A BOOK OF Perspective & Geometry, BEING The ABC, and first degree of all good ART. THE Learning of which comprehendeth in it many Notable Arts, needful and necessary for every Artificer and Workman. For as no Perspective Workman can make any Work without Architecture, so neither can the Architecture without Perspective. WHICH PERSPECTIVE IS Inspection or looking into by shortening of the sight, making it to show further than in effect it is. Which Subtle and Ingenious Art, being difficult and troublesome to be set down in writing, and especially the body or model of things which are drawn out of the ground. For it is an Art which cannot be so well expressed by figures or writings; as by undershewing, which is done severally, beginning with small things and so proceeding to greater, till the full Art be perfectly showed. In which is showed in figures and by reason, as much of Perspective Art, that if the Workman will, be may declare his conceit or purpose by Reasons and Figures. And seeing Perspective Art is nothing without Geometry, they are both bound together, that the Workman may be able to aid and help himself therewith. AND Forasmuch as the hand cannot effect the understanding of the mind, I shall not please thereby such as are curious, yet at least I shall help young beginners that know little or nothing thereof.  
This Second Book of Architecture made by SEBASTIAN SERLY, entreating of Perspective, touching the Superficies, Translated out of Itallian into Dutch, and out of Dutch into English, for the benefit of our English Nation.  
Infelix qui pauca sapit, spernitque doceri.  
LONDON: Printed by M. S. for Thomas Jenner at the South-entrance of the Royal Exchange. 1657.   

THE SECOND BOOK Treating of PERSPECTIVE: IN Which is showed in Figures and by reason, as much of Perspective Art; that if the Workman will, he may declare is conceit or purpose by Reasons and Figures.  
FIRST, To the end that men by small matter may attain to greater, therefore I will begin to show how to shorten a four-cornered thing, from whence all the rest shall be derived. Then the Base of this foursquare thing, shall be A G, and the height of the Horizon (as I said before) shall be imagined according to the sight, and that shall be P, whereunto all the lines do run, as the lines of the sides A P and G P, then at the one end of the Quadrant you must set a Perpendicular line, which is G H, which done, then draw the Base A G K long enough, and then out of the Horizon draw a Parallel or an Equidistant line from the Base, as far as you will that the eye or sight shall stand from that which you will look on; for how much the more you will have the four square thing to seem shorter, so much further you must go with your sight I from H to behold the foursquare thing. And then, taking H I for the distance, from the point I to the corner A draw a line, and where the line cutteth through the Perpendicular line H G, that is on B, there the termination of the shortening of the four square thing shall be, as you may see in the figure ●. But if you will make more four squares one above the other, upon the same Horizon or point; than you must draw another lien from the shortening point of the foursquare or Quadrant, to the letter I, and where it cutteth through the Perpedicular line aforesaid, that is at C, there the second Quadrant shall be cut off, and in like sort you must draw another line to the point of the distance; and where it toucheth the Lead, or Perpendicular line, that is on D, you shall make the third Quadrant, the same may be done witn E, and so you must go until you come just under the Horizon.  
2 The Rule aforesaid is the perfectest, and you may prove it by the line G H, which is called the line of the Quadrant; but because it is cumbered with a great number of lines, and so more tedious, therefore the ensuing Rule shall be shorter, and easier to be done then the other: for when the Base A G is drawn, and the two side lines make a Triangle A P G, than you must draw the parallels of the Base and of the Horizon long enough; and as far as you will stand from the work to see it, so far you must set the Perpendiculars I K from the point G, than you must draw a line from the point I to the point A, and where it cutteth through the line G P, there shall be the termination of the first shortened Quadrant; and if you will place more Quadrants upwards from that Quadrant, you must do as I said before: and although there are other ways to shorten a Quadrant, yet will I follow this Order, as being the shortest and easiest to be set down in writing.  
3 A Man must also use himself unto divers distances and grounds, and therefore you must make the ground following, which is of three Quadrants high, in this manner. First, you must draw the line A B, as long as the breadth of the work shall be; which line or base, must be divided into so many equal parts as are needful, which being all drawn to the Horizon or point, than you must place the distances as far as you desire, according to the Rule aforesaid; for here is no place to set it in, although it is a length and a half from the Base, as you see it marked with 1 ½, which Base, because it is of four parts, therefore the first quadrant containeth sixteen small quadrants, which are found by the line B D, for where that line cutteth through the four lines, which go to the point, there you must draw the parallel over, that thereby the sixteen quadrants may be form: But if you will set other quadrants upon it, than (as aforesaid) you must draw another line to the distance D, and where that cutteth through the other lines that reach to the point, that shall be the termination of the second quadrant, containing in it also four times four quadrants: The like must be understood of the third quadrant (and more besides if need be.) But you must also understand, that the lines marked D run all the distances, as is taught befor●.  
5 This figure is a quadrant, containing in it a Root or an other quadrant, which with the points thereof toucheth the sides of the uttermost quadrant; whereby it is but half so great as the uttermost quadrant, as I have taught you in the first Book of Geometry, and the manner to make this, is thus: First, you must make a quadrant (as you are taught before) with his distances; and in this quadrant you must draw two diagonal lines, and also the right cross lines, whereby you may easily find the Root, as you see it in the 5 figure. In this sort you may make the Roots in the other quadrants before set down, that is, to draw diagonal and cross lines in them without taking other distances.  
6 In this figure there is a cross shown (to make it) you must divide the lowest line or Base of the quadrant in five parts; of the which five parts, one part is the breadth of the cross: which breadth being drawn to the points, the diagonal will show you the Parallel lines of the cross, to use where need is.  
7 The eight pointed figure you may see in Perspective works in divers forms, which forms are all difficult enough: but that I may seek the easiest way so near as I can in this my writing; therefore I have set down the manner thereof hereunto annexed, which is very easy, and that is thus: The quadrant being made in shortening, you must divide the Base into ten-equall parts, and on either side you shall leave three parts, and in the middle four parts, than the two lines being drawn to the Horizon, you shall find the terminations of the Parallel lines, by the diagonal lines, whereby you may close up the eight corners, as you may see in the 7 figure.  
8 The shortest way to place this six cornered quadrant, in Perspective works, is thus: When the quadrant according to the Rule aforesaid, is placed in shortening, than you must make four equal parts of the Basis, whereof two shall be in the middle, and on each side you must leave one, and then draw the lines upwards to the Horizon or points; than you must draw the diagonal lines, and in the middle where they meet together, you must draw a Parallel line clean through, by the which you shall finde all the points to make this six cornered figure.  
9 Now I have showed you how you shall make simple or plain Perspective works of four corners, of six corners, and eight square corners. Now I will show, now you shall make them double, that is, that every simple figure shall have his band. When you have made a plain Superficies of six points, according to the Rule aforesaid; then as much as you will have the band or fase to be in breadth, that you must draw upon the Base, and draw that also up to the Horizon; and where the diagonal lines cut through it, there you must draw Parallel lines both under and above; and then draw two diagonal lines more, out of the four innermost points or corners of the six cornered Superficies, and so you shall find your terminations to shut or close up your smallest six points or cornered Superficies. Which second diagonal, Parallel, and Horisontall lines are all drawn with pricks, for a difference from the first lines, that you may know them one from another.  
10 The like must be done with the eight cornered Superficies or Perspective work, for when the same is made within a foursquare, making the Compass of what breadth you will, according to the rule aforesaid; then out of every point or corner of the eight square, a small line being drawn to the Centre, you shall find the termination to shut up the innermost eight-square; and then, when from point to point the lines are drawn, than one square or Compass is full made. This eight square form may be changed into a round, touching the middle on either side, or else without over the points for corners; a good workman may easily draw a Circular shortening round line with his hand.  
11 Although I have said before that a man may make a round Circle about an eight-square, yet for more security you may by this way attain to a more perfection therein; for that the more points or sides the Circular form hath, the round Compass or Circle will be the fuller. But to make this Figure, it is necessary to make half a Circle under the Bases, and to divide the Circumference into as many parts as you will, so that they be even; in this form the half Circle is divided into eight parts, so that the whole Circle must be sixteen parts; which being done, you must set Perpendicular lines in all the parts of the Circumference, as far as to the Bases of the shortened quadrant, these parts being elevated to the Horizon, and two diagonal lines drawn in the quadrant, they by cutting through the Horisontall or Radical lines, will show you the Parallel lines. Then if you will draw a little diagonal line, beginning at the middle point of the Base, from the one side unto the other, and so from the one point unto the other upwards going over the points, than the forms will be closed, as you see them here; whereby it will be easy for you to draw a round form with your hand, for it is impossible to be done with a Compass to make it shorten well. This 11 figure you must be expert in, and you must also understand it well, and so you must those that I have before set down, before you proceed further; for they will serve you for many pieces of work hereafter ensuing, as you shall both see and find to be true.  
But, friendly Reader, you must not be weary to be long in learning this Figure, or in making it oftentimes, until you can do it perfectly and understand it well; for I am sure and certain, that it will be very hard unto many men, yet without this you cannot do much; and he that can do it well, shall easily understand and make all the the things hereafter ensuing.  
13 It falleth out many times that a workman will show a House both without and within, which to do, he must place the ground in Perspective form, that he may the surer and better draw that up which he will have seen, and to leave the rest on the ground; if then you will place a foundation in Perspective manner, to make it well, you must first set it on a flat form, that out of that you may draw it into a Perspective form.  
To do this, I have set down a kind of open Building, that a man may the easier conceive it for a beginning, for when a man can do this well, he may after that place many other and harder things in Perspective form. I need not to take any great pains to write or show how this shortening should be done, because it is so easily and so openly placed in the figure that a man may presently conceive it: for that leading all the lines that go from the corners and outsides of the flat ground to the Base, which you will make in the shortening; and the same being drawn up to the Horizon, together with the imagination of the distances; than you may shut or close up the shortening four square. Then you must draw the diagonal lines therein, through drawing the Parallel lines, presently you shall find the way how to form the Columns and Pilasters; so that it is impossible to fail therein; and especially for those that do well conceive and understand that which I have set down before.  
14 This figure following is somewhat harder then that before, but when you go from the smallest to the greatest, you conceive things the easier, and especially he that will learn this Art; he must not leave nor refuse to exercise any of the Figures before set down, but must use all the diligence he can to be perfect in them all, and be must also take a pleasure to do them all, otherwise he that will omit now one, and then another, because he can hardly understand or conceive them (although I labour and strive at all times in setting down these Rules to show all difficulties) shall little profit himself in this Art. The manner how to place this ground in Perspective form, is easily conceived, without any other Demonstration: for you must follow the manner or operation of the figure before set down, with this Advertisement, That the two diagonal lines evermore direct the work, together with the Horisontall lines: and although a man may show many forms of grounds that are to be placed in shortening, yet these two shall suffice for this time, because I have other things to entreat off: for a skilful workman, by the help of these, may form others for his purpose; and such as be shall have occasion to use. And if he will erect any piece of work for a show he must necessarily first measure the Orthography with the same measure that he measureth the ground withal, and then place it in a shortening manner, as when time serveth, shall be showed.  
15 Touching the grounds and other Superficies of divers forms, I think I have sufficiently spoken Now I will speak of Bodies which are drawn up out of the ground: And first, you know that I have taught before, how you should frame an eight-square form plainly in itself; and then, I have showed how you should compass this Figure about, with a border or edge: but if a workman will show an eight-square Figure in Perspective wise, as a Well; then he must first make the ground, as he is taught before, as high as he will, that the said Well shall stand eleusted above the ground or foot thereof: there he must make the same form once again, drawing it to the same Horizon; then from all the uppermost corners or points to the lowest, you must draw Perpendicular lines as well from the innermost figures, as from the uttermost, whereby the through cutting eight square bodies will be form, as you may see in the 15 Figure.  
16 I have spoken before of the open frame of a Well with eight points or corners, which is necessary to be learned, how to make it, before you make the solid body thereof, as this Figure 16 showeth, which is the same that is before showed, both form and measure, but all the lines which cannot outwardly be seen, are hidden; and there is as much difference between an open body and a solid, as there is between the model of a man's body, that is nothing but bones without flesh and skin; and a living body of a man covered over with flesh (although it is hidden under it.) And as those Painters are much perfecter that have seen, and perfectly beheld right Anatomies, than others that only content themselves with the outward bare show of the Superficies, so it is with Perspective works; for they that well understand and perfectly bear in mind the bidden lines, they shall better understand the Art than others, that content themselves only with the show of outward Superficies. It is very true, that when a man hath sufficiently experimented, practised, and beareth in his mind these inward hidden lines, then helping himself with the principal, he may make many perfect things, without using all this labour.  
But if any man that desireth to learn this Art, will at the first understand these figures, as some bluntly will take upon him to do it. I believe certainly, he will be put to an non plus, and deceive himself; but if by learning all the former things, he proceedeth unto these as well in Geometry as in Perspective Art: Then, I say, he is of a very gross understanding, if he cannot understand or conceive these figures, or the figures that hereafter follow.  
These three figures, to speak truth, are but Superficies; nevertheless, if you draw Perpendicular lines from all the terminations, as well within as without: than you shall have a through cutting or open body, and the innermost lines covered, than they will be a Massy body: And wonder not, gentle Reader, nor let it be strange unto you, though I do sometimes make a long discourse of some things, for (as I said before) they are not only learned by many words and great pains, but it is also necessary that they were showed unto some men plainly by drawing them before them, that they may the better conceive them.  
18 The most part of great Rivers or water-falls that fall down from high Hills or Mountains, by means of tempests with great force and power, when they enter into a Valley, than sometimes they run out of their Channel, and so much ground as they then usurp upon the one side, so much they lose again one the other side; and so doth Perspective work in cornered things, for that as much as a man loseth of the point or corner whereon he looketh, so much greater the other point or comer showeth that standeth out, which is showed in the figures 18, hereunto annexed.  
The Reader must then mark, that the square in the middle signifieth the thickness of a foure-square Column or Pillar, and the border that is without and goeth about it, signifieth the thickness or bearing out of the Bases and the Capital. The figure under this platform is the Base, and the uppermost figure is the Capital; the manner how to shorten them I will show you, You must make the Pillar flat before without thickness, and upon it you shall form the Bases and Capital, making the projecture or bearing out thereof on either side alike, but you must draw them lightly as the pricks herein set down do show you: then draw the side of the Pillar which you will have seen towards the Horizon; and having found how thick the decreasing or shortening side must be, by the rules that are showed in the first part of Perspective work, so you shall have the the shortening ground of the Pillar, wherein you must lightly draw the two diagonal lines long enough through, and from the Bases below, which is seen in the shortening; you must draw a line towards the Horizon, which you shall also let go down or sink so far, till it reacheth beneath the diagonal lines, and there shall be the terminations of the shortening Bases: and thus you see that the Perspectivenesse taketh somewhat off from them, that is, the space between the points, and the full back line; then from the terminations to the other uttermost point of the Bases, you must draw a Parallel line under the ground of the Pillars, so long that it may touch the diagonal lines, and there you shall find that which is taken of from the Bases on the one side, and given to them on the other side, and the projecture of the Bases showeth, that the one point is draw inwards, and the other cometh further out, than the uppermost line of the Bases being also to the Horizon; then upon the shortening side by a line you shall find the third part of the Bases below, and that which is here spoken of the Bases, you must understand the same also of the Capitals.  
19 These other three Figures are the same which are showed before; the first were hollow, but these are perfect and solid with all their members, and although that in the figures before I have not showed how you should form and frame these members, which in truth would be a very confused and troublesome thing to set down in writing; therefore I have only shown the first terminations, that a man may keep them well in his memory, and in these present Figures I have showed how they show in a man's sight, that you may see the effect that they work: but from henceforward because (as I said before) it is a troublesome thing, I will make another form of them with all their members by dark lines; and then (according to my ability) I will set down the manner how to find the terminations of the members one after another, for all of them grow a little one over, or more than the other.  
But you must consider, that these Bases and Capitals on the one side give in ward, and on the other side beareth out, which you must well remember, that you may first be well instructed herein touching that which you will make. For it is true, that the Theoric consisteth in the understanding; but experience is gotten by practice and right use or handling: Therefore the most notable Painter Leonardus Vinci, was never pleased nor satisfied with any thing that he made, bringing but little work to perfection, saying, the cause thereof was that his hand could not effect the understanding of his mind: And for my part, if I should do as he did, I should not, neither would I suffer any of my works to come forth: for (to say the truth) whatsoever I make or write, it pleaseth me not, but (as I said in the beginning of my work) that I had rather exercise in work that small talon, which it hath pleased God to bestow upon me, then suffer it to lie and rot under the earth without any fruit; and although I shall not please thereby such as are curious, to set down the ground and perfection of all things, yet at least I shall help young beginners that know little or nothing thereof, which hath always been my intent.  
And first, You must frame this Base with all the members, and with the right Projecture thereof, to be without any shortening before, yet you must draw it lightly with a piece of Lead, or some other thing, as it is showed unto you in the Figure with pricks; then in the ground or foot of the Pillar you must draw the two diagonal lines long enough out, and thereby (as I said before) you shall find the diminishing and the increasing of the particular parts of the crests of the said Base, whereas the undermost line or foot of the crests of the Base, bear much more broader and longer than those that are marked with the pricks; then at each corner of the Crest of the Base you must draw an upright line almost as high as the first crest of the Base (although I have done it) but upon the uttermost point not to cumber the work within: than you must draw the uppermost corners of the first Crest with pricks also, toward the Horizon, which downwards will touch against the two upright lines; and there shall be the terminations to close or shut up the second great Crest with a full black line: then draw another black line from the innermost point of the Crest upwards to the Horizon, and there the shortening Crest shall be closed.  
And as this Crest or Plinthus is closed and drawn on all sides with black lines, so you must do with all the other lines of the Base, for when from the uppermost corner of the first marked Base you draw a hilding line to the innermost corner of the greatest Crest with the black lines, by it you shall lightly find the terminations of all the parts or members, drawing the corners of the first Base towards the Horizon. And when you have form all the innermost corners of the Bases, by the Horisentall line you may easily do the second, and by the Parallel lines the uttermost of all; although by the lines of the distances, you may bring the said corners somewhat nearer, as you may see by the diagonal lines. But at this time I will not speak of that difficult or hard work, for he that hath any understanding, may herewith help himself.  
That which is here said of the Bases, you must also understand of the Cornices, only that every thing is contrary; and where you set Perpendicular lines below, which cut through the Horisentall or Radiall lines, so you must also fall above the Led lines or Catheten upon the Horisentall lines, as you may better see it and learn it in the Figure, than it can be expressed by words: and you must not be afraid or abashed, although at first you cannot conceive it, for that by practising you shall in time find it; for it is not said that a man shall or can learn all things at once in one day: by this Cornice you may make all Cornices, be they higher or lower, harder or easier, always drawing every member and part towards the Horizon, as it should be done.  
21 Although there are divers manners and ways to place Columns one behind the other, standing upon one ground in Perspective wise, thereby to make Portals, Galleries, and other things, yet this hereunto annexed is the easiest.  
First, You must make a Pavement with a quantity of four cornered Quadrants, as it is also showed in the beginning of this Book, which may be made of such breadth, as you will: Say that these foure-square stones are two foot broad, which shall be the thickness of a Pillar: between the two first Pillars beneath in the breadth, there shall be eight sequare stones, and the height of the Pillars made of what quantity you will; and they being raised toward the Horizon, than you must draw two several lines over both the Pillars, and then out of the middle of the first line you must make two half Circles above upon the flat side before, and divide them in as many parts as you will; which parts shall be drawn to the Centre of the half Circle, standing in the uppermost line: then out of the middle of the two several lines you must draw the less half Circle, and all terminations of the flat Arch being drawn to the Horizon, than the first Arch or Gate is made: the other two Pillars upwards shall also stand eight Quadrants distant from the first Pillars, which will make a four cornered place on all sides, containing 64 square stones; and you must do with this Gate as you did with the first, only (when they are all of one wideness as these are) you need not divide the Arches again, for the Horisentall lines of the stones of the first Arch will show you the terminations of all the other Arches, and also how long the Gallery must be, and how many Arches it must contain. I have placed no Arches here in the sides, because I would not cumber you too much at this time; but I will speak thereof hereafter particularly.  
The two Doors on each side are both partly covered with the Pillars, but the wideness of them is of four Quadrants, besides that from the corner of the Doors to the Pillars on each side there is two Quadrants, as you see the half thereof; and the other half you must suppose to be behind the Pillars. The beams above the Arches which bear up the Chamber above, you may guess, although I writ not particularly thereof: I have not likewise set the Bases nor the Capitals upon these Pillars, because they should not darken them too much; but in another place I will also entreat thereof.  
These diagonal lines will not only show you the thickness of the first or foremost Pillars when they shorten, but also the thickness of the two other Pillars which stand inward, which are all marked with pricks (and as I have likewise said before) that which is here said of the Bases of the Pillars, the same also must be understood upward of the Capitals: touching the thickness of the Bows or Arches underneath, I have showed in the Figure before, how you must place the Centre in the middle of the four crossepoynt lines, to draw the half Circumference: The foursquare or Quadrant above, is as great as that below on the ground; I need not show how you shall make it, for you see it plain enough in the Figure.  
23 This Figure is like the former, only that the members of the Bases and Capitals are added thereunto, thereby to make it more perfect unto you, and to show you how a thing will stand when it is full made and finished, although I have showed it before; nevertheless, when a man is perfect therein, than he may by practice help himself well enough without all this labour; using discretion and bearing in memory that which he hath imprinted in his mind: For in truth, by this means (I mean the ground) a man may by practice make many things, which if they be made with discretion, and by a workman will always beautify the work, as these bows or Arches do, which under are divided with Quadrants, as you may see them. There are, as you know, first two Centres to form the Arch underneath, now a wise workman must not always seek for the perfection of the edge of these Quadrants; but for example, Say that the Arch underneath is divided into eight parts, whereof six shall be for the Quadrant, and two parts for the edge or border that runneth about it: now you must divide the space between the one Centre and the other, also in eight parts, but they must shorten or lessen a little, that is, the nether part against the upper; and then the Compass being set somewhat lower, and made narrower, than you must draw the uppermost border; and then the Compass being set a little below the nethermost Centre, you must in like sort draw the other edge or border: after, you must square or divide the Quadrants, leaving the space between both, once so broad again as the other, which must be drawn up towards the Horizon; and as much as you will make the quadrant sink, you must also draw out of the last Centre with the Compass. And in this manner a man may make divers forms and compartments (but as I have said) you must make them all with judgement, and therefore it is very convenient that a man should be well instructed therein; for that using only the princicall terminations, you must make the rest by practice: But I am of opinion, that some rigorous Perspective men will take hold of these mywords, (to whom I answer) that if they mean I have failed or done amiss, let them prove what difference there is between saying and doing.  
24 The manner how to make a cross roof of a Gallery or House in Perspective work, is always very troublesome to show it unto any man; and therefore also, it is much more troublesome to declare it in writing for men hereafter to understand it. Nevertheless, because it is very necessary to be known, I will do the best I can to show it.  
First, you must choose the breadth and height of the greatest Arch or Bow that you desire to make, and then by the distances you must make a perfect shortening quadrant, and also a less Bow or Arch. The greatest Arch before shall be divided into eight equal parts, and those parts must be drawn towards the Horizon to the small Arch, which being done, than you must set those parts of the greatest Arch below upon the Base; and with the help of the Horisentall and diagonal lines, you may make a shortening Circle within the quadrant, as in the other places before you have been taught. The terminations hereof shall be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, which shall be set upwards beside the great Arch, as you may see it there also marked with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Without this round below I have drawn the Parallels with pricks to the wall, and where they end, there you must set all your Perpendicular lines upright, which are come out of the Parallel lines of this Circle.  
Then you must draw the terminations aforesaid, which are placed above, along by the Perpendicular lines with lines to the Horizon; and where the said Horisentall lines cut through the Perpendicular lines, which are drawn up from below, there you must make half a shortening Circle; and that which is marked on this side with cyphers, must also be understood to stand on the other, as you see it in the Figure.  
25 Having showed in cross work on both sides, how you should place the Arches on the sides in shortening manner, and drawn them up out of the ground, although that they be single: now will I show you a hollow Arch, and the manner how to shorten it: But before I proceed thereunto (for it is very cumbersome and difficult) first I will show you the Pilaisters that should carry the said Arches, which Pilaisters stand so plainly in the Figure that I shall not need to take much pains to write of them. In this Figure I have not made the first Arch, that I might not darken the sight of the Arches on the sides, which Arches on the sides, I have also but marked how they shall stand, and are always drawn out of the foursquare quadrant, as you see by the order of the foursquare quadrant, but the hindermost Arch which standeth not in the way, I have drawn fully, and and placed it also in his foursquare.  
Above in the top or roof, I have made the round form, whereof you may make a Kettle or Tribunal; and you may also make it thus, when it is so me what sunk. Touching the four Pilaisters, they (as I have taught before) are found by the diagonal lines coming from the point of the distances, and also that each Pilaister is three cornered, standing like a three cornered hook, and on each end (the Arch resteth, whereof there shall be four) two Arches before, and two on the sides, so that the roof will be right foursquare, wherein you may make cross work or other manner of Roof work. And if you will make other kinds of works by the same, you must always follow this Rule: Item, where you cannot well understand my writing, you must help yourselves with the Figures, which Figure also standeth open, so that with a little labour, a man may easily conceive it altogether, although there were nothing spoken of it.  
26 Now you see, what way you must follow to place Arches on the sides in shortening manner: And first, you must think upon the third former manner Superficies, wherein I have sufficiently shown you the manner how to frame a round body; but in this Figure I will show it more perfectly. Wherefore a man must imagine that the round Body lying below in his foursquare is made, and shall serve for the two Bows on the sides. This Body then being made (as I have showed before) and as you see it better now, you must first set it, where the Arches begin above the Horizon. And the same Perpendicular lines which stand corner-wise from the middle of the four cornered body, must be set like Parallel lines on the right and left sides upwards from the two Arches, there (as it is aforesaid) to direct the Horisentall lines, as you may see't it plainly in the Figure. But you must understand, that the two crosses below in this Body, are the two Centres to draw the stones of the Arches both above and below, they also signify the Centres of the Bows upon the Horisentall lines within the Arches.  
You must also understand, that the black lines do form the Circumference without, and the pricks or thin lin as betoken the form within, which is covered in the Arches; so that the Arches do show through to be made of pieces, of the which pieces a man may learn to make divers Compartments underneath in the Arch. Now when a man can make this Arch well, than he shall not need still to take all this labour, but by two principal lines helping himself with pricks, he may frame the Arch; and especially, because that the Arch which should come before, covereth or bideth a great part of the Arches on both sides; which Arch I have not made here, that I might not darken or shadow the other shortening Archippus Neither need I writ any thing of the Circumferences above in the top or Roof, (nor the eight corners within) for that in the next Figure you shall see them; neither will I speak any thing of the Circumferences in the ground, for they are made (as I have taught you heretofore of all others) and of the round body below (of the which there hath been more said) a man may make many other things which are not here to be spoken of.  
27 To place Pillars with their Arches upon grounds or platforms, I think there is sufficient spoken before; and whatsoever I have spoken of foure-square Pillars, is also to be understood of round Columns, for that a man must take all round things, out of foursquare things, as well the Spira of the Base, as the round of the Capital. He that can make all the Figures aforesaid perfectly, and particularly this last body, shall help himself well, and not only to do the like things, but also many more. If I should in this small Treatise show all that I could set down, it would make a most great Volumn; and peradventure I should want time to set forth the rest of my Book, which I have already promised: for there are many things that belong to Building, which need not to be set down in Perspective work.  
Let us now begin toraise the Building here set down out of the ground, which before, and on the side is seen, as I promised before to show you.  
The shortest and surest way is, to make a ground with many quadrants; and imagine that it is mere with the Foot, with the Elle, or other measure: but let us now take every quadrant for two foot, and as before there are four quadrants from one Pillar to the other, and the Pillar also containeth a quadran, there shall also be four quadrants upward in the length from one Pillar the other, as you may see it altogether in the Figure.  
The Pillars then being set of such height as you desire, than the the Arches upon them must be made; and the manner how to make them, you may expressly see in the Figure. And although you cannot see the Arches that are behind them, yet I have made them here that you may see their terminations; they are in some places drawn with full black lines, and in some places with pricks.  
I have here made no Bases nor Capitals, that the other things might not be confounded: but you must understand that they must be placed in the work, as is sufficiently before showed. And by this Rule you may draw divers Buildings out of the ground, as in the Figure is showed in divers forms. The Centres of the Arches you see them marked, standing all upon one Horisentall line.  
28 Now I have showed the manner how to make a Gallery with Arches and Pillars, with other things thereunto belonging; now by an easier way I will show some form of Houses that are to be built out of the ground. You must make a ground or foot work with quadrants reaching long enough upwards, which quadrants must each of them be reckoned at two foot square.  
And first, at the entry of the House there shall be a door of five foot broad, for that it containeth two quadrants and a half in the shortening: and the height thereof shall be of ten foot, because it is five quadrants high: Her Pilaisters or Antipagmentum shall be a foot broad, because they contain a half shortening quadrant; the Frise shall also contain as much: and the Cornice shall contain so much less, as the under part thereof bearing over containeth, and shall be made according to the Rule aforeshewed. Touching the part jetting over the door, the Mogdilions or Mutiles, shall stand right above Pilaisters or Antipagmentum of the door. And that little door upon the jetting, shall stand right in the middle above the lowest door, and shall be two foot broad. In the other corner of of this first House, there shall be another door, the wideness thereof shall be six foot; you may make it round or square above as you will. But why do I spend my time to set down all these measures, which you may so plainly see in the Figure; only it is necessary to warn such as are studious herein, that what work soever a man raiseth out of the ground, consisteth in three principal things, that is, in length, breadth, and height. The length is of certain Houses or Rooms, containing a certain number of feet. The breadth consisteth of Windows, Doors, Gates, Shops, and such like things. The height consisteth of Ports, Windows, Jetting, Cornices, Columns, Roofs, and such like things. But there is yet another, that is, of the thickness of the Walls, Pillars, Columns, and Pilaisters: The length is taken from the shortening quadrants, and from thence also you take the breadth. But the height is taken out of the breadth in the quadrants, which breadth must be taken from the quadran or half quadran, which toucheth it on the hithermost side as it standeth: as also from the hithermost door, which is ten foot high, there you must take the measure from the quadrants, which come to the Parallels on the nethermost corner or point of the door; for if there you take five quadrants in breadth, it shall be the height within the Antipagementum. And that which I have said of these doors, you must also understand of all the other things: The thickness of the Wall is two foot, for you see it containeth a quadrant. The bearing over of the second House is of six foot, measured upon the ground: the like also the bearing over or jetting of the first House containeth. To conclude all things, as I have said, rising out of the ground on all sides, I have set no Cornices, nor any other ornaments in this Figure, that you may the easier understand it; but a man of ripe judgement and understanding knowing the terminations, can by by his own invention help himself to make fair Buildings. And for that I may not spend to much time herein, I will make others to give you more light therein.  
29 The Stairs, degrees or go up, are very necessary in Buildings, and therefore I will show divers kinds thereof, and first I will begin with the easiest. According to common custom a stair or step is about half a foot high, and about a foot broad upon the step; then let the square stones of this ground be a foot square, therewith we will make a pair of stairs of five foot high, and three foot broad: at the foot of the ground we will take the measure of the breadth, which on the right and left sides shall be set in Perpendicular lines on the Corners of the Stairs, which shall be divided into ten, as the lines A B show you. Then all the parts of A B shall be raised to the Horizon, and then you shall take nine quadrants upwards in length: and whereas two lines are set up cutting through the Horisentall lines of A B, there the Corners D C of the uppermost steps shall be, containing a foursquare of the three quadrants on each side. From the hithermost points of the same upper steps, you shall draw two hilding lines to the lowest steps; against the which the Horisentall and the Perpendicular lines of the quadrant shall come together and shut up the Stairs.  
These Stairs are shortened on the one side, and the other is plain or profill, and containeth a step less in the height, which maketh four foot and a half; it is also three foot broad, as it is marked under it on the ground. By this Rule you may make Stairs or degrees as high as you will, and make some resting places in the way: always taking the measure from the foot of the ground, as well of the shortening, as those that are upright.  
30 The going up being plain or profill maketh a great show, and yet are very easy to set in all places, I mean in the turning, and may serve for many things, specially in Buildings, where a man going up softly and with ease, giveth the beholders a kind of pleasure to view them, principally in common places, for that there is a going up on either side, so that upon the one side men may go up, and one the other side they may go down; and although there are only but two go up, yet by this a man by his own invention may devise others. How these Stairs are made, and with what reason, you may by this Figure perceive them, although I should say nothing thereof; for as it is said before, the quadrants are of a foot broad, and the steps half a foot high, and so the breadth of the step is one foot. The breadth of the Stairs is five foot, both the first and second: The resting gate containeth in wideness three foot, and is six foot high; which although it seemeth to be shut, and a small door opening in it; yet it may be made whole, open, and otherwise closed. The two sides above the three steps are five foot broad, although here it is but one foot, because of the narrowness of the Paper. The Perpendicular lines on the sides, signify leaning places, and they should serve well also to the steps, but lest they should cumber the work, I have left them out.  
31 Amongst other things which show well in Perspective work, I find that go up or Stairs are very seemly, and that the oftener that they turn, the better they do show; therefore I have made these two go up turning, which stand in profill, yet you see the ground and the steps. This first going up is six foot high, and three foot broad, as you may see it marked in the grounds with pricks: the resting place between the first and second going up, is two four squares long, which is necessary, because of the turning. At the end thereof you find a Portall, the door thereof is two foot wide, the Antipagmentum is half a foot on either side, so that the place is three foot full. The Perpendicular lines on the right side of the plain, signify certain leaning, which may be made of Iron, Wood, or Stone; the like may be made along the Stairs both upward and downward, setting a Baluster upon every Stayre: The height of this rail or leaning, shall be two foot and a half, for so it is easy to lay a man's hand upon. How these Stairs are made upwards out of the ground, although it may well be seen by the Figure without declaring it: yet I will say something thereof, to ease them that are short of memory. The resting gate or round door under the plainness between the second and the third going up, is no deeper than to the wall: Above the same door there standeth another going up, of four steps, which to make, I have sufficiently showed; otherwise a man should continue the ground at the resting door, to draw them up from it.  
32 Touching the several kinds of Stairs, I am assured that they may partly be understood without describing them in writing, and specially the middlemost which goeth up on both fides; and so shall the uppermost also, because it is raised up from the ground as well as the other, and is six foot broad, as you may see and tell it on the ground upon the plain stones. The two Arches under the two go up are each a foot in thickness, whereby a going down is four foot within, and is also drawn out of the ground as the rest are. The other go up, which you see through the Arches; you may sufficiently perceive by them how they are made: and so it is with the two of pair Stairs on the left hand, for from the first steps at the resting door, you may easily see how they are raised up out of the ground, and above at the end of them they have a piece of plain ground to come to the other Stairs, which also is drawn up out of the pavement as the rest are, that is, each step half a foot high, and a foot broad. But it is hard to measure in so small things, but it sufficeth that hereby you may see the manner thereof; and when you make them great you shall find that they will come well enough to pass. Under the Stairs last named, there standeth also a round door which is five foot wide: upon this ground, and on these Stairs a cunning Painter might place divers Figures in several forms, either standing or sitting upon the Stairs, and lying upon the ground in shortening manner, and that in this wise: You may place the Figures where you will with feet, and then take six feet or squares where on they stand, and that shall be their height, for that it is the height of a common or ordinary man: this you must observe both before and behind, and in every place. If the Figure be upon a step, then take the measure of that step whereon it standeth, and make it twelve steps high, which shall be six foot: And is the Figure lying, do the like; but if it lieth in shortening manner upon the ground, than you must take the length by the shortening quadrant.  
33 I have showed many kinds of go up, but there are other kinds, and he that is not well instructed in the former will hardly understand these two which I have here set down. The first shall be winding stairs in four square, and he that can make these foure-square Stairs, may well make the round Stairs, for it is all one thing, specially if he useth the Rule before set down of the round bodies.  
34 That I may not forget to set down all kinds of Stairs, and especially such as often times fall out to be made; therefore I have made these Stairs, whereon a man may go up on all sides, whereof the ground standeth above on the right hand, but yet very small. These Stairs must be thus made: First, you must make a foure-square shortening body of half a foot high, upon this you must draw two diagonal lines, and from the corner inwards there shall be a foot broad left on either side, and the terminations thereof drawn to the Horizon, and so from the diagonal lines you shall see the corners of the second step. Now I need not set down unto you how you shall find the lesning corner of the second step, the which is round about shut up with Parallel and Horisentall lines: then upon the second plain you must draw two diagonal lines, which doing (as I said before) will show you the third step; which also being closed up with lines, you shall also find the fourth and fifth, with the like Rules. This Pyramids is fantastically framed upon them to fill up the place. Also I need not set down to what uses these Stairs may serve, for that the half of them is commonly found in divers pieces of work, as the Gates of Palaces, Churches, and other dwelling Houses, and the ascending up to Altars. By this way also you may make round Stairs, and also Stairs of six or eight corners, as by their forms I have showed.  
35 I have promised the studious Reader by this my labour to show as much of Perspective work as I can, that he might show his conceit touching Houses or Buildings in Perspective wise, meaning to set down some simple manners thereof, as if he should form a single or double ground, thereupon to raise a body, and therewith mean to make an end. But falling from one work to another, I am entered into a Labyrinth, which peradventure is to far above my reach, which cometh to pass by means of some men that have entreated me thereunto. And therefore, as I thought at this time to make an end of my second Book, I begin to handle a harder matter, which Rule is only called an outward foure-square: nevertheless, it is as well drawn by the Horizon as by the distances, as you may see in the Figure, which showeth a right shortening foure-square, containing in it another foursquare, the which also may be form by the distances without Horizon; some men place the sides of the foursquare upon the Base, once so wide again as before. And as you see two like sides of the foursquare over the corner, so are the distances alike marked D. And as much more as you will have this foure-square to shorten, so much you must draw the distances from the Horizon; and as much as you will that the edges of the foure-square shall be broad, so many bredths must you draw upon the Base, between A C twice drawn. All the terminations of this foursquare standing above the corners go all to the distances, and none to the Horizon, but only the foursquare that is set therein.  
36 Now I have showed, how you should shorten a Superficies, overpoynt, or outward foursquare; here I will show you how to imbosse or bear out the body thereof with the same Horizon and distances also, which body within is hollow, and you may heave it up as high as you will; but I have purposely left it somewhat low, that you might see the ground thereof. And by this Figure you may conceive to how many things this may serve; and also how you may increase or diminish it, according to skill and judgement. This shall suffice for these foure-square models or hollow things; but I will show you how you shall make them with Crests or Cornices.  
37 This Figure is also form by the aforesaid Horizon, and the like distances as the other before, only they stand a little nearer: Now to crest this body both above and beneath, you must imagine the greatness of the Crest, and draw the same greatness both above and beneath the body; then give the Crests above their due Projecture, and from those points you must let Perpendicular lines fall to the points or corners below, whereby you shall have the Projectives of the Base and top thereof, which must be drawn towards the Distances, and not towards the Horizon. Now you see how the Cornices stand without the foure-square body: but this is only for Cornices that are made without members, not to cumber you with the shadowing of them, for I will speak of them hereafter particularly.  
38 I spoke before of Cornices without members, which might serve this hollow Quadran, and how you shall make the terminations thereof. Now in this Figure I show you the said Cornices with their members, which you may also make in other manner as it pleaseth the workman, that is, to make them bigger or lesser, as I have spoken of other Cornices, always using good discretion and judgement to choose and make such members therein, as may show well in men's sight. There are some Cornices which reach so far over, that men cannot see the members thereof under them; therefore in that case the members are so to be made, that they may be seemly and pleasant in men's sight.  
40 This body hereafter following is raised out of the former Figure before set down, and is made with the same Horizon; which body containeth two quadrants in length, and one quadrant in height, for the line CD is set in Perpendicular manner upon the nethermost corner, whereon the other Superficies are set: thus than this body is of two four-squares, I mean two four-squares in length, and one foursquare broad and high. And this body (as I said before) shall serve for many things: But if you will have more cubits in the length, then lengthen the Base in so many parts more, and you shall always find the truth hereof. And if you will make a border or Crest about this body, than you must follow this Rule aforesaid.  
41 But will you make divers things upon on ground? then it is convenient that first you make a pavement, as you see it here set down, and thereupon frame what you think good upon the quadrants, and the less the Quadrants are, and the more in number, you may the easier frame things upon them. The cross made upon this ground is only to show you the way and entry thereunto; but for such a form, you may make a form of a Christian Church as they are now built. The other form by it, sheweth a piece of a foundation of a House, but all these things you may make in a greater form, and set them forth as you will; sometimes placing the Horisetall lines in such manner that you may see more of the out sides, but yet the Orisons must stand all of one height.  
42 Out of this Superficial Figure aforesaid, I have raised these bodies, to show how the Orisons of them do stand in the work as well above as below, as you shall find by experience, and in truth these works which you see over the points or corners, contain a Book alone by themselves: but (as I said before) my meaning was to show but three or four Figures of them, yet I will show ten of them; intending to leave the Student some works, whereof I am well assured: For that he hath more eyes, and more patience than myself, he shall find many things which I writ not of, nor yet set down.  
43 Upon this Pavement (as I said) you may form or frame what you will, but in this Pavement here ensuing, you see a column lying, being eight square, which is three Quadrants in thickness, and fourteen in length. This eight square column may be made out of a column of foure-square, as before in another place is showed; which foure-square you may see drawn in the Figure with pricks, and the terminations of the eight-square with black lines. But because that this eight-square column is too much seen on the sides, the readier to make it out of the foure-square: I have therefore have made an other piece by it, the which, because it draweth nearer to this Horizon, is seen more before, than the other, although not so long; for it is but half so long as the other, as you may see and tell it in the ground or foot thereof. And if it were so that this eight square Figure reached nearer to the Horizon, it would then be better seen, yet it would not wholly be seen before, because it standeth without the foursquare and corner.  
44 These Columns are the same which are before set down, but the other were hollow, and these massy, whereby an expert workman may find out many things exercising this way, although there are other means to be used, as Albert Durer hath showed, to look through holes with a thread: There is also another way, which is drawn out of flat forms which is the surest way, but very troublesome and hard to describe in writing; wherefore I have chosen this as the easiest way to be showed. And if I had not undertaken to show other things of more importance, I would have drawn divers bodies and houses after this manner: But for that I mean to entreat of Scenes, and the preparing of places for to show Comedies and Tragedies, which is now used in this age, and especially in Italy, therefore I will make an end of these foure-cornerd things, leaving it to another (as I said before) to set forth more thereof.  

A Treatise of scenes, or places to Play in.  
46 Among all the things that may be made by men's hands, thereby to yield admiration, pleasure to sight, and to content the fantasies of men; I think it is placing of a Scene, as it is showed to your sight, where a man in a small place may see built by Carpenters or Masons, skilful in Perspective work, great Palaces, large Temples, and divers Houses, both near and far off; broad places filled with Houses, long streets crossed with other ways: triumphant Arches, high Pillars or Columns, Pyramids, Obeliscens, and a thousand fair things and Buildings, adorned with innumerable lights, great, middle sort, and small, as you may see it placed in the Figure, which are so cunningly set out, that they show forth and represent a number of the brightest stones, as Diamonds, Rubies, Saphires, Smaragdes, Jacinths, and such like. There you may see the bright shining Moon ascending only with her horns, and already risen up, before the Spectators are ware of, or once saw it ascend. In some other Scenes you may see the rising of the Sun with his course about the world, and at the ending of the Comedy, you may see it go down most artificially, whereat many beholders have been abashed. And when occasion serveth, you shall by Art fee a God descending down from Heaven; you also see some Comets and Stars shoot in the skies: than you see divers personages come upon the Stage, richly adorned with divers strange forms and manners of Apparel both to dance Moriscoes and play Music. Sometimes you see strange Beasts, wherein are men and children, leaping, running, and Tumbling, as those kind of Beasts use to do, not without admiration of the beholders: which things, as occasion serveth, are so pleasant to men's eyes, that a man could not see fairer made with men's hands. But for that we are entered into another manner of Perspective work, therefore I will speak more at large thereof. This Perspective work whereof I will now speak, although it be contrary to those Rules which are showed before, because these aforesaid are imagined to be upon a flat wall: and this other Rule because it is material and embossed or raised outward, therefore it is reason we observe another Rule therein, according to common custom. First, you must make a Scaffold, which must be as high as a man's eye will reach, looking directly forward; for the first part thereof which is marked C. But the other part behind it, whereon the Houses stand, you must raise up behind against the wall at least a ninth part thereof, that is, you must divide the plain Stage or Scaffold into nine parts; and than you must make the Scaffold higher by a ninth part behind: then before at B, which must be very even and strong, because of the Morisco dancers. This hanging downward of the Scaffold, I have found by experience to be very pleasing, for in Vincente which is as sumptuous and rich a Town as any in all Italy, there I made a Theatre and a Stage of wood, than the which, I think, there was never a greater made in our time, in regard of the wonderful sights that there were seen, as of Wagons, Elephants, and other Moriscoes. There I ordained, that before the hanging Scene there should be a Scaffold made by water compass, which Scaffold was 12 foot broad, and 60 foot long, according to the place wherein it stood, which I found to be very pleasing and fit for show. This first Scaffold, because it was right, therefore the pavement thereof must not obey the Horizon, but the Quadrants, whereof on every side were foure-square, from whence at the beginning of the rising Scaffold B, all the Quadrants went to the uttermost Horizon O, which with their due distances do shorten very well. And for that some men have placed the Horizon of this Sciographies against the wall right above the Scaffold, whereby it seemeth the Houses run all in one; therefore I determined to place the Horizon before the door, which pleased me so well, that I used the same kind of order in all these kind of works: and so I counsel those that take pleasure in such Arts, to use and esteem this way for the best, as I will show in this Figure following, and have also declared in the profile of the Theatre and Scene.  
And because the preparation for Comedies are done in three sorts, that is, Comical, Tragical, and Satirical; I will first entreat of the Comical, whereof the Houses must be made as if they were for common or ordinary people, which for the most part must be made under roofs in a Halls, which at the end thereof hath a chamber for the pleasure or ease of the Personages; and there it is that the ground of the Scaffold is made (as I said and shown before) in the profile. Therefore C is the first part being the flat Scaffold; and suppose that each Quadran containeth two foot on either side, so shall they upon the hanging Scaffold before on the Base be also two foot broad, which is marked B. And (as I said before) my meaning is not to place the Horizon hereof against the back behind in the Scaffold, but as far as it is from the beginning of the pavement B to the wall, so far I would also that men shall pass behind through the wall, and so shall all the houses and other things show better in the shortening: and when by convenient distances you have drawn all the Quadrants towards the Horizon, and shortened them, than you must shorten the Houses right with the foursquare stones, which houses are the great lines marked upon the ground, as well for those that stand upright as those that shorten. All such houses I always made of spars, or rafters, or laths, covered with linen cloth; making doors and windows, both before and in the shortening, as occasion fell out. I have also made somethings of half planks of wood, which were great help to the Painters to set out things at life. All the spaces from the back to the wall marked A shall be for the Personages, to the which end the hindermost back in the middle shall stand at the least two foot from the wall, that the Personages may go from the one side to the other, and not be seen. Then you must raise a termination at the beginning of the pavement B, which shall be the point L, and from thence to the Horizon there shall be a line drawn, as it is marked in the profile with pricks, which shall be of like height, and where that toucheth the hindermost back of the Scene or Scaffold, there the Horizon of that back shall stand, and that Horizon shall serve only for that back. But if you stretch a cord or any other thing to the termination L, than you may fasten a thread to it, to thrust backward or forward to use it out of the steadfast Horizon, and all the Orthography of the houses before. But the Horizon which goeth through the wall shall serve for all the shortening sides of the houses; and for that men should break the wall, if they would use all this Horizon in gross, which may not be done, therefore I have always made a small model of wood and Paper just of the same bigness, and by the same model set it down in gross, from piece to piece. But this way will fall out hard for some men to understand, nevertheless, it will be necessary to work by models and experiments, and by study a man shall find the way: and for that a man can hardly find any Halls how great soever, wherein he can place a Theatre without imperfection and impediment; therefore to follow Antiquities, according to my power and ability, I have made all such parts of these theatres, as may stand in a hall. Therefore the part marked D shall be the post scene, and the circular place marked E shall be the Orchestra: round about this Orchestra shall be the places for the noblest personages to sit, marked F. The first steps marked G for the noblest women to sit upon. The place H is a way, so is the part marked I. In the middle between these degrees are steps the easier to go up.  
The places marked K must be made so great backward as the Hall will afford, which is made somewhat flooping, that the people may see one over the others head.  
47 Touching the disposition of theatres and other Scenes, concerning the grounds thereof, I have spoken sufficiently; now I will speak of the Scene in Perspective work: and for that Scenes are made of three sorts, that is, Comical to play Comedies on, Tragical for Tragedies, and Satirical for Satyrs. This first shall be Comical, whereas the houses must be slight for Citizens, but especially there must not want a brawthell or bawdy house, and a great Inn, and a Church; such things are of necessity to be therein. How to raise these houses from the ground is sufficiently expressed, and how you shall place the Horizon: nevertheless, that you may the better be instructed (touching the former of these Houses) I have here set down a Figure, for satisfaction of those that take pleasure therein; but because this Figure is so small, therein I could not observe all the measures, but refer them to invention, that thereby you may choose or make houses which show well, as an open Gallery, or lodge, through the which you may see another house. The hang over or shooting out, show well in shortening work, and some Cornices cut out at the ends; accompanied with some others that are painted, show well in work: so do the houses which have great bearing out, like lodgings or Chambers for men, and especially above all things, you must set the smallest houses before, that you may see other houses over or above them, as you see it here above the bawdy house; for if you place the greatest before, and the rest behind still lessen, than the place of the Scene would not be so well filled, and although these things upon the one side be made all upon one floor; nevertheless, for that you place great part of the lights in the middle, hanging over the Scene or Scaffold, therefore it would frand better if the floor in the midst were taken away, and all the roundells and quadrants which you see in the Buildings, they are artificial lights cutting through, of divers colours, which to make I will show the manner in the last of this Book. The windows which stand before, were good to be made of Glass or Paper, with light behind them. But if I should here write all that I know to serve for this work, it would be overlong to rehearse; therefore I refer that to the wit and discretion of those that exercise and practise themselves herein.  
48 Houses for Tragedies, must be made for great personages, for that actions of love, strange adventures, and cruel murders, (as you read in ancient and modern Tragedies) happen always in the houses of great Lords, Dukes, Princes, and Kings. Therefore in such cases you must make none but stately houses, as you see it here in this Figure, wherein (for that it is so small) I could make no Princely Palaces, but it is sufficient for the workman to see the manner thereof, whereby he may help himself as time and place serveth: and (as I said in the Comical) he must always study to please the eyes of the beholders, and forget not himself so much as to set a small building in stead of a great, for the reasons aforesaid. And for that I have made all my Scenes of laths, covered over with linen, yet sometime it is necessary to make some things rising or bossing out, which are to be made of wood, like the houses on the left side, whereof the Pillars, although they shorten, stand all upon one Base with some stairs, all covered over with cloth, the Cornices bearing out, which you must observe to the middle part: But to give place to the Galleries, you must set the other shortening Cloth somewhat backwards, and make a Cornice above it, as you see: and that which I speak of these Buildings, you must understand of all the the rest, but in the Buildings which stand far backward, the Painting work must supply the place by shadows without any bearing out: touching the artificial lights, I have spoken thereof in the Comical works. All that you make above the Roof sticking out, as Chimneys, Towers, Pyramids, Oblisces, and other such like things or Images, you must make them all of th●n boards, cut out round, and well coloured: But if you make any flat Buildings, they must stand somewhat far inward, that you may not see them on the sides. In these Scenes, although some have painted personages therein like supporters, as in a Gallery, or do r, as a Dog, Cat, or any other Beasts; I am not of that opinion, for that standeth too long without stirring or moving; but if you make such a thing to lie sleeping, that I hold withal. You may also make Images, Histories, or Fables of Marble, or other matter against a wall; but to represent the life, they ought to stir. In the latter end of this Book I will show you how to make them.  
49 The Satirical Scenes are to represent Satyrs, wherein you must place all those things that be rude and rustical, as in ancient Satyrs they were made plain without any respect, whereby men might understand, that such things were referred to Rustical people, which set all things out rudely and plainly: for which cause Vitruvius, speaking of Scenes, saith, they should be made with Trees, Roots, Herbs, Hills, and Flowers, and with some country houses, as you see them here set down. And for that in our days these things were made in Winter, when there were but few green Trees, Herbs, and Flowers to be found; then you must make these things of Silk, which will be more commendable than the natural things themselves: and as in other Scenes for Comedies or Tragedies, the houses or other artificial things are Painted, so you must make Trees, Herbs, and other things in these; and the more such things cost, the more they are esteemed, for they are things which stately and great Persons do, which are enemies to nigardliness This have I seen in some Scenes made by Jeronimo Genga, for the pleasure and delight of his Lord and Patron Erancisco Maria, Duke of Urbin; wherein I saw so great liberality used by the Prince and so good a conceit in the workman, and so good Art and proportion in things therein presented, as ever I saw in all my life before. On good Lord, what magnificence was there to be seen, for the great number of Trees and Fruits, with sundry Herbs and Flowers, all made of fine Silk of divers colours. The watercourses being adorned with Frogs, Snails, Tortuses, Toads, Adders, Snakes, and other beasts: Roots of Corrale, mother of Pearl, and other shells laid and thrust through between the stones, with so many several and fair things, that if I should declare them all, I should not have time enough. I speak not of Satyrs, Nymphs, Mer-maids, divers Monsters, and other strange beasts, made so cunningly, that they seemed in show as if they went and stirred, according to their manner. And if I were not desirous to be brief, I would speak of the costly apparel of some Shepherds made of cloth of Gold, and of Silk, cunningly mingled with Embroidery; I would also speak of some Fishermen, which were no less richly apparelled then the others, having Nets and Angling-rods, all guilt: I should speak of some Country maids and Nymphs carelessly apparelled without pride, but I leave all these things to the discretion and consideration of the judicious workman, which shall make all such things as their Pattrons serve them, which they must work after their own devices, and never take care what it shall cost.   

Of the Artificial Lights of the Scenes.  
I Promised in the Treatise of Scenes to set down the manner how to make these lights shining through, of divers colours, and first I will speak of a sure colour which is like a to Zaphir, and yet somewhat fairer. Take a piece of Salamoniack, and put it into a Barber's Basin, or such like thing, and put water into it: then bruise it softly therein, till it be all molten, always putting more water unto it, as you desire to have it light or sad colour; which done, if you will have it fair and clear, then strain it through a fine cloth into another vessel, and then it will be a clear Celestial blue, whereof you may make divers kinds of blue with water. Will you make an Emerald colour? then put some Saffron as you will have it pale or high coloured; for here it is not necessary to prescribe you any weight or measure, for that experience will teach you how to do it. If you will make a Rubby colour, if you be in a place where you may have red Wine, than you need not use any other thing, but to make it palls with water, as need requireth: but if you can get no Wine, then take Brasill beaten to powder, and put it into a Kettell of water with Alum, let it seethe, and scum it well; then strain it and use it with Water and Vinegar. If you will counterfeit a Ballays, you must make it of red and white Wine mingled together; but white Wine alone will show like a Topaz or a Crisolite: The Conduit or common water being strained, will be like a Diamond, and to do this well, you must upon a glassy ground frame certain points or tablets, and fill them with water. The manner to set these shining colours in their places, is thus, Behind the painted house wherein these painted colours shall stand, you must set a thin board cut out in the same manner that these lights shall be placed, whether it be round or square, cornered of ovale, like an Egg; and behind the same board there shall be another stronger board laid flat behind them, for the bottles and other manner of glasses with these waters to stand in, must be placed against the holes, as it shall necessarily fall out, but they must be set fast, lest they fall with leaping and dancing of the Moriscoes. And behind the glasses you must set great Lamps, that the light may also be steadfast; and if the bottles or other vessels of glass on the side where the light stands were flat; or rather hollow, it would rather show the clearer, and the colours most excellent and fair; the like must be done with the holes on the shortening side: But if you need a great light to show more than the rest, than set a torch behind, and behind the torch a bright Basin, the brightness whereof will show like the beams of the Sun. You may also make glass of all colours and forms, some foure-square, some with crosses, and any other form with their light behind them. Now all the lights serving for the colours, shall not be the same which must light the Scene, for you must have a great number of torches before the Scene. You may also place certain candlesticks above the Scene with great Candles therein, and above the Candlesticks you may place some vessels with water, wherein you may put a piece of Camphir, which burning will show a very good light, and smell well. Sometime it may chance that you must make something or other which should seem to burn, which you must wet throughly with excellent good Aquavite; and setting it it on fire with a Candle it will burn all over; and although I could speak more of these fires, yet this shall suffice for this time; and I will speak of some things that are pleasing to the beholders.  
The while that the Scene is empty of personages, than the workman must have certain Figures or forms ready of such greatness as the place where they must stand will afford them to be, which must be made of pasteboard, cut out round and painted, signifying such things as you will, which Figures must lean against a rule or lath of wood, cross over the Scene where any gate, door, or way is made, and there some one or other behind the door must make the Figures pass along, sometime in form of Musicians with Instruments, and some like singers; and behind the Scene some must play on, upon certain Instruments, and sing also. Sometime you must make a number of footmen and horsemen, going about with Trumpets, Pifes and Drums, at which time you must play with Drums, Trumpets and Pifes, etc. very softly behind, which will keep the people's eyes occupied, and content them well.  
If it be requisite to make a Planet, or any other thing, to pass along in the Air, it must be framed and cut out of pasteboard; then in the hindermost and back part of the houses of the Scene, there must be a piece of wire drawn above in the roof of the house and made fast with certain rings behind to the pasteboard painted with a Planet, or any other thing, that shall be drawn softly by a man with a black thread from one end to the other, but it must be far from men's sight, that neither of the threads may be seen.  
Sometime you have occasion to show thunder and lightning, as the play requireth: than you must make thunder in this manner, Commonly all Scenes are made at the end of a great Hail, whereas usually there is a Chamber above it, wherein you must roll a great Bullet of a Cannon, or of some other great Ordnance, and then counterfeit Thunder. Lightning must be made in this manner, there must be a man placed behind the Scene or Scaffold, in a high place, with a box in his hand, the cover whereof must be full with holes, and in the middle of that place there shall be a burning Candle placed, the box must be filled with powder of vernis or sulphire, and casting his hand with the box upwards the powder flying in the Candle, will show as if it were Lightning. But touching the beams of the Lightning, you must draw a piece of wire over the Scene, which must hang downwards, whereon you must put a squib covered over with pure gold, or shining latin, which you will; and while the Bullet is rolling, you must shoot of some piece of Ordinance, and with the same giving fire to the squibs, it will work the effect which is desired.  
It would be overlong if I should speak of all things which are to be used in these affairs, therefore I will leave speaking of Perspective things.  
FINIS.