The Worth of a penny: OR, A Caution to keep Money. With the causes of the scarcity and misery of the want hereof in these hard and merciless Times: As also how to save it in our Diet, apparel, Recreations, &c. And also what honest Courses men in want may take to live.  
By H. P. Master of Arts.  
LONDON, Printed by R. Hearne. 1641.   

To the every way deserving and worthy Gentleman, M. Richard Gipps, eldest son unto M. Richard Gipps, one of the judges of the Court of Guild-Hall in the city of London.  
SIR,  
WHen I had finished this discourse of The Worth of a penny, or, A Caution to keep Money, and bethinking myself unto whom I should offer the Dedication, none came more opportunely into my thought then yourself: for I imagined, if I should dedicate the same unto any penurious or miserable minded man, it would make him worse, and be more uncharitable and illiberal; if unto a bountiful and free-minded patron, I should teach him to hold his hand, and against his nature make him a miser. I to avoid either, made choice of yourself, who being yet unmarried, walk alone by yourself, having neither occasion of the one nor the other: Beside, you have traveled France and Italy, and I hope have learned thrift in those places, and understand what a virtue parsimony is; for want whereof, how many young heirs in England have galloped through their estates before they have been thirty? Lastly, my obligation is so much to your learned and good father, and for goodness your incomparable mother, that I should ever have thought the worse of myself, if I had not Cum tota mea supellex sit chartacea, as Erasmus saith: I had not expressed my duty and hearty love unto you one way or other,  
Whose in all service I am truly, Hen. Peacham.   

The Worth of a penny: OR, A Caution to keep Money.  
THe ambassador of Muley Hamet, Sheck. K. of Morocco, when he was in England about four or five years since; said on a time, sitting at dinner at his house at Woodstreet, he thought verily that Algiers was four times as rich as London: An English Merchant replied that he thought not so; but that London was far richer than that, and for plenty London might compare with Jerusalem in the peaceful days of Solomon. For my part, I believed neither, especially the Merchant, for in the time of Solomon, silver was as plentiful in Jerusalem as stones in the street; but with us stones are in far more abundance, when in every street in London, you may walk over five thousand load ere you find a single penny. Again, the general complaint and murmur throughout the kingdom of the scarcity and want of money, argues that we fall far short of that plenty which the Merchant imagined.  
And one time I began to bethink myself, and to look into the causes of our want, and this general scarcity, and I found them manifold. First, some men who by their wits or industry (or both) have served and wound themselves into vast estates, and gathered thousands like the Griffons of Bactria when they have met with a gold mine) so brood over, and watch it day and night, that it is impossible for Charity to be regarded, virtue rewarded, or necessity relieved: and this we know to have been the ruin, not only of such private persons themselves, but of whole estates and kingdoms. That I may instance one for many, Constantinople was taken by the Turk when the Citizens abounding in wealth and money, would not part with a penny in the common necessity, no, not for the repair of their battered walls, or the levying of soldiers to defend them.  
Another sort dote upon the stamp of their money, and the bright lustre of their gold, and rather than they will suffer it to see the light, will hide it in hills, old walls, thatch or tiles of their houses, tree-roots, and such places, as not many years since at Wainslet in Lincolnshire, there was found in digging of a backside to sow hemp in, an old rusty helmet of iron, rammed in full of pieces of gold, with the picture and arms of King Henry the first; and money thus hid, the owners seldom or never meet withal again, being many times prevented by sudden death, lost by casualty, or their forgetfulness.  
Mounsieur Gaulart, a great man of France (though none of the wisest) in the times of the civil wars buried some two thousand crowns, a mile or two from his house, in an open fallow field; and that he might know the place again, took his mark from the spire of a steeple, that was right against the place: the wars being ended, he came with a friend of his, as near the place as he could guess, to look for his money, which he not finding, and wondering what the reason should be, after (in the circumference) he had gone about the steeple, (being right against it which way soever he went) quoth he to his friend, is there no cheating knave (think you) in the steeple that turns it about, intending to cheat me of my money, imagining that it went round, and himself stood still, as Copernicus did of the Globe of the Earth.  
Indeed much money and treasure, in former times, as of the invasion of the Saxons, Danes, Normans here with us, and of others in other places, hath been this way bestowed, and for this reason in such troublesome times become scarce for whole ages after: but this is no cause of want of money in our times, wherein (it is true) we have little money to hide, yet there are not wanting among us, those Monedulae, or money hiding daws, who repine and envy, that either King or country, should be one penny better (yea even in the greatest extremity) for what they have conveyed into their holes. And most true it is, that money so heaped up in chests, and odd corners, is like (as one saith) unto dung, which while it lies upon an heap doth no good, but dispersed and cast abroad, maketh fields fruitful. Hence Aristotle concludeth, that the prodigal man is more beneficial to, and deserveth better of his country then the covetous miser, every trade and vocation fareth the better for him, as the Tailor, Haberdasher, Vintner, Shoemakers, Sempsters, ostlers, and the like.  
The covetous person is acquainted with none of these, for in stead of satin, he suits himself with Sacken, he trembles as he passes by a tavern door, to hear a reckoning of eight shillings sent up into the half moon, for Wine, oysters, and Faggots, for his own natural drink (you must know) is between that the Frogs drink, 
Scar beer brewed with broom in the Low countries at penny farthing the gallon is much like it.  and a kind of pitiful small beer, too bad to be drunk, and somewhat too good to drive a Water-mill: the Haberdasher gets as little by him as he did by an old acquaintance of mine by Li●ne in Norfolk, who when he had worn an hat eight and thirty years, would have petitioned the Parliament against Haberdashers, for abusing the country in making their ware so slight. For the shoemaker, he hath as little to do with him as ever Tom Coryat had: for Sempsters (it is true) that he loves their faces better than their fashions: for plays, if he read but their titles upon a post, he hath enough. Ordinaries he knows none, save some of three pence in Black-Horse-Alley, and such places. For Tapsters and ostlers, they hate him as hell, as not seeing a mote in his cup once in seven years.  
Another cause of scarcity and want of money, are peaceful times, the nurses of pride and idleness, wherein people increase, yet hardly get employment, those of the richer and abler sort give themselves to observe and follow every fashion, as what an infinite sum of money yearly goeth out of this kingdom into foreign parts for the fuel of our fashionable pride? Let me hereto add the multitude of strangers that daily come over into our warmer soil, (as the Cranes in winter betake themselves to Egypt) where having enriched themselves through our folly and pride return, and purchase great estates in their own countries, enhaunsing there our moneys to a higher rate, to their excessive gain, and impoverishing of our people of England. Let me add hereto beside the great sums of money, and many other great and rich gifts, which have been formerly conferred upon strangers, which how they have deserved, I know not; some I am sure like snakes taken up and having gotten warmth from the royal fire (have been ready to hiss at, and sting (as much as in them lieth) both their finders and their founders.  
Again, there is an indisposition of many men to part with money in these tickle times, being desirous, if the worst should happen, to have their friends about them, as Sir Thomas Moor said, filling his pockets with gold when he was carried to the Tower.  
There is likewise, almost a sensible decay of trade and traffic, which being not so frequent as heretofore, by reason (as some would have it) the seas are now more pestered with pirates then in times past, the Receipt of custom, like the stomach wanting the accustomed nourishment, is constrained to suck it from the neighbour veins, to the ill disposition, and weakening of the whole body.  
They are no few, or small sums, which in pieces of eight are carried over to the East Indies, no doubt to the great profit and enriching of some in particular, but whether of the whole kingdom in general or not, I know not. What hurt our late questioned Patentees (in Latin Hirudines) have done to the Common Body in sucking and drawing forth even the very life-blood from it, we know daily, and more we shall know shortly; I wish some of the craftiest, and most dangerous amongst them, might be singled out for examples, remembering that of Tacitus, Poena ad paucos, timor ad multos.  
All people complain generally (as I have said) of the want of money, which like an epidemical disease, hath overrun the whole land, the City hath little trading, Countrey-Farmers complain of their Rents yearly raised, especially by their Catholic Landlords) which in times past have been accounted the best, though now the case is altered, (and easily may the reason be guessed) yet can find no utterance for their Commodities, or must sell them at under rates. Scholars without money get neither patroness nor preferment, mechanic Artists no work, and the like of other professions.  
One very well compared worldly wealth, or money, unto a foot all, some few nimble heeled and headed run quite away with it, when the most are only look is on, and cannot get a kick at it in all their lives.  
Go but among the Usurers in their walk in moorfield's, and see if you can borrow an hundred pounds of any of them without a treble security, with the use one way or other doubled, and as yourself, so must your estate be particularly known. A pleasant fellow came not long since to one of them, and desired that he would lend him fifty pounds: quoth the Usurer, my friend. I know you not, for that reason only I would borrow the money of you, for if you knew me, I am sure you would not lend me a penny.  
Another meets a creditor of his in Fleetstreet, who seeing his old debtor, Oh Master A. quoth he, you are met in good time, you know there is money between us, and hath been a long time, and now it is become a scarce commodity; it is true Sir, quoth the other, but (he looking down upon the stones that were between) in good faith I see none: and this was all the Citizen could get at that time, but afterward he was well satisfied.  
Whom would it not vex to be indebted to many of your shopkeepers, who though they have had their Bills truly paid them for many years together, yet upon the smallest distaste of a petty mistake, reckoning, or some remnant behind, be called upon, openly ra●led at, by their impudent and clamorous wives, insulted over, and lastly, arrested; which should, methinks, teach every young Fashion-monger, either to keep himself out of debt, or money in his purse, to provide Gerberus a sop.  
Another misery proceeding from the want of money is, that when it is due unto you by your own labour or desert from some rich miserable, or powerful man or other, by long waiting day by day, yea, hourly attendance at his house or lodging, you not only lose your time and opportunity of getting it elsewhere, and when all is done to be paid after five in the hundred, in his countenance, or else fair and candid promises, which will enrich you straight, Promissis dives quilibet esse potest And some men there are of that currish and inhuman nature, whom if you shall importune through urgent necessity, then are you in danger to lose both your money and their favour for ever.  
Would you prefer and place your son in the University? Let him deserve never so well, as being anable and ready Grammarian, yea Captain of his form, you shall very hardly prefer him, without great friends joined with your great purse; for those just and charitable times, wherein desert seld went without it due, are gone; the like I may say of the city, where if the Trade be any thing like, you cannot place your son under threescore or an hundred pounds, though by nature he were (as many are) made for the same, and of wit and capacity never so pregnant.  
Or have you a daughter, by birth well descended, virtuous, chaste, fair and comely, endued with the best commendable qualities that may be required in a young, beautiful, and modest maid, if you have not been in your life time thrifty to provide her a portion, she may live till she be as old as Creusa, or the nruse of Aeneas, 
“ Ca●et.  are you shall get her a good match. Nam genus & formam Regina pecunia donat. It is as true as old: Hence the Dutch hath a proverb, that, Gentility and fair looks buy nothing in the Market.  
If you happen to be sick or ill, if your purse hath been lately purged, the Doctor is not a leisure to visit you, yea hardly your neighbours and familiar friends; but unto moneyed and rich men, they sly as Bees to the willow palms, and many times they have the judgements of so many, that the sick is in more danger of them, than his disease.  
A good and painful scholar, having lately taken his orders, shall be hardly able to open a Church door without a golden key, when he should ring his bells; hence it cometh to pass, that so many of our prime wits run over sea to seek their Fortunes, and prove such Vipers to their mother-country.  
Have but an ordinary suit in Law, let your Cause or Case be never so plain or just, if you want where with to maintain it, and as it were ever and anon to water it at the root, it will quickly wither and die; I confess, friends may do much to promote it, and many prevail by their powerful assistance in the prosecution.  
There was of late years in France, a marvellous fair and goodly Lady, (whose husband being imprisoned for debt or something else) was constrained to be his solicitor, and in her own person to follow his suits in Law, through almost all the Courts in Paris, and indeed through her favour, got extraordinary favour among the Lawyers and Courtiers, and almost a final dispatch of all her business, only she wanted the King's hand, (who was Henry the fourth of famous memory) he, as he was a noble, witty, and understanding Prince, understanding how well she had sped, (her suit being in the opinion of most men desperate or lost) told her, that for his part he would willingly sign her Petition; withal, he asked how her husband did, and bade her from himself to tell him, That had be not pitched upon his horns, he had utterly been spoiled and crushed. So that hereby was the old proverb verified: A friend in Court is better than a penny in the purse: But as friends go now adays, I had rather seek for them in my parse, then in the Court, and I believe many Courtiers are of my mind. Again, to teach every one to make much of, and to keep money when he hath it; let him seriously think with himself, what a misery it is, and how hard a matter to borrow it, and most true it is that one faith, Semper comitem aeris alieniesse miseriam. That misery is ever the companion of borrowed money. Hereby a man is made cheap, and undervalued, despised; deferred, mistrusted, and oftentimes flatly denied. Beside, upon the least occasion upbraided therewith in company, and among friends, and sometime necessity drives men to be beholden to such as at another time they would scorn to be, wherein the old saying is verified: Mis●rum est debere cui nolis.  
And on the contrary, how bold, confident, merry, lively, and ever in humour are moneyed men; they go where they list, they wear what they list, they eat and drink what they list, and as their minds, so their bodies are free; they fear no City sergeant, Court-Marshalls-man, or country-bailiff; nor are they followed or doged home to their ordinaries, and lodgings by City-shopkeepers, and other creditors, but they come to their houses and shops where they are bidden welcome; and if a stool be fetched into the shop, it is an extraordinary favour, because all passers by take notice of it; and these men can bring their wives, or friends, to see in Court the King and Queen at dinner, or to see a mask, by means of some eminent man of the guard, or the Carpenter that made the scaffold.  

The Common and ordinary Causes why men are poor and want money.  
THere must, by the Divine Providence, in the body of a commonwealth, be as well poor as rich, for as an human body cannot subsist without hands and feet to labour, and walk about to provide for the other members, the rich being the belly which devour all, yet do no part of the work, but the cause of every man's poverty is not one and the same. Some are poor by condition, and content with their calling, neither seek, nor can work themselves into a better fortune; yet God raiseth up, as by miracle, the children and posterity of these, oftentimes to possess the most eminent places either in Church or commonwealth: as to become Archbishops, Bishops, Judges, Commanders and generals in the field, Secretaries of State, Statesmen and the like, so that it proveth not ever true which martial saith, 

Pauper eris semper, si pauper es Aemiliane.   

If poor thou be'st, poor thou shalt ever be,  
Aemilianus, I assure thee.   Of this condition are the greatest number in every kingdom; other there are who have possessed great estates, but those estates (as I have seen and known it in some families, and not far from the city) have not thrived or continued, as gotten by oppression, deceit, usury and the like, which commonly lasteth not to the third generation, according to the old saying, De male quasitis vix gaudet tertius haeres. Others come to want and misery, and spend their fair estates in ways of vicious living, as upon drink and women; for Bacchus and Venus are inseparable companions, and he that is familiar with the one, is never a stranger to the other, Vno namque modo Vina Venusque nocent. Some again live in perpetual want, as being naturally wholly given to idleness, these are the drones of a Common wealth, who deserve not to live, Qui non laborat, non manducet, saith the Apostle Paul. Both country, and city swarmeth with these kind of people. The diligent hand (saith Solomon) shall make rich, but the Sluggard shall have scarcity of bread. I remember when I was in the Low Countries, there were three soldiers, a Dutchman, a Scot, and an Englishman, for their misdemeanours condemned to be hanged: yet their lives were begged by three several men, one a bricklayer, that he might help him to make bricks & carry them to walls, the other was a Brewer of Delft, who begged his man to fetch water and do other work in the Brewhouse; now the third was a gardener, and desired the third man to help him to work in, and to dress an Hop-garden: the first two accepted their offers thankfully, this last the Englishman told his Master in plain terms his friends never brought him up to gather Hops, but desired he might be hanged first, and so he was.  
Other having had great and fair estates left unto them by friends, and who never knew the pain and care of getting them, have as one said truly, galloped through them in a very short time; these are such of whom Solomon speaketh, who having riches, have not the hearts (or rather the wit) to use them: these men most aptly Homer compareth unto the Willow tree, which he calleth by a most significant epithet, {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, in Latin, Frugsp●rda, or loose-fruit, because the palms of the Willow-tree are no sooner ripe, but blown away with the wind. I remember in Queen Elizabeth's time, a wealthy Citizen of London left his son a mighty estate in money, who imagining he should never be able to spend it, would usually make Ducks and Drakes in the Thames with twelve pences, as boys are wont with Tilesheards and oyster-shells, and in the end he grew to that extreme want that he was fain to beg or borrow sixpences, having many times no more shoes then fect, and sometime more feet than shoes, as the beggar said in the Com●●die.  
Many also there are who having been borne to fair Estates have quite undone themselves by marriage, and that after a twofold manner; first by matching themselves without advice of parents or friends in heat of youth, unto proud foolish light huswives, or such perfect Linguists, that one were better to take his diet in 
“ A place near to Westminster Hall where very good meat is dressed all the term time.  hell then his dinner at home: and this is the reason so many of their husband's travail beyond Seas, or at home go from town to town, tavern to tavern, to look for company; and in a word, to spend any thing, to live anywhere save at home, and in their own houses.  
Others there are again who match themselves, for a little handsomeness and eye-pleasing beauty, unto very mean and poor kindreds, sometimes drawn in hereto by broking knaves, and necessitous Parents, who are glad to meet with such that they might serve them as props to uphold their decaying and ruinous families; and these poor silly young birds, are commonly caught up before they be judge, and pulled bare before ever they know they hast feathers; for their fathers in law, or some near of the kin, as soon as they have seen one and twenty, have so be●●m'd them in bands, that they shall hardly as long as they live be able to fly over ten acres of that land their friends left them.  
A Knight of eight or ten thousand pound land by the year doted upon a poor Alewives daughter, and made her a Lady: it cannot be denied, but women of the meanest condition may make good wives, since Paupertas non est unium, poverty is no vice; but herein is the danger, that when their husbands in a short time having, as it were, taken a surfeit of their beauties, and finding their error, they begin (as I have known many) to contemn them, and fly abroad, do ●te upon others, and devise all the ways they can (being grown desperate) to give or sell all that they have, Besides such poor ones oft times prove so impious and proud, as that they make no conscience to abuse, insult over, and make silly fools of their husbands, as by letting and disposing of his land, gathering up his rents, putting away and entertaining what servants they list, to verify that old verse, 

Asperius nihil est humili cum surgit in altum.   

There's nothing more perverse and proud than she,  
Who is to wealth advanced from beggary.   An Italian Earl about Naples of an hundred thousand crowns by the year in estate married a common laundress whereupon the old Pasquine (the Image of stone in Rome, the next sunday morning, or shortly after, had a foul and a most filthy shirt put upon his back, and this tart libel beneath; Pasquine how now? A foul shirt upon a sunday? the Resposto or answer in Pasquines' behalf was; I cannot help it, my laundress is made a Countess; Besides another inconvenience is that beside the calling of his wit and judgement into question, he draws unto him so many leeches and down-drawers upon his estate as his wife hath necessitous friends and kindred; but they that thus marry are commonly such young men as are left to themselves, their parents, overseers, or faithfullest friends being either dead or far from them.  
Others not affecting Marriage at all live (as they say) upon the Commons, 
Nil ait esse prius, melius nil coelibe vita.  unto whom it is death to be put into the several, but spend that they have altogether in irregular Courses of life, as in change of houses and lodgings, entertainment of new acquaintance, making great feasts in taverns, invitations and visits of their (common) mistresses, Coach hire, clothes in fashion, and the like: besides the hanging on and intrusion of some necessitous parasites, of whom they shall find as much use as of water in their boots.  
There are others again of overgood, free natures and dispositions, who are easily fetched and drawn in by decayed and crafty knaves (I call them no better) to enter into Bonds, and to pass their words for their old debts, and engagements; and this they are wrought to do in Taverns, in their cups and merriment, at ordinaries, and the like places. I would have in the fairest room of one of these houses, the emblem of a gallant or young heir, 
The old emblem of suretieship.  creeping in at the great end of a hunter's horn, with ease, but cruelly pinched in coming forth at the small end, a fool standing not far off laughing at him: and these be those fools who will be so easily bound, and pass their words in their drink. Facilis descensus Averni, Sed revocare gradum, &c. It is easy slipping in, but the return and getting our full of difficulty.  
Infinite also are the casualties that are incident to the life of man, whereby he may fall into poverty, as misfortune by fire, loss at sea, robbery and theft on land, wounds, lameness, sickness and the like.  
Many run out of great estates, and have undone themselves by over-sumptuous building, above and beyond their means and estates.  
Others have been undone by careless and thriftless servants, such as waste and consume their Master's goods, neither saving nor mending what is amiss, but whatsoever they are entrusted withal, they suffer to be spoiled and to run to ruin. For, Qui modicaspernit, paulatim defluit: He that despiseth small things, falls by little and little, saith the Wiseman.  
Some (yea a great many) have brought themselves to beggary by play and gaming, as never lying out of Ordinaries, and Dicing-houses, which places, like quicksands, so suddenly sink and swallow them, that hardly you shall ever see their heads appear any more.  
Others (and great ones too) affect unprofitable, yea and impossible inventions and practices, as the philosopher's Stone, The Adamantine Alphabet, The Discovery of that new world in the moon, by those new devised perspective glasses (Far excelling (they say) those of Galilaus) sundry kinds of useless wild fire, Water-works, Extractions, Distillations, and the like.  
If any would be taught the true use of money, let him travel into Italy; for the Italian (the Florentine especially) is able to teach all the world thrift. For Itali● being divided into many Principalities and Provinces, and all very fertile, the inhabitants are many, (and by reason of often differences amongst them, apt to take up arms) the people are subject to taxes and impositions, as in Florence the Duke hath a custom at the gates, even out of herbs, that are brought for salads, and broths into the City.   

The symptoms of a mind dejected, and discontent for want of Money.  
HE that wanteth money, is for the most part extremely melancholic, in every company, or alone by himself, especially if the weather be foul, rainy, or cloudy, talk to him of what you will, he will hardly give you the hearing; ask him any questions, he answers you with Monosyllables, as Tarleton did one who out-eat him at an ordinary; as, Yes, No, That, thanks, True, &c. That rhetorical passage of Status transtativus, is of great use with him: when he lays the cause of his want upon others, as protesting this great Lord, that Lady, or kinsman owes him money, but not a denier that he can get: he swears, he murmurs against the French, and other strangers, who convey such sums of money out of the land, besides our leather hides, under the colour of calveskins, with that he shows you his boots out at the heels, and wanting mending; he walks with his arms folded, his belt without a sword or rapier, that perhaps being somewhere in trouble; an hat without a band, hanging over his eyes, only it wears a weather beaten fancy, for Fashion sake: he cannot stand still, but like one of the Tower wild beasts, is still walking from one end of his room to another, humming out some new Northern tune or other; if he meets with five or ten pieces, happily conferred upon him by the beneficence of some noble friend or other, he is become a new man, and so overjoyed with his fortune, that not one drop of small drink will down with him all that day.   

The Misery of want of Money inregard of Contempt in the World.  
Whosoever wanteth money is ever subject to contempt and scorn in the world, let him be furnished with never so good gifts, either of body or mind: So that most true it is that one saith, Nil infoelicius in se paupertas habet quàm quòd homines ridiculos facit: The worst property that poverty hath, it maketh men ridiculous, and scorned, but oftentimes of such as are more to be contemned themselves, in regard either of their ignorance, or vicious living, or useless company: if we do but look back into better and wiser Ages, we shall find poverty, simply in itself, never to have been (as now adays, in this last and worst act of Time) esteemed a Vice, and so loathsome as many would have it, it having been the badge of Religion and piety in the primitive times since Christ, and of wisdom and contempt of the world, among the wisest Philosophers, long before. But, Tempora mutantur, and in these times we may say with the wise man: My son, better it is to die then to be poor, for now money is the world's God, and the card which the devil turns up trump to win the set withal, for it gives birth, beauty, honour and credit, and the most think it conferreth wisdom to every possesso, P●cuniae omnia obediunt: hence it is so admired that millions venture both souls and bodies for the possession of it.  
But there is a worse effect of poverty then that, it maketh men dissolute and vicious, Oh mala paupertas vitii scelerisque ministral Saith Mantuan, It wresteth and maketh crooked the best Natures of all, which, were their necessities supplied, they would rather die then do as they sometimes do, borrow and not be able to pay, to speak untruths, to deceive, and sometime to cheat their own fathers and friends. What greater grief can there be to an ingenuous & free spirit, who sitting at a superiors table and thought to be necessitous and only to come for a dinner, to be placed the lowest, to be carve dunto of the worst and first cut, as of boiled beef, brawn, or the like, and if the Lady or lose bodied Mistress presents unto him the milk from her trencher, then assuredly it is burned to the body, if he be carved unto out of a pastry of venison, it was some part that was bruised in the carriage and began to stink, yet for all this he must be obsequious, endure any jeer, whisper for his drink, and rise at the coming in of the basin and Ewer. To do the which, any generous and truly Noble spirit had rather (as I am persuaded) dine with my Lord mayor's hounds in Finsbury fields.  
Another misery, a kin to the former, is what discourse soever is offered at such tables, the necessitous man, though he can speak more to the purpose then them all, yet he must give them leave to engross all the talk, and though he knows they tell palpable and gross lies, speak the absurdest nonsense that may be, yet must he be silent, and be held all the while for a Vau-neant: let these and the like examples than be motives unto all to make much of money, to eat their own bread in their houses; and to be beholden as little as may be to any for their meat, for, Est aliena vivere quadra, miserrimum.   

How necessity and want compelleth to offend both against body and soul.  
seek not death in the error of your lives (saith the Wiseman) that is, 
wisdom.  by taking evil courses, to procure unto yourselves untimely ends, as those do who through extreme necessity are constrained to steal, lie, forswear themselves, become cheaters, common harlots, and the like, whereof now adays we liave too many examples every where, to the hazard of their souls to hell, and their bodies to the hands of the Executioner.  
Hereby we may see how much it concerns all parents to give their children virtuous education, in the fear of God, and to employ them betimes in honest vocations, whereby they may be armed against want and ill courses, and doubtless many (yea too many) parents have been, and are herein, much too blame, who when they have given their children a little breeding and bringing up, till about twelve or fourteen years of age, they forsake them, and send them out into the wide world to shift for themselves, to sink or swim without trades or portion provided, so they be rid of a charge what care they; hence we see so many young men and women come to untimely ends, who living might have been comforts to their friends and parents, and proved good members in the common wealth, I spoke before of idle persons, whom Saint Paul denieth to eat, which are the drones of a Common wealth, not to be pitied, whom Homer prettily describeth.   

Of frugality or parsimony what it is, and of the Effects thereof.  
HAving already showed you the misery of want, from the want of money, let me give you a preservative against that want, from the nature and effects of thrift, which if not observed and looked to, he shall live in perpetual want, and indeed (next to the serving of God) it is the first we ought, even from children to learn in the world, some men are thrifty and sparing by nature, yea saving even in trifles, as Charles the first was so naturally sparing, that if a point from his hose had broken, he would have tied the same upon a knot, and made it to serve again.  
Others again are thrifty in small matters, but lavish and prodigal in great, these we say are, Penny wise and pound foolish. many great Ladies, and our great dames are subject to this disease.  
Others having had long experience in the world and having been bitten with want, (through their unthriftiness when they were young) have proved very good husbands at the last.  
Others again there be who cloak their miserable baseness under the pretence of thrift, as one would endure none of his family to eat butter with an egg but himself, because it was sold for five pence the pound.   

The Definition of frugality or Thrife.  
Frugality is a virtue which holdeth her own, layeth out or expendeth profitably, avoideth unnecessary expenses, much buying, riot, borrowing and lending, superfluous building, and the like; yet can spend in a moderate way as occasion and reason shall require.  
It is a virtue very near allied to liberality, and hath the same extremes, for as liberality is opposite to covetousness, so frugality is more opposite to profuseness or prodigality.  
This virtue is the fountain or springhead of beneficence and liberality, for none can be bountiful, except they be parsimonious and thrifty. Bonus Servatius facit bonum Bonifacium: is an old Monkish (but true) proverb: Quod cessat reditu ex frugalitate suppletur, ex quo velut fonte liberalitas nostra decurrit; qua ita tamen temperanda est, no n●mia profusione in●rescat, saith Seneca.  
It avoideth ambitious buildings, pomps, shows, Courtmaskings, with excessive feasts and entertainments, as M. Anthony spent at one supper a thousand wild boars: Heliogabalus had served him up at a supper likewise six hundred heads of Ostriches. 
For the Romans had nodinners, but suppers, which were about three of the clock in the afternoon.   
Vitellius at one feast, had two thousand fishes, and most of several kinds, besides seven thousand fowls.  
Many such like feasts have been made by the Roman Emperors, and some so excessive, that an infinite quantity of bread, meat, and other good victuals (all sorts of people being satisfied) hath been thrown into the River of Tiber.  
Again, on the other side, there are as miserable Eu●li'os, and base penurious slaves, to be found in all parts, yea in every town of a kingdom, as one at Pr●●rs thorn, near to Swafham in Norfolk, made his man pay a penny out of his wages for a rope he cut, when he was hanging of himself in his barn.  
Another in the spring-time, because the market should not thrive by him, would make boys climb trees, and search steeples for all the crows and daws they could find, which he lived upon, (while they lasted) to save other victuals.  
Now there is an {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, or a self-contented sufficiency, which is most pleasing and agreeable to the Nature of many men, as Photion when Alexander had sent him a gift of an hundred talents of gold, he sent it back again with this message, That he needed not Alexander's money; {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, &c. be the words of Plutarch.   

The Derivation of the word penny, and of the value and worth thereof.  
OUr English penny consisteth of four farthings, and a farthing is so called from the old Saxon, or high Dutch, Ein vier● ding: that is, a fourth thing, because from the Saxons time, until Edward the third, the penny of this land had a cross struck so deep into the midst thereof, that you might break out any part, of the four, to buy what you thought good withal, which was in those times their farthing.  
This word penny, is so called, {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, that is, Poverty: because for the most part poor people are herewith relieved: the old Saxons called it P●nig the high Dutch Pfennig, the Netherlands Peni●●uk in Italian Denaro in Spanish Dinero, in Latin Denarius, which some fetch from the Chaldean, Denar; but some body hath taught the Chaldean to speak Latin: it is indeed derived, A numero Denario, because De●em asses made a penny; or according to Plutarch, A dicem ar●is, {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}.  
In the British, or Welsh, it is Keniog, from being currant, because it goes away faster than other money; as Scavernog is Welsh for an Hare, because she runs over the mountains faster than an ordinary runner in Wales can overtake or catch her, as my honest friend Master Owen Morgan, that countryman, once (in good earnest) told me.  
There are so many kinds of pence as there are several countries or nations; our English penny is a Scottish shilling; in the time of King Edward the first our English penny being round and uncliped was to weigh two and thirty grains of wheat, taken out of the midst of the care; twenty of these pence made an ounce, and twelve ounces made a pound.  
There were also golden pence, as we may find in Didymus Clandius de Analog. Romanorum: in a word, I might discourse ad infinitum, of the variety of pence, as well for the form and stamp, as weight and value, though I sought no further than among those of our Saxons kings, but it were needless. I will only content myself with our own ordinary penny, and stay my Reader a while upon the not unpleasant consideration of the simple worth of a single penny, reflecting or looking back as oft as I can, and, as (Pliny adviseth) upon my Title.   

The simple worth of a single penny.  
A penny bestowed in charity upon a poor body shall not want an heavenly reward.  
For a penny you may in the Low-countries in any market buy eight several commodities, as nuts, vinegar, grapes, a little cake, onions, oatmeal, and the like.  
A penny bestowed in a small quantity of Aniseed, Aqua vitae, or the like strong water, may save one's life in a fainting or swound.  
For a penny you may hear a most eloquent Oration upon our English Kings and Queens, if keeping your hands off, you will seriously listen to David Owen, who keeps the Monuments in Westminster.  
Some, for want of a penny, have been constrained to go from Westminster about by London-Bridge to Lambeth; and truly said, Defessi sumus ambulando.  
You may have, in Cheapside, your penny tripled in the same kind, for you shall have penny-grass, penny-wort and pennyroyal.  
For a penny you may see any Monster, Jackanapes, or those roaring boys, the Lions.  
For a penny you may have all the news in England, of Murders, Flonds, Witches, Fires, Tempests, and what not, in one of Martin Parker's Ballads.  
For a penny you may have your horse rubbed and walked after a long journey, and being at grass, there are some that will breathe him for nothing.  
For a penny you may buy a fair cucumber, but not a breast of Mutton, except it be multiplied.  
For a penny you may buy Time, which is precious, yea and Thrift too, if you be a bad husband.  
I or a penny an hostess, or an ostler, may buy as much chalk as will score up thirty or forty pounds: but how to come by their money, that let them look to.  
For a penny you may have your dog wormed, and so be kept from running mad.  
For a penny a Drunkard may be guarded to his lodging, if his head be light, and the evening dark.  
For a penny you shall tell what will happen a year hence (which the devil himself cannot do) in some almanac, or other rude country.  
An hard-favoured, and ill-bred wench, made penny white, may (as our times are) prove a gallant Lady.  
For a penny you may be advanced to that height, that you shall be above the best in the City, yea the Lord Major himself; that is, to the top of Paul's.  
For a penny, a miserable and covetous wretch, that never did, or ever will bestow penny upon Doctor, or apothecary for their physic or advice, may provide a remedy for all diseases.  
For a penny you may buy the hardest book in the world, and which at some time or other hath posed the greatest Clerks in the land, viz. an hornbook.  
In so great esteem in former times have our English pence been, that they have been carried to Rome by cartloads.  
For a penny you may search among the rolls, and withal give the Master good satisfaction; I mean, in a baker's basket.  
For a penny a chambermaid may buy as much red-ochre as will serve seven years for the painting of her cheeks.  
For a penny the Monarch of a free-school may provide himself of as many arms as will keep all his rebellious subjects in awe.  
For a penny you may walk within one of the fairest gardens in the City, and have a nosegay, or two made you of what sweet flowers you please.  
For a penny you may buy as much wood of that tree which is green all the year, and beareth red berries, as will cure any shrews tongue, if it be too long for her mouth.  
A penny may save the credit of many, as it did of four or five young 
“ Some of them are yet living in London.  scholars in Cambridge, who going into the town to break their fast with puddings (having sent to their college for bread and beer) the hostess brought them twelve puddings broiled, and finding among themselves that they had but eleven pence, they were much troubled about the other penny, they neither having any book about them to lay to pawn for it: quoth one, bolder than the rest, Audaces Fortuna juvat; Fortune favours the venturous, and biting off a piece of the pudding's end, by wonderful luck spit out a single penny that paid for it, which it seems was buried in the oatmeal, or spice, so for that time they saved their credits. But I will leave this discourse of a pennies-worth to their judgements and experience, who having been troubled with overmuch money, afterward in no long time, have been fain (after a long dinner with Duke Humphrey, to take a nap upon penielesse Bench, only to verify the old proverb, A fool and his money are soon parted.   

How money may many ways be saved in diet, apparel, recreation, and the like.  
AS there are infinite ways and occasions of spending and laying out money, which were superfluous here to recount, whereof some may be well omitted, but others not, except we would want meat, drink and our apparel with other external necessaries, as horses, armour, books, and the like, in a word whatsoever may conduce either to our profit or honest pleasure, yet in husbanding our money in all these, there is a great deal of caution and discretion to be used, for most true it is, that of all nations in Europe, our English are the most profuse and careless in the way of expense, go into other countries (especially Italy) the greatest Magnifice in Venice, will think it no disgrace to his Magnifenza to go to market, to choose and buy his own meat, what him best liketh: but we in England scorn to do either, surfeiting indeed of our plenty, whereof other countries fall far short. Insomuch as I am persuaded that our city of London of itself alone eateth more good beef and Mutton in one month than all Spain, Italy, and a part of France in a whole year. If we have a mind to dine at a tavern, we bespeak a dinner at all adventure, never demanding or knowing the price thereof till it be eaten, after dinner there is a certain sauce brought up by the drawer called a Reckoning in a bill as long as a broker's inventory. I have known by experience in some taverns sometime of at least twice and sometime thrice as much as the meat and dressing hath been worth: no question but a fair and an honest gain is to be allowed, in regard of house rent, linen, attendance of servants, and the like; there are without doubt very many taverns very honest and reasonable, and the use of them is necessary, for if a man meets with his friend or acquaintance in the street, whither should they go, having no friends house near to go into, especially in rainy or foul weather, but to a tavern? where for the expense of a pint or a quart of wine they may have a dry house & room to confer or write to any friends about business, but to have in a bill 8. s. brought up for an ordinary Capon (as my Lord of Northampton's gentlemen had at Greenwich in king James his time) 7. or 9 s. for a pair of soles, four shillings for a dozen of larks, would make a Horentine run out of his wits: how excellently in some houses are their neat's tongues powdered when the reckoning is brought you up? again what can be more distasteful to an ingenuous and free spirit, then to stand to the courtesy of a nimble tonged drawer, or his manie-ringed Mistress, whether they or yourself shall have the disposing of your money; it is no small sum that our young Gallants might save in a year, if they would be wise in this respect. Beside in your own private house or chamber, a dish or two, and a good stomach for the sauce shall give you more content, continnue your health, and keep your body in better plight, than variety of many dishes: this pleased ever the wisest and best men. Horace affirmeth him to live healthy and happily; Cui splendet in Mensa tenue Salinum: meaning by the small and poor salt seller, a slender and a frugal diet. Curius that Noble Roman, a man of marvelous honesty, temperance and valour (who overcame the Samnites and Pyrrhus himself) when the Ambassadors of the Samnites brought him an huge sum of gold, they found him sitting by the fire, and seething of turnips for his dinner with an earthen dish in his lap, at what time he gave them this answer, I had rather eat in this dish and command over them, that have gold, then be rich myself, a while after being accused for deceiving the state of money, which he had gotten in his conquests and kept to himself: he took a solemn oath, that he saved no more of all he got but that one tree'n, or wooden barrel, which he had there by him. Marvellous was the temperance of the Romans in their diet, as also of the Turks at this day, the Italians and Spaniards, but it is in them natural, not habitual, and by consequent no virtue as themselves would have it, for the inhabitants of hot countries, have not their digestion so strong as those under cold climates, whose bodies by an Antiperistasis or surrounding of the cold have the natural heat repelled & kept within them, which is the reason that the Northern nations are of all other the greatest eaters and drinkers; and of those, the French say we of England have the best stomachs and are the greatest trenchermen of the world, Les Anglois sont les plus gros mangeurs, de tout la monde: but they re deceived; those of Denmark and Norway exceed us, and the Russians them. I confess we have had, and have yet some remarkable eaters among us, who for a wager would have eaten with the best of them, as Wolmer of Windsor, and not long since Wood of Kent, who eat up at one dinner nineteen green geese equal to the old ones in bigness with sauce of gooseberrys, according as I heard it affirmed to my Lord Richard Earl of Dorset at a dinner time at his house at Knowle in Kent, by one of his gentlemen who was an eye witness to the same.  
But the truth is, that those men live the longest and are commonly in perfect health, who content themselves with least and the simplest meat, which not only saves the purse, but preserves the body, as we may see in Lancashire, Shropshire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, and other countries which are remote from the city; and it is Master Camden's observation in his Britannia, Vt diutius vivant qui vescuntur Lacticiniis: they commonly are long lived, who live by whitmeates, as milk, butter, cheese curds, and the like. For, 
That many dishes breed many diseases.  Multa fercula multos morbos gignere, was truly said of Saint Jerome, as being apt by their sundry and opposite qualities to breed much corruption. How healthful are scholars in our Universities, whose commons are no more than needs must! Neither would I have any man starve himself to save his purse, as an Usurer confessed upon his deathbed, how he was above two hundred pounds indebted to his belly, for breakefastes dinners and suppers which he had defrauded it of in term times at London, and in other places, employing his money to other miserable purposes.  
Money may be well saved, in travail or in town; if three or four shall join their purses, and provide their diet at the best hand, it is no shame so to do. I have known also some, who have been very skilful in dressing their own diet. Homer tells us that Achilles could play the cook excellently well, and I believe it were not amiss for our English travellers so to do in foreign countries, for many reasons I have known.  
And execrable is the miserable and base humour of many, who to save their money will live upon vile and loathsome things, as mushrooms, snails, Frogs, mice, young Kitlings, and the like. In times of extreme dearth or famine, people (I confess) have been driven to look out for whatsoever could nourish, and (as we say) keep life and soul together; yea, and of far worse things than these, as Josephus reporteth of the Jews, in that horrible and fearful famine in Jerusalem, at the time of the siege by Titus and Vespasian: such we blame not, most blame worthy are they, who as it were surfeiting of, or loathing that abundant plenty of all good and wholesome meats God hath afforded us in this land, and which God by name hath commended to his people, make these stuff their greatest dainties; as I have known Ladies, who when they have eaten till they could eat no more of all the daintiest dishes at the table, yet they must eat the legs of their larks, roasted a new in a greasy tallow candle, and if they carved but a piece of a burnt claw to any Gentleman at the Table, he must take it as an extraordinary favour from her ladyship. It were much to be wished, that they were bound to hold them to their Diet in a dear year, or a wet spring, when Frogs and snails may be had in greatest abundance.   

Of Thrift and good husbandry in apparel.  
YOu must, if you would keep money in your purse to uphold your credit, at all times be frugal, and thrifty also in your apparel, not dogging the fashion, or setting your tailor on work at the sight of every Monsieur's new suit; there is a middle, plain and decent garb, which is best, and most to be commended: this is commonly affected of the most stayed & wisest: What money might be saved, if we were so wise as the Dutch or Spaniard, who for these two or three hundred years, have kept themselves to one fashion? But we, the Apes of Europe, like Proteus, must change our shapes every year, nay quarter, month and week, as well in our doublets, hose, cloaks, hats, bands, boots, and what not: that emblem was not unproper which once I saw in Antwerp, which was an he and a she fool turning a double rimmed wheel upon one axletree, one on the one side, and the other on the other; upon the Hee-fooles wheel, were the several fashions of men's apparel, on the others wheel of womens'; which, as with the revolution of time, went round, and came into the same place, use, and request again; as for the present, aloft, and followed of all, by and by cast down, and despised. I see no reason why a French man should not imitate our English fashion, as well as we his: What, have the French more wit than we in fitting clothes to the body, or a better invention or way insaving money in the buying or making of apparel? Surely I think not: it may be our English when they had to do in France, got a humour of affecting their fashions, which they could not shake off since: there is no man ever the warmer, or ever the wiser for a fashion, (so far forth as it is a fashion) but rather the contrary; a fool: for needless expense, and suffering himself to quake for cold, when his clothes in the fashion must be cut to the skin, his hat hardly cover his crown, but stands upon his periwig like an Extinguisher: and we know, by ridiculous experience, every day in the street, that our Ladies, and their waiting women, will starve and shiver in the hardest frost, rather than they will suffer their bare necks and breasts to pass your eyes unviewed. But some will say (as I have heard many) there is no man now adays esteemed, that follows not the fashion; be it so, the fashions of these times are very fit to be observed, which is, to be deeply indebted to Mercers, Haberdashers, Sempsters, Tailors, and other trades, for the fulfilling of a fashionable humour, which a thrifty and wise man avoideth, accommodating himself with apparel fair and seemly, for half, or a third part of the others charge. What makes many of our City Tailors arise to so great estates as some of them have, and to build so brave houses, but the fashion? Silkmen and Mercers to buy such goodly Lordships in the countries, where many times they are chosen high sheriffs, but the fashion? And I would fain know of any of our prime Fashion-mongers, what use there is of laced bands, of six, seven, and eight pound the band, nay of forty and fifty pound the band. Such d●ubing of cloaks, and doublets with gold and silver, points of five and eight pound the dozen to dangle uselessly at the knees, 
In Philop.  Philopoemon, a brave Commander among the Grecians (as Plutarch reporteth) commanded that all the gold and silver which he had taken away from his enemies (which was a very great quantity) should be employed in gild, inlaying of Swords, Saddles, Bridles, all furniture both for his Men and Horse. For gold and silver worn by martial men, addeth, saith Plutarch, courage and Spirit unto them; but in others effeminacy, or a kind of womanish vanity. Moderata durant, and Mediocria firma, were the mottoes of two as grave and great counsellors as were (of their times) in England. A Gentleman in a plain cloth suit well made, may appear in the presence of the greatest Prince. The Venetians as wise a people and state as any other in Europe, are bound by the laws of their Common wealth, that their upper garments (Worn within the city) should ever be of plain black: yea the greatest princes go many times the plainest in their apparel. Charles the fifth Emperor the bulwark and Moderator of Christendom in his time, went very plain, seldom or never wearing any gold or silver, save his order of the Golden Fleece about his neck. Henry the fourth King of France (worthily styled the ninth Worthy) many times in the heat of Summer would only go in a suit of Buckram cut upon white canvas or the like; so little they, (who had the kernel of wisdom and magnanimity, cared for the shell of gaudy apparel: and it is worthy the observation, how for the most part, the safest and most excellent men in inward knowledge and multiplicity of learning, have been most negligent and careless in their apparel, and as we say, Slovens; 
In Farra: Epistolarum  Erasmus saith of Sir T. Moor, Quod à puere semper in vestitu fuit negligentissimus, That from a child he was ever most careless and slovenly in his apparel. Paracelsus we read to have been the like; and to parallel him, our late Master Butter of Cambridge, that learned and excellent physician. There is much money to be saved in apparel, in choice of the stuff, for lasting, and cheapness: and that you may not be deceived in the stuff or price, take the advice of some honest Tailor, your friend, as no question but everywhere there are many. I will instance one; In Cambridge there dwelled, some twenty or thirty years ago, one Godfrey Colton, who was by his trade a Tailor, but a merry companion with his taber and pipe, and for singing all manner of Northern songs before Noble and Gentlemen, who much delighted in his company. Beside, he was Lord of sturbridge-fair, and all the misorders there. On a time, an old Doctor of the University brought unto him five yards of pure fine scarlet, to make him a Doctor of Divinities Gown: and withal, desired him to save him the least shred, to mend an hole, if a moth should eat it: Godfrey having measured, and found that there was enough, laid it by: Nay, quoth the Doctor, let me see it cut out ere I go, for though you can play the knave abroad, I think you are honest at home, and at your work. God forbid else, quoth Godfrey, and that you shall find by me; for give me but twenty shillings from you, and I will save you forty in the making of your gown: that I will, said the Doctor (who was miserable enough) with all mine heart; with that he gave him two old Harrie Angels out of his velvet pouch, which Godfrey having put into his pocket, the Doctor desired to tell him how he would save him forty shillings: marry will I (quoth Godfrey) in good faith Sir, let some other Tailor in any case make it; for if I take it in hand, I shall utterly spoil it, for I never, in all my life, made any of this fashion. I report this for the credit of honest Tailors, who will ever tell their friends the truth.   

Of Recreations.  
OF Recreations, some are more expensive than others, as requiring more address and charge: as Tiltings, Masques, plays, and the like, which are proper to Prince's Courts: but I speak of those which are proper to private men, for such is our nature, that we cannot stand long bent, but we must have our relaxations, as well of mind as body; for of Recreations, some are proper to the mind and speculation; as reading of delightful and pleasant books, the knowledge of the mathematical and other contemplative Sciences, which are the more pleasing and excellent, by how much the pleasure of the mind excelleth that of the body; others belong to the body, as walking, riding upon pleasure, shooting, hunting, hawking, bowling, ringing, Paille Maille, and the like, which are Recreations without doors; others are within doors, as chess, tables, cards, dice, billiards, ●ioco d●oco and the like: but the truth is, the most pleasing of all is, riding with a good horse, and a good companion in the spring, or summer season, into the country, when blossoms are on the trees, flowers in the fields, corn and fruit are ripe; in autumn, what sweet and goodly prospects shall you have on both sides of you upon the way, delicate green fields, low meadows, divorces of crystal streams, woody-hills, parks with dear, hedge-rows, orchards, fruit-trees, churches, villages, the houses of Gentlemen, and husbandmen, several habits and faces, variety of country labour and exercises, and if you happen (as often it falleth out) to converse with country men of the place, you shall find them for the most part understanding enough to give you satisfaction, and sometimes country maids, and market wenches, will give as unhappy answers, as they be asked knavish and uncivil questions; others there be, who, out of their rustical simplicity, will afford you matter of mirth if you stay to talk with them. I remember, riding once by Horn-Castle, near to Stikeswold, in Lincolnshire, in the heat of summer, I met with a Swineherd keeping his hogs upon a fallow field. My friend (quoth I) you keep here a company of unruly cattle, I poor souls, they are indeed (quoth he) I believe, said I, they have a language among themselves, & can understand one another, I as well as you and I: Were they ever taught? Alas, poor things, they know not a letter of the book, I teach them all they have: Why, what says that great hog with red spots (quoth I) that lies under another, in his grunting language: Marry, he bids him that sleeps so heavy upon him to lie further off. But to our purpose; The most ordinary recreations of the country are football, ska●es, or nine pins, shooting at butts, quaits, bowling, running at the base, stooleball, leaping, and the like; whereof some are too violent and dangerous: the safest recreations are within doors (but not in regard of cost & expense) for thousands sometimes are lost at Ordinaries, and Dicing-houses; yea, I have known goodly Lordships to have been lost at a cast, and for the sport of one night, some have made themselves beggars all their lives after.  
Recreation, is so called, à Recreando, that is from (by a metaphor) of creating a man anew; by putting life, spirit and delight into him, after the powers of his mind and body have been decayed, and weakened, with overmuch much contemplation, study and labour, and therefore to be used only to that end: some go for recreations which trouble and amuse the mind as much, or more than the hardest study, 
In Basilicondoron.  as chess, which King James therefore calleth, over-philosophical a folly: and indeed, such Recreations are to be used, that leave no sting of repentance for sin committed by them, or grief and sorrow for loss of money and time many days after: I could instance many of that nature, but I will only give some general rules to be observed in some of them.  
If you have a mind to recreate yourself by play, never adventure but a third part of that money you have: let those you play withal be of acquaintance, and not strangers, if you may avoid it.  
Never mistime yourself by sitting long at play, as some will do three or four days and nights together, and so make yourself unfit for any business in many days after.  
Never play until you be constrained to borrow or pawn any thing of your own, which becometh a base groom better than a Gentleman.  
Avoid quarrelling, blasphemous swearing, and in a word, never play for more than you are willing to lose; that you may find yourself, after your pastime, not the worse, but the better, which is the end of all Recreations.  
There are some, I know, so base and penurious, who for fear of losing a penny, will never play at any thing; yet rather than they should want their recreations, I would wish them to venture at Span-counter, and Dust-point with Schole-boyes upon their ordinary play-days in a marketplace or Church-porch.   

Of such honest ways that a man in want may take to live and get money.  
IF a man hath fallen into poverty or distress, either by death of friends, some accident or other by sea or land, sickness, or the like; let him not despair, for, Paupertas non est utium; and since the commonwealth is like unto an human body, consisting of many members, so useful each to either, as one cannot subsist without the other; as a Prince his counsel and Statesmen are as the head, the arms, are men of Arms, the Back, the communality; Hands and Feet, are Country and mechanic Trades, &c. So God hath ordained, that all men should have need one of another, that none might live idly, or want employment; wherefore idleness, as the bane of a commonwealth, hath a curse attending upon it, it should be clothed with rags, it should beg its bread, &c. I remember I have read in an Italian history, of one so idle, that he was fain to have one to help him stir his chaps when he should eat his meat. Now if you would ask me what course he should take, or what he should do that wanteth money, let him first bethink himself, to what profession or trade of life he hath been formerly brought up, if to none, to what his Genius, or natural disposition stands most affected unto: if he hath a mind to travail, he shall find entertainment in the Netherlands, who are the best paymasters except the Emperor of Russia, and the Venetians (I mean for the most means) in Europe. If you list not to follow the wars, you may find entertainment among our new Plantations in America, as New England, Virginia, the Barbadas, Saint Christopher's, and the rest, where with a great deal of delight you may have variety of honest employment, as fishing with the net or hook, planting, gardening, and the like, which beside your maintenance you shall find it a great content to your conscience to be in action, which God commands us all to be, if you have been ever in a grammar-school you may every where find children to teach, so many, no doubt, as will keep you from starving, and it may be in a gentleman's house, or if you get entertainment of any who followeth the Law, or practifeth physic, you may with diligence and practice prove a Clerk to himself or some Justice of the Peace, by the other you may get the knowledge and nature of herbs and all foreign drugs from his apothecary, and perhaps many good receipts for agues wounds and the like: I have known many this way to have proved in a country town tolerable physicians, and have grown rich, if being borne a gentleman (as our gentlemen do) you scorn to do any of these, you may get to be a gentleman usher to some Lady or other, they are not a few that have thrived passing well this way, and in a word, rather than in miserable and pitiless want, let a man undertake any vocation and labour, always remembering that homely (but true) distich of old Tussers.  
Thinks no labour slavery,  
That brings in penny saverlie.  
And as a necessary rule hereto coincident, let every man endeavour by a dutiful diligence to get a friend, and when he hath found him (neither are they so easily found in these days) with all care to keep him, and to use him as one would do a crystal or a venice glass, to take him up softly and use him tenderly, or as you would a sword of excellent temper and mettle, not to hack every gate, or cut every staple and post therewith, but to keep him to defend you in your extremest danger. False and seeming friends are infinite, and such be our ordinary acquaintance, with the compliment of glad to see you well, how have you done this long time, &c. and with these we meet every day. In a word, for a conclusion, let every one be careful to get and keep money, know the worth of a penny, and since we are born, we must live, Vivions nous, let us live as well, as merrily as we can in these hardest times, and say every one of us as Sir Roger Williams that brave soldier said to Queen Elizabeth, when he wanted pay for himself and his soldiers; Madam, I tell you true, we will be without money for no man's pleasure.  
FINIS.