarism committed in their massacring the English.  
The Irishry being thus broken, the Irish Proprietors of Lands within the Provinces of Munster, Leinster, 
The Irish being broken, are Transplanted into the Provinces of Connaght and County of Clare  and Ulster, were commanded by Proclamation, by a certain day upon pain of Death, to Transplant themselves into the Province of Connaght, and County of Clare, there to receive their proportions of Land according to their Qualifications, the which very speedily and submissively they performed accordingly. This Province of Connaght, and County of Clare, for their Natural and Artificial strength, are worth the noting, being altogether environed on the West and South-west part thereof by the vast Ocean, and almost encompassed on the East and North-East part thereof, in the whole length from North to South, for the space of one hundred and forty miles, or thereabouts, with the great, & for the most part impassable River Shannon, except by Boat or Bridge; And on all sides and parts of the said Province of Connaght and County of Clare, so beset with mighty strong Garrisons, as namely, Limrick, Galloway, Athlone, James-Town, the Forts of Slego, and Belick in the County of Mayo, with many other Garrisons of lesser moment, and yet of no small strength, that should the Irish at any time appear to stir in the least to oppose the Ruling power, it were no less than wilfully to expose themselves to immediate slaughter, and the mercy of the Sword.  
This service being thus performed (together with the turning out about the same time by degrees all the Popish Irish Proprietors out of all the strong Towns and Cities in Ireland, 
Some part of the English Army disbanded after the Irish Transplantation.  and bringing in Protestant Planters as fast as they could to succeed them in their habitations) soon after followed the disbanding of certain Regiments of the Army, who received their respective proportions of Land for their Arrears, in the Provinces of Lynster, Munster, and Ulster, according to their Lots, upon every Acre whereof was imposed a certain Chiefry or Quitrent, to be yearly paid (after the expiration of five years) towards the defraying of the Public charge of the Kingdom. The same method was soon after observed in satisfying the Arrears of the rest of the Army; And about the same time the Commissioners sat at Athlone, for determining the Qualifications of the Irish, who having there received their doom, immediately posted to Lougreah, to get their respective proportions of Land to be assigned to them, either in Connaght or the County of Clare; according to the tenor of their said determined Qualifications, from Commissioners sitting at Lougreah for that purpose; upon every Acre whereof a Quitrent was also imposed, to be paid yearly (after the expiration of five years as aforesaid) towards the Public charge.  
All these things being effected, 
The English and Irish settled upon their respective proportions of Lands within the compass of three years. Whereupon followed a strange alteration in the general Face and State of Ireland.  and brought to this pass, within the compass of three years or thereabouts (this settlement having been first begun, Anno 1653.) there appeared within three or four years following such a strange alteration in the general Face and State of Ireland as might justly work much admiration in any sober man; who having traveled over a considerable part of this Realm in the years 1652 and 1653. should on one side but consider what a dreadful waist Country he had beheld; where, for ten, sometimes twenty or thirty Miles together, nay indeed almost all the Kingdom over (except about the English Garrisons) one should not behold, 
The lamentable condition all Ireland was reduced unto in the close of the War, An. 1652, 1653.  Man, Bird, or Beast appear; the very wild Fowls of the Air, and the wild Beasts of the Field, being either dead, or having departed out of those Desolations, and thousands of Irish daily starving for want of Food, did in this extremity ordinarily feed on the Soldier's Horses, for which, no satisfaction was in any times received but with the loss of their lives: Nay, the Famine grew generally at last to that height, that the Irish did not only feed upon Horses, but upon dead Corpse taken out of the Graves, (the English Army and all those that followed them, being in the mean time necessitated to be upon the matter wholly supplied out of England with all manner of Provisions, as well as Pay) I say, these things being seriously considered, could not choose but pierce a heart of Stone with grief and sorrow. 
Ireland reviving again from its ruinous condition.  But on the other side, what true hearted English man (or indeed any Christian) but would have rejoiced to see a considerable number of all sorts of people repairing securely from all parts of the Country, four times in the year, to receive Justice in the four Courts of Judicature at Dublin, according to the nature of their Complaints; To see the Judges twice a year ride through all the Circuits in Ireland, bravely attended, and entertained by the Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, and many other persons of good quality, being all English, accompanied also with many Irish, both Gentry and Commons. To see, moreover, both English and Irish (together with the additional number of many thousands of English, Welsh and Scots, with some Dutch that yearly Transported themselves hither to Plant) diligently applying themselves all over Ireland to Tillage, and breeding of of all sorts of Cattle (with a competent proportion whereof, the whole Country became in a few years indifferently well Planted though not with a sufficient numbe● of people to inhabit the same▪ which are still wanting, and will be so yet for many years to come) repairing (as fast as they could) ruined Houses and Towns, and building of new ones, forwarding Merchandise and Commerce, and carefully promoting all other ways and means that tended to the repair of a ruined Commonwealth; The Irish rejoicing though they had got but small Estates in lieu of great ones, after so terrible a storm; But most of the English rejoicing much more, as having got far better Estates than ever they expected to inherit from their Ancestors. 
The joy of the English in Ireland crowned by the happy restauration of his Majesty, and the Irish dejected thereby.   
But that which crowned the joy of all the English hearts in Ireland, and as much dejected the Transplanted Irish, (who now expected no less than to be generally restored to their former Estates) was the happy Restauration of his Majesty into England, wherein Ireland received no other change or alteration, but the Soldiers parting withal, or purchasing one third of all the Lands assigned them for their Arrears (which was cast into a common stock to satisfy Reprisals) that so they might get the rest confirmed to them by his Majesty; And the deposing of all the Cities and Corporate Towns of Ireland (with the four Counties formerly reserved for the Public) to the 49 men, many whereof notwithstanding they had performed excellent service in the late Wars of Ireland, yet received no satisfaction (till of late) for their Arrears, being formerly neglected therein, by reason of their noted loyalty to his Majesty; And the restoring of some Noble men and others of the Irish Nation to their former Estates, either by passing their Trials at the Court of Claims at Dublin, or by meriting the same by their good services to his Majesty.  
Now that I may draw to an end of this Discourse, and endeavour to prove what I formerly proposed; That that Eternal Peace of Ireland, 
That perpetual Peace is now established in Ireland by the late settlement thereof, being the conclusion of this discourse.  which was so solidly discoursed of, and stoutly fought for in Queen Elizabeth's time; And very far proceeded in by King James; But is absolutely perfected (as I said according to all humane appearance) by the last settlement of Ireland confirmed by his gracious Majesty King Charles the Second, I desire the Reader to take these things into his consideration; As first, to observe, 
The good consequences by the late settlement of Ireland, By dividing the great Irish Lords and Gentry, from their numerous Train of Adherents and Tenants.  that by the Transplantation of the Irish Proprietors into the Province of Connaght and County of Clare, those Irish so Transplanted were not only provided of a livelihood to support them; settled in such a place of security, as that they are wholly dis-enabled thereby to work any prejudice to the English Government; And separated (for the most part) from their numerous train of Tenants and Adherents, (who willingly stayed behind them, becoming Tenants to the no small Advantage of the English, but to the great disadvantage of the Irish Lords, and Great ones of that Nation, who at all times chief relied upon these kind of people to promote their many Rebellions in Ireland) all which matters (though of very great importance) were notwithstanding wholly neglected or omitted by the English in all their former Settlements of this Realm; But also by this Transplantation of the said Irish Proprietors, the English being invested by way of Propriety and Tenancy in above three parts of four, of all the Lands in Ireland, there will hereafter be no need to fear as formerly (the English being now the greater Number in all their Public Assemblies and Parliaments) that there shall be any farther obstruction given by the Popish Irish party, 
By increasing the Number of Protestant Justices of Peace and Parliament men, &c in Ireland.  either to the making of good Laws, or putting the same in execution; or to the imposing of Money towards the payment of the Army, or any other public charges; Or that the English shall henceforth fear to be any way degenerated by reason of their marrying and fostering with the Irish, having there people enough of their own Nation and Religion upon the place, as well to supply their continual wants therein, as also by those their dispersed, and growing Numerous habitations in most parts of the Kingdom, will prove a singular good means to civilize the Irish from their wont Barbarism.  
Secondly, That by having now (which was otherwise formerly) all the strong Towns and Cities of Ireland, 
By the English having the possession (by way of habitation) of all the strong Towns and Cities of Ireland.  for the most part inhabited by Protestants, and being withal better fortified, as not only environed with strong Walls about them, but also mightily strengthened by well fortified Citadels within them, to present surprisals, and bravely man'd with Men, Arms and Ammunition to defend them, the whole Kingdom is thereby become better secured from future Rebellions, and consequently the British Planters from having any more their throats cut by the Irish; It being observed formerly, that there was nothing did more stay and strengthen this realm, than the well fortified Corporate Towns, as by proof hath manifestly appeared in many Rebellions (till the last) in which when all the Countries have swerved, the Towns have stood fast, and yielded good relief to the English Soldiers in all occasions of service; The want of which supply, by the Revolt of most of the Corporate Towns of this Kingdom, Anno 1641, First occasioned the inhuman slaughter of the greatest part of the British Planters there, who in their extremity sought the protection of those Towns but could not obtain it; Secondly, the continuance of the War so long; And last of all, the universal desolation of the Country, and almost a total extirpation of the whole Irish Nation out of Ireland.  
Thirdly, and lastly, 
And by increasing of his Majesty's Revenue in Ireland beyond all former examples.  that by the late increase of his Majesty's standing Revenue in Ireland, beyond all former Examples; As namely by the Imposition of Quitrents upon all the Lands of the Adventurers, Soldiers, and Transplanted Irish, Hearth Money, Excise, etc. which will be much more increased beyond what it now is, by the Industry of so great and universal a British Plantation, as will inhabit this Country, when fully Planted; It may therefore be very well hoped that Ireland will in a short time become so well improved thereby, as to be sufficiently able not only to maintain a good standing Army upon the account of its own proper Revenues, to make the Irish desist from doing themselves and the English harm, (the want whereof proved the ruin of all former Settlements there, since the first Conquest of it by the Engglish) and discharge all other Public Expenses; But will also (ere long) afford yearly some competent supply of money towards the filling of the English Exchequer, by way of retaliation, in lieu of those many and great Sums sent at several times out of England for the support of this so long unhappy Kingdom; The premises being therefore seriously and duly considered, I think I may safely conclude, that that Eternal Peace of Ireland so solidly discoursed of, and stoutly fought for in Q. Elizabeth's time: And very far proceeded in by K. James; Is now absolutely established (as I said according to all humane appearance) by his gracious Majesty, our dread Sovereign K. Charles the Second, who long may he live in all earthly happiness; so that (I suppose) it may be now more truly said then ever, that Ireland which formerly served but as a Grave to bury our best men, and a Gulf to swallow our greatest Treasures, is brought by the prudence and policy of her late Kings and Lord Deputies, to be an Orderly Commonwealth, civil in itself, and in time like to prove profitable to the Prince, and at all times a good additional strength to the British Empire.   

PART II.  

CHAP. I. Of Its Name, Climate, Dimensions, Division, Aire, Soil, Commodities, Money and Buildings.  

Name & Climate.  IReland was once called Scotia, from the Scots who inhabited there; and Scotia major, to distinguish it from Scotland, in the Isle of Britain; But the general Name hereof is Ireland; by the Latins, called Hibernia; by the Greeeks, jernia. And though some frame a wrested Etymology from Iberus, a Spanish Captain; and some from Irnaulph, once a supposed Duke hereof; as others, ab Hyberno aâre, the winter-like and inclement air: Yet probably, the Name proceeded from Erin, which signifieth, in their own language, a Western Land. And yet we must not pretermit the Etymon given us by Bochartus, (more near the name, than most of his other Fancies) who will have it called Hibernia, from Ibernae, a Phaenician word, signifying the farthest Habitation: there being no Country known amongst the Ancients, which lay West of Ireland; and is seated under the eighth and tenth Climates; the longest day being 16 hours and a half in the Southern, and 17 hours 3 quarters in the Northern parts.  
It is in length, 300. and in breadth, 
Dimension.  120. Miles; in shape, some have form it like an Egg; and others compared it to the Fore-leg of a Boar, if the simile breed no offence, contains by computation, about fifteen millions of Acres; it is about half as big as England and Wales, and much about the same bigness as Scotland, including the Islands thereunto belonging.  

Division.  It was divided anciently into five Provinces, each one a Kingdom in itself; that is to say, 1. Leinster, 2. Meath, 3. Ulster, 4. Connaght, and 5. Monster: but of late time, the Province of Meath is reckoned for a member or part of Leinster; within these four Provinces (according to the latest Division) are contained 2328. Parishes.  

Leinster.  This Province, the Natives call Leighingh, the Britain's, Lein; in Latin, Lagenia; in the ancient lives of the Saints, Lagen; and in English, Leinster. It lieth Eastward along the Hibernicum Sea: on Connaght side Westward, it is bounded with the River Shanon; the North with the Territory of Louth, and the South, with part of the Province of Monster. The Country butteth upon England, as Monster and Connaght do on Spain.  
The Form 
Form.  thereof is Triangle, and sides not much unequal, from her Southeast unto the West point about 80 miles; from thence, to her Northwest about 70 miles, and her East coast along the Irish Seashore, eighty miles: the Circumference upon two hundred and seventy miles.  
The Air 
Aire.  is clear and gentle, mixed with a temperate disposition, yielding neither extremity of Heat or Cold, according to the seasonable times of the Year, and the natural condition of the Continent. The Soil is generally Fruitful, Plentiful both in Fish and Flesh, and in other Victuals, as Butter, Cheese and Milk. It is Fertile in Corn, Cattle, and Pasture ground, and now in a much better way of improving than formerly, in regard the English do generally affect to inhabit in this Province, more than in any other part of Ireland, by reason of its nearer Neighbourhood to the Metropolitan City of Dublin, and bordering so near upon England, doth thereby consequently afford them, both more pleasure and profit. It is well watered with Rivers, and indifferently well Wooded, except the County of Develin, which complains much of that want, being so destitute of Wood, that they are compelled to use a clammy kind of fat Turf for their Fuel, or Sea-coal brought out of England.  
The Commodities 
Commodities.  of this Country do chief consist in Cattle, Seafowl and Fish. It breeds many excellent good Horses, called Irish Hobbies, which have not the same pace that other Horses have in their course, but a soft and round amble, setting very easily.  

Division.  This Province containeth the Counties of Kilkenny, Caterlogh, Queen's County, King's County, Kildare, East-Meath, Westmeath, Weshford, Wicklo and Dublin: In which, are comprehended 926. Parishes, whereof, 47. Towns of Note, and 102. Castles, well fortified, and able to make good resistance against an Enemy; The English being forced to fortify themselves in their Plantations with strong holds and fortresses, against the incursious of the Natives.  

Monster.  This Province is called in Irish, Mawn; in a more ordinary construction of Speech, Wown; in Latin, Momonia; and in English, Monster; lieth open Southward to the Virginian Sea: Northward it fronteth part of Connaght: The East is Neighboured by Leinster: And the West is altogether washed with the Ocean Westward.  
The Form 
Form.  thereof is quadrant or foursquare, and in length extended from Ballattimore Bay in her South, unto the Bay of Galoway in her North, is about 90. miles. Her broadest part from East to West, is from Waterford Haven, to Feriter Haven, and containeth an hundred miles. The whole Circumference, by following the Promontories and Inlets, are above four hundred and forty miles.  
The Air 
Aire.  mild and temperate, neither too chilling Cold, not t●o scorching Hot. The Soil in some parts Hilly, looking a loft with Wooddy, Wild and Solitary Mountains: Yet the Valleys below, are garnished with Cornfields. And generally, all, both pleasant for Sight, and fertile for Soil.  
The general Commodities 
Commodities.  of this Province, are Corn, , Wood, Wool and Fish. The last whereof, it affords in every place plenty and abundance of all sorts. But none so well known for the Store of Herrings that are taken there, as is the Promontory called Eraugh, that lies between Bautre and Ballatimore Bay. Whereunto every year a great Fleet of Spaniards and Portugals resort (even in the midst of Winter) to Fish also for Cod.  

Division.  It was in times past divided into many parts, as Towoun, that is North Monster, whereof Twomond (al-Thomond) or County of Clare was accounted part of it; Deswoun, that is South Monster; Hierwoun, that is, West Monster; Mean-Woun, that is, Middle Monster; and Vrwoun, that is, the Front of Monster. But at this day it is distinguished into these Counties; Limrick, Kery, Cork, Waterford and Tipperary: And in these Shires are comprehended (besides many safe Stations and Roads for Shipping) twenty four Towns of Note and Trading, sixty six Castles of Old Erection, and including in the whole, eight hundred and two Parishes.  
This Province being counted the largest of all Ireland, 
Ulster.  called by our Welsh Britain's, Vlt●●; in Irish, Cui Guilly; in Latin, Vltonia and Vlidia; in English, Ulster; On the North it is divided by a narrow Sea of three or four hours Sail from Scotland; Southward it extends itself to Connaught and Leinster; The East part lieth upon the Irish Sea; And the West part is continually beaten with the boisterous rage of the main West Ocean. This Province and farthest part of Ireland, fronteth the Scottish Islands, which are called the Hebrides, and are scattered in the Seas between both Kingdoms; whose Inhabitants at this day are the Irish-Scot, and their Language is the same as the Irish.  
The Form 
Form.  thereof is round, reaching in length from Coldagh Haven in her North, to Kilmore in her South, near an hundred miles; and in breadth from Black-Abby in her East, to Calebeg point in her West, one hundred thirty and odd miles: The whole in Circumference, about four hundred and twenty Miles.  

Aire.  This Country seldom feeleth any unseasonable extremities, the quick and flexible Winds cooling the heat of Summer, and soft and gentle Showers mollifying the hardness of the Winter. Briefly, the frozen nor torrid Zone have not here any usurpation; the clouds in the Air being very sweet and pleasant; yea, and when they are most impure, are not unwholesome, nor of long continuance, the rough winds holding them in continual agitation.  

Commodities.  This equal temperature causeth the ground to bring forth great store of several Trees, both fit for Building & bearing of Fruit; plentiful of grass for feeding of Cattle, and is abundantly furnished with Horses, Sheep and Oxen; The Rivers likewise pay double Tribute, deep enough to carry Vessels either for pleasure or profit, and Fish great store, both for their own uses, and commodity of others. Salmon in some Rivers of this Country abound more in number than in any River of Europe. To speak (in general) though in some places it be somewhat barren, troubled with Loughs, Lakes and thick Woods, yet it is every where fresh and full of Cattle and Forage, ready at all times to answer the Husbandman's pains; And now Nature being much beholden to the Art and Industry of the British Planters in this Province, who cause all things to flourish there, has wholly taken away the former complaints, how that the various show upon Banks, the shady Groves, the green Meadows, hanging Hills, and the spacious Fields fit for Corn (being left unmanured) did seem to be angry with their Inhabitants for suffering all to grow wild and barbarous, through their own negligence.  
It is divided into the Counties of 1. Louth, 2. Cavon, 3. Fermanagh, 
Division.  4. Down, 5. Monaghan, 6. Armagh, 7. Colrane, 8. Tirconnel. 9 Tir-Oen, and 10. Antrim. In which are comprehended two hundred and fourteen Parishes, whereof fourteen are Towns of Note for Commerce and Traffic, and thirty Castles for the defence of the Country, and keeping under the wild Irish; wilder and more untractable formerly in these Northern parts than the rest of Ireland; But now by reason of the last general Rebellion (the Irish being upon the matter wholly rooted out from hence) there is as hopeful a British Plantation going on in this Province, as in any other in all Ireland.  

Connaught.  This Province named by Giraldus Cambrensis, Conaghtia, and Conacia; by the Irish, Conaughty, and the English men, Connaught: is bounded Eastward, with part of the Province of Leinster; Northward, with part of Ulster; Westward, with the West main Ocean; and on the South, it is confined with a part of the Province of Monster, closed in with the River Shanon, and butting against the Kingdom of Spain.  
The Form 
Form.  thereof is long, and towards the North and South ends, thin and narrow; but as it grows towards the middle, from either part it waxeth still bigger and bigger; extending in length from the Shannon in her South, too Eins Kelling in her North, one hundred twenty six Miles, and the broadest part is from Tromer in her East, to Barragh-Bay in her West, containing about fourscore Miles. The whole in Circuit and compass is above four hundred Miles.  
The Air 
Aire.  is not altogether so pure and clear, as in the other Provinces of Ireland, by reason of certain moist places (covered over with grass) which of their softness are usually termed Boghs, both dangerous, and full of vaporous and foggy mists.  
This Country as it is divided into several portions, 
Commodities.  so is every portion severally commended for the Soil, according to the seasonable times of the year. Thomond or the County of Clare, is said to be a County so conveniently situated, that either from the Sea or Soil there can be nothing wished for more, than what it doth naturally afford of itself, were but the industry of the Inhabitants answerable to the rest. Galaway is a Land very thankful to the painful Husbandman, and no less Commodious and profitable to the Shepherd. Maio, is replenished both with pleasure and fertility, abundantly rich in Cattle, Deer, Hawks, and plenty of Honey. Slego (coasting upon the Sea) is a plentiful Country for feeding and raising of Cattle. Letrim (place rising up throughout with Hills) is so full of rank grass and Forage, that (as Solinus reporteth) if Cattle were not kept sometims from grazing, their fullness would endanger them. And Roscomon is a Territory, for the most part plain and fruitful, feeding many Herds of Cattle, and with mean Husbandry and Tillage, yielding plenty of Corn. As every particular is thus severally profitable by inbred Commodities; so is it no less commended (in the generality) for the many accommodate and fit Bays, Creeks, and Navigable Rivers, lying upon her Sea coasts, that after a sort invite and provoke the Inhabitants to Navigation.  

Division.  It is divided at present, into these five Shires; that is to say, 1. Letrim, 2. Roscommon, 3. Maio, 4. Slego, 5. Galloway, and 6. Thomond, or the County of Clare. In which are comprehended but eight Towns of any consequence, for commerce and traffic, (an Argument of the imperfect plantation of it by the English Conquerors) and about twenty four Castles, for the defence of the Country, of Old Erection, besides such Fortresses as have been raised occasionally in our latter troubles. But in the whole it contains three hundred and fix Parishes.  
These four Provinces makes up a Kingdom (which for the bigness) is of a most beautiful and sweet Country as any under Heaven, 
A Character of all Ireland.  being stored throughout with many goodly Rivers, replenished in abundance with all sorts of Fish; sprinkled with many very sweet Islands and goodly Lakes, like little Inland-Seas, which will carry even Ships upon their waters; adorned with goodly Woods even fit for building of Houses and Ships so commodiously, as that if some Prince in the World had them, they would soon hope to be Lords of all the Seas, and ere long, of all the World; Also full of very good Forts and Havens opening upon England, as inviting us to come unto them to see what excellent Commodities that Country can afford; besides the Soil itself most fertile, fit to yield all kind of Fruit that shall be committed thereunto, And lastly, the Heavens most mild and temperate, though somewhat more moist in the parts towards the West.  

How far Ireland differs from England in Aire and Commodities.  Ireland differs not much from England for all manner of Commodities, either for Feeding or Clothing, or for Pleasure or Profit, but only in this; that the Air thereof, (though very wholesome and delectable) is neither so clear nor subtle as ours of England, by reason of the Sun being frequently overshadowed with clouds, even almost as well in Summer as in Winter, which is therefore nothing favourable for the ripening of Corn and Fruits; but so grateful to the ground, that it causeth grass to grow abundantly, not only fresh and long, but withal very sweet for all kind of Cattle; and in Winter is more subject to Wind than Snow or Frost: the Wool of this Country is said to be not of so fine a grain as that of England, but the Sheep of as large a body (and so all other kind of Cattle) if bred there after the way of England. Coal they have none but what is near Kilkenny, and that in no great quantity, however, plentifully supplied with Fuel by reason of their neighbouring Bogs, though otherwise over-plentifully dispersed through all parts of the Kingdom. Iron Ore they have none (as I take it) but what is brought out of England, which occasions (as I suppose) so few Iron Mills in Ireland, there being of late years but two that I have heard off, viz. one at Mountrath in the King's County, and another at Corfew in the County of Wexford, near the Town of Wexford, the fewness whereof, I presume, is no great loss to that Country, the Woods there, (the over-plenty whereof was formerly complained of) being now of late too much destroyed even to admiration. Some Mines of Lead have been found there of late (by the industry of the English) the chief whereof, was that called the Silver Mines, in the County of Typperary, not far from Limrick; out of which was extracted some proportion of Silver which gave it the Denomination. England and Ireland may be esteemed (without doubt) to be two of the most plentiful Kingdoms for Provisions (for the extent of them) of any in the whole World; but that which causes the vast difference between the value of the Stock and Lands of the one and the other (though both conveniently situated for Trade) is that of Traffic and Commerce, and (till of late) the sloathfulness of the people of Ireland, in not disposing themselves to Manufacture, a great rectification whereof may be well hoped will fall out even in this our Age, whereunto there is already given a very fair beginning by the British Planters.  

Money.  The Irish (till of late times) did for the most part manage their Trade and Commerce amongst themselves by exchange of Wares, 
Trade driven formerly in Ireland by Commutation of Commodities.  and commutation of Commodities, having little or no coin stirring even amongst their greatest Lords and Noblemen; And no great marvel it should be so in Ireland, since that of old, the most usual material of money amongst the Roman Provinces was seldom Gold or Silver, but Brass, sometimes Leather, Corium forma publica percussum, as Seneca hath it. This last kind of Money was by Frederick the Second made current, when he besieged Milan; The like is said to have been used here in England in the time of the Baron's Wars: and why not? since no longer ago, than in the year 1574 the Hollanders then being in their Extremities, made money of Pasteboard; But this happened only in case of necessity: The Metals of Gold and Silver having for many hundred years (though not in such abundance) been the principal instrument of Exchange and Barter, and so questionless will continue to the end of the World.  

English Moneys prohibited to be transported out of England into Ireland.  In the three and fortieth year of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, being Anno 1601. It was commanded by Proclamation (as also King Henry the Seventh had provided by Act of Parliament) that no man should carry over English money into Ireland, for as much as the Rebels drew unto themselves a great part thereof, to buy Ammunition and Provision for the Wars, and from thence the Merchants carried it into foreign Countries, to the great detriment of England. There was therefore a serious deliberation than had about changing the Irish Coy● by mingling some Brass with it, fo● that the Irish War drew yearly o●● of England 160000 l. Sterling. Here upon some were of opinion, that th● Charges of the War might be abated; that all the good Money mig●● by Exchange be drawn out of Ireland into England; that so the Rebel's, when the good Money faile● would be excluded from all Commerce with Foreigners, and of necessity weakened. Others argued 〈◊〉 the contrary, that this change woul● redound to the dishonour of the Queen, and the damage of the Subject; that the good Money of Ireland could not be drawn thence without a great charge to the Queen; that the gain gotten thereby, if new Money were Coined in England, would not, when the Accounts were cast up, countervail the Charges of carrying over; 
A Mint not profitable to be set up in Ireland.  and much less if it were Coined in Ireland, where a Mint must needs be set up at great Charges, and Minters must be hired for great wages: Neither could the Commerce of the Rebels with Foreigners be impeached, whilst there was Silver in the new Coin, which the Merchant knew well enough how to separate; unto whom it is all one whether he receive one piece of Money, or three of the same value; and that it was to be feared lest the Soldiers would mutiny, for thereby their pay would be diminished. But Buckhurst, Lord Treasusurer, a man very skilful in Money matters, with much ado extorted from the Queen, out of necessity (for that is the Law of Time) which he urged, that the Money should be changed for a time, to be called back again afterwards to the highest value; for she many times said, that this would depress her Fame, and be grievous to the Army. Yet did the Army continue without tumult, and commotion, through the Queen's rare happiness, which retained her Authority with her People, joined with love. To the Army certainly it proved a great loss, whether it turned to the benefit of the Queen or no, is not known; But to the Treasurers and Paymasters, without doubt it brought in good gain, whose avarice (which is a diligent searcher of hidden gains) may seem to have devised it.  
The Money now generally used in Ireland (there being little of English, because prohibited to be transported thither beyond the sum of five pounds, as I take it; for the better encouragement of Trade between both Kingdoms) is most of all Spanish Coin; to wit, pieces of Eight, at 4 s. 6 d. the piece, consisting of Plate pieces, Mexico and old Peru, with half and quarter pieces: The new Perues (whereof there was a good quantity) being not long since called in, and (by reason they were thought to be abused and falsified) converted into Plate, to the great benefit of some in Dublin, and the no small loss (at that time) of a great many people in Ireland.  
A piece of old English Gold is hardly to be seen in Ireland, (except what is closely kept in private hands) though there was a great proportion thereof before the late Wars, which commonly passed from hand to hand in ordinary Payments. There is a small quantity of Brass Coin that is used there for the conveniency of change.  
I have already hinted, 
Buildings.  how that the Irish (by reason of their Barbarous Laws and Customs) did never build any Houses of Brick or Stone, (some few poor Religious Houses excepted) before the Reign of King Henry the Second, which seems as manifest (as strange) by the entertainment of the said King received at their chief City of Dublin, Anno 1172. who was unavoidably necessitated for mere accommodation (finding there no fit place for his reception) to set up a long house made of smoothed Wattles, after the manner of the Country, wherein he pompously entertained the gre●t Irish Lords and Princes at Christmas. All their Forts, Castles, Stately Buildings, and other Edifices, were afterwards Erected by the English, except (as I said) some of the Maritine Towns, which were built by the Ostmanni, or Easterlings, who anciently came and Inhabited Ireland.  

The Buildings of Ireland much improved by the last forty years' Peace.  During the last forty years' peace in Ireland, there were many lovely Houses built through most part of that Kingdom, by the English Nobility and Gentry, with delicate improvements in Orchards, Gardens, and Enclosures correspondent thereunto. There was also at the same time (by way of imitation) the like good endeavours of making handsome Improvements and Buildings, by the better sort of Irish both in Towns and Country; But the fair Dwellings of the English were so badly handled by the Irish in the heat of the War, that scarce any part of them (except the main Walls) escaped from firing; upon which, being generally made of Massy Stone, the English have rebuilt and are building, besides a great number upon new foundations, many fair Structures.  
But that which has been hitherto, 
The Nasty Irish Cabins a great blemish to Ireland.  and, I doubt, will ever hereafter be a blemish to the flourishing state of Ireland in point of Building, is the great number of Nasty-Smoaky-Cabbins every where, made up of Wattles without any Chimneys, wherein the poorer sort of Irish do well, which cannot be altogether ascribed to their mere poverty, and ancient custom, but rather much more to the uncertainty of the tenure whereby they hold the same, being Tenants only but from May to May, that so they may more easily quit their Station, and try their fortunes else where for an other year, though many times to as little effect, in case they find themselves overmuch oppressed by their Landlords.  
Their Parish Churches were generally as meanly built in Ireland, as their practice was in Religion; but now that the Country comes to be inhabited by a more civil and better Principled people, it may be justly hoped, and likewise expected, that there will be, by degrees, a Reformation in this particular, as well as in other matters of less moment, since the handsome building and adorning of Churches do conduce much to draw the rude people to the the reverencing and frequenting thereof.   

CHAP. II. Of the Inhabitants, their Laws, Religion and Manners; Of their Number, Language, Stature, Diet, Attire, Recreations, Names and Surnames.  
I have already declared how it is most probable that the first Inhabitants of this Island came hither out of Britain, 
Inhabitants and Laws.  now called England and Wales; And therefore shall proceed to give some farther Account, touching the Laws of this Realm, both Ancient and Modern. The Brehon Law, by which the Irish governed themselves, was a Rule of Right unwritten, but delivered by Tradition from one to another, in which often times there appeared great show of Equity, in determining the Right between party and party; but in many things repugning quite both to God's Law and Man's: 
The partiality and impiety of the Brehon Irish Law.  As for example in the case of Murder, the Brehon, that is their Judge, would compound between the Murderer, and the Friends of the party Murdered which Prosecuted the Action, that the Malefactor should give unto them, or to the Child or Wife of him that is slain, a recompense, which they called an Eriach: By which vile Law of theirs, many Murders amongst them were made up and smothered. And this Judge being as he was called the Lords Brehon, adjudged for the most part, a better share unto this Lord, that is the Lord of the Soil, or the head of that Sept, and also unto himself for his judgement a greater portion, then unto the Plaintiffs or parties grieved.  

Sir Edward Poynings the best Reformer of the Laws of Ireland.  He that gave the fairest beginning to the Reformation of the Laws of Ireland, of any till his time, was Sir Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy of Ireland in the Reign of King Henry the Seventh, who finding in that Realm nothing but a common misery, took the best course he possibly could to establish there a well governed Commonwealth: and to that end he held a Parliament no less famous, than that of Kilkenny; and more available for the Reformation of the whole Kingdom. For whereas all wise men did ever concur in opinion, that the readiest way to Reform Ireland, was to settle a form of Civil Government there, conformable to that of England: To bring this to pass, Sir Edward Poynings did pass an Act, whereby all the Statutes made in England before that time, were enacted, established, and made of force in Ireland. Neither did he only respect the time past, but provided also for the time to come. For he caused an other Law to be made, that no Act should be propounded in any Parliament of Ireland, but such as should be first Transmitted into England, and approved by the King and Council there, as good and expedient for that Land, and so returned back again, under the Great Seal of England. This Act, though it seem Prima fancy to restrain the Liberty of the Subjects of Ireland; yet was it made at the Prayer of the Commons, upon just and important cause.  
For the Governors of that Realm, especially such as were of that Country Birth, 
Poynings Act made at the request of the Commons of Ireland  had laid many opprssions upon the Commons: And amongst the rest they had imposed Laws upon them, not tending to the general good, but to serve private turns, and to strengthen their particular factions. This moved them to refer all Laws, that were to be passed in Ireland, to be considered, corrected, and allowed, first by the State of England which had always been tender and careful of the good of this people, and had long since made them a Civil, Rich, and Happy Nation, if their own Lords and Governors there, had not sent bad intelligence into England. Besides this, he took special Order, that the Summons of Parliament should go into all the Shires of Ireland, and not to the four Shires only within the English Pale; (for out of that little Precinct there were no Lords, Knights or Burgesses, Summoned to the Parliament; neither did the Kings Writ run in any other part of the Kingdom) and for that cause specially, he caused all the Acts of Parliament, lately before holden by the Viscount of Gormanston to be repealed and made void. On these foundations they have raised many superstructures both of Law and Government, enacted in their own Parliaments, summoned by the Lord Deputy at the King's appointment. Amongst many inconveniences which have been observed in the Laws of England in relation to the Government of Ireland (whereof a reformation was wished) this was a main one; That when any of the Irish intended to go into Rebellion, 
Entailing of Lands supported the Rebellions in Ireland.  they would convey away all their Lands, and Lordships to Feoffees in trust, whereby they reserved to themselves, but a State for term of life; which being determined by the sword, or by the halter, their Lands strait came to their heirs, and the Crown of England defrauded of the intent of the Law, which laid that grievous punishment upon Traitors, to forfeit all their Lands to the Prince, to the end that men might the rather be terrified from committing treasons, for many which would little esteem of their own lives, yet for remorse of their Wives and Children would be withheld from that heinous crime. This appeared plainly in the late Earl of Desmond. For before his breaking forth into open Rebellion, he had conveyed secretly all his Lands to Feoffees of trust, in hope to have cut off her Majesty from the Escheat of his Lands; which inconvenience, though well enough avoided at that time by an Act of Parliament (obtained with much difficulty) which (by cutting off, and frustrating all such conveyances as had at any time by the space of twelve years before his Rebellion, been made, within the compass whereof, the fraudulent Feoffment, and many the like of others his accomplices and fellow traitors were contained) gave all his Lands to the Queen; yet were it not an endless trouble (supposing such Acts were easily brought to pass) that no Traitor or Felon should be attainted, but a Parliament must be called for bringing of his Lands to the Crown which the Law giveth it.  
Although since the time of St. Patrick (Anno 430) Christianity was never extinct in Ireland, 
Religion.  yet the Government being hailed into contrary factions, the Nobility lawless, the multitude wilful, it came to pass that Religion waxed with the temporal common sort cold and feeble, until the Conquest by King Henry the Second did settle it. The Honourable state of Marriage they much abused, either in contracts, unlawful meetings, the Levitical and Canonical degrees of prohibition, or in divorcements at pleasure, or in omitting Sacramental solemnities, or in retaining either Concubines or Harlots for Wives: yea, where the Clergy were faint, they could be content to Marry for a year and a day of probation, and at the years end, to return her home upon any light quarrels, if the Gentlewoman's friends were weak and unable to avenge the injury. Never was there heard of so many dispensations for Marriage, as those men show, I pray God grant they were all authentic, and builded upon sufficient warrant.  

The Disorders of the Church of Ireland, about the latter end of Q. Elizabeth's Reign, and the causes of it.  About the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, the Church of Ireland was infested, not only with gross Simony, greedy covetousness, fleshly incontinency, careless sloth, and generally a disordered life in the common Clergymen: But besides all these had their particular enormities; for all the Irish Priests, which then enjoyed the Church-livings, were in a manner mere Laymen, saving that they had taken holy Orders, but otherwise they did go, and live like Laymen, follow all kind of Husbandry, and other worldly affairs, as other Irish men did. They neither read Scriptures, nor preach to the People, nor administer Communion, but Baptism they did: for they Christened then after the Popish fashion, only they took the Tithes and Offerings, and gathered what fruit else they might of their Live, the which they converted as badly, and some of them (they said) paid as due Tributes and Shares of their Live to their Bishops (I mean those which were Irish) as they received them duly.  
Which shameful abuses the English Governors could not redress, because they knew not the parties so offending; for the Irish Bishops had their Clergy in such awe and subjection under them, that they durst not complain of them, so as they might do to them what they pleased, for they knowing their own unworthiness, and incapacity, and that they were still removable at their Bishop's will, yielded to what pleased him, and he took what he listed: yea, and some of them whose Dioceses were in remote parts, somewhat out of the World's eye, did not at all bestow the Benefices, which were in their own donation, upon any, but kept them in their own hands, and did set their own Servants and horse-boys to take up the Tithes and Fruits of them; with the which, some of them purchased great Lands, and built fair Castles upon the same. Of which abuse, if any question were moved, they had a very seemly colour and excuse, that they had no worthy Ministers to bestow them upon, but kept them so unbestowed for any such sufficient person, as should be offered unto them.  
To meet with this mischief, there was a Statute enacted in Ireland which seems to have been grounded upon a good meaning; That whatsoever Englishman of good conversation and sufficiency, should be brought to any of the Bishops, and nominated unto any Living, within their Diocese that were presently void, that he should (without any contradiction) be admitted thereunto, before any Irish: which good Law, though it had been well observed, and that none of the Bishops had transgressed the same, yet it wrought no Reformation thereof for many defects.  
First, there were no such sufficient English Ministers sent over as might be presented to any Bishop for any Living; but the most part of such English as came over thither of themselves, were either unlearned, or men of some bad note, for which they had forsaken England. So as the Bishop to whom they should have been presented, might justly reject them as incapable and insufficient. Secondly, the Bishop himself being perhaps an Irish man who being made Judge by that Law, of the sufficiency of the Ministers, might at his own Will, dislike of the English man, as unworthy in his Opinion, and admit of any Irish, whom he should think more for his turn. And if he should at the Instance of any English man of countenance there, whom he would not displease, accept of any such English Minister as should be tendered unto him, yet he would underhand, carry such a hard hand over him, or by his Officers wring him so sore, that he would soon make him weary of his poor Living. Lastly, the Benefices themselves were so mean, and of so small profit in those Irish Countries, through the ill husbandry of the Irish people which did inhabit them, that they would not yield any competent maintenance for any honest Minister to live upon, scarcely to buy him a Gown. And had all this been redressed, yet what good should any English Minister have done amongst them, by teaching or preaching unto them, which either could not understand him, or would not hear him? Or what comfort of life could he have, where his Parishioners were so insatiable, so intractable, so ill affected to him, as they usually are to all the English? Or finally, how durst almost any honest Ministers, that were peaceable civil men, commit their safety to the hands of such Neighbours, as the boldest Captains durst scarce dwell by?  

The Church of Ireland much Reform of late.  But these Obstructions (by the special Providence of God appearing in the late Revolutions of Ireland) seems upon the matter to be wholly taken away; for first, there are now in Ireland (together with other Divines that commonly repair thither out of England and Scotland) a sufficient number of able Ministers bred up in Trinity College at Dublin to supply the above mentioned first Defect. Secondly, all the Bishops of Ireland are now worthy learned Protestants, who with all the endeavours they can, do encourage Protestant Ministers to settle themselves in such convenient places, as they may do God and that Country good service, and themselves have thereby a comfortable subsistence. Besides, the English Magistracy and Gentry being now so generally dispersed through all parts of Ireland, do give great countenance to the Protestant Ministry to proceed cheerfully and industriously in their Vocations. Lastly, the Benefices themselves are now (by the industry and good husbandry of the British Planters, together with the uniting of two or three Parishes into one to supply the imperfect Plantation thereof) become so considerable (and will much more hereafter when fully Planted) as to be able to yield a competent maintenance for honest learned Ministers to live upon; and which is a farther encouragement to them, have already very considerable Congregations of Protestant-Plantres through most parts of the Kingdom to attend upon Divine Service every Sabbath-day.  
The Revenues of the Church o● Ireland have much increased of late in this manner.  

The Revenues of the Church of Ireland much increased of late, and the manner how.  First, it was observed, that the Clergy of this Country were formerly little beholding to their Lay-Patrons; some of their Bishops being so poor, that they had no other Revenues than the Pasture of two Milch Beasts. And so far had the Monasteries, and Religious Houses invade● by Appropriations, the Churche● Rites; that of late times, in the whol● Province of Connaght, the whole stipend of the Incumbent, was not above forty shillings, in some place● not above sixteen. So that the poc● Irish must needs be better fed tha● taught: For ad tenuitatem Benefici orum, necessario sequitur ignorantia Sacerdotum: Poor Benefices will be fitted with ignorant Priests said Panormitan rightly. But this was remedied in part by his Sacred Majesty King Charles, the Second Monarch of Great Britain, who liberally (a● the Suit of the late Lord Archbishop of Canterbury) restored unto this Church all the Impropriations, and portions of Tithes, which had been vested in the Crown: An Action of most singular Piety, and Princely Bounty.  
Secondly, King James, out of the forfeited Lands of the six Counties in Ulster, allowed fair proportions of Land, as Gleabable to those Parishes within the said forfeited Counties, which has caused them (for so much) to be counted better Live for Ministers, than in any other part of that Kingdom.  
Thirdly, That by the care the Earl of Strafford had, while he was Lord Deputy of Ireland, to increase the Revenues of that Church, he recovered by Law Suits great quantities of Land in many parts of Ireland, which the Church enjoys to this very day.  
Fourthly and lastly, That the whole Kingdom of Ireland may be justly thought to be so far improved during the last forty years' peace (by the industry of the British Planters, and by the Irish also in imitation of the same) as that all the Lands thereof (and consequently the Tithes in proportion) came to be worth in yearly value, four or five times more than it ever amounted unto in any former Age: And therefore we need not much marvel how that this last Rebellion, Anno 1641. became more bloody and universal than any of the former, the Popish Irish Clergy and lawyers well understanding that the Sovereign Command of Ireland was now worth the contending for. 
Bishoprics of Ireland.  Reckoned in Ireland at, and since the Reformation, four Archbishops, nineteen Bishops, and one University, viz. Dublin.  

Manners.  The Irish have long since had the Character of being Religious, Frank, Amorous, Ireful, Sufferable, of pains infinite, very glorious, many Sorcerers, excellent Horsemen, delighted with Wars, great Alms-givers, passing in Hospitality: The lewder sort both Clerks and Laymen, sensual and lose to Lechery above measure. The same being virtuously bred up or Reform, are such mirrors of Holiness and Austerity, that other Nations retain but a show or shadow of Devotion in comparison of them. As for Abstinence and Fasting, which these days make so dangerous, this is to them a familiar kind of Chastisement: In which virtue, and divers other, how far the best excel, so far, in Gluttony and other hateful Crimes, the Vicious, they are worse than too bad. They follow the dead Corpse to the grave with hollow and barbarous outcries, pitiful in appearance; whereof grew (as I suppose) the Proverb, To weep Irish.  
These people, of late times, 
The good agreement betwixt the Irish and the English in Ireland during the last forty years' peace.  were so much civilised by their Cohabitation with the English, as that the ancient Animosities and Hatred which the Irish had been ever observed to bear unto the English Nation, seemed now to be quite deposited and buried in a firm conglutination of their affection and National Obligations passed between them. The two Nations had now lived together forty years in peace, with great security and comfort, which had in a manner consolidated them into one Body, knit and compacted together with all those Bonds and Ligatures of Friendship, Alliance and Consanguinity as might make up a constant and perpetual Union betwixt them. Their inter Marriages were frequent, Gossipred, Fostering (relations of much dearness among the Irish) together with all others of tenancy, neighbourhood, and service interchangeably passed amongst them. Nay, they had made as it were a kind of mutual transmigration into each others manners, many English being strangely degenerated into Irish affections and customs, and many Irish, especially of the better sort, having taken up the English Language, Apparel, and decent manner of living in their private houses. And so great an advantage did they find by the English Commerce and Cohabitation in the profits and high improvements of their Lands and native commodities, so incomparably beyond what they ever formerly enjoyed, or could expect to raise by their own proper industry, as Sir Philemon O Neal, and many others of the prime Leaders in the last Rebellion, had not long before turned their Irish tenants off their Lands, while they took on English, who were able to give them much greater rents, and more certainly pay the same. A matter that was much taken notice of, and esteemed by many; as most highly conducing to the security of the English interests, and Plantation amongst them.  
But behold a fatal day approaching (when least expected) wherein this great League of friendship was broken; 
This great League of friendship betwixt the English and the Irish dissolved, by the breaking out of the Rebellion Octob. 23. 1641. when least suspected.  A fatal day (I must confess) to the English; but much more fatal to the Irish, in that they destroyed thereby not only themselves, but the greatest part of their posterity. I say when least expected; because that the Irish Army raised for the invasion of the Kingdom of Scotland, being peaceably disbanded, their Arms and Munition, by the singular care of the Lords Justices and Council brought into his Majesty's stores within the City of Dublin; there was no manner of warlike preparations, no relics of any kind of disorders proceeding from the late Levies, nor indeed any noise of War remaining within those coasts. Now while in this great calm the British continued in a most deep security, under the assurance of the blessed peace of that Land; while all things were carried on with great temper and moderation in the present Government, and all men sat pleasantly enjoying the comfortable fruits of their own labours, without the least thoughts or apprehension of either tumults or other troubles, the differences between his Majesty K. Charles the First, and his Subjects of Scotland being about that time fairly composed and settled: There broke out upon the 23d. of October 1641. a most desperate and formidable Rebellion, an universal defection and general Revolt, wherein not only all the mere Irish, but almost all the old English that adhered to the Church of Rome, wer● totally involved.  
Whereupon all bonds and ties of faith and friendship being broken, 
Whereupon unexpressable cruelties were practised by the Irish against the English in Ireland.  the Irish Landlords (by the instigation of their Popish Priests) made a prey of their English tenants; Irish tenants and servants a sacrifice of their English Landlords and Masters; one Neighbour cruelly murdered by another; Nay the Irish children in the very beginning fell to strip and kill English children: all other relations were quite canceled and laid aside, and it was now esteemed a most meritorious work in any of them that could by any means or ways whatsoever, bring an English man to the Slaughter. A work not difficult to be compassed as things then stood. 
The intermixing of the English among the Irish, a main cause of their sudden destruction.  For they living promiscuously amongst the British, in all parts having from their Priests received the Watchword both for time and place, rose up, as it were actuated by one and the same spirit, in all places in those Countries where it first began in the Province of Ulster, at one and the same point of time; and so in a moment fell upon them, murdering some, stripping or expelling others out of their habitations. This bred such a general terror and astonishment amongst the English, as they knew not what to think, much less what to do, or which way to turn themselves. Their servants were killed as they were ploughing in the fields, Husbands cut in pieces in the presence of their Wives, their children's brains dashed out before their faces, others had all their Goods and Cattle seized and carried away, their Houses burnt, their habitations laid waste, and all as it were at an instant, before they could suspect the Irish for their enemies, or any ways imagine that they had it in their hearts, or in their power, to offer so great violence, or do such mischief unto them.  

The rage of the Irish grew to that height of malice, as to hate the very English Language and their Cattle.  Nay, they grew at last to that height of Malice, that some of the Irish would not endure the very sound of the English Language, but would have penalties inflicted upon them that spoke English, and all the English names of places changed into the old Irish denominations; Others professed that they would not leave an English man or woman alive in the Kingdom, but that all should be gone, no not so much as an English Beast, or any of the breed of them: in many places killing English Cows and Sheep, merely because they were English; and in some places cutting off their legs, or taking out a piece out of their buttocks, and so let them remain still alive in torture.  
We shall find in the Roman story, 
All bands of friendship and humanity violated in this great contest betwixt the Irish and the English  during the several cruel contestations betwixt Marius and Scylla, when their factious followers filled the whole City of Rome with streams of blood, strange and most incomparable passages of friendships; one exposing himself to all manner of dangers for the preservation of his friend of a contrary faction; servants willingly sacrificing themselves to save the lives of their beloved Masters. But here on the contrary, what open violation of all bands of humanity and friendship; no contracts, no promises observed; quarter given in the most solemn manner with the greatest Oaths and severest execrations under hand and Seal, suddenly broken. The Irish Landlords making a prey of their English Tenants; the Irish Servants betraying their English Masters, and every one esteeming any Act wherein they could declare their hatred and malice most against any of the Brittsh Nation, as gallant and truly meritorious. 
The Irish unanimously agreed to root the English out of Ireland.  It is not to be denied, but that the first and most bloody executions were made in the Prevince of Ulster, and there they continued longest to execute their rage and cruelty; yet must it be acknowledged, that all the other three Provinces, did concur with them, as it were, with one common consent, to destroy and pluck up by the roots, all the British planted throughout the Kingdom. And for this purpose they went on, not only murdering, stripping and driving out all of them, Men, Women and Children: but they laid waste their Habitations, burnt their evidences, defaced in many places all the Monuments of Civility, and Devotion; the Courts and places of the English Government; Nay, as some of themselves expressed it, they resolved not to leave them either Name or Posterity in Ireland.  
Having thus far briefly rendered an account touching matter of fact, 
That the Irish can pretend no grievances, as motives to the last Rebellion An. 164●.  transacted in this most bloody Rebellion; I shall in the next place take an occasion to inquire, whether this desperate resolution of the Irish proceeded from the sense of some grievous oppressions imposed upon by their English Governors, or rather merely from an impetuous desire they had to draw the whole Government of the Kingdom of Ireland into their own hands: Upon due consideration whereof, I cannot find they had the least cause to complain of oppression; for his late Majesty's Indulgence was so great towards his Subjects of Ireland, as that in the year 1640. upon their complaints, and a general Remonstrance sent over unto him from both Houses of Parliament then sitting at Dublin, by a Committee of four Temporal Lords of the Upper House, and twelve Members of the House of Commons, with instructions to represent the heavy pressures they had for some time suffered under the Government of the Earl of Strafford; He took these Grievances into his Royal Consideration, descended so far to their satisfaction, as that he heard them himself, and made present Provisions for their redress. And upon the decease of Mr. Wandsford, Master of the Rolls in Ireland, and then Lord Deputy there, under the said Earl of Strafford, who still continued Lord Lieutenant of that Kingdom (though then accused of High Treason, and imprisoned in the Tower of London, by the Parliament of England) His Majesty sent a Commission of Government to the Lord Dillon of Kilkenny West, and Sir William Parsons, Knight and Baronet, Master of the Wards in Ireland; yet soon after, finding the choice of the Lord Dillon to be much disgusted by the Committee, he did at their Motion, cause the said Commission to be Cancelled, and with their consent and approbation, placed the Government upon Sir William Parsons, and Sir John Borlace Knight, Master of the Ordinance, both esteemed persons of great Integrity; and the Master of Wards, by reason of his very long continued employment in the State, his particular knowledge of the Kingdom, much valued and well beloved amongst the People. They took the Sword upon the ninth of February 1640. And in the first place they aplyed themselves with all gentle lenitives to mollify the sharp humours raised by the rigid passages in the former Government. They declared themselves against all such proceed lately used, as they found any ways varying from the Common Law: They gave all due encouragement to the Parliament then sitting, to endeavour the reasonable ease and contentment of the people, freely ascenting to all such Acts as really tended to a Legal Reformation: They betook themselves wholly to the advice of the Council, and caused all matters, as well of the Crown as Popular Interest, to be handled in his Majesty's Courts of Justice: no way admitting the late exorbitancies (so bitterly decried in Parliament) of Paper-Petitions or Bills, in Civil Causes, to be brought before them at the Councel-board, or before any other by their Authority: They, by his Majesty's gracious directions, gave way to the Parliament to abate the Subsidies (there given, in the Earl of strafford's time, and then in Collection) from forty thousand pounds each Subsidy, to twelve thousand pounds a piece, so low did they think fit to reduce them: And they were farther content (because they saw his Majesty most absolutely resolved to give the Irish Agents full satisfaction) to draw up two Acts to be passed in the Parliament, most impetuously desired by the Natives; The one was the Act of Limitations, which unquestionably settled all Estates of Land in the Kingdom, quietly enjoyed without claim or interruption for the space of sixty years immediately preceding; The other was for the relinquishment of the right and title which his Majesty had to the four Counties in Connaght, legally found for him by several Inquisitions taken in them, and ready to be disposed upon a due Survey, to British undertakers; as also to some Territories of good extant in Monster, and the County of Clare upon the same title.  
Thus was the present Government most sweetly tempered, and carried on with great lenity and moderation; the Lords Justices and Council wholly departing from the rigour of former courses, did gently unbend themselves into a happy and just compliance with the seasonable desires of the people. And his Majesty, that he might farther testify his own settled resolution for the continuation thereof, with the same tender hand over them, having first given full satisfaction in all things to the said Committee of Parliament still attending their dispatch, did about the latter end of May 1641. declare Kobert Earl of Leicester, Lord Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of Ireland. He was Heir to Sir Philip Sidney, his Uncle, as well as to Sir Henry Sidney, his Grandfather, who with great Honour and much Integrity long continued Chief Governor of Ireland during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth; and being a person of excellent Abilities by Nature, great Acquisitions from his own private Industry, and public Employment abroad, of exceeding great Temper and Moderation, was never engaged in any public pressures of the Commonwealth, and therefore most likely to prove a just and gentle Governor, most pleasing and acceptable to the people.  

The Romish Catholics privately enjoyed the exercise of their Religion through all Ireland.  Moreover, the Romish Catholics privately enjoyed the free exercise of their Religion throughout the whole Kingdom, according to the Doctrine of the Church of Rome. They had, by the over great indulgence of the late Governors, their Titular Archbishops, Bishops, Vicar's general, Provincial Consistories, Deans, Abbots, Priors, Nuns, who all lived freely, though somewhat covertly among them, and without control exercised a voluntary jurisdiction over them, they had their Priests, Jesuits and Friars, who were of late years exceedingly multiplied, and in great numbers returned out of Spain, Italy and other foreign parts, where the Children of the Natives of Ireland that way devoted, were sent usually to receive their Education. And these without any manner of Restraint, had quietly settled themselves in all the chief Towns, Villages, Noblemen and private gentlemen's houses throughout the Kingdom. So as the private exercise of all their Religious Rites, and Ceremonies were freely enjoyed by them without any manner of disturbance, and not any of the Laws put in execution, whereby heavy penalties were to be inflicted upon transgressors in that kind.  
Now seeing we have manifestly found by woeful experience that all those Princely favours and tender proceed of his late Majesty towards the Irish, 
That no Princely favours can oblige the Popish-Irish part to be Loyal to the Crown of England.  proved altogether ineffectual to contain them within the due bounds of Loyalty and Obedience; The world may easily believe, that their designs (by their last Rebellion) tended to no other end than the utter subversion of the English Government in Ireland, 
The utter subversion of the Enlish Government designed by the last Rebellion in Ireland An. 1641.  and the establishing of the same in the hands of their own Natives; for confirmation whereof, we have the Testimony of a Franciscan Friar, who was one of their Council, who tells us that the last Session of Parliament held at Dublin being prorogued in August 1641. and the time drawing nigh for putting their design in execution of surprising Dublin Castle, and all other places of Strength in the possession of the English in Ireland, there was a great meeting appointed of the heads of the Romish Clergy and other Laymen of their faction to be at the Abbey of Mullifarvan, 
A Council held at Mullifarvan Abbey in Meath, whether to Kill, or Banish all the English out of Ireland An. 1641.  in the County of Westmeath, where amongst other matters there debated; the question was what course should be taken with the English, and all others that were found in the whole Kingdom to be Protestants. The Council was therein divided.  
1. 
The Council divided; some for Banishing.  Some were for their Banishment, without attempting on their Lives; for this was given the Instance, of the King of Spain's expelling out of Granado, and other parts of his Dominions, the Moors to the number of many hundred of thousands: all of them being dismissed with their Lives, Wives and Children, with some part of their Goods (if not the most part) that this his way of proceeding redounded much to the honour of Spain, whereas the Slaughter of many Innocents' would have laid an everlasting blemish of cruelty on that State, that the like usage of the English their Neighbours, & to whom many there present owed, (if no more) yet their Education; would gain much to the Cause, both in England and other parts: That their Goods and Estates seized upon, would be sufficient without meddling with their Persons; that if the contrary course were taken, and their blood spilt, besides the Curse it might draw from Heaven upon their Cause, it might withal increase and provoke the Neighbour Kingdom of England, and that justly taking a more severe revenge on the● and theirs, even to extirpation if 〈◊〉 had the upper hand.  

Others for cutting off all the English.  2. On the other side, was urge● a contrary preceding to the utter cutting off all the English Protestant's where, to the instance of the dismissed Moors, it was answered, th●● that was the sole Act of the King an● Queen of Spain, contrary to the advice of their Council, which howsoever it might gain that Prince a nam● of mercy, yet therein the event shown him to be most unmerciful, no● only to his own, but to all Christendom beside. That this was evident in the great and excessive charge tha● Spain hath been since that time pu● unto by those Moors, and their posterity to this day. All Christendom also hath and doth still groan unde● the miseries it doth suffer by the Piracies of Algiers, Sally, and the like Dens of Thiefs. That all this might have been prevented in one hour by a general Massacre, applying tha● it was no less dangerous to expel th● English: That these Robbers an● banished men might again return with swords in their hands, who by their hard usage in spoiling, might be exasperated, and by the hope of recovering their former Estates, would be incensed far more than strangers that were sent against them. Being neither in their persons injured, nor grieved in their estate, that therefore a general Massacre were the safest and readiest way for freeing the Kingdom of any such fears.  
3. In which diversity of opinions, howsoever the first prevailed with some, for which the Franciscans (saith this Friar) did stand, yet others inclined to the second: some again leading to a middle way, neither to dismiss nor kill.  
And according to this do we find the event and course of their proceed. 
But both was practised, with that of imprisonment  In some places they were generally put to the sword, or to other miserable ends: some restrain their persons in durance, knowing it to be in their hands to dispatch them at their pleasures; in the mean time they being reserved either for profit by their ransom, or for exchange of Prisoners, or gaining their own pa●dons by the lives of their Prisoners, if time would serve, or by their death, (if the worst did happen) to satisfy their fury. The third sort at the first altogether dismissed the●● prisoners, but first having spoile● them of their goods, and after of their raiment, exposing the miserable wretches to cold and famine, whereby many have perished by deaths, worse than sword or halter.  
Hitherto of their Counsels, and the effect of them. Now for their intentions, all being reduced, (whic● God forbidden) into their power; an● thereof did they as by some Law, give such peremptory conclusions, that it may well be wondered th● thoughts of men professing themselves wise, should be so vain: and herein I do still follow mine Informer.  

What the Irish would have done if they had prevailed.  First, Their Loyalty to his Majesty should be still reserved. Th● said they of the modest sort: Bu● both his Revenues and Government must be reduced to certain bounds His Rents none other then the ancient reservations before the Plantation, and Customs so ordered, as to them should be thought fitting.  
Secondly, for the Government, such as would be esteemed loyal, would have it committed to the hands of two Lords Justices, one of the ancient Irish Race, the other of the ancient British Inhabitants in the Kingdom; Provided that they be of the Romish Profession.  
Thirdly, That a Parliament should be forthwith called, consisting of whom they should think fit to be admitted, wherein their own religious men should be assistants.  
Fourthly, Poynings Act should be repealed, and Ireland declared to be a Kingdom independent on England, and without any reference unto it in any case whatsoever.  
Fifthly, All Acts prejudicial to the Romish Religion, should be abolished; and it to be enacted, That there should be none ohter profession in the Kingdom but the Romish.  
Sixthly, That only the ancient Nobility of the Kingdom should stand, and of them, such as should refuse to conform to the Romish Religion, to be removed, and others put in their room; howsoever the than present Earl of Kildare was to be excluded, and another established in his place.  
Seventhly, All Plantation Lands to be recalled, and the ancient proprietors to be reinvested in their former estates, with the limitations in their Covenant expressed; That they had not formerly sold their interests on valuable considerations.  
Eighthly, That the respective Countries of the Kingdom, should be subdivided, and certain Bounds or Baronies assigned to the chief Septs, and others of the Nobility, who were to be answerable for the Government thereof: And that a standing Army might be still in being, the respective Governors being to keep a certain number of men to be ready at all rise out (as they termed it:) They also being to build and maintain certain Fortresses, in places most convenient within their Precincts: And that these Governors should be of absolute power, only responsible to the Parliament.  
Lastly, for maintaining a correspondency with other Nations, and for securing the Coasts, that also they might be rendered considerable unto others, a Navy of a certain number of Ships was to be maintained. That to this end five Houses were to be appointed, one in each Province, accounting Meath for one of them; That to those houses should be allotted an annual pension of certain thousands of pounds to be made up of part of the Lands appropriate to Abbeys: And a farther Contribution to be raised in the respective Provinces to that end: That these Houses were to be assigned to a certain Order of Knights, answerable to that of Malta, who were to be Seamen: And to Maintain this Fleet: that all Prizes were to be apportioned; some part for a Common Bank, the rest to be divided; to which purpose the felling of Woods serviceable for this use was to be forbidden: The house for this purpose to be assigned to the Province of Leinster, was Kilmainham, or rather Houth, the Lord of Howith being otherwise to be accommodated, provided he join with them; that place being esteemed most convenient, in respect of situation, which they had small grounds to hope for.  

The Transplantation justified, by reason of the late barbarous carriage of the Irish towards the English.  The serious consideration of this strange behaviour of the Irish, towards the English, hath given them just cause to place a wall of separation between them and such dangerous Neighbours, by whose barbarous carriage and inhumanity, there were (since the Rebellion first broke out unto the time of the cessation made Sept. 15. 1643. which was not full two years after) three hundred thousand British and Protestants cruelly murdered in cold blood, destroyed some other way, or expelled out of their habitations, according to the strictest conjecture, and computation of those who seemed best to understand the numbers of English planted in Ireland, besides those few which perished in the heat of fight, during the War: 
The losses sustained by the British Planters in the space of 2. years from Oct. 23. 1641. amounted to 635375 l.  And upon an enquiry made in Ireland An. 1641. of their losses sustained in their Estates, Fortunes and Livelyhoods, by Spoil and Robbery, from the 23. of October 1641. till the 8. of March following, by estimation they amounted to six hundred thirty five thousand, three hundred seventy five pounds. And if a right information could have been taken, as I supposed, would have amounted to near five hundred times as much.  
It hath been said (of late) by some, 
Number of Inhabitants.  that the people of England are quadrubled, within four hundred years, as doubling every two hundred years: How true this may be in relation to England I know not; but I am persuaded that this observation may be more properly applied to Ireland, which has been (within these four hundred years) mightily improved by clearing of grounds from a Wilderness, and thereby consequently giving way for the enlargement of people's Habitations, Ireland being reported to be generally overgrown with Woods in Giraldus Cambrensis his time. Though Ireland was very populous before the last War, and is computed to be half as big as England, yet I dare not say that it contained half as many people as England did, because above one fourth part of Ireland is taken up with unprofitable Bogs, Lakes and barren Mountains; and for that the Towns Cities of England are far greater and more numerous in proportion, than those of Ireland; in so much, as that the City of London itself may be thought to contain more people, than one half of the Kingdom of Ireland in the best of times; But whether Ireland did (in its prime) contain two millions of people, or what more, I will not take upon me to determine, but do submit the decision of so doubtful a matter to more knowing persons, together with the enquiry, whither in time to come (when Ireland shall be fully inhabited) it may be thought (though mixedly) the English may inhabit the proportion of about one Province and an half of it, though most numerous in the Provinces of Monster and Leinster: The Irish the like proportion of one Province and an half more, though most numerous in the Province of Connnaght; And the Scots inhabiting the proportion of a fourth part of Ireland, but more numerous in the Province of Ulster, than in any other.  
The Irish tongue is sharp and sententious, 
Their Language.  offereth great occasion to quick Apothegms and proper allusions, wherefore their common Jesters, Bards, and Rymers, are said to delight passingly those that conceive the grace and propriety of the tongue. But the true Irish indeed differeth so much from that they they commonly speak, that scarce one amongst five score, can either write, read, or understand it. Therefore it is prescribed among certain their Poetes, and other Students of Antiquity.  
The Italian, Spanish, and French Tongues are compounded of the Latin. The Germane (high and low Country) Saxon, Scotland, and English have great affinity. North-Wales, South-Wales, Cornwall, and Little Britain in France, as Cambrensis and Sir John Price have learnedly discoursed; but the Irish (except the Redshanks, and the Scottish of the Highlands) have affinity with no Tongue (as I can learn) more than with the British Language.  
Many reasons there are to induce one to be of this opinion; first of all according to the first command, the Celtic Tongue was of force in all these Northern parts. Bodinus writeth, that the British and Celtic Language was all one. Pausanius the Grecian maketh mention how the Celts in their Language called a Horse Marc, and three Horses, Trimarc; the which, the Welshman useth to this day with a guttural alteration, Margh, and Treemargh. Also Camden, the learned Antiquary of this our Age, is of this opinion (remembering the Story of Gurguntius, and the infinite number of British Words in use among the Irish, the which he termeth infinitam vim Britannicarum dictionum) that the Britain's first peopled this Land. And although of a long time (by reason of troubles, and alterations) the speech grew wholly out of use; yet afterwards in success of time it was revived. Secondly, the British and Irish oft Matched together, so that there grew among them great alliance and affinity, to the fartherance of the Language. Thirdly, the first Conquerors in Henry the Seconds time, that broke the Ice into this Land, were Welshmen, whose Names and Seats to this day are fresh in memory. As for instance, in the Diocese of Leighlin, there is a Town called Villa Wallicorum, the Town of Welsh men. Careg and Craig in the British or Welsh Tongue is a Stone or Rock, and of the Britain's, Carreggferggus, Carreggmont-Griffiin, Carregg in Shurie, Carrigguaspin, and Craigwading, have their Names. Likewise, Llis in British is a Court or Palace, of that in Ireland you have Lismore, Lisfenyn, Lislofty, Lismakery. Glan and Glyn are British words, of them have you Glangibbon, Glandoboy, Glanreynold, Glynburry, Glyndelory, Glynmoloura, etc. Inis an Island, is British and Irish, of which kind are Inissirocan, Inishoven, Inisdiok, Inisuag, Iniscorthie, and the like. Rath, a Moat or round Trench (whereof there are many in Ireland made by the Danes) if Beda had not said that it was a Saxon word, I would have said it had been British, and how many names of places are compounded with it in Ireland, were too long to rehearse. I will here give Stainhurst leave to conclude, Omnes Insulae locos & lucos Wallici nominis gloria implevit; the renown of the Welsh name (saith he) hath filled all the ways and woods of the Island. The Irish are now generally bred both to read and speak the English Tongue.  
The Irish are commonly of a large and handsome proportion of body, clear of Skin and Hue. Their Women are well Favoured, clear Coloured, fair handed, big and large, suffered from their infancy to grow at Will, nothing curious of their feature and proportion of body.  
The Common sort of People in Ireland do feed generally upon Milk, 
Diet.  Butter, Curds and Whey, New bread made of Oat meal, Beans, Barley and Pease, and sometimes of Wheat upon Festivals, their bread being baked every day against the fire. Most of their Drink is Buttermilk and Whey; They feed much also upon Parsnips, Potatoes, and Water-cresses, and in those countries' bordering on the Sea, upon Sea weeds, as Dullusck, Slugane, but seldom eat Flesh. The middle sot of the Irish Gentry differ not much from the same kind of Diet, save only that they oftener feed upon Flesh, eat better Bread, and drink Beer more frequently. They are all of them (when opportunity offers itself) too much inclined to drink Beer and Vsquebagh to an excess; And both Men and Women of all sorts, extremely addicted to take Tobacco in a most abundant manner. The best sort of Irish do imitate the English both in Diet and Apparel, but not without a palpable difference (most commonly) in the mode of their Entertainment.  

At●●●e.  Trousers and Mantles were (till King James and King Charles his Reign) the general habit of the Irish; their Mantles serving many times as a fit house for an Outlaw, a meet bed for a Rebel, and an apt cloak for a Thief; But now the Men wear their  altogether after the English fashion, having converted their Mantles into Cloaks, with which kind of wear they are much affected. Formerly they used no Hats, but Caps made of Irish Freeze, called Cappeenes, and even now the middle sort of Gentry seldom wear Bands, unless they go abroad amongst Strangers. The Common sort of People both Men and Women wear no English Shoes, but things called Irish Brogues, thin sole, somewhat like our Poumps, and sowed altogether with Leather. The ordinary sort of Irish Women wear a kind of lose Gowns without stiffening, with Petticoats, and Wascoats without any bodies; having linen Kerchers about their heads, instead of head-cloaths, and never using hats, but covering their heads with their Mantles to save themselves from rain, or the heat of the Sun.  
The Irish Gentry are musically disposed, 
Recreations.  & therefore many of them play singular well upon the Irish-Harp; they affect also to play at Tables; The Common sort meet oftentimes in great numbers (in plain Meadows or Ground) to recreate themselves at a play called Bandy, with Balls and crooked Sticks, much after the manner of our play at Stoe-ball; they are much given to Dancing after their Country way, and the men to play upon the Jews-Harp, and at Cards, but for no great value.  
The Irish Names 
Irish Names.  of Baptism are generally, Teig, Patrick, Turlough, Murrogh, Mortoch, Donoch, Loughlin, Dermot, etc. with many other Names made use of there as well as here in England; as namely, John, Edmund, Edward, Thomas, William, James, etc.  

Surnames  For the better breaking of the Heads, and Septs of the Irish, which was one of their greatest strength, and motive to lead them to Rebellion, there was a law made in Ireland, in the Reign of King Edward the Fourth, by which it was commanded, that whereas all men then used to be called by the name of their Septs, according to the several Nations, and had no Surnames at all, that from thenceforth each one should take upon himself a several Surname, either of his trade and faculty, or of some quality of his body or mind, or the place where he dwelled, so as every one should be distinguished from the other, or from the most part, whereby they should not only; not depend upon the head of their Sept, as than they did, but also in time, learn quite to forget the Irish Nation. And herewithal would I also wish all the O's and Mac's, which the Heads of Septs have taken to their names, to be utterly forbidden and extinguished. For that the same being an Ordinance (as some say) first made by O Brien for for the strengthening of the Irish, the abrogating thereof will as much enfeeble them. The custom of prefixing the vowel O, to many of the chief Irish Surnames began in the Reign of Brien Boria the son of Kennethy King of Ireland. As for Mac in Surnames, it beareth no other signification, than Fitz doth amongst the French, and (from them) the English, and Ap with the Welsh. And although it were more anciently used then the other, yet it varied according to the Father's Name, and became not so soon fully settled in families.   

CHAP. III. Of the Government.  
THe Government 
Government  of Ireland by Vice-Roys or Deputies, were from the first entrance of the English under Henry the Second, till King Edward the Third's days, called Justicers of Ireland, and Justicers and Keepers of the Land of Ireland; then Lieutenants, and their Vicegerent Deputies. 
The Vice-Roys or Deputies of Ireland diversely named at sundry times.  Afterward, they were at the Prince his pleasure termed, sometimes Deputies, sometimes Justicers, and sometimes Lieutenants, (which is a little more honour) but for the most part with one and the same authority. And without doubt those first Justicers of Ireland (as the Justicer of England, who in that age was also for brevity called Justice,) were ordained for keeping of the Peace, and Ministering of Justice to all and every person; as were the Proprietors, and Proconsul's in old time among the Romans, which were sent into a Province with highest command.  
Before we pass further, Let us take a view of the Catalogue here before us, comprehending this following Table.  

A Table showing the Names and Titles of all the Lord Lieutenants, Deputies, and Lord Justices of Ireland, with the time they began their Government; since the 16th Year of the Reign of Henry the Seventh unto this present Year, 1672.  Order Their Names. Titles they had before. Titles in Ireland. Month. Day. Year 1 Henry Duke of York L. Lieuten   1501 2 Gerrald Earl of Kildare Deputy   1501 3 Thomas Howard Earl of Surrey Lieuten.   1520 4 Peers Butler Earl of Ossory Deputy    5 Gerrald Earl of Kildare Deputy    6  Baron of Delvin Deputy    7 Piers Butler Earl of Ossory Deputy   1529 8 Will. Skevington Knight Deputy   1530 9 Gerrald Earl of Kildare Deputy   1532 10 Will. Skevington Knight Deputy October 4 1534 11 Leonard Lord Grey Deputy January 1 1534 12 William Brereton Knight Deputy   1540 13 Anthon. S. Leaguer Knight Deputy July 25 1541 14 William Brabazon Knight Justice April 1 1546 15 Anthon. S. Leaguer Knight Deputy August 4 1546 16 Edw. Bellingham Knight Deputy May  1548 17 Francis Bryen Knight Justice Decemb. 27 1549 18 William Brabazon Knight Justice Februar.  1549 19 Anthon. S. Leaguer Knight Deputy August 4 1550 20 James Crofts Knight Deputy April 29 1551 21 

Thomas Cusack  
Gerrald Ailmer   Knights Justices Decemb.  1552 22 Anth. S. Leaguer Knight Deputy Septemb. 1 1554 23 Thomas Lord Fitz-Water Deputy May 26 1555 24 

Hugh Cruwen  
Henry Sidney   

Arch. Bish. Dub. L. Chan.  
Knight and Treasurer   Justice's   1557 25 Henry Sidney Knight Justice February 6 1557 26 Thomas Earl of Sussex Deputy April 27 1558 27 

H. Sidney absent  
Sussex in Scotia   Knight Justice Septemb. 24 1558 28 Thomas Earl of Sussex Deputy    29 Henry Sidney Knight Justice Decemb. 13 1558 30 Thomas Earl of Sussex Deputy August 27 1559 31 W. Fitz-Williams Knight Justice February 15 1559 32 Thomas Earl of Sussex Lieutenant June 24 1560 33 W. Fitz-Williams Knight Justice February 2 1560 34 Thomas Earl of Sussex Lieutenant June 1 1561 35 W. Fitz William's Knight Justice January 22 1561 36 Thomas Earl of Sussex Lieutenant July 24 1562 37 Nicholas Arnold Knight Justice May 25 1564 38 Henry Sidney Knight Deputy June 20 1565 39 

Do Weston  
W. Fitz-Williams   

Lord Chancellor  
Knight   Justices Octob. 14 1567. 40 Henry Sidney Knight Deputy Octob. 20 1568 41 W. Fitz-Williams Knight Justice March 26 1570 42 W. Fitz-Williams Knight Deputy June 13 1570 43 Henry Sidney Knight Deputy Septemb. 18 1575. 44 William Drury Knight Justice Septemb. 14 1578 45 William Petham Knight Justice October 11 1579 46 Arthur Lord Grey Deputy August 12 1580 47 

Adam Loftus  
Henry Wallop   

Arch. Bish. Dub. L. Chan.  
Knight and Treasurer   Justice's   1582 48 John Perrott Knight Deputy June 21 1584. 49 W. Fitz-Williams Knight Deputy June 30 1588. 50 William Russel Knight Deputy August 11 1594 51 Thomas Lord Burrogh Deputy May 22 1597 52 Thomas Norris Knight Justice October 30 1597 53 Adam Loftus Archbish. Dub. L. Chan. Justice Novemb. 27 1597 53 Robert Gardiner Knight Justice Novem. 27 1597 54 Rob. D'Evercux Earl of Essex Lieutenant April 15 1598.  Adam Loftus Archbish. Dub. L. Chan. Justices   1599 55 George Carie Knight and Treasurer   56 Charles Blunt Lord Mount-joy Lieutenant   1599 57 George Carie Knight and Treasurer Deputy April 29 1603 58 Arthur Chichester Knight Deputy February 3 1604  Thomas Jones Arch Bish. Dub. L. Chan. Justice's March 14 1613 59 Rich. Wingfeild Knight and Marshal     60 Arthur Chichester Lord Belfast Deputy July  1614 61 

Thomas Jones  
John Denham   

Archbish. Dub. L. Chan.  
Knight   Justices February 11 1615 62 Oliver St. John Knight Deputy August 30 1616 63 Adam Loftus K. Visc. Ely, L. Chan. Justice's May 4 1622  Rich. Wingfeild Visc. Poyerscourt 64 Henry Carie Visc. Faulkland Deputy Septemb. 8 1622 65 Adam L●ftus Visc. Ely, L. Chan. Justice October 25 16●● 65 Richard boil Earl of Cork L. Treas. Justice October 25 1629 66 Tho. Wentworth Visc. Wentworth Deputy   1633 67 

Adam Loftus  
Char. Wandesford   

Visc. Ely, L. Chan.  
Esq; Mr. of the Rolls   Justices June 2 1636 68 Tho. Wentworth Visc. Wentworth Liutenant   1636 69 

Robert Dillon  
Char. Wandesford   

Lord Kilkenny West  
Esq; Mr. of the Rolls   Justices   1639 70 Tho. Wentworth Earl of Strafford Lieutenant   1640 71 Char. Wandesford Master of the Rolls Deputy April 1 1640 72 

William Parsons  
John Burlace   

K. Mr. of the Wards.  
K. Mr. of the Ordnance   Justices Decemb.  1641 73 

John Burlace  
Henry Fichburne   

K. Mr. of the Ordnance  
K. Gover. of Drogheda   Justices Decemb.  1642 74 James Butler Earl Marq. of Ormond Lieutenant   1643  Maur. Eustace Lord Chancellor  Decemb 31  75 Roger Earl of Orrery Justices January 17 1660  Charles Earl of Montrath  Decemb. 31  76 James D. Mar. & E. of Ormond Lieutenant July 28 1662. 77 Thomas Earl of Ossory Deputy May 31 1663. 78 James D. Mar. & E. of Ormond Lieutenant Septemb.  1665 79 Thomas Earl of Ossory Deputy April 25 1668 80 John Lord Robert's Lieutenant Septemb. 18 1669 81 John Lord Berkley Lieutenant April 21 1670 82 

Michael boil  
Arthur Forbs   

Arch. Bish. Dub. L. Chan.  
Knight   Justices   1671 83 John Lord Berkley Lieutenant Septemb.  1671 84 Henry Capell Earl of Essex Lieutenant May 21 1672  
Notwithstanding what before is said, 
The great Power and Train of the Vice-Roys or Deputies of Ireland.  no Viceroy in all Europe hath greater Power, or comes nearer the Majesty of a King in his Train and State, yet it was thought (that in the times of trouble) this should have been one principal in the appointing of the Lord Deputies Authority, that it should be more ample and absolute than it is, and that he should have uncontrolled Power, to do any thing, that he with the advisement of the Council should think meet to be done: for that it was impossible for the Council here to direct a Governor there, who should be forced oftentimes to follow the necessity of present occasions, and to take the sudden advantage of time, which being once lost could not be recovered, whilst, 
The want of more absolute power in the Deputies of of Ireland, was formerly prejudicial to the Affairs of that Kingdom.  expecting direction from hence, the delays whereof were oftentimes through other greater affairs most irksome, the opportunities there in the mean time past away, and greater danger did often grow, which by such timely prevention might easily have been stopped: And this is worthily observed by Machiavelli in his discourses upon Livy, where he commendeth the manner of the Romans Government, in giving absolute Power to all their Councillors and Governors, which if they abused they afterwards should dearly answer And the contrary thereof he reprehendeth in the States of Venice, of Florence, and many other Principalities of Italy: who use to limit their chief Officers so strictly, as that thereby they have oftentimes lost such happy occasions, as they could never come unto again: The like whereof, who so hath been conversant in the Government of Ireland (especially during Queen Elizabeth's Reign) hath too often seen to their great hindrance and hurt.  

That besides the want of Power, there were eminent defects observed in the managemet of the public Affairs of Ireland.  Besides this want of Power which did hinder the good Reformation of Ireland, there were eminent defects noted in the mangement of the public Affairs of that Kingdom, by some of the chief Governors thereof, who seeing the end of their Government to draw nigh, and some mischiefs and practices growing up, which afterwards might work trouble to the next succeeding Governor, would not attempt the redress, or cutting off thereof, either for fear they should leave the Realm unquiet at the end of their Government, or that the next that came, should receive the same too quiet, and so happily win more praise thereof, than they before. And therefore they would not seek at all to repress that evil, but would either by granting protection for a time, or holding some emparlance with the Rebel, or by treaty of Commissioners, or by other like devices, only smother and keep down the flame of the mischief, so it might not break out in their time of Government, what came afterwards they cared not, or rather wished the worst  
To this may be added, 
The savouring of the Irish, and depressing of the English, an ill practice by some of the Lord Deputies of Ireland.  that when the Irish have been broken by the Sword of one Governor, and thereby consequently made fit and capable for subjection, another succeeding (as it were) into his harvest, and finding an open way made for what course he pleased, bent not to that point which the former intended, but rather quite contrary, and as it were in scorn of the former, and in vain vaunt of his own Counsels, would tread down and disgrace all the English, and set up and countenance the Irish all that he he could, thereby to make them more tractable and buxom to his Government, (wherein he thought much amiss) for surely his Government could not be sound and wholesome for that Realm, it being so contrary to the former. For it was even as two Physicians should take one sick body in hand, at two sundry times: of which, the former would minister all things meet to purge and keep under the body; the other, to pamper and strengthen it suddenly again; whereof, what is to be looked for, but a most dangerous relapse? Therefore, by all means it ought to be fore-seen, and assured, that after once entering into this course of Reformation, there be afterwards no remorse nor drawing back for the sight of any such rueful objects, as must thereupon follow, nor for compassion of their Calamities, seeing that by no other means it is possible to cure them, and that these are not of will, but of very urgent necessity.  
The Lord Lieutenant, 
The Lord Deputies of Ireland assisted by a Privy Council.  or Lord Deputy of Ireland, hath for his assistance a Privy Council attending on him, though resident for the most part at Dublin: and in emergencies, or cases of more difficult nature proceedeth many times in an arbitrary way, without formalities of Law.  
Sir Henry Sidney Lord Deputy of Ireland in Queen Elizabeth's time, 
The Lords Precedents of Connaght and Monster instituted in Queen Elizabeth's time.  to enure and acquaint the People of Monster and Connaght, with the English Government again (which had not been in use among them for the space of two hundred years before) he instituted two Presidency Courts in those two Provinces, placing Sir Edward Fitton in Connaght, and John Perrot in Monster. The Lord Precedent of Monster, hath one Assistant, twelve learned Lawyers, and a Secretary.   

CHAP. IU. Of the Title changed from Lord to King of Ireland in the time of Henry the Eighth. Of the Titles of the Crown to every part of Ireland, and to the whole divers ways; And several claims to the Land of Ireland. Of the Revenue and Strength.  

Title altered from Lord to King.  SIR Anthony Saint-Leger Lord Deputy of Ireland, in a Parliament which he held the 33. of Henry 8. caused an Act to pass, which gave unto King Henry the Eighth, his Heirs and Successors, the Name, Style and Title of King of Ireland; Whereas, before that time, the Kings of England were styled but Lords of Ireland: Although indeed, they were absolute Monarches thereof, and had in right all Royal and Imperial Jurisdiction and Power there, as they had in the Realm of England. And yet because in the vulgar conceit the name of King is higher than the name of Lord; assuredly the assuming of this Title, hath not a little raised the Sovereignity of the Kings of England in the minds of this people. And because it hath been doubted by some whether we might Lawfully fight against the Irish, I shall (for farther satisfaction) here insert the Right and Title the Crown of England hath to the Kingdom of Ireland, as to every part of it, and to the whole divers ways.  
I will begin with the Pedigree of William Earl Marshal, 
Title to Leinster.  for thereupon depend many Records in Ireland, and the King of England's Right to Leinster. Walter Fitz Richard, who came from Normandy with William the Conqueror, died Lord Strongbow of Strigule, alias Chepstow without Issue, to whom succeeded his Sister's Son, who was created the first Earl of Pembroke, and had Issue, Richard the inheritor of Leinster, by a Covenant and Marriage of Eva, the Sole Daughter of Mac Murrough King of Leinster. This Richard conveyed to Henry the Second all his Title, and held of him the Lordship of Leinster in four Counties, Wexford, Catherlagh, Ossory and Kildare. Richard left Issue, a Daughter Isabel, married to William Earl Marshal of England, now Earl of Pembroke, Lord Strongbow, and Lord of Leinster. William had Issue, five Sons, who died without Issue, when every of them, except the youngest, had successively possessed their Father's Lands; and five Daughters, Maud, Joan, Isabel, Sibil and Eve, among whom the Patrimony was parted Anno 31. H. 3. Of these Daughters bestowed in Marriage, are descended many Noble Houses, as the Mortimers, Bruises, Clares, etc. born Subjects to the Crown of England, paying ever to the King his Duties reserved.  

Title to Meth.  Hugh de Lacie Conqueror of Meth, had Issue, Walter de Lacie, who held the same of King John, paying a Fine of four thousand Marks Sterling, and hence began all the several Claims there, with Allegiance sworn and done by their Ancestors.  

Title to Monster.  At the very first arrival of Henry the Second, the Princes of Monster came universally, and did homage voluntarily, and acknowledged to him and his Heirs, Duties and pays for ever.  
John de Courcy Conqueror and Earl of Ulster, died without Issue, 
Title to Ulster & Connaght  King John, Lord of Ireland, gave the Earldom to Hugh de Lacie, who who had Issue, Walter and Hugh, who died without Issue, and one Daughter married to Reymond Burke, Conqueror and Lord of Connaght.  
Connaght descended to divers Heirs, owing service to the Prince, but Ulster returned by devolution to the special Inheritance and the Revenues of the Crown of England, in this manner; The said the Burgo, had Issue, Richard, who had Issue, John, who had Issue William, who was slain without Issue, and a Daughter Elizabeth, entitled to thirty thousand Marks yearly, by the Earldom of Ulster, whom Edward the Third gave in marriage to Lionel his second Son, Duke of Clarence, who had Issue a Daughter Philippe, married to Edward Mortimer, who had Issue Edmund, Anne, Elinor; Edmund and Elinor died without Issue, Anne was married to Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Son to Edmund of Langley Duke of York, fift Son to Edward the Third; which said Richard had Issue, Richard Plantagenet, Father to Edward the Fourth, Father to Elizabeth, Wife to Henry the Seventh, and Mother to Henry the Eighth, Father to Mary, Edward the Sixth, and Elizabeth.  

Several Claims to the Land of Ireland.  

Several claims to the Land of Ireland.  1. Mac Gil-murrow King of Ireland, with all his Petty Princes, Lords and Captains, summoned to King Arthur's Court held in Carlion Anno 519. did accordingly their homage, and attended all the while his great Feast and Assembly lasted.  
2. The Monarch of all Ireland, and all other, both Reges and Reguli for them and for theirs for ever, betook themselves to Henry the Second An. Dom. 1172. namely those of the South, whiles he lay at Waterford, Dermot K. of Cork, which is the Nation of the Mac Cartyes, at Cashel, Donald K. of Limrick, which is the Nation of the Obrenes, Donald K. of Ossory, Mac Shaghlon King of Ophaly, at Divelin did the like, Okernel King of Vriel, Ororick King of Meth, Roderick King of all Ireland, and of Connaght. This did they with consents and shouts of their People; and King Henry returned without any Battle given. Only Ulster remained, which John de Courcy soon after conquered, and Oneale Captain of all the Irish there, came to Dublin to Richard the Second, An. 1399. and freely bound himself by Oath and great Sums of Money, to be true to the Crown of England.  
3. The same time O Brien of Thomond, Oconar of Connaght, Arthur Mac Murrow of Leinster, and all the Irish Lords which had been somewhat disordered, renewed their Obedience.  
4. When Ireland first received the Christian Faith, they gave themselves into the Jurisdiction both Spiritual and Temporal, of the See of Rome. The Temporal Lordship, Pope Adrian conferred upon Henry the Second, and he gave the same to John his younger Son, afterwards King of England, and so it returned home to the Crown.  
5. Alexander the Third confirmed the Gift of Adrian as in both their Charters is expressed at large.  
6. Vivian the Legate on the Pope's behalf did Accurse and Excommunicate all those that fell from the Obeisance of the Kings of England.  
7. The Clergy twice Assembled, once at Cashell, secondly at Armagh, plainly determined the Conquest to be Lawful, and threatnad all people, under pain of Gods, and holy Church's indignation, to accept of the English Kings for their Lords, from time to time.  
8. It would ask a Volume to recite the Name of such Irish Princes, who since the Conquest have continually, upon Occasions, Revolts, or Petitions, sworn Truth and Faith to the Kings of England; and from time to time received Honours, Wages, Fees, Pardons, and made Petitions. And thus I think no reasonable man will doubt of a Right so old, so continued, so ratified, and so many ways confessed.  
The King's Revenue in Ireland was spent and wholly exhausted in the public service; and therefore, 
The King's Revenue in Ireland wholly spent on that Kingdom.  in all the ancient Pipe-Rolls in the times of King Henry the Third, Edward the First, Edward the Second, and Edward the Third, between the Receipts and Allowances, there is this entry; In Thesauro nihil. For the Officers of the State and the Army, spent all; so, as there was no surplusage of Treasure; And here I may well take occasion, to show the vanity of that which is reported in the Story of Walsingham, touching the Revenue of the Crown in Ireland, which he saith did amount to thirty thousand Pounds a year, in the time of King Edward the Third. 
The vain story of 30000 l. yearly Revenue in E, 3ds time refuted.   
If this Writer had known, that the King's Courts had been established in Ireland more than a hundred years before King Edward the Third was born, or had seen either the Parliament Rolls in England, or the Records of the Receipts and Issues in Ireland, he had not left this vain report to Posterity, for both the Benches and Exchequer were erected in the twelfth year of King John. And it is Recorded in the Parliament Rolls of 21. of Edward the Third, remaining in the Tower, that the Commons of England made Petition that it might be enquired why the King received no benefit of his Land in Ireland, considering he possessed more there, than any of his Ancestors had before him. Now, if the King at that time, when there were no standing Forces maintained there, had received thirty thousand pounds yearly at his Exchequer in Ireland, he must needs have made profit by that Land, considering that the whole charge of the Kingdom in the 47th year of Edward the Third (when the King did pay an Army there) did amount to no more than eleven thousand and two hundred pounds per Annum, as appeareth by the Contract of William Winsore.  
Besides it is manifest by the Pipe-Rolls of that time, whereof many are yet preserved in Breminghams' Tower; and are of better credit than any Monk's story, that during the Reign of King Edward the Third, the Revenue of the Crown of Ireland, both certain and casual, did not rise unto ten thousand pound per Annum, though the medium be taken of the best seven years that are be found in that King's time. The like Fable hath Holinshed, touching the Revenue of the Earldom of Ulster; which (saith he) in the time of King Richard the Second, was thirty thousand Marks by the year; Whereas in truth, though the Lordships of Connaght and Meath (which were then parcel of the Inheritance of the Earl of Ulster) be added to the Account, the Revenue of that Earldom came not to the third part of that he writeth. For the Account of the Profits of Ulster yet remaining in Breminghams' Tower, made by William Fitz-Warren, Seneschal and Farmer of the Lands in Ulster, seized into the King's hands after the death of Walter de Burgo, Earl of Ulster, from the fifth year of Edward the Third, until the eighth year, do amount but to nine hundred and odd pounds, at what time the Irishry had not made so great an invasion upon Earldom of Ulster, as they had done in the time of King Richard the Second.  
As vain a thing it is, that hath been seen written in an ancient Manuscript touching the Customs of Ireland in the time of King Edward the Third, that those duties in those days should yearly amount to ten thousand Marks, which to search and view of the Records there, can justly be controlled. For upon the late reducing (about the beginning of King James his Reign) of this ancient Inheritance of the Crown which had been detained in most of the Port Towns of that Realm, 
The Customs of Ireland of little value till King James his Reign being but 1000 l. per An.  for the space of one hundred years and upwards, some pains being taken to visit all the Pipe Rolls, wherein the Accounts of Customs are contained, those duties were found to be answered in every Port, for two hundred and fifty years together, but could not find that at any time they did exceed a thousand Pounds per Annum; and no marvel, for the Subsidy Poundage was not then known, and the greatest profit did arise by the Cocquet of Hides; for Wool and Wooll-fells were ever of little value in that Kingdom till of late.  
The Profit of the Customhouse in Ireland in the last year of King James his Reign did amount to thirty thousand Pounds per Annum; 
The Customs of Ireland advanced to 30000 l. per An. in the last year of K. James his Reign.  And what great improvements were made thereof by the Earl of Strafford in the time of his Government, I cannot find, because they fell together with him; But what that branch of the Revenue now comes to, together with the rest paid yearly to his Majesty's Exchequer in Ireland, I shall here render a particular account of, (which at first view (considering that Country is not yet half Planted with People) may be much wondered at. But when I call to mind Sir Audley Mervyns expressions (Speaker of the House of Commons in Ireland) delivered in a Speech of his to his Grace the Duke of Ormond, than Lord Lieutenant of that Kingdom, Feb. 13. 1662. being these, viz. That they did understand the usual proceed of Parliaments, to begin at Grievances, and to conclude with Supplies: But that they had inverted that Order, by applying themselves in the first place to the settling a constant Revenue for his Majesty, and granting other Temporary Aides far above their Abilities, though far less than what his Majesty's goodness might challenge from them; then the wonder ceases; for as I have already observed, while the Popish Irish party bore sway in the Public Assemblies of that Realm, they appeared averse, not only to contribute towards the Public Charge (unless upon their own Terms) though the occasions were never so urgent, and they in a condition more able to discharge the same than now of late; But repent themselves of those good Acts they had once consented to in this kind: in order to his Majesty's Service, which they evidently expressed by their forward accepting the abatement of the  Subsidies in the Earl of strafford's time, from forty thousand Pounds each Subsidy, to twelve thousand pounds a piece; An Act far different from the behaviour of those Loyal English hearts in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, who contributed so freely to supply her Majesty's necessities in the Public Concern, as that sometimes she refused their kindnesses, accounting the Money in the purses of her good Subjects, to be as ready for her Service (when occasion required) as if they had been locked up in her own Coffers.  
The particulars of his Majesty's present Revenue in Ireland, 
The particulars of his Majesty's present Revenue in Ireland amounting to 219500 l.  according the Demise made by King Charles the Second to John Forth and his Partners by Indenture, bearing date July 12. 1669. are as followeth, viz. His Revenue arising by Hearth-Money, Licenses to Retail Wine, and Strong-Waters, the New Quitrents given to his Majesty by the Acts of Setlement, and Explanation; the Chief Rents, Fee Farm Rents, Rent-Service, Rent-Charge, Rents See, Rents reserved upon Leases exceeding one and twenty years, Copy hold, and all other ancient Crown Rents set for seven years, commencing at Christmas 1668. rendering yearly for the same, ninety one thousand and five hundred Pounds. And his Majesty's Revenue arising by Customs and imported Excise; set for six years commencing at Christmas An. 1669. rendering yearly seventy five thousand Pounds. And his Majesty's Revenue arising by Inland Excise, and by Licenses to retail Ale and Beer; set for four years and three quarters from March 25. 1671. rendering yearly fifty three thousand Pounds for the first four years, and thirty nine thousand seven hundred and fifty three thousand Pounds during the last three quarters; amounting in the whole yearly, to two hundred nineteen thousand five hundred Pounds. The Grant made to the Lord Ranelagh of all the Revenue of Ireland, continues to Decemb. 26. 1675. So that by this we may see in part, what hopeful advantages are like in time to accrue to the Crown of England, by having Ireland for the most part) inhabited by Protestant British Planters, whose Loyalty and Industry, will (I make no doubt) cause that Kingdom to become in a short time, a most flourishing Country.  

A Table for Reducing Plantation Acres into English; and Ascertaining the King's Rent in the several Provinces of IRELAND, according to the Explanatory Act: viz. For every English Statute Acre in the Province of Leinster 3 d. Munster 2 d. ob. Connaght 1 d. q. Ulster 2 d  Irish. English Acres. Leinster. Munster. Ulster. Connaght. Ir. A. En. A. R. P. Pts. l. s. d. q. l. s. d. q. l. s. d. q. l. s. d. q. 1 1 2 9 21 0 4 3 0 3 3 0 3 1 0 2 2 2 3 0 38 42 0 9 3 0 7 1 0 6 2 0 4 3 3 4 3 17 63 1 2 2 0 11 0 0 0 3 0 7 1 4 0 1 36 84 1 7 2 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 9 3 5 8 0 15 105 0 2 1 1 6 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 6 9 2 35 5 2 5 1 1 9 3 1 7 2 1 2 2 7 11 1 14 26 2 10 0 2 1 2 1 10 3 1 5 0 8 12 3 33 44 3 2 3 2 5 1 2 2 0 1 7 2 9 14 2 12 68 3 7 3 2 8 3 2 6 1 1 9 3 10 16 0 31 89 4 0 2 4 0 2 2 8 2 2 0 1 11 17 3 10 110 4 5 2 3 4 0 2 11 3 2 2 3 12 19 1 30 10 4 10 1 3 7 3 3 3 0 2 5 1 13 21 0 9 31 5 3 1 3 11 2 3 6 0 2 7 2 14 22 2 28 52 5 8 0 4 3 0 3 9 1 2 10 0 15 24 1 7 73 6 0 3 4 6 3 4 0 2 3 0 2 16 25 3 26 94 6 5 3 4 10 1 4 3 3 3 3 0 17 27 2 5 15 6 10 2 5 2 0 4 7 0 3 5 1 18 39 0 25 15 7 3 2 5 5 1 4 10 1 3 7 3 19 30 3 4 36 7 8 1 5 9 2 5 1 2 3 10 1 20 32 1 23 57 8 1 1 6 1 3 5 4 3 4 0 2 21 34 0 2 78 8 6 0 6 4 2 5 8 0 4 3 0 22 33 2 21 ●9 8 10 3 6 8 1 5 11 1 4 5 2 23 37 1 0 120 9 3 3 6 11 0 6 2 2 4 8 0 24 38 3 20 20 9 8 2 7 3 2 6 5 3 4 10 1 25 40 1 39 41 10 1 2 7 7 0 6 9 0 5 0 3 26 42 0 18 62 10 6 1 7 10 3 7 0 1 5 3 1 27 43 2 37 83 10 11 1 8 2 2 7 3 2 5 5 2 28 45 1 16 104 11 4 0 8 6 0 7 6 3 5 8 0 29 46 3 36 4 11 9 0 8 9 3 7 10 0 5 10 2 30 48 2 15 25 12 1 3 9 1 1 8 1 1 6 1 0 31 50 0 34 46 12 2 3 9 5 0 8 4 1 6 3 1 32 51 3 13 67 12 11 0 9 8 3 8 7 3 6 5 3 33 53 1 32 88 13 4 1 10 0 1 8 11 0 6 8 1 34 55 0 11 109 13 9 1 10 4 0 9 2 1 6 10 2 35 56 2 31 9 14 2 0 10 7 2 9 5 2 7 1 0 36 58 1 10 30 14 7 0 10 11 1 9 8 3 7 3 2 37 59 3 29 51 14 11 3 11 2 3 9 11 3 7 6 0 38 61 2 8 78 15 4 3 11 0 2 10 3 0 7 8 1 39 63 0 27 93 15 9 2 12 10 1 10 6 1 7 10 3 40 64 3 6 114 16 2 2 12 1 3 10 9 2 8 1 1 41 66 1 26 14 16 7 1 12 5 2 11 0 3 8 3 2 42 68 0 5 35 17 0 0 12 9 0 11 4 0 8 6 0 43 69 2 24 56 17 5 0 13 0 3 11 7 1 8 8 2 44 71 1 3 77 17 9 3 13 4 1 11 10 2 8 11 0 45 72 3 22 98 18 2 3 13 8 0 12 1 3 9 1 1 46 74 2 1 119 18 7 2 13 11 3 12 5 0 9 3 3 47 76 0 21 19 19 0 2 14 3 1 12 8 1 9 6 1 48 77 3 0 40 19 5 1 14 7 0 12 11 2 9 8 2 49 79 1 19 61 19 10 0 14 10 2 13 2 3 9 11 0 50 80 3 38 82 1 0 3 0 15 2 1 13 6 0 10 1 2 51 82 1 17 103 1 0 0 3 15 6 0 13 9 1 10 4 0 52 84 0 7 03 1 1 1 3 15 9 2 14 0 2 10 6 1 53 85 3 16 24 1 1 1 2 16 1 1 14 3 3 10 8 3 54 87 1 35 45 1 1 1 2 16 4 3 14 7 0 10 11 1 55 89 0 14 66 1 2 3 1 16 8 2 14 10 1 11 2 3 56 90 2 13 87 1 2 8 1 17 0 0 15 1 2 11 4 0 57 92 1 12 108 1 3 1 0 17 3 3 15 4 3 11 6 2 58 93 3 32 8 1 3 5 3 17 7 2 15 8 0 11 9 0 59 95 2 11 29 1 3 10 3 17 11 0 15 11 1 11 11 1 60 97 0 30 50 1 4 3 2 18 2 3 16 2 2 12 1 3 61 98 3 9 71 1 4 8 2 18 6 1 16 5 2 12 4 1 62 100 1 2● 92 1 5 1 1 18 10 0 16 9 3 12 6 3 63 102 0 7 113 1 5 6 1 19 1 2 17 0 0 12 9 0 64 103 2 27 13 1 5 11 0 19 5 1 17 3 0 12 11 2 65 105 1 6 34 1 6 3 3 19 9 0 17 6 1 13 2 0 66 106 3 25 55 1 6 8 3 1 0 0 2 17 9 2 13 4 1 67 108 2 4 76 1 7 1 2 1 0 4 1 18 1 3 13 6 3 68 110 0 23 97 1 7 6 2 1 0 7 3 18 4 0 13 9 1 69 111 3 2 118 1 7 11 1 1 0 11 2 18 7 1 13 11 3 70 113 1 22 18 1 8 4 1 1 1 3 1 18 10 2 24 2 0 71 115 0 1 39 1 8 9 0 1 1 6 3 19 2 3 14 4 2 72 116 2 20 60 1 9 2 0 1 1 10 0 19 5 1 14 7 0 73 118 0 39 81 1 9 6 3 1 2 2 0 19 8 2 14 9 1 74 119 3 18 102 1 9 11 2 1 2 5 3 19 11 3 14 11 3 75 121 1 38 2 1 10 4 2 1 2 9 1 1 0 3 0 15 3 1 76 123 0 17 23 1 10 9 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 6 1 15 4 3 77 124 2 36 44 1 11 2 1 1 3 4 3 1 0 9 2 15 7 0 78 126 1 15 65 1 11 7 0 1 3 8 1 1 1 0 3 15 9 2 79 127 3 34 86 1 11 11 3 1 3 11 3 1 1 4 0 16 0 0 80 129 2 13 107 1 12 4 3 1 4 3 2 1 1 7 1 16 2 1 81 131 0 33 7 1 12 9 2 1 4 7 1 1 1 10 2 16 4 3 82 132 3 12 28 1 13 2 2 1 4 10 3 1 2 1 3 16 7 1 83 134 1 31 49 1 13 7 1 1 5 2 2 1 2 5 0 16 9 3 84 136 0 10 70 1 14 0 1 1 5 6 1 1 2 ●● 17 0 0 85 137 2 29 91 1 14 5 0 1 5 9 3 1 2 1 ● 17 2 2 86 139 1 8 112 1 14 9 3 1 6 1 2 1 3 2 2 17 5 0 87 140 3 28 12 1 15 2 3 1 6 5 0 1 3 5 3 17 7 1 88 142 2 7 33 1 15 7 3 1 6 8 3 1 3 9 0 17 9 3 89 144 0 26 54 1 16 0 2 1 7 0 1 1 4 0 1 18 0 1 90 145 3 5 75 1 16 5 1 1 7 4 0 1 4 3 2 18 2 3 91 147 1 24 96 1 16 10 1 1 7 7 3 1 4 6 3 18 5 0 92 149 0 3 117 1 17 3 0 1 7 11 1 1 4 11 0 18 7 2 93 150 2 23 17 1 17 8 0 1 8 3 0 1 5 1 1 18 10 0 94 152 1 2 38 1 18 0 3 1 8 6 2 1 5 4 2 19 0 2 95 153 3 21 ●9 1 18 5 3 1 8 10 1 1 5 7 3 19 2 3 96 155 2 0 80 1 18 10 2 1 9 2 0 1 5 1 0 19 5 1 97 157 0 19 ●01 1 19 3 2 1 9 5 2 1 6 2 1 19 7 3 98 158 2 39 1 1 19 8 1 1 9 9 1 1 6 5 2 19 10 0 99 159 1 18 22 2 0 1 0 1 10 0 3 1 6 8 3 1 00 0 2 100 161 3 37 43 2 0 6 0 1 10 4 2 1 7 0 0 1 00 3 0 110 178 0 29 11 2 4 6 2 1 13 5 2 1 9 8 1 1 2 3 1 120 194 1 0 100 2 8 7 3 1 16 5 0 1 12 4 3 1 4 3 2 130 210 2 2 68 2 12 7 1 1 19 5 3 1 15 1 1 1 6 3 3 140 226 3 4 36 2 16 8 0 2 2 6 1 1 17 9 2 1 8 4 1 150 247 3 36 4 3 0 9 0 2 5 6 0 2 0 6 0 1 10 4 2 160 259 0 27 93 3 4 9 2 2 8 7 1 2 3 2 2 1 12 4 3 170 275 1 19 61 3 8 10 0 2 11 7 2 2 5 10 3 1 14 5 0 180 291 2 11 29 3 12 10 3 2 14 8 0 2 8 7 1 1 16 5 1 190 307 3 2 118 3 16 11 1 2 17 8 2 2 11 3 2 1 18 5 3 200 323 3 34 86 4 1 0 0 3 0 9 0 2 14 0 0 2 0 5 3 250 404 3 33 47 5 1 2 3 3 15 11 1 3 7 6 0 2 10 7 2 300 485 3 32 8 6 1 5 3 4 11 1 2 4 1 0 0 3 0 9 0 350 566 3 30 90 7 1 8 3 5 6 3 2 4 14 6 0 3 10 10 2 400 647 3 29 51 8 1 11 3 6 1 5 3 5 8 0 0 4 1 0 0 450 728 3 28 12 9 2 2 3 6 6 8 0 6 1 5 3 4 11 1 1 500 809 3 26 94 10 2 5 3 7 11 10 1 6 14 11 3 5 1 2 3 550 890 3 25 55 11 2 8 3 8 7 0 2 7 8 5 3 5 11 4 1 600 971 3 24 16 12 2 11 3 9 2 2 3 8 1 11 3 6 1 5 3 650 1052 3 22 98 13 3 2 3 9 17 5 0 8 15 5 3 6 11 7 1 700 1133 3 21 59 14 3 5 3 10 12 7 1 9 8 11 3 7 1 8 3 750 1214 3 20 20 15 3 8 3 11 7 9 2 10 2 5 3 7 11 10 1 800 1295 3 18 102 16 3 11 2 12 2 11 3 10 15 11 3 8 1 11 3 850 1376 3 17 63 17 04 2 7 12 18 2 0 11 9 5 3 8 12 1 1 900 1457 3 16 24 18 04 5 2 13 13 4 1 12 2 11 3 9 2 2 3 950 1538 3 14 100 19 04 ● 2 14 8 6 2 12 16 5 3 9 12 4 1 1000 1619 3 13 67 20 04 11 2 15 3 6 2 13 9 11 3 10 2 5 3 1500 2429 3 0 40 30 07 5 1 22 15 7 0 20 4 11 2 15 3 8 2 2000 3239 2 27 13 40 09 1 10 30 7 5 1 26 19 11 2 20 4 1 12 2500 4049 2 13 107 50 12 4 3 37 19 3 2 33 14 11 1 25 6 2 1 3000 485● 2 0 8 60 14 10 2 45 11 1 3 40 9 11 0 30 7 5 0 3500 5669 1 27 53 70 17 3 1 53 8 0 0 ●7 4 11 0 35 8 8 0 4000 6479 1 14 26 80 19 10 0 60 14 10 2 53 19 10 3 40 9 10 3 4500 7139 1 0 120 91 02 3 3 68 6 8 3 60 14 10 3 45 11 1 3 5000 8099 0 27 39 101 04 9 2 75 18 7 0 67 9 10 2 50 12 4 2 5500 8909 0 14 66 111 07 3 1 83 10 5 2 ●4 4 10 1 55 13 7 1 6000 7919 0 01 39 121 09 9 0 91 2 3 3 80 19 10 1 60 14 10 1 6500 10528 3 28 12 131 122 3 98 14 2 0 87 14 100 65 16 1 0 7000 11338 3 14 106 141 148 2 106 6 0 1 94 9 100 70 17 3 3 8000 12958 2 28 52 161 19 8 0 121 9 9 0 107 199 2 80 199 2 9000 14578 0 01 119 182 0● 7 ● 136 13 5 2 121 9 9 1 91 02 3 1 10000 16198 1 15 65 202 00 7 0 151 17 2 1 134 19 9 0 101 04 9 0 11000 17818 0 29 11 222 14 6 2 167 00 10 3 148 9 8 3 111 07 2 3 12000 19438 0 02 78 242 19 6 0 182 04 7 2 161 19 8 2 121 09 8 2 13000 21057 3 16 24 263 04 5 2 197 08 4 0 175 9 8 0 131 12 2 0 14000 22677 2 29 91 283 09 5 0 212 12 0 3 188 19 7 3 141 14 7 3 15000 24297 2 03 37 303 14 4 2 227 15 9 1 202 9 7 2 151 17 2 2 20000 32396 2 31 09 404 19 2 0 303 14 4 1 269 19 6 0 202 09 6 0 30000 48595 0 06 74 607 08 9 0 455 11 6 2 404 19 3 0 303 14 3 0 40000 64793 1 22 18 809 18 4 0 607 08 8 3 339 19 0 0 404 19 0 0 50000 80991 2 37 83 1012 07 11 1 759 05 10 3 674 18 9 0 506 03 9 0  

Strength.  Seeing the Irish Nation (by reason of their barbarous Laws and Customs) could never upon their own sore put themselves in any hopeful way of erecting a Commonwealth in Ireland, 
The Irish Nation inconsiderable, but by their dependency on the Crown of England.  either before, or since the Conquest of it by K. Henry the Second; And that it is most evident (unless they were bred under, 
The manner how the English did again extend their bounds beyond the narrow Limits of the English Pale since the beginning of Q. Elizabeth's reign and a little before.  and protected by the English Laws and Government) they had never been otherwise looked upon in the World but as a mean and despicable people. I shall therefore (since a true measure of the strength of Ireland must be taken upon an English accout) here briefly relate by what ways and means, the English (since the beginning of Quen Elizabeth's Reign, and a little before) did again extend their power and interest in Ireland beyond the narrow Limtis of the English Pale.  

1. Viz. By the Rebellion of the Moors and Connors in the Reign of Ed. 6. and Q. Mary.  1. In the first place, I find, that Sir Edward Bellingham being Lord Deputy of Ireland in King Edward the Sixths' time, was the first Deputy since the Reign of King Edward the Third, that by a Martial course extended the border beyond the Limits of the English Pale, by beating and breaking the Moors and Connors, and building the Forts of Leix and Offaly, To which work, Thomas Earl of Sussex, Lord Deputy of Ireland in Queen mary Reign, did put the last hand to; who having rooted out these two Rebellious Septs, planted English Colonies in their rooms, which in all the tumultuous times ever since kept their Habitations, their Loyalty, and Religion, unless destroyed by the last Rebellion An. 1641.  
2. 
2. By the Rebellion of too Earl of Desmond An. 1583.  In the five and twentieth year of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, Anno 1583 that infamous Rebel and Traitor to his Country Girald fitz Girald, or Giraldides, the eleventh Earl of Desmond of his Family, when his men were consumed with Famine and Sword, (which had barbarously vowed to forswear God before they would forsake him) and when he had escaped the hands of the Victorious English almost two years, by lurking in uncertain corners, was now by a common Soldier found in a little Cottage, and unknown, till having his Arm almost cut off, he discovered himself, and was slain, being run through the body in many places, his head being sent over into England, was fixed upon a pole on London Bridge; such end had this most powerful man in Ireland, who derived his Pedigree from Maurice fitz girald of Windsor, an Englishman, most renowned amongst the first Conquerors of Ireland in the year 1170. He had goodly Lands and Possessions, yea whole Provinces, with Kerry, a County-Palatine, and very many Castles, and a number of Tenements, and Adherents, and of his own Stock and Surname he had about five hundred Gentlemen at his Devotion. Of all which, and of his life also, he was despoiled within three years, very few of the Family being left, after he had broken his Allegiance to his Prince through the persuasion of certain Priests, amongst whom the chiefest of all was Nicholas Sanders an Englishman, who almost at the same instant was most miserably famished to death, who being forsaken of all company, and troubled in mind for the adverse success of the Rebellion, he wandered up and down through Woods, Forests and Hills, and found no comfort. In his Pouch were found certain Orations and Epistles written to confirm the Rebels, stuffed with large promises from the Bishop of Rome, and the Spaniard. By the downfall of this great Earl, and his Adherents, there fell such a great proportion of Land to the Crown, in the Counties of Cork, Kerrey, and and Limrick, as gave occasion to a brave English Plantation to be settled in those Southern parts of Ireland in the Reigns of King James, and King Charles the first.  
3. 
3. By the Rebellion of Edm. Burgh of Castle-Barry An. 1585.  In the twenty seventh year of Queen Elizabeth's Reign Anno 1585. Edmund Burgh of Castle Barry with his Sons and Adherents, namely the Clan-Gibbons, Clandonells, and Joys, all of the Province of Connaght, after they had drawn the Scots to their assistance, and done the Country a great deal of mischief by their Rebellion, were taken and condemned for Treason; by means whereof there was a good portion of Land got to renew an English Colony in the Province of Connaght.  

4. By the Rebellion of Hugh Roe-Mac Mahone a great Lord in Ulster An. 1590.  4. In the one and thirtieth year of her Reign Anno 1590. by the Rebellion of Hugh Roe-Mac Mahon, a great Lord in the Territory of Monaghan in Ulster, for that he had with Banners displayed and exacted of his people Contributions due according to the barbarous manner of the Country, being condemned and hanged, his most large Lands, and Live were divided betwixt the English, and certain of the Mac Mahons, to hold the same (paying certain yearly Rent to the Queen) according to the Laws of England: and this to the end, that they might weaken that Family, strong and powerful of Tenants and Adherents, and blot out the Tyranny of Mac Mahone together with Title. For by this Title, those of that Family waxed insolent, which by right or wrong took upon them the denomination. Hereupon Brion O-Rerke a great Lord in the neighbour Country of Brenn (and one who marvellously favoured and affected the Spaniards) fearing lest the same might befall him, took Arms against the Queen, but being hunted into Scotland, was very willingly delivered by King James to Queen Elizabeth, who was Arraigned Anno 1591. in Westminster Hall; for that he had excited and harboured Alexander Mac Conell and others against the Queen; had commanded the Queen's Picture painted in a Table, to be hung at a horse's tail, and hurried about in scorn, and disgracefully cut in pieces; had entertained into his house certain Spaniards, which were Shipwracked, contrary to the Lord Deputies Proclamation; had burnt down to Ashes the Houses of the Queen's faithful Subjects by his Incendiaries; had slain many of them, and had offered Ireland into the possession of the King of Scots. Sentence of death being pronounced upon him, after a few days, he suffered a Traitor's death at Tyburn with a most obstinate mind. This Traitor's Land did also farther contribute towards the resetling of an English Plantation in the North of Ireland.  

5. By the designed Rebellion and flight of the Earl of Tyrone and his Adherents An. 1609.  5. In the sixth year of King James his Reign, being Anno 1609. The Earl of Tyrone, and Tirconnel; Sir John O Daugherty and other great men of the North, possessed of large Territories and great Jurisdictions, containing in the whole six Counties; who being both uncapable of Loyalty, and impatient of seeing the King's Judges, Justices, and other Ministers of State, to hold their Sessions, and execute their Commissions of Oyre and Terminer within the parts where they commanded; out of a guilty conscience (having laid the foundation of a Rebellion, but not being able to bring the same to effect) forsook the Country, and went into Spain, leaving their whole Estates to the King's disposal; By whose directions their Lands were seized upon, and sold to several Purchasers, the City of London enfeoffed in a great part of them; a great Plantation made in Ulster of English, Welsh and Scots, by the united name of British Plantation; By means whereof, the foundations of some good Towns (whereof London was one) soon after encompassed with Stone walls, were presently laid, several Castles and Houses of strength built in several parts of the Country, and great numbers of British Inhabitants settled there to the great comfort and security of the Kingdom. And the same course was taken likewise for the better assurance of the peace of the Country, in the Plantation of several parts of Leinster, where the Irish had made incursions and violently expelled the Old English out of their Possessions. And though the King was by due course of Law justly entitled to all their whole Estates there; yet he was graciously pleased, to take but one fourth part of their Lands, which was delivered over likewise into the hands of the British undertakers, who with great cost and much industry planted themselves so firmly, as they became of great security to the Country, and were a most special means to introduce civility in those parts; so as now the whole Kingdom began exceedingly to flourish in costly Buildings, and all manner of improvements, the people to multiply and increase, and the very Irish seemed to be much satisfied with the benefits of that peaceable Government and general tranquillity which they so happily enjoyed.  

6. By the purchase of great quantities of Land by the Eng. in Ireland. during the last forty years' peace.  6. During the continuance of this happy peace (which lasted about forty years) divers English purchased great quantities of Land in Ireland, to plant upon.  
7. And last of all, by that universal, and most bloody Rebellion in the year 1441. the Irish propriety (except a few) of all the Lands and Towns in the Provinces of Munster, 
7. Last of all by that universal and most a body Rebellion An. 1641.  Leinster and Ulster, became forfeited, and was (as I said) disposed of between the Soldiers, Adventurers, and forty nine men. Large proportions of Land were also purchased (about the same time) by the English in the Province of Connaght, from the transplanted Irish at Loughreagh and Athlone: so that upon the whole matter (according to this account) the Irish have, by their desperate & bloody endeavours of rooting the English wholly out of Ireland, dispossessed themselves and their posterity, out of above three parts of four of the whole propriety thereof; and therefore afforded the English opportunity and advantage to establish (for the future) such a firm settlement therein, 
That the English by their late vast acquisitions in Ireland. will be the better enabled thereby to breed up able Protestant Lawyers & Divines for the service of the Church & State of Ireland to the great strengthening of the Civil Government.  as they could never expect or hope for, unless by such an inhuman and vuparalleld provocation.  
Besides those particular advantages the English have obtained by these their late vast acquisitions in Ireland (whereof a hint before) As namely by having already upon the matter a sufficient number of able Protestants to serve as Parliament men, High Sheriffs, Justices of the Peace, Grand and Petty Juries in most Counties in Ireland; This one benefit more will be of no small moment to them; which is, that by their enjoying such plentiful Estates in that Realm, they will thereby the better enabled to breed up a sufficient number of Learned Protestant Lawyers and Divines to serve the Public; which will very much tend to the strengthening of the Civil Government of that Kingdom; A considerable part of the Profits whereof (while in the possession of the Irish) being disposed of for the carrying on of the foreign Education, they most perniciously employed to the ruin of their own Country.  

That the Romish Clergy and the Popish Lawyers were great instruments in the first plotting & carrying on the Rebellion An. 1641.  For it was observed, that there were two sorts of persons who did most eminently appear in laying those main Fundamentals whereupon the bloody Superstructures of the last Rebellion, were afterwards easily reared up: And these were such of the Popish Lawyers as were Natives of the Kingdom, and those of the Romish Clergy of several degrees and orders. For the first, they had in regard of their Knowledge in the Laws of the Land, very great reputation and trust, they now began to stand up like great Patriots for the vindication of the liberties of the Subject, and redress of their pretended grievances: 
The Irish Lawyers drew a great party in the house of Commons to adhere to them.  and having by their bold appearing therein, made a great party in the House of Commons then sitting at Dublin, some of them did there Magisterially obtrude, as undoubted maxims of Law, the pernicious speculations of their own brain; which though plainly discerned to the full virulency and tending to Sedition, yet so strangely were many of the Protestants and well meaning men in the House blinded with an apprehension of ease and redress, and so stupefied with their bold accusations of the Government, as most thought not fit, others durst not stand up to contradict their fond Assertions; so as what they spoke was received with great acclamation, and much applause by most of the Protestant Members of the How e; many of which, under specious pretences of public Zeal to that that Country, they had inveigled into their party: And then it was, that having impeached Sir Richard Bolton, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, of High Treason, together with the prime Officers and Ministers of State that were of English birth: some of those great Masters took upon them with much confidence to declare the Law, to make new Expositions of their own upon the Text, to frame their Queries, challenges fit to be taken to a long, wilfully, overgrown misgovernment, than to be made against an an Authority, that had for many years struggled against the beloved irregularities of a stubborn people, and which had prevailed far beyond former times, towards the allaying of the long continued distempers of the Kingdom: They disdained the moderate qualifications of the Judges, who gave them modest answers, such as the Law and duty to their Sovereign would admit. But those would not serve their turn, they resolved upon an alteration in the Government, and drawing of it wholly into the hands of the Natives, which they knew they could not compass in a Parliamentary way, and therefore only made preparatives there, and delivered such desperate Maxims, which being diffused abroad, would fit and dispose the people to a change: As they declared it to be Law, that being killed in Rebellion, though found by matter of Record, would give the King no forfeiture of Estate; that though many thousands stood up in Arms in a Kingdom, 
The Irish Lawyers offered to maintain absurd positions in point of Law, to promote the Rebellion An. 1641.  working all manner of destruction, yet if they professed not to rise against the King, that it was no Rebellion: That if a man were Outlawed for Treason, and his land thereby vested in the Crown, or given away by the King, his Heir might come afterwards and be admitted to reverse the Outlawry, and recover his Ancestors Estate. And many other positions of perilous consequence, tending to sedition and disturbance, did they continue to publish during that Session, and by the power and strength of their party, so far did they prevail at last, as they, presumed to attempt a suspension of Poynings Act, an● indeed intended the utter abrogation of that Statute, which remains as one of the greatest ties and best monuments the English have of their entire dominion over the Irish Nation, and the annexion of that Kingdom to the Imperial Crown of England They farther assumed power of Judicature to the Parliament in Criminal and Capital Offences: a Right which no former age hath left any precedent for, neither would this admit the Example.  
And thus carrying all things before them, they continued the Session of Parliament begun in May, till about two months before the first breaking out of the last Rebellion; it being very ill taken, that then they were adjourned. And this they have since aggravated as a high Crime against the Lords Justices, and as one of the chief moving causes to the taking up of Arms generally, throughout the Kingdom.  
But to let these things pass, how finely soever these proceed were carried on, and being covered over with pretences of Zeal and public affection, passed then currant without any manner of suspicion; yet now the eyes of all men are open, and they are fully resolved that all these passages, 
The fair, but pernicious pretences of the Irish fully discovered by their Rebellion An. 1641.  together with the other high contestations in Parliament, not to have the newly raised Irish Army disbanded, the importunate solicitation of their Agents in England, to have the old Army in Ireland cashiered, and the Kingdom left to be defended by the Trained Bands of their own Nation. As likewise the Commissions procured by several of the most eminent Commanders afterwards in Rebellion, for the raising men to carry into Spain, were all parts of the Plot, Prologues to the ensuing Tragedy; Preparatives, such as had been long laid to bring on the sudden execution of that most bloody design, all at one and the same time throughout the Kingdom.  
Now for the Jesuits, Priests, 
The means used by the Priests and Jesuits to stir up the people to Rebel.  Friars all the rest of their Viperous Fraternity belonging to their Holy Orders; who, as I said, had a main part to Act, and did not fail with great assiduity and diligence to discharge the same. They lost no time but most dexterously applied themselves in all parts of the Country to lay other such dangerous impressions in the minds, as well of the meaner sort, as of the chief Gentlemen, as might make them ready to take fire upon the first occasion. And when this Plot was so surely, as they thought, laid, as it could not well fail, and the day once perfixed for Execution; they did in their public Devotions long before, recommend by their Prayers, the good success of a great Design, much tending to the prosperity of the Kingdom, and the advancement of the Catholic Cause. And for the facilitating of the work, and stirring up of the people with greater animosity and cruelty to put it on at the time perfixed; they loudly in all places declaimed against the Protestants; telling the people that they were Heretics, and not to be suffered any longer to live among them; that it was no more sin to kill an Englishman, than to kill a dog; and that it was a most mortal and unpardonable sin to relieve or protect any of them. Then also they represented with much acrimony, the several courses taken by the Parliament in England, for suppressing of the Romish Religion in all parts of of the Kingdom, and utter extirpation of all Professors of it. They told the people that in England they had caused the Queen's Priest to be hanged before her own face, and that they held her Majesty in her own person under a most severe discipline: That the same cruel Laws against Popery were ordered to be put suddenly in execution in Ireland; and a design secretly laid for bringing and seizing upon all the principal Noblemen and Gentlemen in Ireland upon November 23. next ensuing; and so to make a general Massacre of all that would not desert their Religion and presently become Protestants.  
And now also did they take occasion to revive their inveterate hatred and ancient animosities against the English Nation, 
The Irish revive their ancient animosities against the English.  whom they represented to themselves as hard Masters, under whose Government, how pleasant; comfortable and advantageous so ever it was, they would have the world believe they had endured a most miserable Captivity and Envassalage. They looked with much envy upon their prosperity, considering all the Land they possessed (though a great part bought at high rates of the Natives) as their own proper Inheritance. They grudged at the great multitudes of their fair English ; at their goodly Houses, though built by their own industry at their own charges; at the large improvements they made of their Estates, by their own travels and careful endeavours. They spoke with much scorn and contempt of such as brought little with them into Ireland, and having there planted themselves, in a little time contracted great Fortunes. They were much troubled, especially in the Irish Countries, to see the English live handsomely, and to have every thing with much decency about them, while they lay nastily buried, as it were, in mire and filthiness, the ordinary sort of people commonly bringing their Cattle into their own stinking Creates or Cabins, and there naturally delighting to lie amongst them. These malignant considerations made them with an envious eye impatiently to look upon all the British lately gone over in that Kingdom. Nothing less than a general extirpation would now serve their turn; they must have restitution of all the Lands to the proper Natives, whom they took to be the ancient Proprietors, and only true owners, most unjustly despoiled by the English, whom they held to have made undue acquisitions of all the Land they possessed by gift from the Crown, upon attainder of any of their Ancestors.  
And so impetuous were the desires of the Natives to draw the whole Government of the Kingdom into their own hands, 
The Ends proposed by the first plotters of the Rebellion.  to enjoy the public profession of their Religion, as well as disburden the Country of all the British Inhabitants seated therein, as they made the whole body of the State to be universally disliked; represented the several Members as persons altogether corrupt and ill affected; pretended the ill humours and distempers in the Kingdom to be grown into that height as required Cauteries, deep incisions; and indeed nothing able to work so great a cure, but an universal Rebellion. This was certainly the Disease, as appears by all the Symptoms, and the joint concurrence in opinion of all the great Physicians that held themselves wise enough to propose remedies, and prescribe fit applications to so desperate a Malady. And thus we see those persons, who by the advantage of their Education, and duty of Profession, should have been the great lights to direct the footsteps of the unwary and giddyheaded multitude, to walk steadily in the right path of Obedience and Loyalty to their Prince, and of Love and Charity towards their Neighbours, by a notorious abuse of the same, did wilfully misled them to ruin and destruction.  

The Establishment of the Army in Ireland An. 1669.  Come we now to take a view of the standing Army in Ireland, according to the Establishment made in the year 1669. which did then consist of thirty Troops of Horse (including the Lifeguard) and sixty Foot Companies besides the Regiments of Guards, in which were twelve Companies.  
The Lifeguard did consist of a hundred Men besides Officers, and each of the other twenty nine Troops consisted of forty five men besides Officers, only the Troops belonging to the general Officers, had each of them fifty Men besides Officers, viz. the Lord Lieutenants, the Lieutenant Generals, the Major Generals, the Commissary Generals, and the Scout-Master Generals; Each Company in the Regiment of Guards did consist of an hundred Men, besides Officers, and each of the afforesaid sixty Companies consted of sixty Men, besides Officers: the whole Standing Army in Ireland amounting then to 1598. Horse, and 4250 Foot; The yearly pay of the whole Army with Horse and Foot Guards, amounted to 140664 l. 8 s. 6 d.  
In the Militia of Ireland, there are 103 Troops of Horse, 
The Militia of Ireland.  127 Companies of Foot; by the instructions from the Lord Lieutenant and Council to the Commissioners of Array in each County, each Troop was to consist of 50 Men besides Officers, and every Company of 100 private Soldiers, the whole Militia of Ireland amounting to 5150 Horse, besides Officers, and 12700 Foot, besides Officers.  
Since the aforesaid Establishment made in 1669. there have been several Reducements and alterations in the Army of Ireland, and as it admits of more, so it will be more than difficult to be exact in particulars. This being premised, I shall proceed to tell the Reader, 
A caution against training the Irish to the Feats of Arms, as being of ill consequence to t●e English Inte est in Ireland.  that hence forwards there will be no more need of training up the Irish (together with the English) in the Feats of Arms, which (as I hinted already) sorted very ill with the English Interest in Ireland, especially since the nine and twentieth year of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, being An. 1587. In which year, Sir John Perot then Lord Deputy of Ireland being called home, and having delivered up his Charge to Sir Will. Fitz-Williams the appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland, it was observed, that till that time, the English men had very easy Wars in Ireland; eight hundred Foot and three hundred Horse was holden an Invincible Army. Randolph, with six hundred English easily discomfited O-Neale with four thousand Irish. Colier, in the year 1571. with his one only Company defeated a thousand Hebridanes in Connaght. Three hundred Horse overthrew the Butlers with a great rabble of Rebels: and (to omit other such like) two Companies of Foot won in one day above twenty Castles of the Irish. But after they were by Perots' commandment trained daily at home, taught to use their weapons, and discharge their Pieces at a Mark, that they might be the more ready Servitors against the Hebridanes, and afterwards being bred up ●n th● netherlands Wars, they had learned the manner of fortifications; they ●hen (and ever after) certainly exercised the English with 〈…〉 difficult War. This puts me in mind of another like passage I have read in a description of Novum Belgium, or New netherlands in America (now called New-Yorke) where relating the story how upon complaint made by King Charles the first to the States of Holland (a little before the last unhappy Civil Wars in England) of some of the Hollanders encroaching upon some parts of his Territories in Virginia, then called New-Nederland (but now New-Yorke) the States having by public Instrument utterly disclaimed any pretensions thereunto, the Hollanders then inhabiting there, did seem willing to be gone, and leave all they had there for the sum of two thousand five hundred pounds, yet taking advantage of the trouble which not long after followed in England; they not only raised their demands to a greater height; but furnished the Native Indians with Arms, and taught them how to use their Weapons. A most mischievous and wicked act, not only tending to the damage, and discouragement of the then present Adventurers, but even to the Extirpation of all the Christians out of those Countries. But the best was, they were the first that smarted by it, the Savages thus Armed and Trained, fell foul upon them, destroying their Farm-houses, and forcing them to betake themselves to their Forts, and Fortresses. How far the application of this Story may fit the Subject in hand as the matter stands in controversy, between the Protestant party, and Papists in Ireland, I refer to the consideration of the judicious Reader.  
The manner of Electing Parliament Men in this Kingdom, 
Election.  is the same with that in England, but the Acts are drawn up and passed differently, as also those in Scotland where the Lords of the Articles, after the Parliament is met, prepare the Bills, but here the Lord Lieutenant and Council usually draw up such Bills as they think fit, and transmit them to his Majesty, and Council in England, where they come under a new Debate, and if approved, returned back under the Great Seal to the Lord Lieutenant, who offers them to the Parliament. Each House may reject them, or else must consent to them in terminis without any alteration. When any Bills are thus by both Houses agreed to, than they are presented to the Lord Lieutenant who gives the Royal Assent. The Law whereby the Houses are not trusted with the framing of their own Bills, is called Poynings Law, of which look back to page 106.   

A List of what Places Returns Parliament Men in IRELAND.  

COm. Ardmagh 2  
Bor. of Ardmagh 2  
Bor. of Charlemont 2 6  
Com. Antrym 2  
Bor. of Belfast 2  
Bor. of Carickfergus 2  
Bor. of Lisbon 2  
Bor. of Antrym 2 10  
Com. Catherlaugh 2  
Bor. Catherlaugh 2  
Bor. Old Leighlin 2 6  
Com. Cork 2  
City of Cork 2  
Bor. of Mallow 2  
Bor. of Baltimore 2  
Bor. Cloghnekilty 2  
Bor. Bandon Bridge 2  
Bor. Kinsayle 2  
Bor. Youghall 2 16  
Com. Cavan 2  
Borough of Cavan 2  
Bor. of Belturbet 2 6  
Com. Clare 2  
Bor. of Inish 2 4  
Com. Dublin 2  
City of Dublin 2  
Univer. of Dublin 3  
Bor. of Newcastle 2  
Bor. of Swords 2 11  
Com. Down 2  
Bor. Down 2  
Bor. Newtown 2  
Bor. New●y 2  
Balkillaleagh 2  
Bor. Bangor 2  
Bor. Hilsborough 2 14  
Com. Donegal 2  
Borachia Lifford 2  
Bor. Ballyshannon 2  
Bor. Killbeggs 2  
Bor. Donegall 2  
B●r. St. John's town 2 12  
Villa de Drogheda 2 2  
Com. galway 2  
Bor. galway 2  
Bor. Athenry 2  
Bor. Tuam 2 8  
Com. Fermanagh 2  
Bor. Eniskilling 2 4  
Com. Kerry 2  
Bor. Traley 2  
Bor. Dingleicough 2  
Bor. Ardfart 2 8  
Com. Kilkenny 2  
Bor. Callen 2  
Bor. Thomas town 2  
Bor. Gowran 2  
Bor. Emisteoge 2  
Bor. Knoctopher 2  
Bor. St. Kennis 2  
Civit. Kilkenny 2 16  
Com. Kildare 2  
Bor. Kildare 2  
Bor. Naas 2  
Bor. Athy 2 8  
Com. Regis 2  
Bor. Philip's town 2  
Bor. Banagher 2 6  
Com. Letrim 2  
Bor. James-town 2  
Bor. Carricdrumrusck 2 6  
Com. Lymrick 2  
Civit. Lymrick 2  
Bor. Kilmallock 2  
Bor. Askeaton 2 8  
Com. Longford 2  
Town of Longford 2  
Bor. St. John's town 2  
Bor. Lainsborough 2 8  
Com. Louth 2  
Bor. Carlingford 2  
Bor. Dundalke 2  
Bor. Atherdee 2 8  
Com. London-dery 2  
Civit London-dery 2  
Bor. Colraine 2  
Bor. Limavaddy 2 8  
Com. Mayo 2  
Bor. Castlebarr 2 4  
Com. Meath 2  
Bor. of Trim 2  
Bor. Kells 2  
Bor. Navan 2  
Bor. Athbay 2  
Bor. Duleeke 2  
Bor. Ratooth 2 14  
Com. Monaghan 2  
Bor. Monaghan 2 4  
Com. Reginae 2  
Bor. Bollakill 2  
Bor. Maryborough 2 6  
Com. Roscommon 2  
Bor. Roscommon 2  
Bor. Tulske 2 6  
Com. Sligoe 2  
Bor. Sligoe 2 4  
Com. Tipperary 2  
Bor. clonmel 2  
Bor. Feathered 2  
Town of Cashell 2 8  
Com. Tyrone 2  
Bor. Donegall 2  
Town of Clogher 2  
Bor. of Agher 2  
Bor. Strabane 2 10  
Com. Waterford 2  
Civit. Waterford 2  
Bor. Dungharvan 2  
Bor. Lismore 2  
Bor. Pallow 2 10  
Com. West Meath 2  
Bor. Athlone 2  
Bor. Four 2  
Bor. Kilbegan 2  
Bor. Molinger 2 10  
Com. Wicklow 2  
Bor. Wicklow 2  
Bor. Caresford 2  
Bor. Baltinglass 2 8  
Com. Wexford 2  
Town of Wexford 2  
Town of Ross 2  
Bor. Eniscourthy 2  
Bor. Feathard 2  
Bor. Bannow 2  
Bor. Cloghmaine 2  
Bor. Taghman 2  
Bor. Newborough 2 18  
Total of Parliament Men Returned in the whole Kingdom of Ireland 215.    

Subsidiary Payments of the Nobiliy, with those of the Bishoprics, as likewise the four Provincial Subsidies, follow here all in their order.  

Nobility Subsidy.  
 l. s. d. DUke of Ormond 100 00 00 Earl of Cork 110 00 00 Marquis of Antrim 060 00 00 Earl of Kildare 056 13 00 Earl of Thomond 040 00 00 Earl of Clanrickard 035 00 00 Earl of Castlehaven 002 10 00 Earl of Roscomen 015 00 00 Earl of Londonderry 010 00 00 Earl of Desmond 010 00 00 Earl of Meath 015 00 00 Earl of Barrymore 030 00 00 Earl of Carbery 015 00 00 Earl of Arglass 020 00 00 Earl of Dunnigall 050 00 00 Earl of Cavan 002 10 00 Earl of Clanbrazill 030 00 00 Earl of Inchiquin 010 00 00 Earl of Clanoarthy 040 00 00 Earl of Orrery 020 00 00 Earl of Montrath 015 00 00 Earl of Drogheda 040 00 00 Earl of Waterford 023 00 00 Earl of Mountallexander 005 00 00 Earl of Castlemaine 020 00 00 Earl of Arran 015 00 00 Earl of Carlingford 015 00 00   

Viscounts.  
 l. s. d. Viscount GRandison 10 00 00 Viscount Willmot 10 00 00 Viscount Valentia 30 00 00 Viscount Dillon 20 00 00 Viscount Loftus of Ely 12 10 00 Viscount Swords 12 10 00 Viscount Kilmurry 12 10 00 Viscount Conway 30 00 00 Viscount Mayo 10 00 00 Viscount Castleston 20 00 00 Viscount Chaworth 20 00 00 Viscount Savi●l 20 00 00 Viscount Scudamore of Sligce 12 10 00 Viscount Lumley 12 10 00 Viscount Strangford 12 10 00 Viscount Wenman of Triam 10 00 00 Viscount Ranelagh 25 00 00 Viscount Molleux 17 10 00 Viscount Fairfax 12 10 00 Viscount Fitz Williams 07 00 00 Viscount Rathcoole 12 10 00 Viscount Bareford 12 10 00 Viscount Bulkley 15 00 00 Viscount Ogle 12 10 00 Viscount Bronckart 12 10 00 Viscount Cullen 20 00 00 Viscount Gallmoy 03 00 00 Viscount Kingsland 20 00 00 Viscount Shannon 12 10 00 Viscount Dromore 12 10 00 Viscount Clain 10 00 00 Viscount Mazareene 10 00 00 Viscount Cholmondlegh 12 10 00 Viscount Fanshaw of Donnomore 05 00 00 Viscount Duncannon 12 10 00 Viscount Fitz-Harding 20 00 00 Viscount Clare 20 00 00 Viscount Charlemount 10 00 00 Viscount Powerscourt 10 00 00   

Lord Barons.  
 l. s. d. Lord BRemingham 01 00 00 Lord Curtsy 02 00 00 Lord Kerry 10 00 00 Lord Hoath 05 00 00 Lord Power & Bar. Mountnorress 05 00 00 Lord Cahir 05 00 00 Lord Montjoy 12 10 00 Lord Folliot 15 00 00 Lord Maynord 15 00 00 Lord Gorges 05 00 00 Lord Digby 10 00 00 Lord Fitz-Williams 10 00 00 Lord Aungier 10 00 00 Lord Herbert 20 00 00 Lord Baltimore 10 00 00 Lord Brereton of Laghlin 05 00 00 Lord Colraine 10 00 00 Lord Sherard of Letrim 10 00 00 Lord Strabane 05 00 00 Lord Hawley of Duncannon 05 00 00 Lord Allington of Killard 20 00 00 Lord Kingston 10 00 00 Lord Collooney 10 00 00 Lord Santry 10 00 00 Lord Clanawly 10 00 00 Total 1595 03 00   

women's Subsidies.  
 l. s. d. Lady CLanrickard 20 00 00 Lady Thomond 10 00 00 Lady Antrim 11 13 00 Lady Roscommon 05 00 00 Lady Clanbrazil 10 00 00 Lady Clancarty 15 00 00 Lady Mountallexander 06 00 00 Lady Glamoy 03 00 00 Lady Firconnell 04 13 00 Lady Massareene 05 00 00 Lady Lady 10 00 00 Lady Strabane 02 00 00 Lady Strabane 02 00 00 Total 102 08 00   

Subsidies of the several Bishoprics of the Diocese of Ardmagh.  
 l. s. d. Archbishopric of Ardmagh 180 17 08 Bishopric of Meath 206 13 00 Bishopric of Londonderry 142 08 00 Bishopric of Clogher 105 08 00 Bishopric of Connor 044 00 00 Bishopric of Rapho 086 12 00 Bishopric of Dromore 020 12 00 Bishopric of Down 016 16 00 Bishopric of Kilmore 059 08 00 Bishopric of Ardagh 012 12 00 Total 875 06 08   

Subsidies of the several Bishoprics of the Diocese of Dublin.  
 l. s. d. Archbishopric of Dublin 247 14 00 Bishopr. of Kildare 101 12 00 Bishopr. of Ossory 088 00 00 Bishopr. of Fernes 111 08 00 Bishopr. of Leighlin 044 08 00 Total 593 02 00   

Subsidies of the several Bishoprics of the Diocese of Cashell.  
 l. s. d. Archbishopric of Cashell 051 12 00 Bishopric of Waterford & Lismore 102 09 06 Bishopric of Co●ke 032 16 00 Bishopric of Cloyne 041 04 00 Bishopric of Lymrick 031 12 00 Bishopric of Killalow 020 08 00 Bishopric of Ardfart 004 05 00 Total 284 06 00   

Subsidies of the several Bishoprics of the Diocese of Tuam.  
 l. s. d. ARch Bishopric of Tuam. 022 16 00 Bishopric of Elphin 034 04 00 Bishopric of Atheonry & Killala 012 00 00 Bishopric of Clonfart 030 08 00 Bishopric of Kilmacough 007 00 00 Total 106 08 00   

Provincial Subsidies.  


LEINSTER.   l. s. d. CIty of Dublin 601 18 01 ob. County of Dublin 551 18 01 ob. County of Catherlough 147 10 07 ob. County of Kildare 477 12 10 ob. County of Kilkenny 479 02 00 City of Kilkenny 044 02 04 ob. County of Waxford 323 10 09 County of Wicklow 154 16 06 Queens County 242 13 09 Kings County 2●4 ●9 03 County of Longford 145 07 00 County of West Meath 356 17 04 ob. County of Meath 659 13 04 ob. County ●f Louth 217 13 09 Villa de Drogheda 053 11 06 Total 4580 08 04 ob.   


MUNSTER.   l. s. d. COunty & City of Cork 1364 18 00 City of Waterford 097 01 00 County of Waterford 265 15 00 County of Tipperary 1039 17 00 City of Lymrick 097 01 00 County of Lymrick 492 08 00 County of Kerry 209 19 03 Total 3566 19 03   


CONNAGHT.   l. s. d. COunty of Galway 153 15 01 ob. Town of Galway 082 10 06 County of Roscommon 350 17 04 ob. County of Mayo 385 18 04 ob. County of Letrym 160 05 06 County of Sleigo 295 10 03 County of Clare 386 14 06 Total 2515 11 07 ob.   


ULSTER.   l. s. d. COunty of Antrim and Town of Carrickfergus 402 13 06 County of Down 387 16 02 County of Dunnagall 461 19 06 Coun. & City of Londonderry 3●4 01 10 ob. County of Ard●agh 258 15 03 County of Monighon 267 05 03 County of Cavan 272 09 09 County of Fermanagh 237 07 06 County of Tyrone 367 18 10 ob. Total 3030 07 08 Total of the four Provinces 13693 06 11     

Before I come to the Character of the Chief Towns, it will not be amiss to insert here the Fees and Salaries belonging to several Courts and Offices, Creation money, with Military and Temporary Payments, etc. according to the Establishment made in 1669.  


The Court of Exchequer.   l. s. d. VIce Treasurer 050 00 00 Chancellor 200 00 00 Chief Baron 400 00 00 Second Baron 300 00 00 Third Baron 200 00 00 Prime Sergeant 020 10 00 Attorney General 075 00 00 Solicitor General 075 00 00 Chief Remembrancer 030 00 00 Auditor General 234 06 03 Surveyor General 060 00 00 Escheator of Leinster 006 13 04 Escheator of Munster 001 05 00 Escheator of Connaght 001 05 00 Escheator of Ulster 001 05 00 Second Remembrancer 007 15 06 Clerk of the Pipe 015 00 00 Chief Chamberlain 010 00 00 Second Chamberlain 005 00 00 controller of the Pipe 007 00 00 Usher of the Exchequer 012 10 00 Transcriptor & Foreign Opposer 015 00 00 Summonister 007 10 00 Marshal of the four Courts 004 00 00 Clerk of the Bells 030 00 00 Clerk of the first Fruits 027 10 00 Crier of the Exchequer 001 13 04 Total 1798 03 05   


Kings Bench.   l. s. d. CHief Justice 500 00 00 Second Justice 300 00 00 Third Justice 300 00 00 Clerk of the Crown 007 10 00 Total 1107 10 00   


Court of Chancery.   l. s. d. CHancellor of Ireland 1200 00 00 Master of the Rolls 0144 03 03 Two Masters of Chancery 0040 00 00 Clerk of the Crown 0025 00 00 Clerk of the Hanaper 3035 10 00 Total 1444 13 03   


Common Pleas.   l. s. d. CHief Justice 400 00 00 Second Justice 300 00 00 Third Justice 300 00 00 Prothonotory 007 10 00 Total 1007 10 00   


Star Chamber.   l. s. d. CLerk of the Star Chamb. 010 00 00 Marshal of the same 010 00 00 Total 020 00 00  

Officers attending the State.   l. s. d. SEcretary of State 200 00 00 For his Intelligence 100 00 00 Clerk of the Council 047 10 00 Ulster King at Arms 026 13 04 Athlone Pursuivant 013 13 09 Sergeant at Arms 025 00 00 Wakefield Pursuivant 013 13 9 Roe Pursuivant 010 00 00 Keeper of the Council Chamb. 018 05 00 Total 454 15 10   

 l. s. d. Judges of the Circuits 1000 00 00 A Share to be paid only to those that go, the rest saved to the King.      


Incidents.   l. s. d. JUdges, Master of the Rolls & Kings Counsels Robes 173 06 08 Liberates for the Officers of the Exchequer 082 02 04 For the Receipt House 025 00 00 Keeper of the same 005 00 00 Singers of Christ-Church, Term 002 00 00 Paper & Parchm. to the Court 150 00 00 Pursivants of the Exchequer 071 05 00 Total 508 14 00   


Military Payments.   l. s. d. THe Lord Lieutenant for all his Entertainments in time of Peace 6593 16 08 In Case of War as General 3192 04 02 Lieutenants Gen. of the Army 0365 00 00 Major General 0365 00 00 Commissary Gen. of the Army 0365 00 00  
These only to be paid in time of War, and the Grants to cease with present possessors.   

 l. s. d. LOrd Lieutenant as before 6593 16 08 Knight Mrshal of Ireland 0489 06 07 Muster Master 0365 00 00 Comptrollor of the Cheques 365 00 00 Four Commissaries 400 00 00 A Corporal of the Field at 5 s. per diem 091 05 00 Advocate Gen. 6 s. 8 d. per. diem 121 13 04 Physician Gen. at 10 s. per diem 182 10 00 Chirurgeon of the Army 121 13 04 Total 8730 04 11   


Provincial Officers.   l. s. d. Precedent of Munster 908 19 09 ob. Precedent of Connaght 908 19 09 ob. The Provost Marshal of the four Provinces at 77 l. 3 s. 7 d. ob. q. each per an. to cease with the present possessors. 308 14 07 Total 2126 14 02   


Constables.   l. s. d. COnstable of Dublin Castle 20 00 00 The Porter 13 13 09 Constable & Porter of Limrick 20 05 03 Constable of Roscommon Castle 60 00 00 Constable & Porter of Athlone 18 07 09 Constable of Carrickfergus 45 12 00 Total 177 18 09   


Officers of the Ordnance and Train of Artillery.   l. s. d. MAster of the Ordnance 491 04 07 Lieutenant of the Ordnance at 7 s. p. diem 127 25 00 controller of the Ordnance at 6 s. per diem 109 10 00 The Engineer Overseer, etc. of the Fortifications at 5 s. per diem 091 05 00 Several other Officers of the Ordnance in Leinster 774 02 00 Officers of the Ordnance in Munster 270 14 00 Officers of the Ordnance in Connaght 176 08 04 Officers of the Ordnance in Ulster 136 17 06 Total 2177 06 05   


Provincial Officers.   l. s. d. CHief Justice of Munster 100 00 00 Second Justice of Munster 066 13 04 Attorney of Munster 013 06 08 Clerk of the Council 007 10 00 Sergeant at Arms 020 00 00 Total 207 10 00   


Connnaght.   l. s. d. CHief Justice 100 00 00 Second Justice 066 13 04 Attorney 020 00 00 Clerk of the Council 007 10 00 Sergeant at Arms 020 00 00 Total 214 03 04   


Officers of the Customs, etc. Dublin.   l. s. d. CUstomer 007 10 00 controller 007 10 00 Searcher 005 00 00 The Officers of all the other Ports in Ireland 218 06 08 Total 238 06 08   

 l. s. d. FOur Commissioners of Appeals 400 00 00 Accomptants General of the Customs & Excise (not to be paid in time of Farm) 200 00 00   


Creation Money.   l. s. d. DUke of Ormond 40 00 00 Marquis of Antrim 40 00 00 Earl of Castlehaven 20 00 00 Earl of Desmond 15 00 00 Earl of Westmeath 15 00 00 Earl of Arglass 15 00 00 Earl of Carbury 15 00 00 Earl of Cavan 15 00 00 Earl of Dunagall 15 00 00 Earl of Clanbrazile 20 00 00 Earl of Inchiquin 20 00 00 Earl of Orrery 20 00 00 Earl of Montrath 20 00 00 Earl of Tirconnel 20 00 00 Earl of Clancarty 2● 00 00 Earl of Mountallexander 2● 00 00 Earl of Carlingford 20 00 00 Lord Viscount Grandison 1● 00 00 Lord Viscount Willmot 1● 00 00 Lord Viscount Valentia 1● 00 00 Lord Viscount Dillon 1● 00 00 Lord Viscount Nettervile 10 00 00 Lord Viscount Killultagh 1● 00 00 Lord Viscount Maguennis 10 00 00 Lord Viscount Sarsfield 10 00 00 Lord Viscount Ranelagh 1● 00 00 Lord Viscount Wenman of Trian 10 00 00 Lord Viscount Shannon 13 6 8 Lord Viscount Clare 1● 00 00 Lord Baron of Cahir 11 ●5 08 Total 484 11 08  
Whereas Creation money is granted to one and the same person for two Honours, that Sum which is granted with the highest Title, is only to be paid.   


Perpetuities.   l. s. d. College of Dublin 388 15 00 Dean of Christ-Church Dub. 045 00 08 Archbishop of Dub. for Proxies. 018 05 06 Bishop of Meath out of the Manner of Trim 003 15 00 Citizens of Dublin 500 00 00 Chanter of Christ-Church for Rent for a Plot of Ground 027 00 00 Total 983 02 02   


Temporary Payments.   l. s. d. LOrd Treasurer 30 00 00 Ke … 〈…〉 Castle Ro●m● 18 05 00 Keeper of the Re●o●ds in Breminghams' Tower 10 00 00 Total 36 05 00   


Pensions and Annuities   l. s. d. COuntess of Tirconnell 300 00 00 Patrick Archer 205 l. per annum till he be paid 5883 l. 19 s. 6 d. & 410 l. 5 s. 6 d. being granted to him by Letters Patent, dated March 13. 1662. and his Majesty's Letters May 2. 1662. 205 00 00 Lord Curtsy and his Son John Curtsy 150 00 00 Sarah King Widow p. an. 040 00 00 Mary Warrin p. annum 060 00 00 Sir James Dillon Knight p. an. 500 00 00 Luke Gernon Esq; p. an. 100 00 00 John Dogherty Esq; p. an. 027 07 07 Joseph Maguire per annum 040 00 00 Anne Connock per annum 050 00 00 William Aubry per annum 052 00 00 Total 1524 07 07   

 l. s. d. FIve Commissioners of Accounts and the Clerks allowances 150 00 00 Payments for Extraordinaries by concordatums 6000 00 00 The total Sum of all the Payments aforesaid amounts to 16601 11 11 Total of the Militery Payments 155341 13 07 Total of both Lists 171943 05 08   


Temporary Payments.   l. s. d. KNight Marsh. of Ireland 198 01 09 Scout Master General of Ireland 221 13 04 Secretary of War 456 05 00 Governor of Carrickfergus 199 04 07 The Mayor of the City of Dublin 146 00 00 Governor of the County of Clare 182 10 00 Constable of Hilsborough Fort 060 16 08 Total 1464 11 04      

Part III.  

TO THE READER.  

That it much imports the future security of the British Planters in Ireland, to be for the most part (if not wholly possessed (by way of habitation) of the chief Cities and strong Towns of Ireland; as witness the Example of the City of Dublin.  HOw much it concerns the future welfare and security of the Protestant British Planters, to be for the most part, if not wholly possessed (by way of Habitation) of the chief Cities and strong Towns of Ireland, doth very evidently appear by these two Examples, which may serve as sufficient Instances for all the rest; viz. That of the City of Dublin; And the other, those of Limrick, and Gallaway. As for Dublin, though it owed its whole being (upon the matter) and especially the sole cause of its late flourishing state and condition, to the constant residency of the Lords Lieutenants, and Lords Deputies of Ireland, and the four Courts of Judicature there; yet so ungrateful were the Popish Irish party therein, and so little sensible of their own good; as that when the Lords Commissioners (upon the first discovery of the Conspiracy in October 1641.) having happily provided for the security of the Castle of Dublin; Their Lords took next into their care how to secure the City in some sort against any sudden attempts, which proved a work not easy to be effected; not only in regard of the crasiness of the Walls, the large Suburbs and weakness of the place; but much more in respect of the corrupt ill affection of the Popish Irish Inhabitants within the City: who for the most part were so strangely deluded with the ill infusions of their Priests, as they did certainly (as was found afterwards by woeful experience) do all that in them lay, to promote the Rebellious designs then set on foot (as they believed) only for the re-settlment of their Religion, and recovery of their Liberties. They were the Instruments to convey away privately most of the chief Conspirators, who would have surprised the Castle on the 23d of October. They secretly entertained many of the Rebels that came out of the Country, they likewise sent them relief that were abroad, by secret ways; conveying as well Ammunition, as intelligence of all passages from thence. And such wrong aversions had they against all Contributions for the maintenance of his Majesty's Army; as in the very beginning of the Rebellion, when the Lords sent for the Mayor and Aldermen, and laying before them the high necessities of the State, together with the apparan danger of the City and Kingdom, desired to borrow a considerable sum of money for the present, which they undertook to repay out of the next Treasure that should arrive out of England. The Popish party amongst them was so prevalent, as that after a most serious consultation & very solemn debate among themselves, they most impudently returned this answer, that they were not able to furnish above forty pounds, and part of that was to be brought in in Cattle: And when in the height of the distractions there were no fortifications about the Suburbs, nor any manner of defence for the City, but an old ruinous Wall, part whereof fell down about that very time; so careless were the Citizens, and so slowly went they about the making up that breach, as that under pretence of want of money, they let it lie open till the Lords sent unto them forty pounds towards the reparation.  
As for those of Limrick and Gallaway, 
And those of Lymrick & Gallaway.  they had no less obligations laid upon them by the State of England, under whose prosperous and benign Government, they flourished (during the last forty years' peace) in such an extraordinary manner (witness those many stately Buildings erected, and vast Estates acquired by their Citizens during the said time) as neither they, nor any of their Ancestors did ever hope to enjoy, or expect to ever see the like: who by reason of the foul deal of their neighbour country men, were (till of late times) at such perpetual enmity with them, as that they never trusted them (as the old saying is) No farther than they could see them; and for this cause continually intermarried amongst themselves, and so became (as it were) of one Kindred and Relation through each Town; all being comprehended under a very few Sir names. But surfeiting with too much prosperity, and trusting too much to their own strength, they declared themselves at last, as rank Rebels as any of the rest of their Countrymen; for though by reason of the miscarriage of the main plot of surprising Dublin Castle, it made them at first to stand at a gaze, were put to take up second Counsels; yet, (which seems miraculous) notwithstanding they saw the power of the Northern Rebels begin to decline, and that the Parliament of England had with great alacrity and readiness undertaken the War, and not only engaged themselves to his Majesty to send over powerful supplies both out of England and Sco●land, but by their public order of both Houses, sent over to the Lords Justices, and Printed at Dublin in the month of November, fully declared their resolutions for the vigorous prosecution of the War of Ireland; And that some Forces were arrived at Dublin out of England, the Siege of Drogedah or Tredagh raised, those bold perfidious Traitors beaten back into the North, the Lords of the Pale banished by force of his Majesty's Armies, of their own Habitations, which were all spoiled and laid waste; yet I say, Such was the strength of the Conspiracy, and so deeply were they engaged in it, as that Limrick and Gallaway did openly declare themselves for the Rebels; The one, by besieging the English (who had betaken themselves for protection) in the Castle of Limrick; And the other, those who had (upon the like score) possessed themselves of the Fort of Gallaway; both being at last forced to yield for want of timely relief; by means whereof many thousands of the English were exposed to the slaughter of their barbarous Enemies, in a great part of the Provinces of Connaght, Leinster and Munster, which otherwise might have been wholly preserved from ruin, if these two Towns alone (which are admirable for their strength and situation) had but cheerfully opened their Gates to the distressed, and firmly continued in their ancient Loyalty to the Crown of England; But seeing they so wilfully acted this mad part by the powerful advice of their Popish Priests and Lawyers (wherewith they did at that time mightily abound) having then but a very inconsiderable number of Protestant Families to bear any sway amongst them; I shall therefore conclude, that next to a good Standing Army, the most infallible way (under God) to secure both the Government and the British Planters in Ireland, is to have the chief Towns and Fortresses thereof, for the most part (if not altogether) Inhabited by Protestant Families; A brief Character of the principal of which, are here presented to your view and consideration, in hopes that many more (well worthy of notice) will shortly be added to this number, by such ingenious persons as are throughly acquainted with, and well affected to that Country.   

The Characters of the Chief Towns and Cities of IRELAND, as they lie in each Province, and first of those in the Province of Munster, viz.  

MUNSTER.  
WATERFORD 
Waterford.  on the River Shower, a well traded Port, a Bishops See, and the second City of the Kingdom; of great fidelity (till of late) to the English, since the Conquest of Ireland, and for that cause endowed with many ample Privileges. First built by some Norwegian Pirates, who though they fixed it in one of the most barren parts, and most foggy Air of all the Country, yet they made choice of such a safe and Commodious Site for the use of Shipping, that of a Nest of Pirates it was soon made a Receipt for Merchants, and suddenly grew up to great Wealth and Power: And though it stands at a reasonable good distance from the main Sea, yet Ships of the greatest burden may safely sail to, and ride at Anchor before the Key thereof, which (I presume) is the handsomest of any in the King's Dominions: And for the conveniency of conveying Commodities in smaller Vessels, to several Towns in the adjacent Countries, and namely, clonmel, Carrack, Rosse, Kilkenny, Carloe, etc. by two brave Navigable Rivers more, near Neighbours to this, viz. the Noare and Barrow, commonly called the three Sisters, because a little below Waterford they all empty themselves in one channel into the Sea, no place in Ireland can any way compare with it, except Limrick. This may be farther observed, that this is the nearest Port, and the readiest place in all Ireland, to correspond with Bristol and all other Towns of Traffic upon the River Severn, by a due Easterly wind from Bristol hither, and so back from hence to Bristol by a due Westerly wind without any variation, which necessity of various winds in the same Voyage occasions oftentimes passages at Sea to become both tedious and dangerous.  
Kingsale 
Kingsale.  upon the Mouth of the River Bany, a commodious Port, opposite to the Coasts of Spain, and fortified in Tirones Rebellion by a Spanish Garrison, under the command of Don John D' Aquila; but soon recovered (after the defeat of that Grand Rebel near the Walls thereof) by the valour and indefatigable industry of Charles Lord Montjoy, the then Lord Deputy of this Kingdom. This Town hath this peculiar property, that it is the only safe and ready Port in all Ireland for our English Ships, and others, to victual at, or refresh themselves, bounding for, or returning homewards from the West Indies, and many other parts of the World.  
Cork 
Cork.  (by the Latines called Corcagia) the principal of that County, and a Bishops See; well walled, and fitted with a very commodious Haven, consisting chief of one Street reaching out in length; Inhabited by a civil, wealthy and industrious people being now generally all English. This may be farther said in praise of this place, that it is like to be ere long (as in good part already) a very flourishing City, being the Shire Town of the largest, richest, and best Inhabited County, with English and Irish, of any in Ireland; And withal, the only throughfare of all English Goods and Commodities (as they term them) namely rich Broad-Cloaths, Stuffs and Linen, Fruits, Spices, etc. sent most commonly this way out of England, for those two remarkable Port-Towns of Limrick and Gallaway.  
Yonghall 
Yonghall.  upon the Sea, provided of a safe Road or convenient Haven, it hath this peculiar, that it is the most convenient place in all the South parts of Ireland, from whence to transport Cattle, Sheep, etc. to Mynhead or to any parts of the West of England.  
Limrick 
Limrick.  the principal of that County, and the fourth in estimation of all the Kingdom: Situate in an Island compassed round about with the River Shannon, by which means well fortified: A well frequented Empory, and a Bishops See; Distant from the main Ocean about sixty miles, but so accommodated by the River, that Ships of burden come up close to the very Walls. The Castle and the Bridge, pieces of great strength and beauty, were of the foundation of King John, exceedingly delighted with the situation. This may be farther observed touching the happy situation of this place in relation to Traffic and Commerce; that though by reason of some Cataracts or Rocky Falls in the River Shannon (a little above Limrick) the Merchants are necessitated (for the space of about eight or nine miles) to convey their Goods by Land as far as Killaloo; but being brought thither, they may be carried up along the said River by Boats of indifferent good Burden into many parts of the Provinces of Leinster and Connaght for the space of about fourscore miles, (except the necessity of once unloading, the same by reason of Athlone Bridge) which notable inconvenience (I mean of the Cataracts) was propounded by some, and absolutely intended to be quite taken away (in the Earl of strafford's time) for the sum of twenty thousand pounds Sterling, by turning the Watercourse of the River Shannon somewhat Eastwards through a large Bogg near adjoining to its old Channel, which will appear very feasible to any judicious person that will view the same: But the unhappy troubles that soon ensued, there, quite overthrew this, as well as many other Noble designs of public concerns, which undoubtedly should have been both undertaken and effected ere now (if peace had continued) to the infinite good and honour of that Kingdom.  
clonmel 
Clonmell.  in the County of Typperary, a place of great strength and consequence, and likely to become very rich (as in part already) both by reason of its convenient situation upon the River Shower, passable to it by Boats twenty miles above Waterford; and for that it is the place of Judicature for the said County (lately made Palatine) which County for goodness of Land, large extent, and convenient situation, may be esteemed the second best, or at least, one of the second best in all Ireland.   

In the Province of Connaght.  
Gallaway 
Gallaway  the Principal of this Province, a Bishops See, and the third City of this Kingdom for beauty and bigness: situate near the fall of the great Lake or River Corbes in the Western Ocean: A noted Emporie, and lately of so great fame with foreign Merchants, that an Outlandish Merchant meeting with an Irishman demanded in what part of Gallaway Ireland stood; as if Gallaway had been the name of Ireland, and Ireland only the name of some Town. That Gallaway is but of late Erection, or at least not grown noted and famous for Trade till this last Century, appears both by the Buildings of the Town, which are all new (as it were) and uniform; and by some Figures upon the Town Walls, which intimates, that a great part thereof was either newly erected, or at least re-edified in Queen Elizabeth's Reign: And one may be farther confirmed in this opinion, by the information of knowing persons in those parts, who confidently affirm by Tradition, that Gallaway (till of late times) was but a poor Fisher-Town, to which many poor people resorted yearly in the Month of September to take Herrings, where many are most commonly caught about that time of the year, to the great enriching of the place, and the employment of many poor people; and that Athenree (eight miles distance from Gallaway now but a ruinous place (though still pretty well walled about) was anciently esteemed the principal Town of those parts, and then likely but a sorry one too; but good enough for those times, and place, when generally the whole Province of Connaght, and most part of Ireland, lived in a rude and barbarous manner, neither eating (excepting Irish Spoale without Salt or Sauce) nor drinking well, nor yet wearing good , and then what need was there of Merchants, Manufactory, and consequently of good Towns.  
Sleygo 
Sleygo.  being the chiefest Town of that County, was but a very poor one about the latter end of the year 1652. having been totally ruined by the late Wars, and nothing left of it but some few bare Walls, and a company of poor Irish Cabins to distinguish the place where it stood. But when one reflects upon the excellent situation thereof; as first, seated on a great Pass, the best, and upon the matter, the sole convenient thoroughfare of all Connaght into the Province of Ulster; flanked on the West by a Bay of the Sea, which safely brings to it Ships of indifferent good burden, and on the East with a Loch or Lake of about five miles in length, out of which runs into the Bay a good stream of water, passing under a Bridge, dividing the Town into two parts, wherein are frequently taken great store of brave Salmon, Pikes and Trout; and overlooked also from a near Hill, by a very strong Fort to protect it; The whole Country about it enriched with as good Land as any in Ireland, and planted with a late English Colony, the better to secure this great Pass; Resorted to from far and near by very many people to buy Cattle, as Sheep, and Horses, etc. being one of the famousest Marts for that purpose, of any in that part of that Kingdom; and neighbouring within few miles of the great Lake Earn (bounding between the Province of Connaght and Ulster) being thirty miles in length, and fifteen in breadth, by which, Merchantable Commodities may with much conveniency be conveyed by Boats of good burden into many parts of Ulster, and other adjacent Countries bordering upon that Lake; I say, Sleygo being thus happily situated, and accompanied with so many advantages, will without doubt become ere long a very handsome Town, from lately (as you have heard) but a very poor and beggarly Village, to the great strengthening of the English Interest thereabouts, which will be always of great consequence, by reason of the advantageous situation of the place, and will therewithal conduce much to the enriching of all that part of the Country.  
James-Town 
James-Town.  in the County of Letrim, so called by reason King James was the first Founder of it, well Walled, but the Buildings within almost wholly ruinated at the end of the last War. A place commodiously seated for Trade upon the River Shannon, being passable by Boats from thence as far as Killaloo near Limrick, which is fourscore miles, or thereabouts, except the necessity (as I said) of once unlading by reason of Athlone Bridge. A Town fit to be carefully looked after, both for the benefit of Trading, as also for the strengthening of those parts against any ill disposed Irish, who either living thereabouts, or resorting thither from other parts upon design of trouble, may very much annoy the British Planters in the adjacent Counties, the Country of Letrim being one of the strongest Fastnesses, by reason it overmuch abounds with Bogs and Woods, fit places for Rebels to shelter themselves in, of any one County in Ireland; And bordering upon the Province of Ulster, being formerly the very Nest for them, caused it to be too often frequented by those kind of unhappy Creatures.  
Athlone 
Athlone.  a place of great strength, and the Key of Connaght, being on both sides of the River Shannon, and joined by a stately Stone Bridge, built at the charge of Queen Elizabeth; That part of the Town on Connaght side, whereon stands a goodly Castle, having been enlarged of late, and strongly fortified with an Earthen Wall; So that lying thus commodious for Traffic, the River Shannon being passable, as I said, by Boats from James-Town hither, and from hence to Killaloo; And moreover, like to be much resorted to upon the account of the Court of Presidency to be held here for the Province of Connaght; And being also the greatest Thoroughfare from Lynster to Connaght, and so from thence to Dublin, will in all probability, cause it in time to become a flourishing place, though now but beginning to revive from its late desolation, to its pristine lustre,   

In the Province of Ulster.  
Both situated on the Sea side, 
Carlingford and Dundalke.  and within the County of Louth, likely to be thriving places by reason of their convenient situation for Traffic, and the brave planted Countries with English thereabouts.  
Knockefergus 
Knockefergus.  the chief of Antrim, more proper Rockefergus, and in that sense called Carigfergus by the Irish, from one of the Kings of the Irish-Scots who there suffered Shipwreck: Seated upon a large and capacious Bay which giveth it both a safe and Commodious Port, as well by natural situation as the works of Art, very strongly fortified; by reason of the Neighbourhood of the Scots in Cantire, from which little distant.  
London-Derry 
London-Derry.  a Colony of Londoners, the best built Town of any in the North of Ireland: Situate in a Peninsula of forty Acres, on the one side environed a great part of it, with a River, and on the other side impassable by reason of the Soil always deep and moorish: This City being thus strongly situated by Nature, and made stronger by Art, will, with the rest of the chief Towns of this Province, soon become very considerable in point of Wealth and Power, by reason of the speedy planting of this Northern part of the Kingdom, by the great confluence of the Neighbouring Scots, with many others who yearly repair hither out of England and Wales upon the same score: which benefit and advantage, was timely experimented by the Officers of the Army, who have been conceived to be more fortunate, especially at first, by receiving their Lots in this Province, though computed the meanest, and so accordingly rated in their Quitrents, than they who got their respective proportions of Land for their Arrears in the other two Provinces of Lynster and Munster, which fell in the main, upon the first settlement, much short of men's expectations as to this particular.   

In the Province of Lynster.  
Weishford or Wexford 
Wexford.  situate on the mouth of the River Slain: The first of all the Towns in Ireland which received a Colony of English. This Town holds a very good correspondency by way of Traffic with the City of Bristol, and hath before it, within a Sandy Bar lying between it and the Sea, a fair Pool, wherein most commonly are taken yearly, great store of Herrings, which are Transported beyond Sea, to the great benefit of this place: The River is Navigable by small Boats up to Ynish-corfey about six miles above this Town, where there is a good quantity of Iron made, which is carried down this River to be dispersed into several parts of Ireland, etc.  
Kilkenny 
Kilkenny.  on the River Newre the chief Seat of the Bishop of Ossery, and the fairest Town of all the Islands: So called quasi Cella Cannici the Cell or Monastery of Canninus, a man of great renown in those days for Piety in these parts of the Country. This City, besides that is situated in a very brave and well inhabited Country, is also honoured with two Noble Seats of the Duke of Ormond in and near it, that is to say, the Castle of Kilkenny in it, and Donmore House near it.  
Ross 
Ross.  once populous, well Traded, and of large circumference, but of late very ruinous, nothing almost remaining but the Walls, which were built by Isabel the daughter of Richard Strongbow Earl of Pembroke, the fortunate Conqueror of this Island for King Henry the Second; now beginning to be pretty well inhabited, and well deserving to be farther improved by the advance of Manufacture and Commerce, as being situated upon a brave Navigable River where Ships of four or five hundred Tun may safely ride before the Key of it. As yet destitute of any considerable Trade by reason of its too near neighbourhood to the City of Waterford; But when the Country thereabouts comes to be better inhabited with English, than it may be well hoped this Town will become a place of good consideration and consequence.  
Caterlough commonly, but corruptly Carlough, 
Carlough.  having in it a strong Castle, and being the chief of that County, is now from a very mean beginning (having been wholly destroyed by the late Wars) grown to be a very fine Market Town, increasing both in Wealth and good Buildings; Situated near a pleasant River Navigable by Boats from Ross hither; placed in a fertile and well inhabited Country, thirty miles from Dublin, and in a very convenient Stage thither, from the greatest part of Munster, and a good part of the Province of Leinster, which doth and will hereafter, much conduce to its enlargement.  
Tredagh, 
Tredagh.  more properly Droghedagh, situate on the River Boine, on the edge of Ulster, to which Province belongs so much of the Town as lieth on the North side of that River. A very fair and populous City, as well by Art as Nature very strongly fortified, and furnished with a large and Commodious Haven. It took the name Droghedah from the Bridge there built upon the River for the conveniency of passage (as the word signifieth in that Language) and therefore called Pontena by some Latin Writers.  
Dublin 
Dublin.  supposed to be the Eblana of Ptolemy; by the Irish called Balacleigh, because being seated in a fenny and moorish Soil, it was built on Piles as the word doth signify in that Language: Situate at or near the mouth of the River Life, which affordeth it a commodious Haven, but that the entrances thereof are many times encumbered with heaps of Sand. The City very Rich and Populous, as being the Metropolis of all the Island, the Seat of the Lord Deputy, an Archbishops See, and an University, besides the benefit redounding from the Courts of Justice. In those respects well fortified against all emergencies; and adorned with many goodly Buildings both private and public. The Principal of which, are the Castle, wherein the Lord Deputy resideth, built by Henry Loundres once once Archbishop here; a College founded by Queen Elizabeth, to the honour, and by the name of the Blessed Trinity; The Cathedral Church dedicated to Saint Patrick, the Apostle of the Irish Nation; a fair Collegiate Church called Christ-Church; besides thirteen others destinated to Parochial Meetings. Being destroyed almost to nothing in the Danish War, it was re-edified by Harald, surnamed Harfarger, King of the Norwegians, than Masters of most part of the Island; and after the subjection of it to the Crown of England, was peopled with a Colony of Bristol men.  
This may be farther observed, that though Dublin is not seated in the best and most convenient place, that is in the middle, yet it is seated in the second best, that is, over against the middle of Ireland; and directly opposite to the nearest passage into England, being Holy Head, twelve hours Sail with a prosperous Gale of Wind, and about twenty League's distance from this place. The first affords it an excellent conveniency for all manner of businesses to be transacted to and from this City (as well by Water as Land) into all parts of the Kingdom, with as little charge as possibly may be. The other, a rare advantage for the maintenance of Traffic and Commerce with England, and all other parts of the World, especially with the City of London, from whence (upon the least notice given) Merchantable Goods of all kinds are soon dispatched hither, or into any other parts of this Realm, as occasion requires; And that with far more speed than formerly, by reason of the late erecting of Post-houses in all the principal Towns and Cities of this Kingdom, which accommodates all persons with the conveniency of keeping good correspondency (by way of Letters, and that most commonly twice a week) with any, even the remotest part of Ireland, at the charge of eight pence or twelve pence, which could not formerly be brought to pass under ten or twenty shillings, and that sometimes with so slow a dispatch, as gave occasion many times of no small prejudice to the parties concerned. All these conveniencies and advantages have so far contributed to the present splendour and great increase of this City, as that it now may be justly conceived to be grown (within this fifty or sixty years) twice as large, and for handsomeness of Building, beyond all compare, of what it might any way pretend unto in any former Age.  
Dublin thus wholly deriving her present lustre and happiness from the late prosperous Settlement of Ireland under the English Government, being but a very mean and inconsiderable Metropolis for so Noble a Kingdom, during the long continued misgovernment of that Realm, bears in some particulars somewhat a like resemblance with that of the City of London; Which, first, since quitting ourselves from our expensive Relation and Correspondency with the Church of Rome; The declining of our unprofitable Contests with France; The Reducing of Ireland to an Orderly Commonwealth; And last of all by the happy Union of the two Kingdoms of England and Scotland in the Person of King James of blessed memory, thereby successfully affording us a veny fit opportunity of turning the current of all our vast former expenses both of Blood and Treasure, into the honourable, and profitable undertaking of a gallant Trade with both the Indies, and many other parts of the World; But especially by planting of already very considerable Colonies in the West-Indies, hath grown, since the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's Reign till this present (being about an hundred and twelve years) to be twice as large, and much more beautiful than ever it was, since the first foundation thereof, being some two thousand five hundred years ago.  
It is therefore well observed; That there is required to the Magnificence and Splendour of Cities; First a Navigable River, or some such easy passage by Sea, which will bring thither a continual Concourse and Trade of Merchants; as at Venice, London, Amsterdam. Secondly, some Staple-Manufactories and Commodities which will draw the like resort of Merchants, though the conveniency of Sea or Rivers invite them not; As at Newremberge in Germany, a dry Town, but mightily Traded. Thirdly, the Palace of the Prince; for ubi Imperator, ibi Roma, where the Court is, there will be a continual confluence, of Nobles, Gentry and Merchants, and all sorts of Trades: And by this means Madrid not long since a poor and beggarly Village, is grown the most populous City in all Spain. Fourthly, the residence of the Nobility beautifieth a City with Stately, and Magnificent Buildings; which makes the Cities of Italy so much excel our in England, their Nobles dwelling in the Cities, and ours for the most part in their Country-Houses. Fiftly, the Seats or Tribunals of Justice, on which both Advocates and Clients are to give attendance; as in the Parliamentary Cities in France, and in Spires in Germany. Sixthly, Universities and Schools of Learning, to which the Youth from all parts are to make resort; which hath been long the chief cause of the flourishing of Oxford, Cambridge, Bononia in Italy, and other Cities of good Note beyond the Seas. Seventhly, Immunity from Tolls and Taxes, most men being desirous to inhabit there, where their Income will be greatest, their Privileges largest, and their disbursments lest: So Naples, Venice, Florence having been dessolated by Plagues, were again suddenly repeopled by granting large Immunities to all comers in; All which Requisites, are (as I conceive) inherent and inseparable in, and to the above mentioned two Cities, to wit, London and Dublin.  
The City of Dublin in times past, for the due Administration of Civil Government, had a Provost for the Chief Magistrate: But in the year of Man's Redemption, 1409. King Henry the Fourth granted them liberty to Elect every year a Mayor and two Bailiffs, and that the Mayor should have a guilt Sword carried before him for ever. And Edward the Sixth (to heap more honour upon this place) changed the two Bailiffs afterwards into Sheriffs: And of late, our Gracious Sovereign King Charles the Second, honoured this City with a Lord Mayor; So that there is nothing wanting here that may serve to make the State of a City most magnificent and flourishing.    
FINIS.   

Books Printed for Christopher Wilkinson and Thomas Burrell.  
AErius Redivivus: Or the History of the Presbyterians. Containing the Beginnings, Progress, and Successes of that Active Sect. Their Oppositions to Monarchical and Episcopal Government. Their Innovations in the Church; and their Embroilments of the Kingdoms and States of Christendom in the pursuit of their Designs from the year 1536. to the year 1647. By Peter Heylin D. D. in Folio. Price bound 10 s.  
Regale Necessarium, or the Legality, Reason and Necessity of the Rites and Privileges justly claimed by the King's Servants, and which ought to be allowed unto them. By Fabian Philip's Esq; in Quarrto. Price bound 5 s.  
God, the King, and the Church: to wit, Government both Civil and Sacred together Instituted; Public Solemnities in Consecrated places, from the beginning Celebrated; true Zeal in opposition to Lukewarmness, consistent with moderation, stated; And throughout all, the Church of England in the strictness of its Uniformity, against both false accusers, and false Brethren, vindicated. Being the Subject of Eight Sermons, Preached in several places, and now Published by George Signior, Fellow of Trinity College in Cambridge, and Domestic Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Earl of Burlington, in Octavo. Price bound 2 s.  
The Gentleman's Companion, a Learned discourse, Written Originally in French, now faithfully Englished, by a wellwisher to the English Gentry, Octavo, price bound 3 s.  
A Catalogue of the Baronet's of England, by William Dugdale Esq; price bound 1 s.  
Poems upon the War, Pestilence and Fire, Octavo, price 1 s.  
A short Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England, by Edward Boughen, D. D. in Octavo. Price stitched 6. d.  
Two Cases of Conscience, viz. the Engagement and a Rash Vow deliberately iterated, Resolved by the Right Reverend Father in God Robert Sanderson, late Lord Bishop of Lincoln, Twelve. Price bound 6. d.  
Divine Breathe; or a Pious Soul Thirsting after Christ, in 24. Price bound 1. s.