A DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE Standard-Gallon OF ENGLAND; What it is, when, and by whom made, and where it is to be found.  
By which the Assizes of Wine, Ale, and Corn, are to be justly known according to the proportions they bear to this Standard-Gallon.  
The which Assizes are mentioned in the Treatise called Composito Mensurarum, and in all other Old Books of Assizes.  
This Standard being not known to the Commissioners and Farmers of the Excise of Beer, and Ale, in London, etc. As appeareth by their Non-observances of the Assizes of Beer and Ale, giveth a just occasion of the Brewer's fifth Complaint.  Linea recta est tam mensura suae quam obliquae. 
LONDON, Printed in the year, 1658.   

 Crown surmounting French fleur-de-lis with Tudor rose and Scottish thistle on either side  
The true Assize of Beer and Ale; asserted, maintained, and proved by the Statutes, Old Assize-books, and general practice of Artists.  
It is the just Complaint of the Brewers, that the Gagers of the Commissioners of Excise, etc. do not observe the Assizes of Beer and Ale according as they are commanded to do by the Ordinance of the Lords and Commons in Parliament, made September the 11. 1643. Article XXIII  
That they do not Gauge the Brewers by the right Standard-Gallon, appeareth by these Statutes following; First, the Ordinance, for Measures made in Incertis temporibus, and Printed among the Statutes in XVIII. Edw. 2. by the consent of the whole Realm of England the Measure of our Sovereign Lord the King was made: viz. An English Penny, called a Sterling, round and without clipping, shall weigh 32 Wheat-corns, in the midst of the Ear, and XXd d shall make an Ounce, and 12 Ounces one pound, and 8 shall make a Gallon of Wine, and 8 Gallons of Wine shall make a bushel London, which is the eighth part of a Quarter.  

Note.  That by the Old Law these are the Weights and Measures of the Realm.  
The 12 Hen. 7. Cap. 5ᵒ these Weights and Measures in the Ordinance abovesaid are enacted to be Standards in haec verba; Wherefore the King our Sovereign Lord, by the assent of the Lords spiritual and temporal, and the Commons in Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, ordaineth, Establisheth, and Enacteth, 
Which old Law is the Ordinance above.  That the Measure of the Bushel shall contain 8 Gallons of Wheat, and that every Gallon shall contain 8 pound of wheat of Troy-weight, and every pound shall contain 12 Ounces of Troy weight, and every Ounce shall contain 20 Starlings, and every Sterling shall be of the weight of 32 Corns of Wheat that grow in the midst of the Ear, according to the Old Law of the Land: 
Note this is the Standard of England.  And that it pleased the King's Highness to make a Standard of a Bushel, and a Gallon after the said Assize, to remain in his Highness' Treasury for ever.  

Wine-Gallon.  This Gallon contains 231 Cubical Inches, which is the Wine-Gallon.  
About 40 years after, by the Statute of the 23. of Hen. 8. cap. 4. it was Enacted, That every Barrel for Beer shall contain 36 Gallons, every Kilderkin 18 Gallons, every Firkin 9 Gallons of the King's Standard Gallon.  

Note this is the same Standard Gallon, made the 12 of Hen. 7. cap. 5 ●here being no ●ther Standard Gallon ●t that time.  And that every Barrel for Ale shall contain 32 Gallons, every Kilderkin 16 Gallons, etc. of the King's Standard-Gallon: So that they shall be of good and just Measure, or else above, and not under.  
The same Act of 23 of Hen. 8. farther provideth, and explaineth what is meant by these words; 36 Standard Gallons, or above (towards the end of the 4. cap. of that Act); It is Enacted, that every Cooper which shall hereafter make any the Vessels specified in the said Act, shall from the Feast of Pentecost next coming make every such Vessel according to the Assize specified in the Treatise called, Composito Monsurarum: viz. 
●ote this is the ●●me Standard ●allon aforesaid.  Every Barrel for Ale contain 32 Gallons of the said Assize, or above; of which 8 Gallons make the Common Bushel to be used in this Realm: every Kilderkin 16 Gallons, etc.  
So that it appears plainly, that the Wine-Gallon is the Standard-Gallon; the which Gallon is to this day in the Exchequer, the which was made in Henry the 7th his time; by which Gallon are the Cooper's Barrels to be made, as appeareth by the Statute of 23. Hen. 8 cap. 4º, But yet with a respect to the Assize specified the Treatise called, Composito Monsurarum; The which Treatise is now not to be found (Tempus edaxrerum hath swallowed it up) but the Assize is still kept up by Tradition of the Cooper's in their Scantlings for their Barrels, Kilderkins, and Firkins, their scantlings for Beer and Ale, being nothing but the addition of a fifth to Wine-measure, which is called Ale-measure, and by some Winchester Measure; but why called Winchester Measure, is not yet well known.  

Mr. Newton in his book grants that the Wine-Gallon doth contain 231 Cubical-Inches.  Now all the Artists in London do agree, that the Wine-Gallon contains 231 Cubicall-Inches, or thereabouts, to which if you add a fifth viz. 57 ¾ it makes 288¼ Cubicall-Inches: which is the Content of the Ale-Gallon. And these 288 ¾ Cubicall-Inches agreeth punctually with the Cooper's scantlings, and this likewise agreeth with the Ale quart, which is the quart part, or fourth part of the Ale-Gallon.  
The which Ale-quart is mentioned in 1º; Jacobi. Cap. 9º; where it is enacted, that the Innkeeper, Alehousekeeper- or Victualler, shall not sell less than one full Ale-quart of the best Beer or Ale for a penny. The which Ale-quart is a fifth more than the Wine-quart. This Ale-quart by the consent of all Artists; doth contain 72 3/16 which is the fourth part of 288 ¾ which is the Content of the Ale-gallon by which the Victualler ought to receive his Ale and Beer by. And this all the Books of Assize call the Ale-measure, and sometimes Winchester Measure; And this Ale-quart or Ale-measure was made one fifth bigger than the Wine, because of its foulness in working, yeast, and frothing, as M. powel speaks in his Book of Assize.  
The Gallon by which Mr. Lion Gage●h the Brewers-Tunns is not the Wine-Gallon, therefore not the Standard mentioned in the Act, therefore not the Standard of England; for it holds as he himself affirms, 272 Cubicall-Inches, which is bigger than the Standard-Gallon, and less than the Ale-Gallon by one eighteenth part: This Gallon was made in the time of Queen Elisabeth, about 88, as appeareth by the Superscription; It being never confirmed by any Act of Parliament; or ever used for the Ale-Gallon, until Winstanley and Mr. Lion, two Novices in the Art of Gagging, mistaking the Standard-Gallon, took that for the Standard of England, which was made for no other end but to be a Measure by which the Bushels to measure Water-Corn, should be made: For if that were the Standard-Gallon, as Mr. Lion by a mistake so calleth it; and the Commissioners and Farmers in their answer do affirm and assert to be; then all Bushels and Gallons of Towns Corporate, which do not agree with It, aught by the Act of the 12. of Hen. 7. Cap 9 to be broken so that then likewise the Wine-Gallon itself must be broken, because it containeth 41 Cubicall-Inches less than the Corn-Gallon, which Mr. Lion calleth the Standard-Gallon. The mistake of which Corn-Gallon for the Standard-Gallon occasioned learned Mr. Oughtred to affirm the Ale-Gallon to contain but 272 Cubicall-Inches; And that contrary to the opinion of Mr. Goodwin, Mr. Gunter, Mr. Reynolds, and all the ancient and late Artists and Mathematicians of England; for as Accurate Mr. Henry Philip's in his late Treatise of Gageing of Vessels observeth that there are in use 3 sorts of Measures; the Measure for Wine being 231 Inches, the Measure of dry things as Corn, etc. being about 272 Inches, and the Measure for Beer and Ale being 288 Inches ¾, the Proportion between these 3 Gallons he observeth to be 28. 33. 35. And so concludes the Proportion between the Wine and Ale-Gallon to be exactly as 4 to 5. The which he proveth by the London Cooper's Scantlings for a Beer-Barrell after this manner. The Diameter at the head 19 Inches 9 parts The Diameter at the Bung 23 Inches 0 parts The Length is 27 Inches 4 parts  
Which being cast up yields— 36 Gallons and 140 parts over, according to 288 ¾— So that the Beer-Barrell agreeth exactly with the Rule of Proportion aforesaid between the Wine-Gallon and the Ale-Gallon, which is as 4 to 5. The said M. Philip's concluding that the Rule of Proportion of 4 to 5 agreeth very well with the Cooper's and Brewers, who are most concerned herein, and would not willingly lose so much over-measure as Mr. Oughtred and Mr. Lion's Rules intimate, but would rather if they had any truth in them, be ready to follow them for their own advantage, for thereby the Cooper would save his Timber, and the Brewer his over-measure.  Qui non est hodie, Cras magis aptus erit.