Britain's Glory, AND ENGLAND'S BRAVERY. Wherein is showed The Degrees of Honour from the Prince to the Peasant; with the Honour of the Nobles, and Previleges of the Commons; the proper Places and Precedency of all Persons from the Throne to the Bondman; more particularly in Coronations, Processions, Feasts, Funerals and other great Assembly: As also Honour of Arms, Power of Heralds, Signification of Charges in Coat-Armour; with an Armorial Dictionary, explaining the Terms of Heraldry. And an account of all the Orders of Knighthood in Christendom, and of the Weights and Measures of England. To Which is added A Continuation of the Historian's Guide, from November, 1687. where the Third and Last Impression ends, to June, 1689. Being the Collections and Observations of Benjamine Smithurst. LONDON, Printed for William Crook, at the Green-Dragon without Temple-Bar, near Devereux-Court, 1689. A TABLE TO Britain's Glory, etc. CHAP. I. OF the Distinction of Titles, page 1 The Name of Gentleman in general. Of the King. Nobles. Commons. CHAP. II. Of the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 4 Coronation. Anointing. Sceptre. Globe. Ring. Bracelet. Sword. Robes. Diadem, and the Stones. Crown: Offering days. Collar days. CHAP. III. Of the Prince. pag. 9 Of the King's Child en. CHAP. IU. Of Dukes, 10 CHAP. V Of Marquesses, 13 CHAP. VI Of Earls, 14 CHAP. VII. Of Viscounts, 15 CHAP. VIII. Of Baron's Spiritual and Temporal, 16 CHAP. IX. Of Noblewomen, 20 Queen-Sovereign. Queen-Consort. Queen-Dowager. Princesses. Dames. Gentlewomen. Alien women. CHAP. X. Of Injuries to Noblemen, 23 CHAP. XI. Knight of the Garter, 24 The Names of the Knights, 1685. The Names of the Knights, 1689. CHAP. XII. Knight's Bannerets, 29 CHAP. XIII. Knights Baronet's, 31 CHAP. XIV. Knights of the Bath, 33 CHAP. XV. Knights Bachelors, 37 Degrading of Knights. CHAP. XVI. Knights of the Round Table, 41 Other Orders of Knighthood, viz. Knights of St. Andrew, or the Thistle in Scotland, 42 Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, 44 Hospitallers, ib. Templars, 45 St. Lazarus in Jerusalem, 46 St. Bass, or St. Bassil, 47 St. Katherine at Mount Sinai, ib. The Martyrs of Palestine, ib. Oak in Navarre, 48 Lily of Navarre, ib. Band in Spain, 49 Dove in Castille, ib. Fish Scale in Castille. ib. Lily in Arragon, 50 Mountjoy, ib. Acon, or Acress, ib. St. James in Galici●, 51 St. Saviour's in Arragon, ib. St. Julian, or of Alcantara, 52 Callatrava in Castille, ib. Tuxillo, or Trugillo, ib. Our Lady and St. George, ib. St. Marry de Merced in Arragon, 53 Rosary in Toledo, ib. Golden Fleece, 54 D'Avis, ib. St. Michael's Wing, 55 St. James, 55 Knights of Christ, 56 Jesus Christ in France, ib. Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel, 57 St. Michael, ib. Holy Ghost, 58 The Jennet, 59 Crown Royal. ib. Lady of the Star. 60 Thistle of Bourbonne, ib. The Porcupine, 61 Cressants of Anjou, ib. Ermine in Bretaigne, ib. St. Marry the Glorious of Italy, 62 Holy Ghost at Rome, ib. Angelic of St. George, 63 St. Peter at Rome, ib. St. George at Rome, 64 Pius at Rome, ib. Loretto at Rome, ib. Glorious Virgin Mary at Rome, ib. Jesus, now at Rome, 65 De la Calza in Venice, ib. St. Mark in Venice, 66 St. George at Genoa, ib. Precious Blood of our Saviour Jesus Christ at Mantua, 67 St. Stephen of Florence, ib. Knot in Naples, 68 Argonaute of Naples, ib. Ermine in Naples, ib. Annunciation in Savoy, 69 Knights of St. Maurice, 70 St. Maurice, and St. Lazarus, 71 Bear in Switzerland, ib. Tutonick Order of Prusia. 72 Gereon in Germany, 73 St. George in Austria, ib. St. Michael the Archangel, ib. St. Anthony in Haynault, 74 Tusin Order in Bohemia, ib. St. Hubert in Gulick, 75 St. James in Holland, ib. St. Brice, ib. The Seraphim, 76 Aramanta, ib. Elephant in Denmark, ib. Of Christ, or Sword in Livonia, 77 White Eagle in Poland, ib. Dragon in Hungary, ib. Sword in Cyprus, 78 St. Anthony in Aethiopia, ib. Burgundian Cross in Tunis, 79 Broom-Flower in France, ib. Ship in France, 80 CHAP. XVII. Esquires, ib. CHAP. XVIII. Gentlemen, 82 By Ecclesiastical Preferment, 86 By Military Profession, ib. In the Civil State, 87 CHAP. XIX. Yeomen, 90 CHAP. XX. Artificers and Labourers, 92 CHAP. XXI. Precedency, 93 CHAP. XXII. Procession at a Coronation. 98 CHAP. XXIII. Proceeding on the Coronation day, 102 CHAP. XXIV. King's going to Parliament in State, 105 CHAP. XXV. Coronation-Feasts, 107 CHAP. XXVI. Royal Feast at other times, the K. present, 111 CHAP. XXVII. Funerals. 112 CHAP. XXVIII. Proceeding of the Funeral of a Gentleman, Esquire, Knight, or Baronet, 114 CHAP. XXIX. Precedency of a Nobleman's Funeral, from a Duke to a Baronet. 115 CHAP. XXX. Heralds, and their Duty, 116 CHAP. XXXI. Heraldry, 121 CHAP. XXII. Ordinaries, 126 Charges Common, 132 CHAP. XXXIII. Abatements. 152 CHAP. XXXIV. Points in an Escoucheon, 156 Terms of Art explained, 157 Weights and Measures, 169 Brittain's Glory, WHEREIN Is showed the Degrees of Honour, from the Prince to the Peasant; the Honour of the Nobles, and the Privileges of the Commons, etc. CHAP. I. Of the Distinction of Titles. THe Name Gentleman is of such account, that it is given as a proper Title to all persons, from the King to the lowest Degree of those that bear Coat-Armour; and also to many, who though they can claim no Right to the Bearing of Coat Armour, yet claim a Right to the Title of Gentleman, by virtue of the Place or Office which they hold: But, as in the Body Natural the Members are disposed to several Offices for the preservation of the whole; so in the Body Politic, a Distinction of persons is accounted necessary for the preservation of the whole; and such is the Policy of this Realm (especially,) that for the better Government thereof, they have made a threefold Division of persons, viz. Sovereign, Nobles, and Commons. 1. The King is our Sovereign Monarch, under which name a Sovereign Queen is comprehended. 2. Under the Name of Nobles are comprehended the Prince, Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, and Barons, called Lords Spiritual and Temporal. 3. By the Commons are understood the Knights of the Garter, (if no otherwise dignified,) Knights Bannerets, Baronet's, Knights of the Bath, Knights Bachelors, Esquires, and Gentlemen, together with Yeomen, Artificers, and Labourers. And though our Law doth not call any man Noble under the Degree of a Baron, yet many there be which make a Distinction between Nobiles Majores, which is from the Prince to the Baron, and Nobiles Minores, which includes all from under a Baron to the Gentleman, and leaves the rest to be called Commons. When we say the Nobles of the Land, the King is not comprehended by the Common Law, he being the Fountain of all Nobility; but is by the Civil Law. The Nobility are known by the name of the Peers of the Realm, or Barons of England; for anciently the Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, and Viscounts, did sit together in the King's great Counsel of Parliament, as Barons, by which is understood the whole Body of the Nobility; and though there be different Robes worn at their Creation, yet in Parliament the greatest of the Nobility wear the same Robes with Barons, only the Dukes, Marquesses, etc. wear more or less Furs upon their Shoulders, with some difference in the Fur, that is set as Fringes, or Edges on their Robes, and take place according to their Dignity; of which more particularly anon. Besides, it is observable, that in Cases criminal, all Degrees of Nobility are tried by Barons, as well as those of their own Dignity, or Degree, as their Peers, and Barons are tried by Nobles of a higher Degree: as well, as those of their own, as in all such Cases is well known. It may be here noted, That no English man receiving any Title of Honour from a foreign Prince, can use the same in England, But (if he have no other Title from the King) must in all judicial proceed be named by his name of Baptism, and Surname; excepting only the Honour of Knighthood which is to be born in all places: And this is the same in Scotland, or Ireland, as well as in other Lands. CHAP. II. Of the King's Most Excellent Majesty. THe Title used by the Kings of England (as those of France, and Spain, and some few others) is Dei Gratiâ, which is to be understood simply as having his Authority from none but God; he is styled, Defender of the Faith, which was anciently used by the Kings of England; but Anno. 1521. confirmed to them by a Bull from Pope Leo the 10th in King Henry the 8th's time, and by Act of Parliament made Supreme Head of the Church of England, and he, as all other Kings, writes in the plural Number. The Ceremonies at our King's Coronation are more than are used in many other countries'; as the Anointing with Oil, (which is said by some to be of a thousand years standing) and hath a Priest's Garment, called a Dalmatica, or Colobium, put on, him to show he is both King and Priest: He hath an Imperial Crown set upon his Head at his Coronation by the Archbishop of Canterbury, which is a peculiar Prerogative belonging to that See. The King hath also many other emblematical Ensigns and Ceremonies at his Coronation, which hath these following proper Significations: 1. At his Coronation, first he hath the Priest's Garment, or Dalmatica, put upon him, to show his Power in the Church. 2. He is anointed with Oil to show his Person is Sacred; on the Head to show Glory, on the Breast to signify Sanctity, on the Arms to emblemise Power, His Ensigns of Regality are these: 1. In his Right-hand is a Sceptre, to show Justice. 2. In his Lefthand a Globe with a Cross on it, called a Mound, used ever since Edward the Confessor, signifying, that the Faith of Christ is to be owned throughout his Empire. 3. A Ring is put on his Finger, whereby he is wedded to his People, and denotes Faithfulness. 4. He hath a Bracelet put on his Hand, the Emblem of good Works. 5. A Sword is born before him, to signify Vengeance. 6. He hath purple Robes, to attract Reverence. 7. On his Head he weareth a Diadem Triumphant, to blazon his Glory; in which Diadem some take notice of twelve precious Stones, and show their Significations as followeth: 1. Say they, the first is a Tophaz, whose Rays seem to partake of the Colours of most sorts of precious Stones; by which the King is warned to exercise all Virtues. 2. A Smaragd, or Emerald, of a pure green, and shows that Justice is an ornament for a King. 3. A Sardick, whose Colour is like red Clay, (it is in the top of the Crown,) whereby the King is put in mind, that though he be the highest, yet he is but Clay. 4. A Crysolite, which shineth like Gold, sending forth (as it were) flames; this exhorteth the King to show Wisdom and Prudence in his Actions. 5. A Chalcedon, which is strong and hard by Nature, and showeth that the King should be of Fortitude, and courage of Mind. 6. An Hyacinth, which shows like Water when the Sun shineth upon it; it teacheth Temperance, etc. 7. A Jasper, of a dark Grass-green, and teacheth the King to provide more for his People's Sustenance than his own. 8. A Chrysoprasus, whose Colour is like Gold, somewhat mixed with green, thereby advising the King to Wisdom, and to aspire to heavenly things. 9 A Berill, of a pale Green, showing that a Prince ought to have heavenly Contemplation, and to abhor Epicurism. 10. A Sapphir, of a light Blue; it instructeth the King to Continency, and Chastity. 11. There is an Amethyst, of a purple or Violet Colour, advising the King to a faithful Discharge of his Royal Function, and so give a good Example to his People. 12. The Last is a Sardonyx, which is black at bottom, red in the midst, and white above, and showeth a King ought to be Charitable, Humble, and Sincere. The Imperial Crown hath not been long in use with us; for formerly the King wore a Coronet composed of Spires, or points, until Henry the 3d. who first wore the Imperial Diadem. There are twelve Days which are called the twelve Household or Offering Days, on which the Nobles attending at Court, and Knights of the Garter, wear their Robes, and the Besant is given to the Lord Steward; the Days are as followeth: On these four Days the King offers Gold, which is given by one of the White-staff Officers, viz. 1 Christmas Day, 2 Easter Day, 3 Whitsunday, 4 All Saints Day. These two Days the King offers Gold, Myrrh, and Frankincense. 1 New Years Day, 2 Epiphany. On the Six Days following the King offers only Gold: 1 The Purification, 2 The Anunciation, 3 The Ascention-Day, 4 Trinity Sunday, 5 Midsummer-Day, 6 Michaelmas-Day. The King's Collar Days without offering are the Sundays and Hollydays in the twelve Days of Christmas, all the Apostles and Evangelists Days, the Coronation Day, the King's Birth Day, the 5th of November, St. George's Day, Monday and Tuesday in Easter Week, Monday and Tuesday in Whitsun Week. CHAP. III. Of the Prince. THe King's Son and Heir Apparent from the Day of his Birth is entitled Prince of Wales; and since the happy Union of the Kingdoms, his Title hath been Magnae Britanniae Princeps; but he is usually called by the former Title of Prince of Wales: He is, as the King's eldest Son, by his Birth Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester, and as Eldest Son to the King of Scotland he is Earl of Rothsay and Senchall of Scotland from his Birth; but he is created Prince of Wales. At his Creation he is presented before the King in Princely Robes, who putteth a Coronet of Gold upon his Head, a Ring on his middle Finger, a Verge of Gold into one Hand, and his Letters Patents, after they are read, into the other Hand: His Mantle which he wears in Parliament is doubled with five Doubling upon his Shoulder, and his Cap of State is indented at Bottom: His Coronet formerly was composed of Crosses and and Flowers-de-luce mixed; but since the happy Restauration it was solemnly ordered, that the Son and Heir Apparent to the Crown of England, should bear his Coronet of Crosses, and Flowers-de-luce, with one Arch, a Ball and Cross thereon, as the King's. By Order of Common Law the King might levy a reasonable Aid of his Subjects for the Knighting his Eldest Son at the Age of fifteen years, and to marry his Daughter at seven years, which Aid was twenty Shillings for every Knight's Fee, and as much for every twenty pounds per Annum in Soccage; but this is now laid aside. CHAP iv Of Dukes. THe Title and Degree of Duke hath been of more ancient standing in the Empire, and some other Nations, than in England; for the first English Duke was Edward the Black Prince, who was created Duke of Cornwall, Anno. 1337. by which Creation the eldest Son of the King is Duke of Cornwall from his Birth, or his Father's coming to the Crown. A Duke takes his Name à Ducendo, from Leading, being at first a Leader of the Royal Army; but now it is a Title given by Kings to Persons of high Blood, and excellent Merit; and at this day the Sovereign Princes of some Countries are called Dukes, as of Moscovoy, Savoy, Florence, Saxony, etc. At their Creation they have two Ensigns of Honour (and so have most other Noble men) to signify their Duty. First, their Heads are adorned with a Chapeau, or Head Attire of Scarlet Colour, doubled or lined with Ermine: And, Secondly a Sword, which is girt about him, which shows his readiness to serve and defend his Prince; his Mantle over his shoulders is guarded with four guards or Folds of Ermine; his Coronet is of Gold, set round with Leaves; the Cap is of Crimson (but not indented as the Prince's is, unless he be of the Blood Royal,) and his Verge is of Gold: Dukes of the Blood Royal have their Coronets composed of Crosses, and Flower deluces, and are reputed as Arch-duke's. A Duke tantum (or no more but Duke) takes place before Marquis, and Earl; but if a Duke be Marquis, and Earl, or either of them, than he shall take place before such Duke tantum. Note; Dukes, Marquesses, and Earls, at their Creation are girt with a Sword, (or else it is put over their Shoulders) which Viscounts, and Barons, have not. A Duke out of the King's or Prince's presence, may have a Cloth of State hanging down within half a yard of the Ground; his Duchess may have the same, and her Train born up by a Baroness. No Earl, without Permission, aught to wash with a Duke. Duke's Eldest Sons, by the Courtesy of England, are from their Birth styled Marquesses, (and the younger Sons Lords,) and and take place of Viscounts, but not so privileged by the Laws of the Land. A Duke hath the Title of Grace; being written unto, he is styled Most High, Most Noble, and Potent Prince; also Right Noble. Dukes of the Blood are styled, Most High, Most Mighty, and Illustrious Princes. The Ceremonies at his Creation are these: He hath his Sur-coat and Hood, and is led between two of the Noblest Persons present, not being above him; a little before him on the Right-hand goeth an Earl with the Cap of State, and Coronet on it; on the other side an Earl with the Verge: Just before him one of the greatest Estate (as Marquis, etc.) bearing his Sword, and before him an Earl bearing his Mantle, and Robe of State; all which Nobles must be in their Robes. His Title is proclaimed twice, and Largus thrice: His Honour is Hereditary, (as is all the Nobles, unless otherwise Provided in their Patent, which is rare.) Lastly, a Duke may constitute six Chaplains. CHAP. V Of a Marquis. A Marquis (by the Saxons called Marken Reeve, i. e. a Governor or Ruler of the Marches) hath the next place of Honour to a Duke. This Title came in first by Richard the 2d. who created Robert Vere Marquis of Dublin, whereas before, they that governed the Marches were entitled Earl of March, (which Marches were those Grounds between England, and Wales, and are now reduced into the Counties and Shires of Monmouth, Brecknock, Radnor, Denbigh, and Mountgomery.) At his Creation he is honoured with a Coronet of Gold, composed of a Strawberry Leaf, and a Point pearled of equal height round; his Mantle hath three folds, or doublings, and a half; his Eldest Son is by Courtesy called Earl, or Lord of his Father's Title, his younger only Lord John, Thomas, or the like. His Title is Most Noble, Most Honourable, and Potent Prince: If the King, Prince, or a Duke be absent, he may have a Cloth of State to reach within a yard of the Ground; his Marchioness may have her Train born up by a Knight's Lady in her own house, but not in the presence of a Duchess; his eldest Son shall wear as many powder as an Earl, but must give place to an Earl, and his Wife to a Countess, but may sit above all Marquis Daughters, the Eldest whereof is born Countess, and the rest Ladies. At his Creation he must have his Surcoat and Hood: He is led by Marquesses, his Sword, Cap, etc. are born by Earls. CHAP VI Of an Earl. THE Dignity of an Earl, is either local, or personal; local, as from some place, as Oxford, etc. or personal, as Earl Marshal, Earl Rivers, etc. Hugh Lupus was the first Hereditary Earl, Anno 1067. made so by William the First, who created him Earl of Chester, and gave him Jura Regalia within the said County. An Earl is created by Letters Patents, and adorned with a Cap of Honour, and a Coronet of Gold, composed of Leaves, and Points pearled; the Leaves lower than the Points: He hath his Hood, Surcoat, and Mantle of State, with three Guards of Furr, being Ermine, upon his Shoulders, (though some say it ought to be white;) he is girt with a Sword also. When the King writes to a Duke, Marquess, or Earl, he styles them Cousins, though of no Kin. Formerly they had the Title of Prince, but now it is, Most Potent and Noble Lord, Right Honourable, Truly Noble, etc. Out of his Superiour's presence he may have a Cloth of State fringed, but without Pendents; his Wife may have her Train born by an Esquire's Wife, but not in the presence of a Marchioness. CHAP. VII. Of a Viscount. THe next Degree of Honour is a Viscount, formerly a name of Office under an Earl, who being the immediate Officer of the King in the County, and his personal Attendence at Court often required, he had his Deputy to look after the Affairs of the County; which Office is now called Vicecomes, or Sheriff; but in the 18th of Henry VI. it became a Degree of Honour, conferred upon John Beaumond by Letters Patents, as all since are: He hath his Surcoat and Mantle, which hath two Guards and an half of white Fur: His Coronet is set round with Pearls, or Balls, close to the Ring, without number, but close together: He hath the Title of Right Honourable, Truly Noble, Potent Lord, etc. He may have a Traverse in his House, except in his Superiour's presence; his Wife may have her Train born up by a Woman out of her Superiors presence, in their presence by a Man. CHAP. VIII. Of Barons, or Lords, which are Spiritual and Temporal. THe next and lowest Degree of Nobility, is that of a Baron, which is twofold, Lords Spiritual, and Temporal; but first of the Lords Spiritual, or Bishops. § 1. By Lords Spiritual are meant only the Suffragan Bishops, for the Archbishops are accounted of the prime Nobility of the Kingdom, of which we have two, viz. of Canterbury, and York. 1. The Archbishop of Canterbury had formerly great Honour; so that no Legate, or Nuntio from Rome could exercise any Legantine Power, without the King's special Licence; else he was accountable to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In General Councils he had place before all Archbishops, at the Pope's right Foot, and at home was reputed the second Person in the Kingdom, or first Peer of the Realm, having Precedency of all Dukes, (not of the Royal Blood) and of all the great Officers of State. He hath Power to summon the Archbishop of York, and the Bishops of his Province to a National Synod: He is styled (even by the King) by the Grace of God, and writes himself by Divine Providence, as doth the Archbishop of York, (whereas other Bishops writ by Divine Permission:) He hath the Title of Grace given him, as Dukes have, and of most Reverend Father in God, and Metropolitan of all England. The Coronation of the King hath anciently belonged to him, it being resolved that wheresoever the Court was, the King and Queen were the proper and Domestical Parishioners of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Bishop of London is accounted his Provincial, the Bishop of Winchester his Chancellor, and the Bishop of Rochester his Chaplain: He hath under his Jurisdiction twenty one Suffragan Bishops, seventeen in England, and four in Wales: His Clergies Tenths are 65.1 l.— 18 s.— 2¼ d.— his Archbishopric is valued in the King's Book at 2816 l.— 17 s.— 9¼ d. He may qualify and retain eight Chaplains, which is two more than a Duke may. 2. The Archbishop of York, pretended anciently to have all the Bishops of Scotland under his Inspection, and that they should receive their Consecration from him, and swear Canonical Obedience to his See; (he is allowed to write himself Metropolitan of England, but not of All England, as Canterbury doth;) but at length the Bishops of Scotland would not acknowledge any such Power to him, and disowned all Obedience to him, and had Archbishops of their own, Anno 1466. leaving him in England but four Bishops: His Bishopric is now valued at 1609 l.— 19 s.— 2 d. And the Tenths of the Clergy to 1113 l.— 17 s.— 9 d. 10 b. 1. qu. he hath Precedency before all Dukes not of the Royal Blood, and before all great Officers of State, except the Lord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper. He hath the Title of Grace, and most Reverend Father in God; and he writeth by Divine Providence: He hath the Honour to crown the Queen, and to be her perpetual Chaplain, and hath great Privileges, only Durham hath a peculiar Jurisdiction, exempt from the See of York. Having made this Digression, we come next to speak of the Suffragan Bishops, who though they have some peculiar Precedencies amongst themselves, yet in general they are esteemed as Barons, and from thence have the names of Lords Spiritual. In their own Courts they have power to judge, and pass Sentence alone; and therefore they send forth their Writs in their own name, and not in the King's: In whatever Princes Dominions they are, their Episcopal Dignity and Degree is owned: In Parliament they Vote in all things, except in matter of Life and Limb. They have the Title of Lord, are styled Right Reverend Fathers in God, and write by Divine Permission: They may qualify 6 Chaplains (which are as many as a Duke,) and are Barons and Peers of the Realm: And as Spiritual Barons precede all under the Degree of a Viscount, and are placed on the King's Right Hand in Parliament. All Churchmen are prohibited the wearing of Swords, and a Priest the Order of Knighthood. § 2. Of Baron's Temporal. We may observe that the word Baron is variously derived; some from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, some from Baro, which is the same with Virro in Latin, and with Varon in the Spanish; so that Baron signifies a notable or principal man; thus anciently the Burgesses of London were called Barons, as those of the Cinque-Ports now are: but leaving the Name to speak of the Person, a Baron (the Archbishops excepted) is a Dignity next to a Viscount, and though, according to Cambden, they are not by our Common Laws allowed to be of the Degree of Nobility, yet this of a Baron may be by Tenure; for the Title of Baron by Patent (which is under the Broad-Seal of England) is Status, Gradus, Dignitas, and being by the King's Writ summoned as Members of the higher House of Parliament, they are thereby made Nobles and Peers of the Realm. As they are Barons, without any other Distinction, they wear a Coronet, (by the Ordinance of King Charles the 2d.) having six Balls or Pearls set close to the Border at equal distance, and have their peculiar Parliament Robes, which have two doublings of white Fur. Thus far of Noble Men. CHAP. IX. Of Noble Women, and first of the Queen. THere are three sorts of Queens. 1. A Queen-Sovereign, to whom the Crown descends by Birthright, and is equal in Power to a King; if she marry she is Sovereign to her Husband, and he her Subject, (in England,) though he be an Emperor. 2. The Queen-Consort: She hath very great Privileges, and the Laws set so high a value on her, as to make it High Treason to conspire her Death, or violate her Chastity; her Robes are the same with a Sovereign Queen: She sits in State by the King, keeps her Court, and hath the same General Officers as the King hath; though she be an Alien, she needs no Act of Parliament to natralize her, the Crown taking away that defect: She hath the same Honour performed to her that the King hath, as well from Foreigners as Subjects. 3. The Queen-Dowager: She hath the same Honour done to her also, and takes place next the Queen-Consort; nor doth she lose her Title of Queen, though she marry a private Gentleman, as Queen Katherine, Widow to Henry the 5th. who, though she married Owen Tudor, Esq; yet she maintained her Action at Law, as Queen of England: So in King Edward the 6th's Time Sir Thomas Seymer, Lord high Admiral, having married the Queen Dowager to Henry the 8th. she denied Precedency to her Sister in Law, the Lord Protectour's Wife, as belonging to her as Queen, which was aggravated so high, that it proved the untimely Deaths of those two famous Men. The King's Daughters are all Princesses; the Eldest is called the Princess Royal, and her Royal Highness. All Noble men's, Baronet's, and all Knights Wives are in Writings called Dames, (whence comes the name Madam.) Esquires and gentlemen's Wives are called Gentlewomen. Noble Women are so either by Descent, Creation, or Marriage; all which shall remain Noble, although they marry under their Degree. If a Gentleman, or a Peer, marry a Wife of ignoble Birth, she shall enjoy the Title and Dignity of her Husband all her Life; but it is by the Courtesy, not by the Law of England, to give it her after her Husband's Death. If a Woman of Blood marry a mean Person, he is not at all advanced, but she shall retain her own Honour; and if she be an Heiress, and have a Child by such ignoble Person her Son may bear her Coat Armour; but this is disputed by many, and denied by some, yet there are Examples of it, but are too long to recite here. An Alien Woman married to a Peer, can have no privilege by her Husband, unless she be naturalised. The King may create any Woman to any Title of Honour by Letters Patents to them and their Heirs, which Heirs shall enjoy all the Titles and Honours due to their Mothers; as, if she be a Duchess, he shall be a Duke, etc. and many Men have claimed Titles of Honour and Dignity in Right of the Wives, by marrying the Sole Heiress of a Nobleman who had those Honours: And the Children of those persons so claiming have enjoyed the said Titles in right of their Mothers, but if they have no Children, the Husband loseth the Title. CHAP. X. Of Injuries done to Noble Men. THus far briefly of the several Degrees of Noble Men, of whom the Laws of this Land are so careful, as to make provision in a most especial manner to preserve their Honour and Reputation indemnified, and therefore in the 2d. of Ric. II. Chap. 1. it is enacted, That all spreaders of false and reproachful Words and Lies against the Nobility, Prelates, and great Men in public Offices, (the offender) shall incur the Punishment ordained by the Statute of Westminster, Chap. 33. which ordains, That the offender be imprisoned, until he have found the first reporter: And in the 12th of Rich. II. Chap. 12. it is enacted, That if the Offender doth not (or cannot) find the first reporter, than he shall be punished by Advice of the Council. In the first and second of Philip and Mary it was enacted, That the Justices of the Peace in the Shire, County, City, or Town Corporate, shall have full Power to hear and determine the Causes abovesaid, and that besides such Penalties as shall be inflicted by such Justices, etc. on the offender, every Noble Man, Prelate, or great Officer, against whom such scandalous Words, false News, or Lies are spread or spoken, may prosecute the offender in an Action of Scandalum Magnatum, and recover Damages. If any Noble Man or Gentleman's Coat-Armour, or Sword, etc. at the solemnising of his Funerals be set up in the Church for the Honour of the Deceased, and is by the Incumbent (or any other) taken down by pretence of Right, as Offerings due to him, or if they be otherwise defaced by any other Person, he or they may be punished as Malefactors, but the Action must not be brought by the Widow, but by the Heir, as Defender of his Ancestour's Honour. CHAP. XI. Of Knights of the Garter. WE proceed to those Degrees of Honour that are less Noble, and accounted amongst Commoners. The first of which the Knights of the Noble Order of the Garter; they are called the Knights of St. George and were instituted by King Edward the 3d. Anno 1350. which was fifty years before the Order of St. Michael in France, 229 years before the Order of the Holy Ghost in France, 80 years before the Order of the Golden-Fleece in Burgundy, and 209 years before that of the Elephant in Denmark. The Ceremonies of this Order are many, and too long to recite; the occasion was, that King Edward the 3d might more firmly unite the hearts of his principal Peers and Friends to him in the French Wars, the Number is 26, whereof the King is Sovereign; and upon the Death of any one, another is to be chosen by the King: The Honourableness of this Order appears by the many Noble Personages who have took up this Order; there having been eight Emperors, seven Kings of Portugal, five Kings of Denmark, three Kings of Naples, two Kings of Scots before the Union, two Kings of Sweden, besides many of the Germane and Italian Princes. August the 25th 1685. The Knights of this Order were as followeth. King of Denmark. The Sovereign. King of Sweeden. Prince of Orange. Prince Elector of Brandenburg. Prince George of Denmark. Duke of Ormond. Duke of Buckingham. Earl of Oxford. Earl of Strafford. Duke of Albemarle. Duke of Beaufort. Earl of Bedford. Duke of Southampton. Earl of Mulgrave. Duke of Newcastle. Earl of Danby. Duke of Grafton. Duke of Richmond. Duke of Hamilton. Duke of Somerset. Duke of Northumberland. Duke of Norfolk. Earl of Peterborough. Earl of Rochester. Earl of Feversham, then Installed. Knights of this Order, as they are April 1689. King of Denmark. The Sovereign. King of Sweeden. P. Elector of Brandenburg. Prince George of Denmark. Earl or Oxford. Earl of Strafford. Duke of Beaufort. Earl of Bedford. Duke of Southampton. Earl of Mulgrave. Duke of Newcastle. Earl of Danby. Duke of Grafton. Duke of Richmond. Duke of Hamilton. Duke of Somerset. Duke of Northumberland. Duke of Norfolk. Earl of Peterborough. Earl of Rochester. Earl of Feversham. Earl of Sunderland. Duke of Ormond. Duke Fred. Mares. de Schomberg. Earl of Devonshire. They wear, as their daily Habit, the Immage of St. George, encountering the Dragon, set with Pearl and precious Stones, hanging in a blue Ribbon always about their Neck; they have also a Garter enameled with Gold, Pearl, and precious Stones, with a Motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense, embroidered upon it; which is fastened with a Buckle about their left Leg, from whence they are called Knights of the Garter: King Charles the first added to these, that all these Knights should always wear on the left side of their Cloaks, or Coats, a Star of Silver, embroidered with the Escouchen of St. George. (viz Argent a Cross Gules) encircled with the Garter; without these they are not to appear in public. The Robes more peculiarly belonging to the Order, are a Cassock of Crimson Velvet, lined with white Sarsenet, a Mantle of purple Velvet, lined with white Sarsenet also, on the left Shoulder whereof is an Escouchen of St. George, embroidered and encircled with the Garter and Motto; these are only worn upon St. George's Day, and when it shall please the Sovereign to celebrate the Ceremonies of the Instalment, at their Feast, and on the King's Offering days, if in Court, and have no other Title of Honour. To each Knight belongs a Collar of the Order, made of pure Gold, weighing 30 Ounces Troy; composed of Garters and Roses enemalled, Red, (and White since Henry 7th,) and since the Union of the Kingdoms mixed with Thistles; which Collar hath the Image of St. George, set with precious Stones appendent, and worn over all their Robes at St. George's Feast, and over their Cloaks or Coats on the King's Offering days; they take place according to the Seniority of their Instalment; and if they have no other Titles, which is very rare, they succeed Barons. Their Officers are a Prelate, which is always the Bishop of Winchester, a Chancellor, a Register, a King at Arms, and an Usher, called, the Black Rod, which was added by Henry 8th. CHAP XII. Of Knight's Bannerets. THese are called by some Equites Vexillarii or Cheviliers a Banier, and is a most ancient Order, being instituted by King Edward the first, and always conferred upon the most deserving men for their signal Valour, who in process of time (as some say) obtained the Names of Barons, and were admitted into the Peerage, and their Heirs enjoyed their Titles: But certain it is they always retained some Ensigns of Honour equal to the Nobility, being allowed to bear Arms with Supporters, which none under the Degree of a Baron are to do: They take place before the younger Sons of Viscounts and Baronet's, and are of such esteem, that divers Esquires, and Knights Bachelors have served under them. This Order in France was Hereditary, but with us it is only for Life to the meritorious Person, yet esteemed as a Glory and Honour to the Family. The Ceremonies of their Creation is most Noble; the King (or his General, if the King be not present,) after a Victory obtained, doth at the Head of the Army, drawn up in Battalia, under his Royal Standard, attended with all his Nobles and Field Officers, receive the Person to be Knighted, led between two renowned Knights, or men at Arms, having his Pennion of Arms in his Hand; and before him the Hearalds, who proclaim his valiant Achievement, for which he is counted worthy to be made a Knight Banneret, and to display his Banner in the Field: Then the King saith unto him, advances toy Banneret; and then he causeth the point of his Pennion to be rend off: Then the new Knight having the Trumpets sounding, the Nobles and Officers accompanying him, he is attended to his Tent, where they are nobly treated. A Banneret thus made may bear his Banner displayed in the Royal Army, and set his Arms thereon with Supporters, as Nobles do. The last of this Order was Sir John Smith, so made after Edg-hill-Fight, for his valiant rescuing the King's Standard from the Rebels. CHAP. XIII. Of Baronet's. THis is the lowest Degree of Hereditary Honour, and in that case succeeds Barons: It was Instituted anno 1611. in the 9th of King James the First: They are created by Letters, Patents, under the Great Seal of England, to him and to his Heirs Males; yet sometimes it may be otherwise entailed; but this is rare, and must be inserted in the Patent. The Intention of this Order was for the propagating a Plantation in the Province of Ulster in Ireland; towards which they were to lend their Aid or maintain 30 Soldiers each for 3 Years in Ireland, after the rate of 8ds. per Day. They have Precedency of all Knights, except those of the Garter, Knights Bannerets, and Knights being privy Counsellors. In all Writs, Commissions, etc. they are are styled Baronet's, and the Title of Sir added to their Names, and of Lady to their Wives: They take place according to the Priority of the Date of their Patents, unless the King insert a Clause to the contrary, which is very rare. Those admitted are to be of good Reputation, and whose Grand father (at least) by the Father's Side bore Arms; and he must be of the yearly Estate of 1000 l. de claro. They, or their eldest Son, may receive the Order of Knighthood at the age of 21 Years, and they shall bear on a Canton (or on an Escoucheon, which can be best placed on their Arms) the Arms of Ulster, Argent, a Sinister Hand in Pale, Couped at Wrist, Gules. In the Royal Army they have place in the Gross, near the Royal Standard, and are allowed some peculiar Solemnities for their Funerals. CHAP XIV. Of the Knights of the Bath. THey are called Knights of the Bath from the manner of their Creation, and also Knights of the Holy Trinity from the Medal which they wear, which is three Crowns, with an Inscription about it, which was formerly, Tria Numina juncta in Vno: But at King James the First his Coronation the word Numina was left out; and so it alluded to the three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which were then joined in one. They are usually made at the Coronation of a King or Queen, and at the Creation of a Prince, or Duke of the Royal Blood; as at the Creation of Henry Prince of Wales, and Charles Duke of York: These Knights saith Froysard, as quoted by Bloom, were first created in Anno. 1399. but Elias Ashmole Esq; thinks them more ancient, and that Henry IU. who was then King, did not constitute, but rather restore the ancient manner of making Knights, and made it peculiar to the Knights of the Bath, which hath continued so ever since. They are assigned no Statues; neither are they to wear their Robes but upon the time of Solemnity, except a red Ribbon worn cross their left Shoulder, (as those of the Garter do a Blue,) with a Medal above mentioned; and upon a Vacancy, their number (which is uncertain) is not supplied. They are created with many and Noble Ceremonies, and have had Princes, and the prime of the Nobility of their Order. The principal Ceremonies are these: The Person is first sent for by the King, (and at his coming to Court, the King usually Knights him with the Sword of State,) where he is honourably received by the chief Officers and Nobles of the Court, and hath two Esquires to wait upon him, and convey him to the Chamber appointed, (and see him no more that day,) where he is entertained with Music; then a Bath is prepared by a Barber, who is to trim him, and then the King is informed that he is ready for the Bath; then is he instructed by the most grave Knights in the Order and Fees of Chivalry, the Music all the while playing at the Door; then they undress him and put him naked into the Bath, at which time the Music ceases, and one of the grave Knights saith to him, Be this an honourable Bath to thee. From the Bath he is conveyed to his Bed, which is plain without Curtains, etc. as soon as he is dry they shall help to dress him, putting over his inward Garment a Russet Robe with long Sleeves, and an Hood like an Hermits; the Barber the mean while takes away the Bath, which, with all that belongs to it, and the Collar about his Neck, is his fees. He is then conducted to the Chapel with Music, where being entered, the Knights and Esquires shall be entertained with Wine, and Spices, and take their leave; then the Priest and the two Esquires, with the new Knight, perform a vigil till almost day, with Prayers and Offerings, beseeching God (and his Blessed Mother) to make him worthy of that Dignity; and being confessed, he shall hold a Taper in his hand until the reading of the Gospel, at which time the shall deliver his Hood to one of the Esquire, and the Taper to the other Esquire, and a Penny must be laid on the Altar, on or near the Candlestick; and when the priest comes to the Words Verbum caro factum est, he, while Kneeling, shall take the Taper and offer it to God, and the Penny to him who is to make him a Knight: Prayers done, he is conducted to his Chamber for some repose, until the King's Pleasure be known, then being dressed he is led into the Hall, being girt with a Girdle of white Leather without Buckles, a Coif upon his Head, a Mantle of Silk over a Kirtle of Tartarin, tied with a lace of white Silk, and a pair of white Gloves hanging at the end of the Lace; (all which is the Chandler's Fees) then mounting on horse back, the grave Knights conduct him up the Hall to the King (with his Sword, and his Spurs hanging at the pomil, carried before him) where the Marshal and the Usher meeting him, desire him to alight, and the Marshal shall take his Horse for his Fee; being brought to the second Table, with his Sword and Spurs held upright before him, the King asks for the Sword and Spurs, which being showed by the Chamberlain, the King takes the right Spur and gives it to the most Noble Person there, and wills him to put it on the Person's heel, and the Knight himself puts on the other, than the King taking the Sword, girds it about him, and putting his Arms about his Neck; saith, Be thou a good Knight, and kisseth him. The Knight thus made, is conducted back to the Chapel, where kneeling, with his right hand laid upon the high Altar, he promiseth to defend the rights of the Holy Church until his Death, and ungirding his Sword he offereth it to God: At his going out the King's Master-Cook stands ready with his Carving knife in his hand; Saying, I the King's Master-Cook am come to receive thy Spurs for my Fees; and if you do any thing contrary to the Honour of Knighthood, (which God forbidden) I shall hack your Spurs from your heels. Then the Knight is conducted into the Hall, where he sits at Table with the Knights that are there, and rising again, he retires into his Chamber, where his Robes are taken off, and he is clothed in a Blue Robe, having a Lace of white Silk upon his left Shouldier, which ought to be worn upon all his Garments, until he hath gained some Renown in feats of Arms; or else some Princess or great Lady cut it from his Shoulder. After dinner he is conducted by the Knights into the King's Presence, to return him thanks for these Honours; and taking his leave, with craving Pardon for any miscarriage, he is dismissed by the Title of Knight of the Bath. CHAP. XV. Of Knight's Bachelors. THE Title of Knight is a Word taken from Horsemanship, as their several Names in divers Languages signify, the Italians and Spaniards call them Cevalieri, the French Chevaliers, the Britain's Margagh, the Germans, Rutters, and our Ancient Saxons Cinht, whence some observe that Cinht signifies a Servant, and Rutter a Rider; and so it signifies one that serves on Horseback, to distinguish them from Cinht, or Knecht, which is the common Name of Servants; but the Romans called them Miles, or Soldiers: They are as ancient as History, and have the Title of Sir attributed to them. No man can be born a Knight, but it is an Honour conferred on them by the Prince, either to encourage them to his Service, or as a reward for Service done, chief for his Valour in Battle; and he keeps his Title in all Countries wherever he cometh, contrary to all other Degrees of Honour. In Ancient time the manner of making or dubbing of a Knight was with great Honour, as in King Arthur's time we find it thus: The King commanded a large Stage to be erected in, or near some Cathedral Church, and thereon was set a Chair of Silver, covered with Green Silk, in which the Person to be Knighted was placed; then he was demanded whether he was of a healthy Body, and able to undergo the Travel required in a Soldier, also whether he were a man of honest Conversation, and what credible Witnesses he can produce to affirm the same: Then the Bishop or other Chief Prelate took the Bible, and holding it open before the Knight, in Presence of the King, and all others, spoke these words: Sir, You that desire to receive the Order of Knighthood, shall swear before God, and on this Holy Book, that you shall not fight against this Mighty and Excellent Prince, that now bestoweth the Order of Knighthood upon you, unless you shall be commanded so to do in the Service of your own King, for in that Case having first yielded up the Collar, Device, and other Ensigns of Honour now received, it shall be lawful for you to serve against him without Reproach or Offence to all other Companions in Arms; but otherwise doing, you shall incur Infamy, and being taken in War, shall be subject to the pains of Death. You shall also swear, with all your Force and Power to maintain and defend all Ladies, Gentlewomen, Orphans, and distressed Women. And you shall shun no adventure of your Person in any War wherein you shall happen to be. This Oath being taken, two of the chief Lords led him to the King, who drew forth his Sword, and laid it upon his Head, saying, God and St. George (or any other Saint whom he pleaseth, but commonly St. George,) make thee a good Knight. Then came Seven Noble Ladies in white, and girded on his Sword, and four Honourable Knights put on his Spurs: Then the Queen (if there) took him by the right Arm, and a Duchess or greatest Lady by the left, who led him to a seat, having three Ascents, and there seated him; the King sitting on his Right hand, and the Queen on his Left, the Lords and Ladies sitting on the three Steps under the King and Queen; where being entertained with a Noble Banquet, the Ceremonies ended. Of Degrading of Knights. Examples of this is rarely found, it being used only for great and notable Offences against Loyalty and Honour, and then he was Armed Cap-a-Pee, and placed on a high Scaffold in the Church, where the Priest sung some Funeral Psalms, as though he had been dead; then they take off his Helmet, and so by degrees the rest of his Armour: Then the Heralds proclaim him a disloyal Miscreant, and throw him down with a Rope tied about him over the Stage: Other ways there hath been, as the reversing their Arms, seizing their Equipage, cutting the Spurs from their Heels; and breaking their Sword over their Heads, but of late they had Marshal Law executed upon them. CHAP. XVI. Of the Knights of the Round Table. THis Order was founded by King Arthur, Anno 516. who after many Glorious Actions abroad, did at his return constitute this Order of Knighthood, being (as some say) twenty four in number, (some say more,) amongst whom he himself was chief; and for avoiding controversy about taking of place he caused a round Table to be made, from whence they took their Name, which is (said to be) the same that now hangs up in Windsor; none were admitted but such as made sufficient Proof of their Prowess, and were renowned for their Virtue and Valour. Their Articles were, to be always well Armed for all occasions, and ready to assail Tyrants and Oppressors, to defend Widows, Maidens, and Children, and to relieve those in necessity, to maintain the Christian Faith, to aid the Holy Church, and to protect Pilgrims, to advance Honour, suppress Vice, to bury Soldiers that want Sepulchers, to ransom Captives, deliver Prisoners, and to help towards the cure of wounded Soldiers, hurt in the Service of their King and Country, to record all noble Achievements, that it might remain for ever to the Honour of their Order; if complaint was made to the King by any Lady, Gentlewoman, or other Person oppressed or wronged, one or more of these Knights were without delay to redress the same, were it at home or in Foreign Lands; if any Foreign Knight came to Court with desire to show his Prowess, one of these Knights ought to be ready in Arms to answer him, and also that every one of them should be ready to instruct young Lords and Gentlemen in the Exercises of Arms: They had no Robe that is mentioned, nor any Officer but a Register. Knights of St. Andrew, or of the Thistle in Scotland. Achaius (by some Hungus) King of the Picts, the night before his Battle with Athelstone, King of England, saw in the Sky a bright Cross, like that whereon St. Andrew suffered Martyrdom; and the day proving successful to him, the Picts and Scots ever since have bore the said Cross in all their Banners and Ensigns; from hence it's thought this Order took its beginning, Anno 810. the principal Ensign of this Order, is a golden Collar composed of Thistles, intermixed with Annulets of Gold, to which hangeth the Figure of St. Andrew, with his Cross, and this Motto, Nemo me impunè lacessit; but for their common Ensign, they weara Purple Ribbon, to which hangeth a golden Thistle, crowned with an Imperial Crown, within a Circle of Gold, with the abovesaid Motto. The grand Day of meeting is on St. Andrew's day, and in St. Andrew's Church, their number 13. in allusion to Christ and his twelve Apostles, they are to be richly apparelled, and in their Parliament Robes, having St. Andrew's Cross within a blue Roundel, embroidered on the left Shoulder; and in the centre of the Cross, a Crown composed of Flowers-de-luce of Gold. This Order, after it had continued above 700 Years, was wholly laid aside, after the Reformation which happened in the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots, and not restored again until King James the 2d. did by a Patent dated at Windsor, May the 29. 1687. restore this Order again, appointing his Chapel Royal in his Palace at Holy-Rood-house, to be the Chapel of the Order, instead of St. Andrew's Church, which was ruined in the said Reformation. They are appointed to be of the most Noble Men in Scotland, His Late Majesty being Sovereign, who appointed them a Secretary. Knights of the holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. This is held the most ancient of all those Orders that took their beginning in the Holy Land, beginning about Anno 1099. some say Philip King of France instituted it; but the better say it was Baldwin, the first King of Jerusalem, who made his regular Canon's Knights of this Order: Their Duty was to guard the Holy Sepulchre, to relieve and protect Pilgrims, to fight against Infidels, to hear Mass every Day; their Ensign was two red Crosses united in one. When the Christians were expelled the Holy Land these Knights settled themselves at Perugia in Italy, but by the Bull of Pope Innocent 8th anno 1484. they and all their goods were annexed to the Knights Hospitallers at Rhodes. Knights Hospitallers. They were instituted Anno 1099. by one Gerrard of Tholouse, and had large Privileges granted them by Baldwin the the 1st. who created them Knights, and obliged them to use their Arms against the Infidels, but the Saladine having won Jerusalem, they retired into Acres which being also taken, they seized upon the Isle of Rhodes, where they continued until Solyman forced them thence, anno 1522. after which they betook themselves to the Isle of Maltha, where they still continue. Their Habit is black, with a white Cross near the left Shoulder; they vow Obedience, Poverty, and Chastity; since they have been endued with many Dignities, and are divided into three classes, viz. Knights, ecclesiastics and Servants: The Great Master hath his Title, the Illustrious Prince of Maltha, and Goza, both which with Tripoli, was given them by the Emperor Charles the Fifth, anno 1530. Knight's Templars. They began about anno 1118. after which the King of Jerusalem gave them a Palace, adjoining to Solomon's Temple, from whence they took their Name. They wear a white Garment with a red Cross, and vow Obedience, Poverty, and Chastity: They were to fight against the Infidels, but at length they grew very Rich, and then exceeding Proud, and fell from the Obedience of the Patriarch of Jerusalem to the Pope; but they increasing in Riches and Pride, were by him, or with his consent, turned out all their Possessions, their Riches seized upon, and themselves imprisoned, and some executed, but some think it was more for love of their Lands, than any Crime they had committed, having, as Dr. Heylen observes, sixteen thousand Lordships in Europe. The Temple in London was theirs, where many of them lie buried, and those that have been in the holy Wars, or fought in the Holy Land, lie with their Feet a cross. Knights of St. Lazarus in Jerusalem. They were first only a Brotherhood of religious Monks, and became an Order of Knighthood in St. Bassil's time: They were to take care of persons infected with the Leprosy, and had a famous Hospital in Jerusalem, called St. Lazarus: After a while the Saracens, by their Incursions, had almost extinguished them; but when the latter Princes joined together in the holy War, these religious Men did great Service, and found such esteem of Baldwin the 2d. that they gained great Honour under their great Master; and about Anno 1150. they first made their Vows of Obedience, Poverty, and Chastity, before the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and submitted to the Order of St. Benedict. They wear a green Cross, and are to prove themselves born in Wedlock, of Christian Parents, to be Gentlemen by Father and Mother, and of an unblamable Life. Knights of St. Bass, or St. Bassil. These were founded under the Rule of St. Bassil, and were also called Knights of St. Marry: Their garment was Sky-coloured, and a golden Cross on their Breast, in the midst whereof was the Picture of St. Bassil. They were all Servants to the King of America. Knights of St. Katherine at Mount Sinai. They were Instituted about 1063. and were to defend the Sepulchre of St. Katherine, and to secure the passages for the Travellers who came thither for Devotion. They follow the Rule of St. Bassil the Great, and wore a white Garment; some Remains of this Order are still in being, though almost ruined by the Turks. Knights of the Martyrs of Palestine. These followed the Rule of St. Bassil, and on their Garments wore a red Cross, in the midst whereof were the Pictures of St. Cosmas and Damian, their Patrons: They exercise all Acts of Charity to sick folks that were Strangers, they redeemed Captives taken by the Saracens, buried the Dead, etc. Knights of the Oak, in Navarr. The Moors having almost overrun Navarr, Don Gratio Ximenes, leaving his religious Life, took upon him to conduct Navarr Army, anno 722. and as he was Marching out against the Moors, there appeared to him on the top of an Oak, the form of a Cross, which was adored by an innumerable company of Angels in this Battle; he obtained so signal a Victory that the People elected him King, and soon after he instituted this Order of Knighthood, investing therewith the Nobles of this Kingdom who were obliged to defend the Christian Faith, and to own Obedience to the King. Their habit was a white Garment, and thereon a plain red Cross, set on the top of an Oak in its Verdure. Knights of the Lily of Navarr. Gracius the 6th King of Navarr, lying very sick of a languishing Disease, sent to divers places to have Prayer made for his recovery; and in the mean time there was found in the City of Naiera, (where he usually kept his Court,) the Image of our Lady issuing out of a Lily, with her Son in her Arms, (saith the Legend,) and soon after the King recovered, and in Honour thereof Anno 1048. he erected this Order, consisting of 38 Knights, himself and Successors being Sovereign: They wear ordinarily a Lily embroidered in Silver on their Breasts; and on feastival Days a double Chain of Gold, interlaced with the Gothish Letter M, having an enameled Lily in an oval Medal. Their Habit is white. Knights of the Band in Spain Were erected by Alphonso King of Spain, Anno 1366. who, for his Security against his many Enemies, instituted this Order: They wear a broad red Ribbon cross their left Shoulders, from whence they take their Name. Knights of the Dove in Castille Were institued by John the First, King of Castille, Anno 1379. Their Collar was composed of Pieces, representing the Sun in his Glory, to which hung a golden Dove, enameled white, and encircled with Rays. Knights of the Fish Scale in Castille. John the 2d. King of Castille, erected this Order to assist him against the Moors, Anno 1420. their Ensign was a Cross composed of Fish Scales, from whence they took their Name: They were obliged to fight against the Moors, to accompany the King in his Wars, and to die in the defence of Christianity. Knights of the Lily in Arragon. These were erected by Ferdinand King of Arragon, Anno 1403. and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin: Their Collar was composed of Bough-pots, filled with white Lilies, interlaced with Griffons. Knights of Mount joy. They were instituted in the Holy-Land, to fight against the Moors and Saracens, and lay in Garrison in a Castle on a Mountain near Jerusalem: They wore a short red Mantle, and on their Breast a white Star, with five Rays; they observed the Rules of St. Benedict; but when the Holy Land was lost they retired into Spain, where, after some time, they falling to decay, were incorporated into the Order of the Calatrava. Knights of Acon, or Acress. They lived in the City of Acon, and relieved and defended the Pilgrims that went to the Holy Land: They wore a black Garment, whereon was a white Cross Pattee; they followed the Rule of St. Augustine, and after the loss of Palestine, they retired into Spain, where, in process of time, they were incorporated into the Knights Hospitallers. Knights of St. James in Galicia. This Order is of the greatest esteem in Spain; they were instituted to drive the Arabians out of Castille; their Number was 13. and a Governor, and had for their Ensign a red Cross in form of a Sword, with an Escallop Shell on it: They have now a great Master, and have power to remove any, and choose another. They meet on All-Saints day, and have great Revenues. Knights of Saint Saviour's in Arragon. They were instituted Anno 1118. by Don Alphonso, to endeavour the forcing the Moors out of Arragon, and were composed of Spanish and French Nobility: They wore a white Mantle, and on the Breast a red Cross; but when the Moors were expelled, their Revenues were joined to the Crown. Knights of St. Julian, or of Alcantara. They were instituted Anno 1176. in Alcantara in Castiglia, on the River Tago, where they had a stately Church, and great Revenues: Their Habit was black, and on their Breast a green Cross. Their first great Master was Ferdinand the Second, King of Leon and Galicia. Knights of Callatrava in Castille. This Order is ancient, being instituted by Sanchio the 3d. King of Toledo, about 1158. and took its Name from their Place: They wore a black Garment and a red Cross on their Breasts. Knights of Truxillo, or Trugillo. They took their Name from their Seat, which was Trugillo in Spain, and were instituted before the Year 1227. but the true time of their Institution, or Habit, is not certainly known. Knights of our Lady and St. George. They arose upon the dissolution of the Knight's Templars and were instituted by James the 2d. King of Arragon and Valencia, Anno 1317. for defending his Kingdom against the Moors: They wore a black Habit, with a plain red Cross, vowed Conjugal Chastity, and followed the Rule of those of Callatrava, to whom they were subject. Knights of St. Marry de Merced in Arragon. They were instituted by James the First, King of Arragon, Anno 1218. and had their Name from the Benefit that the Christians might expect from them. Their annual day was Saint Laurence; their Habit a Coat and Scapular of ordinary white Cloth, garnished with Ribbons and cordon's, wherewith it was fastened to their Necks; and on the upper part a Cap, or Hood, which covered half their Heads: They professed Conjugal Chastity, and Obedience to Superiors. Knights of the Rosary in Toledo. They were instituted by Roderick, Archbishop of Toledo, to resist the Moors in defence of the Catholic Religion: They are continually to say the Rosary of the Blessed Lady, and were of the Dominican Order; their Ensign was the Figure of our Lady of the Rosary upon a Cross, quarterly, Argent, and Sable. Knights of the Golden-Fleece. They were instituted by Philip Duke of Burgundy, and Earl of Flanders, Anno 1429. Their first Number was 24. but were increased afterwards by Charles the 5th. St. Andrew is their Patron: Their Habit is a Cassock of Crimson Velvet, over it a Mantle of the same, lined with white, which openeth on the right Side, and is turned up over the left Shoulder, embroidered round with a Border, Flames, Fucels, and Flecces, with a Hood of Crimson Velvet: The Collar which they always are to wear is of Gold, wrought with Flames, Fucels, and golden Fleeces: The lawful Duke of Burgundy is Great Master, or Sovereign of the Order, who hath absolute Power to bestow it on whom he pleases; but whosoever entereth into this Order must renounce all other Orders of Knighthood, except the Emperor, and those Kings, Princes, and Dukes, who are Sovereings of their own Orders. They have a Chancellor, a Treasurer, a Register, and a King at Arms, called Toizon D' Or. Their meeting day is the second of May. Knights D' Avis. These were instituted by Don Alphonso Henriquez the First, King of Portugal, and were at first called Knights of St. Mary Evora, and not long after Knights of D' Avis, from a Castle of that Name: Their Badge is a Green Cross Flory, and they follow the Rule of St. Benedict: None are admitted into this Order but such as are Gentlemen by Father and Mother two Descents. Knights of St. Michael 's Wing. The same Don Alphonso Henriquez, having obtained a great Victory against the Moors, he in honour of St. Michael, his tutelar Saint, (who appeared on his right side fight against the Moors,) instituted this Order of Knighthood, Anno 1171. Their Badge was a red Sword crossed with a Flower-de-luce, and this Motto, Quis ut Deus? They were of the Cistertian Order, and were to defend the Country against the Incursions of the Moors. Knights of St. James Were instituted by Don Denys the Sixth, King of Portugal, 1310. by whose help he cleared his Country of the Moors: They profess Conjugal Chastity, Hospitality, and Obedience: Their Ensign is a red Sword; their Habit white, and none are admitted but Gentlemen of Blood. Knights of Christ Were instituted in Portugal, under Don Denys the Sixth above, by Pope John the 22d. who gave them the Possessions of the Knight's Templars in Portugal: They follow the Cistertian Order, and wear a black Habit, with a Cross Pattee, Gules, (upon the Breast,) charged with another Argent. The Knights of Jesus Christ in France. They were instituted by Charles King of France, and Richard the Second, King of England, for recovery of the Holy Land: They had divers Officers, and professed Obedience, Conjugal Chastity, and Poverty: Their habit was a sad coloured Coat of Cloth, reaching to the Calf of their Leg, girt about them with a Girdle of Silk, or Leather, two Fingers broad, a red Cap, and over all a white woollen Coat, with a red Cross of woollen Cloth, about two Fingers broad, upon the Breast, from top to bottom, and came round their Waste: Their number were a thousand, each Knight had an Esquire Armed at all points, and three Varlets, one to carry his Helmet and Lance, another his Coat of Mail, and the third to lead his Sumpter. Knights of the Virgin Mary of Mount Carmell. They were instituted by Henry the Fourth of France, and confirmed by Pope Paul the Fifth 1608. They are to be the choice Gentlemen of France, and are to attend the King in War to fight against the Enemies of the Roman Church, and vow Obedience and Chastity; they consist of a hundred Knights, and hold their Feast anually on the 16th of July: Their Badge is a Cross of eight points, of a tawny colour, with a white Border sewed on the left side of their Cloaks, and the Figure of the V Mary of Mount Carmell, encircled with Rays of Gold, placed in the midst, and embroidered: They wear the like Cross of Gold, enameled, hanging about their Necks in a tawny Ribbon. The Knights of St. Michael. They were erected by Lewis the Eleventh of France, An. 1469 in memory of an Apparition of St. Michael upon the Bridge of Orleans, when that City was besieged by the English: Their Habit is Doublet, Hose, Shoes, Scabbard, Cap, Band, and Feather, all white; the Surcoat with Slieves is Cloth of Silver; over all a Mantle of the same, tied upon the right Shoulder, and turned up over the left, bordered about with an Embroidery of Cockles and Knots; over all the Collar of St. Michael, which is very rich, unto which hangeth the Picture of St. Michael: Their number at first were but thirty six, now much increased; they meet on Michaelmas day; the King is Sovereign, and they have a Treasurer, a Chancellor, a Register, and a Herald, named Monsan Michael. Knights of the Holy Ghost Were instituted by Henry the Third of France, 1578. in honour of Whitsunday, on which day he was elected King of Poland: There number is an hundred, (besides the King who is Sovereign;) in which number are four Cardinals, five Prelates, a Chancellor, a Provost, a Master of the Ceremonies, a great Treasurer, and a Scribe: Their Feast day is the first of January: Their Robe is black Velvet, embroidered with Flower de-luces' of Gold and Silver, with knots of Gold between sundry Rings, or Ciphers of Silver, and Flames of Gold, in Imitation of the cloven Tongues; a Mantle of green Cloth of Silver, embroidered as the other, tied on the right, and turned up on the left, both lined with Orange coloured Satin; their Hose, Doublet, and Feather were white, but their Bonnets black; over all a Collar of the Order, being the same with the Embroidery work, at which hangeth a Cross, with the Figure of a Dove in the centre thereof. Knights of the Jennet. Some esteem this the most ancient Order in France, and instituted by Charles Marshal, High Steward of France, Anno 726. They were sixteen in number, and had a Collar of Gold made of a Triple Chain, interwoven with enameled red Roses, and at the end whereof hung a Jennet of Gold, black and red, on a bank of Flowers all enameled, etc. Knights of the Crown Royal Were erected by Charles the Great, Son to King Pepin, Anno 802. for honouring of those amongst the Frezons who had been valiant in the Army against the ancient Saxons and Lombard's: Their Ensign was an Imperial Crown, which these Knights wore upon their Breast: They were invested with a military Belt, and a box on the Ear. Knights of the Lady of the Stan. Instituted by King Robert of France, Anno 1022. in Honour of the Virgin Mary: They wore a Mantle of white Damask, lined with light Carnatian Satin, and Surcoats of the same; on their left side they wore an embroidered Star of Gold: Their Collar was much like that of the Jennet, at which did hang a Figure of a Star; but many Persons of no merit being admitted into this Order, it was discontinued under Charles the Seventh of France. Knights of the Thistle of Bourbonne. Were erected by Lewis the Second, Duke of Bourbone, on New-year's day, 1370. Their number was twenty six, of which himself and Successors are Sovereign: Their Habit was a Mantle of Sky-coloured Damask, lined with red Satin, and broad Welts of Gold embroidered on the Collar; the Bonnet was of green Velvet, with a Tassel of Gold, and crimson Silk, hanging at the Band; the great Collar was of Gold enameled with green, to hang in an oval; the Picture of the blessed Virgin, their Patroness, with the Head of a Thistle, enameled green and white; they daily wear a Girdle, or Belt of watchet Velvet, embroidered with Gold, in the midst of which was wrought the word Esperance. Knights of the Porcupine, Instituted by Lewis Duke of Orleans, An. 1393. They were twenty four, besides the Founder: Their habits were Surcoats of violet Velvet, over which were Mantles of watchet Velvet, lined with Carnatian Satin; their Collar was form of golden Chains, whereto hung a Porcupine of Gold, upon a hillock of Grass and Flowers. Knights of the Cressants of Anjou. Erected by Rene Duke of Anjou, King of Jerusalem and Sicily, Anno 1464. Their Patron was St. Maurice, the King and his Successors were Sovereigns: Their Mantle was Crimson Velvet, on the right side whereof was a golden Crescent, whereon was writ L'oz, enameled; and to this Crescent was fastened as many small pieces of Gold in forms of Columes, and enameled red, as the wearer had been present in Battles and Sieges. Knights of the Ermine in Bretaigne. They were instituted by Francis the First, Duke of Bretaigne, consisting of twenty five, of which himself was Sovereign: Their Habit was a Mantle of white Damask, lined with Carnatian, and a Surcoat of the same; the great Collar was of Gold, composed of Ears of Corn, Saltier wise, at the end whereof hung the Must Ponticus, or Ermine, passing over a Turf of Grass, at the edge whereof was this Motto, A Marie. Knights of St. Marry the Glorious of Italy Were instituted by Pope Vrban, An. 1233. out of certain rich Gentlemen of Modena, and Bolegna, who were fearful of Troubles, etc. Their Habit was a white Cassock and a Russet Mantle, and for their Badge they had a Purple Cross Pattee on their Breast: They lived with their Wives, and were obliged to fight against Infidels, and to protect Widows and Orphans. Knights of the Holy Ghost at Rome Were founded by Innocent the Third, about 1198. They were obliged to bring certificates of their Gentility: They profess Obedience, Chastity, and Poverty; they have a Master, and follow the Rule of St. Augustin: Their Habit is a black Mantle, on the left side, whereof (as also on their Breast) they wear a Patriarchal Cross, with twelve Points, their Revenue is 24000 Ducats daily, with which they do great Acts of Charity. The Angelic Knights of St. George, Said to be first instituted by Constantine the Great: Their Ensign was a Collar of Gold, to which was fastened a Cross of the same, and thereunto the Figure of St. George's. They were in Number 50 of the Noblest Persons in his Empire, to whom he gave the Standard Labarum, or Imperial, and a Collar of Gold: They were confirmed by Pope Leo the First, Anno 456. who assigned them the Rule of St. Bassil; they now live in great splendour near Venice, own no Subjection but to the Pope, with whom they sit at Table, and have many great Privileges: Their Patron is St. George, and their Protectress is the blessed Virgin: Their Habit is a white Garment, and on the left side a red Cross flory, made of Velvet, in the midst of which is the Labarum embroidered in the form of the Letter X. with the Greek Letter Alpha upon one Arm of the Cross, and the Omega on the other. Knights of St. Peter at Rome. They were instituted Anno 1520. by Pope Leo the tenth, their number was 400. who were assigned to wear in an oval of Gold the Figure of St. Paul Knights of St. George at Rome Were erected by Pope Alexander the Sixth, Anno. 1498. their Ensign was a Cross of Gold, entowered with a Circle of the same, in form of a Crown. Knights called Pius at Rome, Instituted by Pope Pius the Fourth, 1560. Their number at first was 375. but afterwards increased to above 530. Their Ensign is the Effigies of St. Ambrose, which they wear about their Necks, hanging on a Chain of Gold. Knights of Loretto at Rome Were instituted by Sixtus Quintus, Anno 1687. whose Ensign was the Figure of our Lady of Loretto hanging on a Gold Chain. Knights of the Glorious Virgin Mary at Rome. Took their beginning from three Brethren of Spella in Italy, surnamed Petrignanoes, Anno 1618. and confirmed by Pope Paul the Fifth, who gave them great Endowments, making himself and Successors their great Master, appointing them the Rule of St. Francis D' Assize: Their Habit is a white Mantle, on the left side a Cross of blue Satin embroidered with Silver, and bordered with Gold, having in the midst a circle, wherein is this Motto, In Hoc Signo Vincam, and within it the Letters S. M. (for Sancta Maria:) From the Circle issueth forth twelve Rays, the ends of the Cross are like a Flower-de-luce, on each a Star, which may signify the four Evangelists, as the 12 Rays do the 12 Apostles. Knights of Jesus, now at Rome, Were instituted An. 1320. by Pope John the 22d. at Avignon in France, and much enlarged by Paul the Fifth: Their badge is a plain red Cross within a Cross Pattee, Gold, which hangs in a golden Chain. Knights De-la-Calza in Venice Were instituted about 1400. in honour of the Inauguration of Duke Michele Stelo, consisting of Noblemen and Gentlemen: Their Habit, which they wore on solemn days, was a Crimson Senatour's Vest, and their Ensign was a Sun on a Shield, which they also used as their Seal. Knights of St. Mark in Venice. They are ancient, being instituted about 828. and are created after the manner of our Knights Bachelors, being dubbed with a Sword, and their Title a bare mark of Honour, conferred upon Persons who have merited well of this Common-weal by the Duke, and also by the Senate, for their great worth: They wear for a B●dge of Honour a Gold Chain over their Shoulders, on which depends a Medal with the Arms of Venice, which is the Emblem of St. Mark, viz. a Lion with Wings expanded, holding in his right Paw a drawn Sword, and in his left an open Book, with this Motto: Pax tibi Marce, Evangelista meus. Knights of St. Geo. at Genoa. This Order was instituted by Frederick the III. Emperor, and dedicated to St. George. Their Ensign is a plain red Cross, fastened to a Gold Chain, which they wore about their Necks. Knights of the Order of the Precious Blood of our Saviour Jesus Christ at Mantua. This Order was instituted about 1608: by Gonzago iv Duke of Mantua; for the greater Glory of his eldest Son's Nuptials: They consist of 20 Knights, of which the Duke was Sovereign, or great Master: Their Collar is composed of Ovals of Gold, some the length one way, some another, in one of which were these words, Domine Probâsti, and on the other Flames of Fire, about a Crusible, full of Ingots of Gold; at this Collar hung another Oval of Gold, whereon were two Angels standing, one on each side, holding a Chalice crowned, and on the Table of it was enameled, three drops of Blood, and about it this Inscription, Nihil isto triste Recepto. The Knights of St. Stephen at Florence Were instituted by Cosmo Duke of Florence, Anno 1561. Their Orders are like those of Malta; the Duke and his Successors are great Masters: Their Habit is a long Mantle of white Camlet, and on the left Breast a Cross of Crimson Satin, bordered with Gold, which is their Ensign; and on feastival days they wear a Ribbon about their Necks. Knights of the Knot in Naples. Instituted by Lewis Prince of Tarentum, about Anno 1351. They were composed of 70 of the Noblest Lords in Naples, together with some Strangers: Their Habit was white and their Ensign a true Love's Knot, intermixed with Gold. Knights of the Argonaute of Naples. These were instituted Anno 1382. by Charles the III. King of Naples, for the advancement of Navigation, (after some,) are to preserve Amity amongst the Nobles, (after others,) who were the persons invested with this Honour: Their Habit was a white Garment, and their Ensign was a Ship tossed in a storm, with this Motto, Non credo Tempori. Knights of the Ermine in Naples. Were institued by Ferdinand the First, their King, upon the discovery of a Plot against his his Life, by his Brother-in-Law the Duke of Sessa; wherein the King shown himself so merciful, that he not only set his Brother-in-Law at Liberty, but made him a Knight of this Order, amongst others the Nobles of this Realm: Their Collar was of Gold, intermixed with Spots of Dung, to which hung an Ermine with this Motto, Malo mori quàm foedari. Knights of the Annunication in Savoy. This Order was instituted by Amedeo the 6th. Earl of Savoy, Anno 1362. in Memory of Amedeo the first Earl, who valorously defended the Isle of Rhodes against the Turks, and won those Arms which are now born by the Dukes of Savoy, viz. Gules, a Cross Argent: They are a very Honourable Order, and have very large Endowments; they at first consisted of 15. of which the Founder was Sovereign, which Number was enlarged to a greater: Their Habit is a purple Mantle, seeded with Roses, and Flames, in Embroidery of Gold and Silver, fringed with Gold, and lined with Cloth of Silver, and tissued blue, under which instead of a Surcoat is worn a white Satin Suit, embroidered with Silk, the Breeches are like Trousers, and reach half way of the Thigh: Their Collar is of Gold, on which are engraven the letters F. E. R. T that is, Fortitudo Ejus Rhodum Tenuit: To this Collar hangeth a Tablet, wherein is the Figure of the Annunication, which is their daily Badge, and is worn about their Shoulders. Note that these five Orders, viz. the Gartar in England, the Golden Fleece in Flanders, St. Michael in France, the Holy Ghost in France, and this of the Annunciation in Savoy, are reputed most Honourable, and in Token of their Excellency, above all other Degrees of Knight hood, are adorned with great and rich Collars. Knights of St. Maurice. Amadis the the 8th Duke of Savoy, with ten of his Court Knights, retired themselves into a Desert, and soon after, in Anno 1434. did he procure this Order to be instituted in Honour of St. Maurice, and were subjected to the Rule of St. Augustine: Their Habit was an Ash-colour, or grey Gown and Chaperon, the Slieves faced with red Camlet, a Vest of the same, girded with a golden Girdle; and on the Breast of the Mantle a Cross Pomattee, of white Cloth or Taffeta. The Duke was Master of this Order, which he kept nine years, and then was chosen Pope; which he also kept nine years, and then resigning, returned unto his former Life. The Knights of St. Maurice, and St. Lazarus Were erected by Emanuel Phillibert, Duke of Savoy, Anno 1572. and were confirmed by Pope Gregory the 13th. the Dukes are the grand Masters: They are obliged to set out two Galleys for the papal Service against the Turks: Their Habit is a Gown of Crimson Tabby, with a long Train, and wide Slieves; it is edged about with white Taffeta, a Cordon, with a Tassel of white and green fixed to the Collar: Their Ensign is a green Cross of St. Lazarus, charged with a white Cross of St. Maurice, tied to a Gold Chain or Ribbon. Of the Knights of the Bear in Switzerland. Frederick the 2d. Emperor, erected this Order Anno 1213. at the Abbey of St. Gall, on the 16th of October, where the Abbot was made Patron of this Order. Those that were to be invested, were girded with a military Belt, (the Sword being first consecrated at the Altar,) and adorned with a Collar of the Order, and a Chain of Gold, which was given them by the Founder, to which Chain hung the Figure of a Bear in Gold, (on an Hillock,) enameled with black, which Title is taken from St. Vrsus of the Theban Legion, who was Martyred before the Temple of the Sun at Soleurre in Switzerland. Knights of the Tutonick Order of Prusia Were first instituted by a wealthy Gentleman of Germany, who dwelled at Jerusalem after the Christians had taken it, where he kept great Hospitality; amongst those that frequented his House and Hospital, there were some that agreed to erect a Fraternity, and having chosen a great Master, about Anno 1190. they imitated the Knight's Templars in their military Employments, and the Knights Hospitallers in their Works of Piety, and Charity, and were afterwards confirmed by Pope Celestine the 3d. They were very valiant, and subdued many of the Infidels; having their Conquest for their Reward. In Anno 1340. they began to build Castles, and Churches, their Riches being so great, that they might compare with divers Princes for Men and Money; but in 1525. Albertus' being great Master, left them, and though they at last chose another great Master, yet they never risen to the height and esteem they were formerly in; but have now advanced their Order much, since the late War with the Turk, and their great Master, grows daily in greater esteem: Their Habit is a white Mantle, and on the Breast a black Cross, charged with a white one, Potence. Knights of Gereon in Germany Were instituted by Frederick Barbossa, Emperor, consisting only of Germane Gentlemen: Their Habit was a white Gown, and thereon a black Patriarchal Cross, set on a green Hill. They follow the Rule of St. Augustin. Knights of St. George in Austria. These were erected by Frederick the 3d. Emperor, Anno 1470. Their Habit is white, on which they wear their Ensign, namely, St. George's Cross. They profess conjugal Chastity, and Obedience to the Grand Master. Knights of St. Michael, the Archangel, Were instituted Anno 1618. by Charles Gonzaga Duke of Mantua; and the Year following were received at Vienna, and in 1624. were confirmed by Pope Vrban the 8th. Their Habit was a white Mantle, over which they wore a shorter of blue Silk; their Buskins were blue, their Cap of black Silk, and a Cross of Gold of eight Points, hung in a blue Ribbon about their Necks, on one side having the Picture of the Virgin-Mary, and the other that of St. Michael. On the left Side of the white Mantle was a Cross, embroidered with blue Silk, and Gold; in the midst of it was the Figure of the Blessed-Virgin, with her Son in her left Arm, and a Sceptre in her right, Crowned with 12 Stars, and surrounded with the Rays of the Sun, and a Crescent under her Feet; all which was encircled with the Cord of St. Francis, and from each end of the Cross issueth a Flame of Gold. Knights of St. Anthony in Haynault. They were instituted by Albert of Bavaria, Earl of Haynault: Their Ensign was a Golden Collar, after the fashion of an Hermit's Girdle; to which hung a Walking-staff and a Bell. Knights of the Tusin Order in Bohemia Were instituted by the Arch Duke of Austria, for extirpating the Heretics out of their Territories. Their Habit was red, and their Ensign a green Cross. Knights of St. Hubert in Gulick. This Order was instituted Anno 1473. by Gerard, Duke of Gulick, in Honour of St. Hubert, Bishop of Liege; who died Anno 727. There is no certain account of their Habit, etc. Knights of St. James in Holland. They were instituted in the Year 1290. by Florentius Earl of Holland, who invested 12 of his principal Nobles Knights of this Order. They had a Collar of Gold, or military Belt of Silver, and gilt, adorned with 6 Escallops, to which hung the Figure of St. James the Apostle. The Knights of St. Brice Were erected by the famous Queen Bridget of Sweeden, Anno 1366. who endowed them with a great Revenue: They were confirmed by Pope Vrban the 5th. who assigned them the Rule of St. Augustine; and for their Ensign a blue Cross of eight points, and under it a Tongue of Fire. Knights of the Seraphim. These were instituted by Magnus the 4th. King of Sweeden, Anno 1334. Their Collar was composed of patriarchal Crosses of Gold, and of Seraphims enameled red, at the end whereof hung the Figure of our Saviour, or of the Virgin-Mary. The Knight's Amaranta Were erected Anno 1645. by Christian Queen of Sweeden, in Honour of a Lady of that Name, celebrated for Virtue; Their Ensign is a Jewel of Gold, composed of two great A, one reversed, enriched with Diamonds, within a wreath of Laurel leaves, banded with white, whereon is this Motto, Dolce nella memoria, which they wear either hanging at a Gold Chain, or at a Crimson or blue Ribbon, which they please. Knights of the Elephant in Denmark. Christian the First, King of Denmark, being at Rome, Pope Sixtus the 4th invested him with this Order, and ordained him and his Successors chief: They are obliged to perform Acts of Piety and Charity: Their chief Ensign was the Figure of an Elephant, on whose side within a Roundal was represented the Crown of Thorns with three bloody Nails. This is worn on high Days; but usually they wear about their Necks a blue Ribbon, to which hangs an Elephant enameled white, and set with five large Diamonds in the midst. Knights of Christ, or of the Sword in Livonia. They were instituted by Albert, Bishop of Livonia, about 1200, they imitated the teutonics, to whom they were joined Anno 1237. but in the Year 1561. Gothard, their great Master, surrendered all their Lands, Charters, and Rights, etc. unto Sigismond the 2d. King of Poland; for which the said King gave him a Dukedom, to him and his Heirs for ever. Knights of the white Eagle in Poland. They were erected by Ladislaus the 5th. King of Poland, Anno 1325. Their Ensign was a white Eagle crowned. Knights of the Dragon in Hungary Were instituted by Signismund the Emperor, Anno 1418. on Festivals they wore a a Scarlet Cloak, a Mantle of green Silk, with a double Chain of Gold, or a green Ribbon, to which hung a Dragon dead, with broken Wings, enameled with variety of Colours, but the Ensign which they daily wore was a green Cross flory. Knights of the Sword in Cyprus. Guy of Lusignan having bought the Isle of Cyprus of Richard the First, King of England, for an hundred thousand Crowns of Gold, Anno 1195. when he first possessed it he instituted this Order, consisting of 300 Barons: Their Collar was of round cordon's of white Silk, woven in Love-knots, and interlaced with the Letters S. and R. to which hung an Oval of Gold, wherein was enameled a Sword, the Blade Silver, the Hilt Gold; and about the Oval was this Motto, Securitas Regni. The King himself was great Master of the Order. Knights of St. Anthony in Aethiopia Were instituted by Prester John, about the Year 370. and dedicated to St. Anthony, Patron of that Country: They followed the Rule of St. Bassil; and for their Habit they wear a black Garment: Their Ensign is a blue Cross in form of a Letter T. They vow to defend the Christian Religion, to yield Obedience to their Superiors; they observe conjugal Chastity, but do not marry without Licence from their Abbot. The eldest Son of a Noble Man cannot be admitted, but the second Son may; and if a Man of any Degree have three Sons, he is bound to enter one into this Order, except he be a Physician. The Knights of the Burgundian Cross in Tunis Were erected by muleasses, King of Tunis, Anno 1535. Their Ensign was a Burgundian Cross, to which was added a Steel, striking sparks of Fire out of a Flint, with this Inscription, Barbaria. This Badge hung to a Collar of Gold. Knights of the Broom-flower in France Were erected by Lewis the 9th. Their Collar was composed of Broom-flower Cod, mixed with Lozenges, enameled with Flowers-de-luce; at which hung a Cross formy-flory, with this Motto, Exaltat Humiles. Knights of the Ship in France. They were instituted by the aforesaid Lewis the 9th. Their Collar was composed of double Escallops, and double Cressants, interwoven with a Medal hanging to it of a Ship under Sail. Many more Orders might be added, as of the Cock and Dog in France, the Order of the fair Lady in the green Field, the Order of the Sword and Military Belt in Sweeden, whose Collar was composed of Sword and Belt; many there are also in India, and in divers other places, which, because of their uncertainty, are omitted. CHAP. XVII. Of Esquires. KNighthood is a Dignity, but Esquire is a name of Worship, and in old time every Knight had two Esquires to attend him, who bore his Armour, and kept always close to him: They held certain Lands of him in Escuage, as the Knight did of the King by Knight's Service; but now Esquires are divided into five Ranks: The first, and principal, are the eldest Sons of Viscounts and Lords: The Second, all other Nobleman's younger Sons, with the eldest Sons of Baronet's, and Knights: The Third, are those that are Select Esquires of the King's Body: The Fourth, those to whom the King giveth the Title to, (or createth Esquires by putting a Silver Collar of S. S. about their Necks; and in former times they had a pair of Silver Spurs put to their Heels, thereby distinguishing them from Knights, who had the guilt Spur;) and to the first born Sons of these only doth the Title descend; they are now the Esquires that attend the Knights of the Bath: The fifth and last, be those that have any Superior public Office in the Kingdom; as High Sheriff, Justice of the Peace, Colonels, Lieutenant Colonels, Majors, etc. or such as serve the King in any worshipful Calling: But such as are Esquires, or Gentlemen by place only, when they lose their Place, they also lose their Title. CHAP. XVIII. Of Gentlemen. THis Title is of such account, (as is aforesaid,) that it is a general Name, even from the Sovereign to the meanest Person who either bears Coat-Armour, or is employed in some eminent Office in Church or State; and many there be, who having by Providence risen from a mean condition, and obscure original, to possess large Demeans, have vaingloriously usurped the Title of Gentleman to themselves; and so imprudent (I might have said impudent) have some been, that because their Surname have bordered upon the Surnames of some Person of worth, they have laid down their own paternal Names, and assumed the Names of those Gentlemen so near to theirs, and born their Coat-Armour, and in time have pretended to be of the same Family. Some derive the Name Gentleman as a Compound, partly from the French word Gentile, that is, one born of honest Parents, to which the Saxon Word Man is joined, and so make it Gentleman, which may signify a man well born, and under that Name are all comprehended that are above Yeomen, Merchants, or Artificers, the Ancient Saxons called them Edelmen, or Noble Men. Which shows that Gentlemen take their beginning from something that they have done (in War or Peace,) for which the King (who is the Fountain of Honour) doth think them worthy of such Honour, which shall continue to their Posterity: But sometimes it so happeneth that many Persons do claim the Title or Appellation of Gentleman, either from the Places they hold, or from some excellent Art or Science they profess; as those that study the Laws of the Land, or profess themselves Masters in the liberal Sciences: And indeed, if he can live without Manual labour, and bear the Port and Charge of a Gentleman, he shall not only be called so by others, but think himself so indeed: And any such that hath not a true Pretence to a Coat-Armour, may have one assigned them by the Appointment of the Heralds, whose Posterity may enjoy the Title of Gentile. But to be more particular, we shall find this Title to be ranked under nine Heads or Degrees. 1. A Gentleman of Ancestry, who is called a Gentleman of Blood. 2. A Gentleman of Blood, and not of Ancestry; which is in the third Degree. 3. A Gentleman of Coat-Armour, and not of Blood, which is he that first beareth the King's Device, given him by the Heralds: If he have Issue to the third desscent, such Issue is a Gentleman of Blood, but none under. 4. A Gentleman of Armour not given him, as when the King giveth a Lordship to a Yeoman and his Heirs for ever: If the Family to whom the Lordship did belong be extinct, the Person so admitted may bear the Coat-Armour of the said Lord, being Approved of by the Heralds; but if the Family be not extinct he cannot, only he shall be accounted a Gentleman, and may have a Coat appointed him by the Heralds. 5. If a Christian Man, in the Service of God and his Prince, kills a Heathen Gentleman, he shall bear his Coat-Armour (except the said Heathen be a Knight Banneret,) and use the same Achievement without any difference, save only in the Word or Motto of the Infidel, and his Issue in the fifth Degree shall be a Gentleman of Blood; but no Christian Man can bear another Christians Coat: Yet if an English Man in the Field, when the Banner royal is displayed, do put to flight, take Prisoner, or by Fire or Force slay any Gentleman enemy to his Prince, the English Man shall honour his own Coat in the sinister quarter with ded, said Gentleman's Coat; but in matters 〈◊〉 Combat the Victor may not challenge his Enemy's Coat, though the Vanquished may lose his: So by the Courtesy of England, if a Man marry a Gentlewoman, he may bear her Coat, but his Children may not, unless she be an Heiress, and some doubt that also. 6. If the King make a Yeoman a Knight, he is called a Gentleman of Blood. 7. A Yeoman's Son advanced to Spiritual dignity is a Gentleman, but not of Blood, unless he arrive to be a Doctor of the Law, and then he shall be accounted a Gentleman of Blood. 8. The eight is called a Gentleman Untryall, that is, one who being brought up in some Abbey, or like Place, and related to the Abbot, etc. doth in time obtain preferment in the same Abbey, etc. 9 The last is a Gentleman Apocryphate, such as being a Footman in the service of his Prince, is at last advanced to be a Steward, or Clerk of the Kitchen, etc. though he hath no Badge of his own; under this Head are comprised all those that have any public Office, as above, which take in these three Classes. 1. Gentlemen by Ecclesiastical Preferment are, 1 Vicars General. 2 Guardians. 3 Deans of Cathedrals. 4 Arch Deacons. 5 Chancellors. 6 Treasurers. 7 Chanters. 8 Doctors, of which Divinity is first, Law next, Physic last. 9 Provosts. 10 Governors of Colleges. 2. In Military Professions these are called Gentlemen: 1 High Constables. 2 Lieutenant Generals. 3 Marshals of the Field. 4 Admirals. 5 Major Generals. 6 Quarter Master General. 7 Treasurer for the Army. 8 Guardians of Frontiers. 9 Grand Esquires. 10 Masters of the Artillery. 11 Colonels. 12 Lieutenant Colonels. 13 Sergeant Majors. 14 Captains, and all that receive Commissions from the King. 3. In the Civil State, these are Gentlemen by their Places, 1 The Chancellor. 2 Precedents. 3 Treasurers. 4 Judges. 5 Justices. 6 Chief Officers of the Royal Palace. 7 Secretary of State. 8 Mayors. 9 Provosts. 10 Bailiffs of Incorporate Towns, and all those that hold any Place by Patent from the King: But if any of all these lose their Places, and have no other grounds for their Gentility, they also lose that too. Note, that a Freeman of London may write Master, though never so poor or meanly born. The Ancient English Gentry, as also the Nobility, which are comprehended in one, used to live very nobly, using no Traffic, 〈◊〉 practising either Law, Physic, or ●●e like, but living upon their Estates, exercising themselves in Husbandry, feeding Cattle, promoting good House-keeping, supporting Hospitality, and were always ready to serve the King in his Wars; and in these latter times they live more Nobly than most do in many other Nations, and more free from serving base Employments. The Venetians, and Genoiese, are great Merchants, and Traffickers: The Neapolitan, and Spaniards stand so much upon their punctilioes, that they scorn to exercise themselves in any industrious Profession; but choose rather to live by Oppression and Robbery; nay, the Germane will think it no shame nor dishonour to enlarge his Estate by Robbery, which even in times of Peace they daily practise. The Grecians, Egyptians, Persians, and many others, count no Man worthy of Honour but their Soldiery, etc. The French keep too severe a a Hand over their poor Tenants, who are but their Vassals: Neither are the English Gentry without many and great Privileges peculiar to their Degree, of which these that follow are some. If a Churl defame a Gentleman, he hath a Remedy in Law (Actione injuriarum,) in equal Crimes a Gentleman shall be punished with more favour than a Churl; and if condemned to die, he not to be hanged, but to be beheaded, and to be examined without Torture. There are ceremonial Respects due to a Gentleman, which are not to others, in giving of evidence; a Gentleman's Testimony is to be preferred before a Clown's; in Elections of Magistrates and Officers by Vote, the suffrage of a Gentleman shall take place; he is excused from base and servile Offices, and when chosen an Officer for two Cities, he may take his choice of either. Those that are Noble are not to be put to their Oath, nor sworn in Juries on Life and Death upon their Peers: A Clown may not challenge a Gentleman to Combat. In Marriages of Relations, or Guardians of Estates, a Gentleman is to be entrusted, though there be nigher of Kin. A Gentleman becoming an Apprentice doth not lose his Gentility, and much of the like. Thus have we run through all those Orders and Degrees of Men, who are styled Noble or Gentile, who have also more general Notes of Distinction, the better to distinguish their several Degrees, of which amongst the Nobility that of the Coronet is most especial, which is mentioned under their several Titles above, and that of the Helmet extendeth itself from the King to the private Gentleman; as, namely, The Helmet of a Sovereign Prince hath a barred Beaver, looking forward, and so is the Helmet of the Heir Apparent. The Helmet of a Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron, are barred; and look side-ways toward the Dextre. A Bishop beareth not an Helmet, but a Mitre. Baronet's and Knights have their Beavoir up, or open, and looking forward. Esquires and Gentlemen have their Helmets close, and looking toward the Dextre. The Helmets of Nobles stand upon their proper Coronets, but Baronet's, Knights, Esquires, and Gentlemen, place their Helmets upon a Torce, or Wreath of their Collar; and is always of a Metal and Colour. CHAP. XIX. Of Yeomen. THose of the Commons, who are under the Title of Gentlemen, are by some ranked into three Sorts or Classes; that is, Yeomen, Artificers, and Labourers, the Yeomen are those that have some Lands of their own, and are vulgarly called Freeholders', especially in some Countries; and of those it is that the Statutes mean, when they say, that none shall pass in any Inquest, unless they have in yearly Revenue: And by these sort of Men all Trials of Causes in the Country do ordinarily proceed, being Men accounted more apt to understand and discern in doubtful Cases, than the ruder People, who are used to servile Labour, etc. Besides, the Yeoman can better allow his time, having of his own; for many there be that can expend above 200 l. per annum, living more gentile thereon, than some on greater Revenues. Another Reason (as some think) why these Men are chosen into Jurors, etc. is because the poorer sort through need might be easily corrupted. In old time the Yeomen were famous for Manhood; for our Infantry, which have been so renowned for Archery through the world, (and that so often conquered the French,) were composed of Yeoman: They have many peculiar Previleges, which are allowed to no other Nation; as that no Freeman of England can be imprisoned, or outed of his Estate, or Possession, without Order of Law, and just cause first shown: if he be imprisoned he cannot be denied a Habeas Corpus, and if no just cause be showed, he is to be set at Liberty. No Soldier can be quartered upon a Freeman (unless it be in a Victualing-house) without his consent, and no Taxes imposed upon him without an Act of Parliament: The Yeomanry are not to be pressed to serve in the War, nor are the Train-bands compelled to march out of the Kingdom, nor to bear their own Arms, finding a sufficient Person to do it: He is to be tried by his equals, nor can be be condemned but by the Laws of the Land. These and many other Freedoms make them most happy, and should engage them to be loyal to their Prince, under whose Government their Privileges are preserved. CHAP. XX. Of Artificers, and Labourers. THe Artificers are next, under which are comprised all Handy-craft-men; Shopkeepers, and other Tradesmen, which enjoy many Privileges which Yeomen do. And lastly the Labourers, etc. and Bondmen, who have many more Previleges than any of their Degree that live in any other Nation. CHAP XXI. Of Precedency. 1. OF Kingdoms: And herein hath been great debates, and will be; for no Age could yet find it fully determined, the Sword oftentimes being the decider of that affair. At the Council of Constance, the Ambassadors and Bishops were placed as followeth: 1. The Emperor, to whom was united Bohemia, Hungary, Polonia, Dalmatia, Grecia, and Croatia. 2. The French had the second place alone, which was disputed by the English. 3. Then the English, to whom was joined Scotland, Norway, Denmark, Sweeden, and Cyprus. 4. Then the Italians, who had all the Kingdoms subject to Rome, as Naples, Sicily, etc. 5. Lastly, The Spaniards, who were hardly allowed to be a Nation, but at last were put into the fifth place; to whom were joined Castilia, Arragon, Majorca, Navarre, Portugal, and Granado. Since then the Scene is changed, and sometimes after the Emperor they have reckkoned France, England, Spain, and this hath been the usual account. Sometimes England hath had the precedency, and the Archbishop of Canterbury had place at the Pope's right Foot: Mr. Howel in his Discourse concerning Ambassadors gives divers Reasons for the Precedency of England; That it was the first Land that was governed by a Christian King; That it hath wholly subdued France; and the Kings of England have been crowned in Paris; That it hath the best Havens in Christendom, etc. 2. The Precedency of the several Degrees in England, are as follows: 1 The King's most Excellent Majesty. 2 The Prince, when there is One. 3 The Dukes of the Royal Blood, who are: 1 Sons. 2 Grandsons. 3 Brothers. 4 Uncles. 5 Nephews Then the great Officers of the Church, and Crown, as, 4 The Archbishop of Canterbury. 5 Lord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. 6 Archbishop of York. 7 Lord Treasurer. 8 Lord Precedent of the Council. 9 Lord Privy Seal. Then the rest of the Nobility, as, 10 Dukes. 11 Dukes eldest Sons of the Royal Blood. 12 Marquesses. 13 Dukes eldest Sons. 14 Earls. 15 Marquesses eldest Sons. 16 Dukes younger Sons of the Blood. 17 Dukes younger Sons Royal. 18 Viscounts. 19 Earls eldest Sons. 20 Marquesses younger Sons. 21 Bishops, which take place according to the Seniority of their Consecration, except, 1 London. 2 Durham. 3 Winchester. 22 Barons. 23 Viscounts eldest Sons. 24 Earls younger Sons. 25 Barons eldest Sons. 26 Lords of the Privy Council. 27 Judges; and they, 1 Of the King's Bench. 2 Of the Common Pleas. 3 Barons of the Exchequer. 28 Masters of Chancery. 29 Knights of the Garter, if no otherways dignified; which is very rare. 30 Viscounts younger Sons. 31 Barons younger Sons. 32 Knights Bannerets. 33 Baronet's. 34 Knights of the Bath. 35 Knights Bachelors. 36 Colonels; first Horse, then Foot. 37 Sergeants at Law. 38 Doctors; 1 Divinity, 2 Law, 3 Physic. 39 Esquires, according to their Degree. 1 Esquires of the King's Body. 2 The Descendants by the Male Line, from some Peer of the Realm. 3 Sons of Baronet's. 4 Sons of Knights. 5 Esquires attending on the Knights of the Bath. 6 Officiary Esquires; as, 40 Justices of the Peace. 41 Barristers at Law. 42 Lieutenant Colonels. 43 Majors. 44 Captains. 45 Gentlemen. 46 Yeomen. 47 Artificers. 48 Merchants. 49 Retailers. 50 Chapmen. 51 Mariners. 52 Fishermen. 53 Watermens, or Ferry-men. 54 Masons and Builders. 55 Labourers. 56 Bondmen. Note generally, 1. That these great Officers of Court, of what Title or Degree soever, besides that of their Place or Office, do take place of all others of the same Degree or Title, except Secretary of State; that is, if they be Dukes, they take place of all Dukes; if Earls, of all Earls; that is, 1. Lord Chamberlain of England. 2. Lord High Constable. 3. Lord Marshal. 4. Lord High Steward. 5. Lord Chamberlain of His Majesty's Household. 6. Secretaries of State, if Peers. Note, 2. These Officers take place as followeth: 1. Master of the Wards. 2. Chancellor. 3. Under-Chancellour of the Exchequer. 4. Chancellor of the Duchy. 5. Chief Justice of the King's-Bench. 6. Master of the Rolls. 7. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. 8. Chief Baron of the Exchequer. 9 Judges. 10. Barons of the Coif. Note, 3. That Deans precede Chancellors, and they precede Prebendaries, and Prebendaries precede Doctors. Note, 4. All Artificers of London take place according to the Precedency of the Corporation of which they are free, and not by their Trade, or Profession. The incorporated Merchants take place next after the first 12 Companies, as some account; then the rest, according to the number they bear, 13, 14, and so on. CHAP. XXII. The Procession at a Coronation. THE most magnificent Procession that I meet with was that at the Coronation of King Charles II. of happy Memory, which take as follows: From the Tower to Westminster. 1. The Duke of York's Horse-Guards. 2. The Messengers of the Chamber. 3. Esquires to the Knights of the Bath. 4. Knight's Harbingers. 5. Serjeant Portar. 6. Sewers of the Chamber. 7. Gentlemen Ushers. 8. Quarter Waiters. 9 The six Clerks in Chancery. 10. Clerks of the Signet. 11. Clerks of the Privy Seal. 12. Clerks of the Council. 13. Clerks of the Parliament. 14. Clerks of the Crown. 15. Chaplains having Dignities. 16. The King's Advocate. 17. The King's Remembrancer. 18. Masters of the Chancery. 19 King's Learned Counsel at Law. 20. King's Puisne Sergeants. 21. King's Attorney. 22. King's Solicitor. 23. King's eldest Sergeants. 24. Secretaries of the French Latin. 25. Gentlemen Ushers. 26. Daily Waiters. 27. Sewers in Ordinary. 28. Carvers in Ordinary. 29. Cup Bearers in Ordinary. 30. Esquires of the Body. 31. Masters of Standing Offices: as, 1. Of the Tents. 2. Of the Revels. 3. Of the Ceremonies. 4. Of the Armoury. 5. Of the Wardrobe. 6. Of the Ordinance. 32. Master of the Requests. 33. Chamberlains of the Exchequer. 34. Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. 35. Knights of the Bath. 36. Knight Marshal. 37. Treasurer of the Chamber. 38. Master of the Jewelhouse. 39 Baron's younger Sons. 40. Viscounts younger Sons. 41. Barons of the Exchequer. 42. Justices of the Common Pleas. 43. Justices of the King's Bench. 44. Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. 45. Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. 46. Master of the Rolls. 47. Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. 48. Knights of the Privy Council. 49. Principal Secretary. 50. Baron's eldest Sons. 51. Earls younger Sons, 52. Viscounts' eldest Sons. (Kettledrums. King's Trumpeter. 2 Pursivants at Arms.) 53. Barons. 54. Maquesses' younger Sons. 55. Earls eldest Sons. (Two Pursuvants at Arms.) 56. Viscounts. 57 Duke's younger Sons. 58. Marquis' eldest Sons. (Two Heralds in their Coats and Collars of SS.) 59 Earls, and the Earl Marshal. 60. Lord Chamberlain of the Household. 61. Duke's eldest Sons. (Two Heralds.) 62. Marquesses. (Two Heralds.) 63. Dukes. (Clarenceux, Norroy, Kings at Arms.) 64. Lord Treasurer. 65. Lord Chancellor. 66. Lord High Steward. Duke of Normandy, and Duke of Aquitain, represented by two Persons. 67. Gentleman Usher. (Garter, King at Arms.) 68 Lord Mayor of London. 69. Duke of York. 70. Lord Great Chamberlain. 71. Lord Marshal, with the Sword. 72. Lord High Steward. (On each side of these Sergeants at Arms.) The KING. 73. Gentlemen Pensioners. (Esquires. Footmen.) 74. Master of the Horse, leading a spare Horse. 75. Vicechamberlain. 76. Captain of the Pensioners. 77. Captain of the Guards. 78. Lieutenant of the Pensioners. 79. King's Horse guards. 80. The General's Horse-guards. CHAP. XXIII. The Proceeding on the Coronation-day. FOur Drums. Sixteen Trumpets. 1 Clerks of the Chancery. 2 King's Chaplains having Dignities. 3 Aldermen of London. 4 King's Counsel learned in the Laws. 5 King's Solicitor. 6 King's Attorney. 7 King's eldest Sergeant at Law. 8 Esquires of the Body. 9 Master of Requests. 10 Gentlemen of the Privy Council. 11 Knights of the Bath. 12 Barons of the Exchequer. 13 Justices of the Common Pleas. 14 Justices of the King's Bench. 15 Lord Chief Baron. 16 Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. 17 Master of the Rolls. 18 Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. 19 Sergeant Portar. 20 Sergeant of the Vestery. 21 Children of the King's Chapel. 22 Gentlemen of the King's Chapel. 23 Prebendaries of Westminster. 24 Master of the Jewel House. He had Precedency of the Judges, because he bore the Sword, Spurs, and Ring. 25 Knights of the Privy Council. (Portcullis, Pursuvant at Arms.) 26 Barons. 27 Bishops. (Rogue Croix, Pursuvant at Arms. Blew mantle, Pursuvant at Arms.) 28 Viscounts. (Somerset and Chester Heralds.) 29 Earls. (Richmond and Windsor Heralds.) 30 Marquesses. (Lancaster and York Herald's.) (Clarenceux and Norroy, Provincial Kings at Arms, carrying their Crowns in their hands.) 31 Lord High Treasurer. 32 Lord high Chancellor. St. Edward's Staff. The Spurs, born by two Earls. St. Edward's Sceptre. A drawn Sword. Sword Curtana, drawn. A pointed Sword, drawn. 33 Lord Mayor of London. (Garter, principal King at Arms. Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod.) 34 Lord Great Chamberlain. 35 Earl Marshal. 36 Lord Marshal, with the Sword of State in the Scaboard. 37 Lord High Constable. 38 Duke of York. The Sceptre, with the Dove. St. Edward's Crown, born by the Lord High Steward. The Orb, or Mound. The Patena, born by the Bishop of Exon. The Chalice, born by the Bp. of London. The KING, supported by the Bishop of Bath and Wells, and the Bishop of Duresme; his Train born by five Lords, and his Canopy by the Barons of the Cinque-Ports. 39 Master of the Robes. 40 One of the Chief Gentlemen of the Bedchamber. 41 Two Grooms of the Bedchamber. 32 Captain of the Guard. 33 Captain of the Pensioners. CHAP. XXIV. The King's going to Parliament in State. Messenger's of the Court. Esquires to the Knights of the Bath. Gentlemen Ushers. Clerks of the Chancery. Clerks of the Signet. Clerks of the Privy Seal. Clerks of the Council. Clerks of the Parliament. Clerks of the Crown. The King's Chaplains having Dignities. Masters of Chancery. King's learned Counsel at Law. King's Sergeants. Attorney General. Solicitor General. King's eldest Sergeant. The King's Secretaries. Chamberlains of the Exchequer. Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. Knights of the Bath. Treasurer of the Chamber. controller. Some place next Knights Bachelors. Some place next Knights Bannerets, and Some place next Knights Baronet's. Two Heralds. Baron's younger Sons. Viscounts younger Sons. Barons of the Exchequer. Justices of the Common Pleas. Justices of the King's Bench. Lord Chief Baron. Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. Master of the Rolls. Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. Knights of the Privy Council. Principal Secretary. Baron's eldest Sons. Earls younger Sons. Viscounts' eldest Sons. Two Heralds. Barons. Bishops. Marquis' younger Sons. Earls eldest Sons. Two Heralds. Viscounts. Duke's younger Sons. Marquis' eldest Sons. Two Heralds. Earls. Chamberlain of the Household. Duke's eldest Sons. Two Heralds. Marquesses. Two Heralds. Dukes. Two Kings at Arms. Lord Treasurer. Archbishop of York. Lord Chancellor. Archbishop of Canterbury. Dukes of the Royal Blood. Garter, principal King at Arms. Lord Great Chamberlain. Lord high Steward. The KING. Gentlemen Pensioners. Esquires. Footmen. Master of the Horse, with a led Horse. Vice-chamberlain. Guards. CHAP. XXV. Coronation-Feasts. KIng H. Fourth's Coronation-Feast. The King sat in the middle of the Table, the Archbishop of Canterbury and three Prelates on his Right hand, the Archbishop of York and four Prelates on the Left; the K's eldest Son stood on the Right-hand, with a pointless Sword, the Lord Constable on the Left with a pointed Sword, both erect, and naked: Before him stood the Dukes of Albemarl, Surry, and Exeter, and two Earls: the Earl Marshal and his Tipstaffs made room in the Hall, that the Attenders might with more ease serve the Tables. On the right side of the Hall at Tables set were placed the Barons of the Cinque Ports, and divers of the Long Robe; at the Table on the left side sat the Lord Mayor, aldermans, and chief Citizens. After the second Course the King's Champion entered the Hall with a Herald, and approaching before the King, made his Challenge three times, and being not answered, retired; but the most splendid and most exact Coronation-Feast was that of King Charles II. King Charles II. his Coronation-Feast. First enters the Clerks Comptrollers, than Clerks of the Green Cloth, Cofferer. Six Sergeants at Arms. 1 Earl Marshal. 2 Lord high Steward. 3 Lord high Constable; all three on Horseback, and in their proper Robes. Six Sergeants. controller of the Household. The Sewer, and his Assistants. The Knights of the Bath, who carried up Service, two and two to a Dish, assisted by the Earl Sewer. Dinner being set on the Table, the King came forth in his Royal Robes, with the Crown on his Head, his Sceptre in his hand, and three Swords born before him naked; being seated, on his Right hand stood the three Noblemen, who held the three Swords naked, and erect; on his Left the Lord Chamberlain, who held the Sceptre; at the Table's end, on the left hand sat the Duke of York in his Robes and Coronet. Then the King's Champion entered the Hall, on a goodly white Courser, armed at all Points in rich Armour, having way made for him by the Knight Marshal. Before him marched, 1 Two Trumpets. 2 The Sergeant Trumpet. 3 The Sergeant at Arms. 4 An Esquire, carrying a Target, with the Champian's own Arms depicted thereon. 5 York Herald. 6 The Champion. 7 The Earl Marshal on his left hand, 8 The Lord High Constable on his right, both on Horseback. The Herald proclaimed the Challenge at the entrance into the Hall, in the middle of it, and at the Steps at the higher Hall: The Challenge is, That whoever should deny the King to be the true and undoubted Heir to the Crown, or that he is not King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, doth lie, and that he the Champion is ready to maintain the same, throwing down his Glove as a Gage; which done, he retired with his Fee. The second Course was carried up by the Gentlemen Pensioners. The third Course by other Servants appointed thereto. In the body of the Hall, below the State, were placed four Tables, two on each side; at the first Table on the right hand, next the State, sit the Bishops, the Barons of the Cinque-ports, the Judges, and the rest of the long Robe, according to their Degrees; at the second Table below on the right hand sat the Masters in Chancery, Six Clerks, and the like; at the upper Table on the left hand next the State sat the Nobility, etc. at the other sat the Lord Mayor, aldermans, and chief Citizens; at a by Table the Officers at Arms, the Ushers, and Waiters, all in their proper Places, some attending the King, others their Places, as assigned; each Table had three Courses, besides the Banquet, with Trumpets sounding each Course. CHAP. XXVI. A Royal Feast at other times, the K. present. 1 AT the head of the Table sits the King, at the lower end the Princes of the Blood; before him, or rather on each hand, stand the Carver, Sewer, and Cupbearer, with the rest of the Gentlemen Waiters, the Ushers making way for the Strangers who come to behold his Majesty. 2. At the first Table on the right hand are placed the Lords Chancellor, Chamberlain, Steward, Treasurer, etc. 3. At the lower Table on the right hand are set the Masters of standing Offices, Master of the Household, Clerks of the Green Cloth, etc. 4. At the upper Table on the left hand sit the Treasurer of the Household, the Secretaries, the King's Sergeants at Law, Master of the Revels, Dean of the Chapel, etc. 5. Below them, at the other Table, sits the Lieutenant of the Tower, with the great Commanders, Captains, etc. 6. At the lower end of the Hall wait the Butler, Keeper of the Pantry, Clerks of the Kitchen, etc. with all thing ready, and the King's Guards; there are three Courses, at each of which the Trumpets sound. CHAP. XXVII. Of Funerals. AS Nobles and Gentlemen have in their Life time Honours shown them, as their due; so after Death they have peculiar marks of Honour belonging to them, which are not to be given to those of low or ordinary Rank: And therefore especial care is to be taken, that no indignity be offered to a Mourner, and that the Herald marshal them according to their Titles, and Worth, at the Funerals of any Nobleman. And where there is an Officer at Arms (employed,) he ought to wear the King's Coat; that so the Defunct may be known to have died Honourable in the King's Allegiance: His Heir, who is chief Mourner, is, in the Presence of all the other Mourners, to receive the Coat-Armour, Helm, and Crest, belonging to the Defunct, whereof the King at Arms for that Province, is to make Record with the Defunct's Match, Issue, and Decease. If the Defunct be of the Order of the Garter, and no more, he is to bear his Garter instead of Compartments: But if he be also a Nobleman, he must bear his proper Ensigns, as all Noblemen do, besides; that is, Supporters, Coronet, Sword, Target, Gauntlet, Helmet, Crest, and Spurs. All Persons have a certain length for their Banners, which the Heralds are to instruct them in; and the higher Degree the Person is, the longer may his Banner be; as, an Earl's Banner may be two yards long, etc. and also according to their Degrees are they to pay certain Fees, which are appointed by the Earl Marshal in his Orders, which are as followeth: All Noblemen, Baronet's, Knights, Esquires, and Gentlemen of eminent Place, Birth, and Quality, that shall be either silently buried in the Night, or by Day, without attendence of an Officer at Arms, shall nevertheless immediately after the Death and Burial of such Defunct, return a true Certificate of the Matches, Issues, and times of their Decease, with their Arms, unto the Herald's Office, or to their Deputy or Messenger; for which they are to pay unto such Office, or Officer at Arms, the Fees underwit: l. s. d. For a Gentleman using his Escoucheons 03 6 8 Using none. 02 0 0 An Esquire of Coat-Armour 06 13 4 A Knight 10 0 0 A Banneret and Baronet 13 6 8 A Baron or Baroness, that aught to have Banner and Bannerols. 20 0 0 A Bishop 25 0 0 A Viscount, and Viscountess 30 0 0 An Earl or Countess 35 0 0 A Marquis, or Marchioness 40 0 0 A Duke, Duchess, and Archbishop 45 0 0 All which Sums are to be paid to the Officers at Arms, unless it appeareth that the Defunct was not worth a thousand Pound; and in such case to be entered without Fees. CHAP. XXVIII. The Proceeding of the Funeral of a Gentleman, Esquire, Knight, or Baronet. POor Children; as, of the Hospital, etc. Two Conductors. The poor Men in Gowns. gentlemen's Servants in Cloaks. Gentlemen in Cloaks. Gentlemen in Gowns. Aldermen in Black, if in a Corporation. The Preacher. A Penion of his Arms. The Helm and Crest. The Coat of Arms. The Hearse. The Chief Mourner. Two Assistants. aldermans not in Black. The Master of his Company, if he be free of any in London, etc. Master of the Hospital. Gentlemen not in Black. Lastly Neighbours and others. CHAP. XXIX. The Precedency of a Nobleman's Funeral, from a Duke to a Baronet. TWo Conductors with black Staves. Servants in Cloaks, two and two. The great Banner (according to the Degree of the Defunct) which is born by Gentlemen appointed by the Herald. Gentlemen in Cloaks, two and two. Two Banners, born by Persons appointed by the Herald. Gentlemen, two and two in Cloaks. The Steward, controller, and the other Chief Officers. Heralds. Ministers. His Sword and Spurs, Helmet and Crest, Gauntlet and Supporters; all born by a Person appointed by the Heralds. Gentlemen bore headed with his Shield. The Chariot, with four Banners, etc. born about it by Gentlemen of the Kindred. Footmen bore headed. Chief Mourners supported. Mourners next of Kindred, two and two. The Neighbours, etc. Thus have I run through the several Degrees of Noble, or Ignoble Persons, according to the best account I can find, and have given you the choicest Precedents of Precedency that I can procure: I shall only add a few Observations in Heraldry, which may serve to give some little light to the Reader in that delightful (though by some contemned) Art CHAP. XXX. Of Heralds, and their Duty. THe Word Herald, is derived from the Saxon Word Here-haulte; and by abbreviation Herald, or Herald, which signifies the Champion of an Army, and growing to be a Name of Office, it was given to him, that in an Army had the charge of Challenging to Battle or Combat: Their Office is very ancient, and of great esteem amongst the Romans, and other Nations; and amongst us they have been esteemed as Ambassadors, and sometimes have been made so: However they are the Messengers of Kings, and great Monarches; and though they have less esteem now than in former times, yet their Employment hath been honoured with Messages between Potentates, in matters of Honour and Arms: They are to be Officious and Expert in Coronations, Instalments of Noblemen, in Triumphs, Justs, Combats, Marriages, Christen, and Interments: They are to attend all great Matters of State, and Honour; and by them ought Proclamations to be made concerning great Matters of State: The Causes of Chivalry, and Gentility, are referred to their Care, as the right of bearing Arms, Escoucheons, Shields, Targets, Banners, etc. Correcting of Arms in Visitations, and to observe the Descents, and Pedigrees of Noblemen, and Gentlemen: They are the Prothonotaries, and Registerers of all the Acts and Proceed in the Court of the High Constable, and Lord Marshal: They have been long established in England, but, as some think not incorporated until Richard the 3d. who incorporated them by Charter, and placed them at Coleharbour in Thames-street, London; from whence they were removed to the place they now enjoy, which was confirmed to them by Philip and Mary, and incorporated by the Names of Garter, King at Arms of all England; Clarenceaux, King at Arms for the south parts; and Norroy, King at Arms for the north parts; and to the other Heralds and Pursuvants for ever: And that they should have and use a common Seal to sue and to be sued by, (before this King Edward the 6th. had granted them large Previleges, of which see at large in Carter, p. 225.) Formerly the Title of Clarenceaux, was (South Roy or) Surrey as some say; but the Dukedom of Clarence coming by Heirship to the King at Arms for the south of England, he assumed the Title of Clarenceaux, (from Clarence,) and left that of Surrey, and ever since that King at Arms hath been styled Clarenceaux. But more particularly; there are three Kings at Arms, that is: 1. Garter, Principal, General, and Indefinite. 2. Clarenceaux, King at Arms, for the North of England, on this side the River Trent. 3. Norroy King at Arms, for the North of England; that is, of all beyond the River Trent. The Heralds, which are sometimes styled Dukes at Arms, are six; that is, first York, second Summer set, third Windsor, fourth Lancaster, fifth Richmond, sixth Chester. The Pursuvants are four; that, is first Portcullis, the second is Blue Mantle, third Rogue Dragon, the fourth Rogue Croix; to which are added two more, who have no certain Names: These Heralds and Pursuvants have power to enter into all Churches, Castles, Houses, etc. to view all Arms, Recognizances, and Crests; to make Visitations, and to Register the Pedigrees and Matches of Nobles and Gentlemen; to punish with Disgrace, or Mulct, such as shall usurp other men's Achievements, or fancy new ones to themselves, against the Law of Arms; to reverse or deface them, and proclaim the pretender infamous at the Assizes, or Sessions. Also such as shall use Mourning, as Gowns, Hoods, etc. contrary to the Law, to limit all Painters, and other Artificers, in the setting forth of Arms, (with many more things too tedious to set down.) And that he may the better know how to give a proper Device, or Coat-Armour, he is to inquire: First, Whether he that would bear them desire them, and honour Gentility, and will keep them from Dishonour. Secondly, Whether he be able to declare his Pedigree. Thirdly, He must inquire into his Pedigree, and see whether he may by Right bear Coat-Armour; whether his Ancestors were Gentlemen, and to give the same with due Augmentation. Fourthly, Whether he be clean of Life, Just in Promise, cunning in all or any of the liberal Sciences, or hath knowledge in Divinity, or Philosophy. Fifthly, Of whom he hath Praise of good Works done; whether they were Persons of Reputation for Wisdom, or Honesty. Sixthly, To whom he hath done good Service, whether to the King, the Prince, etc. and what the Service was, whether in War, or as an Ambassador, or the like. The Herald is likewise to be very expert in the betroathing of Princes; he is not to disclose the secrets of Ladies, nor any other, not proper to be known, appertaining to their own Art; he is to be careful in giving Advice, and to acquaint the Bearer of Coat-Armour, that the end thereof is to adorn his Family, and to make him show more excellent than others; and therefore not to do any dishonourable Actions: He must be also able to distinguish their Lines, and Issues, the better to do right to the Person. When a King of Heralds is to be made, he is brought unto the King, or Lord Marshal, led between two Heralds (or a King and a Herald) in their Coats, the other Heralds and Pursuvants going before in their Formalities, who carry the several Instruments to be used at the Ceremony; one the Coat, another the Crown, a third the Patent, a fourth the Bowl of Water, a fifth a Book and a Sword, a sixth a Book whereon he sweareth, etc. all making their several Obeisance; then he knelt down with those that led him, and one holding the Sword, and Book whereon he sweareth, the other pronounceth the Words; then his Patent is read, and at the Words, Creamus & investimus, his Coat is put on, and at the Words, Non violante Nomine, etc. the Water is poured on his Head; when his Patent is read, the Ceremony is ended, etc. CHAP. XXXI. Of Heraldry. THis is a Field too large to be traced through in so small a Volume as this, and therefore I cannot pretend to show the Art of Blazon, but only (as well as I can with such Brevity,) give you the general Terms of Art, and Names of those things which are particularly nominated in this Honourable Science. Briefly therefore, Armoury is an Art whereby we attain to the Knowledge of the use of Coat-Armour, which consisteth of two general Heads; first Blazoning, secondly Marshaling. First, Blazoning is the explication of Coat-Armour in such significant Terms, that the Virtues of the first Bearers may be known, and this is done by expressing what the Colours, Shapes, Kind's, and Postures of those things are which are born in Coat-Armour, with their Position; by which the true signification may be known. Secondly, Marshalling is the orderly placings of several Coats, belonging (originally) to divers Families within one Efcoucheon, and the well disposing of those Ornaments which belong to them in their proper Places without the Estouchen. Of these in General. More particular Arms are divided into things within the Escoucheon, and things without the Escoucheon, those things without the Escoucheon are the Mantling, Supporters, (where due,) Torce, Helm, Crest, Motto, etc. But not to enlarge on these things, we shall chief speak of those things within the Escoucheon. First, The Escoucheon must be spread over with some Metal, Colour, or Furr, which do admit of several Denominations, according to the quality of the Person to whom the Coat doth belong; if a King, or absolute Prince, his Coat is blazoned, or expressed by Planets; a Nobleman's by precious Stones, and those of lower Ranks, by Colours; which take as under written: Metals and Colours in Blazon for Gent. under the Nobibility, called By Precious Stones for Nobles, called By Planets for Kings etc. called 1 Gold or Yellow, Or, O. Topaz ☉ Sol. 2 Silver, or white, Argent, A. Pearl ☽ Luna. 3 Red, Gules, G. Ruby. ♂ Mars. 4 Light blue, Azure, B. Sapphir. ♃ Jupiter. 5 Black, Sable, S. Diamond. ♄ Saturn. 6 Green, Vert, V. Emerald. ♀ Venus. 7 Purple, Purpure, P. Amethyst. ☿ Mercury. 8 Orange colour, Ten, T. Jacinth. ☊ Dragons head. 9 Murry, Sanguine, Sardonyx ☋ Dragons tail. The Meaning is only this; if the Coat be a King's, or Princes, you must say, he beareth Sol, not Tapaz, nor Or; if a Nobleman's, say, Topaz, or Pearl, and not Sol, nor Or; if a Gentleman's, say, Or, or Argent only, etc. The two last Colours are counted stainant, yet are born sometimes by good Families. All these have their proper significations, both singly by themselves, and also as they are compounded by themselves, they signify as follows: Or signifies Wisdom, Magnanimity, Delight, and Riches. Argent, Innocency, Chastity, and Charity. Gules, Strength, and Courage. Azure, Heavenly mindedness, and a Virtuous Disposition. Sable, Melancholy, and Divine Studies. Vert, Youth, Gladness, Mirth and Joy in Love. Purpure, a Law giver, Jurisdiction, Dignity, and Justice. Ten, Self-Glory. Sanguine, Over-haste to Battle. To show the several Significations of these Metals, and Colours, when they are mixed together, would take up too much room and time; but the judicious may by a careful Remark make curious Observations, or else let him consult Gerard Leigh, who is very large on this particular. The next to Metals and Colours are Furs, of which some make more, some less; which take as follows: 1. The first is White, by which Blazon it is known to be a Fur, for if it be blazoned, Argent, it is understood to be Metal, and so cannot be proper for a Doubling, or Lining; but if the Bearer have committed Treason, it is called Littute, from a little Beast, so called. 2. The second is Ermine, and is white spotted with black. 3. Ermines, It is black powdered, or spotted with white. 4. Erminits is like Ermine, only this hath on each side of the black spot one Hair of Gules, or red. 5. Erminois is yellow with black spots. 6. Pean is black with yellow spots. 8. Leigh makes the 8th to be called Vere, and to be of the same spot as the last, only to differ in Colour, this being Or, and Vert. 9 The ninth he saith is called Vair, and is of the same spot with the two last; but it is composed of Argent, and Sablè. CHAP. XXXII. Of Ordinaries. THe Shield thus covered with some of these Metals, Colours, or Furs, there is then (unless rare) some Charge laid upon it, which are of two sorts, proper and common. Proper Charges are those which more peculiarly belong to this Art, and these are called Ordinaries, being 18 in Number, (some say 19,) of which 9 are called Honourable, the other nine, or ten, are called less Honourable. The more Honourable Ordinaries are, 1. The Cross. 2. The Chief. 3. The Pile. 4. The Bend. 5. The Fess. 6. The Inescoucheon. 7. The Chevron. 8. The Saltier. And, 9 The Bar. The Nine less Honourable Ordinaries are: 1. The Gyron. 2. The Orle. 3. The Pile. 4. The Quarter. 5. The Quarter Sinister. 6. The Canton. 7. The Canton Sinister. 8. The Flask. 9 The Flanch. 10. The Voider. These all have an additional Note of Distinction, from the form of those Lines whereof they are composed; if they are drawn with a plain Line only, they are only called by their proper Name; but if the Line be uneven or irregular, they receive an additional Name accordingly. The Lines are these: 1. Invected. 2. Ingrailed. 3. Waved, or Undee. 4. Nebulee. 5. Crenella. 6. Indented. 7. Dancetty. 8. Ragulee. In some Cases Crenella is blazoned Embattellee. But of all these in Order. 1. The Cross signifies Afflictions for the cause of Religion, or being in the Wars against the Infidels; and of all Crosses the Cross waved shows the greatest of Afflictions: There are divers sorts of Crosses, as the Cross Flory, the Cross Botony, Pattee, or Form, Fitchee, Moline, the Julian, the Jerusalem, Avalan, Potent, Ragulee, and Trunked Crosslets, and Cross Crosslets, with many more; which to describe would be a work of itself. 2. The Chief contains the upper third part of the Escoucheon, and shows the first Bearer was in Authority, or Place of Command, when he received his Coat, or had gained the Place by his Deserts. 3 The Pale is the middle third part of the Escoucheon, from top to bottom, and signifies the first Bearer to be skilled in Mining, and such like Arts. 4. The Bend is drawn from the right Corner at top, called the Dextre Chief, to the left Corner at bottom, or Sinister Base, in form of a Belt, showing the first Bearer to be Valiant in War, and one who mounted on the Enemy's Walls. 5. The Fess contains the middle third part of the Escoucheon, drawn from side to side; it is counted a Scarf, and shows the first Bearer a worthy Leader of an Army, or a great part thereof. 6. The Escoucheon, or Inescoucheon, is when an Escoucheon is depicted in the middle of the Escoucheon; it shows the Bearer to have won his Enemy's Arms. 7. The Chevron, taken to the the Rafters of a House, from its form, being like the Ridge of a House, and signifies the first Bearer to be the promoter and top of his Family, the carrier on or finisher of some great Work, and the shelter, etc. of his Family. 8. A Saltier is made like the letter X. V●ton saith it was an Instrument to catch wild Beasts, but Leigh, and others, say it was used to scale the Walls of Cities with. On this Saltier did St. Andrew suffer Martyrdom, as is affirmed, from whence it is also called St. Andrew's Cross. It shows the Bearer was honourable at some Siege, did some valiant Exploits against the Picts and Scots. 9 The Bar is like the Fess, but narrower, and shows the first Bearer to be serviceable in raising of Batteries, or Fortifications, to the damage of the Enemies, and security of his Prince's Army. Thus much of the Nine honourable Ordinaries, the less honourable Ordinaries have also their proper significations; but some of them are very hard to be described by words, as; 2. The Orle is like the Escoucheon in form, but hollow or void, and only the edges left; it shows the first Bearer so valiant as to sight until his Shield was hewn through. In Armoury many times Birds, Beasts, Flowers, etc. are set in this form and must be blazoned an Orle of such or such. 3. The Pile is broad at top like the Pale, but ends in a sharp point at bottom, showing thereby the first Bearer to be excellent in Fortifications, and some add rich in Buildings. 4. and 5. The Quarter Dextre, and the Quarter Sinister; it contains a fourth part of the Escoucheon on the right or left side at top, from whence it takes its name, and shows the first Bearer to receive an Augmentation from the King, for service done according to the Charge on the Quarter; or else that he won his Enemy's Shield. 6. and 7. The Canton Dextre, and Einister, they are of the same form with the Quarter, and stand in the same place, but lesser something, and signify the same thing, only the Quarter is given to those that are Nobles, and the Canton to those that are under the Degree of a Baron. 8. and 9 The Flask and Flanch, are but little different, the Flask being a little bigger than the Flanch, but are generally used promiscuously under the Name of Flanch; they are made Semicircular, from the corner at top, to the corner at bottom, the Bellies of them meeting almost in the middle of the Escoucheon, and are never born but by pairs; that is, one on the one side, and the other on the other side; they are both Arguments that the first Bearer was true and trusty in the Service he was employed in by his Prince. The Voider is of the same shape, but lesser much, and not circular, being the proper Reward for a Woman for the like Service done. CHAP. XXXII. Of Charges Common. Although some Coats of Arms have one of these alone, some have more, either of the same or different sorts, and some have other things mixed with them; yet many there are which have none, but charged with some other things, which Charges are born sometimes upon these Ordinaries, sometimes by or with them, and sometimes both upon them, and by or with them; and sometimes you shall have these Ordinaries born upon or over such other Charges; but this being too tedious to run through all the variety of Bearing, and the significations of them, when alone, or compounded, I shall reduce what I have to say to these nine heads, and be very brief in them all: 1. Angels. 2. Rational Creatures. 3. Beasts. 4. Fowl. 5. Fishes. 6. Infects. 7. Heavenly Bodies. 8. Trees, Herbs, Flowers, and Fruits. 9 Things artificial. Sect. 1. Of Angels. Angels, Cherubims, or any part of them, signify great celerity in business, the Messengers of Peace and happy News. Note generally, the whole signifies more than the parts. Sect. 2. Of Men. To bear Men in Coat-Armour is honourable; as, 1. For Saints. It showeth the first Bearer was some Bishop, Abbat, or some Person who built or ruled some Place dedicated to such Saint. 2. Heads show the Bearer to have done Service against those People whose Head it signifies; as, Saracens, Turks, Moors, etc. 3. Hands or Arms signify Strength and Fortitude in their Bearers. 4. Eyes signify Judgement and Apprehension. 5. Legs and Feet show the Bearer to be swift to pursue his Enemies, and are the emblem of Support and Assistence; as, 6. The Heart is of Knowledge and Understanding. Sect. 3. Of Beasts. Beasts of Prey are more honourable than Beasts of Chase, and the more honourable the Beast is, the more honourable the Coat; the Male is more honourable than the Female, and those that are gilded, or kerved, less honourable than those that are not; the whole is better than the parts, and the regular posture than the irregular; those at liberty are better than those that are not, by being chained, muzzled, or the like: and the proper colour is better than different. Of parts; first the Head, if of a Beast of Prey, shows the first Bearer to head an Army, to be bold and stout; or to destroy or take some General of the Enemies. Next to Beasts of Prey are the Unicorn, Horse, Bull, Ram, Goat, Hart, etc. all whose Heads are honourable according to their several Degrees. Next the Head are the Gambs or Paws, and then the Lion's Tails. A Limb or Member either of Man, Beast, or Fowl, is better erased than couped, and that better than cabosed; nor are Monsters so honourable as those of true shapes. The nearer any Coat is to the King's Coat in whose Country he lives, the more honourable is that Coat. The Lion shows great Power, Jurisdiction, Mercy, and all other generous Virtues. The Unicorn one of Strength and Courage, who will fight it out to the last, and never yield; yet withal ready to do good to his Enemies: It hath significations of Scotland, etc. The Wolf shows one who hath Power and Parts to assemble many together, and might first be given to him that brought a Band of his Tenants, Friends, or Volunteers, to the King's Service. The Fox signifies one that by Policy and Strategeme hath gotten possession of his Enemy's Quarters, or Country. The Horse shows one bold and valiant, and a Person that by his Example encourageth others: It also showeth, that the Bearer might have mounted his General or Prince in Battle. The Ass shows the Bearer to be a most industrious and submissive Person. The Ram one valiant in War, and profitable in Peace, chief by his Substance. The Bull a valiant Person, and one that labours the Ruin of his Enemies. The Goat one of mean worth, yet politic in War, whereby he subdues his Enemies. The Cat shows one that by a constant and prudent care surprises his Enemy, or by a subtle Strategeme seizes those that make Inroads into the Country. The Dog an excellent Centinel, and constant adherer to his Prince. The Boar is given to those that are valiant, but not liberal, and one that will die nobly rather than fly basely. The Hedgehog shows one that is expert in gathering Riches, and prudent in laying hold on all opportunities to secure them. The Coney shows a Person to be a skilful Pionier, and successful; also good in making Trenches. The Squeril shows the first Bearer to be an excellent Treasurer and Purveyor for an Army. The Panther shows a Person of undaunted Courage and Resolution, yet of so friendly and persuasive a Temper, that all men love him. The Elephant shows a Man of great Learning and Authority; a wise and sage Counsellor, and one of great valour. The Camel one that is ready and speedy in business. The Bear shows one politic and valiant, though perhaps greedy of Gain. The Ape may perhaps be given to one who first pleased his Prince by his pleasant and facetious Humour; and also shows one very apt to learn by Inspection, and imitative. The Hart showeth one carefully politic, who foreseeing the Danger, prevents it, making good his own Party, and circumventing his Enemies. Monstrous Beasts are less honourable than others, and show that the first Bearers might have something in them which was vicious; which though it did not wholly outvie their Virtues, yet it might be a blemish to the same, and shows oftentimes Illegitimacy. The Leopard shows a subtle man, one that would surprise his Enemies by Policy where his Strength faileth; yet withal too violent when he hath overcome. The Griffin shows one valiant, and to make great spoil of his Enemy's Megazines, yet cruel and covetous. The Dragon or Wivorn shows one that invades his Enemies, not in a main Battle, but as a Privatier, or one who hath Letters of Mart, and subdueth Pirates, or the like, and will be sure to keep fast what he gets, though unjustly. The Mantiger shows one to have showed himself most humane and courteous to all, and withal courageous, yet in his Conquests too much of a cruel Tyrant. The Sphinx and Harpy the same. The Bat or Reremous shows a low beginning, but by care and industry to arrive to great Wealth, and thereby to Honour, yet sneaking, and of a low Spirit. The Postures of Beasts are differently blazoned, according to the nature of them; for all Beasts of Prey, or Battle, have one denomination for their posture, and those of Chase, or the like, have another. Beasts of Prey and Battle are couchant, passant, guardant, combatant, rampant, salient, regardant, coward, double quere, quere inflected, quere renowned, etc. Beasts of Chase, etc. are said to be lodged, tripant, at gaze, respecting, mounting, springing, and the like. Dormant, seiant, endorsed, and some others, are common to both. The Lion dormant shows a Person, who, having been victorious, gives over the War, and takes his Ease. Couchant shows the same, but more honourable; one who hath given over public Affairs. Passant shows one ready for noble Actions, and one of absolute Jurisdiction. Seiant shows the Bearer to be one placed in some Frontier Garrison; a wary, watchful Person. Guardant shows a Person of a vigilant Disposition, who stands upon his Guard in the midst of his Enemies. Salient shows the first Bearer to be a ready and active Person on all occasions for War. Rampant shows a Person truly valorous. Regardant, coward, etc. shows the Bearers to have been most worthy Persons, but overcome and subdued by some conquering Prince. Note generally, 1st. That oftentimes the bearing of Beasts show the Bearer to have subdued an Enemy of the same nature, and the Heads show the same more properly. Note 2dly, That whereas in the first of Edward II. and in the seventh of Henry VI men that had Lands to the value of 20 l. per annum, were compelled to take upon them the Order of Knighthood, and though the Heralds were careful to keep out base born People, who had grown rich, yet many were admitted who were but of very mean Extraction; whence many Devices were given them which in enigmatical Signs shown the Quality of the first Bearer, which is not convenient here to name; and though none received his Arms for his Vices, but for his Virtues, or Estate, as in those King's Reigns, and some since, yet those Persons having Vices which were known, and blemished their other Qualities, the Heralds would and were to take notice of the same, as above, in Monsters, in all irregular postures, and many more. Note 3dly, Many received Coats from their Names; because their other Virtues, besides their Estates, were not known; and some have received their Surnames, and Coat of Arms both, from some quality they have been endowed with; wherefore it is that sometimes the bearing of Coat Armour, according to the Name, is both ancient and honourable. I now proceed to Birds. Sect. 4. Of Birds. In Bearing of Birds the Female is more honourable than the Male, except the Cock; proper Colours are better than artificial; Birds of Prey, and those exercised in flight, are better volant or flying, than closely; Poultry and all Waterfowl are best closely; also the Martlet; in other things they are the same with Beasts. The Eagle signifies true Magnanimity, and one who scorns to stoop to low or base Actions. The Falcon shows the first Bearer to be valiant, and one that pursueth his Victory eagerly, and speedily performeth a warlike Message. The Cock shows an Ambassador, or Herald, and a valiant Person, though apt to brag after Victory. The Stork is an emblem of Obedience and Gratitude to Prince and Parents. The Swallow shows one quick and ready to do business, but more serviceable in Peace than War. Pigeons show the Bearer to be a faithful Messenger, chaste and loyal; they argue Holiness and Innocency, bringers of good Tidings, of Peace and Plenty. The Swan shows a learned Man, Poets, Musicians, etc. a contented person, and contemner of the World. An Owl shows Prudence, Vigilancy, a watchful temper to prevent a surprise, yet withal loving Retiredness. The Pelican shows the Bearer diligent in instructing and educating those under his Charge in Learning and Virtues; as, Children, Servants, Soldiers, etc. The Raven shows a careful Gatherer, but yet fraudulent. The Peacock signifies a man of splendid Condition, yet vainglorious; possibly of mean Extraction; if the Peacock be closely, it abates much of the vainglorious Temper. The Martlet shows one of a younger Family, who lived and got his Estate by Industry, not by Inheritance. The Heads of Birds is the next to the whole, than the Feet or Talons of Birds of Prey, the Legs next, the Wigs next, which show Protection, and paternal Love, and the Feathers last. Sect. 5. Of Fish. THE most honourable Bearing of Fish is nayant or swimming, the next springing, lastly hauriant; sometimes they are fretted, sometimes endorsed, and sometimes respecting; the Dolphin being best in Heraldry when embowed. Of the Parts of Fish seldom any is born, except the Head and Shells. Amongst Fish the Dolphin is most honourable; it shows the first Bearear to be of a loving and good condition, willing and ready to help. The Herrin may be accounted next; and shows the first Bearer to be ready to serve his Prince, but willing to have company. The Eel, Place, Flounder, etc. shows the Bearer to be possessed of much fenny and waterish Land; also to be a person that lived close and private. The Lobstar, Crab, and other Shell fish, show the Bearer to be one, that though he go willingly to War, yet wants that true Magnanimity of Mind to venture far; but if he once hath obtained any thing by his Valour or Policy, will rarely let it go again. The Eschallop Shel is the emblem of Unity and Friendship, and shows the first Bearer to be a Commander, who by his Valour and Goodness had so united the Hearts of his followers to him, as not to forsake him in all Attempts wherever he went. Sect. 6. Of Infects. Infects are very rarely born in parts, and amongst them the Ant shows an industrious, careful, and provident Person, yet of a Temper unwilling to be observed in the World, and something covetous. The Bee a laborious person, and beneficial to Mankind, generous and hospitable, but hasty or passionate. The Snake shows a person who lives a retired, quiet life, yet withal such as never fail to remember their Enemies when they have opportunity. Likewise the Adder, and all such Serpents, show the Bearer to be a close, subtle, and privately mischievous person. The Butterfly shows a Person who lives splendidly on that which others got covetously; also a person who though at first by a recluse Life gathered much, yet spent the rest of his days in pleasure, and seeing the World. The Gadfly or Humblebee shows one who came of industrious Parents, who were beneficial to others, but he lives not up to their Frugality, but upon it, etc. The Toad shows a man covetous to get, and unwilling to part with what he hath so got; yet of good Understanding, prudent, and knowing. Sect. 7. Of Heavenly Bodies. Amongst which the Sun shows the first Bearer to live splendidly, and willing to do good to all persons: It is the Emblem of Glory. The Moon shows one willing to do good to others, according to his power, though he hath his Dependency on some other eminent person, and it is augmented or abated as the Moon is in its Full, Increasing, or Decreasing. The Crescent shows a younger Family, who in all probability may rife to great Glory. The Star is a note of Eminency, and given for some great knowledge in the Liberal Sciences, or some great Discoveries in the Art of Navigation, etc. The Mullet is variously taken; some esteem it to be the Rowel of a Spur, and that those that are pierced are those that are finished, and those that are not pierced are those that are unfinished; others say, (and they the most,) that they are a falling Star, or Meteor, (possibly those with five points may be Rowels, and those with six points imperfect Stars, for Stars have never less than six points, and those waved, but the Mullet is never waved.) It was anciently blazoned Esteiles, whereas the Star is termed Estoiles; however this is certain, that it signifies Honour, and that the first Bearer studied Divinity, or such things that made him shine in Virtue or Learning. Clouds show Honour and Eminency, but Uncertainty. Sect. 8. Of Trees, Fruits, Flowers, and Herbs. Timber-trees are preferred before others, and among them the Oak is first. Amongst Flowers the Rose is first, the Thistle next; the Flower-de-luce and the Lily follow; of others the manured are more honourable than the wild. Of parts: The Branches are first, than the Fruit, then Leaves, than Stump and Roots, and Trunks last; these all hear part of the same signification with the Tree to which they belong. The Oak shows the first Bearer to be a great help and preserver of his Prince or Country. The Leaves of Oak, Bays, or Laurel, are given in token of Victory. A Limb of a Tree couped shows the first Bearer eminent in destroying his Enemy in his Hold or Fastness; also that he was excellent at Fortifications. The Rose shows Service done to the Crown of England; or, that the first Bearer lived upon an hill, according to the British. The Flower-de-luce shows Service in France. Leaves of Holly shows one serviceable in the Church, yet possibly sharp and censorious; but I hasten. Grapes show a person who is instrumental in procuring some eminent Convocation, which hath produced much benefit to the Kingdom. A Garb or Sheaf shows the first Bearer to be rich in arable Lands, and given to much Hospitality; the better the Grain, the more noble. Cinquefoil is ancient, and shows the Bearer to be one that masters his Affections, and hath overcome his Enemies as well by Policy as Power. Quaterfoil the same, but lower. Trefoil notes a man possessed of much Meadow, or Pasture Land, and one who lives in Joy and Content. Note, Flowers or Leaves sliped, that is, with the Stalks plucked off, are better than the single Leaves. Sect. 9 Of Things Artificial. There are so many, and so various sorts of this Bearing, that to name them all, if it could be done, would make a whole Volume of itself; and therefore I shall name but a few of the most common. A Helmet shows the Bearer to be a man of Command; if full faced, it shows the more Authority; if sideways, the less. Castles and Towers show the Bearer to be one that stood much upon his Guard, a person much assaulted by his Enemies, ghostly or bodily, according to the Field. Swords and Instruments of War are honourable, and show the first Bearer exquisite in the use of such Instruments, or to overcome his Enemies by them. Bridges and Arches show the Bearer to be a Person of great Stability, and under many sufferings for his King and Country, amidst which he stands steadfast and loyal. The Blow, and all Instruments of Husbandry, show the Bearer to be an industrious person, and very beneficial to the Commonwealth. Utensils of a Kitchen, etc. show the first Bearer to be a Lover of good Housekeeping. Sect. 10. Of Roundles and Drops, etc. Note, that in Coat Armour there are some things which are all of one form, but have divers Names, and consequently several Significations, from their Colours. Of these the chiefest are Roundles or Drops. First, the Roundles, (called by the vulgar Balls, and Bullets.) These have nine several names according to their Nine several Metals and Colours used in Armoury. 1 Yellow, or Gold, are called Bessants. 2 White, or Silver, are called Plates. 3 Red, or Gules, are called Tortuauxes. 4 Blue, or Azure, are called Hurts. 5 Green, or Vert, are called Pomeis. 6 Purple, or Purpure, are called Golpes. 7 Black, or Sable, are called Pellets, or Ogresses. 8 Ten, or Orange-colour, are called Oranges. 9 Murry, or Sanguine, are called Guezes. The Bessant shows great profit brought by the Bearer to the King and Country. The Plate shows the same, but lesser; also Riches in the first Bearer. The Tortuaux shows the first Bearer to be a Priest, or religious Person, or one that had done much for the Church. The Hurt shows one who had received much hurt by his Enemies, but not to wounding. Guillium calls them Whorts, or, as some call them, Whortle-berries. Leigh calls them Hurts, or Bruises in the Flesh, which look blue; but he saith in Women they are called Tongue-Moles. Pomeis shows one abounding in Ortyards and Fruits. Golps show one who received Wounds in Battle. Ogresses show a person expert in Slinging, and in those Warlike Engines which cast Stones and Darts; an Engineer, etc. Note, When these are of different Colours, as in Coats parted, they are most properly called Roundles. There are also Annulets, which are like Rings, and are esteemed the Rings whereof the Coat of Mail is composed; it is good Bearing, and shows one who with an united Strength preserved his Prince. The second thing which is of one shape, but distinguished by the Colour, are Drops, therefore called Gutta; as, The Gold are called Gutta de Or, or Drops of Gold. When White, or Silver, than they are called Gutta de Eau, or Water, or Gutta de Argent, drops of Silver, but not so proper. The Gules are called Gutta de Sanguine, or Blood. Azure are called Gutta de Larmes, or Tears. Black are called Gutta de Poix, or Drops of Pitch. Again, there is the Fucil, which hath four Corners, but the distance between the upper corner and the lower is much more than that between the sides. It is much like a quarril of Glass, and called by Geomatrician Rhombus. The Lozenge also, which is of the same form, but not so long, and something broader. Lastly, the Mascle, which is just square, standing also cornerwise, but all open, or hollow within. The Fucil is taken by most for that which is used in spinning woollen Yarn, called a Spindle. The Lozeuge is accounted that physical Composition which is given for Colds. The Mascle for the Meshes of a Net. The Fucil may show the Bearer to have more Honour by the Mother-side than the Father's, or else, that their Riches, etc. sprang from the beneficial Employment of Weaving or Clothing, and many English Armorists blazon them Weavers Shuttles. The Lozenge argues the first Bearer to be famous, etc. in the study or practice of Physic. The Mascle shows one who was very subtle, and could inveigle and circumvent his Enemies; as also one who had advanced himself by industry in Fishing. There is also the Billit, which are Letters folded up more long than broad, and shows the Bearer to be employed in Embassies, according to the Colour, etc. or Charge, some being charged. The Steel Gad is much like the Billit, but bends a little out on one side, and in on the other; it is an argument of great Strength, but of much passion when provoked. The Delft is exactly square, it is a Delve or Spit of Earth, and is good bearing when the Colour is not of the Stainant Colours, but than it is a Blot; else it may signify one that got Riches by gardening, or the like Occupation; also one who behaved himself well in working of Trenches. It would fill a very large Volume to speak of all the several things born in Coat-Armour, if they could be all known; and therefore I hope these may be taken in good part, being already gone farther than at first I intended. CHAP. XXXIII. Of Abatements. HAving spoken of those things that make Men Honourable, I shall now speak of those things that do lessen and abate the Reputation of those Persons who have the Honour of bearing Coat-Armour; and these are therefore called Abatements of Honour, which happens when a Gentleman, etc. doth commit some ungenteel Action; for which the Heralds think fit to set some note of Infamy upon the Party: And this is that which we vulgarly call a Blot in their Escoucheon: Of these Armorists reckon nine, which are ever made of one of the Stainant Colours, viz. Ten or Sanguine; else it's possible that some of them may be Arguments of Honour as in the Delft, Gusset, etc. The first is the Delft; it is set in the middle of the Escoucheon, else it is not a Blot, (it must stand on one of its sides,) and is given to one that revoketh his Challenge; as if dirt were thrown in his face. The second is an Inescoucheon reversed, which is a small Escoucheon turned up side down in the middle of the Escoucheon. This is due to him that discourtiously intreateth Maid, or Widow, etc. against her Will; and also for him that flieth from his Sovereign's Banner. The Third is called a Point, parted Dextre, that is; when the upper right corner of the Escoucheon is parted from the whole, and is given to him, who boasteth too much of his Deeds in War. The Fourth is Point in Point, which consisteth of two arched Lines, and the middle ends are joined in the middle of the Escoucheon, and so both pass circularly to the sides near the Bottom, thereby cutting off as it were a great part of the Escoucheon, at the lower part; and is given to one that is unwilling to fight. The Fifth is called a Point Champaign; it is made of one hollow arched Line, which as it were cuts off, or hideth the bottom of the Escoucheon, but more at each side than in the middle: It is given to him that killeth his Prisoner in cold Blood, and when he may as well save him alive. The Sixth is called a Plain Point, wherein the bottom of the Escoucheon seems to be covered by a straight Line, drawn from side to side; and is proper for him that inventeth false News, or Lies to his Prince; possibly the late French Ambassador ought to be so served. The Seventh is called a Gore; it consisteth of two hollow Lines, one whereof gins at the upper left Corner, or Sinister Chief of the Escoucheon, and the other at the middle of the Bottom or Base Point, and so meet in the middle. It's proper for him that's a Coward, or Feminine-hearted. The Eighth is called a Gusset; it is made by drawing a Line a little sloping from the upper corner of the Escoucheon, about one third of the Breadth, and then letting it fall perpendicular to the Bottom; it is given on the right side, to show the Bearer one, who to satisfy his lust neglects his Battle, and on the left side to him that neglects through Drunkenness. The Ninth, and last, is when the whole Coat is reversed, or turned upside down and is proper for a Traitor; and must be blazoned by expressing the Colours to their common Names, as Yellow, White, Red, Light-Blew, Black, and the like, and not Or, Argent, Gules, Azure, etc. Note, That as no Man, having Coat-Armour bestowed upon him, can communicate the same to any of his Relations, as Brothers, Uncles, or the like; nor can they have any power to use or wear the fame, (whence it often comes to pass, that several Coats belong to the same Name,) the Coat only belonging to his Heirs, and those that shall proceed from the first Bearer; so these Abatements belong to none but to the Person, and his distinct Line; who if they shall by the opposite Virtues show themselves worthy, the Abatement by the Approbation and Order of the Heralds, may be taken away. CHAP. XXXIV. Of the Points in an Escoucheon. I Conclude with naming those places in the Escoucheon, which in Heraldry are called Points, and by which you are to know the several parts and places in it, which are also Nine. You are to imagine the Escoucheon, as placed before you, to be worn by the bearer; so that the right side of it answers to your left hand, and the left side to your right hand, and therefore are called the Dexter and Sinister sides of the Escoucheon. The Points are as follow: 1. The middle or centre of the Escoucheon is called the Fess Point. 2. The middle between the Fess point and the top of the Escoucheon, is called the Honour Point. 3. The right corner at the top is the Dextre Chief Point. 4. The very middle of the top is the Chief Point. 5. The left corner of the top is called the Sinister Chief Point. 6. Then between the Fess Point and the bottom of the Escoucheon is the Nombril Point. 7. The right corner of the bottom is the Dextre Bass Point, 8. The middle of the bottom is the Bass Point. And, 9 The left corner of the bottom is called the Sinister Bass Point. There being many words in the foregoing Treatise, which are not here explained (although most are,) and many other Terms of Art, and some peculiar Charges, which are not therein mentioned, I have thought good to insert the following Table, for the benefit of such who are willing to be instructed therein. Abacat, a Cap of High Estate, worn by some Kings. Abatement, (see Chap. 32.) Disgrace or lessening of Honour. Achievement, the Arms of any Gentleman, or Nobleman, with his Crest, Mantle, Helm, Supporters, Motto, etc. Proper. Adumbration, a shadowing; it is used in Heraldry when a Family is gone to decay, they may bear their Coat shadowed, i. e. only with the plain Lines, and no Colours. Adventail, a Coat of Armour. Annulet, a Ring in Armoury, the Rings of a Coat of Male. Avelan, a cross, whose ends are like Nuts, or Philbirds, therefore called a Cross Avelan. Bar, (see Chap. 31.) less than the Fess, and many have three in an Escoucheon. Barulet, is a Diminutive Bar, containing a fourth part of the Bar. Bar, is when a Coat is composed of small Bars, both Colours being equal; else it must be blazoned Bar of so many. Bars Gemews, or Gemelis, double Bars, and always born two together. Base, the bottom of the Escoucheon. Battoon, a wand or ●udgel; it is like a bend Sinister, reaching from the Sinister Chief to the Dextre Base, but doth not touch either; it is narrower than the bend, and is a Note of Bastardy. bend, see Chap. 31. a Belt. Bendlet, a diminutive Bend, three may be born in an Escoucheon. Bendy, when the whole Escoucheon is composed of Bends. Per bend, is when the Escoucheon is of two Colours, and parted by a Line bend ways. Bessants, are Quoits of Gold, valued 3750 l. Sterling. Billit, Letters, Chap. 32. Sect. 10. Blazon, to describe a Coat of Arms by proper Terms. Botony, see Cross. Border, the edge of a different Colour that goeth round many Coats. Cabosed, when the Head of a Beast, etc. is cut close off, and no Neck left to it. Canton Dextre and Sinister, see Chap. 31. Castle, is when the Architecture extendeth itself from one side of the Field, to the other; and if it have Turrets, they must be named how many: But if it doth extend itself so, it is blazoned a Tower, and if it have Turrets, they must be called Towered. Chaplet, a Garland or Headband of Flowers. Checquee, is when it is Checkered of more rows than two. Chevron, see Chap. 31. Cheuronel, a little Chevron. Chief, see Chap. 31. Closs, birds, etc. when set on their Feet are blazoned Closs, not Passant. Closs, Cost, or Cottises, are very narrow Bends, and by some thought to be the Ribs of a Man: They are born on each side the Bend, and some other Charges, but always in Bend. Combatant, sighting or rampant, face to face; it is only proper to Beasts of Battle. Compliment, the Moon is so blazoned when at full. Compony, or Compounded, is two rows checkered and no more. Counter, to go toward the Sinister side of the Escoucheon, or to go back again. Couped, cut smooth off. Couchant, lying down, proper for Beasts of Prey. Crenella, see Chap 31. in a Chief, or Fess, or Bar, it is blazoned Embattellee. Coward, a Lion with his Tail between his Legs, and hanging about his Feet. Cronels, is that which is put upon the end of a Tilt, Staff, or Spear, in just. Crescent, a horned Moon with the Horns upwards. Cross, see Chap. 31. Croslet, a little Cross, when more than one is born in an Escoucheon. Cross Croslet, when those little Crosses are crossed at the ends. Cross Flory, hath a Flower-de-luce, issuing out at each end, some call it Patence. Cross Botony, when each end hath Balls or Buttons on them. Cross Pattee or Form, when the ends are broader than the Bars. Cross Fitchee, when there is a spike in the lower end to stick it into the Ground. Cross Julian, like a Saltier, but crossed a-again at each end. Cross Potent, when the ends are crossed like a Crutch, some call it a cross Battoon. Cross Ragulee, see Ragulee. Cross Moline, when the ends are parted, and turn outward like the outside Leaves of a Flower-de-luce; it hath its name from a Mill-Link. Dalmatica, a Priest's Garment; see Chap. 2. Dancette, very much cut or indented; see Chap. 31. Debruised, oppressed. Delft or Delve, a Spit of Earth; see Chap. 32. Sect. 10. Displayed, spread abroad. Dormant, sleeping. Doubled or Doubling. lined or linings. Eau, water; see Chap. 32. Embatalia, see Crenella. Embowed, bended as the Dolphin. Enaluron, a Term proper for a Border, or the like, when it is charged with Birds. Endorsed, back to back, Rampant or upright. Entoyer, a Term proper to a Border, when charged with dead or artificial things. Enurny, a Term proper to a Border, and the like, when charged with Beasts. Erased, torn off by Violence. Escoucheon, a Shield whereon Coat-Armour is depicted. Expanded, Spread abroad or set open. Fess, see Chap. 13. Fillet, that which Women bind up their Hair with; it is when the Chief hath a fourth part of it taken off, as it were, at the bottom. Fitchee, a Spike to fix into the Ground; see Cross. Files, Some take them for Points, some for the folds of Garments, others for Candles; the most likely are Points: they are a note of the elder Family, or Heir to a Family, when rightly placed. Flanch, the Flank; see Chap. 31. Flasque, a bend Bow, some say; see Chapter 31. Flory, see Cross; also any thing that is flowered on the sides. Formee, Broad; see Cross. Fret, it is as when a Square Frame (as of a Picture, or the like,) hath a stick laid on it from side to side, and another on the other side, which binds in the first stick by crossing over it, and, turning again on the other side of the Frame, holdeth all together. Frettee, is when several Sticks or Battoons are wadled or woven together, like our Lattice Windows. Fucils, the French take for Spindle's whereon Yarn is spun; we take them for Weavers Shuttles, and the Dutch for Mill-pecks; see Chap. 32. § 10. Frinbrated, bordered or hemmed. Gad's of Steel, see Chap. 32. § 10. Gambs, the Paws of Lions, and Beasts of Prey. Guardant, when a Beast of Prey looks upon you as it were with a full Face. Gaze, is the same, and proper to Beasts of Chase. Gemews, see Barrs. Gobonated, cut in pieces. Golps, Wounds; see Chap. 32. Gore, the Gore of a Smock, a Note of Effeminacy; see Chap. 33. Gussets, the Gussets of a Smock; see Chapter 33. Guttas, Drops; see Chap. 33. § 10. Gyrone, see Chap. 31. Hauriant, is a proper Blazon for Fish, when they are placed as if they hung at the Line. Heawme and timber, are those things that are without the Escoucheon, as, Mantle, Crest, etc. Chap. 31. Honour Point, see Chap. 34. Humett, is a Term in Blazon, when any of the honourable Ordinaries are cut off at ends, so that they do not touch the sides of the Escoucheon; chief the Fess, Bar, and Chevron. Huns, a Bruise in the Flesh; see Chap. 32. Inescoucheon, see Chap. 31. Indented, toothed, Chap. 31. Ingrailed, is when the Heads of the Scallops look inward to one another; Chap. 31. Invected, is when the Heads look outward from one the other; Chap. 31. Jesant, to lie over. Knight-Service, an ancient Tenure of Lands, by which a Man was bound to bear Arms in War for the defence of the Kingdom. Lambeaux, see Files. Larmes, Tears; see Chap. 32. § 10. Lodged, a Term proper to Beasts of Chase, as Couchant is to Beasts of Battle. Lozenges, Physical Compositions; see Chapter 32. § 10. Mascles, Meshes of a Net, Chap. 32. § 10. Mullet, an imperfect Star, or Spur-Rowel; see Chap. 32. § 7. Mounting, a Term proper to Beasts of Chase, as Rampant is to Beasts of Prey. Mound, is the Globe or Ball, with the Cross on it, which the King holds in his hand when he sits in State. Mouline, the Links of a Mill. Nayant, swimming. Nebulee, Clouds, or clouded. Nombril, the Navel, a point in the Escoucheon; see Chap. 34. Orle, an Escoucheon hewed through; see Chap. 31. Or, Gold, or yellow. Ogresses, Pellets, Gunstones', or Bullets. Pale, a Pillar, see Chap. 31. Pallet, a little Pale; three or five may be in an Escoucheon. Paley, when the whole Escoucheon is composed of Pales. Passant, a Term proper to a Beast of Battle, and is used when they are walking along, or passing. Pattee, see Form, or Cross. Pattence-Flory, see Flory; only it is peculiar to a Cross, which Flory is not. Pierced, when there is a hole in the Charge, through which the Field may be seen. Pendent, hanging down. Pile, such as is driven into Foundations when it is extended to the lower end of the Escoucheon; but when it reacheth but half way, it is taken for a Wedge. Plates, Quoits of Silver uncoined. Poix, Pitch. Potent, see Cross. Proper, the natural colour of any thing. Purflued, a Term proper for those Borders that are composed of Furr. Purpure, Purple. Quarters, see Chap. 31. Quere, the Tail of a Beast, chief used in the Lion. Quere Double, forked, or two Tails. Quere Double in Saltier, when the two Tails turn inward at the ends, and cross one the other in Saltier. Quere Inflected, when the Tail comes between the Legs, and turns over the Back. Quere Renowned, elevated over the Head, Ragulee, when the Branches are cut from the Stock of a Tree, etc. leaving some part on, like the ragged Staff. Rampant, when a Beast of Battle stands upright on his hinder Legs. Rebated, the point of a Weapon broken off. Regardant, looking backward. Respecting, when Fish, or Beasts of Chase, stand upright one against the other; see Combatant. Reverse, turned the bottom upwards. Ribon, like a Bend, but very narrow, and doth not touch the corner of the Escoucheon. Roundie, see Chap. 32. § 10. Saltier, see Chap. 32. Salient, a Term proper for Beasts of Prey, when they are not so upright as Rampant, it signifies to seize the Prey. Scarp, is a very narrow Sinister Bend. Seiant, sitting upon the Tayl. Shaperoon, a French Hood. Sliped, is when a Branch or Flower is plucked off from the Stock; and not cut or couped. Socage, an Ancient Tenure of Land, by doing some inferior service of Husbandry to the Lord of the Fee. Springing, is proper to Beasts of Chase; when they leap forward and are placed in the same posture that Beasts of Prey are when Salient; in fish it is when they are placed in Bend. Steel Gad's, see Gads; and Chap. 32. Sect. 10. Stole, a long Garment or Robe of Honour, the Keeper whereof is generally one of the Nobility; and styled Groom of the Stole, by the Vulgar Groom of the Stool. Ten, Orange Colour; a Colour Stainant. Tripant, a Term proper for Beasts of Chase, as Passant is for Beasts of Battle. Trunked, is when a Tree or the like is cut off, so that the inside thereof is to be seen, and is also depicted round, both which couped is not. Torce, is the wreath whereon the Helmet in the Crest standeth; and is used in their Coats who are under the Degree of a Baron. Tortuaux, wafers used in the Sacrament (by the Papists.) Tower, see Castles. Vamplet, is that on a Tilt Spear which covers the hand of the Tilter. Verdoy, is a Term proper to a Border charged with Flowers. Ulster, is the Canton on the Arms of all Baronet's, (which is Argent, a Sinister hand in Pale, couped at Wrist, Gules,) and so called, because it is the Arms of Ulster in Ireland. Undee or Vndaded, waved. Volant, flying. Voided, is when the inner side of an Ordinary or Charge is taken away, so that the Field is seen through. Vulned, wounded. Wreath, see Torce. Waved, see Undee. THE Number of the House of Peers is about 200 at this time. The Number of Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses, that make up the House of Commons. are 515. Of Weights and Measures of England, etc. Avoir du pois hath 16 Ounces to the Pound, 16 Drachms to the Ounce, 112 Pound make an hundred Weight, and 2000 Pound make a Tun. Troy Weight hath only 12 Ounces to the Pound, but then they are weightier than Avoir du pois. The least Measure is a Barleycorn. 3 Barly-Corns make Inch. 4 Inches make a Handful. 3 Handfuls make a Foot. 3 Foot make a Yard. ● Yard and a quarter make an Ell. 5 Foot make a Pace. 6 Foot make a Fathom. ●6 Foot and an half make a Perch, Pole, or Rod. ●0 Perch make a Furlong. 8 Furlongs make a Mile. 60 Miles make a Degree. 360 Degrees is the compass of the Earth. 40 Perch in length, and 4 in breadth make an Acre of Land. 1 Pound Avoir du pois makes a Pint. 2 Pints make a Quart. 2 Quarts a Pottle. 2 Pottles a Gallon. 8 Gallons a Firkin of Ale. 9 Gallons a Firkin of Beer. 2 Firkins a Kilderkin. 2 Kilderkins a Barrel. 1 Barrel and half of Beer measure make an Hogshead. 2 Hogsheads a Pipe or Butt. 2 Butts a Tun. One Pound Troy weight makes a Pint of Wine. 18 Gallons of Wine (Troy weight) make a Roundlet. 42 Gallons make a Tierce. 63 Gallons a Hogshead. 126 Gallons a Pipe or Butt. 2 Butts a Tun. 2 Gallons a Peck. 4 Pecks a Bushel. 8 Bushels a Quarter. 10 Quarters a Wey or Last. The Worth of Gold. l. s. d. q. One Pound weight is worth 40 0 0 0 One Ounce 93 6 8 0 One Pennyweight 00 3 4 0 One Grain or Barleycorn 00 0 1 2 The Worth of Silver. l. s. d. q. One Pound weight is worth 03 0 0 0 One Ounce 00 5 0 0 One Pennyweight 00 0 3 0 One Grain or Barleycorn 00 0 0 1 England is in length 386, in breadth 276, and in compass 1532 Miles. Ireland is in length 303, in breadth 279, and in compass 948 Miles. Isle of Man is in length 28, in breadth 18, and in compass 91 Miles. Isle of Anglesey is in length 21, breadth 18, and in compass 81 Miles. Isle of Wight is in length 22, in breadth 11, and in compass 57 Miles. Foreign Money. 9 Deniers make an English Penny. 9 Soulx make an English Shilling. 9 Francs make an English Pound. 1 Gilder makes five Shillings and six pence. 12 Blanks, or 6 Marvedys make a Stiver, or English Penny. 6 Stivers make 4 Quartoes. 4 Quartoes make a Royal. Licenced, James Frazier. THE historians Guide, OR, BRITAIN's REMEMBRANCER. BEING A Summary of all the Actions, Exploits, Sieges, battles, Designs, Attempts, Preferments, Honours, Changes, etc. and whatever else is worthy Notice, that hath happened in His Majesty's Kingdoms, from Anno Dom. 1600. to this time. SHOWING, The Year, Month, and Day of the Month, in which each Action was done. With an Alphabetical Table for the more easy finding any thing out. LONDON, Printed for W. Crook, at the Green-Dragon without Temple Bar, 1690. A CONTINUATION OF THE historians Guide, OR, BRITTAIN'S Remembrancer, etc. 1687. N. THE Duke of Albemarle arrived at Barbadoes. The new Grand Signior took upon him the Government at Constantinople. Dec. A great Inundation in Ireland. A Proclamation of K. James II. to prize Canaries, to be sold at 18 d. the Quart. Tho. Shafto executed at Wapping-dock, being condemned by the Admiralty. Jan. The Marquis of Bedmar, Envoy from the King of Spain, had Audience. A Proclamation against Pirates in America. Duke of Berwick made Governor of Portsmouth. F. A Proclamation against seditious Books. Mar. Two Proclamations to forbid the English entering into foreign Service. The Commissioners sat at Chelmsford to inquire after money levied on Dissenters. The Duke of Grafton arrived in the Downs. Exeter new Charter brought down by the Mayor. 1688. Apr. A Proclamation against exporting of Wool, etc. May An Order of Council, signed by the Clerk of the Council, for ordering the King's Declaration of Toleration to be read in Churches on the 20th and 27th Instant, being Sundays. The King went to Chatham. Chester Mail rob night Coventry. Captain Froud arrived at Plymouth from the West-Indies. The Seir de Lente, Envoy from the King of Denmark, had his Audience of Congé. Jun. The Archbishop of Canterbury, and six Bishops more, committed to the Tower for Petitioning the King not to read the Declaration of Toleration in Churches. Sir Roger Strickland with 20 Sail of Men of War in the Downs. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishops of St. Asaph, Ely, Chichester, Bath and Wells, Peterborough, and Bristol, were brought to the King's-Bench Bar, from the Tower, (where they were sent the 8th.) and arraigned, tried, and acquitted the 29th of May, Instant. Prince and Princess of Denmark came from the Bath. Appointed a Day of Thanksgiving for the Birth of the Prince of Wales, that was said to be born on Thinity Sunday, about 10 of the Clock in the morning. Naples almost ruined by an Earthquake. Signior Garstorf, Envoy from the King of Denmark, had Audience. Marquis Cattaneo, Envoy from the Duke of Modena, had Audience. Signior Zeuglestm, Envoy from the Prince of Orange, had Audience. A Call of Sergeants, viz. W. Leffant, John Rotheram, V Den, Sol. Lovel, Sir H. Chancy, W. Moses, H. Trinder, H. Fuller, and W. Tomson. Tho. Jifford, Mayor of Exeter, Knighted. The Lord Mayor, and Court of Aldermen, went to kiss the hand of the young Prince of Wales, the Recorder did present the Marchioness of Powis, his Governerness, with a Purse of Gold. July Thomas Elmes, Esq; Knighted. Fireworks on the Thames, for the Birth of the Prince of Wales. James, Duke of Ormond, died in the 79th year of his Age, at Kingston-Hall in Dorsetshire. The King and Queen went to Windsor, and went the third of August to Richmond, and on the ninth to Whitehall. Aug. The new Charter was brought to Newcastle upon Tyne. Samuel Gerrard, Esq; Knighted. The Mayor of Scarbrough tossed in a Blanket by a Captain that quartered in the Town. Judge Allybone died. Sep. Sir Robert Vyner died. Sir John Shorter, Lord mayor of London, died, and was buried the 12th at St. Saviour's in Southwark. Belgrade taken by Storm by the Germane Forces. Sir John Eyles sworn Lord Mayor of London. Countess-Dowager of Feversham died at Tunbridge. Lieutenant Coll. Beaumond, Captain Paston, and four Captains of the D. of Berwick's Regiment, were at a Council of War at Windsor cashiered for not admitting of Irishmen into their Companies. Tho. Lane, of St. Laurence Lane, Knighted. Prince and Princess of Denmark came from Tunbridge. Coll. Bevile Skelton, Esq; sent to the Tower. The King came from Windsor to Whitehall. He went to Chatham. The Queen and Prince of Wales came from Windsor to Whitehall. The King's Declaration about the Parliament. Sir Tho. Fitch, that made Fleet-Ditch, was buried at Eltham. Came out the French King's Memorials against the Pope, and against the Emperor. The King's Proclamation came out against the Dutch, and the same day came out the King's general Pardon. The Bishop of London was restored. Octob. The Charter of London restored by the Lord Chancellor, and Sir W. Pritchard desired to take the Chair, but he refused it: The same day the general Pardon came out again with Alterations. Sir J. Chapman sworn Lord Mayor of Lond. The Prince of Wales named at St. James' Chapel, James-Francis-Edward. A Proclamation, and an Order of Council, came out, for restoring of Charters, Liberties, Rights, and Franchises to all Corporations. The Earl of Derby made Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire and Lancashire. The Prince of Orange set sail with 50 Capital Men of War, 26 smaller, 25 fire Ships, 300 fly Boats, Pinks, etc. for England, but by a Storm that Night was driven back again. The Birth of the Prince of Wales was examined before the Privy Council. The Earl of Sunderland put out of the Council and Secretary of State. The Lord Viscount Preston made Secretary, etc. in his room. Nou. The Prince of Orange set sail with the Fleet that he had put out on the 19th of Octob. with about 100 small Ships more than was then, so here was 500 A Proclamation against the Prince of Orange's Manifesto. The Dutch Fleet sailed by Dover, and lost a small Vessel of about 100 men. The Prince of Orange landed at Torbay, nigh Dartmouth, in Devon, with the Dutch Army, about 15000 men. The Lord Lovelace, and thirteen of his party, were taken at Cyrencester, as they were going to the Prince of Orange. Dr. Lamplugh, Bishop of Exeter, having left Exeter on the Prince of Orange's coming, came up to London, and K. James made him Archbishop of York. Eighteen Lords Spiritual and Temporal petition K. James for a Parliament. The King went to Windsor in order to his Journey to Sarum. K. James came from Sarum to Whitchall. Coll. Bevile Skelton made Lieutenant of the Tower. An Order by K. James for a Parliament to sit Jan. 15. The French King's Ordinance for a War with the Dutch came out. Dec. Died at St. James' the Countess Dowager of Ossory. A false Alarm of an Irish Massacre in and about London, which Alarm spread over all England. The Rabble up in several places for several days, pulling down Mass houses, and Papist's houses; (among others,) great mischief done to the Spanish Ambassadours: It ceased Decemb. 12. The Lord Chancellor Jeffreys taken in Wapping, and sent Prisoner to the Tower of London. The Lords publish an Order to keep London and Middlesex quiet. The Lords and Citizens waited on the Prince of Orange at Henly with an Address. K. James stopped in a Smack nigh Feversham in Kent; with him, the Earl of Peterborough, Sir Ed. Hales, etc. Four Coaches were sent for him, and on the 16th he came to Whitehall; on the 18th he left Whitehall, and went to Sir Richard Head's, nigh Rochester; on the 23d he withdrew for France. The Prince of Orange came to Windsor. The Duke of Grafton assaulted in the Strand at the head of his Regiment: The person shot dead that assaulted him. The Lords publish an Order for the quieting of the Irish. The Prince of Orange came to St. James', and his Forces to London. The Prince of Orange visited the Queen Dowager at Sommerset-house, and this day the Prince and Princess of Denmark came to Whitehall. The Aldermen and Citizens of London waited on the Prince of Orange at St. James'. The Prince of Orange published an Order to return the Arms into the public Store, and an Order about quartering of Soldiers. The Lords Spiritual and Temporal assembled at Westminster, and ordered F. Guine, Esq; to sign such Orders as were made by them. The Prince of Orange, ordered the French Ambassador to leave England. The Peers present to the Pr. of Orange two Addresses; the first, of Thanks, etc. and to desire his Highness to accept the Government till Jan. 22. next; the second, to issue out Letters to the Coroners to choose Convention-men, to sit Jan. 22. The Aldermen and Citizens of London agreed to the said Address. The Prince of Orange gave his Answer to the said Addresses. The Prince of Orange put out his Declaration, authorising Sheriffs, Justices, etc. to act; the same day his Highness received the Sacrament at St. James' by the hands of the Bishop of London. Jan. The Prince of Orange published a Declaration for the better collecting the Revenue. The Lord Dartmouth with the Fleet came into the Downs. The Prince of Orange published an Order for regular Election of Convention-men. The Sedgmore Frigate lost nigh Plymouth. Dr. Seth Ward, Bishop of Sarum, died. Coll. John Darcy, Heir to the Earl of Holderness, died. James Howard, Earl of Suffolk, died. The Prince of Orange published a Declaration for quartering of Soldiers. The Countess of Huntingdon was carried through London in order to her Interment. Scotland address the Prince of Orange to take their Government upon him till March next. The Prince of Orange's Declaration for paying the Seamen. The Prince of Orange's Order for paying and keeping the Soldiers in order. The Convention met at Westminster; the Marquis of Hallifax made Speaker of the Lords House, and Mr. paul of the Commons: then they desired the Prince of Orange to take on him the Administration of the Government for a farther time; also, ordered that a Thanksgiving-day be kept Jan. 31. at London, etc. and Feb. 14. in all England. The Prince of Orange sent a Letter to the House of Lords about settling the Government. Feb. The Order to forbid Feb. 6. to be kept a Thanksgiving-day. A great number of people go to Westminster to desire the Convention to crown the Prince and Princess of Orange. The Lord Mayor published an Order to prevent the tumultuous meeting at Westminster. The Prince of Orange's Proclamation to prevent the abuses in Forests. The Lords in the Convention agreed with the Commons, that the Throne was vacant, and that the Prince and Princess of Orange ought to be King and Queen. The Princess of Orange landed at Whitehall. The Prince and Princess of Orange proclaimed King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, by the name of William and Mary, at London; on the 19th at Rippon, Beverly, Lancaster, Hartford, Ware, Royston, Baldock, Tri●g, St. Albans, Stamford, Alesbury, Wendover, Chesham, Beaconsfield, Rewsborrow, Colebrook, Burnham, Ivingo, Marlo, etc. the 18th at Bath, Cardigan, etc. the 23d at York, Taunton, etc. March 5. at Bridgewater, Bristol, etc. the 6th at Sandwich, etc. K. William put out a Proclamation for the collecting of the Revenue to continue as in December last. K. William's Order in Council for alteration of the Royal Family's Names in the Common-Prayer. K. William made a Speech to the Lords and Commons at Westminster. The Bishop of London, and the Clergy of the City, waited on K. William at Whitehall. K. William's Declaration to order the Irish to lay down their Arms by April following. K. William signed the Act for the sitting of the Parliament, and after, the King and Queen went to Hampton-Court. Sir John Read's House was rob at Brackethall in Hartfordshire. A Proclamation for the discovery of Mr. Brent. Another for bringing in Arms embezzled. Mar. Serj. Maynard, Serj. Rawlinson, and Sir Anthony Keck, are made Commissioners of the Great Seal of England. Henry Pollexfen, Esq; Attorney General. Sir Geo. Treby, Solicitor General. Lord Willoughby, Chancellor of the Duchy. Lord Lovelace, Captain of the Band of Pensioners. Lord Lucas, chief Governor of the Tower of London. The Earl of Sandwich his Funeral. William Harboured, Esq; sworn of the Privy-Council. The brandenburgh's got a Victory over the French at Nuis. The Lords and Commons present an Address to stand by K. William with their Lives and Fortunes. K. William desires their care of the Dutch, Ireland, and the Fleet. Arthur Herbert, Esq; John Earl of Carbury, Sir Michael Wharton, Bart. Sir Tho. Lee, Bart. Sir John Chichesly, Sir John Lowther, Bart. of White-haven, and William Sacheveril, Esq; Commissioners for the Admiralty. Dr. Gilbert Burnet elected Bishop of Saraum, (in the place of Dr. S. Ward, deceased) and consecrated at Fulham, by the Bishops of London, Winchester, Lincoln, Landaff, St. Asaph, and Carlisle. The City of London made an Address to K. William. Charles Sedly, Esq; of Southfleet, in Kent, Knighted. K. James II. arrived at Kingsale in Ireland, and on the 24th entered Dublin on Horseback, and the next day published three Proclamations. K. William made a Speech in the House of Lords, and passed two Acts. The Parliament addressed the King to put his Proclamation out against the Soldiers that disserted. The Sheriffs of all Counties of England were appointed by K. William. A Proclamation for Crowning K. William and Q. Marry, and Proclaimed at London on the 20th, for the Coronation to be on the 11th of April next. The Convention of Scotland met, and chose Duke Hamilton Speaker, and on the 23d sent their Answer to K. William's Letter, by the Lord Rosse. Sir John Chapman, Lord Mayor of London died. Sir John Berry came into the Downs with a Squadron of Men of War. The Lord Lieutenants of all the Counties of England appointed by K. William. Alderman Pilkington chose Lord Mayor of London for the remainder of the year. 1689. Mar. K. William signed the Act for a present Aid of 412000 l.. THE Lord Coot made Treasurer and Receiver General to Q. Mary. Being Easter day, Sir Geo. Lockhart was shot dead as he came from Church at Edinburgh; he was Lord Precedent of the Sessions of Scotland. Apr. A Proclamation for bringing in of Arms. The Convocation of Scotland voted the Throne vacant; and on the 4th, voted to settle the Crown on K. William and Q. Mary; and on the 10th proclaimed them, and declared against Bishops, and made a new Oath of Allegiance to K. William and Q. Mary. K. William passed three Acts of Parliament at Westminster. Coll. Cunningham and Coll. Richard's shipped their Regiments at Liverpool, in Lancashire, for Ireland. Duke Frederick Marshal de Schomberg, and William Earl of Devonshire, made Knights of the Garter; Dr. Burnet, Bishop of Sarum, sworn Chancellor of that Order. King William's Declaration to secure all Soldiers of English Pay, though sent beyond Seas. The Duke of Ormond installed Knight of the Garter. Admiral Herbert sailed with his Fleet from Spithead. Monsr. d'Avaux, the French Ambassador, made his public entrance into Dublin, and had his Audience of K. James II. at the Castle. The Irish beat by a Sally made by the Protestants out of Colerain. Charles, Viscount Mordant, (since Earl of Monmouth,) Henry Lord de la Mere, Sidney Lord Godolphin, Sir Hen. Capell, Rich. Hambden, Sen. Esq; made Commissioners of the Treasury. Jonathan, Lord Bishop of Bristol, elected Bishop of Exeter. K. William passed the Act for the Coronation Oath, and 2 Acts more, Dyed at Rome Queen Christiana of Sweedland. Prince George of Denmark made Baron of Ockingham, Earl of Kendale, and Duke of Cumberland. The Marquis of Winchester made Duke of Bolton. William Bentinek, Esq; made Baron of Cyrencester, Viscount Woodstock, and Earl of Portland. Viscount Faulconberg made Earl of Faulconberg. Viscount Mordant made Earl of Monmouth. Lord Montague made Viscount Mounthermer, and Earl of Montague. Lord Churchill made Earl of Marlborough. Henry Sidney, Esq; made Baron Milton, Viscount Sidney, of Sheppy in Kent. Lord Lumley made Viscount Lumley of Lumley-Castle in Durham. Lord Cholmondly made Baron of Cholmondly, of Which Malbanch, alias Nantwich, in Cheshire. Tho. Pilkington, Esq; Lord Mayor of London, Knighted. Sir Geo. Hewit made Baron of James-Town, and Viscount Goran in Ireland. K. William and Q. Mary crowned at Westminster, by the Bishop of London, and the day kept with great Ceremony in most of the chief Towns in England. The House of Commons walked on foot from Westminster to Whitehall, to congratulate their Majesties on their Coronations. Admiral Herbert arrived at Kingsale, in Ireland. George Jeffereys, Baron of Wemm, and late Lord Chancellor of England, died in the Tower of London, and was buried in the Tower privately the Sunday night following, by an Order his Relations got from K. William. The Sieur de Schmittan, Envoy extraordinary from the Duke of Brandenburg had Audience of the King and Queen, at Hampton-Court. George Booth, Esq; Sir Richard Temple, Sir John Worden, Sir Robert Southwell, Sir Robert Clayton, Sir Patience Ward, made Commissioners of the Customs. The Lords Address to K. William to sapport the Church of England, and to call a Convocation. Sir Henry Fane, Sir Hen. Ashurst, Sir Hum. Edwin, Tho. Frankland, Esq; Fran. Parry, Esq; John Danvers, Esq; and John Wilcox, Jun. Esq; made Commissioners for the Excise. The Earl of Danby made Marquis of Caermarthen. K. William passed six Acts of Parliament. An Address of the House of Commons to K. William, for a War with France, and the King's Answer to it. The Baron de Schutz, Envoy extraordinary from the Dukes of Lunenburgh, etc. had Audience of their Majesties at Hampton-Court. Two Proclamations came out, 1. To encourage French Protestants. 2. For prohibiting French Goods. The Estates of Scotland named the Earl of Argyle, Sir James Montgomery, and Sir John Dalrimple, to go Commissiones for England, to offer the Crown of Scotland to K. William and Q. Marry, which was done accordingly, on the 11th of May, in great solemnity, in the Banqueting House at Whitehall, to which place the Commissioners came by Post. Arrived at Portsmouth the Wolf, from Virginia, having on Board the Lord Howard of Effingham, Governor of Virginia. K. William put out two Proclamations for prohibiting Seamen to serve foreign Princes, etc. May K. William passed at Westminster the Poll Act, and two more. A Fight betwixt Admiral Herbert and the French at Bantry Bay in the N.W. of Ireland. The Estates of Scotland adjourned to the 21st instant. A Call of Sergeants, viz. Sir Hen. Pollexfen, Nich. Lechmore, Tho. Rookesby, John Thurburn, Will. Wogan, Will. Pawlet, Nath. Bond, Gyles Eyres, Hen. Hatsell, John Blencow, Peyton Ventris, John powel, Roger Bellwood, John Tremain, John Trenchard, and John Turton, Esqs; The same day the Judges were constituted, viz. Sir John Holt, Ch. Just. Sir W. Dolben, Sir W. Gregory, and Gyles Eyres, Esq; of the King's-Bench; Sir Henry Pollexfen, Ch. Just. Sir John powel, Tho Rookesby, and Pe●ton Ventris, Esqs; of the Common Pleas; Sir Robert Atkinson, Ch. Baron, Sir Ed. Nevile, Nich. Lechmore, and John Turton, Esqs; of the Exchequer. John Trenchard, Esq; Ch. Just. of Chester. Sir Geo. Treby, Attorney General. John Summer, Esq; Solicitor General. The Plate Fleet arrived in the Downs, richly laden. A Declaration of War against France came out. A Proclamation against a Libel called The History of the Convention, offering 100 l. reward to discover Author or Printer. The Thanksgiving-day was kept in Scotland for their Deliverance from Popery and Slavery. K. William gave his Royal Assent to five Acts at Westminster. A Proclamation for appointing Commissioners for the Poll Act, and another to prevent false Musters. K. William came to Portsmouth, and on board the Elizabeth Frigate dined with Admiral Herbert, where he declared his Royal intention to make Admiral Herbert an Earl; and there Knighted Capt. John Ashby, and Capt. Clouds. shovel, and the King returned that Evening to Hampton-Court, after giving 2600 l. amongst the wounded, etc. Seamen. A great Sally by the Protestants at Londonderry, with success. George Lord Melvill made sole Secretary of State in Scotland. Frederick Count de Schomberg made General of all his Majesty's Forces, Master General of the Ordinance, and of his Majesty's Privy Council, Baron of Teys, Earl of Brantford, marquis of Harwich, and Duke of Schomberg. About 120 Seamen came Volunteers from Norwich to serve his Majesty, and about 150 more went by Land to Portsmouth on the same account. Robert Casor, Master of the Advice, a Coal Ship, beat two French Prizes. Sir Robert Wright, late Lord Chief Justice, died in Newgate. The Assistence Frigate came into Plymouth with the Body of the late Duke of Albemarle. K. William's Declaration, with an Order of Council, for encouraging Seamen. K. William's Proclamation for a Fast to be kept about London, on the fifth of June, on the 19th all England over. K. William gave his Royal Assent to the Act for Toleration of Dissenters, and two Acts more. The Estates of Scotland read K. William's Letter to make them a Convention, which they acccepted with thanks, and adjourned to June 5. and ordered all their Members to meet then. The Heers Engelenburg, Witsen, Odyck, Citters, and Dyckvelt, Ambassadors extraordinary from Holland, made their public Entrance, and on the 30th had their public Audience at the Banqueting House at Whitehall. K. William gave his Royal Assent to two Acts of Parliament. Vice-Admiral Almond arrived at Portsmouth with part of the Dutch Fleet. The Scanderoon Fleet came to Plymouth. The Duchess of Albemarle arrived at Plymouth, from Jamaica. The Duke of Somerset was installed Chancellor of Cambridge, at Northumberland House in the Strand. Major General Kirke set Sail from Highlake, nigh Leverpole, with his Forces for London-Derry. June Admiral Herbert created Earl of Torrington, and Baron Herbert of Torbay. The Assistant Frigate with fourteen Merchant men from the West-Indies, came into the Downs. John Ashburnham Esq; Created Baron Ashburnham of Ashburn-Hall in Sussex. The Dutch Ambassadors had Audience. The Dutch Fleet of Thirty Capital Ships came to the Spit-head. Edward Mosely, Esq; of Lancashire Knighted. Edinburgh Castle delivered up, by the Duke of Gourdon. His Majesty set Sail from the Spit-head. London-Derry made another advantageous Sally. Major General Kirke came to the Lough before London-Derry. The Fortress of Keyseawreart surrendered by the French to the Duke of Brandenburg. Above Eighty of the Clergy of London went in a Body to take the Oaths at Westminster-hall. The Parliament of Scotland met, and passed an Act to ascertain King William's Authority. King William went to the Parliament at Westminster, and passed Ten Acts. King William's Proclamation to offer one Hundred Pound to discover either Sir Adam Blair, or Doctor Robert Grey, for dispersing King James' Declaration. John Studer was executed at Kingston for deserting His Majesty's Service. King William went to the House of Lords and made a Speech to the Parliament. King of Sweden's Envoy had Audience. July An Act passed in Scotland to take away the Supremacy over Ecclesiastical Affairs. James Ermendenger made Master of their Majesty's Hand-Guns. A Plot discovered to have fired Edinburgh, and to have destroyed the Estates, on the Eight instant, on which discovery about Forty Persons were secured. The Earl of Pembroke had Audience of the States of Holland. There landed from Three French Men of War about Eight hundred Irish in Argile-shire in Scotland, from Carrick fergus. King William called by Writ to sit as Barons in the House of Lords, Charles Lord Dursley, and Robert Lord Viscount Lisle, who took their places. The Protestants at Inniskilling by a Sally beat a Convoy of four hundred, and took two Firkins of money, and fifteen Wagons of Ammunition and Provisions. A Proclamation to offer Ten pound to discover any Highway man. Robert Serle Esq; appointed to be Consul of Leghorne. Duke Schomberg left Whitehall in order to his journey to Chester, towards his Relief of Ireland. Duke Schomberg came to Chester, being received with great respect, next day viewed the ground where the Camp was to be. A French Man of War brought in as a prize to Plymouth, which came from Ireland. The Act for Abolishing the Episcopacy in Scotland, was touched with the Sceptre. The Spanish Ambassador had his public Audience. About four of the Clock in the Morning her Royal Highness Princess Anne of Denmark was brought to Bed of a Son, and on the Twenty seventh was Christened by the name of William, by the Bishop of London at Hampton Court, where his Majesty declared him Duke of Gloucester. King William passed nine Acts of Parliament. Came out a Proclamation against exporting of Salt Petre. Martin Wiscomb made Consul of Cadiz, and Saint Maries. in Ireland was relieved after it was brought to that extremity, that five hundred ninety one Bombs had been shot into the Town, and six thousand died for want of Provisions, and five thousand fight men left in it; the same night the Duke of Berwick with King James' Forces raised the Siege, and went away burning all places they left behind. Aug. A great fight in Scotland betwixt General Mackay, and the Lord Dundee, where the latter was killed. The Parliament of Scotland Adjourned to the eighth of October. Pope Innocent XI. died in the 79th year of his Age, and was the sixth buried at Saint Peter's Church at Rome, after he had lain three days in the Church for public view. The Earl of Torrington with the Fleet nigh the Isle of Silly, designed for the Coast of Ireland. Four Ships went with Provisions from Highlake to . Launceston in Cornwall, did present an Address to King William, being the first of any County of England. Duke Schomberg set Sail from Highlake, and on the thirteenth landed at Bangor (in the North of Ireland) with the English Forces. A Fight betwixt Prince Waldeck, with the English, and Dutch Forces, and Marshal d'Humieres with the French, where near two thousand of the latter were killed. the fight at Dunkell in Scotland. William Forester, and James Forbes, Esqs; and Clerks of the Green-cloth, were Knighted at Hampton Court. Francis Blake of Ford Castle, Knighted at Hampton Court. Carrick fergus in Ireland surrendered to Duke Schomberg after four days Siege. The North Male Rob nigh Newington; in Middlesex. Mr. Walker, late Governor of , waited on their Majesties at Hampton Court, where the King presented him five Thousand pound as a Reward. The Earl of Levins is made Governor of Edinburgh Castle. The Earl of Torrington with the Fleet at Torbay. Mr. Walker late Governor of , waited on King William at Hampton Court, and presented an Address. Sept. The Chester Male Rob betwixt Highgate, and Whetstone. A Proclamation Authorising Commissioners for the Act of 12 d. in the pound. Duke Hamilton sworn of his Majesty's Privy Council at Whitehall. Edward Smith Esq; appointed Consul for the Canary Islands. The East-land Fleet of 34 Sail passed by Weymouth. Parliament met and Adjourned to October the 19th following. The Dutch Ambassadors had their Audience of leave. Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice of England, sworn of the Privy Council. Sir Thomas Pilkington continued Lord Mayor of London for the ensuing year. The King left Whitehall towards his journey for Newmarket. Octo. The Fleet under the Earl of Torrington Sailed out of Torbay to the Spit-head. A Proclamation to preserve the New River Water. The University of Cambridge waited on King William at New-market. The King dined at New-market. Bonner taken by the Duke of Brandenburg after 55 days being blocked up, and 26 days close Siege. King William returned from Cambridge, and New-market to Hampton-Court. Doctor Stillingfleet, Bishop of Worcester, Doctor Patrick, Bishop of Chichester, Doctor Ironside Bishop of Bristol, were Consecrated at the Bishop of London's Chapel at Fulham, by the Bishop of London, Bishop of St. Asaph, and Bishop of Rochester. The Parliament met at Westminster, where King William made a Speech to them. Queen of Portugal was brought to Bed of a Son. Was kept in London by the Irish Protestants the Anniversary for the deliverance from the Massacre in 1641. King William was made free of the Grocer's Company, and on the presenting his Freedom Ralph Box Esq; was Knighted. Sir George Davis made Conful of Naples. Nou. Richard Lord Coot made Earl of Earls of Bellomont in Ireland. Was brought into Falmouth a French Vessel taken going to Ireland, with 4000 Arms, and Powder, and Officers. A Fleet of Eighty Sail with six Thousand Foot, and one Thousand Horse on Board of Danes, Sailed by Hull for Scotland. Envoy from Spanish Flanders had his Audience. Thomas Kirke Esq; made Consul of Genova. The Danish Forces arrived at Hull. A Proclamation offering 200 l. for apprehending of Edmund Ludlow. Lambert Blackwell Esq; made Consul of Leghorne. Walter Doleman Esq; made Consul of Alicant in Spain. An order of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen offering 500 l. to discover the Person that offered an Indignity to King William's Picture in Guildhall. Dec. Thomas Papillion, Simon Macne, John Agur, Humphrey Ails, and James How were appointed Commissioners for the Victualling their Majesty's Navy. FINIS. A TABLE OF Persons, Places, and Things, etc. mentioned in the Historians Guide, etc. To this little Book an Alphabetical Table was wanting: To prevent the swelling of the Book, all contracting possible was to be used; so that you have often but one word for Place, and Person; and sometimes by Name, othertimes by Title: In the main I hope it will be useful. A ABbington, 12, 148. Abbot, 6, 11. Acts of Parliament, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207. Adderton Heath. 22. Address, 196, 197, 198, 200, 203, 204. Admiral, 159. Admiral Herbert, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207. Admiral Almond, 207. Admiralty, 116, 117, 182, 200. Agur, 213. St. Alban's, 41, 45, 80, 93. Albemarle, 41, 58, 55, 59, 61, 76, 77, 151, 189, 191, 206, 207. Aldermen, 197, 193. Aldern, 28. Aldgate, 3. Alford, 119. Alisbury, 174. Alarm, 196. Allegiance, 3, 201. Allen, 49, 50, 75. Allington, 10. Alum, 3. Allybone, 194. Ambassadors, 139, 148, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 182, 183, 192, 193, 196, 197, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 211. Amboyna, 7. America, 78, 192. Andrews, 34, 107. Anglesey, 146. Anjou, 156. Annasophia, 182. Queen Anne, 6. L. Anne, 12, 15, 92, 111, 135. Anstruther, 10. Appleby, 23. Appleford, 23. Apprentices, 60, 137, 149. L. Arrabella, 5. Argier, 45, 49, 73, 75, 78, 80, 82, 95, 118, 139, 140, 144. Arlington, 86, 93, 165, 171. Argyle, 12, 42, 43, 44, 196, 170, 204. Argyle-shire, 208. Armagh, 37. Armin, 24. Arminian, 7. Arms, 197. Armstrong, 160. Army, 13, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 106. Arnold, 120. Arthur, 103. Artillery, 4, 156, 160, 163. Arundel, 7, 8, 11, 24, 25, 149, 150. Ascough, 59, 67. Ashburnham, 207. Ashby, 205. Ashenden, 135. Ashurst, 190. Astly, 29. Aston, 35, 104. Atkins, 116. Attorney Gen. 200, 205. Aubigney, 19, 20. Auburn, 23. Ails, 213. B. Bacon, 6, 8. Bail, 122, 124, ib. Banbury, 19, 26, 30. Bantam, 142, 143, 145, 146. Bantry-Bay, 204. Barbadoss, 36, 94, 137. Barbary, 183. Barbones Parliament, 36. Barnardiston, 158. Barnstable, 23, 29. Basin, 26, 29. Basing-House, 23. Basset, 141. Bastwick, 12, 15. Bateman, 175. Bath, 2, 28, 43, 47. Bawden, 190. Baxter, 170. Beaufort, 148, 160, 165. Beaumond, 194. Beddingfield, 102. Bedford, 18, 23. Bedlow, 101, 105, 125, 129. Beeston, 24, 29. Belgrade, 194. Bellasis, 51, 58, 63. Bellingham, 10. Belvoir, 20, 29. Bennet, 46, 148. Bercly, 15. Berkley, 77, 111, 141, 147. Berkshire, 74. Berry, 110, 145, 201, 209. Berty, 29. Berwick, 13, 31, 32, 184, 186, 192, 194. Best, 162. Bethel, 126. Beverley, 18, 23. Bible Engl. 3, 4. Biddleford, 23. Bishops, 15, 16, 17, 19, 47, 180.192. Bisse, 117. Blackfriars, 6. Black Rod, 16, 150. Blake, 36, 210. Blazing-Star, 50. Blackwell, 212. Blood, 80, 124. Bodman, 118. Bodwin, 20. Bohemia, 4, 11, 43, 45. Bolton, 25, 29, 201. Bonfires, 119, 1 174. Bonne, 211. Booth, 38, 148. Bows, 159. Box, 212. Boyce, 103. Brabant, 164. Brackethall, 199. Braddon, 157. Bradford, 22. Bradshaw, 33, 38, 147. Bramhall, 47. Brandenburg, 109, 200. Brandford, 19, 206. Brandon, 25, 72, 109. Bredah, 7, 39, 64, 65, 66. Brent, 199. Brereton, 30. Breast, 26. Bridgewater, 21, 28, 63. Brill, 20. Bristol, 8, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 116, 165, 201. Britain, 2, 145. British Seas, 11. Brook, 2, 20. Brown, 33. Bruges, 98. Buccaniers, 161. Buckingham, 8, 9, 66, 81, 86, 119, 124, 136, 185. Buckle, 137. Budah, 179. Bulstrode, 172. Burford, 25, 34. Burleigh, 26, 32. Burlington, 26. Burnett, 200, 202. Burningham, 20. Burton, 12, 15, 22. Bushel, 35. Butler, 5, 163, 189. Byron, 25, 30. C Cadiz, 7, 209. Caermarthen, 204. Calvert, 6. Cambrey, 96. Cambridge, 42, 62, 64, 81, 97, 119, 138, 142, 144, 211. Canary, 67. Canterbury, 18. Capel, 33, 34. Cards, 163. Care, 117. Carey, 26, 125. Cargile, 137. Carickfergus, 210. Carisbroke, 32. Carlisle, 28, 32. Carnarvan, 24, 30. Carr, 4, 68, 83, 127. Carribee, 60. Carteret, 115, 137, 190. Cartwright, 179. Casor, 206. Castle, 96. Castlehaven, 10. Castlemain, 109, 112, 123, 129. Q. Catharine, 45, 46. L. Catharine, 82. Catharine Laura, 94. Cavendish, 21. Caversham, 31. Cawdron, 157. Celier, 112, 115, 123, 126, Chalgrove, 22. Chaloner, 22. Chapel Windsor, 23. Chapman, 195, 201. K. Charles I. 7, 14, 17, 19 K. Charles II. 33, 35, 69, 165. Pr. Charles-James, 8, 9 Pr. Charles, 1, 45, 6, 1● 11, 14, 16, 17, 27, 28. Royal Charles, 89. Charleton, 89. Charlotte Marry, 147. Charter, 7, 148, 152, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164. , 4. Chatham, 64, 83, 192, 194. Chatwell, 25. Cheapside, 21. Chelsey-College, 3. Chepstow, 32. Chester, 29, 192, 205. Chesterfield, 114. Chichester, 20. K's Children, 35. Chinner, 22. Chippingnorton, 25. Cholmondley, 20, 203. Christ-Church, 82. Christian, 124. St. Christopher's, 81. Churchill, 149, 203. Cirencester, 20, 195, 202. Clarendon, 43, 66, 68, 103, 122, 165, 175, 183. Clark, 163 Clayton, 118. Cleaveland, 63. Clergy of Lond. 199, 207. Clerk, 2. Clifford, 56, 62, 71, 88 Cobham, 2. Coffee-house, 95. Coin new, 34. Colchester, 32, 52. Coleman, 100, 101. Colerain, 202. College, 136, 137, 138. College Jesuits, 103. Cologne, 93. Comet, 5, 129, 146. Commissioners, 63, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205 213. Common-Pleas, 205. Commons, 203, Common-Prayer, 26. Commotions about Church Ceremonies, 12. Conde, 95. Condon, 62. Coningsmark, 141. Consecration, 166. Convention, 198, 201. Convention-men, 23, 198. Convocation, 43, 201. Conway, 113, 132. Coot, 45, 201. Copredy, 26. Corfe, 29. Cornish, 126, 174, Cornwallis, 45. Coronation, 43, 167. Corporation, 45, Cotterell, 181, 183. Cotton, 170. Covenant, 21, 24, 43. Covenanters, 13. Covent-Garden, 10. Coventry, 13, 49, 52, 60, 66, 86. Council, 116, 138. Privy-Council, 106, 131, 179, 184. Council of Peers, 14. Council of State, 34. Courland, 114. Court, 2, 159. H. Court of Justice, 33. Court Officers, 165. Cowley, 66. Craven, 133. Creation of Honours, 84. Crew, 24. Cromwell, 29, 34, 36, 37. Crown, 80. Culpeper, 123. Cumberland, 202. Cunningham, 201. Curtis, 116, 158. Cuttings, 52. Cutler, 141. D. Dalrimple, 204. Danby, 105, 106, 107, 135, 158, 204. Danes, 212. Dangerfield, 112, 127, 170. Daniel, 154. Danvors, 164. Darcy, 198. Dare, 117, 119. Dartmouth, 29, 149, 159, 197. Dashwood, 154. St. David, 63. Davis, 67, 212. Dawson, 123. Dean, 108, 109, 117, 124. Deans, etc. 16. Declaration, 134, 192, 194, 197, 198, 199, 205, 206. Deering, 115. D'Estrees, 90, 99 Defiance, 56. Delamere, 170, 176. Denbigh, 8, 31. Denmark, 3, 5, 7, 8, 41, 62, 74, 75, 153, 154, 164, 166, 178, 183, 186, 187, 189, 193, 194, 197, 202, 209. Dennington, 26, 29. Derby, 36, 195. De Roche, 61. Desborough, 38, 57 Devises, 29. Devonshire, 202. De Wit, 87. Digby, 29. Diggs, 8. Disnie, 169. Doleman, 212. Doncaster, 18, 20. Don John, 111. Dorchester, 4, 23, Dorislaus, 34. Dorset, 3. Dover, 18, 40. Dover Cliff, 115. Douglas, 59 Downs, 13, 201, 207. Downing, 48, 82. Drapers-Hall, 79. Drummond, 164. Dryden, 114. Dublin, 119, 200, 202. Du Bois, 151. Dugdale, 102, 103. Dudley, 30. Dunbar, 35. Duncomb, 64, 88 Dundee, 209. Dunkell, 210. Dunkirk, 3●, 37, 46. Dunster, 30. Duppa, 180. Duras, 88 Durham, 14, 175, 176. Dursley, 28. Dutch, 47, 50, 52. Dutch-Fight, 36. Duttoncolt, 159. Du Vall, 76. E. Earl Marshal, 189. Earthquake, 194. East-India, 53, 67, 88, 133, 139, 162. Edes, 176. Edgar, 72, 121. Edgcomb Mount, 29. Edghill, 19 Edinburgh, 35, 76, 113, 114, 130, 132, 164, 207, 208. Essingham, 204. Elizabeth, 133. Q. Eliz. 1. L. Eliz. 4. Pr. Eliz. 35. eliot, 8, 140. Ellis, 5, 129. Elms, 193. Emperor, 5, 6, 97. Episcopacy, 209. Ermendenger, 208. Essex, 1, 4, 10, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 43, 87. Estates Scotland, 204, 206. Evertson, 51. Euston, 87. Exchange, 3, 14, 35, 67, 75. Exchequer, 88, 205. Excise, 23, 152. Exeter, 23, 26, 27, 29, 192, 193, 195, 202. Eyles, 194. F. Fairfax, 28, 30, 31, 35, 117. Falmouth, 52. Fanshaw, 60. Farnham, 33. Farrington, 30, 135. Fast, 206. Faulconberg, 74, 202. Ferdinando, 5. Fetherstonhaugh, 36. Feversham, 28, 126, 194, 196. Fienes, 24. Fight, 210. Finsh, 92, 95. Fire, 61, 62, 70, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85, 95, 104, 106, 109, 117, 132, 148, 151, 159. Fireworks, 3. Fish great, 113. Fishing, 3. Fishmonger, 125. Fitch, 4. Fitzharding, 70. Fitzharris, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136. Flanders, 98. Fleet, 11, 40, 42, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 72, 73, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 108, 110, 195, 197, 205, 207, 210, 211, 212. Fleetwood, 38. Florencce, 1. Fly, 60. Forbes, 210. Forester, 210. Foulk, 104. Fox, 143. Foy, 29. France, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 30, 42. Freedom, 94. Freeman, 132. French, 1, 36, 58, 95, 97, 98, 109, 110, 131, 139, 184. French K. 55. Friars, 20. Frost, 157. Froud, 192. G. Gadbury, 112, 115, 117. Gage, 26, 27. Gainsborough, 23, 148. Gallaway, 12. Game, 187. Garrisons, 115. Garter, 85, 96, 126, 131, 133, 134, 156, 167, 169, 170, 171, 185, 186, 202. Gascoign, 109, 117. Gauden, 67. Gaunt, 28. Gayland, 60. Germany, 12. Gerrard, 120, 175, 193. Ghent, 95. Gibbons, 35. Gibbs, 148. Giles, 121, 122, 123, 124. Glascock, 105. Glemham, 28. Gloucester, 14, 23, 40, 41, 144, 209. Godfrey, 100 Godolphin, 159, 161. Godstow, 28. Goodenough, 146, 170. Goods Prohib. 116. Goran, 203. Goring, 32, 34. Gowry, 2. Grana, 142, 143. Grand Signior, 191. Grafton, 24, 130, 140, 145, 149, 155, 187, 192, 196. Grant, 185. Grantham, 18, 20. Gravesend, 170. Grace, 36, 170. Great Seal, 24, 30. Greenvill, 40. Greenwich, 17, 18. Gregory, 105. Greencloth, 210. Grocers-hall, 17. Guernsey, 36. Guildhall, 11, 40, 82. Guildford, 172. Guinne, 114, 197. Guinney, 50. Gunfleet, 64, 65. Guns, 139. H. Hague, 40. Haines, 37. Hales, 80. Halifax, 109, 147, 165, 198. Hambden, 18, 22, 158, 175. Hamilton, 13, 25, 147, 201, 211. Hamilton Hill, 28, 34, 189. Hampton-Court, 17, 31. Hanover, 130, 133. Harboard, 200. Harcourt, 107. Harman, 65, 70. Harris, 116. Hartfordshire, 199. Harvey, 37, 72. Harwich, 93, 206. Hatton, 45. Hawarden, 24. Hawkers, 110. Head, 196. St. Helen's, 61, 74. Henrietta, 26, 42, 73, 76. Pr. Henry, 2, 4. Herbert, 155, 158, 173, 174. Hereford, 28, 29. Hertford, 18, 24. Hewit, 37, 203. Hewson, 38. Hid, 35, 113. Hyde-park, 43. Highway, 135, 166. Highwaymen, 150, 163. Highworth, 28. Hill, 105. Holderness, 149. Holland, 34, 48, 68, 82, 83, 92, 93, 124. Hollaway, 152, 155, 159. Hollis, 58, 59, 63, 64, 66. Holmby, 31. Holmes, 50, 51, 60, 67, 83, 109. Holstein, 96. Holt, 211. Hone, 153. Hopton, 20, 25, 29. Mr. of the Horse, 115. Hotham, 18, 23, 26, 27. Howard, 4, 15, 75, 91, 136, 198. Howell, 124. Howley, 22. Hull, 18. Hungarford, 26. Hungary, 12. Huntingdon, 18, 28, 150, 175. Huntley, 9 Hurst, 33. I. Jamaica, 46, 126, 128. James, 44. K. James, I. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 15. K. James, II. 62, 196, 200. Royal James, 79. St. James', 33, 49. Jeffereys, 120, 128, 155, 161, 173, 179, 180, 196, 203. Jenkins, 117, 120, 173. Jenner, 155. Jerison, 128. Jersey, 36. Jesuits, 100, 103, 108, 109, 110, 118, 121, 136. Jifford, 193. Indemnity, 41. Ingolsby, 39 Inniskilling, 208. Inns of Court, 11. Inundation, 191. Johnson, 47, 181. Joice, 31. Jones, 155. Jordan, 52. Ipre, 98. Ipswich, 73, 139. Ireland, 10, 17, 43, 47, 67, 77, 84, 113, 191. Irish, 199, 202, 208. Ironside, 212. Isabel, 111. Isis, 30. Isle of Wight, 33, 35. Judges, 15, 17, 121, 130, 176, 177, 178, 184, 205. Julian, 156. Juxon, 12, 47. K. Keck, 199. Keeling, 152. Kelsey, 57 Kendal, 64, 202. Kennedy, 178. Kent, 32. Keysearweart, 207. King, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 40, 41, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 71, 73, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 90, 91, 93, 100, 104, 105, 109, 110, 111, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 131, 133, 134, 135, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 164, 171, 173, 178, 179, 181, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194. Doctor King, 176. Kingsale, 128. King's-Bench, 156, 205. Kingston, 32. Kirk, 135, 207, 212. Knight, 142, 179, 181. Kniveton, 24. L. Lamb, 9 Lambert, 38, 39, 46. Lampleugh, 195. Landsdown, 165. Landsdown-hill, 22. Lane, 194. Langdale, 27, 32. Langhorn, 100, 101, 102, 108, 109. Langport, 28. Lapely, 24. Latham, 25. Latimer, 31. Laud, 11, 16, 27. Lauderdale, 76, 77, 84, 147. Launceston, 29, 210. Lawson, 49, 52. Lee, 153. Leeds, 20. Legate, 4. Legg, 19, 26, 142. Leicester, 16, 28. Leighton, 10, 102. Lenox, 37. Lenthall, 46. Lesly, 13. Lesthithiel, 26. L'Estrange, 27, 132, 167. Letter, 198, 201, 206. K's Letter, 39 Levins, 112, 132, 211. Levison, 30. Libelers, 95. Liberty of Conscience, 184. Lord Lieutenants, 201. Lilbourn, 12, 36. Lime, 136. Linch, 80, 140. Lincoln, 14. Lindsey, 9, 11, 19, 62, 145. Lisbon, 46. Lisle, 33, 172, 208. Litchfield, 20, 21, 29, 30. Littleton, 28, 77, 116. Liverpool, 201. Lizzard, 29. Lockhart, 201. Lockier, 34. London, 19, 21, 24, 31, 32, 38, 40, 46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 62, 67, 82, 111, 112, 141, 143, 146, 148, 150, 151, 179, 190, 194, 199. Bishop London, 95. Loyal London, 59 London-bridge, 10. , 206, 207, 209, 210. Longford, 25. Lords, 35, 106, 158, 184, 188, 197, 198. Lorraine, 98. Lort, 45. Love, 35. Lovelace, 195. Lowdon, 14. Lucas, 33, 200. Ludlow, 30, 212. Lumley, 126, 203. Lynne, 23. Lynne Regis, 160. M. Macclesfield, 171. Macmahone, 26. Macquire, 27. Maidenhead, 31. Maidstone, 32. Mail, 177, 178, 186, 210, 211. Malbanch, 203. Malmsbury, 20. Man, 36. Manchester, 71, 80. Manifesto, 195. Mansfield, 7. Marches of Wales, 44, 45. Mardike, 36. Marlborough, 9, 19, 52, 203. Marriage, 7, 36. Martins-Fort, 8. Marston, 33. Marston-Moor, 26. Marry, 95, 97, 169, 183. Q. Marry, 42, 46, 52, 75, 76. Pr. Marry, 16. Lady Mary, 10. Massacre, 196, 212. Massey, 27. Pr. Maurice, 25, 27, 30. May, 135. Maynard, 88, 199. Mayor, 138, 193, 194, 195, 201, 203, 211, 213. Mazarine, 43. Meclenburgh, 98. Melvill, 206. Members Five, 17. Memorials, 4. Mere, 57 Messina, 98. Mew, 163. St. Michael, 75. St. Michael's Mount, 29. Middleton, 21, 123, 161. Militia, 17. Millenaries, 2. Milton, 203. Mings, 52, 55, 56, 59 Modena, 92, 119, 187. Monday, 90, 91, 92. Monk, 38, 39, 40. Monmouth, 68, 72, 77, 90, 91, 93, 108, 110, 111, 114, 156, 169, 170, 203. Mons, 99 Montague, 7, 41, 82, 203, Montgomery, 204. Montross, 28, 29, 31, 35, 43. Moor, 125, 138, 139, 150, 151. Moorfields, 5. Moorlanders, 21. Mordant, 3, 38, 203. Morland, 147. Morley, 39, 58. Morocco, 75, 140, 141, 145, 146. Morton-Henmarsh, 28. Moseley, 207. Mount Edgcomb, 29. Mounthermer, 203. Mulgrave, 93, 114, 123, 125, 171, 174. Munster, 57 Musgrave, 164. N. Napier, 132. Naples, 193. Nantwich, 203. Narborough, 108. Naseby, 28. Navigation, 158. Navy, 13, 32. Nevil, 108. Newark, 18, 25, 30, 73. Newberry, 14, 24, 26. Newcastle, 13, 14, 26, 30, 193. New-England, 146. Newgate, 206. New Market, 18, 31. Newport, 1, 56, 71, 88 News, 115. Nicholas, 75. Nimeguen, 95, 99 Noel, 142. Nonconformists, 46, 69, 139. Nonsuch, 53, 55, 73. Norfolk, 167, 189. North, 129, 147, 149, 150, 154, 172, 173. Northampton, 9 Northumberland, 3. North-West-Passage, 75. Norway, 53. Norwich, 34, 206. Nottingham, 19, 135, 149, 159, 160, 162. Noy, 11. Nuncio, 190. O. Oath, 37, 207. Oatland, 31. Oats, 99, 100, 103, 104, 113, 134, 138, 140, 147, 159, 160, 167, 168. Oates-men, 163. Ockingham, 202. Office Kingly, 34. Ogle, 78. Old-Baily, 41, 56, 70, 103, 116, 153, 173. St. Omers, 96. Pr. Orange, 16, 18, 41, 42, 78, 79, 97, 99, 195, 197, 198, 199. Order, 192, 195, 196, 197, 199, 206, 213. Ordinance, 196. Orleans, 78. Ormond, 41, 44, 70, 75, 79, 144, 146, 148, 165, 193, 202. Osborn, 84, 87, 90. Ossory, 59, 61, 90, 117, 120, 125. Overbury, 5. Oughtred, 40. Owen, 31. Oxford, 7, 19, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 54, 55, 74, 75, 133. Oxly, 106. P. Packer, 157. Packet-Boat, 164. Padbury, 22. Pr. Palatine, 4, 6, 42, 99, 125, 126. Pamphlet, 121, 131, 150, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 169, 170, 178. Paper, 185. Papillion, 151, 162. Papists, 114, 127, 130, 141. Pardon, 39, 177, 194. Paris, 70. Parliament, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 27, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 116, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 133, 1●0, 168, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 211, 212, Parma, 127, 129. Parr, 11. Paston, 194. Patrick, 212. St. Patrick, 63. St. Paul's, 10. Payton, 115, 117, 122, 130, 131, 132. Peak, 80. Pedlars, 159, 181. Peirce, 78. Pemberton, 117, 149. Pembroke, 9, 31, 124. Pen, 37, 49. Pendennis, 25. Pennington, 15. Penny-Post, 148. Penruddock, 37. Pensioners, 10. Pepys, 108, 109, 117. Peterborough, 47, 93, 113, 135, 150, 167. Petition, 15, 114, 115, 116, 131, 195. Petitioners, 14. Pett, 67, 125. Philipsburgh, 96. Phipps, 186. Picture, 140. Pilkington, 145, 201, 203. Pitcher, 33. Plague, 1, 2, 7, 50, 62. Plate-Fleet, 205. Player, 94. Playhouse, 4. Plymouth, 26, 65, 149, 198, 206, 207, 209. Plot, 3, 100, 101, 112, 115, 128, 129, 152, 153. Poland, 10, 112. Pollexfen, 200. Pontefract, 27, 28, 32, 34. Pope, 6, 113, 129, 210. Portland, 23, 36, 51, 202. Portsmouth, 19, 192, 204, 205, 206, 207. Portugal, 28, 108, 109, 113, 138, 212. Post Office, 154, 172. paul, 198. Powys, 113, 117, 122. Poyer, 32. Prance, 102, 105, 178. Precedent, 201. Preston, 173, 198. Prin, 12, 15. Prince, 59 Pritchard, 147, 155, 194. Privy-Seal, 175, 184. Prizes French, 206, 212. Proclamation, 118, 191, 192, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 211, 212. Protestation, 16. Purbeck, 102. Purse, 35. Pirates, 3. Q. Queen, 7, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 47, 53, 54, 167, 189, 193, 194. Queen-Mother, 12. Q. Dowager, 197. Q. Marry, 201, 203. Q. Christiana, 202. R. Rabble, 196. Radcliff, 154. Radley, 124. Radnor, 30, 109, 112. Ragland, 31. Rainsborough, 33. Rainsford, 138. Raleigh, 5. Rawlinson, 199. Raymond, 116. Read, 199. Reading, 21, 106. Rebellion, 17. Receiver-General, 201. Recusants, 69. Redwood, 105. Regicides, 41. Reresby, 143. Resolution, 68 Revenue, 199. Reynolds, 34. Rich, 147. Richard's, 201. Richardson, 104. Richmond, 88, 91, 193. Rioters, 151. Rippon, 14. Roberts, 74. Robinson, 40, 62, 92. Rochel, 9 Rochellers, 8, 17. Rochester, 4, 86, 161, 165. Roehampton, 71. Romans, 12. Rome, 202. Rosewell, 162. Rosse, 201. Rossiter, 27. Rouse, 136, 138, 153. Routon Heath, 29. Roxborough, 12. Royston, 18, 31. Rumbold, 169. Rumsey, 152. Rundway Down, 23. Rupert, 12, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 49, 52, 56, 58, 59, 61, 75, 148, 149. Ruthen, 29. Russell, 153, 154. Russia, 46. Rye-House, 152, 153. S. Sackvile, 105. Sacrament, 197. Salisbury, 36, 53, 103. Saltash, 20, 29. Salt-Petre, 209. Salt-Water fresh, 151. Sandal, 29. Sandwich, 56, 58, 68, 73, 86, 200. Sanguine, 4. Saniein, 93. Sarum, 197, 198, 200. Savile, 126. Saunders, 150. Savoy, 44, 56, 96, 110, 195, 141. Sawyer, 132. Saxon, 178. Scanderoon, 207. Scarborough, 28, 193. Schomberg, 202, 206, 209. Scilly, 31. Scotland, 10, 17, 28, 29, 35, 42, 47, 62, 64, 108, 109, 116, 119, 122, 124, 125, 128, 136, 138, 141, 160, 163, 166, 198, 201. Scots, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 108. Scroggs, 116, 136. Seamen, 98, 206. Secretary, 206. Sedgmoor, 198. Sedley, 200. Seely, 63. Seneff, 93. Serle, 208. Sergeants, 121, 156, 177, 193, 204. Seymour, 89, 105, 129, 131. Shadwell, 79. Shaftesbury, 87, 88, 111, 136, 137, 138, 139. Shafto, 192. Shandois, 132. Sharp, 107. Sheerness, 66, 71, 75. Shears, 114. Sheppard, 152. Sheppey, 126. Sherbourn, 28. Sheriffs, 161, 201. Ship-money, 11, 12, 15. Shipton, 127. Shorter, 194. shovel, 205. Shrewsbury, 27. Shudley, 20. Shute, 145. Sidney, 113, 155, 203. Silkworms, 3. Sindercomb, 37. Zion, 31. Skelton, 194. Skinners-Hall, 121. Slawell, 150. Slingsby, 37. Smith, 52, 56, 57, 67, 96, 99, 114, 116, 134, 145. Smyrna, 83. Soldiers, 179, 184. Solicitor General, 200, 205. Somerset, 4. Southampton, 2, 43, 64, 88 Southold-Bay, 61. Southwell, 30. Spain, 2, 4, 7, 10, 41, 69, 84, 96, 124. Spalleto, 5, 6. Spaniards, 1, 5, 6. Speak, 157. Speech, 199, 200, 208. Speke, 181. Spensor, 188. Sports, 5. Sprag, 52, 65, 78, 83, 91. Stafford, 122, 130. Stamford, 18, 176, 177. Stapleton, 137. Stately, 101. Statue, 35. Staunton, 165. Stetin, 98. Stevins, 180. Stillingfleet, 212. Stopford, 25, Stow, 29. Stowell, 30, 45, 117. Strafford, 13, 15, 16, 17, 94. straits, 74, 78. Stratford, 5. Stratton, 21. Street, 162. Strickland, 192. Stuart, 19, 25. Sturton, 3. Stutcomb, 25. Suffolk, 198. Summers, 205. Sunderland, 24, 93, 104, 147, 150, 175, 195. Suns three, 26. Supremacy, 208. Surrey, 32. Swansie, 98. Sweeden, 7, 10, 60, 63, 69, 87, 104. Sweepstakes, 56. Silvius 118. Synod, 5, 6, 14. T Tabago, 96. Tadcaster, 19 Talbot, 57 Tamworth, 22, 28. Tangier, 45, 46, 106, 109, 113, 123, 127, 128, 130, 131, 135, 156. Tasborough, 105, 122. Taunton, 21. Tempest, 118. Temple, 71, 125. Term, 33, 40, 55. Texell, 51. Teys, 206. Thames, 37, 68 Thanksgiving, 205. Theatre, 74. Theobalds', 13, 18. Throne, 198, 201. Thwing, 118. Thynne, 141. Tichbourn, 122. Tiddiman, 52. Tide, 71, 111, 142, 145. Tiltyard, 62. Tinmouth, 32. Tirconnell, 180, 183. Tiroen, 3, 114, 130, 131, 139. Tiveot, 48. Toleration, 205. Tomkins, 23. Tompson, 34, 128. Tongue, 25, 99, 100, 127, 140. Torbay, 65, 195, 207. Torrington, 29, 207. Tower, 38, 106, 114, 200. Tower-hill, 44. Tower-street, 34. Townesend, 149. Trade, 68, 95, 132. Traquare, 13. Treaty, 2. Treason, 122, 138, 139, 146, 152, 153, 170, 174, 175. Treasurer, 64, 88, 134, 182, 201. Treasury, 106, 202. Treby, 131, 200, 205. Trenchard, 205. Trevor, 71, 73, 85, 168. Tripoli, 46, 94. K's Trial, 33. Tunis, 46. Turbervile, 128, 140. Turkey, 120, 132. Turner, 5, 48, 80, 152. Tuscany, 74. Tweddell, 74. Twine, 48. Tyburn, 26, 42, 44, 45, 77, 101, 104. V Valentiennes, 96. Vane, 70, 102. Venetians, 5. Venice, 72. Venner, 42. Vere, 77. Vernatti, 176. Vienna, 153, 154. Villiers, 32. Viner, 85, 194. Virginia, 3, 95, 156, 204. Vivonne, 95. Volunteers, 206. Votes, 32. Vratz, 141, 142. Usher, 37. Utbert, 63. Uxbridge, 27. W. Wakefield, 20, 21. Wakeman, 100, 109. Walcot, 153, 155. Wales, 161, 193, 194, 195. Waller, 23, 25, 26, 119, 129. Wallingford, 30. War, 196, 205. Warcup, 163. Ward, 198. Warder, 25. Warder Castle, 21. Warspight, 59 Warwick, 34. Wentworth, 9 West, 152. West-India, 37, 88 Westminster, 197, 198. Weston, 116. Weymouth, 23. Whitaker, 102, 136, 148, 181. Whitehall, 13. Whitfield, 117. Wiche, 141, 203. Wightman, 4. Wildman, 45. K. William, 201, 204, 207, 208, 211, 212. Williams, 7, 111, 132. Williamson, 83, 94. Willoughby, 60, 200. Wilmore, 137, 144. Wilson, 138. Winchelsea, 74. Winchester, 202. Wind, 45. Windebank, 15, 27, 28. Windsor, 17, 33, 34, 193, 194, 196. Windsor Chapel, 23. Wine, 154. Winton, 33. Wiscomb, 209. Witherley, 162. Witness, 120, 121, 132. Wood, 114. Woodmongers, 68 Woodstock, 30, 202. Wool, 187. Woolcards, 99 Woollen, 177. Worchester, 19, 25, 30, 35. Wormleyton, 29. Wright, 159, 162, 206. Writs, 33. Wymondley, 149. Y. Yarmouth, 100, 183. Yarum, 20. York, 2, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 26, 30, 32, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 60, 66, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85, 92, 93, 97, 107, 110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 119, 126, 127, 142, 143, 146, 195. BOOKS lately Printed. 1. 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