CALIOPES Cabinet Opened. WHEREIN Gentlemen may be informed how to adorn themselves for FUNERALS, FEAST, and other Heroic Meetings. ALSO Here they may know their place and Worth; with all the Degrees and D●stinctions of Honour in the Realm: showing how every one ought to take place, with the Titles due to them; with other things of Antiquity very observable. By James Salter. LONDON. Printed by G. M. for Will. Crook, at the three Bibles on Fleet-Bridge, 1665. To the Worshipful Thomas Clifford, Esquire, And to the Worshipful Henry Ford. Esquire; Justices of the Peace, for the County of Devon. Honoured Sirs, YE may not only admire at my Confidence, but smile at my Folly, that dare recommend to your Protection, and publish under your Name this my rude and unpollished Enchyridian: I must ingeniously confess they are subjects too low for either of your high and learned Endowments (which require an advancement by some acute Orator) but knowing true Generosity accepteth what is zealously offered, though not deservingly excellent. I am the more encouraged to presume on your genarous dispositions, hoping it may find admittance from your worthy selves; for as Cinthia's borrowed Beams do shine from Titan's Glory; so I am sensible this Book of mine will appear dark, and may justly be rejected without the reflection of your propitious Countenances upon it: Therefore, good Sirs, be pleased to own both it and your engaged Servant. Having found you Amicos inter adversa, I could do no other than publicly to own your Favours to my unworthy self; the acknowledgement of your Loves to me is my thanks, and to thank you for your Loves must be my best acknowledgement; I can do no more, I shall never do less, and what I want in power is supplied in will. Pardon my boldness if I have soared too high in this enterprise, who is Your Servant to be commanded, James Salter. Books newly Printed for William Crook, at the three Bibles on Fleet-Bridge, 1665. The History of St. George, showing his Miracles, Achievements, and all other Actions during his Life, with his Martyrdom, etc. By T. Lowick, Gent. Never Printed before. Sixty nine Enigmatical Characters, all exactly drawn to the life; very full of pleasure and delight: By R. F. Esq There is newly cut the Pictures to the Old Testament; never before cut in England. The Royal Stem, being a Relation to all the most principal Actions from William the Conqueror to the end of the Year 1664. With the Pictures of King Charles the Second; all in a broad sheet of Paper. CALIOPES Cabinet Opened. The King's Crown with its Twelve Stones therein. IN the King of England; Crown are these ensuing Precious Stones. 1. Topazion, it contains the colour of most Precious Stones, and by which the King is warned to exercise all virtues. 2. Smaragd or Emrdud, so green as it exceedeth all Herbs. It representeth Justice in the King. 3. Sardique, it is in colour like unto red Clay, which is in the top of the Diadem; for the King to consider though he is the highest yet he is but Clay. 4. Cryselith, it shineth like Gold, sending as it were, forth flames; this exhorteth the King to shine in Wisdom and Prudence. 5. Chalcedon, being strong and hard by nature; showeth that the King should be of Fortitude and Courage of mind in the Regiment of his people. 6. Hyacinth; It showeth like water the Sun shining upon it, it teacheth Temperance and Sobriety. 7. Jasper, it is like a dark or Grasse-green colour; This teacheth the King to provide for the Diet and plenty of his people more than for his own. 8. Crisopalle, of the colour of Gold somewhat mixed with green; the Gold admonisheth Wisdom; the green warneth him to aspire Heavenly things. 9 Berill, green and pale; this persuadeth Heavenly Contemplation, and that he ought not to be Corpulent by Epicurism. 10. A Saphire is of a light blue; This instructeth the King to Continency. 11. Amethyst, it is decked with Purple and Violet; the Purple biddeth the King to difcharge his Regal Function; the Violet to give a good Savour. 12. Sardonax, is black in the bottom, red in the midst, and white above; and instructeth the King to Humbleness, Charity, and Sincerity. His Ensigns. 1. A Mound or Ball of Gold with a Cross on it showeth to him that the Religion of Christ ought to be reverenced through all his Dominions. 2. Sceptre, shows Justice. 3. Sword, denotes Vengeance. 4. Ring, noting Faithfulness. 5. Bracelet, which is for good Works. 6. Purple Robe, is for Reverence. 7. Diadem, which is for Triumph. The Coronation of the King. FIrst goes the King's Messengers two and two. Gentlemen two and two. Trumpeerts on both sides. Esquires of the Body. Knight's Bachelors. Greater Chaplains. Younger Sons of Noblemen. Mdermen of London. Clerks of the Counsel. Secretaries to the King. Master of the Rolls. Knights of the Bath. Counselors to the King. Knights Baronet's and Bannorets. Knights of the Garter, no Barons. Sons of Viscounts. Younger Sons of Earls and Marquesses. Barons. Earls eldest Sons. Viscounts. Bishops. Marquis' eldest Sons. Duke's younger Sons. Earls. Duke's eldest Sons. Marquesses. Dukes. Controller of the House. Treasurer of the House. Almoner. Secretary of State. Lord Admiral. Keeper of the Privy Seas. Lord Great Master. Lord Chancellor. Two representing the Dukes of Normandy and Aquitaine. Garter and the Lord Mayor with the Mace of his Majesty. Sergeants at Arms and Heralds on both sides. The Constable of England, the great Chamberlain and Marshal on each side of the King. The King under a Canope born by six Knights. The Master of the Horse leading a Rich Horse. Nine Pages on Horseback with their Captain following. Gentlemen Pensioners with their Partisans. The Captain of the Guard with the Yeomen. Servants of Noblemen and Gentlemen. A Royal Feast, the King Fresent. FIrst at the Head of the Table the King himself sits. 2. At the lower end of the same Table are placed Ambassadors of divers Princes. 3. Before him stand the Carver, Sewer, and Cupbearer, with a great number of Gentlemen-waiters attending his Person; the Ushers making place to strangers that come to behold his Person. 4. At a side Table on the right hand near adjoining to the King, are placed the Lord Chancellor, Chamberlain, Steward, Treasurer, and Keeper of the Seal, with Divers Honourable Persons. 5. At another Table at the left hand are placed the Treasurer of the Household, Secretaries, the King's Sergeants at Law, the Master of the Revels, the King at Arms, the Dean of the Chapel, and divers Gentlemen Pensioners to furnish the same. 6. At the other Table at the other side are set the Master of the Game and his chief Ranger, Masters of the Household, Clerks of the Green Cloth and Chequer, with strangers to furnish the same. 7. At another Table over against them is placed the Lieutenant of the Tower, accompanied with divers Captains of foot. 8. At the lower end of the Hall gins the high Butler and Panther, Clerks of the Kitchen furnished, throughout with the Kings Guard. At every course the Trumpets with other Music are to sound. Going to the Parliament in State. FIrst the Messengers of the Court. Gentlemen of lesser note, Esquires. Esquires of the Body. Clerks of the Chancery. Clerks of the Signet. Clerks of the Privy Seal. Clerks of the Counsel. Masters of the Chancery. Knight's Bachelors. Knights Baronet's and Bannorets. Sergeants at Law. The King's Sergeants. Two Heralds. Judges of the Exchequer. Judges of both Benches. Chief Justice of the Pleas and chief Baron. Chief Justice of the King's Bench and Master of the Roll. Younger Sons of Noblemen. Treasurer of the King's Chamber. Knights of the Bath. Elder Sons of Noblemen. Knights of the Privy Counsel. Knights of the Garter. Principal Secretary. Treasurer and comptroller of the House. Two Heralds. Barons. Two Heralds. Bishops. The Bishop of Winchester, Prelate of the Garter. Bishop of London, Durham, and Lord Chancellor to the Archbishop of Canterbury, go next before the Archbishop by Act of Parliament. Viscounts. Two Heralds. Earls. Herald King at Arms. Marquesses. Dukes. Lord Chancellor. Arch-Bishops. Clarenceaux King at Arms. Two Sergeants at Arms. Garter with the chief Gentleman. Usher at his right hand. The Earl Marshal. Great Chamberlain and Steward of the House. The King in a Chair carried. Four Esquires and Footmen in rich Coats. Pensioners with Partisans ranked on each side. Master of the Horse leading a spare Horse. Vice-Chamberlain. Who are to be admitted Gentlemen. In Ecclesiastical. Vicar's Generals. Guardians of Spirit. Deans of Cathedrals. Arch Deacons. Chancellors. Treasurers. Chanters. Doctors. Provosts. Deans. Governors of Colleges. In Military. The high Constable. Lieutenant General Marshal. Admiral. Major General. Quartermaster General. Treasurer. Guardians of Fronteers. Grand Esquires Mr. of Artillery. Colonels. Sergeant Major. Captain and all that receive Commission. In Civil State. The Chancellor. Precedent. Treasurer. Judges. Justices. Chief Officer of the Palace Royal. Secretary of State. Mayors. Provosts. Bailiffs of incorporate Towns and Cities. Of Doctors. The Doctor of Divinity is to be preferred next the Knight The Doctor of Law next. The Doctor of Physic next. To these professions, is admitted the bearing of arms; but the Herald ought to have a special care and regard in the designment Gentility obtained by learning is honourable. Professions not Gentlemen. 1. Viliny which is the Countryman. 2. Shopkeepers commonly named Merchants, whose condition of life is ungentlle, in regard of the doubleness of their tongue, without which they cannot live. 3. Craftsmen. 4. Bondmen. Seven more, but Laudable. 1. Agriculture. 2. Clothing. 3. Architecture. 4. Merchandizing beyond Sea: 5. Armatura, working of metal. 6. Arsvenatoria, the art of Hunting. 7. Theatoria, the Arts of Plays. These seven are correspondent to seven Sciences, which may be admitted Gentlemen and bear arms, they are as followeth. Seven Sciences Gentile, with the Arms they may bear. Doctor of Physic. serpent and tree MAy bear Argent, about a Laurel Tree a Serpent enwrapped. The Orator. three roses May bear Azure on a chief gules three Roses Or The Mathematician. globe May bear Azure a Globe Or Geometrician. carpenter's square May bear Vert, a Carpenters Square Argent. Astronomer. ouroboros May bare Azure a Serpent biting his Tail Or Musician. grasshopper May have Vert a Grasshopper Or Poet. depiction of swan May bear Azure, a Swan proper. Precedencies of Kings and Kingdoms. GReat debates have been concerning the preheminance of Kings and Kingdoms. How their Ambassadors and Bishops were placed at the Council of Constance, is as followeth. 1. First was placed the Germane rank, to whom was united Bohemia, Hungaria, Polonia, Dalmatia, Gretia, and Croatia. 2. The French had place alone as a Nation absolute. 3. Next was the English, to whom was united Scotland, Norway, Denmark Sweeden, and Cyprus. 4. Then the Italians, who had all the Kingdoms subject to Rome, as Sicily, Naples, etc. 5. Lastly, the Spaniards who were there hardly allowed a Nation, but in the end to be the fifth and last, to whom were joined Castilia, Arragon, Majorca, Navarra, Portugal, and Granado. Officers of State how to take place. THose of the Crown are to precede and take place of all other Nobility that are not (except of the Blood Royal. Of the Crown are Lord Chancellor. Lord Treasurer. Lord Precedent of the privy Council Lord Privy Seal. These six are next. If he be a Baron to sit above all Barons, or an Earl above all Earls, as, 1. Lord great Chamberlain of England. 2. Lord high Constable of England. 3. Lord Marshal of England. 4. Lord Admiral of England. 5. Lord great Master or Steward of the King's House. 6. Lord Chamberlain of the King's House. The principal Secretary, if a Baron, above all Barons. How Gentlemen of a Civil or Military State are to take place. Duke's, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, and Barons, are to take their places according to the antiquity of their Title, and their Ancestors Creation, and their Wives accordingly. A Duke's eldest Son takes place as a Marquis, but beneath him his Wife, beneath a Marchioness; if she be the Daughter and Heir of a Duke, she shall go before all Duke's eldest Sons Wives, but beneath a Marchioness. The youngest Sons of Dukes are in equal degree with an Earl, but to go beneath him. So the eldest Son of a Marqness, as an Earl, and the younger as Viscounts, their Ladies and Sisters to take place accordingly. An Earls eldest Son takes place as a younger Viscount, and a younger as a Baron, their Wives and Sisters accordingly. Viscounts' eldest Sons, as Barons, and their youngest Sons to take place with Baron's eldest Sons, above all Knights. Taking of place from a Slave to a Baron. Rom. 12. v. 10. AS men here in England do and aught to precede and take place is as followeth. Workmen and Labourers of no substance are to precede a Bondman. Masons before Workmen. Watermen and Ferrymen before Masons. Fishermen before Watermen. Mariners and Sea Soldiers before Fishermen. Victuallers, Retailers of wares, and Chapmen, before them. Artificors occupied in Arts either necessary or pleasing, before Victuallers, etc. Husbandmen, whose endeavours are employed about the fruits of the Earth before Artificers. A Gentleman is to precede a Husbandman, a Gentleman that has Title shall go before others, as a Doctor, being a Gentle man, before others. A Gentleman Graduate before a graduate tantum. A Gentleman qualified with learning and virtue is before a Gentleman rich only. A Gentleman advanced for virtue shall be preferred before a Gentleman by Office. An Esquire by Office is to precede a Gentleman. An Esquire by creation to precede him. An Esquire by Birth him. A Knight Batchelor is to go before an Esquire. A Baronet before a Knight. A Knight Bannorer before him. A Baron before him. If a man of wealth, as a Merchant, etc. purchase a Barony, he ought not to have place amongst Barons. A Father that hath a Son that beareth Office shall give place to his Son in public meeting, except in private. Between two equals, he that is in his own Jurisdiction shall precede. A Citizen of a chief City is to take place of a Citizen of a meaner City in any place indifferent, unless in their own precincts. Inferior Justices, Colonels, Captains in the Field, are to precede Captains of particular Castles, Judges in Towns Corporate, where no action is triable above 15. l The first are right Worshipful, the second only Worshipful. Judges, Governors, or Lieutenants Generals of Provinces, Cities, etc. are to take place of inferior Justices, Colonels, etc. These are honourable. Orders of Knighthood in England and the Christian World. FOr the encouraging of virtuous minds and generous spirits, Princes and Estates thought good to erect several orders of Knighthood; here in England are only these, viz. 1. Knights of the Garter, or St. George, whose Ensign is Argent, a plain Cross gules. This Order was instituted by Edward the Third, after a return from the Wars against the French and Scots with victory; but others affirm it was from the Kings wearing the Countess of Satisburyes Garter, which caused jealousy in the Queen: whereupon the Motto is risen, Honi soit qui male pense. But that fable may probably be risen by the French to abate the honour of the Victory. The Patron of this Order is St. George, the Sovereign, the King, the number 26. The Officers, Bishop of Winchester, a Chancellor, Register, a King at Arms, called Garter, and an Usher called the Black Rod. Knight of the Bath. The Creation of the Knight of the Bath is with much Ceremony, Sir William Seager fully declares it in his Book. The Title is very ancient, for Sir Alban a Britain was at Rome, by Dioclesian the Emperor, made Knight of the Bath. They are distinguished by wearing a red Ribbon cross the left shoulder, as the Knights of the Garter are by wearing a blue one. Knights of the Round Table. This Order was most noble in the world heretofore: it was erected here in England by King Arthur: their place of convention was at Winchester, where they had their round Table at the Feast of Pentecost: But others are of opinion it was at Windsor, which wabuilt by King Arthur. They remain at Wind for. Orders of Knighthood in Foreign Parts. Knight, of the Toizon or Golden Fleece. THis Order was instituted by Philip Duke of Burgundy, Anno 1429. Being moved thereunto with a zeal he had to conquer the Holy Land. He elected for Patron St. Andrew. Knights of St. Michael. This Order was erected by Lewis the 11th. French King, 1469. The reason that moved him to this Order (as is reported) was the memory of an apparition of St. Michael upon the Bridge of Orleans, when it was besieged by the English. Knights of the Annunciation. This order was about the same time also begun by Amedo Count of Savoy, in memory of Amedo the first Earl, who valourously defended the Island of the Roads against the Turks, and won the Arms from them, which is now borne by the Dukes of Savoy, viz. gum a Cross Argent. Knights of St. Elprit. This Order was instituted by Henry the third, King of France and Poland, Anno 1578. Because on that day which is Penticost the Polands and Lutivanians elected him for their King. Knight's Templars. This Order was first set out on foot in the Year 1117. By nine Gentlemen who happened to meet in the holy Land. Their first employment was to secure the way for Pilgrims against Robbers, but afterwards they grew potent all the world over. Knights of St. James. It was erected in Spain, Anno 1030. By certain Spanish Gentlemen that fled to the Mountains, when the Arabians had well near conquered that Nation, who not enduring to live under that barbarous government associated, and in time relieved their Nation. Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, now called Knights of Malta. It was erected first at Jerusalem somewhat before the Christians conquered Jerusalem, they had leave of Saracens to build them a house near the Sepulchre of Christ, calling it St. John Baptist. The great Master Reynoldus commanded all Knights of this Order wherever dispersed. Their first achievement was the conquering of the Island of Roads, which afterwards being lost, they since have remained in the Island Malia. Knights of Calatrava. This Order was begun Anno 1130 in imitation of the Order of St. Jago: they were so named of the Province where they were made and settled, where was the Chief Church of the Templars, who being not of power sufficient to resist the Saracens, were forced to give place to these Knights. Their founder was Don Santio King of Toledo. Knights of the Band. This Order was first erected by Alphouso. King of Spain, 1268. The reason that moved the King to name them Knights of the Band, was, he commanded every man of the Order to wear a red Scarf. Knights of the Order of Alcantara. These Knights lived in effect under the Order of Calatrava; they wear a green Cross; near unto the City of Alcantara they have a Church of great beauty. Knights of Montelio. These Knights do wear a red Cross. Their Order began near about the time that the Knights of Calatrava took beginning. They live in Valentia. Knights of Redemption. These Knights were erected in the Kingdom of Arragon, by King James who conquered the Island Mojorca in the year 1212. Their Office is to redeem Prisoners. The chief Governor remains at Barcelona. Knights Teutonici. The beginner of this Knighthood was a certain Allmaine; who after the taking of Jerusalem by the Christians; remained there, and kept a liberal house for Pilgrims; at last they entered into association: they wore a black Cross voided with a cross patonce. None were to be of the order but those of the Dutch Nation. At length Jerusalem being taken by the Saracens, they returned to Germany, where their Order was confirmed by the Emperor. Knights of St. Mary. In Pope Urbane the 4th's time, certain Gentlemen of Bolognia and Modona desired of the Pope leave to erect a new Order of Religious Knighthood, which for money they obtained. Knights of St. Lazero. These Knights do plead great antiquity, as that they lived in the time of St. Basil. The Emperor Barbarosa gave them great possessions: The Order was well near extinct, till of late Pius Quartus the Pope did revive it, and made a noble Gentleman of Milan their great Master. They wear a green Cross. Knights of St. Stephano. In the year 1561, Cosmo Duke of Florence, living in peaceable estate, erected this order. They wear a red Cross bordered with Gold. Degrees of Gentlemen. THe Civil Law has formerly been so severe in preserving this distinction, that the Gentile or Noble were prohibited to marry with the Ungentile or ignoble. Who are Gentlemen. 1. He is a Gentleman which is one of Ancestry; for certainly the honour achieved by the Ancestor lives in his Family as his, which ought to oblige them with care to keep that tenderly which there predecessors got so difficultly. 2. A Gentleman of Coat Armour and not of Blood, being made a Gentleman by a Badge from the King of Coat Armour. 3. A Gentleman by achievement in lawful wars, proclaimed by the King in matters of Religion, or for the Kingdoms good, which is the best. A Gentleman. In the Saxon language they were called Aedels', which signifieth Elder, or Chief; but we have since from the French Borrowed the Roman word Gentilehome, which imports men of Nations. The word Gentiles was given to the Northern people during the Government of the Romans over them; they then taking it to be a glory to them, though otherwise meant by the Romans. The privileges that belongs to a Gentleman: Read Sir Will. Seager. For the Helmets that belongs to each degree of Gentlemen: Look on Guillianus. And for their Crowns: See Carter. Their degrees in England are divided, viz. 1. An Esquire. 2. A Knight. 3. A Baron. These three are esteemed noble; besides there are five which are excellent, to whom belongs Crowns and Coronets: as 1. A Viscount. 2. An Earl. 3. A Marquis. 4. A Duke. 5. A Prince. Our gracious King Charles the Second has allowed Crowns to Barons. In Latin he is called Scutiger; of these each Knight in times past had two to attend him in Wars, and to bear his Helmet and Shield before him: forasmuch as they did hold certain Lands of him in Scutage, as the Knight did hold of the King by Military service, This title came not in honorary amongst us till the Reign of Richard the Second; though the Title, as to the Office, is far more ancient. The ancient Saxon word is Scyldknappa, which is a Shield Serviture. Degrees of an Esquire. 1. There is an Esquire by Birth, as the eldest Son of a Knight, and his eldest Son successively. 2. By Creation, to whom belongs the silver Spurs, whence they are called white Spurs, 3. By Office; as Sergeants at Law, Sheriffs, etc. But to them the Title dies with them. A Knight Batchelor. The word Knight cometh from the Saxon word Cnight, which signifieth puer, or servus. The French calls them Chaveleers, the Germane Rutter, both of riding or lusty young men. Since the Conquest, those that held Estates to serve on horseback in the Wars, are by the Lawyers styled Milites. Coming to be a reward and degree of Honour is thought to be in imitation of the Equestres Order in Rome. The first using of Ceremonies at the creating a Knight was done by King Alfred, Knighting his Grandson Ethelston; after it grew more precise and customary. Knight's Titles. 1. Knight Bannoret. 2. Knight Baronet. A Knight Bannoret. This was anciently an Order in France. At his Creation he is led to the King or General, with his Penon of Arms in his hand and there the Herald declares his merit, and the King or General causeth the point of his Penon to be rend off, and he returns with Trumpet sounding. Under the degree of a Knight Bannoret Supporters may not be born. A Knight Baronet. This Title was erected by King James, for the propagation of a Plantation in Ulster in Ireland. It is hereditary, they are to take place before all Knights Bachelors, or Knight of the Bath. Their Augmentation is on a Canton Argent a Senister ●and couped gules. A Baron. This word is variously interpreted, as from the word Baria, which signifies grave authority; or Baro which in Latin is the same with Virro, which imports force. The Danes were the first which brought in the use of this word. The Saxons called the next to the King Thane, as Thane of such a Castle, Town, etc. A Viscount. The word in Latin is Vice Comes, which is interpreted from the Office of the person: he is one to whom an Earl or his Lord committeth his Towns, or Government of a Castle. The title is derived from the same Order in France, where they were only substitutes to Earls, till getting in power, got also to have the power honorary and hereditary. It is the same word which is for our Sheriff, and began with us not till about the 18. of Henry the Sixth, who then created John Lord Beaumont Viscount by Letter Patent. An Earl. An Earl or Count is called Comes: The reason for that denomination is uncertain. The word Earl we had from the Danes from the word Earlick, which signifieth honourable, They were styled Ealdermen, till Cannius time the Dane. Their Dignity and power heretofore was far more large than now. Selden is of opinion they are in Latin called Comes of the society the King has with them. A Marquis. This word was first used to Earls and Barons, that were Lord Marches, or Lords of Fronteers, and came afterwards into a Title of special Dignity above an Earl. The title began in the time of Richard the Second. The French and Germans prefer an Earl before a Marquis, which is preposterous. A Duke. The word at first was a title of Office, afterwards honorary, and since hereditary. The word comes à Ducendo, from leading forth an Army Royal: The Saxons called them, Hertshog. The first we find in England was Edward the Black Prince. A Prince. In the Saxons time they were called Cliton's, from Klutos' in Greek, which is illustrious. The first that was created in England was Edward, the eldest Son of Henry the 3d. There are degrees of Nobility, as of Nations, and Cities. For the Ceremonies at the Creating of the aforesaid Gentlemen, read Sir William Seager and Fern. And for their privileges read likewise Seager and Selden. Ancient form of Government. 'TIs upon good grounds concluded that the ancient Form of Government was, viz. Under the King was substituted ten Dukes, under one Archbishop ten Bishops, under one Duke ten Earls, under an Earl ten Barons, under a Baron ten Chatellanes or Constables, unto whom was committed the keeping of some Castle, or Fort; under every Constable fifty men. Significations of Charges and Devises in Coats. A Helmet, signifies Direction and Command. A side-long Helmet denotes Attention and Obedience. A Helmet full forward and open faced; betokeneth Authority, Direction, and Command. A Cross, it was first bestowed on such as had performed, or at least undertaken some service for Christ or Christian profession. A Chief, signifies a Senator, or honourable Man. A Pale, denotes the first bearer to have deserved well by some Stratagem of Mining. A bend, it signifies the bearer to have been one of the first which mounted upon the enemy's wall. Escutcheon, 'tis ancient bearing. Burley in the time of Richard the Second bore an Eschutcheon. A Cheveron, it betokeneth to the bearer the achieving of some business of moment, or the finishing of some chargeable or memorable work. Saltire, befits rich and covetous people, such as would not willingly go from their substance. A Bar, may be implied to him whose invention, industry, and labour has so fenced or forfeited the Camp, City, or Fort, that the Enemies thereby receiveth a damage. A Mascle, In Armoury it signifieth the Bearer thereof in a Field Gules to have been most prudent and politic in stratagems of War. A Hart, denotes a man wise and politic, that forseeth his time, and stands to his own guard honestly, than annoy rashly or wrongfully. A Lion. A Lion in a Field Sables in Armoury betokeneth fortitude, a virtue that signteth in defence of equity. Salient is honourable for some egregious service done for his Country. Charges and Devices, their significations in Armoury. An Adder. THe bearing of Serpents, Adders, or Snakes, denotes the bearer to be very prudent and subtle, which he improves and makes use of to compass his own ends, though never so base. A Boar. He betokeneth in Heraldry a man of a bold spirit, skilful and politic in War, and one of that resolution that he will die valorously in the Field, rather than secure himself by ignominous flight. A unition. He signifieth strength and courage, and likewise denotes a valiant Soldier that contemneth death, and rather than he will be compelled to undergo any base servitude or bondage he will lose his life. A Wolf. This befits them in Parliaments and places of great assembly, who are accustomed to wrangle and show themselves comentious. A Sphinx. It denotes a man of a cunning genius, full of inventions, but tyrannical and monstrous in his actings. Heads, etc. The bearing of the Head (next to the whole bearing) is most honourable; it shows that the owner of such Coat Armour was not forced to stand to the face of his enemy. It betokeneth likewise jurisdiction and justice. A Goat. This shows that the bearer used more policy than valour in achieving a Victory, and got his honour by some such means. A Hedge. Hog. He denotes a man expert in gathering of substance, and one that providently layeth hold upon proffered opportunities. A Toad. The bearing of Toads doth signify a hasty choleric man, that is easily stirred up to anger, whereunto he is naturally prone, proceeding from his Birth. An Eagle. He signifies in Heraldry true Magnanimity, and fortitude of mind, which never seeks to combat with small ones, but his equal. Wings of Birds. In Armoury betokeneth projection. Swallow. Denotes one that is industrious, prompt, and ready to dispatch business. A Stork. Signifies one that is grateful and dutiful children. An Owl. Denotes prudence, vigilance, and watchfulness; and it shows also a melancholy temper, shunning company, and losing solitariness. A Falcon. Shows that he that bore him first was such a one as did eagerly pursue, vex, and molest poor and silly creatures, and may likewise be taken for speedy performance in any business. A Cock. Signifieth one that rejoiceth for his Victory. Military Instruments. Any Military insteument either defensive, or offensive, or other accidents of War is very honourable. Escallop. 'Tis recorded in the Office of Arms, that the bearing of Escollops signifieth, the first bearer to have been a Commander, who by his virtues and valour had so gained the hearts and love of his Soldiers, and companions in Arms, that they desired much to follow him, even into danger's mouth. A Moon decressant. This shows a man to do something, whereby he is advanced to honour in his old age. A Star. A Star denotes the inconstancy of high fortune, and unsure footing of ambitious aspirers; which are famous for a time, but fall headlong from their high hopes. A Mulles. A Mullet in Heraldry has a noble signification; it denotes some divine quality bestowed from above, whereby men do shine in virtue, learning, and works of piety. A Garb or Sheaf. It signifieth plenty, or abundance, and that the first bearer did deserve well for his hospitality. A Cinquefoil. Denotes a man that masters his affections; and conquers his senses, and one that has overcome his enemy, not only by valour but wisdom; 'tis ancient bearing. Shakblot. It signifies the detaining his Enemy prisoner which he took; also 'tis given to such a brave spirit, who by his prowess can fetch off with strength, or by his charity redeem his fellow Soldier from prison. A Swan. Denotes a learned man, and one that knows best how to contemn this life, and to die with resolution and comfort. A Horse. A Horse signifieth one that vannteth after victory, and dejected if conquered. A Turnip. Denotes a man of a good disposition, whose virtuous demeanour flourisheth prosperously, even where envy most abounds. Coneys. The first bearer of this Beast seemed to be very skilful in pioning, and lucky in undermining and subverting of Cities, etc. Castles and Towers. The bearing of Castles and Towers shows that the hearer stood carefully upon his guard, though continually affailed with spiritual and corporeal enemies, that ceased not to plot his destruction. Observe that when the Architecture extendeth itself from one side of the Field, than it must be named a Castle. If Turrited, name how many. Bridges. The bearing of Bridges and Arches signifies the cares, and patiented stability of men in Magistracy, who must endure the taunts, assaults and envy of the discontented vulgar. Squirrel. The bearing of a Squirrel shows that the bearer of this was careful in keeping the love and affection of his followers, and retainers, and is sure they will stick to him in time of need. Pelican. The Pelican denotes that the bearer was diligent in the education and instructing his Children in learning. A Peacock. The bearing of this Bird showeth that the bearer admired himself, though he was of a dirty condition. Leopard. This Beast shows that the bearer was of a violent spirit, but subtle: and to prevent one bearing of his Superiors for want of strength, used policy for the compassing of his ends. Reremouse. The bearing of this creature shows that the bearer having small means, and weak power, either of nobility or fortune, or yet stored with pregnancy of wit, hath nevertheless stepped up so suddenly as he seems not to be supported by the earth, but to be elevated above the same. Panther. This denotes that the bearer was of that sweet disposition, as that he drew all men to love him. Dragon. This shows that the bearer was of that violent spirit, and so imperious in his carriage, as that most men did fear him. Elephant. The Elephant shows that the bearer was of great strength, but of greater wit, and greatest ambition. An Ass. The Ass shows that the bearer had, and aught to have much patience. Camel. This Beast denotes that the bearer was obedient and swift in the dispatch of his business. A Bear. The Bear denotes that the bearer used no less policy than strength in fight. A Dog. He shows that the bearer not only loved his pleasure abroad, but minded his profit at home. A Fox. Foxes become Lawyers, who when they have done, and well spunged their Clients, laugh at them. A Plough. The bearing of a Plough with their mechanical instruments of husbandry shows that the bearer by his industry had been beneficial to the Commonwealth. A Pickax. This acquaints the bearer, though of noblest and ancient blood, hath little cause to be proud, if he looks unto the pit whence he was first digged. A Square. This instrument shows that the bearer did nothing rashly, or at adventure, but by moderation and rules in performance. An Ape, The bearing of this Beast shows that the bearer took more delight in ridiculous jestings then serious actings. A Rose. The bearing of the Rose shows that the bearer in joyed some good, though environed on all sides with evil. Observe if you see any Beast, Bird, Flower, etc. in its proper colour, you must blazon it by no colour, but say proper. Likewise observe, when you see any quick thing born in Arms, it is most commendable to bear it, according to the most noblest and worthiest action of the Creature; as a Lion passant, a Grayhound running, a Fish nayant, any Fowl volant, etc. The Names of the Parties and Nations that Invented Instruments Military and Mechanical, etc. Mentioned in this Book. Lacedæmonians. THey invented the Helmet, as Heroditus affirmeth. Moses. Did first ordain Crowns, but Pliny ascribes it to Liber Bacchus. Petrus and Acrisius. They did first devise Shields as they fought together. Tuscans, Invented Mantles of Estate, Embroidered Gowns, etc. Tarquinus superbus brought their use to Rome, Tyrants against Christians. Invented, as Fern says, the Saltire, which they used as an Engine to torture, to rend in pieces the Christians. Dionysius. He invented first the tilling of ground; but Virgil says it was Ceres. Bellerophon. Found out the riding and reclaiming of Horses. Dedalus. Was the first inventor of Squares. Rome. They first used Rings on their fingers, and Male Coats. A Nation in Thesaly. Found out the Barnacle, and other instruments for riding and taming of Horses. Dedalus. He first found out the Plummet. Lamech. He first invented Tents. Moses. Made use first of Lamps. Aeolus. First found the Sails of Ships. Epeus. He invented the Ram of Troy. Copians. They first found out the Helm or Rudder of a Ship. Funerals, and Rules to be observed therein. SPecial heed is to be taken that no indignity be offered to a Mourner; they are by the Herald to be marshaled according to their titles and worth. If an Officer of Arms be present, he ought to wear the King's Coat, to the intent that the defunct may be known to have died honourable in the King, Allegiance without spot or infamy. His Heir (which is the Chief Mourner) is to receive in the presence of all the Mourners the Coat, Armour. Helm, and Crest, etc. belonging to the defunct, whereof the King at Arms of the Province is to make record, with the defuncts, Match, Issue, and decease. Earl's must have their great Banner two Yards. If of the Garter, his Garter instead of Compartments. Supporters, Crown, Sword, and Target, Gantler and Spurs. Earl Marshals order commanded, Anno 1618. For Funerals and Fees, etc. ALL Noblemen, Barronets, Knights, Esquires, and Gentlemen of eminent place, birth, and quality that shall be either silently buried in the night, or by day, without attendance of an Officer of Arms, shall nevertheless immediately after the death and burial of such Defunct return a true certificate of the Matches, issues, and times of their decease, with their Arms. For which they are to pay into the Officers of Arms these Fees. l. s. d. A Gentleman using Escutcheons 3 6 8 Using none 2 0 0 An Esquire of Coat Armour 6 13 4 A Knight 10 0 0 A Bannoret and Baronet 13 6 8 A Baron or Baroness that ought to have a great Banner and Bannerols 20 0 0 A Bishop 25 0 0 A Viscount and Viscountess 30 0 0 An Earl or Countess 35 0 0 A Marquis or Marchoness 40 0 0 A Duke and Archbishop 45 0 0 Which said sums are to be paid to the Officers at Arms, except it appears the defunct was not worth a 1000 l Then to enter without Fee. Funerals. The proceeding of the Funeral of a Gentleman. FIrst Children of the Hospital. Two Conductors. Poor Men. gentlemen's Servants in Cloaks. Gentlemen in Cloaks. Gentlemen in Gowns. Aldermen in Black. The Preacher. A Penon of his own Arms. Helm and Crest. The Coat of Arms. Chief Mourner. Two Assistants. aldermans not in Black. Master of the Company if, etc. Master of the Hospital. Then all Gentlemen not in black. Neighboves and others. Funerals. The proceed to it, to a Duke from a Bannoret. TWo Conductors with black Staves. Servants in Cloaks two and two. The great Banner by. Gentlemen in Cloaks two and two. Two Banners by. Gentlemen in Cloaks two and two. Steward Controller, etc. Herald. Ministers. Gentlemen bareheaded with the Escutcheon. The Chariot with four Banners carried about it by Gentlemen of Kindred. Four Footmen bareheaded. Mourners next of Kindred two and two. The Neighbours. England when first Inhabited, by whom, how and why named; its Governments, etc. BErosus saith that Samothes (called also Mesech, brother to Gomer, the sixth Son of Japhet the Son of Noah came into this Land about 252. years after the Flood 3632 years past, and called it Samothea; in which name it continued until Albion the Son of Neptune (who descended of Cham) entered the same; and named it Albion. This Albion reigned about 562. years after the Flood, in the year of the world's creation, 2219. and 3370. years since. It continued in the name of Albion 608 years, until Brutus Julius arrived, who conquered the same Anno mundi, 2828. and 2764. years since he changed the name of it into Britain. It is at this day called England, from the Angli, with which inhabited part of Germany. Ptolemy calleth them Angeli in the Heptarchy. They inhabited Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, Norfolk, and Suffolk, long named East Anglia. These Angles and Saxons, Anno Dom. 620. having driven the Britons into Wales and Cornwall, etc. In some time after Egbert having reduced the Heptarchy into a Monarchy, and ruling absolute, called it England, from his own Country in Germany The former Heptarchy of seven Kingdoms, now a Monarchy, was divided into Provinces, Shiercs, and Counties, by Aluredus, brother to Etheldred, who reigned Anno Dom. 872. Wales was divided by Henry the 8th. The Shires were divided into parts or hundreds, in every of which was contained ten tithings, containing ten men. The Officer of this Tything the Saxons called Techingman, we Tythingman. In some places they are called Headboroughs. Ten of these tithings yielded a hundred men: the number now is uncertain. Yorkshire is divided into Ridings. And in Kent they have Wapentaches instead of tithings, which took that name from viewing of Weapons. The word Shire cometh of the Saxon word Scyran, which signifieth to cut, or divide. Every one of these Shires in times past was governed per Comitem, whom we call Earl, Quali praefectus regins; therefore it took the name of a County, à Comite. Of latter time, and still is chosen yearly in every County, a Officer by the King, which in Latin is named Ure comes, as one appointed in the Earl's stead: We call him Sheriff, the Saxons called him Scyregegrapa, which is as much as an Officer to collect Rents and Revenues under, and for another. The Herald's Duty. THe giving of Coats of Arms belongeth to the Prince, or else licenced by his Letters Patents, the Herald only deviseth; in which Device he ought to have these considerations to the party that is to have Arms, and to give such Coats as suits with the parties qualifications, viz. 1. He is to inquire whether he that shall bear them desires it, and honour's Gentility, and will keep them from dishonour. 2. Whether he be able to declare his pedigree. 3. He much search for his pedigree, and see whether in right he may bear, and whether his Ancestors were Gentlemen, and to give the same with augmentation, which is a congruent difference. 4. His condition, whether clean of life, just in promise; whether cunning in all, or any one of the liberal Sciences, or in Divinity, Philosophy, etc. 5. Of whom he had praise of good works done, or of acts performed, whether of men of wit or women. 6. To whom he had done service, either to King, Prince, etc. And what service. 7. How he had served, whether in War, or as an Ambassador, or as a Counsellor at Carpet. There are likewise several things belongs to the Herald, as to be ready in his apparel, at all Coronations to be expert, in betrothing of Princes, and not to disclose the secrets of Ladies. There are many secrets in Heraldry which they ought not to disclose. It is to be conceived, that in Charges the bearer hath his own device, and sometime Coats of Devices. Coats of Arms were invented 1. To adorn and honour the Family. 2. To show him more worthy than others. 3. To differ out the several Lines and Issues. Heralds of Arms were first instituted by Ascanius, and renewed by King Numa; they were called Feciales. Surnames agreeing with Charges in Coat Armour. IT is objected, that when Arms are born consonant to the name, it doth note newness of Gentry, or else that the Herald knew no special desert in the person, that he might thereof trick him something in Device to signify so much, and therefore the Signs are set down as agree most aptly with the name. 'Tis answered, That of the like Coats there be many in this Land of notable antiquity; it extendeth the glory of his name. Hugh the first Earl of Chester was named De Loupe, because he bore a Wolves head in his Shield. So of Lord Roch. Lucy, and many others. Surnames ending in Fitz. were Normans. They whose names end in Sun are either Saxons, Picts, or Scots originally. Nine Precious Stones used in Blazoning for Nobility, and their virtues. 1 Topas, which is for Yellow. THis Stone suageth wrath, sorrow, and evil thoughts, and helpeth the wearer thereof of Frenzy, and sudden death. 2. Pearl. And is for Argent. The Pearl hath virtue confortative, and is restorative, and is food to man. Josephus reporteth, that when Jerusalem was besieged by Titus, the Jews lived long upon Pearl. 3. Ruby. For red. 'Tis a St●●e of Dignity, and of the kind of Carbuncles. This stone neither fire wasteth, nor changeth his colour. This was one of the precious Stones that was set in the breast lap of Aaron. 4. Saphire. And is for Blue. This Stone accords people in strife, and abates extreme heat of burning Fevers, bound to the pulse it helpeth against melancholy, and stayeth bleeding that cometh of anguish, and is a remedy against venom, and preserveth the sight. 5. Diamond. And is for black. This Stone will not be daunted, it warneth the wearer thereof to eschew venom; it withstandeth Witchcraft, and born on the left shoulder hath virtue against chiding, and strife of enemies. 6. Emraud. And is for Green. This stone comforteth the vital spirits, it comforteth the sight, whereby the heart receiveth joy: also it represseth motions of lust, and helpeth against illusions; it increaseth riches, and prevaileth in play likewise; it ceaseth tempest, and stencheth Blood. 7. Amethyst. This Stone is an enemy to Drunkenness, and giddy brains, it causeth a man to have a good forecast and a quick mind, removeth idle thoughts, and increaseth good understanding. 8. Jacinth. It putteth away sorrow, and increaseth mirth; being bound next unto the skin of either man or woman, putteth away pestilent air, and giveth strength to the members. 9 Sardonax. This stone putteth away Lechery, and embraceth chastity. The price of Gold, Pearl, and Diamonds. etc. l. s. d. Of Gold. BArbary Gold, as Chickens, etc. The ounce is 3 12 0 The penny weight 0 3 7 The Kings Coin 3 6 8 The penny weight 0 3 4 French Crowns, Flemish Crowns, Spanish Pistolets, and our own Coin is the same goodness. Spanish Silver. Being Silver per ounce is worth per ounce 0 5 3 Saffron Gold which is a base coin, and little used in trading is worth the ounce 3 0 0 There is a little Coin about the bigness of a French Crown, worth by the ounce but 2 0 0 Price of Pearl. One grain 0 0 6 Two Grains 0 1 0 Three Grains 0 2 0 Four Grains 0 4 0 Five Grains 0 6 0 Six Grains 0 8 0 Seven Grains 0 10 0 Eight Grains 0 12 0 For Two Caracks 2 0 0 Three Caracks 5 0 0 Four Caracks 7 0 0 Five Caracks 10 0 0 Six Caracks 20 0 0 Seven Caracks 40 0 0 Eight Caracks 50 0 0 'Tis to be understood they must be fair and clear. For a Pearl of seven or eight grains, if any of that bigness) is worth 500 0 0 Price of Diamonds. If fair and clear without blemish, one Grain is worth 1 10 0 Two Grains 3 0 0 Three Grains 6 0 0 Four Grains 10 0 0 Five Grains 15 0 0 Six Grains 20 0 0 Eight Grains 40 0 0 An Explanation of difficult Words used in Heraldry. A. ARgent. White Azure. Blue Annulet. A Ring of a Mail Coat B. Blazoning. Expressing Bevile. Broken, or a Carpenters Square moving upon a Joint Billet. A piece of paper folded like a Letter Battone. C. Cheveron. A Barge couple. Cost. A Rib Canton. A Corner Cheque. Composition Crenelle. Dented or notched Chaplet. A Garland Componed. Compounded Couped. Cut off D. Dance. Dented or notched more deep. Delf. A pit or den. Displayed. Wings abroad. E. Eschucheon. A Shield Erased. Rended, or torn Ean. Water. F. Fez. A Girdle Fillet. That which women wear in making up their hair, Flasque. A Bow bend Files. Plaits of Garments Flanch. Flanck of a man. Fussils'. Skins of yarn on slippers Form. Broad Fitchee. Sharp to fasten Frinbrated. Hemmed G. Gules. Red Gerone. The Lap, or the space between the Thigh, which we call Groin Gussets. Belonging to shifts Gabonated. Cut in morsels Gore. Belonging to women's Smocks Gemmews. Twins Gut. Drops H. Humet. Guillianus calls it a Table. Foswel a Coffin I Invected. Carried in Ingrailed. Entered or gone in Indented. Full of Teeth. L. Lambeaux. Plaits of a Garment L●rmes. Tears M Mascle. A marsh of a net Mullet. A Meotor or Star N. Nombrel. The Navel Nowed. Folded or knotted O. Or. Yellow Orle. A pillow Ogresses. Pellets of Guns P. Purpure. Much red and a little black Pile. A Wedge Purflu. A border of Furs Patonce. A Crutch Patte. Broad Po●x. Pitch S. Sable. Black Sanguine. Of the colour of blood Saltire. An instrument to scale Walls Shaporne. A Hoad Scarpe. A Scarf. T. Ten. Red and yellow Torteaux. A Cake V. Vert. Green Verday. Of Flowers Voider. A Looking-glass Versied. Turned up-side down An account of several Cities, Castles, and other notable places, when they were built, by whom, and in what Year, before and after Christ's Nativity; besides things of Antiquity observable. London. BRute after a long and weary journey with his Trojans arrived in this Island; and as the common received opinion is, builded London, and named it New Troy. The first building lay joining to Thames, from the Tower to White Friars. It was first begun to be built in the year before Christ, one thousand, one hundred and eight. York. York nine hundred eighty seven years before Christ was builded by Ebrank, than King of Britain, and was first named Kairbranck; he builded Edinburgh. Carlisle. It was by King Leil, in the year before Christ nine hundred and seventeen, builded. Bath. Bath was builded by King Bladud, eight hundred sixty three years before Christ; the said King had long studied at Athens, and brought Philosophers to keep School here in Britain. Leicester. That City was builded by King Laire eight hundred forty four years before Christ. Billingsgate in London. King Belinus four hundred and one year before Christ made it a Haven, and called it Billingsgate. Grantham. It was builded by King Gorbamanus, three hundred and three years before Christ. Ludgate. King Lud seventy years before Christ builded Ludgate, and builded much on the west part of London. Julius Caesar. In the said King Luds reign, and fifty four years before Christ, he entered this Island. Jesus Christ Born. Cunobelinus reigned here in Britain when Christ was born. Southampton. Was so named in respect of one Hamon a Roman, slain and thrown into the Sea there by Aviragus, than King of the Britain's, forty four years after Christ's Nativity. Colchester. Coilus one hundred twenty four years after Christ's Nativity builded it. Lucius the first Christian King. One hundrrd seventy nine years after Christ's Nativity Lucius King here in Britain, became a Christian, and was the first Christian King in the world. Stonehedge, being the great Stones erected on Salisbury Plairs. Aurelius Ambrose, King of the Britain's, four hundred sixty six years after Christ erected that Monument over the bodies of the British Nobility there slain (and buried) where they met in a treaty with the Saxons, and were massacred traitorously by them. University of Oxford. Eight hundred seventy two years after Christ's Nativity, Alfred a Saxon King here ordained common Schools of divers Sciences at Oxford. Hertford and Witham in Essex. In the year nine hundred, Edward, surnamed Senior, King of the West Saxons builded Hertford, and another Town at Witham in Essex. Worcester. By means of King Edgar's erecting a Monanastery there it became a place of note; it was nine hundred fifty nine years after Christ. Leeds Castle. Creneken, a noble man in King William the Conqueror's Reign, builded that Castle. Oxford Castle. In the year of Christ, one thousand seventy one, Robert de Olley a Nobleman, that came in with William the Conqueror, builded it. Durham Castle. In the year of Christ one thousand seventy five, King William the Conqueror caused that Castle to be built. Carlisle Castle and Town. The Town was rebuilded by King William Rufus, after it was destroyed by the Danes; he likewise builded the Castle there. New Castle upon Tine. Was likewise builded by King William Rufus, in the year of Christ one thousand ninety one. Westminster Hall. It was builded by King William Rufus, in the year of Christ one thousand ninety nine. Bristol Castle and Cardiff. Was builded by Robert, Bastard Son to Henry the first, who likewise builded Cardiff. The Temple in London. Hereclius Patriarch of Jerusalem coming to King Henry the Second for aid against the Turks, dedicated the Temple then new builded. The first Mayor and Sheriffs in London. In the year of Christ one thousand one hundred and ninety, the Citizens of London obtained to be governed by two Bailiffs, or Sheriffs, and a Mayor. Tower Ditch, and the outer Wall of the Tower of London. In the Reign of Richard the first, William Bishop of Ely builded the said Wall and made the said Ditch. Mayors of London Yearly chosen. In the Reign of King John, and in the year of Christ one thousand two hundred and eight was granted to the Citizens of London by Letters Patents, that they should yearly choose a Mayor. London Bridge. The same year London Bridge was finished of Stone, it was before of Timber. Chartly and Besten Castles. These Castles were builded by Ralph Earl of Chester, in King Henry the Third's Reign, and in the year of Christ one thousand two hundred and twenty. Flint Castle. It was built by Edward the First in the year of Christ one thousand two hundred seventy five. Guild-Hall in London. Was built in the Reign of Henry the fourth, and in the year of Christ one thousand four hundred and eleven. Sir Thomas Knowles, Mayor. Newgate in London. In the Reign of Henry the sixth, the Executors of William Whittington builded Newgate. First payment of Custom. By a Parliament in the year of Christ one thousand four hundred twenty five, and in the Reign of Henry the sixth, was granted to the King one shilling a pound of all Merchandise brought in or carried out of England, and three shillings of every tun of Wine, which was called Tonnage and Poundage. Royal Exchange, London. Was builded by Sir Thomas Gresham in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. University of Cambridge. Cambridge as 'tis affirmed was first frequented with Philosophers and Astronomers procured from Athens in the Reign of Gurguntius King of Britain, and before the birth of Christ three hundred seventy five years. Of other Cities, etc. Other Cities and Towns now considerable in England not here mentioned, had their beginning by means of some Cathedral Monastery or Abbey there built, which moved and drew people to inhabit near to it; as Salisbury by reason of a Cathedral there built, and a Bishopric there erected, came to the perfection as now it is; and Exeter in regard of a Monkery anciently being there where now the Cathedral stands; people after their being converted to the Christian Religion endeavoured to live and inhabit as near the said Monkery as they could: It was walled round by King Athelstane. The Castle is of a great antiquity. An Alphebetical Table of the principal matters in this Book. A. ANcient form of Government pag. 33 The signification of Charges and Devices in Armoury pag. 53 B. Of a Baron pag. 30 C. Of the King's Goronation pag. 3 Of the King's Crown with its twelve Stones pag. 1 Significations of Charges and Devices in Coats pag. 33 D. Of Doctors pag. 10 Of a Duke pag. 32 Price of Diamonds pag. 54 E. Degrees of an Esquire pag. 28 Of an Earl pag. 31 England first inhabited, by whom, how, and why named; its Government pag. 46 Of the King's Ensigns pag. 3 F. A Royal Feast the King present pag. 5 Funerals, and rules to be observed therein pag. 43 Earl● Marshals Orders and Funeral Fees pag. 44 Proceed of the Funeral of a Gentleman pag. 45 Proceed from a Baron to a Duke's Funeral ib. G. Going to the Parliament in State pag. 6 Who are to be admitted Gentlemen pag. 8 How Gentlemen are to take place pag. 16 Of a Gentleman pag. 27 Who are Gentlemen pag. 26 Prices of Gold pag. 53 H. The Herald's duty pag. 48 Explanation of difficult words in Heraldry pag. 54 K. Of Knight's Bachelors pag. 29 Knights Titles ibid. Knight's Bannorets ibid. Knight's Barronets pag. 36 Orders of Knighthood in England pag. 19 Orders of Knighthood in Foreign parts pag. 21 M. Of a Marquis pag. 32 O. Officers of State how to take place pag. 15 P. Professions not Gentlemen pag. 10 Seven more laudable ibid. Precedency of Kings and Kingdoms pag. 14 Taking of place from a slave to a Baron pag. 17 Of a Prince pag. 32 The price of Pearls pag. 53 S. Seven Sciences Gentile, with the Arms they may bear pag. 11 Surnames agreeing with charges in Coat Armour pag. 50 Nine precious Stones used in blazoning for Nobility, and their virtues pag. 51 V. Of a Viscount pag. 31 An account of several Cities, Castles, and other noteable places, when they were built, and by whom; besides many things of Antiquity observable pag. 58 FINIS.