A TREATISE OF SPOUSALS, OR Matrimonial Contracts: WHEREIN All the QUESTIONS relating to that Subject are ingeniously Debated and Resolved.  
By the late Famous and Learned Mr. HENRY SWINBURNE, Author of the Treatise of Wills and Testaments.  
LONDON, Printed by S. Roycroft for Robert Clavell at the Peacock in St. Paul's Churchyard. 1686.   

TO THE READER.  
I Need not spend much time (I hope) in recommending this Treatise to Public perusal; 'tis sufficient, I suppose, to give it a Reputation in the World, when I assure you, that it was composed by the Learned and Ingenious Mr. Henry Swinburne, Author of the Treatise concerning last Wills and Testaments. If any Man should question the Truth of this, I dare appeal to his own Judgement, after he has considerately perused some few Leaves of the ensuing Discourse, whether the exactness of the Method, the plainness of the Style, the familiar and easy way of Arguing, the pertinency of the Marginal Quotations for proving of every Point of Law that he asserts or lays down (as the peculiar custom of that Author was) do not sufficiently convince him, that the Treatise of Wills, and this of Spousals were penned by one and the same Hand: But, if occasion required, the Reader might be yet more fully satisfied by the Original Manuscript, all writ by Mr. Swinburne's own Hand, which is yet extant, and may take away all possibility of question or scruple.  
The Subject of this Treatise is a matter of the highest moment and importance, the Questions and Difficulties, that arise about it, are of the greatest Variety and Niceness, and the frequent occasion there may be, for the Matters here discoursed of and debated, to fall out in Practice, cannot but render the Treatise useful, as well as pleasant, and by consequence very acceptable. 'Tis possible at the first sight some Men may imagine, that Spousals are now in great measure worn out of use, and by consequence that Discourses of that Nature can yield little or no benefit to the Reader. But to this I answer, That the Rules concerning Spousals are for the most part as well applicable to Marriage as them, and that there is no difference in Substance betwixt. Spousals de praesenti (which make up a principal part of this Book) and Matrimony, only the Public Office, and greater Solemnity of the Act, together with the Benediction of the Minister, are by Law requisite to complete the Matrimony, before it be capable of those Legal Effects of Dower and Legitimation of Issue. But in foro conscientiae they are as much Man and Wife, as if all Legal Requisites and Solemnities had been performed. Nay, as to some Legal Effects also, a Contract de praesenti has the same force that a lawful Marriage has; for the Contract is indissoluble so long as the Parties live; and if either Party shall after such Contract attempt to marry elsewhere, that Marriage is null and void ratione praecontractûs, as much as if the Parties contracting had been lawfully married together; and the Parties marrying elsewhere, after such Contract made, are to be Divorced, and the Persons contracting may by Course of Law be compelled to Solemnize Matrimony according to the Rites and Ceremonies of the Church. And besides, in all Marriages Solemnised after the most strict manner, the Contract of the Parties is the principal Ingredient and most essential Part, all other Matters being only as it were Foreign and Extrinsical to its Nature; although (I must confess) Divine Invocation and the Minister's Benediction have ever in all Ages been accounted necessary to its right Celebration and Performance. So that 'tis plain the most difficult Cases that can relate to Marriages must be considered of and discussed under this Head of Contracts or Spousals.  
In ancient Times Spousals did regularly precede Marriage, Nam Mos fuit Veteribus Stipulari & Spondere sibi Uxores futuras. l. Sponsalia 2. ff. de Sponsal. And in some places the Woman, after these Spousals, presently cohabited with the Man, but continued unknown till the Marriage-day. In our Public Office of Marriage, Spousals and Matrimony are united, and performed in one continued Act; When the Minister demands, Wilt thou have this Woman to thy wedded Wife, etc. And the Man answers, I will, and so the Woman vice versâ, there's a Specimen of Spousals de futuro. When the Man repeats the Words, J.N. take thee N. to my wedded Wife, etc. and so the Woman vice versâ, there's the form of Spousals de praesenti, which in Substance are perfect Matrimony, (as I said before) though not as to all Legal Effects. When the Minister adds his Benediction, and pronounces them to be Man and Wife, then 'tis a perfect Marriage to all constructions and purposes in Law.  
It may possibly be wondered at, that a Piece of this Nature, treating upon so rare and useful a Subject, & penned by a Person of that Fame in the World, should lie so long concealed, and never in all this time be committed to the Press. But than it is to be considered, that Manuscripts of this Nature commonly fall into the Hands of Men of the same Profession, and these commonly preserve them for their own private use, and think it not their Interest to communicate that Knowledge at so easy a Rate, which perhaps, has cost them many years Study and Experience, and no small Charge in Understanding and Attaining to. Nay, some go so far as to think, that the fewer Books there are published of their Profession, the more Advantage it will still be to the Practitioners, seeing Men will be then necessitated upon every Point to have recourse to Counsel. But as to the first, Certainly the Public Advantage ought in all reason to be preferred before any Man's Private Utility, which is too mean a thing to stand in competition with it: The Benefit that may redound to the Generality of Men by its Publication, will in reason far outweigh the Private Profit, that any Person may get or propound to himself by its Concealment and Suppression. And, as to the second, Certainly it is the Honour, and must be the Advantage of the Profession, to have Men of Sense writ Books, and make it Easy and Intelligible. Men commonly have a kindness for what they know and understand; and on the contrary, that which they are not versed in, and cannot attain without great Pains and Difficulty, they are apt to despise and hate: I am so far from thinking it the Interest, that I take it to be a manifest Injury and Misfortune to so Ingenious a Study and Profession, to be kept concealed, and the Knowledge of it confined to so few Hands, we ought in all reason to expect and presume, that the more 'tis known, and the justice and reasonableness of its Rules considered, the more it will be courted and admired, and the Practice advanced and enlarged; that strength of Reason, and variety of good Learning, accompanied with those great Advantages of Method and Style, with which the Books writ in that Science do generally abound, will, when they are well known and weighed, rather, in all probability, force its Reception and Entertainment even amongst Men, whose Interest it is to suppress and keep it low, much more among Persons disinteressed and , and make it flourish in despite of opposition.  
I have been credibly informed, That the worthy Author of this Discourse had a design to oblige the Public, by writing three Treatises, upon three several Subjects, which were looked upon as the Principal, and most considerable Matters belonging to the Cognizance of the Ecclesiastical Courts of this Realm: The first concerning Wills and Testaments; The second concerning Marriages; The third concerning Tithes; And, had he lived to have accomplished his Design, no doubt he had cleared many Questions relating to those Matters, which at present are not so generally known, or throughly understood, but labour under great Obscurity. The first of these he lived to finish and see published; and all men grant it to be an excellent Piece in its kind, and has acquired him no small Fame amongst Posterity. This indeed was a Subject properly belonging to him, and wherein he may well be supposed to be very conversant and knowing, he having been Judge of the Prerogative Court at York for many years before he died; which Place he executed with great Integrity and Applause. After his Death his Friends Erected a fair Monument to his Memory in the Cathedral Church of York, where he lies Interred, with this Epitaph or Inscription.  
Non Viduae caruere Viris, non Patre Pupillus,  
Dum stetit hic Patriae, Virque Paterque suae.  
Ast, quod Swinburnus Viduarum scripsit in usum,  
Longiùs aeterno Marmore vivet opus.  
The second, concerning Marriages, he designed to have divided into three Parts. The first whereof was to treat of Spousals; The second of Marriages; The third of Divorces. The first of these Parts he lived to finish, as may be seen by perusing the ensuing Treatise. But as to the two last Parts, and his Piece of Tithes, he only left some rude Materials, not form or digested into any Method or Order. And 'tis not improbable but that they, in whose hands the Manuscript so long remained, might think it an Injury to the Author's Memory, to commit a Piece to the Press, which remained unfinished and imperfect, and wanted the Author's last Hand at his Death. But though the Piece be imperfect in respect of what the Author designed, yet this particular Tract concerning Spousals, being absolutely finished, and the Subject very delightful and pleasant: And considering that no Englishman (that I know of) has put forth any thing material of this Nature before, and that there is nothing which could be writ by such an Author, specially relating to his own Profession, but what very well deserved to be read, and must be very informing, I thought the publishing of it might be very pardonable, if not obliging and grateful. And 'tis possible that the printing of this Piece, may provoke and engage some ingenious Pen of the same Profession to begin where the Learned Author left off, and happily to finish and perfect, what he lived not to perform.  
Some Persons of Critical Disposition, may perhaps censure our Author, for being oftentimes too elaborate, and spending over much time in resolving Questions, which at the first sight, and even to a mean Capacity may seem very easy and trivial, and in which there can be little or no difficulty, and think that his Style is too prolix and tedious, and that in some places he seems too pedantic, etc. But to this I say, That the Author designed this Treatise, as formerly he had done that of his Wills and Testaments, for the benefit and Instruction of the meaner Sort. If he had writ for Fame and Ostentation, or for Satisfaction of the Learned, and such as were well versed before hand in the Profession, he knew as well as any man, how to have applied himself to them in a more succinct and concise way, and to have talked to them in their own Terms of Art, and such as were proper to the Profession; and this would have been much more easy and less trouble to him; but it would have rendered the Treatise in great measure useless to the generality of People, for whose Benefit he chief intended it. And besides, many Grains of Allowance are to be given him, in respect of the Age in which he writ, which was fuller of Affection, and far less Polite and Accurate than the present. We find Scraps of Latin, much less to the purpose, and much more Pedantry and Affectation used, by a Man of great Fame and Worth in another Profession, who lived many years after our Author, and had many more Advantages of Conversation and Improvement. And I make no question but that the pertinency and closeness of our Author in most places, will sufficiently compensate, and make an Atonement for his Prolixity or Affectation in others.  
The way that he used in quoting his Authority for every Point of Law that he delivered, is fair and candid (however it may seem to some Persons superfluous) and may be of singular use to those that study the Profession, especially to young Practitioners, there being scarce any Question, that can occur, relating to Spousals or Matrimonial Contracts, that is not here ingeniously debated, and judiciously resolved; and then he that desires more ample Satisfaction, is directed how he may consult those Authors, from whence this Judgement was drawn and collected, and where he may find the Matter much more amply discussed, and receive all the Satisfaction he can desire.  
In short, I hope, that Care has been taken in the Impression, that the Piece may do due Service to the Public, and no Injury to the Memory of the Author, and that is all I aim at in the Publication.   

THE CONTENTS.  

§ 1. OF the manifold signification and acceptation of this word Spousals, and whence it is derived. Page 1.  
§ 2. The definition of Spousals. Page 5  
§ 3. The division of Spousals. Page 8  
§ 4. Of the great importance of the first division or distinction of Spousals de futuro and Spousals de praesenti. Page 11  
§ 5. What Persons may Contract Spousals de futuro. Page 15  
§ 6. Of Spousals contracted by Infants. Page 18  
§ 7. Of Spousals contracted by Children betwixt Infancy and ripe Age. Page 24  
§ 8. Divers Questions about Marriages contracted by Children. Page 29  
§ 9 Of ripe or lawful Age for Marriage. Page 45  
§ 10. By what form of words Spousals de futuro are contracted. Page 55  
§ 11. By what form of words Spousals de praesenti (being in Substance Matrimony) are contracted. Page 74  
§ 12. Of the form or manner of contracting Simple and Conditional Contracts, and those also which be referred to a day. Page 109  
§ 13. Of contracting Spousals either betwixt Parties present or absent. Page 154  
§ 14. Of public and private Spousals. Page 193  
§ 15. Of contracting Spousals by Signs. Page 203  
§ 16. Of Spousals confirmed by Oath. Page 213  
§ 17. Of the Effects of Spousals. Page 222  
§ 18. By what means Spousals are dissolved. Page 236    

OF SPOUSALS.  

SECT. I. Of the manifold signification and acceptation of this word Sponsalia, Spousals, and whence it is derived.  
1. ALbeit this word Sponsalia (Englished Spousals) being properly understood, doth only signify Promises of future Marriage 
(a) l. 1. de Sponsal. ff. Panor. & Felin in rub. de Sponsal. ext. Covar. de Spons. prima parte c. 1. nu. 4. in fine. , yet is it not perpetually tied to this only Sense, for sometimes it is stretched to the signification of Love Gifts and Tokens of the Parties betrothed 
(b) L. 1. C. si Nupt. ex rescript pet. l. Deo nobis C. de Epis. & Cler. Covar. d. c. 1. nu. 2. Alciat. pererg. l. 1. c. 2. in fine. ; as Bracelets, Chains, Jewels, and namely the Ring 
(c) Anto. Gubert. Costan. Tract. de Spousal. c. 2. nu. 12. Plin. lib. 33. c 1. ; being often used for the very Arrabo or assured Pledge of a perfect Promise 
(d) Genesis 24. v. 22. c. 38. v. 18. c. nostrates, 30. q. 5. Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte, c. 4. nu. 4. Mascard. Tract. de probat. concl. 100 DD. in c. fin. de despons. impub. extra. : Sometimes it is taken for the Portion of the Goods which is given for and in consideration of the Marriage to be Solemnised 
(e) Lib. 1 Reg. c. 18. v. 25. Covar. Tract. de Spons. prima parte, c. 1. n. 2. ; and sometimes for the Feast or Banquet at the Celebration of the Marriage 
(f) Cicer. lib. 2. Epist. ad Quintum fratrem. Anto. Gubert. Costan. Tract. de Sponsal. c. 2. n. 3. , and of others it is otherwise used 
(g) V Gubert. Covar. & Alciat. ubi supra. .  
2. Our Temporal Lawyers they do usually confound these Terms of Espousals and Marriage, using them promiscuè, or one for another 
(h) Fitz. Abridg. tit. Bastardy. Brooke eodem tit. & passim al● Auteres Angl. plus m●●●e locis, Quamvis communis usus loquendi Franciae, unde leges nostrae municipales jam diu ortae sunt, differentiam faciat inter fiancée & mariée, Rebuff. in l. pronunciat. §. Matres Familias de verb. signif. ff. Id quod Tholosanis (inquit) prodest scire. quip qui lucrantur dotem nutae praemorientes, sed non Sponsae, ita videlicet Statutente eorum Consuetudine, nostris legibus non admodù dissimili. , yet do not they confound the Natures with the Names; for until the Celebration of the Marriage, they do not repute the affianced Couple for one Person, nor deem of their Issue as lawful, nor doth he gain any Propriety in her Goods, nor she any Dower in his Lands by force of the Contract of Matrimony only without Solemnisation 
(i) Perkins tit. Feoffments, fol. 40. v. Rebuff. in l. pronunciatum. §. Matrem familias de verb. sign. ff. referente, Theolosanos' lucrari dotem praemorientes nuptae, sed non Sponsae. Vid. Kirchovium Thesaur. come. op. verb. Sponsus. .  
3. The Civilians, though seldom they use the word Spousals for Matrimony 
(k) l. 1. de Sponsal. ff. & DD. ibidem. , but rather for a preamble or preparation thereunto 
(l) Sichard. in rub. de Sponsal. C. n. 3. Wesemb. in tit. de Spons. ff. Tiraq. in l. 14. de leg. connub. Socin. Jun. cons. 30. vol. 2. nu. 5. , making no less difference betwixt Spousals and Matrimony, than betwixt the Promise and the Performance of the Act 
(m) Doctores in l. si quis Officium. De ritu nupt. ff. & in l. solet. de his qui not. infam. ff. Jo. Frigeus de Sponsal. in fine Inst. quibus (si placeat) velim adhibeas. Theod. Beza, Tract. de divortiis in prin. ; yet both the Civilians and Canonists in favourable Cases generally 
(n) Sichard. in rub. de Sponsal. C. nu. 10. l. non sine C. de bon quae lib. Tiraq. de leg. connub. l. 14. verb. neque. v. Kirkhov. Thesaur. come. op. verb. Sponsus in fin. Anto Gubert. Tract. de Spons. fol. 16, n. 12, 13, 14. , in matters indifferent, often, and sometimes in strict and penal Cases 
(p) Bart. in l. cum Pater ff. de paricid. Soarez Thesaur. come. op. litera S. nu. 158. Julius Clarus §. Adulterium nu. 9 sc. quia eadem ratio in ●●troque casu militet, Rebuff. in l. pronunciatum, §. Matrem Familias ff. de verb. sign. v. And. Gail. pract. obs. lib. 2. obs. 80. , deem of Spousals like as of pure and perfect Matrimony.  
4. The Canonists be somewhat more diligent indeed in the Observation of Terms; for they do not only distinguish between Matrimony and Spousals 
(q) Ut per tot. tit. de Sponsal. & Matrimoniis extra. , but 
(o) Perk. Tract. de test. conjugum, l. 4. c. 11. n. 4. l. Seia. l. cum hic Status §. pen. ff. de donat. inter virum & ux. Pan. in c. 3. de praesumpt. extra in fine & ibi Felin. nu. 4. Summa Silvest. verb. Sponsalia q. 1. in fine.  descending further, they do also discern betwixt one kind of Spousals and another, being the first Inventors of the several Names of Spousals de futuro, and Spousals de praesenti 
(r) c. pen. de Spons. extra Covar. de Sponf. prima parte c. 1. n. 4. Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 18. Q. quot font species. , and yet nevertheless oftentimes they make no difference, or very little, betwixt the Natures and Effects of Spousals de praesenti, and of Matrimony solemnised and consummate 
(s) c. Per tuas. Qui filii sunt legitimi extra. Felin. in rub. de Spons. extra. Gl. in Clem. unic. de Consang Covar. tract. de Spons. prima parte c. 1. n. 2, 3, 4. Hiero. Schurff. inter consil. matrimon. confil. ibidem 24. Imò nihil videntur Sponsalia de praesenti, quàm matrimonium initiatum. Vigel. method. juris Pontif. fol. 792. Add Panor. in rub. de Sponsal. extra. ubi in favorabilibus etiam Sponsa de futuro. .  
5. Thus is this word Spousalia, Sponsals, diversely used, though properly and naturally (as I first showed) it signifieth nothing else but Promises of future Marriage 
(t) Covar. Tract. de Spons. prima parte, c. 1. n. 4. Pan. in Rub. de Spons. extra. Tiraq. de Leg. Connub. l. 14. verb. neque huic. l. oratio ff. de Sponsal. ; and it is derived of the Verb Spondeo, which is to promise 
(u) l. 2. ff. de Sponsal. : and hence it is that the Parties betrothed or affianced (not yet married) are called Sponsus & Sponsa, that is to say, promised, being so called Sponsi, promised 
(x) l. 3. ff. de Sponsal.  rather than Spondentes, or Sponsores, promising or promissors, because in former Ages (as some probably do conjecture) such was the Authority of Parents, and such the Obedience of Children, as the Parents did make Promises of their Child's Marriage, and not the Children themselves 
(y) Alciat. parerg. lib. 1. c. 2. Et spondere dicebatur Pater filiae, despondere autem Pater adolescentis. Teste Brecheo in l. Sponsio ff. de verb. fignif. , who neither could 
(z) Hiero. Franc. in I nuptias de Reg. Jur. ff. n. 11. Alciat ubi supra; quod verum puta, inspecto jure Civili, secus Jure Canon●…o ut infra. , neither would, without their Parents consent, presume to make any kind of Promise concerning Marriage; much less to proceed to the actual Celebration and Consummation of Marriage, without the Parents liking 
(a) De consensu Parentium, v. Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 36. cum seqq. & Melch. Kling Tract. de Caus. Matrimonial. fol. 77. & infra. , being contrary to the wicked Examples of cursed Children in these days, thereby dishonouring their Parents, and breaking the Commandment of the Almighty.  
6. The Verb Spondeo (by the Opinion of Varro 
(b) Lib. 4. de Ling. latin.  and others 
(c) Rebuff. in l. munus, de Verb. Sign. ff. Wesemb. in tit. de Sponsal ff. , is as much as Sponte do, that is, to give freely or without constraint, insinuating thus much, That how great soever the Authority of Parents is in that behalf, yet the Children or Parties promised or espoused, are to give their consent freely and voluntarily; or at least, that they are not to be constrained thereunto against their Wills, by the rigour of covetous Parents 
(d) L. filio familias. l. Sponsalia, de Spon sal. ff. c. cum locum de Sponsal. extra. , or by any other sinister means 
(e) L. non cogitur, ff. de ritu nupt. d. c. cum locum. Et ibi DD. Gail. l. 2. pract. obs. 93. obs. Everard. consil. 19 Jo. Frigeus Tract. de Spons. in fine. Inst. f. 264. ; otherwise the Contract of Spousals or Matrimony, made through fear, is utterly void ipso jure 
(f) c. 1. de Despons. Impuberum, c. cumlocum, etc. cum veniens. el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. l. 1. consil. Matrimonial. consil. ibidem 15. nu. 13. Andr. Gail. Pract. observ. l. 2. observ. 95. Reusner. de Caus. matrimo. qu. 6. Menoch de praesump. l. 3. praesump. 129. & de Arb. Jud. Cas. 138. .  
7. Finally, whereas the word Sponsalia, Spousals, doth want the singular number, we may collect, That the single Promise 
(h) Unde Vocabulum Sponsio de omni stipulatione, premissioneque, etiam nulla interrogatiaene praeviâ univocè praedicatur, L. Sponsio ff. de verb. sign. Et ibi DD. sed dictio Sponsalia proprie sumpta, ad nuptias tantùm refertur, L. 1. ff. de Sponsal.  of either Party alone doth not make Spousals, as in the approaching Definition more fully doth appear.   

SECT. II. The Definition of Spousals.  
1. SPousals are defined after this manner, Sponsalia sunt mutua repromissio futurarum Nuptiarum, ritè inter eos, quibus jure licet, facta 
(a) c. nostrates 30. q. 5. l. 1. de Sponsal. ff. Junctis Wesemb. in eund. tit. nu. 2 & Moraldo. Tract. de Matrim. tit. de. Sponsal. in prin. . Spousals are a mutual Promise of future Marriage, being duly made between those Persons, to whom it is lawful. In which definition I observe three things especially: One, That this Promise must be mutual; Another, That it must be done ritè, duly: The last, By them to whom it is lawful.  
2. First, whereas this Promise is described to be mutual, it proveth that it is not sufficient if either of the Parties alone do promise 
(b) c. si inter. c. tua nos. de Sponsal. c. debitum. de bigamis ca de Sponsa duorum extra. : And therefore if the Man (for Example) say to the Woman, I do promise that I will marry thee: But the Woman doth not make the like Promise to the Man; or contrariwise, the Woman doth promise, but not the Man, this is a lame Contract (having as it were but one Leg) and so not being able to walk upright, is not of any force in Law 
(c) Praeposit. & alii in d. c. si inter. & in c. 1. de Sponsa. duorum extra. l. 1. Consil. Matrimon. consil. ibidem 84. nu. 4. & lib. 2. consil. ibidem 4. n. 1. & consil. 5. nu. 1. in fine. v. addit. ad Hostiens. Sum. in fit. de Sponsal. §. quot sint. : Neither is the silent Party in this Case presumed to consent, unless the consent appear, either by words, or at least by sufficient Conjectures 
(d) Lib. 1. Consil. Matrimon. consil. ibidem 84. nu. 6. Pan in c. tuae de Sponsal. & in c. 1. de Despons. impub. extra. l. 2. consil. Matrimon consil. ibidem 34. n. 34. versic. 3. . As when the Father or Mother do contract Sponsals, or promise Marriage for their Child; for the Child's silence in this Case (being present and hearing the same) is taken for a consent and approbation thereof 
(e) c. 1. §. fin. de Despons. impub. in Sext. juncta gl. ibidem, quod tamen intellige, ut per Felin. post Abb. in c. nun. de praesumpt. extra n. 8. ; though it be otherwise, if any other Person than the Parents take upon him to speak, or answer for the Party; for there the Parties silence doth not prove any consent at all 
(f) Innoc. Archid. Jo. And. & Phil. Franc. in d. §. fin. quorum opinio communis est— teste Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. nu 7. .  
3. Secondly, Whereas this Promise is to be done ritè, duly, we are to consider that this word ritè being strictly understood hath relation only to the Formalities of the Act or Contract 
(g) Bart. in l. 2. de inoff. test. ff. Cardin. in Clem. Testibus. de Testibus Alciat. & Rebuff. in l. haec verba in stipulatione. de verb. sign. ff. ; but being understood in a more ample signification, it comprehendeth whatsoever is included within the compass of the word rectè, namely whatsoever doth respect the Justice and Equity of the matter 
(h) Lucas de Penna in l. si quando de benis vacan. lib. 10. C. Decius in l. lecta. Si certum pet. ff. n. 22. Alciat. in candem l. nu. 27. in fine. . In this definition it seemeth to comprehend both the one and the other, and so this Promise of Marriage must not only be formal, but just and right also 
(i) L. semper de ritu Nupt. ff. .  
4. Concerning the Form, so precise were the ancient Romans in the observation thereof, that they did not for a long time admit any other manner of contracting Spousals, but by stipulation 
(k) L. 2. de Sponsal. ff. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Sponsal. c. 2. ; that is to say, by a certain conception of words consisting of Question and Answer 
(l) Inst. de verb. Oblige. in prin. Spiegel. Lexic. verb. Stipulatio. : For Example, The one Party ask, Wilt thou marry me? The other answering, I will 
(m) Sichard. in Rub. de Spons. C. nu. 9 . Nevertheless, forasmuch as it is the Consent alone of the Parties whereby this Knot is tied, and whereby this Desponsation or Affiance is sufficiently wrought 
(n) L. 4. de Sponsal. ff. c. sufficiat. 27. q. 2. c. cum apud de Sponsal. extra. , being the very Substance (and as it were the Life and Soul) of this Contract 
(o) d. l. 4. de Sponsal. ff. & ibi DD. Summa Host. tit. de Matrimonio §. qualiter paulò post prin. Socin. consil. 28. vol. 1. ; therefore the necessity of observing that former prescript Form of Stipulation was not without just Cause abolished (p), and liberty granted to contract Spousals by whatsoever form of words 
(q) Summa Host. de Sponsal. §. qualiter. Inst. jur. Can. eodem tit. §. 1. quod tamen non sic intelligendum est, ac si interim non licerat, per stipulationem contrahere, Azo. in d. tit. de Sponsal. C. & ibi Sichard. nu. 11. , or by any other means, as Writing, Signs, Tokens, etc. 
(r) Inst. jur. can. tit. de Sponsal. §. 1. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 27.28, etc. Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 18. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. in prin.  whereby this mutual Consent might appear; and so at this present, there is no one Form of Desponsation more lawful than another, but it is sufficient if the Consent of the Parties do appear by any form 
(s) L. suff. cit. ff. de Sponsal. Summa Hostiens. tit de Spons. §. qualiter Sichard. in d. Rub de Spons. C. nu. 11. Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 18. .  
5. Concerning the Justice and Equity of Spousals (if we shall extend this word ritè so far) 
(t) Dec. & Alciat. in l. lecta. Sicert. pet. ff. Lucas de Penna in l. 3. de bon. vacan. C. c. sicut 32. q. 2.  we may learn That seeing the same must be just and right as well as formal, all unjust and wrongful means and causes thereof, as Violence 
(u) c. cum locum, de Sponsal. extra & ibidem communiter DD. & infra. , Threats 
(x) c. requisivit. c. gemma de Spons. extra lib. consil. matrinion. consil. ibidem 46. nu. 2. & consil. 77. nu 25. And. Gail. lib. 2. pract. obs. 93. obs. Reusner. Tract. de cause. matrimon. q. 6. , Fraud 
(y) And: Gail. Praeall. obs. 93. nu. 11. in fine, Reusner. Tract. de Sponsal q. 7. , with such sinister Practices and Errors likewise are excluded.  
6. Thirdly, By these words of the Definition [inter eos, quibus Jure licet, facta] made between those Parties to whom it is lawful, we may easily collect, That it is not lawful for every person to contract Spousals, namely, not for Infants before they be Seven years old 
(a) L. in Sponsal. ff. de Sponsal. c. literas de Despons. Imp. extra. ; nor for any Person prohibited to contract Matrimony 
(b) L. oratione de Spons. ff. c. cum quod de Reg. Jur. in Sext. , as they which be of Kin within the Levitical Degrees 
(c) Stat. Hen. 8. Anno 32. c. 38. , and such as be already married 
(d) L. 2. C. de incest. Nupt. l. eum qui C. de Adult. Cardinal. in c. pen de Spom. extra nu. 4. Palaeot. de Nothis & Spur. c. 6. in prin. lib. 1. Consil. matrimon. consil. ibidem 15. n. 24. , with many Persons more ranged in a more ample Field than is here allowed to conduct them.  
7. There be other words in the Definition, viz. [futurarum Nuptiarum] of future Marriage, in which words both the Matter and the End of the Spousals are comprised. 
(z) c. l. 29. q. l. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 7. Reusner. de Spons. q. 5.  The Matter of Spousals is nothing else but Marriage 
(e) Wesemb. in tit. de Sponsal. ff. nu. 5. : The End, that by Solemnisation of the promised Marriage the Parties betrothed may become perfect Husband and Wife 
(f) Wesemb. eodem loco, n. 7. . Of which Marriage, with the Causes, Effects, and Impediments, because there followeth a several Discourse, I shall not now need to dwell any longer in this definition.   

SECT. III. The division of Spousals.  
1. FIrst and principally Spousals be either de futuro, of that which is to come, or else the praesenti, of that which is present 
(a) c. si inter etc. pen. de Sponsal. extra. : Spousals the futuro are a mutual Promise or Covenant of Marriage to be had afterwards 
(b) Wesemb. in tit. de Spons. ff. Jo. Frigeus Tract. de Spons. in fine. Inst. fol. 272. : As when the Man saith to the Woman, [I will take thee to my Wife] and she then answereth, [I will take thee to my Husband 
(c) c. is qui fidem, c. si inter de Sponsal. extra. Kling. Tract. de Causis Matrimonial. in prin. Schneid. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 18. nu. 5. ]. Spousals de praesenti are a mutual Promise or Contract of present Matrimony 
(d) Wesemb. tit. de Sponsal. ff. Jo. Frigeus. Tract. de Spons. in finc. Inst. fol. 273. ; as when the man doth say to the Woman [I do take thee to my Wife] and she then answereth [I do take thee to my Husband 
(e) c. pen. de Spons. extra, & ibi omnes DD. Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. in prin. ].  
2. But here methinks some man doth pull me by the sleeve, and tell me in my Ear. That this distinction fighteth with the former definition of Spousals, because if Spousals be only futurarum Naptiarum repromissio, a Promise of future Marriage 
(f) l. 1. de Spons. ff. , it cannot abide Spousals de praesenti, being a Covenant of present Matrimony 
(g) Wesemb. tit. de Spons. ff. nu. 3. Kling. Tract. de Causis Matrimon. fol. 6. : And therefore either the definition is insufficient, comprehending only Spousals de futuro, or if it be perfect, it destroyeth this member of Spousals de praesenti 
(h) Huc pertin●t quod Scriptum reliquit. And. Gail. lib. 2. obs. 80. nu. 5. .  
3. To this Objection I answer thus: True it is, that Spousals de praesenti are improperly called Spousals 
(i) Jo. Frigeus. Tract. ● Spons. in fine. ●…st. fol. 274. Pan. & Felin. in Rub. de Spons. extra. & in c. 3. de praesump. , being in nature and substance, rather Matrimony than Spousals 
(k) c. penult. de Spons. extra, c. ex parte. Qui fill. sunt legitimi. & Pan. in d.c. pen. Perk. Tract. de testam. conjugum lib. 4 c. 11. nu. 1 Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 21. nu. 19 Melch. Kling. Tract. de Causis Matrim. fol. 8. Moraldus Tract. de Matrimonio, f. 29. : Nor was this distinction known to the Makers of the Civil Law 
(l) Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 18. Q. Quot species nu. 3. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 1. nu. 4. , nor to Frontonius, who first devised the definition of Spousals above One thousand years ago 
(m) Frontonius l. 1. de Sponsal. ff. Frontonius autem floruit longè ante Justinianum, qui anno post natum Christum, 536. edidit librum Digestorum, in quo extat haec definitio. , but invented since by the Canonists 
(n) Schneid. d. fol. 18. c. pen. de Spons. extra. & ibi Pan. Olden. de Spons. fol.— . And yet nevertheless (if we will be patiented) there is no such enmity or disagreement betwixt that definition, and this distinction, but that they may be reconciled: For this word Nuptiae, Marriages, is not evermore referred to the Substance and indissoluble Knot of Matrimony only 
(o) Spiegel. Lexic. verb. Nupt. l. 1. de ritu Nupt. ff. , but doth often signify the Rites and Ceremonies observed at the Celebration of Matrimony only 
(p) c. nec illud 30. q. 5. Genes. c. 24. v. 66. Imò ut diversa non rare ponuntur Nuptiae & Matrimonium, Wesemb. tit de ritu Nupt. ff. nu. 1. Add Rebuff. in l. pronunciatum. §. Matrem familias, ff. de verb. sign. , which thing being true, then is it not false, that seeing a man may contract present Matrimony, and yet refer the Solemnisation thereof till another time, in respect of this future Solemnisation; The Contract de praesenti may justly be defended and verified to be futurarum Nuptiarum repromissio, a promise of future Marriage 
(q) Panor. & alii in d. c. pen de Sponsal. extra. Palaeot. de Noth. & Spur. c. 5. .  
4. Secondly of Spousals, some be pure and simple, and some conditional 
(r) 'tis de condic. appos. in Despons. Summa Hostiens. eodem tit. Merich. Kling. Tract de cause. Matrimon. fol. 3. & Frigeus. ubi supra. Reusner. de Sponsal. q. 2. . Pure or simple Spousals be they, wherein is no Condition: As, [I take thee to my Wife] [I take thee to my Husband,] &c. 
(s) Frigeus de Sponsal. 〈◊〉 75. Pan. in 〈◊〉 super co. de 〈…〉 ic. appos. extra. Schne. d. Iract. de Nupt. fol. 26. Summa Sylvest. verb. Sponsalia q. 5. . Conditional Spousals are they whereunto some such Quality is annexed, as thereby the validity of the Contract is suspended or stayed; as, [I will marry thee if my Father consent] etc. 
(t) c. super eo. de condic. appos. extra. & ibi Pan. & Praepos. Covar. Tract. de Spons. se cunda parte, c. 3. in prin. Frigeus & Schneid. ubi supra. . Unto which distinction it may be added, that some Spousals be referred to a day; as, [I will marry thee before the first day of May 
(u) c. sicut de. Sponsal extra. & ibi Pan. & alii. ].  
5. Thirdly, Spousals be contracted either betwixt them which be present, or betwixt them that be absent 
(x) Melch. Kling. Tract de causis Matrimon. fol. 1. & 2. Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte c. 4. nu. 8. c. f. nal. de procurat. in sixth. Anto Gubert. Tract. de Spons fol. 24. nu. 18. etc. Summa Sylvest. verb. Sponsalia q. 2 in fine. . Present, I mean, when the one Party is personally subject to the others Sense 
(y) Glos. in Clem. dudum. de Sepul. §. Statuimus. verb. praesentari. . Absent, when the one Party doth neither see, nor hear, nor apprehend the other with any Sense, but are espoused by intercession or mediation of a third person 
(z) Melch. Kling. fol. 2. Sum. Hostiens. tit. de Spons. §. qualiter. .  
6. Fourthly, Spousals be either public or private 
(a) Tit. de Cland. despons. extra. Jo. Frigeus. Tract. de Spons. in fine. Instit. fol. 265. Pan. & Praeposit. in c. cum inhibitio. eodem tit. hic, nu. 5. ille, nu. 6. Reusner. de Sponsal lib. 1. q. 1. . By Public, I do hereby understand such as be contracted before sufficient Witnesses 
(b) Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 22. Jo. Frigeus Traci. de Spons. fol. 265. . By Private or Clandestine Spousals, those which are contracted betwixt the Parties without the presence of Witnesses 
(c) Schneid & Frigeus, ubi supra Sum. Host. tit. de Clandest. despons' §. quor modis, nu. 1. .  
7. Fifthly, Of Spousals, some are contracted by Words, and some by Signs 
(d) Pan. c. tuae. de Spons. extra. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 31. nu. 16. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. part. 2. c. 4. in prin. nu. 1, 2, 3. ; as the giving and receiving a Ring 
(e) c. si quis uxorem despons. 27. q. 2. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Spons. fol 29. Covar. ubi supra Lapus. alleg. 57 Pan. in c. 1. de Sponsa duorum. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 2.  in corroboration of Matrimony.  
8. Finally, Of Spousals, some be sworn and some unsworn; that is to say, some Spousals be confirmed by an Oath 
(f) c. 2. etc. c. requisivit. de Spons. extra. , and some contracted without an Oath 
(g) Kling. Tract. de Caus. Matrim. sol. 3. .   

SECT. iv Of the great importance of the first Division or Distinction betwixt Spousals de futuro and Spousals de praesenti.  
1. WHen we shall view the small difference betwixt those words, whereby Spousals the futuro, or de praesenti 
(a) De quibus (infra) eadem parte §.  are contracted, it cannot but seem strange that from so small difference of Forms, so great diversity of Effects should proceed: For in truth, so very little (very often) is the odds betwixt the Form of words of these two Contracts, that the best Learned are at greatest variance, whether such Words make Spousals de futuro, or de praesenti 
(b) DD. in c. ex literis, etc. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. . Neither is it unknown to the youngest Students in this Faculty, That words of future time do not evermore import Spousals de futuro 
(c) c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Pan. Soarez. Thesaur. Com. op. verb. Matrimonium, nu. 9 ; neither words of present time always Spousals de praesenti 
(d) Veluti, si duo impuberes Matrimonium per verba de praesenti contraxerint, c. de illis etc. fin. de despons. impub. extra. Pan. in c. à nobis. tit. Praeall. nu. 2. & Praepos. nu. 4. c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. & ibidem Geminianus & Francus, Add dec. in l. Nuptias de Reg. Jur. ff. . Again, That some words are so untoward, that it is a question whether they make any kind of Spousals at all 
(e) Praepos. in c. ex literis de Spons. nu. 4. & 5. Covar. Tract. de Spons. s●●…nda parte, c. 4. §. 1. nu. 6. & 7. Sum. Angelica. verb Matrimonium q. 2. nu. 13. Praepos. in d. c. ex parte, nu. 8. & infra eadem parte. ; and contrariwise, some words so flexible, that they may easily be stretched to make, either th'one, or th'other 
(f) Summa Hostiens. tit. de Matrimonio. §. qualiter. Vivius Thesaur. come. op. verb. Matrimonium. . And finally, that some have utterly condemned this great diversity, which others do admit betwixt [I will] and [I do] 
(g) Martinus Lutherus, Libel. de cause. Matrimon. Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 19 Jo. Frigeus de Sponsal. fol. 274. in fine. Instit. lib. 2. Consil. Matrimonial. consil. 1. , as captious, and the Mother of many Quarrels; the rather, for that the ruder sort, not being able to discern the force of Terms, are either snared or entrapped themselves, or deceived of that they verily expected of others 
(h) Schneid. post. Luther. ubi supra. & Jo. Frigeus fol. 274. lib. 2. Consil. Matrimon. confil. ibidem. 1. .  
2. But yet for all this, lest this distinction betwixt Spousals de futuro, and Spousals de praesenti (most commonly received throughout all Christendom, and which all the Consistories in England do still retain) might, in any man's opinion, seem to be of no less importance, than it is, or not so much regarded as it ought, I thought it convenient,  I did proceed any further, to deliver some different Effects of importance betwixt these two kinds of Spousals, to remove this erroneous Conceit: Understand therefore, that that man and that woman, which do contract Spousals de futuro, as [I will take thee to my Wife; I will take thee to my Husband] are not very Husband and Wife 
(i) c. requisivit c. si inter de Spons. extra. Pan: & Felin. in rub. de Spons. extra. quibus (si placeat) adjungas. Theod. Bez. Tract. de divorc. in prin. post. Lateranense consilium part. 6. c. , neither so reputed in Law 
(k) l. in eo Jure §. hoc caput. ff. de ritu Nupt. l. solet. §. ult. ff. de his qui not. infam. c. 2. requisivit de Sponsal. extra. , except in certain Cases hereafter expressed 
(l) Infra eadem parte §. 17. , which excepted, they may by mutual agreement dissolve those Spousals, and safely match themselves elsewhere 
(m) c. 2. de Spousal. extra. etc. requisivit eodem. Summa Host. tit. de Spons. §. ult. vers. Item 3. ; or if but th'one of them alone shall renounce, and thereupon adventure indeed to marry otherwise, or to contract Spousals de praesenti with some other Person, in these Cases, by the Laws Civil 
(n) l. 1. de Sponsal. C.  and Ecclesiastical 
(o) c. sicut. c. si inter. de Spons. extra. , this Marriage or Contract de praesenti shall stand firm and lawful, notwithstanding that Precontract of Spousals de futuro: The reason is, because, like as when a man doth promise, that he will sell his Land, the Land is not there by sold in deed, but promised to be sold afterwards 
(p) Gl. in l. ementis C. de contrahend. empt. Jas. & alii in l. servi electione de Legat. 1. ff. ; so whiles the Parties do promise only, that they will take, or will marry; they do not thereby presently take or marry 
(q) Melch. Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimon. fol. 1. Pan. & alii in c. ex literis el. 1. de Spons. extra. : But deferring the accomplishment of that promise, until another time, the Knot in the mean time is not so surely tied, but that it may be loosed, whiles the matter is in suspense and unperfect 
(r) c. praeterea c. requisivit de Spons. extra. . But that woman, and that man, which have contracted Spousals de praesenti; as, [I do take thee to my Wife] and [I do take thee to my Husband] cannot by any Agreement dissolve those Spousals, but are reputed for very Husband and Wife in respect of the Substance, and indissoluble Knot of Matrimony 
(s) c. Conjux. c. cum initiatur 27. q. 2. Morald. Tract. de Matrim. fol. 29. Melch. Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrim. fol. 7. in fine. Pan. in c. cum locum. de Sponsal. extra, nu. 3. Hiero. Schurpf. lib. 2. consil. Matrimon. consil. ibidem 24. nu. 2. Schneid-Tract. de Nuptiis. fol. 18. n 4. ; and therefore if either of them should in fact proceed to solemnize Matrimony with any other person, consummating the same by Carnal Copulation, and Procreation of Children: This Matrimony is to be dissolved as unlawful 
(t) c. si inter. de Spons. extra. & ibidem Card n. Praepos. & Pan. Kirkhovius Thesaur. come. op. verb. Matrimonium. , the Parties marrying to be punished as Adulterers 
(u) c. 2. de Sponsa duorum, & ibi DD. , and their Issue in danger of Bastardy 
(x) Host. Summa tit. de clandest. despons. §. quam penam, nu. 2. verb. nunquid Innoc. in c. cum Inhibitio eodem. tit. nu. 4, & Cardin. ibidem in fine & infra. .  
3. The reason is, because here is no Promise of any future Act, but a present and perfect Consent 
(y) Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 18. nu. 5. & 6. & fol. 21. nu. 19 , the which alone maketh Matrimony 
(z) L. sufficit ff. de Sponsal. c. sufficiat 27. q. 2. c. cum apud Sedem. de Spons. extra. , without either Public Solemnisation 
(a) c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. c. nec illud 30. q. 5. l. Si donationum C. de Nupt. lib. 1. consil. matrim. fol. 273. nu. 1. & 2. Hiero. Schurpf. l. 2. consil. Matrim. consil. ibidem 24. nu. 4.  or Carnal Copulation 
(b) L. Nuptias de Reg. Jur. ff. Morald. Tract. de Matrimonio fol. 29. versic. Sponsalia. Reusner. lib. 1. de cause. Matrimon. q. 2. nu. 35, 36, & 37. Panor. in c. cum locum. de Sponsal. extra. nu. 3. & Apostilla ibidem litera E. ; for neither is the one, nor the other of the Essence of Matrimony, but Consent only 
(c) d. c. nec illud, & Praeall. l. Nuptias. And. Gail. lib. 2. observ. pract. obs. 80. nu. 4. Palaeotus de Nothis & Spuriis, c. 5. Hiero. Schurpf. inter consil. Matrimon. vol. 2. consil. ibidem 24. nu. 2, 3, 4. Pan. in c. cum locum. de Sponsal. nu. 3. cum addit. ibidem litera E. : Such a Wife was the blessed Virgin Mary 
(d) c. beata Maria. c. quod autem. c. priusque, c. inventa 27. q. 2. Ex authoritate Augustini, Gregorii, Chrysostomi, & Origenis. , that is to say, betrothed to Joseph, but neither solemnly married with him, nor secretly known by him, at the Conception of Christ 
(f) Praeall. c. beata Maria. c. quod autem. c. priusque, etc. inventa 27. q. 2. Hen. Smith. de praeparat. matrim. fol. 2. qui refert Christum quidem conceptum fuisse post Sponsalia, natum autem post celebratum Matrimonium, ut utrumque statum, nempe Virginitatis & Conjugij commendaret. ; and yet nevertheless termed Wife in the Holy Scriptures 
(g) Matth. c. 1. vers. 20. : For as well the Sacred Scriptures 
(h) Deuter. c. 22. vers. 23, 24. Kling. Tract. de. cause. Matrim. fol. 8. Schneid. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 22. , as the Civil 
(i) l. si Sponsa. de Jure. dot. l. ex Julia. de fundo dotali. ff.  and Ecclesiastical Laws 
(k) c. institutum, c. conjux 27. q. 2. Panor. in rub. de Sponsal extra. , do usually give to Women betrothed only, or affianced, the Name and Title of Wife, because in truth the man and woman, thus perfectly assured, by words of present time, are Husband and Wife before God and his Church 
(l) c. cum initiatur 27. q. 2. Everard. consil. 11. c. cum apud. de Sponsal. extra. Praeposit. in c. cum Inhibitio. de clandestine. despons. extra. in fine. Palaeotus de Nothis & Spur. c. 5. Melch. Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrim. fol. 8. Schneid. fol. 18. nu. 4. & fol. 22. nu. 19 Pan. in c. pen. de Spons. extra. nu. 2. Hiero. Schurpf. inter consil. Matrimon. vol. 2. consil. ibidem 24. nu. 2. Morald. Tract. de Matrimonio, fol. 29. .  
4. Worthily therefore was that Branch of the Statute of noble King Henry the Eighth 
(m) Anno 32. c. 38 , establishing, [That Marriages contracted and solemnised in the Face of the Church, and consummate with bodily knowledge, or 
(e) Matth. c. 1. versic. 18. Luc. c. 1. vers. 27. desponsata quidem sed per verba de praesenti, Gl. in d. c. inventa.  fruit of Child or Children, should be judged and taken for lawful and indissoluble, notwithstanding any Precontract of Matrimony, not yet consummate with bodily knowledge, etc.] worthily, I say, and upon good ground was this Branch of that Statute (established by the Father) repealed and made void by his gracious Son King Edward the Sixth 
(n) Anno 2. c. 23. , for Spousals de praesenti, though not consummate, be in truth and substance very Matrimony 
(o) l. Nuptias de Reg. Jur. ff. lib. 1. consil. Matrimon. consil. ibidem 5. nu. 2. Reusner. lib. 1. de cause. Matrimon. q. 2. nu. 9, 10. & nu. 35, 36, & 37. , and therefore perpetually indissoluble 
(p) c. fi inter. de Sponsal. c. 1. de Sponsa duorum extra. , except for Adultery 
(q) c. Praecepit Dominus 32. q. 5. c. quemadmodum. De Jure jur. extra. : Although by the Common Laws of this Realm (like as it is in France and other places) Spousals not only de futuro, but also the praesenti be destitute of many legal Effects wherewith Marriage solemnised doth abound, whether we respect legitimation of Issue, alteration of property in her Goods, or right of Dower in the Husband's Lands.   

SECT. V What Persons may contract Spousals de futuro.  
1. SInce it appeareth that the distinction betwixt Spousals de futuro and de praesenti, is not an idle distinction, or to little purpose, but of very great use, and no less importance, we are now to descend somewhat lower, and to prosecute either kind of Spousals severally and particularly.  
2. Wherefore beginning with Spousals de futuro, let us examine first, What Persons may contract Spousals de futuro 
(a) Infra eadem §. & Paragraphis seqq. : Next by what Form of words this kind of Spousals is contracted 
(b) Infra eadem parte. § 10. : Thirdly, what are the Effects thereof 
(c) Infra eadem parte, §. 17. : And fourthly, by what means the same may be dissolved 
(d) Infra eadem parte, §. 18. .  
3. Concerning the Persons I find two Rules, the one Affirmative, the other Negative: The Affirmative Rule is this, What Persons soever may contract Matrimony, the same Person may contract Spousals de futuro 
(e) Ho●●…ens Summa tit. de Spons. §. quis possit. Sichard. in Rub. de Spons. C. nu. 15. Summa Sylvestrina. verb. Sponsalia. q. 2. . But every Person which hath discretion to consent, and therewithal to perform the duty of Marriage, may contract Matrimony 
(f) Summa Hostiens. tit. de Matrim. quis possit. , if otherwise he be not prohibited 
(g) Hostiens. ubi supra. ; and therefore every such Person may lawfully contract Spousals: which Rule is very reasonable, being put affirmatively, because to whom that is lawful which is great, that which is less, is much more lawful: Now it is a greater matter to contract Matrimony than Spousals, for by lawful Marriage the Knot is made for ever indissoluble 
(i) Quod Deus conjunxit homo nè separet. Marc. c. 10. vers. 9 ; but Spousals are many ways subject to overthrow and dissolution 
(k) Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrim. fol. 5. Praepos. in c. de illis de Spons. extra. in fine. lib. 1. consil. Matrim. consil. ibidem 15. nu. 11. . Marriage was ordained of God in Paradise 
(l) Genes. c. 2. vers. 21, 22, 23, 24. , Spousals long after by Man 
(m) Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Spons. fol. 7. nu. 4. Exod. c. 22. v. 16. Deut. c. 22. vers. 28. : By Marriage the Man and the Woman are made one Flesh 
(n) Genes. c. 2. in fine. Epist. ad Ephes. c. 5. vers. 31. , so are they not by only Spousals 
(o) c. Institutum 27. q. 32. . To be short, Marriage is that great Mystery representing that Spiritual Marriage betwixt Christ and his Church 
(p) Epist. ad Ephes. c. 5.32. ; but Spousals are utterly destitute of this mystical Effect 
(q) c. Institutum 2●. q. 2. Praepos. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum, nu. 1. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Spons. fol. 43. : And therefore since Marriage is greater than Spousals, it followeth by a sound Argument à majori ad minus 
(r) Everard, & Olden. Loco a Maj. ad minus. , That those 
(h) c. cui de Reg. Jur. in Sexr.  Persons which may contract Matrimony, may also contract Spousals.  
4. The Rule Negative is, That whosoever is prohibited to contract Matrimony, the same Person is also prohibited to contract Spousals 
(s) l. Oratio de Spons. ff. & ibi Bald. & alii. ; because where the End is forbidden, there the Means also, whereby the End may be achieved, is prohibited 
(t) c. cum quod de Reg. Jur. in Sext. Bart. in d. l. Oratio. ; which Reason might be illuminated with sundry Examples 
(u) Din. Phil. Franc. & Perk. in d. c. cum quod. ; but for that this Negative Rule hath sundry apparent Fallacies 
(x) Sichard. in rub. de Spons. C. nu. 15, 16. etc. Addit. ad Bart. in l. Oratio de Spons. ff. , I will not strive to make it seem infallible, let this one suffice, namely, That Children cannot contract Matrimony 
(y) l. minorem ff. de ritu nuptiarum, c puberes. etc. de illis de despons. impuberum extra. vivius lib. 2. consil. matrim. fol. 209. col. 1. , and yet may contract Spousals de futuro 
(z) c. à nobis de despons. impuber. extra. etc. fin. ibidem. Anto. Gubert. tract. de sponsal. fol. 21. nu. 7. . And now because indeed this is the chief and principal Exception of this Rule, I think it here convenient to entreat of the Age wherein Spousals de futuro may be contracted.   

SECT. VI Of Spousals contracted by Infants.  
1. THere be three Ages considerable in this Matter of Spousals 
(a) Host. Sum. tit. de despons. impub. §. quis dicatur. : The first is Infancy 
(b) c. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. & Host. ubi supra. : The second is the Age between Infancy and ripe Age 
(c) eodem c. §. 1. & Host. ubi supra. , (which, if it please you, we will call Childhood): The third is ripe Age 
(d) eodem c. §. ult. & Host. ubi supra. .  
2. Concerning the first Age, this Rule is delivered both by the Civil 
(e) l. in Sponsal. & l. 2. de Sponsal. ff.  and Canon Laws 
(f) c. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. , That Infants cannot contract any kind of Spousals: Upon which Conclusion, divers, as well Ampliations as Limitations, do attend 
(g) ut infra hoc ipso §. . But before they be admitted into presence, it shall not be unprofitable to examine what Persons be accounted Infants.  
3. By Infants therefore, if we respect the Nature of the word, are understood those Younglings and Babes which as yet cannot speak 
(h) Calepin. verb. infans. Jas. in l. 1. ff. de Verb. Oblige. nu. 22. Menoch. de Arb Jud. lib. 2. cas. 57 nu. 8. , for so this Substantive [Infans] an Infant, doth import 
(i) Menoch. de Arb. Jud lib. 2. cas. 57 nu. 17. Jas. ubi supra. , being compounded of in and fando 
(k) Veluti inutilis, infoelix, incertus, Calepin. Diction. Verb. In. , of not speaking, the Preposition (in) standing for [non]; in which Sense the Roman Poet doth use it, writing Infandum Regina jubes renovare dolorem; for non fandum, or ineffabilem dolorem 
(m) Virgil. lib. 2. Aeneid. in prin. Siquidem vix dici potest quantus sit viro forti dolor se victum confiteri. Servius & Donatus in illo loco. .  
4. Our Temporal Lawyers no less significantly than usually, do call them Infants which have not attained yet to the Age of One and twenty years 
(n) Dr. & Stud. lib. 1. c. 21. lib. 2. c. 28. Terms of Law. We bo Garden. Brooke Abridgement. t●t. Coverture. pl●ribus locis. , because until that time they are as it were Tonguetied, being unable to speak, at least effectually; and though they speak naturally, yet do not the Laws understand, or acknowledge their words to be of any force, either for Alienations or other Contracts, more than if they were young Infants, naturally destitute both of Speech and Judgement 
(o) Dr. & Stud. nbi supra cui add Spiegel. Lexic. verb. Infans. .  
5. In Germany 
(p) Spiegel. Lexic. verb. Infans , Spain. 
(q) Extravag. 1 Jo. 22. tit. de Judaeis. & ibi Gloss. verb. Infans Rebuff. in l liberorum, §. final. de Verb. Sign. , and other Countries 
(r) viz. apud Judaeos, teste Hiero. in c 20. Genes. & apud Gallos', teste Rebuff in d. l. liberorum, in fine. , he that is Heir, though otherwise he be of lawful years, and how old soever, yet so long as he yet liveth, to whom he is Heir (as the Son during the Father's Life, or the younger Brother during the Life of the Elder) is usually called Insant 
(s) Spiegel. Lexic. verb. Infans. & Rebuff. ubi supra. , because he hath no power to meddle with the Inheritance, the Laws having set a Lock before his Lips, so that he is not to speak in these Affairs, the Care and Amdinistration whereof is yet in another Person 
(t) ibidem. .  
6. We read also that Servants or Bondslaves are sometimes called Infants 
(u) Spiegel. Lexic. verb. Infans. : And in other places this word [Infans] hath other significations, and is attributed not to Men alone, but to Beasts also 
(x) Calepin. Lexic. verb. Infans. .  
7. In the Civil 
(y) l. Infans. ff. ad l. Cornel. l. 1. C. de fals. monet. l. si Infanti C. de jure deliberand. l. in Sponsalibus, el. 2. ff. de Sponsal.  and Ecclesiastical 
(z) Prooem. lib. 6. decreral. & gl. ibidem verb. perfectus  Laws,. by Infants (most commonly) are understood those Children which have not as yet accomplished the Age of Seven years; and so is the word accepted in this place 
(a) l. in Sponsalibus, el. 2. de Spons. ff. c. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. .  
8. Wherefore to return to the right Path of our purposed Journey, where it is delivered, That Infants cannot contract Spousals; it is understood of those Children which be under the Age of Seven years 
(b) c. Juvenis. de Sponsal. c. ad literas de despons impub. extra. etc. 1. eodem tit. lib. 6. & ibi DD. : They therefore which are not Seven years old cannot contract Spousals; which Conclusion hath so much the more Reason, by how much these young Infants want Reason and Judgement to judge of these Affairs 
(c) l. i C. de fals. monet. l. Infans. ff. ad l. Corneliam de Sicar. , being fitly compared to them which are asleep 
(d) Clem. de homicide. & ibidem DD. ; who albeit they speak many things, or do something in their sleep, yet do they not perceive what they say or do, nor sleeping yield their consent thereto 
(e) d. Clem. Zaf. in l. possessio §. adipiscantur in fin. de acquir. poss. ff. .  
9 The Ampliations and Limitations of which Rule are these: First, albeit the one Party be above the Age of Seven years, yet the other Party being under Seven years, the contract of Spousals betwixt those two, is of so small force, that if the Party which is of full Age, do contract Matrimony with a third Person, though that third Person be near of Kin to the Infant, the Marriage is good, notwithstanding the former Contract 
(f) c. literas. c. accessit. de despon. impub. gl. in c. Juvenis. de Sponsal. extra, & ibi Panor. Praepos. & alii. .  
10. Secondly, Albeit the Infants have attained to the Seventh year of their several Ages, yet are those Spousals void 
(g) d.c. literas, cum c. seq. Anto. Gubert. tract. de Sponsal. fol. 19 nu. 1. ; for it is requisite that they have wholly and fully accomplished the Seventh year when they do contract Spousals; at least, saving for two or three days 
(h) Pan. in d. c. literas nu. 3. Praepos. nu. 2. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 2. nu. 2. Henr. Boic: in c. accessit, & in c. attestationes. de despons. impub. extra. .  
11. Thirdly, Spousals contracted during Infancy are utterly void, whether the Infants themselves, or their Parents for them, do make the Contract 
(i) c. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. & ibidem Domin. nu. 2. in prin. .  
12. Fourthly, Albeit both the Infants after the Contract do attain to a great number of years, yet the Spousals contracted during their Infancy are not thereby confirmed 
(k) Praeall. c. unic de despons. impub. & gl. lib. 6. etc. literas de despons. extra. , without other proof of mutual Confirmation 
(l) eodem c. in prin. Covar. tract. de Sponsal prima parte, c. 2. in fin. .  
13. Fifthly, The Contract made during Infancy is void, whether the Contract were celebrated by words of present time, as [I do take thee, etc.] or by words of future time, as [I will take thee, etc.] 
(m) Jo. And. in c. unic. de despons. impub. in Sext. ; for as Infants cannot contract Spousals, so they cannot Matrimony 
(n) c. ubi etc. puberes de despons. imp. extra cum Similibus, & Pan. in d. c. ubi. , because they which cannot do the lesser, cannot do the greater 
(o) Peckius in c. cui licet de Reg. Jur. in Scat. Everard. loco à minori. .  
14. The Limitations are these; First when the Infants, after they have accomplished their several Ages of Seven years, do either by express word ratify 
(p) c. 1. de despons. impub. in Sexto in prin.  and confirm the Contract made during their Infancy, or by other words of like importance, as by calling and naming each other Husband and Wife 
(q) gl. in d. c. 1. ; for by the reason of this new consent the Contract (otherwise void) is become of no less force than if they had new made a new Contract 
(r) Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 20. nu. 3. .  
15. The second Limitation is when as by Deeds only they do approve and confirm the Contract made during their Infancies 
(s) c. unic. de Sponsal. lib. 6. in prin. Covar. tract. de Spons. prima parte c. 2 in fine. , as if they lie together, embrace, or kiss each other, or give and receive Gifts and Tokens either of them, to or from the other, after both their Ages of Seven years; for by Deeds the former Spousals are confirmed, as well as by Words 
(u) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 2. in fine, & glos. ubi supra. pro c. dilecti etc. ut nostram. de App. extra. .  
16. The third Limitation (like unto the second) is, when the Infants, after the accomplishment of their said several Ages, do mutually cohabit or dwell together 
(x) c. unic. de despons. impub. in princ. lib. 6. , and are not ignorant of the Contract made betwixt 
(t) Glos. in d c. unic. ibi, vel facto quam sequitur Domini. & Phil. Perus. Baptist. Thesaur. come. op. verb. Sponsalia nu. 92. Licet Hostiens in diversam eat Sententiam.  them, during their Infancy; for otherwise they do not ratify that which they know not 
(y) Dominic. & Phil. Franc. in d. c. .  
17. The fourth Limitation is, when two contract Spousals, of whom the one is more than Seven years old, the other near Seven years 
(z) c Juvenis de Sponsal. extra. , suppose six and a half 
(a) Jo And. Host. Praepos. & alii communiter in d. c Juvenis. ; if these Persons ever, during the Infancy of the younger Party, do either lie together 
(b) Host. d. c Juvenis & ibi Praepos. verb. tertius Intelle●●●s. , or cohabit together 
(c) Card & Panor. in d. c. Ju venis & ibi Praepos. verb. quartus Intellectus. , by occasion whereof it remaineth doubtful, whether they have essayed to know each other; in this Case the Contract hath like effect as if the Parties had both accomplished the Age of Seven years 
(d) d. c. Juvenis & ibi DD. .  
18. The fifth Limitation is, when the Infants which do contract Spousals are of that Wit and Discretion, that albeit they have not as yet accomplished the full Age of Seven years, yet doth their supraordinary Understanding fully supply that small defect of Age, which thing is not rare in these days, wherein Children become sooner ripe, and do conceive more quickly than in former Ages 
(e) Damhouder. pract. Criminal. c. 84. nu. 5. : Wherefore in this Case, by that Opinion which savoureth more of Equity 
(f) Dom Anto. in d. c. Juvenis & ibi Pan. in fin. , and which (as I take it) is more commonly received 
(g) Sum. Hostiens. tit. de Spons. §. qualis sit effectus. verb. effectus est Cardinal. Dom. Anto. in c. Juvenis de Spons. extra. & ibi Praepos. versic. primus Intellectus. Summa Sylvest. de Sponsal. q. 2. Covar. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 2. nu. 1. quorum opinio communis est, ut ex eisdem Author. patet. , this Contract is not void, but of equal force as if these Infants had out-grown their Infancy when they were Espoused. I confess this Opinion hath many and mighty Adversaries 
(h) Panor. in d. c. Juvenis, Socin. Sen. cons. 3. vol. 1. gl. in Inst. Juris Can. tit. de Sponsal. §. non tamen verb. minores. , affirming confidently, That it cannot be proved by Law, that Infants may contract Spousals before the end of Seven years, though otherwise their Prudence did supply the want of Age 
(i) Panor. in d. c. Juvenis in fin. . But yet for all this, considering that by the very Text of the Law, not only (after the accomplishment of those numbers of years, severally prescribed to the Man and Woman for Marriage, he or she may lawfully contract Matrimony, but also before those years, in case their natural Abilities supply the want of Age 
(k) c. puberes c. de illis. de despons. Impub. extra. & ibi DD. Kling. tract. de cause. matrim. fol. 15. Guber. Costan. tract. de matr. fol. 66. nu. 15, 16, etc. , that is, suffice to perform the Duty of Marriage 
(l) Panor. in c. de illis. el. 2. nu. 3. Kling & Costan. ubi supra. , then à fortiori (by all reason) may those Persons contract Spousals, whose Prudence doth supply the other want of Age 
(m) Praepos. & communiter DD. in d. c. Juvenis. Covar. tract. de Spons. prima parte, c. 2. Summa Sylvest. tit. de Sponsal. q. 2. , both because Spousals are more easily dissolved than Matrimony 
(n) Schneid. tract. de nupt. fol. Melch. Kling. tract. de cause. matrim. fol. 6. Summa Hostiens. de Sponsal. §. ult. , in case of the Parties disliking, as also because consent alone is of the Substance of Spousals, without that natural Ability requisite in Marriage 
(o) l. sufficit. de Sponsal ff Sum. Sylvest. tit. de Sponsal. q. 2. : Hence it is that the Laws make no difference betwixt their Ages who do contract Spousals, namely, because consent alone is sufficient 
(q) Ant. Gubert. tract. de Sponsal. fol. 21. n. 6. Faber. & Angel. in §. 1. Inst. de nupt. ; whereas in the Contract of Marriages there is regard had, not only of the Parties Judgement and Understanding, but also of the natural Ability of their Bodies 
(r) c. puberes, c. de illis. cum Similibus de despons. impub. extra. , as a thing very necessary in that behalf 
(s) DD. in d. c. puberes. etc. de illis. Covar. de Spons. prima parte, c. 2. .  
19 Here may be demanded, What if two Infants contracting Spousals by words of present time, do not only confirm the same after that they have overpassed their Infancy, but also after they be come to lawful years of Marriage, whether is this Contract to be adjudged more Spousals or Matrimony? In this Question the Writers do vary 
(t) Jo. Andr. Archid. Phil. Franc. & alii. in c. 1. §. 1. de despons. impub. l. 6. Decis. Rotae. 463. , and it dependeth of other Points to be examined before we can conveniently come to the Solution, which cannot be here handled without confusion; but as soon as opportunity serveth it shall be satisfied.   

SECT. VII. Of Spousals contracted by Children betwixt Infancy and ripe Age.  
1. THe second Age to be regarded in Persons contracting Spousals is Childhood, which Age how far it reacheth is needful to be known: Children therefore, in respect of their Age, are so termed of some, until they be twice Seven years old 
(a) Aristot. Histor. Animal. lib. 5. c. 14. Macrobius. de quo Alciat. in l. pueri de Verb. Sign. ff. Anto. Gubert. tract. de matr. fol. 67. ; of some till they be thrice Seven years old, that is One and twenty 
(b) Tract. de repub. Angl. lib. 3. c. 5. & Alciat. post Macrob. ubi supra. , sometimes Children are so called until they be of the Age of Two and twenty years 
(c) l. 1. § Pueri ff. de postulando, Servius Tullus Rex Rom. de quo Aul. Gel. lib. 10. c. 28. , sometimes until they be of the Age of Eighteen 
(d) l. mella. ff. de alimen. leg. , sometimes nutil they be Twenty 
(e) Rebuff. in l. Pueri de Verb. Sign. ff. versic. quintò non tenentur. , and sometimes till they be Five and twenty 
(f) tit. de minor. vigint. quinque ann. ff. l. impuberibus, de acquir. hered. ff. & ibi gl. secundo Intellectum. , according to the variety of the subjected Matter and Meaning of the Author 
(g) Alciatus Rebuff. & Bracheus in l. Pueri ff. de Verb. Sign. . In the holy Scriptures we read, Puer centum annorum morietur 
(h) Esaias c. 65. vers. 20. ; that is, a Child of an hundred years shall die, if we translate it after the Letter.  
2. By Children in this place, I understand them which have exceeded their Infancy, but have not as yet attained to that Age wherein nature (by the Providence of God) bestoweth Corporal Ability of performing the Act of Generation 
(i) c. Puberes. de despons. impub. extra. & DD. ibidem. ; these Children the Laws Civil and Ecclesiastical, do call Impuberes 
(k) Alciat. in I. Pueri. de Verb. Sign. ff. Spiegel. Lexic. verb. Impuberes. & verb. Pueri. Instit. quibus. mod. Tutel. sin. § 1. , as it were young Plants, without Buds or Blossoms, being the outward Signs of inward Vigour 
(l) Unde pubescere, id est, lanuginem circa pudenda emittere. Praepos. & alii in d. c. puberes. , and they are also called Pueri, as some conjecture quasi puri 
(m) Alciat. in d. L. Pueri. ff. de Verb. Sign. Spiegel. Lexic. verb. Pueri. , that is, pure, or as Virgin's clean from Carnal Pollution: But whether Pueri have their denomination à puritate, I will not contend: I remember Brechaeus jesting at this Etymology, affirmeth, That by the same Reason we might say purus quasi purus aer 
(n) Brech. in d. L. Pueri in principio. ; but let the names go, and come we to the thing itself, Pueritia, Childhood is the Age betwixt Infancy and ripe Age fit for Marriage 
(o) Hostiens. Summa Tit. de despons. impub. §. quis dicatur Impubes & DD. in d. c. puberes. .  
3. During this Age Children cannot contract Matrimony or Spousals de praesenti, but only de futuro 
(p) c. de illis el. 1. & DD. ibidem. Summa Hostiens. Tit. de despons. impub. § & quae Sponsalia. Hen. Boic. in c. puberes de despons. impub. extra. , which excellent Conclusion is not only adorned with sundry Limitations of Importance, but enriched with many profitable Questions.  
4. The first Limitation is pro bono pacis, for the good or benefit of Peace 
(q) c. ubi de despons. impub. extra. , and therefore if two Princes, after long or cruel Wars, concluding a friendly Peace, do for more assured confirmation thereof match their Children in Marriage, this Marriage the Laws do tolerate as lawful, being made upon such urgent Cause, though otherwise for divers wants the same were unlawful 
(r) d. c. ubi & ibidem DD. .  
5. The second Limitation is Quando malitia supplet aetatem, that is, when natural Ability to pay the Marriage Debt doth supply the want of Age 
(s) c. de illis el. 2. de despons. impub. extra, latiùs infra. , for so this word malitia doth signify in this place 
(t) Al. in Praeal. c. nu. 3. Archid. in c. unic. de despons. impub. in Sext. Kling. Tract. de cause. matrimonial. fol. 15. Gubertus Costan. Tract. de matrimon. fol. 76. nu. 50. : But wherefore it doth so signify, I cannot, as yet, perfectly apprehend, no more than wherefore our Temporal Lawyers use this word [mulier] (which doth signify a woman which is not a Virgin) for one that is Legitimate, or that is not a Bastard 
(u) Terms of Law. verb. Mulier. ; it sufficeth we know the meaning, which is, That albeit the Laws do not presume any Man or Woman to be able to perform the Act of Generation, until a certain number of years (hereafter described) be accomplished 
(x) Instit. quib. mod. Tutel. fin. §. 1. l. minorem de ritu nup. ff. Gubert. Costan. Tract. de matrimon. fol. 66. nu. 15. Summa Hostiens. Tit. de despons. impub. §. quis dicatur. nu. 1. Henric. Boic. in c. puberes. codem Tit. : Nevertheless if it do appear, that in the mean time, and before the expiration of those years, they are able to perform the Act aforesaid, than it is lawful for them to contract Spousals de praesenti, or to marry 
(y) c. puberes c. de illis el. 2. c. à nobis. de despons. impub. extra. Hostiens. Summa tit. de despons. impub. §. quis dicatur. Panor. & Praepositus in d. c. puberes. .  
6. Thirdly, Albeit Children cannot contract Spousals de praesenti so effectually, that the same shall enjoy the very force and virtue proper thereunto, yet observing the form of Spousals de praesenti in their Contract, as [I do take thee to my Husband, I do take thee to my Wife, etc.] this Contract is not utterly void, but by the Interpretation of Law, obtaineth the force of Spousals de futuro 
(z) c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. : Divers (I deny not) of the Ancient Lawyers were of a contrary Opinion for a long time 
(a) Viu. in c. à nobis. de despons. impub. & alii de quibus Hen. Foic. cod. c. & Hostiens. Summa Tit de despons. impub. §. & quae Sponsalia. Bart. in L. prima §. Si quis ita; de verb. Obl. ff. nu. 2. , holding, That if by these words the Parties did intent to contract Matrimony, than the Contract was utterly void, not having any force either of Matrimony or of Spousals 
(b) gloss. post. Alan. in d. c. à nobis & disputat. Hen. Poic. eod. c. : Not of Matrimony, because if they would, they could not make any such Contract 
(c) gloss. in d. c. à nobis. & in c. unic. §. 1. verb. Matrimonrum. : Not of Spousals, because albeit they might, yet they did not intent to make any such Contract 
(d) Gloss. ubi supra & resert Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. parte 1. c. 3. nu. 2. quem vide. : And so either because they could not, or would not, the Contract did not prevail at all, either as Matrimony, or as Spousals; howbeit in the end this Opinion was dashed by later Laws made for that purpose, whereby it was and is established, That if two Children do contract Spousals by words of present time, intending also thereby to contract Matrimony, yet this Contract shall prevail as Spousals de futuro 
(e) Text. in c unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. Hen. Boic. in d. c. à nobis extra eod. tit. & Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte c. 3. nu. 2. ; and so it is if one of the Parties be of ripe Age, the other not 
(f) d.c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. .  
7. Fourthly, By what means Spousals contracted during Infancy, and therefore void at the beginning, are notwithstanding afterwards made strong and confirmed, namely by mutual Cohabitation, by Kiss, by Embrace, by giving and receiving of Gifts and Tokens, &c. 
(g) Praeal. c. in princ. & ibi gloss. Dominic. & Franc. & alii. , or by Words, expressing the continuance and perseverance of the mutual Consent; as by calling each other Husband and Wife 
(h) d. gloss. : By the same means practised, after the Parties be of ripe Age, fit for Marriage, are those Spousals by them contracted in their Minority by words of present time (being then Spousals de futuro by interpretation of Law only) resolved or turned into Matrimony 
(i) Abb. in c. fin. de Sponsal. extra. Lib. 1. confil. matrim. confil. ibidem 17. nu. 6, 7. Gloss. & DD. in c. 1. §. 1. de despons. impub. Lib. 6. Paris. consil. 51. & consil. 62. vel 4. Soarez. Thesaur. come. opin. verb. Sponsalia. nu. 163. & ibi Baptista à Villalob verb. Sponsalia, nu. 91. & est communis opinio, licet eam aegrè ferant, Covar. prima parte de Spons. c. 4. §. 2. nu. 4. & Molin. in addic. ad consil. Dec. 368. quos videas. , from that time enjoying the same Properties and Effects belonging to Spousals de praesenti, contracted betwixt Persons of full and perfect Age 
(k) Dec. consil. 368. & clariùs Paris. d. cons. 51. vol. 4. nu. 11. Card. in c. de illis. el. 1. de despons. impub. extra. nu. 1. , unless the Parties, after they be come to perfect Age, do first descent, and so dissolve the Contract before they consent 
(l) Henr. Boic. in c. Attestationes de despons. Impub. extra. versic. Item fallit, Menoch. de praesump. libr. 3. praesumpt. 2. nu. 26. : As for their dislent before they come to perfect Age, it hindereth not the exchange or passage of the Contract from Spousals (so termed by interpretation of Law) to Matrimony, by any the means aforesaid 
(m) c. de illis el. 1. de despons. impub. in princ. & ibi gloss. verb. ullatenus, & Card. in princ. de c. & in fin. etc. à nobis eod. tit. & ibi Panor. nu. 2. . Howbeit this is to be diligently noted in this place, That Spousals de futuro properly so called, those I mean which are contracted by words of future time, (as I will take thee, etc.) do not pass from Spousals to Matrimony by any the means aforesaid, or by any other Act, other than by the very Act of Carnal Knowledge of the Parties so betrothed 
(n) c. fin. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. & DD. Dominic. & Franc. in c. unic. de Sponsal. §. 1. lib. 6. Henr. Boic. in c. Attestationes de despons. Imp. extra. Dec. cons. 368. Paris. consil. 51. nu. 8. lib. 4. & Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte. c. 4. §. 2. nu. 2. : So that the endeavour to perform the Act is not sufficient in this Case 
(o) d. c. fin. de Sponsal. extra. & ibidem DD. maxim Panor. & Praepos. ibidem lib. 1. consil. matrim. consil. ibidem 86. nu. 23, 24. , which in the other Case is alone sufficient without accomplishment of the Act 
(p) c. Attestationes & ibi Praepos. & Henr. Boic. de despons. impub. extra. Idem Praepos. in c. fin. de Sponsal. nu. 3. & Cardinal. nu. 2. cod. c. fin. .  
8. Fifthly, By the Laws of this Realm (as I take it) if a Woman, during her Minority, be married to a Man seized of Lands or Tenements in Fee-simple, or Fee tail, by Purchase or Descent, she shall be endowed of the third part of such Lands and Tenements, so that she have accomplished the Age of nine years at her Husband's death 
(q) Fitzherbert Na. Br. fol. 149. l. Littleton. Tit. Dower. in prin. Kitchen fol. (mihi) 160, 161. .   

SECT. VIII. Divers Questions about Marriages or Spousals contracted by Children.  
1. THE Questions which I speak of, and which are now to be propounded, are of divers sorts 
(a) Vide Summam Hostiens. Tit. de despons. impub. §. fin. & Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. & 5.  by occasion of the divers Circumstances (whereby the Case, and consequently the Law is altered) incident to this Matter; for sometimes the Parties, which are betrothed are both under Age., and sometimes th'one of them in Minority, and th'other of ripe and perfect Age: Wherefore we will first handle such Questions as belong to the first Case, than those which belong to the second Case, and thirdly those Questions which belong to both Cases.  
2. First, When the Parties betrothed are both of them Children at the time of the Contract, than this Question may be demanded, Whether that Party which first cometh to lawful Age, may then descent, or must stay and expect till the other Party likewise come to lawful years 
(b) de hac Q. DD. in c. de illis. el. 1. de despons. impub. extra. Covar. de Spons. prima parte, c. 5. §. fin. : Many are of this Opinion, That he or she who first cometh to ripe Age, must stay until the other Party attain to ripe Age also, and cannot in the mean time descent; or dissenting or disclaiming in Deed, yet this disclaimer is not to be heard, nor this dissent regarded, the other Party yet standing in Minority 
(c) Gloss. in d.c. de illis & Summar. ibi dem in medio, Schneidwin. tract. de nuptiis. fol. 32. nu. 13. Consil. matrim. lib. 1. consil. ibidem 14. n. 3. . Others are of a contrary Judgement, affirming, That it is not only lawful for that Party, who first cometh to lawful Age, to descent 
(d) Panor. Boic. & Praepos. in d. c. de illis, el. 1. Hostiens. Summa Tit. de despons. impub. §. fin. versic. si verò impubes quorum opinio communis est. Teste Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. §. 1. nu. 2. , but also that it is necessary so to do 
(e) Hostiens. Boic. & Praepos. ubi supra, & haec opinio communis est ejusdem Covar. testimonio, loco quo supra. , even so soon as he or she shall first reach unto this lawful Age, or incontinently after 
(f) Henric. Boic. in d. c. de illis el. 2. de despons. impub. ; otherwise he or she, by not dissenting, shall be deemed to have ratified the former Contract, at the least for his or her own part, and to have referred the matter to the power and election of the other Party to confirm or infirm the same 
(g) Summa Hostiens. Tit. de despens. impub. §. in fin. versic. Sed si alter. Henr. Boic. in d. c. de illis. versic. unde quando. Praepos. eodem c. nu. 1. verse. & ideo. . And this Opinion, namely, That the Party who first cometh to lawful Age may then descent, is embraced of the most part, as the truer Opinion 
(h) Teste Covar. in Tract. suo de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. §. 1. nu. 2. Summa Silvestrin. Tit. de Sponsal. q. 3. in fin. . The Reason in my Conceit is very plain; for seeing it is granted by them which hold the former Opinion, That even that Party which first cometh to lawful Age may then descent, when the younger Party cometh to the same Age 
(i) Gloss. in c. de illis el. 1. de despons. impub. extra. verb. minoris aetat. ibi Tu. dic. ; in vain then, and to no purpose is this expectation, whereof there is no effect 
(k) Panor. Boic. Hostiens. & Praepos. in d. c. de illis 1. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. §. 1. nu. 2. Summa Silvestr. verb. Sponsal. q. 3. in fin. .  
3. This Conclusion therefore, That the Party which first cometh to lawful Age may descent during the others Minority is extended, and doth proceed, albeit the Contract were made by words of present time, or the Marriage solemnised in the face of the Church 
(l) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. §. 1. in prin. post. Praepos. & alios in c. de illis el. 1. de despons. impub. extra. : But in these Cases following this Conclusion is limited, namely, when after the Contract or Marriage the Parties know each other Carnally; for than though both the Parties should descent, the Contract or Marriage consummate cannot be dissolved 
(m) Henric. Boic. in c. Attestationes de despons. impub. extra. versic. aut per tacitum, etc. Panor. in c. à nobis. eod. Tit. in sin Piaepos. in d. c. Attestationes nu. 5 Schneidwin. tract. de nuptiis, fol. 32. n. 13. in fin. ; or if the Party, being near full Age, and of discretion to understand the nature and peril of an Oath, did swear to perform the Contract 
(n) c. ex literis el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. & DD. quorum opinio communiter est recepta referente Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. §. 1. n. 3. quem videas de hac re copiose disserentem in utramque partem. ; or if the Party which first came to ripe Age did not by and by, but a good space after disclaim 
(o) Henr. Boic. in c. de illis el. 1. de despons. impub. extra. versic. aut quilibet. Praepos. in c. Attestationes eod. tit. nu. 4. , in those Cases also the elder is to expect until the younger come to ripe Age, nor is to be licenced to marry elsewhere in the mean time 
(p) Hostiens. Summa. Tit. de despons. impub. §. in fin. versic. sed si alter. Boic. & Covar. ubi supra. .  
4. The second Question concerning the first Case, (namely, when both the Parties betrothed are under Age) shall be this, What if the Parties during their Minority dissent, yet immediately after they be come to lawful years, do both of them express their mutual Consent by Conjectures only (as by Kiss, Embrace, Gifts, etc.) afterwards the one of them alone dissenteth, and marrieth a third Person, and doth consummate the same by Carnal Knowledge; Whether is this Marriage good in Law?  
5. To this Question thus, If the former Contract were made by words of Future time (as, I will take thee, etc.) then the Marriage is good 
(q) c. 1. de matr. contr. interdict. Ecclesiae, & ibi Panor.  albeit not consummate 
(r) d.c. 1. de matr. contr. interdict. Ecclesiae, in quo nulla fuit mentio copulae, sed nuptiarum tantum cum tertio, Add C. pen. de Sponsal. extra. & DD. ibidem. ; the reason is this, more is not confirmed than was at the first contracted 
(s) Baleus in l. 3. C. si adversus rem judicat. in fin. , that is Spousals de faturo properly so called, both because in form of words, and in the intent of the Parties they were so. But Spousals de futuro, albeit contracted by them of full Age, are taken away by Spousals de praesenti 
(u) c. sicut c. penult. de Sponsal. extra. & DD. ibidem. . And therefore in our Case the Marriage is good, notwithstanding 
(t) Paris. consil. 51. vol. 4. Dec. consil. 468. Gem. & Franc. in c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6.  the Spousals contracted in Minority, and confirmed afterwards 
(x) c. 1. de matr. contr. interdict. Ecclesiae, & ibi DD. Corset. sing. verb. matrim. 178. Abb. & Praepos. ibidem Paris. consil. 62. vol. 4. . And this I take to be true, albeit the former Spousals had been confirmed by giving and receiving a Ring 
(y) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. §. 2. nu. 2. DD. in c. fin. de despons. impub. extra. .  
6. But if the former Contract were made by words of present time (as, I do take thee, etc.) then the Marriage, albeit consummate, is not good 
(z) c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. & ibidem Gem. & Phil. Franc. & alii. Soarez. Thesaur. come. Op. verb. Sponsalia nu. 163. Card. in c. de illis el. 1. de despons. impub. extra & clariùs pro Paris. consil. 51. vol. 4. quod videas. . The Reason is, because this former Contract being in truth Matrimony, if we regard either the form of words, or intent of the Parties 
(a) Gem. Franc. Anchor. & Jo. Andr. in c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. Paris. ubi supra. & Phil. Dec. consil. 168.  and Spousals only by interpretation of Law 
(b) DD. in d. §. 1. , because of the instant defect of perfect Consent, which perfect Consent in due time once had, and the same mutually expressed, and so the former Contract thereby confirmed and ratified, is of no less force or efficacy than is the Contract of Spousals de praesenti, made betwixt Persons of perfect Age 
(c) Paris. & Dec. ubi supra. & DD. in d. c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. , which cannot be dissolved by a second Marriage consummate with Carnal Knowledge, and Procreation of Children 
(d) c. si inter. & ibi Panor. Card. & alii. de Sponsal. extra. quorum opinio est communis, Teste Kirkhovio. Thesaur. come. op. verb. Matrimonium. . As for the first Circumstance of this Instance, namely, The dissent of the Parties betrothed during their Minorities, it is not of any value 
(e) Henr. Boic. in. c. Attestationes. de despons. impub. extra. Summam Hostiens. Tit. de despons. impub. §. fin. versic. Sed pro Deo. : The Reason is, because of the inconstancy and mutability of Children; for to day they will, to morrow they will not; the third day they will, and they will not, and so every day, In Dock out Nettle, until they come to years of discretion 
(f) Summa Hostiens. Tit. de despons. impub. §. fin. versic. Sed pro Deo. ; and therefore worthily in the mean season are their unstable and doubtful dissents not regarded. By the Solution of this second Question we may the better aim at the Answer to a third Question proposed  while about Infants, viz.  
7. If two Infants do contract Spousals by words of present time, confirming the same by divers Conjectures, not only after they have exceeded their Infancy, but also after they have attained to full and perfect Age, Whether this Contract ought to be judged as Spousals de futuro, or de praesenti 
(g) Hostiens. ubi infra Arg. l. cum non solum §. filiis, & §. ubi autem, C. de Boni. quae lib. L. dubium C. de repub. Sed quid si malitia supplet aetatem? videtur adhuc etiam nihil operari dissensum vel consensum. Covar. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. §. 2. nu. 4. versic. haec tamen post. Ruin. consil. 203. vol. 1. Boic. in c. puberes de despons. impub. : For though by the Common Opinion this Contract thus confirmed is become very Matrimony 
(h) Archid. in c. ult. 30. q. 2. Dominic. & Phil. Franc. in d.c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. Decis. Rot. 462. Covar. in tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. §. fin. in fin. ubi refert hanc op. esse come. : Yet is it certain that divers of great Authority do hold the contrary 
(i) Jo. Andr. in d.c. unic. §. 1. Henric. Boic. in c. Attestationes. de despons. impub. extra. col. pen. Collector. decis. Rot. in nov. 462. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. §. 2. in fin. Menoch. de praesump. Lib. 3. praesump. prima. nu. 66. , grounding their Assertion upon this Reason especially, Because the Text of the Law, whereby it is provided, That Spousals may become Matrimony by other Signs and Conjectures than by Carnal Knowledge, doth speak in these terms only, where the Spousals are contracted by those Children which have passed their Infancy 
(k) Text. in d. c. unic. de despons. impub. in Sext. §. 1. & ibi Jo. Andr. , and which are not void at the beginning, as are the Spousals contracted by Infants 
(l) l. in Sponsal. ff. de Sponsal. d. c. unic. in princ. & DD. ibidem. ; and therefore, that it were absurd 
(m) Henr. Boic. in c. attestat. de despons. impub. extra. col. penul. versic. Aut per aliud.  to extend the matter from Spousals, which are something, to Spousals which are not any thing. Howbeit the common Opinion (besides that it is of more authority, and tending to the favour of Matrimony) ought therefore to be preferred 
(n) Vide Coras. Tract. de communi opinion lib. 3. cas. 20. , it is neither absurd nor destitute of reason; for seeing the Act confirmatory, is not otherwise to be understood, than according to the nature of the words of the Act confirmed 
(o) Bald. in l. 3. C. si adversus rem judic. in fin. Dominic. post Anto. in c. unic. §. 1. despons. impub. & Phil. Franc. ibidem. , the words being de praesenti, the Contract confirmed is to be adjudged accordingly, that is, as Spousals de praesenti 
(p) Gem. & Phil. Franc. ubi supra. .  
8. When the Case is such, That one of the Parties betrothed is of full Age, the other in Minority, than this Question may be demanded, Whether that Party which is of full Age ought to expect until the other come to full Age likewise? or if the elder will not stay, but marry a third Person during the minority of the younger, Whether is this Marriage good, yea or no?  
9 There is no question, but that the Party which is of full Age ought to stay, being so commanded by the very Text of the Law, and prohibited to marry elsewhere 
(q) c. de illis el. 1. §. mulier autem. de despons. impub. Summa Hostiens. 'tis de despons. impub. §. fin. in princ. Schneidwin. Tract. de nuptiis, fol. 32. nu. 14. . But, if contrary to this Prohibition, the same Party do adventure in deed to marry a third Person, during the minority of the other Party, by the Opinion of the most and best Learned in the Laws Ecclesiastical, this Marriage now done is good 
(r) Hostiens. Summa. Tit. de despons. impub. §. fin. col. pen. versic. quid. si pubes. decis. Rot. 450. in Nou. Schnedwin. Tract. de nuptiis, fol. 32. nu. 14. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. §. 2. nu. 7. Praepos. in c. de illis el. 1. nu. 4. de despons. impub. , for multa prohibentur fieri quae tamen facta convalescunt 
(s) c. nec illud. 30. q. 5. decis. Rot. 450. , many things are forbidden to be done, which notwithstanding being done, are available in Law.  
10. And this Conclusion proceedeth not only when the former Contract is made by words of fu●u●e time (as, I will take thee, etc.) but also when it is made by words of present time (as, I do take thee, etc.) 
(t) decis. Rot. 450. & Praepos. in c. de illis el. 1. nu. 4. de despons. impub. referens hanc opinionem esse communem.  the Reason is, because this Contract which is made by words of present time betwixt two Parties, whereof the one is of full and perfect Age, the other but a Child, is understood to be mere Spousals in respect of both Parties, and not Matrimony in respect of the elder, and Spousals in respect of the younger 
(u) c. fin. de desponsal. impub. extra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. c. 5. §. 2. nu. 5. versic. hinc constat. decis. Rot. 450. Praepos. in d. c. de illis el. 1. ubi dicit hanc esse conclusicnem auream. . The reason of this reason is, because such is the nature of Matrimonial Contracts, as it always requireth a mutual and equal harmony or agreement betwixt either party; neither can abide to halt or suffer that the one Party be tied, and the other at liberty 
(x) Hostiens. Summa de despons. impub. §. fin. versic. quid si pubes. ; like as it is in Correlatives, whereof the one cannot consist without the other. And therefore it is no more possible that this Contract should be Matrimony in the one Party, and Spousals in the other Party, than it is possible for a man to be a Husband without a Wife, or for a Woman to be a Wife without a Husband 
(y) Hostiens. ubi supra. : Indeed the elder party, which marrieth against the Prohibition of the Law, is punishable 
(z) c. 1. de matr. contr. interred. Eccles. Henr. Boic. in c. praeterea de Sponsal. extra ubi distinguit. , but the Marriage past, is not now revocable by the former Contract, having no greater force than Spousals de futuro 
(a) Praepos. in c. de illis el. 1. de despons. impub. nu. 4. decis. Rot. 450. DD. in c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. .  
11. The second Question belonging to this second Case shall be this, Two Persons contract Spousals by words of present time, the one of them only then being of sufficient Age, the younger afterwards coming to years of consent doth ratify and confirm the Contract, but the elder than dissenteth and marrieth a third Person, Whether is this Marriage good, yea or nay?  
12. Some incline to this Opinion, That the Marriage is not good 
(b) Summa Silvestr. verb. Matrimon. 5. q. 8. Gosadin. cons. 2. nu. 11.27, 28. , supposing that it is not in the power of the Party, which was of full Age at the time of the Contract, to disavow the same Contract at any time after; but that it is in the Election of the younger Party only to consent or descent, as soon as he or she shall attain to lawful Age 
(c) Silvester. & Gosadin. ubi supra. : Like as in other Covenants and Bargains, where if one of lawful Age make a Contract or Bargain with another during his Nonage, this Contract is good against the Person of full Age 
(d) Instit. Tit. de authoritate Tut. in princ. , to whose folly it is imputed, that he would enter into Covenants, or become bound to one under Age 
(e) L. qui cum alio. de Reg. Jur. ff. & ibi DD. , but not against the Minor, who may better his Estate, but not make it worse by any Bonds or Covenants 
(f) Instit. de authoritate Tut. in princ. C. de contrahend. & committend. stipulat. L. neque, & L. 1. C. author. praestand. . Others notwithstanding are of a contrary Judgement 
(g) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, in fin. per c. 1. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. decis. Rotae 150. Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 32. , esteeming that the former Contract of Spousals can never be resolved, or changed into Matrimony, otherwise than by a new and mutual Consent of either Party, expressed by Word, or insinuated by Deed, after they are both of lawful Age 
(h) c. 1. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. & ibi Gem. Franc. & alii. : And that in the mean time, and until this new Consent of both the Parties be expressed, the former Contract is not of any greater force or efficacy than Spousals de futuro 
(i) c. fin. de Sponsal. extra. Praepos. in c. de illis el. 1. de despons. impub. extra. & ibi Henr. Boic. & alii. , and therefore unable to impugn a second Contract of Marriage 
(k) c. penul. de Sponsal. extra. Decis. Rot. 450. Covar. Tract. de Spons. prima parte, in fin. quem velim. videas. : And this Opinion, in my conceit, is the truer, and more agreeable to the Text 
(l) c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. & Covar. ubi supra. Co. Inst. fol. 79. b. .  
13. The other Questions common to both Cases (that is, in case both the Parties be under Age, or in case the one of them only) are these, viz.  
Whether the Parties contracting Matrimony in Minority are presumed to consent and to ratify the same, if so be, when they, or either of them, attain to years of consent, they do not expressly descent from or disclaim the former Contract?  
Item, By what Signs or Conjectures this Consent is proved?  
Item, Before whom, and at what time the Parties are to disclaim, in case they, or either of them, do dislike of the former Contract?  
14. For the first Question, it may seem, That unless the Parties do expressly descent, they are presumed to consent, and thereby to confirm the Marriage contracted during Minority; for it is a Rule of the Law, Qui voluntatem mutatam dicit, hoc probare debet 
(m) Lenim qui. ff. de probac. Mascard. Tract. de probac. concl. 14, 16. , whoso affirmeth one's mind to be changed, must prove the same: Howbeit the contrary is rather to be established in this place, namely, That this Consent is not hereby presumed, by reason of another more special Text, speaking in the terms of our Question, which saith, Nisi per Carnis Copulam vel aliquem modum aliunn eosdem contrahentes, cum ejusdem perseverantiâ voluntate, ad pubertatis tempora pervenisse, constiterit & evidenter, Matrimonium (quod, ut Matrimonium, non tenuit aetate prohibente) per lapsum dicti temporis non convalescit 
(n) c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. ; unless it shall appear evidently by Carnal Knowledge, or some other means, that the same Persons contracting do come to ripe Age with continuance of the same Will, the Matrimony (which held not as Matrimony, young Age prohibiting) is not made forcible by Lapse of the time: Wherefore seeing the Law doth specially require an evident proof of continuance of good Will, or Consent, by Carnal Knowledge, or other means, the general presumption of perseverance, grounded in the former Rule, is not sufficient in this Case 
(o) Nam ubi lex requirit aliquid probari quod alias praesumitur, non acquiescit illi simplici juris praesumptioni. Arg. L. pen. ff. de Var. & extraord. cogni. Menoch. de praesump. Lib. 5. c. 1. nu. 36. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. §. 2. nu. 4. versic. secundo Matrimonio. Gem. in c. 1. §. ●. de despons. impub. in Sext. not. 4. .  
15. Others concerning this Question make a difference, Whether the Parties do cohabit or dwell together, yea or no 
(p) Summa Hostiens. Tit. de despons. impub. §. ult. versic. Quid si pubes. gloss. in c. literas. de despons. impub. extra. gloss. in c. ubi. 30. q. 2. ? If they dwell together in one House, than it is needful that they express their dissents, otherwise by this their Cohabitation they are presumed to yield their mutual Consents, and to ratify and confirm 
(q) c. ad id quod de Sponsal. c. Insuper. Qui matr. accus. poss. c. significavit. de eo qui duxit in ux. quam. pell. & ibi DD. lib. 1. consil. matrim. cons. ibidem. 53. nu. 7. L. minorem. ff. de. ritu nup. , which Conclusion is enlarged diversely.  
16. First, Whether the House be his or hers, or any others 
(r) Phil. Franc. in c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. , by this the mutual Cohabitation in any of them, this Consent is presumed 
(s) Gem. & Franc. in d. §. 1. .  
17. Secondly, Albeit either of the Parties, during their Minority, were constrained by fear to marry, (by reason whereof the same was utterly void) 
(t) c. cum locum. de Sponsal. extra. & infra. , yet by Cohabitation after years of Consent, this fear is purged, and the Marriage confirmed 
(u) c. Insuper. Qui matr. accus. poss. c. ad id quod. de Sponsal. extra Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 6. .  
18. Thirdly, Albeit the Parties did not cohabit together by the space of a year or more, but for some few Months or Days 
(x) Immo vel unius Diei spontanea Cohabitatio purgat metum inquit, Praepos. in c. ad id quod. de Sponsal. extra. nu. 3. Crederem tamen, ipso Judicis arbitrio relinqui, quantum temporis sufficiat ad purgandum metum. Henr. Boic. in c. cum locum. de Sponsal. extra. & Panor. in d. c. ad id quod. nu. 4. , after their coming to lawful Age, yet by this short Cohabitation as Man and Wife, they are presumed to yield their Consent, and to confirm the former Contract 
(y) Hostiens. Panor. & Praepos. in d.c. ad id quod de Sponsal. extra. & Cardinal. ibidem, ubi distinguit inter matrimonium metu contractum & matrimonium inter impuberes celebratum. : And albeit in the Text there be mention of Cohabitation by the space of a year and a half 
(z) Text. in d. c. ad id quod. , yet this certain time is set down, not because there is any Mystery of Law thereby signified, but because it did so fall out in the Fact there described 
(a) Panor. & Praepos. eod. c. ad id quod. .  
19 Howbeit it is not perpetual, that the Parties betrothed or married, dwelling together after their Minority expired, are thereby presumed to yield their mutual Consents: For if this Cohabitation be coacted, not voluntary, it worketh no such presumption 
(b) c. insuper. Qui matr. accuss. poss. extra. ; or if this Cohabitation continue divers years, yet if the disliking Party have not the opportunity of safe Escape, belike it doth not make any such presumption of Consent against the Party thus straight kept 
(c) Gloss. in d. c. Insuper. Everard. consil. 19 quod etiam extat in lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem. 4. nu. 34. Mascard. Tract. de probac. concl. 1054. nu. 30, 34. , expressing his or her dissent from time to time 
(d) d. c. Insuper & ibidem gloss. , and proving the impediment, albeit also the Party were carnally known 
(e) Gloss. & DD. in d. c. Insuper. .  
20. If the Parties betrothed or married, do not cohabit or dwell together, than I suppose that this Consent is not presumed by lapse of time only, albeit the Parties do not expressly descent 
(f) Hostiens. Summa Tit. de defpons. impub. §. fin. versic. quid si pubes. c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. Covar. Tract. de Spons. prima parte, c. 4. §. 2. n. 3. versic. secundum Matrimonium. , and therefore that it must be proved by the Party which affirmeth it, not by the Party which denieth it 
(g) l. 2. ff. de probac. ; I mean of such a Consent, whereby the former Contract, having the form of Spousals de praesenti, contracted by Children (and therefore by interpretation of Law Spousals de futuro) are resolved into Matrimony 
(h) d. c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. . As for that Consent whereby the former Contract shall still prevail as mere Spousals, that was presumed from the beginning, and is still presumed to continue, albeit the Parties dwell not together, but far asunder 
(i) c. ex literis. el. 2. de Sponsal. extra Boic. in c. de illis. el. 1. de despons. impub. col. 2. Boic. in d. c. , unless they, as soon as they attain to lawful years, do express their dissent, and do disclaim from the former Contract 
(k) Boic. in d. c. de illis. & in c. Attestationes. de despons. impub. .  
21. Concerning the second Question, namely, by what Signs or Conjectures this aforesaid Consent is proved, whereby the Marriage contracted during the Minority of both the Parties, or of the one of them, is confirmed.  
I said a little before 
(l) supra §. 7. paulo ante finem. , That by what means Spousals contracted during infancy, are afterwards confirmed, when the Parties cease to be Infants; by the same means is the Marriage confirmed which was contracted during Minority, after the Parties come to years of discretion 
(m) gloss. in c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. & ibi Gem. & Franc. Abbas in c. fin. de Sponsal. extra. quam opinionem communiter receptam aiunt, Paris. cons. 51. & cons. 52. vol. 4. Baptista à Vallalob & Soarez. Thesaur. come. opinio. verb. Sponsalia. ille; nu. 91. hic; nu. 163. lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 17. nu. 6, 7. Dec. consil. 368. . Which Conclusion, many (I confess) do deny to be simply true; namely, concerning those not so strong Conjectures, viz. of Kiss, Embrace, giving and receiving of Tokens, the saluting or naming of each other by the Names or Titles of Husband and Wife, etc. 
(n) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. §. 4. nu. 4. Carol. Molin. in addic. ad Dec. consil. 368.  whereby Spousals contracted by Infants are afterwards confirmed 
(o) gloss. & DD. in c. unic. de Sponsal. lib. 6. in princ. . In which Controversy, whether Opinion ought rather to be received, we may the better discern, if we shall first view the Reafons and Authorities of either Party.  
22. This in the mean time is without Controversy, That if the Parties, after they be come to lawful years, being then free from former Contracts, do by plain and direct words, without fear or fraud, express their mutual Consents; as if they say [We do ratify and confirm the Marriage contracted betwixt us, etc.] the Marriage (which before was no more but Spousals de futuro, in construction of Law) is now made true and undoubted Matrimony 
(p) Henric. Boic. in c. Attestationes. de desponsal. impub. extra. col. 2. versic. Ant. per expressum. Summam Silvestr. verb. Matrimonium 5. q. 8. . This also is without Controversy, That if the Parties willingly, or of their own accord know each other carnally, the Marriage before contracted in their Minority, is from henceforth of no less force in Law, than if the same were now again contracted by words of the present time, during their lawful Ages 
(q) c. insuper. qui matr. accus. poss. & ibi Panor. & Praepos. Henr. Boic. in d. c. Attestationes. . By voluntary Cohabitation likewise, 
(r) c. ad id quod. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi gloss. & DD.  (as I have before declared) and by Subarration, or giving and receiving of Rings 
(s) gloss. Panor. & Praepos. in c. fin. de despons. impub. & in c. Tenor. de Reg. Jud. extra. , (as hereafter shall be showed) 
(t) infra §. 15. , is this former Contract, having but the form of Marriage, endued with the virtue and very nature of true substantial Matrimony 
(u) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. §. 2. nu. 4. verse. Ego. Praepos. in c. fin. de dedespons. impub. extra. nu. 4. in fin. Paris. consil. 51. nu. 1. vol. 4. : And generally by whatsoever means Spousals de futuro, contracted by them of perfect Age, are resolved into Matrimony 
(x) Covar. ubi supra Henr. Poic. in c. Attestat. de desponsal. impub. extra. col. pen. : The Reason is, because if there be any means of such power and virtue, as thereby those Spousals de futuro (which have neither form of Matrimony, nor intention of the Parties when they were first made) are distilled into Matrimony, much more easily by the strength and operation of the same means, are those Spousals converted into Matrimony, which both by form and intention of the Parties were Matrimony from the beginning 
(y) Henr. Boic. in d. c. Attestationes. .  
23. Wherefore concerning these proofs, wherein there is not any Controversy, I will not enter into any further discourse, but return to those other more feeble Conjectures of Kiss, Embrace, giving and receiving of Tokens, etc. which divers do reject, as altogether insufficient in this behalf, admitting no other Conjectures herein, but such as are evident and urgent, and equivalent to the presumption of Carnal Copulation 
(z) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. §. 2. nu. 4. Molin. in apostle. ad Dec. consil. 468. . Their Reasons are,  
First, Because the very Text (as we heard) requireth that this Consent, whereby Spousals are turned into Matrimony, do appear evidentèr, evidently 
(a) Text. in c. unic. §. 1. de desponsal. impub. extra. .  
Secondly, Forasmuch as to contract Matrimony is a matter of far greater prejudice than to contract or confirm Spousals, therefore the presumptions ought to be so much the stronger to prove this Matrimonial Consent, by how much the prejudice is greater that doth depend and may ensue of Matrimony, than of Spousals 
(b) Covar. & Molin. ubi. supra. .  
Thirdly, Because these Amorous Actions of Kiss and Embrace, Gifts, etc. are often practised as Preambles and Allurements rather to accomplish the accomplishment of unlawful Lusts, and to quench the Flames of Youthful Desires, than to tie the indissoluble Knot of chaste Wedlock, or to undergo the perpetual Burden of so weighty a Charge 
(c) vide Mascard. de probac. .  
24. Howbeit those, or whatsoever other Reasons not unprobable, nor lightly to be esteemed, to the contrary notwithstanding, the affirmative Sentence, viz. That these former Conjectures are sufficient, is most commonly received, both of the ancient 
(d) Gloss. in c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. & ibi Jo. And. Auch. & Gemin. Panor. in c. ult. de despons. impub. extra.  and later Writers 
(e) Paris. cons. 51. vol. 4. dec. cons. 468. Mascard. de probat. concl. 1032. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 1. nu. 64. Baptista. & Soarez. Thesaur. come. opin. verb Sponsal. , as the more safe Opinion in this conjectural State 
(f) Hanc epinionem communem & secundum eam judicandum, pluribus fretus testimoniis, ostendit. Mascard. Tract. de probac. conclus. 1032. nu. 1. & 2. , because it is more safe to judge for Matrimony than against Matrimony 
(g) c. fin. de Reg. Jud. c. per tuas. de condic. appos. extra. , and less danger to join them that are not Man and Wife, than to separate them which are Man and Wife 
(h) d. c. per tuas. & ibi gloss. & DD. . And so the Law not prescribing any certain Conjectures, but allowing any other means, as well as Carnal Knowledge, for proof of this Consent, or perseverance of former good Will 
(i) Text. inc. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. l. 6. , it was thought most reasonable, of the most part, to admit those Signs, or those Conjectures, for testimony thereof, which are most commonly used in this Case by those Persons which faithfully intent to become Husband and Wife 
(k) DD. in d.c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. Mascard. Tract. de probac. concl. 1032. ; amongst which Signs and Conjectures, are there any more frequent than Kiss, Embrace, Gifts, & c? If none more usual, Then what reason to reject them as insufficient?  
Because the Law requireth an evident proof, be it so; but lawful Conjectures are an evident proof, and so allowed by the Law 
(l) Barto. & alii, in L. licet Imperator ff. de Leg. 1. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 1. q. 45. ubi vult hoc non solum in conjecturis legis, sed etiam in conjecturis hominis. . An evident proof, you'll say, to confirm Spousals; And why not for the confirmation of Matrimony? Because it is a matter of greater prejudice, you'll say, than Spousals 
(m) Hâc ratione nituntur, Covar. & Molin. ubi supra. . Indeed thereupon it may be justly inferred, That those Conjectures which prove not the confirmation of Spousals, cannot prove the confirmation of Matrimony. But this Argument holds not; Spousals are thereby confirmed, Ergo not Matrimony. If you crave an Instance, Spousals are confirmed by Cohabitation 
(o) c. unic. de despons. impub. lib. 6. in princ. , and yet by Cohabitation is Marriage confirmed also 
(p) Gloss. & DD. in c. ad id quod. de Sponsal. extra. . Yea, but (you will say) these Amorous Gifts are too general, and abused to Lust. An uncharitable Supposition, delictum non praesumitur 
(q) c. per tuas de cond. app. & ibi gloss. & DD. . To conclude therefore, I subscribe to the common Opinion: Nor am I of his mind, who more confidently than concludently affirmed the same to be as false, as common, and as dangerous as false 
(r) Molin. in addic. ad dec. consil. 468. Hanc tamen opinionem singularem Molinei, contra communem approbat Gentilis. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 506. .  
25. The last Question is, Before whom, and when, the Parties betrothed or married in Minority are to disclaim, or to express their dissent in case they, or either of them, dislike the Match?  
In Answering whereof, I need not to be tedious, because the matter is not contentious: This therefore in short. The dissent is to be made and published before the Bishop of the Diocese where the disliking Party dwelleth 
(s) c. de illis. el. 1. de despons. impub. §. si verò. Hostiens. Summa Tit. de despons. impub. §. fin. versic. Sed coram. Henr. Boic. in d. c. de illis. col. 2. vers. ista verò. , or before his Chancellor 
(t) c. 1. de frigid. & malef. extra. Hostiens. & Boic. ubi supra. , or in their 
(n) Arg. c. Cui de Reg. Jur. lib. 6. vide Sichard. in Rub. de Sponsal. C. nu. 15, 16, etc. Addicad Bart. in L. Oratio de Spons.  absence, before the Parochial Pastor or Minister, and other honest Witnesses 
(u) Arg. c. Si justus metus. de appell. etc. c. Pastoralis. §. fin. de Offic. deleg. Hostiens. d. §. fin. de despons. impub. & Boic. in. d.c. de illis. eod. tit. . The time of manifesting this dissent, is so soon as he or she shall attain to ripe Age, or years of Consent 
(x) Henr. Boic. d. c. de illis. de despons. impub. quem videas. ; for to descent before that time, is to no purpose 
(y) Henr. Boic. eod. c. de illis. L. ejus ff. de Reg. Jud. ; and to prolong the same afterwards is dangerous 
(z) Effuge cum poteris ne consensisse puteris. Gloss. in c. ad id quod. de Sponsal. extra. Item si factus major non contradicit, illico Sponsalia quidem confirmantur, licet non ad effectum Matrimonij, tamen ad effectum Sponsalicrum. Gentilis Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 506. Covar. Tract. de Spons. prima parte, c. 5. §. 1. nu. 2. . Now if any desire to know when the Parties are said to be of ripe Age, or of years of Consent, let him read the next Paragraph.   

SECT. IX. Of Ripe or Lawful Age for Marriage.  
1. THE third Age now to be considered is ripe Age, that is to say, that Age wherein it is lawful not only to contract Spousals, but also to Solemnize true, perfect, and indissoluble Matrimony, and thereby effectually to become Husband and Wife, both before God and his Church; which Age, when it doth begin, is now to be discussed. In the Explication whereof, it is not my meaning to enter into any Philosophical Discourse, by discovering what number of years the Ancient Philosophers, as Plato and Aristotle (whose chief regard was Natural Causes and Effects) did prescribe in this behalf; the one exacting of the Man Five and thirty years, and of the Woman Sixteen years 
(a) Plato lib. 6. de repub. lib. 4. de legib. Tiraquel. de legibus Connub. leg. 5. versic. Plato. ; the other Seven and thirty years of the Man, and Eighteen of the Woman 
(b) Aristoteles lib. 7. politic. c. 16. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 5. in princ. Tiraquil. de legibus. Connub. Lege. 5. vers. Aristoteles. . Neither is it my purpose in Historical manner to dilate what number of years hath been prefixed for Marriage in former Ages, and Foreign Countries: As how Lycurgus (famous for his prudent Laws among the Lacedæmonians) perceiving great Mischiefs did attend upon untimely Marriages (as the bad Agreement betwixt the married Couple, the great danger of the young Mother in Childbed, and the weak and wretched Issue, whereby the Commonwealth was rather weakened than strengthened) denied his Country Foulkes Marriage, until they had attained to full ripeness of Years, ability of Body, discretion and constancy of Mind, likely to avoid all those dangers 
(c) Anto. Gubertus Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 76. in fin. & 77. in princ. Tiraquel. de legibus. Connub. Lege. 5. verse. Lycurgus. . Or how (M. Pappius Mutilus, and Q. Poppaeus Secundus, being Consuls of Rome) Marriage was forbidden to Men above Sixty, and to Women above fifty years old 
(d) c. quaedam. distinc. 2. Mincing. lib. 3. Inst. tit. de Success. Libert. §. postea post Alciat. lib. 3. dispunct. c. 3. & 6. , because they were not able to benefit the Commonwealth by Procreation 
(e) Anto. Gubertus Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 77. nu. 55. gloss. in l. Sancimus el. 2. C. de Nuptiis, Tiraquel. de legibus Connub. Leg. 5. verse. Sed & si. . Or how that Law, being called Lex Pappia & Poppaea 
(f) Poppea non autem Pompeia, ut est in c. quaed. distinctio. 2. cujus errorem reprehendit Alciatus. lib. 3. dispunct. c. 3. quem sequnti sunt And. Tiraquel. ubi supra. & Mincing. in §. postea. Instit. de Success. libert. , after those two Consuls, was afterwards abolished by the Emperor Claudius, and liberty granted to old Men, albeit above Eighty years, to marry Women under Fifty 
(g) Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 78. nu. 58. ; for that it was then thought not altogether impossible for a Man of that Age to beget Children 
(h) Tranquillus in Claud. c. 23. Anto. Gubert. ubi supra. nu. 57 ; like as it is recorded of Masinissa King of Numidia, who being Eighty six years old, begot a Son called Mathumatus 
(i) Plin lib. 7. Nat. Hist. c. 14. Gubert. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 79. nu. 63. Mincing. in §. postea Instit. de Success. libert. ; and likewise of Cato Censorius, who begot divers Children of the Daughter of his Client Salo, after Eighty eight 
(k) Gubertus & Minsingerus ubi supra ex Plinio, Plutarcho, Solino, & aliis. : Or how others esteem of these Accidents as of Miracles 
(l) Tiraquel. de legib. Connub. lege 5. versic. quod si quispiam, etc. pro quo facit Albertus magnus, lib. 5. de animalibus. Tract. 2. c. 1. , and like unto that concerning Sarah 
(m) Genesis c. 21. vers. 2. Epistol. ad Hebr. c. xi. v. xi. : Or how some disputing of the Marriages betwixt Youth and Age, do utterly condemn the same, if not as unlawful, yet as a most unseemly, unequal, unpleasant, inconvenient, and perilous Match; the one Party desiring that thing most of all, which the other Party (of all things) is least able to perform 
(n) tiraquel. de legibus Connub. lege 5. verse. Sed & secuti: quem velim perlegas. , the occasion of continual Jars, of filthy Adulteries, and sometimes also of cruel and wilful Murders 
(o) Tiraquel. ubi supra. . Into these discourses or disputes I will not wade; my meaning in this place is to unfold, at what Age by the Laws Ecclesiastical of this Realm, now in force, it is lawful to contract, not Spousals only, but true and perfect Matrimony.  
2. Understand therefore, That a Man so soon as he hath accomplished the Age of Fourteen years, and a Woman so soon as she hath accomplished the Age of Twelve years, may Contract true and lawful and individual Matrimony 
(p) c. Puberes c. Attestationes, c. continebatur de despons. impub. L. quaesitum L. in Sponsal. & ibi gloss. A. de Sponsal. L. mulierem de ritu nupt. ff. Summa Hostiens. Tit. de despons. impub. §. 1. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 5. nu. 2. Panor. in c. Attestationes, de despons. impub. nu. 7. Lindwood in c. unic. de despons. impub. lib. 4. provincial. constit. Cant. verb. aetatem. , in case there be no other impediment to hinder the same: The Reason is, that because at these years the Man and the Woman are not only presumed to be of discretion 
(q) d.c. unic. de despons. impub. lib. 4. provincial. constit. Cant. verb. tempus discretionis. , and able to discern betwixt good and evil, and what is for their profit and disprofit 
(r) Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 67. nu. 20. ubi assignat rationem cur adveniente pubertate sapiant. ; but also to have Natural and Corporal Ability to perform the duty of Marriage 
(s) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 5. nu. 2. Praepos. in c. Tuae. den despons. impub. extra. nu. 2. , and in that respect are termed Puberes 
(t) c. Puberes de despons. impub. extra, & ibi DD. Spiegel. Lexic. verb pubertas. , as it were Plants, now sending forth Buds and Flowers, apparent Testimonies of inward Sap, and immediate Messengers of approaching Fruit 
(u) Spiegel. ubi. supra. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 69. nu. 23. . And albeit this Age may seem overtender and over-timely to prevent those Inconveniencies so long ago foreseen by Lycurgus, Plato, and the rest 
(x) de quibus Tiraquel. de legibus Connub. lege 5. versic. Lycurgus. , yet considering the Lord and Maker of all Creatures, in the beginning of the World, hath by Divine Providence, for the propagation of his Church, proclaimed an universal Liberty Crescite & Multiplicamini 
(y) Genes. c. 1. versic. 28. . And therefore that this Liberty is to be denied to none, whom otherwise the Almighty hath naturally disposed and enabled to increase and multiply 
(z) Hostiens. Summa. Tit. de Matr. §. ubi. & §. quis. cum Addic. ibidem. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 49. ; considering also, that like as the little Sparks are to be extinguished at the very first, lest afterwards they mount to an unquenchable Flame: So whosoever have any such Sparks of Natural Provocation, whereby their hearts may be kindled, or set on fire by ungodly Lusts. To these Persons, albeit very young, the Remedy against Lust is not to be denied 
(a) Epist. 1. ad Corinth. c. 7. v. 2. c. quicquid c. sicut 32. q. 2. Addic. ad Hostiens. ubi supra. Melchior Kling. Tract. de Causis Matrimonial. fol. 84. , especially seeing it is better to marry than to burn 
(b) Epist. ad Cor. c. 2. v. 9 Silva Nuptialis lib. 3. n. 21. . These things (I say) considered, it is a large and clear case, That we may not so foresee the avoidance of Temporal Discommodities, with Lycurgus, or any other Philosophers, that we oversee greater Dangers by abridging the general Liberty of Generation, established without distinction of years by our eternal Lycurgus, and heavenly Lawmaker; or by denying or deferring to any that are stinged with Carnal Appetite, the blessed and Sovereign Remedy against this Poison, invented by Divine Philosophy.  
3. But what may be the Reason wherefore Women are sooner ripe than Men?  
I will not Answer with the Gloss, Quia citò crescit herba mala 
(c) gloss. in l. 11. C. de his qui veniam aetate impetr. , for this is but a Jest. Macrobius, (he saith) it is propter votorum festinationem 
(d) i e. propter desiderium generandi, & pervenientem vim naturalem. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 70. nu. 30. Seu propter malitiam supplentem aetatem. Ita Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 5. nu. 2. Tiraquellus de legibus Connub. leg. 5. vers. sed jam nunc. , for the forwardness of their Desire: Some do yield this Reason, Quia facilius est pati quam agere 
(e) Praepos. in c. puberes de despons. impub. per c. Juvenis. de Sponsal. extra. Lindwood in c. unic. de desponsal. impub. lib. 4. provincial. constit. Cant. ; this is something but it is not all: Others, because the Female Bodies are more tender and moister than the Male 
(f) theophra. lib. 1. plant. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 69. n. 25. : And so men's Bodies being harder and drier, they are more slow in ripening; and women's Bodies, because they are softer and moister, are more quickly ripe; like as it is to be seen in Plants and fruits, whereof that which is more soft and moist is sooner ripe, than that which is hard and dry 
(g) Anto. Gubert. ubi supra. post. theophra. Aristot. & alios. . And this I take to be the best Reason, and is agreeable to that which followeth, namely, That even that Fruit which is sooner ripe, doth sooner decay: So Women as they are sooner able, so they sooner become unable to bring forth than Men to beget 
(h) Panor. in c. 1. de despons. impub. extra. Tiraquel. de legib. Connub. lege 5. vers. nec erit imtempestivum. .  
4. The former Rule standing upon these Reasons and Foundations agreeable to the Law of God and Nature, is thus extended: First, Albeit he or she have not fully accomplished their several Ages of Fourteen and Twelve years at the time of the Marriage, the same peradventure being Solemnised within one, two, or three days next before the expiration of those several years, yet is the Marriage of no less force than if the last hours of those years had also been expired 
(i) Panor. in c. Attestationes. de despons. impub. extra. nu. 7. in fin. ubi loquitur de uno tantum die. Henr. Boic. in c. puberes eod. tit. prope fin. qui loquitur de tribus diebus. Add Panor. in c. fin. eod. Tit. nu. 6. .  
5. The second Ampliation is, That albeit he that hath accomplished the Age of Fourteen years at the time of the Marriage, be not then able to pay the Debt which he oweth to his Wife, yet by the received Opinion (though some dissent) the Matrimony is not therefore by and by to be adjudged void, but she is to expect until he have overreached the Eighteenth year of his Age 
(k) Panor. Cardinal. & alii in c. puberes. de despons. impub. extra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 5. nu. 2. in fin. , wherein plena pubertas is concluded 
(l) L. Arrogato ff. de Adep. Spiegel. Lexic. verb. pubertas in fin. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 69. qui tres offert rationes aestimandi pubertatem plenam xviij. annis. ; and if then also he be unable to pay his due, at the instance of the Woman the Marriage may be dissolved 
(m) Panor. in d. c. puberes. de despons. impub. , unless the Judge, upon the consideration of the Qualities of the Persons, shall grant a longer time 
(n) Puta unum aut alterum mensem. Henric. Boic. in c. puberes. de despons. impub. paulò ante fin. Melch. Kling. Tract. de Caus. Matr. fol. 32. b. .  
6. The third Ampliation is, That after the expiration of Fourteen and Twelve years, Men and Women, how old soever they be, may lawfully marry, notwithstanding any Prohibition of former Laws 
(o) L. Sancinus. el. 2. C. de Nuptiis, c. nuptiarum 27. q. 1. in princ. gloss. & DD. in c. quod Sedem de frigid. & malef. extra. . And albeit not Women only in process of time become barren and fruitless, but Men also (if we may believe the Learned) are at length (viz. after Eighty years) deprived and spoiled of the Ability of getting Children 
(p) Albertus (tam re quam nomine magnus) lib. 5. de Animal bus. Tract. 2. c 1. Cujus verba sunt haec, homo masculus circa xxx. annes habens Semen perfectè maturum, petest generare ad lxx. annos, & rarò in val●nticribus extenditur haec virtus usque ad lxxx. annos. Sed post hoc est labour & dolour, & non est aliqua virtus generatienis, Licet ceeat, etc. Tiraquel. de legibus Connub. L. 5. verb nec intempe Euum Socinus Jun. consil. 86. nu. 45. vol. 2. Menoch. Tract. de Arb. Jud lib. 2. cas. 89 nu. 54. etc. , in whom, if any heat or warmth be then left, whereby by Nature or by Art they are provoked 
(q) Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrim. fol. 32. in sin. , this Act is not of force for Procreation 
(r) Albertus' magn●s, Tiraquel. So●●… & Menoch. ubi supra. , which was the cause wherefore sometimes they might not marry 
(s) Gloss. in L. Sancinus C de nup. ; yet nevertheless so beneficial are the Laws Civil and Ecclesiastical in these days, to them that be disposed to marry, that none are barred by lapse of any years 
(t) L. Sancinus C. de nuptiis. gloss. & DD. in c. quod Sedem. de frigid. & malef. extra. , ut Matrimonium, quod in aliis est infirmitatis remedium, in Senibus sit humanitatis Solatium 
(u) c. nuptiarum. 27. q. 1 in princ. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Nup. fol. 80. verb. dubium. ; That Matrimony, which is in others the remedy of Infirmity, may be in the Aged a Solace of Humanity. But I speak this rather to defend the Marriage of the Aged from unlawfulness, than to commend it for comeliness 
(x) consul Tiraquel. de leg Connub. Leg. 5. & Nevizan in Silua. Nuptial. lib. 2. nu. 13. etc. .  
7. The fourth Ampliation is, That albeit the Man and the Woman have not as yet accomplished his and her full Age of Fourteen years and Twelve, but proximi pubertati, next unto ripe Age, or nearer ripe Age than Infancy; viz. he of the Age of Ten years and an half, and she of the Age of Nine years and an half, or upwards, towards his or her several Ages of Fourteen and Twelve 
(y) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 5. nu. 4, DD. in c. de illis el. 2. de despons. impub. , if during this time malitia supplet aetatem, natural Ability to perform the Duty of Marriage (for so the word malitia signifieth in this place, as I have shown in another place 
(z) supra §. 7. , supply the Age, they may as lawfully marry, as if they had exceeded their several Ages of Fourteen and twelve years 
(a) c. puberes, etc. c. de illis. el. 2. de despons. impub. extra & ibi Panor. Melchior. Kling. de cause. matrimonial. fol. 15. ; or if those Persons be yet younger, viz. proximi infantiae, next unto Infancy, or nearer their Infancy than their ripe Age, yet having discretion of mind and ability of body to conceive (the effect of Marriage) and to pay the Debt thereunto belonging, the Marriage is lawful and effectual 
(b) Panor. in c. de illis. el. 2. de despons. impub. nu. 4. Summa Silvestrin. verb. Matrimo. 5. q. 2. gloss. in c. l. 20. q. 1. Attamen non sufficit sola coeundi potentia sine discretione. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 5. nu. 3. quem velim videas. . And the Laws of our Realm say, That the Wife, which is of the Age of Nine years at her Husband's death, shall be endowed of the third part of his Lands and Tenements which he held either in Fee-simple or Fee-tail, and which he had either by Purchase or Descent 
(c) Fitzherbert Na. Br. fol. 149. Litleton tit. Dower in princ. . Some go further, and say, That if a young Man of ripe Age marry an Infant, and have the use of her Body before she be Seven years old, that the Marriage is good 
(d) Hostiens. in c. puberes de despons impub. per. c. Juvenis. de Sponsal extra. Praepos. in d. c. Juvenis. nu. 7. fol. 3. : But others (whose Judgements I do rather follow) do hold, That this Marriage is not good 
(e) Panor. n c. continebatur. de despons. impub. extra. nu. 6. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 5. nu. 3. in fine, qui tamen limitant hoc dictum, nempe nisi illa sit doli capax, & multum discreta; huc accedit, Summa Sylvestrin. verb. Matrimonium. 5. q. 2. ; for, say that the Infant was known Carnally (which things is no less incredible to be spoken than horrible to be heard) yet the Infant not having discretion to understand what is the Nature of Matrimony 
(f) Covar. ubi supra. , cannot give her Consent to that whereof she is ignorant 
(g) L. si per errorem. ff. de Juris. omnium Judic. , and consequently the Marriage cannot be good: For it is a clear Case, That without Consent there cannot be any Matrimony 
(h) L. nuptias. de Reg. Jur. ss. c. cum locum. de Spons. extra. . And here note, That whensoever any Persons are married before their several Ages of Fourteen or Twelve years, two things are requisite to the validity and force of Marriage; the one is, Discretion to discern the the Nature and Force of Marriage; the other is, Natural Ability to pay the Marriage Debt 
(i) Covar. in Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte; c. 5. nu 3. versic. ex quibus Panor. in c. de illis. el. 2. de despons. impub. extra. nu. 4. . This Discretion is then presumed when the Parties be proximi pubertati 
(k) Covar. ubi supra. , that is, nearer ripe Age than Infancy: But that Ability is not then presumed, nor until the parties have accomplished their aforesaid several Ages 
(l) Henr. Boic. in c. puberes, de despons. impub. versic. unde licet. Praepos. in c. de illis. el. 2. nu. 1. in sin. Kling. de cause. matrim. fol. 15. vers. quarto loco. , unless it be lawfully proved 
(m) Henr. & Covar. ubi supra. Anto. Gubertus. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 76. .  
8. But how may this Ability to perform the Duties of Marriage be proved 
(n) de hac. q. Praepos. in c. de illis. el. 2. & ibi. Panor. de desponsal. impub. extra. gloss. & DD. in c. 1. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. Covar. in c. 5. n. 3. Tract. de Sponsal. parte 2. ? or rather peradventure thou demandest, Whether it be possible for a Child to beget or bear a Child?  
Indeed this Question Whether, must first be satisfied before that other Question How; for thy satisfaction therefore, whether it be possible, I will deliver what I have received of others. An ancient Father of the Church, of no less Learning than Credit, Jerome by name, writeth thus 
(o) Hierom. Epist. ad Vitalem. Tiraquel. de legibus Connub. lege. 5. versic. & de alio. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 75. nu. 48. ; Domino teste non mentior, Quaedam muliercula, quum expositum nutriret infantem, & instillaret Cibos, ac Nutricis officio fungeretur, cubaretque cum eâ parvulus, qui usque ad decimum jam pervenerat annum, accidit, ut (plusquam pudicitia patitur) se mero ingurgitaret, accensâque libidine, obscaenis motibus ad Coitum duceret infantem, prima Ebrietas iterata alterius noctis, & caeterarum deinceps, fecit Consuetudinem, nec dum duae menses fuerunt evolutae, & ecce foeminae uterus intumuit; Quid plura? providentiâ Dei factum est, ut quae contra naturam simplicitate parvuli in contemptum Dei abuteretur, à naturae Domino proderetur. The Lord is my Witness I do not lie (saith Jerome) a certain Woman, when she had nourished an 
(p) Expositi dicuntur insantes, qui sine Cura dimittuntur, ut solent egeni parentes exponere infantulos & languidos ante Ecclesias, ut alii miseratione commoti eos colligant, & pietatis intuitu enutriant. Spiegel. Lex. & DD. in Tit. de Infan. & languid. expos. extra.  abject Child, and fed him with Meat, and performed the duty of a Nurse, with whom also the Child did lie till he was Ten years old; it fell out that (more than modesty will suffer) the Woman gorged herself with sweet Wine, and being inflamed with Lust, provoked the Child by her unchaste Motions to commit the Act, the first Drunkenness being iterated the second Night, caused a Custom of the other Night's following. But e'er two Months were passed, behold her Belly began to swell. What will ye have more? by the Providence of God it came to pass, that she that did abuse the simplicity of the Infant, to the Contempt of God, was discovered by the Lord of Nature. Gregory likewise in a certain Dialogue 
(q) Sed nullus talis Gregorij extat Dialogus, Inquit. Gubertus Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 75. nu. 46. Sed Covar. contra, nempè quod extat lib. 4. dialog. c. 19 , doth witness of a Boy in his time, which being of the Age of Nine years, begot his Nurse with Child, whose Testimony is without exception received for true 
(r) Gloss. in c. 1. 20. q. 1. Jo. And. Cardinal. & Panor. in c. puberes. de despons. impub. extra. Hostiens. in suâ Summâ. Tit. de poeniten. §. Cui pueri. Jos. in La in pupillari. ff. de vulg. sub. nu. 11. Alex. ibidem nu. 6. tiraquel. de logib. Connub. Leg. 5. versic. Sed quae divus Greg. . Albericus maketh mention of a young Damosel in his time, who being of the Age of Nine years, brought forth a Child 
(s) Albericus Rosa. in suo Indice. Matrimonium 2. . Hostiensis reporteth, That in the Castle of S. Michael, within the Diocese where he dwelled, a Boy of Ten or Eleven years begot a Child 
(t) Hostiens. in c. ult. de eo. qui cogn. consang. ux. Tiraquel. de legib. Connub. versic. Sed jam nunc, etc. . Henry Boich our Countryman, and of all Canonists the most methodical, telleth us of a Child, which was deflowered in his time, when she was but Eight years of Age 
(u) Henr. Boic. in c. puberes, col. 2. de despons. impub. extra. . How many years old was Solomon when he begot Rehoboam of the Daughter of Pharaoh 
(x) Lib. 1. Regum, c. 3. v. 1. 7. ? or Ahab when he begot Ezechiah of Abiah, the Daughter of Zechariah 
(y) Lib. 2. Regum, c. 18. v. 1, 2. ? By the Testimony of sundry, both Divines 
(z) Hierom. Epistol. ad Vitalem alias ad Ditamum 75. , Canonists 
(a) Hostiens. Summa. Tit. de peniten. verb. cui pueri. Jo. And. in c. ult. de eo qui cog. consang ux. extra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 5. nu. 4. , and Civilians 
(b) Alex. & Jas. in L. in pupillari. ff. de vulg. sub. Addic. ad Bart. in eand. L. , the Fathers were not passed Ten or Eleven when they begot these Children. The Histories are rich and plentifully furnished with such Examples: Therefore it is not a thing impossible, That Children should beget and bring forth Children? neither incredible in these days, since we are so much the sooner ripe, as our Lives are now shorter than they were in former Ages.   

SECT. X. By what Form of Words Spousals de futuro are contracted.  
1. THat we may understand by what form of words Spousals de futuro are contracted, it is needful diligently to observe two Distinctions: The first Distinction is, That of words whereby Spousals are contracted: Some are of the present time, as [I do take thee to my Wife] and [I do take thee to my Husband, etc. 
(a) c. Si inter de Sponsal. extra. & ibi DD. Lancel. Instit. Jur. Can. 'tis de Sponsal. §. 1. Summa Silvestrin. verb. Matrimon. el. 2. q. 9 Henr. Boic. in c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. ] and some of the future time, as [I will take thee to my Wife] and [I will take thee to my Husband; etc. 
(b) d. c. si inter. & DD. in c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra Lancel. & Henr. Boic. ubi. supra. Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimonial. fol. 1. ].  
2. The second Distinction is; That of words, some do sound or harp of the entrance or beginning of Marriages; as to Contract, to Espouse, to Marry, to Take, to Make Wife or Husband, etc. 
(c) Panor. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. n. 5. in fin. Praepos. eod. c. n. 6. Summa Silvestr. verb. Matrimo. 2. q. 9 Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. §. 1. . And some again do sound of the end and execution of Marriage, as to Have, to Hold, to Entreat, to Provide for, as Wife and Husband, etc. 
(d) Panor. Praepos. Summa. Silvestrin. & Covar. ubi supra. Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. Matr. fol. 6. & 7. Spec. lib. 4. Tit. de Sponsal. in princ. Henr. Boic. in c. ex parte. de Sponsal. lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 60. Lib. 2. cons. 17. Eman. Soarez. Com. op. Thesaur. verb. Matrimonium, nu. 90. Menoch. de praesumpt. lib. 3. praesumpt. 3. . The use of which Distinction is this.  
3. When the Parties contracting Spousals do use words of future time, these are Spousals de futuro, and not Spousals de praesenti 
(e) c. penul. §. vertum de Sponsal extra. ; in case also, these words do sound of the entrance and beginning of Marriage 
(f) Panor. & Praepos in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Spons●l. extra. alter nu. 5. alte:. nu. 6. Summa Silvestr. verb. Matrimo. 2. q. 9 Menoch. de praesump. lib 3. praesump. 3. nu 2. , otherwise the Spousals are de praesenti, like as if they were contracted by words of the present time 
(g) Panor. & Praepos. ubi supra. & Sum. Silvestr. ubi supra. lib. 1. consil matr. consil. ibidem lx. nu. 16. . For Example; Imagine that the Man saith thus to the Woman [I will marry thee 
(h) c. sicut. c. requisite. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi DD. ] or [I will Espouse thee 
(i) Panor. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Spons. extra. nu. 5. Silvest. ubi supra. Card. in c. penul. q. 2. & ibi Praepos. nu. 4. Id quod tunc demum procedit stante communi loquendi usu. Ut est apud Nostrates, qui hoc verbum Espousals pro Matrimonio sumunt, sicut dixerim principio, alias crederem, quod per haec verba Sponsabo te, nec Matrimonium, nec Spoasalia contrahi, nisi dictum sit Sponsabo te in uxorem. Cardinal. in d. c. penul. q. 3. ] or [I will contract Matrimony with thee 
(k) Panor. in c. ex literis. de Spons. extra nu. 5. & ibi Praepos. nu. 6. verb. quandoque. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. nu. 4. So arez. Thesaur. come. op. verb. Matrimonium, nu. 91. quorum opinio communis est. Ut est videre apud eos, & apud Vivium. Thesaur. come. op. verb. Matrimonium. ] or [I will take thee to my Wife] or [I will make thee my Wife, etc. 
(l) c. Si inter. §. 1. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. Praepos. & Card. Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimo. fol. 1. .] And that the Woman answering, saith; And [I will marry thee] or [I will Espouse thee] or [I will contract Marriage with thee] or [I will take thee to my Husband, etc.] By these, and such like words, Spousals de futuro are contracted 
(m) Summa Silvestr. verb. Matrimo. el. 2. q. 9 DD. in c. ex literis. de Sponsal. extra. Henr. Boic. in c. ex parte. eod. Tit. Covar. ubi supra. .  
4. The reason wherefore these words import no more but Spousals de futuro, I have before delivered, namely, because like as when a Man doth promise that he will sell and will pay, etc. this is no perfect Sale, nor present payment, but a promise of a future Sale or Payment 
(n) Gloss. in l. In venden. C. de contrahend. Emption. Jason & alii in l. servi Election. ff. de leg. 1. lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibid. 2. nu. 6. : Even so whiles the Parties only promise that they will Marry, will Espouse, will Contract Matrimony, will take or make each other Man and Wife, etc. this is no present Marriage, no present Espousals, no present Contract of Matrimony, no present taking or making of Husband and Wife 
(o) DD. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Sponsa. extra. Melchi or Kling. Tract. de Caus. Matrim. fol. 1. Jo. Frigeus. Tract. de Spons. in fin. lib. Instit. Jur. Civil. fol. 272. , nor that present Bond or Assurance which can never be dissolved, consisting of present Consent, as the only Cause and Essence thereof 
(p) L. Nuptias ff. de Reg. Jur. c. sufficiat 27. q. 2. . The reason wherefore it is otherwise, when the words (albeit of the future time) do sound of the end and execution of the Marriage, shall then appear, when we shall entreat of the Form of Spousals de praesenti 
(q) infra §. 11. .  
5. Now forasmuch as there be divers, both Divines 
(r) Martin. Luther. in libello de cause. Matrimon.  and Professors of either Law 
(s) Schneid. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 19 Jo. Frigeus de Sponsal. in fin. lib. Instit. Jur. Civil. Heming. Goden. l. 2. consil. Matr. consil. ibidem 10. Moral. Tract. de Matrimonio, fol. 30.  which do condemn the difference which is here put betwixt these words [I will, and I do] affirming, That if the Party contracting say [I will take thee to my Wife] it is in effect as if he had said [I do take thee to my Wife,] and so importeth Spousals de praesenti, being in truth and substance indissoluble Matrimony. Therefore  I proceed to the Ampliations and Limitations of the former Conclusion, I think it expedient to examine this Question, Whether there be any such difference betwixt these two Phrases, viz. [I will take thee] and [I do take thee] as is above described, Yea or No.  
6. The first Reason or Foundation whereupon their Opinion is builded, which held That there is no difference, is this, namely, Because in this Sentence [Ego volo accipere te in uxorem] I will take thee to my Wife, both the Verbs [Volo] and [Accipere] are of the Present Tense 
(t) Heming. Goden. lib. 2. consil. Matrimo. consil. ibidem 1. n. 4. Schneid. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 19 Moral. Tract. de Matrimonio, fol. 30. , and not any word of the Future Tense; and so the Sentence is in effect as if the Party had expressly said [I will at this present, or from henceforth now take thee for my Wife 
(u) Goden & Schneidwin, ubi supra. Jo. Frigeus de Sponsal. fol. 274. in fin. lib. sui Institut. Jur. Civil. Morald. ubi supra. ]. But if any man shall expressly say [I will at present, or from henceforth take thee for my Wife] It is all one as if he said [I do take thee for my Wift 
(x) Praepos. in c. ex literis el. 1. n. 4. verb. secundo modo. in fin. ,] and consequently there is no difference whether the Party say [I will take, or do take thee].  
7. I will not say this kind of reasoning so strictly from Tenses savoureth of a bare Grammarian, for I esteem otherwise of the Men, than of naked Grammarians; nor will I inquire wherefore translating these words [I will take, etc.] into Latin, they choose rather to say [Volo accipere] than [Accipiam,] let the best advantage be taken to further Matrimony 
(y) c. fin. de Reg. Jud. c. ex parte de Spons. extra. & ibi DD. lib. 1. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 52. n. 6. ; nor will I stand upon this Point, whether it be all one to say thus [I will now at this present] or [from henceforth take,] or thus [I do take,] say there is not any difference 
(z) Praepos. in c. ex literis el. 1. n. 4. verb. Item nisi. ; nor will I deny the Verb [Volo] to be of the Present Tense; say it is so 
(a) Goden. lib 2. consil. matrimon. consil. ibidem 1. n. 4. Schneid. Tract. do Nuptiis, fol. 19 ; What is it then that I do deny in the former Reason forsooth? That these words [volo accipere] I will take, imports thus much, [I will now, or from henceforth take] this I deny: If it be urged, That both the Verbs are of the Present Tense, therefore [volo accipere] is as much as [I will take now presently 
(c) Lib. 2. consil. matrim. consil. ibidem 1. n. 4. Schneid. Tract. de Nuptiis. fol. 19 Morald. Tract. de Matrim. fol. 30. ,] I deny the Argument: For Verbs of the Present Tense have not always the force of the Present Tense, but sometimes of the Future Tense 
(d) c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. & ibi Gem. & Phil. Franc. DD. in c. ex literis de Sponsal. extra. , no more than Verbs of the Future Tense have always the force of the Future Tense, but sometimes of the Present Tense, as hereafter appeareth. And to this effect is that which Antonio de Butrio and Praepositus, with others, do write of the Verb (Volo) in these words, Sciendum est ante omnia quod verbum [Volo] de sui natura semper denotat voluntatem, sed quandoque voluntatem suspensivam de futuro, quandoque voluntatem dispositivam de praesenti 
(e) Praepos. post. Anto. de Butr. in c. ex literis el. 1. de despons. extra. nu. 6. : Before all things this must be known, that the Verb [Volo] doth of its own nature 
(b) lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 60. nu. 16. & lib. 2. consil. ibidem 17. n. 8. Summa Silvestr. verb. matrimonium, el. 2. q. 9  always import a Will, but sometimes a Will suspensive of that which is to come, and sometimes a Will disposing of that which is present. The like is said of the Infinitive Mood, of the which it is thus written; Verbum autem infinitivum nihil perfecte significat, sed secundum alia verba determinabitur ad praesens vel ad futurum 
(f) Summa Silvestr. verb. matrimonium, 2. q. 9 Jas. in L. servi electione, de leg. 1. ff. Panor. in d.c. ex literis, nu. 5. : The Infinitive Mood signifieth nothing perfectly, but is by the direction of other words determined or referred to that which is present or to come: For Example, a Man saith [volo vendere] I will sell, notwithstanding that both the Verbs are of the Present Tense, yet have they not any force but of the Future Tense; or as if he had said [vendam] I will sell hereafter 
(g) Gloss. in l. In vendentis C. de contrahend. Emption. DD. in L. Servi electione de leg. 1. ff. . If any do not conceive my meaning by this Example to this Man, I put this plain Case: Another Man being indebted unto him xxl. saith unto him [volo solvere] I will pay; whether is this a Payment of his Debt, yea or no? I know he will say it is not 
(h) Lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 2. nu. 6. ; and withal Reply, That when the thing cannot be satisfied by Words, or by Will only, but by an Act following, than these words must be understood of that Act which is to come 
(i) Gloss. in l. In vendentis C. de contrahend. Emp. Bar. in l. Servi electione ff. de leg. 1. Col. fin. Card. in c. ex literis. de Sponsal. extra. op. 3. ; but when the Case is such, that it doth not necessarily expect a future Act, but may be then accomplished without any subsequent Act, (as in Contracts of Matrimony, which Matrimony is made perfect by Will or present Consent only) in this Case the words have force of present time 
(k) Cardinal. in c. ex literis. de Sponsal. extra. op. 3. . To this Reply, thus I make this rejoinder; Albeit that Case of [volo solvere] I will pay, doth much differ from this Case [volo accipere te in uxorem] I will take thee for my Wife 
(l) de in l. Cunctos C. de Summa Trin. & in L. Servi electione ff. de leg. 1. ; yet in these Cases which are absolutely perfected by Consent alone, and which do merely depend of the Will of the Speaker, even in these Cases the Verb [volo] joined to the Infinitive Mood, signifying the beginning, and not the end or execution of an Act, hath no more force but of the Future Tense. The Truth of which Conclusion may be proved by infinite Testimonies 
(m) Bar. Alex. Paul. Jos. Ripa. & alii. in d. L. Servi elect. Futr. Jo. And. Panor. & Praepos. in c. ex literis. de Sponsal. extra. , I will produce but two Witnesses for all: The first an excellent Legist and Linguist, namely Alciate, hath these words; Quoties de Actu tractatur qui à nostrâ pendet voluntate verbum [volo] cum Infinitivo adjunctum non disponit, sed primum voluntatis motum innuit, veluti cum dico [volo eligere talem] non ideo eligo, vel cum dico [volo adire haereditatem,] non censeor adiisse; sic reus qui dicit [volo confiteri] non censetur his verbis confessus; sic cum quis dicit [volo relinquere Centum Titio] hoc solo non videtur reliquisse (ut receptior se habet Summa) Sic [volo Contrahere Matrimonium cum Titiâ] non creditur contraxisse, & siqua similia, non tamen procedit Conclusio, quando verbum Infinitivi habet posteriorem significationem 
(n) Alciat. in d. L. Servi electione. : As oft as that Act is handled which dependeth of our Will, the Verb [volo] I will] being joined with an Infinitive Mood, doth not dispose, but signify the first motion of Will: As when I say [volo eligere] I will choose] I do not therefore choose; or when I say [volo adire haereditatem] I will undergo the Executorship] I am not therefore denied to have undertaken it; as also when the Defendant, which saith [volo confiteri] I will confess] is not by these words judged, as having confessed; or as when any saith, [volo relinquere Centum Titio, etc.] I will leave an hundred pound to John at Style] doth not seem by this only to have bequeathed it (as the more received Opinion doth hold); or as when a Man saith [volo contrahere Matrimonium, etc.] I will contract Matrimony with Jannet at Style] he is not thereby thought to have contracted; and such like. Notwithstanding, this Conclusion doth not proceed when the Verb of the Infinitive Mood hath an after signification, that is sounding of the end and execution. The second Witness is Panormitan (the Captain of the Canonists) whose words are these: Verbum Infinitivum aptum est comprehendere tempus praesens aut futurum, secundum verba adjecta; nam de se Infinitivum verbum nihil perfectè significat, etc. unde si verbo [volo] adjiciatur Infinitivum, denotans Actum non dependentem à solâ voluntate proferentis, tunc non inducitur dispositio de praesenti, sed declaratur dispositio in futurum, veluti si dico [volo ascendere arborem] sed si verbo [volo] adjiciatur verbum Infinitivum denotans Actum dependentem à solâ voluntate proferente, tunc aut verba denotant principium Actûs, & non inducitur dispositio de praesenti; utpote si dicam [volo te disponsare, seu tecum contrahere, etc.] aut denotant executionem Actûs, & tunc inducitur dispositio de praesenti, etc. 
(o) Panor. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. nu. 5. . A Verb of the Infinitive Mood is apt to comprehend the present or future time, according to the words joined thereunto; for the Infinitive Mood doth signify nothing perfectly of itself, whereupon, if unto the Verb [Volo, I will] be joined an Infinitive Mood, signifying an Act, which doth not depend of (or is not accomplished by) the sole Will of him that speaketh, then is not present disposition induced, but a future purpose declared: As if I say, [I will climb into a Tree] but if unto the Verb [volo, I will] be joined a Verb of the Infinitive Mood, signifying an Act solely depending on the Will of the Speaker: Then either the words do import the beginning of an Act, and present disposition is not induced: As if I say [I will espouse thee] or [I will contract with thee] or else they do import the execution of an Act, and then present disposition is induced. These two Witnesses being omni exceptione majores, I shall not need to use any further Testimony 
(p) L. ubi ff. de probac. , unless the Case were more doubtful than I conceive it to be, by occasion of this Grammatical Argument deduced from the Tenses of the Verb [volo] or the Infinitive Mood; wherefore we will now come to their other Argument, and see whether it be of any greater force than the former.  
8. The second Argument is drawn from the Simplicity of the Vulgar sort, who albeit they intent to tie such a Knot as can never be loosed, and make the Contract so sure as it may never de dissolved; yet such is their unskilfulness and ignorance herein, that they cannot frame their words to their minds, nor know whether it be all one to say [I will take thee to my Wife] or [I do take thee to my Wife 
(q) Goden. lib. 2. consil. matrim. Consil. 1. n. 4. lib. 1. consil. matrim. consil. 52. nu. 5. Schneid. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 19 lib. 1. Consil. matr. consil. ibidem 52. nu. 5. ] much less do they know the difference betwixt these words [I will marry thee] and [I will have thee to my Wife] or betwixt these words [I will take thee to my Wife] and [I will hold thee for my Wife] or betwixt these words [I will espouse thee] and [I will entreat thee as my Wife] or betwixt these words [I will contract Matrimony with thee] and [I will provide for thee as my Wife] or betwixt these words [I will make thee my Wife] and [thou shalt be my Wife] with an hundred such differences wherein appeareth no dissimilitude. And therefore, since it is the very Consent of Mind only which maketh Matrimony 
(r) L. Nuptias de Reg. Jur. ff. c. sufficiat 27. q. 2. c. cum apud. de Sponsal. extra. , we are to regard not their Words, but their Intents, not the formality of the Phrase, but the drift of their Determination, not the outward sound of their Lips, which cannot speak more cunningly, but the inward Harmony or Agreement of their Hearts, which mean uprightly 
(s) c. ex literis el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. c. ex parte, & eod. tit. & ibi DD. lib. 1. consil. matrim. consil. ibidem 52. vol. 1. n. 5. & lib. 2. consil. 1. n. 3. L. non aliter. §. 1. ff. de le g. 3. L. semper in stipulationibus. de Reg. Jur. ff. Henr. Boic. in d. c. ex parte, col. 1. : Which Conclusion, as it is generally true, and is meant of all Persons 
(t) L. semper in stipulationibus. de Reg. Jur. ff. ; so especially it is extended to those of the ruder sort 
(u) Lib. 1. consil. matrim. consil. ibidem 52. vol. 1. n. 5. & lib. 2. consil. 1. n. 3. L. non aliter. §. 1. ff. de leg. 3. , whose Sayings are to be expounded with all favour to the furtherance of Matrimony 
(x) c. ex literis, etc. ex parte, de Sponsal. extra. & ibi DD. , otherwise if we shall curiously descant upon every word proceeding from a simple Conceit, we cannot but miss of their meanings, and with our fine and dainty Distinctions (which never came within the compass of their gross Understandings) encumber the Consciences of them which be coupled 
(y) Jo. Frigeus de Sponsal. in fin. lib. Institut. Jur. Civil. fol. 274. ; whereas in these Contracts of Matrimony, whereupon dependeth the peril of Soul, we are before all things to labour diligently to set their Consciences at liberty 
(z) Lib. 2. consil. matrim. consil. ibidem 19 nu. 7. . Lest therefore any Man's Conscience (through ignorance of Terms) might be entangled in the Snares of this subtle and more captious Distinction of [I will, and I do] with the rest of the Differences more subtle and more captious than this; worthily, and upon just cause (as it seemeth) are the same to be rejected, and this reasonable and conscionable Conclusion received, Vbi duo intendunt contrahere Sponsalia de praesenti, ibi semper contrahitur Matrimonium, licet verba sonent consensum de futuro tantum 
(a) Summa Angel. verb. matrimonium 2. n. 13. lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 52. n. 3. Henr. Boic. in c. ex parte. de Spons. extra. col. 1. Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Matrimonio. §. qualiter. col. 7. : Where two intent to Contract Spousals de praesenti, there is Matrimony always contracted, although the words import but future Consent only. To which Argument thus I answer.  
9 True it is, we are not to stand upon Terms, but upon truth 
(b) c. ex literis de Sponsal. extra. L. semper in stipulationibus. de Reg. Jur. ff. & ibi Hiero. Franc. in Fin. , and any words will suffice to Contract Matrimony, so that the meaning do appear 
(c) Henr. Boic. in c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. col. 1. Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Matrimonio §. qualiter col. 7. . But herein is the Argument faulty, here is petitio principij 
(d) De petitione principii succinctè Oldendorp. Topic. legal. eod. loco. , whiles it is presupposed that these Parties did intent to Contract Matrimony, because of the rudeness or simplicity: For how can we know a Man's meaning but by his words 
(e) Lib. 2. consil. Matrimonial. consil. ibidem 29. nu. 28. quod velim videas DD. in c. Tua. de Sponsal. extra. Baldus in L. si non Convitij C. de Injuriis. ? shall we, if a simple man say one thing, conclude that he did mean another thing? surely this were a very strange and preposterous Collection 
(f) L labeo §. caeterun. de Suppel. leg. ff. Bald. ubi supra. Braecheus in rub. de Verb. Sign. ff. n. 2. & n. 18. & n. 24. : For what are words but the Messengers of men's Minds 
(g) Alciat. in Rub. de Verb. Sig. ff. in princ. ? And wherefore serve Tongues, but to express men's meanings 
(h) Alciat. & Braecheus in d. Rub. de Verb. Sig. ille. n. 1. iste. n. 2. & n. 24. Ruckerus, cujus consil. extant in lib. 2. consil. matrimonial. & est consilium ibidem 29. nu. 29. etc. ? Indeed if this meaning of the Parties may appear, namely, That they did intent to Contract Matrimony, then although the words import no more but Spousals de futuro, the Contract is no less than Matrimony 
(i) Henr. Boic. in c. per tuas. col. 1. de Sponsal. extra. Card. in c. ex literis eod. Tit. Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium 2. n. 13. ; but when this meaning doth not appear, then, howsoever the Rude and Vulgar sort do often abuse their terms, and speak improperly, we must be directed by the Text, which saith, Nón aliter à significatione verborum recedi oportet, quam si manifestum sit aliud sensisse proferentem 
(k) L. non aliter. ff. de leg. 3. Braecheus in Rub. de Verb. Sig. ff. nu. 25. : We must not otherwise departed from the signification of words, but in case it be manifest, that the Speaker meant otherwise. And to the same effect is it which Panormitan writeth, in these words, Nota contra Rusticos, qui post perfectum Contractum, dicunt se non concepisse vim verborum, debent eadem verba habere suam vim & proprietatem, secundum Juris Dispositionem, nec excusat contrahentem Juris Ignorantia, unde si alter contrahentium diceret, quod credebat contrahere per illa verba Sponsalia, & non Matrimonium, vel è contra, non est sibi acquiescendum, sed accipientur verba secundum rectum & verum intellectum 
(l) Panor. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. n. 4. Cave. per d. consil. viz. 52. lib. 1. consil. ma. & consil. 1. vol. 2. : Note against Rustics, which after a perfect Contract say, they did not conceive the force of the words; for their words ought to enjoy their force and propriety according to the disposition of Law; neither doth Ignorance of Law excuse the Party contracting; whereupon if the one Party should say that he did intent to contract Spousals, and not Matrimony; or contrariwise (that is to say, Matrimony and not Spousals) it is not to be yielded unto him, but the words shall be taken according to their right and true understanding. Here I might also add that notable saying of noble Baldus, of whom for his Universal Knowledge in every thing, it is recorded (to his immortal Commendation) quod nihil ignoravit, that he was ignorant of nothing; his words are short, but sharp; Rusticus debet ire ad Civitatem pro Consilio, sicut ad Sylvam pro lignis, alias non excusatur ignorantiâ Juris 
(n) Bald. in l. Juris ignorantiae. C. qui admitti. n. 1. : The Country man ought to repair to the City for Counsel, as to the Wood for Fuel, otherwise he is not excused through Ignorance of Law 
(o) Inno. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Spons. extra. . But lest this Answer may seem more sharp than short, I will endeavour to satisfy their rough humour by some milder means than by stiff Authority, yet not betraying the Truth. Know therefore, that these Distinctions betwixt words of the present and future time, and likewise betwixt words signifying the beginning and execution of any Act, are so far from the nature and property of Snares and Gynns, whereby to catch or entrap any Man at advantage against his meaning, or to encumber his Conscience with subtlety, that on the contrary, they may well be compared unto the Thread which Ariadne gave unto Theseus; for as without that Thread he could never have escaped out of that endless Labyrinth, wherein were so many difficult Turn and intricate Returning, and Wind to and fro innumerable, and but one only Out-gate; so without Distinctions it is impossible to escape out of the confused Maze of such intricate Questions and infinite Errors, amongst the which there is but one only Truth: By Distinctions we discern the Scent and Footsteps (as it were) of each Man's purpose and intent, thereby, like Bloodhounds, we are taught to trace and hunt out the very Centre of each Man's thought 
(p) Alciat. lib. 2. de Verb. Signif. fol. (lib. mei) 49. Mantic. de conjectur. ul tim. volunt. lib. 8. Tit. 3. n 9 , so far as it is possible with Human Industry, though the way be never so intricate: By Distinctions are ambiguous Questions resolved, confused Matters separated, Things variable discerned, and dark and obscure Enigmas cleared and made bright 
(q) Alciat. ubi supra. L. apud C. de furtis, & ibi DD. . By Distinctions we apprehend the true meaning, not of Men only, but of God himself, as without the which the true meaning and sense of Scriptures cannot be attained 
(r) Distingue tempora & concordabunt Scripturae, Bart. Bald & alii in L. apud C. de furtis. : Nay more, without Distinctions neither the Law, neither the Gospel, can stand or be defended from Contrariety, I had almost said from Falsity 
(s) Alciat. de Verb. Sig n. lib. 2. fol. 49. . Hence it is, that Distinctions are termed (of some) the next Neighbours of Truth 
(t) Mantic. de Conjectur. ultim. volunt. lib. 8. Tit. 3. n. 9 , being skilful and faithful Guides whereby Men escape the Erroneous By-paths of False Opinions, and are, at the least, brought unto the place where Truth is secretly seated 
(u) Alciat. ubi supra. DD. in d. l. apud. : Wherefore seeing the use of Distinctions is so necessary, as thereby we are directed to the Truth of each Man's meaning, when other Means do fail, how can we with safe Conscience speak against Distinctions, unless we are able to show this meaning, whereby we discern men's Consciences and the secret meanings of the Parties, by other more certain means than by a simple Argument, drawn from the simplicity of the Persons contracting: For what a simple Argument, and how unworthy such Patrons is this, The Parties are simple or ignorant Persons which did Contract by these words [I will take thee, etc.] Ergo, they did intent to Contract Matrimony, and not Spousals de futuro; what else (in God's Name) is this but principium petere, & ignotum per ignotius probare?  
10. There remaineth yet one doubt to be absolved which is this. When the parties do Contract by these words [I will take thee to my Wife] and [I will take thee to my Husband, etc.] not expressing the time when, is it not all one as if either of them had said [I do take], seeing when no day is expressed, the thing promised or Act covenanted is to be done presently 
(x) Olden. Topic. legal. loco à petitione principii, L. In omnibus obligationibus. de Reg. Jur. ff. Instit. de verb. oblige. §. omnis Stipulatio. L. cedere diem. ff. de Verb. Sign. .  
11. I Answer, the parties are presently bound so far forth as the weak Bond of Spousals de futuro can tie them 
(y) Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Sponsal §. quis sit effectus. in princ. c. 2. c. ex literis el. 2. de Sponsal. extra & ibi Panor. ; but they are not at all tied with that indissoluble knot or Bond of Matrimony, because as yet they have not Contracted Matrimony 
(z) Ergo Sublatâ Causâ, tollitur effectus. Olden. & Everard. loco à Causâ. , for each several Contract doth bring forth a several Bond or Obligation, whereof it is the Mother 
(a) Siquidem cum ex contractu nasci obligationem legimus, L. 1. de Action. & Oblige. ff. Contract. Obligationis matrem non ineptè dicimus. ; So long then as the Mother (that is the Contract) is unbegotten, so long the Daughter, (that is the Bond or Obligation) must needs be unborn. These things considered, I conclude, That it is not all one to say [I will take thee to my Wife] and [I do take thee to my Wife]; And that by the Form of words, [I will take thee, etc.] Spousals de futuro and not the praesenti are Contracted; which Conclusion notwithstanding as it is diversely enlarged, so on the contrary it is restrained in divers Cases.  
12. The First Ampliation is collected out of the Premises, that is to say, albeit the parties contracted be rude and simple persons, yet these words [I will take thee, etc.] import no more but Spousals de futuro 
(b) Panor. in c. ex literis el. 1. de Sponsal. extra n. 4. , unless it be otherwise proved that they did intent to Contract Spousals de praesenti 
(c) DD. in d.c. ex literis. Cave. .  
13. The Second Ampliation is, albeit the Parties instead of the Verb [volo, I will] do use the Verb [promitto, 
(d) Summa Rosell. verb. Matrimonium. el. 3. col. 2. lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 60. nu. 16.  I promise] or the Verb [placet 
(e) Panor. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. n. 5. & ibi Praepos n. 6. in princ. , it pleaseth or liketh me] or [contentus sum 
(f) Lib. 1. consil. matrim. Consil ibidem. 60. nu. 16. , I am content]; wherefore if the parties respectively say [I promise to take thee, or I am pleased to take thee, or I am content to take thee, etc.] these words or phrases import no more than [Volo accipere te, etc. I will take thee, etc. 
(g) Panor. & Prepos. in d. c. ex literis lib. 1. Consil. matr. consil. ibid. 60. nu. 16. ].  
14. The Third Ampliation is, that albeit the Parties do confirm the Contract with an Oath, yet the same Contract being made by the words aforesaid, the nature thereof is not altered 
(h) c. requisivit. de Sponsal. extra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte. c. 5. in princ. . And therefore if the Parties say, [I give thee my Faith and Troth to Marry thee 
(i) Lib. 1. Consil. matrim. Consil. ibidem. 60. nu. 16. , or I swear unto thee to take thee to my Wife, etc.] this is but Spousals de futuro 
(k) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte. c. 5. in princ. .  
15. The Fourth Ampliation is this, namely when either party doth say [promitto tibi Matrimonium, I do promise thee Marriage] for this is no more but Spousals de futuro 
(l) Heming. Goden. inter Consil. Matrimonial. lib. 2. Consil. ibidem. 2. nu. 6. ; nor is it all one to say [I do promise Matrimony] and [I do Contract Matrimony] no more than it is all one to say [I will Marry] and [I do Marry 
(m) Eod. consil. ].  
16. The Fifth Ampliation is when Children are Married together, for than albeit they use words of the present time, as [I do take thee, etc.] yet by Interpretation of Law these are no more but Spousals de futuro 
(n) c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. sexti & ibidem Gem. & Franc. .  
17. The Sixth Ampliation is, when after the speaking of such words as induce Spousals de futuro, the parties do add other words, which otherwise of themselves induce Spousals de praesenti; for Example. The one party saith [I do promise that I will Marry thee, and I will hold thee for my Lawful Wife], and the other party answereth, and [I promise that I will Marry thee, and I will hold thee for my lawful Husband 
(o) Specul. Tit. de Sponsal. in princ. n. 7. Panor. in c. ex parte de Spons. extra Summa Rosella. verb. Matrimonium 3. col. 2. Summa Silvestr. verb. Matrimonium. 2. q. 9 in fin. lib. 1. consil. Matrimonial. Consil. ibidem. 83. n. 25. ]. Which words [and I will hold thee, etc.] being uttered alone, do induce Matrimony 
(p) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. Secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 4. Panor. in c. veniens el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. n. 3. & in c. ex parte eod. Tit. n. 7. Praepos. in c. ex literis el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. nu. 6. in fin. ; but here they are restrained by the words foregoing 
(q) Panor. in c. ex parte despons. extra. n. 7. Arg. l. ultim. §. cui dulcia ff. de Tritic. vin. et el. legate. Alex. con. 152. vol. 5. lib. 1. consil. matrim. consil. 83. n. 10. , which are to be regarded as Principal, and the words following, as accessary; and so in this instance they induce no more, but Spousals de futuro 
(r) Specul. in Rub. de Sponsal extra. Summa Rosella. & Summa Silvestr. ubi supra lib. 1. consil. matrim. consil. Ibidem. 83. n. 25. Alex. consil. 152. vol. 5. n. 5. Menoch. de presump. lib. 3. presump. 3. n. 4. Rom. singul. 338. , according to the nature of the former words [I will Marry thee, etc.]  
18. The Seventh Ampliation is when the parties do use these or the like words, [I will take no other Woman to my Wife but thee, and I will take no other Man to my Husband but thee 
(s) Alex. cons. 152. vol. 5. n. 3, & 4. lib. 1. consil. matrim. Consil. ibidem. 52. n. 1, 2, 5. ], for it is in effect as if he or she had said [I will tak● thee and no other 
(t) Siquidem haec dictio [nisi] post orationem negativam posita ponit & affirmat exceptum, Spiegel. Lexic. verb. nisi. L. 2. §. fin. ff. de Custod reorum. Jas. in L. Actio C. de Transac. & Alex. d. cons. 152 lib. 1. consil. Matrim. consil. 52. n. 2. Ripa. Resp. 71. ], howbeit this Ampliation doth not pass without difficulty, as hereafter more fully shall appear 
(u) Infra. .  
19 The Eighth Ampliation is, that if either Party do not repeat the same words, viz. the one of them saying, [I will Marry thee, or I will take thee to my Wife, or I will Contract Matrimony with thee, etc.] The other answering [I am content, or I am pleased, etc.] hereby are Spousals de futuro Contracted 
(x) c. si iater. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. & Praepos. , as if both parties had used the self same words.  
20. The Ninth Ampliation is, that albeit the one party use no words at all, but signify his or her consent by some Signs, as if the one party say [I do promise to Marry thee, and if thou be content to Marry me, then kiss me, or give me thy hand]; Whereupon the other party kissing or giving hand accordingly, Spousals are thereby Contracted 
(y) Henr. Boic. in c Tuae. de Sponsal. extra. col. 2. lib. 2. consil. Matrimo. consil. ibidem. 34. n. 5. Summa Silvestrin. verb. Matr. 2. n. 8. Summa Angelic. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. q. 4. in fin. .  
21. The Tenth Ampliation is, that Spousals are sometimes Contracted without express mention of future Marriage, or taking to Husband and Wife, etc. viz. when the parties mutually use these words [I will receive thee for my own 
(z) c. pen. de Sponsal. extra. §. verum. dec. consil. 368, n. 2. ].  
22. Finally, if a Man, taking a Woman by the hand, do say unto her, (I give thee my Faith that I will take thee to my Wife] albeit the Woman say nothing, yet is the Man bound to Marry her if she will; but the Woman is not to be compelled if she will not 
(a) Boer. consil. 40. n. 22. Summa Rosella. verb. Sponsal. in princ. Summa Angel. Eod n. 19 , unless it be proved at least by some Sign, that the Woman did consent; as if there were some Treatise before of Spousals to be Contracted betwixt them; or if she being required, did willingly give her hand to receive his promise 
(b) Summa Rosella. ubi supra. Addic. Ad Hostiens. in Tit. de Sponsal. §. quot sunt. litera (b) & Boer. d. cons. 40. n. 22. Andr. Barb. consil. 6. vel. 1. ; Where I said that the Man is tied if the Woman will, albeit she said nothing 
(c) Silvestr. Prior. verb. Sponsalia. in princip. , that is true, if she will immediately after the Contract, otherwise it is not in her power afterwards.  
23. The First Limitation of the former Rule is, when it appeareth that the Parties did intent to Contract Matrimony; For albeit the words import no more but Spousals de futuro, of their own Nature; yet by reason of the intent and present Consent (which alone is sufficient) Matrimony is thereby Contracted 
(d) Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Matrimonio. §. qualiter. col. 7. Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. n. 13. Henr. Boic. in c. ex parte. despons. extra. col. 1. lib 1. consil. Matrim. consil. 52. n. 3. . This Limitation is very General, the rest are more special, and do help to declare this intent and meaning.  
24. The Second Limitation is, when the Contract is made by way of Interrogation and Answer, for then the Answer being made deliberately by this Word [volo] I will, doth induce Matrimony 
(e) Covar. Epitome. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. §. 1. n. 4. Part. in l. gerit. ff. de acquir. haered. DD. in L. Servi electione. ff. de leg. 1. ; Albeit the other Verb hath relation to the beginning, not the Execution of Matrimony; for Example. The Man demanding of the Woman whether she will take him to her Husband, she answereth [I will]: And the Woman likewise demanding whether he will take her to his Wife, he answereth [I will], in this Case Matrimony and not Spousals is Contracted 
(f) Covar. ubi Supra. Praepos. in c. ex literis el. 1. de Sponsal. extra col. 2. Vers. & cum hac dist. lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 1. n. 4. Vers. quod si. ex interrogatioens. Menoch. de Arb. Jud. lib. 2. centur. 5. cas. 496. n. 31 qui refert hoc procedere facta interrogatione ab ipsis contrahen. secus si ab altero. .  
25. The third Limitation is, when the Contract is made after Treatise of Matrimony to be had betwixt the Parties 
(g) Cardinal. in Clem. unic. de Consang. q. 20. Covar. Epitome. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. §. 1. n. 4. vide DD. in l. si quis cum aliter. de verb. Oblige. ff. Add Sanchez. Tract. de Matrimonio lib. 1. Disp. 18. n. 27. fol. 53. ; in which Case, by these words [I will marry thee, or I will take thee to my Wife, etc.] Matrimony is induced 
(h) Cardinal. & Covar. ubi supra lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 5. n. 14. in fin. Ripa. in Tit. de Sponsal. & Matrimonio. resp. 71. n. 1. Intellige de firmato, non de simplici tractatu. Jos. & Imol. in L. si quis cum aliter de verb. Oblige. ff. & Zas. in L. 1. §. Si quis simpliciter, ubi profert exemplum firmati tractatus. .  
26. The fourth Limitation is, When as over and above the words, there is an Accumulation of some Act joined therewithal, whereby those Spousals do pass into Matrimony 
(i) Lapus Allegat. 57 . For Example: The Parties saying [I will Contract Matrimony with thee, etc.] by and by the Man delivereth to the Woman a Ring, and doth put it on her fourth Finger; hereby the Contract is presumed Matrimonial 
(k) Lapus de Allegat. 57 ; howbeit this Conclusion is not very sound 
(l) Immo si Annuli traditio sequatur verba, ad Sponsalia solum apta, tunc Annulus solum denotat Sponsalia. Abb. in c. sin. de Spons. impub. n. 7. Paris. consil. 60. n. 49. vol. 4. nisi praecedat Tractatus de Matrimonio contrahendo. Paris. ibidem Add Mascard. Tract. de probat. concls. 1023. : Wherefore it will be requisite that thou take the pains to read what I have hereafter written, of Subarration, or Giving and Receiving a Ring 
(m) infra §. 15. Nota quod tractatus debet esse firmatus, alias non attenditur, quod observavi in Causa inter Prat & alium, & ut quodam libro mearum Annotat. fol. 61. Add Sanchez. Tract. de Matrimonio, lib. 1. Disp. 18. n. 27. .  
27. The fifth Limitation is, When the Parties do use this word from henceforth 
(n) Praepos. in c. ex literis el. 1. col. 2. verb. Item nisi ex verbis.  in the Contract; as [I will from henceforth take thee, etc.] for it is in effect as if they had said [I do take thee, etc.] inducing present Consent 
(o) Praepos. ubi supra. Idem crederem dicendum, si dixerint [omnino] te in conjugem accipere volo, etc. Rîpa in l. Servi electione ff. de leg. 1. in fin. d. l. Add Felin. in c. ex parte, el. 1. de offic. Deleg. quo locitradit xij. significationes hujus dictionis [omnino]. .  
28. The sixth Limitation is, When as by common use of Speech the words induce Matrimony; for the propriety of words ought to give place to the common use and acceptation thereof in this matter 
(p) Cardinal. in c. ex literis. de Sponsal. extra. in. fin. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 4. Praepos. in d. c. ex literis, col. 2. verb. Item nisi communis. lib. 2. Consil. matr. consil. ibidem 1. n. 2. : If therefore while the Parties do say [I will marry thee, or I will Contract Matrimony with thee, etc.] it be the use and custom of that place by these words to Contract Matrimony (although the words of their own nature induce no more than Spousals) indissoluble Matrimony is thereby contracted 
(q) DD. in d. c. ex literis, & in c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. Jacob. Leoniss. inter consil. matrimonial. lib. 1. consil. ibidem 52. quod ommno velim te videre. .  
29. The seventh Limitation is, When it is doubtful whether the words uttered by the Parties import Spousals de futuro or Matrimony, being apt and indifferent, by reason of the double sense thereof, to signify either the one or the other. In which Case, that Sense is to be received which maketh for Matrimony 
(r) Praepos. in c. ex parte, n. 6. in fin. de Sponsal. extra. lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 52. n. 6. DD. in c. ultim. de Reg. Jud. extra. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. in fin. , unless it be in prejudice of a second Matrimony undoubted 
(s) Inno. in c. illud de praesump. extra. facit decis. Tholoss. q. 172. Paul. Merenda, inter consil. matrim. lib. 1. consil. ibidem 86. n. 35. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 1. n. 31, 32. , or unless the former Contract be clandestine or secret 
(t) Dionis. Francis. inter consil. matrim. lib. 1. consil. ibidem. 49. n. 2. & 3. & consil. 60. n. 21. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 6. in princ. n. 11. Panor. in c. cum Inhibitio. de clandestine. de Sponsal. extra. n. 6. & in c. 2. eod. Tit. in fin. Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 24. ; or unless these doubtful words do follow other words, which, without doubt import no more but Spousals de futuro 
(u) Galat. inter consil. matrimonial. lib. 1. consil. ibidem 83. nu. 23, 24, 25. .  
30. The eighth Limitation is, When the words do savour of the Execution of Marriage, as [I will have thee for my Wife, etc. 
(x) c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. & ibi DD. ]  
31. The ninth Limitation is, When the Parties, after they have contracted Spousals de futuro, have Carnal Knowledge together; for thereby the former Contract doth pass, and is (by interpretation of Law) transferred into Matrimony 
(y) c. is qui fidem. c. veniens. el. 2. de Spons. extra. Melch. Kling. Tract. de cause. matr. fol. 7. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 〈◊〉 ubi haec conclusio multifariam & extenditur, & restringitur. .   

SECT. XI. By what Form of Words Spousals de praesenti (being in substance Matrimony) are contracted.  
1. WE must neither forget the two former Distinctions, viz. That of words used in contracting Spousals; some are of the present time, some of the future time 
(a) supra. §. prox. c. si inter de Sponsal. extra. . And Secondly, That some words have relation to the entrance or beginning, and some to the end or execution of Marriage 
(b) Panor. Praepos. & alii in c. ex parte, de Sponsal. extra. Specul. in Rub. de Sponsal. in princ. lib. 1. consil. Matrimon. consil. ibidem 60. & lib. 2. consil. 17. : The Examples whereof are before delivered: Whereunto it may now, Thirdly be added, That some words have respect neither to the beginning nor to the ending, nor to any Accident, but to the Substance of the Act; as [I will be thy Husband, etc. 
(d) Summa Silvestrin. verb. matrimon. 2. q. 9 Ferret. consil. 383. n. 10. lib. 1. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 84. n. 25. DD. in L. Servi electione ff. de leg. 1. & ibi Ripa n. 18. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 5. ]: From which three Distinctions flow three several Conclusions, yet tending to one and the same end: Which are these.  
2. The first Conclusion is, That when the Parties do Contract Spousals by words of present time; as, [I take thee to my Wife 
(e) c. pen. de Sponsal. extra. Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 1. ] or [I hold thee for my Wife 
(f) Summa Angel. verb. matrimon. 2. n. 13. Abbas. in c. venias. el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. ] or [thou art my Wife 
(g) Melchior Kling. Tract. de causis matrimo, fol. 6. ] or [I consent unto thee, as my 
(c) supra. §. prox.  Wife 
(h) Specul. lib. 4. in Rub. de Sponsal. in princ. n. 6. ] or [I commend thee for my Wife 
(i) Specul. ubi supra. ): By these kind of words (being uttered by either Party) are contracted Spousals de praesenti 
(k) vide DD. in c. ex literis. el. 1. & in c. ex parte & in c. si inter. de Spons. extra. Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. ; which kind of Spousals (as I have often foretold) are in Truth and Substance very Matrimony indissoluble 
(l) supra. §. 4. c. conjux. c. cum initiat. 27. q. 2. c. si inter de Spons. extra. & ibi DD. lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 24. n. 2. Melchior. Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimonial. fol. 7. in fin. Panor. & Felin. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. .  
3. The second Conclusion is, That when the Parties contracting Spousals, do use such words of the future time, as have relation to the end or execution of Marriage; as [I will have thee for my Wife 
(m) c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. Boic. & Praepos. cum aliis. ] or [I will hold thee for my Wife 
(n) Inno. in d. c. ex parte. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 3. Praepos. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. n. 6. Specul. in Rub. de Spons. n. 6. Summa Silvestrin. verb. matrimo. 2. n. 9 ] or [I will entreat thee as my Wife 
(o) Praepos. in d. c. ex literis. n. 6. Melchior. Kling. Tract. de Caus. Matrimonial. fol. 6. ] or [I will provide for thee as my Wife 
(p) Hostiens. in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. Specul. lib. 4. in Rub. de Sponsal. n. 6. Melchior Kling. ubi supra. Summa. Angel. verb. Matrimonium 2. n. 9 ] or [I will keep my Faith unto thee as my Wife 
(q) Panor. in d. c. ex parte, n. 2. & 3. & ibi Praepos. Specul. & Kling. ubi supra. ], hereby (like as by words of the present time) are Spousals de praesenti contracted 
(r) DD. in c. ex literis. & in c. ex parte. de Spons extra. Menoch. de praefump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. ; which Conclusion is (albeit rejected of some) commonly received of the ancient Writers 
(t) Jo. And. Cardinal. Floren. Panor. & Praepos. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Spons. extra. August. Berojus. q. 6. Emanuel Soarez. lib. recep. sentent. verb. matrim. n. 91. Vivius Thesaur. come. op. verb. matrimonium. in fin. quorum opinionem communiter receptam fatetur. Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 5. ut ipse ab eadem recedat. , whose strongest Reason is, because, Qui vult consequens, velle videtur & antecedens, he which granteth the Consequent, or that which followeth, is thought also to grant the Antecedent, or that which goeth before 
(u) Panor. in d. c. ex parte. n. 3. Praepos. in d. c. ex literis. n. 6. : For how can he truly have or hold her as his Wife, which is not first his Wife 
(x) Panor. in d. c. ex literis. n. 5. in sin. , no 
(s) Mag. Sent. 4. Sentent. Distinct. 28. c. 2. de matr. Hadr. q. 13. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 5. Molin. in Addit. ad Dec. in c. juravit. de probat. extra. Alciat. in l. Actione. C. de transact. n. 28.  more than a Man can have or hold Tenements or Hereditaments by any Deed, unless there be a Concedimus before the Habendum: Or how can he properly entreat her as his Wife, or provide for her as his Wife, or keep his Faith unto her as his Wife, which is not his Wife before 
(y) Praepos. in d. c. ex literis. n. 6. in fin. ? no more than it is possible that there should be any Effect without the Cause foregoing 
(z) Oldendorp. Topic. legal. loco à Causa. Tiraquel. in regul. Cessante Causâ. : Wherefore like as by confessing the Effect we grant the Cause; so by promising the end, we are presupposed to have already promised the beginning, and consequently by the promise of having, holding, entreating, and providing for, and keeping of Faith, etc. which words respect the end and execution of Marriage, we are now deemed to have turned over the Leaf, and to be past the first Lesson, I mean the Promise of Taking, Contracting, Espousing, or Marrying, which words do savour only of the beginning or entrance into Matrimony 
(a) DD. in c. ex literis. etc. ex parte, de Sponsal. extra. .  
4. Others nevertheless, as well Divines 
(b) Magistr. in 4. Senten. Distinct. 28. c. 2. de matrim. Hadria .....  as Lawyers 
(c) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. parte secunda, c. 4. §. 1. n. 5. Molin. in addit. ad Dec. in. c. Juravit de probat. extra. Alciat. in L. Actione C. de Transact. nu. 28. , Men without all controversy, excellently learned, and of sharp Judgements, are of another Opinion, contending earnestly, That by these words, [I will have thee] or [I will hold thee for my Wife, etc.] Spousals only de futuro are contracted; affirming, that as by words of present time Spousals de praesenti, so by words of future time Spousals de futuro are contracted, without any such Distinction as is above recited, of the beginning or execution of the Act; and that Spousals de praesenti are not contracted by any other words than such as do clearly, necessarily, and seriously infer and conclude present and perfect Consent 
(d) Magistr. Covar. & Molin. ubi supra. .  
5. And here (by the way) we may note the contrariety and extremity of Opinions amongst the Learned, for some make no difference at all betwixt words of present and future time 
(e) Martin. Luther. Libel. de cause. matrimon. Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 19 Jo. Frigeus de Sponsal. in fin. lib. Institut. Jur. Civil. Heming. Goden. lib. 2. Consil. matrimonial. Consil. ibid. 1. , esteeming that it is all one in effect to say [I will take thee to my Wife] and [I do take thee to my Wife] as appeareth in the former Paragraph 
(f) supra. §. proxim. : But now these Men are so far from confounding the Natures or Effects of those Terms [I will take] and [I do take, etc.] that on the contrary; they will not at any hand admit words of the future time to have the force of present time, or to induce Spousals de praesenti, albeit the same words have respect to the end or execution of the Act 
(g) Alciatus Covar. & Molin. cum Lombard. & Hadria. ubi supra. .  
6. The former of these two Opinions, how erroneous it is, and how unworthy the Patronage of such Learned Writers, is already discoursed 
(h) supra. §. prox. . And here by order I shall detect the Error of this Opinion likewise, which thing I would gladly perform, because it seemeth to be new and singular, and to oppugn the ancient and received Opinion 
(i) Communem DD. opinionem, & Consulendo & Judicando attendendam & amplectendam fore permultis fretus testimoniis confirmat Anto. Coratius. Tract. de Communi opinion, lib. 2. Inspectione 2. . Nevertheless, the further I enter into the Consideration of the Controversy, the further I am from the Accomplishment of my purpose, the aged Walls and Fortresses, that is to say, the Reasons and Arguments wherewith this ancient Opinion is defended seeming more weak and feeble, so that they are unable to resist the force and fresh Assault of the Adversary, at least in every point of Law: For first and principally this Axiom, Qui vult consequens velle censetur antecedens 
(k) De argumento à consequenti Consulas velim. Jo. Oldendorpii Topic. legal. fol. (lib. mei) 126. & Nichol. Everard. loco à concessione consequentis. , being the strongest place of Defence, and the very Gates of the Castle, wherein is placed the greatest Force, for the Maintenance of the former Opinion, is by virtue of a strong Distinction (as by the might of some Martial Engine) in danger to be violently burst open and captivated by the Adversary, armed with this sharp Sentence; Ego autem tunc praesentem consensum Conjugio praestitum esse opinor, quando ex verbis prolatis, Consensus is de praesenti necessariò sequitur; At in hâc questione, is Consensus non sequitur necessariò, igitur Matrimonium non est, etc. nec obstat illa ratio, Qui enim vult id quod sequitur, Censetur omnino velle id quod permittitur necessariò illo tempore, quo consequens executioni tradendum est, unde qui habet aliquam faeminam in uxorem, actu promittit se cum illa Matrimonium contraxisse, non sic ille qui praesenti tempore actu non habet, sed habere promittit in futuro, etc. 
(l) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. & matr. secunda parte. c. 4. §. 1. n. 5. versic. Ego autem. & versic. nec obstat. . I am verily of Opinion (saith he) that present Consent for Marriage is then performed, when as that present Consent doth necessarily follow of the words spoken: But in this Question, That Consent doth not necessarily follow, therefore it is not Matrimony, nor doth that aforesaid Reason withstand; for he which granteth that which followeth, is presumed, at the utmost, to grant that which is necessarily presupposed at that instant wherein the Consequent is to be put in Execution; whereupon he which indeed hath any Woman to his Wife, promiseth that he hath contracted Matrimony with her; but so doth not he which actually at this present hath not a Wife, but promiseth that he will have hereafter, etc. By force of which Dictinction, the Gates of the former Axiom show as if they were cleft asunder, and set wide open, so that we may perceive and understand, That an Antecedent is only then presupposed, when the Consequent is actually executed 
(m) Covar. ubi supra. , but not before; like as the Cause is then justly presumed, when as the Effect is indeed really extant, and not before 
(n) Siquidem effectus absolutam consummationem seu rei perfectionem significat. Jo. Olden. Topic. legal. loco. ab effectu. ; and therefore whiles any man saith, [Habebo te in Vxorem, I will have thee to my Wife] (seeing the Promise is not yet executed, but is to be performed hereafter) he is not yet presumed to have taken her to his Wife, or to have contracted Matrimony with her in the mean time 
(o) Covar. ubi supra. Hadr. in 4. Senten. q 13. . And hereby also appeareth the Answer to the Questions formerly demanded, viz. How can he have or hold her as his Wife, which is not first his Wife? etc. Whereunto it may be easily answered; That to have, and to hold, and to promise to have, and to hold, is not all one 
(p) Covar. ubi supra. & Molin. in addit. ad Dec. in c. juravit. de probat. extra. qui respondet, quod in his verbis [habebo te in ux.] subest Conditio, casu quo in futurum velim uxorem ducere; Item aliud est contrahere, aliud velle contrahere. lib. 1. Caus. matrimonial. consil. ibidem. 86. n. 17. : For say, that she cannot truly and properly be had, held, entreated, kept, or provided for as Wife, which is not first his Wife, of whom she is so had, held, entreated, kept or provided for 
(q) Panon. & alii. in c. ex literis. el. 1. etc. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. ; yet verily a Man may promise that he will have her to his Wife, which as yet is not his Wife 
(r) Covar. Hadrian & Molin. ubi supra. : And although when a Man promiseth that he will have her, be presently bound 
(s) Panor. in d. c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. n●…. & ibi Cardinal. q. 1. , yet is it fully answered by Covarruvias, Quamvis sic promittens statim teneatur illam habere in uxorem, dum tamen non habet, Matrimonium non est 
(t) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 5. versi Item quamvis. . Although he which so promiseth be forthwith bound to have her for his Wife, yet whiles he hath her not, it is not Matrimony. As for the Chapter Ex parte 
(u) c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. , which divers do urge in confirmation of the common Opinion, it is retorted upon their own pates; for in the Case proposed in that Chapter it is plain, that the Man did promise quòd eam ab eo tempore pro Conjuge teneret 
(x) Text. in d. c. ex parte. , That from that time he would hold her for his Wife; which words [ab eo tempore] from that time do imply present Consent, and consequently induce Matrimony 
(y) Molin. in addit. ad Dec. in c. Juravit. de probat. extra. Covar. de Sponsal. parte secunda, c. 4. §. 1. n. 5. versic. ex quo ad Text. etc. Imo vero Martinus ita, quod nec per ista verba (ab hoc tempore tenebo te pro Conjuge) contrahitur Matrimonium, nisi partes hoc intendunt, de qua intention (inquit) constare pocost per subsequen. cohabitationem, quae secuta fuit in casu d.c. ex parte, quo facto Ille reliquit eam, etc. Vide Martin. in Addit. ad Hostiens. Summam. Tit. de Sponsal. §. quot sunt species litera 6. , albeit the words otherwise import no more but Spousals de futuro 
(z) Prae pos. in c. ex literis. el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. n. 4. verb. Item nisi ex verbis. . And therefore if the Man say [I will from henceforth take thee to my Wife,] which words [I will take thee to to my Wife] induce no more but Spousals de futuro; but by force of this word [from henceforth] present Matrimony is induced; like as if he had said [I do take thee for my Wife 
(a) Praepos. ubi supra. Vide Inno. in c. ex parte de Spons. extra. .] And so the Chapter Ex parte, is not of any such importance, as many do surmise. Thus we may behold how the Foundations of that ancient Opinion are battered, the Gates opened, and the Adversary entered; and that the same which heretofore so long triumphed in Peace, and hath been so highly advanced, and of so many honoured for the Truth, is now at last strongly besieged, hotly pursued, greatly distressed, and in danger to be captivated and condemned, as False and Erroneous, (and if I shall not dissemble) were it not that the Castle is better furnished with Men than Munition, I mean, if the Patrons and Favourers of this ancient Opinion, were not in number almost Infinite 
(b) Cardinal. Zabarel. Hostiens. Anto. de Butr. Panor. Praepos. Henr. Boic. & alii. DD. in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra Summa Angel. Summa Rosel. & Summa Silvestrin. verb. matrim. Melchior. Kling. Tract. de Causis matrimonial. fol. 7. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 3. Dec. in c. Juravit. de probat. extra. Anto. Galat. lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 83. n. 23. in fin. lib. 2. consil. 2. n. 5. Alex. consil. 153. vol. 2. Boer. consil. 40. n. 54. Baptista Villalob. Thesaur. come. op. verb. matrimonium, n. 36. Vivius eod. lib. verb. matr. in fin. Soarez. eod. lib. verb. matrimon. n. 90. Berous. q. 6. n. 1. Jas. in L. Servi. Electione ff. de leg. 1. n. 50. Rip. ibidem n. 18. , and their Power and Authority far more terrible 
(c) De authoritate communis opinionis. Coras. & Macagnanus in suis Tract. de come. op. alter. lib. 2. Inspect. 2. altar. lib. 3. c. 6. & 7. , than their Reasons or Arguments strong or forcible, I should conjecture, That this singular Opinion would quickly prevail and reign as Conqueror; but because they be so many in number, and in Authority so mighty, because also it is not absolutely lawful for the Judge to pronounce Sentence, nor for the Advocate to give Counsel, against the common and received Opinion 
(d) Corasius Tract. de come. op. lib. 2. Tit. 8. Inspect. 2. &. tit. 9 in princip. cum cas. sequen. Macagn. Tract. de come. op. c. 7. in princ. , especially when it tendeth to the Confirmation of Matrimony 
(e) c. ultim. de Reg. Jud. extra. & ibi Panor. & alij, Immò favore Matrimonij judicand. est contra come. op. Hostiens. in c. 2. & ibi Panor. & alij de Cogna. Spiritual. extra. Corset. in suis singular. verb. opinio. Sed istud an sit verum videre est apud Corasium Tract. de come. op. lib. 3. cas. 20. crudite de hac re differentem ; for Tutius est pro Matrimonio quam contra Matrimonium pronunciare 
(f) c. licet ex quadam in fin. de testibus extra. & ibidem Panor. & in c. 2. de Cogna. Spirituali. extra. n. 3. Coras. lib. 4. miscell. c. 4. in fin. , it is more safe to Judge for Matrimony than against Matrimony; and less peril to join them which be free, than to separate them which be bound 
(g) c. Licet. de testibus extra. in fin. c. habetur c. scripsit. 27. q. 1. ; the victory is like to rest doubtful. And therefore in the mean time, it were not far amiss to be unsuspected, saving that the state of this Question being plainly discovered and brought almost to an Issue, some do perhaps expect that I should give my Verdict therein, then, of how small moment it is, I easily grant in a matter of so great moment; but yet to satisfy my Readers request, and rather than I will be thought a Neuter, this is my present Resolution.  
7. That howsoever the singular Opinion doth seem more probable or more sustentable in the very point of Law, in respect of the last, in regard of [habebit] which must be referred to the future tense only; yet considering the phrase of our native Language, which doth admit no equivocation herein; therefore I do conclude, when the parties do Contract themselves by such words as may be referred, not only to the future, but to the present time, as [I will have thee, etc.] which also have relation to the end and execution of Marriage; This is Matrimony 
(h) Panor. & omnes Canonistae in c. ex parte. de Spon. sul. extra. : For although [habebo, tenebo, tractabo, etc. which is, I will have, I will hold, I will entreat, etc.] be referred to the future time; Yet [volo habere, volo tenere, volo tractare, etc. which is likewise, I will have, I will hold, I will entreat, is referred to the time present; And although these words [I will have thee to my Wife, etc.] being referred to the future time (as if the party had said [habebo]) it is a question whether they induce Matrimony or Spousals; Yet being referred to the time present, As if the party had said (volo habere) it is no question, for aught that I have read, but these words [volo habere te in uxorem] induce Matrimony 
(i) Panor. Praepos. & omnes DD. in c. ex literis el. 1. etc. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. : Now then seeing whiles any Man saith [I will have thee to my Wife] and [I will have thee to my Husband] it may be understood [I will now presently have] aswell as [I will have hereafter 
(k) Lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem. 1. n. 4. ]; in this Case that Sense is to be embraced, whereby Matrimony is advanced 
(l) Anto. de Butr. & DD. in c. 1. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. u. 9 .  
8. The Third Conclusion is all one in effect with the second, namely, that when the parties shall Contract themselves, by such words, as do respect not any Accident, but the Substance of the Act. As [I will be thy Husband], and [I will be thy Wife, etc.] hereby (even as by words which have relation to the Execution of the Act) Spousals de praesenti are contracted 
(m) lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem. 83. n. 25. Silvest. Prior. verb. matrim. §. 2. n. 9 Ripa in L. Servi Electione. ff. de leg. 1. nu. 18. Ferret. consil. 383. n. 10. .  
9 Out of these three Conclusions I collect this general rule, That when the parties do Contract Spousals by words of present time, or by words of the future time, having relation to the Execution or Substance of Matrimony, hereby are Spousals de praesenti Contracted 
(n) Menochtract. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. Panor. & alij in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. .  
10. The Ampliations and limitations of which rule are these: The first Ampliation is, that Albeit the words be ambiguous, such as of their own nature enforce neither Matrimony nor Spousals, but by common use of Speech induce Matrimony, by these words true and perfect Matrimony is Contracted, aswell as if the words were naturally and properly Matrimonial 
(o) c. ex literis cl. 1. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Cardinal. Jo. And. ibidem. Praepos. in d. c. ex parte n. 7. in fin. per. c. fin. de jud. extra. . For example; the parties. Contracting use these words, [I will have thee for my Wife until the Earth cover mine Eyes] for by these words 
(p) Panor. in d. c. ex literis n. 5. Covar. Tract. de Spons. 2. part c. 4. §. 1. n. 13. Praepos. in. d. c. ex literis n. 4. verb. tertio modo. , [until the Earth cover mine Eyes] is commonly understood until I be dead and buried; and not until the Earth cover mine Eyes, whiles I am yet alive 
(q) Panor. Praepos. & Covar. ubi supra. : So it is if the Parties say [I will not change thee for a better 
(r) Hostiens. in c. fin. de sen. & Re. Jud. extra. Silvestr. Prior. verb. matrimonium. 2. n. 10. verb. Quintum Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimon. fol. 6. Praepos. in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. n. 8. ], or thus, [none shall separate us but death 
(s) Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimonial. fol. 6. Moraldus tract. de Matrimonio. fol. 29. versic. Sponsalia verò de praesenti. ], or thus, [I will retain thee perpetually with me 
(t) Gloss in c. Solet. 32. q. 2. Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimonium. 2. n. 10. verb. sextum. lib. 2. consil. matrimon. Consil. ibidem. 34. n. 3. ], or thus, [here I take thee for mine own 
(u) Panor. in c. Si inter. de Sponsal. extra. in fin. & ibi Praepos. n. 2, & 3. ], with a thousand like instances, wherein the obscurity or ambiguity of the Speech hindereth not, but that the common and usual acceptation thereof, doth enforce Matrimony 
(x) Vide DD. in c. ex literis. cl. 1. c. ex parte. & in c. pen. de Sponsal. extra. & Specul. in Tit. de Sponsal. & Matrimonio. ; neither is it material whether the Man or the Woman speak first 
(y) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 2. part. c. 4. n. 6. dicit tamen honestum esse ut faemina prius interrogetur. Potest enim (inquit) contingere, quòd foemina requisita à viro ut eum acciperet maritum, responderet, Accipe tu me prius in uxorem, & tunc demum Ego te accipiam in virum; Ac cum vir eam expresse uxorem accepisset, posset ipsa foemina illum irridere, ac libere refragari. .  
11. Secondly, albeit the words of the Contract properly, or of their own nature induce Spousals de futuro, as [I will take thee for my Wife, etc.] Yet if by the Common use of Speech or Custom of the place where the Parties do dwell, and were contracted, they infer Matrimony; This being proved, the Contract is of that force, That, if either party should afterwards Solemnize Matrimony with some other person, yet that second Matrimony is unlawful, although it were confirmed by carnal knowledge, and procreation of Children 
(z) lib. 1. consil. matrim. Consil. ibidem. 52. n. 3. vers. Sed dubitatur. & n. 9 vers. Satis evidenter. lib. 2. consil. Matr. ibidem. 17. n. 19 .  
12. Thirdly, when as the words of the Contract are partly doubtful, and partly undoubted; As [I will not Marry any other Woman to my Wife, and I do take thee for my Wife, etc.] howsoever these words of the Contract [I will not Marry any other Woman to my Wife] be doubtful and obscure, inducing rather Spousals than Matrimony 
(a) Alex. consil. 152. vol. 2. lib. 1. consil. Matr. consil. ibidem. 52. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. sccunda parte c. 4. §. 1. n. 6. in f.n. Dec in L. Actione C. de Transact. n. 7. qui refert hanc op. esse communem licet ipse dissentiat. Praep os. in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. n. 7. ; Nevertheless, forasmuch as the words following are certain, and do undoubtedly import Matrimony; In this Case, the ambiguous words precedent are interpreted by the plain and certain words following, and so consequently the parties are in this instance adjudged to Contract Matrimony 
(b) Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 5. Jo. Baptist. Ferretus' consil. 86. Idem Menoch. consil. 366. n. 36. vers. quintus. casus. ; Whereas on the contrary, if the former words had certainly induced Spousals, and the words following Matrimony, but yet doubtfully, than the words following had received their interpretation of the words precedent, and so had induced no more but Spousals de futuro 
(c) Hostiens. Abbas & Praepos. in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. Bom. sing. 338. Dec. in c. Juravit. de Sponsal. extra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 2. part. c. 4. §. 1. nu. 5. in fin. .  
13. Fourthly, albeit he or she had no meaning or intent to Contract Matrimony (for that perhaps the Man's purpose was no other but to deceive the Woman, and procure her to yield to his Lust) yet nevertheless, whereas the words of the Contract being such as do import Matrimony, the Judge is to give no Credit to his or her protestation of any sinister or sophistical meaning, other than the natural propriety and usual acceptation of the words do import 
(d) Hostiens. in c. ex literis el. ●. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. n. 6. ; and therefore the words themselves inducing Matrimony, the parties shall be adjudged thereby to have Contracted Matrimony 
(e) c. tua nos. de Sponsal. extra. Hostiens. & Panor. ubi supra. & Praepos. in d.c. ex literis eod. Tit. lib. 2. consil. Matrimonial. consil. ibidem 17. n. 19 , although (before God) they be not Man and Wife; for he which is the searcher of the heart doth well know their deceit and defect of Mutual Consent 
(f) Panor. in d.c. ex literis. el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. n 6. & DD. in d. c. Tua nos. , without the which, there can be no Matrimony 
(g) c. Tua nos. de Sponsal. extra. ; and therefore, in his sight, they are not Man and Wife 
(h) eod. c Tua nos. & ibi DD. Panor. in d. c. ex literis n. 9 . But mortal Man cannot otherwise judge of men's meanings, than by their say 
(i) c. Tua de Sponsal. extra. lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. 68 n. 9 , for the Tongue is the Messenger of the heart 
(k) L. Labeo. §. caeterum. ff. de supell. Legat. ; and although it sometimes delivers a false Message, yet doth the Law accept it for true, when as the Contrary doth not otherwise lawfully appear 
(l) prealleg. c. Tua nos. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. Praepos. & alij. lib. 1. consil. matrim. consil. ibidem. 68 n. 9, 10. Silvestr. Prior. verb. matrim. el. 4. n. 1. .  
14. Fifthly, albeit he or she having Contracted Matrimony, whether it be by words of the present time 
(m) c. si inter. de Sponsal. extra. , or by words of the future time, having relation to the execution of Marriage 
(n) c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi DD. , do afterwards Marry some other Person, yet is not the force of the former Contract thereby abated; but the Party which so Marrieth another Person (the same Person being dismissed) is to be compelled to Effect the first Contract 
(o) d. c. si inter etc. ex parte lib. 1. consil. matrimonial. confil. ibidem. 52. n. 9 ; Which Ampliation is undoubtedly true, the Contract being made by words of the present time, as [I take thee to my Wife, and I take thee to my Husband 
(p) d.c. si inter. de Sponsal. extra. ]; but being made by words of the future time, as [I will have thee for my Wife] and [I will have thee for my Husband], howsoever the same words have relation to the execution of Marriage, the Ampliation doth not pass without difficulty 
(q) Covar. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. §. 1. n. 5. Molinaeus in addit. ad Dec. in c. Juravit. de probat. extra. Mart. in addit. ad Summam Hostiens. Tit. de Sponsal. §. quot sunt species , as may appear by the former discourse of the second Conclusion, 
(r) Supra hoc ipso. §.  unless the parties had added some other words expressing their present Consent; as [I will from henceforth, or from this time have thee to my Wife, etc. 
(s) Nam tunc essemus in terminis d. c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. ].  
15. Sixthly, albeit both the parties contracting do not use the very same words, but other words, yet of the same importance, inducing present Consent; As if the one of them say [I take thee to my Wife], or [I swear that from hence forth I hold thee for my Wife], and the other answer [I am content 
(t) Lib. 1. consil. Matr. consil. ibidem. 42. n. 1. Panor. in c. si inter. de Sponsal. extra. n. 7. & Praepos. eod. c. n. 2. quorum opinio come. est teste Praepos. ubi supra. ], or [I will have thee for my Husband 
(u) Text. in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. ], here is indissoluble Matrimony Contracted, as well as if this party had repeated the very same words first uttered by that party 
(x) DD. communiter in c. si inter. de Sponsal. extra. .  
16. Seventhly, albeit the one party use no words at all, but signify his or her present Consent by Signs only; As if the one party say [I take thee to my Wife, desiring if thou likewise dost accept me to thy Husband, to receive this Ring], she receiving the Ring, it is in effect as if she had answered [I do accept thee for my Husband 
(y) Gloss. & DD. in c. ultim. de Despons. impub. extra. Lapus Alleg. 57 Baptist. à Villalob. verb. Matrimonial. n. 37. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 2. n. 4. ].  
17. Eightly, albeit neither the one party, nor the other, do utter the words of the Contract, but some third Person pronouncing the words; As if he say to the Man [dost thou take this Woman to thy Wife?] and he answer [yea, or I do, or what else?] and likewise to the Woman [dost thou take this Man to thy Husband?] and she answer [yea] or [I do so] or [what else?] it is of the same Efficacy, as if the Parties themselves had with their own Mouths pronounced all the words of the Contract, and said respectively [I take thee to my Wife] and [I take thee to my Husband, etc.] 
(z) Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium 2. n. 10. Hostiens. in c. Sponsam. de Sponsal. extra. lib. 1. §. si quis ita. ff. de verb. oblige. & ibi DD. . And if the Parents of the Children Contract Matrimony in behalf of the Children, though the Children say nothing, yet being present and hearing the same, their silence is a sufficient proof of their Consent 
(a) c. 1. §. ultim. de Despons. impub. lib. 6. & ibi gloss. & DD.  and approbation.  
18. Ninthly, albeit the words of the Contract, neither of their own natural signification, neither yet by common use and acceptation conclude Matrimony 
(b) Verbi gratiâ dicitur mulieri, [vis talem? vel placet tibi talis?] & ipsa respondeat [volo, vel placet] & è contrario dicitur viro [vis ne talem mulierem? vel [placet tibi talis?] & ipse dicat, [volo vel placet] Boic. in c. ex parte, de Sponsal. extra. ; Yet whereas the Parties do thereby intent to Contract Matrimony, they are inseparable Man and Wife 
(c) Henr. Boic. in d. c. ex parte col. 1. , not only before God, but also before Man; in case their meaning may lawfully appear 
(d) Nam quod ad verba attinetparum refert dummodo de Consensu appareat. Boic. ubi supra. Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Matrimonio. §. qualiter in fin. DD. in c. Tuae de Sponsal. extra. .  
19 Tenthly, albeit there be no Witnesses of the Contract, yet the Parties having verily, (though secretly) Contracted Matrimony, they are very Man and Wife before God 
(e) Everard. consil. xi. lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem. 24. n. 2. ; neither can either of them with safe Conscience Marry elsewhere, so long as the other party liveth) 
(f) c. in fin. 30. q. 5. Everard. ubi supra. ; for proof is not of the Essence of Matrimony 
(g) Gloss. & DD. in e. Tuae. de Spons. extra. & in c. 1. & 2 de Cland. Despons. Hiero. Schurf. inter consil. Matrimon. lib. 2 consil. 24. n. 23. ; and if it were, yet their Consciences shall be as a thousand Witnesses before the Tribunal of the immortal God 
(h) c. Custod. etc. Inter. xi. q. 3. , though it be otherwise in the Judgement of mortal Man 
(i) c. Judicantem 30. q. 5. Everard. dict. consil. xi. . As after more at large appeareth in the handling of Secret Contracts.  
20. The Eleventh Ampliation is, that albeit the Parties do not Contract Matrimony together at one instant, by speaking and answering immediately one after another; but that some good distance of time doth pass, betwixt the promise of the one, and of the other; Nevertheless the Party whose promise is past, not having changed his or her mind, but persevering still in the same Will, until the other Party have likewise promised, the Contract is of Equal force, as if they had both consented together, by speaking immediately one after another: Marry 
(k) Praepos. in c. dilectus. etc. pen. de Spons. extra. & ibi Card & Henr. Boic. per c. ult. de procur. in Sext. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. n. 7.  whether, or how long that Party whose promise is already past, is presumed to continue or persevere in the same mind, is a question not altogether free from Controversy; the Solution whereof appeareth in that place where we entreat of Spousals contracted betwixt them that are absent 
(l) infra §. 13. .  
21. The twelfth Ampliation is, That when the words of the Contract are indifferent or equally flexible to the signification of Spousals de futuro, or Matrimony; In this Case the Law presumeth Matrimony to be contracted 
(m) Anto. de Butr. in c. ex parte, de Sponsal. extra. n. 10. Lapus. Alleg. 56. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. tit. 3. in fin. , except in certain Cases elsewhere specified 
(n) supra. §. prox. .  
22. The thirteenth Ampliation is, That albeit this word Husband or Wife be not expressed, yet is it understood; as when the Parties Contract in this Form [accipio te in meum] accipio te in meam 
(o) Ferretus. consil. 383. n. 8. ].  
23. The fourteenth Ampliation is, When the Parties are contracted by these words [Non habebo aliam in uxorem nisi te, etc. I will not have any other to my Wife except thee] and [I will not have any other to my Husband except thee] for, by the Judgement of the greater part, it is in effect as if the Parties had been contracted by these words [I will have thee to my Wife] I will have thee to my Husband 
(p) Jo. Andr. Panor. & Praepos. in c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. Summa Silvestr. in verb. Matrimonium 2. n. 10. Bapt. à Villalob. Thesaur. come. op. verb. matrimonium, n. 34. Soarez eod. Thesaur. verb. matrimonium n. 89. Jas. & Sichard. in L. actione C de transact. Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 8. ] which Sentence nevertheless (to confess a truth) hath a very hard passage, being mightily withstood by divers Writers of high regard 
(q) Anto. de Butr. & Zochus in d. c. ex parte Contendentes Sponsalia tantùm esse contracta. Alciat. in L. actione C. de transact. n. 28. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 6, 7, 8 ubi audacter, per verba superiùs concepta, nec Matrimonium, nec Sponsalia contrahi. , by whose Opinion, first of all, these words [I will not have any other to my Wife except thee] do not enjoy this sense [I will have thee to my Wife 
(r) Specul. in Rubr. de Sponsal. extra. in princip. n. 3. Anto. de Butrio. in d. c. ex parte Summa Rosell. verb. matrimonium. el. 3. referens hanc Do. Anto. opinionem satis esse rationabil', quamvis in contrariam tandem, cum Panor. descendit Sententiam, Anto. de Butr. Alciat. & alii recentiores, moti per l. si Sterilis. §. pen. de Action. Emp. ff. .] And secondly, if it were granted that these words [I will not have any other to my Wife except thee] did peaceably enjoy this sense [I will have thee to my Wife], yet since it is not without doubt and controversy, whether these words [I will have thee to my Wife, etc.] induce Matrimony 
(s) ut paulò superiùs hoc ipso §. .; doubtless it cannot but be doubtful also, whether by these words [I will not have any other to my Wife except thee] Matrimony be induced; for if those former plain direct words be not Matrimonial, certainly these later indirect and obscure words are not 
(t) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. §. 1. n. 6, 7, 8. etc. . But concerning this second Question, namely, Whether these words [habebo te in uxorem, I will have thee to my Wife] import Matrimony? I shall not need to discuss, having already uttered my full mind therein: Wherefore it shall be more requisite to return to the former Question, and examine what is the true sense of these words [non habebo aliam, etc.] And whether they induce Matrimony or Spousals, or neither? for there be divers Opinions herein.  
24. The first Opinion is, (as I said) That these words [Non habebo aliam in uxorem nisi te, I will not have any other to my Wife except thee] are equivalent and all one in effect to these words [habebo te in uxorem, I will have thee to my Wife 
(u) Panor. & Praepos. post Jo. And. in c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. Jason. Sichard. & alii in L. actione C. de transact. quorum opinionem communiter approbatam esse, Tesles sunt locupletissimi. Baptista Villalob. & Emanuel Soarez. Thesaur. come. op. verb. matrimonium, ille nu. 34. iste nu. 89. & Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 8. ], which words, if the received Sentence be true, induce Matrimony 
(x) Praeall. c. ex parte, de Sponsal. extra. & communiter DD. in c. ex literis. el. 1. eod. August. Berous q. 6. Vivius & Soarez. Thesaur. come. op verb. Matrimonium. . The Reason of this Opinion doth chief rely upon this adversative [nisi, except] for such is the efficacy or operation thereof, that it doth still put the Contrary to that which goeth before it 
(y) L. Actione C. de transact. &. ibi DD. Spiegel. Lexic. verb. [nisi]. : As if the Sentence going before be an Affirmative, that which followeth is Negative 
(z) L. 1. §. Idem Neratius. ff. deposit. Rebuff. in L. verum de Verb. Sig. ff. ; or if the Sentence going before be Negative that which followeth is Affirmative 
(a) c. peccatum. de Reg. Jur. in Sext. Bar. & aalii. in l. cum §. qui injuriarum ff. si quis caution. & in d. L. Actionem. C. de transact. . For Example; say a Man writeth thus in his Testament [I give and bequeath unto thee all my Books except the Code 
(b) L. nam quod liquid. §. ultim. de ff. de pen. Legat. ], or contrariwise [I do not give or bequeath unto thee any of my Books, except the Code 
(c) Alciat. in L. Actione. C. de transact. n. 25. ]; In the former Instance this word [nisi] following an Affirmative Proposition, standeth Negatively; as though the Testator had said [My Code I do not bequeath unto thee 
(d) d. L. nam quod. §. ultim. de pen. Leg DD. l. 1. de Reg. Jur. ff. ]. In the second Instance, this word (but) following a Negative Proposition standeth Affirmatively; as if the Testator had said [I do bequeath my Code unto thee 
(e) Alciat. in d. L. Actionem n. 25. Licet (inquit) alii absque ratione diffentiant, ut Bald. in c. cum olim nobis. de elect. extra. n. 1. Tu vide Jas. in L. 2. C. de bonorum poss. ]. And so in our Case, whereas any Man saith thus [I will not have any other to my Wife except thee], here this word (except) following a Negative Proposition, doth import an Affirmative; and so is in effect as if he had plainly said [I will have thee to my Wife 
(f) Sichard. in d. L. Actione & communiter Canonistae in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. ].  
25. The second Opinion is, That by words above recited, Spousals only, and not Matrimony, is contracted 
(g) Anto. de Butr. Cald. & Zochus in c. ex parte. de Spons. extra. Alciat. in L. Actionern. C. de transact. n. 28 : The Reason of which Opinion is this, namely, Because by the Civil Law, if a Man Covenant with thee not to sell his House to any other except to thee 
(h) L. fi sterilis. §. si fundum. ff. de action. Emp. & vend. nec refert quòd Jurisconsultus utatur dictione [quàm] nos verò loquamur de dictione [nisi,] Come idem fit [dicere non vendam domum hanc nisi tibi] & [non vendam domum hanc alii quàm tibi] adnotante Laur. Vall. lib. 3. elegan. c. 54. & Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 18. ; albeit he ought not to sell his House unto any but unto thyself; yet neither is he to be compelled precisely thereunto 
(i) Jas. in L. si eum §. qui injuriarum. ff. si quis Caution. n. 37. Zas. in L. qui Romae. §. cohaeredes ff. de verb. ob. n. 3. , except in certain Cases 
(k) De quibus Jas. ubi supra. post. Bar. in d. L. eum §. qui injuriarum. ff. Si quis Caution. ; neither if he do sell it to any other, contrary to his Covenant, is the Sale therefore void 
(l) L. Stipulationes non dividuntur. versic. Celsus. ff. de verb. oblige. Cagnel. in L. 2. C. de pact. inter Emp. ex vend. n. 12. ubi distinguit inter pactum de retro vendende, & pactum de restituendo. , though otherwise he be answerable unto thee for so much as thou hadst interest, not to have been deceived thereby 
(m) Carol. Molin. in rep. L. unic. c. de eo quod interest. n. 46. d. L. Stipulationes. versic. Celsus. & ibi DD. Jas. in L. si eum injuriarum ff. si quis Caution. n. 41. : And so (to apply our Case to his) whereas the Man saith to the Woman [I will have none other to my Wife except thee], albeit he ought not to take another Wife, yet is he rather to be monished than compelled to marry this Woman 
(n) c. requisivit. de Sponsal. extra. ; and if he do indeed marry another Woman, contrary to his Promise, this Marriage (according to this Opinion) is not to be dissolved 
(o) Anto. de Butr. & Zochus in d. c. ex parte. , howsoever otherwise the Man be punishable propter laesionem fidei 
(p) c. 1. de poenis. lib. 5. Provincial. constitut. Cant.  for breach of his Promise 
(q) Siquidem laeditur fides, violato promisso, etiamsi nullum intervenisset Juramentum. Lindwood. in d. c. 1. de poenis. verb. fidei transgress. : And this Opinion (even by the Confession of those which hold the contrary) doth seem very reasonable 
(r) Summa Rosel. verb. Matrimonium. q. 3. . As for the fundamental Reason wherein the former Opinion is wholly rooted, it is thus answered: Admit the efficacy of the word [nisi] be such, that following a Negative it doth obtain the force of an Affirmative, yet this affirmation is not of a present Act, but of a future Ability or Possibility 
(s) Anto. de Butr. in d. c. ex parte. & ibi Praepos. n. 7. Henr-Boic in c. de quarta. de prescript. extra. ; for confirmation whereof, the Authors of this second Opinion do usually allege two notable places, the one borrowed out of the Civil, the other out of the Canon Law: That of the Civil Law is this; One making his Testament, and disposing about the Liberty of his Bondman Onesiphorus, saith thus [Onesiphore, liber nè esto, nisi rationes excusseris 
(t) L. Titia. §. fin. de manumiss. Testam. ff. & ibi. gloss. , Onesiphorus, be not thou free, except thou dispatch thine Accounts;] The Accounts being dispatched, yet is not the Servant thereby set at Liberty 
(u) Immò potius audiri quam dari libertatem ex verbis quae proponuntur respondet. J. C. in d. §. ultim. , but in possibility only to be made Free (in case the Heir will), whereas otherwise it was impossible for him to obtain a Freedom, the Testator having prohibited the same, except he made his Accounts 
(x) Bar. in d. §. ultim. L. Titia. de manumiss. Testa. ff. Alciat. in L. actione. C. de transact. n. 33. Peckius in c. peckius in c. peccatum de Reg. Jur. in Sext. verb. [nisi] Molin. in addit. ad Dec. in d. L. actione. . The place of the Canon Law is extant amongst the Rules thereof, where it is thus written, Peccatum non dimittitur, nisi restituatur ablatum 
(y) c. peccatum. de Reg. Jur. in Sext. ; the Sin is not remitted, unless the thing wrongfully taken be restored. Now the thing unlawfully taken being restored, yet is not the Crime presently remitted 
(z) Phil. Franc. & Peckius in d. c. peccatum. , for there be divers other things over and besides Restitution, necessary to the obtaining Remission 
(a) Phil. Franc. & Peckius ubi supra. Alciat. in L. actione C. d. transact. n. 33. ; so that by Restitution only, that impossibility is cut off, which otherwise did hinder the Remission 
(b) Alciat. in d. L. Actionem. & Peckius in d. c. peccatum n. 4. & ibidem Franc.  of the Offence; and that which before was denied to be possible, as the Case then stood, is now affirmed for possible, the Case being altered, and the Exception completed 
(c) Alciat. Franc. & Peckius ubi supra. : Wherefore it appeareth by those two Authorities, That albeit the word [nist] following a Negative Sentence, have the force of an Affirmative, yet this affirmation is not of the Act itself, but of the possibility thereof 
(d) Vide Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. § 1. n. 6. . Howbeit, if we will take the pains to view these two last Examples with a diligent Eye, and confer them with our Case, we shall clearly perceive that they vary not a little from this; for in these two Cases (besides other differences 
(e) Vide DD. in c. Actione. C. de Transact. ), the Exception is governed by another Verb, and so the Sentence is made Conditional 
(f) Jaf. in L. si eum §. qui injuriarum ff. si quis Caution. n. 26. Alciat. in l. actione. C. de transact. Henr. Boic. in c. quarta de prescript. extra. Covar. ubi supra. , whereas in our Case the Exception is governed by the same Verb, and so the Sentence remaineth simple 
(g) Alciat. in Praeal. l. actione. & Jas. ac alii in d. §. qui injuriarum. & in d. L. actione. ; and therefore we are not to be removed from the former Opinion by these Examples, so far distant, and so apparently different from this Case of ours 
(h) Ex seperatis non refertur L. ultim. ff. de Calum. L. Papinianus de minor. ff. & ibi Bart. . If you will not suffer me thus to pass, but pull me back again to the Consideration of the first Reason and Ground of this second Opinion, and tell, that though you Covenant with me not to sell your House to any other, except to me; In this Case the Exception is governed by one and the same Verb 
(i) Alciat. in L. actione C. de transact. n. 24.29. Bar. in l. si eum §. qui injuriarum ff. si quis Cautionib. n. 9 & ibi Jas. n. 26. , and yet nevertheless the House is not hereby perfectly bought and sold 
(k) Angel. in L. qui Rom. §. cohaeredes. de verb. oblige. ff. & ibi Zasius n. 3. Jas. in L. fi eum. §. qui injuriarum. si quis caution. ff. n. 37, 41. Molin. in rep. L. unic. de eo quod interest. C. n. 46. , and so infer. That when as the Man saith [I will have none other to my Wife except thee] and she likewise [I will have none other to my Husband except thee], this is no more a perfect Contract of Matrimony, than that a perfect and absolute Sale of the House. I deny the Argument: For admit a Man do Covenant by direct words, that he will sell his House to me for such a price; and I again do Covenant and Promise, that I will buy the same House for the same price; by this Covenant the House is not yet absolutely bought and sold 
(l) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. § l. n. 6. verb. Sed ille. Text. gloss. in L. vendentis C. de contrahend. Empt. DD. in L. Servi electione ff. de leg. 1. & supra §. : But if a Man say to a Woman [I will have thee to my Wife], and she to him [I will have thee to my Husband], this is a perfect Contract of indissoluble Matrimony 
(m) c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor & caeteri Canonist. Menoch. de praesump. Lib. 3. praesump. 3. , as hath been already proved 
(n) supra. eod. §. 11. . Wherefore since it is apparent that divers words are sufficient to prove a perfect Contract of Matrimony, which will not suffice for a perfect Sale 
(o) gloss. in L. In vendentis. C. de contrahend. Emp. Jas. Alciat. & alii DD. in L. Servi electione. ff. de leg. 1. , it followeth, That if any do reason after this manner, these words suffice not to make the Sale perfect, Ergo they are not sufficient to make the Contract perfect 
(p) Vide Covar. d. c. 4. §. 1. n. 6. & vide supra hoc ipso §. 11. , this Argument is not sound. Thus we see that this second Opinion, how weighty soever it seem at the first lift, yet being equally balanced with the former, it is found to be the lighter, whether we respect the Credit of the Authors of either Opinion, or ponder the Gravity of their Reasons.  
26. The third Opinion is, That these words [Non habebo aliam in uxorem nisi te, etc.] induce neither Matrimony nor Spousals 
(q) Didac. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 7. & 8. Idem asserit Palud. in 4. distinct. 27. q. 1. Artic. 1. col. 2. , and that for two Causes. The first is, Because the words are mere Negative, at least, the Authors of this Opinion contend sharply that they be so 
(r) Covar. & Palud. ubi supra. , and therefore induce neither Matrimony nor Spousals 
(s) Covar. & Palud. ubi supra. vide Bald. in L. actione C. de transact. op. prima. & vide L. decem. de verb. ob. & L. Julianus de repudiis ff. & ibi Bart. & DD. . The Argument is very strong; for if the Sentence be wholly Negative, it doth not affirm any thing, and if it affirm nothing, then doth it not affirm either Matrimony or Spousals 
(t) Unde Versiculus [Syllogizari non est ex particulari. Neque negativis recte concludere sivis.] ; nor is the Antecedent very weak, if the Case were to be examined and discussed by the only Precepts and strict Rules of Logic 
(u) Covar. ubi supra. Attamen Perierius non dubitat affirmare, quod omnes etiam dialectaci haec verba [non habebo aliam nisi te] sic exponunt [Habebo te & non aliam] Verb. Matrimonium 2. n. 10. ; for if Caesar (that I may use their own Example) do promise that he will not fight this year, except against the Turk, he doth not hereby Promise, that he will fight this year against the Turk 
(x) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 7. ; nor can this Collection be justly defended for Infallible: No Man disputeth except Socrates, Ergo, Socrates disputeth only 
(y) Covar. d. § 1. n. 8. verb. nec valet, etc. ; it being first supposed that some Man doth dispute, which being a matter in Fact, is not to be presumed 
(z) L. In. bello. §. facti ff. de captiv. Lemancipati C. de Colla. . Marry, this thing being presupposed that some Man doth dispute, if then none else but Socrates doth dispute, it must needs follow then that Socrates disputeth 
(a) Covar. d. §. 1. n. 8. in fin. ; even so whiles any Man saith, That he will have no Wife, except thee; it doth not follow therefore he will have thee, unless he had first promimised to have some Woman to his Wife 
(b) Covar. ubi supra. & Hadrian. in 4. quest. 12. de matrim. . The other Cause of this third Opinion proceedeth from the Contemplation of the Etymology, or proper Signification of this word [nisi] the which is engendered or compounded of [non] and [si 
(c) Jas. in L. si eum §. qui injuriarum ff. si quis Caution. n. 32. Alciat. in l. actione c. d. transact. n. 24. Dictionar. Cooperi. verb. [Nisi] & Calepin. Cornucop. verb. [nisi] Addic. ad Laur. Vall. lib. 2. elegans. c. 19 ] and doth properly signify [si non, if not 
(d) gloss. in l. Sancinius C. de donat. Calepin. & Cooperus ubi supra. ], and so these words [non habebo aliam in uxorem nisi te, I will not have any other to my Wife but thee] are thus to be understood, [non habebo aliam in uxorem si non te, I will not have any other to my Wife, if not thee], which being true, the true Sense and Meaning is no other in Substance, than if the Party had said, If hereafter I shall resolve to lead my life in Wedlock, of which thing I am not yet resolved, I do here promise thee, that when I am so resolved, I will have thee to my Wife, and not any other Woman 
(e) Hunc esse illius oratienis sensum acriter contendit. Covar. in. d. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 8. vers. Ex quibus audacter, etc. Cui accedit Molin. in addit. ad Decin c. juravit de probat. Nec long a best Specul. in Rub. de Sponsal. n. 3. . By which Promise, neither Matrimony, neither yet Spousals, are contracted, at least simply or absolutely; Therefore if the Party resolve never to Marry, but lead a single Life until his Death, neither is he to be urged to the contrary, neither can he be touched with the Breach of his Promise in this Case 
(f) Covar. ubi supra. & Specul. in d. Rub. de Sponsal. verb. possibile. lib. 2. cons. matrim. consil. ibidem 5. . To return to the former Cause, where it is constantly affirmed, that the words be mere Negative 
(g) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 7. . Surely howsoever this Assertion might peradventure (in regard of the Rules and Traditions of Dialectical Discipline) procure sundry Favourers in Schools and Places of Disputation, where singular and strange opinions are very plausible and acceptable, especially to such as have a good Conceit of their own Wit and Learning 
(h) Audi quaeso Corasrum in Praefat. Tract. de communi op. sic scribentem, Communis (inquit) opinio quàm sit in Scholis contempta, nemo est qui nescit; Juris namque Interpretes ingenii tantum viribus confisi omnium rerum veritatem solâ disputatione consequi volentes, communem opinienen m maledics dentibus nunquam desinunt lacerare, inde naseitur proverbium. Communis opinio. ergo falsa, etc. ; Yet in regard of the meaning and intent of the speaker 
(i) Quaemeus vel praecipuè attendenda est in hâc re. Bald. in l. Actionem C. de transact. n. 2. , and in respect of the favour of Matrimony (k), it would find but few Patrons in Consistories and places of Judgement; 
(l) Siquidem consulendo & judicando non licet à communi opinione recedere, Aiunt Hostiens. Jo. And. Auto. de Butr. & Panor. in c. 1. de Constitut.  the rather seeing the whole Army, even of the gravest and learnedest Writers, as well Civilians, as Canonists, do generally defend the Contrary 
(m) Jo. And. Abb. Panor. Praepos. in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. Summa Angel. Rosel. & Silvestrin. verb. Matrimon. Baptista à Villalob. Emanuel Soarez. Thesaur. come. op. verb. matr. Jas. Sichard. & alii in L. actione C. de transact. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. lib. 1. consil. matr. fol. 119. n. 1. ; Indeed if the Party had said no more but this (I will not have any other to my Wife], in this Case I will not deny the Sentence to be negative; And if any Man say thus [there is none good], or thus [no Man may put away his Wife]; These (I confess) be mere Negative Propositions: But if he do not stay here, but shall add an Exception to these Negatives, and say, [there is none good but God 
(n) Marc. c. 10. vers. 18. & Luc. c. 18. vers. 19 ], or] no Man may put away his Wife except for Fornication 
(o) Matth. c. 19 1 Epist. ad Corinth. c. 7. ], what else (in good sooth) is this but to affirm that God is good; and that a Man may put away his Wife for Fornication? So in our Case, when as the Party after he hath said [I will not have any other to my Wife] doth not there stay, but doth add an exception to this Negative, saying (I will not have any other to my Wife except thee] this exception following a Negative Proposition, hath the force of an Affirmative 
(p) Jas. & Sichard. in. L. actione C. de transact. Panor. & Praepos. in c. ex parte, de Sponsal. extra. ; And so (if we be not disposed to Frowardness) it is in effect, as if the Party had said [I will have thee to my Wife and no other 
(q) Summa Silvestrin. verb. Matrimon. 2. n. 10. . Yea, but all this is not sufficient to satisfy the untoward minds of some Persons, that are ready to reply, That although it be so, that he which speaketh thus [none is good but God], doth affirm that God is good, and that he which saith [no Man may put away his Wife except for Fornication] doth affirm that for Fornication a Man may put away his Wife. This is true say they, non ex propria vi dictionis [nisi], Sed ex materiâ Subjectâ & naturâ rei 
(r) Vide Covar Tract. de Spon. sal. secunda. part, c. 4. §. 1. n. 8. ubi alia invenies exempla nostris non dissimilia, sed magis ignota Nostratibus. , not by the proper force of this word [but, or except], but by reason of the subjected Matter, and nature of the thing. For it is necessarily supposed, ex naturâ rei, that some is good; for if none were good, the Devil (being wholly evil) would soon mar all 
(s) c. visis. 16. q. 2. c. Nec mirum. 26. q. 5. Baldus in L. 2. §. 1. C. de leg. ; Wherefore this being granted, that some is good, Then none being good, but God, it followeth concludently, That God is good The like may be said concerning Divorce, where it is presupposed ex Subjectâ Materiâ, that for some Cause the Husband may put away his Wife; seeing then, not for any Cause, except for Fornication, the Collection is true, Ergo for Fornication she may be put away 
(t) Id quod ipse Covar. ingenue fatctur, licet alijs exemplis, sed non tam familiaribus utatur, in d. §. 1 n. 8. . But in our Case (say they) neither the nature of the thing, neither the Subjected Matter doth enforce any necessity of this presumption, viz. That he which saith [I will not have any other to my Wife, except thee] did intent that he would have some Woman to his Wife 
(u) Covai. d. §. 1. n. 9 , because it may be that the Man in so saying, did mean neither to Marry her, nor any other 
(x) Covarubi supra & Palud. in 4. distinct. 27. q. 1. ar. 1. col. 2. Molin. in addit. ad Dec. in c. Juravit. de probat. extra. ; and therefore there is not the like Consequence in this Case, as in those Cases. To this Objection thus; Who doubteth, but it may be, that he which saith [I will have thee to my Wife], doth never mean to have her 
(y) Quo casu judicatur pro Matrimonio, in foro judiciali, secus in poenitentiali c. tua nos. de Sponsal. extra. ; for some Men can say one thing, and think the contrary 
(z) d. c. Tua & ibi DD. . And so it may be that he which saith [I will not have any other to my Wife, except thee], doth no more mean to have her to his Wife than any other; but this is very unlikely 
(a) Scil. ob Causas inferiùs descriptas. : Seeing then by all reasoinable Constuction the Contrary is more probable, I answer as doth that excellent Lawyer, who (for his manifold Distinctions fit and ready at every need) can never be sufficiently commended, namely Baldus, writing after this manner, Opponitur quod dictio [nisi] nile ponit, etiamsi negatio praecedat. Solutio, Si mens loquentis patitur tunc point; si mens loquentis non patitur, tunc non ponit 
(b) in L. Actione c. de transaction. n. 2. . It's Objected (faith Baldus) that this word [nisi, but, or except] doth affirm nothing, although a Negative go before. The Solution is this, if the meaning of him that speaketh doth suffer, it affirmeth, if his meaning do not suffer, it doth not affirm. Now in our case his meaning doth not only suffer this affirmation, but can hardly abide the Contrary: Also sundry inconveniences and absurdities would ensue 
(c) Ut autem evitetur absurdum, & mens loquentis servetur usque adeo permissa est interpretatio, ut vel à proprietate verborum recedere licet L. nam absurdum ff. de bon liber. Baldus in L. Pomponius ff. de nego. gest. ; for if his meaning were simply not to have any Wife at all (as is objected) To what end (I pray you) did he say [I will have no other]? But especially wherefore did he make any Exception, after he had said [I will not have any other to my Wife]? Verily this Exception expressed in these words [except thee] had been wholly Superfluous 
(d) Superfluitatis vitium quàm diligentissimè fugtend. L. si quando ff. de leg. 1.  and idle, 
(e) Bald. in L. ne quicquam 1. §. planè. de Ofsic. Proconsul. ff. aliquid operari debent verba.  or rather fraudulent and deceitful 
(f) Sed dolus non praesumitur. l. colum. C. de dolo & ibi DD. . Now therefore lest either the words should be accounted idle 
(g) Nullum verbum etiam minimum debet esse otiosum, Immò nec Syllaba, si fieri possit, debet esse Juperflua. Gloss. in c. solitae de major. & ob. extra. Bald. in Rub. de contrahend. Emp. C. , in so weighty a Cause, or the meaning deceitful 
(h) c. Tua nos, & ibi Panor. de Sponsal. extra. , in so favourable a Matter, it is probably, justly, and charitably collected, That the true sense and meaning of these words [I will not have any other to my Wife, except thee] is all one as if the Party had said [I will have thee to my Wife and no other 
(i) Immò non solum Juristae, sed & omnes dialectici ita exponunt hujusmodi verba, inquit Silvester. Prior. verb. Matrimonium 2. n. 10. ]; and consequently the Sentence is not mere Negative. Well, now let us try whether the other Cause of this third Opinion be worthy of such an Effect. It is said that this word [nisi] being form of [si & non 
(k) Alciat. in l. actione C. de transac. n. 24. Jas. in L. Si eum. §. qui injuriarum. ff. Si quis caution. n. 32. Gloss. in l. Sancimus C. de Donat. Calepin. Cornucop. verb. [nisi]. ], doth properly signify [si non (l), if not]; and therefore the sense of the former words, [I will not have any other to my Wife, except thee], is no more in effect, than if the Party had said [If I have not thee to my Wife I will never have any other 
(m) Covar. tract. de Spon. sal. 2. part c. 4. §. 1. Add Molin. in addit. ad Dec. in c. juravit. de probat. extra. ], which words induce not Matrimony nor Spousals, etc. 
(n) Covar. ubi supra. lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem. 5. Spec. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. verb. possibile.  Whereunto briefly this is the Answer; This word [nisi] is sometimes placed in the beginning of a Sentence, and sometimes it followeth a Sentence 
(o) Bar. Jas. & alii in L. Si eum §. qui injuriarum ff. Si quis Caution. ; when it is placed in the beginning of a Sentence, then doth it signify [Si non 
(p) Bart. in d. §. qui injuriarum. n. 9 & ibi Jas. n. 26. verb. subit Sunt tamen qui distinctionem hanc reprehendunt, ut per Alex. in. d. §. n. 9 & Jas. ubi supra. Quinimò & ipse Bart. sibi non constat, Sentiens dispositionem semper praecedere, attento rei intellect. in l. 1. ff. de Conned. Demon. Sed nos verborum ordinem respicimus. , if not]; and so maketh the Proposition conditional 
(q) L. Obligationum §. Conditio de action. & oblige. Bar. in d. L. Si eum §. qui Injuriarum. ff. Si quis Caution. n. 9 . As for example, if any say [nisi venero, dabo tibi decem libras 
(r) Nisi quoties principium Sententiae est, judicativum desiderat, ait Laur. Vall. lib. 2. Elegan. sed apud. Bar. Nisi in principio orationis collocatum, subjunctiuè jungitur, eò quòd nec ut rationale nec ut casuale, sed ut conditionale habetur.  i.e. si non venero, except I come I will give thee ten pounds]; That is to say, [if I do not come], or as the Psalmist saith [nisi Dominus custodierit Civitatem frustra vigilant Custodes 
(s) Psal. 127. ubi translator. quia nisi conditionaliter accipitur, licet in principio subjunctivum annectit. , i.e. Si non custodierit, etc. Except the Lord keep the City, in vain do the Keeper's watch, that is to say [if the Lord do not keep, etc.]: When it followeth a Sentence, than we are to consider, whether it be joined to another Verb or not 
(t) Bar. in L. Si eum §. qui injuriarum ff. Si quis Caution. n. 8. ; if it be joined to another Verb, than it doth also enjoy the Signification of [Si non, if not], as in the former Example, whereby the Proposition is made Conditional 
(u) Bar. in d. §. qui injuriarum n. 8. verb. si vero. per. l. fidei commissi. § si fidei Commissum ff. de leg. 3. & L. 1. & 2. de In diem addi. , [non dimittitur peccatum nisi restituatur ablatum 
(x) C. peccatum de reg. jur. in Sext. , i. e. Si non restituatur, the Sin is not remitted, except the thing taken be not restored, that is to say, if it be not restored, etc.]: But if it be not joined to another Verb, but is ruled by the Verb aforegoing, Then by the Opinion of the best and most Authors, it doth not enjoy the Signification of [Si non, if not,] nor maketh the Proposition conditional, but standeth adversatively, establishing the Contrary, to that which went before it 
(y) Bart. ubi supra. & in l. actione. C. de transac. & ibi Bald. Alex. Jas. Dec. & A ciat. ; So that if the Proposition aforegoing were affirmative, the Exception is negative; Or if the Proposition were negative, the exception is affirmative 
(z) DD. in de L. actione. , as hath been heretofore confirmed. Now in our Case the word [nisi, except] is not placed in the beginning of the Sentence, neither is it joined to another Verb, but dependeth of the former; and therefore it doth not enjoy the signification of [Si non, if not) as is pretended, but rather of this word [praeter, or praeterquam, besides, or but] implying the Contrary to that which went before 
(a) L. nam quod Liquid ff. de pen. Leg. §. pen. Bar. in L. Si eum §. qui injuriarum. Si quis Caution. ff. n. 6, & 7. & ibi Jas. n. 35. DD. in l. 1. ff. de pig. action. DD. in l. actione C. de transac. ; especially in favourable Causes 
(b) Secus in Materia odiosa. Jas. in d. §. qui injuriarium n. 36. gloss. in clem. 1. de usuri. in verb. facere. Bald. in L. Seco. §. uxor ff. de Ann. Leg. . Thus we may behold the weakness of this second Cause, and how unworthy it is of that Effect, which notwithstanding it hath wrought in some men's minds.  
27. The fourth Opinion is. That if the words be Conceived after this manner, [I will not have any to my Wife, except thee]; In this case Spousals are contracted 
(c) Hardian. in 4. q. 12. de matrim. Cujus meminit Covar. in Tract. de Spon sal. 2. parr c. 4. §. 1. nu. 6. versus fin. : But if the words be conceived in this form [I will not have any other Woman to my Wife, except thee], in this Case neither Matrimony nor Spousals is contracted 
(d) Hadr. & Covar. ubi supra. ; The reason of which Opinion I cannot easily reach unto; and for aught I understand this is a distinction without a difference, that is to say, a little variation in words, but in sense none at all; which words also (me thinks) be more pregnant in the later Case, where notwithstanding they are condemned for barren and fruitless. For while the Man saith [I will not have any other, etc. 
(e) de noturâ hujus dictionis (alius) vide Bald in L. Convent culam C. de Eipis. & Cler. & in L. si fugitivi C. de servis fugi. ] it should seem that by excluding others he doth include her to whom he speaketh 
(f) Specul. in Rub. de Sponsal. & matr. extra. n. 3. quamvis ex hoc solo, quod vir mulieri dicat [non habebo aliam in uxorem] non opinor induci Matrimonium nisi etiam addiderit [nisi te.] Spec. in. d. Rub. n. 4. Summa Angelic. verb. matr. 2. n. 12. in fin. : Whereas in the former Case there is not the like Emphasis, for defect of like words, although aswel in the one, as in the other, the words be sufficient to induce Matrimony, because of these words (except thee) uttered in both Cases, the which words following a negative, have the force of an affirmative (as I have often foretold) and so are as if he had said plainly [I will have thee to my Wife 
(g) Panor. & Praepos. in c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. DD. in L. actione C. de transac. ].  
28. Fifthly, by the Opinion of most who labour in the defence of the second Opinion above delivered, If the words of the Contract be form in the Present Tense, as [Nolo habere aliam in Vxorem, nisi te, I will, or I will not (now) have any other to my Wife, except thee] they induce present Matrimony 
(h) Specul. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. n. 5. Auto. de Butr. in c. ex parte. de Sponsal extra. Jo. Brun. in tract. de Sponsal. concls. 13. Jas. in L. actione C. de transac. n. 4. : But if the words be framed in the Future Tense, as [Non habebo aliam in Vxorem, nisi te, I will not (viz. hereafter.) have any other to my Wife, except thee] hereby Spousals de futuro, and not Matrimony, are induced 
(i) Anto de Butr. in d. c. ex parte. Alciat. in L. actione C. de transac. n. 28. & Molin. in addit. ad Dec. in eund. L. ; except in certain Cases, As when the Parties did before entreat of Matrimony to be contracted betwixt them 
(k) Specul. in Rub. de Sponsal. n. 3. verb. secus antem Caepol. consil. 1. col. pen. in civilibus dec. in L. actione C. de transac. n. 7. Pacianus Tract. de probac. Lib. 1. c. 35. n. 66. vers. mihi. ; or where a Ring was given and received in manner as is accustomed at the contracting of Matrimony 
(l) Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 8. Caepol. d. consil. 1. , or in such like Case 
(m) Nempe quibus verba quae alias inspectâ suâ naturâ non nisi Sponsalia denotant, adhibitis quibusdam Circumstantijs inducunt Matrimonium, id quod non rarò contangit, ut pronimè tradidimus in superioribus Paragraphis. . The Reason whereby divers have been drawn into this Opinion, and persuaded that the words of the Contract, being framed in the Present Tense, Matrimony; and being framed in the Future Tense, Spousals only are induced, is this; The word [nisi] say they, following a Negative Proposition, although it have the force of an Affirmative (for thus much they willingly confess with us 
(n) Anto de Butr. in d.c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. Coepol. d. consil. 1. col. pen. Alciat. in d. l. actione. n. 25. ,) yet doth it not affirm any more than is before denied in the Proposition before going; so that if in the former part of the Sentence a present Act be denied, in the Exception following a present Act is affirmed: But if in the former part of the Sentence a future disposition or ability be denied, in the Excepton following no more is affirmed, than future disposition or ability 
(o) Anto. de Butr. Coepol. & Alciat. ubi supra. . And here I confess with them that they say truly 
(p) Bar. in L. Si eum §. qui injuriarum. ff. Si quis Caution. n. 4. verb. sed advertend. & ibi Bald. col. pen. verb. respondit. & Alex. n. 8. nec contradicit Panor. in d. c. ex parte. de Spons. extra. n. 8. vel Praepos. eod. c.n. 7. , since the Exception is of the nature of the Rule 
(q) Dec. Cagnol. & Hieron. Franc. in l. 1. de Reg. Jur. ff. : This then being confessed on both sides, namely, That the Exception doth affirm no more than the Proposition doth deny; they proceed and say, That by words of the Present Tense a present Act, and by words of the Future Tense a future Disposition or Ability only, is denied in the Negative Proposition, and consequently affirmed in the Exception following 
(r) Specul. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. Anto. de Butr. in d. c. ex parte de Spons. extra. Coepol. d. consil. 1. Add Prior. verb. Matrimonium 2. q. 10. . But here we do not altogether agree in every point; for though this may be safely yielded unto them, that the words of the Contract being conceived in the Present Tense, as [Nolo habere aliam in Vxorem, nisi te, I will not (now) have any, except thee] a present Act is here denied in the Proposition, and so a present Act affirmed in the Exception 
(s) Praepos. in d. c. ex parte n. 8. Bar. Bald. & Alex. in L. Si eum §. qui injuriarum ff. Si quis caution. Silvest. Prior. verb. matrimonium. 2. q. 10. ; yet when as they challenge further, That the words of the Contract being framed in the Future Tense, a future Disposition or Ability only is understood, This is not to be yielded unto them for sound or certain; since it is sure, that divers words (whereof [habebo] I will have, is one) which albeit they be form in the Future Tense, yet nevertheless have the force of the Present Tense 
(t) Supra hoc ipso §. in princ. DD. in c. ex literis el. 1. & in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. ; and though [non habebo] signify [I will not have hereafter], yet this [hereafter] is not a Year hence, nor a Month, nor a Seven-night, nor a Day, nor an Hour hence, but immediately and presently after the speaking of the words, without any distance or intermission 
(u) ubi enim nullum apponitur tempus, statim debetur. Panor. in d. c. ex parte n. 8. in fin. §. ult. Institut. deinutil. Stipula. L. cedere diem ff. de verb. signif. & ibi DD.  at all; like as if the Party had said [from henceforth, I will not have any other to my Wife, except thee]; and therefore since the Exception affirmeth no less than was before denied 
(x) Bar. & alij in L. actionem. C. de transac. Dec. & Cagnol. in l. 1. de Reg. Jur. ff. ; It followeth, That by the former words thus much is affirmed, at least in effect, though not in sound, [from henceforth I will have thee for my Wife], which words verily induce Matrimony, not Spousals 
(y) c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. ; and so it is not material whether a Man say [nolo habere, I will not have] in the Present Tense, or [non habebo], in the Future Tense. And if there were any difference, yet our Language considered, these words [I will or I will not] are no more proper to the Future Tense, than to the Present 
(z) Siquidem [volo habere & habebo] (attento nostratis linguae idiomate) eisdem prorsus verbis exponuntur, [I will have] Silicet [nolo habere & non habebo, I will not have] sine ullo temporis discrimine. ; and therefore being indifferent, ought rather to be referred to the Present Tense, in favour of Matrimony 
(a) Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. in fin. Lapus Alleg. 56. Praepos. in: d. c. ex parte. n. 7. in fin. .  
29. Thus having surveyed the sundry Opinions and conceits concerning these words [non habebo aliam in Vxorem, nisi te, I will not have any other to my Wife, except thee] I rest and stay with the received Opinion 
(b) Hanc. enim. op. communem esse refert. Praepos. in c. ex parte de Spons. extra quod etiam fatetur Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 2. part. c. 4. §. 1. n. 6. & Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 8. ; Concluding, that they import thus much, [I will have thee to my Wife]; which Conclusion also (as I take it) hath place, when as the Parties instead of the word [nisi, except] do use some other exceptive words, as [praeter, quam, praeterquam 
(c) de quibus dictionibus Bar. Jas. & Alex. in L. Si eum §. qui injuriarum. ff. Si quis caution. & generaliter DD. in L. actione C. de transac. , besides, than, but], saying for Example, [I will have none other to my Wife, except thee, or than thee, or but thee]; for hereby also is signified [I will have thee to my Wife 
(d) Saltem attento communi loquendi usu, cui omnino standum est, postposita verborum proprietate. Praepos. in d. c. ex parte de Spons. extra. n. 7. per. c. ex literis el. 1. eod. Tit. ]: Which words being mutually uttered by either party, induce Matrimony 
(e) Panor. in c. ex literis el. 1. de Spons. extra. & ibi. Praepos. & alij & in c. ex parte eod. .  
30. Now at last let us give place to the Limitations of the former Rule, which saith, That when the Parties do Contract themselves by words of the present time, or by words of the future time, having relation to the Execution or Substance of Matrimony, Spousals de praefenti (being in substance Matrimony) are thereby contracted; of which Rule, these be the Limitations which do now approach, marching one after another.  
31. The first Limitation is when Children are Contracted together by words of present time; for albeit they say thus, [I take thee to my Wife, and I take thee to my Husband]; This by Interpretation of Law is not Matrimony, but Spousals 
(f) c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. ; Albeit, also they did thereby intent to contract Matrimony 
(g) d. §. 1. cum Gloss. ibidem. contra antiquam quorund. opinionem, de quibus Henr. Boic. in c. à nobis de despons. impub. extra. & Hostiens. Summa Tit. de despons. impub. §. & quae Sponsalia. . By [Children] here I understand them which have past their Infancy, but have not as yet attained to lawful years for Marriage 
(h) vide supra. §. 7. ; for during Infancy neither Matrimony nor Spousals can be contracted 
(i) c. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. L. In sponsal. el. 2. ff. de Sponsal. .  
32. The second Limitation is when the one Party is of full Age, and the other a Child, which are contracted together by words of the present time, for this Contract is not Matrimony, but only Spousals de futuro as if they were both Children 
(k) d. c. unic. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. & supra §. 6. .  
33. The third Limitation is, when these words of the present time are uttered in Jest or Sport, for such wanton words are not at all obligatory in so serious a matter as is Matrimony 
(l) Jo. And. in c. fin. de despons. impub. Repertorium Nic. Milis verb. Matrimonium L. Obligationis substantia ff. de action. & oblige. & l. illud ff. de jure jur. alleganti tamen Jocum incumbit probatio, aliter non praesumitur, sed in dubio pro Matrimonio judicabitur, Lib. 2. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 34. n. 11. .  
34. The fourth Limitation is, when the words be mere negative: As [I will not have any other Woman to my Wife,] and [I will not have any other Man to my Husband,] or [I will never forsake thee,] or [I will never fail thee 
(m) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 3. in fin. & n. 7. in princ. Angel. de clavasio. verb. Matrimonium el. 2. n. 12. in fin. Summa Silvestrin. verb. matrim. 2. q. 13. Summa Rosella. verb. matrim. §. 5. versic. quid si dicat. ;] for neither Spousals, neither Matrimony, are hereby induced.  
35. The fifth Limitation is, whereas the words be so general and uncertain that the meaning of the Parties cannot appear: For Example, these words; [Do tibi fidem 
(n) Lib. 1. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 5. n. 8. , I give thee my Faith,] Nunquam tibi desiciam 
(o) Silvest. Prior. verb. Matrim. 2. q. 13. ] I will never fail thee,] Quo animo es? Vis me habere?] What cheer? Wilt thou have me 
(p) lib. 2. consil. matrim. consil. ibidem 5. n. 8. ?] Or thus, [If ever I marry, I will marry thee 
(q) lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 14. in princ. & consil. 5. n. 1. ,] with a hundred such like Instances standing afar off, and hanging in nubibus, which infer neither Matrimony nor Spousals, without special Circumstances, whereby it may be known, that the Parties did thereby mean and intent to contract Matrimony or Spousals 
(r) lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 60. n. 16. Henr. Boic. in c. Attestationes. de despons. impub. extra. paulò ante finem. .  
36. The sixth Limitation (not unlike the former) is, when the Parties do use these or such like words [Bibo tibi nomine Matrimonij 
(s) Praepos. in c. ex parte de Sponsal. extra. n. 8. qui dicit ibi non induci Matrimonium, nisi consuetudo (inquit) interpretatur, quod [Hoc bibere] inducat Matrimonium. , I drink to thee in token of Marriage,] and thereupon both of them drink; by this alone Matrimony is not contracted 
(t) Vide Praeposaubi supra. & Henr. Boic. in c. Attestationes. de despons. impub. extra. qui hoc dictum ibidem limitant. .  
37. The seventh Limitation is, when the one Party doth promise simply, the other conditionally: For Example; the Man saith [I take thee to my Wife,] the Woman answereth [I take thee to my Husband, if my Father consent;] this is a void Contract 
(u) L. 1. §. Si quis simpliciter ff. de verb. oblige. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 1. n. 11. , unless the Condition were impossible or unhonest; for than it is otherwise 
(x) DD. in c. fin. de cond. app. extra. & in Anth. si ingressi. de Sanct. Ecelesiis C. , as appeareth in the next Paragraph.  
38. The eighth Limitation is, when the one Party doth promise under one Condition, and the other Party under another Condition. For Example; the Man saith, I take thee to my Wife, if my Father consent,] and the Woman saith, [I take thee to my Husband, if thou wilt give me 100 l.] Here is neither Matrimony nor Spousals, but a void Contract 
(y) Imol. Roman. Zas. & Molin. in l. 1. §. fi quis simpliciter. ff. de verb. oblige. .  
39 The ninth Limitation is, when the one Party doth answer with some further quality or addition impertinent to the Question. As for Example; the Man saith, [Vis esse Vxor mea? Wilt thou be my Wife?] The Woman answereth, [Volo, & quicquid vis, I will, and whatsoever thou wilt besides;] for hereby neither Matrimony nor Spousals is contracted 
(z) Lib. 1. confil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 60. n. 16. post Rom. in Rub. de Arbitr. .  
40. The tenth Limitation is, when the words signifying the Essence or Execution of Marriage, and being conceived in the Future Tense, do follow other words which naturally or properly import no more but Spousals de futuro; as [I will marry thee, and I will hold thee for my Wife 
(a) Panor. in c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. n. 7. in fin. Specul. in Rub. de Sponsal. n. 7. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 4. ;] for howsoever these words [I will hold thee for my Wife] being uttered alone induce Matrimony 
(b) c. ex parte. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. & Praepos. ; yet following other words of another nature, they are deprived of their own proper virtue, and as Accessary they undergo the nature of the Principal 
(c) Arg. L. ultim. §. cui dulcia ff. de vino tritic. vel ol. leg. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 3. n. 4. .  
41. The eleventh Limitation is, when the Parties do promise that they will contract Spousals together, for as yet Spousals are not contracted 
(d) Repertor. Nic. de Milis. verb. Sponsalia. : And as he which promiseth that he will acquit, hath not yet acquitted 
(e) Boer. decis. 3. in princ. Tiraquel. de Retract. Conventional. ad finem Tituli. n. 52. fol. (lib. mei) 380. ; so they which promise that they will contract Spousals, have not as yet contracted, howbeit the Parties are bound in this Case to accomplish their Promises 
(f) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. in princ. , otherwise they are punishable for not performing the same 
(g) c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. matrimonial. fol. 5. .  
42. The twelfth Limitation is, when the Promise is not mutual: For Example; the Man saith to the Woman [I take thee to my Wife,] but the Woman doth not make the like Promise to the Man; or contrariwise, she doth promise Matrimony, but not he: This being a lame or halting Contract, is not of any force 
(h) Praepos. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 84. n. 4. & lib. 2. consil. 4. n. 1. & consil. 5. n. 1. in fin. .  
43. The thirteenth Limitation is, when there is some lawful impediment, wherefore the Parties cannot be married together, of the which we shall entreat hereafter 
(i) infra. .  
44. The fourteenth Limitation is, when as the Contract being made by words of the Future time sounding of the Execution of Marriage; as [I will have thee for my Wife, and I will have thee for my Husband,] the Parties do afterwards marry elsewhere, consummating the same by Carnal Copulation, for then by the Opinion of divers, the second Marriage holdeth 
(k) Covar. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. §. 1. n. 5. Molin. in addic. ad Dec. in c. Juravit. de probat. extra. , unless the words be very pregnant, having some further addition, as [I will from henceforth have thee, etc. 
(l) Marti. in addic. ad Hostiens. Tit. de Sponsal. §. quot sunt species. ]  
45. Finally, Albeit they which do Contract Spousals de praesenti, be very Husband and Wife, in respect of the Knot or Bond of Matrimony, so that it is not lawful for either of them to marry elsewhere, so long as they now live together 
(m) c. Conjunx. c. cum Initiatur 27. q. 2. c. si inter de Sponsal. extra. & ibi DD. Panor. & Felin. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. Hiero. Schurff. inter consil. matr. lib. 2. consil. ibidem 24. n. 2. Melchior Kling. Tract. de Causis Matrimonial. fol. 7. Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 18. n. 4. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 7. in princ. ; yet do not these Spousals produce all the same effects here in England 
(n) Perkins Tit. Feoffments, fol. 40. , which Matrimony solemnised in the face of the Church doth, whether we respect the Legitimation of their Children, or the Property which the Husband hath in the Wife's Goods, or the Dower which she is to have in his Lands 
(o) Perkins ubi supra. Cui velim adjungas Rebuff. in L. pronunciatum §. matrem familias ff. de Verb. Signif. & Covar. Tract. de Sponfal. secunda parte, c. 7. §. 1. & §. 4. ; of which Effects we shall have better opportunity to deliver our mind hereafter 
(p) infra cadem parte, §. 17. .   

SECT. XII. Of the Form or Manner of Contracting Simplo and Conditional Contracts, and those also which be referred to a Day.  
1. SEcondly, Spousals be either pure and simple, or referred to a day, or Conditional 
(a) §. omnis. Institut. de verb. oblige. Lancel. Institut. jur. can. lib. 2. tit. de Sponsal. c. sicut de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. Summa Hostiens. tit. de condic. oppos. extra. . Pure and simple Spousals are so called when as the Parties do absolutely promise Marriage each to other without interposition either of Condition, or delay of Time 
(b) Schneidwin. Tract. de Nupt. fol. 26. n. 33. Panor in c. super eo de cond. appos. de §. omnis Institut. de verb. ob. facit L. cedere diem. ff. de Verb. Signif. & Lancel. ubi supra. , so that both Obligation and Action is thereupon forthwith engendered and born, whereby the Parties are immediately bound and linked together, and are also compellable to solemnize and consummate the promised Matrimony accordingly, at the instance of either of them 
(c) Schneidwin. ubi supra. Panor. in d. c. super eo. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. n. 2. , unless the Party convented show lawful Cause to the contrary 
(d) Lancel. Instit. Jur. Canon. Lib. 2. Tit. de Sponsal. & infra §. .  
2. Concerning the Forms of these pure and simple Spousals, and how they are contracted is particularly described in the two former Paragraphs 
(e) Supra §. 10. & §. 11. , their sundry effects also do more plainly appear in a more convenient place 
(f) Infra §. 17. , and thither I refer thee.  
3. Spousals referred to a day are so termed, when as the Parties do refer the Contract or Marriage to a future time, without mention of any Condition 
(g) c. sicut de Sponsal. extra. §. omnis Institut. de verb. oblige. L. obligationum. §. 1. de action. & oblige & L. cedere de verb. Sig. ff. & ibi DD. ; For Example, the Man saying to the Woman [I do promise thee to Marry thee at Whitsuntide next]; and she answering, and [I promise to Marry thee then, etc. 
(h) DD. in d. c. sicut. Lancel. lib. 2. Institut. jur. Can. Tit. de Sponsal. ]; Concerning these kind of Spousals, two Rules are to be remembered.  
4. The first is, that the one Party cannot effectually convent the other for Marriage, until the time prefixed be expired 
(i) L. cedere ff. de verb. Sig. §. omnis Institut. de verb. oblige. Hinc est, quod vulgò circumfertur. Anno si debes in fine teneberis anni, Annua si debes, hinc-inspicitur caput anni. ; Insomuch that if the Parties do covenant to be Married together within a certain time, as within a Month, or within a Year; Yet until that Month, or that Year be expired, the one Party cannot effectually convent the other 
(k) L. qui hoc anno ff. de verb. Oblige. §. pen. Institut. de mutil. Stipul. , much less when they promise to Marry together after such a time, can any Action be maintained in the mean time 
(l) Name in Stipulatione ex die, Actio interim non oritur, si Ripae credamus, in L. ita Stipulatus. ff. de verb. oblige. n. 84. .  
5. The other Rule is, that if he or she do not let or hinder the Marriage at or within the time appointed; the same time being past, he or she by whom it doth not stand, and wherefore the promise was not accomplished, is from thence at liberty to marry elsewhere, as freely as if the former Spousals had not been 
(m) c. sicut. de Sponsal. extra. ibi. nec. per eum stetit, etc. Covar. tract. de Spons. infra parte. c. 5. n. 8. .  
6. Against which Conclusion there be divers strong Objections 
(n) Gloss. &. DD. in. d.c. sicut. , but this especially; Say that I do Covenant to pay unto thee x l. at or before the Calends of the next Month, at which time I am ready to pay the Money, and do indeed tender it accordingly, but thou canst not, or wilt not receive it: Albeit in this Case it doth not stand by me, wherefore I do not pay the Money at the time appointed, and so do not incur the penalty in that respect, Yet I am not hereby acquitted from payment of the principal 
(o) L. Celsus ff. de recep. Arbitr. §. 1. cum. Gloss. ibidem. : And the reason is, because when I promise to pay such a Sum at such a time, I promise two things, (th' one the payment of the Money, the other at the time appointed 
(p) d. L. celsus. §. 1. & ibidem Bar. & Baldus. ); And so though I have satisfied my promise in respect of the time, yet have I not performed my promise in respect of the Sum; and in this respect I am still subject to be sued for the principal, notwithstanding the lapse of the time prescribed 
(q) d. l. Celsus Card. & Panor. in d. c. sicut. : Even so where the Man saith to the Woman, or she to him, [I will Marry thee at or before such a day], here two things be promised 
(r) Arg. d. L. Celsus §. 1. etc. cum dilecti. de dolo & count. extra. , namely Marriage resembling the Substance of the promise 
(s) Est enim receptior opinio, factâ in diem obligatione, & obligationem, & actionem. statim ortam esse, sed obstare exceptionem, ne ante diem petatur. Alciat. in L. cedere ff. de verb. Sig. n. 10. Immo idem viris est, etiamsi Stipulatio fiat ex die, & est come. op. teste. Grass. Thesaur. come. op. §. legatum q. 43. n. 5. quicquid in Contrarium statuat Ripa. in L. ita Stipulatus. de verb. oblige. ; and time (being as it were an accident or quality of that Substance) 
(t) Sanè nemo nescit, quòd tempus non est modus vel inducendae, vel tollendae obligationis L. obligationem fere. §. placet ff. Card. in d. c. sicut. op. infra. ; And therefore although this be lapsed, yet doth the other remain still to be accomplished. This is that strong Objection, in the answering whereof, if we should behold the manifold and intricate Solutions of the Writers 
(u) Gloss. in d. c. sicut. quae tripliciter solvit, aliter tamen solvit. Jo. And. aliter Hostiens. aliter Card. aliter Anto. de Butr. Panor. Praepof. & aliter Henr. Boic. , wherein, whilst they strive amongst themselves by contradicting one another, each of them doth seem to overturn his fellow, and all of them to tumble together by the Ears 
(x) Truffas esse solutiones glossae dicit Anto. ipsum tamen, in mentem glossae reincidere testatur Praepos. Panor. autem varia de hac. q. scribi per. DD. refert, cui etiam solutiones glossae non admodum placent, ut quae non funditus objectionem tollunt, nec conveniunt inter se legistae in L. qui hoc arm. ff. de verb. oblige. prae caeteris autem Bartolum venenatis dentibus acriter mordet. Zasius in d. l. , the Sight of this their Tumult would be much more wonderful, than the rehearsing their several Assertions and Arguments could be profitable, as tending rather to breed confusion than bring instruction 
(y) Qui nimium emungit, elicit sanguinem, & nimia altercatione amittitur saepe veritas. : Wherefore I think it meet, out of these their troublesome Contentions, to pick out some of the easiest and soundest Distinctions, wherewith this hard and difficult Knot may be untied: Understand therefore that in Contracts and Bonds the time is sometimes set down to solicit the performance or accomplishment thereof, and sometimes to limit and determine the same 
(z) Panor. post. Gof. & Anto de Butr. in c. sicut de Sponsal. extra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. infra. parte c. 5. n. 8. verb. Secundo. ; In the former case the lapse of time doth not work any dissolution of the Contract, or deliverance of the Parties: In the second case it doth 
(a) Anto. Panor. & Covar. ubi supra. ; Now if we would know whether the time be set down to solicit the performance of any Contract, or to extinguish and determine the same, we have two notable Precepts delivered to that end 
(b) Anto. de Butr. in d. c. sicut, & post eum Panor. eod. c. n. 11. & Praepos. n. 7. ; The first Precept is this; When the time is appointed in respect of some thing to be performed by one of the Parties alone, than it is deemed to be set down to solicit the performance of the Covenant or Bond 
(c) Anto. Panor. & Praepos. ubi supra. Lancel. lib. 2. Institut. Jur. Can. Tit. de Sponsal. ; such is the case objected, where one Party alone is to pay the Money; and therefore the Principal Debt is not extinguished by the only lapse of time, howsoever the Party were then ready to have fully satisfied, whatsoever was by him to have been performed at the time prescribed 
(d) L. Celsus. §. 1. ff. de arbitr. & ibi Bart. & Bald. ; But when the time is appointed in respect of some things to be mutually performed by both Parties (as in our Case,) then is it deemed to be set down to finish and determine the Covenant and Bond 
(e) Panor. in d. e. sicut post. Anto. ; and therefore the one Party failing, in performing the Covenants at the time prescribed, the other Party by whom it did not stand, is thereby set at liberty as soon as the time of the accomplishment is past 
(f) c. sicut de Sponsal. extra. ; for when any Man promiseth that he will marry such a Woman at such a time, It is intended that he doth so promise, with this secret Condition, viz. if she will then also marry him; otherwise not 
(g) Cardinal. Panor. Praepos. & DD. in d. c. sicut. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. n. 8. quem, si videbitur legito. facit L. cum quid ff. si certum pet. L. Triticum. de verb. oblige. ff. . The other Precept is this, Sometimes the time is set down to solicit the accomplishment of a perfect Contract, and then the Bond is not dissolved by the only lapse of time 
(h) L. cedere diem. ff. de Verb. Signif. & ibi Alciatus. n. 10. Anto. de Butr. & Panor. in d. c. sicur & ibidem Praepos. . Sometimes again it is set down to solicit the beginning of a new Contract, to be made betwixt the Parties; and than it is dissolved by lapse of time 
(i) Panor. in d. c. sicut. in fin. & Praepos. ibidem post. Anto. de Butr. Lancel. lib. 2. Instit. Jur. Can. Tit. de Sponsal. ; for thereby either Party doth show his unwillingness to proceed to the effecting of this imperfect Contract 
(k) Panor. ubi supra. . Now in our Case the Parties did not first Contract pure and simple Spousals, and afterwards appoint a time for Solemnisation of the Marriage; for then, the Contract being first perfect, had not been dissolved by lapse of time agreed on afterwards 
(l) & ita consuluit Panor. ut ipse refert in fin. d. c. sicut. & consentit Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. n. 8. in fin. ; but even at the very first, the time was concluded upon, and set down by both Parties, whereunto they referred the future Marriage, no perfect Contract going before; and therefore, by voluntary suffering the time to slide, without any offer of performance by either Party, the Spousals are dissolved 
(m) Dom. Anton. in d. c. sicut. & ibi Panor. qui hanc secundam Theoricam tanquam clariorem, & veritati magis amicam laudat. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. n. 8. . And this I take to be the plainest and surest Answer to the former Objection. But what if it doth not stand, either by the Man or by the Woman, wherefore they were not married at the time appointed, being hindered by some casual means, or by some third person, whether in this Case be the Spousals dissolved 
(n) de hac q. Anto. de Butr. in d. c. sicut. & ibi Jo. And. & Praepos. n. 7. in fin. ? I suppose not 
(o) Cardinal. Henr. Boic. & Praepos. in d. c. sicut. ; and that if either he or she marry elsewhere they are to be punished, howsoever the time prefixed be determined 
(p) Praepos. & Boic. ubi supra. ; for though the impediment do excuse from punishment, for not marrying at the appointed time, yet doth it not dissolve the Covenant 
(q) Cardinal & Praepos. ubi supra. & facit L. quaesitum ff. de Reg. Jud. ; wherefore the impediment ceasing, they are to marry as soon as conveniently they may 
(r) Praepos. in d. c. sicut. n. 7. in fin. accedit c. cum dilecti. de dolo & contumac. extra nec longè abest Archi. in c. nupti. 27. q. 1. , unless some other cause, beside the former impediment, or lapse of time, do withstand the same 
(s) veluti si cum aliâ persona per verba de praesenti contraxerit d. c. sicut. . And here note, That if the Parties do promise to marry together in such a Month, or at such a Feast, as [in the Month of May, or at the Feast of St. George, without saying next,] it is to be understood of the next Month of May, or at the next Feast of St. George, unless the contrary do appear 
(t) L. eum qui Calendis. ff. de verb. oblige. .  
7. Conditional Spousals are they which be neither simple, nor referred to a certain day, but whereunto some quality is annexed, or wherein some event is expressed, whereby the force or effect 
(u) i e. obligatio & actio suspenduntur L. cedere diem. ff. de Verb. Sign. & ibi ●lciat. Rebuff. & alii.  of the Contract is suspended 
(x) Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 27. n. 34. . For Example; [I will take thee to my Wife if thou wilt give me 100 l. 
(y) c. de illis. de Condic. appos. extra. ,] or [I do take thee to my Wife if my Father shall consent, etc. 
(z) c. super eo. de Condic. appos. extra. ] By which Examples we may perceive, That not only Spousals de futuro, but Spousals de praesenti may be contracted conditionally 
(a) Panor. in d. c. super eo. n. 5. & in d. c. de illis. n. 2. ; and although in the later Case the words be of the present time, yet have they not their effect presently, nor before the event of the Condition 
(b) Panor. in d. c. super. n. 5. & ibi Praepos. n. 2. Schneidwin. Tract. de Nup. fol. 27. n. 34. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 3. n. 2. lib. 1. consil. matrim. consil. ibidem 64. n. 9 .  
8. Yet do not all manner of Conditions suspend the Contract, or enforce an expectation of the event thereof 
(c) ut infra. hoc. ipso §. ; for in some Cases the conditional Contract is reputed simple, and hath its present force, as if no Condition had been expressed; and in some Cases the Condition doth utterly destroy the Contract 
(d) Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones, de conduit. appos. extra. Summa Hostiens. in Rub. de Condic. appos. extra. §. quae conditio. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, Paragraphis 1, 2, 3. : Wherefore that we may know when the event of the Condition is to be expected, when not; and likewise when the Condition doth destroy the Contract, when not; we must observe these Distinctions. Conditions therefore, are either of that which is past, or present, or to come: Conditions of future things be either secretly understood, or expressed; the expressed are either necessary, impossible, or possible; possible be either honest, or unhonest; unhonest Conditions are either against the Substance of Matrimony, or not 
(e) Has & alias Conditionum Species videre est apud Summam Hostiens. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. qui triplicem ibidem divisionem constituit, prima autem Conditionum divisio haec est. Alia (inquit) est tacita, alia expressa. Alia de praesenti, alia de praeterito, alia de futuro; & haec est aut possibilis, aut impossibilis; impossibilis rursus duplex, de Jure (quae & turpis dicitur) & de Facto. Secunda vero divisio est possibilium, quae sunt vel potestativae, vel casuales, vel mixtae. Tertia denique (quam tradit) divisio est, hujusmodi Conditio vel est honesta & possibilis, vel inhonesta & impossibilis; vel honesta & impossibilis; vel inhonesta & possibilis; quae omnes si videbitur ibi perlustrare poteris. Et quidem hanc tertiam Hostiens. divisionem DD. fere omnes prosequuntur, ubicunque de quaestione hic propositâ agitur, ut Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones, de Condic. app. extra. Melchior Kling. Tract. de Causis Matrimonial. fol. 73. cum seq. Schneidwin. de Nuptiis, fol. 27, 28. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. & nonnulli alii, Ego autem hanc nostram divisionem & magis perspicuam, & veritati magis amicam suspicor: Sed suum cuique pulchrum, quantumvis non formosum. : As in this little Table which I have made for the help of thy Memory is described.  
Conditions respect either the time 

past  
present  
to come 

expressed 

necessary  
impossible  
possible 

honest  
dishonest 

against the Substance of Matrimony.  
not against the Substance of Matrimony.        
secretly understood      
9 Conditions referred to that which is past or present, do not suspend the validity, nor defer the effect of the Contract, but do presently either confirm or make void the same 
(f) L. Institut. talis ff. de condic. & institut. L. cum ad praesens ff. si cert. pet. Jas. & Dec. in eand. L. cum ad praesens. . For Example, [I will have thee to my Wife if my Father be living, or were alive within this Month, etc.] The Father being alive at the time contained in the Condition, the Contract is presently good, otherwise being dead, the Contract is presently void 
(g) d. L. Institut. & ibi DD. Henric. Boic. in L. si conditione de condic. appos. extra. Hostiens. Summa eod. Tit. §. quot Species. Institut. § pen. de verb. ob. : wherefore these kind of Conditions, which be referred to the time past or present, are improperly called Conditions 
(h) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 1. n. 9 per d. L. Institut. ff. de condic. & Institut. in fin. § pen. Institut. de verb. oblige. .  
10. Secret Conditions are these, and such like; [Si Deus voluerit, If God will; Si vixero, If I shall shall live; Si potero, If I shall be able 
(i) Epistol. Jac. c. 4. §. 15. gloss. & DD. in c. unic. §. ultim. de Sponsal. lib. 6. ;] and they be called Secret Conditions, because they are evermore secretly intended, though they be not expressed 
(k) Arch. in c. unic. de Sponsal. in Sext. in sin. vide Jo. Olden. Topic. legal. loco ab authoritate, scu prejudic. ubi enumerat xx. tacitarum Conditionum exempla. ; and therefore when the Parties do contract Matrimony or Spousals together in this manner, [I do take thee to my Wife, I will take thee to my Wife;] and she likewise, [I do take, or I will take thee to my Husband,] without expressing any Condition, nevertheless these aforesaid Conditions, [If God will, If I live, If I may by Law, etc.] are always secretly understood, and yet nevertheless they do not make the Contract conditional, nor suspend the force or effect thereof 
(l) Innoc. in c. debitores. extra. de Jure Jur. Olden. ubi isupra. Melchior Kling. de causis matrimonial. fol. 74. Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones. de cond. app. extra. , which Conclusion is undoubtedly true; whereas these Conditions are not expressed, but understood 
(m) Archid. in d. c. 1. de Sponsal. lib. 6. n. 12. Henr. Boic. ubi supra. Summa Rosell. verb. matrimonium. 5. in princ. . Indeed if the Parties shall express these Conditions in their Contracts, than it is not without question, whether the Contract be Simple or Conditional 
(n) ●d quod manifestum est per Gloss. & DD. in c. unic. § ultim. de spoonful. in Sext. Silvestr. verb. matrimonium 8. q. 14. verb. Septim. & per Covar. Tract. de Sponsai. secunda parte. c. 6. §. 2. n. 4. ; wherein whether Opinion is to be preferred, shall be satisfied (God willing) e'er long 
(o) Infra hoc §. paulò post. .  
11. By necessary Conditions, I mean those whereof there is an infallible natural Cause, by force whereof the Effect must needs follow 
(p) Sichard. in Rub. de Institut. & sub. C. n. 7. : and these Conditions do not suspend the Contract, nor make the same Conditional 
(q) Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones. de condic. appos. extra. Summa Hostiens. eod. Tit. §. quae condic. verb. Quid si Contraho. ; and therefore if the Parties do mutually promise Matrimony, [If the Sun shall rise to morrow] it is as if they had simply promised 
(r) Melchior. Kling. Tract. de cause. matrimonial. fol. 73. Cardinal. Hostiens. Panor. & Praepos. in c. per tuas. de condic. appos. extra. . But if the words of the Contract be referred to the time of the event of the Condition, then is the Contract Conditional, and the virtue thereof in suspense until the Event do come, notwithstanding that the same be inevitable; as when the Contract is made thus, [If, and when the Sun shall enter into Libra, etc. 
(s) Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones. de condic. appos. extra. Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte. c. 3. §. 2 n. 11. & in hoc casu locum habet Gloss. in d. c. per tuas. quam sequuntur Jo. And. & Dom. Anto. ] or thus, [If, and when my Father shall die 
(t) Jas. in l. impossibilis. ff. de verb. oblige. in fin. quem citat Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. verum dies istius Conditionis (si Titius meriatur) est incerta non solum quando, sed etiam an sit extitura. Quum Titius potest non mori, dum vivant contra●entes, Quod si dies sit incerta an & quando sit ventura, Contractus est Conditionalis, Id quod fatetur Cardinal. in d. c. per tuas de cond. app. in fin. ]; and so it is in case the Event be certain; but not by reason of any natural Cause, as [If Antichrist shall be born 
(u) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 2. n. 11. in fin. post Adrian. q. 17. de matrim. :] If the Condition be conceived Negatively, under an impossible Condition, as [If thou shalt not touch the Skies with thy Finger;] it is in effect as if the Parties had contracted simply without any Condition 
(x) Mincing. in §. si impossibilis. Instit. de inutil. Stipul. n. 8. : The Reason is, wheresoever the Affirmative is impossible; there the Negative is necessary 
(y) Bar. in l. impossibilis. ff. de verb. ob. & Mincing. ubi supra. .  
12. Impossible Conditions (in this place) are they whereunto Nature is an impediment, that they cannot be accomplished; as [If thou shalt touch the Skies with thy Finger; If thou shalt drink up all the Water in the Sea, etc. 
(z) §. impossibilis. Instit. de inutilibus Stipulac. Mincing. in §. impossibilis. Instit. de haered. instituend. n. 3. ]. These Conditions are in favour of Matrimony, utterly rejected and void, or as if they were not at all mentioned 
(a) c. si Conditiones. de Conduit. app. extra. Summa Hostiens. Rub. de Conned. app. §. quae Conditio. Henr. Boic. & omnes DD. in d. c. si Conditiones. , and so the Contract qualified therewith is nevertheless reputed pure and simple 
(b) Panor. in d. c. si Conditiones. n. 3. Et hoc verum est favore Matrimonij, quemadmodum & favore Testamenti. §. impossibilis Instit. de haered. instituend. In aliis autem contractibus, regulariter Conditio impossibilium vitiat, et non vitiatur, (si juri civili attendaturus) ut Institut. de inutil. Stipulat. §. impossibilis. Jus autem municipale Regni nostri Angliae, quid de Conditione impossibili statuit, videre est apud Pereium, non ineruditè de hâc re differentem. fol. (Libelli mei) 142. Tit. Condition. , which Conclusion is very true, the impossibility being naturally perpetual: But if the impossibility were not ever from the beginning, but did arise in process of time by some accident, then is not the Condition void, but maketh void the Contract; as when the Man and the Woman do Contract Spousals or Matrimony together conditionally, [If their Parents shall consent,] their Parents being already dead, and so impossible that they should give any Consent thereunto; for in this Case the Contract is void, notwithstanding the impossibility of the Condition 
(c) Praepos. in c. super eo. de condic. appos. extra. n. 4. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 2. n. 3. in princ. Specul. in Rub. de condic. app. extra. n. 4. ; which thing is the rather received, as more agreeable to the Truth, whereas the Parties were then ignorant of the death of their Parents at the time of the Contract 
(d) Ita distinguit Jo. And. ut refert Praepos. ubi supra facit L. Servo manumisso. ff. de cond. indebiti, nec dissentit. Covar. d. c. 3. §. 2. n. 3. verb. nifi possibilis videretur. ; for where the Parties are persuaded that the Condition is possible, although in truth the same be naturally and perpetually impossible, yet is it not rejected, but doth make void the Contract wherewith it is qualified 
(e) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 2. n. 5. Aretin. in L. impossibilis. ff. de verb. oblige. ; and therefore if the Parties, being persuaded that the Stars of Heaven do sometimes fall down to the Earth, and there melt away, do Contract Matrimony together conditionally, [If some Star do fall from the Sky to the Earth before such a time] this Contract is made void by this impossible Condition 
(f) Covar. ubi supra verb. si enim. , because the Parties did not otherwise intent to Contract Matrimony, nor yield their Consents (but in Case this Case, which they thought possible) did come to pass 
(g) Covar. ubi supra. Cui continuit Hadr. in c. de matr. quaest. 6, 7. , without which Consent true Matrimony is never Contracted 
(h) L. Nuptias. ff. de Reg. Jur. c. cum locum, & ibi DD. de Sponsal. extra. . And so where two contract Matrimony [If their Parents shall consent] it seemeth that they did not otherwise intent to marry, but in case their Parents should like and allow thereof 
(i) c. super eo. in fin. de condic. app. extra. & ibi Praepos. n. 4. Covar. Tract de Spons. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 2. n. 5. : Howbeit if the Parties, when they did mutually promise Matrimony conditionally, if their Parents should consent, did know they were dead, and so could not consent, then is the Condition void, not the Contract 
(k) Jo. And. in addic. ad Specul. de condic. appos. litera (d) facit L. mulcta ff. de condic. & daemon. & Bar. in L. 1. de condic. & Instit. ff. col. 2. Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 2. n. 3. verb. quod si in futur. etc. , unless it appear to be the meaning of the Parties, by expressing an impossible Condition, not to yield their Consents, but to dally the one with the other; for in such a Case evermore the Contract is of no force, for want of true meaning and perfect consent 
(l) Praepos. in c. super co. de Sponsal. extra. n. 4. per c. Tua nos. de Spons. extra. .  
13. The Sum of this that I have here delivered (that I may make it somewhat plainer) is no more but a Rule and three Limitations. The Rule is, That impossible Conditions are rejected. The first Limitation is, when the impossibility ariseth by some accident. The second, when the Parties did believe the Condition possible. The third, when they had no meaning thereby to Contract themselves, but to delude either the other. Whereunto a fourth may be added, namely, when as the impossibility endureth only whiles the Parties are alive together: As if the Man say, [I contract Matrimony with thee, if thou shalt come to my Funeral or Burial;] or thus [I will marry thee, if thou do not disclose such a secret,] with Conditions, because they are against the Substance of the Act, nor can be fully accomplished whiles the Parties are alive, resist the Nativity of the Bond or Obligation, and so make void the Contract 
(m) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 3. §. 1. n. 15. Adrian. in 4. de Matrimonio. q. 5. ; neither doth Carnal Copulation thereupon ensuing betwixt the said Parties, beget the presumption of Matrimony betwixt them in this Case 
(n) Covar. post Adrian. ubi supra. .  
14. Possible Conditions are those which be neither necessary nor impossible, but being placed in the midst betwixt both extremes, are indifferent either to be, or not to be 
(o) Summa Hostiens. de cond. app. extra. §. quae conditio. Sichard. in Rub. de instit. & sub. C●●n. 9 Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimonial. fol. 73. . These possible Conditions, (if they be honest withal, (that is to say) not against Law, nor repugnant to good and wholesome Manners) do suspend the Contract 
(p) c. de illis. c. super eo. de cond. app. extra & ibi Jo. And. Card. Panor. & Praepos. , so that, in the mean time, the Parties contracting Spousals or Matrimony, under any such Conditions, are neither bound, nor suable, until the Condition be extant 
(q) d. c. de illis. etc. super, & ibi DD. Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 27. Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. matrimonial. fol. 74. §. sub conditione. & §. ex conditionali. Instit. de verb. oblige. L. cedere ff. de Verb. Sign. & ibi DD. . For Example, [I will contract Matrimony with thee, if thou wilt give me 100 l. 
(r) c. de illis. de cond. app. extra. ]; or thus, [I do contract Matrimony with thee, if thy Father shall consent 
(s) c. super eo de cond. appos. extra. ,] depending the Condition (that is to say, until thou give 100 l. or until thy Father consent) there is neither Obligation nor Action, either for Spousals or for Matrimony 
(t) Summa Hostiens. in Rub. de cond. appos. extra. §. quae conditio. in princ. Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 27. n. 34. d. c. super eo. & ibi DD. . And albeit in the second Example the words be uttered in the Present Tense, yet by means of the Condition thereunto annexed, the force and efficacy of the Contract is suspended, until the event of the Condition 
(u) Panor. in d. c. super eo. n. 5. & ibi Praepos. notab. 6. : For if we will speak properly, Matrimony is not contracted, but when the Consent is pure and without Condition, as well as present 
(x) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. n. 3. & facit L. actus legitimi ff. d. Reg. Jur. ; wherefore I cannot choose but think that they did plainly err, and wander far from the right Path, who thought and taught, That present Consent, albeit Conditional, did forthwith induce Matrimony, notwithstanding the Condition were not as yet extant 
(y) unic. in d. c. super eo. & Specul. in Rub. de condic. appos. extra. n. 2. ; and contrariwise, that their Opinion is guided by the strait line of Equity and truth, who do hold that the words, being conceived in the Future tense, (as in the former Example) neither Matrimony, neither Spousals is contracted, before the accomplishment of the Condition 
(z) Innoe. in c. 1. de cond. appos. extra. Jo. And. in c. de illis. & Henr. Boic. in c. si conditiones. eod. tit. ; and that the words being framed in the Present tense, (as in the later Example) they have the force of Spousals only 
(a) Panor. in c. super eo de condic. appos. extra. n. 7. , or rather not so much 
(b) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 3. n. 2. per text. in c. 1. §. ultim. de Spons. in Sext. , until the Condition be extant; Indeed, the Conditions being performed, then are they Spousals in that Case, and Matrimony in this 
(c) Innoc. in c. 1. de condic. appos. & Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones. eod. tit. extra. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. parto. c. 3. nu. 2. : Whereby we may gather two Rules concerning those kind of Contracts, The one, that depending the honest possible Condition, the Contract is suspended 
(d) Innoc. in. c. 1. de cond. appos. extra. c. de illis. etc. super eo. eod. Tit. & ibi Panor. & Praepos. Hostiens. Summa Tit. decond. appos. §. quae Conditio. Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptijs fol. 27. . The other, that the foresaid Condition being performed, the Contract is then purified, or as if no Condition had been expressed 
(e) d. c. de illis. etc. super eo. & ibi DD. L. potior ff. qui potiores in pig. hab. c. fraterintatis. de frigid. & malef. extra. . Either of which two rules hath two several Limitations thereto belonging.  
15. The Limitations of the former Rule are these; First when the Parties after they have contracted Conditional Spousals de praesenti, or de futuro, do before the event of the Condition know each other Carnally, for by this corporal Copulation they are deemed to have renounced the Condition; and presently to yield their mutual Consents to Contract and consummate pure and perfect Matrimony 
(f) c. per tuas. de condic. appos. extra. & ibi gloss. , which Conclusion is diversely both enlarged and restrained 
(g) Menoch. Tract. de Praesump. lib. 3. praes. 1. Covar. tract. de Spons. prima parte. c. 4. §. 1. ; as when we shall entreat of the effect of carnal Copulation more plentifully shall appear 
(h) Infra. §. 17. .  
16. Secondly, when the Parties, after the Conditional Contract, do simply, or without any Condition express their mutual Consents by words of the present time, fit for Matrimony; for in this Case also they are deemed to have renounced the Condition; and are presently joined in simple Matrimony, as if no Condition had been before expressed 
(i) c. de illis. de conduit. appos. extra. & ibi gloss. c. de illis. de despons. impub. extra. & ibi DD. .  
17. The Limitations of the second Rule are these; First when the Condition was infringed, before it was completed, for being once infringed, the accomplishment following is not regarded 
(k) L. bones. §. Sermone ff. de verb. Signif. Praepos. in c. super eo. de condic. appos. extra. n. 4. : For Example; the Parties having Contracted Matrimony [if their Parents shall consent], So it is, that their Parents do first descent, but afterwards upon further advisement their minds being altered, they become willing, and do now yield their Consents thereunto, this new Consent doth not re-establish the Matrimony before dissolved by their dissent 
(l) Praepos. in d. c. super eo. Tiraquel. in d. §. hoc sermone. verb. octogesimo primo. Clavas. in Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium. el. 3. in tertio impedimento. n. 2. : Albeit some Writers (but without sufficient Warrant I fear) do hold the Contrary, in case the Parties do still persevere in their former purpose, until their unwilling Parents do at the last yield their Consents thereunto 
(m) Cardinal. in c. super eo de conduit. appos. extra. Silvester. Prior. verb. Matrimonium el. 3. n. 4. vers. tertium. in fin. .  
18. Secondly, when as one of the Parties depending, the Condition doth Contract pure and perfect Matrimony with some other Person: This second Matrimony simply contracted, is not overthrown by the succeeding Accomplishment of the Condition of the former Contract 
(n) c. 1. §. ultim. de Sponsal. in Sext. & ibi DD. gloss. in c. per tuas. de condic. appos. extra. & Panor. in c. super eo. eod. tit. n. 7. & facit. c. quamvis. de rescrip. in Sext. Praepos. in d c. per tuas. n. 7. : For Example; a Man and a Woman do contract Matrimony conditionally, [If their Parents shall consent thereunto] before which Consent the Man doth, without any Condition, contract perfect Matrimony with another Woman, after which Contract the Parents yield their Consents to the former Contract: In this Case the second absolute Contract, doth prevail against the former conditional Contract 
(o) Panor. ubi supra. Praepos. in c. per tuas de condic. appos. extra. n. 7. & ibi gloss. Schneidwin. Tract. de nuptijs. fol. 28. Summa Rosella. verb. Matrimonium el. 5. vers. quid si quis, etc. .  
19 Against this Limitation it is commonly objected; That a Condition purified is understood to be retired back again, to the time wherein the Contract was first made; and to be of force, not ex nunc, but ex tunc, that is to say, not from the time of the actual performance of the Condition, but as if it had been even then accomplished at the very beginning 
(p) L. potior. ff. qui potior. in pign. hab. facit. l. haeres quandocunque. de acquir. haered. & ●. quod dic. de terto. Mil. ff. ; or rather as if the Contract had always been pure and simple 
(q) Gloss. in c. per tuas. de condic. appos extra. Reusner. tract. de Causis Matrimonial. consil. 2. n. 40, & 41. Socin. Jun. consil. 35. n. 2. vel. 1. .  
20. To which Objection, this is the ready Solution. That the purified Condition is then supposed to be retired backward, when as the Case in the mean time is not altered, nor the way stopped, or the passage hindered 
(r) Panor. in d. c. per tuas. in fin. & ibi Praepos. n. 7. Bar. in l. si indebitat. §. 1. ff. rem. rat. hab. etc. quamvis de rescrip. lib. 6. ; But in our Case the way is intercepted, and the return letted by means of a perfect Contract, substantially made; and finished during the imperfection of the former Contract 
(s) Quip, quia pendente Conditione, actus non dic. necessario perfectus §. quod si penden. de peric. & come. rei vend. Paris. consil. 82. vol. 4. n. 6. Reusner. tract. de cause. Matrimonial. consil. 2. n. 5. qui tandem in Contrarium labitur Summa. , by force whereof the accomplished Condition is repelled, and not suffered to have recourse to the first Fountain, from whence it did originally issue, or proceed 
(t) Panor. & Praepos. in c. per tuas. de condic. appos. extra. alter nu. 8. altar. n. 7. Schneidwin. tract. de nuptijs fol. 28. Melchior. Kling. Tract. de causis Matrimonial. fol. 74. in fin. ; And it is so much the more forceably repelled, when as the second Contract is consummate with carnal Copulation; for then, as well by the Civil Law 
(u) Reusnerus. Tract. de cause. Matrimonial. consil. 2. n. 26. cum Seq. per l. semper in conjunctionibus. ff. de rit. nup. & per Auth. itaque C. comm. de Success. Exemplo L. quoties de rei vendic. & L. five autem. §. Si duabus. de pub. in rem. act. ff. , as by the Canon Law 
(x) c. per literas. de Sponsal. extra. Reusnerus bui supra. , this consummated Contract doth overthrow the former conditional Contract: Marry Sir, if the Condition expressed in the former Contract, be not a voluntary Condition, but such a Condition, as had it not been expressed, yet, nevertheless is secretly understood; Then whether this Contract prevail against the second Contract of Matrimony, wherein no Condition at all is expressed, is a doubtful Question; wherein some do affirm 
(y) Archid. in c. unic. de Sponsal. in Sext. in sin. , and some deny 
(z) Cardinal. in d. c. unic. , and some leave it doubtful 
(a) Clavas. Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium. Impediment. 3. versic. Sed nunquid. qui sane obscurè loquitur, dum necessarium per necessarium & contingens distinguere videtur, Id quod animadvertit. Silvestr. verb. Matrimonium. 8. q. 14. vers. Septimum in fin. ; or if the Condition of the former Contract were a voluntary Condition, before the accomplishment whereof, one of the Parties contracted, did not actually proceed to any Contract of Matrimony with any other, but verbally dissented and disclaimed from the Contract made, Whether by this dissent only, the conditional Contract be dissolved is a question, wherein all Men are not of one mind 
(b) Ut per gloss. & DD. in c. super co. de condic. appos. extra. ; and yet aswel this, as that, no less needful to be known to us, than doubtfully delivered by them; in regard whereof, it shall not be in vain, I hope, if we review either Case a little more diligently, and so grow to some certainty.  
21. In the former Case therefore, that is to say, when two Persons do contract Matrimony together expressing this Condition, viz. [Si Deus voluerit, if God will, or Si vixero, If I shall live; or Si potero, If I shall be able, etc.] some (as I said) affirm that this is a pure and simple Contract 
(c) Archid. in c. unic. de Sponsal. in Sext. in fin. Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones. de condic. appos. extra. in princ. Melch. Kling. tract. de cause. Matr. fol. 73. in fin. & 27. in princ. ; and therefore good against a second Contract, whose reason doth chief rest upon this Conclusion, Expressio eorum quae tacite insunt nihil operatur 
(d) L. 3. de lega. 1. L. conduit. de cond. & daemon. ff. , the expressing of those things which be secretly included worketh nothing. And so the expressing of that Condition which is secretly included in the Contract, doth not make it Conditional 
(e) Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones. de condic. appos. extra. ubi aliam assignat rationem, nempe quia ista Conditio [Si deus voluerit] licet quoad verba sit de futuro, tamen quoad veritatem (inquit) est de praesenti, ideoque non suspenditur. ; for those Conditions [If God will 
(f) Epist. Jacob. c. 4. v. 15. c. beatus 22. q. 2. Innoc. in c. debitores de Jure jur. extra. , If I live 
(g) Epist. Jacob. ubi supra L. ultim. ff. Si quis cautionibus , If I may 
(h) L. impossibilium ff. de Reg. Jur. L. continuus. §. illud. de verb. oblige. ff. ], are secretly included in every disposition, be it never so simple, or never so pure, never so not conditional; being therefore called tacitae Conditiones, Secret Conditions, and legitimae Conditiones 
(k) Jo. Olden. Topic. Legel. loco. ab authoritate fol. (mihi) 105.  legal Conditions, because the Law doth supply and understand these Conditions, though the Parties do omit them: To which purpose writeth Oldendorpe in these words, Multa saepenumerò insunt negotijs etiamsi non exprimantur nominatim, ut sunt Conditiones legitimae, non ex voluntate seu Consensu hominum, Sed ex authoritate Juris procedentes, & haec quidem non faciunt negotium Conditionale 
(l) Olden. ubi supra. . Therefore there be many things in our affairs very often, although they be not expressed by name, as are legal Conditions, proceeding not from the Will or Consent of Men, but from the Authority of Law; and those do not make the Act conditional. Seeing then they do not make the Act conditional, not being expressed, being expressed they make it not conditional; for Taciti & expressi par virtus, aequalis potestas, eadem ratio 
(m) Everard. loco ab. expresso ad tacitum., & contra. ; tacitae Conditionis expressio non reddit dispositionem conditionalem 
(n) Bar, Jas. Zas. & alij DD. in L. 3. ff. de leg. 1. , of that which is secret, and that which is expressed, 
(i) Summa Hostiens. in Rub. de condic. appos. extra. Dominic. & Phil. franc. in c. unic. de Spons. in Sext. in fin Bar. & alij in L. 3. ff. de leg. 1.  there is like virtue, equal power, and the same reason; the expressing of a secret Condition doth not make the disposition conditional; which Position being true, than it followeth necessarily, that the second Contract is not good; For if any Man do simply contract Matrimony with two several Women, the first Contract shall prevail 
(o) c. si inter de Sponsal. extra. ; Contrariwise some do stick to this Opinion, That the Contract of Matrimony, wherein these Conditions [if it shall please God, if I shall be alive, if I shall be able, etc.] be expressed, are conditional 
(p) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 6. §. 2. n. 4. Felin. in c. 2. de Sponsal. extra. in princ. Hostiens. in c. ad audientiam. de Sponsal. extra gloss. in c. unic. de Sponsal. in Sext. viz. col. 4. & ibidem Cardinal. Prior. in Summa quae dic. Silvestrin. verb. Matrimonium. el. 8. q. 13. versic. Seplin. ; and therefore, if either of the Parties do simply Contract Matrimony with some other Person, the second Contract is good, notwithstanding the former 
(q) Siquidem Contractum, pendente Conditione, simpliciter factum valere. Communis est Summa. gloss. & DD. in c. per tuas. de condic. appos. extra. ; and certainly I must needs say, that if the antecedent be sure, the consequent is sound, that is to say, if the former Contract be conditional, the second Contract not conditional is good 
(r) Gloss. in c. per tuas. & Panor. in c. super co. de cond. appos. extra. c. unic. de Sponsal. in Sext. c. quamvis de rescrip. in Sext. : So that hic labor hoc opus est, here is the very pinch; and this is the bleeding point, whether this foresaid Contract be conditional or not: Now that it is conditional they prove in this wise; All Marriages (say they) are not made according to the Will of God 
(s) Clavas. in summa, quae dicitur Angelica verb. Matrimonium. Impediment. 3. persic. sed nunquid. in fin. Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimoninm. el. 3. n. 3. ubi distinguit inter voluntatem beneplaciti, & voluntatem Signi. , in as much as sundry Persons, sundry times match together in Wedlock, which nevertheless are forbidden, both by God's Law, and Man's Law: As they which be a kin within the Levitical Laws and Degrees 
(t) Levitic. c. 18. , or these which be already Married 
(u) L. eum qui. C. de adul. lib. 1. consil. Matr. consil. ibidem. 15. n. 24. ; and they which only seek to satisfy their foul Lusts, like brute Beasts, never considering the true Causes, for which Matrimony was ordained 
(x) Silva nuptialis fol. 135. n. 11 Praepos. in c. tua nos. el. 1. de Sponsal. extra. notab. 1. Socin. consil. 28. col. 3. versic. tertio. ; and such like 
(y) Infra. 2. parte §. : Wherefore when any Man doth contract Matrimony under these terms [if it please God, or if I may, etc.] it is in effect as if he had thus said [I am not certain whether it be Gods Will, or whether the Laws will permit, that I Mary thee; for it may be thou art my near Kinswoman, or thou art already assured to another Man, or some impediment there may be, which at this present I do not know; But if it shall appear, that there is not any such impediment either by God's Law, or Man's Law; but that we may be joined together in Wedlock, and live together as Man and Wife, I do here contract Matrimony with thee 
(z) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 6. §. 2. n. 4. Prior. in sua Summa, quae dicitur Silvestrina. verb. Matrimonium. el. 8. q. 14. versic. Septimo, qui tamen ibi distinguunt quos velim videas ipse. ]: And there is a very strong Text for this Construction, where it is written, That if a Man do bequeath any thing in his Will to any other Person, with this Proviso [Si volet 
(a) L. Si ita legatum. §. 1. ff. de leg. 1. & Covar. ubi supra. , If he will] this Legacy is conditional 
(b) eod. §. 1. , because these words [Si volet, If he will] do carry this sense, If it appear that he be willing 
(c) Bar. Jas. & alii DD. in d. L. si ita. . And so in our Case these Conditions [Si Deus voluerit; Si potero, etc. If God will; If I may,] are thus to be understood, [Si apparuerit Deum velle, vel me posse 
(d) Prior. verb. Matrimonium. el. 3. n. 3. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 6. §. 2. n. 4. , If it shall appear that God be willing, or that I may:] Therefore until it appear whether God be willing; that is to say, until it be known, whether there be any thing in God's Law, or Man's Law, to hinder this Marriage; in the mean time the Contract is suspended as a Conditional Contract 
(e) Prior. & Covar. ubi supra. . To the Reasons or Grounds of the former Opinion, namely, That the expressing of those things which be secretly included hath no operation, or that there is like virtue, equal power, and the same Reason of that which is secret and that which is expressed; or that a secret Condition expressed doth not make the disposition Conditional, etc. One Answer is yielded to them all, (the Positions being all but one in Sense and Substance) which Answer is this; That these Positions are all true, quando tacitum non aliter exprimitur quàm inest 
(f) Bart. in l. si it a legatum. §. 1. & leg. 1. n. 2. & ibi Paul. de Castr●n. 5. Panor. in c. significasti. de elect. n. 6. & Felin. in c. ad audientiam el 2. n 10. , when this Secret is not otherwise expressed outwardly, than it is inwardly; that is to say, when the sense and meaning of that which is expressed, doth not differ from that which is included; for when they both agree in one meaning, than both have one effect 
(g) Bar. Paul. de Castr. Panor. & Felin. ubi supra. , and so the Contract is pure and simple, and not conditional: And although this Condition [Si Deo placuerit, If it shall please God,] in respect of the words, be of the Future Tense, and so may seem to suspend the Contract 
(h) Gloss & DD. in c. unic. de Sponsal. in Sext. , at least for a while; yet (as our old Countryman Boic writeth very pithily) quoad veritatem ista Conditio est de praesenti 
(i) Henric. zoic. in c. si conditicnes de cond. appos. extra. in princ. , In respect of the truth this Condition is of a thing present, and so the Contract doth not admit any further delay or expectation of future event 
(k) Henr. Boic. ubi supra. & in c. ad audientiam de Sponsal. extra. , and therefore not conditional 
(l) Quip quae ad praesens, vel ad praeteritum refertur Conditio, nec suspendit actum, nec conditionalem reddit, etiamsi contrahentes lateat extitisse Condionem. L. cum ad praesens. si cer. pet. ff. & ibi gloss. & respiciendum est, Non quid nos ign. remus, sed quid in natura sit; i. e. in veritate facti, Inquit. J. C tus. in L. respiciend. codem Tit. ; I mean, when this Condition [Si Deo placuiret, If it shall please God, etc.] is so expressed as understood 
(m) Praepos. in c. ad audientiam. de Sponsal. extra. col. ultim. , that is, referred to the secret Will of God, against the which nothing can be done 
(n) Dominus exercituum decrevit quis poterit infirmare? Inquit Isaias c. 14. vers. 27. & Paul. Epist. ad Roman. c. 9 vers. 19 voluntati ejus quis resistit? 22. q. 2. c. beatus. ; not to his Will revealed, against the which many things are done 
(o) Genes. c. 3. vers. 11. Rom. c. 5. n. 12. c. merito. etc. ita. 15. q. 1. ; for then, as I said before, the Contract is conditional, because it is otherwise expressed than is included 
(p) Praepos. in c. ad audientiam de Sponsal. extra. ultim. col. ; for being expressed, it is referred to the Will revealed 
(q) Silvest. Prior. Verb. Matrimonium. el. 3. q. 3. in sin. , which some call voluntatem signi 
(r) Ibidem. ; whereas being not expressed, it is referred to his secret Will, which they call voluntatem beneplaciti 
(s) Ibidem. . But you will say, What hath this Distinction of God's secret and revealed Will to do, where the Condition is not [If God will, If it please God, etc.] but [Si vixero, If I live; Si illa vicissim in me consenserit, If she likewise consent to me,] and such like. You say well; therefore to meet with this and the like Questions, divers Authors have devised divers Distinctions 
(t) Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium, Imped. 3. n. 1. Summa Silvestr. verb. Matrimonium. §. 3. q. 3. & §. 8. q. 14. vers. septimum Adrian. in 4. de Matrimonio §. circa q. 4. : Some make difference, whether this secret Condition be necessary to the Act, as [If I live;] or too the Consent, as If it shall please the Church 
(u) Adrian. ubi supra. :] Teaching that in the former Case, the Condition being expressed, doth not make the Contract conditional, but in the later it doth 
(x) Adrian. ubi supra. quem sequiter Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 6. §. 2. n. 4 . Others have invented this Distinction; That some Conditions are so necessarily included, as without the same the Contract cannot hold 
(y) Prior. verb. Matrimonium §. 8. q. 13. versic. septimum post. Clavas. verb. Matrimonium impediment. 3. vers. sed nunquid. ; and these, albeit expressed, do not suspend the Contract, nor make it conditional 
(z) Prior. & Clavas. eisdem locis. : Of this sort are these Conditions, [If I live, If she likewise consent, etc. 
(a) Prior. & Clavas. ubi supra. ]. And some again are not so precisely necessary, as without the which the Contract doth utterly perish, but are rather included de benè esse, and for avoiding of sin 
(b) Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium Impediment. 3. versic. sed nunquid & Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimonium. §. 3. q. 3. & §. 8. q. 13. versic. septimum. ; of this sort are these foresaid Conditions, [Si Deo non displicuerit, Si Jura non contradixerint 
(c) Silvestr. Prior. de §. 8. versic. septimum qui tamen tbi profert exempla praesentis temporis, nempe nisi Deo displiceat, nisi sit contra Jura, etc. ; If it shall not displease God, If the Laws will not gainsay it.] And these Conditions being expressed make the Contract conditional, and do suspend the Act, until the truth thereof do appear 
(d) Silve. stir. ibidem. .  
22. Now to the other Controversy not altogether so difficult, whereof the Case is this; A Man and a Woman contract Matrimony together, expressing some voluntary Condition, viz. [If their Parents shall consent,] before the accomplishment of which Condition (that is to say, before their Parents do consent,) one of the Parties expressly then dissenteth, and disclaimeth from the Contract; which done, their Parents do consent; whether in this Case the conditional Contract be purified and made perfect Matrimony, is a Question, wherein all Men are not of one Judgement 
(e) Gloss. & DD. in c. super eo. De condic. appos. extra. : For some say that it is 
(f) Panor. in d. c. super eo. n. 7. , others that it is not 
(g) Anto. de Butr Phillip Franc. & Praepos. in d. c. super eo. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal secunda parte, c. 3. n. 6. in princ. Summa Rosella. verb. Matrimonium 5. vers. quid si quis. Summa Silvestrin. verb. Matrimonium §. 3. q. 4. in princ. ; howbeit, the Authors of the Affirmative, as they are but few in number 
(h) Solus enim stat Panor. in hac Sententia, si is stare sit dicendus, & non vacillare potiùs, qui dubitanter loquitur in d. c. super eo. , so are their Reasons weak and feeble 
(i) Argumenta glossae sunt L. si mandassem ff. mandati. c. ex parte, de rescript. etc. mandato. de procur. ff. sed malè ut refert. Praepos. in d.c. super eo. unde Glossa, eye postea relictis, in contrariam Sententiam descendit, ratio verò quâ nititur Panor. Sumitur ex L. Potior ff. Qui pot. in pig. ; for their strongest Reason (that I read of) is this, They which have contracted Matrimony together conditionally, are to expect the event of the Condition, and ought not to revoke their Consent in the mean time 
(k) Panor. in d.c. super eo. perd. l. potior. & ibi glossa. per c. de illis. de despons. impub. extra. ; and therefore if either of them notwithstanding do revoke his or their Promise, this revocation being prohibited by Law, is not to be regarded 
(l) Ex quo (inquit Panor. in d. c. super eo) obligavit se sub conditione; non potuit ab illâ obligatione recedere. , and consequently the Condition being accomplished, the Contract is to be deemed, as if no dissent had ever been interposed; that is to say, for a pure and absolute Contract of Matrimony. Whereunto it is fully and truly answered, That albeit the Parties, conditionally contracted, are to expect the event of the Condition 
(m) Id quod utrinque cenceditur, Praepos. in d.c. super eo. n. 3. in fin. Covar. Tract de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 3. n. 6. , being an honest and possible Condition, as this is, yet doth it not follow, that if either Party do indeed descent and disclaim, the same aught therefore not to be regarded; for who knoweth not this Lesson, Multa prohibentur fieri, quae tamen facta firmitatem obtinent 
(n) c. ad applicam, de regular. & transeun. extra. c. nos novimus. 17. q. 2. etc. si vir. 27. distinct. , Many things are forbidden to be done, which notwithstanding, being done, are of force; which Conclusion is beautified with no less than twenty Cases or Examples collected by Jason 
(o) Jas. in l. pr' surioso. ff. de his qui sui, vel all jur.  the Civilian (no less famous for his Golden Lectures; than Jason of Thessaly for his Golden Fleece). Again, If this Prohibition were of that strength and might, that it did overthrow all contrary Acts, achieved and executed, depending the Condition of the former Contract, than also the second Contract of Matrimony made before the accomplishment of the Condition of the former Contract, should be overthrown by force of the said Prohibition 
(p) Eâdem enim ratione in utroque casu militante, & idem nos constitui oportet, nec Casus diversitas sed rationis identitas inspici debet. Cavetta consil. 190. vol 1. n. 2. & consil. 183. n 3. , for the less being prohibited, the greater is the rather prohibited 
(q) Peckius in c. cui licet. de Reg. Jur. in Sext. in princ. ; that is to say, if the Parties be prohibited to descent only, much more are they prohibited to contract Matrimony with any other Person depending the Condition of the former Contract. But even by their own Confession, who plant their chief hold upon this Prohibition, the second absolute Contract is good, notwithstanding the suspense of the Condition of the former Contract, and notwithstanding that the same Condition is afterwards accomplished 
(r) Panor. in c. super eo. de condic. appos. extra. n. 7. ; nor that only, but they do also yield a Reason thereof, namely, That the conditional Contract hath no more force, but of Spousals de futuro, depending the Condition 
(s) Panor. ubi supra. ; and therefore by their own Reason they overthrow their own Assertion; for if a conditional Contract of Matrimony have no more force than Sponsals de futuro (as indeed it hath not, neither yet so much 
(t) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 3. n. 5. , during the suspense of the Condition;) Therefore if either of the Parties withdraw their consent before the accomplishment of the Condition, then cannot these Spousals by the Father's consent become Matrimony 
(u) Praepos. in d. c. super eo n. 3. & ibi. Cardinal. in fin. Covar. ubi supra n. 5. & 6. : For this is without question, That without pure and perfect consent of both Parties, Matrimony cannot be contracted 
(x) c. sufficiat 27. q. 2. L. Nuptias ff. Reg Jur. c. cum locum. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi DD. . And to be brief, this is the principal Reason which the Authors of the Negative Opinion do use for proof thereof, namely, the defect of pure and perfect Consent 
(y) d. c. sufficiat. & d. L. nuptias DD. in c. super eo. de cond. appos. extra. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 3. n. 5, & 6. . This is that Wall of Brass which the Adversaries may well shoot at, but are never able to batter, nor make any breach into; neither is it material whether the other Party or Parents were witting or ignorant of this dissent 
(z) Ant. de Butr. Phil. franc. & Praepos. in d. c. super eo. Arg. c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. & Covar. ubi supra. ; for neither in the one Case, nor in the other, can there be any perfect Matrimony for want of the Parties perfect Consent, at such time as the Parents yield their Consent 
(a) Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimonium §. 3. q. 4. in princ. ; for even then also ought both Parties to agree 
(b) Gloss. in c. super eo de condic. appos. extra. Summa Rosella. verb. Matrimonium. el. 5. versic. Quid si.  in one and the same Mind, otherwise there is not Consensus, i. e. simul sensus 
(c) Geminian. in c. si oblato. de literis contestat. in Sext. , and consequently no Matrimony.  
23. Well, let us vary the Case a little, and see what will become of it. Say that the Parties having contracted Matrimony together conditionally, [If their Parents shall consent] do neither of them dissent, but do both persevere still in the same purpose until their Parents be acquainted therewith, who make no show to or fro, by expressing either Consent or Dissent; Whether in this Case is it to be adjudged for Matrimony, or not?  
24. Some are of opinion, That forasmuch as the Parents did not precisely perform the Condition, that is to say, formally express their Consents, therefore it is no Matrimony 
(d) Clavasius in Summa, quae dicitur Angelica. verb. Matrimonium Imped. 3. versic. Sed quid si. : But the greater part incline to the contrary Opinion 
(e) Cardinal. post. Hostiens. in c. super eo de condic. appos. extra. & ibi Piaepos. n. 4. , Because in favourable Cases, he that is silent doth seem to consent 
(f) c. qui licet. de Reg. Jur. in Sext. Inno. in c. genesi. de elect. extra. Felin. in c. Nun de Praesump. extra. Reg. 4. & Praepos. ubi Supra. ; and so Matrimony being a very favourable Cause 
(g) c. in fin. de Reg. Jud. extra. Felin. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. , it is as if they had formally and expressly yielded their Consents 
(h) DD. in d.c. super eo. .  
25. To that, that Conditions are to be precisely performed 
(i) L. qui haeredi. §. 1. & L. Maevius. ff. de condic. & daemon. , it is answered; That's true generally in other Contracts; but in a Contract of Matrimony it is special, that the Condition is sufficiently performed by other equivalent means, as well as by precise observation of the strict form of the Condition 
(k) Cardinal. & Praepos. in d. c. super eo. ; and so the Common Opinion is to be preferred, at least if the Parties do not afterwards break off, and bestow themselves in Marriage otherwise 
(l) Quod si ad secundavota deventum fuerit, tunc alteram opinionem, uti veriorem amplectitur, Clavasius in sua Summâ Angelica. verb. Matrimonium. Imped. 3. verse. Sed quod Si. .  
26. What shall we say to this case? A Man and a Woman do contract Matrimony conditionally, [if he give her 100 l. at such a time]; Which Woman afterwards doth also contract Matrimony with another Man, under the same Condition, that is, [if he give her 100 l. at the time aforesaid]: Which time being come, either of these Men giveth to this Woman 100 l. at one and the same instant; in this Case Whether Contract shall prevail?  
27. By the Common Opinion of such as write upon this question, neither Contract shall prevail 
(m) Jo. And in c. 1. de cond. app. extra. qui rejectis tribus opinionibus quartam jam ocitatam ponit, quam tenent Gasper. Cald. Jac. Zochus & Praepos. in d. c. 1. , by reason of the uncertainty 
(n) Arg. L. si fuerit ff. de reb. dub. L. Duotitij ff. de testa. c. ex literis. el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. ; for since it is uncertain which Condition was first performed, it cannot be certain, whether Matrimony is to be perferred: And therefore it is of no more force, than if she had contracted Matrimony with two several Men at once 
(o) Summa Angelic. verb. Matrimonium imped. 3. vers. sed. pone. Jo. And. & Praepos. in d. c. 1. de condic. extra. Prior. verb. Matrimonium §. 3. q. 6. ; And although it may seem, that the Matrimony first contracted, is first to be effected 
(p) Prior tempore potior Jure. c. qui prior. de Reg. Jur. in Sext. L. quotiens. de Reg. Jur. ff. , because the Condition being purified, the Contract is reputed as if it had been absolutely and simply made at the first 
(q) L potior. ff. qui potior in pig. hab. : Yet that is so understood, when as it is in the power of the Party to prejudice the second Contract, otherwise not 
(r) Bart. in l. fi indebitatum. §. 1. ff. rem. rat. hab. Panor. in c. per tuas. de cond. app. in fin. & Praepos. in c. 1. cod. tit. : Howbeit, if either Condition had been performed before the other, that Contract were to be preferred, whose Condition was sooner completed, though it were but a very little 
(s) Prior. verb. Matrimonium. el. 3. q. 6. in fin. facit Tiraquel. de Judic. in reb. exig. Lin. 3. .  
28. Unhonest Conditions are they which be contrary to Laws or good Manners 
(t) L. impossibilis. ff. de verb. Ob. & ibi DD. ; and are often called impossible, that we should think each thing impossible to be done, which is unlawful to be done 
(u) L. Si filius. ff. de condic. institut. .  
29. Unhonest Conditions against the Substance of Matrimony, are they which be repugnant to any of the three Substantial good things, or Blessings for which Matrimony was ordained 
(x) DD. in c. fin. de cond. appos. extra.  namely bonum prolis, bonum fidei, & vinculum individuum 
(y) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. part. c. 3. §. 1. n. 1. Silva nuptialis. lib. 2. in princ. n. 9 , the good of Issue, the good of Faithfulness, and the Bond inseparable; Which others call Sacraments, though improperly 
(z) c. omne 27. q. 2. ex Augustino de bono conjugali vei potius de nuptijs & Concupiscentiâ. c. 11, & 12. ut animadvertit. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 3. §. 1. n. 2. in fin. Praepof. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. n. 14. ; For, for these three ends was Marriage invented and established; first, for the procreation of Children to be brought up in the fear of God, whereby his Church may be continued and increased 
(a) c. omne 27. q. 2. c. pudor. & sequent. 32. q. 2. Praepos. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. n. 11, & 12. Anto. Gubertus. Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 49. n. 1. . Secondly, for the avoiding of Fornication; and that either Party shall be Faithful to other, keeping their Vessels undefiled 
(b) c. quicquid. c. sicut. 32. q. 2. Praepos. ubi Supra. Epist. Paul. ad Corinth. 1. c. 7. . Thirdly, for the mutual Cohabitation and comfortable help and Society, never to be dissolved, so long as the Married Couple should live together, whether it were in prosperity or adversity 
(c) c. Nuptiarum. 27. q. 1. c. omne. 27. q. 2. Praepos. in c. ult. de cond. ap. pos. n. 3. . Wherefore these Conditions [Si prolis generationem evitaveris, if thou shalt avoid generation of Children, Si adulterand' te tradideris, if thou wilt play the Adulteress, Donec inveniam meliorem, until I find a better].  
30. These Conditions, I say, and every of them are not only unhonest, but also against the Substance of Matrimony, for that they be opposed to those things, without the which true Matrimony cannot consist 
(d) Text. in c. ultim. de condic. appos. extra. & ibi Praepos. n. 5. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 3. §. 1. n. 1. Silvester Prior. verb. Matrimonium §. 4. q. 5. ; and therefore if two Persons shall contract Spousals or Matrimony together, under any of these aforesaid Conditions, this their Contract is void in Law 
(e) d.c. ultim. infra parte. c. aliquando. 32. q. 2. faciat L. cum lic. §. Si praeter. ff. de transac. : Whereas if the Condition were only unhonest, but not against the Substance of Matrimony, the Condition were rejected, and the Contract good 
(f) eod. c. ultim. secunda parte. ; either of which Rules have their several Ampliations and Limitations: But before we descend thereunto, it is requisite to foresee what may be objected against the former general Rule.  
31. First therefore, where I affirmed this Condition [Si prolis generationem evitaveris, if thou shalt avoid the generation of Children] destroyeth the Contract 
(g) c. ultim. de condic. app. extra. c. aliquando. 32. q. 2. , because it doth withstand the first and principal good of Matrimony, viz. bonum prolis 
(h) Praepos. in d.c. ultim. n. 2. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. part. c. 3. §. 1. in princ. , the good of Children. It may be objected; That if a Man do contract Matrimony with a Woman conditionally, [if she shall lead her life in perpetual Continency] doth not make void the Contract 
(i) Bald. in. 4. distinct. 30. q. 2. conclus. 2. de quo Covar. ubi supra. : This Condition (albeit directly against the first and principal end of Marriage, namely bonum prolis, the good of Children) is not void, which objection is the rather confirmed by the example of Joseph and Mary, betwixt whom there was true, perfect and inseparable Matrimony, notwithstanding the true, perfect and perpetual Continency and Chastity, vowed and performed by the blessed Virgin 
(k) vide Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 3. §. 1. n. 3. : Nevertheless this Example doth not prove the former Position; For though it be very true, that the blessed Virgin had determined and resolved with herself faithfully to keep the Vow of Virginity; Yet as the Doctors do testify, proposuit se servaturam virginitatis votum in Cord, ipsa autem votum non expressit ore 
(l) c. Beata Maria. 27. q. 2. post. August. de bono conjugali. Gloss. in c. sufficiat. 22. q. 2. verb. voti virginalia. , She purposed to keep the Vow of Virginity in her Heart, but she did not express this Vow with her Mouth: And so the blessed Virgin did so Vow Virginity, as therein she did not any thing against the Substance of Matrimony 
(m) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 3. §. 1. n. 4. . Like as on the other side, she did so consent to Matrimony, as she did nothing contrary to Virginity; Consensit enim, non in actum Copulae, sed in potentiam, certior divinitùs facta Josephum in eodem Castitatis voto permansurum, nec eam cogniturum 
(n) Covar. ubi supra. post. Tho. in 4. distinct. 30. q. 2. ar. 1. c. Conjux. 27. q. 2. ex Augustino. de nuptiis & Concupiscen. c. 11, & 12. unde Gratianus assumpsit, tametsi in L. decretorum tribuatur. August. in lib. de bono Conjugij. ut refert Covar. ubi supra. ; She consented not unto the Act of Copulation, but unto the power, being divinely assured that Joseph was to continue in the same Vow of Chastity, and would not know her. Again in this sacred Marriage betwixt Joseph and Mary, there were all these three good things above recited, That is to say, bonum prolis, quia Christus natus; bonum fidei, quia nullum adulterium; vinculum individuum, quia nullum divortium 
(o) d. c. omne. 27. q. 2. ex eod. Augustino ubi supra & gloss. in d.c. omne. . The good of Issue, because Christ was born; the good of Faithfulness, because no Adultery; the Bond inseparable, because no Divorce.  
32. Secondly, where I affirmed, that this Condition [si adulterand' te tradideris, If thou wilt become an Adulteress] destroyeth the Contract of Matrimony 
(p) c. ultim de condic. appos. extra. , because it is contrary to the second good, for which Matrimony was ordained, which is bonum fidei 
(q) Praepos. in d. c. ultim. n. 4. Covar. in tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 3. §. 1. n. 1. , it is objected and affirmed by others, that this Condition is not against the Substance of Matrimony, (and therefore doth not destroy the Contract) unless this also had been added, that she should deny to pay her due to her Husband 
(r) Angel. de Clavas. in Summa. verb. Matrimonium. Imped. 3. n. 11. ; But it is answered, that this faithfulness doth not only include the debt of Marriage, which one of them ought to yield to other; But this also is excluded, That either of them should yield their Bodies to any other 
(s) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 3. §. 1. n. 2. Prior. in Summa Silvestr. verb. Matrimonium. el. 4. q. 6. post Tho. in 4. distinct. 31. q. 1. ar. 2. ; And therefore not only that Condition is contra bonum fidei, when they indent not to pay their deuce to themselves, but that Condition also of committing filthiness with any other 
(t) Covar. ubi supra. Licet magis fortasse sit contra bonum fidei, negare debitum conjugale quàm alteri commisceri, quemadmodum & ad bonum prolis pertineat, non solam suscipere, sed etiam educare prolem susceptam, at illud principaliùs secundum. Silvestr. verb. Matrimonium. cl. 4. q. 6. .  
33. Thirdly, where I affirmed that this Condition, [Donec inveniam meliorem, until I find a better] doth make void the Contract 
(u) Text. in c. ultim. prima parte de cond. appos. extra. , because it is against the third good of Matrimony, id est, vinculum individuum 
(x) Gloss. & DD. eod. c. ultim. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. Secunda parte. c. 3. §. 1. n. 1. in fin. est enim inseparabilitas essentialis Matrimonij. Teste Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimonium sect;. 4. q. 5. , the inseparable band: It may be objected that this Contract is not Conditional, but Modal, by reason of this word [Donec 
(y) Zas. in L. centesimus §. fin. ff. de verb. ob. n. 8, & 9 ubi refert se in consilio quodam salvasse mulierem, quod non administraret sub Conditione, sed sub modo, facta dispositione quod liberè administret bona relicta, donec permanserit vidua. , until]; and therefore the contract is to take place, and so to continue, [donec, until], that accident come to pass 
(z) L. legatum ff. de annuis leg. Praepos. in c. verum. de Condic. appos. extra. n. 1. & 9 ; which because it can never happen (for that the exchange of Wives and Husbands was and is perpetually unlawful 
(a) Genes. c. 2. vers. 24. Math. c. 19 vers. 6. DD. in d.c. ultim. de cond. appos. extra. ; therefore is the Contract to continue for ever 
(b) Imo rejicitur modus contra substantiam actus, censetur quod actus omnino validus L. cum precario. ff. de precar. & in c. ultim. de precar. : Nor is it strange that this word [Donec] should signify a perpetuity of time, if we will listen unto the Divines, upon these and the like Cases [Donec ponam inimicos tuos Scabellum pedum tuorum 
(c) Psal. 109. 1.2. Epist. ad Heb. c. 1.13. d. Hieron. contra. Jovinianum. lib. 1. circa. prin. , until I make thine Enemies thy Footstool; Donec peperit primogenitum filium, until she brought forth her first begotten Son, etc.] 
(d) Matth. c. 1. in fin. Hyeron. ubi supra. Zas. in L. contissimus. §. ultim. n. 10. ff. de verb. oblige.  Moreover suppose the Contract were not Modal, but Conditional 
(e) L. pater severinam. §. ultim. ff. de cond. & daemon. Bart. in L. 1. eod. Tit. , the differences whereof I have deciphered in my Treatise of Testaments 
(f) fol. 137. n. 5. ; Yet may it be objected, forasmuch as this Condition is not suspensive, but resolutive or extinctive 
(g) Praepos. in c. ultim. de cond. appos. extra. n. 3. Paul. de Castr. in L. sufficit ff. de Conned. in deb. n. 5. & ibi Jas. n. 5, & 6. , that is to say, not hindering the nativity or birth of the Bond or Obligation, but threatening a death or destruction to that which is born 
(h) Paul. de Castr. ubi supra. Cardinal. in c. verum. de Condic. app. extra. Bar. in L. 1. ff. de cond. & daemon. n. 15. Tiraquel. de retract. Conventional. §. 2. gloss. 1. n. 74. fol. 343. ubi apertissimè docet, quòd Conditio resolutiva non suspendit actum, nec eum facit conditionalem, sed tantum ex eventu eum resolvit, qui interim judicatur ut purus. ; forasmuch also as privatio praesupponit habitum 
(i) L. decem. ff. de verb. oblige. & l. manumissiones. de justit. & jur. ff. , as the Logicians teach us 
(k) Everard. loco à privatione. & Olden. Topic. legal. , therefore this resolutive or extinctive Condition doth presuppose a former Act; and such an Act as is to continue, [donec, until] the Condition be extant 
(l) L. 2. ff. de in diem addict. cum gloss. Paul. & Jas. in d. L. sufficit. Tiraquel. de Retract. conventionel. fol. 347. n. 74. Dec. & Cagnol. in L. is damnum. §. quod pendet. de Reg. Jur. ff. , which if it never happen, then remaineth the Contract ever firm and good 
(m) L. 1. & 2. de in diem addic. ff. & ibi gloss. : So that whether the Contract be Modal or Conditional, it still returneth to this end, that it is not a void Contract 
(n) per ea quae superìus tradita ●●nt, quibus add Panor. in. c. 1. de cond. app. extra. n. 2. ubi Post. Antho. dicit, quod si contraho Matrimonium tecum, & si non donaveris mihi Centum, volo te reliquere; Centum nunquam datis, Matrimonium, quod à principio tenuit, non potest dissolvi. . To both these Objections one answer might suffice, namely, That whether we imagine the Contract to be Modal or Conditional it is not material; for as Conditio doth destroy the Contract when it is against the Substance of Matrimony, (as is before confirmed), even so doth Modus; So writeth Silvester Prierius 
(o) Prisc. in suâ summâ verb. Matrimonium. §. 3. n. 12. Accedit Covar. tract. de Sponsal. Secunda parte c. 3. §. 1. n. 8. , in these Terms. Idem de Modo dicendum, quod de Conditione, & secundum eandem distinctionem; Nam si est contra jus Matrimonij, & apponitur in ipso Cantractu, vitiat Contractum, etc. The same thing is to be spoken of the Mean, which is spoken of the Condition, and according to the same distinction; for it be against the Law of Matrimony, and be put in the Contract itself, it destroyeth the Contract; To whom I may join Covaruvias writing thus; Non tantum per Conditionem contra Substantiam Matrimonij vitiatur ipse Contractus, Sed etiam per Modum Contractus adjectum; Not only by a Condition against the Substance of Matrimony, is the Contract destroyed, but also by a Mean adjoining to the Contract 
(p) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 3. §. 1. n. 7. : But to answer to either Objection severally; where it is said, that the Contract which is made Sub modo, is forthwith to take effect; and so to continue until that quality be extant 
(q) L. legatum. de an. leg. ff. Zas. in l. centesimus. §. ultim. de verb. ob. ff. n. 8, & 9 Addic. ad Summam Hostiens. in Rub. de condic. appos. §. quae conditio in fin. : That is not true in case this Modus, wherewith the Contract is interrupted, be against the Substance of the Act 
(r) Prior. verb. Matrimonium. §. 3. q. 12. c. ultim. de cond. app. extra. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 2. part. c. 3. §. 1. n. 8. ; Indeed if a Man and a Woman contract Matrimony Sub modo, which is not against the Substance of Matrimony, nor unhonest, nor unlawful, [As that he shall give her 100 l. at such a day], though he do not give her the Sum promised at the time appointed, yet is not the Matrimony dissolved 
(s) Prior. ubi supra. Summa Rofella. verb. Matrimonium. el. 5. versic. quae est differentia, Idemque Juris est, si sub Conditione resolutiuâ Matrimonium sit contractum. Panor. in c. 1. de cond. appos. extra. n. 2. ; but it is otherwise in other Contracts 
(t) L. 1. & 2. ff. de addict. in diem. ; and in testamentary dispositions 
(u) L. pater Severinam. §. ultim. ff. de cond. & daemon. , from whence these objected Arguments being deduced, prove nothing against our former assertion 
(x) Ex separapis non infertur. L. vitim. ff. de Calum. L. neque natales C. de probac. Everard. loco à separatis. : And whereas it is further objected, that this Condition being resolutive, doth presuppose a former Act 
(y) Pavi. de Castr. & Jas. in L. sufficit ff. de cond. indeb. Praepos. in c. ultim. de condic. app. extra. n 3. , like as privatio praesuppoint habitum 
(z) L. decem. ff. de verb. oblige. Everard. loco à privatione. . I answer that a Condition resolutive (properly so called) doth presuppose a former Act 
(a) DD. in L. pecuniam quam. ff. si cer. pet. Tiraquel. de retract. Novel. fol. 343. n. 74. Panor. in c. ultim. de cond. appos. extra. , in which Case the Contract is said to be, purus in Capite, conditionalis in Caudâ 
(b) DD. in L. centessimus §. ultim. praesertim. Zas. de verb. oblige. ff. , pure or simple in the Head, conditional in the Tail: But in our Case the Condition is not properly resolutive; and therefore doth not work any such Supposals, which thing appeareth by Panormitan in these words, Notabis, Quòd Conditio contra Substantiam Matrimonii Contractum impedit, non solum quando est Suspensiva, sed etiam Resolutiva, licet aliqui (sed malè) haec non animadvertentes putarant quòd ex quo semel Matrimonium tenuit, Conditio resolvens debet haberi pro non adjecta, quod est falsum; Nam dico quòd nunquam fuit Matrimonium, & sic proprie non potest dici Conditio resolutiva 
(c) Panor. in c. ultim. de condic. appos. extra. n. 2. . Thou shalt note, that a Condition against the substance of Matrimony doth hinder the Contract, not only when it is Suspensive, but also when it is Resolutive, although some Men (but wrongfully) not marking it, that since the Matrimony once held, this resolving Condition ought to be accounted for rejected, which is false; for I say, that there was never Matrimony, and so the Condition cannot properly be termed resolutive.  
34. To conclude therefore whether the Condition be against the first good of Matrimony, as [if thou shalt avoid generation of Children], or against the second good [as if thou shalt play the Adulteress], or against the third good, as [if I shall not find a better, or until I find a better], In every of these Cases (the former objections notwithstanding) the Contract is utterly void, and of none effect 
(d) Textus est apertissimus in c. ultim. de condic. appos. extra. prima parte. Add c. solet. etc. aliquando. 32. q. 2. , except as followeth after the Ampliations of this Rule, which Ampliations are these.  
35. The first Ampliation is collected out of the last Objection, that is, whether the Condition be suspensive or resolutive; yet resisting the Substance of Matrimony, it overthroweth the Contract 
(e) c. ultim. de condic. appos. extra. & ibi. DD. .  
36. The second Ampliation flowing from the same Fountain is this; Whether the Contract be conditional or modal, yet being against the Substance of Matrimony it is utterly void and frustrate 
(f) Covar. Tract. de Sponfal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 1. n. 7. Silvestr. verb. Matrimo. nium. §. 3. q. 12. .  
37. The third Ampliation is, That albeit the Parties thus contracted should know each other Carnally, yet should the Contract still remain destitute of legal force and virtue 
(g) Henr. Boic. & Panor. in c. ultim. de Sponsal. extra. Covar. de Sponsal. secunda parte, cap. 3. §. 1. nu. 12. & 16. .  
38. The fourth Ampliation is, That albeit the Resolutive Condition be neither unhonest or unreasonable; yet fight with the Substance of the Act, it doth mortally wound the Contract without hope of recovery 
(h) Hyppol. de Marsil. Singular. 286. Panor. & Covar. ubi supra. Bombin. consil. 35. Aretin. consil. 82. . For Example; A Man contracteth Matrimony with a Woman conditionally [If she shall live honestly, or If she do never commit Adultery,] whereunto the Woman expressly giveth her Consent. In this Case, howsoever this Resolutive Condition seem very honest and very reasonable, yet because it doth so mightily fight with the perpetuity or third good of Matrimony, which is individuum vinculum, by the received Judgement of all the Interpreters (almost) of the Laws Ecclesiastical, the Contract is dead in Law 
(i) Panor. Hyppol. Bombin. & Aretin. ubi supra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda. part, c. 3. §. 1. n. 10. Cardinal. & Praepos. in c. 1. de cond. appos. extra. ; insomuch that if the Parties so contracted should lie together, and Carnally deal together, yet could not this Conjunction preserve the life, or give any strength to the aforesaid Contract 
(k) Panor. & DD. in c. ultim. de cond. appos. extra. Hyppol. Singul. 286. . This verily is the Judgement of most Writers in this Case, which also they have generally delivered for a singular and memorable cautel, whereby any Man (if peradventure he were urged to contract Matrimony with any Woman against his liking) might not only seem to contract Matrimony with her, but also indeed lie with her, and yet nevertheless be at freedom, and disappoint them of their purpose, who urged him against his Will 
(l) Hyppol. d. Singul. 286. fatetur se hanc Cautelam primum ab Anto. de Burges Hispano didicisse, quam etiam plaribus extollit Laudibus, veruntamen hujusmodi Cautelae usus, non passim est probandus, sed tum demum, quum quis opprimitur injuriâ, inquit Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 1. 16. . And one Petrus Gerardus de Petrâ Sanctâ, doth confirm it with a pretty History to this effect 
(m) Gerard. Singular. 21. : Whiles Gerardus was Student at Bononia, a fresh Scholar there, a tall and straight Stripling, of a Sanguine Complexion, springing towards the Age of Twenty years, whose Parentage was neither base nor poor, having more delight to be abroad in the City, than to be shut up within a solitary Study, more desirous to behold the fair Faces of beautiful Virgins, than to poor upon an unpleasant Book, or to be acquainted with such as Bartolus and Baldus, and carrying a greater Zeal to examine and try the sharpness of women's wits, with some pleasant parley, than to be urged with subtle Arguments, or opposed with serious Disputations in the Schools: And finally, esteeming it in those days (which none doth in these days, neither in Oxford nor Cambridge, nor in the Inns of Courts) a far greater blessedness secretly to kiss the Civil Text of women's Lips, than publicly to frequent the Solemn Lectures of Profound Doctors, interpreting whatsoever Text either Civil or Divine: This gallant Youth, whose Purse was as well furnished with Tempting Angels, as his Head fraught with pleasant Conceits, often recreating his unwearied Wits, and daily refreshing his untired Senses, after he had taken a diligent Survey of all the whole Army of the amiable Amazons of Bononia, espied one Virgin amongst others, whose excellent Beauty, fine Complexion, courteous Conditions, womanly Modesty, seemly Grace, and other Virtues of Body and Mind, were such, as for the same she was worthily preferred before the rest, albeit they in respect of Wealth, Honour and Friendship, were to be preferred before her (so adverse is Fortune to Nature;) Well noteth this Scholar all her Perfections of Nature, and all her wants of Fortune; by the one he is inflamed to Love, by the other he is in hope to speed: Forward therefore he proceedeth, sparing neither Vows nor Gifts, whether to obtain Marriage, or but to reap the only Fruits thereof, let the Sequel show; but whether this or that it skilleth not; for so persuasive was his Eloquence, as the simple Maid mistrusted not, and of such force were his Gifts, as the poor Soul misliked not: Nevertheless, lest she might seem too credulous to believe all that he spoke, or too amorous to grant all that he desired; to prevent the one, she tried her womanly wit with his Scholarly skill, opposing to his fair Promises many grievous Perils; and to avoid the other, she shown no want of maidenly modesty, by often denying his earnest Demands, preferring that one Jewel, which he so desired, before all the Jewels which he had bestowed: In no wise therefore would she yield, and yet would she be conquered in any wise: He perceives and pursues, attending only for opportunity: During which time, her aged and long experienced Parents, understanding the rash Resolutions of the young Couple, did see, but would not see the same, intending indeed by this Bait of their Daughter's Beauty to catch the Youth in his own Net, and to force him to marry her, and maintain them. They therefore make fair weather, inviting him to their House very friendly, and there entertaining him very civilly. And long it was not, till by the subtlety of the expert Parents, an opportunity was offered to these fervent Lovers, to have accomplished what they long desired. The Scholar thought verily that now he had got Fortune by the Forehead. But when they were alone, and safe together (as they thought) suddenly her vigilant Parents, with a multitude of Kinsfolks, rush upon them, threatening even to kill the Scholar, unless he would presently marry their Daughter. Judge you in what a quandary my young Master now stood, seeing himself thus entrapped, and brought to this Dilemma, either to marry a Woman of poor and base Kindred, or else to hazard the loss of his own life. In vain doth he now wish, that he had been fast at his Book; In vain doth he now repent him, that he preferred Pleasure before Study; and in vain did he oft and earnestly crave a further time to answer; but they were peremptory: Wherefore seeing no other Remedy, he willed them to send for a Notary, promising that before his departure he would contract Matrimony with their Daughter, which pacified them for the time; and in the mean time, with all speed, he dispatched a secret Messenger to an old Doctor his Tutor, to whom the Case being imparted, he craveth his Counsel, in making such a Contract as might satisfy the Parents, but not bind himself. The Tutor adviseth his Pupil to contract Matrimony conditionally, [If she shall live honestly,] or [If she shall not do with another as she she had done with him,] or under some like Resolutive Condition. The Scholar upon the return of the Messenger, and the receipt of this Answer, he was advertised; wherewith, not only the Party herself, but the Parents also were well appaied, thinking the Condition to be both reasonable and lawful. Which done, the Scholar escaped joyfully, thanked his Tutor hearty, and thence forward applied his Study more diligently. The covetous Parents, who thought they had been sure of a rich Son in Law, after they had consulted with others, perceived that they were deceived. The young Woman, who lately was a Virgin, remained very sorrowful, not so much for the loss of that which could not be recovered, as for the loss of her new supposed Husband. Thus whether we respect Histories or Authorities, we may perceive how all the Interpreters, with one common Consent, conspire in this, That albeit the Condition do seem reasonable and honest, yet being Resolutive, it doth utterly destroy the Contract of Matrimony wherewith it is mixed. Only one Writer 
(n) Melchior. Kling. Tract. de causis matrimonial, fol. 75.  (of all that I have read) doth run a contrary Course, affirming that this Condition [Si honeste vixeris, If thou shalt live honestly; Si non maechaberis, If thou wilt not commit Adultery] is a secret Condition, such as, were it not expressed, is secretly understood, and therefore that the Contract is not thereby made Conditional, but that the same is pure and simple, as if no such Condition had ever been expressed 
(o) Arg. l. Conditiones extrinsecus. ff. de cond. & daemon L. non recte. C. de side juss. . Howbeit, I do not see how it may be justified, that these be secret Conditions: For albeit to live honestly, and not to commit Adultery, be one of the ends for which Matrimony was instituted, and so always understood and secretly promised, though it were not expressed in the Matrimonial Contract 
(p) c. nuptiarum. 27. q. 1. c. omne. 27. q. 2. Praepos. in c. ultim. de cond. appos. extra. n. 3. Silva nuptialis, fol. (mihi) 135. nu. 9 , yet that this formal Promise is understood as a Condition, (that is to say) that if either party should live unhonestly by committing Adultery, the Matrimony were thereupon ipso facto dissolved 
(q) Nam deficiente Conditione, ipso jure corruit dispositio, tam inter vivos quam in ultimis voluntatibus. Tiraquel in rep. L. si unquam. C. de revoc. donec. n. 47. quo casu non opus est Judice, Summâ Bald. in L. 1. C. de secund. nup. Cardinal. in Clem. 1. de poenis, vel sufficit declaratoria. , (for such is the nature of a Condition) doth not follow 
(r) Topicus namque locus à fine, tenet solum in bono & malo, inquit Jo. Casus Oxon. in suâ Summâ dialect. fol. 239. : Of which Question nevertheless, and whether for Adultery Matrimony be dissolved à vinculo, or only à mensa & thoro, we shall hereafter discourse more fully: But in the mean time, I dare not trust to this one Man's opinion alone, especially against so many. Again, if it were granted, That this Condition [Si honestè vixeris, If thou shalt live honestly,] is tacita Conditio, a secret Condition, Doth it therefore follow that the Contract wherein this secret Condition is expressed, is pure and simple, as if it had not been expressed 
(s) Nec ipso Jure dissolvi Matrimonium propter Adulterium sed expectandum esse Ecclesiae Judicium, etiamsi Crimen sit notorium, Communis est Doctorum opinio. in c. porro. de divortiis extra. Moraldus Tract. de Matrimonio, fol. 98. qui tum aliter sentit, si Causa sit notoria. Gloss. in c. unic. §. ultim. de despons. impub. lib. 6. ; Is not that also very doubtful? I refer thee to that I have written of the Nature of secret Conditions 
(t) supra. eod. §. . Indeed Spousals de futuro may be contracted under this resolutive Condition, [If thou shalt live honestly, etc. 
(u) Et ita fortasse voluit ipse Melchior. Kling. loco praed. dum scripsit, Si contrahentes ita dicunt, promitto tibi nuptias si honestè vixeris, non habetur pro conditione, etc. quae verba (si verum amemus) Sponsalia potiùs quam Matrimonium denotant. Goden. lib. 2. consil. matrimonial consil. ibidem 2. n. 6. ], because it is certain that such Spousals may be dissolved for Fornication, albeit the Contract were pure and simple, without mention of the former Condition 
(x) c. quemadmodum, de Jure jur. extra. §. Ita si quis. ; much more when this Condition [If thou shalt live honestly, If thou shalt not commit Adultery 
(y) c. de illis. de condic. appos. extra. ] is expressed, unless the Parties so espoused do first know each other Carnally, for than it is all one as if they had simply contracted Matrimony 
(z) d. c. de illis. c. is qui fidem. de Spons. extra. & DD. ibidem. , which, as I said, is not utterly dissolved for Adultery 
(a) Intellig as velim hoc procedere Jure tantùm Canonico, quo propter Adulterij delictum separatur quidem Matrimonium, non à vinculo, sed à mensâ & thoro tantum. Panor. in c. ex literis. de divor. extr. n. 5. & omnes Canonistae ibidem. : Moreover, if the Matrimony were separable even à vinculo in Case of Adultery (as some do hold 
(b) de quibus Schneidwin. Tract. de nuptiis. ●…l. 50. cum seq. Wesenbec. in Tit. de divortiis & repud. ff. ,) yet who dare say that in that Case it is dissolved ipso facto 
(c) Sanctium enim fuit in consil. Carthaginensi (cui interfuit Augustinus) ut nullus conjugatus uxorem dimitteret, nisi probatâ priùs apud Episcopum Causa. c. Seculares. 33. q. 2. c. porro. de divortiis extra. : For what if the Party innocent will remit the Fault, and continue the Band of Matrimony 
(d) c super eo. de heretic. in Sext. Memoch. de praesump. l. 3. praesump. 1. n. 19, 20. Schneidwin. de nuptiis, fol. 52. Sed tamen improbè Neptunum accusat, qui iterum Naufragium facit. ; nay, the Innocent may not only so do, but is severely to be admonished thereunto 
(e) Schneidwin. ubi supra. vide infra. : Wherefore this Condition [If thou shalt live honestly, or If thou shalt not commit Adultery,] is not a secret Condition, such as is necessarily understood in every Matrimonial Contract (inasmuch as Matrimony may consist, and not be dissolved, the Condition being infringed) but rather a Condition against the Substance of Matrimony, (inasmuch as it is opposite to the perpetuity of Marriage) and therefore doth overthrow the Contract of Matrimony whereunto it is joined, accordingly as is aforesaid 
(f) Panor. in c. ultim. de condic. appos. extra. Gerard. Sing. 21. Hyppol. Sing. 286. .  
39 The first Limitation of the former Rule (viz.) That a Condition against the Substance of Matrimony doth make void the Contract 
(g) c. ultim. de condic. appos. extra. ,) is when the other Party doth directly descent or gainsay the same Condition, consenting only to the Contract without the Condition 
(h) 32. q. 2. c. aliquando. Innoc. Henr. Boic. & alii in c. ultim. de cond. appos. extra. ; for in this Case the Contract is good, and shall prevail as Spousals 
(i) Hostiens. Panor. Praepos. & alii in c. ultim. de cond. appos. extr. quorum opinio communis est. Teste Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 1. n. 11. quam & ipse ibidem confirmat adversus Adr. in 4. q. 9 , which by Carnal Copulation become true and perfect Matrimony 
(k) iid. ubi infra. .  
40. The second Limitation is when the other Party doth neither expressly dissent nor consent to the said Condition (yielding Consent to the Contract only); for unless both the Parties do yield to the Condition the Contract is not utterly overthrown: So that the Silence of the one Party doth work the same effect in this Case, which manifest Contradiction did in the former 
(l) Inno. Boic. Hostiens. Cardinal. & Praepos. in c. ultim. de cond. appos. extra. .  
41. The third Limitation is when as the Parties do first Contract Matrimony, and then the Contract being perfect, add a Condition against the Substance of the Act; for then, albeit both Parties do expressly give their mutual Consents to this Condition, yet doth it not hurt the former perfect Contract 
(m) Praepos. in d. c. ultim. de condic. app. facit L. per Servum. §. 1. cum L. seq. ff. de usu & hab. ubi distinguitur an in eadem oratione vel diversâ adjiciatur Conditio, vel modus, contra Substantiam Actus. .  
42. Unhonest Conditions, which be not against the Substance of Matrimony, do not hinder the validity of the Contract of Spousals or Matrimony, whereunto they be joined 
(n) c. ultim. de cond. appos. extra. secunda parte. Praepos. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum. extra. n. 4. ubi refert quod communi DD. opin. text. d. c. ultim. qui loquitur in Matrimonio extenditur ad Sponsalia. , but are reputed for rejected, and that in favour of Matrimony 
(o) DD. in d. c. ultim. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 1. n. 1. & 2. , for it is otherwise in other Contracts by the Civil Law 
(p) L. impossibilis ff. de verb. oblige. §. Si impossibilis. Instit. de mutil. sti. pull. ; and therefore if a Man and a Woman do contract Spousals or Matrimony together, conditionally if he or she shall commit Theft or Murder, this Condition is rejected, and the Contract pure and simple 
(q) Summa Hostiens. in Rub. de condic. appos. §. quae conditio. Melchior. Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrim. fol. 76. Covar. tract. de despons. secunda parte c. 3. §2. in prin. per d. c. fin. de cond. app. extra. ; Nevertheless, it is not perpetually true that the unhonest Condition is rejected in Matrimonial Contracts; for if the Parties do believe the same condition to be honest 
(r) Covar. Tract. de cause. Matrimonial. secunda parte. c. 3. §. 2. n. 16. , or if the unhonest Condition be only of a thing past or present, and not future 
(s) Idem Covar. d. §. 2. n. 2. ; or when the Parties do expressly covenant not to consent, unless that unhonest Condition be accomplished 
(t) Hadrian. in 4. de Matrimonio. q. 6. & Covar. d. §. 2. n. 5. , in these Cases the Condition is not rejected, but maketh void the Contract.  
43. What if a Man contract Matrimony or Spousals with a Woman conditionally, If she shall suffer him to have the use of her Body carnally, or to beget her with Child, Whether is this Contract pure and simple or conditional 
(u) De hac L. vide gloss. & Doctores in c. 1. de Spons. duorum. extra. ? Divers hold, that whether the Parties do mean of unhonest and adulterous Copulation, or of Matrimonial Conjunction, the Contract is still pure and simple 
(x) Gloss. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. verb. si Permiserit. in princ. : In the former Case it is pure and simple (say they), because unhonest Conditions are rejected from the Contract, when they be not against the Substance thereof 
(y) Gloss. in d. c. 1. per. c. ultim. de condic. appos. extra. Boer. consil. 40. n. 128. Panor. in d. c. 1. n. 6. ; and in the second Case much more is the Contract pure and simple, because Matrimonial Copulation is a secret Condition necessarily understood 
(z) Gloss. praeall. & Praepos. in d. c. 1. de Spons. duorum n. 4. ; and to that end especially is Matrimony contracted 
(a) §. cum ergo. 27. q. 2. Praepos. ubi supra. ; Others make difference, whether Matrimony be contracted under the foresaid Conditions or Spousals only 
(b) Prior. in Summa quae dicitur. Silvestrin. verb. Matrimonium. cl. 3. q. 7. Cardinal. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum. extra. q. 1. versic. in proposito. : When Matrimony is contracted under the foresaid Conditions, As [I do take thee to my Wife, if thou shalt suffer me, etc.] then is the Contract pure and simple 
(c) Cardinal. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. q. 1. verb. in proposito, quod verum existimo sive de fornicario Coitu sit intelligend', quo Gosu rejicitur conditio, utpote turpis & inhonesta, & sic erit Matrimonium, vel ante copulam. Clavas. in Summa Angelicâ verb. Matrimonium impediment. 3. n. 9 sive de Matrimoniali Coitu, & tunc ex ipso partium Consensu in hujusmodi Copulâ starim efficitur Matrimonium, ponderando verba, inquit Cardinal. ubi supra. ; And these words [if thou shalt suffer me, etc.] are to be understood causative, or as though the Party had said [because thou shalt suffer me, etc. 
(d) Tancred. in c. 1. de. Spons. duorum extra. de quo ibidem gloss. & Praepos. n. 4. :] When Spousals are contracted under the Condition aforesaid, as [I will take thee to my Wife, or I will contract Matrimony if thou shalt permit me, etc.] Then if the Parties did mean of an unlawful Conjunction, the Condition by the Opinion of divers 
(e) Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimonium §. 3. q. 7. verb. mihi autem, etc. & Boer. consil. 40. n. 128. Panor. Post. gloss. in c. 1. de Sponsâ, duorum. n. 6. & ibi Cardinal. q. 1. in fin. Quod tamen non placet omnibus, & fortasse communis est opinio, quod ista verba (Si permiserit se cognosci) tum demum Conditionem faciunt, quando de fornicario Coitu intelligantur, nempe quando Conditio aliter exprimatur quam inest. Vide Praepos. in d. c. 1. n. 6. & Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimonial. fol. 75. in fin.  is rejected; and so in effect, as if they had contracted Spousals simply 
(f) c. ultim de Spons. extra. : But if they did not mean of any unlawful Conjunction, then is the Contract conditional, and is suspended until the Condition be accomplished 
(g) Cardinal. in d. c. 1. de Spons. duorum op. secunda in fin. Prior. verb. Matrimonium §. 3. q. 7. verse. Si vero sit honesta. Contrarium tamen tenet Praepos. in d. c. 1. n. 4. Ubi dicit hanc Conditionem nihil operari quia non aliter exprimitur quam inest. . If it do not appear whether the Parties did mean of a lawful or unlawful Conjunction, for the avoiding of Sin the Law presumeth they meant honestly 
(h) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 3. §. 2. in fin. Praepos. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum. n. 5. verb. In contrariam. ; whereby the Contract is made conditional, and is suspended (as is aforesaid) until the Condition be performed 
(i) Cardinal. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum. op. secunda. in fin. Prior. verb. Matrimonium §. 3. q. 7. , which Condition being once performed, it is a question whether these Spousals remain Spousals, or they do pass from Spousals into Matrimony 
(k) de quâ q. DD. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. ; Wherein some affirm that they be no more than Spousals still 
(l) Vincen. in d. c. 1. de Spons. duorem extra. & post eum Jo. And. ibidem Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimonium §. 3. q. 7. versic. Si verò sit: honesta. : And although the Condition be now accomplished, whereby the Spousals, which before such accomplishment were conditional, are now purified, and as it were without Condition 
(m) c. de illis. etc. super co. de cond. appos. extra. & ibi DD. & in c. fraternitatis. de frigid. & malefic. ; Yet this removing of the Condition hath no further force, save only to make that simple, which before was conditional: So that whereas these Spousals were at first conditional, the Condition being removed, they become of Conditional Spousals, simple Spousals 
(n) d. c. de if lis. , but yet Spousals still, not Matrimony 
(o) Unicen. & Jo. And. in d.c. 1. de Spons. duorum. . Like as when two Parties contract Spousals conditionally, by promising that they will Marry together, if their Parents shall consent 
(p) Contrahunt. namque sub conditione sponsalia, etiam de futuro c. de illis de cond. appos. & ibi Panor. n. 2. , the Parties consenting, it is no more than if they had promised simply to Marry 
(q) Panor. in. d. c. de illis. , which promise of future Marriage (albeit simple and without Condition), doth import no more but Spousals 
(r) L 1. de Sponsal. ff. : Nevertheless it is confessed by the Authors of this Opinion, that if the Parties contracting Spousals conditionally, [If she shall suffer him to have the use of her Body] proceed to the second Act of Generation, then, as by the first Act the conditional Spousals are made simple, so by the second Act, these simple Spousals are translated into Matrimony 
(s) Unicen. Jo. And. & alii in c. 1. de Spons. duorum. Henr. Boic. in c. ultim. de cond. appos. in fin. ; Others (whose Opinion is more commonly received) do affirm, that even by the perfection of the first Act of generation, the foresaid Spousals are not only purified from the foresaid Condition, but are also turned into Matrimony 
(t) Praepos. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. n. 5. verb. in contrarium. Covar. Tract. de Spons. 2 part. c. 3. §. 2. n. 13. Summa Rosella verb. Matrimonium. el. 5. versic. Quod si quis contraxit, etc. Melch. Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimanial. fol. 75. in fin. . Whose reason is, that forasmuch as the Parties did mean of an honest and lawful Copulation, they did thereby intent a Matrimonial Consummation; and consequently by the accomplishment of that intended Condition, the aforesaid Spousals became Matrimony 
(u) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. secundâ parte. c. 3. §. 2. in fin. Cardin. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum. Summa Rosella ubi supra. , none otherwise than when two Parties contracting Spousals conditionally, viz. That they will Marry, if their Parents will consent; and dealing together Carnally before the accomplishment of the Condition, are not only said to have thereby renounced the Condition, but also in the same moment to have translated the same Spousals into Matrimony 
(x) DD. & praesertim. Panor. & Praepos. in c. de illis de cond. appos. extra. ; And so I take it to be, when as the Parties do contract Spousals in this form, [If thou wilt permit me to have the use of thy Body, I will Marry thee, if ever I Mary 
(y) Summa Angel. verb. Motrimonium. impediment. 3. n. 9 Addic. ad Hostiens. Summa. in Rub. de condic. appos. §. quae conditio. in fin. Summa Rosell. verb. Matrimonium. el. 5. versic. quid si quis contrahat. in fin. ], that is to say, if the Parties meant unhonestly the Condition is rejected, if honestly the Contract is suspended, but the Condition being once accomplished, the Spousals are not only purified, but turned into Matrimony 
(z) ibidem. . But if the Contract be made in this wise If thou wilt suffer me, I will never forsake thee] albeit she do suffer him, yet thereby neither Matrimony, neither Spousals are contracted or confirmed 
(a) Baptista in Summa Rosella. verb. Matrimonium el. 5. verb. quid. si dicat. Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimonium el. 2. q. 13. facit. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. c. 4. §. 1. n. 3. in fin. ; for albeit the Condition being accomplished, the Contract seemeth to be purified, or as though no Condition had been expressed 
(b) c. de illis. etc. super eo. de condic. appos. extra. & DD. ibidem. ; Yet this admitted, it relieveth not, because these words [I will never forsake thee], being uttered simply, or without any Condition, infer neither Matrimony nor Spousals 
(c) Baptista & Silvester. post. Monald. ubi supra. , because they be mere negative; And therefore, unless it may appear by some other Conjectures, that the Parties did thereby intent to contract Matrimony or Spousals, it is as if the Parties had not spoken any words at all 
(d) jidem ibidem, quibus add Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 2. part c. 4. §. 1. n. 7. ; Or if the Contract be conceived alternatively in these Terms [If thou shalt suffer me, etc. I will take thee to my Wife, or I will give thee 100 l. 
(e) Summa Rosella, & Summa Silvestrin. ubi supra. ] though she do suffer him, yet is it in his Choice (by the received Opinion) whether he will Marry her, or give her 100 l. 
(f) Silvestr. Prior. verb. matrimonium. el. 3. q. 7. in fin. Clavas. verb matrimonium, 3. n. 8. Baptista verb. matrimonium. el. 5 versic. quid si dicat. si permiseris, etc. ; and if he give her the Money, he is delivered from Marriage 
(g) Nam Regula est, quod in alternativis, debitoris est electio. L. plerunque. ff. de Jur. Dot. L. quid autem. § si maritus. ff. de dona vit. vir. & ux. L. eum qui certarum. §. ultim. de verb. ob. ff. quam tamen regulam multifariam limitat Ripa. in c. inter caeteras. de Rescr. extra. ; but if he refuse, or delay to give her the Money, he is bound to Marry her 
(h) Arg. L. mancipiorum. ff. de oped. leg. Franc. Ripa. in c. inter caeteras. de Rescr. extra. n. 72. .  
44. What shall we say to this Condition, [Si te Virginem invenero, Si in primo Coitu mihi placueris; If I shall find thee a Virgin, If thou shalt please me when I first deal with thee?]  
45. Some hold that this is an unhonest Condition, and therefore rejected 
(i) Innoc. in c. de illis. de cond. appos. extra. post gloss. ibidem. , and consequently that the Contract is pure and simple, Whether she be a Maid, or not a Maid; or whether she please or displease at the Trial 
(k) Hostiens. in Rub. de conduit. appos. extra. §. quae conditio. verb. quid si contraho; de quo Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. matrimonii. fol. 75. in princ. & Wessenb. in Tit. de ritu nupt. ff. n. 8. verb. Quid si quòd ipsi Theologi, etc. Summa Rosella. verb. matrimonium. el. 5. vers. quid si dicat accipiam, etc. . Others hold, That albeit the Act be unhonest, yet is the Condition not unhonest, and therefore not rejected, but suspendeth the Contract until the Act be completed, whereby it may appear whether she be a Maid or no 
(l) Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones. de condic. appos. extra. versus fin. ; and than if it appear that she be a Maid the Contract is good, but if she appear to be no Maid, the Contract is void 
(m) Henr. Boic. ubi supra. & Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. matrimonal. fol. 75. ; else she being privy to her own Fault, should reap a benefit by her own Deceit 
(n) Sed ex dolo nemo debet reportare commodum, nec dolus doloso prodest L. verum §. hoc quoque ff. pro Socio. Bald. in L. si infantem. C. de legatis. ; wherefore going about to deceive another, she remaineth without remedy, if she be deceived herself 
(o) Dolo Dolus ommpensatur L. demum in fin. ff. de contrahend' Emp. sed viro decepto subvenitur, qui forte voluit vitare bigamiam, inquiunt Henr. Boic. & Melchior Kling. ubi supra. . And they say further, That in case she be not a Maid, and the truth cannot appear, the Man is not tied in Conscience to retain her for his Wife 
(p) Henr. Boic. in c. si Conditiones. de cond. appos. extra. Kling. Tract. de cause. matrimonial. fol. 75. : Nevertheless, as well for the defect of proof, as for the scandal which otherwise would ensue, the Law will charge him to entertain her as his Wife 
(q) Boic. & Kling. ubi supra. . A third sort (whose Judgement is commonly received) do put a difference in the Understanding of these words, [If I shall find thee a Virgin, etc. 
(r) Cardinal. & Praepos. in c. per tuas de condic. appos. extra. Summa Angel. verb. matrimonium. Impediment. 3. n. 7. ] for she may be found a Virgin by honest means, that is to say, by the view and inspection of her Body by honest Matrons. The words therefore being taken in this Sense, that is to say, [If I shall find thee a Virgin by the view of honest and skilful Matrons] the Condition is honest, suspending the Contract until the event of the Condition 
(s) Cardinal. & Praepos. in d. c. per tuas. ; and then, if being thus viewed, she be found a Virgin, the Condition is purified, and the Contract made pure and simple 
(t) Cardinal. & Praepos. ubi supra. Clavas. in Summa Angelicâ qui dicit quod hanc opinionem DD. communiter sequuntur. ; or if by the same means she be found no Virgin, then is the Contract dashed, and of no force, unless before the view he himself do know her 
(x) Boer. consil. 40. n. 129. : But when these words [If I shall find thee a Virgin,] are not referred to the Trial by Matrons, but by Carnal Copulation, then is the Condition rejected as dishonest, and the Contract pure and simple, whether she be a Maid or no Maid 
(y) gloss. in d. c. per tuas. & ibi Cardinal. & Praepos. Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte, c. 3. §. 2. n. 12. : With greater reason than is this Condition rejected, [Si mihi in primo Coitu placueris] albeit he were deceived of his expectation; And though she peradventure carried a deceitful meaning in so promising, yet without peradventure he did carry a sinful mind in exacting the performance of such an unhonest Condition 
(z) Inno. in c. de illis de condic. appos. extra. Vide Wessenb. in Tit. de ritu nup. ff. . 
(u) ibidem.    

SECT. XIII. Of contracting Spousals either betwixt Parties present or absent.  
1. THirdly, Spousals be contracted either betwixt them that be present, or betwixt them that be absent 
(a) Melchior. Kling. Tract. de cause. matrimonial. fol. 2. c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte, c. 4. n. 7. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 24. n. 18. Summa Silvestrin. verb. Sponsala. q. 2. in fin. lib. 2. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 13. n. 2. cum seq. & consil. 17. n. 3. . Present (I mean) when the one Party is within the compass of the others Sense, especially of hearing, etc. 
(b) Gloss. & Cardinal. in Clem. c. dudum de Sepul. §. statuimus. verb. praesentari. . Absent when the one doth not hear nor apprehend the other with any Sense 
(c) L. absentem. & ibi gloss. & DD. de Verb. Sign. ff. . When they which be present Contract Spousals or Matrimony together, it is a question whether it be necessary to the Validity of the Contract, that both the Parties do at one time express their mutual Consents, and uttering the words of the Contract immediately one after another; or whether it be sufficient that the one Party do signify his or her Consent at one time, and the other Party at another time 
(d) de hac q. omnes fore DD. in c. dilectus. & in c. pen. de Spons. extra. & Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. in princ. n. 6. & 7. .  
2. In which Question some pull this way 
(e) Et quidem non esse necessarium, utriusque consensum eodem tempore exprimi tenent Hostiens. Jo. And. Praepos. quorum opinio ut est communior. Teste Covar. ubi supra. ita & aequior, Teste Panor. in. d. c. cum dilectus. licet ipse refragetur. , and others draw that way 
(f) At simul consentiend', & incontinenti respondend', docent Specul. in Tit. de Sponsal. per l. continuas. & l. 1. in princ. ff. de verb. ob. Panor. in d. c. dilectus. in fin. Antonius' consil. 64. & hanc opinionem in jur' tutiorem & veriorem affirmat Panor. loco praealleg. ; but they may be reconciled by this distinction; for either doth that Party, whose Consent was first uttered, persevere and continue in the same mind and purpose, without change or alteration, until the other Party do promise and express the like Consent; and then is the Contract good notwithstanding the long distance of time coming betwixt the expressing of their several Consents 
(g) Henr. Boic. in c. cum dilectus. de Sponsal. extra. Zas. cons. 4. n. 8. in fin. vol. 2. Anto. Quetta. Cujus consil. extant in lib. 2. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 13. n. 16. versic. & quidem per distinctionem, etc. Cardinal. in c. pen. de Spons. q. 1. Paris. consil. 55. n. 16. Prior. verb. matrimonium. el. 2. q. 6. ; or else doth not that Party, which first spoke the words of the Contract, persevere and continue still in the same mind, until the other Party likewise yield express Consent, but doth repent in the mean time, and then is not the Contract of any force at all 
(h) Anto. Quetta. d. consil. 13. n. 7. Henr. Boic. ubi supra. Praepos. in c. si inter. de Sponsal. extra. notab. 3. Paris. consil. 55. n. 16. Za s. d. cons. 4. vol. 2. n. 8. in fin. Alciat. in L. 1. §. qui praesens. ff. de verb. oblige n. 12. Summa. Silvestr. verb. matrimonium. §. 2. q. 6. : For howsoever it be not necessary, that the Parties contracting Spousals or Matrimony, should speak both at once, or signify their mutual Consents immediately one after another 
(i) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. n. 6. in fin. Ferret cons. 246. n. 6. ; yet is it more than necessary that both their Consents concur together at one and the same instant 
(k) c. si inter. de Sponsal. extra. ibi mutuo. & Praepos. in eod c. notab. 3. facit gloss. in L. consensu. ff. de action. & oblige. Molin. in l. 1. §. 1. de verb. obl. ff. n. 13 cum seq. Accedit c. quia propter. etc. cum post. de elect. extra. lib. 2. cons. Matrimonial. consilibidem 13. n. 7. Boic. in d. c. cum dilectus. , which thing also the propriety of the word Consent doth import; for [Consensus] is as much as [simul Sensus 
(l) Dominicus. de S. Gem. in c. si oblato. de litis contest. in Sext. Spiegel. lexic. verb. consentire. ,] an agreeing together at one time, without which Consent or mutual Agreement at one and the same Instant, certainly neither Matrimony nor Spousals can consist 
(m) c. Tuae, etc. si inter de Spons. extra. L. nuptias ff. de Reg. Jur. de consil. 13. n. 7. .  
3. But now having crept out of one Question, we slip into another no less doubtful, nor no less needful to be known than the former; for what if it do not appear by any outward Act, whether the Party, whose Consent was first expressed, do persevere in the same mind or not, whether shall this Party be presumed still to continue thus aminded, until the other Party likewise signify his or her mind, yea or no 
(n) de hac q. ● Zasius. consil. 4. & 5. vol. 2. ? Here again is hard holding and drawing amongst the Doctors 
(o) DD. in L. 1. §. qui praesens. ff. de verb. oblige. ; for some tell us that he is presumed 
(p) Dominic. in c. 2. de Lit. cont. in Sext. Ferretus' consil. 246. n. 6. Zasius consil. 5. vol. 2. n. 7. verse. Sed nunc habeo, etc. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 6. concl. 37. lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 13. n. 7. in fin.  to persevere in the same mind still, when the contrary doth not appear; others teach the contrary 
(q) Praepos. in c. si inter. de Sponsal. extra. notab. 1. Anto. Gubert. cujus Consilium extat in lib. 1. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 83. n. 16. lib. 2. cons. matr. consil. ibidem 7. n. 14. Zas. consil. 4. vol. 2. n. 8. .  
4. The Reasons of the Affirmative are chief these, Mutatio non praesumitur 
(r) L. eum qui ff. de probat. c. majores. de Baptist. extra. , inconstantia reprobatur 
(s) Menoch. de praesump. lib. 6. praesump. 37. , Change or Alteration is not presumed, Inconstancy is reproved; which Rule is beautified with many Cases and Examples 
(t) Menoch. ubi supra. Mascard. de probatconcls. 1082. & concl. 14, 15. , which because they be not so pertinent to our purpose, I omit. Again, thus speaketh the Text; Si praesens interrogavit, & antequam responderetur discessit, & reverso responsum est, obligat 
(u) L. 1. §. qui praesens. ff. de verb. oblige. ; If one present do interrogate and departed before answer, and returning, being answered, it bindeth.  
5. The Reasons of the Negative are these: To persevere is to do 
(x) L. quicquid iracundiae calore. ff. de Reg. Jur. L. diffamari §. si igitur C. de ingen. manumiss. L. divortium. ff. de divor. & repud. ; now this is a common Rule, Facta non praesumuntur nisi probentur 
(y) L. in libello. §. facta. ff. de captiv. & posthum. c. Cum Johannes. §. verum. de fide Instrum. extra. Mascard. de probat. conclus. 732. , Facts are not presumed unless they be proved, and therefore to persevere is not presumed, when it is not proved. Again, there is a Text which saith thus, Si post interrogationem aliud agere caeperit, nihil proderit quamvis eâdem die spospondisset 
(z) L. continuus. de verb. oblige. ff. , If any after he be interrogated begin to do any other thing, it shall not profit, though he promise the same day; So we see here in this question, here is Opinion against Opinion, Reason against Reason, and Text against Text.  
6. But howsoever Men be contrary in Opinions, neither is reason nor Law contrary to itself 
(a) L. cum quidam. §. suum. & ibi Bart. de acquir. haered. ff. ; Thus therefore is the Contradiction reconciled, The distance of time betwixt the promise of the one Party, and of the other is to be regarded, namely whether it be long or short 
(b) Zasius. consil. 5. vol. 2. n. 13. quod quidem consilium fuit Ant. Quettae. ut patet. lib. 2. consil. Matrimonium. consil. ibidem 13. Idem Zas. consil. 4. vol. 2. at istud consilium est Parisij, id quod ex illius subscriptione clarum est. n. 34. & invenitur apud eund. Paris. lib. 4. consil. 55. ; if long, then is not the Party, which first promised presumed to persevere in the same mind until the other Party likewise promise 
(c) Zas. consil. 5. vol. 2. n. 13. lib. 2. consil. Matr. cons. ibidem 13. n. 13. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 2. part. c. 4. in princ. n. 7. DD. in L. 1. §. 1. ff. de verb. oblige. ; And therefore (for example) if this day the Man do promise unto the Woman, that [he will, or that he doth take her to his Wife]; and she make the like promise to him the next day, this Contract is not good 
(d) Zas. de consil. 5. n. 14, & 15. lib. 2. cons. matr. consil. ibidem 13. n. 14, 15. Covar. ubi supra. Paris. consil. 55. vol. 4. n. 14. in fin. Jas. in l. ait praetor §. Si neque ff. n. 3. & 10. & communiter DD. in l. 1. §. 1. ff. de verb. ob. , nor is the Man presumed to persevere so long in the same promise 
(e) Zas. Jas. Paris. & Covar. ubi supra. Molin. in d. §. qui praesens n. 4. Alciat. ibidem n. 12. & ita exaudiendi sunt Praepos. in c. pen. de Spons. extra. & alij tenentes, non praesumi perseverantiam con. Dominic. in c. 2. de litis contest. in Sext. 6. & alios contrarium statuentes. ; For it is agreed upon, and concluded generally amongst all the Writers almost, of Fame and Estimation, That the space of one day is a long time in this matter of Contracts, wherein mutual Consent is requisite 
(f) Bar. in l. 1. §. 1. ff. de verb. ob. ff. n. 1. quem ibi sequuntur communiter DD. nempe Imol. & Jas. n. 9 & Ripa. n. 15. qui monet nè discedamus ab. op. communi. Zas. d. cons. 5. n. 14. ; much less than if the Woman promise this day, and the Man next day, is she presumed to persevere so long, the fragility and mutability of the feminine Sex considered 
(g) Menoch. de praesump. lib. 6. Praes. 37. n. 42. dec. consil. 163. n. 26. c. forus. de verb. sig. extra. ; In this Case therefore that Rule, Mutatio non praesumitur hath no place, neither that Text, Si praesens interrogavit, etc. Where it is said, if one present do interrogate and departed before answer; and returning, answer be made, this is a good Contract; for it followeth in the very next Sentence, Intervallum enim medij temporis modicum non vitiat obligationem 
(h) L. 1. §. qui praesens. in fin. ff. de verb. ob. , The distance of the mean time being small, doth not destroy the bond. So that it is evident, that that Text doth not speak in our case, where the distance is great.  
7. Nevertheless this Conclusion, that by long distance of time the Continuance of this mutual Consent is interrupted, and so the Contract void 
(i) quam conclusionem, viz. longum intervallum solum, sine alio actu contrario vel extraneo contractum vitiare communi DD. calculo con. Gloss. & Paul. de castro, receptam ostendunt Jas. in d. §. 1. n. 8. Alciat. ibidem n. 21. Ripa n. 7. quibus accedit Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. n. 7. , is not free from all Exceptions 
(k) Vide Ripam in l. 1. §. 1. ff. de verb. ob. n. 11. ubi tradita est regula tribus limitationibus illustrata. : First therefore, if the Parties continue still present without departure from the place; and without dealing in any other Act, contrary or impertinent to the matter in hand, the long distance alone doth not interrupt, or hinder the validity of the Contract 
(l) Paul. de Castro. in d. §. qui praesens. vers. Recoillige, etc. Ripa ibidem. n. 12. ubi hanc limitationem varijs confirmat medijs. Alciat. quoque codem §. n. 24. qui tum in fine labitur. : As for the purpose, the Man deliberately pronounceth the words of the Contract before the Woman, and asketh her, whether she be content to make the like promise to him. She answereth, I will first confer with my Friends, or with my Counsel; which Conference perhaps continueth a whole day, or somewhat more, the Man still attending her answer 
(m) Secus enim esset, si discederet & ex intervallo rediret, quia palam est, actûs contumacionem per discessum (nisi statim revertatur) interrumpi. d. §. qui praesens. ; And in the end without any new interrogation, she pronounceth the like words to him as he did to her, This I hold for a good Contract 
(n) Ripa in d. §. qui praesens. n. 12. post. Castrensem ibidem. Add Molin. eod. loco. d. 9 quorum opinio eo faciliùs procedit in Contractu Matrimonali; quo hic alijs Stipulationibus est favorabilior Zas. in L. Simo Stipuler. §. fin. n. 7. & hoc Casu procedit opinio Archid. quem sequitur Dominic. in c. si oblato de lit. contest. in Sext. Ferretus cons. 446. n. 6. .  
8. Secondly, if a certain time be appointed wherein to deliberate, as if the Man do promise this day, and the Woman obtaineth respite for her answer, until the next day; whereupon the Man departeth, and returneth at the time appointed; if then the Woman make the like promise to the Man, not dissenting then, nor having erst repent of his former promise; I suppose the Contract to be of like effect, as if there had not been either, distance of time, or departure from the place 
(o) Alciat. in L. 1. §. qui praes. ff. de verb. ob. n. 24. & Ripa ibidem n. 11. Imol. in L. Simo Stipuler. §. fin. de verb. oblige. Alex. consil. 107. vol. 1. idem affirmant Jas. in l. Simo stipuler. §. Si in locando. ff. de verb. oblige. & Molin. in d. §. qui praesens. n. 17. si viz. & quatenus constet de perseverantiâ alterius. vide Addic. purpurat. ad Jas. in d. § qui praesens. .  
9 Thirdly, If the Party, who first promised, do at the promise of the other Party, following a long time after, accept the same, and consent thereunto; then is the Contract good, by reason of this new Consent concurring with the late answer 
(p) L. si Stipuler. §. Si in locando. ff. de verb. oblige. & ibi Imol. & DD. Molin. in d. §. qui praesens. ff. de verb. oblige. n. 17. .  
10. If the time betwixt the promise of the one Party and of the other, be not long, that is to say, not above a day 
(q) Bar. & post cum DD. in l. 1. §. 1. de Verb. oblige.  (I mean a natural, not Artificial day) 
(r) Zas. consil. 5. vol. 2. n. 15. quod consil. extat. lib. 2. consil. Matr. consil. ibidem. 13. n. 15. naturalis dies ex antiquorum Summâ, id tempus dicitur, quod à luce est ad tenebras, non spacium 24. horarum, quamvis Accurs. Paul. de castr. Rom. & Jas. diem hunc qui 24. horarum spacio conficitur, Matrimonialem appellant, said errantèr, si credimus Alciat. in l. 2. de verb. Sig. Tiraquel. de Retract. Lignagier. §. 1. gloss. xl. n. 3, 4, 5. Spiegel. Lexic. verb. dies. Rebuff. in d. L. 2. & aliis. Ego verò Molineum secutus, nec octodecim quidem horarum spacio contractum viciari, si tamen constat parts in eodem actu gerendo, perseverasse. Vide Molin. in L. ●1. §. qui praesens ff. de Verb. oblige. n. 9 , then is that Party who first made promise, presumed to continue his Consent, until the other Party have made the like promise 
(s) Zas. ubi supra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 2. part. c. 4. n. 7. Alciat. in l. 1. 5. qui praesens ff. de verb. oblige. n. 12. ; and so the Contract is of like force, as if they had promised both at once 
(t) Ibidem. .  
11. As for the Argument, That facts are not presumed 
(u) L. in libello. §. facto ff. de captiv. & postlim. c. cum Johannes. §. verum. de fide instr. extra. , but to persevere is a fact 
(x) L. divortium non est de divor. & repud. L. quicquid. de Reg. Jur. ff. cum similibus. ; therefore not presumed, it may easily be retorted; for if facts be not presumed, than mutation being a fact is not presumed 
(y) Mascard. de probac. conclus. 1082. Ubi tradit regulam non paucis auctionibus roboratam, quòd mutatio non praesumitur. ; And certainly much more properly is mutation a fact than perseverance, for perseverance is but the continuation of a former Act 
(z) Bald. in L. quicunque C. de ser. fug. n. 23. & in L. quidam col. 9 C. de jure delib. ; Whereas mutation or change, is a new contrary Act 
(a) L. certi. §. fin. L. singularia ff. si cer. pet. , and therefore not so easily presumed; and as for the Text, Si post interrogationem, etc. 
(b) L. continuus. ff. de verb. ob. ff. in princ.  which saith, That if after interrogation, the Party begun to do another Act, it profiteth not, though he answer the same day; This Text doth not only not hinder, but further this presumption of perseverance; for in that it is said, if the Party begun to do another thing, it profiteth not, if he answer the same day, etc. we may thereby gather (by an Argument à contrario sensu) that if the Party do not begin another Act, than it profiteth if he answer the same day 
(c) Vide DD. in d. L. continuus. & in L. 1. §. qui praesons. ff. de verb. oblige. ; But doth every mean Act between the former, and the second promise interrupt the continuance of the Parties Consent, and so make void the Contract? The regular Conclusion is, that it doth 
(d) Hanc regulam constituit Franc. Ripa. in d. §. qui praesens. per. d. L. continuus. , but alloweth these Limitations.  
12. First, when the Act is naturally necessary 
(e) L. cum antiquitùs C. de testam. Bar. & alii in L. 1. §. 1. ff. de verb. oblige. ; and therefore to make Water, or to exonerate the Body, or to Dine or Sup, doth not interrupt the continuance of Consent 
(f) Ripa. in d. §. qui praesens. n. 18. Molin. n. 19 Alciat. n. 9 qui omnes indistincte sic docent, quamvis non desunt, qui quoad Prandium vel Caenam differentiam faciunt inter sanum & aegrotum, quam distinctionem refellit. Ripa. loco praeall. , especially in so favourable a Case as Matrimony 
(g) Zas. in l. Simo Stipuler §. ultim. n. 7. de verb. oblige. ff. .  
13. Secondly, when the Act is accessary or adhaerent to the principal matter, as to call for Witnesses, or to confer with their friends, therein it worketh no interruption 
(h) Jas. in d. §. qui praesens. in fin. Ripa. n. 17. Molin. n. 9 .  
14. Thirdly, when the Act consisteth only in words, as to sing a Song of Robin Hood, albeit it be neither necessary nor pertinent to the Cause, it maketh no breach or interruption 
(i) Paul. de Castr. & Alex. in d. 3. & ibi. Rip. n. 18. in fin. .  
15. Fourthly, when the Act is very short and brief, it hath not to interrupt the Consent; as to salute any Person, to read a Letter, to Seal a Process, etc. 
(k) Molin. in d. §. n. 9 & hoc. quidem verum est in actu modico, non habente effectum Juris, alias secus, puta cum alio contrahere; advocatum perunam aut alteram horam agere, Zas & Ripa. ibidem. ].  
16. Fifthly, when the Party promising departeth forth of the place; and returneth shortly again, here is no interruption, but that the like promise being made by the other party upon his return, it is as if there had been no departure 
(l) Text. in §. qui praesens. L. 1. de verb. ob. ff. ibi si vero, etc. nec reputatur discessus omnino extraneus actus, nisi interveniente longo intervallo (inquit Castrens. ibidem.) : What if the Party, having first promised Matrimony, depart forth of the place, and whiles he is going forth, the other Party maketh the like Promise? For Example; The Man saith to the Woman, [Here I take thee to my Wife,] and then departeth from the place; and as he is going, the Woman saith to him, [And here I take thee to my Husband,] Whether is this a good and sure Contract, yea or no?  
17. In respect of divers Circumstances the Answer may be divers: If the Man did not hear the Woman, the Contract is of no more force, than if the Woman had not spoken at all 
(m) Paul. de Castr. in L. 1. §. qui praesens. ff. de verb. oblige. & Prior. post eum. Jas. etiam in priac. Alciat. n. 1. Zas. n. 3. : If the Man did hear the Woman, it is material, whether he departed suddenly without expectation of her Answer, or not? If so, it is holden that the Contract is not good, and that this sudden departure, is an Argument that it repent him of his former Promise 
(n) Francis. Ripa. in d. §. qui praesens. n. 6. in princ. Alciat. ibidem. n. 1. vers. unde magis placet, etc. , unless having heard her voice, he did stay to understand her Answer; for this his stay is an Argument that it did not repent him of his former Answer 
(o) Ripa. d. n. 6. versic. Ex quo infertur, etc. : If otherwise, that is to say, if the Man did not departed immediately after he had uttered the words of the Contract, but expected her Answer: This slow and unwilling departure, is an Argument rather of perseverance, than of Repentance; and therefore the Contract is rather to be adjudged for a good Contract in this Case 
(p) Ripa. d. n. 6. Si vero expectato responso, etc. .  
18. Not only such Persons as be present, but those Persons also which are absent may contract Spousals or Matrimony together 
(q) L. sufficit & L. fin. de Sponsal. ff. c. ex parte tua. de convers. coming. extra. c. ultim. de procur. in. Sext. & ibi Dom. de S. Gem. & Phil. Franc. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. n. 8. Coras. lib. 3. Miscell. c. 3. n. 2. lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 13. n. 2. & consil. 17. n. 3. . So did Isaac and Rebecca, as it appears in the Sacred Scriptures 
(r) Genes. c. 24. Prior. verb. matr. §. 5. q. 9 gloss. in c. nec illud. 30. q. 5. . Betwixt them that be absent, Spousals or Matrimony may be contracted three manner of ways; that is to say, by Mediation of their Proctors 
(s) c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. & ibi DD. quamvis hic procurator nuncius censeri debet; potiùs, inquit Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. n. 8. in fin. Franc. in c. ultim. §. ult. de procur. in Sext. n. 7. in fin. , or of Messengers 
(t) L. ultim. ff. de Sponsal. , or of Letters 
(u) ead. L. ultim. Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Sponsal. §. qualiter. ; provided nevertheless in every of those Cases, that the Parties have some notice or intelligence the one of the other, at least by Fame or Report 
(x) Gloss. in c. nec illud. 30. q. 5. Melchior Kling. Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 2. Dominic. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. n. 2. ; for unto those who be utterly uknown to us, we cannot yield our Consent 
(y) d. gloss. & Dominis. ubi supra. , (without the which it is impossible to contract Matrimony or Spousals) no more than it is possible for us to love them, of whom we have never heard 
(z) Phil. Franc. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. n. 4. & ibi Dominic. de S. Gem. §. 1. paulò ante finem. gloss. in c. 1. §. 29. q. 1. .  
19 When Spousals or Matrimony is to be contracted by a Proctor first of all, it is needful that the Proxy (or Letter of Attorney) be Special 
(a) Text. in d. c. ultim. qui tum loquitur ubi matrimenium contrahitur, sed idem Juris, vel in Sponsalibus esse, firmant Dom. & Franc. in princ. d. c. , that is to say, expressing a certain Person, with whom Matrimony or Spousals are to be contracted 
(b) Jo. And. Dom. de S. Gem. & Phil. Franc. in d. c. ultim. ; As, [I make such a Man my Proctor, to contract Matrimony or Spousals for me, or in my Name with A. B. etc. 
(c) gloss. in d. c. ultim. ]. Nor is it sufficient if the Proxy be thus, [I make A. B. my Proctor to contract Matrimony for me with any Woman,] for the Person must be expressed certainly, either in the Proxy, or at least by some other means, etc. 
(d) gloss. & DD. in d. c. ultim. Summa Angel. verb. matrimonium el. 2. n. 19 : Neither is it sufficient though Special Clauses be added, the Proxy being general; as, [I make A. B. my Proctor or Attorney for all my Business and Affairs, judicial and extrajudicial, with power and authority to do for me all and singular whatsoever I myself could do, if I were personally present, etc. 
(e) ead. gloss. quam intellige nisi aliquis fortasse Articulus, speciale mandatum exigens sit expressus, nam tunc mandatum cum bujusmodi-Clausulâ extenditur ad alia exigentia speciale mandatum, dum tamen sint consimilia, & non majora casu expresso. Dominie. in c. qui ad agendum. de procur. in Sext. Ad majora autem expressi● non extenditur illa Clausula, cujus tamen Conclusionis Limitationes aliquot videas apud Felin. in c. Sedes de rescrip. extra. verb. Clausula. etc. n. 5. ] Neither yet is it sufficient, though the Proxy were sufficient, if it be revoked in the time of the Contract, albeit also the Party do afterwards ratify and confirm the Contract 
(f) Molinous in No. intellect. L. sufficit. de Sponsal. Idem Molin. in Themate consil. Alex. 146. vol. 5. ; but this Conclusion is not to be eaten now, especially of a weak Stomach; for as it is hard of digestion, so it is likely to breed ill Humours (I mean erroneous Opinions 
(g) Vide Ancharan. in c. ratihabitione. de Reg. Jur. lib. 6. Anto. de Butr. consil. 64. Alex. con. sil. 146. vol. 5. Praepos. in c. 2. de coming. Servorum. extra. Felin. in c. ex parte Decani. de rescrip. extra. Dom. de S. Gem. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. §. sane. n. 4. cum addic. ibidem. ,) if the Stomach be not prepared, and the thing itself seasoned, and made apt to be digested: Anon therefore, when thy Stomach is a little stronger, and the matter riper, thou shalt feed on that which now thou hast but only a taste of 
(h) Infra eod. §. .  
20. The Proxy being sufficient, the next thing considerable herein is the form or matter of words to be considered and observed by the Proctor in contracting Spousals or Matrimony, wherein some do hold that the Proctor ought not to frame the words in his own Name, or as Proctor 
(i) Petr. Anchar. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. n. 2. & 3. , but in the name of the Party, like a Messenger 
(k) Petr. Anchar. ubi spura. ; and if he do otherwise, that the Contract is void 
(l) Anchar. in d. c. ultim. per l. multum. C. si quis alteri, vel sibi. : And therefore if he say thus, [I being such a man's Proctor, do here promise that I will marry thee;] or thus, [Here I take thee to Wife in the Name of such a man whose Proctor I am,] this is a void Contract 
(m) Ibidem per d. L. multum. ; whereas if he had said thus, [I being such a man's Proctor, do promise that he will marry thee;] or thus [Such a man doth take thee to his Wife by me being his Proctor,] this is a good Contract 
(n) Summa Hostiens. in Rub. de Sponsal. §. qualiter. Prior. verb. matrim. §. 5. in fin. , she making the same Answer to him again, viz. [I do promise thee in his Name, and him by thee, that I will marry him;] or thus [I do take him to my Husband by thee, being his Proctor;] for in the one Case Spousals, and in the other Case Matrimony is contracted 
(o) Hostiens. & Prior. ubi supra. Dom. de S. Gem. & Phil. Franc. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. . The reason of the difference is this, because where a Proctor, as a Proctor, doth make a Contract with another Person, there by the Civil Law, he which did constitute the Proctor, hath not a direct or immediate Action against that third Person for the performance of the Contract 
(p) L. per procur. ff. de procur. ubi DD. communiter dicunt quod regulariter per procurationem actio non acquiritur Domino, sine cessione, secus per nuncium L. multum. & ibi Bar. C. Si quis alteri, vel sibi. : But otherwise it is when the Contract is made by a Messenger, who comes not in his own Name, but in his that sent him, being as it were the voice of the others mind, and the Picture of his Person 
(q) Phil. Franc. post Jo. And. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. n. 7. vide (praecor.) Bar. in L. qui autem constituere. ff. de const. pec. . Now then, because in a Contract of Matrimony it is requisite, that the one Party should be bound immediately to the other, and that either of them should have direct Action against the other 
(r) Bar. in l. qui bona. §. si alieno. ff. de damno infect. n. 3. per L. fin. ff. de Sponsal. , it is behoveful (by this former Opinion) that the Proctor frame the words, not in his own Name, or as Proctor, but in his name who did constitute him, and as his Messenger 
(s) Anchar. in d. c. ultim n. 2. & 3. & ibi Franc. n. 7. .  
21. Others nevertheless (whom I rather follow) reject this former Distinction, as consisting rather upon a Quiddity than Equity, and stuffed with rigour instead of favour 
(t) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. n. 8. Alex. cons. 149. vol. 5. n. 13. Bar. in L. qui bona. §. alieno. ff de dam. infect. n. 3. ; Wherefore it is not material, whether the Contract be form in these words, [I do Contract Matrimony with thee in the Name of such a Man, whose Proctor I am, etc.] or in these words, [Such a Man doth contract Matrimony with thee by me his Proctor;] for as well by the former words, as by the later, Matrimony is contracted 
(u) Bar. Alex. & Covar. ubi supra. , although more properly by the later 
(x) Covar. d.c. 4. secunda parte. n. 8. Bar. in L. qui bona. §. si alieno. ff. de dam. infecto. ; for (if we will speak properly) a Proctor thus appointed to contract Matrimony, is deemed a Messenger rathan a Proctor 
(y) Procurator quamvis faciat actum procurateris nomine, tamen censetur gerere officium Nuncij, & perinde est, ac si Dominus ipse directè faceret, inquit Alex. consil. 149. vol. 5. n. 14. .  
22. Furthermore, It is not only necessary that the Proxy be sufficient, and that the Contract be made in due form, as aforesaid; but it is requisite also that the Party which did constitute the Proctor, do persevere and continue in the same mind and purpose, until the Contract be finished 
(z) Zas. consil. 5. vol. 2. n. 7. per c. si inter. de Sponsal. & per c. 1. etc. duas. de Sponsâ duorum. extra. Summa. Rosell. verb. matrimonium. el. 2. versic. quid si aliquis. ; for if he repent in the mean time, or revoke his Proctor (which thing is lawful for him to do 
(a) Instit. Tit. de mandato. §. recte L. si vero non. §. si mandavero. ff. mandat. c. quamvis. de procur. in Sext.  though he had covenanted 
(b) Cyn. in L. 2. C. de Jure Emphyt. Jo. And. in c. 2. de procur. in Sext. Addic. ad Felin. in c. ex parte Decani, n. 12. , yea and sworn 
(c) Gloss. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. verb. revocatus Felin. in c. ex parte Decani. de rescript. extra. Bar. in L. cum praecario. ff. de praeca. Phil. France in d. c. ultim. n. 5. & ibi Dom. §. sane. n. 4.  not to revoke him) the Contract is utterly void 
(d) c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. §. sanè. , which Conclusion hath place, albeit the Proctor were ignorant of the Parties repentance or revocation of the Proxy 
(e) d. §. sane, licet enim regulariter et revocatio sortiatur effectum ad procuratoris noticiam pervenire debet, fallit tamen in hâc contrahendi specie, quia ubi verus Domini consensus est adhibendus in actu gerendo (ut hîc) nec sufficiat fictus, ut passim alibi, maximè in Judiciis; Ideoque opus non est ut hujusmodi revocatio sit Procuratori intimata, Dom. de S. Gem. de Phil. Franc. in d. c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. , seeing the perseverance and continuance of the Parties Consent, which did constitute, is so necessary, as without the which the Contract is not of any force.  
23. A third thing worthy the Consideration and Understanding in this Case, is this, namely, Whether the Party be presumed to persevere and continue in his former purpose, when it doth not otherwise appear by any external Act?  
24. Which Question, albeit it may seem to be decided by the distinction of the great or small distance of time betwixt the constituting the Proctor and the making the Contract; that is to say, if the distance be small, than perseverance is presumed, otherwise not 
(f) Zas. cons. 5. vol. 2. n. 11, 12, 13. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. in princ. n. 7. , accordingly as hath been heretofore disputed and discussed; yet that distinction is available, and to be regarded only where the Parties be present, and may answer each other within the circuit of one day 
(g) Covar. ubi supra, sic ibi locutus, et haec quidem (inquit) locum habent, ubi praesentes contrahere volunt matrimonium; at Zasius (fateor) loquitur etiam, ubi absentes contrahere volunt, qui tamen non aliter audiendus est, quàm quando mulier ad quam mittitur procurator non statim, sed ex intervallo non modico, responsum dedit, vide cundem Zas. d cons. 5. n. 11. & n. 16. in fin. & 17. in princ. quod quidem Cons. extat etiam in L. 2. consil. matrimonial. & est consil. ibi. 13. , (as is there shown) not where they be absent, and cannot within so short compass of time (by reason of the long distance of place betwixt the one Party and the other) express their mutual Consent 
(h) Zas. d. consil. 5. n. 6. Bal. in L. 1. ff. manned. lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 17. n. 5. Id quod ante illos innuit Host. in Tit. de Spons. §. qualiter, Dum voluit tenere Sponsalia inter absentes contracta, Licet is qui procuratorem destinâsset nullam inde cogitationem haberent, nempe propter juris potestatem quà absentes contrahere valeant. ; otherwise if neither the Man should be presumed to continue, till the Woman had notice of his Consent, neither yet the Woman until the Man was certified of her acceptance of his offer, Impossible it were for such as were absent (above one days Journey) to contract Matrimony together, because they did never consent together 
(i) Hoc ipsum Argumentum ab impossibili deductum sibi ipsi objicit Zasi. d. consil. 5. n. 6. cui quomodo satisfaciat ipse videto. ; But it is certain that they which are absent and distant many days Journey asunder, may nevertheless contract lawful Matrimony together 
(k) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. in princ. n. 8. et omnes uno ore DD. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. Id quod firmatur etiam sacrarum Scripturarum testimonio. Exempla sunt nobis Isaac et Rebecca, Gen. c. 2.4. gloss. in c. nec illud 30. q. 5. ; and therefore it is absurd in this Case, not to presume Continuance of Consent, without the which the Contract were not lawful 
(l) L. nuptias. ff. de Reg. Jur. c. sufficit 27. q. 2. c. 1. de Sponsal. extra. Summa Rosella. verb. matrimonium. el. 2. vers. quid si aliquis. : Wherefore I do reverently embrace the worthy Opinion of Hostiensis, absolving this Question in this manner, Quid si nec consentit, nec dissentit, nec de hoc cogitat qui procuratorem misit, tempore quo puella dissentit? Dicas standum esse Sponsalibus, tum propter favorem Matrimonij, tum etiam propter Juris potestatem, secundùm quam etiam inter absentes Sponsalia contrahuntur 
(m) Hostiens. in suâ Summâ Tit. de Sponsal. §. qualiter, col. 2. quem Sequitur Prior. verb. Matrimonium. §. 5. q. 10 Baptista in Summa quae dicitur. Rosella. verb Matrimonium. el. 2. & alij alibi contrarium tamen tenet Jacob. Henrick. lib. 2. consil. Matr. consil ibidem 16. n. 2. & 3. . What (saith Hostiensis) if he which sent, the Proctor, neither consent nor dissent, nor think of it, at such time as the young Woman yieldeth her Consent? say, we are to stand to the Spousals in regard of the favour of Matrimony; and also in respect of the power of the Law, whereby Spousals may be contracted betwixt the absent. Another Reason may be collected out of that Text, which saith, That if the Proctor be revoked, the Contract made afterwards is void 
(n) c. ultim. de procur. in Sent. , Ergo, if he be not revoked, the Contract is good 
(o) Arg. 2 contrario Sensu. ; Which nevertheless could not be, presuming defect of Consent 
(p) Zas. consil. 5. vol. 2. n. 17. . Indeed this seemeth reasonable and agreeable to the truth, that if the Woman do not immediately or shortly after the Proctor have imparted to her the cause of his coming, and pronounced the words of Spousals or Matrimony, according to his Commission, express her mutual Consent thereunto, but a long time after; in this Case the man's Consent is not presumed to endure so long, if he affirm the Contrary 
(q) Zas. d. consil. 5. vol. 2. n. 11. & n. 16. in fin. & 17. in princ. Paris. consil. 55. vol. 4. n. 14. lib. 2. consil. matr. fol. 111. n. 2. & 3. ; and consequently the Contract void 
(r) Ibidem. , unless both the Parties afterwards ratify and confirm the same, for than it is made good by their new Consent 
(s) Jacob. Henric. in quod. consil. extat. in lib. 2. consil. ibidem 16. n. 3. .  
25. These things being well considered, we may the better attain to the true Solution of this hard Question, (whereof I spoke a little before) Whether the Party having first Secretly revoked his Proctor at the time of the contract of Spousals or Matrimony, and yet nevertheless afterwards ratifying and confirming the same, the Contract be good, yea or no? Wherein that the truth may appear more evidently, instead of putting an imagined Case, I thought good to rehearse that famous and true History, which befell above 200 years past, betwixt the King of Cyprus, and a noble Lady of Italy, as followeth; About the time aforesaid, there was a noble Man of the most honourable and mighty House and Dukedom of Milan, who had two Daughters, the praise of whose excellent Beauties, and Superexcellent Virtues, Dame Fame (who never smothered her thoughts in Silence) had so mightily magnified in all the Countries thereabouts, that thereby the two noble Virgins were no less admired for their goodly and Godly ornaments of Body and Mind, than reverenced for their honourable Parentage; The name of the Elder Daughter was Agnesia, of the Younger Catherina, both of them of years marriageable, neither of them without Store of sundry Suitors; and those so highly renounced for dignity and desert, as happy was that Man, that could get but a sight of them; yet more happy they, when they could get a fair look of their Mistresses; but most happy and thrice blessed he, that could win his sweet Lady's favour, to become his Loyal Wife (such is the blessed and happy Estate of Virgins, in their prime and marriageable Years). Well Sir, the most excellent King of Cyprus, after that his Ears had been filled with the report of both these brave Ladies, and their rare virtues, especially of the Younger, his heart was by and by inflamed with hot desire to become an humble Suitor unto her for Marriage; for as he was then Wifeless, so was he meet to undergo the sacred Match in each respect. Spurred on therefore on the one side, with a burning desire to obtain his joyful wish; and the other side, with a freezing fear to be prevented of his wished Joy, forthwith in all hast he dispatcheth an Ambassador with a large Commission, of many and great assured Offers; and with a special Mandate to contract for him, and in his Royal Name true, pure and lawful Matrimony with Agnesia, the Noble Daughter of the mighty Duke of Milan, Supposing her to be the younger Sister, whom he meant to Marry. To Ship strait goes the joyful Ambassador, and in very short time attained Italy and Milan, leaving the Island to the King, and the King to his Muses, who meditating still on the matter, and conferring diligently with such Persons, by whom he might receive further intelligence herein; understood at last, that he had mistaken her name, whom he meant to make his Wife; whereupon presently he revoketh the Mandate, which he had made of contracting Matrimony with Agnesia: But the faithful Ambassador ignorant thereof, proceedeth effectually in his charge, and therein had so good Success, as (to be short) he contracteth Matrimony in the King's Name, with the virtuous Agnesia; and she thereupon carrieth herself thence forwards in gravity as a Wife, (having received the nuptial Ring), and in Majesty as a Queen, being esteemed and honoured of others for no less: Which done, the Ambassador returneth triumphantly to Cyprus, and there maketh a just discourse unto the King, how happily he had sped; but the King was as sad to hear as the other glad to report the success: Nevertheless after many doubtful deliberations, considering it did not become the Constancy of a Man, not to perform his promise, much less the Majesty of a Prince to reclaim his word of Honour, especially in a matter of such Moment, and with Persons of so great Might, as one persuaded by force of reason, more than provoked by the instinct of Love; and foreseeing the dangers likely to ensue his refusal, more than expecting the future Joys of his acceptance, was rather contented, than pleased with the Match; and so in the end ratified and confirmed the erroneous and uncomfortable Contract: But when the aforenamed Agnesia heard tell, that it was not the King's meaning to have married her at the first, nor yet liked the Match very well, when it was done; Lord! how she took on without all measure; how suddenly were all the powers and qualities of her mind altered, and turned upside down; her highest joys into deepest forrows, her faithful love into deadly hate, her shineing hope into dark despair, and her pleasant Conceits into dreadful and tragical Resolutions: And even as the angry Sea, when it is tossed with the tempestuous blasts of the mighty Winds, doth furiously rage, and terribly roar, disdaining, (as it were) to be controlled by any other Creature, of whatsoever power or puissance; So Noble Agnesia despiteing that her Loyal Love should be despised, her Princely Virtues contemned, or her Honourable Sex disgraced by any Man, though he were an Emperor; fretteth, chafeth, and exceedingly grieveth at these, so bitter Storms, and violent blasts of frowning Fortune, and in her raging mood, she teareth the Wedding Garments from her Back, and plucketh the Nuptial Ring from her Finger, and violently throweth it into the Flaming Fire, swearing and protesting with many Damnable Execrations, that she will never acknowledge the King of Cyprus for her Husband, but that she will presently marry another Man; Whereupon her Father and Friends seeing her resolute mind, took Counsel of the most famous Lawyers, that were in those days (namely of Antonius de Butrio 
(t) Butr. consd. 64. & inter. consil. Anchoran. 129. , and Petrus de Anchorano 
(u) Anch. consil. 124. alias 128. sic incipien. A. duas filias. ), whether she might so do or not; which Grave and Learned Men considering diligently of the Case, thought it needful to discuss two other questions, arising out of the Fact, before they did decide the main question proposed. The one, Whether the King's Error were in her Person whom he intended to Marry, or in her Quality 
(x) Verum non in qualitate sed in Corpore Regem errasse consultum fuit, ut per Anto. de Butr. & Anchor. ubi supra. & per eundem Anchor. in c. Ratihabitionem de Reg. Jur. 8. in Sext. , (as in her Age or Name); But of this question more conveniently elsewhere 
(y) Infra. . The other, Whether the King's Ratification and Approbation aforesaid, did fortify and make good the former Contract; which Question before it was concluded was seriously argued to and fro; and sundry Reasons alleged for the Confirmation, first of the affirmative, and then of the Negative part.  
26. The Reasons of the affirmative, viz. That the Contract was made good, and whole and sound by the subsequent Ratification, were these. First, because it is a Notorious Rule, both of the Civil and Canon Law, Ratihabitio retrotrahitur & mandato comparatur 
(z) L. semper qui non prohibet ff. de Reg. Jur. c. ratihabitionem de Reg. Jur. in Sext. : Which Rule hath place even in those Actions, which require a special Mandate or Proxy 
(a) Alex. consil. 146. vol. 5. n. 3. Paul. de Castr. in L. multum. C. Si quis sibi vel al. n. 2. Peckius in d. c. ratihabitionem. n. 9 Dec. in d. l. semper. nu. 7. ibidem Cagnolus nu. 15. Alciatus in c. cum non ab homine de Judic. extra. n. 71. Felin. in c. Nonnulli. §. sunt & alij. de rescrip. extra. cum addic. ibidem in fin. Tiraquel. de Retract. §. 1. glow. 10. fol. 94. & quidem magis communiter tenetur quam ratificatio, dum validat gesta per falsum procuratorem, etiamsi sit major, & summa pro se lata & Casus talis qui exigat Speciale Mandatum, ut in Addic. ad Felin. ubi supra. ; Secondly, because it is thus Written by divers Interpreters, Generale Mandatum de Nuptijs contrahendis non sufficit nisi Mandatis Ratihabitio subsequatur 
(b) Bald. & alij in l. generale ff. de ritu nup. : A general Mandate to contract Marriage is not sufficient, unless his Ratification, which made the Mandate, do follow. Thirdly, for that we read this Conclusion, Nullitas actûs, proveniens ex defectu Consensûs superveniente Consensu purgatur, & actus confirmatur 
(c) Anchor. in c. ratihabitionem de Reg. Jur. in Sext. col. pen. per c. 1. de despons. impub. lib. 6. : The nullity of an Act proceeding of the defect of Consent, when the Consent cometh, is purged, and the Act confirmed. Fourthly, whereas by the Civil and Canon Laws, the Contract of Matrimony is void, where the one Party doth err in the Servile Condition of the other 
(d) L. cum Ancillis C. de incest. nup. c. 2. de conjug. servorum. extra. , (as if the Man suppose the Woman to be a Freewoman, which is found to be a Bondwoman); Yet nevertheless, if when the Error is detected, he do ratify and confirm the Contract, than the same is of no less force than if he had not erred at all 
(e) d. c. 2. §. mandamus de conjug. serv. extra. .  
27. The Reasons which make for the Negative part are these. First, because the Acts of a revoked Proctor, or Mandatory cannot be ratified 
(f) Paul de Castr. in L. Simo Tutor. in fin. C. in quib. cause. restitut. non est necess. Jas. in L. licet C. de procur. n. 10. Limitat. tertia; verum ista Conclusio non procedit indistinctè, dic. igitur ut per Bald. in L. falsus C. de fur. & servo corrup. n. 23. Cui convenit Bar. in L. Pomponius ff. de Reg. gest. , for one thing cannot be reproved and approved 
(g) L. dispensatorem. ff. de Solu. Add Praepos. in c. 2. de conjug. Ser. extra. n. 10. in fin. qui aliam assignat rationem. . Secondly, because the Acts done in the name of a false Messenger, cannot be ratified 
(h) Cyn. Bar. & alij in l. multum C. Si quis alteri, vel sibi. Idem Bar. in l. qui autem. §. constituere. ff. de Constitut. pecu. Jas. in L. Licet. C. de procur. in fin. Atque haec ratio est omnium petentissima, teste Molin. in Themate. consil. Alex. 146. vel. 5. . Thirdly, because it is not likely that the deceived Woman would have consented or contracted Matrimony, if she had known that the other Party had not likewise consented, or that the Proctor had been revoked at the time of the Contract 
(i) Praepos. in c. proposuit. de conjug. ser. extra. col. penul. lib. 1. consil. Matr. consil. ibidem 64. n. 14. Reusner. de Caus. Matrimonial. q. 7. n. 10. & n. 39 ; Which reasons considered, it was concluded, that, forasmuch as before the time of the Contract, the King had revoked his Proctor, or rather his Messenger, being then also a false Messenger, by reason of the said Revocation; and she likewise being then in an Error (than which nothing is more contrary to Consent) it was concluded (I say) by the aforenamed Anto. de Butrio, and Petrus de Anchorano, that this Ratification, made by the King of Cyprus, was not of sufficient force in Law to bind the said Agnesia to be his Wife, and consequently that she might lawfully marry elsewhere 
(k) Anto. de Butr. consil. 64. Anchor. confil. 228. Quibus accedunt Felin. in c. ex parte Decani. de rescrip. extra. n. 10. Praepos. in c. 2. de conjug. Seru. extra. col. penul. Dominic. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. §. sanè n. 4. cum addic. ibidem. & Molin. in Themate consilij Alex. 146. vol. 5. . Howbeit, after the death of Anto. de Butrio, Anchoranus (the Question being publicly disputed in the University of Bononia) is thought to have altered his Opinion; and that the Ratification did sufficiently confirm, and make good the Contract 
(l) Anch. in c. Ratihabitionem de Reg. Jur. in Sext. ubi producit 5 Argumenta ad partem affirmativam; sed mihi videtur quod haec sua disputatio non fuit completa, intercedente morte seu alio impedimento. ; which Opinion others also have followed in the like Case, especially Alexander of Imola 
(m) Consil. 146. vol. 5. , to whom for his sound Judgement in doubtful Questions of Law, this great Commendation is given, Alexandro duce vinces 
(n) de Laudibus Bart. Bald. Paul. Alex. & Jas. legito Alciat. lib. 2. pererg 42. & Nevizan. Sil. nup. lib. 5. n. 27. , as if he were as victorious in his Counsels, as was Alexander of Macedonia in his Conquests; but as great Alexander, for all his Puissance and Policy, was sometime forced to retire, so this Alexander, as in other Cases sometimes, even in this Case, (I trow) must be forced to recant, notwithstanding all his Learning and profound Judgement, not only by reason of the great multitude of mighty Adversaries in this quarrel 
(o) Butr. consil. 64. Anth. ubi contrarius consil. 228. Felin. in c. ex parte Decani de rescrip. extra. n. 10. Praepos in c. 2. de conjug. Ser. Dom. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. , amongst whom one M●linaeus challengeth the two Captains in this bold manner; Sed ego dico, quod malè scripsit Anchoranus, & pe●ùs Alexander, quantumvis artificiosè & elaboratè 
(p) Molin. in Themate. confil. Alex. 146. vol. 5. ; But I say, (saith Molinaeus) that Anchoranus wrote ill, and Alexander worse, though skilfully and painfully, but also by reason of the weakness and feebleness of their own Weapons, that is, their Arguments and Authority 
(q) Molin. ubi supra. & in novis intellect. in l. sufficit cum l. seq. ff. de Sponsal. .  
28. For first, this Rule Ratihabitio retrotrahitur, etc. although it hold even in those Cases where special Mandates are requisite 
(r) Dec. & Cagnol. in l. semper qui non prohibet. de Reg. Jur. ff Peckiu in c. ratihabitione. de Reg. Jur. in Sext. Alciat in c. cum non ab homine. de indic. extra. Felin. in c. nonnulli. §. sunt & alij. de restr. extra. Tiraquel. de retract, §. 1. gloss. 10. fol. 94. Paul. de Castr. in l. multum C. si quis sibi vel alteri. n. 2. , (notwithstanding divers do deny 
(s) Phil. Franc. in c. ratihabitione de Reg. Jur. in Sext. n. 5. verb. Sexto. gloss. in c. nonnulli §. sunt & alij. de rescrip. extra. Aceurs. in L. per procur. ff. de acquir. haered. & in l. si maritus C. mandati. ,) yet doth it fail when the Mandate is revoked 
(t) Paul. de Castr. in L. fi tutor. C. In quib. Caus. restit. non est necess. Jas. in L. licet C. de procur. Sed ista conclusio non est perpetuò vera; Quare distingue, ut per Bald. in L. falsus C. de fur. & Seru. corrup. n. 23. & per Bar. in l. Pomponius n. 24. de neg gest. ff. Din. in c. ratihabitione. de Reg. Jur. in Sext. , at least where the Mandatary is a Messenger rather than a Proctor 
(u) Cyn. Bar. Angel. & alij DD. in l. multum. C. fi quis alteri vel sibi Jas. in l. licet. C. de procur. Bald. in l. falsus. C. de fur. in 22. Roman. Singular. 697. cum addic. Gabr. Sarayna ibidem. Molin. in Themate. consil. Alex. 146. vol. 5. ubi inquit matrimonium non potest esse in pendenti, quead sui vinculum, nec potest contrahi per verum procuratorem, sed per verum Nuncium; per falsum autem Nuncium contractum ratificari non potest sed duntaxit per novum, verum, dispositivum Consensum. , as in this Case where he is said to be the voice of his Master's mind; or rather not so much, but only an Organ Pipe (as it were) or hollow Instrument through which the Master himself doth speak 
(x) Bar. in l. Qui autem. §. constituere. n. 3. ff. de constitut. pecun. Gabr. Sarayna. in addic. ad Rom. Singul. 697. Bald. in L. multum C. si quis alteri vel sibi. ; in which Case, if any pretend himself a Messenger when he is not, his Acts cannot be ratified to his Master's benefit 
(y) Rationem assignat Baldus in d. L. multum. his verbis, Si Nuncio deficiat mandatum non reperitur ibi persona five subjectum, Nuncius enim nihil in se c●ncipit, sed portat in ore suo verbum Domini; et si Dominus non mandavit, nihil est, nihil loquitur: Porre quum per Nuncium contrahitur, ipsi principales originem contractui daunt: Consensus autem debet esse inter eos qui dant originem contractui, Sed ubi non est mandatum, non est Consensus. Ergo nihil potest ratificari, scias etiam quod obligatio non potest esse sine radice, nec radix sine Consensu, nec Consensus sine Actu, unde cum tria habeant substantiare Contractum, scilicet persona, quantum ab habilitatem; voluntas, quantum ad Consensum; potestas, quantum ad Nuncium, haec tria d●sunt in falso Nuncio, quia nec est persona, nec voluntas, nec popestas, concipit etiam verba, in persuna quam non repraesentat, voluntatem ejus annunciat, quae non est, denique in se nihil omnino, in alio directè non potest, quare resultat omnino impossibile, de jure verò impossibilium nulla est obligatio, Haec ille. .  
29. Secondly, where it is collected that the Contract of Matrimony made by a general Mandate may be ratified 
(z) Bald. in l. generale ff. de ritu nup. , this Conclusion is not so general in sense, as in words; for the Case of that Law whence this Conclusion is drawn, is this: The Father doth constitute a Proctor to get a Husband for his Daughter 
(a) Vide Text. in d. L. generale. ff. de ritu nup. ; the Question is, Whether this Mandate be sufficient? It is answered Negatively, (that is to faith) That the Daughter hereby cannot contract Matrimony 
(b) gloss. in. d. L. generale. , unless the Father do ratify the same 
(c) d. L. generale. ; for thou shalt understand, that by the Civil Law (where this Case is put) the Child cannot contract Matrimony without the Father's consent 
(d) Instit. de Nuptiis in princ. ibi dum tamen L. nuptus ff. de ritu nup. ; but yet in this Case, if the Father ratify the Contract, it sufficeth 
(e) d. L. generale ff. de ritu nup. . And this is the particular meaning of that general Conclusion, which how far it is distant from our Case, and impertinent, is easily discerned; for there the Parties themselves contract Matrimony, and the Question is, Whether the Father's consent may be supplied by Ratification? But here both of the Parties do not contract together, and the Question is, Whether the Parties consent may be supplied by Ratification? There the Mandate is general, but not revoked; here special, but erroneous and revoked; wherefore although Ratification be sufficient in that Case, yet doth it not follow that therefore it sufficeth in this Case 
(f) Ex separatis non infertur. L. ultim. ff. de Calum. Add quòd omnis Doctor intelligendus est secundum legem quam allegat. J●s. in L. filiofam. de leg. 1. ff. n. 129. .  
30. Thirdly, Where it is affirmed that the nullity or invalidity of an Act, occasioned through the defect of Consent, so soon as the Consent cometh is purged, and the Act confirmed 
(g) Anchar. in c. ratihabitionem de Reg. Jur. in Sexto per c. 1. de despons. impub. eod. lib. 6. : That is true when both the Parties afterwards give their mutual Consents, otherwise not 
(h) d. c. 1. de despons. impub. & DD. ibidem. Covar. Tract. de Spons. prima parte, c. 5. §. 1. Felin. in c. ex parte Deeani, de rescrip. extra. n. 11. ampli. 4. . For Example; Two Children Contract Matrimony together, this Contract is void for want of their consent 
(i) c. ubi de despons. impub. extra. ; for Children can neither consent nor dissent 
(k) d. c. ubi L. ejus est nolle. ff. de Reg. Jur. ; afterwards, when they be of ripe Age, they both mutually consent: By this Ratification the Contract is made good, and so is the former Conclusion to be understood 
(l) Viz. quod nullitas dispositionis ex defectu Consensûs proveniens, purgatur superveniente Consensu, ad cujus Conclusionis confirmationem Anchor. allegat. c. 1. de desp. impub. in Sext. quod quidem c. loquitur, ubi impuberes contrahunt, quorum nisi uterque post pubertatem consentiat, unius tantum Consensus nihil operatur, DD. in d. c. 1. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. §. 1. & infra. : But if one of them alone should ratify the former Contract, the other not, (as in our Case) it were to no purpose 
(m) Immo si pubes cum impubere contraxerit, qui factus pubes expressim ratificaverit, dissentiente tamen altero, & ad secundas Nuptias convolante, tenet hoc secundum Matrimonium, Testibus Hostiens. in Tit. de des pons. impub. §. quid juris. n. 15. & Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 5. §. 1. n. 8. , and so this third Reason is of no force.  
31. Finally, whereas it is concluded, That albeit the Error be such as doth destroy the Marriage, yet nevertheless, if when the Error is detected, the Party do ratify and confirm the Contract, it is of no less force than if the Party had not erred 
(n) c. 2. de conjug. Seru. extra. . This Conclusion is true, if there be not somewhat else to hinder the effect of this ratification 
(o) vide Henr. Boic. in c. mulieres de Sen. ex extra. ; and therefore if a Freeman marry a Bondwoman, although by the Civil 
(p) L. cum Ancillis. C. de Incest. nupt.  and Canon 
(q) c. 2. de conjug. Servorum extra.  Law, the Marriage be void, yet by the Man's ratification thereof, after the Error be detected, the Marriage is made good 
(r) d. c. 2. de conjug. Seru. , as is aforesaid: And so likewise if the Man do err in the Person of the Woman, as did Jacob when he was married to Leah, instead of Rachel 
(s) Genes. c. 29. versic. 20. cum sequen. Praepos. pos. in c. proposuit. de conjug. Seru. extra. n. 4. , yet ratifying the Marriage (as Jacob did) he confirmeth the same, and maketh it good 
(t) d. c. 2. de conjug. Seru. & ibi DD. Praepos. Melchior Kling. Tract. de cause. matrimonial. fol. 11. quem videas distinguentem. , which otherwise was void and of none effect, by reason of the said Error 
(u) c. 1.29. q. 1. §. Sed error c. 2. de conjug. Seru. extra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 3. §. 7. n. 1. Summa Hostiens. Tit. de matrim. §. qualiter impediatur. Summa Rosella. verb. impedimentum. cl. 2. . But whenas over and besides his Error, there is somewhat else which doth hinder the force and efficacy of the ratification, than it is, as if there were no ratification 
(x) Vide Boic. & Praepos. in c. proposuit de conjug. Seru. extra. : Now in our Case, the King of Cyprus did not only err in the Person of Agnesia, (if the Error were in her Person, and not in her Quality, viz. her Name and Age, whereof afterwards 
(y) Infra. ,) but before the Contract made he revoked the Mandate and Messenger; so that at the time of the Contract the King did not speak by his Messenger 
(z) DD. maxim Bald. in l. multum. C. Si quis alteri vel sibi. , whereby she the said Agnesia was deceived 
(a) Praepos. in c. proposuit de conjug. Seru. extra. col. pen. & licet dici soleat quod delus dans Causam contractui non habeat Matrimonium impedire, fallit tamen, ubi talis & tantus intersit dolus, utpote qui Consensum impediat. lib. 1. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 64. n. 14. Reusner. de cause. matr. q. 7. n. 10. 39 ; and therefore the King's ratification alone is not sufficient to confirm the Contract 
(b) Anto. de Butr. consil. 64. Anch. consil. 228. Molin. in Themate, Consil. Alex. 146. Felin. in c. ex parte Decani. de rescr. extra. n. 10. & Praepos. ubi supra. , without the new Consent of her the said Agnesia concurring therewithal 
(c) Dom. de S. Gem. in c. ultim. §. sane. n. 4. de procur. in Sext. Molin. ubi supra. & in nov. intellect. in L. sufficit. cum seq. de Spons. ff. Praepos. in d. c. proposuit n. 10. in fin. Felin. in c. ex parte Decani. de refcr. extra. n. 11. Ampl. 4. .  
32. Thus we see (to return to the general Question) That if the Party revoke his Proctor, and afterwards ratify the Contract made by him so revoked, this ratification doth not make good the Contract: Something (I confess) may be objected probably against the Reasons of this Negative Conclusion 
(d) Veluti quod revocati Procuratoris acta tunc demum ratificari non possunt, quando revocatio facta fuit respectu ipsius actus, secus si intuitu personae vel quando dubitat quo respectu. Bald. in l. falsus C. de furto. Item quod falsi Procuratoris seu Nuntij gesta non possunt ratificari, ubi verba Contractus sunt concipienda nomine absentis; Id quod hic necessarium non est. Alex. cons. 149. vol. 5. denique quod dolus non viciat matrimonium etiamsi det causam Contractui. Abbas in c. cum dilectus. de his quae vi metúsve Caus. extra. , but not sufficiently 
(e) Nam quod ad primum fundamentum attinet, Mandatum revocatum fuit, non intuitu personae procuratoris, sed actûs; secundum autem fundamentum solidissimum permanet, quicquid in contrarium objicitur; Nec valet istud Argumentum in contrahendis Nuptiis, Non opus est proferre verba in nomine Domini, Ergo ratificari possunt falsi Nuncij gesta. Postremò non tam adfuit dolus Regis quam abfuit Consensus Agnesiae.  in my Opinion; wherefore the same Conclusion hath place, not only when the Proctor is certified of the revocation, but also when he is ignorant thereof 
(f) c. fin. de procur. in Sext. , as is aforesaid; nor then only when the Party doth by express words revoke his Proctor 
(g) Covar. Tract. de Spons. secunda parte, c. 4. n. 11. in princ. , but also when he doth any Act which doth imply a revocation, as when he doth make a second Mandate to contract Matrimony with any other Woman 
(h) c. si duo. de procur. in Sext. Covar. ubi supra. ; nor then only, when the Party (which contracteth Matrimony with the revoked Proctor) is certified of the others error and revocation 
(i) Praepos. in c. 2. de conjug. Seru. extra. n. 10. , but also whiles such error and revocation is yet unknown, may the same Party marry elsewhere, either before or after the ratification 
(k) Praepos. ubi supra. . Indeed, if both Parties, notwithstanding the said error and revocation, give their mutual Consents to be Man and Wife, the Contract is good from this time of their new Consent, but not from that time of their first Contract 
(l) Praepos. ubi supra. DD. in c. ultim. de pro. cur. in Sext. gloss. in c. dilectus de Spons. in fin. .  
33. As by a Proctor 
(m) c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. , so by a Messenger 
(n) L. sufficit. L. ultim de Sponsal. ff. Hostiens. Summa. Tit. de Spons. & Matrimonio §. qualiter extra. , Spousals or Matrimony may be contracted betwixt them that are absent. Of Messengers there be two sorts 
(o) DD. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. & in L. Multum C. si quis alteri vel sibi. : The one having a sufficient Mandate or Authority to deal in the behalf of the Party from whom he is sent: The other having no such Authority or Warrant, but employed only about the Expedition of a bare Fact, as the delivery of a mere Message, or sole portage of a Letter, etc. 
(p) Ibidem.   
34. Of the former of these, I have spoken before, for whosoever hath a sufficient Mandate to contract Matrimony, is usually called a Proctor 
(q) c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. Summa Silvestr. verb. matrimonium. §. 5 q. 9 n 9 Summa Angel. verb. matrimonium. el. 2. n. 18. Immo omnis Nuncius dicitur Procurator, sed non omnis Procurator Nuncius, Bald. in L. multum. C. si quis alteri vel sibi. n. 7. , although in nature (so far as I can learn) he be nothing else but a Messenger 
(r) Covar. Tract de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. n. 8. in fin. Alex. consil. 149. n. 14. Gem. Franc. & alij in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. , betwixt whom and a Proctor (properly understood) there is this notable difference often to be remembered; The voice of the Messenger is the sound of his Masters Will 
(s) Ear. in l. qui autem §. constituere ff. de constit. pec. n. 3. Bald. in l. multum n. 4. C. Si quis sibi vel alteri. , whose mind being uttered by the others Mouth 
(t) Quâ de Causâ DD. communiter dicunt Nuncium esse picam seu organum quo Dominus vocem suam in alterius auditum transferat. , the Master is immediately tied to the other Party, with whom the Contract is made; and which Party is likewise directly tied and bound to the Master, by the promise made to the Messenger, as if the Parties themselves were both personally present together, and with their own Mouths did speak each to the other, and with their own Ears hear each other speak 
(u) DD. in L. multum C. Si quis alteri vel sibi. : But a Proctor, albeit as a Proctor, and not in his own name, he do make any Contract with another Person, This Contract is originally rooted in the Proctor, and thence derived to the Master 
(x) L. per procuratorem de procur. l. fi procurator. cum LL. seq. mandati L. possessio quousque. §. & si possessio. de acquir poss. ff. , who by the Civil Law hath no direct action against the other Person, for performance of the Contract without Session, or grant first made by the Proctor 
(y) An autem ex Contractu Procuratoris vel Nuncij acquiratur nobis actio ipso jure, vel mediante cessione, si quis scire cupiat, Angelum velim perlegat sic distinguentem. Si aliquis contrahit ut Nuncius, Domino acquiritur Actio directa, Si ut Procurator, tunc aut est subjectus Domim potestati (veluti filius vel servus) & acquiritur Domino absque alia concessione, aut om nino est illius potestati Subditus: Et tunc quoad jura realia, facta scilicet, vera traditione Procuratori, acquiruntur dominium & possessio, absque aliâ cessione; quoad verò actiones personales, si contrahit praesente Domino, Domino quaeritur Actio sine cessione, quod si absente eo contrahit, tunc aut super re Domini, aut super alia re, re Domini venditâ, quaeritur Domino utilis, sine cessione actio, In altero Casu semper est necessaria cessio. haec Angel. in L. multum C. si quis alteri vel sibi, etc. . The former of these two I may compare to a Merchant's Apprentice or Servant, the other to his Factor or Dealer beyond the Seas; The Apprentice having sold and delivered his Master's Wares forth of the Shop, the Merchant by and by hath a direct Action, and may in his own name prosecute against the buyer for the price thereof, as if he himself had sold and delivered the Wares 
(z) Sicut enim qui servum proprium Institorem proposuit, sibi acquirit actionem, attententa Juris Civilis dispositione L. 1. de institor. actione ff. Ita qui famulum ad merces vendendas etiam liberum constituit (respectâ lege Regni nostri municipali) Id quod nostratibus notissimum est. ; But if the Factor 
(a) Per Factorem, Institorem intellige, quos enim Jus appellat Institores Vulgus nuncupat Factores, Wesemb. in tit. de Instit. actione. ff. in princ. Capyc. dec. 180. & decis. Gem. c. 14. n. 43.  buy or sell Wares beyond the Seas, by the Civil Law, the Merchant hath no direct Action against the Buyers and Sellers in that behalf 
(b) Utcunque enim qui Institorem praeposuit poterit conveniri, convenire tamen nequit, Si vel liberum hominem, vel etiam servum alienum Institorem habeat L. 1. ff. de Institor. act. ; (except in certain Cases) 
(c) Wesemb. in Tit. de Institor. act. ff. L. Julianus. §. Si Procurator. de action. Empti. ff. & ibi DD. ; and therefore if he will sue them, the Action being first grounded in the Factor, must be derived or translated to him by Session from the Factor,  he can prosecute the same himself 
(d) L. 1. de Institor. act. ff. & ibi Bar. Bald. Castrens. & alij. : Hence it is that the Acts of a revoked Messenger are utterly void, albeit he be not certified of the revocation 
(e) c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. & ibi Dominic. de 8. Gem. Phil. Franc. & Anch. ; but the Act of revoked Proctor is good until he be certified thereof 
(f) c. mandata de procur. extra. L. Si. mandassem ff. mandati c. ex parte Decani. de rescr. extra. , as is aforesaid.  
35. When as the Messenger hath no Mandate, being charged only with the bare dilivery of a Message or a Letter, divers questions are moved. First, what if the Party to whom the Message or Letter importing Consent of Matrimony, being delivered, do immediately upon the receipt thereof express the like Consent, Whether is the Contract hereby fully finished? Or whether is it to be expected, that the Party which sent the Letter or Message do first understand thereof, and approve the same?  
36. The Answer is, That albeit, it may seem at the first view that the Approbation of the Party which, sent the Letter or Message is to be expected 
(g) Vide Angel. de Clavas. verb. Matrimonium el. 2. n. 21. , because as yet there doth not appear a Consent, that is, a mutual agreement at one instant, without the which there cannot be a perfect Contract 
(h) c. Tuae. de Sponsal. extra. , in as much as one of the Parties doth consent at one time, and the other Party at another time; yet nevertheless, because the Party which did first consent is still presumed to continue and persevere in the same Mind, until the time of the others Consent 
(i) Id quod procedit etiamsi is qui procuratorem misit, nec consentiat nec dissentiat, nec interim de eâ re cogitet. Hostiens. in Rub. de Sponsal. §. qualiter. col. 2. Pri. er. verb. matr. el 5. q. 11. , as hath been heretofore declared, it followeth, that there is a mutual Consent at one and the same instant 
(k) Siquidem ubi est Continuatio Consensus, ibi Consensus dicitur esse simultaneus, Teste Zasio. con. fill. 5. lib. 2. n. 22. ; By which mutual Consent the Contract is fully perfected and finished 
(l) Summa Angel. verb. matr. el. 2. n. 21. versic. Sed nunquid. : Whereupon it is concluded by the general Consent of such as do handle this question, that as soon as the Party, to whom the Message or Letters of Matrimony is sent, doth condescend thereunto, by expressing like Consent as the Message or Letters do import (whether it be Matrimony or Spousals only), The Contract is by and by perfect, without any expectation 
(m) Zas. consil. 3. n. 8. & consil. 5. n. 6. vol. 2. Summa Angelic. ubi supra Anchor. consil. 228. Butr. consil. 64. Summa Rosella verb. Matr. el. 2. sed cum non. ; unless it appear that the Party which sent the Message or Letter did descent before the others Consent 
(n) Anto. Guber. Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 25. n. 19 Summa Angel & Summa Rosella ubi supra. ; but if this appear not, then albeit privily the Party indeed descent, yet for defect of proof it shall be adjudged, as if the Party had not at all dissented 
(o) Summa Rosella. lcco praealleg. Anto. Gubert. tract. de Sponsal. fol. 25. n. 19 : Idem est non esse & non apparere 
(p) L. in league & ibi Bar. de contra●end. Emp. ff. , Not to be, and not to appear, is all one in Construction of Law.  
37. Secondly, It is demanded whether the Woman may contract Matrimony by a special Messenger or Letters, as well as the Man? To this question it is answered, That albeit by the Civil Law it seemeth that she cannot 
(q) Jure enim civili non videtur uxor esse nisi deducatur in Dominium Viri. L. mulierem & L. seq. ff. de ritu nup. ; Yet nevertheless by the Canon Law (which Law prevaileth in this Case) 
(r) L. 1. Consil. Matr. consil. 25. n. 2. communiter Canonistae in c. In praesentia de Sponsal. extra. Schneid. tract. de Nuptijs fol. 48. n. 13. , it is concluded that she may 
(s) Benedic. de Caper. Thesaur. come. opin. verb. Lex. n. 23. ; and that there is no difference of Sex, in this respect 
(t) Hostiens. in Rub. de Sponsal. §. qualiter versic. Hoc tamen ne, viz. ad imparia judicentur vir & uxor. Summa Hostiens. ubi supra. per c. Gaudemus. de divortiis extra. .  
38. Thirdly, What if one Man hearing another say, [that he hath a great affection towards such a Woman for Marriage; or that he will have her for, or to his Wife,] do thereupon of his own accord and proper motion, go unto her; and declaring what he had heard, contract Matrimony with her in the other Man's name, Whether is this a good Contract, yea, or no? It is answered that it is not 
(u) lib. 2. consil. Matr. consil. ibidem 17. n. 4. vers. quod autem. , for a Messenger must be specially sent for that purpose 
(x) d. consil. per. gloss. in l. 1. in fin. de contrah. Emp. ff. & gloss. in L. consensu ff. de act. & oblige. lib. 1. consil. Matr. consil. ibidem. 83. n. 13. .  
39 In contracting Matrimony or Spousals by Letters, this one thing principally is to be observed, namely, That as it is necessary for that Party, which sendeth the Letters containing words fit for Spousals or Matrimony, [As I promise hereby that I will, or that I do take thee to my Wife, etc.] do still continue in the same mind without alteration, until the time of the others Consent 
(y) Summa Angelic. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. n. 20. Zas. cons. 5. n. 6. versic. & quidem & in 7. vol. 2. : So on the other side, it is necessary, that that Party to whom the Letters are sent, upon receipt thereof, or shortly after do express the like Consent, either to him which brought the Letters or to some others, or else by Letters to the former Party 
(z) Summa Angelic. & Zas. ubi supra. Idem Zas. consil. 2. n. 26. lib. 2. cons. Matrimonial. consil. ibidem 10. n. 2. Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimonium. el. 5. q. 12. Dom. de S. Gem. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. §. fane n. 3. Archid. in c. nec. illud. 30. q. 5. n. 4, & 5. , which thing being performed on either Party, the Contract is good 
(a) ubi supra & facit c. honorantur. 32. q. 2. Paris. consil. 55. vol. 4. n. 8. Archid. & DD. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. : But if either the Party which sent the Letters repent in the mean tim● 
(b) Arg. c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. Paris. de consil. 55. n. 8, & 9 , (which thing notwithstanding is not presumed, ●●less it be proved 
(c) Hostiens. Summa Tit. de Sponsal. §. qualiter Silvester. Prior. verb. Matrim. §. 5. q. 10. Zas. cons. 5. n. 6. vol. 2. Dom. in c. 2. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 6. praesump. 31. ), or the Party which received the Letters, do not then, or shortly after 
(d) Zas. cons. 5. n. 20. vol. 2. Anto. Quaetta. lib. 2. consil. Matrimonial. consil. ibidem. 13. n. 18, 19, 20. Summa Angelic. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. n. 20.  the receipt thereof, deliver expressly like mutual Consent, it is in effect, as if neither of them had ever consented 
(e) Zas. ubi supra. Paris. consil. 55. vol. 4. n. 8, & 9 Prior. 〈◊〉. verb. Matrimo. nium. el. 5. q. 12 Dom. ubi supra & Arch. ubi supra. ; if the Party delivering the Letters do inwardly repent, or the Party receiving the Letters, do in heart consent (howsoever towards him which is the Searcher of the Heart, there is no difference betwixt secret and manifest Repentance, or manifest and secret Consent), yet towards his Church, and by Construction of Law, this inward Repentance of the one, or secret Consent of the other is not regarded, when it is not proved 
(f) Prior. verb. Matrimonium el. 5. q. 12. Summa Rosella verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. vers. sed cum Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Sponsal. §. qualiter. col. 2. c. honorantem. 32 q. 2. & ibi DD. Aetiologia est, Ecclesia non judicat de occultis c. consuluisse 2. q. 5. ; Although by the Opinion of some it may seem, that if the Party receiving and reading the Letters, do not expressly contradict or descent, it is of like force, as if the Party had expressly consented 
(g) August. Berous in subscriptione ad Consil. Zasij lib. 2. consil. 4. col. pen. vers. adhaereo. per l. fr filius fa. el. 2. de S. C to. Macedon. & ibi Saul de Cast. Bar. in L. Titius de constitut. p●c. & in l. quo enim §. 1. Rem rat. hab. ff. & facit clem. 1. de procur. : But I dare not deliver this Opinion for currant; For what if for modesty or other like Consideration, the Party think good not to reveal the secrets of the Letter; Surely he were very hasty, or rather Captious in my Conceit, that would account this modest or discreet Silence, for a resolute Consent 
(h) Archid. in c. nec. illud 30. q. 5. n. 4. & 5. Dom. de S. Gem. in. c. ultim. §. fanè de procur. §. n. 3. Prior. verb. Matrimonium. el. 5. q. 12. Summa Angelic. verb. Matrimonium el. 2. n. 20. Zas. confil. 5. n. 6, & 7. vol. 2. Baptista in Summâ quae dicitur Rosella. verb. Matr. el. 2. versic. Sed cum non sufficiat, Qui omnes uno ore concludunt Consensum non notificatum nihil operare, Quantum autem ad authoritates in Contrariam productas, maxim vero ad L. Si filius fa. el. 2. de S. C to. Maced. ff. & add clem. 1. de procur. respond. ut per Bald. in L. 1. mandati ff. vel dic. ut per Molin. in addic. ad Alex. consil. 78. ; especially in a matter of such moment, as Matrimony, than which there is not any Action of greater moment in this life 
(i) Gloss. & DD. in c. Mulieri. de jure jur. extra. Bald. in L. bonae fidei C. de reb. cred. & in c. ad nostram de probac. extra. Zas. consil. 5. vol. 2. n. 25. cum seq. ; and therefore not to be undertaken suddenly, or concluded without due premeditation or deep deliberation 
(k) c. qui Sitit. 33. q. 5. .  
40. If any object this Rule, Qui tacet consentire videtur 
(l) c. qui tacet de Reg. Jur. lib. 6. . To him might be objected the very next Rule following, Is qui tacet non fatetur, sed nec utique negare videtur 
(m) c. is qui eod. tit. : But because the Brocardes or contrary Conclusions, rather breed brabbles, than pacify Contentions, this I think a more indifferent answer: In strict and proper signification, he which holdeth his peace, doth neither consent nor dissent 
(n) Felin. in c. Nun de praesump. extra. n. 5. vers. prima regula, etc. Est enim tacere medium quoddam inter expressam voluntatem & contradictionem. ; Nevertheless in Construction or interpretation of Law, he is sometimes said to consent according to the former Rule; and sometimes not, according to the second Rule 
(o) Felin. in d.c. Nun. ubi ponit quatuor regulas cum suis fallentijs. : The affirmative Rule hath place, when the matter tendeth altogether to the benefit and favour of the Party 
(p) Panor. & Canonistae. in d. c. Nun. Bart. & Legistae in l. quae dotis ff. Sol. Matr. , for then to be silent is to consent, except in certain Cases 
(q) Felin. in d. c. Nun. n. 20, etc. ; but the Case being altered, the Law is likewise altered; for if the matter be such as may be greatly prejudicial to the Party, than the negative Rule hath place, that is to say, To be silent, is not to consent. Now it is generally concluded; that Matrimony is a matter of very great prejudice, and a kind of Servitude or Bondage 
(s) L. 2. de libero hom. exhibend. ff. ; Inasmuch as thereby, aswel the Husband as the Wife are deprived of their former liberty, and power over their own Bodies; for after they be Married, the Husband hath now no power over his own Body, but the Wife 
(t) Epist. 1. ad Corinth. c. 7. vers. 3. ; neither the Wife over her own Body, but the Husband 
(u) Ibidem. . Yea, and (as Baldus saith) it is Dura Servitus, a hard Servitude, because it is for ever indissoluble 
(x) Bald. in L. In bonae fidei C. de reb. cred. n. 1. versic. Item in Causis. , how hard soever the Match be; whereas every other Servitude, may at any time be dissolved, the Lord or Master 
(r) Canonistae in d.c. Nun. Legistae. in d. L. quae dotis. Quibus adde Peckium in c. Is qui de Reg. Jur. C. in Sext.  being pleased. I confess there be many good things in Marriage 
(y) Neviza. in Silva nuptiali. §. est nubendum fol. 203. cum sequen. ; and that there is one Author who hath reckoned an hundred Commodities issuing from Marriage 
(z) Gilbertus in question. Oeconomic. ; but the same Author hath also numbered two hundred Discommodities thereto belonging 
(a) Idem Gilbertus ubi supra. : Wherefore in a matter subject to so many perils, and so great prejudice, it savoureth not of Equity, that Silence should be reputed for Consent 
(b) Archid. in c. nec illud. 30. q. 5. Gem. in c. ultim. de procur. in Sext. Summa Angel. & Rosella. verb. matrimonium. el. 2. Zas. consil. 5. n. 6. & 7. vol. 2. Prior. verb. matrimonium. el. 5. q. 12. , except as elsewhere is declared 
(c) Viz. ubi parentes contrahunt praesentibus & tacentibus liberis. c. 1. §. 1. de despons. impub. in Sext. ut supra. §. 11. .  
41. Again, If that Opinion were true, to wit, That the Party receiving the Letters, and not contradicting the same, were to be judged to have consented thereunto 
(d) Quam tamen non puto omnino veram in praepositâ facti specie. , yet there be divers things requisite to work that Effect 
(e) Ut per Machesil. notab. 22. Coepol. cautel. 9 & Francis. Ripam. in c. cum M. de constitut. extra. n. 132. . First therefore it must be proved by sufficient Witnesses that the Party did read the Letters 
(f) Mathesil. Coepol & Ripa ubi supra. gloss. in clem. 1. de procur. Augustin. Berous in Subscrip. consil. 4. Uldalrici Zasij vol. 2. Alex. in L. quo enim §. 1. ff. rem rat. hab. . Secondly it is requisite that the Witnesses did understand the tenor thereof 
(g) ibidem. ; for if it be not proved that the Letters were read, the Party is presumed to be ignorant of the Contents thereof 
(h) Mathesil. d. notab. 22. Gabriel. l. 1. come. conclus. Tit. de praesump. concl. 2. n. 11. , and being ignorant cannot consent thereunto, since nothing is more contrary to Consent than Ignorance 
(i) L. Ignorans. C. de Dom. L. si per errorem. de Juris. om. Jud. ff. ; or the reading of the Letters being proved, if the Witnesses did not understand the Contents of the Letters, they are not able to depose concludently 
(k) Zas. d. cons. 4. vol. 2. in Subscrip. Matthesil. d. not. 22. , seeing it may be some other Letter than they imagined, which the Party received and read 
(l) Traditur igitur Cautela, ut literas transmissurus, easdem in praesentiâ testium scribat, & Copiam (ut dicunt) earundem cisdem tradat, ac illósmet Latores faciat, ut in eorum praesentiis lectio fiat. Ripa. in d c. cum M.n. 132. post Coepol. d. Cautel. 9 & Matthosil. d not. 22. .  
42. What if the Party which sent the Letters, expressing an assured Promise of Matrimony, after the Woman have received the same, and yielded her full Consent thereunto, misliking the Match, deny that he wrote or sent any such Letters, and there be no Witnesses to prove the same, Whether is proof made by Comparation or Similitude of hands, a full and sufficient proof, yea or no?  
43. Some say it is not 
(m) Alex. consil. 76. vol. 3. n. 8. & 9 Molin. in apostil. ad Alex. consil. 114. vol. 7. Hyppol. in Rub. de prob. C. n. 289. Panor. in c. 2. de fide instr. extra. n. 8. verse. Sed certè Jas. in rep. L. admonendi ff. de jurejur. n. 139. Bald. & Sal. in L. in fin. C. de Ed. di. Adr. toll. , because not only many men's hands are oftentimes so lively counterfeited, as the Witnesses viewing and comparing the same are very hardly able to discern betwixt the true and counterfeit Writing 
(n) Panor. in d. c. 2. de fid. Instr. n. 8. & Jas. in rep. L. admonendi ff. de jurejur. n. 139. in fin. , but also for that no Man doth always write like unto himself 
(o) Mascard. de de probat. verb. comparatio. n. 1. & 2. gloss. in Anthen. de trien. & semiss. : For Example; That which is written hastily, is not like that which was written leasurably, yet both of one hand 
(p) Idem quoque si manus aliquo opere (ut contingere solet) priùs defatiguta fulsset. Anto. Gravat. in Addic. ad vestrium. in sua praxi. lib. 6. c. 1. ; a Sick man's hand is not like his own hand written in health; and diversity of Pens makes one man's writing seem to be of divers men's hands 
(q) ibidem. ; by occasion whereof they conclude, That the proof made by comparing of hands, is but half a proof 
(r) Panor. in d. c. 2. de fide Instr. extra. n. 8. Hyppol. in Rub. de probat. C. n. 289. Jas. in Rep. d. L. admonendi. n. 139. ; Others are of a contrary Judgement 
(s) Bar. in L. nuda ratio. ff. de donac. n. 7. Alex. consil. 114. vol. 7. n. 4. Anto. Grava. in Addlc. ad praxim octav. vestrij. lib. 6. c. 1. n. 27. Tindar. Tract. de testibus. lib. 2. c. 8. n. 7. Lanfranc. in c. quoniam con. §. Instrumentorum. n. 49 , affirming, That although in other Writings, as Bills and Obligations, etc. wherein Witnesses be commonly required, proof by Collation of hands be but half proof 
(t) Anthen. & si contractus. C: de fide Instr. Bar. in d. L. admonendi. n. 26. & in d. L. nuda. n. 6. Felin. in c. 2. de fide Instr. , in which Case only the former Opinion proceedeth; yet in other Writings 
(u) Siquidem ut verior ita & communior opinio est, quòd L. comparatio, C. de fide Instr. non est correcta in Epistola, Teste Mascard. de probat. conel. 330. n. 23. in fin. , where Witnesses are not usually called (as Epistles and private Letters 
(x) Quomodo enim potest ille, cui transmittantur literae, adhibere testes ad proband', per quem fuerunt scriptae, ergo intuitu, istius difficultatis, faciliùs creditur comparationi, Fulg. Paul. de Castr. & Alex. in d. L. admonendi. Mascard. Tract. de probat. concl. 330. n. 12. Vivius Thesaur. come. op. verb. Comparatio. ,) this proof by Comparation is to be taken for a full sufficient proof 
(y) Vivius d. verb. Comparatio. Fulg. Castrens. Alex. & Rip. in d. L. admonendi. Gravat. in. add. ad vestr. lib. 6. c. 1. n. 27. per quem petet hanc opinionem communiter observari in practicâ. , otherwise it were impossible to prove any secret Contract by Letter, to be written by the true Author 
(z) Maschard. de probat. concil. 330. n. 12. .  
44. A third sort more indifferent, leave it to the discretion and Conscience of the Judge 
(a) Menoch. de Arbitr. Jud. lib. 2. c. 114. n. 24. Dec. consil. 219. in fin. Covar. Tract. lib. pract. q. c. 22. n. 7. , who upon due Consideration of the state and condition of the Parties, and of the circumstances and merits of the Cause, together with the likelihood or unlikelyhood thereof, can better and more certainly determine of the sufficiency or insufficiency of the foresaid proof, than can be generally prescribed, without particular view of the Premises 
(b) Covar. d. c. 22. quem vide. : In which contrariety of Opinions, I do think, that the Judge, unless by diligent Examination of the Fact he be otherwise induced, or persuaded by some special presumption, or suspicion of sinister dealing, he is to follow the common or most received Opinion 
(c) Coras. Tract. de come. op. lib. 2. c. 1. , which is, That proof made by comparing or conferring of hands is of itself a full and sufficient proof 
(d) Mascard. de probat. conclus. 330. n. 12. ; the Comparation or Collation being duly and orderly made, that is to say, these Requisites or Observations following being performed 
(e) Zas. de cons. 4. vol. 2. in fin. .  
45. First of all therefore (as touching the Order and Form of this Comparation of hands) it is requisite that two Writings be produced and exhibited, namely, the Letter itself containing the Promise of Matrimony, being the Writing in Controversy, and another Writing, being certainly and without dispute or controversy of the Parties hand 
(f) Bar. in L. comparationes. n. 1. Bald. n. 5. Angel. n. 5. Castrens. n. 3. C. de fide Instr. Zas. de cons. 4. in fin. Panor. in c. 2. n. 13. de fide Instr. extra. ; for according to the Rules of Logic, Id quod probat, debet esse certius & clarius eò, quod probandum est 
(g) Sichard. in d. L. comparationes. n. 17. ; That which doth prove aught to be more certain, than that which is to be proved: Of which two Writings, the one, that is the clear and undoubted Writing, is termed Scriptura à quâ, the other ad quam 
(h) Bar. Bald. Angel. Castrens. Sichard. & alii in d. L. comparationes. Ripa. in L. admonen. di. de Jurejur. ff. n. 108. , because from this faithful Writing (as from a trusty Interpreter which will not lie) Collation or Comparation is made unto that other Writing in controversy 
(i) DD. in d. L. comparationes. Menoch. de Arbitr. Jud. lib. 2. cas. 114. n. 29. , for trial whether it be a Counterfeit or not; In which respect also the one Writing is called the Agent extreme, and the other the Patient extreme 
(k) Bald. in d. L. comparationes. n. 5. : The Agent is produced to prove the Identity of the other Writing: The Patient is that whose Identity is to be proved, and which is used for the obtaining of that which is demanded 
(l) Angel. in d. L. comparationes connex. Anth. & si contractus, C de fide Instr. . But as Mercury is not made of every Wood (according to the old Proverb) so every Writing is not fit to be that fundamental Writing à quâ, or Agent extreme, from the which Comparation is to be deduced 
(m) Sichard. post alios. in d. L. comparationes. Menoch. de Arbitr. Jud. cas. 114. n. 29. ; For what if the Writing, which is to be used as a true Touchstone, stand in need itself to be touched or compared, I mean, what if it cannot otherwise appear to be of the Parties hand, but by Comparation of other Writings? Surely this Writing is utterly unfit for this purpose 
(n) Menoch. d. cas. 114. n. 29. in fin. , for that were to prove ignotum per ignotius, and to protract the matter in infinitum, always abiding and dwelling upon uncertainties 
(o) Menoch. d. cas. 114. n. 30. .  
46. In ancient time therefore, so precise were the Lawmakers in this Case, that they did admit no more but three kinds of Writings, from the which Comparation might be made 
(p) Julianus praesectus praetor. in Text. L. comparationes. §. Ideoque Sancinus C. de fide Instr. , viz. a Writing subscribed by three Witnesses, (two of them at least testifying the same) a Judicial Writing, that is, some Act written before a Judge; and a public Instrument or Writing made in Solemn Form, by a public Notary 
(q) d. §. Ideoque. & §. etenim in d. L. comparationes. & ibi Bald. n. 8. , whereunto afterwards two others were added 
(r) Anthen. Adhaec. C. de fide Instr. , viz. that the Writing produced there be confessed by the Party 
(s) Anthen. adhaec. in princ. Sichard. in d. L. comparationes. n. 7. in fin. Bar. in Anthen. & si contractus. C. de fide, Instr. n. 2. Quinimo idem juris est, ubi quis expressè confitetur Scripturam esse suam, nec mirum cum expressa confessio sit fortior tacitâ. Bald. in d. L. comparationes. n. 10. Menoch. de Arbitr. Jud. Lib. 2. cas. 114. n. 29. versic. Sumeretur, Cravetta consil. 216. n. 18. Paul. de Castr. consil. 312. vol. 2. n. 3. , and the Writing extracted from some Register or Place where faithful Records be kept 
(t) d. Anth. Adhaec. Quod si quis objiciat hanc additionem esse superfluam, & comprchendi sub tertio genere Scripturarum, de quo in d. L. comparationes; Respondeas quod quamvis Text. in d. Anth. dicat Literas ex Archiepiscopo productas habere testimonium publicum, per hoc tamen non sequatur ipsam Scripturam esse publicam, utpote quae carens publici Instrumenti solennitatibus; Nihilominus in loco publico recondita, & per ministrum publicum registrata, non immeritò publicum testimonium prohibeat. Bart. in d. Anth. & Sichard. in d. L. comparationes. n. 8. & 9 . Howbeit at this day, by the common Consent of the best Writers, any manner of Writing, either Public or Private, Judicial or Extrajudicial, of what nature or quality soever, (so that it appear undoubtedly to be of the Parties hand) is sufficient to be the Agent extreme, or Writing from the which Comparation is to be made 
(u) Sichard. in d. L. comparationes. n. 10. post Sabir. ibidem col. 4. Ripa. in L. admonendi. de jurejur. ff. n. 111. Menoch. de Arbitr. Jud. lib. 2. cas. 114. n. 29. vers. Sumeretur. Cravetta. consil. 216. n. 18. ; or if there be no such Writing at all, the Judge may command and compel the Party to write, that thereby (Comparation being made) the truth may appear, whether both the Writings be of one hand, or not 
(x) Bald. in L. comparationes. C. de fide Instr. n. 10. Panor. in c. 2. de fide Instr. extra. n. 13. Ripa. in L. admonendi. n. 110. ff. de. jurejur. & Latè Menoch. de cas. 114. n. 12. Bart. autem in Anth. & si contractus. C. de fide Instr. contrarium tenuit, Gui Baldus ob eam rem inurit maculas Erroris, quam Zas. (lib. 2. sing. respons. c. 25.) diluere tentavit, sed frustra; nam si Judex posset compellere partem, ut respondeat probationibus adversarij, ad relevandum eum ab onere probandi, à fortiore potest partem compellere ad scribendum, ut inde fiat comparatio, Inquit Panor. in d. c. 2. post. Card. ibidem & Paul. de Castr. in d. L. comparationes in fin. .  
47. Secondly, It is requisite that the Party which procureth this Comparation, do swear, That he hath not any other fit or sufficient proof 
(y) Anth. Tit. de Instr. fide & Cautel. §. Si verò nihil gloss. in d. L. comparationes in fide, unde patet quòd comparatio est remedium subsidiarum, non aliter competenS quam quaudo non aliter sit probatio. Zas. d. consil. 4. in fin. , and that he hath not done, nor endeavoured any thing thereabouts, which peradventure might suppress or hid the truth 
(z) d. §. Si voro nihil. Sichard. in d. L. comparationes. n. 2. Id quod pro mirabili traditur, & singulari nimirum, ut bis de Culumniâ in eadem Causa juretur. Gloss. in d. L. comparationes. in fin. at qui ratio iterati juramenti est, quia etsi quis in genere juraverit se nullam admissurum Calumniam; Tamen illud speciale Juramentnm, altiùs animâ infigitur, & magis, afficit semper, cum magis timerentur ea, quae. in specie fiant, quam quae in generale. Gloss. in §. Si verò moriantur. Anth. de Instr. Cautel. & fide Sichard. ubi supra. .  
48. Thirdly, It is requisite that the Notaries or others skilful in writing, to whom the Judge doth commit this Comparation, be sworn, That they shall not do any thing therein either for favour or gain, or fear or disfriendship, or other sinister affection 
(a) L. comparationes. C. de fide Instr. Sed annon ipse Judex. debet per se facere comparationem? Dic quod debet quidem per se, a●hibitis tamen Nostratiis & scribendi peritis. Sichard. post Ang. in d. L. comparationes. , but that they shall uprightly and diligently view the Writings, and compare them indifferently, and then make true relation to the Judge what they have done, and what they judge or believe 
(b) Nam quum. decipi possint similitudine tractatus jurabunt, non de veritate praecisâ, Sed de credulitate tantùm. Sichard. ubi supra.  in their skill, concerning the identity or diversity of the hands.  
49. Fourthly, It is requisite that these Notaries or skilful Persons, in viewing and comparing these foresaid Writings, do not only consider the simple Letters or Grammatical Elements, subject to Corporal sense, but also the Style and Phrase thereof, subject to Reason and understanding 
(c) Bald. in L. comparationes C. de fide Instr. n. 18. Menoch. de Arb. Jud. lib. 2. cas. 1.14. n. 31. Sichard. in d. L. comparationes. n. 11. ; for as a Bird is known by her Tune, or a Harp or other Instrument by the sound, so by the Consonance of the Style we may judge probably of the Author 
(d) Bald. ubi supra. .  
50. Fifthly, It is requisite that these aforesaid Notaries and Writers make relation or report unto the Judge (by virtue of their Oaths) of their Proceed, and what they have done or deemed, and judge of the Similitude or Dissimilitude of the foresaid Writings 
(e) Creditur tamen sufficere, quod semel juravit ant equam comparationem faciunt, ideoqu● non esse necesse ut nunc denuò tempore relationis, secundum Juramentum subeunt, Menoch. d. casu. 114. n. 28. : Others have added other Requisites, namely, That relation being made by the Notaries and Witnesses of the similitude of the Hands, the Judge ought to interpose his interlocutory Sentence of the Identity of the Writings, that is to say, that they were both written with one Hand 
(f) Scil. in d. L comparationes col. pen. Menoch. d. cas. 114. n. 32. .  
51. Some also have been of this mind, That whereas there be five kinds of Writings above recited, whereby Comparation might be made, in their Opinion, not only all other kind of Writings were excluded 
(g) Salic. ubi supra. Cur. Sen. in L. admonendi. de jurejur. ff. n. 114. Menoch. de cas. 114. n. 32. , but also the Writing in Controversy could not be compared but by another Writing of the same kind; as if the Writing in Controversy were a public Writing, then to be tried by a public Writing; if a private Writing, then by a private Writing, etc. 
(h) In quâ opinione steterunt Bar. in Anth. Et si contractus C. de fide Instr. n. 2. & Angel. in L. comparationes. eod Tit. n. 8. Quibus subscripsit Augustinus Berous in Addic. ad Zas. consil. 4. vol. 3. & Paris. cons. 19 n. 38. vol. 3.  Howbeit this Opinion is generally condemned; for any kind of Writing in question may be tried by any other kind of Writing, being without question of the Parties hand 
(i) Hugolin. de quo Sichard. in d. L. comparationes. n. 9 & alii de quibus Bald. ead L. n. 11. .  
52. Finally, There is to be noted, that in all other Judicial Proceed and Decrees, it behoveth the Judge to have plu●…beos pedes 
(k) Bald. in d. L. comparationes n. 11. qui dicit op. esse veriorem. & Sichard. ead. L●…u. 10. qui refert eandem op. communiter teneri, & practicari, Quibus convemunt Ripa in L. admonendi ff. de jure jur. n. 111. Menoch. d. cas. 114. n. 29. Cravetta consil. 216. n. 18. , Feet of Lead; so in this matter of Comparation, especially it behoveth him to have & plumbeos pedes, & Lynceos coulos, not only Feet as heavy as lead, but Eyes also as clear and sharp as Lynceus, of whom it is reported, that he was able to see through a Millstone 
(m) Zas. lib. 2. sing. respons. c. 25. in fin. Covar. pract. q. c. 22. ; for if the Judge be either so swift, that he run to this Comparation without observation of these Requisites above recited, doubtless the Comparation will be of little force 
(n) Acron. in Horatium. ; and so his great haste shall make but small speed; or if his Judgement be not very Sharp, and more Subtle than the Serpent, how orderly soever he proceed to work about the Examination of these Writings, yet happily he may be deceived by counterfeit Instruments 
(o) Zas. cons. 4. lib. 2. in subscrip. Sichard. in L. comparationes de fide Instr. n. 5. Paris. consil. 19 n. 35. vol. 3. ; for it is a thing generally complained on in all Ages, namely the great Cozenage that hath been practised by Forgery, or making of Counterfeit and Adulterous Writings; Amongst others I remember Zasius (the most famous Lawyer that ever Germany bred) maketh mention of a certain Monk of the Monastery of St. Vdalrick in the City Augusta, that was so passing skilful, that if he had looked upon any Writing, he would have imitated the same so lively, as it should seem rather to be the very original itself, than like unto it 
(q) Hyppol. in Rub. de prob. de prob. C. n. 317. Maschard. Tract. de probat. concl. 330. n. 3. . I wish we had no greater store of false Forgeries than of mumbling Monks at this day in England, a thing rather to be wished than hoped, the more is the pity; for though the famous Forger of Ripon in Yorkshire be dead, whom I marvel Mr. Green hath not numbered amongst his Coney Catchers, yet I fear there be a great many Whelps of the old Dog left alive, that had rather by't than bark. And therefore since this matter is so subject to their Impostures, it standeth the Judge in hand to be so much the more circumspect, lest he himself be caught for a simple Coney. 
(p) Zas' lib. 2. sing. resp. c. 25. Gravat. in addic. ad praxin octav. Vestrij lib. 6. c. 1. n. 26.  
(r) Zas. lib. 2. sing. respons. c. 25. in fin.    

SECT. XIV. Of Public and Private Spousals.  
1. FOurthly, Spousals be either Public or Private 
(a) Reusner. de Sponsal. Lib. 1. q. 1. Panor. & Praepos. in c. cum Inhibitio. de clandestine. despons. Schneid. tract. de nup. fol. 22. ; public Spousals are they which are contracted before sufficient Witnesses, and wherein are observed all other Solemnities requisite by the Ecclesiastical Law 
(b) c. nostrates. 30. q. 5. Reusner. de Sponsal. lib. 1. q. 1. n. 1. : For so careful were the ancient Lawmakers to avoid those mischiefs, which commonly attend upon secret and clandestine Contracts, that they would have the same Solemnities observed in contracting Spousals, which be requisite in contracting Matrimony 
(c) Panor. in c. cum inhibitio. de clandestin de Spons. extra. n. 6. Praepos. eod. c. n 5. Summa Rosella verb. Impedimentum. el. 1. vers. Quaeritur. ; Which Solemnities what they are shall afterwards be declared 
(d) insra parte 2. §. : Private Spousals are they, at the Contracting whereof, are omitted some of those Solemnities aforesaid 
(e) d. c. nostrates &c. aliter. 30 q. 5. Reusner. lib. 1. de Sponsal. qu. 1. nu. 2. gloss. in c. 4. de cland. desponsatione. extra. vide Schneidwin. Tract. de nuptijs fol. 22. ubi refert Sponsalia sex modis dici posse clandestina. ex Hostiens. in Rub. de clandest. despons. extra. , but especially when as there be no Witnesses present at the Contract 
(f) c. 1, 2, & 3. de clandestine. despons. extra. Schneidwin. ubi supra Melchior Kling. Tract. de Matrimonio fol. 68 Jo. Frigeus Tract. de Sponsal. pag. 266. : In which Case these questions following are usually propounded.  
2. First, whether such secret Contracts be good in Law, yea, or no? And it seemeth they are not good, by reason it is thus written in the Text of the Law, Nullum pactum, nullam conventionem, nullum Contractum inter eos videri volumus subsecutum, qui lege contrahere prohibente, contrahunt 
(g) L. non. dubium &. de legib. c. nullum. 30. q. 5. ; We will that no part, no Covenant, no Contract, shall be thought to follow, betwixt them which do contract, when as the Law doth forbid them to contract; But the Law doth forbid all Persons to make Secret Contracts of Spousals, or Matrimony 
(h) d. c. nullum & Titul. de clandestine. despons. extra. per totum. ; and that justly, considering the manifold discommodities depending thereupon, namely, for that hereby it cometh to pass oftentimes, that the Parties secretly contracting, are otherwise formally affianced, or so near in Blood that they cannot be Married; or being free from those impediments, yet do they alter their purposes, denying and breaking their promises, whence Perjuries, Adulteries, and Bastardies, with many more intolerable mischiefs do succeed 
(i) Schneidwin tract. de nuptijs fol. 23. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. secunda. parte. c. 6. in princ. n. 7. ; and therefore such secret Pacts, Covenants, and Contracts are worthily reputed, as if they had not been made at all 
(k) d. c. nullum. 30. q. 5. arg. d. L. non dubium C. de legib. . Again, this is a Common Conclusion, Idem est in lege non esse & non apparere, It is all one in Law not to be, and not to appear 
(l) L. in lege ff. de contrahend. Emp. & ibi DD. lib. 2. consil. Matr. consil. ibidem. 2. n. 1. ; Wherefore seeing secret Contracts cannot be proved, it is all one in effect, as if they were not 
(m) Reusner. de Sponsal. q. 1. n. 32, 33, etc. Socin. sen. cons. 119. vol. 3. verse. Secunda Conclusio. .  
3. Others are of another Opinion, holding the Contract for firm and indissoluble 
(n) Panor. in c. 1. de cland. despons. extra. n. 2. Dec. consil. 163. n. 4. Praepos. in Rub. de clandestine. despons. n. 2. Everard. cons. 10. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 6. n. 7. Hyero. Schurf. lib. 2. cons. Matr. consil. 24. n. 1, 2, 3, & 4. ; for the Confirmation whereof, they allege a very round Text, extant in the Body of the Law, the words are these, Clandestina Conjugia contra leges quidem fiunt, Contracta tamen dissolvi non possunt 
(o) c. nec. illud. 30. q. 5. , Secret Marriages are done indeed against the Law, but being contracted, cannot be dissolved; Yielding this reason, that because these Solemnities are not of the Substance of Spousals, or of Matrimony, but consent only 
(p) Panor. in c. 1. de clandestine. despons. extra. n. 2. ; for (as another Text saith), sufficit nudus Consensus ad constituenda Sponsalia 
(q) L. sufficit. de Sponfal. ff. , Naked Consent is sufficient to make Spousals; And therefore if bare Consent is sufficient, these Solemnities are not so necessary as without the which Spousals cannot consist 
(r) Arg. c. 2. de clandestine. despons. extra. cum gloss. ibidem. gloss. in c. sufficiat. 27. q. 2. verb. Solus Panor. in c. Tuae. de Sponsal. extra. n. 2. in fin. Hieron. Schurf. lib. 2. cons. Matr. Consil. ibidem 24. n. 2, 3, 4. , being no more than Accidents, the which (as the Logicians teach us) may be either present or absent, without the destruction of the principal Subject 
(s) Ideoque accidens omnium praedicabilum indignissimum dici solet Jo. Casus. Oxon. de accident fol. 68 ; So that it may be justly inferred, that the only want of Solemnity doth not hurt the Contract 
(t) Clandestinitas sola non vitiat Matrimonium, inquiunt Cardinal. & Praepos. in Rub. de Sponsal. extra. Panor. in c. 1. ecd. Tit. n. 2. Dec. consil. 163. n. 4. Linwood. in c. humana. de clandestine, despons. lib. 4. provincial. Const. Cant. verb. clandestina. in fin. .  
4. To the Reasons whereupon the contrary Conclusion is collected, it is thus answered: First, that no Pact, no Covenant, no Contract, shall be thought to be made betwixt them, whom the Law doth prohibit to contract, etc. That's true, when the Act is simply forbidden, but when the Act is not simply forbidden, but only in respect of some quality, which is not of the Substance thereof; Then the Act done without that Quality, is not to be accounted for undone 
(u) Bald. in d. L. non dubium. C. de legib. n. 15. alij aliter solvunt, ut Praepos. in Rub. de Despons. extra. & Antho. Gubert. Tract. de Matrimonio. fol. 163. nu. 122. Vide Peckium in c. quae contra jus. de Reg. Jur. in. Sext. & Hyero. Schurff. lib. 2. consil. Matrimonial. fol. 134. n. 10, 11, 12. ; now to contract Spousals is not simply forbidden, but in some respects only 
(x) Hiero. Schurff. lib. 2. consil. Matrimonial. consil. ibidem 24. n. 11. ; And therefore being done without the observation of those unsubstantial Circumstances, is not to be reputed for undone.  
5. As for the other Reason, That not to appear, and not to be, are both one in Law, that's true Jure fori, non jure poli 
(y) Gloss. & DD. in c. 2. de cland. despons. extra. & ibi Praepos. in fin. Melchior. Kling. Tract. de causis matrimonial. fol. 68, 69. Everard. consil. 11. Lindwood. in c. Humana. de clandestine. despons. lib. 4. Provincial. Const. cant. verb. clandestine. in fin. Baptista Ferret. consil. 174. n. 2. , Before Man, not before God; for the Church indeed doth not judge of secret and hidden things, whereof there is no appearance 
(z) c. consuluisse. 2. q. 5. c. si omnia. 6. q. 1. c. Tua nos. de Sponsal. extra. gloss. in c. 2. de cland. despons. in princ. . But most true it is, that Almighty God being 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, before him bare Conscience alone is as a thousand Witnesses 
(a) Bald. in Tractat. Schismat. col. 3. c. literas de restitut. Spol. extra. ; Wherefore I do admonish thee, that hast in truth contracted secret Matrimony, that thou do not marry any other Person; for doubtless this thy pretended Marriage, how lawful soever it may seem in the eye of Man, who judgeth only according to the outward appearance, is nothing, but mere Adultery in the infallible sight of God's just Judgement, whose Justice rewards every Man according to his Works, and before whose Tribunal thou must at last appear to give an account of this thy foul Misdeed.  
6. But now admit thou art willing to marry, and the other Party is not only unwilling, but utterly denieth the intent or consent to any Marriage; Whether in this Case mayst thou with safe Conscience marry elsewhere? It seemeth at the first view, That thou canst not marry so long as the other Party liveth, to whom thou didst so assuredly give thy faithful Promise of Matrimony, as appeareth by thine own Confession, making a full and strong proof against thyself: Nevertheless, the Case being rightly scanned, I am of their Opinion which hold that thou mayst with Safety, not of Law only, but of Conscience also, proceed to marry any other Person.  
7. First, Seeing the other Party constantly denieth the intent and consent of Marriage, for his or her part, without which Consent, as well on the behalf of that other Party, as on thine own behalf, it is a clear Case, That no Matrimony can consist, neither in Law nor in Conscience, for the Consent must be mutual and reciprocal, as I have often confirmed. Is it possible for a Man to be a Husband without a Wife? Or a Woman to be a Wife without a Husband? Seeing (I say) the other Party so constantly denieth this necessary Consent thou mayst safely from thy Conscience act according to this constant denial, and persuading thyself that the same is true, than art thou at liberty to marry elsewhere, without any let in Law, or Scruple in Conscience.  
8. This Case thus absolved, let us vary the Case a little. A Man and a Woman are first secretly, yet truly and before God, contracted in Matrimony either of them, mutually giving there, their full and perfect Consent to the other therein; afterwards the Man is publicly contracted to another Woman in Matrimony, the former Woman practiseth all good means, as well by Suit as otherwise, to recover him for her Husband, but prevaileth not, for want of sufficient proof; Whether may she with safe Conscience marry another Husband? Albeit this Question may seem to appertain to the determination of Divines, yet will I adventure to signify mine own Opinion, having first resolved another Question preparatory thereunto; which Question is this.  
9 A Man doth secretly (I mean without the presence of Witnesses) contract Spousals or Matrimony with one Woman, and afterwards publicly and before a sufficient number of Witnesses, doth make the like Contract with another Woman; after which second Contract the former Woman chargeth him, and he likewise confesseth that he was formerly contracted unto her, Whether in this Case, shall the former secret Contract, or the second public Contract prevail 
(b) De hac q. vide DD in c. 2. de cland. despons. extra. ?  
10. It seemeth, because the same being (in truth) first made, this truth now appearing by the Confession of both Parties, is to be preferred before the second public Contract 
(c) Veritas opinioni praeferenda, inaxime in Spiritualibus. c. veritate. 8. Distinct. Card. in Clem. 11. §. 1. q. 5. de poens. & remiss. Bald. in l. 2. C. de Ingen. L. poen. §. mulier alias. L. Imperatores. §. ultim. ff. probat. & ibi DD. , and that not only in foro poli, and before the Tribunal of the Infallible Judge, to whom all things (how secret soever) be all naked and open; but also in Courts 
(d) Everard. consil. 11.  and Consistories of mortal Men, whose Judgement is directed according to that which appeareth, and is proved 
(e) Unde probatio dieitur quasi vehiculum, quo Judex fertur ad Summam. Mantic. de conjectur. ultim. vol. lib. 4. Tit. 11. n. 43. . And as no Man can die with two Testaments at once 
(f) L. Jus nostrum. ff. de Reg. Jur. L. Sancimus C. de testa. , so no Man can live with two Wives at once 
(g) L. eum qui duas C. de Adult. L. 2. C. de incest. nup. : Howbeit Testaments and Contracts be in this point, of a contrary Condition; for of Testaments the latter is the better, and maketh void the former 
(h) §. posteriore Instit. Quib. mod. testa. infirm. ; but of Contracts, the former is the better, and maketh void the latter 
(i) Intellige, si utraque Sponsalia sint de praesenti, vel utraque de futuro. Henr. Boic. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. secus. Si Priora sint de futuro, posteriora verò de praesenti. Boic. ibidem. : Wherefore, the Man having first given his Faith to one Woman, cannot afterwards give the same to another Woman 
(k) Everard. d. consil. 11. n. 3. in fin. . And so the former Contract, albeit at the first secret, yet afterwards published and made known, is to be preferred before the second public Contract 
(l) Henr. Boic. in c. cum Inhibitio, de clandestine. despons. extra. 1. Distinct. versic. aut quaeris de tertio. Ruckerus cujus consil. extant. in lib. 2. consil. matrim. & est consil. ejus lib. 36. n. 6. .  
11. Others nevertheless (whose Opinion is generally received) are of this Judgement, That howsoever, before God, the secret Precontract, though it were never published, is to be preferred before the like subsequent Contract, how public soever 
(m) Everard. consil. 11. gloss. in c. 2. de clandestine. despons. extra. ; yet before his Church it is otherwise 
(n) Panor. in c. quod nobis. de clandestine. despons. extra. n. 6. Et omnes DD. ibidem. Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 24. Reusner. de Causis matrimonial. lib. 1. q. 1. lib. 2. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem. 36. n. 12, 13, & 14. Paris. consil. 57 n. 40. vol. 4. ; neither is the sole Confession of both the Parties, pretending themselves to be Pre-contracted, in secret sort, betwixt themselves alone, to be credited in prejudice of a sufficiently testified Contract, and proved by Witnesses 
(o) gloss. in c. Si quis Divinis. 30. q. 5. Ruckerus. Cujus consilium videre est lib. 2. Consil. matrimonial. fol. 189. quod velim videas. n. 12. 13, & 14. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. nu. 5. Paris. consil. 57 vol. 4. n. 40. Panor. & alii in c. 2. de clandestine. despons. extra. lib. 1. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 19 n. 3. ; because otherwise it were a very easy matter for such, as were truly contracted, under pretence of a Precontract, at their pleasures whensoever they were displeased either with other, to undo the undoubted Contract, by suborning one, of whom they had better liking, to affirm a former secret Contract 
(p) Schneidwin. Tract. de Nuptiis, fol. 24. lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 36. n. 13. : A mischievous Inconvenience in no wise to be tollerared 
(q) Schneid. & Rucker. ubi supra. DD. in c. super eo. de eo qui cogn. consang. ux. extra. .  
12. As concerning the reason of the contrary Opinion, viz. That the truth is to be preferred when it appeareth 
(r) c. veritate distinct. 8. L. pen. §. mulier. ff. de probat. in fin. . That's true, if it appear by lawful and sufficient proof 
(s) Henr. Boic. in c. Cum Inhibitio. de cland. despons. extra. distinct. 1. in fin. lib. 2. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem. 36. n. 12. ; but the sole Confession of both the Parties, is not a lawful or sufficient proof, in prejudice of another Contract lawfully and sufficiently proved, by the testimony of Witnesses 
(t) gloss. in c. si quis divinis. 30. q. 5. lib. 1. consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 19 n. 3. & consil. 83. n. 20. Panor. & alii in c. 2. de clandestine. despons. extra. quorum opinio procedit licet secundum matrim. non sit contractum in fancy Ecclesiae, sed coram duobus tantum testibus. Praepos. in d. c. 2. n. 4. & Socin. Sen. consil. 270. col. 2. . Indeed if it were not in prejudice of another Contract, the bare Confession of the Parties would suffice 
(u) Gloss. & Panor. in c. super eo. de eo. qui cogn. consang. ux. extra Dec. consil. 163. col. 1. Bald. consil. 48. vol. 4. Rom. Sing. 616. alias 620. incipien. Tu audivisti. Immo part absent probat contra confitentem ipsius confessio, de aequitate Canonicâ, Mascard. de probat. concl. 1029. n. 4. & communiter DD. in c. si Cautio. de fide Instr. extra. : Or if this Confession of both the Parties were made before the second Contract was made, then also peradventure it might suffice against the second Contract 
(x) Johan. de Canibus, inter consil. matrimonial. lib. 1. consil. ibidem 19 in fin. Jacob. de Zochis & alij in d. c. super co. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. n. 5. , because at that time the Confession cannot be suspected of any Collusion 
(y) Arg. de c. super eo. Jo. de Canib. d. consil. 19 in. fin. : But the Confession being made after the time of the second Contract, which Contract is proved by two sufficient Witnesses, in this Case, not only the Confession of the Parties is not sufficient to prove a Precontract, but also if besides the Confession of the Parties, there were one Witness who did likewise depose of the same Precontract 
(z) Regulariter autem unus testis de contractu, & alter testis de partis confessione plenè probant matrimonium. lib. 1. Consil. matrimonial. consil. ibidem 16. n. 14. & consil. 51. n. 5. ; yet were not the Testimony of this one Witness joined with the Parties Confession, able to overthrow the second Contract, proved by two able Witnesses 
(a) Socin. Sen. consil. 270. col. 2. versic. Ista Conclusio. etc. Jacob. Henric. in lib. 2. consil. matr. consil. ibidem 16. n. 5. Praepos. in c. 2. de clandestine. despons. extra. quorum opinio procedit concurrente etiam famâ, cum isto teste & partium confession, ut per Bonacoss. Thesaur. come. op. verb. matrimonium. & per Socin. Praepos & Jacob. Henr. ubi supra. . Likewise the testimony of one Witness, together with a common voice and fame of a Precontract, is not able to overthrow the second Contract proved by two sufficient Witnesses 
(b) Vincen. & post eum Canonistae. in c. 2. de cland. despons. contra Cardinal. in d. c. communiter reprobatum, ut per Panor. & Praepos. in d. c. 2. quibus accedat Corsetus singularis. 246. verb. Probatio. Dec. consil. 163. n. 11. Felin. in c. 1. ut Lite non contestat. col. 2. Socin. consil. 119. vol. 3. decis. Tholoss. q. 172. Bonacoss. Thesaur. come. op. verb. matrimonium. ; for this Conclusion is commonly received. That when the proof of the second Contract is more clear than of the former Contract, there the second Contract is to be preferred 
(c) Panor. in d. c. 2. de clandest. despons. extra. in fin. Hostiens. in Summa eod. Tit. §. verum clandestina matrimonia. Paris. consil. 53. vol. 4. Praepos in d. c. 2. n. 4. Corset. d. singul. 246. & Aufrer. in addic. ad Decis. capel. Tholoss. ubi refert se. judicâsse pro secundo matrimonio manifestè probato, contra precedens matrimoniam, vel ex illo tantum capite quod testes de primo matrimonio non erant omni exceptione majores. Et quae dicta sunt de clandcstinis Nuptiis, habent quoque locum in clandestinis Sponsal. de futuro. Nimirum quod publica praeferantur clandestinis. Kling. Tract. de cause. matr. fol. 70. , saving in these Cases following, viz. When the second Contract is made depending the Suit, about the former Contract 
(d) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 6. n. 11. Dec. consil. 163. n. 11. Imol. cons. 125. ; for the Contract made depending the Suit loseth that Privilege, which otherwise it should enjoy 
(e) Arg c. Tenor. de re Jud. extra. & DD. ibidem. Covar. ubi supra. Imol. d. cons. 125. : Or when the second Contract is made under this Condition, if there be no Precontract before going, or if the Precontract be frustrate and Void 
(f) Covar. d. c. 6. n. 11. Andr. Barba. consil. 40. col. 2. vol. 3. Quod si posterior contractus sit simplex, licet non fuerit publicatus in fancy Ecclesiae, tamen initus coram duobus testibus, tanquam certior & clarior, praefertur alteri, de quo extat unicus testis cum famâ & confession partium. Praepos. in d. c. 2. Soc. cons. 270. lib. 2. consil. matrim. fol. 112. n. 5. , or when the former Contract comprehendeth Spousals de praesenti, the other Spousals de futuro 
(g) Boic. in c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. ; or when as over and besides this one Witness and Fame, there be other Adjuments or Helpers, such as may suffice to induce the Judge to give Sentence for the former Contract 
(h) Aretin. consil. 82. col. 4. Covar. & Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 6. n. 11. in finBald. consil. 51. alias 48. vol. 4. : In these Cases the former Contract proved by one Witness with the Fame, etc. is preferred before the second Contract proved by two entire Witnesses.  
13. Another Question incident to secret Contracts, is this, A Man and a Woman are first secretly, yet truly and before God contracted, either of them mututually giving their full and perfect Consent thereunto; Afterwards the Man is publicly contracted to another Woman; The former Woman practiseth all good means as well by Suit as otherwise, to recover him for her Husband, but prevaileth not for want of sufficient proof; In this Case whether may she with safe Conscience Marry another Husband? It seemeth that she may 
(i) Arg. c. 1. etc. nullum. 30. q. 5. Theod. Beza. tract. de divortijs fol. (lib. mei) 87. & 164. Ubi docet quod clandestina Sponsalia, nempe quae absque consensu parentum contrahuntur sunt ipso Jure nulla. , for having endeavoured to the utmost of her power, nor able to continue any longer; It were not only against Law, but against Reason and Equity, that she should be bound to an impossibility 
(k) L. Impossibilis. de verb. ob. ff. c. Nemo. de Reg. Jur. 6. & ibi Din. & Peckius. ; And therefore of two Evils (whereof the one is inevitable) the less is to be chosen 
(l) L. Si Procurator. ff. de doli except. L. exigend. C. de procur. , that is to say, it is better for her to marry than to burn in the Fire of Lust and Concupiscence 
(m) Epist. 1. ad Cor. c. 7. vers. 9 .  
14. Contrariwise it seemeth that she may not 
(n) Ambros. in lib. de Patriarch. de quo in c. nec illud. & in c. seq. 30 q. 5. ; for he and she being once very Husband and Wife before God 
(o) d. c. nec illud. etc. Si quis eum c. fin. 30. q. 5. , the Woman is in subjection to the Man, and is bound unto him while he liveth 
(p) Epist. Paul. ad Rom. c. 7. vers. 2. , nor is delivered, until the Man be Dead 
(q) ibid. ; So that if while the Man liveth, she take another Husband, before God it is Adultery 
(r) Eod. c. vers. 3. ; only then, when her Husband is Dead, she is at liberty to marry with whom she will in the Lord, and not before 
(s) Epist. ad Cor. c. 7. vers. 39 ; unless this be true that by reason of the Husband's Adultery, she may Marry another, (of which question we shall have better opportunity to discourse more at large in another place 
(t) Infra parte tertia. §. ;) or unless in contracting Spousals, the consent of Parents be necessary, the which being wanting in the former Contract, the Spousals therefore may be broken without peril; (of which Question also I mean to deliver my Opinion hereafter) 
(u) Infra parte secunda. ; or unless the former Contract contained Spousals the Futuro, and the second de Praesenti; for then also the former Spousals are dissolved 
(x) c. Si inter de Sponsal. extra. , and the Party at liberty to marry elsewhere, both in Law and Conscience; and by the Opinion not of Lawyers only 
(y) Canonistae in c. Si inter. de Sponsal. extra. Legistae in L. final. de donat. ante nup. C. , but of Divines also 
(z) Beza. Tract. de divor. pag. 6, & 7. Lombard. lib. 4. didst inc. 27, 28. . What other Questions or matter may seem to appertain to secret Contracts, shall be more fully handled in the Treatise of secret Marriages.   

SECT. XV. Of Contracting Spousals by Signs.  
1. IT is an old and a tough Controversy, whether words be necessary in contracting Spousals or Matrimony 
(a) Gloss. & DD. in c. Tuae etc. Si inter de Sponsal. extra. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. in princ. Summa Silvestrin. verb. matrim. §. 2. q. 7. & 8. ; Wherein divers do hold the affirmative 
(b) Inno in d. c. Tuae de Spons. extra. part. Gloss. ibidem. Bar. in L. nuptias de Reg. Jur. ff. Luc. de penna in L. 1. C. de veteranis. lib. 12. , at least as touching the Church, (which doth not otherwise determine of that which is conceived inwardly, but that which is expressed outwardly 
(c) c. consuluisse. 2. q. 5. c. Is qui 32. q. 2. Innoc. ubi supra. ); and for this affirmative Opinion, there is a ready Text, extant in the bowels of the Law, containing these words, Matrimonium in veritate contrahitur, per legitimum Viri, & Mulieris consensum, Sed necessaria sunt (quantùm ad Ecclesiam) verba Consensum exprimentia, etc. 
(d) c. Tuae. de Sponsal. extra. Accedit etiam Textus in c. si inter. eod. Tit. ponderando haec verba, Itaque unus alterum mutuo consensu verbis consuetis expresso, etc.  Matrimony in truth is contracted by lawful Consent of Man and Woman, But words expressing Consent be necessary, as touching the Church, etc. Others nevertheless hold the negative 
(e) Hostiens. in d. c. Tuae. quem sequuntur Anto. Card. & Panor. eod. loc. Boer. decis. 1. n. 18. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda. parte. c. 4. n. 1. Socin. Inn. consil. 29. n. 3. vol. 3. , by reason of another Text, which saith, sufficit ad Matrimonium solus illorum Consensus, de quorum Conjunctionibus agitur 
(f) c. cum apud. de Sponsal. extra. Cum igitur sufficiat Consensus, verba non sunt praecisè necessaria, quia illud Doctores sufficere, quo posito nihil aliud requiritur ad substantiam actus. Angel. Clavas. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. q. 4.  (id est) Their Consent alone is sufficient for Matrimony, of whose conjunction there is any ado; and it followeth in the same place, that he or she which cannot speak, may contract Matrimony; the Reason there yielded is this, Quod verbis non potest, Signis valeat declarari 
(g) d. c. cum apud. unde si mutus possit contrahere Matrimonium per signa, multo magis ille qui loqui valeat. arg. D. Nutu. ff. de leg. 3. , That which cannot be expressed by words, may be declared by Signs. Seeing then sole Consent is sufficient; and seeing they which be Dumb and cannot speak, may lawfully contract Matrimony by Signs, which Marriage is lawful and available, not only before God, but also before his Church, it followeth that words are not so precisely necessary, as without the which Matrimony cannot be contracted; and this Conclusion is most commonly received of all, or the most later Writers 
(h) Hostiens. Ant. de Butr. Cardinal. & Panor. in c. Tuae de Spons. extra. Socin. Jun. cons. 29. n. 3. vol. 2. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secu●●… part c. 4. n. 1. Soarez. Thesaur. come. op. verb. Matrimonium n. 87. & & Vivius eodem libro. & eod. verb. Cagnol. de Reg. Jur. ff. n. 5. Sed-prae caeteris doctissimè & elegantissimè Nichol. Boer. consil. 45. qui nihil intactum reliquit, quòd pro hujusce opinionis clypeo facere videatur, aliósque pro hac parte consuleun' diligentissimè signavit: Ad hunc igitur tanquam ad uberrimum fontem, si opus fuerit pro explendo tuae Siti, recurrere velis, moneo. .  
2. To the former Text, which saith (as concerning the Church) words be necessary, etc. Divers answer diversely: Some, that by this word [necessaria], is meant [utilia 
(i) Cardinal. Zabarel. in c. Tuae de Sponsal. extra. ] profitable: Others that by the word [verba] is also understood [Signa 
(k) Prior. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. q. 7. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. n. 1. Intellige tamen, Si modo signa sint Equipollentia sive Consensum exprimentia.  Signs]: Others that words be necessary indeed, yet not for the form or essence of Matrimony, but for a more certain or readier proof thereof 
(l) Imol. in rep. de c. Tuae. col. 7. Panor. eod c. in fin. Boer. consil. 40. n. 25. Praepos. in c. Simo Rector. distinct. 43. quem videas. ; and others yield other Answers thereunto 
(m) Panor. & alij in c. Tuae in fin. Dicontesque hic non statuitur jus novum, sed respondetur à consulto Q. propositae, consultus enim qualiter, num verba requirantur ad Matrimonium? respondet, Quod solus Consensus requiritur, assignans rationem, nempe, quòd, mutus recte contrahit Matrimonium, Ergo verba non sunt necessaria; nec obstat quod Ecclesia non potest certificari aliter quam per verba, Quia Immò potest Certificari tam factis, quam verbis, Inquit. Praepos. in d c. Simo Rector. distinc. 43. : But none of these Answers can satisfy the Authors of the first Opinion, who albeit, that they cannot but grant, that such Persons as cannot speak, may contract Spousals or Matrimony by Signs, expressing their Consents 
(n) c. Cum apud. de Sponsal extra. ; yet will they not at any hand yield that such as can speak may contract Matrimony or Spousals by Signs only 
(o) Debile refugium: Nam si mutus potest contrahere matrim. multo magis ille qui loqui potest Arg l. nutu de leg. 3. ff. ; And for Confirmation thereof, they do accumulate many Reasons 
(p) Vide Praepos. in d. c. Tuae. ubi producit 16 argumenta. , which because they be more tedious than forceable, I willingly omit, Replying with this only Argument, viz. If words be of the essence or substantial Form of Matrimony, Then cannot such, as cannot speak, contract Matrimony 
(q) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte c. 4. in princ. : But Dumb Persons may (even by their own Confession), and therefore are not words of the essence of Matrimony 
(s) Covar. ubi supra Nichol. Boer. consil. 40. n. 24. .  
3. There is yet a third Opinion, defended by divers, who labouring studiously to reconcile the two former Opinions, have devised this distinction, (viz.) That in case any treatise of Spousals or Matrimony did go before, than Signs alone without words be sufficient: But if there be no such precedent treatise, then sole Signs are not sufficient 
(t) Jo. And. in c. Tuae de Sponsal. extra. Archid. in c. si Rector. distinct. 43. in fin. Henr. Bo. c. n d. c. Tuae. . But this third Opinion is not altogether sound 
(u) Panor. in c. Tuae de Sponsal. extra n. 2. Boer. consil. 40. n. 18. cum. Seqq. ; for though the former part thereof be true, that is to say, that Signs be sufficient, where there is a treatise precedent, yet is not the second part able to withstand the Canon Shot, I mean the Reasons of the Canon, whereby the first Opinion is overthrown, but must needs also fall and be battered with the same Bullet 
(x) Nempe quia verba non sunt de formâ essentiali Matrimonij, idcirco nec opus est, ut praecedant verba, si modo aliter. per signa constare possit de mutuo contrahentium Consensu. . Indeed it is true, that if the one Party express his or her Consent by words, the other by Signs, this Contract is of no less force, than if they had both uttered their Consents by the same words 
(y) Henr. Boic. in c. Tuae de Spons. extra. col. 2. Clavas. in Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium el. 2. q. 4. in fin. lib. 2. Consil. Matr. consil. 34. n. 5. Menoch. Tract. de Praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 2. Prior. verb. Matr. el. 2. q. 8. : As for example, the Man saith to the Woman [I do promise that I will Marry thee, and if thou wilt Marry me, then kiss me or give me, thy hand], or thus, [The Man saith, I take thee for my Wife, desiring if thou accept me for 
(r) Gloss. & Inno. in d c. Tuae & d. c. cum apud. de Spons. extra.  thy Husband, to receive this Ring, or to pledge me in a Cup of Wine; In the former of which Cases the Woman kissing or giving her Hand accordingly, Spousals are Contracted; And in the Second Case receiving the Ring or pledging him, Matrimony is as sufficiently contracted, as if she had expressed her Consent, by the same words, or others of the like importance 
(z) Boic. Clavas. Prior. & Menoch. ubi supra Lapus Alleg. 57 d. consil. 34. n. 5. lib. 2. consil. matr. : Likewise albeit neither of the Parties express any words at all, but some third person recite the words of the Contract, willing them if they be therewith content, to join their hands together, or to embrace each other; the Parties so doing, the Contract is of like Efficacy, as if they themselves had mutually expressed the words before recited by that third Person 
(a) Panor. in c. 1. de Matrimonio contrah. interred. Ecclesiae. n. 2. & ibi Praepos. Boic. in d.c. Tuae de Spons. extra. Clavas. verb. Matr. el. 2. q. 4, & 5. Summa Hostiens. in Rub. de Matrimonijs. §. qualiter paulò post princ. facit. Imol. in c. tenor. de Re. Jud. extra. .  
Nevertheless this is not all, for not only then when the one Party useth words, and the other Signs; or when a third Person uttering the words, both the Parties use Signs of Consent, is the Contract good, according to the former branch of the aforesaid distinction: But even there also, where no words at all be uttered, neither by the Parties, nor by any third Person, may Spousals or Matrimony be contracted by Signs only, (so that the same be Significant) contrary to the second Member of the same distinction, because it is a common Rule of Law, Ex Equipollentibus utrum fiat nihil interest 
(b) L. fidei commissa. §. Si Cui. de leg. 3. ff. & Bar. in Eund. §. , Of things equally forceable, it skilleth not whether be done; Which Conclusion is especially true in these Cases, where a precise and essential form is not prescribed 
(c) Gloss. in clem. 1. in verb. tertio. de vita & hon. Clericorum Bar. in L. non sunt liberi. ff. de Stat. hom. Tiraquel. de retract. Ligniagier. §. 1. Gloss. xxi. n. 11. , as in this, for if words were presscribed for such a form, than could not such as cannot speak contract Matrimony, or Spousals 
(d) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. in princ. Boer. consil. 40. n. 27. Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. q. 4. , as is aforesaid; Which thing because they may undoubtedly do 
(e) c. apud. Sedem de Sponsal. extra. , It followeth that deeds are equivalent to words 
(f) Clavas. in Summa Angel. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. q. 4. Hostiens. in c. Tuae de Sponsal. extra. , so that the same be Significant, expressing the mutual Consent of either Party 
(g) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. in princ. Silvester. Prior. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. q. 7, & 8. Praepos. in c. Si. Rector. distinc. 43. .  
5. By what kind of words Spousals or Matrimony may be Contracted, is elsewhere declared at full 
(h) Supra. ead. parte. Paragraphis. 10, & 11. ; Now than it remaineth, that we speak of such Signs, whereby Spousals or Matrimony is contracted; And forasmuch as Subarration, that is the giving and receiving of a Ring, is a Sign of all others, most usual in Spousals and Matrimonial Contracts 
(i) DD. in L. ultim. de Despons. impub. extra. , I think it requisite to speak of it, before all other Signs; the rather because the Writers upon this Sign have diligently described unto us, what Persons did first devise the same, and to what end; and what was the matter, and what the form thereof, on which Finger it ought to be worn, and what is the Signification of each of those Circumstances, with divers other Observations which I will briefly run over.  
6. The first Inventor of the Ring (as is reported) 
(k) Alberic. de Rosa. in suo Dictionar. in verb. Annulus. Corsetus in suoc Repertorio, in Lecturas Panoreod. verb. Annulus. , was one Prometheus; The Workman which made it was Tubal-Cain 
(l) ibidem. , of whom there is mention in the fourth of Genesis, that he wrought cunningly in every Craft of Brass and Iron 
(m) vers. 22. : And Tubal-Cain by the Counsel of our first Parent Adam (as my Author telleth me) 
(n) Alberic. & Corsetus ubi supra. , gave it unto his Son to this end, that therewith he should espouse a Wife, like as Abraham delivered unto his Servant Bracelets and Earrings of Gold, which he gave to Rebecca, when he chose her to be isaack's Wife, as we may read in the same Book of Genesis 
(o) c. 24. versic. 22. . But the first Ring was not of Gold, but of Iron, adorned with an Adamant 
(p) Nevizanus in Silua nuptial. lib. 3. in princ. n. 13. Alberic. & Corsetus ubi supra, Ille in Dictienario, hic in Repertorio, uterque in verb. Annulus, Alex. ab. Alex. de die genial. lib. 2. c. 19 pag. 229. , the Metal hard and durable, signifying the continuance and perpetuity of the Contract 
(q) Corsetus d. verb. Annulus. ; the virtuous Adamant drawing the Iron unto it, signifying the perfect unity and indissoluble Conjunction of their minds, in true and faithful love 
(r) unde antiquum Carmen, Ut ferrum Magnes, sic ad se nos trahit Agnes. ; Howbeit, it skilleth not at this day, what Metal the Ring be; The form of the Ring being circular, that is, round, and without end, importeth thus much, that their mutual love and hearty affection should roundly flow from the one to the other, as in a Circle, and that continually, and for ever 
(s) c. foeminae. 30. q. 5. Anto. Gubertus. de Sponsal. fol. 30. n. 14. Nevizanus d. lib. 3. n. 13. ; The Finger on which this Ring is to be worn is the fourth Finger of the left hand 
(t) d. c. foeminae. Nevizanus & Gubertus ubi supra. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. secunda. parte. c. 4. in princ. n. ibidem 3. , next unto the little Finger; because by the received Opinion of the Learned and Experienced in Ripping up, and anatomising men's Bodies 
(u) Appion. in libris Aegiptiacis. Aulus Gellius lib. etc. 10. Polidor. Virgil. de Invent. lib. 2. c. 21. Plin. lib. 33. c. 1. , there is a Vein of Blood which passeth from that fourth Finger unto the Heart, called Vena amoris, Love's Vein 
(x) c. foeminae 30. q. 5. in fin. Alex. de die genial. lib. 2. c. 19 fol. 229. Kling. de Causis Matrimonial. fol. 70. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 2. part. c. 4. n. 3. . And so the wearing of the Ring on that Finger signifieth, that the love should not be vain or feigned, but that as they did give their Hands each to other, so likewise they should give their Hearts also, whereunto that Vein is extended 
(y) d. c. foeminae. cum gloss. ibidem Kling. & Nevizanus. ubi supra. Praepos. in c ultim. de despons. nup. n. 4. . Furthermore I do observe, that in former Ages it was not tolerated to single or unmarried Persons to wear Rings, unless they were Judges, Doctors, or Senators, or such like honourable Persons 
(z) Alex. ab. Alex. de die genial. lib. 2. c. 19 DD. in c. pen. de vitâ & hon. cler. extra. : So that being destitute of such Dignity, it was a note of Vanity, Lasciviousness, and Pride for them to presume to wear a Ring 
(a) Hostiens. & alij in d.c. pen. Lindewood in.c. exterior de vita & hon. cler. lib. 3. provinc. const. Cant. , whereby we may collect how greatly they did honour and reverence the Sacred Estate of Wedlock in times past, in permitting the Parties affianced to be adorned with the honourable Ornament of the Ring: As also the Vanity, Lasciviousness, and intollerarable Pride of these our days, wherein every skipping Jack, and every flirting Jill, must not only be ringed (forsooth) very daintily, but must have some special Jewel or Favour besides, as though they were descended of some noble House or Parentage, when as all their Houses and whole Patrimony is not worth the Ninth part of a Noble; or else, as if they were betrothed or assured in the holy Band of Wedlock, when as indeed, there is no manner of Contract betwixt them, unless peradventure it be such a Contract as Judah made with Thamar, that was, that he should lie with her, which bargain he concluded by delivering her a Ring, and afterwards performed the same by committing Filthiness with her, and begetting her with Child 
(b) Genes. ●. 38. .  
7. But let these things pass: Come we to the other Observations, and consider, Whether this Subarration be a sufficient sign or proof of Matrimony or Spousals? Wherein we are first of all to regard, Whether any words of Matrimony or Spousals were uttered at the delivery of the Ring, yea or no? If any words were uttered, the delivery and acceptance of the Ring is no more but a Confirmation of such a Contract as those words do import 
(c) Panor. in c. ultim. de despons. impub. extra. n. 7. & ibi Praepos. n. 4. Lapus allegat. 57 Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 2. n. 2. ; that is to say, if the words did import Matrimony, the Ring confirmeth Matrimony, and if the words did import Spousals only, the Ring betokeneth no more but bare Spousals 
(d) Panor. & Praepos. ubi supra. Hostiens. in Tit. de Sponsal. §. quot sunt species. August. Beronus q. 6. n. 5. Menoch. ubi supra. ; and that not only when the Ring is delivered at the same time of speaking the words, but at any time after 
(e) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. prima parte, c. 4. §. 2. n. 2. Innoc. & communiter alii in c. ultim. de despons. impub. contra Praepos. ibidem. ; and if it be doubtful, whether the words import Matrimony or Spousals, it is to be judged Matrimony 
(f) Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 2. n. 12. Caepol. lib. 1. Consil. civil. n. 14. Berous q. 6. n. 6. circa medium. Praepos. in c. ultim. de despons. impub. n. 4. : If also no words were uttered at or before the delivery or acceptance of the Ring, than we are to respect whether it were delivered in sport, or in earnest? If in jest, it doth not betoken either Matrimony or Spousals 
(g) Henr. Boic. & Card. in c. ultim. de despons. impub. extra c. illud. 15. q 1. L. obligationum substantia. §. 1. ad fin. ff. In dubio tamen non censctur quis jocosè agere. Praepos. in d. c. ultim. in fin. : If in earnest, than the manner of delivery and acceptance thereof, is to be regarded; for if it were not delivered in solemn manner (as if he did not put it on her fourth Finger, but gave it her otherwise into her hands) it doth not signify Matrimony 
(h) Panor. in c. Illud de praesump. n. 12. extra. Praepos. in c. ultim. de despons. impub. extra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. n. 3. in princ. Maschard. de probat. conclus. 1023. in fin. Berous q. 60 in fin. , no more than when a Man sendeth a Ring to a Woman by a Messenger, which is understood to be a Gift or Token of good will, and not a sign of Matrimony or Spousals 
(i) Paris. Consil. 55. n. 44. & consil. 60. n. 50. vol. 4. Zas. cons. 4. n. 31. vol. 2. . And albeit by the Opinion of some it may seem, that the Ring being delivered by the Party himself into the Woman's hand, without putting the same on her Finger, Spousals are thereby presumed to be contracted betwixt them 
(k) Menoch. de praesum p. lib. 3. praef. 2. n. 10. Innoc. in c. Tuae. de Spons. extra. Lucas de penna. in L. 1. c. si Libertas. L. 10. Quibus accedere videtur Praepos. in c. ultim. de despons. impub. n. 4. & Galea Malvet. in consil. matrimonial. cons. ibidem 83. n. 21. ; yet dare not I deliver this Conclusion for current, as well because in this Case, it seemeth rather a Gift or an Argument only of friendly good will, than an earnest penny of Spousals 
(l) Paris. cons. 55. n. 44. & consil. 6. n. 50. Zas. consil. 4. n. 31. vol. 2. Anto. Gubert. Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 29. in princ. Panor. in c. Illud. de praesump. n. 12. extra. Praepos. in c. ultim. de despons. impub. extra. in fin. Berous. q. 6. in fin. : As also, for that by this means, as by a Bait, many simple Maids might easily be hooked,  they were advised, and so contracted before they consented; a matter no less unreasonable than unlawful 
(m) c. cum locum de Sponsal. extra. L. nuptias. de Reg. Jur. ff. .  
8. If the Ring be delivered in solemn Form, and put on the Woman's fourth Finger, by the Party himself, and she willingly, not only accept the same, but wear it accordingly; In this Case, by the Opinion of sundry Ancient and Reverend Writers, it is to be presumed for Matrimony 
(n) Anto. de Butr. in c. ultim. de despons. impub. & ibi Praepos. nu. 4. & Panor. in c. Illud de praesump. extra. n. 12. quem Felinus cod. c. sequurus refert quod Panor. perfect loquitur Aretin consil. 13. ; whose Opinion the rather may seem to be received, because by the general Custom of this Realm, and by the Form prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer, the Man is to give unto the Woman a Ring, and to put it on upon her said Finger at the time of their Marriage 
(o) Lib. publs. orat. in Ecclesiâ Angl. ibi de formâ Solemnizationis Matrimonij. : For in case there were not any such Custom proved, yet by reason of the said solemn Subarration, Matrimony is presumed to be contracted betwixt them 
(p) Panor. in d. c. illud. n. 12. Praepos. in d. c. ultim. de despons. impub. n. 4. & Anto. de Butr. ibidem. Arctin. consil. , (if this former Opinion be true) much more than when as the Custom of the Country is answerable thereunto 
(q) Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 2. n 9 in fin. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte, c. 4. in princ. n. 3. in fin. Panor. in c. ultim. de despons. impub. extra. Paris. consil. 55. vol 4. n. 43. Zas. consil. 4. vol. 2 n. 31. ; howbeit when there is not any such Custom, than I fear the former Opinion is scarce sound (unless some Speech or Treatise of Matrimony had gone before) not only because it is encountered by common Opinion 
(r) Cardinal. in c. ultim. de despons. Imp. extra. Lapus Alleg. 57 Zas. cons. 4. n. 31. vol. 2. Maschardus Tract. de probat. conclus. 1023. u. 2. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. n. 3. Paris. consil. 55. vol. 4. n. 43. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 9 , but also for that certain of the chief of them, which did defend the former Opinion, do afterwards upon better advisement seem to shrink from it, and cleave to the contrary 
(s) Panor. qui (in c. illud. d. praesump.) Scriptum reliquit, quod non probatâ consuetudine, Annulo per virum posito in mulieris digito, praesumitur matrimonium; At postea (viz. in c. ultim. de despons. impub.) scripsit quod si nec verba intercesserunt, nec appareat de consuetudine, non judicatur pro matrimonio ex immissione Annuli; Idem ferè dicend' de Praeposito. in d. c. ultim. : And therefore, whereas I have alleged that the Solemnity of the Ring is usually observed within this Realm at Marriages, forasmuch, as that is true indeed, when as the Marriage is celebrated in the face of the Church, according to the Book of Common Prayer, but not at the contracting of Spousals, albeit the praesenti, for aught I can learn: Therefore the former Opinion is not the rather to be received by that Allegation, unless the Custom be otherwise proved, which being proved accordingly, than I esteem it a Case free from all dangerous Contradiction, that by the Solemn delivery and acceptance of the Ring, in form aforesaid, the Parties are thereby presumed to have mutually consented to be Man and Wife, and so to have contracted Matrimony, albeit they used not any words, nor had any former Treatise sounding of Marriage 
(t) Panor. in c. ultim. de despons. impub. extra. n. 7. vers. aut constat de consuetudine, etc. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. secunda parte. c. 4. n. 3. ibi, vel quando est consuetudine inductum. Cardinal. in d.c. ultim. q. 1. ibi. Sed de consuetudine Paris. consil. 55. n. 43. vol. 4. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 6. Zas. consil. 4. n. 31. vol. 2. . Thus much of Subarration, the first and principal sign of Matrimony; of the other signs, namely, of Traduction, of Cohabitation, and of Entreating each other as Man and Wife, etc. then shall we speak more fully when we entreat by what means Matrimony may be proved.   

SECT. XVI. Of Spousals confirmed by Oath.  
1. SIxthly, Spousals be sometimes contracted without an Oath, and sometimes they are contracted with Confirmation of an Oath 
(a) Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Spons. §. quot sunt. Melchior. Kling. Tract. de Caus. Matrimonial. fol. 2. c. 2. etc. requisivit de Sponsal. extra. ; The former of them are called unsworn Spousals, of which kind are all those whereof hitherto we have discoursed; The other be termed [jurata Sponsalia 
(b) DD. in c. 2. etc. requisivit de Sponsal. extra. Kling. de Causis. Matrimonial. fol. 2.  Sworn Spousals], concerning the which I find divers Questions handled.  
2. First, whether these Spousals may be dissolved by the mutual Consent of both the Parties, notwithstanding their Oaths: Wherein, to be brief, It is flatly resolved that they may 
(c) c. praeterea. §. Si autem de Sponsal. extra. ; So that if a Man and a Woman do swear that they will Marry each other, yet is it in their power, by mutual Consent to release the Oath, and to dissolve this Contract 
(d) Pan. Praepos. & DD. in d. c. praeterea. Covar. tract. de Spon. sal. 1. part. c. 5. in princ. Kling. tract. de cause. Matrimonial. fol. 2. .  
3. Against this decision it is ordinarily objected, That albeit the Parties have Authority peradventure, to dissolve the Contract, being no more but Spousals de futuro 
(e) L. nihil tam naturale. de Reg. Jur. ff. d. c. praeterea de Sponsal. extra. ; Yet it is not in their Power or Authority to violate their Oaths, no more than it is within the Compass of their Commission to Sin, and to take the name of the Lord our God in vain 
(f) Arg. c. vinc. 32. q. ultima. : And therefore they are by all means and ways to be induced to the Observation of their Oath 
(g) c. 2. de Sponsal. extra. .  
4. To this Objection it is diversely answered; some do think that the Parties do sin herein 
(h) haec est opinio vulgi Inquit Panor. in d. c. praeterea n. 5. At qui eand. op. tenuit Hugo ut refert. Felin. eod c.n. 16. ; but yet, lest a greater mischief should follow 
(i) d.c. praeterea. ibi ne forte deterius inde contingat, etc. , and lest their Sin should more and more increase, and still grow greater by daily disagreement, in case they were compelled to marry against their Wills; they are tolerated to departed 
(k) Unde existimarunt Quidam, dissolvi posse quidem Sponsalia jurata dissensu mutuo, non tamen ex ipsa dispositione Juris communis, sed ex quadam dispositione comparatiuâ; quasi sine peccato id fieri non potuit, sed tollcrante Ecclesia ad evitand' majus malum, quae tamen opinio, magis communiter reprobatur. Quorsum enim inducta fuisset similitudo dissolvendae Societatis juratae, Si non mero Jure remittatur Juramentum, vide Panor & Praepos. in d. c. praeterea. : Others say that the Parties do not Sin in this Case 
(l) Henr. Boic. Panor. Praepos. & alij, post Innocent. in d. c. praeterea. de Sponsal. ; But that as an unlawful Oath may lawfully be broken 
(m) c. 1. cum sequen. 22. q. 4. c. non est obligatorium. de Reg. Jur. 6. c. Si vero. de Jure jur. extra. ; So that Oath, which is made for another Man's benefit, being willingly by him remitted, may thereupon be unperformed 
(n) Panor. post. Inno. in d. c. praeterea. n. 6. & Praepos. post. Jo. Andr. & alios in d. c. n. 7. & Felin. n. 13. & n. 33. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. prima parte. c. 5. in princ. ibi, ac si homo, etc. , without violation, aswell of God's Law, as of Man's Law: As for Example, a Man promiseth and confirmeth it with an Oath, to pay unto thee x l. at Easter next, before which day thou dost forgive him the Debt; In this case, it is concluded without Contradiction, that he may without breach of Law, or touch of Conscience, not pay the x l. 
(o) Melchior. Kling. Tract. de Causis Matrimonial. fol. 2. in fin. & fol. 3. in princ. Henr. Boic in c. 1. c. praeterea. de Spons extra. col. r. in fin. versic. aut non tenentur, etc. Praepos. cod. in c. n. 5. . And so they do not distinguish betwixt lawful and unlawful Oaths; but they make a difference betwixt lawful Oaths, For of these say they, some are made for God's Cause 
(p) Henr. Boic. Panor. & Praepos. in d. c. praeterea. de Spons. extra. ; as for the advancement of Religion 
(q) veluti Ecclesiam edificare, avasdam orationes dicere, etc. , or amendment of Man's Life 
(r) Ut Adulteram abjuraret. c. cum haberet de co. q. dux. in matr. ; and some are made for Man's Cause 
(s) DD. in d. c. praeterea , as in the former Example; In the one Almighty God is said to be a Party, in the other a Witness 
(t) ibidem. ; Now, not to observe that Oath wherein the Almighty is a Party, it is plainly confessed by each Party to be a Sin 
(u) DD. ubi supra. c. vinc. 32. q. ult. c. quod Deo. 33. q. 5. : And therefore it is generally holden, that if a Man in respect of piety and Godly Devotion, swear that he will Marry such a poor Woman, and so contract Spousals with her, he cannot afterwards dissolve this Contract, though she would also consent thereunto 
(x) Praepos. in d. c. praeterea. n. 8. & Panor. ibidem in fin. : But not to perform the Oath whereunto God is a Witness only, when it is remitted by the Party, in whose only favour and sole benefit it was made, is no Sin, say they 
(y) Henr. Boic. in d. c. & ibi Panor. Anto praepos. And. & alij. ; and so when a Man and a Woman, not of Religion, but of affection, do swear, that they will marry together, the Oath being mutually remitted, the Contract may very well be not performed 
(z) DD. in d. c. praeterea. : Marry, whether this be good Divinity or not, I know not; For there be divers Cases delivered in Law wherein this Rule [Jusjurandum serva] may be broken, for which there is but little Warrant out of God's Word; And therefore I refer this Question to the determination of the Godly and Learned Divines: But howsoever the Case may seem to stand clear in respect of the Laws, either Humane or Divine, forasmuch as it needs must be scandalous to the Church and Congregation, that a Christian Man, and a Christian Woman, having sworn to marry together, should not perform their Vows in so serious a Cause, and so Godly an Action 
(a) Vide Gloss. final. in c. praeterea. de Sponsal. extra. , the Parties are by all means to be urged to the performance of this their Oath and promise 
(b) c. ex literis. el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. ; But if they will not be admonished, but do obstinately resist 
(c) d. c. praeterea §. Si autem. , than indeed, lest a worse thing should betid them, by reason of their mutual hatred, the Law doth permit them to departed, and dissolve the Contract 
(d) d. c. praeterea in fin. .  
5. But what if the one of the Parties contracted in manner aforesaid be willing, and the other unwilling, whether doth the single dissent of the one Party dissolve the Contract, or whether is the dissenting Party to be compelled to marry the other willing Party? To the former part of the question, it is generally concluded by all Interpreters, as well of the Civil, as of the Canon Law; That it is not in the power of either Party alone, without the Consent of the other to renounce or dissolve the Spousals confirmed with an Oath 
(e) Legiftae in I. 1. C de Sponsal. Canonistae in c. requisiv it de Sponsal. extra. : Indeed if the Spousals were not contracted with confirmation of an Oath, by the Civil Law, either Party might renounce such unsworn Spousals; and afterwards marry elsewhere, without any danger or fear of punishment 
(f) L. 1. de Sponsal. & Arris. C. & Sishardus ibidem. ●. ●. tamen patitur poenam arrarum. L. ultim. eod. : Because Spousals are not Matrimony, but a preamble or preparation thereunto 
(g) Sichard. in L. 1. de Spons. C. n. 6. ; and the Civilians do think that the Canon Law is not contrary to the Civil Law in this point 
(h) Gloss. Cyn. & Sichard. in d. L. 1. ; howbeit the Canonists for the most part are of another Opinion 
(i) Panor. in c. requisivit. de Spons extra. n. 6. Nic. Everard. consil. 178. n. 7. ubi refert quod licet Sponsalia non sunt jurata, tamen ad illorum Solemnizationem & observationem, Sponsa ab initio voluntaria, & postea renitens, & invita compelli potest nisi urgentissima Causa supervenerit vel subsit, & quod ita tenent communiter DD. , because by their Law, Ex nudo pacto oritur Actio 
(k) c. 1. de pactis extra. & ibi DD. Panor. in c. requisivit. de Spons. n. 6. verse. In contrarium, etc. & in c. ex literis el. 2. n. 3. Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Sponsal. §. quis sit. effectus. n. 9 ; And therefore they conclude that the one espoused Party, cannot renounce the Spousals or dissolve the Contract, albeit unsworn 
(l) Panor. in d. c. requisivit. Everard. consil. 178. n. 7. , without the Consent of the other 
(m) Vide Henr. Boi. in c. requisivit. de Spons. extra. & Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. n. 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6. ; Indeed this is a clear Case, even by the Canon Law, that if the one espoused Party do (as they term it) de facto contract perfect Matrimony with some other Person, the second Contract prevaileth, albeit, the Spousals had been confirmed with an Oath 
(n) c. sicut. etc. si inter de Sponsal. extra. , otherwise not: For the second part of the question, at least, without just and urgent Cause 
(o) Everard. d. cons. 178. quod videto. Covar. tract. de Spons. 1. part c. 4. n. 2, 3, etc. , whether the unwilling Party may be compelled to marry the other, willing according to their mutual promise, confirmed by Oath; There be two several Texts, which at the first sight seem contrary the one to the other, The former affirming that the unwilling Party may be compelled 
(p) c. ex literis. cl. 2. de Sponsal. extra. , the second pronouncing that the Party is rather to be admonished 
(q) c. requisivir. de Spons. extra. ; For the reconciliation of which two places divers distinctions have been devised 
(r) Gloss. & DD. in d. c. ex literis. . First, that the former Text is true by the rigour of the Law; the second by the mercy and equity thereof 
(s) Gloss. in d. c. ex literis. verb. compellas. in princ. Arg. c. praetera eod. Tit. ne, viz. deterius inde contingat. . Next, that the former Text proceedeth not simply, but conditionally; and that the second Text hath place, if otherwise the Party cannot be made willing 
(t) d. gloss. arg. c. Vides 23. q. . Thirdly, that the former Text proceedeth simply, and that the Party is to be compelled precisely by reason of the Oath 
(u) Praealleg. gloss. Arg. c. Sacerdotes etc. Ecce Crimina. 24. q. 3. ; and that the later Text is thus to be expounded, the word [potius, rather] is to be turned into [prius, first] 
(x) d. gloss. in fin. ; and so where it is there said, that the Party is rather to be monished than compelled, the Sense is, the party is first to be monished, and then compelled 
(y) praeall. gloss. quam sequitur Gubertus ●ostanus, Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 32. n. 5. ; thus they go about to reconcile the two places: But the true and common approved reconciliation is this; either there is just Cause of refusal, or not 
(z) Henr. Boic. in c. requisivit. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. n. 4. Praepos. in c. ex literis. cl. 2. eod. n. 8. quam distinctionem DD. commumter probant, ut per Praepos. ibidem. ; if there be just Cause already ministered, as if the other party have committed Fornication 
(a) Praepos. in c. ex literis. el. 2. n. 8. , or be stricken with Leprosy, Palsy, or some notable deformity 
(b) Vide Melchior. Kling. Tract. de cause. Matrimonial. fol. 5. in fin. , or that some impediment have happened 
(c) Puta Consanguinitatis, vel affinitatis, etc. gloss. in d. c. ex literis. verb. rationabilis Causa. , for the which Spousals may be dissolved (whereof hereafter), In this Case the Party may be monished, but not compelled to the Observation of his Oath 
(d) Henr. Boic. Panor. & Praepos. ac communiter DD. in c. requisivit. etc. ex literis. de Sponsal. extra. : For in every promise and Action, a just and reasonable Cause is still excepted 
(e) Henr. Boic. in d. c. requisivit. Kirkhov. in lib. 2. consil. Matrimonial. consil. ibidem. 27. n. 23. , being a secret Condition evermore understood, though never expressed: If there be not just Cause precedent, than the unwilling Party is to be admonished; and if he yet obstinately refuse, he 
(f) Tacitarum Conditionum varia Exempla, vide apud Olden. in Topicis legal. Loco ab auctoriate fol. 105, 106.  is to be compelled by the Censures Ecclesiastical to Solemnize the Matrimony, by him before promised and Sworn 
(g) Praepos. in d. c. ex literis. de Sponsal. extra. n. 8. & ibi Panor. n. 5. & in c. de illis. de despons. impub. n. 6. Idem Panor. Consil. 48. vol. 1. ; nor is he or she so refusing, to be absolved, unless there be just Cause of fear of future mischief, and greater danger like to ensue such hateful Conjunction (as Murders, Adulteries, and such sad and tragical events) left to the sound discretion of the. Wise and just Judge, by him to be uprightly weighed and indifferently balanced 
(h) Henr. Poic. in c. requisivit. de Sponsal. extra. col. 1. vers. aut sive Panor. cod. c. n. 4. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 1. part c. 4. n. 5. Sichard. in L. 1. C. de Spons. n. 11, 12, & 13. ; For in this Case the Judge is to abstain from further Compulsion, and to absolve the desperate Person 
(i) Etiam non petenti impendenda est absolutio emnino pertinaci. Ita Praepos. post. Jo. And in c. ex literis. el. 2. in fin. de Spons. extra. alioq viilla poena quae medicinalis dicitur, non ad constructionem sed ad distructionem adhiberetur. Boic. in d. c. requisivit , lest that which is feared, come to pass to both their destructions, and public Scandal of the Church 
(k) Boic & communiter DD. in d. c. requisivit. Covar. tract. de spons. 1. part. c. 4. n. 5. .  
6. The third Question is this, What if a Man do [swear that he will Marry such a Woman] which Woman is absent then, and ignorant of his Oath, but afterwards being certified thereof, doth ratify and confirm the same, which done, the Man and the Woman do lie together, whether is this Matrimony or no?  
It is answered that it is 
(l) Praepos. in c. ex literis. el. 2. de Despons. extra. n. 4. vers. sed opportune, etc. , because by the presumption of Law Spousals are translated into Matrimony, by carnal Copulation 
(m) c. is qui fidem de Sponfal. extra. ; howbeit the aforesaid Conclusion is then understood to be true, in Case the Man did continue and persevere in the same mind, until the Woman did also consent, without repentance, or revocation in the mean time, otherwise not 
(n) Praepos. ubi supra. ; as heretofore hath been disputed at large.  
7. The last Question shall be this, a Man doth promise and swear unto the three Daughters of such a Person, that he will Marry one of them, wherewith they are content; Afterwards he lieth with one of them, whether are these two hereby made Man and Wife, yea, or no? It may seem they are not, because they had not contracted Spousals before they did lie together 
(o) Gloss. in c. ex literis. el. 2. de Spons. & Inno ibidem ; And that appeareth by this, Until that time it was in his choice to have married any one of all the three Daughters whomsoever; seeing then he might lawfully have married any one of all the three, it followeth that he had not contracted Spousals, otherwise he could not have married any one of them whom he would; wherefore no Spousals being first contracted 
(q) Nimirum prepter publicae honestatis Justiciae impedimentum c. 1. de Sponsal. in Sext. , no Matrimony can follow, by their only lying together, or knowing each other carnally 
(r) Gloss. in d. c. ex. literis. quam sequuntur Inno. Anto. Henr. & Praepos. .  
8. Nevertheless, by the common Opinion, the Law presumeth Matrimony to be contracted betwixt the said Parties in this Case 
(s) Hostiens. & Panor. in d. c. ex literis. Silvestr. Prior. verb. Matrimonium el. 2. q. 11. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. §. 1. n. 17. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praesump. 1. n. 13. quorum high duo testificantur hanc opinionem esse communem. ; for seeing he was bound to marry one of them three 
(t) Nam cum licitum sit Juramentum, tenetur illud implere, Saltem ex officio Judicis, licet aliquam dictarum mulierum nondum cognovisset. c. Si verò, de Jurejur. extra. Henr. Boic. in d. c. ex literis, Innotentur ex vi promissionis, unam ex illis ducere in uxorem. Covar. ubi supra. , he is presumed to have made choice of her for his Wife, with whom he had to do, as with his Wife 
(u) Hostiens. & Panor. in d. c. ex literis. Covar. & Menoch. ubi supra. ; for if a Man contract Spousals conditionally with a Woman, these are uncertain Spousals, so long as the Condition is in suspense; and yet nevertheless, if in the mean time he have access to her, as to his Wife, these doubtful Spousals do thereby pass into Matrimony 
(x) Covar. tract. de Sponsal. infra. parte. c. 4. §. 1. n. 17. in fin. per c. super co. etc. per tuas de condic. appos. extra. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 14. ; and so in the question proposed, albeit the Spousals be uncertain, yet their lying together doth make the same uncertain Spousals, to become Matrimony, aswell as in the former Case 
(y) Covar. & Menoch. in locis praealleg. .  
9 Again, that favourable Presumption is to be preferred in all doubtful Cases, whereby Sin and Wickedness may be avoided 
(z) Panor, in d. c. ex literis el. 2. n. 7. de Sponsal. c. Estote de Reg. jur. extra. : Now to presume that these two Persons had any other purpose in dealing together, than that which is agreeable to the Office and Duty of Husband and Wife, were to presume both Adultery and Perjury 
(a) Panor. ubi supra. ; and therefore this sinful Presumption is to be rejected, and the contrary received 
(b) Ibidem. : Where it is said on the other side, that there was not any precedent Contract of Spousals betwixt them two, and therefore no subsequent Matrimony to be presumed, by reason of their lying together; The Antecedent is to be denied 
(c) Covar. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. §. 1. n. 17. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 14. : For seeing by his promise and Oath he was bound to marry one of them three 
(d) Covar. & Menoch. in locis praed. , Certain it is, that he for his part had contracted Spousals, though uncertain; and on the other side the three Sisters they are likewise deemed every one of them to have consented, that she should be his Wife, whom he would choose 
(e) Hostiens. in c. ex literis. el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. & Praepos. ibidem. n. 6. . So that for their parts, there is also Spousals contracted, and so on both parts, though as yet uncertain; Which uncertain Spousals become Matrimony by carnal Copulation 
(f) c. super eo. etc. per tuas. de Spons. extra. , as is aforesaid. If any do reply, that he could not contract Spousals with three Sisters; True it is, that he cannot contract Spousals with three Women at once, (as I promise to marry you three) neither yet with three Sisters at several times; for being first espoused to one of them, by the Canon Law, he is forbidden to contract Spousals with any of the rest; albeit, the first contract were void 
(h) d. c. primo. in princ. , by reason of the impediment of the Justice of public honesty, whereof elsewhere: But if he promise to marry one of them three only, whom he shall choose, and they agree thereunto, this Contract is not unlawful 
(i) Hostiens. & DD. communiter in. c. ex literis. el. 2. de Sponfal. extra. , for here each of them is presumed to consent conditionally, if he shall choose her to be his Wife 
(k) Praepos. in d. c. ex literis. n. 6. : In which Case if he lie with any one of them, he is presumed to have made choice of her for his Wife, and so to have purified the Condition 
(l) Praepos. post. Hostiens. & Panor. in d. c. ex literis. ; And such is our Case: Wherefore by the received Opinion, the uncertain Spousals are made Matrimony by succeeding Copulation 
(m) Hostiens. Panor. Prior. Covar. Menoch. & alij locis praealleg. : Which Conclusion hath place, when as he doth promise to marry incertam ex certis, an uncertain Woman of a certain Company, as in the former instance; but not when as he doth promise to marry, incertam ex incertis, an uncertain Woman of an uncertain Company; As for Example, A Man doth promise and swear to marry one of the Subjects of such a Prince; for albeit he do afterwards lie with one of them, yet is not this Matrimony 
(n) Praepos. in c. ex literis. el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. n. 5. in fin. & ibi Panor. n. 7. in fin. , because he may notwithstanding marry another of them 
(o) Panor. & Praepos. ubi supra. ; but when he doth lie with one of the Sisters, he cannot afterwards marry another of the Sisters, because of the affinity newly sprung up, by having Carnal knowledge of one of them before 
(p) Hostiens. Panor. & Praepos. in d. c. ex literis. quorum opinio communiter tenetur ex relatione. Praepos. in d. c. n. 5. in fin. .   

SECT. XVII. Of the Effects of Spousals.  
1. DIvers are the effects of Spousals, whereof the first and principal is this; The Parties which have contracted Spousals together, are bound by the Laws Ecclesiastical of this Realm, to perform their promise, and to celebrate Matrimony together accordingly 
(a) Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 1. part c. 4. in princ. Lindwood in c. Statutum verb. Soluturum. de testa. lib. 3. provinc. constit. Lancelot. lib. 2. Instit. jur. can. tit. de Sponsal. §. initiatum Costan. de Sponsal. fol. 32. & nu. 2. : Which Conclusion is both extended and restrained, as may appear by the Ampliations and Limitations following.  
2. The first Ampliation is this, that not only they which do contract Spousals de praesenti, but also they which do contract Spousals de futuro, are bound to the performance thereof 
(b) c. de illis el. 1. de despons. impub. extra. & ibi Panor. & in c. ex literis. el. 2. de Sponsal. & ibi DD. .  
3. Secondly, the affianced Parties are bound to the performance of the Contract; Albeit the same were made without an Oath 
(c) c. de illis el. 1. de Despons. impub. extra. ubi hoc notat. Abb. Hostiens. & Henr. Idem Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. in princ. nu. 2. .  
4. Thirdly, Albeit one of the Parties affianced do afterwards also contract Spousals with another Person, and confirm the same with an Oath, yet is the first, though unsworn Contract, to be performed 
(d) Jo. And. Abb. & Praepos. in c. sicut de Sponsal. Covar. ubi supra. quem videto. .  
5. Fourthly, not only they which have contracted Spousals are bound to perform the same, but they also which do promise, that they will contract Spousals 
(e) Covar. tract. de Sponsa. 1. part c. 4. in princ. per L. fi fidejussor. §. meminisse. ff. de leg. 1. & per. L. Si quis Stipulatus sit Stichum. §. ultim. de verb. oblige. ff. Nich. Boer. decis. 13. n. 3 .  
6. Fifthly, the Parties, having contracted Spousals de praesenti, albeit, the one Party should afterwards marry another Person, in the face of the Church, and should Consummate the same by Carnal Copulation, and Procreation of Children, notwithstanding the first Contract is good, and shall prevail against the second Marriage 
(f) c. Si inter. de Sponsal. extra. .  
7. The Limitations of the former Conclusion are these. First, where the Parties espoused were not of Ripe Age at the time of the Contract; for coming to years of consent, they may lawfully descent without danger 
(g) c. de illis. cl. 1. de despons. impub. extra. .  
8. Secondly, when as the Spousals be conditional, the Condition not being performed, the Parties are not bound to marry together 
(h) c. 1. §. ultim. de Sponsal. in Sext. c. super eo de Condic. appos. extra. , unless the Condition be impossible, or unhonest, as hath been before declared 
(i) Supra §. 12. .  
9 Thirdly, when as either Party having contracted Spousals de futuro, doth afterwards Contract Matrimony or Spousals de praesenti, with another Person 
(k) c. sicut. etc. Si inter. §. ultim de Sponsal extra. ; or else contract Spousals de futuro with another Person, and then they lie with the same Person 
(l) Jo. And. & Butr. in c. is qui fidem de Spons. extra. Menoch. de Praes. lib. 3. Praes. 2. n. 17. ; For in both these Cases the former Spousals are dissolved by the later.  
10. Finally, when as the Spousals be unlawful 
(m) Summa Hostiens. Tit. de Sponsal. §. quis. sir effectus. in princ. ibi & Menoch. tract. de Praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 27. Sichard. in L. 1. C. de Sponsal. n. 16, 17, 18. , whether it be by reason of impediment in the Person, (for that they be of kin or allied within the Degrees prohibited) or for want of Consent (as by occasion of fear, furor, drunkenness, etc.) in these and the like Cases Spousals are destitute of effect 
(n) quod enim nullum est, executionem aut effectum non meretur. L. 4. §. condemnatum. de re. jud. ff. add Pan. in c. Is qui fidem de Sponsal. extra. Praepos. in c. de illis n. 4. verse. & sic notate. de condic app. extra. Felin. in c. Cum M. Ferrariensis. col. pen. de constitut. extra. Menoch. d. Praes. 2. n. 27. Sichard. in L. 1. C. de Sponsal. n. 16, 17, 18. .  
11. The second effects is, that Spousals de futuro do become Matrimony by carnal knowledge, betwixt the Parties betrothed 
(o) c. Is qui fidem de Sponsal. extra. Menoch. tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 6. Melchior. Kling. de cans. Matrimonial. fol. 5. ; The Ampliations of which Conclusion are these.  
12. First, albeit either Party betrothed should afterwards marry another Person in the face of the Church, and should also lie with the said new married Person; Yet this Marriage solemnised and consummate notwithstanding, the Party so marrying is to be compelled to return to his or her foresaid Spouse, formerly known 
(p) Eod. c. id. qui etc. veniens. de Sponsal. extra. .  
13. Secondly, albeit the Parties betrothed should protest before the Act done, that they did not intent thereby, that the Spousals should become Matrimony, yet this protestation is overthrown by the fact following 
(q) c. per tuas. de condic. appos. extra. & ibi gloss. Panor. & alij Covar. Tract. de. Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. §. 1. n. 18. ; for by lying together, they are presumed to have swarved from their former unhonest protestation 
(r) Gloss. in d. c. per tuas. & ibi Panor. n. 6. de Condic. app. extra. ; And so the former Spousals are now presumed honest Matrimony 
(s) Panor. in d. c. per tuas Covar. ubi supra. Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. Prees. 2. n. 15. .  
14. Thirdly, albeit, he or she which did contend that Matrimony was contracted, should after the deed done confess, that they did not thereby intent to make Matrimony; yet so strong is the presumption of Law 
(t) Est enim praesumptio non juris tantum, sed juris & de jure. Gloss. communiter recepta. in d. c. is qui fidem. Abb. & Felin. in c. quanto de praesump. Alciat. tract. de praesump. in princ. n. 8. , in favour of Matrimony, as this Confession doth not work any thing against it 
(u) Abbas Praepos. & alij in d. c. is qui fidem. de Spous. extra. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. §. 1. n. 3. ubi fatetur hanc opinionem esse come. à quâ tamen ipse postea recedit. ibidem. n. 4. .  
15. Fourthly, albeit, one of the Parties betrothed should commit Fornication, yet if after this Crime committed, the said Parties formerly betrothed shall know each other carnally, the said Crime doth not hinder the passage of the Spousals into Matrimony 
(x) Gloss. in c. de illis. el. 1. de despons. impub. Henr. Boic. & Praepos. in c. de illis. de Spons. extra. Mencch. tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 18. , seeing the same Spousals were not dissolved, but dissoluble by occasion of Fornication 
(y) Menoch. ubi supra. post. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 1. part, c. 4. §. 1. n. 8. .  
16. Fifthly, albeit the Woman were betrothed against her Will, yet if she suffer herself to be known by him, to whom she was espoused, she is presumed to have consented unto him, as unto her Husband 
(z) c. Significavit de eo qui dux. in matr. quam poll. etc. Insuper. qui matr. accus. poss. , whereby the Spousals are made Matrimony 
(a) d. c. Significavit. Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 21. & praes. 4. in fin. .  
17. Sixthly, albeit, the Woman be uncertain; As if a Man do swear to three Sisters, that he will marry one of them; for by lying with one of them, those Spousals become Matrimony 
(b) Hostiens. & Panor. in c. ex literis. el. 2. de Spons. extra. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 13. : As heretofore I have confirmed 
(c) Supra. §. prox. .  
18. Seventhly, Spousals de futuro, be come Matrimony by carnal Copulation, albeit either party had first contracted Spousals with some other Persons 
(d) Jo. And. & Butr. in c. is qui fidem. de Sponsal. extra. Menoch. Tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 17. Silvestr. Prior. in Summa. verb. Sponsalia. q. 10. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. §. 1. n. 10. .  
19 Eightly, Spousals do become Matrimony by carnal knowledge, albeit the Man were constrained, through fear of death to know the Woman 
(e) Hostiens. in d. c. is qui fidem fecit, Covar, tract de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. §. 1. n. 11. ratio quam ibi assignat haec est, illa etiam Copula, si fornicario affectu peracta fucrit, etiam metu acerrimo, peccatum●erit mortale, Id quod praesumi non debet in Sponso, sed potiùs, secluso metu, affectum habuisse conjugalem; praeterea coeunte viro, exclusus est metus, quia si interfuisset metus, cessaret coeundi desiderium, sine quo frustra adhiberetur coeundi conatus. Covar. ubi supra & Menoch. tract. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 4. n. 33. .  
20. Finally, albeit the Man do by violence carry away the Woman, with whom he hath contracted Spousals, and have to do with her, hereby Spousals are become Matrimony 
(f) Paul. de Castr. in L. Raptores, C. de Epis. & cler. n. 3. per. c. pen. de. rapt. extra. Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 23. .  
21. The Limitations of the former Conclusions are these: First, when as it doth appear that the Spousals were dissolved, either by mutual Consent, or by some other lawful means (whereof mention is made in the next Paragraph) before the Parties did lie together, for dissolved Spousals do never become Matrimony, albeit the Parties do afterwards know each other 
(g) Menoch. de praesump. lib. 3. praes. 2. n. 26. Panor. in c. per tuas de cond. app. extra. Sichard in L. 1. de Spons. C. n. 4. in fin. ; And so it is, if the Spousals were void from the beginning, by reason of any just Impediment, as of Consanguinity or Affinity within the Degrees prohibited, or such like 
(h) Menoch. d. praesump. 2. n. 27. Panor. in c. Is qui fidem. deSponsal. extra. n. 5. verse. Secus si, etc. Praepos. in c. de illis de cond. app. n. 4. verse. & sic notate, etc. .  
22. Secondly, Spousals do not become Matrimony, when as the Parties did lie together before they were contracted, but not after 
(i) Panor. in c. veniens. el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. Henr. Boic. in c. Attestationes. ult. col. de despons. impub. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. § 1. n. 13. contra. Hyppol. Sing. 500 Ubi citat alios ita tenuisse, qui tamen ita non tenuerunt, ut latiùs per Covar. ubi supra. .  
23. Thirdly, if the Parties having contracted Spousals de futuro, do afterwards know each other, but in truth not with that affection, which doth become Man and Wife, but (as Adulterers do) with a beastly purpose only to satisfy their foul Lusts, in this Case it is not true Matrimony in Conscience; neither are they Man and Wife before God 
(k) Panor. in c. is qui fidem. de Sponsal. extra. n. 5. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. §. 1. n. 9 Socin. consil. 28. vol. 1. Prior. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. q. 15. , though it be otherwise in Man's Judgement 
(l) per loca praealleg. ; because the Law presumeth, that the Parties espoused in knowing each other, had no foul intent of committing Fornication, but an honest affection as is meet for married Persons 
(m) Gloss. & DD. in L. Is qui fidem. de Sponsal. extra. ; nor doth the Law permit that they should be credited in affirming the contrary 
(n) c. Tua nos. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Panor. & alij Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 4. §. 1. n. 9 : Hence is it, that if the one of them should marry another Person, This Marriage is good indeed before God, but not in the Consistory or judicial place of Mortal Man 
(o) Panor. Praepos. & DD. in c. is qui fidem de Sponsal. extra. Prior. verb. Matrimonium. el. 2. q. 15. Covar. d. c. §. 4.1. n. 9 , whose Sentence is to be directed by the Rules and Precepts of the Law 
(p) Lib. 4. Instit. Tit. de Offic. Jud. in princ. ; and therefore if the unmarried Party, with whom Spousals were first contracted, should commence Suit against the Party precontracted, to solemnize Matrimony, and to perform the duties of Marriage, notwithstanding the second Marriage, the Judge were to give Sentence accordingly 
(q) Panor. & Praepos. in d. c. is qui fidem. ; and yet in Conscience and before God, the same were unlawful, so that it were better for the Party convented to endure the Censures Ecclesiastical, than to undergo that Sentence 
(r) Praepos. post Vincen. in d.c. is qui fidem. de Spons. extra. n. 3. .  
24. Fourthly, when as the Parties themselves betrothed, do not verily and actually know each other, but only endeavour and assay so to do, the Spousals de futuro are not hereby resolved into Matrimony 
(s) c. ultim. de Sponsal. extra. , unless they were Spousals by interpretation of Law only; as when two Children are contracted by words of present time, for these Spousals are transformed into Matrimony by sole endeavour, after the Parties have attained to lawful Age 
(t) c. Attestationes & ibi Praepos. & Henr. Boic. de Spons. impub. Idem Praepos. in c. ultim. de Sponsal. extra. n. 3. & ibi Card. n. 2. Paris. consil. 51. n. 9 cum Seq. vol. 4. & in cons. 62. n. 9 cod. vol. .  
25. The Third effect arising from Spousals is that impediment which is called publicae honestatis Justitia 
(u) c. ad audientiam. et c. Sponsam, de Sponfal. & Matrimonijs. extra. c. 1. de Sponsal. lib 6. , the Justice of public honesty, whereby either Party having contracted pure and certain Spousals, albeit only de futuro, are prohibited to marry any of the others Kinsfolks within the Degrees prohibited; So that the Man is not to marry any of the Kinswomen of the Woman, with whom he had contracted Spousals, neither the Woman to marry any of the Kinsmen of the Man, within the Degrees of Consanguinity prohibited 
(x) d.c. Ad audientiam. etc. Sponsam, & DD. ibidem. Sichard. in L. 1. de Sponsal. C. n. 8. ; which impediment of the Justice of public honesty by the Laws Ecclesiastical, is not only prohibitory, but destructory, that is to say, it doth not only forbid such Marriages to be contracted, but it doth destroy the same being solemnised 
(y) Panor. in d. c. Sponsam in fin. c. unic. de Sponsal. in Sext. & ibi Dominic. de S. Gem. & Phil. Franc. ; but whether this impediment be now of force within this Realm of England, shall appear hereafter.  
26. The Fourth effect proceeding from Spousals, is the penalty whereunto the Party is Subject, which doth revolt from performance of the promise of future Marriage, which penalty by reason of many Laws is manifold: By the Civil Law, whosoever having contracted Spousals de futuro, doth, without just Cause, refuse to deduce the same Spousals into Matrimony, doth not only lose the token (which is commonly a Ring) given to the other Party in pledge, and earnest of the Contract 
(z) L. Contractus. §. illud C. de fide Instr. L. 3. C. de Sponsal. Sichard. in L. is de don. ante nup. C. , together, with all other gifts whatsoever simply bestowed in hope of future Marriage 
(a) Sichard. in Rub. de don. ante nup. n. 8. & 9 ubi etiam videre licet Doctrinam inter donationem propter nuptias, & Sponsalitiarum largitatem. ; but is bound to make twofold Restitution for the tokens and pledges received in Confirmation of the said Contract 
(b) L. ultim. C. de Sponsal. Quod verum quidem est, Si modo sit major 25 annis, sin vero minor, tunc solum tenetur ad Arras quas recepit. eodd. , whether they be Rings, Bracelets, Jewels, or other things, not consisting in weight, number or measure 
(c) Arrae vero dari possunt, non solum in rebus quae numero, pondere, & mensurâ consistunt, ut quae facillimè duplicari possunt, verum etiam in Speciebus vel Corporibus, quae licet multiplicari non possunt, tamen aestimatio erit loco Corporis, & it a accipiens, in Arram, sundum, si resiliat absque Causa tenebitur restituere sundum, & deinde aestimationem, & haec opinio communis est contra Bar. rest Sichardo in L. 1. C. de Sponsal. n. 14 & 15. , the which the Civil Law doth call Arrabo 
(d) L. Arris & L. ultim. C. de Sponsal. , being as it were the earnest penny, whereby any bargain is knit up, and fully concluded betwixt the Parties 
(e) DD. in d. L. Arris & L ultim. ; but if the Marriage did not proceed, and yet the Party is in no fault (whether it were by reason of Death or of Prohibition by the Superior Magistrate, or of new affinity overtaking them within the Degrees prohibited:) In this Case those gifts conferred in hope of Marriage, were not lost, but might be recovered 
(f) L. cum veterum de donac. ante nup. C. & ibidem Sichard. ; yet with this difference, that is to say, if the Woman betrothed, receiving those gifts, did bestow a Kiss upon her future Husband, than might she retain the one half thereof 
(g) L. si à Sponso de don. ante nup. C. , otherwise he might recover the whole 
(h) Eod. L. Si à Sponso. ; for so religious, or rather so ridiculous were the Italians and Spaniards in this point, that they thought her half known if once she kissed a Man 
(i) Anto. Gubert. Co. stan. tract. de Sponsal. n. 12, 13. c. nec. in aliqua 27. q. 1. ; And so impatient is the Jealousy of those Husbands (though very unchaste themselves) that (for the most part) they account it half Adultery if any other do but kiss their Wives 
(k) Unde Ov idius, Oscula si dederis, fiam manifestus amator. Et alibi. Et dicam haec mea sunt, Inisciamque manus, Oscula qui sumpsit, si non & caetera sumpsit, Haecquoque quae sumpsit pe dear dignus erat. ; and it is severely punished as a grievous offence, if any do so 
(l) Gubertus ubi supra. Bald-in c. tuae de procur. extra. gloss. in L. 1. de Extraord. crim. & in c. nec oportet 81. distinct. Text. in c. 1. Quibus mod. feud. amitt. Alciat. lib. 4. perergon. c. 10. . Wherefore seeing amongst them she is thought to be half deflowered which kisseth a Man, no marvel if she retain half those gifts, which otherwise she should have retained wholly, if she had wholly surrendered the full possession of her Body into his power 
(m) Intellige dona simplicia, quae alias Sponsalitiaelargitatis nomine comprehendantur; secutis namque nuptijs usque adeo valet hujusmodi donatio, ut soluto postea Matrimonio, res donata non venit restituenda viro, utcunque diversum obtineat in donatione, quae dicitur propter nuptias. Sichard. in Rub. & in L. 1. C. de donatione, an. nup. vide Perkins tit. Feofments. fol. 40. n. 195. : But the Civil Law in this respect is of no more force with us in England, than it is with them in France, of whose natures and Conditions, not varying herein from the manners and Customs of this Country, Guibertus Costaneus Senator of Tholosse doth write in these Terms; Apud Gallos' urbanitatis officij & Salutationis ergô, viri & mulieris oscula vicissim praebent, etiamsi nulla Cognationis vel Affinitatis gradu se contingant; Ergo propter solam osculationem, nihil apud nos lucrari debet Sponsa; alioquin ab omnibus, qui officij vel urbanitatis causâ disponsatam mulierem oscularentur, ea posset aliquid eo nomine petere, quod est prorsus ridiculum; valeant igitur illae leges, quae nulla ratione apud nos sustineri possunt, & apud Italos, Hispanos & alios qui invisam osculationem habent, vim suam obtineant 
(n) Tract. de Sponsal. fol. 35. n. 13. : With the French (saith he) Men and Women do kiss together in argument of Courtesy, Duty and Salutations, although they be not within any Degree of Consanguinity or Affinity; And therefore the betrothed Woman ought to gain nothing for a Kiss only; otherwise she might in that respect demand somewhat of every one, which for Duties or Courtesies sake, should kiss her, being affianced, which is very ridiculous. Farewell therefore those Laws, the which by no reason can be sustained with us; and let them prevail with the Italians, Spaniards, and others which envy kiss, etc. Wherefore by the Laws of this Realm, what the Woman receiveth in Consideration of future Marriage; in case the same Marriage do not succeed, she is either wholly to restore, or wholly to retain, according to the variety of the Covenants and Conditions concluded upon betwixt the Parties 
(o) D. Smith in tract. de republic. Angl. l. 1.3. c. 6. in fin. vide Perkins. Tit. Feosment fol. 40. n. 194, 195. ; nor doth the kissing or not kissing make any difference therein: And if it fall out, that she be in fault, yet is she not tied to make double restitution 
(p) Id quod plus est quam manifestum per totum regnum Anglia. ; albeit the things were given and received as tokens and pledges of the Contract, which the Civil Law termeth Arra; And so it is if the Man be in fault.  
27. By Laws Ecclesiastical of this Realm, if any having contracted Spousals, and being convented and adjudged to celebrate Matrimony accordingly, do refuse to undergo the Execution of the Sentence pronounced by the Ecclesiastical Judge; after lawful admonition given in that behalf, he or she so refusing may for his or Contumacy or disobedience therein, be Excommunicated 
(q) c. ex literis. el. 2. de Sponsal. extra. & ibi Praepos. n. 3. in fin. c. 1. de Spons. duorum & ibi Panor c. sicut ex literis. & ibi DD. de Spons. Gubert. Costanus tract. de Sponsal. soh 32. n. 2. c. Juramenti 22. q. 5. : And if the Party Excommunicate do still persevere in that State by the space of forty days, the Ordinary may by a Significavit or Certificate under his Seal, certify into the Chancery the Contempt of the Party; and craving the aid of the Secular Power 
(r) Lindwood in c. praeterea. de Sen. Excom. lib. 5. provincial. Constitut. Cant. verb. regni Consuetudinem. , Whereup on a Writ de Excommunicato Capiendo is to be directed to the Sheriff, for the apprehension of the Body of the same Party Excommunicated 
(s) Articuli Cleri c. 12. Lindwood in d. c. praeterea. & in c. vinc. de cohabic. cler. & mul. Fitzherbert na. Brev. Breve de Excommunicato capiendo fol. 62. Terms of Law, verb. Excommengment. ; who being apprehended by virtue thereof, is to be kept in Prison, without Bail or Mainprize, until he or she have humbled themselves, and obeyed the Monition of the Ordinary 
(t) Lindw. ubi supra. Fitzherbert in d. Br. de Excommunicato capiendo. , which when it is done, and the Church and Party both satisfied, then is the Ordinary to absolve the Party, and to certify the same into the aforesaid Chancery 
(u) Fitzherbert in d. Br. Stat. Eliz. An. 5. c. 23. : Whereupon a Writ is to be directed as before, for the release of the Parties Imprisonment, which Writ is called Breve de Excommunicato deliberando 
(x) Fitzherbert d. loco. Terms of Law. verb. Excommengment. ; To this punishment are they subject which have contracted Spousals de praesenti, and afterwards refuse to undergo the holy Bond of Matrimony 
(y) c. Si inter de Sponsal. etc. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. & DD. ibidem. .  
28. But as for such as have contracted Spousals only de futuro, if either of them do refuse to perform their promise, forasmuch as the Text saith, that such an one is rather to be admonished than compelled 
(z) c. requisivit de Sponsal. extra. ; and lest that punishment should by practice grow mortal, which by Institution is medicinal 
(a) Henr. Boic. in d.c. requisivir c. 1. de Sen. extra. lib. 6. : I do think that the Judge is not to proceed to the Significavit, but rather to absolve that cursed Party which contemneth the Censures of the Church 
(b) Imò non petenti impendenda est absolutio pertinaci, inquit Praepos. post Jo. And. in c. ex literis. el. 2. in fin. de Sponsal. extra. , albeit there be no Cause of favour, but fear of further mischief, by compelling them to go together, which hate one another 
(c) Panor. Praepos. & alij. in d. c. requisivit. Covar. tract. de Spons. 1. part. c. 4. in princ. n. 5. . Yet is not this froward Party thus to be dismissed, but is to suffer penance propter loesionem fidei, for breach of his promise 
(d) c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. Lindwood in c. 1. de poenis. lib. 5. provincial. constitut. Cant. Fitzherbert na. br. fol. 43. d. Stat. Ed. 1. An. 13. nec. opus est interpositione Juramenti ad hanc poenam infligend. Lindwood in d. c. 1. verb. fidei. Panor. in d.c. 1. de Spons. n. 3. Add c. Jurament. 22. q. 5. ; nor is he or she either to be dismissed, or absolved, if those Spousals de futuro (by reason of carnal knowledge, or some other Act Equivalent) do become Matrimony; for in this Case, as in the former, where Spousals be contracted de praesenti, the disobedient Party is to be Excommunicated 
(e) c. 1. de Spons. duorum extra. & ibi DD. , apprehended and imprisoned 
(f) Lindwood. in c. de poenis. verb. fidei transgressione. Fitzherbert Na. br. in Brevi de Excommunicato capiendo , nor to be absolved or released before satisfaction 
(g) Lindwood, & Fitzherbert ubi supra. , or death, or other just Cause of divorce 
(h) Wesembec. in Tit. de Sponsal. ff. in fin. .  
28. Other effects there be of Spousals, whereof some respect the Issue or Children begotten before Celebration of the Marriage, betwixt those which have contracted Spousals; and some have relation to their Lands and Goods. Concerning their Issue, true it is, that by the Canon Law, the same is lawful 
(i) c. per tuas. Qui filij sunt legitimi extra & Panor. super eod. c.n. 4. & Praepos. n. 7. : But by the Laws of this Realm their Issue is not lawful, though the Father and the Mother should afterwards celebrate Marriage in the face of the Church 
(k) Stat. Merton. c. 9 an 20. H. 3. Tract. de repub. Angl. pag. 103. prope fin. & pag. 104. circa princ. . Likewise concerning Lands by the Canon Law, the foresaid Issue may inherit the same 
(l) d.c. per tuas. qui fill. sunt legit. §. nos autem & ibi. DD. ; for further declaration whereof the Canonists tell us, how the Children of Jacob which he had by his Handmaids, did inherit the Land with their lawful Brethren 
(m) c. recurrat. 32. q. 4. §. Juvenis. , by reason Jacob did afterwards marry their Mothers 
(n) Gloss. in c. non omnis 32. q. 2. Jason consil. 234. post eandem gloss. : But it is otherwise by the Laws of this Realm, for as the Issue is not legitimated by subsequent Marriage, no more can he inherit his Father's Land; and as he cannot inherit, no more is she to have any Dower of the same Lands; for whereas by the Laws of this Realm, a married Wife is to have the third part of her Husband's Lands, holden in Fee Simple or Fee Tail, either General or Special, for her Dower, after her Husband's Death, during her Life, So that she be above the Age of nine Years, at her Husband's Death 
(o) Littleton. Tit. Dower. in princ. ; Yet a Woman having contracted Matrimony, if the Man to whom she was betrothed dye before the Celebration of the Marriage, she cannot have any Dower of his Lands, because as yet, she is not his lawful Wife, at least to that effect 
(p) M. 10. H. 3. Perkins. fol. 61. : Indeed it was sometimes holden for Law within this Realm of England, that if a Man affianced to a Woman, did carnally know her, and then make a Feoffment to the same Woman of a piece of Land, and give her seizing thereof, and after that Mary her in the face of the Church; this Feoffment was void 
(q) Perkins fol. 40. n. 195. Mich. 16. Ed. 3.4. Feof. 117. , as being made unto his own Wife, to whom he had given his Faith, and whom he had carnally known, he and she being both one Person in Law 
(r) Perkins ibidem. ; which thing also is agreeable to the Civil Law, and to the Canon Law also, whereby the donations which are forbidden betwixt the Husband and Wife, are interpreted likewise to be forbidden betwixt them which have contracted Spousals de praesenti, or which having contracted Spousals de futuro, do afterwards lie together, whereby those Spousals are reputed Matrimony 
(s) L. Scita. & L. cum. hic status. §. penult. ff. de donar. inter virum & uxorem. Peckius de testam. Conjug. lib. 4. c. 11. n. 7. Bald. in L. solet. §. quae virum. ff. de hijs qui no. infam. Panor. Praepos. & Felin. in Rub. de Spons. extra. . But afterwards the Temporal Lawyers of this Realm were of another Opinion, than they were in former times: And whereas long ago, they did seem to hold that the Feoffment was not good, as being made to his own Wife 
(t) Mich. 16. Ed. 3.4. Perkins fol. 40. n. 195. , now they do hold that it is good, as being made, not unto his Wife, but unto a single Woman, and another Person in Law 
(u) Mich. 15. Ed. 4.3. Perkins ubi supra. : But a single Woman cannot have any Dower, as aforesaid; and therefore a Woman contracted only to a Man, cannot have any dower of his Lands.  
29. Concerning Goods, the like may be said of them as hath already been spoken of Lands, that is to say, that although by the Civil and Canon Laws, where the Man doth gain any of the Woman's Goods, or the Woman gain any of the Man's Goods, by reason of Marriage. Spousals de praesenti or de futuro, consummate with Carnal knowledge, have the same effect as hath Matrimony Solemnised 
(x) Bar. in L. nihili interest. n. 1. ff. rer. amot. Castrens. in L. Si marito §. Si pater. n. 2. ff. Sol. Matr. Schurff. sil. 9 cent. 3. And. Gail. lib. q. 80. ubi dicit hanc opinionem veriorem, & equitati magis consentaneam, & in practicâ servand. ; yet by the Laws of this Realm it is otherwise: So that neither Spousals de praesenti, neither Spousals de futuro consummate, do make her Goods his, or his Goods hers 
(y) Tract. de repub. Angl. pag. 103. circa finem. : And hence it is, that a Woman contracted in Matrimony, dying before the celebration of the Marriage, may make her Testament, and dispose of all her Goods, at her own pleasure 
(z) Perkins fol. 40.38. Ed. 3.12. , which after Solemnisation of the Marriage she cannot do, without his licence and Consent 
(a) Lindwood. in c. Statut. verb. propriorum. lib. 3. provinc. constit. Cant. Bracton de Legib. & Consuetud. Angl. lib. 2. c. 26. Brook Abridgement. Tit. devise. n. 34. & in Tit. Testament n. 21. : And on the other side the Man dying intestate before Celebration of the Marriage, the Woman to whom he was betrothed surviving, cannot obtain the Administration of his Goods 
(b) Vide Rebuff. in L. pronunciatum. ff. de verb. Signif. fol. 340. circa fin. & Wesenbec. in tit. de Sponsal. ff. n. 9 , as his Widow, which otherwise, the Marriage being Solemnised, she might do 
(c) Stat. H. 8. an. 21. c. 5. : And the like I read to be observed in divers other Countries, as in France, 
(d) Rebuff. in L. pronunciatum. ff. de verb. Sig. fol. 340. , and Saxony 
(e) Wesenbec. in Tit. de Sponsal. ff. n. 9 , where neither he, nor she gain any part of the others Goods by being affianced, unless the Marriage be solemnised, if not consummate also 
(f) Jus autem Saxenicum non solum caelebratas nuptias, sed etiam Thori maritalis ingressum prorsus exigit. Wesemb. ubi supra. .   

SECT. XVIII. By what means Spousals are dissolved.  
1. ALbeit Spousals the praesenti are as indissoluble as perfect Matrimony solemnised and consummate 
(a) c. Si inter de Sponsal extra. & ibi Cardinal. Panor. Praepos. & alij Moraldus tract. de Matrimonio, fol. 29. ; yet there be divers Cases wherein Spousals de futuro either be dissolved ipso Jure, or at least may be dissolved Sententia Judicis 
(b) c. c. de Sponsal. extra. .  
2. The First Case is, when the Parties do mutually agree betwixt themselves to dissolve the Contract; for than they are not to be compelled to marry together, lest a worse thing happen unto them 
(c) Eod. c. 2. : Which conclusion is true, unless by lying together and knowing one another, or by some other equivalent Act, the same Spousals were made Matrimony, before they did agree to dissolve the Contract, for than it is indissoluble 
(d) c. Is qui de Sponsal. extra. & DD. ibidem Schneidwin. tract. de imp. fol. 20. .  
3. The Second Case is, when as a certain time is set down for the Marriage; for that day being past, the Spousals are dissolved 
(e) c. sicut ex literis. cum ibi notat. de Spons. extra Melchior Kling. Tract. de Causis Matrimonial. fol. 6. quod intellige nisi tempus apponatur ad implend', non ad finiend' obligationem, veluti quando dies apponitur ex post facto, Sponsalibus purè contractis. ; and that Party by whom it did not stand, wherefore the Contract was not performed, may marry elsewhere, without any danger; but the other Party which was in fault is punishable, propter laesionem fidei 
(f) Silvestr. Prior. in Summa verb. Sponsalia q. 10. versic. 5. per d.c. sicut ex literis. .  
4. The third Case is, when as the Party hath been long absent, that is to say three Years, without the Province 
(g) L. secunda C. de repudijs c. de illis de Sponsal. extra. Covar. Tract. de Sponsal. 1. part c. 5. n. 7. , or two Years within the Province 
(h) Lib. 2. C. de Sponsal. dd. in d. c. de illis. ; for after lapse of so long time the other party may marry, but not in the mean time 
(i) L. 2. de repud. L. 2. de Sponsal. C. c. de illis de Sponsal. extra. ; and if the absence be necessary, and upon a just impediment, then longer expectation is necessary 
(k) L. Saepe ff. de Sponsal. , unless the Ordinary, to avoid the peril of Fornication, grant Licence to marry with some other 
(l) Arg. c. ultim. de eo qui cogno. ux. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 5. n. 7. Schneid. de nuptijs fol. 20. .  
5. The Fourth Case is, when as the Contract is conditional, and the Condition infringed 
(m) c. de illis de condic. appos. extra. Kling. de Caus. Matrimonial. fol. 6. ; for the Condition being broken, the Bond is untied, and the Parties at liberty to marry elsewhere 
(n) d. c. de illis & ibi Panor. & alii. ; or when as the Party doth promise to give so much in Marriage, as afterwards he is not able to perform; In which Case the other Party is not bound to perform the Contract 
(o) Prior. in Summa Silvestrin. verb. Sponsalia. q. 10. versic. nono. post Jo. And. in d. c. de illis. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 5. n. 4. quem velim videas. .  
6. The Fifth Case is, when as the Spousals be contracted in minority; for the Minor coming to lawful Age may descent, and so dissolve the Contract 
(p) c. de illis el. 1. de despons. impub. extra. .  
7. The Sixth, when as the Party doth after the Contract made, commit Fornication, for the Innocent Party is at liberty, and may dissolve the Contract 
(q) cc. quemadmodum de Jurejur. extra. At Maechus resilire non potest, Si modo Innocens velit secum. contrahere. c. 2. de transac. Praelat. Prior. verb. Sponsalia q. 10. vers. Septimo. ; and so it is for Spiritual Fornication, that is to say, for Heresy, Apostasy, or Infidelity 
(r) Prior. ubi supra dd. in c. quemadmodum de Jurejur. entra. Melchior Kling. Tract. de causis, Matrimonial. fol. 5. in fin. c. non solum 28. q. 1. .  
8. The Seventh is, when as the one Party doth happen to be infected with some foul Disease, as Leprosy, or the French-pox, or to be afflicted with some notable deformity, as the loss of her Nose, or her Eye, etc. for in this Case the other Party is not to be pressed to marry that Person, so diseased or deformed 
(s) d. c. quemadmodum de Jurejur. c. ultim. de Conjug. Leprosorum extra. Quod verum est si post Contractunt eveniat, secus si manifeste inierat tempore initi Contractus. Prior. Silvestr. verb. Sponsal. q. 10. vers. sexto. .  
9 The Eighth is, when some deadly enmity and unquenchable hatred is sprung up between the Parties affianced; for in this Case also the Spousals may be dissolved 
(t) Summa Hostiens. tit. de Spons. §. qualiter. dissol. verb. Sin autem capitalis. Prior. ubi supra, versic. octavo. .  
10. The Ninth is, when as some new affinity doth arise betwixt the Parties betrothed, within the Degrees prohibited 
(u) c. 2. c. fraternitati etc. ex literis de eo qui Cogno. Consang. ux. suae extra. Summa Hostiens. §. qualiter dissolvantur versic. Item tertio ; for Example the Man after the Contract doth know her Sister, or the Woman doth lie with his Brother 
(x) Silvestr. Prior. verb. Sponsalia q. 10. versic. decimo c. Si quis Sponsam 27. q. 2. ; for Affinity doth grow by carnal knowledge only 
(y) id quod verum est Jure canonico etiamst coitus sit illicitus. c. discretionem. juncta glossa in verbo. nec affinitas. de eo qui cog. sang. ux. & ibi Pan. n. 6. & notat Host. in tit. de affinitat. Melch. Kling tract. de Matrimonio fol. 51. : In which Case therefore, the Parties formerly betrothed may not marry 
(z) c. 2. c. fraternitatis etc. ex literis de eo qui cog. consang. ux. fuae. Kling tract. de cause. Matrimonial. fol. 6. Henr. Boic. in c. de illis de Sponsal. .  
11. The Tenth is, when as there is a Fame or common report, That there is some lawful impediment betwixt the Parties contracted; in which Case for fear of Scandal they are to be admonished, to abstain from marrying 
(a) c. cum in tua de Sponsal. extra. ; And if the impediment be lawfully proved, then are they to be compelled to abstain 
(b) Panor. Praepos. & alii in d.c. cum in tua & in c. super eo de Consang. & affin. extra. .  
12. The Eleventh is, when the one Party is so severe and cruel as the other dare not proceed in the Match, for in this Case the Spousals may be dissolved 
(c) Panor. in c. veniens. qui Clerici. vel voven, extra. Prior. verb. Sponsalia. q. 10. vers. decimo quinto. .  
13. The Twelfth Case is, when as one of the Parties contracted doth contract Spousals de proesenti with another Person: For by the second Spousals de praesenti, the former de futuro be dissolved 
(d) c. is qui &c. Si inter de Spons. extra. , albeit they were confirmed with an Oath 
(e) Ibidem. ; and albeit the new espoused Party did before the Solemnisation of the Marriage depart this Life; for the former Spousals once destroyed, receive no force by the destruction of the second Spousals 
(f) Praepos. in c. sicut ex literis. de Sponsal. extra. n. 8. , unless those Spousals de praesenti were destroyed from the first beginning, that is to say, unlawful at the first; for unlawful Spousals de praesenti do not destroy, nor yet hurt the former lawful Spousals de futuro 
(g) Praepos. in d. c. sicut. n. 9 facit c. non praestat. de Reg. Jur. 6. .  
14. Finally and generally whensoever there is just and reasonable Cause 
(h) c. ex. literisel. 2. de Spons. extra. Prior. verb. Sponsalia q. 10. vers. decimo Septimo. , (as there be a great many more Causes expressed in the Canon Law 
(i) Clavas. in Summa Angelica verb. Sponsalia. & Prior. in Summa Silvestrin. cod. verb. ubi enumerantur 17 Causae dissolvendi Sponsalia, Quibus add Henr. Boic. in c. de illis de Sponsal. extra. , of the lawfulness and reasonableness whereof I make some doubt, which is the Cause wherefore I have omitted them), Spousals de futuro may be dissolved 
(k) d. c. ex literis el. 2. Melchior Kling. tract. de Caus. Matrimonial. fol. 3. ; nor is either Party precisely to be compelled to the performance thereof against their Will, though otherwise they be punishable for their Contempt, as is before expressed, amongst the effects of Spousals.  
15. There is one thing yet remaining, which may not be omitted, and this it is; Where I said that Spousals de futuro are sometimes dissolved ipso facto, and sometimes to be dissolved by the Sentence of the Judge, In what Cases are they forthwith dissolved, or to be dissolved according to that distinction? Briefly in all Cases the Authority of the Church is requisite, unless the Contrary be expressed 
(l) Jo. And. & al. j in c. de illis de. Sponsal. extra Prior. verb. Sponsalia in fin. Covar. tract. de Sponsal. 1. part. c. 5. n, 12. , as in that Case of second Spousals de praesenti 
(m) Henr. Boic. in d.c. de illis Melchior Kling tract. de Causis Matrimonial. fol. 6. dd. in c. fi inter de Spons. extra. , or of the certain prefixed time expired 
(n) Boic. & Kling ubi supra per c. sicut de Spons. extra. ; for there they be dissolved ipso facto: Likewise when the Cause of dissolution is notorious 
(o) Silvester Prior. verb. Sponsalia q. 11. , that is, known to a multitude 
(p) L. ea quidem. & Bald. ibidem C. de Accus. ; or when the Spousals be Secret, known to none but to themselves, than also they may be secretly released, without the Authority of the Church 
(q) Prior. ubi supra. Summa Angelica verb. Sponsalia in fin. .  
FINIS.