THE CIVIL WARS OF SPAIN, In the beginning of the Reign of CHARLES the 5 t, Emperor of Germany, and King of that Nation.  
Written originally in the Spanish-tongue, by Prudencio de Sandoval, Doctor of Divinity, and Abbot of the Monastery of St Isidro el Real, in Valladolid, of the Order of St Bennet, Historiographer 〈◊〉 ●HILI● the Third; never yet Translated, now put into English by Captain J. W.  
DEUS: PROVIDEBIT  
JUSTUS VIVET FIDE  
R·Y  
LONDON, Printed by William Du Guard▪ and are to be sold by john Holden in the New Exchange, 1652.   


PROGENIES DIWM QVINTUS SIC CAROLVS ILLE IMPERII CAESAR LUMINA ET ORA TULIT. AETAT SVAE XXXI. ANN. M.D. XXXI. Impenum oceano: famam qui lerminat astris. ●ombart Sculpt●●●●●●    

To the Honourable, Colonel HERBERT MORLEY ESQUIRE; One of the Members of the High and Honourable Court of PARLIAMENT, and of the Council of State; chief Lieutenant of the County of Sussex. TO THOMAS CHALONER ESQUIRE; A Member of the High Court of PARLIAMENT, ●nd of the Council of State, etc. And To JAMES CHALONER ESQUIRE; A Member likewise of the said Court of Parliament, the Supreme Authority of the Three Nations.  
Noble Gentlemen!  
I Have long repined that my gratitude should be limited within the narrow walls of my breast, when your favours that gave it being, have daily shown themselves in such fresh and frequent testimonies; but it hath now got a little more elbow-room, and gladly takes occasion to tell the world as well as you, of my happiness in such a Triumvirate of Patrons; yet in this I may rather seem to have studied a secure convenience, than an ingenuous acknowledgement, since this History cannot shroud itself within a safer shelter, than what your acceptation and clear judgement is able to allow it; but you want no Candour, and therefore I no Confidence that you will gently conserv the intentions and endeavours of  
Your humble servant JAMES WADSWORTH.   

Upon this Choice and Remarkable piece of History.  
AMong those various delights and advantages which accrue to a Reader of History, one is, That no modern accident can seem strange unto him, much less astonish him: He scarce can wonder at any thing, in regard he may remember to have read of the same, or much like the same, that happened in former times; therefore he doth not stand staring like a child at every sudden spectacle, like that simple American, who, the first time he saw a Spaniard on horseback, thought the Man and the Beast to be but one Creature, and that the horse did chew the Rings of his Bit.  
Now indeed, not to be an Historian, that is, Not to know what Foreign Nations, and our Forefathers did, Hoc est semper esse puerum, as Cicero saith, this is still to be a child, who gazeth at any thing; whence may be inferred, There is no knowledge that ripen's the judgement, and put's one out of his nonage sooner than History.  
If I had not formerly read the Baron's Wars in England, I had more admired that of the Liguers in France. He who read the near upon fourscore years' Wars in Low Germany, never wondered at those thirty two years late Wars in High Germany. I had more wondered that Richard of Bourdeaux was knocked down with a halberd, had not I read formerly that Edward of Carnarvan died of a hot Iron that was thrust up his fundament; It was strange that Murat the great Ottoman Emperor should be lately strangled in his own Court; yet considering that Osman his predecessor had been knocked down by an ordinary slave not many years before, it was not strange at all. The blazing Star in Virgo, 33 years since, did not seem strange to him who had read of that which appeared in Cassiopéa, and other constellations some years before, and how portentous they proved to poor Mortals. Hence may be inferred, that among all other kinds of contemplations, History may be called the great Looking Glass, through which we may see with Ancestrall optics, not only the various Actions of men, and odd Accidents of time, but also discern the Constitutions, the Humours, and Genius of Nations.  
This faithful piece of Story will display the very intrinsecals of the castilian, (who entitles himself to be the prime Spaniard) and make that opinion a mere paradox, whereby he is cried up to be so constant to his principles, so loyal to his Prince, and so conformable to Government: for it will discover as much levity and tumultuary passions in him as in other people; Which may be the reason why these Annals were suppressed, and called in, in Spain, yet procured by a Gentleman of quality and of exquisite knowledge, and now made English, with much exactness and fidelity; Therefore most worthy of the perusal, being a pure maiden-storie, never blown upon hitherto; for to my knowledge she never travelled over the Pyrenean Hills, or crossed the Seas in any language till now.  james Howell.  

TO THE READER.  
COurteous Reader! if likeness breeds liking, and if in Histories, as in Humane bodies, may be admitted any Sympathetical operations, I cannot but promise myself, that this Narration will not be unwelcome to your curious eyes, in regard it doth punctually relate the no less strange, then ●rue transactions, betwixt Charles the fifth in his Minority and his Subjects in Spain, which had so much similitude to divers late passages in this our Nation, that had not those in Castilia had the privilege of many years before us, we might have been said to have been their pattern, although the successes are different. The Author was a man of no mean eminency, neither for knowledge or extraction, and who (though somewhat violent in his terms against the Commonalty by reason of his dependence on the Court of Spain) wrote so plainly, and with such impartiality, that all his books were suppressed by especial command from the King, whose Historiographer he was, which rendereth the truth of the History less questionable: Herein, as in our troubles, you shall find the Clergymen on both sides no less busy in distracting peoples minds, then in fomenting and aggravating their unhappy dissensions: Herein you shall see besides the policies, and subtle correspondencies betwixt the several Cities of that Country, the Statutes and Decrees enacted by the Commissioners or Substitutes of the Commonalties assembled in Parliament, after their King's departure into Germany, whither they were sent to be ratified by him, his answer, and their proceedings afterwards. The names of places, as well as men, are left in Spanish, because they cannot be so well rendered in any other language, as in their own, and some terms likewise, whereof though our tongue admitteth not of a simple, and direct version, you shall find them paraphrastically expounded in the margins, therefore I hope you will not impute this as a fault to the Translator, and in case your more penetrating judgement should discover any other defects, my humble supplication is, that you will not be a Captious, but a Cautious Reader, and careful of the reputation of him, whose chief aim, in this labour, was to procure you both profit and pleasure, as being  
Your affectionate Servant J. W.   

THE CIVIL WARS OF SPAIN. THE FIRST BOOK.  

SECT. I.  
IN the year of our LORD 1500, which was (according to the Hebrew account) five thousand four hundred sixty and one years after the Creation of the World: from the Universal Deluge, three thousand eight hundred and five: from the Coming of Tubal to inhabit, and people the (than desolate) Country of Spain, three thousand six hundred sixty and three: from the Conquest of Cesar, one thousand five hundred thirty and eight: from the Entry of the Goths into Spain, one thousand eighty and six: and lastly, from the Dominion of the Moors in that Country, seven hundred eighty and six years, Alexander the sixth then being Pope of Rome. The Christian King Don Fernando and Donnia Isabel having reigned twenty seven years, converted the Mezquitas, or Moorish temples, into Christian Churches, and purged the whole Kingdom of Paganism and Jewish Ceremonies, being also the year of jubilee at Rome: for their comfort, and to dry up the tears which sorrowful Spain ceased not to shed, for the decea● of their Prince, Don juan, or Io●n, (only Son to the Catholic King, and Donnia Isabel, his Queen) and ●he Infanta Donnia Isabel, their eldest Daughter, (who was married to Don juan, or john the Second, King of Portugal) in the City of Gant, upon the Apostle ● ᵗ Mathias his day, being munday 25 Feb●uarie, was born Charles the fifth, 
The birth of the Emperor Charles the fifth.  Emperor and King of Spain, begotten by Don Philip, or Philip, surnamed El Hermoso, or the fair, Archduke of Austria (on to the Emperor Maximilian the First, and Donnia Ma●ia, sole daughter and heir to Charles Duke of Burgundy, who had for her por●ion, besides the said Duchy of Burgundy, the Dukedom of Brabant, Flanders, Limbourg, Haynaut▪ H●lland, Artois, Zealand, and Cueldres, with other places thereunto belonging) and Donnia juana, second daughter to the forenamed Don Fernando and Isabel. The Prince Don Miguel de la paz, son to Don juan of Portugal, and Don Fernando's eldest Daughter, Isabel (who by the right of his mother was to inherit the Crown of Castilia) was yet living, when Charles the fifth came first into the World; the news of whose birth, with the particulars of the place and time, being carried into Spain, his grandmother Donnia Isabel (I know not by what prophetic spirit) presently said, Cecidit sors super Matt●iam, meaning, that the succession of those Kingdoms should fall upon Charles (who was born upon that Saints day) as it did, and he became the most potent Prince of the Christian World. For Don Miguel de la paz, dying in Julie following, in the same year 1500 the inheritance of the Crowns of Spain descended to Donnia juana, mother to the fortunate Prince Don Charles, 
His title being a Child.  or Charles, then bearing the title of Duke of Luxembourg.   

SECT. II.  
IN the year 1501, the Catholic Queen, 
Anno 1501.  Don●ia Isabel, of Castilia being fallen into a languishing disease, and past hopes of recovery, she desired to see Don Philip, and Donnia juana (●er daughter) before her deceas. Whereupon they took their way through France, where they were received, and feasted in a Princely manner, by King Lewis the Twelfth, who treated with them concerning the marriage of his Daughter Claudia, to their son Charles. One of the Articles was, That in case the said marriage should not be consummated through any default of the said King of France, the Emperor should invest and settle the Dukedom of Milan upon their son Don Carl●s Duke of Luxembourg: And it so happened afterwards, that the said match was broken off by t●e ●aid King Lewis, which is a great Plea for the Crown of Spain against the Kings of France, in the pretention of Milan. Being arrived at Toledo, 
Philip the 〈◊〉 ●w●rn P●i●ce of Sp●in.  where the Catholic King and Queen expected them on Sunday, 22 May (in the Cathedral Church▪ they were s●orn Princes of Castilia and Leon:) Don Fernando▪ and Donnia Isabel assisting at the Ceremony, with the Cardinal Don Diego Hurta●o de Mendosa, Don Fray Francisco de Xmenez Archbishop of Toledo; Don Bernardino de Valas●o Lord h●gh Constable of Castilia and Leon, the Duke del Infantad●, Duke of Alva, Duke of Bejar, Duke of Alburquerque, and a multitude of other noblemen: after which solemnity the King went to Saragosa, and the Queen with her Daughter, and Don Philip went to Torisos, Fuens●lida, Cas● Rubios, and thence to Madrid; from whence, 
The b●rth of ●he I●fante F●rdinand.  after ●om time, Donnia juana went to Alcala de Hena●es, where she was brought to bed of the Infante Don Ferdinando, or Ferdinand he was baptised with exceeding great solemnity, by the Arch Bishop of Tol●do; the Duke of Naxara and the Earl of Villena were his Godfathers, and Madame de Luin his Godmother. Which Ceremony being passed, and Donnia juana throughly recovered, she and her husband (whose presence was most earnestly desired in Flanders) repaired both thither, by the way of France; And being at the City of Lions, he concluded the Peace betwixt his father Maximilian the Emperor, Don Fernando King of Spain, and Lewis the French King, who again moved him about marrying the Duke of Luxembourg with his daughter Clavia, who was to inherit the Dukedom of Brittany, yet he was the first occasion of breaking that agreement.   

SECT. III.  

Anno 1505.  IN the year 1505, a Parliament being called at the City of Toro, in presence of the King Don Fernando, with all the Grandees of the Kingdom, 
The death of Isabel Queen of Spain.  and the Commissioners or Burgesses (Donnia Isabel the Queen being deceased at Medina del Campo) the Princess Donnia juana, then being in Flanders, was declared Queen of Castilia and Leon, and her son Don Carls heir and successor after her to those Kingdoms, which pacified divers turbulent spirit's, and stopped the current of many troubles and mischiefs, that was like to overflow that Country. This news was brought to Donnia juana, then newly brought to bed of the Infanta Donnia Maria, who was afterward married to the unfortunate King of Bohemia, Lewis son to Uladislaus; after whose death she was Governess of Flanders for many years, and proved nothing inferior to her Brother in courage, and other princely endowments, only she was a woman: Don Philip remaining still in Flanders with his Queen, there grew such differences betwixt him and Don Fernando, 
Ferdinand's design to get the Kingdom of Castilia to himself.  that finding an advantage in their absence, Don Fernando sent Don Rodrigo Manrique his Ambassador to the King of Portugal, desiring him to give in marriage La excellent, otherwise called La V●ltraneja, thinking by virtue of her right, and his powerful assistance, to oppose Don Philip, and make himself King of Castillia (which argued no less weakness than Ambition in the Catholic King.) But the King of Portugal was so discreet, as not to satisfy his desires, a●d although he had given his consent La Veltraneja would never have condescended thereunto, for besides that she was well stricken in years, she was altogether given to her devotion, and valued not the vanity of any earthly Crowns. Having received this repuls, he agreed with Lewis King of France, that he should make the match betwixt him and Madam Germana, daughter to Gaston de Foix, and to the said French King's sister, which was concluded upon this condition; That King Lewis, in stead of her Dowry, should grant and pass over to Don Fernando the right which he pretended to the kingdom of Naples, and that if the Queen should die before him without issue, he should succeed and inherit the same title; but if she should survive Don Fernando, that Lewis should repossess the said claim: These Articles being confirmed, they made a Peace betwixt France and Spain, for a hundred and one years, (but it scarce continued so many weeks) and Don juan de Silua Earl of Cifuentes, with the Vicechancellor of Arragon went into France, to attend and conduct her Majesty into Castillia.   

SECT▪ IU.  
THe castilians in mean time, being very desirous to have their Natural Sovereign amongst them, importuned by frequent messages and invitations, Donnia juana and her husband to return, and bring their Children with them into Spain. Whereupon Don Philip having provided a Fleet for the purpose, they departed Flanders, leaving the Prince Don Carls under the care and tuition of the Emperor Maximiliano and Donnia Margarita, widow to the Duke of Savoye; and at last (though tossed with much storm and tempests by the way) they landed safe at the Groin in Galicia. Don Fernando hearing of their arrival went to meet them, betwixt La Puebla de Sanabria and Asturianos. This interview occasioned no small discontent betwixt these Princes; for Kings will admit of no competitors, or Companions (no not of their own children) in matters of Government and Command. Whereupon Don Fernando (forsaken by all, but only the Duke of Alva and the Earl of Altamira with some few others) took his way to Villafafila, and Tordesillas, and King Philip with his Queen to Venavente, attended by all the Nobles and flower of Castillia, besides strangers, to the number of above two thousand horse. One cause of their discord was about the title and inscription of Commissions, Patents and other dispatches Royal, which at last was determined, and agreed, that all things should pass in the names of Don Fernando, Don Philip, and Donnia juana: But this style was soon altered by the unexpected d●ath of Don Philip, which happened at Burges: he had but seven days of sickness (which was thought to be a surfeit) and past from this life to the eternal on friday the fifth of September, 
The death ●f Phil●p the Fair Duke of Burgu●die▪ an● Archduke of Aust●i●.  anno●●0● ●●0●, being aged but twenty eight years, and having enjoied the Kingdom of Castillia a year and ten months, lacking one day; he commanded that his heart should be carried to Brussels, his body to Granada, and his bowels to remain there. His death was much lamented by the Emperor his Father; for, besides that he was his only son, he was one of the handsomest men of his time, therefore he was called Philip the Fair; and the nobleness of his mind was answerable to the feature of his body. Donnia juana his Queen was so sensible of his loss, that with the extremity of sorrow, and her incessant weeping, 
An old woman's Prophecy of him.  she became in a manner distracted. An old woman in Galicia seeing him at his landing, and being told who he was, said, That he should be a longer time, and travel more leagues in Castillia, being dead then living; which proved so; for the Queen carried his body with her, from place to place, 
What Children. He left.  and would not suffer it to be buried for many years after. He left two sons, Don Carls, and Don Fernando, both Emperors; and three daughters, all mighty Queens: Donnia Leonor first reigned in Portugal, and afterwards was married to the King of France: Donnia Catalina was wife to Don john the Third, King of Portugal, Aunt, and Mother-in-law to Philip the Second of Spain: And Donnia Maria had for her husband Lewis King of Bohemia and Hungaria.   

SECT. V.  
IN mean time Don Fernando, being married to the Queen Germana, and distasted in Castillia, retired himself into Arragon; from thence being upon his ●ournie to Naples, the Castillians gave him notice of Don Philip's death, and of the necessity that there was of his Royal presence; but he refused to return, being incensed against some of them for their ingratitude to him. By the death of Don Philip, and the absence of King Fernando, divers tumults and seditions arose in the kingdom, the people refusing to obey the Magistrates and Officers of Justice; and the Nobles wanted not factions and partialities amongst them to trouble and disquiet the Country, and almost every City throughout the Kingdom was infected with the same contagion: Some crying up Charles, or Don Carls; others Fernando; no small number stood for Maximiliano, but very few made any mention of Donnia juana, who, whether out of a since of her own disability, or overcome with melancholy for her husbands deceas, had retired herself at Tordesillas, refusing to govern or trouble her head with State-affairs. Whereupon, with the consent of most part of the Peers and Nobles of the Realm, the Cardinal Ximenez Don Bernardino de Velasso Lord high Constable, and Don Pedro Manrique Duke of Naxara took upon them the administration of Government for the present; they made Don Alonso Suarez Bishop of jaen, Precedent of their Council, assisted by Doctor Tello, el Licenciado Polanco, and other learned Lawyers. They called a Parliament, wherein they ordered to send to Don Fernando, desiring him in the name of the Queen and the whole Kingdom to return, and undertake the Government for his Daughter and Grandchild. Which he, being more ready to accept than they to offer, did not refuse, but returned answer, that having settled the business which had called him to Naples, he would satisfy their desires: And after some time, leaving Don juan de Arragon Earl of Ribagorsa, his Viceroy, he embarked himself for Spain with his Queen Germana, Don Gonsalo Fernandez de Cordova, commonly called the gran Capitan, and a great train of Spanish Gentlemen that attended him in his voyage. Being arrived at Valentia, the Queen Donnia juana went to meet him, whom he received with signs of much affection and fatherly tenderness, which she answered with all the honour and due obedience that could be expected from an observant Daughter; for although the excess of sorrow had weakened her intellectual faculties, yet she never lost her respect to her Father, but paid him with all humility and filial duty; neither was she ever heard to utter any misbecoming words, which is common to people tainted with her infirmity. The eighth of October the King and Queens came to Arcos, where Donnia juana desiring to stay, Don Fernando went with his Court to Burges, leaving her a good number of Noblemen and Ladies, besides guards, suitable to the dignity of her person. Some years after, Don Fernando left the troubles of this transitory life to enjoie the quietness and bliss of the eternal, 
The manner of King Ferdinand's death.  in the sixty fourth year of his age, having reigned and governed as King, forty two years complete. Some say it was the Dropsy that brought him to his end; others report, that his young Queen, to quicken his Spirit, and thaw the ice that contracted the blood in his aged veins, gave him a certain provocative potion; which, instead of raising a part, cast the whole body into the grave. After his death, arose many differences amongst the Grandees concerning the Government. Adriano (Dean of Louvain, and Tutor to Don Carls) produced a Commission, which the young Prince had given him to succeed Don Fernando in the Government, until his coming into Spain; this was opposed by Cardinal Ximenez, 
Dispute about the Government of the Kingdom.  who alleged, that by virtue of his Catholic majesty's last Will and Testament, he was to be Governor of the Kingdom, until the Prince should come himself, or give some special order to the contrary▪ that Adriano's Commission was dated long before Don Ferdinando's deceas, therefore not valeable; besides, that he was a foreigner, which was sufficient reason to bar his pretensions. But at last they agreed to govern both together, until they received further order from Don Carls. This joint-Government continued a great while, during which time, several Grandees of the Kingdom were much discontented, and murmured, that a Friar, and a stranger (in a manner of the same stamp) should be raised to such a height above them, as to rule and command the whole Kingdom, and them: they alleged that Don Fernando had no power to substitute, or appoint any one to administer the Government of that kingdom, in regard that since the Catholic Queen's death, he was not King, but only Governor thereof himself: and that considering Donnia juana would not undergo the trouble of the Crown, according to the Laws of that ●and, they agreed that the Duke del Infantado▪ the Lord High-Counstable, and the Earl of Venavente should examine the Cardinal, by what authority and power he took upon him to be Governor of those kingdoms: Whereunto he boldly made them answer, By the Power of his Catholic Majesty: And they replying, that the Catholic King had no authority ●o to do, 
Resolute carriage and answer of Cardinal Ximene● to the Nobles o● Spain.  he led them to a brest-work, which he had made about the house where he then lodged, and showed them a great rank of Artillery, commanding his servants to discharge them all; which done, he told them, this is the power by which I do, and will govern Spain, until the Prince our Lord come to take charge of it himself: they were not very well satisfied with this answer, neither did that manner of discourse bode any good to the Kingdom. Notwithstanding the oppositions and murmurations of the Grandees and others in Castillia, the Cardinal continued at the helm in despite of all, until his majesty's coming into Spain, 
Charles the Fi●●'s coming into Spain.  which was anno 1517. At which time, the Cardinal finding himself indisposed, was retired into a Monastery of his own Order at Aquilera; whither his Majesty (being received at Valladolid) sent him a letter, thanking him for his former services, and requiring him to repair with those of the Council to Mojadoes, where he might consult with him concerning the present settling of his affairs; after which he should be eased of the weighty burden of that troublesome employment, and have liberty to solace and retire himself. This Letter was said to be penned by the Bishop Mota, who (envious of the Cardinal's power, and studying nothing more than which way to eclipse his greatness) persuaded his Majesty to write to him in those terms; which his Eminence having perused, it struck him into a high distemper; and the violent passion of his mind, joined with the infirmity of his body, increased his fever, in such manner, that he rendered his soul into the Creator's hands within eight days after, and was buried at Alcala de Henares, 
Cardinal Xim●●es buried at Alcala, anno 1517.  in the College of St Illefonso, whereof he was Founder. After whose death, the Archbishopric of Toledo was given to Guillermo de Croüy, Bishop of Cambray, and nephew to Monsieur de Xeures, his Majesty's chief favourite, which bred no small discontent amongst the castilians, seeing the principal Jewel of their kingdom bestowed upon a foreigner. 
Some were of opinion that he was poisoned.  Yet the general report was, that the Marquis of Villena, with other Grandees of Castillia, desired and earnestly importuned his Majesty so to do; and that of himself he had no such Intention, neither did Monsieur de Xeures ever mention it: And, it is not to be thought, that those Noblemen took pleasure in seeing any stranger advanced above them in their own Country; But they were induced hereunto, out of hopes to ingratiate themselves thereby to the Flemings, and chiefly to Xeures, who had the King's ear above any at that time. Such is the force and power of overswaying Ambition, which so bastardiseth, and adulterate's the hearts even of Noblemen, that they will descend, or stoop to any thing, 
Charles the Fift's age when he was received into Spain.  to curry favour with a Prince's Minion. Don Carls at that time, could not reckon above seventeen years and a half at most, from his Nativity, which was a very tender age, to undergo so weighty a charge, as was that of ruling so many, and so considerable Countries; especially, those of Spain, where, according to their Laws and Customs, it never had been seen, that a Youth so young, and one that had been born and bred in foreign parts should sit in their King's Throne. He understood no Spanish, neither was he acquainted with the inclinations, and dispositions of the people: therefore (although he was very ingenuous, 
His Disposition.  and of as excellent and sweet a nature, as could be desired in a truly Christian Prince) he could do no less then suffer himself to be advised, and guided by some of more mature years and experience. And having been bred and tutored from his infancy, 
Who Xeures was.  by Guillermo de Croüy Lord of Xeures (who was Duke of Sora, in the kingdom of Naples, and afterwards Duke of Arschot in Brabant, a man of ripe age, solid Judgement, and eminent parts answerable to his birth, being descended of the illustrious stock of the Kings of Hungary, and recommended to be his Governor, by his Grandfather Maximilian the Emperor) he committed himself with the management of all State-affairs, wholly to his wisdom; and Xeures in matters concerning Spain, (being a stranger to that Country) was led by Maestro Mota, a Native of Burgos, Bishop of Badajos, and some other castilians, who were more ambitious than virtuous.   

SECT. VI  
AFter the reception of the Prince Don Carls in Valladolid, (which was most splendid and magnificent) all the Procuradores deal Reyno, or the Commissioners of the Kingdom, were summoned to assemble in Parliament; wherein the castilians were highly distasted, because the Lord Chancellor (a Fleming) assisted as Precedent for his Highness, and that other strangers were admitted to sit in Parliament; Some of the Commissioners took the oath of Allegiance to his Highness, 
Differences about the acknowledging of Cha●ls, King of Spain.  as King; others refused to acknowledge him to be their King, as long as his Mother Donnia juana was living, (who was right heir to the Crown) and that he first should swear to maintain and observe the fundamental Laws and Customs of the Kingdom; especially, that no Offices, or places of Benefit or Trust, either Ecclesiastical or Temporal, should be conferred upon any, that were not Natives of that Country; But at last, all being agreed, both the Grandees and Commissioners of the kingdom took the Oath; the Ceremony was in this manner: 
The form of swearing Allegiance to him.  On Sunday the 7th of February, 1518, the Prince accompanied by all the Ambassadors, and Nobles of his Dominions, having heard Mass in St Paul's Church at Valladolid, was seated in a chair before the Altar, and Adriano, Cardinal of Tortosa, holding the Evangelists in his hands, Don Garzia de Padilla read with a loud voice the contents of the Oath; which done, the Infante Don Fernando swore first upon the book, than went to kiss the King's hand; but the King refusing to give his hand, embraced him, and laid his cheek to his brother's; After that the Infante took his Sister Donnia Leoner by the hand, and led her to swear, and afterwards to kiss his majesty's hand, but the King arose, and kissed her cheek, than they passed on the King's right hand, and Don Fernando stood close to his chair bore headed. Immediately came the Infante of Granada, with the Archbishop of Santiago, the Bishop of Granado and other Prelates to take the Oath; after them followed the Grandees, and Nobles there present, to whom the Infante Don Fernando held the Book: Don Garzia read the Oath to the Nobles, and likewise to the Commissioners of the several Cities; who having sworn, went all to kiss his majesty's hand. After all which, the King swore upon the same holy Evangelists, 
The Oath 〈◊〉 took.  to keep and fulfil all, and every thing, and Article, which he had promised, and agreed of with the Commissioners. Moreover was added, if at any time it should pleas God to restore the Queen Donnia juana, his mother, to her perfect health and ability, to rule her Kingdom, that he should desist from the Government, and that only she should reign; That in all Writings, Letters, Commissions or public Acts whatsoëver, during the said Donnia Iuana's life, her name should be set in the first place, and then his: And that he should be styled only Prince of Spain. This don, Te Deum laudamus was sung with great solemnity, and variety of musical Instruments.  
The Commissioners of the Kingdom, being all assembled in Valladolid, made a very discreet speech to the King, in answer to that which the Bishop of Badajos, and Don Garzia de Padilla had propounded in his majesty's name, intimating, that amongst themselves, they should seriously consider, and weigh those things which were important to the good preservation and increasing of those kingdoms. The Commissioners desired with very valid and good reasons, That his Majesty would put in execution the holy and Catholic Propositions, which he had expressed in favour of his kingdom, and the Subjects thereof. And that they might enjoie the fruit of his so virtuous and holy desires, they came to put him in mind, how, by a decree and express order from Heaven he was chosen, and called to be King, whose office was to govern well, and to govern well was to administer justice, giving to every one that which is his; and they desired that his chief ends and intention might tend thereunto; for although Kings do possess divers other qualities and things recommendable, as their lineage, dignities, power, honour, riches, delights, estimation, etc. none of all these make a King according to right, but only the administering of justice; And for this only, and in the name thereof the holy Ghost hath said, That kings do reign; That justice and the ruling therewith, do require, that when the Subjects sleep, their kings should watch. And that it was his part so to do, for in effect he was as an hireling to his Subjects: for that cause did they give him part of their fruits and estates, and serve him with their persons, if (need requiring) it be his pleasure to call them: That by a certain tacit contract the King is obliged to do justice to his people; which is a thing of such excellency and Dignity, that God hath made it one of his own attributes, calling himself the Just judge; that God, being so great a friend, and lover of justice, would likewise be a friend to him that should be careful in preserving and administering thereof. That the charge of him that is to judge, being of such high importance, he whom God hath called to manage a Sceptre, hath need of some assistant; therefore it is necessary that the King should have some inferior Ministers, that may bear a part of that weighty burden and incessant cares, which accompany the Royal dignity, the supreme Power still remaining in his own hands. That a good King ought to choos and seek out such men for his Ministers, as Moses did, when he received a command from God to elect seventy and two men out of his people, who might assist him in the Government, and eas him of a part of the care and troubles, wherewith he was surcharged: those men were to be wise, of mature years, fearing God, enemies to Covetousness and all other passions, which may blind and pervert the understanding. That although they doubted not to find all these perfections in his highness, yet they humbly desired him to ratify the ensuing Articles.  
1. That the Queen Donnia juana, his mother, might have a Court, and attendants suitable to the Dignity of her person, as being the Queen and Lady proprietary of those Kingdoms: whereunto he answered That he thanked them, and assured them that he had nothing in greater recommendation, than what concerned that particular, as they should find by effects.  
2. That he would be pleased to marry with what convenient speed might be, it being very requisite for the good of the kingdom, that he should leave a prosperous issue to rule many years over them: the King replied, That he would consider thereupon, and do that which shall be most conducing to his honour, the benefit of his Kingdoms, and the succession thereof.  
3. That the Infante Don Fernando might not go out of the kingdom, until he were married, and had children: the king made answer, That he was not more careful of any thing in the world, then of the advancement of his brother, the Infante, and that he would order nothing to be done concerning his person, but what should be for his advantage, and the good of those kingdoms.  
4. That he would be pleased to speak Spanish; for by practising he would the sooner learn, and better understand his Subjects, and be understood by them. He answered, That he was well contented, and would strive so to do, and the rather, because they desired it in the name of the Kingdoms: so, afterwards he did speak Spanish with them and others.  
5. That he would not alienate any thing from the Royal Crown, and if any should desire justice of him for their grievances, that he would give order to have it done them. He answered, That he would do therein according to his Oath, and would redress all those that came to complain.  
6. That whatsoêver the Catholic King and Don Philip, his father, had given away by way of Dowry or Legacy, he would command to be fulfilled, for the repose and discharging of their consciences: He answered That he would; provided, that it might be done without prejudice to the Royal Patrimony.  
Sixty seven more Articles they propounded, which, because they are more at large specified hereafter, I shall forbear to trouble the Reader with them in this place; His Majesty gave so gracious an answer to them all, (thanking the Commissioners in a very courteous manner) that they remained very well apayed and satisfied.  
The Subsidy which they granted him in this first Parliament (according to Fray Antonio de Gueuara's relation) was one hundred and fifty millions of Maravediz; 
34 M●●auediz make 6d. A Ducat makes 5● 6d.  A●d Pero-Mexia saith, it was six hundred thousand Ducats, t● be raised the three first years. The Parliament being ended, there was celebrated a Just, or Tournament Royal in the chief market place of Valladolid, five and twenty against five and twenty; Some Spaniards, and some Flemish Noblemen, who strove to out-view each other, aswell in the richness of their habits and liveries, as in feats of arms; Seven of them were killed, and some hurt; therefore it was commonly said, That for a Combat in earnest the loss was not great, but, for a jest it was too much. After this solemnity, which continued certain days, the King having visited his mo●her, Donnia juana, and the Queen Germana, leaving all things in good order in Castillia, departed ●ith his Court for Arragon, taking his sister, Donnia Leonor, and the Queen Germana with him. He made the town of Aranda in his way, whither his brother, 
The Infante's discontent.  the Infante Don Fernando, was returned with small contentment, because they made such haste to pack him out of Spain. There the King remained some few days, during which time, the Infante was dispatched for Fland●rs, as was before determined; for the King (●ot being yet arrived in Castillia, some men of note about the In●ante's person, put thoughts into his head of succeeding his grandfather in the Crown; and it was greatly to be fea●ed that the Castillians w●uld have declared for him, to the prejudice of Don Carls, he being of their Country, and his brother a Fleming: besides, his name, Fernando was enough to gain him the affection and hearts of all Spain, for his Grandfather's sake, whose memory was held in great honour and adoration amongst them; But God disposed it otherwise for the good and quiet of those Kingdoms. Don Fernando being fitted with attendants, and all necessaries for his voyage, the King continued his progress into Arragon, 
Charles the fifth received at Saragosa. 1518.  he was received in Saragosa with very great solemnity and joie, the 15 of May 1518. The castilians expressed much discontent at the departure of the Infante Don Fernando, 
The castilians and Aragonese distasted.  and began to murmur every where, they being of opinion, that he ought not to be sent out of the Kingdom, until his brother were married and had children. They were likewise distasted, and the Aragonese also, at the present Government; for they could not endure that strangers should bear so great sway in their Country, that all businesses must pass through the hands of Xeures, and his friends, who had the name of being over-greedie, and covetous; the same brand was laid upon the rest of the Flemings that attended his Majesty. But that was no wonder, for all Prince's Favourites (be they never so just and well deserving) are generally envied, and abhorred by most people. They said moreover, that the King was wilful, untractable, disdainful, and gave small testimonies of affection to the Spanish Nation, with divers other such like discontented speeches, which are mentioned more at large hereafter. But to say the truth, the King was no way to be blamed; for he was so young, that of necessity he must suffer himself to be directed by those, who had bred him up from his infancy. Time made the Spaniards plainly see, when he came to riper years, that he loved, respected, and esteemed them above all other Nations, which appeared by his placing them in offices of the greatest Honour and Trust, not only in Spain, but in Italy, Flanders, and Germany.   

SECT. VII.  
THe King having been some days at Saragosa, the Parliament began, which continued so long, that he was forced to remain there eight months; there the grand Chancellor died, not much lamented by the Spaniards, who abhorred the very memory of him, and he cared more for his gold then for their favour or displeasure. This Monsieur de Laxao left a very bad name behind him; in his place, by his majesty's command, 
Gatinara made Lord Chancellor of Spain.  succeeded Mercurino de Gatinara, a man of singular wisdom and learning, a friend to justice and Equity, and a great jurisconsult. The Grandees of the Kingdom of Arragon being assembled in the Archbishop's Palace, who was uncle to the King, they desired him to let them understand his pleasure, for they were very willing and desirous to serve him, as they had done his Predecessors, but conditionally, that they might enjoie the ancient Customs and Privileges of the Kingdom; the King answered, they should; But considering the indisposition of the Queen, his mother, he willed and required them to acknowledged him their King, as those of Castillia had done. Whereunto the jurados, or Iurates, in the name of the kingdom, 
Demands of the Aragonese before they would acknowledge Charles their King.  replied, they would, though it was against the Laws, his mother being yet living; So that his Highness would be pleased to swear the Infante Don Fernando Prince of Spain, the same day, as they should swear him King; not that the Infante should remain Prince, and heir to the Crown, but only until such time as he should be married and God should bless him with some hopeful issue to succeed him, whereunto, if his Highness would not consent, they would swear him Executor, and Administrator of the Queen, his mother's estate: and if he would not condescend to this, they told him in plain terms, that they had no leave nor power to do otherwise, and although they had, they would not put it in execution; for that would much prejudice, and damnify their exemptions. The King was much displeased at their peremptoriness, and answered them not one syllable: the Grandees of Castillia being present, grew out of patience at the Aragonese sauciness, and the Earl of Venavente told the King openly, that, if his Majesty would take his Counsel, he should make them come under the yoke, that he would venture his life and fortune, to serve him in that design; that his majesty's only way was, 
Quarrel bethe castilians and Aragonese, about the receiving Charles as King.  to raise a powerful Army, and subdue that Kingdom by force of Arms, and so he might impose upon them what Laws he pleased, not such as they desired and fancied. At which words, the Earl of Aranda answered the Earl of Venavente, in such harsh and bitter terms, that all the Palace, and the Grandees of the Court were come almost to daggers drawing: So that the King had much to do to pacify them, commanding every one of them to repair to their own houses, and not to stir abroad upon pain of death; But his Commands were not fully obeyed that time; for night being come, divers of both parties met in the streets, and many of them were sore wounded, and questionless, the dispute had been more bloody, if the Archbishop had not left his supper, and come out with other Noblemen to part them. The next day, the King made the Earls of Venavente and Aranda friends, which done, the Aragonese were brought to reason, and being willing to conform themselves with the castilians, they took the same Oath, and acknowleged the King to be their King and Lord, jointly with Donnia juana the Queen, his mother, as had been done in Castillia.   

SECT. VIII.  
IN the beginning of the year 1519, 
Anno 1519▪  the Parliament of Arragon being ended, the King went to visit his Dominions of Barcelona, and would have done the like in the Kingdom of Valencia, 
The Emperor Maximilians death in Germany.  if his occasions had permitted. Being at Barcelona, news was brought him that Maximilian the emperor, his Grandfather, died at Belsis the 12th of Januarie 1519, whereat he was not a little troubled; all the Court was forthwith put into mourning, and his Obsequies celebrated with very great solemnity, according to the honour and greatness of his person, 
His conditions.  who was one of the most virtuous, and well-deserving Emperors that ever had command in Germany: he was of a most noble and generous disposition, pious and valiant. The ten first years of his age, he could make no use at all of his tongue, insomuch that the Emperor Frederick, his father, thought he would be dumb, or a fool; But coming to mature years, he gave great evidences of very rich endowments of his soul. He died of a Flux, in the sixty third year of his age, having governed the Empire twenty five years, after his Father's deceas. Francis, the First of France, 
The King of F●ance'● ambition to the Imperial Crow●.  stood in competition with Don Carls, for the succession to the Imperial Crown, and left no way unattempted to corrupt the El●ctors, and make them of his party. But the major part, after many, long, and serious debates, thinking it more fit to continue that Dignity to the House of Austria (who were Natives of that Country) then to transfer it upon a strange Prince, made the election in favour of Don Carls, 
Seven El●c●o●s o● the Empire.  King of Spain, to the great contentment of all Princes, and people of Germamie. The Electors of the sacred Empire, at that time were, Alberto Archbishop of Maguncia, or M●ntz, Hertnao Archbishop of Colonia, Ricardo Archbishop of Tr●ues, 
Crawls the F●●●t elected Emperor.  Frederico Duke of Saxonia, Lewis King of Bohemia, and Hungaria, joachim Marquis of Brandeburg, Lewis Count Palatine of the Rhine. The Election being passed in Franckfort, and published all over Germany, the Electors sent Frederick Duke of Baviers into Spain, to his Majesty; in mean time, they ordered all matters concerning the Empire, and made Casimire of Brandeburg Captain General of the Imperial forces, until the new Emperor should come to receiv his Crown. Whilst these things passed in Germany, the King celebrated in Barcelona, the feast of the Order of the golden Fleece; there the Lord high Counstable of Castillia, Don Innigo de Velasco, Don jadrique de Toledo Duke of Alva, Don Alvero de Zunniga Duke of Vejar, Don Fadrique Enriquez Lord Admiral of Castilia, Don Estavan Alvarez Cesorio Marquis of Astorga, received the Order: 
Haughty humility of the Earl V●n●v●n●●, in 〈◊〉 to be m●de Knight of the g●lden Fleece.  But the Earl of Venavente refused it, saying, that he was a right castilian, and cared not for any badges of foreign honour, those of his own Country being as good, and in his opinion far better The Duke of Cordona in the Kingdom of A●agon, and the Prince of Bis●●gnano, a Neapolitan, stood not upon those nice terms, but accepted the Order as a particular favour from his Majesty. About the same time, the Queen Germana (finding more contentment in the Company of a Husband, then in the solitary condition of a widow,) was married with great solemnity, to the Marquis of Brandeburg, brother to the Elector, who (though of a very illustrious extraction) was so incomparably inferior to the Majesty and greatness of her former husband Don Fernando, that her judgement was much censured for her choice, and the Courtiers thought so slightly of her, that divers would not give her the style of Highness, until his Majesty commanded it (who assisted personally at the solemnity, thinking thereby to endeer th● Elector of Brandenburg, the more to vote in his behalf.) At the beginning of Julie, in the same year, arrived at Barcelona, Frederick Duke of Baviers, brother to Lewis Duke of Baviers, Elector and Count Palatine, with the dispatches from the Electors; and having delivered his embassage, the Chancellor Mercurino de Gatinara answered, that his Majesty did receiv very willingly the ●lection of the Empire, which the seven Prince's Electors had conferred upon him, that he would take that weighty and honourable care upon himself, out of the great affection which he bore his native Country, and that he would endeavour with all convenient speed, to settle his affairs in Spain, and make a voyage into Germany: Thus the Empire being settled upon Don Carls of Spain, and the King of France deprived of all his hopes (notwithstanding the vast sums of money and presents, wherewith he thought to purchase the Elector's Votes) his envy and choler grew beyond the bounds of moderation, and he resolved forthwith to act what mischief he could, and interess the power of all other Princes, his Allies, against the Emperor Elect.   

SECT. IX.  
Whilst the King, or Emperor Elect was at Barcelona, he demanded the Catalanes to receiv, 
The Catalanes make difficulty of acknowledging Charles King.  and acknowledge him their King, which they refused for a while, neither would they consent, that he should call any Parlamemt in their Country; but at last, they were persuaded to reason, and swore Allegiance to him, as Castillia and Arragon had done. The Emperor upon notice of his Election, and solicitation of the Princes of Germany for his going hither, had not the leisure to visit the Kingdom of Valencia, as he intended; therefore he desired, that those of that Kingdom would swear, and acknowledge him King, 
Those of Valencia. re●use to acknowledge him.  without obliging him to be personally present, in regard it was imposslble for him to perform that journey, at that time, by reason of his new and unexpected occasions, which called him another way. But they would not hearken to any such motion, and scornfully made answer, 
Their proud answer.  that they were as good as Aragoneses, or Catalanes, and since, he had spent two years' time in those Countries, why could not he stay two months at Valencia? The Emperor being ready, to depart from Barcelona, sent Cardinal Adriano to Valencia, to pacify that Kingdom, and gave Commission to the Infante Don Enrique, and the Archbishop of Saragosa (both his Uncles) to call a Parliament in his name, ordering that the money which should be granted him therein, by way of subsicy, should be all distributed amongst the aggrieved, and needy of the Kingdom. Don Alonsa de Cordona Admiral of Arragon, and the Duke of Gandia, with several other persons of account, gave their Votes to acknowledge, and swear his Majesty their King▪ But the rest told the Cardinal Adriano, and wrote besides to the Emperor, that they would lose their wives, Children, and Estates, rather than the Liberties and Privileges of their Country; whereat the Cardinal much displeased, returned to Court, leaving the City of Valencia in great distraction; the outrages and disorders whereof, shall be hereafter more at large related.   

SECT. X.  
IT was agreed, and his Majesty took Oath in the Parliament, at Valladolid, That no Offices should be given to strangers, nor the kingdom surcharged with new Impositions, but should continue in the same manner, as was ordered by the Catholic King, at a Parliament, which he called in Burgos; Yet there was nothing less observed, or worse kept than these Articles; for the treasure of the kingdom was publicly exhausted, and Offices were daily given to the Flemings, who sold them to those that would give most money, and likewise divers spiritual livings were so bestowed; which the castilians seeing, and taking notice, how small account was made of the Grandees, and Nobles, Natives of that Country, they began to be distasted, and muttered out many things in a discontented manner, which ought not to be rehearsed. These murmurings began from the time of his majesty's departure, from Valladolid to Arragon, which was in March 1518. And being in Barcelona, some troubles arose about Segovia, and Avila, by reason of certain persons, that had farmed the Customs, and Royal Revenues, which enhanced the charges of the Country; whereat those Cities much aggrieved, the contrary having been promised by the Emperor Elect in Parliament; They acquainted the City of Toledo with their grievances, and desired, that all the Cities of the kingdom should make a joint-complaint thereof to his Majesty, and appoint their Commissioners to importune him for a redress, desiring him to stand to the Ordinances of Parliament, made in Valladolid, and to grant what he then refused; moreover, that he would visit the whole Kingdom before his departure into Germany. Whereunto the Lord Chancellor, in his majesty's name, made answer, That he would very speedily send an Express, to give the City of Toledo thanks for their expressions of fidelity to him, and satisfy them more fully▪ But the Empire being without Head, he could not defer his going thither to receiv the Crown, and settle the Government; which done, he would make all convenient haste back again, into that Kingdom of Castillia, whose good he tendered in a very particular manner. The Commissioners being answered, the Chapter of Toledo (as being the Chief of the Kingdom) presented their grievances to his Majesty, concerning the Tenth, which the Pope had granted to him, through all the Churches of the Kingdom, complaining that it was a new, heavy, and intolerable tax, and not only grievous to the ecclesiastics, but prejudicial to all his kingdoms; That in former times, when the said Kingdoms were overrun by Moors and Infidels, although there were many, and bloody wars, which continued until the blessed reigns of the Catholic, King Don Fernando, and Donnia Isabel, of glorious memory, his Grandfather and Grandmother, who conquered the Kingdom of Granada, and extirpated the Moorish race, which wars were very necessary, and of extraordinary expense; yet there were no Tenths raised, nor demanded; It being an unheard of thing, and a request as unjust as insupportable, much less reason had his Majesty to require any such thing of the Clergy, his case being far different, and his wars nothing so important. That he should rather encourage the Clergy, to pray for his good success, then diminish any thing from their subsistence; Prayers being of more avail, than any Martial Discipline, as appears by the holy Scriptures; wherein it is read, that the victory is more certainly obtained by the prayers of devout Priests, then by the force of Horsemen and Arms. But if his majesty's temporal Revenue was not sufficient to maintain a just war, in such case, he might demand assistance of the Churchmen, as far forth as the present necessity did require; wherein they would willingly supply his Majesty, making Levies amongst themselves, and rather abate their own subsistence, then suffer him to be disfurnished, which they should not be able to do, if his Majesty in the very beginning would exact a Tenth from them. Divers other reasons they alleged in their Petition to his Majesty, whereunto there was no time to give answer.   

SECT. XI.  
MEan time the Emperor Maxmilian being dead, and Charles the fifth being long before he went thither, to to take possession, the People of Austria having lost all fear, and respect of authority, fell into the greatest disorder and mutiny that had been, 
Troubles in Germany.  within compass of the memory of man, turning out, and discarding all ancient Officers of Justice, and constituting others of their own combination: the like they did with Ecclesiastical benefices. The Loyal Party (which was the fewer in number) durst not open their mouths, fearing the fury of the seditious vulgar; who had possessed themselves of all the Archduke's Revenues, and were grown to such a height of arrogancy, that they sent to the Emperor, being at Barcelona, to ratify and confirm what they had done for the public Weal and good Government (as they termed it) of that Country, and to allow the new Officers of justice, whom they had constituted. But the Emperor returned them such an answer, as made them understand that he knew himself to be Archduke of Austria, and not they. These distractions and perturbations continued in that Country almost two years; after which his Majesty returning into Germany, pacified all those dissensions and factious spirits, settled the Government, and received the Imperial Crown, as shall be expressed hereafter.   
Finis Libri Primi.   

THE SECOND BOOK.  

SECT. I.  
IN this and the following Books, I am to relate the the Insurrections or rising of the People (commonly called Communidades, or Commonalties) which continued in Spain, from the year 1519 to 1522. A Subject, truly, very sad and unpleasant, and which I would willingly pass under silence, because some Illustrious Families, Noble Cities, and principal Towns of the Kingdom were interessed therein, which never had been disobedient to their Kings, but always esteemed for their loyalty. Neither do I conceiv that they thought any way to disserv his Majesty, but rather to release him out of that oppression (as I may term it) in which his Favourites held him. And, it is manifest, in that they so earnestly importuned and petitioned, that their King would not go out of the Kingdom, that they desired, and delighted to see, and enjoie his Royal presence; which was no sign, that they intended to do him any disservice: It will appear more evidently in the Progress of this History, and by the letters which passed between them, whereof some I have set down in the same manner, as they were written in the originals, because the particularity of the History doth require it, in a matter of such weight and danger. And since the Loyalty of Spain comes in question, who have always had their Princes in so high a reverence, that they honoured and respected their very Statues and pictures, as if they had been their Sovereign's, whom they represented: I will, before I go any further▪ declare the ground and reasons, upon which the castilians founded their complaints and grievances, as I have gathered them from those who were eie-witnesses, and have penned all the several passages, with much discretion, respect, fear of God, and with a mind free from partiality.   

SECT. II.  
THe familiarity of Monsieur de Xeures with the King was so great, that he rather seemed to be the King, and the King his Son, then to be Xeures his Vassal and Creature, as he was. There was no access, nor speaking with the King, but when Xeures pleased: if any thing succeeded well, Xeures assumed the glory to himself, giving out that he had done it; if ill, he always laid the fault upon the King, saying, The King would have it so. And, indeed, this was the first occasion that begat the innocent Prince the ill will of his People. I have seen a memorial of these Passages, which a Gentleman (one of the King's Domestic servants) wrote, and averreth to have been an eie-witness of them. He report's, that while the King was yet in his minority, and unacquainted with State-affairs, Xeures would suffer no body to speak with him, unless he were first informed of the business, that so he might put into the King's mouth, what he would have him to answer; and if any refused to impart their business to him, they were so far from having audience, that he would not suffer them to enter into his majesty's presence; Thus did he deal with those that were sent from Toledo, and divers other Cities. Indeed, at that time all the castilians were very much discountenanced, and not treated as theirs and their Predecessor's services had deserved. The Flemings perceived the minds of the Spaniards disposed for all mischief; much ambition, and little friendship being amongst them: for some devoted themsel●s particularly to King Ferdinand the Catholic, others to King Philip the Fair. These were kinds of Factions, wherewith were possessed for some days the minds of many People.  
Mercurino Gatinara Lord high Chancellor was second in the Emperor's favour, and as the Authority and familiarity with Princes admit of no Competitor, Xeures and this Chancellor could not endure each other: they both presumed so much, that each of them would command alone, and ambitioned a Power above the other; these made themselves the Heads of those two Factions, and added more poison to their malice and discontents. Xeures favoured those of Ferdinando: and the Chancellor sided with those of Don Philip's Party. And all was ill (as the Proverb says) for the poor Pitcher; for the distressed Country of Spain had all the sufferings. Xeures was so corrupt and covetous, that he sold all the King's Favours, Offices, Bishoprics, Honours, and whatsoëver he conceived would yield him money. The Chancellor did the like with all justiceships and other Offices; so that secluded justice was enforced to give up her Seat, and Sword to the Tyranny of overruling Avarice; only money than bore the sway; no Right, no Equity was able to counterpoiz the weight of Gold; all things and places (as in the times of Catiline at Rome) were then put to sale: The Flemings were much encouraged with this fine gold, and Ingots of pure Silver, that came from the Indies; and the simple Spaniards so blind, in giving it for their pretensions, that it became as common, as a Proverb, for a Fleming to call a Spaniard, My Indian. And, indeed, it was not improper, for the Indians never gave so much gold to the Spaniards, as the Spaniards did to the Flemings: this in time grew to such a pass, that it was publicly sung along the streets, 
Double Pistol, it's well for thee,  
That from Xeures thou art free.  It is reported that a certain Pretendent, or Petitioner who had presented Xeures with a very handsome Mule, and he being asked by another Gentleman, where he had gotten that curious beast, answered, That he knew not who had given it him; being within hearing, and very much aggrieved to see himself so soon forgotten, and the business he had communicated to Xeures so neglected, give's forthwith order to have his Mule cried, declaring all his marks, and describing the furniture he had bestowed on him; which the same Gentleman hearing of, went presently, and told Xeures, that according to the marks, it must needs be that this Mule had been stolen; Thus the poor Petitioner recovered what he had given him, and lost not all, as most men do in such occurrences: for there is no memory so weak, as that of a covetous man in Power, who digest's gold with more facililitie, than Ostriches do Iron.   

SECT▪ III.  
THere was no money to be got in the whole Kingdom, but pieces of nine Maravediz, which is three halfpences English, for all better coins Xeures had transported▪ What shall I say? Besides that which was shipped for Flanders from Barcelona, being 750 Millions; from the Groin, 950 Millions; and from other parts, 800 Millions; so that it exceeded the number of twenty five hundred millions; which was enough to make him equal to the most powerful and richest King. But consider in what condition did poor Castillia remain after such a draining. Besides all this, the Flemings held the spaniards in so mean esteem, that they insulted over them as if they had been their slaves, or rather beasts; they would break open their houses at their pleasures, abuse their wives in their own presence, carry away their goods, and no Justice to be had against them. It happened that a castilian having killed a Fleming at Valladolid, took Sanctuare in St Marie Magdalen's Church; Some Flemings violently breaking in upon him, and stabbing him in divers places, there made him a sad sacrifice to their revengeful fury; which done, they went clear away unchastiled, unquestioned; That which bred the People's greatest dislike of their King, was, that they could not be admitted into his Presence, treat with him, nor ●o much as know him: For X●u●es would suffer no body to speak with him; if at any time he did give audience, Xeures would still be at his elbow, and in regard he did not throughly understand the Spanish Tongue, he seemed as if he had not been spoken to. This gave the rise of the People's general ill opinion of him: They presently spoke him a man of a weak apprehension, and of an ill disposition, they called him Dutchman, and an Enemy to Spaniards; They said, he wanted Judgement as well as years, neither was he of a Talon fit to govern: by these prejudicial Censures of their Prince, which were for some time generally noised abroad amongst the People, likening him to his Mother: Some that never had seen him, said, It could not be otherwise; and that, for that respect only, Xeures would suffer no body else to confer with him, lest he should too much discover his own imperfections. Others that had been admitted to speak with him, much vindicated his honour in that particular, protesting, That they found him very discreet, and of no mean capacity; That he was no way guilty of those pretended weaknesses, but his Favourites infinitely to be condemned; neither was it to be wondered at, if he suffered himself to be governed by them, in regard he was but a youth, and unacquainted with the Customs of that Country, and the dispositions of the People. Those that have near relations about the Persons of Kings, aught to be very careful and circumspect, how to avoid the occasions of Murmurings and Envy, considering, that Kings are like that Sun which diffuseth his light to all.   

SECT. FOUR  
THe whole Country of Castillia was imbrued with these factious discourses, before they ever thought of the departure of their King and Emperor, as will appear by the Letters, which were interchangeably sent from City to City. But when they heard of his resolution to be gone, and that his calling of a Parliament would en●reas their Contributions and Taxes, they outstripped the bounds of patience. The principal Causses of their Commotions were these three ensuing: First, to see the King go out of that Kingdom, being always accustomed to keep their Courts in Spain; for when King Alonso the Wise deserted it, out of an ambitious covetousness of possessing th' Imperial Sceptre, he not only lost that Kingdom, but was encumbered with insurrections, not of the Common people, but of Kings and Princes, th●t levied arms against him. Their second grievance was, To see all Offices, and places of Honour, Trust, or Profit, conferred upon strangers. The third was an universal crying out, That the Treasure of Spain was all transported into foreign Nations. And we may add for a fourth Reason, That in that very occurrence, some evil Star dispersed the malignity of its influence over all Castillia, Sardinia, Sicilia and Austria, which at one instant were all infected with the same poison, as if they had all conspired and agreed together. This they made the ground of their insurrections; because their King left them to live in a strange Country; because their wealth was exhausted, and their Country impoverished, to enrich foreigners; and because the high Treasurer-ship was given to Xeures, and the Archbishopric of Toledo to William de Croy, his Nephew, and all presentations to spiritual preferments, and other Offices to strangers; But that which they chiefly resented was the King's going to the Empire, and had they really wished him ill in his own person, they would not have been so sensible of his departure.  
I cannot let pass with silence the audacity of a certain gentleman of those parts, named, The Martial Don Pedro, who refused to swear Allegiance to Charles, as King, alleging, that in regard he was not born in Spain, nor descended from the blood of the castilian Kings, by the Father's side, he was not obliged to acknowledge him, 
The Martial Don Pedro refuseth the Oath of Al●g●ance.  but, like a true castilian, to keep strictly that Oath, and Loyalty to his Country, and the precedent Kings. Upon which words he was apprehended, his goods confiscate, and his person committed close prisoner in the Castle of Atienza. The Emperor after this coming to Valladolid, sent for him, and promised him, that if he would yet take the Oath, he should not only be enlarged, but be restored to the quiet possession of his whole estate, as formerly, which favour being refused, he was thence carried to the Castle of Simancas, where he ended his life through his own indiscreet obstinacy. Some men through a desperate fool-hardiness think it a piece of courage and gallantry to precipitate themselves into the most eminent dangers.   

SECT. V.  
THe City of Toledo (extremely discontented at these Passages, especially, at the Emperor's going away without being known or seen) wrote to the other Cities of Castillia this ensuing Letter.  
A Letter from Toledo to the Cities of CASTILLIA.  
Worshipful, Noble, and most Virtuous Sirs!  
IN regard sometimes we have written to you in particular, you may wonder why we now write to you all in general: But considering the imminent necessity that there is in this case, and the danger that may ensue by deferring any longer; we shall rather be condemned as being too slack for not doing it before, then thought importunate for doing it now. You know, and may remember, how vehemently King Charles our Soeverign Lord's arrival in Spain was desired of all, and how sudden is his departure from us; his absence now is no less torment to Us, than his Presence at that time afforded us delight and comfort; the long continuance of his Royal Person in the Kingdom of Arragon, and the small time he hath vouchsafed to reside in this our kingdom of Castillia, hath been a great occasion that the affairs of this kingdom are yet in so unsettled a condition: And if his Majesty doth go away, as he hath determined, the longer we delay, the worse our case will be. Therefore (Sirs!) our opinion is, if you think good, since the damage is universal, That 'twere convenient, that we should all meet and consult upon a remedy; the business is of no small moment, besides, in many other particular things (Sirs!) we find an extreme necessity of your advice, and after your advice we shall have as much need of your favour, and helping hands. We find three principal things that require our convening, that we may advise upon some good course for the expedition of them; It will be needful that we dispatch some messengers to his Majesty, humbly beseeching him, First not to depart Spain; Secondly, that he would by no means permit our Treasure to be transported hence; Thirdly, that no strangers may bear office in this kingdom. Sirs, we beg thus much favour of you, that having read our Letter, you forthwith send us your answer; for it is necessary, that those who are to carry our Messages should go together, and make their Propositions all at once; for our demands being in the names of the whole kingdom, we shall obtain a more significant and speedy Answer. God keep his Majesty, and preserv his Noble Person.  
From Toledo this 7th November, 1519.  
The contents of this short Letter were much approved of by the Readers; but in that Occurrence of time they were of dangerous consequence, for the ill managing of the affairs of Castillia was generally much resented, and this Letter bred no mean variety of thoughts in the already wounded hearts of the suffering People; it did this mischief, that all men suspecting worse evils, unanimously said, Since Toledo lift's up the hand, some great disaster must befall this Kingdom. They all returned their answers, although the City of Burgos disapproved their general meeting; Granada answered, that they should do better to expect another opportunity, and carry a more specious form. Salamanca and Murcia were not backwards in their promises and fair offers, but they did not agree in that particular, touching the general Assembly, yet all wrote that they would send their Burgesses, as Agents, who in the Parliament should be conformable to the Toledians. Sevil answered neither yea, nor no. These answers puffed up the Spirits of the Toledians, and Hernando de Avalos (brother to Don john de Ribera, who was chosen for Procurador, 
john de Padilla was afterwards their General, a m●n of noble extraction, and a high Spirit.  that is, Burgess and Commissioner) associating himself with john de Padilla, were the chief sticklers for that Caus, and although the Emperor wrote to them, no reason would satisfy, but they answered, that they understood in so doing, to do him service.   

SECT▪ VI  
SOon after was published through the whole kingdom, the Emperor's determination to go into Germany, to receiv the Imperial Crown; Every one lamented his departure, out of a presaging fear, that those so long contracted fogs of murmuring Discontent, condensing more and more through the privation of his resplendent presence, might at last break forth into some furious storm of intestine Commotions, to the ruin of their whole Country; Which Consideration meeting with the complaints, and general grievances of the whole Kingdom, they began at length to mutter out their resentments in these following words. That the King showed very small affection to that Country; and despising it as too mean for him, would betake himself wholly to Germany. That Xeures had robbed Spain of all her Treasure; That the King being at Burgos (Capital City of Castillia) did not stay one week there. That Xeures would not have the Parliament to be in Valladolid, although all the Grandees, and divers others of the Kingdom had petitioned for it. That Don Pedro Giron had given the King some unbeseeming Language, which he thought good to put up, because he was not man enough to punish his temerarious audacity. That Xeures had called a Parliament, but for no other end, then to charge the Kingdom with a new Cessment of four hundred thousand Ducats. From these and such other seeds of discontents sown amongst the Common People, grew suddenly a multitude of turbulent Imaginations in their factious hearts; and the seditious Clergy, casting the oil of their, pretended, Religious Doctrine into the fire of the People's ill-grounded zeal, made the flame blaze the higher, pricking them daily forwards with their sacrilegious Exhortations in the Pulpits, in these or like words▪ Why do you, that are a Free born Nation, suffer such exorbitancies? Why do you suffer strangers to reap the fruits of your labours, in your own Country? You have not yet fully paid the Cessment, that was granted to the King in the last Parliament; and yet he will impose more Taxes on you, till he hath swept this kingdom clean, and quite beggared us, to enrich his German Nation; and there's Xeures, who was but a private Gentleman in Flanders, hath made himself one of the richest men in the world, by the spoils of us castilians.   

SECT. VII.  
THe Emperor being at Valladolid, and the People's minds much distracted with these several grievances, he sent for the Corregidores, Regidores, and all other Public Magistrates to his Palace. Upon their appearance he told them that being then to go into Germany, to receiv the Imperial Crown, he was in great distress for want of moneys to defray his charges, to which he desired, they would not only give their consents, but be assistant in the raising of three hundred Millions of Maravediz, which might be easily done in Castillia, by way of Subsidy and Pole-monie, every Town paying according to their quality and Cessments; Presuming, that if those of Valladolid subscribed, the other places of the Kingdom, would not be backwards to answer his expectation; And in case they did satisfy his desires therein▪ he promised to grant them all the Favours their Burgesses or Commissioners should demand of him in Parliament. There was present at this Conference, the Archbishop of Santjago, the Bishop Mota, the Earl of Venavente, the Marquis of Astorga, and Xeures who was never from the Emperor's elbow. Those of Valladolid desired some time to give in their answer, but (they said) They could see no possibility of effecting what the Emperor demanded of them. Thence began tumultuous meetings in the streets, Conventicles, and outrageous murmurings, insomuch that they were even ready to rise in arms against the Flemings. At last Valladolid returned the Emperor this answer, That they humbly desired his Majesty would be pleased to stay, and make his residence in their Country, and that upon those terms he should not only command the three hundred Millions he desired, but they would furnish him with much more, and if need required, they would not stick to part with their lands and goods, but fell their Children also to do him service. But, in their opinions, that he should go away and deprive the kingdom of his Royal Person, besides, that vast sum money which he desired to carry into foreign Countries, seemed very unreasonable, and they would sell nothing to further any such design, neither did they believ that God required they should pay him any such obedience. Upon this answer of Valladolid, there were several meetings and Consultations, but they prevailed nothing. But the Emperor's Favourites, (against whom Castillia was chiefly incensed) Viz. Xeures, Don Garzia de Padilla, and Mota, Bishop of Badajos, went again to the Magistrates, desiring them that they would consider well upon his majesty's demands, since the performance thereof was so important to his present service, and so easy for them to accomplish: that the necessity of his going to receiv the Imperial Crown was extremely urgent, and redounded not a little to the reputation and honour of that Kingdom. That they should look upon what Castillia had furnished to King Alonso the Wise, when he went into Germany upon a pretended claim of the Empire, and how much more reason they had to do the like now, (which they might well do, the Kingdom being in a far better condition.) That the King undertook not that voyage, as Don Alonso did, upon a doubtful matter, his business was already most certainly concluded and agreed upon. This was closely followed, for during the three day's time which the Emperor stayed in Valladolid, The Gentry, Magistrates, and Burgesses of the Town, with Bishop Mota (whom the Emperor had sent, to entreat them to condescend to his desires) did nothing else all day and night, but go from the Court to the Town-hous, and back again; the Bishop of Osma, Don Alonso Enriques and some of the Magistrates were of opinion, that they should do well to satisfy his majesty's desires. Others stood strongly to the contrary, and turned their Opponents out from their consultation, with many reviling words, calling them disloial, disobedient, and other injurious names: this being known amongst the Common People, inflamed amain their fury; 
Dictates in those o● Va●ladolid.  Their boundless Rage suddenly broke into an Ocean of inconsiderate and bitter expressions. The third day that his Majesty was there, It being divulged to and fro in the City, that the Magistrates had consented to and subscribed the Emperor's demands, The People cried out, That ought not to be suffered. The Emperor being informed of all these passages, was very much perplexed, and gave order presently to prepare for his departure. It is reported that he said, he desired no more than that consentment, and those subscriptions which some of the Magistrates had given in, As for the rest, who had refused, he should take his time to be even with them. So he departed upon a sudden, though the Townsmen thought he would not have gone, in regard Valladolid and divers other Cities of Castillia, had sent to beseech him with much humility and earnestness, that he would be pleased to forbear a while, and not leave them so soon, fearing the disasters which afterwards befell them. The Emperor gave them a gracious answer, thanking them for their good wishes, but (he said) it was expedient for him to depart without any further delay, for the good and advancement of that Kingdom, and he promised them, that assoon as he had received the Imperial Crown, he would come back again, at the farthest within three years. This did not satisfy the Gentry of the Kingdom, nor the Cities, nor the Commons of Valladolid, who grew excessively out of Temper.   

SECT. VIII.  
BEfore we pass any farther, it will not be improper to set down what was done at Toledo in this Interim. We have seen the Letter which they wrote the last year 1519, to the other Cities of the Kingdom, They wrote another to Valladolid, bearing date the 8th of June of this year 1520. declaring (to the same effect as in the former) the great necessity, into which the absence of their King would plunge the Country, and the great inconveniences that were likely to proceed from that occasion. That it was expedient, that all the Cities of the Kingdom should make an Assembly, and consult what were best to be done in a case of such high consequence; 
Tol●do writes to Vallad●lid.  That they would consider of the manner and place of meeting; That they would conform themselves to Valladolid, and that Valladolid should communicate the matter to the bordering Towns and Cities. That Toledo would presently put it in execution, for they were and ever would be at his majesty's service, for the good of the kingdoms and their Republics. The fifteenth of June, Valladolid returned this answer, That they would very willingly condescend to such an Assembly, if they thought they might justly and lawfully do it, and that they remained well assured of the zeal and good affection which Toledo expressed to the King's service, 
Vall●dolid's answer to Toledo.  and the public good; But such kind of meetings (they alleged) were prohibited by the Laws of the Kingdom, without his majesty's permission, and admit they were not forbidden, at that time however they were unlawful in regard his Majesty was absent, and by reason of the scandal which might arise from thence, especially there being a Governor for his Majesty in the Kingdom, and a Person of such note and value, besides the Lord Precedent, and those of the Council, with whom they and the other Cities of the kingdom might communicate their necessities and grievances. And Valladolid concludes thus: So We beseech your Worships that you would pleas to let these Assemblies cease, because out of the desire we have to do you service, It would griev us very much, that that City should give any occasion of scandal. Because all that should proceed from thence, would be imputed and laid to the charge of those, that were assistant at any such junta. And if you think that there is any necessity to provide for, or that you desire to remedy any thing touching this Kingdom or that City, send your messengers or Commissioners to the Governor, and those of the Council, and we will procure them a free arrival hither, protect them while they stay here, and obtain them a safe conduct back again, to which we doubt not but the Governor will easily condescend, and we will also join with them in all that is just and lawful. And because we believ, according to your great Prudence and Virtue, you will receiv our Intention with the same zeal and affection, as we declare it, we enlarge our selves no further in this particular. So God keep you, etc.   

SECT. IX.  
THese private Treaties increased daily the public resentments, and the more in respect of the King's demands, and his so unexpected determination to leave that Country. The principal of those that declared themselves in Toledo, with demonstrations of the greatest zeal to the Common good, 
john de Padilla, Don Pedro Lasso, and Hern●ndo de Avalos, principal Actors for the Commons in Toledo.  were john de Padilla, Don Pedro Lasso de la Vega, Son to Don Garzilasso de la Vega Chancellor of the Order in the kingdom of Leon, and Hernando de Avalos, all gentlemen of noble extraction, and allied to the chief Nobles of Spain. These gentlemen who were chief Commissioners in the juntas and Assemblies, which were held in the City, exclaimed exceedingly against the ill government, That the King was carried away by strangers, not considering the miserable condition in which he left that Kingdom; then they repeated all the Contents of the Letters, which Toledo had sent to th' other Cities, adding divers other things that had been produced upon new occasions, which they amplified and aggravated, with more bitterness than need required: And, That Toledo, which for her greatness, had been the Metropolitan City of Spain in time of the Goths, was more than ordinarily obliged to seek out a remedy, and set a Period to so great evils. They urged moreover that it was most expedidient, that forthwith Letters should be dispatched to all the Cities of the Kingdom (that had Vote in Parliament) to incite them to assemble in some place convenient for their treating upon the forementioned remedies. That there should immediately be sent a Petition to the King; beseeching him not to depart the Kingdom, but that he would be pleased to give some Order for the remedying, and better managing of Affairs. That, in case his Majesty would not, the Kingdom intended to endeavour it, and would more narrowly see into that which concerned the Common good. These and divers such like things were that day there propounded. And in ●egard they carried a specious appearance of the Public Good, which was so generally desired, throughout the whole Kingdom, the Major part of the Assembly was of opinion, That it was most fi●ting and convenient so to do. But some dissented (though they were the fewer in number) fearing that if the affairs were carried on in that manner (although under colour of the Common good) they would produce very sad consequents, neither were they satisfied of the lawfulness of the city's assembling such Iunta's, without the King's licence and authority Antonio Alvares de Toledo, an ancient gentleman of that City, Lord of Cedillo, and some others, which leaned to his faction, were of this opininion, either out of desire to do the King service, or because they could not agree with the rest, (for such kind of sidings have produced a world of mischief in all places) or that like prudent men and free from passion, they foresaw with clearer eyes, the danger that would ensue th'assembling of the Cities without the King's Authority; They gave their Votes against writing to the Cities, declared against all public, or particular meetings in that kind, and said openly, that in case there were a necessity of rectifying any thing, they should in an honest and humble manner petition the Emperor to take it into his consideration. Whereto those of the contrary Judgement made several replies. After long debate and contention about this matter, at last those few, which were of the most safe and wholesome opinion, 
Corregidor is as our Majors are in England.  protested and required according to that which they had voted, that the Corregidor and City would take an especial care what they did, 
Dissensions in ●he Assembly at Toledo.  as for their parts they absolutely disapproved of john de Padilla's and the other Gentleman's Propositions. The Governor Don Lewis Porto Carrero, Earl of Palma, being present adhered to this Opinion, but was backwards in expressing himself, in regard h●e had married the sister of Don Pedro Lasso, who was of the contrary Party: neither did he answer one syllable to the other's Protest or Requests. Yet the business was so imbroiled, that no resolution could be given that day. This difference and contention amongst the chief men of the City being noised abroad, the people began to mutiny, and divide themselves into Parties and Factions. 
Here the Author mislook his ●carms, speaking like a flattering Fri●r.  But the Major part inclined to the worst Opinion, being alured and drawn on with the fair pretence of the Comm●n good: Those few, who prudently perceived the contrary, gave the Emperor forthwith notice of all these passages in the City, and Antonio Alvarez de Toledo in particular, who had great intimacy with the Bishop of Palencia Mota. This Advice came to the Emperor's hands, just upon his departure from Arragon to Valladolid. But soon after at another meeting in Toledo, the Major part voted that they should write to the other Cities of the Kingdom, as formerly had been propounded, and that they should send to the Emperor two Regidores, 
R●gidores and Iu●ados are in ●he nature of our Aldermen and Common-Council men.  and two jurados, or jurates of the City, humbly to demand of him as shall be set down hereafter. Yet they were contradicted, and the contrary required by the same men that had opposed them before, but to no purpose. Whereupon the dispute grew so hot amongst them, That john de Padilla, who stood for the Commons, and Antonio Alvarez de Toledo, who opposed and condemned his opinion as wicked and dangerous, drew their daggers at each other in the Assembly. Don Pedro Lasso de la Vega, Don Alonso Suares, and two Iurates were appointed to go from the City to the Emperor, who having put themselves in equipage forthwith departed. Letters were presently dispatched and sent to the other Cities, although the same distemper and factions were already brewing in divers of them before they were delivered. 
Parliament called in Galicia.  At that same time was brought to Toledo from the Emperor, a Summons to assist in the Parliament, which he had called in Galicia. And according to the custom of Toledo, (which is for the Regidores and Iurates, that are present, to draw lots, and one of each to go (upon whomsoëver the lot falls) It was Don john de Silva's chance (who afterwards was Marquis of Monte-Mayor) to go as Regidor of Toledo, and Alonso de Aguirre, as Iurate. To whom (because they held the opinion of the contrary Party) The City would not give a full and general Power, according to the Emperor's Commands, but an especial and limited one, to see and hear what the Emperor desired, and with an injunction to give them advice thereof, to the end that from time to time the City might order them what to do, and that in no case they should grant any Subsidies, or any thing else. Which Power Don john de Silua would not accept, nor go to the Parliament upon those terms, expecting they should give him the full and usual Power, and that the Emperor should send his Command to that effect. There was such trouble and opposition in this business, that he could never obtain that Power, neither did they go to the Parliament.   

SECT. X.  
THe Emperor returned an answer to Antonio Alvarez de Toledo, and the others, who had given him notice of the several Passages, thanking them for their fidelity, and acknowledging the good service they had done him therein, charging them moreover to persevere, but with the greatest wariness and discretion that might be. To the Corregidor Don Lewis de Palma he wrote likewise, reprehending him of his lukewarmeness and small resolution, and gave him order what to do thenceforwards: but he did not punctually obey his majesty's Orders, nor observe the manner which was most convenient, for he was a man of too mild a disposition, which suit's very ill with those who are to govern, especially in cases of that nature. Whereupon some few days after he gave up his Command, and the Emperor sent Don Antonio de Cordova the (Earl of Cabra's brother) to take his place, but he came too late to apply any remedy to those disorders. Thus the affairs of Toledo waxed worse and worse, and the audaciousness of the People was grown to such a height, that they made new Assemblies every day in favour of that, which they called Commonalty, by consent and order of john de Padilla, 
T●e Author ought rather to have said Promoters of ●he People's good.  and Hernando de Avalos, who were the chief Incendiaries and favourers of these disturbances. Toledo excepting against the forementioned Commissioners, agreed to constitute others with an especial power to present certain articles to the Emperor (which they had by way of Instruction from the City) touching the general good of the Kingdom. Don Pedro Lasso, and Don Alonso Suares were appointed to go as Regidores of the City, and Michael de Hita and Alonso Ortiz, as Iurates. The Contents of their Commission were these. That they should beseech the Emperor not to depart the Kingdom, representing unto him the Inconveniences, which might arise by his absence, in regard the Kingdom of Castillia could not live without their King, being not accustomed to be under any particular man's Government. That he should not give any Office or Charge in that Kingdom to any stranger, and that he should take those away again which he had so bestowed. That he should not take any money out of the Kingdom for any person in the World, because they had already contributed so much, that the Kingdom was reduced to great poverty. That in the Parliament, which he had now assembled, he should not demand any Subsidies, especially, if he continued in the resolution of departing the Kingdom. That the Parliament should be adjourned, and held in Castillia and not at Santjago, nor in the Kingdom of Galicia. That the Offices and Governments should not be vendible. That some good order should be taken in the Inquisition, which might tend to the service and glory of God, and that no body should be molested. That the grievances and wrongs of private Persons of the Kingdom, should be righted and repaired. These were the principal heads of the demands, Toledo then sent to his Majesty, but the Commotions increasing gave them the boldness to add new matter to their Petition, as you shall see hereafter.   

SECT. XI.  
I Have declared already the combustions that were in Valladolid, and the Emperor's determination to depart thence, purposing to take his way by Tordesillas to visit the Queen, his mother. Which being known, and noised through the City (moreover that he would carry his mother out of the Kingdom with him) the Citizens, and Common People were so much troubled at it, that they vented divers as bitter exclamations as a furious passion could dictate to their disturbed minds. But the chief Burgesses, Deputies and other Officers met in Consultation at the Monastery of St Paul, to take order for investing their Commissioners with a general Power, to grant what the Emperor should demand in Parliament, to petition his Majestie●om ●om things in their favour, and to kiss his hand before his departure. While they were thus assembled on Monday morning, Don Pedro Lasso with his Companions, arriveing the same day at Valladolid, and being alighted went to visit them. But Alonso Ortiz, his fellow Commissioner (who resided in Court) said, in regard the Emperor was gone to Church to pray for his good journey to Tordesillas, that he thought it convenient for them to go first to the Palace, for perchance his Majesty being informed of their arrival, would vouchsafe to stay a little, and give them Audience. In this interim some Inhabitants of Valladolid being told of the Toledo-Commissioner's coming, went to salute them, desiring that they would indevor to procure some Remedy against those miseries and grievances under which the Kingdom then so much groaned. Hereupon, it was agreed amongst them that the Townsmen should presently put themselves in a readiness, to oppose and hinder the Emperor from going out of the Kingdom, or depart that City (in which attempt Don Pedro Lasso offered to venture his fortune with them, if they would stand to him,) and that they should seize upon Xeures, and some Flemings of the chief of his majesty's Council, and Bedchamber, binding first those Townsmen with a solemn oath, not to desert him in that enterprise. Being pricked with this over-dilligent itch of putting in execution the orders and Commands which their City had imposed upon them, before they went to kiss the Emperor's hands (which had been the right way) being accompanied with a gang of Common People, and some Deputies of the Wards (who by this time were come in to them) they went directly to the Monastery of St Paul to salute, and communicate their design with the chief of the City there assembled; To whom they made a speech, signifying the Causses of their coming, and what they intended to desire of his Majesty in behalf of their City, justifying their demands, and coloring them with the most specious pretences that could be: And indeed, (as at first their meaning was) their affection and zeal to their Prince were such, that their thoughts (I believ) differed nothing from their expressions, until things were brought unto such a pass, that there was no hopes of remedy, and that those that had the power, or the wisdom, made a breach through their miseries; as did Don Pedro Lasso and divers other gentlemen. And at the last they desired, that (as they had written, and offered to the City of Toledo) they would send their Commissioners with them, to make a Joint-demand of the same things, which Salamanca and other Cities desired: 
V●lladolid's answer to the Commissioners of Toledo.  for a Petition being countenanced by so many Cities, would be much more available. Their speech being thus ended, by the general consent of the Assembly, Don Hernando Enriquez (brother to the Lord Admiral) returned them this answer; That as yet they were not fully determined what to do, and for that cause they were there assembled, That they would resolve upon that, which should tend most to the King's service, and the good of the Kingdom; That they might do what they saw good. The Commissioners of Toledo perceiving Valladolid otherways inclined, than they expected, went forthwith to the Palace, leaving them in consultation.   

SECT. XII.  
THey came to the Emperor's Chamber of presence, just as he was risen from dinner. With his Majesty were the Marquis of Villena, the Earl of Venavente, the Earl of Miranda, the Duke of Alburquerque the Earl of Haro, the Earl of Castro, the Earl of Palma, the Marquis of Brandenbourg, the Archbishop of Santjago, the Bishop of Palencia, Monsieur de Xeures, and Don Pedro Giron, the Earl of Urenia's eldest son. It happened as those Commissioners came in, Don Pedro Giron was talking with the King so loud, that every one might hear him: He said, that his Majesty might remember, that being at Barcelona, the first of March anno 1519, he did him the honour to give him a writing under his hand, wherein he promised, that at his arrival in Castilia, he would command the Judges to examine, and determine according to Law, the right which he pretended and claimed to the Estate of Medina Sidonia, as the portion and inheritance of the Lady Mencia de Gusman, his wife, Daughter to the Duke Don john deceased, and that his Majesty being since at Burgos, he had again refreshed his memory by way of Petition, that he had done the like there in Valladolid, and yet his Majesty was upon his departure, without giving any order for the performance of that which he had promised under his hand; and hereupon he fell into a vain of very presumptuous language, such as savored of too much sauciness and audacity. Amongst other things he said, That since his Majesty did not do him Justice, 
Bold speech of Don Pedro Giron to the Emperor.  he intended to right himself with his own hand, and that for so great an injury (and without reason, so public, and so known, as his Majesty had made it to all the world, by suffering him to be so abused against Equity or Justice, and contrary to that which his Majesty did owe to his own Royal word, he having so punctually performed all the duties that could be required of his Loyalty) he had now no more to say or do, but only to let his Majesty understand, That for fault of the remedy which he did not give him, and for the great injury which he now did him, he could and would make use of all those provisions, which the Laws of the Kingdom of Spain did ordain in favour, and for the redressing of oppressed and injured Gentlemen, and to this effect it was sufficient to ask his majesty's permission, as he had already begged it before as honourable persons, as those that were then present, but could not obtain it: Speaking these words, he fell upon his knees, and kissed his majesty's hand. The Emperor somewhat moved at Don Pedro's, more than bold, speeches, made this grave reply, Don Pedro you are a discreet man, I do not think that you would do any thing, that shall oblige mee● to punish you, for if you should, my Justice must answer your offence. Don Pedro replied, Sir, in doing what I say, I do nothing but what I ought, and what is just, if I do it not myself, your Majesty will not see me righted. Those from whom I descended, never embraced the thought of doing any thing that ought not to be done, neither do I intent it. That which I said, Sir, I would do, was to seek some remedy for my grievances, according to the Laws instituted in this Kingdom; and if your meaning is, Sir, to have me punished for doing what I ought, you will see (if you do so) what you ought to do to yourself. The Emperor presently answered, I think to do you Justice, Don Pedro, as I told you, and I have performed my promise to you. You are my King Sir, said Don Pedro, and I will not answer you: That which you promised me is herein written under your own hand, and may soon be seen, and what you concluded in your Council yesterday, this day is known sufficiently: that said, he produced his paper for evidence. Upon these words the Marquis of Villena bid Don Pedro forbear, and void the Chamber, so Don Pedro went out, and the Earl of Venavente, and the Lord High Constable with him (who came in after this discourse began) all the other Gentlemen presently followed them, and gathering themselves in a knot together in the King's Antichamber, they descanted upon these passages, and Don Pedro Giron continued still his fuming, with exp●essions of much discontent, and since of injury, because the King had not made good to him what he had promised him with so much assurance.   

SECT. XIII.  
Done Pedro Giron was no sooner gone out of the Presence, but Don Pedro Lasso, & Don Alonso Suarez advanced to speak to his Majesty, beseeching he would be pleased to give them audience, for they had divers things to impart to his Majesty, which did much conduce to his Service. The Emperor answered them, that he was upon going, as they saw, and that he had not then the time to hear them: They replied, but chiefly Don Pedro Lasso: That it was of so much concernment to his Majesty to hear them, that he would not repent the deferring of his departure for a little while, especially the weather being (as it was) very rainy. For they would inform his Majesty of many things, wherein were interessed in an extraordinary manner, both His service and the good of the Kingdom. The Emperor knowing already the substance of what they came to ask, and nothing pleased with their manner of petitioning, answered, That there was no man in the world more careful, and desirous of that which might be most expedient for the good of his Kingdoms, than himself; That they should meet him at the next town to Tordesillas, in the way to Santjago, and there he would hear them: So they departed his Presence. The Emperor (being very angry at the importunity, and sauciness of the Toledians, and Don Pedro Giron) sent presently to call some of his Privy Council, to advise touching the apprehending of Don Pedro Giron; The Lord High Constable being advertised of the Emperor's pleasure, came presently to the Palace, and with the rest of the Nobles there being, he sent to desire Xeures, that he would join with them, in taking some course for the composing of the matter. While things were thus in agitation, a rumour began to spread amongst the People, that their Magistrates had granted what the Emperor did desire, that he was going away, and that he would carry his Mother out of the Kingdom with him; and as the People are apt to believ all they hear, this report much troubled them, and being drunk with passion, they ran madding through the streets; and here and there making stands (after that Country fashion) they assembled divers circular consultations, saying, that it would be fitting to petition the King not to depart; Being all up in this confusion without understanding each other's meaning, a certain Rope-maker, by Nation a Portuguez, inhabitant of that City, seeing that the King was ready to depart, and that no body would petition him to stay, he got into the steeple of St Michael (which is a very ancient Parish in that City, where hung a great bell, commonly called the Counsel-Bell, which used to be rung only in times of war, uproars, 
Tumults in V●lladolid.  or upon any Alarm) this bell he begins to ring, with as much speed as he could, which assoon as the People heard, without knowing or examining wherefore, all (except those that were assembled in the Monastery of St Paul) presently took up arms, to the number of about five or six thousand Common People. 'Tis said their determination was to kill Xeures and all the Flemings, and to hinder the Emperor's departure. Don Alonso Enriquez Bishop of Osma, gave Xeures notice hereof, yet he would not believ him, thinking that he told him so, only to ingratiate himself with him; But soon after, hearing a great hurlieburlie, and the clashing of weapons, and ask what the matter was, Don Pedro Porto Carero told him, Sir, it is now no time for you to sit in Council, but endeavour to secure your Person; for the Common cry of the People is, Let Charles the King live, but let his ill Counsellors perish; neither ought you to think it strange, if in their rage they murder you, since they consider you, as one that carry's their King from them. The People seeing themselves so numerous, many of them (as it appeared) would have stopped the Emperor's Journey. And this disorder fell out just as the Emperor was in Consultation, about the apprehending of Don Pedro Giron, but Xeures and the Flemings, being too well assured of the People's tumultuous fury, hastened the Emperor (all they could) out of Valladolid, so he departed from his Palace in the cruelest rain, and thickest sky, that had been seen in the memory of man. Which it seems was a presage and ill Omen of the miseries and disasters, which were afterwards poured upon Castillia and his other Kingdoms. 
The People stop the Emperor at the gates of the City.  The Emperor coming to the gate of the City, found there some of the rabble (they could not all be so soon there, because of the extraordinary foul weather). who having seized upon the gates, began to shut them, and to barricado up the way: but the Emperor's Guards made them suddenly quit their Post, and he continued on his journey leaving Valladolid full of disorder. Some were troubled for what they had done, others perplexed that they had seen and suffered such insolences to be committed. And in regard there was no ground for this tumult, it was presently appeased, and the people were ashamed, and sorry for the irreverence and disrespect they had shown the Emperor. The Officers of Justice of Valladolid began to make diligent inquiry, who had rung the Bell, or who gave order for the ringing of it. But the Portuguez could not be found, so others paid for him. Some had their feet cut off; Some were whipped: Some banished and their goods confiscate, Some others had their houses plucked down. There was whipped amongst others a Goldsmith (a man of good account, a Citizen of the Town) because it was proved that he had received some Letters from the said Portuguez: some other Goldsmiths, and some officers of the Town being also taken, were very much afraid that they should be brought to the like public shame and punishment. But the Emperor being informed of the good intention of that City towards him, and that what they had done was not out of malice, or any premeditated design to do him any injury, he sent an Order for releasement of the prisoners, and commanded that there should be no more said of it. The Dean having apprehended, and clap't in prison three Priests of St Michael's Church, the Judges of the Court in the Emperor's name required him to deliver them the said Priests, in regard they were accused to have given their consents to the ringing of the Bell. They were accordingly delivered and carried upon three great Mules, with Irons upon their legs through the chief streets of the City, until they came to Fuen-Saldania's Fort, (which then stood for the King, and was kept by the sons of Don john de Vivero Viscount of Altamira, because he had unworthily made away his wife) and there they remained many days until the Emperor was satisfied of the truth.   

SECT. XIV.  
THe Emperor came to Tordesillas sound wet and dirty, and no body with him but Xeures, the rest could not keep pace with him, and having refreshed himself there one day, he continued on his journey to Villalpando, where he had appointed the Commissioners of Toledo to attend him. They being come thither before, met with the Commissioners of Salamanca, who were Don Pedro Maldonado, (who was afterwards beheaded) and Antonio Fernandez, Regidores of that City; with them were their Messengers also, (viz. john Alvarez Maldonado, and Antonio Enriquez) who were chief sent to underfeel, what instructions those of Toledo had in all particulars, and had order to conform themselves in all points to the Messengers of that City. At Villalpando a Town belonging to the Lord High Constable, did these Commissioners and others expect his majesty's coming. Upon Sunday after they had been at Church, they went to the Palace, to the end the Emperor should give them audience; while they were attending his majesty's pleasure in the Hall, came to them Don Garzia de Padilla, and Monta Bishop of Palencia, who wished them in the Emperor's name (but they thought it was from Xeures) to tell them the message they had from their City. Don Pedro Lasso, and Don Alonso answered. That their City had commanded them to speak to his Majesty, and though they importuned them never so much, they would not declare unto them their business. Thereupon the Bishop and Don Garzia returned into the King's Chamber, but after a little time came out again, and told these Commissioners, that if they would not give them an account, wherefore they were come, before they kissed his majesty's hand, they should not have audience. The Commissioners seeing there was no remedy, con●ented to impart the substance of their Message to them, which done, it was agreed that at two a clock in the afternoon, (if they returned to the Palace) they should have audience. They suspected that this diligence and earnestness of the Bishop's, and Don Garzia'● to know their business was, because the Emperor at that time being very young, and not much versed in State-affairs, Xeures (who was very discreet and politic) had put them on to urge it before they were admitted, to the end he might prepare the Emperor to give them an answer. The Commissioners returned at the hour, and delivered their message to the King, but would not consent that any others should be present, only the Bishop and Don Garzia, the substance of their discourse was as ● have said. They insisted chiefly that his Majesty ought not to go out of the Kingdom, and conluded with this Article, saying, however, if he did resolve upon his departure, that he would command such order to be left for the Government, that the Cities of the Kingdom might have their share therein; And likewise that he would be pleased to demand no Subsidies at all, and other things reasonable enough; as we sh●ll see hereafter. Which indeed were so just, that a Doorkeeper named Duranges wept to hear them, considering the great reason the castilians had to complain; But it availed them little at that time; for they were then discountenanced, and not treated according as theirs and their Ancestor's good service had deserved. The Emperor told them only, that he had heard them, and would give order for their answer. The same he said to those of Salamanca, (who spoke to him afterwards) and in effect desired the same things as the Toledians had, telling him moreover, that they had order from their City to conform themselves in every thing with the Commissioners of Toledo. To whom the Emperor sent word by the Bishop Mota and Don Garzia de Padilla, That in regard his Council was at Venavente (whither he was to go within two days) they should not fail to meet him there, to receiv their answer, which they did accordingly. The Emperor being arrived at Venavente, Don Pedro Lasso and his Companion, presented themselves for their answer. Whereupon the Emperor commanded his Council of justice and of State to assemble, who having considered the circumstances and manner of those Commissioners, jointly gave their opinion, that they deserved rather to be punished, then to receiv any good answer or satisfaction to their demands; 
The Emperor displeased with the Toledians.  wherefore the Emperor sent for them into his chamber, and with a severely frowning Countenance (as Don Pedro Lasso afterwards declared) told them, that he was not pleased with what they did, and that if he did not consider from what Parents they were descended, he would have them punished according to their deserts, for meddling with what they had undertaken, and that they should go to the Precedent of his Council, who would tell them further what they were to do. They began to excuse themselves, but the Emperor not willing to hear them, retired himself. Then Don Garzia de Padilla taking them aside, gave them a notable schooling, and reproved them sharply for what they had done, telling them that their boldness in insisting so much to the hindrance of a journey, which so deeply concerned not only the honour and reputation of the Emperor, but also the security and preservation of his Estate, was beyond the thought of pardon. And that the things which they had done, had been the occasion of disaffecting and disquieting the minds of other Commissioners, and of the whole Kingdom, by reason of the precedence and Authority, which Toledo had amongst all the Cities of Castilia, which they should do well to consider, and seriously to reflect upon. After this they went to the Precedent of his majesty's Council (who was the Archbishop of Granada) as the Emperor had commanded them. The Precedent told them, that what he had to give them for answer, was that his Majesty was going to hold a Parliament in the City of Santjago, where all the Commissioners of the Kingdom were to assemble, That Toledo should send theirs thither, with a memorial of the things they desired, which being perused and examined, The Emperor would give such Orders as should be most expedient for his service, and the general good of his Kingdoms and Subjects, moreover he willed them to desist from meddling any further in those matters, but to return and deal with their City, to send their Commissioners, as the other Cities of the Kingdom did, and not to affect such innovations, as they had begun. Whereunto they made answer, that indeed they were not employed by the Kingdom, but they desired however that those things might be granted for the good of the Kingdom, And refusing to follow his advice, but rather thinking it a point of honour to persist in what they had begun, they followed the Emperor to Santjago.   

SECT. XV.  
THe Emperor passing through Leon, Astorga, and Villa Franca del Vierso was in every place petitioned, that he would be pleased to keep the Parliament in Castilia, but they availed nothing. And these Commissioners of Toledo, being arrived at Santjago, solicited very hard the Commissioners of the other Cities, that were likewise come thither, indeavoring to draw them to their opinion, pressing them to stand upon the same terms Toledo did, as their Cities had offered. Those from Salamanca did the like, showing themselves much of the Toledo faction. The Emperor would by no persuasions be brought to hold the Parliament in Castilia, but near the Seaside, because Xeures would have it so; and the Fleming desired it the rather, out of fear, that the People would murder him, for he knew how ill he was beloved amongst them, and he perceived that if there were any tumult or uproar, they would begin with him. Besides, seeing himself very rich, he desired exceedingly to be out of Spain, and that if there should fall out any mutiny, or disorder in Parliament, being near the Seaside, he could with more facility secure his person and goods. As for the Emperor's own particular, it concerned him no more to call a Parliament at Santjago, then at Valladolid or Burgos, or any other City of Castilia.  
At last being arrived at Santjago at the end of March, with many Grandees and Nobles of Spain, the Parliament began on munday the first of April following, anno 1520, whereof was Precedent Don Hernando de Vega Commendador Mayor de Castilia (Father to Don john de Vega, who was Vice-King of Sicilia) a person of great note; Don Garcia de Padilla and Zapata were his Assistants. The Emperor sitting the first day himself in Parliament, commanded that the Propositions should be made in his own hearing, which declared the just and great occasions, that pressed him to undertake the Journey he was then upon, the extraordinary expenses it did require, and the vast charges he had been at in coming into that Kingdom, besides the great Armies he had raised, and maintained against the Infidels, and the charges of sending the Infante Don Fernando, his brother, out of that Country, desiring them that they would assist him with the accustomed Subsidies, and that in his absence they would keep the Peace and fidelity, as from such loyal and good Subjects might be expected. Although some Commissioners would have opposed the granting him any such Subsidy, 
The Commissioners of Salamanca refuse the Oath in open Parliament.  they did not however discover their intention that day, only the forenamed of Salamanca, who openly refused the solemnity of the ordinary Oath, unless his Majesty would first grant them the things which they desired. Which being condemned for a great unmannerliness and disrespect, they were forbidden to come any more into the house. Then Don Pedro Lasso said, that he had brought a memorial and instructions from the City of Toledo, what he was to do and grant in Parliament, and that his Majesty might see them, that he could not go beyond his Commission, but would perform and execute it in that manner, as should be most agreeable to his Majesty; otherwise he would rather choose to be cut in pieces, or have his head cut off, then to give his consent to a thing so prejudicial to his City, and the whole Kingdom. 
Dissenting in the Parliament.  This answer was backed by the Commissioners of Sevilla, Cordova, Salamanca, Toro, Zamora, and Sancho Zimbron, Commissioner of Avila, from which they could not be drawn. Whereupon the Parliament was adjourned for three or four days, there being amongst them such jealousies and fears as usually proceed from discontented minds.   

SECT. XVI.  
THe Kingdom of Galicia was much distasted at this Parliament, because they had no Commissioner allowed, and that Zamora spoke for them, notwithstanding Galicia was one of the greatest and most ancient Kingdoms of Spain, and the source of the greatest Nobility. The Archbishop of of Santjago, Don Alonso de Fonseca (who was afterwards Archbishop of Toledo) the Earl of Venavente, and the Earl of Villalva Don Hernando de Andrada, went all together to St Francisco, where the Parliament was kept, 
The Galician● distasted.  and having obtained entrance, they thus spoke to the high Chancellor (who was Precedent) and the Commissioners there present: It is not unknown that Galicia is a distinct Kingdom from Castilia, that in former times they had their Votes in the Parliaments held in Castilia, and that (from a certain time only) they were subject to the Votes of the City of Zamora (which was of the Kingdom of Castilia and Leon) which was a great grievance and prejudice to them; therefore they did desire out of favour, of the Commissioners there present, and (if need were) they would require them, that they would admit of the Commissioners, which that Kingdom of Galicia should nominate, who should be ready to obey whatsoever his Majesty should command them. And in so doing they would oblige them very much: but in case they were refused, they protested, that they would not stand to any thing, that the Commissioners of Zamora should deny or grant; and of that they desired witness. Hence grew some hurlieburlie and tumult in the Parliament. For one Garci Ruyz de la Mota (Bishop Mota's brother) who was Commissioner for Burgos, took upon him to answer, and thwarted the Earl of Villalva, with language that was much displeasing. This was forthwith noised in the Court; whereupon the Emperor sent presently the Bishop Mota to qualify the matter. He was hardly at the gate of the Cloister, where the Parliament was held, when he met the Archbishop and the Earl coming forth. The Bishop perceiving the Earl of Villalva much incensed, to pacify his choler, accosted him with very smooth and civil Language, expressing much sorrow, that his brother had so much forgotten himself. Amongst other words that passed between the Bishop and the Earl, Villalva chanced to let slip these, You have a pretty fellow to your brother, my Lord Bishop, and withal he swore, that (if they supported him) he would join with Don Pedro Lasso. And in regard Don Pedro Lasso was so fixed to the interest of the Kingdom (which was not very pleasing to Xeures, and others that sat at the helm) These words of the Earl's were presently carried to the Palace; whereupon an Alcalde de Casa y Corte (that is, an officer in the nature of our Judges of oyer and terminer) commanded the ●arl to quit the Court within one hour, and not to return to it without his majesty's permission. At the hour's end he went from Santjago to the Groin, where his house and estate lay. But soon after the Emperor going from Santjago to the Groin, readmitted him into his presence and favour.   

SECT▪ XVII.  
IN this Occurrence some Grandees of the Kingdom, which followed the Court, accused Xeures highly to Emperor, and bid him beware that the Fleming did not counsel him for his own ends. Hereupon there passed some angry expressions betwixt Xeures, the Earl of Venavente and the Archbishop of Santjago, and they began to breed factions in the Court. This Archbishop and some others began to make private meetings, 
Emulations in the Court.  and consult how they might provide themselves with arms and men secretly. The Emperor perceived it, and if he had not remedied it in time, he had found it troublesome enough. The Earl of Venavente and others left the Court discontented; The Emperor knew the sidings and dissensions that had been in Toledo, and how they had refused to give a full power to their Commissioners (Don john de Silua and Aguirre) which considered, the Emperor and his Council were of opinion, that it would not be amiss to send to some of the chief Officers that opposed it, to come to Court, and send others, his majesty's servants, to supply their places, for taking some out and supplying their places with others, they might do whatsoever his Majesty commanded. To that effect were presently dispatched Orders, whereby Hernando de Avalos john de Padilla, john Carrillo, Gonzalo Gaytan, Don Pedro de Ayala and Pedro de Herrera (all Regidores and Officers of the City) were commanded under great penalties, every man of them to make his personal appearance at the Court within such a time: And Lope de Guzman, Rodrigo Ninio, and Martin de Ayala, were commanded under the same penalty, to go to supply their places at Toledo, to the end that these being gone thither, and the others come away, the City might revoke the powers, which they had given to Don Pedro Lasso and Don Alonso, and give others to Don john de Silua, and Alonso de Aguirre. These Orders being signified to the abovenamed, they all excused themselves, only Herrera, who in obedience to his majesty's Commands went to the Court. These weeds of dissension increased day by day in Toledo, and the other Cities of Castilia, and in the Court itself many bitter words were buzzed up and down, countenancing and approving these proceedings, and the demands of Don Pedro Lasso and others, as tending to the general good of the Kingdom.   

SECT. XVIII.  
THe Messengers and Commissioners of Toledo and Salamanca, with other associates, made this Request to the Rest; that in regard the Commissioners, which Toledo was to send particularly for that Parliament, were not yet come, and those which were there from Salamanca were not admitted, there should be nothing granted, or determined until those of the one and of the other City were present. If otherwise, they protested, That it should not be any Prejudice to their Cities.  
This being engrossed very fair, they carriyd it to St Francisco where the Parliament sat, taking a Notary with them called Antonio Rodriguez (who was afterwards Clerk of the junta) And they demanded Audience. But, notwithstanding many voted for them, those of Toledo were refused, and forbidden to enter, in respect they were not Commissioners appointed for that Parliament. Thereupon they made their Acts and Protests at the door, saying, that the King's Commissioners could not assemble in Parliament without the Commissioners of Toledo, 
The Toledians protest against the Parliament at Santjago.  that their non-appearance proceeded from their own particular negligence, not any fault of their city's, in regard they had their Powers delivered them, that they being members of the said City did require them not to assemble in Parliament, until those Commissioners of Toledo were arrived, and against the contrary they protested. And whatsoever should be enacted in any such Parliament without them, they declared to be void and of none effect, and should be no ways prejudicial to the City of Toledo, nor the whole Kingdom. Many persons of note were witnesses to this Protest, and it occasioned much scandal in the Court. Don Pedro Lasso and his companion slighted his majesty's commands, which were signified to them by the Secretary Covos. Which being told the Emperor, he gave immediate command to banish them that very day (being Palm Sunday); and accordingly in the evening his Secretary Francisco de los Covos, and john Ramirez Secretary to the Council of justice, went to the lodging of those Toledo-Commissioners, and in the Emperor's name signified to each of them severally his Majesty's pleasure, commanding Don Alonso de Suarez the next day (being munday) to leave the Court, and that within two months he should go serve ●nd reside, where that Company of men lay whereof he was Captain, where he should remain until further order from his Majesty, under pain of forfeiting his goods, and the said Captains place. Don Pedro Lasso was likewise commanded to absent from Court, the same munday, and within forty days, to go and reside in the Government of the Fort of Gibraltar (which was his own inheritance) and not to depart thence, without the Emperor's leave, under penalty of forfeiting that Command, and all the rest of his estate whatsoever. The Iurates were also commanded to leave the Court immediately. And there was order given in their lodgings, that they should not entertain them any longer. They demanded Copies hereof, but were refused, so they went to john Ramirez chamber, and by much importunity they obtained one, but not signed. The Toledians being extremely troubled that they were banished the Court with so much rigour, two hours within night, Don Pedro, and Don Alonso with the jurate Ortiz went to the Palace. Ortiz went in to Xeures, and acquainted him tha● such gentlemen were come to speak with him. Xe●res bade him speak to his servants to set up lights in his chamber, and that they should stay there for him. Xeures being come, they spent above two hours together, and the result of their conference was: That it seemed they took it very ill to be thus forbidden the Court; therefore it was agreed that in testimony of their obedience, they should go only four or five leagues from Santjago, and should leave some body in their steads, to put him in mind to solicit the Emperor to revoke their banishment.  
The next day, being tuesday, in the morning they went away, leaving Alonso de Ortiz only to solicit Xeures, and to put him in mind of what was agreed betwixt them, and to tell him that Don Pedro Lasso and Don Alonso Suarez were gone to Padron (four leagues from Santjago) in obedience to his majesty's Commands. Alonso de Ortiz returned to the Palace, and meeting Covoes, he desired him to help him to the speech of Xeures. Xeures being come forth, Ortiz beseeched him to perform what he had promised to those gentlemen. Xeures told him, that he had moved it already to the Emperor, but could not prevail: And that (for aught he saw) there was no remedy, but that they must obey the extremity of his Commands. Ortiz replied, that they should have a care what they did therein, and that it would not redound to the Emperor's service, not so much because those Commissioners were of the chief gentry of the Kingdom, as that they were deputed and sent by the City of Toledo, who must take upon their account what trouble or injury soever they suffered, in regard they had done nothing beyond, or contrary to that which their City had encharged them, for the good of the Kingdom. Xeures answere●, that they had not shown the respect which they owe● to their King, and for that they deserved the punishment which he had inflicted upon them, and much more. Ortiz replied, That since he had the greatest privacy and freedom with his Majesty, he was the more obliged to see to this matter, and to consider with attention, that the whole Kingdom knew that Toledo had sent those gentlemen to treat of that which concerned them all, and that seeing them thus banished the Court, they would not think it was for any disrespect to his Majesty, (for if any such thing were they deserved double punishment) but that they were turned out of the Court, that they might not solicit the Kingdom's good, and thereupon they would be all scandalized, and such mischiefs would ensue, as they would not be able to remedy when they listed. Whereto Xeures very formally thus replied, what lightness is this of Toledo, what lightness I say? is the King no King? why doth no body think of putting Kings in and out at their pleasure? Alonso Ortiz answered again, that he wondered, he should speak so much against Toledo, it being of such consequence, that it was reputed the best and most considerable City of the Kingdom, and had the greatest priveleges and immunities, which the natives did enjoie, for the notable services they had done to the deceased Kings. Therefore it could not be thought, that Toledo treated or intended any thing, but what might suit with his majesty's service; Moreover, if he pleased to look upon what gentlemen had gone into Flanders, to serve his Majesty against King Fernando's will (venturing there, not only their own lives and fortunes, but their friend's and Kindred's also) he would find that the most of them were of Toledo. And that those of that City, were the chief means of paying the subsidies to King Philip. And since that City produced such gallant men, he ought not to beleiv that It's intention ever was other, then to do his Majesty service. The Secretary Francisco de los Covos heard all this discourse. These and divers other means the Toledian Commissioners used by favour of some great one's about the Emperor, to obtain a revocation of their banishment, but nothing would do, for Xeures and other Castilians of the privy Council, opposed it. Don Alonso Suarez prudently considering that their business was foiled, and in danger of being utterly lost, performed what he was commanded, and never after put himself into those troubles, neither did he meddle during all the commotions of Castilia, whereby he lost nothing. Don Pedro Lasso did the like (though late) not understanding sooner that he disserved the King. Thus ended the Embassage of Toledo, which was so boldly and courageously performed by these gentlemen.  
Before the Emperor departed from Santjago he installed Knight of the Order the Earl of Santistevan, the Marquis of Villena's son. The ceremony was celebrated with great solemnity at the great Altar in Santjago's Church.   

SECT▪ XIX.  
ON Tuesday in the Holy week before Easter, a Post came from Toledo with an express to recall their Commissioners; This Post was dispatched before there was any notice of their being banished from Court. He brought letters to his Majesty, some from the Assembly of the City, others from the Chapter of their Cathedral Church, and from the Monasteries and Fryeries, humbly begging therein a favourable treatment of their Commissioners, not as yet knowing what had passed. Moreover they mentioned how Don Antonio de Cordova (the Earl of Cabra's brother) their Governor, then being at Toledo, had produced certain orders from his Majesty to john de Padilla, Hernando de Avalos, and Gonsalo Gaytan, whereby they were commanded to make their personal appearance at Court, within a certain time, under penalty for default. The reason that Toledo gave, why these gentlemen did not obey, was, that they were employed about some affairs concerning the public good, and that their absence would be prejudicial to the whole City. And therefore they beseeched that his Majesty would suspend his command for the present. The gentlemen that stayed at Padron, sent this dispatch, with the instructions they had from Toledo, to Alonso Ortiz, who remained at Court. He presently went to the Monastery of San Salvador, half a league from the City (where the Emperor had retired himself for the Holy week) and desired to enter to deliver the letters to his Majesty, but he found no admittance. Meeting Secretary Covos, he acquainted him with his business, and told him that he had letters to deliver to the Emperor from Toledo, Covos told Xeures this, who forthwith sent for Ortiz, and bade him give him the letters. But Ortiz desired to be excused, for he had order to deliver them into the Emperor's own hands, and to none else. Xeures told him, that the Emperor having received the Sacrament that morning, was yet at his devotion, and he could not speak with him. Then they fell to discourse again about those gentleman's banishment, and grew so hot at it, that Xeures went away distasted, and Ortiz remained with small satisfaction. A little after Covos came, and told Ortiz that Xeures called him. Ortiz went, and Xeures told him, that resolvedly he could say nothing as touching their banishment, so without any more words he went into another room. Ortiz stayed behind with Don Garcia de Padilla, who blaming exceedingly the proceedings of Toledo, said, if his counsel might be taken, the Emperor should go thither (it would be but ten day's work) and inflict some exemplary punishment upon them, that were occasion of those troubles, whereby the rest might be deterred and quieted. I wish to God he would, said Ortiz, for then his Majesty would see the great damages they suffered, and give order for some redress. So they parted, and Ortiz went that night to speak with the Lord Chancellor, for he saw there was no possibility of delivering his letters to the Emperor, nor of speaking with him. The Chancellor and Ortiz spent a great part of the night, without concluding any thing to the purpose.  
The Emperor remained at Santjago, until the thursday in Easter week, and then departed for the Groin, where he made his entrance on Saturday following. Thither repaired also the Parlament-men and Commissioners to conclude all their businesses. There were produced the testimonies, supplications and Acts, which the Regidores and Council of Toledo had made concerning the commanding them to appear at the Court, and the Power which the City sent to Alonso Ortiz, charging him to do all the diligences therein expedient, which he did, and presented himself to the Secretary Ramirez. And moreover were delivered the second Orders for their appearance, with greater penalties, which had been sent to Toledo and notified to the gentlemen there.   

SECT. XX.  
BY this time Toledo had notice of their Commissioner's banishment, and of the ill success of their affairs in Court, which, added to the distaste those Orders had bred in them, so exasperated their minds that their passions grew beyond the bounds of moderation. Some were seized with fear, others with vaporing speeches carried it very high, and set themselves to excite the People against the judges, and those that showed themselves desirous to advance their Prince's service, possessing them that this was for the public good, and that it was their interests and profit, that then was in agitation, especially Hernando the Avalos, john de Padilla, and some others of their faction. 
Rather the chief instrument of the Common good.  It is true, at the beginning of these disorders, john de Padilla was the only Bouttefeu, Hernando de Avalos and other gentlemen were his Abettors and Promoters, who added fuel to the fire, being persons of mature age and experience and had acquired the repute of wise men amongst the Common people. 
The Author undervalue's john de Padilla out of passion, for contrary to his description he was a man of Singular wit, learning and mature judgement and his Wife was a Lady Nobly descended and the most Masculine, Heroic Spirit that ever Spain bred.  john de Padilla's fault was, that he was young, not above thirty years of age, and not very ready witted either, but good natured, and easy to be persuaded to any thing, they would put him upon: and he wanted no instigation from these gentlemen and his wife Donia Maria Pacheco, who was one of the kingdom's firebrands. They possessed the vulgar with a thousand follies, and lies intermingled with some truths. That the Emperor, deserted the Kingdom, that he left Strangers to govern, that his favourites and Officers had robbed the Kingdom, leaving the Country lean, poor and dismantled of all its fruits and wealth: These things they caused to be published in the Pulpits, And to the end they might the better communicate their passion, and give every one a dose of this infectious drug, they advised to assemble the people. In that City there is a great Congregation or fraternity called the fraternity of Charity, which used every year to make a Solemn Procession; upon this occasion there was one ordained to go from St Iusta's Church to the Cathedral. Some (especially Don Hernando de Silua, Antonio Alvarez de Toledo, and others of their opinion) knowing to what end this Solemnity was ordained, highly opposed it, saying that, it was prejudicial to the King, and that it was only a plot and cunning trick of those that were disaffected, and Don Hernando required the chief of the Congregation not to make any such tumultuous meetings (under colour of devotion) to disturb the People to the King's prejudice and dishonour of justice, for if they did, he with his friends and servants would hinder it. They valued not these words but rejoiced that Don Hernando de Silua did appear in the business, for that would open them the way (as they desired) to augment the distemper of the People, and enkindle their indignation. And it fell out so, for the People resenting and condemning highly Don Hernando's request, looked on him as an enemy of the Country, and as one that did not only contradict and hinder the good of the common people; But also the most sacred practices of devotion. To be short, they did go in Procession and in the Litany they prayed that God would enlighten the understanding and direct the Heart of the Emperor well and piously to rule and govern those Kingdoms. Don Hernando did not execute his Intention, being advertised to the contrary by the Governor, to avoid further scandal. In the Procession there were some things done, more than needed, in scorn and derision of those that did not follow that opinion, and much murmuring against them. Wherewith the People generally thence forwards were so infected, and divers grew so audacious, that justice had no force nor respect among them. The disorder and confusion became excessive, and there was nothing in the City done, for the most part, or concluded in Council or without, but what was dictated or approved by Hernando de Avalos, and john de Padilla. So Don Hernando de Sylva resolved to leave Toledo and go to the Emperor.   

SECT. XXI.  
THe Emperor knew all this, when Alonso Ortiz petitioned concerning the Orders for the Officers of Toledo to appear in Court, and Commanded to be delivered the Second Orders, that I mentioned, which were notified. juan de Padilla dealt with two gentlemen (his kinsmen) one called Pedro de Acunia (who married one of his sisters) the other Diego de Merlo (who married a Cousin-german of his) both powerful men in Toledo: telling them, they knew that the Emperor had sent for him and other gentlemen of the City, to make their personal appearance at Court. And that upon the first and second Orders they had excused themselves, but the third Command being come, 
This Plot the Friar writ upon report.  they could not bauk it. They had a thought, (because they would not have their not obeying seem to be their faults, but rather that they could not go) That those gentlemen with their Allies, Abettors, friends and servants, assembling together should make a kind of mutiny in the City, and apprehending them should detain them and by no means consent to their departure, whereof having certificate, they might send it to the Court for their defence, and by that invention be freed from the Penalties mentioned in the Orders. Those two gentlemen Pedro de Acunia and Diego de Merlo (who had been bred at Court) prudently considering what john the Padilla and the rest of his Consorts demanded, told them, that Proposition sounded not well in their ears, and they desired to be excused for not engaging in so rash and unadvised an enterprise. john de Padilla and the rest, perceiving there was no hopes of bringing these men to their bias, went and agreed with the Friars of St Augustin and those of St juan de los Reyes, That the general Procession being come from the Cathedral Church to the Augustine's, and the People all assembled, those Friars should lay hands upon them (whom his Majesty had commanded to appear in Court) (which they alleged they might safely do, in regard men of their Coat had nothing to loos, and were exempt besides from any punishment the King could iuflict upon them.) This being agreed upon, it happened that going in the Procession Hernando de Avalos and Don Francisco de Herrera, a Canon of Toledo and Chaplain Major of the King's Chapel (who was afterwards Archbishop of Granada ten days only) fell to words; which occasioned so great a nois and hurly-burly amongst the People, that to pacify them the former agreement was forgotten, So their design took no effect. Padilla and his Consorts, seeing they could not accomplish their desires, That the Emperor departed not the Kingdom as yet, and that the prefixed time of their appearance at Court was exspired, 
Neither were these men such base fellows as he makes them but persons of quality.  fearing lest the Governor of Toledo should execute the Penalties specified in the Orders, or apprehend them and send them to Court▪ They resolved to accost certain mean fellows of Scandalous and mutinous dispositions that led a shifting and discontented life about the City, The chief whereof were one called Xara, and a Petifogging Solicitor) to whom they promised large rewards, giving them order, with the rest of their gang, to seize upon them. These Fellows knowing that Hernando de Avalos john de Padilla, and the rest, were great sticklers for the good of the Kingdom, and that particularly for the benefit of that City they had exposed themselves to so great danger, They thought themselves obliged to countenance and assist them, and not to suffer them to go out of Toledo, and were glad of the Employment; For besides that of their own disposition they were seditious, and naturally affected novelties, the hope of recompense, and seeing what esteem and value those Gentlemen set upon them, animated them with a desperate vain courage to do, as followeth.   

SECT. XXII.  
HErnando de Avalos and john de Padilla, seeing their design go forward to their own contentments, agreed to make a show as if they intended to perform the Emperror's Commands, in appearing at Court. So being fitted for the journey they took Witnesses of their departure, the sixteenth of April: john de Padilla was no sooner out of his house, but a rabble of forty or fifty men (who had the watchword) met him in the street, and in a violent tumultuous manner laying hands on him, some cried out, let us keep john de Padilla here, let him not go to the Court: Others, let us never consent that he or any of the other gentlemen should go out of Toledo; for that would be the ruin of the Common-People, and it were an exceeding cruelty and ingratitude to let them go to the Court to suffer there. 
Tumults in Toledo.  Hereupon the People so flocked from all parts of the City, that in very short time they exceeded the number of six thousand men; most of them being armed, cried out with loud voices, kill kill Xeures and the Flemings that have robbed Spain, and let Hernando de Avalos, and john de Padilla (the Fathers and Defenders of this Republic) live, let them live: With this tumultuous nois and hubbub they hurried away john de Padilla prisoner, notwithstanding he protested and required them (with a cunningly framed dissimulation) that they would let him go to fulfil the commands he had received from his Majesty. Having put him into a Chapel in a Part of the Cathedral Church, called the Bishop Don Pedro Tenoma's Cloister, they made him swear as he was a gentleman, that he would remain a Prisoner in that Chapel, and not offer to stir out of it without leave or order from them. than they fetched Hernando de Avalos, Gonsalo Gaytan, Don Pedro de Ayala and the rest, and committing them all prisoners in the same Chapel, they set guards upon them. These gentlemen made protest upon protest against that detaining of them, whereby they were disenabled to undertake their journey to C●urt, and perform what the Emperor's Orders imported, but they were very glad within themselves of that invention so handsomely to prevent their going.   

SECT. XXIII.  
THis done, the same Mutineers went to the Governor Don Antonio de Cordova, and required him to recall and make void the Notification of the Emperor's Orders, which he had made to those gentlemen, and chiefly that he would command them, under pain of death, not to obey that summons. The Governor began to show his courage, and commanded a Proclamation to be read in every street, that they should all retire to their dwellings and lay down their Arms. But they slighted his authority and in stead of obeying, they began to cry out, some let us kill him, others let us turn him and all his Officers out, and choos others for the Communality. Seeing himself in this danger, and possessed with a panic fear, to pleas the People, He did what they required, And sent immediately to the Gentlemen Prisoners an absolute Command not to go out of the City, but remain there, for so doing would be more conducing to his majesty's service. Hereof they took certificates, which they sent to Alonso Ortiz, that he might present them to his Majesty in their defence, which he did accordingly, and spoke to some of the Council about it, believing the matter had been really so, and urging for instance that his Majesty did not see what was most expedient for the kingdom's good, as they desired. Some are of opinion that if the Governor of Toledo had Punished that seditious tumult in stead of condescending to their desires (which he might then have done) he had prevented a world of misery and mischief, that was occasioned by the succeeding war. For the beginners of that hubbub were not many, and of meanest of the people. And at that time there were divers gentlemen in Toledo, who would have assisted him in the suppressing of them, especially Don john de Sylva with divers of his kindred and opinion, although some of them were drawn the other way. The Governor's timidity and want of resolution so much emboldened the People, that they seized on him and others that would have prosecuted against the first and chief instruments of this commotion. Which had been otherwise carried if the Governor had had so much Spirit and courage as he ought, but that was so little, that he retired himself into his house, where he continued some few days without any power or respect, after which he left the City for fear lest the People should murder him.   

SECT. XXIV.  
HErnando de Avalos and john de Padilla perceiving that to avoid one mischief they had fallen into a greater, bethought themselves that (in respect the Emperor was then ready to go out of the Kingdom, to excuse and free themselves from the punishment which the Governor (though he deferred it) was to inflict upon them) It would be most expedient for their purpose to incite the whole people to rise up in Arms, and having possessed themselves of the justice, the Fort, and the bridges, to defend themselves against whomsoever. To this effect they solicited some Friars and Priests to declare with aggravation in their Pulpits the damages and miseries the Kingdom then suffered, That no Offices nor Benefices of value were bestowed upon the Natives, but the Flemings enjoied all▪ That no places of Trust or Honour were conferred upon them, for either theirs or their Predecessor's merits or services, but must be purchased with great sums of money. Thus began the Priests to move the People's hearts, Commending and applauding much what they had done, and urging that the Kingdom was tyranised over: That the Castilians were debased and vilified. That they should be loaded with new taxes, That every head of Cattle should pay such a rate, and every house so much. And that in this respect whosoever would engage himself in the defence of the Kingdom, with the liberties and freedoms thereof, should purchase an eternal memory. Hereupon the fire grew so violent that those who discreetly would not engage in these combustions, for fear of being murdered, were enforced either to fly from the City, or confine themselves to their own houses. And the most considerable, amongst whom were some Regidores and jurates of the City, took refuge in the Fort with Don john de Rivera, or Sylva, who kept it at his own charge, and was retired thither, with some of his Kindred, Children, and servants. Thence he sent to his Tenants in several places to bring him in provisions, for the sudden and unexpected necessity of his flying thither did not permit to furnish himself with what was needful. And those of the Communality (as they already styled themselves) which was the rest of the City, following them who took upon them to be the most wise, set themselves to fortify and repair the walls and places of importance, fearing the damage they might receive from abroad (for within they feared nothing) and possessed themselves of the gates and Bridges which were under Don John's command.   

SECT. XXV.  
THings being in this condition the Earl of Palma, Don Luis Puerto Carrero fearing the mischiefs this Commotion might produce, sent an express to inform the Emperor of the several passages in the City, that h●e might suddenly provide some remedy. In this interim, Don Pedro Lasso, Don Alonso Suarez, Miguel de Hita and Alonso Ortiz were come again all to Sant●ago, and although some gentlemen, their friends had counselled them to be gone in order to his majesty's commands, and not to stay any longer about the Court, because the Emperor (being already incensed at the Audaciousness of the Toledians) might perchance command them to be punished, as believing them to be the occasioners thereof. Yet they still continued at Sant●ago without fearing much what could befall them. The Constable of Castilia and Garci Lasso de la Vega, Don Pedro Lasso's brother, Seeing this, earnestly desired the King's Solicitor (who was resident at Toledo) that he would with all expedition go to Sant●ago, and persuade them to depart thence, because Don Pedro Lasso had but five days remaining of the forty which were limited him to retire to Gibraltar. The Solicitor presently took Post for Santjago, and communicated to them what the Constable and Garci Lasso had enjoined him, besides he told them his own opinion and how rotten the hearts of the People were in Toledo▪ He prevailed with Don Pedro Lasso, that he should depart the next day (which he did). Passing through Zamora he declared there what commands had been laid upon him, which troubled and incensed the People, as you shall see hereafter.   

SECT. XXVI.  
THe Common People of Toledo being thus distempered, they determined to possess themselves of the Fort as well as of the Gates and bridges of the City. To this effect a nois was spread amongst them that Don john de Sylva was a Traitor to the good of the Communality, and that it was fit to take the Fort from him and turn him out of Toledo. The Multitude gathered together to assault it, and in regard during the Reigns of the Catholic Kings there had been so much peace and so little use of arms, all Forts and places of strength were very ill repaired, and unprovided aswel of arms as victuals. Don john perceiving the People's fury and malice (as you have heard) fortified himself the best he could, taking into the Fort with him divers gentlemen and others to the number of about four hundred, all resolved to defend themselves against the People, if assailed by them. The multitude perceiving this, determined first to take the Gates and Bridges of the City; so they went forthwith to the Gate of Visagra, and to the Port of Cambron which they gained without resistance. One of the jurates called Miguel de Hita (who the● was joint-Commissioner with Don Pedro Lasso and Don Alonso Suarez) was commander of the Bridge of Alcantara, in whose absence his Lieutenant could not so well defend the tower of the bridge but that in short time they were masters of it. Thence they went to St Martin's Bridge, whereof was Commander Clement de Aguayo a man of great courage, and he had provided himself with some friends and servants to help him, they assaulted him desperately, and he with no less resolution defended himself, until by mere strength they forced an entrance into the first Tower of the Bridge on that side towards the City, 
Their grounds were good and had su●●ceeded better if they had not been betrayed by some of the Nobility.  for such infinites of Common People and gentry flocked thither (many thinking that rising to be upon better grounds and with a better intention than afterwards it appeared) and the boys flowed in such multitudes thither, that with brickbats and stones from an eminent place near t●ey made them quit the top of the Tower. The assault being thus hot from several parts, at last they made breaches and entered with such fury, that taking the Commander they wounded him sorely in two places and threatened to hang him, if he would not send to command the other tower of the bridge towards the fields to be surrendered to them; but he courageously putting his life to the venture would send no such Order. He being secured they fell desperately upon the other tower, but they within seeing the success of the former and their Commander taken, had not the courage to stand out, but delivered it immediately to the City, Thus they got all the bridges and Gates into their own hands. Thence they marched in very great numbers (All armed) to the Fort, resolving to take it by assault if it were not suddenly surrendered to them. Some religious men grieving much at the mischiefs and death of divers persons which must needs ensue so violent an assailing, became mediators betwixt Don john de Sylva (who defended the Fort) and the better sort of those that came against it: This treaty continued a good while; at length Don john seeing divers of his near kinsmen against him, his friends and Allies, and considering that he wanted provisions to make any long resistance, to avoid the damages his standing out might have occasioned, suffered himself to be persuaded to deliver up the Fort, upon condition that one of his own servants should remain as Commander having first taken the Oath of fealty. Thus on Saturday 21 of April Don john and his Children with the other gentlemen and friends that were retired thither, came out of the Fort, and went to a village of his four leagues thence, from which place he wrote again to the Emperor informing him how the People had taken the Fort from him, and possessed themselves of all the Gates and Bridges of the City, which news incensed his Majesty very much, yet he did not resolve to send any Soldiery thither, because every one told him that being a business of no foundation, it must needs fall again of itself. All this passed before the Governor went out of the City, or gave up his Staff. So all the Common People, conducted by their Chiefs, went next unto his house and made him swear that he should hold his staff, or acknowledge his authority and Office as from the Communality of Toledo. He being affrighted with this tumult, condescended to what they would have him do; the People soon after broke out, and did what they listed, seeing him so helpless and so void of resolution. The City thus wanting both Governor and Don john de Sylva, Those of the Commonalty became freemen and Lords of all, They constituted Deputies, and began to settle a form of government at their own pleasures, Saying they did it in the name of the King, Queen and Commonalty. In this manner began the great troubles and commotions of Toledo.   

SECT▪ XXVII.  
Done Pedro Lasso arrived at a village of his, called Cueva, in his way to Gibraltar, whither he intended to go like a good and Loyal Subject in obedience to his majesty's Command, although the forty days (he was limited) were expired. But Toledo having notice of his being there, They sent to desire him to return to the City. He would have excused himself, Saying that he was to repair to Gibraltar in Order to that which the Emperor had commanded. whereupon they ordered a party of Horse to seize upon him and bring him thither, He not being able to withstand them, went (though seemingly) against his will, and got privately into his own house, but could not keep himself long concealed, for the People gathering presently together went to his house, and forcing him to come forth, carried him to the Church. He road on horseback and the People went on foot by him with great acclamations of joie applauding and extolling the Valour and resolution he had shown in their behalves (for indeed at that time He was beloved and highly esteemed not only of that People, but of the whole Kingdom)▪ This favour and honour which every one did him made him not reflect so soon upon his Error. For Don Pedro was a very sweet dispositioned gentleman without malice, and, besides his good nature, a great friend to justice and the weal of his country, and therefore he engaged so far in those first broils. Whosoever knew what he was, will acknowledge all this, for the noble blood that ran in his veins would not suffer him to degenerate from his Ancestor's generosity, who were of the Grandees of Spain, He being son to Don Garci Lasso de la Vega, Comendador mayor de Leon, (one of the most renowned gentlemen that were in the times of the Catholic Kings); 
Extraction of Don Pedro L●ss●.  Sa●cha de Guzman Lady of Batres, descended from that most illustrious family of the Guzman's of Leon, was his mother. He was nephew to Don Gomez Xuarez de Figueroa Father to the first Earl of Feria, and to the Lady Eluina Lasso de la Vega, sister to the Marquis of Santillana, which two houses Vega and Mendosa, were of the most Illustrious families of all Spain. This was his extraction, and it is to be expected that his thoughts and desires to serve his Prince should be correspondent, as the Emperor and his son King Philip had good experience of afterwards. Who in times very troublesome (when they had need of men of resolution and loialty) sent Garci Lasso, Don Pedro Lasso's son, their Ambassador to Paul the fourth about businesses of very high consequence and great difficulty. I find myself obliged to this digression for the honour of so noble a person, It being no less than my duty not to suffer such eminent virtues to be buried in Oblivion, although it doth somewhat hinder the Story.   

SECT. XXVIII.  
IT was generally voted by the Communality of Toledo (which already gave themselves the attribute of Holy) for further security of their place and persons, That it was expedient to turn the Governor and all his Officers out of the City, notwithstanding he had taken an Oath to Officiate for them. For the better effecting whereof they raised a mutiny pretending to kill him, and to take away the staves from Him, his Lieutenant and other Officers, who presently delivered them for fear of their lives. The Governor, the Lord chief Justice and the High Sheriff, fled to Don Pedro Lasso's house for refuge, where he secured them, and Hernando de Avalos with some other gentlemen: The tumult of the Common People being appeased, they were conducted out of the City on foot, than they took horse and road to Alcala de Henares. Whence the Governor sent one of his Officers, named Don Pedro deal Castillo, to inform the Emperor of these passages in Toledo. The City set guards at all their gates and Avenues, that no body should go out to give notice of their proceedings, nor any one come in without being examined who he was, whence he came and what letters he brought. All this was done by the general command and consent of all the gentlemen that assisted in this insurrection of the Common People, and all the Friars and Priests, excepting some few who absented and withdrew themselves, though with danger of their lives. The Order they kept to conform themselves in these disorders, was, That every time they were to treat of any business, the inhabitants of every particular parish were to assemble, and two public Notaries with them, before whom every man, how mean soever, was to sit down and declare his opinion.   

SECT. XXIX.  
THe 8th of May in the same year was published at the Groin this rising of Toledo, some were glad of it, others sorry, every one according as he stood affected. Some advised the Emperor to take post and go to Toledo, and inflict some exemplary punishment upon the principal delinquents, which might be a means to keep the whole Kingdom in subjection. The Emperor being young and full of Spirit approved of that counsel, but Monsieur de Xeures dissuaded him, fearing greater disorders if he went thither, and knowing the strength and situation of that City, besides considering the heat of the people's fury, and that the mischief would be greater, if they had the impudence to affront him in Person, as it was probable they would, fearing to be punished for what they had done already; That their fury being most violent in the beginning (which time alone could mitigate and appears) their first impetuosity would soon be over, as most commonly it is observed in such commotions, which kindled with a little fire and without any grounds, are allayed again with as little water. Besides all these allegations Xeures had a longing desire to be in his own Country, verifying in that this saying, That wheresoever the Treasure is, there is the heart also. Moreover the Emperor had a particular necessity, for a thousand reasons which nearly concerned the reputation of his person, not to defer his departure, but rather to hasten it all he could, being exceedingly urged by the Prince's Electors, and that he might not give his enemies any time to hinder the Election of the Empire, the King of England being then likewise in expectation of some interest therein. And besides it was of no small consequence for him to be gone, before the King of France was joined with the King of England, who were reported to meet the first of june at Calis. These considerations settled the Emperor's determination of going into Germany, his Council supposing that the business of Toledo would go no further, no body imagining what afterwards did ensue.   

SECT. XXX.  
THings being in the condition I have declared, The Commissioners of Toledo never came to the Parliament, which was concluded by them that were there, who granted his Majesty the subsidy he desired, which was two hundred Millions of Maravediz to be paid in three years, whereunto some would not consent, and those that did had trouble and displeasure enough from their Cities for it. Salamanca, Toro, Madrid, Murcia, Cordova, and Toledo opposed, whose Commissioners had no hand in the granting it, neither came they into the Parlament-hous; One of the Commissioners of Leon refused it, the other consented. Of those that did allow it, some were induced thereto by their own particular interests, few out of zeal or affection to his majesty's service. The Emperor being ready to depart, only staying for a wind, and his desire granted for matter of subsidy (although some of his Council were of opinion that he should not receiv it, as Don Alonso Tells, Lord of La Puebla de Montalvan, Bishop Mota and Francisco de Vargas) His Majesty sent for those Grandees of the Kingdom that were then there, who were Don Diego Lopez de Pacheco Marquis of Villena, Don Inigo de Velasco Constable of Castilia, the Earl of Venavente, the Duke of Alburquerque, the Duke of Medina Celi, the Marquis of Astorga, the Earl of Lemos, the Earl of Monterrey, and the Commissioners of the Kingdom then present, to whom he said he was then ready to depart, being nearly concerned in the election of the Empire, and that, God willing, he would suddenly return, In mean time he left governor of those Kingdoms the Cardinal Adriano Bishop of Tortosa one of his Council, who was a person eminent for his learning and good conscience, and he required and commanded them to assist and favour him that his Kingdoms might be well governed. The major part of these gentlemen disliked this motion for some reasons, whereof one was that the Cardinal was a stranger, but some approving it, the Emperor took no notice of the opposers, neither did he admit of any replies.   

SECT. XXXI.  
THe Emperor being at the Groin divers requests were made to him in the Kingdom●s name, as followeth, That his Majesty would be pleased to return speedily into those Kingdoms and govern them in his own person, as his predecessors had done. For nothing that they could ask him would be so satisfactory and acceptable to those Kingdoms as his safe and speedy return, in regard Spain was not accustomed to be without their King, neither could they be governed by any other with the peace and quiet which is necessary and expedient. That assoon as he should come back he would be pleased to marry for the universal good of the Kingdoms, that they might have the seed of his Royal Person to succeed him, in regard his age did require it. That the Queen's Court might be put into such order as was suitable to the dignity of Her Royal Person and the honour of those Kingdoms. That She might have Officers of trust about her, who should be well treated and encouraged with good rewards. That at his return he would be pleased to bring with him no Flemings, French, or other strangers, to have any Office of importance in those Kingdoms, but that he would advance and employ the natives of that Country who would serve him with much loyalty and affection. That those Kingdoms being at Peace and under his majesty's subjection, he would not bring any soldiers of Foreign Countries for defence thereof, or to be guards of his own person. Alleging that in that Country the People being very warlike and of courage enough to conquer other Nations, what might they think could be the reason, but his distrust of them, if he should take strangers for his guard. That He would govern and settle his house in such order as the Catholic Kings his forefathers, and other Kings his Predecessors had done. That no wages or pensions should be given to the Wives or Children of any Courtiers that were not in service, unless in acknowledgement and recompense of services done by the Father deceased, he would gratify the surviving Children. That in regard there were many superfluous Offices added in the Queen's household, which were not of former times, they should be all taken away again, and no Salaries allowed for them. That no Grandee should have any office in the King's or Queen's household as in relation to the Exchequer or Treasury. That whilst his Majesty was absent the Salaries of his Domestics should be paid out of his own Revenue. That the Governors they were to have during his absence might be Natives of either of those Kingdoms of Castilia or Leon. That such Governors might have pow●er to confer any Offices or dignities of the Kingdom, except, Bishoprics, Lieutenantships, and Commanderies of Orders. That neither the King nor any Noblemen should give billets for lodging, and in case they did that the People should not be obliged to reciev them unless they listed. But when his Majesty goeth his progress, That there should be lodgings and furniture provided for his family and Court gratis, so that he make no longer stay then fifteen days in a place, if more, afterwards he should pay; And that his guard and Soldiery be lodged and quartered according to the usual manner. That there should be one hundred lodgings and no more provided for his majesty's family at the Charge of the Place where he shall stay. That there should be no lodging allowed for those of the Council, Judges, nor any such like Officers. That the King should not give general or particular billets for the lodging of any. That the taxes and impositions should be reduced to a certain number, and the Pole-monie set at a just and moderate rate, whereby the People might perceiv the grace and favour his Majesty did them. That the subsidies granted by the Commissioners at the Groin, should not be received nor demanded, neither should there be any ●ew taxes or extraordinary tribute imposed upon the Kingdom without some evident necessity, and that it were thought requisite for the good of the Kingdom and his majesty's service. That the King should not ●end any instructions to the Cities, or form of granting Powers, nor nominate any particular men for Officers: but that the Cities and towns should have the freedom and liberty to bestow and confer their Powers upon such men as they should find zealous for the good of their Republics. That the Commissioners in Parliament should have the liberty to meet when and where they pleased, and to discourse and confer freely with one another. That such Commissioners during their employment, should not receiv of the King any Office, favour or gift whatsoever, for themselves, their Wives, Children or kindred, under pain of death and confiscation of goods, and that those goods should be employed for the public reparations of the City or Town whereof they were Commissioners, to the end that they should be the more careful to do only that which was most expedient for the glory of God, the service of his Majesty and good of the Kingdom. That every Commissioner or Burgess should have a competent allowance from the place whose persons they represented. That the Parliament being ended, the several Commissioners should return within forty days to give account of what they had done under pain of losing their wages and employment. That no gold or Silver, coined or to be coined, should be transported out of the Kingdom under pain of death; In regard the contrary having been done the Kingdoms were impoverished and destroyed. That there should be money coined differing as well in value as stamp from that of the neighbouring Countries, and that it should be of a base alloy two Carats under the rate of the finest gold. That in Weight and value it should be answerable to the Crowns of Gold which are coined in France: Because that would be a means that it should not be transported. Many other articles were given in touching gold and silver, the particular favours and rewards of the King, and other matters of justice: But that which they insisted most upon was, that the Councils should be strictly looked to. That the Chancery and other Courts in the Kingdom should be visited or reviewed from six to six years, and that all suits should be dispatched in order, and determined whithin a certain time without any delay. That there should be no appealing from Court to Court, but that each case should be decided at its own Tribunal. That no Counsellor or other whosoever should enjoie two offices, but should apply himself to one only. These and many other things the Nobles and Commissioners of the Kingdom desired, but they fell into the hands of Strangers, the King being young and full of thoughts of his Voyage and possession of his Empire; So they remained. And in regard these and other such like propositions were slighted and laid aside (though presented with much zeal and affection) the whole Kingdom burst out, and slipping in one, they fell into the Precipice of many inconveniences, (as it is commonly seen). They desired one thing, very Holy, in the Chapter concerning Ecclesiastical dignities and pensions, That they should not be conferred upon strangers, and that the acts of Naturalisation which had been made should be revoked. That in the Ecclesiastical Courts there should be no more duties paid, then in the secular, and that they should observe the same Statute. (Which I would it were well seen unto in these times.) There were likewise some complaints and Petitions given in against Pedrarias de Avila, a gentleman of good note and quality (brother to the Earl of Punio en Rostro) and who had done great services; yet he was accused by some of his enemies and charged for having put many to death unjustly at the discovery of the Indies, and committed divers Robberies and Tyrannies. There were seven consultations hereupon, and Pedrarias was quitted by them all; and the Emperor himself (taking particular notice of the services which he had done at Oran in Africa, and the taking of Buxia, besides other places in the Indies) freed him notwithstanding these falls and passionate accusations, and confirmed him in the government and charge which formerly had been conferred upon him, and gave him some rewards besides. But all this was not sufficient to stop the mouths of his enemies, who gave occasion to strangers not only of speaking ill, but also of writing against this gentleman, who was valiant in his own person, and of ancient extraction in this Kingdom; And others (not knowing to the contrary) have followed them in the prejudicial censure of this nation and the Nobility thereof.   

SECT▪ XXXII.  
TO the grief of those gentlemen who took ill Cardinal Adriano's being Governor, by a general consent of the Council, and Don Antonio de Rojas Archbishop of Granada, than Precedent, 
Cardinal Adriano made Governor during his Majesty's absence.  He was confirmed Governor of Castilia and Navarra jointly with those of his Council, who were Don Alonso Tellez Lord of la-Puebla de Montalvan, Hernando de Vega Chancellor of the order in Castilia, 
His Council.  Don john de Fonseca Bishop of Burgos, Don Antonio de Rojas Archbishop of Granada and Precedent of his majesty's Council of Justice, and Francisco de Vargas Treasurer general; these were to reside at Valladolid. Antonio de Fonseca Lord of Coca was appointed Captain General of the kingdom, and Don john, Brother to the Bishop of Burgos, his Treasurer. Don john de la Nuza was Governor of Arragon, Don Diego de Mendoza, brother to the Marquis of Zenete, Viceroy of Valencia. All being thus ordered for the Government of the kingdom, and the wind coming fair, upon Saturday the 19.th of May at Sunset, The Emperor commanded to be Proclaimed, That all the mariners and his retinue should go on board that night, for the next day in the morning he would set sail. 
The Emperor imbark's for Flanders.  Sunday the 20.th of May before day he did his devotion and received the Sacrament, after which he took ship, Don Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Santjago, Don juan de Fonseca Bishop of Burgos, Don Inigo de Velasco Constable of Castilia and Leon, Don Diego Lopez Pacheco Marquis of Villena, Don Alonso Pimentel Earl of Benavente, Don john Osorio Marquis of Astorga, and divers other persons of quality waited on him to the Seaside: Those that embarked with him were Don Fadrique de Toledo Duke of Alva, the Marquis of Villa Franca and his son, Don Hernando de Andrade Earl of Andrade, Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, who did great services to the Emperor, and Monsieur de Xeures with the rest of the Flemings. So with a most harmonious noise of Minstrels and Trumpets they weighed anchor, and set sail with great acclamations of joy, leaving sad Spain overcharged with sorrow and misfortunes. They shaped their course directly for England, and the sixth day the whole Fleet arrived at the Downs. 
He arrive's in England  The same day (being whitsunday) The Emperor landed with all his nobility and servants, where he was received by the Cardinal of England, 
Cardinal Wolcey receive's him at his landing.  favourite to King Henry the Eight, and by whom he was much governed. The same night the King of England came by post thither, the expressions of affection and the great contentment which the King of England seemed to take in his majesty's company, were beyond relation; The next day the two King's went to visit St Tho: 
His reception by the King and Queen at Canterbury.  of canterbury's tomb, where Queen Katherine, wife to King Henry and Aunt to the Emperor, attended them in a sumptuously adorned Palace, wherein they spent the three days of whitsuntide with great Jollity and feasting. The holidays being past, and the Princes having treated sufficiently of what concerned them, and confirmed a Peace with great testimonies of affection on both sides, the Emperor took leave of his Aunt and the King, and went to Deal a harbour in the same Island. And so embarked again and sailed to Flushing. His arrival was incredibly welcome to the Inhabitants of all those Provinces, the same expressions of joy were all Germany over (assoon as they knew of his landing) where he was infinitely desired. He went from Holland into Flanders without any stay, but in all places where he did pass, he was most Splendidly entertained, especially at Gant, where Margarita his Aunt, and the Infante Don Fernando his brother (who was Archduke of Austria) expected his coming. Thence he went towards Calis to visit again the King and Queen of England, who mean time the Emperor was at Sea, met the King of France there, who endeavoured all he could to possess the King of England? with a disaffection of the Emperor, whose power and greatness he envied and repined at. Having made this second visit the Emperor returned to Gant, where he put himself in fit equipage to receiv the Crown at Aquisgran. Where we will leave him for the present and return to relate the the miseries and troubles of Spain.   

SECT. XXXIII.  
THe Emperor's departure was diversely resented in Spain, Those that were honestly minded and of sober and quiet dispositions approved of it, esteeming it just and requisite, but feared much what after did ensue. But the factious and Seditious Party were otherwise affected, They rejoiced at it, and hugged themselves in the fancy and vain hope of increasing their estates and reputation with these dissensions and alterations, delighting (as the Proverb saith) to fish in troubled water. The Emperor being gone from the Groin, all the Nobility and Gentry which stayed behind returned to their own houses, and the Commissioners or Burgesses of Parliament, repaired to their respective Cities and towns with fear enough of their Republics. The Cardinal and those of his Council took their way towards Valladolid, and before they arrived there, news was brought them of the Commotions of the Cities of Castilia. The Emperor was very ill advised in not leaving the government of those Kingdoms to some Nobleman of that Country; as was desired of him in Parliament, whom as a Grandee of note and power they might fear, and love, honour and respect him as their Countryman. Or if they had done as (when necessity constrained them) they did afterwards, all had been well; The fault being laid upon Xeures, he said, That it was not so ordered, that his Majesty thought there were no Noblemen in Castilia worthy of that honour, but because of the factions and partialities amongst them, the conferring it upon one should not disgust the others.   

SECT. XXXIIII.  
THe Cardinal and his Council being arrived at Venavente, an express from Don john de Acunia Governor of Segovia came to them purposely to inform them of a notoriously heinous accident befallen in that City, which was thus, One of the Commissioners or Burgesses that was sent thence to the Parliament at Santjago named john or Antony de Tordesillas, Regidor and native of that City, gave his consent to the granting the Subsidies his Majesty demanded. He brought for the City the Pole-money to be paid by way of excise and a gratuity of one hundred thousand Maravediz for reparation of the walls, and for himself he had procured a very good government and received an office which the Mint or coining house had given for lost. It is a custom in Segovia every Tuesday in whitsonweek that the Collectors meet to treat concerning the Revenue of Corpus Christi Church. It happened that being all together one of them inconsiderately said, Gentlemen! you know that Don john de Acunia is Governor of this City, and that he never set foot in it, and yet not satisfied to under value us, he maintein's here certain Officers to rob us, rather than to administer justice.. 
Tumults in Segovia.  And I vow to God, if the former stole away our Cloaks, these strip us to the very Skins. Moreover know that the Governor hath put in here a Deputy, more fool then valiant: He is not satisfied with the injuries he doth us by day, but he leads a dog to catch men in the night. And my opinion is, That if any one hath done what he ought not to do, He should apprehend him in his house like a Christian, and not hunt him with dogs in the Mountains like a Moor; For a man of any credit is more troubled at his being apprehended in the open street then at his Imprisonment. A certain old man, called Melon, chanced to be present at these words, who had for many years executed the office of a Sergeant or Catchpole (as they call them); and therefore was hated and abhorred by all the people. This poor man having heard the other out, and every body else holding their peaces, stood up and spoke these words in favour of the Justice. Indeed (Gentlemen!) that which this man hath said seemeth to me not well, and me thinks it is worse that men of such honour and credit (as here are) should give ear to such a man: for he that will speak in public of the Ministers of justice ought to have some respect and moderation in his tongue; and in an officer of the King's, he ought not to look only at his person, but to consider what his staff represents, As touching the dog he speaks of, that my Master carry's with him, I swear by this cross, that, being a young man, he takes him with him more for his pleasure in the day time, then to catch men in the night; and if it had been so you do not, (I hope) take me to be so base, but that I should have made it known to the people, for I am more beholding to my friends and neighbours than I am to Strangers. If the Officers do any thing against Law and justice, (which hitherto they have not done) like Christians and Gentlemen we are obliged to advise and reprove them in secret, and not defame them publicly; and if this which I say now unto you, soundeth not well in your ears, perchance that which will result hereof will please you worse; for ill words inconsiderately spoken sometimes are dearly repent. This speech was so ill taken by them all, that with shouting and great violence they seized on him, cast a rope about his neck, and with huge nois and exclamations they dragged him out of the City, but they bruised him with so many stripes that he was dead before he came to the gallows, yet they hung up his body upon it. As they returned from hanging this unfortunate Melon, they met by the way a companion of his, called Roque Portalejo: To whom one of them said, as they came along, Portalejo! thy Companion Melon remember's him to thee, there he hang's upon the gallows, and he says he hopes thou wilt bear him Company there to morrow, and 'twere no great matter if we made thee accept of his invitation, for since thou wast his companion in the fault, it is but reason thou shouldst bear a share of the punishment. Portalejo replied, God preserve the King my Lord and his justice, for one day you may repent you for what you have done and Segovia for permitting it. for the blood of the Innocent, although men do forget it, is always crying out for vengeance before God. Hereupon, and because they saw him with a pen and paper, one of them began to say, that he took the names of those that had killed Melon, upon which words they all cried out kill him, kill him, So with the same fury in a disorderly rout, as they had done to Melon, they laid hands on him, and dragged him to the gallows where they hanged him by the feet, so the poor man died. They spent all that day in execution of those two; The next day being wednesday The City sat in counsel; the Regidor Tordesillas went thither to give account of what he had done in Parliament although he was advised to the contrary. The place of meeting was at St Michael's Church. The People being told, that Tordesillas had granted the subsidy and that he was at the Council, a great number of Carders ran in a tumultuous manner thither, and climbing over the doors and breaking in at the windows, they violently laid hands upon him and dragged him out of the Church. Antonio de Tordesillas entreating them to forbear, said, Gentlemen! hear me, I come to give you an account. See here the Articles which I bring, be pacified, and let us go to some place where you may be informed of the truth. But this satisfied not, the multitude of Teazers was so outrageous, some cried, let us carry him to Santa Olalla; and poor Tordesillas said, whither you please Gentlemen. Others cried, Kill ●im, kill him, Others said, Tordesillas give us those articles. He answered, Since you will have it so, there, take them; then he drew a paper out of his pocket, wherein was contained all that he had done in the Parliament, Which they tore in pieces without ever reading it. And with one voice they cried out, to prison with him, there we shall see his treason. than they set him upon a Mule, being clad with a long cassock or gaberdine of crimson velvet. He had not gone fa●r but some of them crying, Art thou catched? laid hands again upon him, and having knocked him off the Mule, they hurried him into the Prison, others cried out, A rope, a rope, let ●im not stay in prison, let us have him straight to the gallows. And presently with loud exclamations they cried out all together, Let him die, let him die. And a rope being brought they put it about his neck, and plucked him down to the ground, than dragged him along the streets, punching him and giving him great blows upon the head with the pummels of their swords, and although he cried out to them with grievous sighs and pitiful groans, saying, Gentlemen! hear me, why do you kill me? it availed nothing. He desired to confess, and they would not suffer him. The Dean and Canon● with their Sacerdotal habits came forth to them, carrying the holy Sacrament. And (which was most grievous of all) Tordesillas own brother, a Franciscan Friar, a very grave man in his habit ready to say mass, and the holy Sacrament in his hands, with all the rest of the Friars of St Francis order came out, and kneeling all before this crew, they begged of them with tears to spare his life for Christ Iesu●s sake. 
Ant●nio de Tordesillas Regidor and Commissioner of S●govia hanged by the People.  But in regard all that Rabble was of the common and base sort of People, they made no reckoning of them, nor bore any respect or reverence to the Church. Then the Friars desired, if there was no remedy but that he must die, that they would give him leave to make his confession, which they refused. And when they had brought him to the gallows, half choked already with the rope, they tied his feet and hung him with his head downwards, betwixt the two others they had hanged the day before. Thus this poor Gentleman ended his life, and doubtless his companion john Vazquez had tasted of the same cup, had he not absented himself, but he escaped being advertised by this disaster.   

SECT. XXXV.  
THis done the Common People of Segovia elected their Deputies of the Commonalty, turned out all t●e King's officers of justice and authorised others to officiate for them, then seized upon all the gates of the City. About that time was come to Segovia Don Hernando de Bovadilla Earl of Chinchon, who had great power in the City, having the command of the Forts, Gates and Mint-hous; which place was given his ancestors and him by the King for former services. The Common People possessing themselves of the Gates, and a house Don Hernando had within the City, He presently made all his servants and the officers of the Gates retire into the Forts, that, there might be men enough to defend them, in case they should be assaulted, and leaving them to his brother Don Diego'● charge and care, he went to a Fortress of his own in the Country and took out all the pieces of Artillery he had there, which he brought with more servants and other People, to reliev his brother, who was by that time besieged and straightened in those Forts by the Commons; which siege lasted all the time of the troubles, and the war was cruel on both sides, Don Diego defending himself with great dexterity and valour; The generosity and loyalty of these Gentlemen was so great, that to defend the Forts committed to their charge by the King, they disarmed their own, choosing rather to leave their own Towns and Holds openly exposed to be destroyed by the fury of the Common People, than neglect or forsake that which conduced to the King's service.   

SECT. XXXVI.  
THis message which the Post brought from Segovia to the Governors, declaring the cruelty done in that City, possessed them with much trouble and care. These risings touched the Cardinal to the heart, and hereupon he entered into consultation with those Gentlemen whom his Majesty had appointed to assist him. After this the Gentlemen and Regidores of Segovia sent another Messinger to make their excuse to the Governor, alleging, That they had nothing to do in the Death of Tordesillas, nor the other two men, neither were they able to hinder it in regard of the Mutiny of a great multitude of teazers of Wool, who made that scandalous uproar and outrage, men of strange places, vagabonds, and who were already dispersed and fled from the City. That if it could be proved that any man of account or worth in the City was amongst them, or but any way favoured, assisted, or so much as consented to their barbarous proceeding, they would willingly submit themselves to any Punishment that could be inflicted on them. The Precedent of the Council Don Antonio de Rojas Archbishop of Granada grew so choleric and furious, that through excess of passion he gave the Messengers (whom the Gentlemen Regidores and Citizens had sent to make their excuses) such reproachful language and high threatenings, that it spoilt all. For returning to their City much distasted with this answer, They were all scandalised at it, and those that before were very quiet and peaceable began to incline to the Mutineers. The Cardinal being arrived at Valladolid the 5th of june 1520, the day before Corpus Christi eve, (the Archbishop being gone thither two days before) He assembled all the Council and asked their opinions, which were very different concerning this matter. And because they are of so much importance to the History, I will set down some of the most remarkable which were then taken in writing. The first that spoke was Don Antonio de Rojas Precedent of the Council, who declared himself in these words.  

The opinion of Don Antonio de Rojas concerning Segovia.  
MY LORDS! we, who are dedicated to the Divine Sacraments, have not the liberty to speak over boldly i● matters which concern humane rigours and chastisements, because our profession is to shed tears for those which transgress against the God of Heaven, and not spill the blood of those who offend earthly Kings. You see, My Lords! if the dignity of Archbishop invites me to Clemency, the office of Precedent (which is conferred upon me) constrain's me too justice.. This I say, My Lords, that you m●y not be scandalised if I declare myself in this my vote. I deny not that our Lord God giveth a beginning to all things with his Providence, but yet many of them he persu's and concludeth with his rigour and justice.. And this he doth, that the Good may be encouraged to serve him, and the wicked refrain from displeasing him, According to this saying of the Prophet, Misericordiam & Judicium cantabo tibi Domine. To come to the Purpose which now is in agitation, This action of Segovia, for my particular I hold it so heinous and scandalous, that I cannot think of any Punishment great enough for it. For where the offence is without weight, the Penalty ought to be beyond measure. Those of the City of Segovia have offended God in so barbarously putting to Death a man, who better deserved to live then They. Which wicked action is of no less consequence, then that it should wreak God's judgements upon them, for the blood of his Innocence is no other than the Crier, or Proclaimer of Vengeance. Again, in my sense, they are guilty of Crimen laes●e Majestatis, and it is very palpable; for they did not murder Tordesillas for any offence he had done them, but for the service he did the King in the Parliament. And since for the King he lost his life, the King is obliged to see him revenged: and in respect his Majesty is gone out of Castilia, to receiv the Imperial Crown in Germany, It will be sufficient, if he return in prosperity, that he reward his wife and Children with some gratuity; And we are to proceed according to justice, considering that the offence is as heinous, as if it had been done to his own person. For if I have served his Majesty, being here present, in giving him good Counsel, I shall serve him more now, My Lords, in punishing misdeeds in his absence. Moreover, Since the King our Sovereign took shipping at the Groin, This is the first act of disobedience in Spain. Wherefore I judge their crime the greater. For an offence committed in absence, always argueth the more malice, and where the malice is so great, the Punishment ought to be correspondent. Item, it is alleged by those of Segovia, that the City in general is not guilty of this fact, but only some particular men, Carders, did hang Tordesillas upon the Gallows. I would fain know of them, what was the reason, why they did not punish those fellows, since they were but few; for there is no such testimony of Innocence, as to execute justice upon offenders. In my opinion the City of Segovia cannot plead Non-Guiltie in this case, for Five Thousand Citizens (if they had listed) might easily have withstood the furious insolence of Fifty Teazers, and those Strangers too. But some secretly with their counsels, others publicly using violence, committed this insolent outrage. For if it be a crime in Wicked men to murder the good, It is no less crime in good men not to resist the Wicked. You have seen, My Lords, the peremptoriness of those of Toledo, The King our Lord being at his Parliament in Santjago and the Groin: which was so great and scandalous, that for my part I know not which was more to be condemned their malic● in so doing, or Xeures his negligence in not remedying it. Wherefore I say, that if that which was done, he being here, hath pased unpunished, and this, which hath been committed in his absence, be not remedied, from henceforwards I give all Castilia for lost and ruined. For this is a General maxim, if justice once lose her force, presently start's up insulting Tyranny. Item since his majesty's departure out of this Kingdom, This is the first scandal wherein it is requisite that the Council make appear their Counsel and wisdom. And there is nothing that can give a greater evidence thereof, then in governing the People in such sort, that we may gain the affections of the good, and be no less feared by the evil. If the death of this Regidor be thus smothered, and the insolence of Toledo dissembled, the Carders of Segovia will think, and the Cap-makers of Toledo will Proclaim, that we do not let these things pass with our good wills, but that we dare not punish them. And by this means justice will be defamed in that she cover's Fear, and which is worst of all, will lose the credit of being feared. In sum of all that I have spoken, I say, that my determinate will and opinion is, that an Alcalde de Corte, (who is in nature of a judge of Oyer and Terminer, here in England) should go to Segovia, and what he ought to do in this (although I know it) my Sacred Orders do not give me leave to express. I only say thus much, that the judge ought to do worse to them by justice, than they did to Tordesillas without justice.. Let all that I have said in this consultation be under your most Reverend Lordship's correction: and if these Lords be of any other opinion, I shall be content to conform myself to them, for in matters of weight and moment, a man is not to defend his own opinion, but to follow that which is most expedient for the public good.    

SECT▪ XXXVII.  
THe second that was remarkable in this Consultation, was Don Alonso Tellez Giron, who in those times was esteemed a man of a good Conscience, a virtuous life, of a generous offspring, and chiefly in the opinion (which he delivered) very circumspect, for he would never give any counsel, unless he had considered the matter throughly before hand. Don Antonio de Rojas having ended his speech, Don Alonso Tellez began, Saying.  

The discreet Opinion of Don Alonso Tellez Giron.  
IT chanceth oftentimes amongst the most expert Captains, that being upon the point of giving battle, they differ in the manner and order of their Combat, and if such men take oath of their dissenting opinions, I say that kind of discord proceedeth not from any particular difference betwixt them, but that each one of them thinks, that what he says is the best and most secure way to gain the Victory that day. This I say, most Reverend Lord Cardinal, in order to my Lord Archbishop and Precedent his Speech, which was very good and beseeming a Prelate that is desirous of the public good. But if he and I do differ in the means which is to be used for the remedying of so great a scandal, we shall not, I am confident, in our intentions be dissenting. I swear by the faith of a Christian and a Gentleman, and by this Holy habit of Santjago which I wear, that my soul desireth nothing at this present more, then that we may hit upon the right way of rectifying and providing for Segovia. For my mind gives me, that if we miss our aim in this first enterprise, we shall not be powerful enough hereafter to execute Justice. He that is to give his sens in such occurrences, ought not only to see to the remedying of mischiefs, but to be circumspect and wary lest the fulfilling of his Vote should be the occasion of a greater Inconvenience. For it may be already (which God forbid) thinking to tile Segovia, we have untiled it, and so bewetted all Spain. Undoubtedly those of Segovia offended God in destroying his creature, and the King in murdering him for his cause. They scandalised the Republic by hanging him in that manner. And accordingly (if it were of no further consequence) nothing could be more just, then that the more cruel and barbarous they have showed themselves in that murder, the less pity we should show in chastising them. I would say in this case, that we are able to punish Segovia, or we are not able, and so likewise Toledo of their rebellion: and to speak the truth, to my best since to chastise Segovia, or correct Toledo is yet too soon. For being, as we are, but newly come to the government, we should grant some privileges and liberty to the People at first, to win their obedience; and afterwards chastise them, that we may be feared. Put case we are not powerful enough (as I believ we are not) to quell that high couraged stubborn People, (if my judgement fail me not) I hold for most certain, that if Segovia lose their respect to us, the like we shall find through all the Cities of Spain. Moreover you know, my Lords, that it hath been averred to us, that there was never a Gentleman nor Citizen at the murder of Tordesillas, and that those Teazers which had committed the fact, were fled already. The Judge whom we shall send thither, to seem that he doth something, must rob the Poor, chastise the Innocent, disquiet the Rich, defame the Noble, and chiefly scandalise the bordering People, so that the untimely punishing of one man's death, may be an occasion of destroying all. Item you know, My Lords, that the King, our Lord, had the ill will of all his Subjects for the ill Government of his Tutors, and certainly those of this Kingdom desire to express their discontents. Me thinks, we should rather provide for and hinder the manifestation of the ill intentions of Castilia, then to stand so much upon the rigorous chastising of the Carders of Segovia, for it is the part of wise men to dissemble and defer the punishment of faults already past, and forthwith apply a remedy to a present evil. Item, Segovia cryeth out and desire's, that if Fifty or a Hundred weavers committed that outrage, the whole City should not lose its Innocence. And in my Judgement we should be very injurious and unjust, if we should declare a whole City Traitors, when but few are guilty, and I know the King hath many faithful servants in Segovia: therefore we should commit a great offence therein. Besides, it is as much the Property of Clement Princes to pardon many wicked men, for the respect of some few good, as it is the Practice of cruel Tyrants to condemn many good, for a few evil. Item, it is sufficiently known that Toledo is in Rebellion, and being (as it is) so powerful a City, we cannot exercise Justice upon it. Now, if we do chastise Segovia, we cannot do it so much damage, as we shall do favour to Toledo thereby. For all those whom we take now for enemies, we make friends to Toledo. And by this means there will be many favourers of their Tyranny, and but few to assist our Justice. Item, it is to be considered that the City of Segovia and the Town of Medina del Campo, by reason of the clothes of the one, and the fairs of the other, Those two People used always to be like Brothers. My end in saying this is, because the best Artillery the King hath in Castilia is at Medina, and if the business were come to that, They would sooner give it Segovia for their defence, then to us to punish them. And by this means Segovia will get the Artillery, and we shall lose Medina. Item, Segovia hath not taken the Fort as yet, nor disobeyed the Justice, nor shut the Gates, nor taken up Arms; And if a Judge go thither to chastise them, perchance we shall (the Guilty being fled away for fear of punishment) give occasion of fear to those that are Innocent, and they put themselves into a defensive posture thereupon. And this will be the way to make those whom we have as yet for subjects, declare themselves our enemies, My Lords, I will not extend myself any further in my discourse, but only that for the reasons which I have alleged, and for others which I could produce, I do not deny but Segovia ought to be chastised: But my vote is, that for the present, it should be dissembled. For prolonging a punishment never did harm: and an overhasty execution of Justice never did good.  
The Cardinal take's and follows the President's advice, which was to chastise Segovia.  
All those that were present approved of Don Alonso Tellez his opinion, yet the Cardinal agreed to do according to the vote of Don Antonio de Rojas, President. For he was a man so violently hasty and opiniative, that no body could persuade him to any thing, neither would he be contradicted.  
There were certain Friars, who did much harm in these commotions, some out of Zeal, others being of turbulent Spirits and too busy, and meddling with Secular affairs, which suit not with a Religious life.    

SECT. XXXVIII.  
IN one and the same day rose the Cities of Zamora & Segovia. 
Commotions in the City of Zamora.  In Zamora began the fury of the People against their Commissioners, who had exceedingly incensed them, because when that City had notice that Toledo, gave limited Powers to their Commissioners, They would do the same. But their Commissioners told them, they might not do so, and having received their Orders, they made oath of fealty to the People, that they would not act any thing, without first giving them notice; of which oath afterwards the Commissioners desired the Emperor to quit them, and they granted the Subsidy. Whereupon the People were so enraged, that they desired to have them burnt. They having some inklings hereof, fled to a Monastery a little day's Journey from Zamora (called Marta). The People in mean time went to their houses, and not finding them, They resolved to pluck down their houses, but did not, out of respect to the Earl of Alva, to whom all that City (as they had reason) did bear particular honour and respect. His Authority prevailed much, and hindered the Common People from doing a Thousand other mischiefs, but this it could not; which was, The People not finding the Commissioners, made Statues, that resembled them, which they dragged about the streets with many reproachful exclamations against them, proclaiming them Traitors and Enemies to their Country. After that they caused their pictures to be set up in the Consistory, with a writing at the foot of each, to signify who they were, and what they had done against that City, and against the Faith they had sworn to them. At length, hearing that they were retired into that Monastery, they sent to the Friars to turn them out, if not, they would go and set fire to the house. And although they desired liberty to come with safety of their persons to the City, and give them account of what they had done in Parliament, the People would not grant it, but used means to kill them. In that City there were two great factions, one for Don Diego Enriques Earl of Alva, the other for the Bishop Don Antonio de Acunia, of whom I shall speak hereafter.   

SECT. XXXIX.  
THe Governor Cardinal Adriano desirous to go to Valladolid, and to the end he might make his entrance with the Authority that was requisite for his person and dignity, required the Lord high Constable, who was at Villalpando, to accompany him, which he did; and so they entered into Valladolid on Corpus Christi eve, whence the Constable returned presently. And if the Precedent of the Council had not gone thither before, and the Cardinal soon after well attended, doubtless that City had done no less than Segovia and Zamora. For their Commissioners being returned (who were Francisco dela Serna, and Gabriel de Santistevan) The People knowing that they had granted the Subsidy, and hearing how the other Cities had welcomed their Commissioners, they went in bands and clusters up and down the streets murmuring and grumbling amongst themselves. Wherefore the Commissioners and the Council of the City agreed not to divulge the Articles, until the Cardinal and the Council were arrived. And out of this fear they dispatched a Post to the Archbishop Precedent of the Council, desiring him to come speedily thither, and this was the reason that he went before and stayed not for the Cardinal. This was the occasion that Valladolid refrained for some time from doing what afterwards it did. At last it broke out like the rest of the Cities.   

SECT▪ XL.  
THis fire most furiously and strangely spread itself through the other Cities, as if they had agreed together and corresponded by watchtowers and Beakons (as they are wont to do in the frontiers and upon Seacoasts) so many places burst out into these Commotions at one instant. I have read in a Letter from Leon Picardo, a servant to the Lord Constable and his Painter, 
Earthquake in Burgos.  that feeding his hawk at night in Burgos, there was so grievous an earthquake that the dishes fell off the shelus, the tiles off the houses, nay and some buildings were turned topsie-turvie, and his hawk died with the fright, as also some women with child. Presently after which at the same beginning of june, the People of Burgos rose with great disorder, many of them armed and crying out very confusedly. The Common People through the parishes and quarters assembled at the Chapel of Santa Katherine del Claustro nuevo in the great Church (as they used to do for the election of officers and other things. 
The Common people of the C●tie rise up in Arms.  There they discoursed concerning the risings & Commotions which were much noised in Castilia, there was nothing resolved amongst them but great clamours & divers opinions, & going out with that hurly-burly and disorder as is usual at such meetings. At last a great multitude of them being assembled at a middle row of houses close by the Gate of Sarmental, they agreed to rise also, which they did, & stood upon the same terms as the other Cities had done; they nominated two chiefs, Anton Cucbillero and Bernal de la Rixa, who with this rout went to seek Don Diego de Osorio Lord of Abarca, a gentleman of great quality, inhabitant of the City of Burgos, but met him not until the Evening; having found him, they brought him by violence into the marketplace with much nois and tumult, saying, Th●t he must be their Chief, and must govern them: they put a white staff of Justice into his hand, and upon his left arm a Target. Don Diego bid them be quiet, and tell him wherefore they brought him out of his house, and put him in that equipage. They answered, That as a gentleman he should protect them and free them from that slavery wherein they lived. They would not hear him speak, but threatened him, if he would not do as they required him: they continued pressing of him thus till night, and stayed for his resolution till next day. Don Diego at that time was Governor of Cordova, and came thither only to see the Lady Isabel de Rojas his wife and his children, so he presently got out of their hands, and that same night took his way towards Cordova, leaving his house to the charge & care of Don Pedro de Cartagena Lord of Olmillos' (who had married the Lady Marie de Rojas his daughter) to the Dean of Burgos Don Pedro Xuarez de Velasco, and Francisco Sarmiento, who was his kinsman. These Gentlemen repaired forthwith to Don Diego Osorio's house, where they found his wife and daughter very disconsolate for his absence, and fearing the People's threatenings, 
Their design upon Don Diego de Osorio's house.  who hearing Don Diego was gone, assembled together and came with intent to break open the house, plunder it and pluck it to the ground. But these gentlemen, being advertised of their design, stood all in the gate with their swords and daggers drawn, threatening to cut in pieces whosoëver durst attempt to break in, and vowing that they were resolved to lose their lives upon that account. This resolution of theirs daunted the Assailers, so that none offered to stir, but went all quietly away. Don Pedro Xuarez de Velasco went along with them, for Bernal de la Rixa the Cutler, their Captain, bore him much respect, because he had received a son of his named Valoradico, to be a singing-boie in his Church. Don Pedro Xuarez's getting the good will of this Cutler was of such importance, that by his means he knew all the secret dealings and intentions of the Communality, and was admitted sometimes into their Assemblies. They went by Squadrons up and down the City, committing many outrages and insolences, like men distracted and without judgement. An humour took them to burn down the Carthusian's wood, and as they were going with this resolution, Don Pedro Xuarez met them by the way, and told them, that it would be very well done of them, indeed, to set that wood on fire, but the world would be so roasted with the heat, that it were better to keep the wood till winter, and not to burn it in the field to no purpose; so he turned them back again from St Pawles Bridg. They were so audacious as to assault the Lord Constable's house, he being Chief of that City, and having heard that the Duchess Donia Maria de Tobar Marquis of Berlanga, a Lady of great worth, had threatened them, they came one day in great number thither, and having environed the house, they shot off a piece of Ordnance, which beat down a corner of the Tower, so they entered into the house, & the Duchess was forced to hide herself in some secret by-place. They went also to Garci Ruiz de la Mota his house, (who had been Commissioner in that last Parliament, brother to Maestro Mota Bishop of Badajos and Palencia) with intent to kill him, but not finding him (for he was fled) they burned and plucked down his house, where were consumed great number of Writings, as Deeds and Charters, and many other papers concerning the King and Kingdom, which he had in keeping. That which they burned in Mota's house, was valued above three Millions, when they carried it to the place where they made the Bonfire, into which they cast all the moveables they could find in the house; as pure linen, rich tapistrie-hanging, clothes, householdstuff, and many chests or trunks full, all which they burned, without making benefit of any thing (which was a wonder, considering the condition of such mean people). In the like fury they went and pulled down the house of one of the King's Harbingers, named Garci jofre, who, though he was a Frenchman born, had been a long time in the King of Spain's service and the Emperor's. He was married, and had his dwelling in that City: they were incensed against him for no other reason, but because the Emperor had given him the command of the House and Castle of Lara, which Burgos pretended was theirs, and they demanded it of him, but because he told them that he had received that Castle of the Emperor, and that he could not deliver it to any but his Majesty, they went to kill him▪ neither stopped their fury there; for poor jofre being unfortunately there that day, (being returned from France, whither he went by the Emperors command with the French Ambassador) and seeing how they plucked his Houses down, he went to Lara, saying, That he hoped in God to be revenged, and to build up his Houses much better with those Rascal's money, than they were when they pulled them down, and that he should make mortar of their bones, and temper the chalk with their blood. This being known in the City by the report of a Collier (to whom jofre spoke it by the way) they sent some men on horseback privately after him, who overtook him in a little village called Vivar del Cid, three leagues from Burgos, where drawing him out of the Church, they apprehended him, & had cut him in pieces there, but for some Gentlemen, who qualified them for the present; yet they would not let him go out of their hands, but brought him to Burgos back again and clapped him into prison, where with blows and thrusts they soon dispatched him, and being dead, they tied his feet together, and dragged him first to his own door, striking and pinking his body with their swords all the way: then they drew him through all the streets, and at last hanged him with his head downwards. Don Inigo Fernandez de Velasco Lord High Constable, who was at Villalpando, being informed hereof by a Letter from the Cardinal (wherein he desired him for the love of God to go speedily & set some remedy and order in that City) went presently to Burgos, and out of affection in regard those of his family for many successions had been born in that City, he took upon him the staff and office of Governor, which the Inhabitants most willingly embraced; there he continued some time, whose presence was the only remedy and means to hinder the enraged people of that City from committing a thousand other Insolences. What happened afterwards you shall hear hereafter.   

SECT. XLI.  
A Certain Judge named Hernan Gomez de Herrera, whose wife and family was in Madrid, 
Uproars in Madrid.  took that occasion to go from Valladolid thither; but being arrived, the People began to mutiny, saying, That he was come thither to take examinations against Toledo; at which nois many People assembled presently together and went in a tumultuous manner to apprehend him in his house; but he having notice thereof, used means forthwith to be secretly conveied out of the City; so he escaped with fear enough; for if the Common-people had light upon him, they would have given him hard measure. Thence the disorderly Multitude went to Francisco de Varas his house, (one of the Council) and took away all the Arms they could find; as Fowling-pieces Arquebusses, Crosbows, Arrows, Pikes, four hundred Corslets, and many Halberds, which they put into a strong place for their own defence when occasion should require: they set Guards all the City over, watching and going their rounds through all the streets and walls, to the great hindrance of Commerce and destruction of the City. 
In Siguenca, Guadalaxara, Salamanca, Mu●cia.  In the same manner rose Siguenca, Guadalaxara, Salamanca, Murcia, and many other places of importance, where were divers things committed, not unlike those which I have already declared, which would be an endless business for me to describe particularly. The seventh of june, in this present year 1520, the City of Leon was very quiet, and stood much for the King's service: for it seemed that Valladolid had written to them to know whether they had received any Letter from Toledo concerning their business or not: Whereto Leon made Answer, That as yet they had received nothing in particular from Toledo touching that matter, and that the City of Leon was fully determined, not to do, or consent to any thing, for the whole world, that might be any disservice to his Cesarean Majesty, or contrary to the fidelity they owed him, especially the most Reverend Cardinal remaining Governor, with the Lord President and the rest of the Council, to whom that City was so much obliged. ●t had been well for that City if they had continued in that mind.   

SECT. XLII.  
THe 24 of june, 1520, the Emperor being at Brussels received information of all the passages in Toledo and other places, and of the Letter which Toledo sent to Valladolid, and their Answer: Whereupon he wrote to Valladolid, giving them a full relation of his Voyage by Sea, how he was entertained by his Uncle and Aunt in England, and that they had confirmed a most sure League of Peace and Amity together; That thence he intended about the middle of September to be at Aquisgran, to receiv his Imperial Crown, with many other circumstances; and at last, That he resolved, God willing, to return into that Kingdom much sooner than he had promised at the Parliament, mean time he incharged them Peace, quietness, and obedience to the Commands of the Cardinal, his Governor, Precedent and Council, etc. and if there should arise any mutinies or Commotion in any other Towns, that they, out of their ancient and well approved fidelity, would endeavour to pacify and suppress them, for they knew the love and affection which he bore that City, which might sufficiently appear by the favours he had granted them in former Parliaments, according to the Copy which he sent with that Letter. There was also a General Letter to all the Cities and Towns of that Kingdom, who had Votes in Parliament; but passion had gained such a transscendence over the hearts of the major part, that they would not believ those Letters to be from the Emperor, but said openly that they were counterfeited, neither did they any way abate their resentment of his so sudden departure out of that Kingdom, leaving them (by the counsel of his Favourites) involved in so great a fire, and with so much poverty and pain.   

SECT. XLIII.  
AFter this came news to the Cardinal how the City of Guadalaxara was revolted in the same manner, and taking up Arms like the other Cities of the Kingdom. They chose for their Captain the Earl of Saldania, eldest son to Don Diego de Vega y Mendoça Duke del Infantado, and making use of his horses, 
The people of Guad●laxara rise up against their Commissioners.  they pursued Diego de Guzman, and Luis de Guzman, their Commissioners in the late Parliament, who, for fear of their lives, were fled from the City; but not being able to overtake them, they went to their houses, which they razed, and having ploughed up the ground, they sowed it with Salt, saying, That in regard they were Traitor's houses, they must be salted, lest they should infect the rest with their infidelity. Thence they went to the Duke, beseeching him to favour and assist them; if not, they would have him to know, that no Grandee must stay within that City, which he and his son were enforced to grant to satisfy them: but the Duke seeing the City in so great disorder, and the Kingdoms all over inflamed with such Combustions, sent an Express to the Cardinal, desiring him (since God and the King had constituted him in that Office) to use all possible diligence and care to stop the current of those exorbitances, and that without passion or affection he would grant a general pardon; for if he suffered the sore to fester, he would not be able to cure it when he pleased. That he would take off the Subsidy. That all Tallages and Impositions should be reduced to the same estate as they were twenty five years past. That Offices and benefices should be taken from strangers, and conferred upon the Natives of the Country: And that all this should suddenly be performed. The Cardinal was well contented with his Letter, but durst not do otherwise then was ordered by the Council, until he received further Commission from the Emperor.   

SECT. XLIV.  
THe Order from the Council was, that Ronquillo (a famous Judge in those times) should presently march to Segovia with all the men he could make, and punish the Delinquents. They sent with him a thousand Horsemen (most of which were of the Guards) under the Command of Don Luis de la Cueva, and Ruy Diaz de Rojas, who had Orders in case the Judge was not received into the City, to batter and beat it down. But when his coming was known in Segovia, those that were quiet and peaceable before, jealousies and fears distracting their ill-tempered minds, rose and associated themselves with the others, and in particular, one principal Gentleman of the City, called Don Hernando, who had written to the Cardinal, that he kept the City, the Fort and the great Church for the King, and that he had driven the Commonalty into the Suburbs, and moreover, that there was great partiality and difference amongst them; upon whose advice and intimation the Judge was sent directly thither: but when they heard in what manner he came, Don Fernando & the Common-people agreed so together, that the Gates were shut against him, and the townsmen all up in Arms. Ronquillo perceiving their strength and resistance to be great, retired himself to the Town of Arevalo, and the Cardinal sent to him to return to Valladolid, until the Council should take further order therein. But the Judge did otherwise, and from thence went to Santa Maria de Nieva, five Leagues from Segovia, where he made his Requests and Protests to those of the City, & began by Criers to publish Acts and Writs against them, requiring them to submit to Justice, or to appear and give a reason why they would not. Whereunto those of Segovia (amongst whom at first there was no person of credit or respect, but only a furious and indiscreet Rabble) not only not obeyed nor answered, but after some days spent in parrying and treating; without fear or wit they sallied out, to the number of four thousand men, almost all on foot, on purpose to meet Ronquillo and fight with him, and in this manner they marched towards the place where he was quartered. He, with his Captains, came presently to encounter them, and it is affirmed, that he might easily have routed them (for although they were more in number, they were but ordinary people, and as disorderly as unskilful. But he was unwilling thereunto, out of respect that many men's lives might have been lost in the Conflict, or perchance being doubtful of the Success. So there were only some light skermishes, wherein Ronquillo took some of their baggage, and divers of them prisoners; whereof some he hanged, others he punished otherwise. So that the Segovians retreated with no seal loss, and thenceforwards he advanced his Siege, and cut of their Commerce and Provisions, so that nothing could pass into or out of the City; yet he used no extremity towards them, because he had still hopes of some accommodation. Hereupon Segovia mustered up their forces, which amounted to twelv thousand men, besides women and children who with an unspeakable courage took up Arms to defend the City against Ronquillo. They made strong Pallisadoes, deep Ditches, and chained all their streets. The City of Avila assisted them, as if it had been their own Interest, and both these Cities made a Joint-supplication to the Cardinal, that he would not proceed against them with so much rigour; but receiving no satisfactory answer, they said, Since it must be so, we will remedy our selus. At length Segovia, finding themselves straightened by the Siege, wrote to the City of Toledo, declaring the occasion of their Revolt, excusing themselves of the death of Tordesillas, and imputing it to the indiscreet fury of some Carders and Teazers, exclaiming against the rigour of the Cardinal and Council for sending Ronquillo, not as an equitable Judge to do them Justice, but as a cruel Tyrant to wage War against them; and at last conjuring and imploring their succour and assistance to raise the Siege, alleging that the punishment the Cardinal and Council intended to inflict upon Segovia, was but the Precursor of the destruction of Toledo, in regard they were in the same Predicament, and declared by the Council for disobedient, as well as those of Segovia, were condemned for Traitors: In the Close of all, they desired that City to give credit to the Relation of Rodrigo de Cieca, and Albara de Guadarrama (the bearers of their Letter) who had Instructions and Orders to impart matters of higher consequence unto them, which they durst not commit to paper. Other Letters, to the same effect, they sent to the other Cities of Castilia, who all returned them great promises and encouragement, and in effect they sent to the Cardinal and Council, desiring a pardon for Segovia, all but Toledo, who being less scrupulous, in stead of fair words, sent them men of Arms to succour the City, as shall appear hereafter.   

SECT. XLV.  
TOledo, upon receipt of this Letter, sent, to reliev Segovia, four hundred Musketeers, as many Halberdiers, and three hundred Horse, well Armed, which were joifully received, and gave them courage to sally out again upon Ronquillo. But first they sent to him, requiring that he would let them alone, depart from Santa Maria de Nieva (where he lay) and that he would meddle no more with the affairs of Segovia, otherwise they would make him go away with a Vengeance. But Ronquillo thought to do what he came for, that was, to enter into Segovia, and punish severely the Delinquents; to which effect he assembled the whole Country thereabouts, yet could not accomplish his Design; for all the Cities and Towns that then were up, were wedded so unanimously to that same Interest, that there was much to be feared. Ronquillo went from place to place, one night he lay in one Town, the next night in another, setting out Spies, sometimes catching those that came out of Segovia, and seeking all means possible to get into it. In the Marketplace of Santa Maria de la Nieva he made public Acts, Proclamations and Outlaws against the Segovians; but they scorned and laughed at them, and 'tis reported that the Common People set up a great high Gallows, which they swept and watered every day, saying, That was to hang Ronquillo upon, making show of as much courage and resolution, as if they had had the whole world on their side; this was when they saw how forward and ready Toledo was to back them, and had furnished them with both men and money.   

SECT. XLVI.  
THe Cardinal seeing the ill success of this business, sent about three hundred and fifty Lanciers, and some Foot Soldiers, of those which were Garrisoned in Navarra, to Ronquillo; with whom he scoured the Confines of Segovia. One day he went to Zamarramala, where he caused to be set up certain papers against the Segovians, proclaiming them Traitors and Rebels, and summoning them to appear before him within a certain time; thence he returned to Nieva, where he commanded a high Scaffold to be built, whereon he caused to be set other Acts and Writings to the same effect, than gave order to be proclaimed in all the adjacent Towns and Villages, that no body should dare to carry any provisions whatsoëver to Segovia under pain of death. Segovia seeing Ronquillo use them so hardly, keeping all provisions from them; three thousand five hundred of them, very well provided with Corslets, Lances, Halberds and Swords made another sally, one of the principal Citizens, named Peralta, was their Commander in Chief; so with great nois and little order (as Common-people use to do) they marched directly towards Santa Maria de Nieva, but at two League's distance from Segovia they met Ronquillo with his men (who were better disciplined than they) & made some shots at them, whereupon they soberly retreated towards their quarters. The Segovians seeing that, and thinking that they ran away, pursued with great eagerness and in such disorder, that the others turning upon them, killed some of them, and took Don Diego Peralta their Captain Prisoner, and they took an Officer, and some of Ronquillo's men. At last the Combat grew so hot, that Ronquillo quitted his quarters, and left the Segovians (being far more in number) masters of the place, who presently set fire to the Scaffold, and burned all the Acts and proclamations he had set up against them. Upon this came a new supplie of three thousand men to them, which gave them fresh courage, and seeing themselves so strong, they followed Ronquillo, and made two great shots at him, which killed him two Horsemen, and they took the Paie-master of his Forces, with two millions of Maravediz (whereof thirty four make sixpence sterl.) which he carried to pay his men: this Prize, with other prisoners, they sent to Segovia. Ronquillo still retreated in good order, and some of his Horse perceiving a Party of about forty men of the Segovians scattered in a small Village near Nieva, charged them, and having took some they brought them to Ronquillo, whereof he presently hanged two, the rest he carried to Coca, where he went to lodge. And the Segovians having rescued their Captain, returned joifully to their City.   

SECT. XLVII.  
THe distempers of Madrid (for as I have said, that City rose also) were no less than those of the other Commonalties of Castillia. Francisco de Vargas a man of honour and approved fidelity, maintained the Fort against the People, notwithstanding all the diligences they could make to turn him out, and possess themselves of it. They required him oftentimes with many threats, that if he would not deliver it up to them, they would hang as many as they could light upon, of those that were within. Francisco de Vargas perceiving the straight he was in for want of men, got secretly out one night and went to Alcala (six small Leagues from thence) for some assistance. He procured about forty men, whom (that they might get into the Fort without being discovered) he ordered to enter by two and two on horseback. This could not be carried so close, but the City had some intelligence thereof. Whereupon the People being all Alarmed, in great haste and fury, some on Horseback some on foot, ran out to intercept him, taking some Gentlemen to be their Captains. Being in the field they ranked themselves in better order, and when the Captain of the Fort was ready to enter with his men, they fell upon him, who being but a small number, were forced to seek their safety by flight; Francisco the Vargas being advantageously mounted, with some others that were able to follow him, returned to Alcala. The people after that, grew more careful, and kept Spies out and Guards in all the Avenues of the City, than they fell upon the Fort with great fury, encompassing it round, but they durst not approach too near, for those that were within defended themselves very stoutly, welcoming them with many musket-bullets lets, Crossbow shot and stones. The Fort being in this straight, Diego de Vera with his men approached, & faced Madrid. He had force enough to have relieved the Fort with men and provisions, and ill treated the Commoners of Madrid. But he was wearied with a tedious march, and discontented that he had not received of a long time pay, neither for himself, nor his Soldiers; besides, at the same time Letters were brought him from the City of Avila (where he was bo●● and had his estate and family) wishing him to let those of Madrid alone, and no way to molest them, for if he did, they would pluck down his house, and set fire on all his goods. Out of this fear Diego de Vera, dissembling his design, would not enter into Madrid, nor do any thing to help the one party, or prejudice the other. Madrid finding themselves but weak in men, and not very well provided with Arms, sent to Toledo for succour, who forthwith furnished them with five hundred men and thirty Lances, under the Command of Goncalo Gaytan. Having received this supply, they resolved to undermine the Fort in four places, which they within perceiving, shot still more and more fiercely, and killed some of their workmen, which made them leave mining by day, & labour only in the night, with Blinds and Engines, made like Carts, which they might go safely under, and for their better security, at the front of all, they placed the Children and nearest of kin to those that were within the Fort, to make them refrain from shooting, for fear of killing them; yet for all this, Francisco de Vargas his wife (who was within) was so ready to assist, and so wittily cunning to endeer and encourage her men to fight, (lest her husband should bear any blame) that they still held out, and defended themselves courageously. The Townsmen sent to require them to surrender the Fort, if not, they threatened that none should go either in or out, but should be either killed or taken; whereunto she made Answer, that they troubled themselves in vain, and she would have them know, That although her husband was absent, neither she, nor any of the rest with her, were of such low and unworthy spirits, as, out of fear of their threatenings, to do an act so prejudicial to his majesty's service, That they were all resolved rather to die in their own defence, then commit so High a Treason; for where she was, her Husband's honour should not suffer in the least. The People hearing this, broke into a furious rage, crying out with loud voices, Let them die though we all perish. ●o all being armed, they environed the Fort on all sides, and planted their Artillery in order against it. Those within stood stoutly in their defence, discharging all the great Guns they had, which were many and good, and put in a readiness their Muskets and other Arms, but they wanted men to ply their small shot, The Artillery began to play on both sides. The Fort battered down all the neighbouring houses, and the Gunners showed much skill both within and without, yet did not so much mischief on either side, as they might have done. At last came some Religious men to mediate a peaceable agreement. And as it was half concluded, a Gentleman stepped in and crossed all, saying with a loud voice, O you traitors, rogues, jews of Madrid! What have ye done? What Agreement is this you will make, so● prejudicial to the King and your City? you do it but out of cowardice. This and many things more he said, insomuch that the people mutinied, and grew rather more distempered then before; some favoured him, others were enraged to kill him, so there grew a great tumult, and a bloody confusion, dealing blows and thrusts of Swords and Lances on all sides. But my Gentleman was taken at last by the Common people, whereof some would have killed him presently, others more discreet, thought fitter to keep him prisoner, until they knew what moved him to cast that seed of dissension amongst them, to hinder the Agreement which was then concluding. The next day, the people returned to assault the Fort, and their Gunner killed the Gunner of the Fort, and left them none to manage the Artillery. Then they cut off their water, and their provision of Victuals growing short, at last they were enforced to surrender the Fort to the Commander of those of the Commonalty. The People entered the Fort, with great acclamations of joy and triumph. In it they found eight hundred complete Suits of Armour, a thousand lances, a hundred, halberds, four fauconets, three pieces of Cannon of one hundred pound bullet a piece (according to the list) three hundred bullets of iron cast, four pieces of ordnance, which they took from Mercado de Fruslera, twenty thousand pikes, two thousand two hundred firelocks, two thousand headpieces, gauntlets and Crosbows, two whole Cannons, seventeen hundred weight of powder, eight field-pieces, and five ●housand Corslets. All which Arms and Ammunition had been laid there by the Catholic Kings, besides much more which was carried away to the battle of delos Gelves.   

SECT. XLVIII.  
MAdrid being thus revolted, and in design of possessing themselves of the aforesaid Royal Fort and Magazine, they sent for succour to Don john Arias, Lord of Torrejon de Velasco, one of the chief Gentlemen of the Kingdom of Toledo, & of an Ancient and Noble family. But he being very discreet, & exceedingly valiant, answered them, That he would have nothing to do with any su●h broils, and that he desired to live peaceably at home without engaging on either side: yet upon better consideration, like a faithful servant to his King, having gathered one hundred and fifty Horse, with as many Foot, and a competent quantity of Artillery, he went to reliev the ●ort; which being known at Toledo and Alcala, by messengers from Madrid, they sent multitudes of People, who joining all in one body, fell upon his Town of Torrejon de Velasco, whilst he was upon his march towards Madrid: They sacked and burned it quite down, and hurt divers of the Inhabitants, some they killed. This news being brought to Arias, he returned much troubled and incensed to Torrejon, swearing that he would be revenged, and if he could not get satisfaction from Madrid, he would not leave one Town thereabouts undestroyed. Some of his followers advised him to join with Diego de Vera who was come from Gelves, with whose help and the good provision of Artillery which he had, he might besiege Madrid, hereupon Don john Arias demanded Don Diego's assistance, but he excused himself saying, that he was tired with his march, neither would he fight against any of the King's Towns. john Arias did all the mischief he could in the Towns adjacent to Madrid, and the people were so fearful of his Soldiers, that they durst not leave their cattle abroad. It fell out one night, that the Village of Mostoles (which was near Torrejon) having notice that Io●n Arias would fall upon them, they barricadoed their streets, and put themselves in a posture of defence, but he entered at another part, where the inhabitants suspected not, and sacked the Town, and at their going away again, all loaden with plunder, the Townsmen all at once fell upon them and took all from them again, but killed not a man.   

SECT. XLIX.  
Done john Arias de Avila, afterwards seeing the inconstancy and fickleness of the Common People, who neither kept oath nor promise, desiring to serve his King, and pacify the tumults of Toledo, went with some few servants to the Town of Illescas, where the chief promoters of those combustions were with divers men in Arms, and coming thither to treat of composing the matter in a peaceable way, he expressed himself in such efficacious terms, and gave them such undeniable reasons, and friendly exhortations, representing unto them the dangers whereunto they exposed their lives and fortunes, by withdrawing themselves from their obedience to their King, that sometimes he prevailed so far with, them as to hearken to an accommodation (but they continued not long in that mind) for the business depending of so many several People, that which was concluded one day, was quite broke off the next; and at last they fell into such a popular madness, that throwing aside all respect, they would lay violent hands upon Don john Arias, peremptorily bidding him deliver up to them the places of strength, which he had under his command, and seeing he would not do that, they demanded the Artillery which was in them; and because he denied that also, with great nois and tumult they gathered together in the house where the Assembly was kept, and made an order that john Arias should presently deliver the Artillery, and in case of default, he should suffer death as an enemy of the common good. This was intimated to him by a Notary Public. But john Arias with solid and good reasons answered, that he could not do it. The People of Illescas hereupon went again into the council, and ordered, that john Arias should, without reply, deliver the Artillery, or be killed; whereunto he made answer soberly and undauntedly, That the life he yet enjoyed was only his own, but the honour and good name descended from his Ancestors, and should continue as an inheritance entailed upon his Successors, That it was in their powers to take away his life, but not his honour, for that he could neither give nor lose, That if they did take his life, it would cost them many lives, That they had best take heed what they did, and that they could not take away the loyalty which he owed to his King though he should lose a Thousand lives, and that this should be his resolution in despite of their cruiltie. The Common People, seeing the resolute courage and constancy of john Arias de Avila, suspended for the present the mischief they intended against him, so he took horse and road with a stayed serious countenance through the Town, attended only with those few servants he brought with him, and thence returned to Torrejon, whereof the People of Illescas presently repent themselves, and condemned one another of unadvisedness, in that they had not killed, or at least, kept him prisoner▪ But John Arias maintained stoutly three Forts well provided of men and arms in the King's service against them, which were of great importance for the suppressing and hindering the outrages of Toledo, and those neighbouring places, to the great hazard of his life and fortunes. And as soon as he heard that the Lord Constable was Viceroy of Castilia, he sent him the seal of his house and arms, offering himself wholly to accomplish the obligation he had to his majesty's service, for which the Lord-Constable returned him thanks promising to acquaint the Emperor with his loyalty, and moreover recommended to his care the charge of those parts, which John Arias performed with great diligence, skirmishing oftentimes with the Commoners. For this, and other services, and in consideration of his illustrious extraction, the Emperor gave him the ti●●e of Earl of Punio en Rostro, and written him very favourable and gracious Lettreses, expressing the great esteem and account he made of his services to his Majesty. In a hundred small Villages the People rose against the Earl of Chinchon, but he suppressed them quickly, and punished them severely. Alcala was infected with the like disturbances and revolts, with divers other places of the Kingdom, imitating their chief Town which was the ringleader of all those distempers.   

SECT. L.  
CArdinal Adriano (who was a Saintlike man) sought all means possible to remedy these disorders, with a sweetness and Clemency answerable to his Charity, and hearing of a Gentleman that followed the Court, who was a native and jurate of Toledo, a discreet man, he sent for him, and being come, he asked him what course (in his opinion) was fittest to be taken for the pacifying of that City, saying, That if he could devise any way to do it, he should be exceeding glad to embrace it, and he would procure his majesty's approbation thereof. The Gentleman thanked him in the city's behalf, as being a member of it, and said, He did not certainly know their intention, but according to his judgement, the only way to cure those mischiefs, was to apply the same medicine which they desired, viz. That his Majesty would be pleased to grant to Toledo what their Commissioners had petitioned him in Parliament; That his Eminence would command Ronquillo, the Judge, to raise his Siege before Segovia, and return with his men, in regard the City was much scandalised at his coming in such an hostile manner, they having sent two Prelates with their submission, and begging pardon of his Eminence; that he knew how all the chief Cities of the Kingdom, being guilty of the like Commotions, every one would expect the like punishment, and out of that fear, they would rather join all their Forces to succour Segovia, then be liable to any such rigorous sentence; that he should be very careful in that point, for if the people once lost their respect, he would not be able to correct them: That for the present (although there were tumults and Commotions every where) yet there was no public War declared, only dissensions amongst the people. But if they joined and assisted one another, it would occasion great misery and ruin to the Kingdom, as it afterwards fell out. These and some other instances the Gentleman pressed to the Cardinal, who finding much reason and weight in them, bade him come again to him the next day in the Evening, in the mean time he would call a Council concerning those particulars. The Gentleman punctually observing the time appointed, the Cardinal told him, that he had consulted about that business, but they were not all of his opinion, so that there could be nothing done but what was formerly commanded. The Iurate beseeched him to be very wary and well advised; for some of his Council, he told him, were men o're-swaied with passion, and more wedded to their private interests, than his majesty's service, and that to his knowledge both Toledo and Madrid were raising men to send to reliev Segovia, and if they went thither, he might easily see what mischief would ensue. The Cardinal thereupon said, he would call a Council again about it.   

SECT▪ LI.  
TOledo and Madrid (as being nearest) fearing that if Segovia were subdued, 
Toledo and Madrid Succour Segovia.  they should be in danger, chose Captains, 
john de Padillae made Captain of the Toledians.  and raised men to send to succour it. Toledo pitched upon john de Padilla, to whom they gave Commission to raise a thousand Foot, and a hundred Light-horsemen (whereof Hernando de Ayala was Captain) with some pieces of Artillery. Madrid sent out four hundred Foot, and fifty Hors. The Toledians being joined with those of Madrid, 
john Bravo Captain of the Segovian forces  they marched together to a place called Espinar, where John Bravo Captain of the Segovians, came forth with his men to receiv them; They made all together two thousand Foot, and one hundred and fifty Horse; after some Conference, they agreed all three to go to Santa Maria de Nieva, where Ronquillo was quartered, and do as much mischief as they could, whilst those of Salamanca and other places might join, 
Ronquillo refuseth to engage in battle.  and come to the succour of Segovia. But Ronquillo and his Captains, persevering in their design (although they went out into the field, seeming to encounter the Enemy) would not engage in Battle, but marched soberly and in good order, another way; the Cardinal hearing of the setting forth and joining of these Captains, determined to increase the strength of his own forces, and make a formal Camp, able to suppress and subdue the Contrary Party. To this effect he sent to Antonio de Fonseca Captain General of the Kingdom, that with the King's standing forces, and with all the rest he could make of Foot and Horse, he should go help Ronquillo, and of that Artillery which was at Medina del Campo, he should take what he thought fitting. Moreover he sent to command R●nquillo, 
Antonio de Fonseca commanded by the Cardinal to assist Ronquillo.  that by no means he should give those Captain's battle, but should first join with Antonio de Fonseca, for the better effecting thereof. Antonio de Fonseca's March could not be kept so private, but Valladolid (where the Order was made) perceived it. Whereupon (although they were cried up for their Loyalty) they began to mutiny much more than before they had done, (which was no slight matter neither) for they made private meetings every day. Yet notwithstanding the Commotions of Valladolid, Antonio de Fonseca cunningly got out of the City, and marched with all the Horse and Foot he could raise to Arevalo, where Ronquillo and the Captains that were with him, met him with theirs, 
Segovia writes to those of Medina del Campo not to deliver their Artillery to Fonseca.  and concluded of their journey to Medina. Segovia having notice of their march, and knowing their intention, which was to bring Artillery thence for their hurt and damage, immediately dispatched an Express to Medina, with a Letter to this effect. That by no means they should condescend to deliver the Artillery to Fonseca, notwithstanding the persuasions of the Bishop of Burgos his brother, who had been long there soliciting and pressing them to it, alleging how unjust a thing it were, since Segovia sent their Clothes to enrich the Fairs of Medina, that Medina should send Cannons to batter and beat down the walls of Segovia; urging moreover, that if they did so, it would be the utter ruin of Segovia, and Medina would suffer likewise in their Fall. And in the Close, they desired Medina to hear and give full credit to their Messenger, who should impart some things to them which they thought not fit to write.   

SECT. LII.  

Antonio de Fonseca advanceth with his forces to Medina to demand the Artillery.  UPon receipt of this Letter, those of Medina resolved not to deliver the Artillery. Antonio de Fonseca with the best part of those men that were at Arevalo, marched thence on Tuesda●e morning the 21. of Angust towards Medina, with intention to take the Artillery away by force, in case they refused to deliver it, as already they had upon Ronquillo's demand. They being advertised by the Letter from Segovia, and other parts, of these preparations against them, put on a resolution to stand out and not deliver the Artillery. Antonio de Fonseca having friends within the Town (besides the Corregidor himself, Gutiere Quijada, being well inclined to the delivery thereof) began first to treat fairly with them, showing them the Orders and Power he had to that effect. But the Townsmen replied, 
They refuse to deliver the Artillery.  that they kept the Artillery for and in the name of the King, and that they saw no reason they had to deliver it, but rather to keep it in defence of their Town and people. Yet to do his Majesty service, they were willing to deliver some of it, if need required, upon condition that they themselves might go with it, and bring it back again, from this contention they grew to higher language, thence to blows, and planting their ordnance at every street's end, great multitudes of people presently flocked thither, all in arms. Antonio de Fonseca seeing this, 
Fonseca storn. the Town. Is repulsed.  commanded his men to storm the Town; the Townsmen killed some of his men with cannon shot, and some of theirs were likewise killed, defending the entrance of the Town. Antonio de Fonseca thought to catch them with a wile (not intending any such mischief as fallen out) which was thus; 
The unfortunate burning of Medina del Campo by Fonseca's men  he privately commanded certain fireballs of pitch to be made and flung into St Francis street, thinking that the people would presently run all thither to quench the fire, and quit the gates, by which means he might enter and seize upon the Artillery; but it succeeded not according to his expectation; for the fire began to rage exceedingly, in so much that St Francis street, and the linen drapery was quite through of a flame, yet the inhabitants showed so much courage that (although their houses, goods and children were burning before their eyes) they would not depart from the Artillery, fight with Antonio de Fonseca and his men, until they had driven them quite from the Town. Fonseca was very angry, and ashamed that he could not effect his intention, and no less grieved for the great harm and damage the fire had done, which he intended not. The Monastery of St Francis was burnt to the ground with all the rich ornaments and library; besides great store of Money, Cloth, Silks Clothes of Gold and Silver, and other rich commodities, which divers Genua, and Segovia Merchants had laid up there, all consumed to ashes. And nine hundred houses more, in wh●ch not so much as one bed was preserved. It was a lamentable thing to see how the poor people, women and children, went crying, and groaning up and down the streets, having no house left to go into, nor any thing to cover thei● nakedness, calling upon God for justice against Fonseca. In this sad condition remained Medina, more inflamed with the fire of wrath in their hearts, than their houses were with the balls of pitch. The Corregidor durst not stay, because he had been with Fonseca. Whereupon the people began to call an Assembly of the Commonalty, and took the same form of government as the other Cities did. They wrote forthwith to john de Padilla, and the other Captains, declaring their miseries, and imploring their assistance, to revenge their losses upon those that had sided with Fonseca against them; and their chiefest spleen was against the Town of Arevalo, because Fonseca had carried his men thence. Arevalo feared as much from those of Segovia, and in itself there were partialities and sidings thereupon, some taking the Commoners part, others the Contrary. Medina wrote likewise to the other Cities, imparting to them their calamities: Segovia answered their Letters, expressing many thanks for their defending so courageously the Artillery, and exceeding sorrow for the great losses they had sustained,   

SECT. LIII.  
ADriano the Cardinal of Tortosa (being a holy man) was grieved to the soul at the disaster of Medina, and in excuse of himself he wrote a Letter to them, expressing his sorrow in good and Saintlike terms. Whereunto they returned an answer, giving his Eminence thanks for his resentment of their miseries, and making a large relation of the cruelties of Fonseca and his Soldiers, besides the great losses they had sustained by fire, which they esteemed to be of so high value, that they doubted the King's whole Revenue, for some years, would not be enough to make them reparation. And at last they desired his Eminence would be pleased to condemned and declare for Traitors and disturbers of the Kingdom Antonio de Fonseca, Gutiere Quijada, and that bloody robber (as they called him) john the Avila, and disband their men, with Command that every one should repair to their own home, and not burn the houses of his majesty's faithful Subjects, for under colour of serving the King, they did him great disservice therein.   
Finis Libri Secundi.   

THE CIVIL WARS OF SPAIN. THE THIRD BOOK.  

SECT. I.  
ANger supported on the shoulders of Authority is like lightning from heaven. Antonio de Fonseca, Captain General of the Kingdom, was enraged beyond the measure of discretion against Medina. He burned like a flash of lightning, their houses and their goods, but he incensed their hearts and wills much more (like men in despair) to commit a thousand absurdities. And to revenge the fury of his passion, all the people of the Town took Arms, dispersed Letters of their grievances through the whole Kingdom, desiring vengeance, and he that could do most mischief was held the bravest fellow. Amongst these broils and mischiefs, there was one particularly noted for his courage and boldness, a Clothworker by trade, his name was Bobadilla, a mean fellow, dull, but cruel of disposition; he was followed, as their Captain, by divers that were undone, and therefore grown furiously passionate. First he fell upon Gil Nieto (who had been his Master) cutting and slashing till he had killed him; then he killed a Bookseller, called Tellez; next, a Regidor of the Town, called Lope de Vera. And so he and his Associates served all those whom they knew, or did but imagine, had any hand in Fonseca's coming to demand the Artillery, or had consented to the delivering of it. They plucked down the houses which Don Rodrigo Mexia had there, and committed divers other cruelties and outrages. This active audaciousness of Bobadilla got him very much credit and esteem amongst the people, and he Lorded it, and took so much upon him, that from that time forwards nothing was done but what h●e would; so he commanded and governed as Head of the people. 
Bobadilla Captain of the people in M●dina.  He presently took a great house, set Porters at his Gates, and gave himself the style of Lord. Such Heads, as this Clothworker was, had the Commonalties in other places; as Villoria, a skinner in Salamanca, and Antonio Casado in Segovia, and others such like, who being bold, and without honour or shame, were followed and esteemed by the common and meaner sort; And indeed divers Gentlemen were to blame herein, who did very much harm, some by kindling and fomenting the fire secretly, others publicly, not with design to do the King any disservice, but by reason of parties and factions amongst themselves, some siding with the Commonalty, purposely to destroy others, so that it was more their particular factions and seditions, than their disobedience to his Majesty, that occasioned all these disorders. 
Medina complain's to Valladolid of their misf●rtune●.  Medina, soon after this disaster, sent Letters to Valladolid, containing a most pitiful relation of their unfortunate and deplorable condition, with high exclamations against the cruelty of Antonio de Fonseca and Ronquillo.   

SECT. II.  
THe Emperor wrote to Valladolid, giving them thanks that they had preserved Peace and quietness in that City, and for the good entertainment they had given, in his absence, to the Cardinal, 
Valladolid's answer to the Emperor's Letter.  his Governor, and those of his Council. Whereunto they returned an Answer the 8th julie, 1520, with many acknowledgements of his favour, praising God that he had given them such a Prince and Emperor, who they hoped should conquer the Holy Land, and be a great defender of the Church, as the Emperors and Kings, his forefathers, had been. And moreover they beseeched, with all humility, his Sacred Majesty, forasmuch as that City had not only showed their Loyalty, in serving, with their Arms, the Kings his Ancestors (as Don Alonso the Eleventh, Don John the Second, and others) but also in advising and counselling them what was most expedient for their Royal services. And since it was apparent, that the granting of the Subsidy in the Parliament at the Groin, had been the only occasion of so many great Commotions and troubles in the Kingdom, that his Majesty would be pleased (of his innate liberality and goodness) graciously to remit and pardon all those that had opposed the levying thereof, and that it should be no more demanded, which favour would be so acceptable to the whole Kingdom, that at his return (which they hoped would be speedily) they would do him such extraordinary service, that He should thank them for preferring Him that Petition, and know more clearly their desires to serve Him. But the burning of Medina del Campo, caused so great scandal in Castilia, that it revived and made the fire blaze more fiercely out amongst the common people, and infected their Spirits so, that many other Towns, whither the sore had not yet run, rose up in the like disorder. The next day after Medina was burnt (as you have heard) they sent Letters with a particular of the passages, to Valladolid. With no less fury, than Fonseca's firebals consumed the houses of Medina, were inflamed the hearts of those of Valladolid at the receipt of those dolorous tidings. And without respect to the Cardinal, Governor, 
Tumul●s in V●lla●olid for the burning o● M●d●na.  the Archbishop, Precedent, Council or other officers of justice, and forgetting the graces and favours the Emperor had done them by his Letters; they rang out the bell of San Miguel, whereupon all the people presently took arms, and ran from all parts of the City to the great marketplace, and all that the Earl of Venavente, and Don Alonso Enriquez Bishop of Osma could do, or say (who came out to pacify the people) was to no purpose. And being thus gathered together, about five or six thousand men, they went to Pedro de Portillo's house, about twilight (for at that time he was chief Burgess of the City) willing him to go along with them to the Precedent of the Council, that he might provide for certain things, which were necessary for the City. But Pedro de Portillo displeased them so with his answer, calling them mutineers and thiefs, that went about to rob and plunder, that in furious madness they broke open his doors and windows, and he had much ado to get clear of them by hiding himself; seeing they could not find him, they took a rich cupboard of plate, that was set against supper, they searched his house all over, plundered his shop and warehous, and took away many rich clothes and silks (for he was a merchant) they made a great fire before his door, in which they burned many pieces of rich cloth of gold and silver, silks, woollen clothes, tapestries, rich mantles, ermines and other things of great value (for he was a very rich man) they left not so much as a hen, but they flung it in the fire or stole it away. And at the carrying away of their plunder, they fell out and fought with one another. This man's loss was esteemed above three millions of Maravediz. Not satisfied with all this, they began to pluck the house down, and some boys that followed their fathers, set fire to a Garret, where was great store of dry wood and bavins, which burned furiously, but fearing to burn the neighbouring houses, they suddenly quenched the fire again, which if they had not done, would have endangered a great part of the City. This done, being enraged with that popular fury which the Devil had sow●d in Spain, with loud out-cries they ran to the house of Antonio de Fonseca, who set fire on Medina, and in revenge thereof, they burned and plucked it to the ground, not leaving a bit of timber, nor a tile that belonged to it, unconsumed. Thence they went to Alonso Ninno de Castro's house (who was chief Judge of the City) and finding not him, they plundered it, and plucked down the intrie. The like they did to divers of the principal men of the City, which a certain Author, a Native of Valladolid, and an eie-witness of all these passages, saith, was a just judgement upon the Regidores, and the rest, for their ambitions and disordinate desires of advancing their particular ends, without regard of the public good, suffering their Country to be drained of all its treasure by strangers, to the sum of nine millions of gold, out of Castilia only, which was never converted to his majesty's use, but was shared amongst the Flemings▪ This was the general complaint of that Kingdom, which people of those times said, aught to be registered in characters of blood▪ After this, they made themselves strong, keeping constant watch, and going the Rounds with Minstrels and Drums, no less than fifteen hundred together at the first▪ but this was so chargeable, that they reform their Rounds to twenty men at a time. Some nights they found gunpowder mingled with pitch scattered in the streets, which they said, Antonio de Fonseca had commanded to be done, for anger that his house was burnt. After that they kept Rounds and strong Guards at the Gates, and they were so afraid of fire and pitch, that they watered all their houses with vinegar, thinking there was some design to burn Vallado●●● as well as Me●ina. They called an assembly in the Monastery of the Trinity, where they chose new Burgesses and Deputies. Then they sent for the Gentlemen and Citizens of the Town, whom they made to swear and take the engagement of the Commonalty, which for fear of death they durst not refuse to do. They made the Infante of Granada their Captain General, which office he was enforced to accept, or die. And they all swore to obey him, and to do nothing contrary to his command; which charge he began to exercise with much discretion. But because they knew that Don Alonso Enriquez Bishop of Osma, and brother to the Lord Admiral, did not like well of their proceedings, they turned him out of the City, and divers other Gentlemen likewise, because they could not trust them. Which done, they presently sent messengers to Medina del Campo, offering them succour. And to that effect they listed two thousand Soldiers, and chose likewise six Commissioners, to send to the junta, or Assembly, held in Avila, to which already the gave they Attribute of Holy.   

SECT. III.  
THe Cardinal and those of the Council seeing all these passages, were so far from providing or ordering any thing in this case, that they durst not, neither did it seem possible for them to meet, and confer of what was to be done. But as in a storm at Sea, when there is neither sails, mariners nor pilots (all hope lost) the ship is left to drive at the tempest's pleasure: so the Cardinal and the Archbishop of of Granada, and those of the Council (having no means to resist) thought best to let alone that people, who were hurried away with so violent a storm of inconsiderate fury. The Cardinal made them a thousand congees, and excused himself saying, that he never commanded Medina to be burned, nor had any hand in the other mischiefs: quite contrary it grieved him to the very soul, to hear what Fonseca had done. And being desired by the City, 
The Cardinal disclaime's Fonsec●'s burning of Medin● and Commands him to disband his men.  and thinking it to be convenient himself, he commanded to be proclaimed publicly, that all those that were with Antonio de Fonseca should leave him and return to their houses, and he sent his express order to the same effect to Antonio de Fonseca, commanding him to disband his men, reserving only what was necessary for the guard of his own person, in regard it was not possible to maintain an Army in those parts, having no means, nor place where to raise money for their subsistence. Fonseca was enforced to obey, conforming himself to the time so taking a party of horse with him, he went out of the Kingdom; for all in that Country were his deadly enemies, and he had no mind to be surprised by them in Arevalo, or either of his Towns of Coca or Alaejos, but leaving them well fortified, and his son Don Fernando in Coca, he passed into Portugal, and thence by Sea into Flanders with the Judge Ronquillo.   

SECT. IV.  
ABout this time Caceres in Estremadura, and the City of jaen in Andaluzia (where as yet the disease had not broke out) began to cry up the Commonalty. 
Commotions in Caceres and jaen quieted by the discretion of Don Rodrigo Mexia.  So that Don Rodrigo Mexia Lord of Santa Eufemia, who had a great party, being born in that City, laboured and used all means possible to hinder the people from the outrages and mischiefs, which were done in other Cities, and not being able to bridle and restrain their fury otherwise, he took upon himself the charge of the Justice and Commonalty. Many other Gentlemen made use of the like prudent dissimulation, not being able to do otherwise. Badajoz also, being in the like distemper, was quieted by his good industry, they of Badajoz took a fort from him that kept it for the Earl of Feria. There is no reason why the Andaluzians should be held any better than the castilians, for in all places the dissensions were much alike, and their demeanours, as if the common people had agreed and contracted together some years before.   

SECT. V.  

Factions in u●eda and B●●za.  UBeda and Baeza were divided into two parties between the Venavides and the Caravajales both noble and ancient families in Castilia, Don Luis de la Cueva, cousin german to the Duke of Alburquerque, was Captain of the Venavides. Caravajal Lord of Todar (which is a Village two leagues from Ubeda) commanded the other party. In these factions there was so much animosity, that one day Don Luis de Ubeda, coming in a litter (for he was an old man) was set upon by Caravajal Lord of Todar, attended by an hundred horse, who gave him so many thrusts with his lance, that he killed him in his litter. This done, he was carried back to Ubeda, where the manner of his death being related to his son Don Alonso, and their kindred, to revenge his father's death, they went to the Village of Todar, where they killed and cut the throats of all they could lay hands upon, and afterwards set fire to the Village in many places, that some that hid themselves in their houses, were fain to leap out at the windows to avoid the fire. The destruction and cruelty was so great, that they reckoned of killed and burned, about two thousand persons, men, women, or children, and only the ruins of some houses in the village remained. But indeed though these Gentlemen were Loyal like Noble persons, yet it was so, that in this there was more of passion and particular grudge and hatred than any matter of Commonalty. For neither the Venavides, nor those of la Cueva, ever were Commoners, or pretended to disserv the King. But in these places, with the occasion of the Kingdom's being in a hurly-burly, they made use of the Common Interest to revenge their private passions. And it is apparent, that if these Gentlemen did follow the Commonalty, as wishing it well, yet they were none of their Captains.   

SECT. VI  
CUenca, 
Cuenca rises for the Commonaltiee.  in imitation of other Cities, rose also and committed the like disorders; In this City was Captain of the Commonalty, one Calaborra, and with him a Bridle-maker, whom the whole City obeyed as their Lords. And there being a person of principal note and power in the Kingdom, (Luis Carrillo de Albhornoz, Lord of Torralva and Berreta) they so much slighted him, that he was enforced to dissemble and summon all his reason and prudence to persuade his heart to brook it. Their audaciousness grew to that pass, that he riding upon his mule through the street, a Rascal of the Common sort struck him over the buttock, saying, in a scoffing manner, Go thy way Luis Carrillo; he was glad to let this pass, the times not permitting him to do otherwise. Luis Carrillo was married to Donia Inez Varrientoes the Manrique, a Lady of a Masculine courage, who desiring to revenge the injuries and affronts done to her husband, and to stop and take off the opprobrious taunts of the people, she invited the Captains of the Commonalty to Supper, and having well loaden their heads with wine, she caused them to be carried to sleep in several chambers, and being dead with sleep and the vapours of the wine, she commanded her servants to cut their throats, and hang their bodies out at the windows next the street.   

SECT. VII.  
AVila was the seat where all the Cities made their Assembly▪ Here they did such disorders, as the loyal City of Avila ought not to have permitted. The Common people were the only Actors thereof, for the Gentry still persevered in the fidelity of their Ancestors. And because Antonio Ponce (like a loyal Gentleman) would not swear to follow the Commonalty, they began to pluck down his house, but did not, being hindered by some other Gentlemen. The rest, as in other Cities, did swear and took the Engagement of the Commonalty, some willingly, some because they did not rightly understand themselves, and others out of fear. They would have plucked down the house of Diego Hernando de Quiniones, because he had granted the Subsidy, being their Commissioner in the last Parliament, but some good men intervening, hindered the executing of their Purpose. They had possessed themselves of the Fort, if Don Gonzalo Chachon Lord of Cassarruvios', (seeing the Commotions in most parts of the Kingdom, and that Toledo had taken the Fort from Don john de Silua, and Segovia would have done the like to the Earl of Chinchon) had not prudently and with dissimulation provided it (he being Governor thereof) with Munition, Arms and men, taking them in by night, and hiding them by day. The Fort being thus Ammunitioned, when the Common-people ple flocked thither to take it, they found greater resistance than they expected. And the City perceiving they might be much damnified by the Fort, and those of the Fort likewise by the City; they treated of an Agreement and Cessation of Arms, whereby they might live quietly, and not to do any act of Hostility to each other. Don Gonzalo Chachon having informed the Cardinal, Governor, of this Treaty, by his consent it was concluded, and Articles on both sides were drawn in form, signed and delivered in presence of the public Notaries of the City. So those of the Fort lived quietly, leaving the Townsmen to the confusion of their Commonalty. The nobleness of the Gentry (in imitation of their Ancestors, desirous to serve the King) being as a firm Bulwark and secure Guard against their indiscreet fury. This made Avila gain the renown of Loyal.   

SECT. VIII.  
NOt only the forenamed Cities were infected with this spirit of Sedition, but divers other small Towns and Villages were tainted with the same Contagion, where the disease raged with such unnatural fury, that there was neither Law nor respect betwixt Fathers and the Children, some being of one opinion, the others contrary. In a certain Village called Medin●, 
The Author b●ing a Friar▪ shewe● himself more a Flatterer then the Priest a Fool, for the one prayed simply▪ the other writ colloguingly, taking all advantage, t● advance his Interest i● Court▪  near the Palomera de Avila, lived a Byscainer Priest, half a fool, who was so affectionated to john de Padilla, that every Holy day in the Church he used to say, I recommend unto your prayers, Brethren, The most holy Commonalty, desiring God to preserv and support it, that it may never fall. I recommend unto you likewise, his Majesty the King, Don John de Padilla, that God may prosper him; as also her Highness the Queen, our Lady Donia Maria Pacheco, that God may power down his blessings upon her; for verily these are the true Kings, the rest are all but Tyrants. These prayers continued for three weeks together, after which john de Padilla, with his Soldiers, passing that way, some of them were quartered in this Priest's house, who drank him up a little barrel of wine, killed his Hens, and took away a young wench that he kept, with them. The Sunday following, being in the Church, he said to his parishioners, You know, Brethren, how John de Padilla passing here, his soldiers quartered in my house, truly Beloved, they have not left me one Hen, they have eaten up all my Bacon, they have drunk me a whole Barrel of Wine, and have taken my Katherine away with them, therefore I charge you henceforwards not to pray God for him, but for our Sovereign Lord Don Carlos, and the Queen Donia Juana, for They are our true Kings. I do relate some of these fopperies, that you may see how foolish and blind men were at that time, and indeed no better could then be expected; for certainly some malign star had predominance for two years over those parts, which made men fall into such unheard of extravagancies.   

SECT. IX.  
THe City of Soria was engaged in no less mischief than the other Cities, by the rising of the Common People. If I should undertake to particularise the riotous disorders of ev●rie several place, my work would never be at an end. In short, none of those that treated of Commonalties, made any bones of killing their neighbours, plucking down their houses, and committing a thousand exorb●tances (like rash unadvised men, without since or judgement) as to discompose the form of Government, displace the Officers of Justice, taking their staves from them, and naming other Judges, without considering or reflecting upon the end that followeth such like disorders, nor how to be preserved in them. 
Toro and Ciudad Roderigo declare for the Commonalty  The City of Toro and Ciudad Rodrigo took likewise the Engagement of the Commonalty. They turned out the Officers of Justice established by the King, and put others in their places; And those Gentlemen that had most power, drove their Antagonists out of the City. Which factious bandyings one against another, in revenge of particular grudges and quarrels, were the chiefest occasion of kindling the people's fury, and it might justly be said, that they were private seditions and tumults, not Rebellion against their King, for there was no such word amongst the Gentry, nor the Common people.   

SECT. X.  
LEon had done wisely if they had continued in the same good resolution, wherewith they answered Valladolid concerning the Treaty of an Assembly, which Toledo desired. But (as I have often said) the factions and partialities that were in every City, did more harm than any thing else in these Commotions. The Guzmanes were so highly distasted at their being put out of Don Fernando, the Infante, his service, that a little thing would have made them raise a Commotion in that City, where they were very powerful, being of an Ancient and Noble extraction. They had some difference and spleen against the Earl of Luna, who was sent Commissioner from that City to the Parliament, that was held at the Groin, 
Factions in ●he City of Leon.  who having consented to the Subsidy, was not well received at his return; and it is reported that Ramiro Nunn●z de Guzman spoke thus to him; They say, you have granted the Subsidy, and gone beyond your Commission, if that be true, you deserve to be severely punished. The Earl hereupon answered Ramiro Nunnez, I have done what I ought and what I was Commanded to do, neither have I exceeded my Commission one title. So from one thing to another at last they fell into a great passion, and Ramiro Nunnez said to the Earl, I will make you know with this my Sword against yours, how you are a Traitor, and have Committed Treason against this City. Thereupon they both drew, and this unfortunate controversy, divided the City into two factions. For these two families being the chief and most Ancient of the City, had each of them many friends, kindred and abbettors; but in regard the Earl was out of favour with the people, and Ramiro Nunnez much beloved and followed by a great multitude, they fell upon the Earl and his party with such fury, that they killed thirteen of his men, there were many on both sides wounded. The Earl was beholding to the swiftness of his horse, or else he had born his dead followers company. This news was brought to Valladolid, and the Cardinal highly resented it, but knew not how to remedy it, seeing the fire so generally kindled throughout the kingdom, that of the eighteen Towns of Castilia which had Votes in Parliament, fifteen were risen for the Commonalty, and had chosen Commissioners, or Burgesses, to go to the junta, or, Assembly, then held in Avila. The Cardinal derived the fault of all this mischief upon Monsieur de Xeures, for giving the Emperor so ill counsel, as to demand that Subsidy, and the worst of all was, that he never received it. The Cardinal was out of heart, and perplexed with continual fears, not thinking himself secure in Valladolid, by reason of these troubles and heart-burnings of the people, which no fault of the King's but the covetousness of his insatiable Counsellors, had occasioned. I have already told you, that one Subsidy they desired was three hundred millions, and another time six hundred millions, in all nine hundred millions of Maravediz; therefore let no man marvel at the great difference of these sums, for in effect no body could rightly understand what they would have had; yet they say, the Emperor desired no more than the ordinary Subsidy that his Predecessors, the Catholic Kings had, (which was two hundred millions every year) and that the overplus they stole from him and the Kingdom, contrary to his will or knowledge.   

SECT. XI.  
THe affairs of Spain were so imbroiled, and men so inconsiderately raving, that it seemed as it were a scourge from Heaven, which threatened no less destruction to that Country then that, during the reign of Don Rodrigo. They trusted in Southsaier's Prognostical judgements of the succeeding mischiefs. Some Devils invented, I know not what Prophecies, which they fathered upon Saint Isidorus Archbishop of Sevilia, others upon Friar john de Roccacelsa, and one Merlin, besides others, which they said, were of Saint john Damascenus, and other Doctors; that of Saint Isidorus was his complaints or lamentations over Spain. I have read all those ill presages of calamity and destruction to Spain, which so much affrighted and dismayed the people, and I find them only idle things, which deserv not the setting down here, unless it were to make us wonder at the facility and weakness of men in those times, to give credit to any such like fopperies. The ignorant people were particularly besotted with one which pourported, 
A ●roph●s●e.  That there should reign over Spain a Prince called Charles, who should destroy the Kingdom, and make the City's desolate, but he should be overcome and driven out of the Kingdom by an Infante of Portugal, and that the said Infante should reign over all Spain, and me thinks we see the contrary. Such follies doth blind passion, work in thoughts of ignorant and indiscreet people.   

SECT. XII.  
TOledo wrote to the other Cities the last year 1519, inviting them to assemble, and consult of what was most meet and expedient for them to supplicate the Emperor before his departure out of the Kingdom. And in regard that Assembly went not forwards, and that now things were in such disorder, that the breaking out was universal through the whole Kingdom, yet they did not well understand, nor trust one another; so for the begetting a better intelligence amongst them, and to the end they might the more firmly establish the Commonalty, 
Toledo invites all the other Cities to send their Commissioners t● the Assembly at Avila.  which th●y called Holy, Toledo sent other Letters to all the Cities of Castillia, pressing them with many powerful arguments, to send, without delay, their Commissioners to the Holy Assembly at Avila, and not to return them any such excuse, as formerly, because such kind of Congregations and Assemblies were condemned by strangers; for in that Holy Assembly nothing was to be debated, but what concerned the Service of GOD. And that they might study or invent Remedies against the Seven sins of Spain, treating first, Of their fidelity to the King, their Lord. Secondly, the Peace of the Kingdom. Thirdly, the Remedy or settling of the Royal Patrimony▪ Fourthly, the grievances of the Natives. Fifthly, the Injustice done by Strangers. Sixtly, the Tyrannies with some of their own Countrymen had invented. Seventhly, the intolerable Impositions & taxes which that Kingdom suffered. Urging moreover, that they should not value what censure passed upon them amongst their enemies for so doing, in regard wicked persons are always ready to blast with opprobrious tongues, all good and religious actions, which presupposed, although things should fall out contrary to their expectations or desires, and that they should be in danger of their persons, thei● houses should be plucktdown, their goods taken away, and at last should lose their lives: In such case they were to esteem disgrace a favour, danger security, poverty riches, banishment a glory, loss profit, persecution a crown, death life; for nothing is so glorious for a man, as to spend his life in the defence of the Republic. After all these, and divers other persuasive arguments, they desired each City to give full credence to their Messenger, who had instructions to treat further with them.   

SECT. XIII.  
THe fifth of julie 1520, the Lord Deputy of Murcia made a complaint to the Cardinal and Council, how the City, being risen, had killed their Governor, a Judge, and one of the Sheriffs, besides several other persons, and that the people were all in Arms, and so disorderly, that because he went about to pacify and allay their fury gently, and in a peaceable manner representing to them the foulness and enormity of what they had done, they drove him out of the City, and placed Guards and Rounds, which committed very great disorders. Hereupon it was ordered by the Council, that Leguizama, 
Leguizama the Judge, by order from the Council, goeth to punish the disorders in Murcia.  a Judge of Oyer and Terminer, should go thither with large powers, taking Officers along with him, and that the neighbouring towns should furnish him with men sufficient to bring them to reason. Leguizama the Judge, being arrived at Murcia, entered peaceably into the City. He intimated his orders to the Chief Justice, gentlemans, Council and Assembly of the City, requiring their favour and assistance. Which at first they did obey: and the Judge began to make his privy search and examination, whereby he found some guilty, which he gave order to apprehend. This pleased not the People, who began to think of turning him out of the City. He sentenced a Shoemaker to be whipped, who being brought through the streets, 
The people rescue the offendor, and mutiny against Leguiz●ma.  the Beadles still whipping him, the people mutinied, and many being armed, they rescued the prisoner with great nois and hubbub; which done, they went into a house to consult what they were to do. The Judge perceiving that presently betook him to his heels, and fled into the Marquis of Velez his house, who then was in the City. The Marquis hearing that the Judge was gone to his house, he would not stay with him, but presently took horse and road out of the Town as fast as he could to Mula, a City ten leagues from Murcia. The Judge made all haste possible after the Marquis, and overtook him in the field a good way from Murcia, where he showed him his Orders, charging him in the King's name, under pain of Death and Confiscation of all his Estate, to go back again with him into the City, and to aid and assist him to do Justice. The Marquis answered him very angrily, (for he had desired him before to be very careful how he proceeded, to consider the times, and not to be too rigorous, but he would not follow his counsel) saying, 
The Marquis of Velez's answer to Leguizama.  judge! Go, make these Requests to such men as yourself is, not to me, for in respect I am very much a servant to his Majesty, I give you this answer and no other. But to obey, and show the reverence I bear to the Royal Crown (in whose name you require me to return with you) let your Notary public come after me, and I will give him an answer to what you demand of me; With that he turned the reins of his Horse and road on towards Mula. The Judge went back to Murcia and set up his Horse in the same lodging he was at before. By this time the Commonalty was monstrousty distempered, and a multitude not only of the Towns-people, but also of the neighbouring Farms and Cottages, ran thither with clamorous outcries, and a full resolution to burn him, and all that were in the house, and they had executed their purpose but for Diego de Vera, who happily was then at Murcia with his soldiers: and hearing they had such an intention, he road presently to the Judge's lodging, which he found encompassed with a number of people, crying out, Let him die, let him die. Yet at the instance and earnest request of Captain Diego de Vera they forbore, who desired them not to commit any such violence, but leave it to him, and he would take such order, that the Judge should go out of the City, and meddle no more in that business. He obtained at length, with much trouble and importunity, a promise from them to do whatsoëver he commanded, upon condition, that the Processes made against any of the Inhabitants of that City should be delivered to them, and that the Judge should depart the City within one hour▪ Diego de Vera having promised their desires should be performed, went into the Judge's lodging, who presently delivered him the said Processes, which he gave to the people, making them promise him, that they would not in any kind molest the Judge nor any of his servants, but would let him go quietly and safely away, so he departed without making any longer stay in those parts, 
Leguizam● forced to leave the City.  which was no small matter to obtain of such Mutineers: the authority and grey-hairs of Diego de Vera, besides the repute he had of being a gallant Soldier, was very useful at that time. Having pacified the people, and persuaded them to return to their own homes, he conducted the Judge, with his servants, 
He flies to Mula.  out of the City, and a league beyond, where they parted, and the Judge went in a great chafe & fume to Mula. There he demanded men to return with him to Murcia, 
The people rise there also, and raise the Country against him.  which coming to the people's ear, they rose also against him, and having sounded an Alarm with much fury, they presently gave notice thereof to Lorca, and so from Village to Village to Murcia, and in very short time they were together in Arms about eight thousand men with those of Murcia, who marched a Judgcatching directly to Mula. But he was too wise to wait for their coming, and flying night and day he never stayed until he got to Valladolid. Where he remained but two days, and on Sunday night he went to Aldea Mayor, three leagues thence, for he durst not stay in Valladolid, knowing they did not greatly love him for some things past, and there was but a kind of counterfeited ●eace in that City, he was afraid they would kill him.   

SECT. XIV.  
THe City of Sevilla, or Sevil, that all this while stood (as it were) looking on the rest, had likewise its disturber, who endeavoured to plunge it as deep as the other Cities, in these unhappy Commotions. 
Don john de Figuero● declareth for the Commonalty in the City of Sevill●.  The beginning was thus. Don john de Figueroa (brother to Don Rodrigo Ponze de Leon, Duke of Arcos) the Duke being at his Town of Marchena, set himself to raise the people of the City in favour of the Commonalty, with intent to be Captain and Governor himself. To which effect, having already moulded and worked them to his mind, and being agreed with those that were his complotters and confederates in this design, on Sunday 17 of September, 1520, after dinner time, he and some Gentlemen (kinsmen and followers of the Duke his brother) went to the Duke's house in Sevilla, where they assembled and gathered together above seven hundred men with Arms, which done, he and the rest of the Gentlemen being on horseback, and the people on foot, they took four pieces of Ordnance out of the Duke's house with them, and so marched into the streets, crying out, God bless the King and Commonalty. Thus they went as far as St Francis place, and no body else stirred nor offered to join with them, but only looked on as they passed. By the way Don john caused the staves to be taken away from the King's Officers of Justice, and gave them to others in behalf half of the Commonalty. In this time the Duke of Medina Sidonia, Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman, being very young, was yet under the Guardianship & Tuterage of Donia Leonor de Suniga his mother. Who being a Lady of an high Spirit and courage, and seeing so dangerous a fire kindled in Sevilla, assembled all their domestics, with all the friends and wellwishers to her Son's Party (that she could so suddenly get together) and sent them under the Conduct of Don Valencia de Venavides a valiant Gentleman (who had married the Duke's sister) against Don john de Figueroa. But being approached near each other, and ready to fight, some Gentlemen of note, mediating betwixt them, composed their quarrel, insomuch that the Duke of Medina's men returned home again, and Don john advanced to the gate of the Fort Royal, which finding shut, he battered it down with his Ordnance, and being entered with all his men, he took the Commander of it Don jorge de Portugal Earl of Gelves; which done, because it was grown late, he quartered there all night, thinking that all the people of Sevilla would presently flock to him, applauding this exploit, and back him in his enterprise, but they were so far from countenancing his design, that the greatest part of those that followed him that day, forsook him in the night, and returned to their own houses. The next day, very early in the morning, the Officers of Justice, and the Veynte y Quatros (by whom that City is governed) being assembled, 
The Qu●tros●te ●te Four and twenty chiefmen chosen by the City for the managing of affairs.  they ordered, that immediately the King's Standard should be brought forth, and that by command of the City, the people should all go in Arms and assault the Fort, which being retaken, should forthwith be delivered unto the Charge of him who before commanded it for the King. Don Fernando de Zuniga Earl of Venalcazar and divers other Gentlemen fitted themselves to assist the people in this enterprise. But before they were in a posture to put this design in execution, Don Valencia de Venavides, by order and command express from the Duchess', Donia Leonor de Zuniga, and Donia Anna de Arragon, and the Duke of Medina (who was sick in bed) having rallied and reassembled the men that followed him the day before with great courage and resolution marched to the Fort, of which, after three hours hot dispute he became Master, 
Don john taken prisoner, and the City quieted.  took Don john de Figueroa prisoner, (who was wounded in two places) and re-delivered the Fort to Don jorge de Portugal. So in less than 24 hours this cloud was quite blown over, which threatened so furious a tempest.   

SECT. XV.  
THe City of Segovia sent to Salamanca, desiring Horse for their defence against Ronquillo. The Common people and so● Gentlemen gave their Votes to send them succour, but the greatest part of the Gentry opposed it, saying, it was a great disservice to the King, and contrary to Justice. Many distasteful words passed amongst them, but at last the Commons prevailed, 
Salaman●● up in Arm●.  and turned all those Gentlemen out of Salamanca. One stately house, that belonged to the Archbishop of Santjago's Steward, they burned down to the ground. Neither did those Gentlemen hold themselves secure, until they were got into Valladolid, where they gave a full account of all these passages. This was the beginning of the rising publicly in Salamanca. After which they kept their Rounds and Guards in the City, and sent Horse to the relief of Segovia, but before they departed, Salamanca, with other Cities, sent two men to the Cardinal and Council, beseeching them to forbear from chastising Segovia, for if they did not, the City of Salamanca could not refrain from sending them succour. Their chief Captain in this uproar was Don Pedro Maldonado, 
Don Pedro Maldon●do Captain in Salamanc●▪  Nephew to the Doctor Talavera, who drove the rest of the Gentlemen, that were not of his faction, out of the City, and made the Corregidor go away also, leaving the administration of Justice more out of fear then otherwise; which done, the City ordered the Justice, and did what you shall see hereafter.   

SECT. XVI.  
THe Cardinal, Governor, seeing these troubles and disorders increase daily without any hope of remedy, notwithstanding all the endeavours and gentle means he, and those of the Council, had used to procure it: The Precedent and the rest agreed to give his Majesty an exact account of all the Commotions and particular exigencies of the Kingdom of Castillia, and in what danger they themselves were by reason of the people's fury, desiring his Majesty to take some speedy order for the rectifying of so great disorders.   

SECT. XVII.  
THe Emperor had already received some intelligence of these troubles in Spain, by means of Flemish Merchants, and other particular letters; But when those from the Cardinal and Council came to his hands at Louvain, He was seized with unexpressible sadness. The necessity of his going to be crowned in Germany was very urgent, and his returning into Spain seemed yet of more importance. The Letter's sad Contents br●d divers discontents, and no less different opinions (as the custom is) amongst the Courtiers of the nearest relation about the Emperor. The Flemings condemned the Spaniards for raising these tumults and commotions in their King's absence: The Spaniards retorted the blame upon the Flemings, saying, That their ill Government had been the occasion of the ruin and loss of Spain, and that they had robbed it; and indeed to say the truth, They were both in fault; for the Flemings were as short of discretion and prudence to Govern, as they abounded with a too insatiable Covetousness. And the Spaniards, although they had some reason to complain, could not be excused for rising up in Arms. Monsieur de Xeures grew much discontented and ashamed upon the report of this breaking out of Spain, partly because he knew what opinion went of him in the Court, but chiefly because he thought (as justly he might) the Emperor would derive the fault upon him: who, whilst he was in Spain, commanded with so absolute a power, that it was commonly said, The Emperor Don Carlos is King by right, and Monsieur de Xeures in effect. The Emperor being thus disquieted, called a Council, and desiring to have their advices, he propounded, That they would consider what means was to be used, that He might go into Germany, and receiv that Crown which He so much desired, and provide some remedy to settle the disturbances of Spain, which was of no less importance to him, for his Coronation could be no longer suspended, and the remedying of Spain ought not to be differred. He had of his Council in this occurrence, Germans, Flemings, Italians, Aragonese and Castillans; and their opinions were as different as their Nations. For the Germans urged, that it was repuisite his Majesty should continue his journey into Germany. The Italians said, it was necessary that he should make● a progress into Italy. The Flemings were very importunate for him to stay in their Country. The Aragonese pleaded, that Valencia was also risen up in Arms. And the Castillans used all means possible to persuade him to re●urn into Castill●. The case being so general and nearly concerning so many Kingdoms, the Emperor did wisely to take the advice of many. But at last the resolution of the business was given by few▪ as great Princes use to do in like occurrences. The result of this Consultation was, That the Emperor should continue his journey into Germany, and having received the Imperial Crown, there to remain until he had fully settled the affairs of that Country, not being every day to return thither. It was likewise resolved, That his Majesty should send amiable and gracious Letters to all the Cities and Towns of Castilia, requiring some of them to return unto themselves and his service, and expressing his thankfulness to others for their good intentions towards him; That he should desire and encharge the Nobles and Gentry to favour and assist those of his Royal Council; promising to all upon the faith of his Royal word, that with all possible expedition he would return into Castilia, (for the thought of the Emperor's never returning into Spain, bred in the Common people the boldness to commit such outrages and exorbitances). Moreover it was determined, That the Emperor should write unto the Precedent and Council, condoling their troubles and persecution, commanding them withal, that in one place or other, six of them should always be about the Cardinal and hold Council: To the end they might serve as a Refuge for the good people to appeal unto, and be a terror to the evil: for if the Council omitted the doing of Justice, the Royal Authority must needs fall. And also, That the Emperor should appoint two other Governors to be joined in Commission with the Cardinal, and those to be men of noble extractions, well experienced, and advanced in years, of generous dispositions, powerful in estates, but chiefly Natives of that Kingdom. This advice seemed very sound and pertinent to the Emperor, whereupon he gave order it should be put in execution accordingly, and those whom they Voted to be joined in Commission with the Cardinal were, Don Fadrique Enriquez Lord High Admiral of Castilia, and Don Inigo de Velasco Lord High Constable, who were both ancient Gentlemen of great generosity and gallantry. Which Election gave no small satisfaction to the Castillan party, for they had shown themselves in their commands not only wise but valiant, and were always fortunate in their undertake. These Noblemen governed with such valour and prudence, that the Emperor in his Letters to the Lord High Constable, give's him thanks for his services, acknowledging that by his means he was King of Castilia. And indeed the Emperor said but what was true. Besides all this, his Majesty sent an especial Command, That the subsidy which was granted him at the Groin, should not be exacted from those Cities which continued in their obedience to him, nor from those which were willing to submit and be reduced, for it was his will and pleasure graciously to forgive it them. This grace he did likewise to the whole Kingdom, That the Royal Revenue should be allowed for the Taxes, as during the Reigns of other Catholic Kings, his Ancestors. He resolved also to abrogate the sale, farming and enhauncement of all Taxes and Impositions, (which indeed were very great): and besides he sent to offer and certify, That no Office in that Kingdom should be conferred upon any whomsoëver, unless he were a Native; which if he had granted when he was desired, these Commotions had never happened. Of all this were engrossed his majesty's Patents and Commissions of sufficient power. Yet notwithstanding these three things were the principal grievances and most important reasons that Toledo and the other Cities alleged for excuse of their tumultuous risings: The granting all these demands was not available enough to quiet their Commotions and reduce them to obedience; 
Here the Author flatter's▪  for the Contrivers and Ringleaders, who had seduced the people into those mischievous practices, finding profit in fishing in that troubled water, hindered all they could that these graces of his Majesty might not come unto the people's knowledge, and when they were known, they gave out that they were vain promises, and only feigned or framed by the Council, because they were not able to do any thing else until they had divided the people, and then that they would fall upon them.   

SECT. XVIII.  
ABout this time Letters were brought to Toledo from all the Cities, concerning their junta or Assembly, and they all agreed it should be as Toledo desired. Don Pedro Lasso (whom Toledo honoured so much, since his return from the Groin, where he showed such obstinacy in his resolution, that they received him with great Solemnity, giving him the stile of the Deliverer of that Country). Was appointed for the chief Commissioner of that City; with him they sent Don Pedro de Ayala, and two Iurates, besides other Deputies of the Common-People. Who resolved to take their journey the same day john de Padilla went to the succour of Segovia. The City of Avila was pitched upon for this Assembly, 
The Junta began in Avilae. Iuli● 29. 1610. Where they s●ayed not ●●ng before they went to T●●d●sillas.  more particularly because it was situate in the middle of old Castilia, and the Kingdom of Toledo. The Cities which made this Assembly were, Toledo, Madrid, Guadalaxara, Soria, Murci●, Cuenca, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Toro, Zamora, Leon, Valladolid, Burgos, Cuidad Rodrigo. The Commissioners of all these Places being assembled, they chose their Secretaries and other Officers correspondent. The Assembly was held in the Chapter of the Cathedral Church, Don Pedro Lasso Commissione● from Toledo, and the Dean of Avila (who was a native of Segovia) were chosen Precedents. Upon a table in the Chapter lay a Cross and the Evangelists, whereon they made oath, every one to live and die in the King's Service, and in favour of the Commonalty. And those that refused to do this in Avila, were not only ill treated in words, but had their houses pulled down. But this fortune only befell one Gentleman, named, Don Antonio Ponze Knight of the order of Sant jago, and son to the Prince, Don john, his nurs. The rest fearing the People's fury, condescended and collogued with them, to save their lives, which were in no small danger. In the middle of the Commissioners of this Assembly, was placed a little form, whereon did sit a certain Cloath-worker, named Pinilles, with a wand in his hand, 
A wiser man than the Author or else probably be never had raised himself from nothing to so great preferment.  and no Gentleman Commissioner or Ecclesiastic durst offer to speak one word until this Cloath-worker had given him the sign, by pointing to him with his wand. So that those who took upon them to remedy the Kingdom, were commanded by a mean inferior fellow, a Cloath-worker. Such was the violence and blindness of the Common People's passion. The first thing they Ordered, was, to take away the staff from the Corregidor of Avila, next they sent Letters to the Alcalde Ronquillo charging him not to set foot in the land of Segovia, and condemning him to great penalties if he did the contrary.   

SECT. XIX.  
HAving already related the manner of the Commotions of the Cities and principal Towns of the Kingdom, with their general Assembly at Avila, 
H●re the Author would disgrace and undervalue if he could the bravest wi●t that ever Spain bred, the ho●or of his Country whose in●entions were o●ely for the Commonwealth's good, and had he not been betrayed by some Noblemen of his Party, h●e ●ad made it 〈◊〉 most gl●io●s Commonwealth in the World. He is much lamented by many persons of quality in Spain yet 〈◊〉 this d●ie.  I will now tell you the successes of those unadvised and indiscreetly raised Tumults. And in regard one of the most notorious Actors in these tragical disorders, was Don Antonio de Acunna, Bishop of Zamora, who is famous to this very day, for the strangeness of his disposition, and manner of the death he suffered, which was not suitable to the dignity of a Prelate, (but very answerable to his Actions, since it was done with very great justification of the Emperor, and by the Authority of Pope Clement the 7th, as appears upon Record in the Arches of Simancas, which I have seen) you shall briefly hear who this Bishop was, and what his conditions. During the time of Don john the second his reign in Castilia, lived in that Kingdom Don Luis Osorio de Acunia, a Gentleman of eminent note and account, father to Don Diego Osorio and this Don Antonio de Acunia, to whom his father dying left the Arch-Deakonship of Valpuesta, besides other means, In these times he being in service to their Catholic majesty's was scent by them Ambassador into France, after which the Bishopric of Zamora was conferred upon him. The King was not very well pleased with him, because he was of a turbulent Spirit, a lover of broils, impatient, adventurously bold, and one that did take more upon him, than his profession and degree required. He was naturally inclined to Arms, his ambition was to make himself Lord and Master of Zamora, where the Earl of Alva de Lista then lived, son in law to the Duke of Alva, a stout gallant Gentleman and a great lover of honour. The Bishop and the Earl meeting about certain affairs betwixt them they grew to such odds, that very good Mediators were not able to pacify them. Zamora being in Rebellion, and paying no obedience but to the Junta or Assembly, the Bishop on one side and the Earl on the other, used all means possible to draw the people to th●ir factions. The Earl was better beloved, and bore the greater sway in the City, so that the Bishop was forced to leave it: It made him half mad to lose his house, and so desperate seeing his Enemy prevail so far against him, That he presently went to Tordesillas (where the Commissioners of the junta were then assembled) with whom he joined in confederacy, desiring them to assist him and furnish him with forces to beat the Earl of Alva out of Zamora. They all received him with great respect and contentment, thinking it an honour to their cause, to have so eminent a Prelate amongst them, they gave him men and Artillery, wherewith he marched back towards Zamora. The ●arl being informed of the manner of his enemies advance, thought not fit to stay for him, but quitting the Fort, went and associated himself with the Cavaliers of the Loyal Party, as you shall hear. Thence forwards the Bishop stuck close to the junta, and the Farl as eagerly followed the King's counsel, each of them so much favouring their Party, that there were not any two more remarkable than they. The Bishop was threescore years of age, but as vigorous and lively as if he had been but five and and twenty. I was acquainted with one that knew him and received orders from him, who told me that he was excellent at handling his arms. That he had more than four hundred Priests under his command all well armed and valiant men, and that he still charged at the head of them himself, Saying, Here my Priests. The rest hereafter.   

SECT. XX.  
I Have told you in what manner Segovia was fortified, the resolution of the Inhabitants, the relief which they received from many places, notwithstanding Ronquillo's endeavours to hinder it; how Toledo encouraged them with promises both of men and money, Madrid, Guadalaxara, and Salamanca did the like, making their case their own. Medina del Campo secured them their trading, offering to bear what loss soëver they should sustain either of persons or goods. At last the City of Avila seeing what Ronquillo did against Segovia; and the adjacent Towns, that he entered into the Villages belonging to Avila, taking, kill and executing Justice in a severe manner, and that by order of the Cardinal and the Council, he had taken from Segovia all the Places and Towns under its jurisdiction, commanding them not to obey or be any way subject to that City, neither to furnish them with provisions any more than if they were their enemies, under pain of death and confiscation of goods, giving them power and Authority to keep Justice amongst themselves, as being a distinct jurisdiction, and other privileges to the destruction of that City: They assembled in Council, and agreed to send a Petition in the name and with the subscriptions of the Officers of Justice, the Regidores, Gentry, Religious Persons, and of all the Commonalty, humbly beseeching the Cardinal that he would be pleased to set a remedy to those disorders, and not proceed with so much rigour against Segovia, for that City would be reduced sooner by fair means then by such severity. That he would command Ronquillo to raise his Siege, and that he should not molest, nor use such cruelty against Segovia. The Cardinal and those of the Council did not weigh much this Petition of Avila, which so incensed that City, that thereupon they sent them word peremptorily, that since they would not rectify those disorders, they were resolved to seek their own remedy. Mean time Ronquillo was at Santa Maria de Nieva making what preparations he could against Segovia, making incursions into their territories, and laying Ambuscado's for those that came out of the City. It happened that two young men coming out of Segovia, fell into the hands of Ronquillo's Guards, who ask them whence they were, and whither they went? They answered, That they were of Salamanca, that they came from Segovia, and were returning to their own homes. At first the Guards were in the mind to let them go, because they seemed to be but poor fellows, yet afterwards they laid hands on them and brought them before Ronquillo; who ask them who they were, whither they went, and whence they came? They said, they were Carders, who seeing Segovia straightened, and trading dead, they were upon their return to their own houses. He examined them severally concerning the manner of Tordesillas his death, and they agreed not in their relation. Ronquillo thereupon began to press them further, demanding more and more & more questions, till at last one of them confessed he fetched the rope wherewith they dragged Tordesillas along the streets, and the other that he plucked him by the hair. Upon this confession he condemned them both to death, one to be drawn and quartered, the other, who said, he plucked him by the hair, had first his hand cut off, and then was hanged. It seemed a direct Judgement of heaven to put those men into the hands of the Justice, and that they should confess without torture.   

SECT. XXI.  
AFter this Ronquillo met with one Francisco Peralta, a sufficient man, and well beloved in Segovia, but not thinking fit to execute Justice upon him presently, sent him prisoner upon on an Ass, to a Castle belonging to the Bishop of Palencia. But meeting by the way a man, that was very zealous for the cause of the Commonalty, and satisfying his curiosity by telling him the occasion of his imprisonment, through his means he was rescued by the Common People of Duenias, 
Alguazil is an officer of justice in Spain.  and taken away from the Alguazil, that had charge of him, (who had so much a do to escape with his life) and Peralta after courteous entertainment in the Town, had a horse given him, wherewith he went to Burgos, which then was declared for the Commonalty. john de Padilla, you have heard, marched out of Toledo at the head of two thousand men well armed, and having passed the Port de la Tablada, he came within sight of Segovia, where in a Plain, not far distant, he pitched his camp: the next day he sent a Trumpeter to Ronquillo with a peremptory message to bid him get him gone, if not, that he would forth with put in execution what the City of Toledo had Commanded him. Hereupon Ronquillo retreated to Antonio de Fonseca at Arevalo, and so they fled both together▪ not being able to withstand john de Padilla's Forces.   

SECT. XXII.  
THe Cardinal, President, and those of the Council laboured, all they could, to persuade the Queen Mother to sign certain orders (which they would send throughout the Kingdom) against the disturbers of it; because the greatest Authority, which those of the Junta pretended to have, was to say, that whatsoever they did, was for the Queen's service (whose that Kingdom was) and other things to that purpose. The Precedent therefore and some of the Council, went to Tordesillas, and spoke publicly with the Queen, who was very merry with them, but complained, saying, that for fifteen years passed she could never know the truth of any thing, then turning towards the Marquis of Denia, she said, this Marquis told me the first lie. At which words he fell upon his knees, and with tears in his eyes, he said, it is true Madam, I did tell you a lie, but it was to moderate the violence of your passions, and now I give you to understand that the King, your father, is dead, and I did bury him. She answered, Bishop, believ me, All that I see or hear, me thinks is but a dream. The Precedent answered, Madam! in your hands, under God, lieth the remedy of this Kingdom, and your Highness will do a greater miracle in Signing what we demand, than ever did San Francisco. She bid them go to bed, and come again next day. The day following, being Sunday, they returned in the morning, much time was spent in controversy, whether they should kneel or sit before her, but the Precedent telling her, that those of the Council ought not to be treated in that manner, she commanded they should sit, but chairs being brought in, she cried out, no chairs, but bring a form, that was the custom in my mother's days, only give the Bishop a chair. Six hours they were with her in private, and the result of all was, that they should return to Valladolid, and consult with the rest of the Council, what orders they should issue out, which done, she would sign them. They came to Valladolid, and in the interim john de Padilla arrived at Tordesillas (as you shall find hereafter) those of the Council were presently afraid to be taken, and some report, that he sent a Captain in pursuit of those that came from Tordesillas.   

SECT▪ XXIII.  
THe same day that Valladolid rose up publicly in Arms (which was Wednesday the 29th of August) john the Padilla, having beaten Ronquillo from Segovia, john Bravo, and john Zapata, with the men which they brought from Toledo, Segovia, and Madrid, arrived at Medina del Campo. Which the Townsmen taking as a great favour, went out to receiv them with their flags and mourning colours, besides many tears, which moved these Captains to great compassion, especially when they saw the Town reduced to ashes; they comforted the People the best they could, and john de Padilla took thereupon occasion to tell them, gentlemans, If you had reflected well upon the Letter, which I sent you giving you notice that Fo●seca was raising forces, with intent to fetch the Artillery thence, peradventure you had not been suff●rers in so high a nature. Those of Medina wondered that they never had heard of any such Letter, and after divers circumstances, it was found out that the Regidor Gil Nieto had received and concealed it from the people: whereupon they grew to an excessive passion, and whilst this was yet in agitation, Gil Nieto unfortunatly came amongst them. Some of whom discoursing of the Town-affairs, said to him. If there were no Traitors in Medina, the miseries we suffer never had befallen us. Who are those Traitors? replied Gil Nieto. At which words started up Bobadilla, the Cloth worker, and with a great Oath answered, you are one of the Traitors, then drawing his sword he violently flew upon him, and with one blow separated his head from his shoulders, which done, and having found in his bosom john de Padilla's Letter, they flung him out at the windows of the Regimiento, 
Regimi●nto, or Casa deal Regimiento, is ●he house where the inhib●tants ●n every City d●●ssemble about things concerning their Political Government▪  upon the Soldier's pikes which stood below. He was afterwards taken up and interred by his friends and kindrid. john de Padilla remained five days in Medina, and the Town having given him two great pieces of Ordnance, he departed thence with his men for Tordesillas. He pretended that he went thither to kiss the Queen's hands, and give her an account of what passed in Castilia. Others said, that he went audaciously to seize on her, and take her into his power. Being arrived, he drew up his Army in Battalions, charged his Ordnance, and remained in that Order, until he had given notice of his coming to her Highness and the Town. The Queen presently gave order they should go forth to receiv him, which the Town did in the best manner and with the greatest company they could, and as they were even ready to meet, he commanded his two Guns to be shot off with great shouting and nois of Trumpets. The Salve being past, they took john de Padilla in the midst of them, and so entered the Town with the greatest applaus that might be imagined, after he had rested himself a while, he went to the Palace, where the Queen received him very graciously, gave him Audience, and asked him who he was. To which he answered, 
Iohn de Padilla's speech to the Queen at Tordesellas.  That his name was juan the Padilla, son to Pedro Lopez de Padilla, who had been Captain General in Castilia, and served the renowned Queen Donia Isabel her mother, and that also he came to tender his service to her Majesty, with the people of Toledo; That he did give her to understand, that since the deceas of the Catholic King, her father, there had been, and were in that Kingdom great disorders, mischiefs and dissensions for want of a Governor. Although the Mighty and Illustrious Don Carlos, her son, had governed Spain, yet by reason of his sudden departure, the Kingdom was risen in such Commotions and Disordrous manner, that all Spain was ready to be destroyed, and that now he was come with a certain Army of Toledians to serve her Highness, whom he desired to see, and know what Commands she had to lay upon him, for he was ready to spend his life in her service. The Queen was much astonished to hear such things, and said, she never knew any thing of it before: For she had been sixteen years shut up within a chamber, under the Guard of the Marquis of Denia, and wondered to hear any such stories, but if she had known of her Father's death, she would have gone abroad and set some remedy to those mischiefs. So forgetful and void of Judgement was the Queen. Then she said to john de Padilla, Go you now, I command you, take the charge, and execute the office of Captain General in the Kingdom, and give you order for all things as need shall require, until I provide otherwise. This said, she retired into her chamber; and john de Padilla returned to his Quarters, well attended and very jocund for the favour the Queen had done him, in giving him that Commission. Many times after this, john de Padilla had conference with the Queen, and she seemed to give Audience to him and others of the junta, very willingly. They told her once, that the King her son, had done great damage to the Kingdom, whereunto she answered, That her son was not greatly in fault, for he was but a youth, but the Kingdom rather ought to be condemned for suffering it. Then she commanded, that the Assembly of the Kingdom should be kept there, that she would autorize it. Hereupon an Order was forthwith issued out, That Proclamation should be made in Medina and other places, for all the Commissioners that had assisted in Parliament at the Groin to make their appearance and render an account at Tor●esillas under pain of death.   

SECT. XXIV.  
THe junta was yet held at Avila, whither was sent an Order from the Queen, commanding them to remove to Tordesillas, which they presently obeyed, for it was their only way so to do; The Queen understanding nothing what belonged to businesses. The Antagonists of the Junta gave out, That those Dispatches which were produced and publshed in the Queen's name were falls, and the testimonies likewise made by counterfeiting hands. The Junta took a resolution to turn the Marquis of Denia out of the Queen's service, for the ill opinion he (being a loyal subject) conceived of the Commoners, alleging, that she was not well pleased with him. And because they would be informed how the Marquis did serve the Queen, they sent to Maestro Fray Pablo a Dominican Friar, a grand Commoner, Commissioner of Leon, and to the Commendador Almaraz, Commissioner of Salamanca, and El Bachiller de Guadalaxara: 
Here the Author jeer's his own Coat.  And from these men's relation (which was never the holier for the friar's having any part in it) resulted a determination to turn the Marquis and his Lady from the Queen. Whereupon they were not only cast out of their house, but driven out of Tordesillas, with such strictness and precipitation, that they had not one hour's time to take away their goods and householdstuff, and although they made their Requests to the contrary, they were no whit the more regarded. In their places were presently put Donia Catalina de Figueroa, wife to Quintanilla, and some other women of the Town. And the Marquis, with his Lady, was enforced to repair to a small Village, and suffer with patience this tribulation for their Prince's service. 
The junta or General Assembly settled at Tordesillas.  The junta being set at Tordesillas, they began to treat of the peaceable government and quiet of the Kingdom. Soon after, Salamanca, Avila, Madrid, besides other places, sent many Companies of Foot and Horse, paid at the charge of the said Cities, with their respective Captains, who had Orders to be at the King and Queen, his Mother's service, and in favour of the Junta. There was already so great a confluence of Gentlemen and Captains, that Tordesillas was not able to contain them, although the Common Soldiers were quartered in the adjacent Villages. The City of Vallad●lid sent a thousand choice men well Armed, under the Command of Don Diego de Quiniones, a valiant and wellborn Gentleman. The Commissioners, Gentlemen, Captains with many grave and learned Friars, being assembled in the Junta, there was a motion made, that they should send to Valladolid, to seize upon the Precedent and the rest of the King's Council, and to have them brought to Tordesillas, or at least, to take such order, that the City of Valladolid should not back them or conceal them, but should give way that the Junta might apprehend and bring them away. To this (the report is) there wanted no Votes, neither were the Friars backwards in giving theirs, alleging, that the securing of those men was very necessary for the good of the Kingdom. To this effect was dispatched a Dominican Friar (who was a man of honour and great leaning) with Letters of Credence to the Commonalty of Valladolid, and to the Infante of Granada, their chief Captain The Friar having delived his Letter and Message to the Infant●, he thus answered, Father, as far as it concerns me (as being Captain of Valladolid) I do obey the Orders here sent from the Junta, but it is convenient the whole Commonalty should be assembled, that you may deliver your Message to them all together, and receiv their answer. Hereupon the Deputies of the Wards, Jurates, Common Council-men and other Officers, were all ordered to warn the Inhabitants of their respective quarters and parishes, to make their appearance the next morning by nine of the clock at the Church of Santa Maria la Mayor, which was done accordingly. The Infante of Granada, Don Pedro Giron and other Gentlemen, being there assembled, with the rest of the Commonalty, at the hour and place appointed, the Friar went up into the Pulpit, and with smooth fair language, he told them the substance of his Message, saying, That he came thither from the Lords of the Junta at Tordesillas (who were the greater part of the Kingdom, and were there assembled for the remedying of the distractions and mischiefs which abounded in that Kingdom, as appeared by the Power & Letters of Credence) which he had already showed to that very noble Commonalty of Valladolid, and the Infante their Captain. Yet because it was thought fit that a business of such weight (as that wherewith he was entrusted to impart to them) should rather be manifested to them all in that place, then communicated to any members in particular, and in regard they were then all assembled, he again notified those Letters unto them, giving them to understand that the Lords of the Junta, moved with a very holy zeal, and desire of procuring the Kindom's good and his majesty's service, had found it convenient (to the end the Intent of the Junta might the better take effect) that there should be no Council Royal at all, but that the Precedent and the rest should be sent prisoners to Tordesillas, and to show that their Intentions were holy, and tending only to the service of God, and the King, in the name of the Lords Commissioners of the Junta, he did assure the lives of the Council, but not their goods and estates. For they must know, that whosoëver of that Council had offended, his estate was liable to confiscation, according to the quality of his delict, and that the money which should accrue, should repair in part the damages which they had occasioned. Hereupon the Friar extended himself into many Rhetorical expressions, to cog the people into a Consent, urging, that if they did otherwise, it might be the occasion of bringing the whole Kingdom to destruction: for if there was both a Junta and Council, the Junta governing contrary to the since of the Council, 
The I●nta send'● to Valladol●d to dissolve the King's Councils.  and the Council abrogating what should be enacted by the Junta, what could be expected but confusion and utter ruin? Hereunto he desired their speedy answer, because he was to return to Tordesillas. They forthwith replied, That it was a business of no small moment, and required great consultation, yet if he would stay till night, he should have their answer. They divided themselves into several Assemblies to consult hereupon, and they were generally of opinion, that it was a difficult and strange attempt for them to dissolve a Council of so great Authority, being constituted by their King, especially that City having received, in particular, so many Immunities and other favours from them, and they ●eeing so good friends, that the Council had, 
Vall●dolid's Answer.  in a manner, entrusted them with their persons, it were an act of high inhumanity and baseness to lay violent hands upon them. On the other side they thought, that they were bound in conscience not to leave undone the Commands of the Junta, in regard their Commissioners were there, they had acknowledged their power, and had sworn to obey whatsoëver should there be ordered or enacted. In the end, they agreed to give the Friar this answer, That if the Junta did desire to apprehend those of the Council, they should send their own Captains and soldiers to do it, for Valladolid would have no hand in either helping or hindering them in that design, neither would they favour the one side, or oppose the other. The Friar, and those Captains, and other Officers which came with him from Tordesillas, being satisfied with this Answer, The Friar reckoned up those of the Council whom the junta demanded, which done, it was agreed, that every Deputy of a Ward should take four or five of the said names in writing, and go with a Notary public to their respective houses, or lodgings, requiring them to meet the next day in the cardinal's house, where he should tell them what further they were to do. Which being done accordingly, those of the Council that could not escape ●as divers did) failed not to come to the Cardinal's Palace, where the F●ier, with his Captains about him, 
A name● Junta, summo●'s ●hose of the King's Councils to app●a● be●ore them at Tordesillas.  notified and commanded them in the name of the junta, to go with them to Tordesillas, and to execute no more the office of Counsellors, that being there they should know further what they were to do, and that there was no fear of their lives, but their goods and estates he could not promise to secure. Whereunto they made answer, 
Their answer.  That they held their Offices and Charge from his Majesty's own hands, whom they had served and did serve, and that although they were taken, they would not go with them, unless they were carried away by force. This was the best answer the Friar could get at that time, so he returned to Tordesillas, but was not long before he came back again to Valladolid, with other Letters and Orders as shall be seen hereafter.   

SECT. XXV.  
IN this coniuncture arrived an express from Flanders, 
The Emperor senate's Commissions to the Lord high Constable and Lord Admiral of Castilia making them Joint-Governors of Spai● with the Cardinal.  wit● dispatches from the Emperor, Letters for the Cities of the Kingdom, and his majesty's Commissions and Orders to Don Inigo de Velasco Lord high Constable of Castilia and Leon, and Don Fadrique Enriquez Lord Admiral of Castilia, auto●ising and Commanding them, jointly with the Cardinal Adriano, to undertake the charge and care of governing and managing the affairs of that Kingdom until his return. In his Letters, the Emperor declared his exceeding sorrow and discontent for the troubles and insurrections in that Kingdom, notwithstanding the great affection he always expressed towards them. That his good will was so ill requited, and his favours no better accepted. That they had failed in that fidelity wherewith (like good and Loyal Subjects) they had always served the Kings, his Predecessors. Yet he could not be persuaded but some particular persons, for their private interests, had been the occasion of all those disorders. And That in regard one of the principal things, at which the Kingdom was aggreived, had been his conferring of the government upon a stranger (although the prudence and uprightness of the most reverend Cardinal of Tortosa could not in all reason but give them satisfaction) to stop the current of those disorders, which increased daily in that Kingdom, and to provide for the good government thereof, and the Peace of his Subjects; with great deliberation and advice (during his absence, which should not be long) he had ordered and appointed to rule jointly with the Cardinal, as Vice-Kings and Governors of that Kingdom, the Lord Admiral and Lord high Constable of Castilia, being both persons endued with wisdom, and other parts requisite for so high a charge, and that they should take upon them all the care, trouble, etc. And that he had given them particular charge if the Kingdom was any way aggrieved, to send for the Commissioners or Burgesses of the Cities, that they might demand redress before the Governors; And withal he Commanded the Cities to be obedient unto them. The Emperor wrote also to the Lord high Constable, endearing him by the acknowledgement of his former services, to undertake and execute with like fidelity, resolution and cheerfulness, the joint charge, with the Cardinal and the Lord Admiral, of pacifying the present tumults and insurrections, reducing his Subjects to their former obedience, and the governing and managing the affairs of that Kingdom until his return. Dated in Brussels the 9th of September 1520.   

SECT. XXVI.  
IF these Noblemen had been made governors before the Emperor's departure out of Spain, questionless the Commotions had never come to that height. But they were now too far gone beyond their recovery, for although some were very well pleased with this Election, others were not. The Lord high Constable (as we shall see) was not very well beloved in Burgos. The Cardinal with the Precedent and Council were not only not beloved, but extremely hated and abhorred in many Cities. Only in Valladolid the Cardinal was much respected and honoured, neither would they consent to his departure out of the City, although he often desired it, but they offered themselves all to be at his service, esteeming him (as it were) a Saint; and they kept guards at the Gates of the City, lest the Cardinal, or any of the Council, or Judges should go away. Yet for all their guards El Licenciado Zapata made his escape in a Benedictan Munk's habit, 
Some of the Council escape out of Vallad●●lid in disguise▪  having shaved his crown and his beard, and divers others of the Council likewise, who durst not attend the determination of the Junta: perhaps their own ill consciences did accuse them, and filled their hearts with the apprehension of danger, which only make the sinners fly, though no body doth pursue them. And indeed in offices and charges of that nature, some men are monstruously insufferable.   

SECT. XXVII.  
FEw days after the Dominican Friar was returned to the Junta, and had given an account of his endeavours at Valladolid, concerning the suspending of the Council Royal, and the apprehending of the Counsellors. They sent another Friar, Alonso de Medina, Professor of Divinity, of the Order of St Francis, with second Orders from the Junta to Valladolid. Where being arrived, he caused the Commonalty and Officers of the City to assemble at the monastery of St Francis, which being done accordingly, the Friar went up into the Pulpit, and showed the Letters of Credence which he brought from the junta, in whose name he told them, they were again required to send those of the Council-Royall Prisoners to Tordesillas, and that those of the Council of War, who were fled and absented themselves, should thenceforwards be paid no Salary, nor enjoy any of their Revenues; But that they should all be punished according to their several deserts; And that her Highness, the Queen's pleasure and absolute Command was, it should be ●o, in regard it was found expedient for the good of the Kingdom. Otherwise the offenders and wicked Counsellors, the Perpetrators of so many evils in the Kingdom, should escape unpunished, and the poor oppressed People remain without Justice. Many other reasons he aleadged, which were not unpleasing to the People, who were filled with a desire of seeing the punishment (he mentioned) inflicted. And having ended his discourse, he produced and read aloud to them a copy signed by three public Notaries, of what passed between the Queen and the Commissioners of all the Cities and Towns in the Kingdom, that had Votes in Parliament. Who being altogether in her presence, gave her to understand by the mouth of the Doctor Zuniga of Salamanca, the grievances of the Kingdom having been peeled and polled by strangers since her ●ather's death, and out of the since of their opression, 
The Iunta's request to the Queen.  they desired that her Highness would be pleased to take upon her the Command and government of the Kingdom, making high protestations, that they would obey and serve her till death as their Queen and natural Sovereign, and that she should Command as absolutely as the most powerful Queen in the World. Whereunto she answered to this effect, That she loved that Country and her Subjects with so much tenderness, that it grieved her exceedingly to hear of any of their sufferings, But she had been so long mewed up there, and always such bad People about her, who fed her with falsities and lies, insomuch that she knew not of her Father's death, nor of their opression, And that when she was informed of those strangers coming into Castilia, it troubled her very much, yet she thought it might be for her Child's good, though, it seemed, it proved otherwise. But she wondered much at them that they did not revenge themselves, if any thing was done contrary to Justice. And forasmuch (said she) as you intent to remedy the ill-government of the affairs of the Kingdom, it doth rejoice me, and if you do it not let it lie upon your own Consciences, besides I Command you so to do, and as far as lieth in my power, I shall be ready to do any thing for the good of the Kingdom, here or wheresoëver I am. You need not come all to me hereafter, it will be more convenient, that you appoint four of the discreetest, and most knowing amongst you, who shall at any time have access to me, and inform me what course is meetest to be taken, I will hear them and do all that possibly I can. Then Don Pedro Lasso desired, that her Highness would be pleased to nominate the four Members, whom she would have to confer with her concerning the government of the Kingdom, she answered that her will was, that the junta should send whom they thought good, and she would hear them whensoëver they came.   

SECT. XXVIII.  
THis writing signed by three Notaries in the presence of the Infanta Donia Catalina, all the Commissioners of the Kingdom, divers eminent Priests and Friars, and many other persons of quality, satisfied exceedingly the Common people, who cried it up for a kind of miracle, that the Queen, after so many years of retirement, in so strict a manner, that no body could scarce have a sight of her, and so long discontivance from any knowledge of State-affairs, should now come forth, and show herself in a time of so great necessity, with so much knowledge and clear judgement in things concerning the government of the Kingdom: They praised God for showing his mercy in so high a measure unto Spain: Yet some there were, who did not stick to say, that all those circumstances were falls, and forged by those of the junta. That the Queen had no judgement to meddle with any such affairs, neither was she in a condition to be treated with. (This was commonly noised not only in Valladolid, but divers other places also: Pero Mexia treating of this business, seemeth in his book to favour this opinion, I write what I had from one that was an eye witness of all these passages, and who neither was a Commoner nor friend of that faction.) After all this the Friar told them, that there were Soldiers without the City, who, if they would give leave, should come in and carry away those of the Council prisoners. They all agreed, that two hundred should come in the next day, who would be sufficient to apprehend them, and carry them away to Tordesillas. Whereupon the day following john de Padilla, Captain General of the Iunta's forces, entered Valladolid with three hundred Lances of Avila and Salamanca, and eight hundred Pikemen and musketeers, where he had noble entertainment, and his Soldiers had good quarters given them, with a large portion of all necessaries. john de Padilla forthwith seized upon all those of the Council that could be found in Valladolid, 
John de Padilla apprehendeth some of the Councils and ca●●i●th them prisone●s ●o Tordesillas.  who were Doctor Veltran, Doctor Tello, Doctor Cornejo, and El Licenciado Herrera, all Alcaldes, whom he confined to their houses that day, under great penalties, having taken good security for them besides, and set Guards upon every one; he took away likewise the staves from the Alguaziles and other Officers, whom he commanded and ordered, under great penalties, to make their personal appearance at Tordesillas. The next day he carried them away prisoners, with the respect and honour that every one deserved. He took with him the books of the Treasury, and the Broad Seal wherewith the Council sealed all their Acts and Orders; for the better autorising of the matter, the Junta desired the Queen to confirm by her sign whatsoëver should be agreed on by them, as persons of her Council. Which she refusing to do, the Commissioners there present, sent to their respective Cities, to give them power to see to the government of the Kingdom (for fault of a Governor) and to constitute a Council. Some did ●end their powers to this effect, others disliked that proposition, holding it a thing needless, and of a dangerous consequence. Divers Gentlemen of Toledo were much distasted hereat, and sorry that john de Padilla had been so forward, for which they sent him and their Commissioners a notable check, refusing to give them any power concerning the Govenment of the Kingdom.   

SECT. XXIX.  
THe junta, for the better autorising and securing their persons and proceedings, used all means possible to seduce all the Cities of the Kingdom, and engage them in their quarrel. From Palencia they had intelligence, that a small matter would make them rise. Whereupon they presently dispatched thither an Augustine Friar, giving him Orders first to sound the Bishop, and afterward to address himself to the City, telling them how they stood obliged to favour and assist the Junta, in regard the chief end of their assembling, and their only study, since they were established, was for the general good of the Kingdom. The Friar went (but it had been better for him to have stayed in his Cell) and with much liberty and lavishness of words he began to treat of his message, and having assembled the people, to preach sedition publicly in the Pulpit. This continued some days, until the Cardinal, who then was at Rioseco, with the Council, sent to apprehend him, which was the easier done because there were divers loyal and well-affected persons in the City, who were scandalised at the ill example of this Friar. He was carried prisoner to Medina, where after few days, the fact being proved against him, he was strangled. He had his desert, and may all Friars or Priests meet with the like punishment, 
How uncharitable the Author is to his brethren Friars?  that embark themselves so far in secular affairs, not observing that retirement and modesty which their quality and profession doth require, which is to renounce the world with all its troubles and vanities. Yet the ●eed which this factious Friar sowed in Palencia, took not so little root in the people's hearts, but that soon after almost the whole Commonalty of the City, infected with his pernicious doctrine, rose in so tumultuous a manner, that the Corregidor was forced to fly away, they took away the stav●s from the King's Officers, and gave them to some of the Commonalty. They turned out of the City the Provisores d●l Obispo or Officers of the Bishop's Cou●t, they turned out the Regidores, whom the Bishop had constituted, and the Commonalty put others in their places. At the ringing of a bell the people all assembled, and most of them being Armed, they ran furiously to Villamuriel, (which was a Fort and the Bishop's house) and pulled down a part of one of the Towers thereof. The 15th Sept. 15●0, they cut down the greatest part of a Wood called Santillana, which belonged to the Bishop; divers other strange disorders and mischiefs they did in and about the City, as if they had been in an enemy's Country: things indeed befitting the blind and furious rage of the common people.   

SECT▪ XXX.  
THe Cardinal, governor of the Kingdom, seeing the disturbed estate of things, and that in Valladolid he was not obeyed, as the dignity of his person and place required, but rather in danger daily to be affronted, took a resolution to retire himself to a Gentleman's house out of the City, where he might be secure. This was no sooner known in Valladolid, but some of the Citie-Officers came to speak with him, desiring to know wherefore he would go away from them. The Holy man with much meekness, answered, that he would willingly retire himself with the Lord Admiral at Medina de Rioseco. But those of Valladolid, holding it their best way to keep him there, would not let him go. They presently set guards at the Gates of the City, that none of the Common people should go out, for they began already to fear, lest they should go join with the Lord high Constable, who was levying forces to resist and suppress those Tumults, which were grown so excessive in the Kingdom, to whom were repaired those of Council, that escaped from Valladolid, to the end that Castilia, 
The Cardinal endeavouring to go out of Valladolid is stopped by the people.  might not remain without Justice. The next morning early the Cardinal, being fully resolved to be gone, departed from his house with an hundred and fifty men on horseback and on foot, besides divers of the principal persons of the City, who guarded him on both sides. But coming to the bridge they would not let him pass, there he stayed a good while, still commanding his people to be quiet and offer no violence, for they would have broke down the Gates and forced their way through. This being known in the City, there was presently a great hubbub, and a crying out, The Governor's going away, The Governor's going away. Hereupon one Alonso de Vera, a Deputy of a ward, without any Command or Order from the Captain General of the Commonalty, ran in great haste to ring the Council Bell, which being heard the City presently took the Alarm, and in a trice there was such a hurly-burly and confusion of people in the streets, that it was wonderful, they all locked up their houses and shops and posted with their Arms towards the bridge, (as if the City had been stormed by an enemy) where in a moment's time (in a manner) was assembled a very numerous Army of complete men, with new shining arms, but without order and without Captain. The Cardinal seeing this tumult, turned back again towards the City, and being half way over the bridge some of his servants said to him, My Lord! your Eminence should do well to stand still there, until you see what is the meaning of this boldness of the People. So he did remain a while, having a strong guard before him. But the people came swarming to that place like emmets. Whilst the Cardinal was at this stand, came Don Pedro Giron, to whom all the people bore as much respect, as if he had been their Lord. He was mounted upon a stately Ginnet, his body was covered with Armour as bright as silver, his head with a richly guilded helmet, his horse proudly praunsing along the streets, made way through the disorderly throng, until he came where the Governor stood, to whom after salutation, 
Don Pedro Giron's speech to the Cardinal, persuading him to return to his Palace▪  he thus spoke. My Lord! I am sorry that your Eminence would offer to go away thus without the consent of the City and Kingdom, if my Counsel might prevail, you should return to your lodging, for if you stay longer here, it will not be in the power of man to remedy or hinder the mischief, which your departure may produce. The Cardinal's men not throughly understanding Don Pedro's speech, began to draw their swords; which some of the people, that had crowded near, seeing, cried out, Arm, Arm Commoners, help, help. Hereupon grew such a noise and so great a tumult, that had not the Precedent of the Chancery, Don Pedro Giron, and other Gentlemen been there to appease the fury of the people, they scarce had left one man alive of all those that were with the Cardinal. But all being pacified, he returned with his guards to his lodging, accompanied with other Prelates and divers Gentlemen of quality, and after all, followed his train of baggage in the same order as they marched outwards. The Common People went before him all armed, with sound of drums and trumpets conducting him to his lodging, with all due honour and reverence. By this time it was full twelve of the clock, so that they spent six hours at least in this contention. The Infante of Granada, Captain of Valladolid, was so much displeased that St Michael's Bell had been rung, and that the people had all taken Arms in that manner without his order or knowledge, that he threatened to leave his charge. Thereupon strict order was given, that no man thenceforwards should dare, under a great penalty, to ring the Bell or to rise in Arms, without their Captain's order. Vera who rung the Bell, to avoid the punishment which was intended, and his offence deserved, fled to Tordesillas. After this, Valladolid ordered that every five and twenty men should have a particular Captain, that should command them upon occasion, having first received orders from the Captain General. The news being carried to Tordesillas, how those of Valladolid had opposed and detained the Cardinal, besides the good order they kept for the guard and defence of their City, The junta sent an express with Letters to give the People thanks in their names, extolling their valour to the skies, which puffed up the people's hearts with a kind of vanity, and encouraged them to commit greater exorbitancies another time.   

SECT. XXXI.  
THe Cardinal seeing it was not possible for him to go publicly out of Valladolid, and considering how much it behoved him to depart thence, where he had no more than an honourable prison, resolved to steal away privately: which he did one night all alone, being disguised, and he had been gone ten days before it was known in the City, or his own Guard of Horse miss him. His Foot Guards went away the day before by two and two. After which time he sent to entreat the City, to suffer his goods to be brought unto him, assuring them that his going away should be no way prejudicial to them, that he was in a manner enforced so to absent himself from them, both for respect of his majesty's service, and that he had not left him wherewithal to defray his charges in the City, but wheresoëver he was, they might be confident he would do all that might be for their● and the whole Kingdom's good. Valladolid, with much compliment and civil expressions, sent him all his Linens and other householdstuff to the Town of Rioseco, whither he was gone in expectation of the Lord Admiral. About this time there were great differences betwixt those of the Commonalty, and their Captain the Infante of Granada. They would have killed him, many of them coming violently against him with their Arms, and giving him very reproachful and abusive language. As he advanced into the market place with above six hundred Lances to apprehend Alonso de Vera, (they say) it was a Bridle-maker and some such like audacious fellows, that were the occasion of stirring the people to this insolent attempt. The junta being much displeased ● ereat ordered that the Infante of Granada should leave the Office of Captain, because it was too great a charge to allow him every month 30000 Maradiz, alleging moreover, that none but a native of the City, aught to execute that Command. But the Infante giving notice of his discontent, by command of the junta this matter was put to Votes, and he having the major part on his side, it was ordered, that he should be confirmed in his Office, but withal, that he should pardon Alonso de Vera, with the rest that had offended him, and strict command was given, that the people should make no more meetings, nor demand any thing from thenceforward with Arms in their hands, but by way of Justice and Reason. That presently under pain of one hundred lashes, all those Vagabands and fellows that had no professions, should avoid the City. This was proclaimed in Valladolid on St Luke's day.   

SECT. XXXII.  
Whilst the Commonalty of Valladolid was in consultation, whether the Infante should continue in his Charge or not, arrived a Commissioner from the Junta, desiring that City in their names to agree, and be all as one, and not to give way to their particular passions, which might breed division among them, to the great weakening and disenabling of that City, for they were now to consider that they had many enemies, who had already begun one of the highest and greatest attempts in the world. That if their hearts were not united & stirred up therewith, they, with their wives and children, should be reduced to most wretched slavery. That with courageous minds and upright desires, they ought to prosecute this matter, and be assistant to those Gentlemen who were already engaged therein, and boüy them up out of that gulf of misery whereinto they were plunged. For the Lords of the junta considering that Valladolid was the most noble & principal City of all Spain, and that it had been the principal author of their good (as in former times) exposing and hazarding their lives and fortunes to many eminent dangers. They thought it great rea●on to give them an account of what they had done in the junta. To whi●h effect they had sent to let them know, how that neither night nor day they ceased labouring in the advancement of the service of God and the King and the public good of the Nation, neither eating nor drinking in quiet, but still watching with much care and study, how God and the King might have their due respect and honour, and the Kingdom be preserved in liberty. Renouncing all private affairs, leaving houses, goods, wives and children at random, to attend and apply themselves with more fervency to procure the people's good without Interest. That before the junta sat at Tordesillas, they all took a solemn oath, that no man should procure for himself, wife, children, friends or kindred, any Lands, Offices or benefits whatsoëver, to the end that they might loi●lly, and without Interests, serve the public. That every one of the junta was a Gentleman, and as free, as the King himself from all the tributes & taxes that were imposed upon the meaner subjects, & that neither for respect of what they might hope to gain, or to free themselves of that which others did pay, they had exposed themselves to so great hazard, being no more than fifty, that did help or any way advance this business, which so nearly concerned all. That without them the junta could do little, the case b●eing weighty and dangerous. That they trusted in God within eight days, the junta would have taken such a course, that Castilia should enjoie as much peace, quietness, and plenty as formerly; for they wanted nothing but the Articles of the several Cities of the Kingdom, to extract the best out of them; which should be printed and and sent through the whole Kingdom, that every one might see the good which proceeded from the junta. The Articles which were purged in the junta, whereby they thought (as they say here) to remedy and restore Castilia to its former condition, shall be punctually set down in the following Book. In Valladolid they much rejoiced at this discourse, and were highly taken with the promises made them by the junta, which filled them with a thousand good hopes, but within seven months they found them all fruitless. They offered willingly their estates and goods, and to expose their lives in the defence of the Holy junta as they called it.   

SECT. XXXIII.  
THe Cardinal and those of the Council, prudently desired first to proceed with mildness, and endeavour by fair persuasions to quench, or (at least) mitigate the fury of that unnatural ●ire; 
Note that this mes●age Was sent at the fir●t assembling of the junta in Avila.  to that effect they sent to entreat the junta to assemble rather in Valladolid, where the Council than was, that there things should be remedied to their liking and content. Those of the junta, having intelligence of this message, sent one to meet him that brought it, before he could reach to Avila, with command to charge him in their names, under pain of death not to come into the City. The Council, seeing that they could prevail nothing by fair means, sent to command and require the Junta not to assemble at all, in regard it was a thing forbidden by the King and the Laws of the Kingdom, without their Sovereign's leave. That if they had any thing to desire, they should repair to the Council at Valladolid, and they would join with them in Petition to the Emperor for the obtaining and fulfilling their demands. This also they refused to hear; and sent the like message back to the Council by the Commendador Hinestrosa, to whom they denied both audience and entrance into the City. From that time forwards the Junta called them of Council Tyrants, and those of the Council termed them Traitors. Which being known in Valladolid, a rumour was noised about, that the Lords of the Council had given order to apprehend those of the Junta, for which cause El Licenciado Francisco de Vargas, Treasurer General, and El Licenciado Zapata, made their escapes in the night from the Council: For they having born a great sway, one in the Treasury, the other in matters of Justice, were both grown odious in the eyes of the Commonwealth.   

SECT. XXXIV.  
THe several Parties reviled, and fell into malicious expressions one against the other, not considering, that that was one of the poorest and vilest revenges upon earth, and which suit's with none but rascallike & unworthy dispositions. Those that were enemies to the Commonalty, reported, that no Gentlemen or persons of quality would have taken that side, but for private respects and ambition. That Don Antonio de Acunia Bishop of Zamora (whose story we are not yet come to) would make himself Archbishop of Toledo. That Don Pedro Giron was on fire for the Estate of Medina Sidonia. The Earl of Salvatierra ambitioned certain territories of great value, called Merindades. Hernando de Avalos for revenge of some injuries done ●im. john de Padilla to be Master of Santjago. Don Pedro Lasso to be Lord of Toledo. Quintanilla to have the Command of Medina del Campo. Hernando de Ulloa to drive his brother out of Toro. Don Pedro Pimentel to advance himself with Salamanca. The Abbot of Compludo to be made Bishop of Zamora. El Licenciado Bernardino to be Judge in Valladolid. Ramiro Nuniez that he might possess himself of Leon, and Carlos de Arellano be Lord of Soria. Thus their tongues went nimbler than their hands (except when they were asleep) breeding and brewing a world of mischiefs. And divers Gentlemen found themselves so far engaged already in this disorder, that they could not with honour withdraw themselves, neither could they tell whom to trust.   

SECT. XXXV.  
BEfore I proceed any further with the History, of what was done by the Commonalties in Castilia, I will here describe the particulars of the insurrection of the City and Kingdom of Valencia, in regard it was the blindest and most pernicious of all Spain, and although some have written very doleful and lamentable memorial thereof, they do not mention half what there befell. Several prodigious signs presaged this miserable dissension in Valencia. In the year 1517. The river which runneth by the City of Valencia, so shallow that sometimes there is scarce any water, on a sudden swelled, and overflowed the banks in such manner, that it put those of Valencia to the greatest shift and straight, 
Prodigious signs in V●lencia.  that ever they had been reduced to in former ages. Many days and nights, was seen running along the streets a furious great Lion, which made so hideous a roaring that the people ran trembling away from it, and if any had the courage to stay, and see what it would do, they could see nothing. Other strange sights were likewise reported to have been observed there in the years 1517, and 1518. You have heard how the Emperor, before his departure from the Groin, appointed for Viceroy of Valencia Don Diego de Mendosa, son to the Cardinal Don Pedro Gonsalez de Mendosa, and brother to Don Rodrigo Marquis of Cenete. Who executing his command and charge in Valencia, 
The Confederates of Vale●cia.  whenas the people, already linked in a Confederaoie, began to stand in a competition with the Nobles, to molest and prosecute the Gentry, abusing their servants and vassals with great audacity and disrespect: It happened that two Moriscoes who belonged to Don Ramon de Cardona, Lord of Castalla, passing along the street of Nuestra Seniora de Gracia, which was in that part of the City, where most of the meaner sort of people lived; Some Tradesmen, that were working at their doors, flouted and laughed at them as they used to do, but the Moriscoes answering them they presently rose in Arms, and cut one of them so grievously that he died; And being about to kill the other also, who defended himself, a man by chance passing by (whose name was Diego Pisador, by trade a salt-maker) took compassion of the poor fellow, and did what he could to defend him. Whereat those Townsmen were so incensed that leaving the other they ran after this Diego Pisador, following him quite through the City to his own house (whither he fled to save his life) and fell a storming it in a furious manner about mid day, the officers of Justice not daring to gainsay them. The Priests of St Nicholas Church (which was close by that house) came forth all with the Holy Sacrament, at the nois of this Combustion, to pacify the fury of the People, which their presence and entreaties did somewhat mitigate. But Diego Pisador, not holding himself secure in his house, thought it a safer way to take sanctuary in the Church; so being come down, the Priest that carried the Sacrament, took him next unto him, and ●o advanced towards the Church; which the people seeing, they violently ran again upon him, and killed him with their daggers. Upon this, came amongst them one Avendanio a Cloath-worker, who was the Author and chief of this confederacy (it was thought) to hinder and keep them from doing mischief, but seeing that man so barbarosly killed, he went presently into a house, where he burst and died miserably (some say) for anger and grief, to see such excessive disorder. These and many other such like outrages were done by the People of Valencia, before the emperor departed, whereof his Majesty was advertised by the Nobles and Gentlemen of that City; and he referred it to Xeures, but he being more solicitous for the transporting of his treasure, than the remedying of the troubles in Spain, neglected it. All that was ordered herein, was to remit the quelling and reducing that People to reason, to the care of the Infante Doughty Enrique, Duke of Sego●be, but the People being launched into the depth of mischief, slighted his Authority; which manifestly declared the rebellion and pernicious intentions of that Confederacy. Soon after, a man condemned for heinous crimes being led along to execution, the People came out with Arms, and rescued him from the officers of Justice, abusing and ill treating them in a horrid manner. No Noblemen or Gentlemen could pass through the streets, but those of the Confederacy would deride and flout them with base reviling language. Insomuch that a Hat-maker's wife, dressing a Hat at the door, with her children about her, as some Gentlemen were going by, she bid the children look at those men that passed there, and the boys ask her why she bid them look at them, she answered, Because when you are grown up to be men, you may say, that you have seen Gentlemen. This the woman said, because the Common People were then in the mind to destroy all the Gentry of the whole Kingdom root and branch. Avendanio the Clothworker being dead, the Confederates chose another Captain, one of the same trade as the former, his name was Sorolla, a pestilent audacious villain, who amongst other wicked facts, went to the City Hall, when they were consulting about the Election of Iurates, and with a confident impudence told those of the Regimiento, in the name of his Confederacy, that if they did not admit them to be of the Regimiento, those stones should flow with blood. And his threats were accomplished; for they made their Election according to the rights and custom of the City. Whereat the people were so enraged, that they committed those outrages which shall be set down hereafter. In this distemper and extravagant hare-brainedness, Don Diego de Mendosa found the minds of the people in Valencia, when he came to be their Governor. Sorolla, Vicente Periz, one john Caro, and other leading men of the Confederacy, understanding that the Viceroy had been fully informed of their demeanours, and of the state of things, but yet dissembled the knowledge thereof out of fear, considering what power and credit their Confederacy had with the people: they complotted that Sorolla should hide himself in his own house, and that the rest should go up and down the City and acquaint all his friends and allies that the Viceroy had sent for Sorolla, and that (as they were informed) he either had already hanged him, or was then about it, and that for many respects, they ought not to let such a man suffer, who was the defender and maintainer of the public good. This report being thus cunningly spread through the whole City, so incensed the people's minds, that in an instant all was up in Arms, Drums beating, and Colours flying, and in this manner they marched to the Viceroy's house, crying out, Let the Viceroy die, if he deliver us not Sorolla. The Viceroy, and some Gentlemen that were in the house at that time with him, besides his servants, defended the windows and doors, where the assault was hottest all day long, and night being come (as God would have it) a good woman one of Sorolla's neighbours, who having seen him in his house, and hearing that the people were storming the Viceroy's ●alace for hanging Sorolla, she went to the Bishop of Segorbe, who lived close by, and told him that she had seen Sorolla safe and sound in his own house but a little before. Hereupon the Bishop went presently to Sorolla's house, which he caused to be broken open, and finding where he had hidden himself, he chid him throughly for his mischievous villainy, but he excusing himself, said, he durst not go out of his doors. The Bishop immediately gave order to saddle his mules, and riding upon one himself, and Sorolla on the other, with many Halberds attending him, he carried him quite through the City to the Viceroy's house, to the end the people might see- Sorolla was neither dead nor a prisoner in the Viceroy's house. The Confederates seeing him alive, with much joie they raised their siege, which had continued all day and almost all night. After this they rescued a man likewise, condemned to death for heinous crimes, whom, in regard he had many friends and kindred in the Cite, the Viceroy had commanded to be hanged assoon as he had confessed, lest his friends should petition for him before he was dead. The thirteen Sindicos and Sorolla gave out, 
Sindico's were officers wh●ch they had m●de amongst them●selvs.  that this man was condemned, and to be executed wrongfully, which the people hearing, went presently (all armed) to the prison and released him. T●en being possessed that the Vice Roy was about raising men to subdue them, they environed his house, and put him to his shifts, that he was forced to send his Lady out of the City, and he not daring to stay long after her, with much ado escaped, riding behind another Gentleman upon a mule. He having left the City in this manner, all the Nobles and Gentry followed him with their wives and Children, retiring every one to their own houses. The Viceroy being of kin to the Earl of Cozentayna, carried the Vice-Queen to his house. The other Gentlemen having left their wives and children in secure places, with what arms, horses, and men they could get together, repaired some to the Viceroy, others to the Infante Don Enrique, and to the Duke of Segorbe Don Alonso, agreeing all unanimously to adhere to the Emperor's service against the Rebels. All these Gentleman's houses within the City, the people plucked down or burned, and plundered their goods; a thousand more abominable mischiefs they did, which I am ashamed to relate (so cruel and unruly is that Beast, the Common People when it hath broke the bridle.) They armed all the slaves, and received many Moriscos for soldiers. From Cozentayna the Viceroy went to Xativa; the Inhabitants of that City desired him to give them leave to muster upon St Bartholomew's day, which he denying, they marched out of the City in despite and contempt of him, and mustered before his face. The Viceroy hereupon, fearing a second trick of Valencia, retired into the Fort, which those of Xativa perceiving, they proclaimed, that no body, under pain of death, should furnish him with victuals, or any provision whatsoëver. Hereupon he went from thence to Denia, because if he was pursued by land, he might escape thence by sea. Those of Valencia, hearing that the Viceroy was fled to Denia, after that Xativa had rebelled against him, resolved to seize upon all the King's Revenues and Customs: which to effect, they went to the Custom houses and broke the Records, took away the Books, and spoke words which were worse than their deeds. Those of Valencia, seeing themselves masters of the City, the Viceroy and all the Gentry being gone, they ordered the Government thereof. They appointed thirteen persons to govern and defend it, whom they called the Thirteen of the Confederacy. These Thirteen chose for the General of their Army john Caro, (who was a Sugar-baker) and held intelligence with the whole Kingdom: Insomuch that assoon as the news was heard of the Rebellion of Valencia and Xativa, and that the Viceroy was fled, presently the City of Oribuela & the Marquisat of Helche did the like, and at length there was no City or Town but rebelled also, in imitation of Valencia, treating the Gentry and nobler Citizens with the like disrespect and tyranny. And the Gentry, with their servants, arms, goods, and all they could get, joined together in their King's service. So that (which is a thing worthy of note and esteem) there was not one Gentleman, nor person of any birth or quality through that whole Kingdom that sided with that vile Commonalty, but valiantly and unanimously ventured their lives and fortunes in their Prince's service, although he was out of the Kingdom; they suffered patiently their houses to be pulled down, their goods to be burned, their towns destroyed, and all to show their fidelity to their King. The City of Oribuela chose for their Captain one Palomares, who made himself so absolute Lord of those people (being but a poor Servingman) that oftentimes he drew out five thousand men into the field to fight, though he paid dearly for it afterwards. The Confederates, having lost their respect to the Viceroy, agreed to lose likewise the fear of God. They made a Conspiracy amongst them, the result whereof was to rob and take away all the riches of the Monasteries and Churches. Which being discovered, the loyal Party desired Don Rodrigo de Mendosa Marquis of Cenete, to take upon him the Authority of the Justice for the King, which he did, and like a good resolute Gentleman, he hung up three or four of the chief Conspirators, and so the robbery which they intended was prevented, and the City quieted for certain days. But soon after the Confederates marched into the field towards Denia, to drive the Viceroy out of the Kingdom. Ten thousand men in Arms Valencia furnished to that effect. The Clergy with their Hoods upon their heads, and Crosses in their hands, stood all at the gate of San Vicente, and as the Confederates passed by them, the Priests and Friars said to them, Sirs! Misericordia, Misericordia; and they answered, swearing, Cuerpo de Dios, justicia, justicia. And indeed God's Justice did abundantly fall upon their heads; for the greatest part of those that answered so, were either killed in battle, or executed by Justice afterwards. john Caro and Sorolla were Captains of this Army. The Confederates having the sole power and command of Valencia, john Caro was sent with a sufficient force to besiege the Castle of Corbera, six leagues from Valencia, which while he was battering with some pieces of Artillery, Don Geronimo Vique (who at that time was at a Monastery of Friars of the order of San Geronimo, half a league from the Castle) desired to speak with him, who, overcome with his persuasions and powerful reasons, raised his siege. Which the Thirteen of the Confederacy hearing, took t●e Office of Captain General from john Caro, and conferred it upon Sorolla. By this time the Viceroy, with some forces, which he had raised, was came to Gandia, to succour the Castle of Corbera; And Sorolla with his Army went seeking the Viceroy: as he passed he ruined and spoilt all the places, that belonged to Don Geronimo Vique, because he had persuaded john Caro to leave the Castle. At last coming to Gandia, he met with the Viceroy's Army and gave them battle, wherein many were killed on both sides, but at length the Confederates won the day, and the Viceroy, with the Earl of Oliva, and divers other Lords and Gentlemen that remained alive, were enforced to retreat to Denia, whither Sorolla with his men still pursued them. And being arrived at a town called Vergel (one league short of Denia) Mossen Baltazar Vives, Lord of that place, refreshed them, and afterwards conveied them safe to Denia, where he embarked for Peniscola, whence they w●nt to the town of Morella, where they raised more men. Sorolla returned to Valencia, where he entered with his Army very joiful and content with his conquest. By this time the Duke of Segorbe Don Alonso de Arragon was come into the field with above four thousand Foot, and divers gentlemen with their servants and others on horseback, to the number of one hundred and sixty, whereof was Captain Don Jayme Ferrer, son to Don Luis Ferrer, who was Lord Steward to the Queen Donia juana, at Tordesillas. And being quartered at Almenara, a league and half from Monviedro with intent to besiege it, which was the strongest and most considerable Fort the Confederates had, but four leagues from Valencia; notice was given him that the enemy appeared with no less than eight thousand Foot and some Horse, fleshed with their Victory over the Viceroy, and recruited with many fresh men from Valencia. Whereupon the Duke sent Don jayme with the Horse to discover, and according to his advice, he would follow as speedily as might be with the Foot. This was carried with so much discretion and valour, that the Duke gave them an absolute rout, leaving above five thousand men dead upon the place, for which it is called to this day, The field of slaughter. This Victory restored the Kingdom, which if it had otherwise succeeded, the Common People had become absolute Masters without any contradiction. Things being in this condition, the Viceroy returned with a fresh supplie, and encamped his Army about Alcira and Xativa; The People were somewhat amazed, and startled at the rout the Duke had given them. Yet those of Alcira and Xativa marched out very strong to meet with the Viceroy, and finding him a league from the City, they gave him battle, the conflict was so hot, and so well maintained on both sides, that it was hard to say which had the advantage, the combat continued all day, and at night both Armies being very weary, and great store of men hurt, they were both glad to retreat, seeking refreshment and medicaments to dress their wounded men. About this time the Cities of Oribuela and Alicante, with all the Towns and Places under their jurisdiction, associated themselves with the People of Valencia. But all the Gentry and persons of quality followed their Governor Don Pedro Masa, who was enforced to quit those two Cities, and the Castle of Oribuela, whereof he was Governor. But Don jayme de Puyg, a valorous Gentleman (who was Lieutenant of the Castle under the Governor) with fifteen or sixteen men defended himself gallantly against the fury of the Common people, when in their violentest heat they killed, burned and sacked the Gentleman's houses. The Marquis de los Velez, Don Pedro Faxardo, Adelantado Mayor (that is Lord deputy or Lord Lieutenant) of the Kingdom of Murcia, having notice of the rising of Oribuela, levied what force he could, and marched to reliev the distressed Gentry, having order from the Emperor, to assist the Governor of Oribuela upon all occasions. Don Pedro Maca with his horse, being joined with the Marquis de los Velez, the Common People of Oribuela, and the jurisdiction thereof, (who were above eight thousand) marched in pursuit of them to the top of a mountain, called Rajolar, with intent to give them battle, their intilligence assuring them that they were far the greater number. The Governor advised with the Marquis about relieving the Castle of Oribuela, which was in great necessity, every one of his Troopers carrying in, a sack of provision behind him, whilst the Marquis amused the enemy with skirmishes, for he doubted not to be back with him time enough to discomfit them. This was done accordingly, and being drawn up in Battalions, the Marquis secured the way to the Castle, that the Governor might go thither with his Horse, and having put in his provisions, return to the battle, which was dexterously and successively effected, with the slaughter of above four thousand of the Rebels: So the Marquis cleared all the Country about Oribu●la. But seeing how infected the whole Kingdom was, and what multitudes of people were come in to the Commoners, encouraged by their Victory (for it is the nature of the Common people to follow the strongest party) he advanced higher into the Country with his Army, which daily increased, insomuch that before he could reach Valencia, he had above eleven thousand men and thirteen pieces of Ordnance, wherewith he encamped at a place called Paterna, within sight of Valencia, and sent the City a Summons, which being surrendered upon Articles, and the Viceroy repossessed of his Command, the Marquis returned with his Army to Murcia. After his departure, the Articles being not well performed, the Confederates retired themselves to Xativa, where they chose for their Captain one Vicente Perez a fellow whose trade was to gather Acorns. They assaulted and entered the Fort, it being ill provided. Besides the aforementioned, there were divers strange presages in Valencia of these prodigious disorders; amongst others, upon a Tuesda●e the 27 of May in the evening, a Thunderbolt fell upon a Church called El Asseu de Valencia, 
Other Prodi●ious signs in V●lencia.  which threw down one of the Pinnacles, and burst the Clock in pieces. Upon a friday morning in the same month, fell a sudden storm of hail, with most terrible Thunderclaps, after which, in a ground betwixt the County of Oliva and Duchy of Gandia, were found three stones (which fell from the sky) in colour and make like flints. Fray Antonio de Guevara Chronicler to his Imperial Majesty, and Bishop of Mondoniedo, reporteth, that he saw one of them hung in a chain in Santa Maria Church, a league from Oliva, which weighed no less than five and twenty pounds. The passage which I am now about to relate is so remarkable, that men cannot but admire the blindness which possessed the miserable people that affected these novelties and Insurrections. There was nothing more certainly known in Spain, then that the Prince Don john (only issue male of his father and mother, the Catholic Kings, and immediate Heir to these Kingdoms) died at Salamanca, to the exceeding grief and resentment of his parents and all Spain, and in those days there was no further scruple or question thereof. But since in the time of these unhappy Commotions, the Confederates of Valencia were so besotted, that a strange mean fellow of no account (who came in a fugitive manner out of Africa, and associated himself with them) that they received him, and believing, or seeming to believ him, to be the Prince Don john, they swore allegiance to him, as King, and he Commanded and ruled over them for two years, until he met with the end he deserved, as shall be seen hereafter. In the year of our Lord 1512, a certain Merchant of Biscaya, named juan de Vilvao, or john of Bilbo, went to trade at the City of Oran. In the ship which carried him and his commodities, he light upon a passenger, who addressing himself to him, told him that he could write and read in several languages, and that if he pleased to give him any competent subsistence, he would be glad to serve him as his factor, and teach his children; the Merchant entertained him, and took him on board with him at Cartagena, thinking himself the happiest man living, that he had so luckily met with a man of such abilities to instruct his children and follow his business besides. This fellow was of a low stature, thin-faced, of a sallow complexion, he had a terrible look, his eyes being of a black and green colour, little hair, and thin upon his head, his beard worse furnished; he was a man of very few words, in his Conversation somewhat too strict and austere, seemingly intemperate in his diet, a great eater, but drank little, he spoke Spanish, Arabic, and Hebrew. It never was known directly who his father was, only he confessed, while he was under the lash, that he was a Jew's son, and that he was Circumcised, but never Baptised, for his father carried him into Barbary, in the same year the Jews were driven out of Castilia. He remained in this Merchant's house until the year 1516, which was four years: and to ingratiate himself the more with his Master, he told him, thenceforwards he would call himself by his name juan de Vilvao. But the Merchant having occasion to absent himself often from his house, leaving his wife, children, and goods, all in charge with this servant, one time at his return from Castilia, he was told by his neighbours that juan de Vilvao, his man, was a slepperie companion, and that in his absence he was too familiar with his wife; others said, he had abused his daughter. Hereupon without any further examination, he turned him presently out of his house, not declaring any occasion, or reason he had for so doing, because he could not have his servant punished otherwise, without bringing his own honour in question. At that time there was a young man Corregidor of Oran, who not knowing wherefore the Merchant had discarded his servant juan de Vilvao, entertained him to be his Steward. The Corregidor having a handsome young wench, which he kept privately in his house, juan de Vilvao used all means possible to gain her acquaintance and affection, and withal to persuade her to learn witchcraft; for amongst other good qualities, this wicked fellow was a great Practitioner in negromancy. The young maid being little pleased with his solicitations, resolved at last to acquaint the Corregidor, how he importuned her, and that he would persuade her to learn witchcraft, but chiefly that he had made her promise to give him poison, that so they two might with more freedom enjoie each other's affection. The Corregidor was much startled and amazed hereat, for he thought his house and Paramour as secure with juan de Vilvao, as if he had committed her to the custody of an Eunuch, and therefore he did not absolutely credit her accusation of him; but afterwards observing with a more strict eye the carriage and demeanour of his steward, he was confirmed and satisfied of the truth, especially when he found the spells and poison which he was to use. He committed him to the public Gaol, whence upon a market day he was fetch't out, set upon an Ass, with his sorceries about his neck, and whipped through all the principal streets of the City. The people were all astonished that he should be so close a villain, for every body had a very good opinion of him; After this, being banished Oran, he returned into Spain, and dis-embarked upon the Coast of Valencia, just in the time of these disastrous troubles. He, by his juggling inventions, begat himself a great esteem and credit first amongst the Confederates of Algecira. Afterwards he came to Xativa, under the name of Don Henrique Manrique de Ribera, and being a subtle Impostor, and the Confederates simple, and besotted with passion, he wrought so much upon their blind credulity, that they made him their General, and by little and little he so inveagled them that they held him for their God, and their King. Vicente Periz (who was Captain General of the Confederate Rebels of Valencia) made great submissions to him, saying, that God had sent him to give them liberty, and that he would procure them much money and arms. Those of Xativa adored him as their Redeemer, and called him El Encubierto, or the man disguised, 
El Encubiert●.  saying, God had sent him for the redressing of the oppressed People. He made them believ that he was the Prince Don john, Son to the Catholic King and Queen deceased, and that for certain secret causes and Revelations of God's Judgements, 
The notable imposture of juan de Vilvao.  it was convenient for him not to be publicly known in the world for long time past, but now since the Kingdom's were in so distressed a condition, and in so great necessity of their natural King, to own and defend them, and settle them in the same peaceable Government, as they enjoyed during his Father's Reign, he desired to reveal himself unto them, and that it was God's will also. This those wretched Confederates believing, followed and honoured him, as if he had been their God. Thus having gained the affection and esteem of these Rebels, he conferred with divers of the City of Valencia, of la Huerta, and other places thereabouts, enticing them to put in execution what that Tyrant, Vicente Periz, had already moved. He dealt likewise with some places of Arragon, and Catalunia (which were already tottering and half, at least, inclining to Commotion, engaging them, that at the same instant (if possible) as he should make his Attempts upon Valencia, they should all rise in arms, and secure those parts for him. Within Valencia he had his intelligencers, and instruments, whom he employed to murder the Marquis of Cenete, than Governor of the City; These were so faithful to him in this treacherous design, that he wanted not assistants to convey him over the walls into the City, whereby he might the better contrive his plot, seeing the disposition of the place, and (having a more free communication with the inhabitants) allure and draw to his bias more complices, to strengthen his party, and execute his wicked intention. This was so cunningly carried, that if God had not otherwise disposed it, the whole Kingdom at that time ran a notable hazard of being absolutely destroyed. The City of Valencia (as I have told you) being in so miserable a condition, the Religious men, with other good and loyal people, went to petition the Marquis of Cenete (who then was in the Camp) to take upon him the Government of that distressed City. Which he did (like a noble man as he was). The people expressed so much contentment and comfort in his presence, that in all the Monasteries and Churches, they sung with great solemnity, the Te Deum laudamus, and all the b●lls rung out in testimony of an universal joie. The Marquis was a man of such courage and resolution, that when, throughout the whole City of Valencia, no body durst so much as name God, King or justice, he took divers of the rebellious disturbers and hanged them. So that they began to be afraid, and skulked in corners. Soon after having notice of a band of these Confederates, which were fled from Valencia, he marched out against them, and meeting them about Monviedro, he brought away their Colours, having routed and put them all to flight. Amongst divers great hazards which the Marquis ran of losing his life, by the insolence or treachery of these Confederates, one I shall give in particular; A monstrous disorderly multitude of these wretches being gathered together in Valencia, fell like a furious storm upon the Marquis his house, with huge clamorous out-cries and ●lashing of weapons, not understanding each other's mind, nor knowing what they would have. The Marquis hearing the nois, went down to quiet the tumult, being well provided and attended, but his Lady seeing him engaged amongst a throng of such vile respectless people, and fearing lest he should be murdered by them, took such a fright, that her weak Constitution being not able to resist the violence of that sudden apprehension, she presently expired. Vicente Periz Captain of the Rebels, with a numerous Army entrenched himself and planted his Cannon within sight of Valencia, where he remained some time: In his Camp he had a bell, at the sound whereof a numberless gang of thieus, such as his Army was composed of, ran out of the City to him: And had not the Marquis been very circumspect, without question they had suprised the City; but finding little probability of effecting their design upon Valencia, they marched towards Monviedro, thinking to make the Viceroy raise his siege thence, but within two days after Monviedro was surrendered to him (which was of no small importance) for thereby he had an open and free passage to receiv succour out of Castilia. The Marquis hearing that the Confederates were marched towards Monviedro with their Cannon, and having intelligence of their intentions, followed them (but with no considerable force) and meeting some of his own foot companies, which having been much galled by their Cannon and small shot, were retreating towards Valencia quite disheartened, he strove to encourage them as well as he could, representing to them the service of God and their King; but prevailing not with them, howëver he● advanced and set upon the enemy, crying aloud, Let the King live, and the Traitors die, and without fear of their muskets or Cannon, which played fiercely upon him, he charged into the midst of them, God (whose cause he fought) preserving him, and striking their base hearts with fear, insomuch that he had them all at his mercy. Yet his nobleness and generosity was such (though they deserved it not) that he commanded his men (who were very busy in killing) to forbear further execution, crying out, Let them not die, let them not die: having thus quite routed these Mutineers, he returned to Valencia with the spoil, and all their Artillery, where he was received with joy and tears. The Viceroy afterwards, being before Xativa, with intent to reduce it to the Emperor's subjection, the Rebels dealt so cunningly with some of his Soldiers (who sowed the same dissension in his Camp, as was within the Town) that by certain signs they understood each others intentions, and they agreed at one and the same time to fall upon the Loyal Party, and murder them; and having taken their Artillery, to storm Valencia, sack it, and kill all that were for the Emperor in it. This conspiracy was discovered, but there was no remedy to hinder it, neither in the Viceroy's Camp, nor in Valencia; for the Confederates were very numerous and the Loyal P●●sons but a small Party; The Marquis, at the entreaty of the honest people of Valencia, went to the Viceroy's Camp before Xativa, where he found more disorder than was reported, and the infection less curable than he imagined. The sign that these Conspirators had agreed upon, was, that in the night at a certain hour those of the Camp should cry out, Pay, Pay, Mutiny, Mutiny, and those within the City should answer, Pay, Pay, Mutiny, Mutiny. The Viceroy and the Gentlemen with him in the Camp, desired the Marquis to venture himself, and endeavour by going into the City, and reasoning with the people, to defer the execution of this horrid treason: Although it seemed an act of great timeritie (as indeed it was) for him to expose himself to the fury of a people so mutinous, and bend upon mischief, yet the Marquis valorously did as he was required: And it was miraculous, how his presence and fair deportment pacified the inhabitants minds, and brought them to submit to reason. The Adversaries being mad at the good success the Marquis had wrought within Xativa, conspired how Vicente Periz, their Captain might secretly convey himself into the City, and gathering as many of the people, as he could, together, apprehend the Marquis. This was effected, and Vicente Periz with a multitude of well armed men went to assault the Marquis, who being but slenderly provided, and weakly attended, and seeing a squadron of these thieus advance towards him, dissembled, and made as if he knew them not, ask them thus, Are you our friends? do you come to serve the King? To which they answered neither yea, nor no, but seemed to be daunted at the very sight of the Marquis. Hereupon with much seeming affection he spoke aloud, Nay then my boys, Viva el Rey; viva el Rey; which said, he fell upon them, and took away their Arms. Presently upon this the rest of the enemies discovered themselves, and began to fight, discharging their Crossbows and Musket-shots as thick as hail against the Marquis and his men, which the Marquis seeing, he cried with a loud voice, O you Traitors! now force is requisite; and flinging down his staff, he took a pike, and saying, God preserv the King, and let the Traitors die; he fell in amongst them, fight so desperately, that before his men could come to second him, he had made them turn their backs, but at last being overpowered and wounded in the left arm, he was taken prisoner, and carried by the people into the Castle, where at that time the Duke of Calabria was also prisoner, who received the Marquis with much honour. The Marquis was afterwards put into a Dungeon under St George's tower, where they kept him close prisoner some time, thinking thereby to make the Viceroy, his brother, condescend to what they listed: But at last he was released, and perceiving the Country to be infected beyond hope of remedy, he retired to his own house. Those of Valencia found a great miss of him, and seeing most of the people of the City become of the Confederacy, Vicente Periz having possessed himself of la Huerta, and other places thereabouts, the Iurates, and Chapter of the Church called el Asseu, sent to beseech him, that he would be pleased to condole the misery of that City, and be tender of the King's service. The Marquis was at Ayora, a town of his, & upon receipt of this message, he took his way towards Valencia. thursday 27 February, 1522, the Tyrant Vicente Perez, trusting to the multitude of his party within the City, took the boldness to enter into Valencia, with intention to plunder it, and kill all that should resist him, and having entrenched and fortified himself within the walls to that effect, it struck great terror into the loyal party. But the Marquis, well Armed, came to a large place, called la Placa del Asseu, and caused to be rung that bell, which they used to ring in Uproars, to the end all those of the loyal party might repair thither to him; where he stayed until noon, having used all fair means possible to pacify without bloodshed the advers party; but seeing nothing could avail, he took a view of his men, and what Arms they had; and finding his no competent force to encounter Vicente Periz, who had made himself very strong; he betook himself to his invention and policy, which succeeded so advantageously, that Vicente Periz came short of his design, all his men being dis-banded, and returned to their own dwellings. This was a happy day for Valencia, for if Periz his plot had taken, he had been absolute master of the whole City; and ever after, that day was called the thursday of Vicente Periz: Yet staying within the City he rallied again, and what with those of Valencia, what with the fresh supplies which were sent him from Xativa, and Algezira, by the disguised Prince Don juan, or juan de Vilvao, who went thither to that purpose: He was so strongly recruited, that he gave the Marquis Battle in the streets of Valencia, and had won the day undoubtedly, if the Marquis had not showed as much policy as resolution. In the Combat the Marquis pursuing Vicente Periz (who was glad to take his heels) was knocked down by a great pot full of earth, which a woman flung from the top of a house upon his head, which though it killed him not outright, did stun and bruis him very sore: He was presently taken up again by his servants, but his party supposing him to be dead, lost courage, and withal the advantage they had gained of the enem●e: which he perceiving, assoon as he was come again to himself, ran amongst them, saying, If the Marquis be dead, the King is alive. These words put new vigour into the hearts of his despairing men, who following the Marquis, gave a fresh charge to the Confederates, so hot, that they were glad to house themselves, which proved no Sanctuary, for there they were killed and taken, not being able to make resistance. Vicente Periz had his head presently struck off. This Victory quieted the City of Valencia, which was so infected with the poison of Rebellion, that in the very Cloisters and Monasteries, there was as much division and passion as elsewhere; insomuch that one part prayed God to favour the Confederates, the other to give the Cavaliers the Victory. The disguised Prince expected a quite contrary success, hoping by the death of the Marquis, and the routing of his party, to reign victoriously in Valencia; but God, 
juan de Vilvao, or the disguised Prince executed by the Marquis of C●nete in V●l●ncia.  who had otherwise decreed the Event, made him likewise fall into the hands of the Marquis the 19th of May, 1522, who commanded him to be hanged, drawn and quartered, and his head to be set upon the point of Lance. And thus that villainous head was crowned, who of an infamous Jew, and abominable Sorcerer, would have made himself King of Spain. After this grew several other Commotions in that Kingdom, but nothing near so dangerous; which I shall omit now to particularise, in regard I am called away by those of Castilia.   

SECT. XXXVI.  
THe Earl of Salvatierra, and other Mountaniers, infected the people of the Mountains of Burgos, as far as Alava and Vitoria, with other places of la Rioxa; and Burgos was very near revolting also. All which was opposed by the Lord High Constable, not because the Emperor commanded him so to do (for he received no orders from his Majesty to that effect till afterwards) but moved with the magnanimity of his own generous spirit, and the since of Loyalty, which was Hereditary to that noble family. I do not find that any of the Grandees of Castilia were very forward to break the ice in this undertaking, though afterwards, like honest men, they all set their helping hands. The Lord High Constable at first prudently feared the Event, and was loath to engage himself in so perilous an enterprise, hazarding no less than his life and whole estate, in endeavouring to oppose so many, especially without arms, money, or order from the Emperor. For the enemies were very many and powerful, no less than thirteen of the most considerable Cities of Castilia, with divers other Towns and Villages, being declared for the Commonalty; besides that many Gentlemen of quality & great estates (much animated against the Emperor and his Ministers) had involved themselves in the same Interest. It was an attempt of so much consideration and danger, that the other Grandees thought it the best way (seeing they were not able to do otherwise) to sit still and look on, and many of them advised the Lord High Constable to do the like. But his Lady Donia Maria de Tovar, only daughter and heir to Don Luis de Tovar, Marquis of Berlanga, being one of the discreetest and most magnanimous Ladies in all Spain of her time, was not of the opinion of those that gave her husband that Counsel; but she never ceased, representing to him the advancement of his majesty's service, and that for the good of the Kingdom, he ought to resist and suppress the exorbitances of the insulting Commoners, although he put himself to the hazard of losing both life and fortune, in regard he bore the Office of Lord High Constable, Captain General, and the second person of the Kingdom next his Majesty. The Duchess being at her own house at Haro, wrote to the Lord High Constable, her husband, this ensuing Letter, which is worthy to be Chronicled.  
The Dutchess' letter to the Lord high Constable.  
YOur Letter I received by Pedro de Velasco. And my opinion is, since his Majesty from the place where he is doth what he can, to give you his power and Revenue here, That you determine to preserv it. For if he lose his right, no wonder if you, and all those, that have done what they were obliged to do, be dispossessed of yours; But if you maintain his interest, you and his other Servants will be all secured. That which (in my judgement) your Lordship and the Lord Admiral are now to do, is to raise men and money with all possible expedition and try your fortunes. I write to Pedro de Melgosa to use all means and shifts, that may be, to procure you money. The greater the danger, more glorious is the attempt. Trust in our Lord God, for since herein you do both him and the King service, be confident he will be favourable, and give a blessing to your endeavours. So, because I intent to write more at large to you by the Treasurer, I rest, praying God to preserv your Lordship's most Illustrious person, with more tenderness than I wish to myself. From Haro this 19th of June, 1520.   
Finis Libri Tertii.   

THE CIVIL WARS OF SPAIN. THE FOURTH BOOK.  

SECT. I.  
THere is no Republic, or Change of Government whatsoëver so barbarous, as to be ignorant how important and necessary a Cement Concord is to make it long subsist. Wherefore those of the junta dreading (and not without cause) the dange● wherein they stood, desired the City of Valladolid to agree and be all of one heart: for the high consequence of the matter wherein they were engaged, did require it, promising them that within few days they should see the Ordinances, which with incessant labour and watching, the Holy junta had agreed to publish and disperse through the whole Kingdom, whereby they hoped to make that Republic flourish, as one of the most happy and best governed in the whole world. The people were big with glorious hopes of enjoying a second golden Age; and those of the junta were so well pleased with the thanks and applaus of the People, that their Ordinances being finished; they resolved to send them to the Emperor, by two Gentlemen and a Friar, not doubting but therefore his Majesty would confer some honourable dignities upon them. But what these were, I will not mention, only I may say, that he was so incensed at their message, that they held it a great mercy they escaped with their lives. They wrote moreover a kind of requisitorie letter for the Cities and Towns where their Ambassadors were to pass, and therein they enclosed their Letters to the Emperor, with the Articles and Ordinances, which in the name of the Kingdom, they desired his Majesty to confirm; and though already I have declared the substance thereof, I will set them down in the same form they sent them; that the curious and patient may read and see the pretensions of the Commonalties, and what the Kingdom demanded. Let every one judge what reason they had, for my own part, I will neither excuse nor condemn them, but only relate faithfully the truth, which is as much as can be required of me, considering my office. In their Letters to the Emperor, they give his Majesty an account of all the troubles and insurrections of the Kingdom, which they told him, proceeded from the evil Counsel which his Majesty entertained about his Royal Person, who, for their disordinate Covetousness, private passions and interests, besides other sinister ends (they said) might more properly be styled the Deceivers, Cheaters, and Enemies of his majesty's Kingdoms, and the public good thereof, than Counsellors, such as they ought to be. For they were the occasion that the Kingdom of Castilia, which abounded in riches, and all other things that could be required of the most opulent and flourishing Kingdoms of the World, was now beecom the poorest and most miserable of all the neighbouring Kingdoms: Which did not only concern the public, but was also particularly prejudicial to his majesty's Royal Patrimony, and which was insufferable, That the desolation of his majesty's Kingdoms, and the exhausting of his treasure, to his own exceeding inconvenience, and the ruin of his subjects, was to no other purpose, then to enrich his evil Counsellors, and divers other persons strangers, who bore no affection to his Majesty, nor had any zeal to advance his service, or the public good, but to build their own fortunes. Next they complained that the Commissioners of several Cities (who desired his Majesty in the name of the Kingdom, at Santjago and the Groin, not to demand any Subsidies) were by his Counsel sentenced rather worthy of punishment than audience, and order given, that they should not be admitted to sit in Parliament, but be confined and banished, some of them to the remotest parts of the Kingdom. That since his majesty's departure out of the Kingdom, the Cardinal, with the Precedent, and rest of the Council, had given Commissions to Antonio de Fonseca, and the Alcalde Ronquillo, to sack and make desolate the City of Segovia, notwithstanding they sent to excuse and submit themselves to the Council, and that because of their so rigorous proceeding, they sent to Toledo, and other Cities, for assistance, who before they raised any forces to succour them, desired the Cardinal and Council by way of Petition to deal more favourably with those of Segovia, but receiving no satisfactory answer, they sent an Army into the field. They aggravated the cruelty of Antonio de Fonseca in burning Medina, whereby the Town was endamaged above two millions of Ducats, and which occasioned the rising of divers other places. They declared how the Queen had commanded the junta to remove from Avila to Tordesillas. That they had undertaken the care of the Queen's person, and put the Marquis of Denia and his Lady from her, holding them destructive to the advancement of the public good. They alleged reasons for dissolving the Council, which his Majesty had settled before his departure. And why they paid their Army out of his Majesty's Revenues. At last they desired his Majesty would be pleased to grant and confirm all those Articles, which their Ambassadors should present him from the Kingdom, the intent and scope of them being merely for his good, and the peaceable Government, by regulating and repairing the miseries and great damages that had been occasioned through the evil Counsel of those, which thitherto had abused and misled his Majest●e; urging moreover, that for the benefit of the Public, and the improving of his Royal Patrimony, it was necessary and expedient, that until such time as his Majesty should appoint other persons of better temper, and uprighter intentions to reside in his High Council than the former were, his Majesty should give power to those Cities and Towns, which had Vote in Parliament, to provide and see to the Administration of Justice, and other things wherein those of his Council ought to have been more circumspect and moderate. And also, that he would revoke the Commissions and Authority which he had sent to the, then ruling, Governors, because they were men whom the Kingdom could not endure. Besides this letter to the Emperor, they sent another to those of the City where he than was, desiring them to join with them in supplication to his Majesty, and procure his consent and approbation of all the Kingdom's desires, in regard they tended to his majesty's service, the public good of the Kingdom, the increasing of his Royal Patrimony, and were exceedingly conducing to a peaceable and quiet government. Dated from Tordesillas the 20th of October, 1520. Under the the Letter was written, I, Lope de Pallares, Secretary of the Parliament and junta of the Kingdom, caused this to be written by their Command.   

SECT▪ II.  
ARTICLES Of The KINGDOM.  
DON CARLOS and DONIA JUANA, etc. To our Infants, wellbeloved Children, Brothers and Dukes, Greeting. Know ye, that for the remedying and repairing the great damages and exorbitancies, which have been and are in our Kingdoms of Castilia and Leon, by reason of the former evil Counsel and Government of our said Kingdoms, The Commissioners or Procuradores of those Cities and Towns that have Vote in Parliament, are assembled as becometh our Loyal Subjects and Servants, with zeal to our service and the public good of our Kingdoms, fulfilling that which the Laws of our Kingdoms oblige them to do; And by special Command from us, the Queen, are come to Tordesillas, to take care and provide for the reparation and remedy of the said damages and exorbitancies; To which effect they have made and ordained certain Articles, which are conducing and expedient for our service, the good Government of the Kingdom, and the increasing of the Revenue and Partrimonie Royal. The Tenor whereof is as followeth:  

MOST HIGH AND MIGHTY CATHOLIC PRINCES, QUEEN AND KING OUR SOVEREIGNS, That which the Cities, Towns, Villages, Commonalties, and Natives of your Kingdom of Castilia and Leon, do desires your Majesties will be pleased to grant for a perpetual Law, is here ensuing: That which concerns his MAJESTY'S ROYAL PERSON.  
FIrst, These Kingdoms humbly supplicate your Majesty will be pleased speedily to return into these Kingdoms, and being come, to remain ruling and governing them. For staying here your Majesty may give Laws and Command over the whole World, as your Predecessors have done: And nothing of all that which they desire of your Majesty will be so pleasing to these Kingdoms (although you should grant them much more, for they hope your Majesty will condescend to all these things) than your speedy coming to them. For it is not the custom of Castilia, to be without their King, neither can they b●e governed by others in peace and quiet, which is very necessary for your Royal service.  
Item, These Kingdoms humbly beseech your Majesty at your return, to be pleased to marry, it being necessary for the universal good of these Kingdoms, that there should be some issue to succeed your Royal Person, as they desire, your majesty's age now requiring it. And that you would be pleased to take a wife according to the Vote and good l●king of these your Kingdoms, for so she shall be of some Country in amity with them, as is most convenient for your service and the contentment of your Royal Person.   

That which concerns the Royal Family.  
THat our Lady and Sovereign the Queen's Royal house be put in such order and estate, as is becoming her Royal Person, and the honour of these Kingdoms. That the Officers about her be persons of quality. That her house be sufficiently provided of all thing befitting her dignity, for so her Highness' will be well pleased with these Kingdoms, and they obliged.  
Item, That his Majesty would be pleased at his return into these Kingdoms, to bring neither Flemings, French, nor other strangers whatsoëver, to bear any Office in his Royal Family. But that he would confer all such Offices upon Natives of these Kingdoms, there being multitudes of able and sufficient persons, who will serve his Majesty with much affection and loyalty, and that his heirs and successors for ever should continue the like order.  
Item, That neither his Majesty, nor his successors, bring in, or entertain any foreign soldiers for the guard of their Persons or defence of their Kingdoms, in regard there are warlike and courageous men enough amongst the Natives, not only to defend their own Country, but to conquer others, as they had done heretofore.  
Item, That his Majesty being in these Kingdoms, and having none but Natives about him, would be pleased to order his Family in all respects as Don Fernando, his grandfather, and Donia Isabel his Queen, and the rest of the Catholic King's, his Progenitors of glorious memory, had done before him. For in so doing he would save a number of unnecessary expenses which were made in his table and household; and this would palpably appear, for his Majesty will find that in the dishes for his own table, and those that are made for the favourites and great persons of his family, is daily spent one hundred and fifty thousand Maravediz, and that the table-expences of Don Fernando the King and Donia Isabel (who were excellent and powerful Princes) besides the Prince Don john (whom God receiv in his glory) and the Infants, with a multitude of attendants, amounted to no more than twelv or fifteen thousand Maravediz, per diem. And hence proceeds his majesty's wants, and the impoverishing of the People and Commonalties, by subsidies and other taxes imposed upon them.  
Item, In regard it hath been, and is a very excessive charge, to allow wages to such as are not domesticks, That hence-fo●wards there be no Salaries given to any Courtier's wives, or children, or any other persons whatsoëver, no● in immediate service, or shortly to be entertained and admitted. But if any man should die in his majesty's service, in satisfaction or equivalence thereof, he might allow a pension or stipend to the wife or children of the deceased, although they be not of age to seru.  
Item, In regard after the most illustrious Queen, our Lady Donia Isabel his majesty's Grandmother, was taken with the sickness, whereof she died, divers superfluous offices were crept into the Royal Family, which never were before, That whosoëver enjoyed any such office or offices, might forthwith be discarded, and be allowed no Salary: And all such superfluous expenses be employed for necessary uses, more conducing to his majesty's service.  
Item, That in his majesty's household no Grandee might have any office concerning the Revenue or Royal Patrimony, and if any enjoy any such office at present, that it may be taken from them. For this is very inconvenient, and may greatly impair the said Patrimony and Royal Revenue.  
Item, That during his majesty's absence from these Kingdoms his household officers, and other persons, who have relation or attendance upon his Majesty, be paid out of the Royal Revenue.   

Concerning GOVERNORS.  
THat, In regard in his majesty's absence it is requisite to have one or more Governors in the Kingdom, such Governor or Governors might be Natives of the Kingdoms of Castilia and Leon, appointed and chosen with consent of the Kingdoms, and that with their being Natives may concur the other qualities, which by the Law established by the King Don Alonso, called, Ley de La Partida, is required. That the said Law may be observed and fulfilled to perpetuity; As also the Order of Election and Provision, with the Conditions which dispose in what case a Governor or Governors are to be chosen, as in respect of minority, absence, or whatsoëver other occasion.  
Item, that the Provisions, Orders or Commissions which his Majesty had given in those Kingdoms, contrary to the above specified form, might be declared void, and that he would command those and every of those Governors, whom he had authorized, to forbear the execution of that office.  
Item, that the Governor or Governors, being constituted in the abovesaid manner and form, may be invested with power to confer dignities, offices, administration of Justice, and to redress grievances: And this not only in the Kingdoms of Castilia, but also in the Isles and firm land already discovered, or to be discovered, and that they provide them within ten days. That they may present Dignities and places Vacant, and do as much therein, as the King himself in person, but not give any gift or gratuity out of the Royal Patrimony, nor any t●ing thereunto belonging.   

Concerning BILLETS.  
THe lodging by Billets (which is practised no where neither amongst Infidels nor Christians, but in this Kingdom) being a thing most exorbitant, and whence have proceeded and do proceed inconveniences and damages so excessive, that a small volume cannot contain them, and his majesty's subjects suffer thereby not a little, aswell in their honours and lives, as in their estates, That for ever henceforth they may be freed from so abominable and prejudicial a servitude. And that in these Kingdoms no such Billets be given in any kind, neither by the King's themselves, nor any Lords, Noblemen or Prelates whatsoëver, and in case any should be given, That the People may not be obliged to accept of them, unless with their own contents, they paying for their lodgings, as shall be agreed upon with the owners or inhabitants of the houses, whither such Billets shall be brought or directed. But in his majesty's progresses, That lodging and linen should be allowed Gratìs for those of his household and Court, so that he exceed not the term of six days in one place, which expired, they should pay for their lodging according to the ordinary rate and custom. Likewise, That the Soldiers of the Guard should have free quarter after the usual manner.  
Item, That their majesty's the King's, Princes, and Infants, his predecessors, had given and allotted convenient lodgings for their Royal Persons and Family, and to the number of seventy, but no more, for the officers which were of necessity to be near the Palace were appointed in the same City, or Town where the Court was, and in such houses as the Council, justice and Regidores of the said place should find convenient and suitable to the conditions and quality of the persons to be lodged, and the said seventy lodgings to be paid according as the said Council, justice and Regidores should rate or tax them. And that for payment hereof, all the Cities, Towns, Villages, or Burrougsh should contribute without exemption, according to the cessment made by the said Council, justice and Regidores, without troubling or ask leave of his Majesty, insomuch that under colour thereof, there should be no more cessed or gathered, than what the rent of the said lodgings would amount to, under penalty of the Law.  
Item, That these lodgings which are allowed for his majesty's family, are not intended for those of the Council, for the Alcaldes of his house and Court, nor the Alguaziles, or other Judges or Officers whatsoëver, nor the High Treasurers, or any such like, for these are to pay for their lodgings, by the order and form before mentioned.  
Item, That his Majesty, or the Kings or Princes his Successors, might not give any Billets in general or particular, or other Command whatsoëver, that the Inhabitants of such Cities, Towns, or Villages should furnish lodgings, contrary to their own wills and consents: And that in case any such Billet general, or particular, by way of entreaty or command, should be given, it might be received with respect, but not fulfilled, neither the Owners or Inhabitants of the said houses be obliged to accommodate the bearers thereof.   

Concerning Customs, Taxes, the Revenues Royal, Pole-monie, and Fee farms.  
THat the Customs and Thirds which belong to the Crown, may be reduced to the same number and quantity as they were instituted by the Catholic King Don Fernando and Donia Isabel, Anno 1494. That at the same rates and value all the Cities, Towns, Villages, with their several Lordships and Leases of Abbie-lands, may remain taxed for ever, and no higher: for they may not be raised nor abated at any time, since such was the pleasure of the most Illustrious Queen Donia Isabel, our Lady and Sovereign, as appears by her last Will and Testament. And it is better for the augment of the Royal Revenue, as well as the good of the kingdom; for there was more gold and silver brought to his majesty's Exchequer by the simple Penie-rents, then by these racking enhancements, considering the breaches and failings which have been, and are amongst those that farm the Subsidies, neither is that burdensome to the kingdom.  
Item, That the people may take in the said perpetual Tax, the said Customs and Thirds, and be obliged to rend the Situadoes that there was upon the said Customs and Thirds, restoring to their Majesties the overplus, having paid the Situadoes and rights at the accustomed places and summons▪ By this means their majesty's servants and retainers would be duly paid, 
Librancas, are assignments of money.  and all those bribes and selling of Librancas would be saved, neither would there be any need of so many Officers; & their Majesties might spare great sums of money, much wages, and a multitude of discharges, or bills of receipt, which were given to Officers more than needed.  
Item, That the Queen and King, our Sovereigns, and their Successors in these kingdoms, be contented for ever to have and raise their Customs, by and according to the forementioned imposition, and no otherwise, in regard so they are certain, and not variable, neither will there be any thing diminished of the Revenue, there still accrueing to the Crown other profitable rights, as Fines, Confiscations of goods, the Salt-pit-rents, 
P●ertos seco●, are Customs paid at the going▪ in or cut of every several Kingdom in Spain by Land.  the Mountain-Tributes, Subsidies, Customerships, and Puertos secos, besides currant money, taxes, and ordinary payments of the kingdom, with the rents of Maestrazgos. And that which comes from the Indies, Isles and Firm-land amounts to so great a sum, 
Maestrazgos, are the places of the Masters of the orders of Knighthood in Spain.  that thereby his Majesty may sufficiently maintain his state, without pressing the Kingdom in Parliament, and out of Parliament, to grant any other extraordinary Subsidies, whereby the people is much aggrieved, and their Royal Consciences can be no less burdened with the oppression and great damages of these kingdoms.  
Item, That all the Inhabitants of the Cities, Towns, Villages, Burroughs and Lordships, may enjoie the said perpetual taxes in general, that none amongst them may rend or farm any particular part thereof at a higher rate than the said taxes, nor ●hat any more sesments be made amongst the Inhabitants of the said places, then what shall be necessary for the recovering and gathering of the said taxes.  
Item, that every City or Town that is chief of the County, do cause a Chest to be set in some secure place, wherein they may put or gather the Royal Revenue, and that they see to and provide, that which shall be necessary for the estate of the Kingdom; And chiefly to have a care that the Queen, our Sovereign lady's family, be maintained and furnished with all things suitable to the Dignity of her Royal Person, and the honour of the Kingdoms, next, to pay the Searchers, Counsels and Chanceries, with other ordinary offices of the Kingdom, and being paid, that it remain stated in the offices of the Puertos Secos, mountain-Tributes, and Customerships, and (in case any be wanting) in the house of the Contratation of Sevilla; And the remainder of the Revenue and Royal Patrimony to be kept in the treasure, and delivered to his Majesty, when it shall pleas God that he return into this Kingdom, or to supply his necessities, and those of the Kingdom, if any real and urgent occasion doth require it.  
Item, That the residue, or any thing that is unpaied of the Revenue, after ten years, may not be farmed or recovered. For by recovering debts of so long standing, may arise great extorsions and grievances on the Natives of the Kingdom, or their sureties, children and heirs, who after so many years can not, perchance, produce the discharges and acquittances that had been given.   

Concerning Commissioners or Burgesses of Parliament, Subsidies.  
THat the Subsidy granted to his Majesty by some Commissioners at the Parliament in the City of the Groin, be neither demanded nor received, nor any other imposed hereafter; Nor that any other impositions, or tributes, extraordinary be laid upon the Kingdom by their Majesties, or any of their Successors.  
Item, That when any Burgesses or Commissioners are to be sent to Parliament, the Custom of each City is to be observed in the state of the Regimiento; moreover, one is to be sent from the Chapter or Clergy, another from the state of the Gentry, a third from the State of the Commonalty, and every State to elect and nominate their Commissioner severally in a distinct assembly; Which Commissioners are to be paid by their own City or Town, except the Commissioner of the Clergy, who is to be maintained by the Chapter.  
Item, When any Parliament is called, and the Cities and Towns, which have Vote, be summoned to send their Commissioners, That their Majesties, or any their Successors, in these Kingdoms, send not to the said Commissioners any Power, Instruction, or Command, in what manner and form their Powers are to be granted, nor appoint or nominate any particular persons to be Commissioners: But that such City or Towns may have free liberty to grant Powers according to their own sense, and to such persons, as they shall think most convenient for the good of their Republic.  
Item, Wheresoëver the Parliament be assembled, That the Commissioners may have the freedom to meet, confer and discourse with one another, as often as they shall think good, and that no Precedent be ordered to come amongst them▪ for that would hinder them from attending to those things, which particularly concern the Cities, and the good of the Republic, which they represent.  
Item, that during the time of the Commissioners being at Parliament, nor before or after their return to their house's, as having been, or being Commissioners in the said Parliament, they may not receiv directly or indirectly, under what colour or pretence soêver, any present or gratuity from their Majesties, or their Successors, in these kingdoms, of what value or quality soëver, neither for themselves, their wives, children or kindred, under pain of death, and confiscation of goods: which goods may be employed for the public reparations of the City or Town, whereof any such Delinquent was Commissioner. For they being free from Covetousness, and without hopes of receiving any bribes in that nature, will be more attentive and zealous for the service of God, the King, and the public, and more careful to perform what was encharged them by their Towns and Cities.  
Item, that the Commissioners may only have the bare stipend, which shall be allowed them by their Cities or Towns, and that the said stipend or Salary be competent, according to the condition and quality of the person, and the place from whence he is employed as Commissioner; And that this Salary be paid out of the proper Inhabitants Revenue of each Town, or City, that doth send the said Commissioner, according as they shall be taxed by the Council, justice, and Regidores of the said place.  
Item, that the said Commissioners may choos and entertain one or more Lawyers being at Parliament, as they see occasion, to whom the Cities or Towns are to pay a competent Salary, but may change them as often as they pleas. And that the said Lawyer may not demand or receiv any gratuity from their Majesties, or other person, in their names (as is above instructed and ordered for the Commissioners) neither may any Lawyer at all be entertained by the Commissioners, but with the good liking and consent of the Kingdom.  
Item, that their Majesties would revoke and declare to be void all gratuities of what quality so●ver, which were given to the Commissioners of the last Parliament, held in the Kingdom of Galicia, and that neither they, nor their wives, children, heirs or Successors, may injoie any part or parcel thereof, under penalty of losing their goods, for the public reparations of the City, or Town, whereof they were Commissioners.  
Item, that thenceforwards to perpetuity, the Cities and Towns, that have Vote in Parliament, may meet and assemble every three years by their Commissioners, who are to be chosen out of the three States (as is aforesaid). And that it may be done in the absence, and without licence from their Majesties, or the succeeding Kings; to the end, that being so assembled, they may procure and see, that the Contents of these Articles be punctually observed; and that they may discourse of, and provide other things which may be expedient for the service of the Royal Crown, and the public good of the Kingdoms.  
Item, that the said Parliament being ended, the said Commissioners may be obliged within forty days, to return to their Cities, or Towns, and give an account of what they had done in the said Parliament, under pain of losing their Salary, and being deprived of their Office, which their Majesties might dispose as vacant.   

Concerning Coin.  
THat no money be transported out of these Kingdoms, either Gold or ●ilver, coined or to be coined: Since it is forbidden by the Laws of the Kingdom, under pain of death, confiscation of goods, and other Penalties. For the contrary having been done, especially since his majesty's coming into these Kingdoms, the Country is impoverished and destroyed.  
Item, That forthwith money be coined in these Kingdoms, of a different rate and value, then that of the neighbouring Countries, and that it be of a base alloy two Carats under the rate of the finest Gold, which may countervail in weight and value the Crowns of Gold that are made in France; By which means it will not be carried out of the Kingdom. Always provided, that whosoëver should be indebted any quantity of Maravediz, before the time of publication of the new coined money, might be obliged to make payment in the coin, which was then currant, or to make up the value thereof in money of the later stamp.   

Silver Coined.  
THat a mark of Silver out of the Mint may be of the just value of two thousand two hundred and fifty Maravediz, and no more.   

Copper Money.  
THat new copper money may be coined, and in regard too much Silver mixed with it is but lost, into every Mark should be cast only the quantity of one of the new Rials.  
Item, That the money of Silver mixed and Copper, which is made in other Countries, is much less worth than it passeth for in this Kingdom, and the profit and gain thereof remaineth in foreign Nations, who carry away our Gold for their base money. That six months being expired after the coining of the said new money, public proclamation might be made to prohibit the taking or receiving any of the said foreign mixed S●lver and Copper money.  
Item, That the old money which is now currant, in no wise may be made away, given, or sold out of the Mint-hous, directly or indirectly, at any higher rate than now it goes, under penalty that whosoëver shall be defective herein, may lose his money and third part of his estate, to the end that it may be all coined, to make new money.  
Item, In regard before the new money be all coined, and especially in the beginning, those who make a trade of transporting money out of the Kingdom, may endeavour, and be apt to convey much away, That new searchers may be placed in all Ports, by Sea and Land, and such as may apply their whole care and diligence to the well executing of this particular, and nothing else, provided, they be persons of trust. And that whosoêver shall be found guilty of this fact, may be punished and condemned to death (if convinced) without any further process, That there may be no reclaiming or remission of this penalty and punishment, but if those who are incharged therewith, be slack or negligent in the execution of their office, that they may suffer the same punishment. And to the end this may be the better effected, that whosoever shall declare, or discover it, may have the one half or moiety of the money so seized.   

Transportation of Corn, Leather, Sheep, and Wools.  
THat no Corn, or the Leather of Sevilla, may be transported out of the Kingdom. That the Mercedes, or gratuities and taxes (which were given and imposed in some parts of these Kingdoms) of levying certain duties, for giving licence to transport Corn out of the said Kingdoms, and Leather from the City of Sevilla, may be revoked, and declared to be void. For besides, that the said taxes be unlawful, they are very hurtful and prejudicial to these Kingdoms, and the City of Sevilla. And that their Majesties may never hereafter give the said licence for money, or for any imposition.  
Item, That henceforwards no sheep or hogs alive or dead, or any other cattle may be transported out of the Kingdoms. For this hath been the cause that flesh, leather and tallow are raised to above double the price of what they were wont to yield, and if the said cattle be not carried a way, these commodities will return to the same rate they were at formerly, which will be a great benefit to the Kingdoms. And if any be found a delinquent herein, That the one half of his goods and estate may be confiscate to their Majesties, one fourth part given to the accuser, and the other fourth part employed for reparations and public uses of the City, or Town, whereof he was Inhabitant.  
Item, That the Merchants, Clothiers, and other trades of the Kingdoms, may take to work and spend therein one half of all wools, bought by Natives, or Strangers, to send out of the Kingdoms, paying the same price, as they had done, for them; if they had given ready money: And if they had taken them upon trust, giving security to pay at a certain day, that the Merchants, and others, might have them upon the same conditions, giving the like security. And that the Officers of Justice may take the said Wools from the Shepherds, or buyers, and deliver them to such persons (as is beforementioned) not suffering any fraud or contention to arise hereupon, but the truth being known, speedily to deliver them to the said Merchants, and others, to be wrought in these Kingdoms, paying in ready money, or giving the said security; And in case any Officer neglect his duty herein, that he may lose one whole years Salary, and be obliged to make good the damage and interest of the Party.   

Concerning the Council, Courts, and justices.  
THat his Majesty would be pleased to dismiss those of the Council, whom hitherto he hath kept, in regard they have advised him to the great prejudice of his majesty's Royal Crown, and the excessive damage of the Kingdoms. That they never be admitted to be of his Privy Council, the Queen's Council, or Council of Justice. That their Majesties would select some of the Natives of those Kingdoms to be of their Royal Councils, who were known to be loyal and zealous for their service, and which would set aside their particular interests for the people's good.  
Item, that the Precedent, Council, Judges, Alcaldes, and Officers of the Courts and Chanceries may be visited every four years, according to the usual manner. That those who are found faulty, may be punished, as the Laws of the Kingdom have ordered, according to the heinousness of their crime: and those who are found otherwise, may be acknowledged to be good men, and rewarded by his Majesty.  
Item, that the said Offices, aswel of the Council, as of his majesty's family, Chanceries, and other Courts, be not given by favour, or procured by the Petitions, or importunate solicitations, of any Grandees, or other persons, near about his Majesty, but that they may be bestowed upon able and deserving men: and that the provision may be to Offices, not to the Persons, that enjoie them. And if any shall have, or procure them, contrary to the tenor hereof, the kingdom may not acknowledge such as Officers, but that they may be disabled to keep or execute any the aforesaid, or other public Offices.  
Item, that the said Offices of the Council Royal, Alcaldes the Corte, Chanceries, or other Courts, may not be provided or possessed by such as come but newly from their Studies, but by persons ●ndued with qualities, and parts necessary and fit for his Majesty's service, having been experienced and practised in the exercise of the Office of Counsellors at Law and Judges, for the contrary having been done hitherto, hath been the occasion of great inconveniences and damages to these Kingdoms.  
Item, that the Judges of the Council Royal, Chanceries, and other Courts, which Voted in the first sentences, may not Vote nor sentence any processes upon review: but pass the View and Votes of such Suits by order to the Judges of another Court, as is usual in Suits, which by reason of disco●d, are remitted from one Court to another, for of the sentences pronounced by those of the Council, and Judges of the said Courts, being reviewed by them, have proceeded and do proceed great inconveniencies. For they show themselves very passionate and desirous to confirm their sentences, defending them as if they were Advocates for the party in whose favour they formerly had given sentence. 
Writs of error.  And that all Suits may be determined by two Courts, without any inconvenience, that that those Writs may be useless, which, they that are in Suit, procure in like cases to make their Suits pass through all Courts.  
Item, That his Majesty provide and appoint a Superintendent to be constant and resident in every one of the Courts and Chanceries, as was accustomed in the time of the Catholic Queen Donia Isabel our Lady, and that they be persons of Authority and good intention, who may provide that the ordinances be observed, and see that the suits be conformable thereunto; That Clients applying themselves to them, may find redress and help for their grievances, and that his Majesty may be informed by them of the State of his Courts, and of the justice administered in them.  
Item, That the said offices of the Council, Chancery and Alcaldias, be not perpetual, in regard it is so expedient for his majesty's service, and the good of the Kingdoms. That the Judges and Alcaldes, may not hold themselves Lords of those offices, nor think it to be an injury to them to be displaced, and others appointed to officiate.   

Concerning the Council and Courts.  
THat the offices of the privy Council, in what concerns the Kingdoms of Castilia and Leon, and judges, his majesty's Alcaldes de la casa e Corte, Chanceries, and all other offices of justice, may not be given to any strangers, but to the inhabitants and natives of the said Kingdoms; And that for this respect no act or letters patents of naturalisation may be given, and if any should be given, that they may be respectively received, but not fulfilled. That the number of the judges of the Council of justice may be twelve, neither more nor less, and those to be of such qualities and parts as the Laws of the Kingdom do require.  
Item, That Suits be determined in the Council and Chancery in their order, and as they stand registered, and by the Courts where they are depending without joining of any others to them. That concerning this particular, his Majesty may give no writs in derogation of ordinances. Also that those which were to be pleaded, and determined in Chancery, be not kept still nor removed by writ's to the Council. And that those judges that can take recognizance of Suits, and causes, may not be put by from hearing and determining the said Suits by writ or order from his Majesty. And in case the judges be suspected, the Parties may have the remedy of appeal. Or if his Majesty have given any such writs, that he revoke and annul them. That henceforwards it may remain as a perpetual and inviolable Law, that the Judges of the Council and Chancery, present or to come, may not obey the said writs, under pain of being deprived of their offices, and paying one hundred thousand Maravediz each, for his majesty's exchequer. And that the same may be observed in the writs which shall be given by his Secretary, the Suits depending.  
Item, That those of the Council, Judges of Courts and Chancery, and Alcaldes de Corte, may not possess or hold more than one office. And in case they should have two, or more, that they may be taken from them, and that they may receiv Salary for no more than one office.  
Item, that matters of Justice which may be prejudicial to the parties henceforwards, may be determined and dispatched by those of the Council, and not by the privy Chamber, for by this means, things will be carried according to Justice, and without grievances.  
Item, that the Secretaries appointed for the Chamber, may not have Vote in the Council of Justice, concerning those matters which depend on private Writs or Mandamus from their Majesties; to the end they may not defend in the Council any Writs which they had so signed, whereby the parties might be aggrieved.  
Item, that the said Secretaries appointed for the Chamber, may not receiv any thing besides the Salary, which his Majesty is pleased to allow them, it being competent. For by experience it hath been seen they have demanded and adjudged divers unjust things concerning the taxes and impositions of the Kingdom. And they keep intelligencers through the whole Kingdom, to give them notice of what is vacant, and how they may charge new taxes and impositions. And this Office being in their own hands, they may ask what they list, and it is granted them. But in case the said Secretaries, or any of them, should demand any thing for themselves, their children or friends, that for so doing, they may lose their Offices, and not only be disabled to execute the said Offices, but all others whatsoëver.  
Item, that the diffinitive sentences pronounced by the Alcaldes de casa e Corte, and Chanceries, in case of death, or mutilation of members, may have the liberty of appeal to those of the Council and Judges of the Courts Royal. And that t●e said Alcaldes may be obliged to grant the said appeals and supplications according to Law.  
Item, that the said Alcaldes de casa e Corte, and Chancery, or their Notaries, may not exact or receiv either more or less duties or fees then the ordinary Alcaldes of the Corregidores of Cities and Towns in this Kingdom, where there is Counsel and Chancery.  
Item, that the Alcaldes and other Officers of the Court called the Hermandad (which is properly for High-way-men) may have a constant place of Residence, when they leave their Office, which those that succeed them may enjoie; and that these may have power to question and execute their sentence against the said Judges and Officers, their Predecessors.  
Item, that the Corregidores, Alcaldes, Officers of Cities, Towns, Villages, Burroughs, and other places of Justice in these Kingdoms, may not be continued in the said Offices above the space of one year after their donomination, although the Cities, Towns, and Commonalties should desire it; for the said Offices having been continued for longer time, hath occasioned many inconveniencies and defects of Justice to such Cities and Towns.  
Item, that henceforwards no Corregidores may be provided or appointed for any Cities or Towns of these Kingdoms, but when the said Cities or Towns shall require it, in regard it is so ordained by the Laws of the Land. And that the said Cities and Towns may place and provide their ordinary. Alcaldes, being men of abilities, that so the Salaries of Corregidores, their Lieutenants and other Officers may be saved. That the Cities and Towns may appoint and allow moderate and reasonable Salaries to the said ordinary Alcaldes out of the public stock. And that the said stipendary Judges may be tied to serve only that Town or City which giveth them the Salary.  
Item, that in cases wherein a Judge Inquisitor is required, those that are appointed for Judges Inquisitors may go with the limited Salary at the charge of the King's Exchequer, and not at the charge of the Delinquents, for to recover their Salaries, they make Innocent men Delinquents; and after that the said Salaries and charges be recovered of those who were condemned and declared guilty by those of the Council, or other Judges, the said Examinations may be reviewed by way of Appeal, Commission, or otherwise.  
Item, that henceforwards no Corregidor, or other Judge of what quality soëver, may be allowed to receiv his Salary, or any part thereof, or by way of Ayuda de costa (which is to help bear his charge) out of any fines or forfeitures adjudged by them, but may return them to the Exchequer, to the end he may not be thought to have pronounced an unjust sentence, out of covetousness thereof. And that whosoëver shall receiv any money in that kind, may be condemned to pay four times as much into his majesty's Exchequer, and be made incapable of any Office ever after.   

Concerning Encomiendas, or promotions to Dignities, and Council of the Orders.  
THat those of the Council of the Orders, as Precedents, Judges, and other Officers be visited in the same manner as is ordered for the Council Royal.  
Item, that the Treasurers and Officers of the Orders, and Maestrazgos, or Mastership's, make their Visitations from three to three years, that it may appear how they behave themselves in their Offices, and those that shall be found guilty may suffer punishment.  
Item, that the Encomiendas of the Military Orders of Santjago, Calatrava, Alcantara, may not be given or conferred upon any Strangers, although they be naturalised. But that herein may be observed the same rule as in Ecclesiastical Offices, Dignities, and Benefices, whereby they may be provided according as is constituted and ordained in the Statutes of the Order.   

Concerning Bulls, Cruzadas, and Compositiones.  
THat no Bulls, Cruzadas, or Compositions, of what quality soëver be suffered to be preached in these Kingdoms, unless upon some real and urgent occasion, debated and approved in Parliament. That the money which shall be rai●ed thereby, may be deposited in the Collegial or Cathedral Church of the Bishopric, and not to be taken out thence, spent or employed otherwise, then in the same urgent occasion, for which the Bull was granted.  
Item, That in case there be such necessity of preaching the Bulls, Cruzadas, and Compositiones, as above said, this manner and order may be observed. That there be care had to choos honest men, of good consciences, and learned, that they may know and understand what they preach. That they exceed not in their preaching the cases and things contained in the Bulls. That they preach in none but the Collegial, or Cathedral Churches. That in places where there are no Collegial or Cathedral Churches, the Bulls may be sent to the Curates or their Vicars, to the end they may divulge and publish them to their Parishioners; That they advise and admonish the people, but impose no Penalty, if they take them not, and that they might receiv them if they would. That there may be no such exorbitance, as was usual heretofore, enjoining the people to come, and detaining them perforce in their Sermons, not suffering them to follow their callings and occupations, unless they took their Bulls, and other such ill demeanours.  
Item, That whatsoëver was to be recovered and gathered by virtue of the Bulls thus received, may not be recovered by way of excommunication or interdict, but by demanding it before the secular Justice of the City, Town, or Village, where the Bull had been received. That the Alcaldes of the Villages may have power herein, for the contrary, having been done, hath much endangered the Souls of laboring-men, Priests, and other persons, and the people suffer very many and great oppressions in this manner of recovering it.  
Item, That henceforwards for ever the Commissaries of the Cruzadas and Compositiones may not levy or recover any thing of that which some Cities, Towns, Villages, and Corporations have expended in their own houses in feasting, Bull-baitings, or acts of Charity, although they do it from an ancient custom, by vow, or what other way soëver they can pretend.  
Item, That the moneys levied by the Cruzadas and Compositiones, which were granted for the war against the Moors; costs and charges of the Armies which had been or are to be raised against the enemies of our Catholic faith, and to releiv the Kingdoms and Cities of Africa, may be exp●nded and employed to the same end, for which they were granted, and that they may not be granted hereafter upon any other pretence whatsoëver, nor the said money, or any part thereof, may be given or bestowed as a Merced or gratuity upon any body, because, besides the public damage, men's Souls are endangered by the not employing it to the use, for which it was granted; Which if it were applied to the proper and right intent, the Royal Revenues would remain free for the service and augmentation of the Royal estate.  
Item, That the Mercedes and Librancas of any money of those said Bulls, Cruzadas and Compositiones, which have been given to any particular persons, as well natives as strangers, may be revoked and made void.   

Concerning the Indies, Isles, and Continent.  
THat henceforwards for ever, no Mercedes may be made of Indians, whereby the Gold, or any other Commodities may be taken thence, to any person or persons, of what quality soëver. That these which hitherto have been, may be revoked; for by that means their majesty's Royal Patrimony hath been, and will be, much damnified, in stead of being advantaged, by reason of the great quantity of Gold exhausted thence: Besides that, they are used more like Infidels and slaves, than Christians, as they are.  
Item, that the house of Contratation at Sevilla, for the Isles and Continent of the Indies, may remain for ever in the said City, and not be removed to any other City or place within this Kingdom or without. In regard the said City of Sevilla is so famous and fit a place for it, and it would be a great hindrance to these Kingdoms, and a disservice to their Majesties, if it should be altered.   

Concerning Mercedes.  
THat their Majesties, or the succeeding Kings, may not make any Merced of goods confiscated, or to be confiscated, or of any part or parcel thereof, to any Judge, or Judges, who have given, or are to give Sentence in the said Causes. That the said Judges, or any of them, may not receiv any such Mercedes, either in payment or lieu of their Salaries, or for Ayuda de Costa, or in any other kind whatsoëver, directly or indirectly, either for themselves, or their wives, children, friends or kindred; for by this means they, being free from all covetousness and interests, may, with more equity and Justice, proceed and give their Sentence. That whosoëver shall do the contrary, may be obliged to restore four times as much into his Majesty's Exchequer, and that they may for ever remain incapable of enjoying the same, or any other public Offices.  
Item, that their Majesties or their Successors, may not give or make any Mercedes or Librancas of goods and money, which hath not been brought into their Exchequer, or in their own hands; for by this means they will know what they give, and how they endamage themselves; which not knowing, they easily grant the said Librancas and Mercedes, as their Majesties had given away in that nature great quantities of pearls and money, which (if preserved) had been sufficient to have maintained their Royal Household, without making such shifts as they were driven to, by taking up money at Interest, or demanding Subsidies of the Subjects and Natives of their Kingdoms.  
Item, that their Majesties, or their Successors, may not give or grant any Merced of goods, demanded in their Majesty's names, or of the Royal Crown of these Kingdoms, concerning which there is any Suit depending, unless sentence be first pronounced against the possessors thereof, and that they be absolutely condemned. That whatsoëver hath been done to the contrary heretofore, may be revoked. Otherwise it would hinder the free Administration of Justice according to right and equity. And that whosoëver should receiv or procure any such Mercedes, may for ever be held incapable and unworthy of receiving for themselves, or others, any Merced from their Majesties, or their Successors, in these Kingdoms.  
Item, that their Majesties may pleas to revoke all Mercedes whatsoever, which had been made or granted since the death of the Catholic Queen Donia Isabel, as well by the King's Don Fernando, and Don Felipe, as by Don Carlos our present Sovereign. And whatsoever Confirmations have been made of any Towns, Villages, Vassals, Jurisdictions, Salt-pits, Mines of Gold and Silver, Copper, Led, Tin, or Alum. In regard besides, that they are contrary to the Laws of the Land, the most illustrious and Catholic Queen Donia Isabel, our Lady, did absolutely prohibit and forbid them, when, by her last Will and Testament, she left the government and rule of these Kingdoms to the charge and care of the Catholic King Don Fernando; And that all this may be applied to the proper use and benefit of the Royal Crown of these Kingdoms, and that those persons who have obtained any such Mercedes, may make no further use of them hereafter.  
Item, forasmuch as since the deceas of the Queen Donia Isabel have been made divers Mercedes, and many Patents and Privileges of Gentility given for money to several persons, without any just cause or consideration of services done to their Majesties, that might deserv the said favour; whereby the Towns, Commonalties, and those which pay the taxes, have been much damnified and injured. That their Majesties may revoke all such Patents, Mercedes, and Privileges whatsoever, and those to whom they were given, may not any ways enjoie them. And that henceforward no such Mercedes, Patents, or Privileges may ever be granted, or be in force, to benefit those to whom they were given. And that this may never be derogated or abrogated with any claus general or particular, or by any ordinary or absolute Power.  
Item, forasmuch as contrary to equity, and the tenor and fo●m of the Laws of these Kingdoms, have been granted and made, divers Mercedes of the Reversion of Offices, Benefices, Dignities, and other things, in the hands of men yet living: That their Majesties may revoke all of them, without exception, that hitherto have been made or granted, either by their Majesties, or their Predecessors. That nothing in this nature be ever granted hereafter, and if any should be granted, that they may not be fulfilled, nor take effect, notwithstanding any derogatory clauses with penalties and confirmations whatsoever; but to the end they may be resisted and be of no value, that they may bear no penalties at all; And that whosoever shall procure any such Merced, may be made incapable of any place in Court, or any other public Office.  
Item, that his Majesty discard and put away the Officers of his Royal Family and Kingdom, as Treasurers, and their substitutes, and all others whosoëver have behaved themselves amiss in their offices, to his Majesty's great disservice, & the universal damage of these Kingdoms; who having (as when they first entered into their Offices) little or nothing of their own patrimonies, and their profits much exceeding their expenses, have raised themselves vast Estates, to the prejudice aswel of the public good of the Kingdoms, and the Natives thereof, as the impairing and diminishing of the Royal Patrimony.  
Item, That the offices of his majesty's Royal family and the Kingdom, those of the Royal Courts, and the Alcaldes & Fiscales, or Attorneys thereof, Corregimientoes, Assistencias, Alguazilagos, Regimientoes, Veyntiquatrias, Escrivanias of the Audiencias, and Council, and whatsoever other offices of the Cities, Towns, and Places of the Kingdoms, which are at their Majesties, and their successors, disposal, now and from this time forwards, may never be fold or given for money, or bestowed, as Mercedes, upon any, who being unfit to execute the said offices, may make sale of them, in regard the sale of them is very detestable, and forbidden by the Common Laws and rights of the Kingdoms, for the great damages and prejudices which have accrued thereby to the good of the Public. And that the said offices may be freely given and bestowed upon persons of sufficient parts and abilities to perform and execute them.  
Item, T●at if the said offices or any of them, be provided otherwise, or bestowed contrary to the tenor and form mentioned in the precedent Article, That they may be held as vacant, and whosoever is so placed in them, may be discarded. And their Majesty's and successors provide and bestow them as above said.  
Item, That the officers which are to serve in the Court, or in any the Cities, or Towns, of these Kingdoms, aswell of the juzgadoes as of the Veintequarto Escrivanias, and other such like offices, may not possess more than one office. And if they be such as may be supplied by Substitutes, or lieutenants, that these may be paid by the principal officers. And that their Majesties or successors grant no stipend or Salary to the said Substitutes, nor the Principals consent thereunto, under pain of losing their offices, and others to be put into their places.  
Item, as touching the Confirmations of the privileges of the Right or Custom called, Maravediz de juro; That no confirmation of the said Privileges may be required, and that their Majesties give Command to the officers, who have raised great sums thereby, to restore the said money to the persons of whom they received it, and that speedily and freely without any trouble or suit.  
Item, that those of the Offices Royal, as well High Treasurers, as those of the Cruzadas, Compositions, or the Islands and Continent of the Indieses, may be obliged to certify and declare unto their Majesties, and their Successors, whatsoever debts remain concealed and forgotten, and all other things in the said Offices, appertaining to the Royal Patrimony, but that they give no intelligence thereof to any particular or private persons, lest they should beg them, under pain of paying twice as much into the Exchequer or Royal Patrimony, and of being deprived of the said Offices, and made incapable not only of them, but all others.  
Item, that those who have had, or have any Office Royal, or charge of the Registers of the Royal Revenues, may not have the said Remainders of the farming thereof, and in case any have made use of them, that he or they be obliged to pay the double of what he hath received thereof, into their Majesty's exchequer, and lose their Offices, with the Salaries and benefits thereunto belonging.  
Item, that all those who have bought any Offices since the deceas of the Catholic King Don Fernando, which could not be sold according to t●e Laws of the Land, and the Contents of the preceding Articles, may not execute the said Offices, under pain of death and loss of good, and their Majesties may provide and dispose them to other able and sufficient persons.   

Concerning Residencia's.  
THat all those Officers who had charge of his Majesty's Estate, in the time of the Catholic King Don Fernando, his Grandfather, may be brought to an account for what they did in their Offices and Charges, concerning his Majesty's Estate a●d the Royal patrimony, which passed through their hands, and that they produce these accounts before such persons as shall be nominated and appointed by his Majesty, and the Kingdom. That his Majesty appoint and nominate these said persons within thirty days after these Articles and Laws be granted by their Majesties, and in case his Majesty doth not nominate any within the said term of thirty days, that then those Accounts may be produced before such persons as the Kingdoms shall appoint, who may receiv them for their Majesty's Exchequer, and condemn and lay penalties upon those whom they find guilty, according to equity and the Laws of the Kingdoms.  
Item, that the like Account be also given by the Treasurers, and other Officers, whosoever have been encharged heretofore with the Cruzadas, Bulls, and Compositions, or with the Gold and Pearls brought from the islands and Continent of the Indies; and the same order to be observed therein, as is above-specified.  
Item, that those of the Council, and the Officers of his Majesty's Family and Court, who have been, or are to be dismissed, may make their Residencia, or render their accounts before the Persons mentioned in the preceding Arcicles.  
Item, that the said Officers be thus called to account, because they have given advise and notice of many things which have been begged and given as Mercedes, to the great Prejudice of the Royal Patrimony; which advices and informations they gave, either to enjoie a share thereof themselves, or to purchase them wholly, or to procure others to buy or farm them, by which means, for very small matters, they have gained vast sums of money. Therefore in regard this hath been a great damage and prejudice to the Royal Patrimony, their Majesties may ratify and allow the above mentioned persons to take the said Accounts and Residencia's. And whatsoever shall be thus discovered by them, that it may all accrue to their Majesty's Exchequer; for if they had rightly and truly performed their Offices, they ought to have given their Majesties those Informations, and not to private persons.   

Concerning Prelates and other Particulars.  
THat the Bishoprics, Archbishoprics, Dignities, Canonicates, & other Ecclesiastical preferments whatsoever, or the pensions thereof, may not be conferred upon any stranger's, but upon the Natives and Inhabitants of these Kingdoms. That if any were disposed of contrary to the tenor hereof, his Majesty may be pleased by Apostolical Authority, to order that they may be resigned and conferred upon Natives of these Kingdoms, satisfaction being given to those that are dispossessed of them, to their full value in other rents in their own Countries.  
Item, in regard his Majesty had given away the Archbishopric of Toledo, before he was received and sworn King in the Parliament at Valladolid. That his Majesty may make a new presentation of the said Archbishopric, and confer it upon a Native and Inhabitant of the Kingdom of Castilia, who may deserv it, being a person of learning and conscience answerable, a Divine or Civil Lawyer; for the bestowing it on the Nephew of Monsieur de Xeures, contrary to the Laws of the Kingdom, hath been, and is, very prejudicial to the Kingdom, and the said Dignity, he being under age, and absent, (and although he were a Native of the Kingdom, it was not fit nor just to give it him). That the Revenue of the said Dignity was transported out of the kingdom, wherewith if he were a Native, and resident in the said dignity, he might entertain many Nobles and Gentlemen in his house, as hath been the custom formerly. And if his majesty would be pleased to gratify the said Nephew of Monsieur de Xeures with some other lands in his own Country. It might very well be done.  
Item, that all Letters of Naturalisation whatsoever, that have formerly been given, may be revoked, and never any granted hereafter. And if any should be granted, although with derogatory clauses, and by an absolute power, that they may be respectively received, but not fulfilled. That there may be no penalty for the non-performance of any such supplication, and whosoever should be strict therein, may be apprehended and severely punished by the Justices of the kingdom where he was taken.  
Item, that the Judges, Notaries, and other Officers of the Ecclesiastical Courts, may not have or demand more fees then those of the Secular Courts, according to the statutes of the kingdoms. And if, in any case, the Apostolical Authority be requisite, their Majesties may be pleased to send to their Ambassador to procure it from his Holiness, and send it.  
Item, that the Archbishops, Bishops, and Prelates of the kingdoms, may reside in their own Diocese the greatest part of t●e year, whereo●, if they fail, that they may lose proportionably a pa●t of their fruits, to be employed for the building or repairing of their Churches; for, by reason of their being absent, the Divine Service is not performed as it ought to be. That his majesty send for a Bull to this effect from his Holiness, within the space of one year. And if his Majesty did not send for it within the said term, that the kingdom might have power to demand it, and take, by his Authority, out of the fruits of the said dignities, as much as would diffraie the charges of the Journey, and solicitation to procure it.  
Item, forasmuch as his Holiness at his Majesty's request had sent a Licence to the Archbishop of Granada, purposing that whosoever should have his said power (although secular persons) might judge and give sentence in some cases against Priests, in criminal matters. That his Majesty would be pleased to cause the said Licence to be enroled within six months, and send a Copy thereof into these kingdom, to excuse and avoid the scandals which arise thereby.   

Concerning Regidores.  
THat henceforwards, their Majesties, or their Successors, never give or grant any Licence to the Regidores, Veyntiquatros, jurados, and other Officers of the Council of Cities, Towns or Villages of these kingdoms, to live with, or have any dependence upon Noblemen. That all Licences to this effect whatsoever, granted in former times, may be revoked; That the Laws of the Kingdoms may be herein observed and executed. That whosoever shall procure, or make use of any such Licence, may be deprived of his office. And that their Majesty's dispose thereof, as being vacant, but that he or his children may never reinjoy it.  
Item, That the Regidores of the Cities and Towns of these Kingdoms, who are Lawyers, may not execute the office of Advocates, nor plead in the said Cities or Towns, but for them and their Commonalties.   

Alienation of Goods or Lands from the Royal Crown.  
THat his Majesty command effectually to restore the Towns, Villages, Forts, Jurisdictions, Revenues, and all other Rights whatsoever, to the Cities and Towns of his Royal Crown, which they had formerly in their possession, and which the most illustrious Queen Donia isabel, our Lady, commanded in her will to be restored. And to the end this may be effected, and the wills of the Catholic King Don Fernando and his Queen Donia Isabel, may be fulfilled, That executors may be appointed with sufficient power to perform the same within six months without further delay.  
Item, to the end this may remedied henceforwards, That their Majesties or Successors, for no reason or cause, neither in payment or satisfaction of services, or any other ways whatsoever, may alienate any thing from the Royal Crown or Patrimony, and in case any alienation be made, that it may be restored.   

Concerning Forts and Alcaydias, or Governments.  
THat the Forts and Alcaydias of the strong holds of these Kingdoms, may not be given to any foreigners, but entrusted to the Natives and Inhabitants of these Kingdoms, although they may produce letters of naturalisation, And that the same order be observed herein, as in the Dignities and Ecclesiastical preferments.  
Item, That his Majesty take away all command or governments whatsoever of Castles and Forts, possessed by strangers, or transferred by them for money to any natives of these Kingdoms.  
Item, that Antonio de Fonseca may be dispossessed of the offices and command he hath in these Kingdoms, in regard of the great mischiefs and scandals which they suffer by his occasion.  
Item, that the Forts and Alcaydias may not be given to any Noblemen or persons of high birth and quality. And that the Alcaydes or Commanders thereof may take the oath of fealty to his Majesty, and give security to the Cities and Towns where they are, that, by or from the said Forts, they shall receiv no damage or prejudice.  
Item, that his Majesty give order forthwith, and every two years from this time forwards, to visit and repair, as occasion doth require, the Forts and places of strength upon the frontiers of these Kingdoms.   

Concerning Cloth.  
THat the Cloth that is imported from other Countries may be of the same size and goodness, as those which are wrought in these Kingdoms, according as it is ordered by the Statutes and Act of Parliament. That the said Act may be executed aswell upon foreign Clothes, as those which are made in these Kingdoms. That what deferring of the time of the Act, or Licences soëver have been granted to sell and disperse them in these Kingdoms, may be revoked and declared void. That hereafter no such Licences be granted, but in case there be, that they may not be fulfilled. And that, without stopping or arresting them, the Justices may proceed according to the Act, under pain of losing their offices, and paying one hundred thousand Maravediz towards the reparations and charitable uses of the City, Town, or Village, where their Residence is.   

Contribution.  
IN regard it is ordained by the Laws of the Land, that certain Towns and Villages (which now are under the possession of some Noblemen) should proportionably (as the rest of their neighbouring Cities and Towns) bear a share in the Tributes and Contributions, and Taxes for Hedges, Bridges, Fountains, Watchmen, Suits in Law, Defences, and enlargement of Territories; yet by the favour of Noblemen and persons of great quality, (to whom they belong) they do not observe or fulfil his Majesty's Commands herein. That henceforwards they may be obliged to perform them, and in case of default to lose their Offices, and all the Salary thereof; and that the Lords of the said places may not oppose or do any thing to the contrary under pain of losing the Lordship and propriety of the said places, or Towns, which afterwards shall be as Crown-Lands never to be alienated from the Royal Patrimony.   

GENERALS.  
FOrasmuch as his Majesty, in the Parliaments which he called at Valladolid and the Groin, did grant some things, which, for the profit and public good of the Kingdoms, aught to be effected: That his Majesty command all provisions and power necessary for the performance thereof, to be given to the Cities, Towns, and other places of the Kingdoms.  
Item, that his Majesty give order to proceed rigorously against Antonio de Fonseca, Alcalde Ronquillo, Gutiere Quixada, El Licenciado juanes, and the rest, that had any hand in the bur●ing and destroying of the Town of Medina del Campo▪ And that his Majesty approve and allow of what the Kingdom shall do concerning the confiscation of their, or any of th●●● estates and goods.  
Item, that their Majesties approve the Assembly which the Cities and Towns of the Kingdoms have made, and do make to the end they may repair and remedy the exorbitancies and grievances of the Public; to make and ordain these Articles, and all which they have done in order to the suspending of those of the Council, and Officers of their Majesty's Family and Court, placing and displacing Officers of Justice, taking and demolishing of Forts, pulling down of houses, killing of men, tumults and uproars, and judging and sentencing other matters of the Kingdoms; their endeavours in taking away all that might stop or hinder their proceedings herein, and any other excess whatsoever, as in the order and form of the premises is contained▪ The assembling the people, raising of Arms, and the punishment which certain Cities and Commonalties have inflicted upon the persons, houses, and goods of ●om men, whom they esteemed enemies to the public good of the Kingdoms. And that their Majesties acknowledge to be well employed, all and every the sums of money which they have taken out of the Royal Revenue, and other things, and disbursed in payment of the said men, and Armies, or otherways in prosecution of the abovesaid premises: And whatsoever taxes they had imposed and recovered to that effect, or expended in any kind. That their Majesties would command all to be remitted and absolutely pardoned, as also not only their Assemblies and Councils of the Cities and Towns of the Kingdoms, but likewise that every particular person or persons that had been active therein, might be free from any trouble or question therefore in any Courts, civil or criminal. That their Majesties would revoke and declare void, all and every information or informations, commands, sentences, and provisions which those of the Council, or the Alcalde Ronquillo, or any other Judge whatsoever, had made or given against any of the Cities or Towns of the Kingdoms, or against any particular persons, and that for this cause they, nor any of them, might be deprived of their privileges or offices, but might remain free and indemnified. In regard they were moved thereunto out of their respects to their Majesty's service, and the public good of the Kingdoms, and for the increasing & preserving of the revenues and Patrimony Royal, in order to the obligations and duties which they owed to their natural Sovereigns, according as the Laws of the Kingdoms have ordained. And that his Majesty would grant, autorize, and confirm the said Articles as a perpetual and inviolable Law for ever, and that he would promise & swear, by God and his holy Evangelists, never to revoke, or consent to the revoking or altering of them, or do, or suffer to be done, any thing contrary to their true intent and meaning in Parliament, or out of Parliament: And that he would not demand of the Pope or other Prelate whatsoever any dispensation or absolution for the said oath and promise.    

SECT▪ III.  
THese Articles were sent to Flanders by those of the junta, to be delivered to the Emperor. Antonio Vazquez de Avila carried one Copy of them, and Maestro Fray Pablo (a man of an exemplary life and holy intentions, 
Who was an exempted pe●son and reserved by the Emperor to be punished.  only blinded with a zeal for his Country, seeing the Kingdom ruined) another. They went several ways, but neither of them durst appear before the Emperor, and some say, they never came into Flanders. Antonio Vazquez de Avila arrived at length at Worms in Germany, which the Emperor hearing, commanded him to be apprehended and imprisoned in a Fort; but after some time, being better informed, he gave order to release him. Fray Pablo, and Sancho Zimbron, who went together, hearing, before they came to the Emperor, how Antonio Vazquez had been welcomed, went no further than Brussels. These Articles were applauded and held for holy things amongst the Commonalty; they said, The Emperor must be very cruel if he did not confirm them. That those of the junta deserved an immortal Crown, and a neverdying fame for their pains and care in making such excellent and holy Ordinances, whereby their Kingdoms should be made the happiest, and most opulent in the world.   

SECT. IV.  
THe Lord Admiral, being desirous to compose these differences and disorders of the Kingdoms, before they broke out any further, resolved to go and convers with those of the junta at Tordesillas, and being at Torrelobaton, he sent to them, desiring, that they would give him the liberty and safe conduct to go to them. Those of the junta answered, That they knew very well, that his Lordship came to speak with them concerning the Commonalties of the Kingdoms, but they desired him not to put himself to the trouble of coming thither, until he had dismissed those Gentlemen, with their sou●diers, out of Medina, and his own lands, & those of the Council likewise, in regard they disserved his Majesty, and hindered the good of the Kingdom, which done, they should be very glad to serve him, and show him all the respects due to his person. The Admiral replied, that he was well contented to discharge all those soldiers, and send away all those of the Council, except the Cardinal and the Lord High Constable of Castilia, who were the Governors and principal men of the Kingdoms: Those of the junta would not be satisfied, unless they were all sent away. Whereupon they sent two Heralds with a Notary public, to require him with great protestations, that he should not permit the mischiefs and damages which might be occasioned by the junta, and the Armies of the Advers Party. They sent others also with trumpets, to require the Lord High Constable, and the Earl of Alva, not to levy any Soldiers, because that would be prejudicial to the Royal Crown, and hurtful to the Kingdoms. The Lord High Constable received those that brought him this message very courteously, and commanded a dinner to be prepared for them; After which, he sent them to the Earl of Alva, with twelv of his own men on horseback. The Earl apprehended the chief man of them, commanding him to be clapped in prison, and afterwards, they say, he caused him to be strangled, and gave no other Answer to the junta: whereat they were very much displeased; others said, The Earl did like a worthy Gentleman, for no Law or Word is to be observed or kept with Traitors. The unfortunate man, whom the Earl thus put to death, had been, not long before, preferred by those of the Commonalty, to the Office of Chamberlain to the Queen Donia juana. In revenge of which cruelty (as they termed it) those of the junta commanded the Lord Constable, and the Earl of Alva, to be proclaimed, in many Cities and places of Castilia, Traitors, and capital enemies of the Kingdom; alleging, That they raised forces against the Royal Crown, and to the prejudice of the Kingdom. That they had made a new Broad-Seal, contrary to the Laws of the Kingdom, wherewith they did seal Orders against his Majesty's Subjects, and contrary to all right and Justice. That they did favour and uphold those of the evil Counsel; and that they had apprehended her Majesty's Chamberlain, all which was in disrespect or contempt of her Majesty, and to the prejudice of the public good. And therefore those of the junta, in order to the service of God, and the Kingdom, did find themselves obliged to declare them Capital Enemies, and accordingly, that their Estates and Land should be seized and forfeited to the Royal Crown.   

SECT. V.  
THose of the junta being possessed of Tordesillas, and having the Queen, with her family, and the whole Kingdom in their own hands, many people believed that she was recovered, and that she was well-pleased with the proceedings of those of the junta. The increasing of this opinion, and their credit with the people, raised their thoughts to things of higher consequence, and the novelties which every day did produce, were already swollen to so great a number, and spread into so many parts that it is impossible to relate them so clearly, fully, and distinctly as I would. The pretence of the junta was so plausible, bearing the sugared name (which they gave it) of Liberty, and exemption from unjust taxes and evil government, that divers other places, were likewise in Arms for them; And it was a miracle that any place stood out: For they favoured and countenanced them that followed their faction, and those of the contrary Party were perpetually under the lash of their persecution. 
Commotions 〈◊〉 Palencia.  In Palencia the people mutinied, and would have killed the brother to their Bishop Mota, with divers Canons, and other Priests of the City, because they had given possession of the Bishopric to the said Mota, 
Alcala de Henares.  whom they extremely hated. In Alcala de Henares they turned the Governor, and the Vicar-General to the Archbishop, out of the City, because they hated the Archbishop for being a kinsman to Xeures, and a stranger. Medina prepared to make open War against Coca and Alaejos, in revenge of the mischiefs and losses which they had sustained by Antonio de Fonseca. It would be an endless task to undertake to give a particular relation of their outrages, what persecutions, robberies, and murders, were committed in each place. Those of Segovia did not lie still either, but were perpetually making new attempts against the Earl of Chinchon, and the Town of Espinar, which they assaulted and sacked, as if they had been Infidels, carrying away their wives and daughters, some of whose husbands following after the Segovians, said, That if their wives went with them beyond a certain limit, they should keep them for ever.   

SECT. VI  
I Mentioned in the rising of Burgos, the prudence and courage which the Lord high Counstable, to detain and suppress the fury of that disorderly people, had showed, in taking upon himself the Authority and care of administering Justice, to the great contentment and rejoicing of the Citizens. But the inconstant Vulgar, upon no occasion, lost the respect which was due to so honourable a person, never considering how advantageous it would have been for them to have suffered themselves to be governed by him in such troublesome times. That which they pretended to be the cause of their respectless audacity was, That when Medina del Campo did besiege Alaejos, Segovia, Salamanca, Avila, and other Cities, having assisted them with men to destroy that Town, out of the exceeding hatred which they bore Antonio de Fonseca: Burgos would do the like out of revenge of the Merchandise which they lost in Medina, by Antonio de Fonseca's burning it: But the Lord High Constable satisfied them otherwise; And because his son offered himself to be their Captain, which the people imagined he did only out of subtlety and cunning to amuse them or for some other by-respect, they began to be jealous of him; this suspicion engendered a mortal hatred, insomuch that their fury grew beyond the bounds of moderation and obedience. The Lord high Counstable had privately conveyed into his house four hundred Lances: Which being known in the City, the Regidores and Gentlemen assembled, and sent two of their company to summon him. He excused himself, saying, he was very ill, and could not go to them: But they told him, that they could not be satisfied with that answer, he must rise, and go with them. At last he went, and was civilly received; being come amongst them, two of the Assembly in the names of all the rest, rose up and thus bespoke him; We are very sorry and grieved that the honour and affection wherewith this City hath always served your Lordship and your Ancestors (being Persons of so great quality, natives, and in a manner, Lords of all this City, which is the chief of Castilia) should be so ill requited, as that you should keep secretly in your house four hundred Lances, to destroy the people: we require you forthwith to dismiss them, and reserv only twenty servants about you, if not, the City will take their remedy. This was not very pleasing to the Lord Constable, but it behoved him to satisfy their desires. Yet notwithstanding he condescended to their wills, 
Burgos riseth up in Arms against the Lord High Constable.  the suspicions ceased not, neither were the people pacified. Upon our lady's day of September their fury broke out, and all the Commonalty rose up in Arms against him, in such a raging manner that they had killed him, if he had not retired to his house, where almost two whole days they kept him besieged, and Don Diego Sarmiento the Earl of Salinas with the Duchess and the Countess their wives. After this, seeing himself the object of the people's malice, and every hour in danger to lose his life; he conditioned with the people to let him go freely with all his family out of the City; Which being granted, he went to a Town of his called Briviesca. This example of the People of Burgos, made other places commit the like audacities against their Lords; as Haro against the Earl of Haro, Son to the Lord high Constable; Duenias against the Earl of Buendia; and also Naxara against the Duke; although that City doth allege and prove that they rose not for the Commonalty, but for the King, whose subjects and tenants (they say) they are. The Lord high Constable being at Briviesca, very full of care and sorrow to see the Kingdom in so great distempers, and so little probability of any remedy; about the middle of September arrived Lope Hurtado de Mendoça with dispatches and orders from the Emperor, importing that he should be Governor of Castilia and Navarra jointly with the Cardinal and the Admiral of Castilia; Which having read, he presently accepted the Government of the Kingdoms: But because the Commission was for them all three, he could not so suddenly execute the Command. For the Cardinal was as yet at Valladolid, and the Admiral in Catalunia, in the County of Cabra, whither the dispatches were sent to him, who was of opinion to defer the acceptance of that Charge, until his return into Castilia, and to use some means in the interim to agree and accommodate the differences of the Commonalties, as you have already heard. Which difficulty being related to the Emperor, being on the way to Aquisgran, where he was Crowned; he sent other Letters dated the 17 October following, with special command to the Lord High Constable, that having assembled some of the Council, he should, alone with them, execute the charge of Governor of the Kingdoms, & provide for the remedying of the present disorders, until such time as the Cardinal, and the Admiral could come to join with him; which he did, as shall appear hereafter.   

SECT. VII.  
THe Lord High Constable seeing the remedy of the Kingdoms to lie upon his account (although he was much offended with those of Burgos) without seeking any reparation of honour, prudently endeavoured by fair means and treatments full of courtesy, to appears that people, and reduce them into the Royal way of doing their Prince service; for it was of no small importance for him, at the beginning of his Government, to gain that City, and settle himself in it, being the chief of Castilia, and a place of such greatness and esteem. He kept intelligence with some principal Gentlemen of Burgos, by whose industry the City was so well disposed and ordered, that within a short time after, he became master of it; This was the first symptom of the country's health, and an Antidote against the desperate poison which had so infected the whole Kingdom. The Lord High Constable, together with the City, committed to the Charge of Don Diego Lopez de Castro, the government of the Castle of Lara, with the territories thereof, he having first taken the Oath of Fealty, as he was a Gentleman, according to the order and manner of Castilia, to keep it for the Emperor. From this time forwards Burgos began to have an ill conceit of the junta, disliking more and more their proceedings, especially their ill treating of the Cardinal and those of the Council, and sent to their Commissioners to come away from Tordesillas. After which they wrote to Valladolid, in testimony of their Loyalty, encouraging and persuading those of that City to do the like, in order to their due obedience to his Majesty, and the pacification of the Kingdoms.   

SECT. VIII.  
THose of Valladolid, being ill satisfied with the letters which they received from Burgos, returned them no answer, esteeming them people of small resolution or constancy, and not fit to be trusted. Those of Burgos sent letters likewise to those of the Junta, telling them many things by way of exhortation and advice, amongst the rest, That they should leave the Queen in her free liberty, to do what she pleased, and to let things remain in the same condition the Emperor had left them, with other circumstances, which were contradictory to what formerly they seemed to desire. Whereby it appeared, that they declined the Interest of the Junta, and favoured the Lord High Constable's Party. Some other places of the Kingdom also began to be more moderate, by the Letters and promises which they received from the Cardinal, and other Gentlemen of note.   

SECT. IX.  
IN the City of Valladolid the people were still divided by several factions, some transported with a blind zeal, pressed for obedience to those of the junta, thinking whatsoever they ordained was good and holy; others desired with no less earnestness that the Lord high Constable, with those of the Council, might be readmitted into the City, deeming whatsoever was enacted without them, to be wicked and unjust: And hereupon they spoilt and murdered one another, like people without sense or reason. Whereupon they wrote to the Lord Admiral (who was their Countryman and near neighbour) giving him account of the troubles of the Kingdom, and especially of the mischiefs which they feared would befall that City in particular. Whereunto he sent an answer with an extraordinary sens of sorrow, to see the danger whereunto the whole Kingdom was brought, counselling and admonishing them to have a care left they lost themselves: Moreover, in regard that City had been noted particularly for their Loyalty to their King, and for the relation he had to it by his birth, it grieved him to the soul to see it in such extreme distraction, which he feared would not be so easily remedied; with several other expressions of affection and tenderness for their welfare. But Valladolid did not set much by his admonitions at that time: But afterwards (though late) they were better advised, and they found in the Admiral the mercy which they did expect, as shall be set down hereafter.   

SECT. X.  
THe Letters from Burgos, with the sedulous and prudent endeavours of the Lord high Constable, made those of Valladolid to bethink themselves a little, and with a kind of remors for what was past, to begin to understand reason, although the greatest part (but not the best) stickled hard to keep the City in obedience to the junta, to the end they might compass their own ill designs. After this the Lord high Constable sent to notify his Commission to be Viceroy and Governor, together with the Cardinal and Lord Admiral, to all the Cities of the Kingdom, where it might conveniently be done, which being proclaimed, in most places was obeyed. Whereupon he sent to all his kindred and friends, ordering them to raise what forces they could possibly, and dispatched messengers to all the Grandees, and Gentlemen of note in the Kingdom, encouraging and enjoining them to assemble, and be assistant to him. And he●ring that the Precedent, with others of the Council, were fled from Valladolid in the manner before mentioned, he sent for them to come to him, which the Precedent, and some of them, did. Afterwards the Letter coming to his hands, wherein the Emperor Commanded (until the Lord Admiral could join with them) That he and the Cardinal should govern; He presently began to put his majesty's orders in execution, using means to raise money for the levying and paying of Soldiers: For without the force of Arms it seemed impossible to do any good; and therefore he sent to borrow fifty thousand Ducats of the King of Portugal, which he lent him freely. With which money, and what he had of his own, or could procure any other way, he raised some infantry. Which done he wrote to the Duke of Naxara Don Antonio Manrique Viceroy of Navarra for more men, who sent him five hundred foot Soldiers and some Artillery, which he also desired very earnestly. He sent likewise for those of the Guards, who came from that expedition, which was called De les Gelues; Some of which were ready to put themselves in the King's service, others took up Arms for the Junta, by the persuasion and means of Don Pedro Giron (who was upon terms of being their Captain General) and of the Bishop Don Antonio de Acunia, a great stickler for the Commonalty. Also he carried the business with those of Burgos in such manner, that they all should be engaged in the Emperor's service, promising them very fair conditions, and delivering into their hands Don juan de Tovar Marquis of Berlanga, his second Son, and Don Bernardino de Velasco, his youngest Son, as hostages, until such time as his Majesty should allow and confirm his agreement with them.   

SECT. XI.  
Whilst the Lord High Constable was making all these diligences, the Cardinal stole secretly out of Valladolid (as you heard already, upon the 20 of October 1520, with one single Page, and thence he went to Rioseco; whence he gave notice to the Lord High Constable, and other Grandees of the Kingdom, desiring them to send him men, and to repair thither in his favour; which they did. The first that came to him, were, the Marquis of Astorga, who brought with him the 26 October, eight hundred Cross-bow-men, two hundred musketeers, four hundred men Armed with Targets and headpieces, two hundred Lances, and one hundred Light-horsemen. The Earl of Venaivente came, the next day following, into Medina, with two thousand five hundred Foot, and two hundred and fifty Lances. The Earl of Lemos brought fifteen hundred men. The Earl of Valencia a thousand. All which Noblemen, with some of the Council, stayed in Rioseco with the Cardinal, expecting more forces. Don Hernando de Vega, Lord of Grajal, brought three hundred and fifty men; and the Admiral, Lord of that Town, wrote, he would speedily be there also. The Lord High Constable was very glad to hear of the Cardinal's escape. And according to his Agreement with those of Burgos, he entered into the City the first day of November, and notwithstanding some opposition, he possessed himself of it. Whence communicating by Letters with the Cardinal, and other Nobles at Rioseco, they concluded, since there was no other remedy, that they should carry on their business by force of Arms; That the Rendezvous should be there at Rioseco, that being the most convenient place, because nearest to Tordesillas, where the junta was likewise making their Army. He resolved (it being generally so agreed upon) to stay at Burgos, with such force as he thought convenient, to oppose and suppress the Merindades, which were risen, (of whom the Earl of Salvatierra, with small discretion, had made himself Captain) and sent his son Don Pedro de Velasco, Earl of Haro, as Captain General of the Soldiers and Artillery that were sent him out of Navarra, and those Horse & Foot that were at Medina de Rioseco. The Earl of Haro departed from Burgos about the middle of November, and went to Melgar, eight leagues from thence; Where he stayed to gather more Forces: Don Pedro Veloz de Guevaro, Earl of Oniate, Don Garcia Manrique, Earl of Osorno, the Martial of Fromesta, Don Alonso de Peralta, and other Gentlemen, met him there, every one bringing as many men as they could raise, thence they continued their march to Rioseco, whither every day came Gentlemen with other Forces. Of all which, the Lord High Constable gave a particular relation to the Emperor.   

SECT. XII.  
FRom the very day that those of the junta were informed of the naming of the two Governors, they thought it was time for them to provide more forces than what they yet had raised. To which effect they presently dispatched Letters to all the Cities of their League, advertising them of the great preparations the Governors were making, and that they must furnish both men and money. They wrote also to Don Manuel, King of Portugal, thinking to gain him to their Party; but what Answer he returned I could never learn.   

SECT. XIII.  
THose of the junta, seeing so great a confluence of Soldiers come daily to Rioseco, they dispatched messengers presently to their several Cities, desiring they would speedily send thither what forces they could make. Salamanca, with the territories thereof, furnished two hundred Lances, and six thousand Foot, which, with those from Toledo, Madrid, and Segovia, made a reasonable good Army. Thus both sides prepared what forces they could to destroy one another. Those of Valladolid, seeing themselves in the middle of these two Parties, and both very near them, being not determined which side to take, resolved to send to them both. Their Messengers, Don Pedro Vaçan Lord of Vaneça, Doctor Francisco de Espinosa, Pulgar and Diego de Zamora, Bachelors at Law, in the name of their City said to those of the junta, That if they did continue in doing that which was just and good for the Commonalties, as they had begun, the City of Valladolid, with all their Army and power, would assist them, but if otherwise, they would decline their Interest, and resist them. Thence they went to Rioseco, and said as much to the Cardinal, and those of the Council; adding moreover, that they should not intermeddle, or hinder any thing which the junta had done in favour of the Commonalty of the Kingdom, upon which condition they would obey them in all things, and (if they pleased) receiv them into their City with honour and respect: And they did require them in the names and behalf of the Infante, Gentlemen and Commonalty of Valladolid, That they would not raise any Soldiers, nor make any scandals or offence to the Country, by gathering together Armies, otherwise, that they did protest against them. A brave resolution of those of Valladolid to stand out against them both.   

SECT. XIV.  
NOtwithstanding the different factions which divided Valladolid, they were all generally well affected to the Lord Admiral, and desired he should come amongst them, hoping his presence would conduce much to the remedying of those mischiefs, he being a very noble Gentleman, and no way addicted to passion, or partiality. The Lord Admiral, having intelligence of all that passed in Valladolid, wrote them a Letter, saying, That although he did not desire to be pestered with those troubles and confusions, yet his coming thither should not be deferred much longer. That his intention was to do good to them all generally, being very much grieved for what had passed amongst them. That he could not choos but admire at the tumultuous risings of the Kingdom. That if they had but written twice or thrice to his Majesty, he would have remedied all those disorders, by granting what they desired. That their keeping Guards, and going their Rounds about the City, tended to nothing but the consuming of their Estates, destroying of their Trade, the undoing of the Husbandmen and Common People, for which he was very sorry. That the whole world took notice heretofore of the nobleness and loyalty of these Kingdoms: And now their inconstancy, divisions, and factious insurrections, afforded matter of discourse to all other Nations. That they should take notice that the great Turk was come with a mighty Army against Rhodes, ravaging and spoiling Christendom both by Sea and Land, and that by reason of these dissensions, animosities, and confusion amongst the people, it were no hard matter for him to gain footing in these Kingdoms. Therefore he affectionately desired them all to be pacified, and to believ, that his Majesty was very much troubled and aggrieved at these sad occurrences: And that at his return he would procure the good of the Kingdoms. This Letter being read in the public Assembly of Valladolid, did sufficiently startle some of them, but they hoped for a remedy from heaven. After this the Lord Admiral being at Zerbera, wrote another Letter to them in a manner to the same effect. Which being heard and seen by those of Valladolid, t●ey were astonished at the words and counsel wh●ch he gave them therein, not knowing how to answer his reasons, nor to what they should attribute his counsels. Some that were of opinion that the junta was wicked and unlawful, would have it be dissolved; others extolling it to the skie●, urged, that every body ought to conform themselves thereunto. The Nobles and Gentry at Rioseco were very desirous to reunite and pacify Valladolid, it being so considerable a place, thinking besides, that if they were but Masters thereof, they should with more facility compass their design upon the other Cities: To this effect they used all the policy and subtle inventions possible, sending messengers, and holding private intelligence with those of the City, who were well affected and desired the King's service. The City was in this season more strictly watched then before, they making secret Rounds, and placing strong Guards at all the Gates; for the contrary parti● (which was the most powerful) was jealous, and afraid of some double dealing.   

SECT. XV.  
AT the same time that Valladolid received the Lord Admiral's Letters, others were brought to them from Burgos, which were likewise read in the public Assembly of the City. The Reader may imagine what various humours, what speeches, what factions, what passions were engendered, by the Contents of those Letters; finally, what confusion they might breed in so noble and spacious a City, (the seat of the Kings of Spain) and what judgements and censures might there-hence take their rise, and fill the malicious heads of the Common people; not knowing well which hand they had best to use, they resolved to play with both, and sent again to the Cardinal, Governor, and those of the Junta also, their Ambassadors Don Pedro Vaçan, and the others before mentioned, with certain Articles which they thought were convenient for the pacification of the Kingdoms, The Cardinal with those of the Council, gave them a fair reception, and a satisfactory answer: Those of the Junta did no less, desiring to make them of their pack, and moreover, they wrote a Letter to those of the Commonalty in Valladolid, with some expressions of zeal and affection mingled with reprehensions for their lukewarmness and indifferency.   

SECT. XVI.  
ON Sunday the eleventh of October, one Al●nso de Vera got up into the Pulpit of the Cathedral Church of Valladolid, and read to the people two Letters, one from those of the junta, wherein they desired, that Valladolid would assist and stand to them, as they had promised, and fulfil what they had commanded them. The other was from Don Pedro Giron, in which he offered them his service, desiring that as he had always showed a particular affection to that City, and been tender of their welfare, they would receiv him, in regard he was Captain General of the Junta's forces, and desired nothing but the good of the Kingdom, and his majesty's service, neither would he act any thing but with the good liking and consent of Valladolid. The people were exceedingly taken with these Letters, and said, they would do whatsoever therein was required, and that Don Pedro should be welcome into the City; And the next day he made his entry, all the people of Valladolid going forth to receiv him with great applause. This War being betwixt kindred, friends, and Country men, there was as much diligence used to gain places, and good wills, by Letters, as by force of Arms. The Earl of Venavente, and the Lord Admiral of Castilia were in a manner Natives and Citizens of Valladolid, their families from many generations, having had their principal mansions there, and the City bore them great respect, as they had reason. These Noblemen showing their affection to Valladolid, as their Native soil, and seeing it so far plunged in these distractions, either out of hope to reduce it by fair means, or merely out of their love and desire of its good and preservation, they both endeavoured by Letters to make them sensible of their errors. The Lord Admiral chiefly desired, that they would let him come into their City, promising, that he would be as vigilant and careful of their general good, as of any particular persons▪ That he would employ in their defence his own life, and fortune: If that could not be granted, that they would send any three, whom they thought fittest, to meet and confer with him, two or three leagues thence, where they pleased. But Valladolid would accept of none of these conditions, alleging that such enterviews would be ill taken, and that people would be apt thereupon to say, Burgos having Articled and agreed with the Lord high Constable, that Valladolid would do the like. So they returned the Lord Admiral no other Answer, then that for the present they could not condescend to any of those things which his Lordship desired. To the Earl of Venavente's Letter they briefly thus replied, That since his Lordship was so Noble, as to offer them his own person, and men, they desired that he would keep his promise, in letting them have the said men to send to Tordesillas, in the Iunta's service, and upon that condition, they should carry the Colours and Arms of Valladolid. These Letters were dispatched in the name of the City by the Prior of the great Church, who was a grand Commoner. These answers being sent to the two Noblemen, the City gave order for the raising of more men to send to the junta, because there were many wanting of the thousand which they had sent. Moreover, Command was given for the gathering of one hundred Ducats out of every Ward, which amounted to one thousand four hundred Ducats. Which was forthwith done, and the thousand men completed. After this they caused a Proclamation to be made throughout the City, commanding all and every of the Commonalty to appear under pain of being accused for Malignants, or Illaffected to the junta. Who being all assembled, they made them swear by the Holy Evangelists, and upon the Cross in forma, that under pain of being infamous perjurers and faith-breakers, they should be ready to serve, favour, and assist in whatsoever those of the junta should do, in order to the service of God, 
The Engagement of those of Valladolid.  the King, Queen, and Commonalty of the City of Valladolid; and that they should not do, or say, directly or indirectly, any thing to the contrary, or suffer any thing to be said or done by their children, servants, or households. And if they should know or hear any thing said or done to the contrary, that they should forthwith inform the Assembly of the City of Valladolid thereof, to the end the offenders might receiv condign punishment; The Oath being thus pronounced, they all cried with one voice, This we swear.   

SECT. XVII.  
I Have already declared, how the City of Segovia was divided by several factions, insomuch that they seemed to be in Civil War amongst themselves. The Earl of Chinchon defended the Forts. Within the City there were several houses of strength, wherein some of the Royal party fortified themselves, others did the like in the Cathedral Church. The Fort being but slenderly manned, the Earl of Chinchon went to Burgos, to desire succour from the Lord High Constable, who sent ten Musketeers, valiant and resolute men, with order to get into the Fort, ●s they could. They arrived at Pedraça on friday morning, 23 of November, where they took abou● one hundred weight of powder, and kept themselves private until the Evening; Night being come, they marched with a guide (who led them byways) to Parral, where he left them, and the Moon being down, they went into the Fort, without any one's taking notice of them; which was the better effected, because that very day those of Segovia had assaulted the Church, and were weary, having found strong resistance. The next day, it being noised in the City, that the Fort had received succour in the night, they were much scandalised, and troubled at it, 
The Infant● of Granada, having been put out of his Office, with fourteen other Officers of the City, by the people of Valladolid, who accused them of keeping correspondency with the Enemy.  thinking it more considerable than it was, and feared that they were sold by some within the City. Things being in the condition beforementioned, disposed for an absolute breach, the Cities of the League prepared arms and men with all expedition; and those of the junta sent certain instructions (which their Captains and Soldiers were to observe) to Valladolid, where Don Pedro Giron (whom they all looked upon as Captain General) remained to make and order the Army, as shall be more at large declared in the following Book.   
Finis Libri Quarti.   

THE CIVIL WARS OF SPAIN. THE FIFTH BOOK.  

SECT. I.  
THe Passions of the people in Castilia grew to such mortal animosities, that pens and tongues being wearied, they fell to preparing arms and munition of war: as when an Impostume festers, no cure can be expected, but by the applying of hot burning Iron. Those Gentlemen who were the chief sticklers for the Commonalties, being launched forth into the deepest of the sea of passion, knowing how ill a name they had acquired (which exceedingly offended their presumption,) were already grown so desperate, that they cared not to lose their Countries, Estates, Wives, Children, or their own Lives, desiring to hazard all in the Lottery of Arms, and make or destroy their fortunes in one Battle; wherein, if their designs had been crowned with success, doubtless, they would have changed their styles, and being victorious, remained with the glorious attribute of Redeemers and Defenders of their Country: for humane judgements determine by the Event, not by the middle or beginning of any Enterprise. Though it hath been the ordinary defect of other Commonalties to have but slender forces, this was so powerful, 
Their Cap●a●ns were good enough, if ●hey had not h●d some ●●eache●rous great ones amongst them.  that had there been the least good Conduct ●mongst them, and some experienced Captains, Don Carlos hardly ever would have recovered the Crown of Spain. The Common people were to blame, and the Gentry not to be excused, for opposing and rising against their Sovereign's Ministers; yet we must of necessity confess, that they were valiant. That there were divers exorbitancies, outrages, and insolences committed, What wonder is it amongst the respectless and libertine People? and that the Gentlemen depended more upon them, than they upon the Nobles, who assisted them. If we see an Army well disciplined, the Soldier's subject and obedient to their Captains, shall we say absolutely all those in that Army are Traitors? for my part I would not; neither is it any such great marvel that children rise up against their own fathers; 
Here the Author con●●●leth in a manner the justness, of the Caus, and seems himself to justify it.  for if we look back to some passages of our Country of Spain, what shall we see, but the like unnatural actions; the factions of Princes, the sidings of Grandees, and private Gentlemen, who were so audacious, as to rise in arms, against their lawful Kings? and yet they are not so spotted and foul as some would make those of the latter times appear to be. I do not say this in justification of these Commonalties, but only to excuse, in what I may, my own Nation, and the Gentry thereof. But to return to the purpose: Nothing was left unattempted on either side, that might conduce to the increasing or security of their Party. You have seen in the precedent Book, that the junta sent their Instructions to Valladolid, where Don Pedro Giron, and other Captains of the Commonalty, were assembled. The time being come (although the season was very sharp and unfit for an Army to keep the field, being almost in the depth of Winter) they all put themselves in a readiness, and in the name of the junta, they wrote fresh Letters to the Cities and Towns of their Combination, to send immediately all the forces they could possibly raise; which they did. Those of the junta, according to agreement, Voted Don Pedro Giron Captain General of their Forces, and sent him a Commission from the Queen, and the Kingdom, Thinking that he being a person of so noble extraction, and allied to so many Grandees of Castilia, would gain a great reputation to their Party; And most men were of opinion, that Don Pedro Giron accepted thereof, and wedded the Interest of the Commonalty merely for his own ends, and that by means of these troubles and commotions, he might get possession of the Dukedom of M●dina Sidonia, which (as hath been already said) he pretended was his right. This Election did not digest well in Iohn de Padilla's stomach, who, till then, had executed the office of Captain General, and presumed it should be confirmed upon him, and for his sake, neither the Commissioners of Toledo, nor of Madrid, would give their Votes for Don Pedro. john de Padilla being informed of all these passages, before that Don Pedro Giron came to take his staff, pretending I know not what occasion, road post to Toledo; and his men, seeing their Captain gone, would stay no longer in the Army, but the next day took the same way after him. Notwithstanding all this, Don Pedro Giron accepted the Charge, and came to Tordesillas with fourscore Lances of his own, appointed a Rendezvous for his Army, wherein he was much assisted by the industry and diligence of the Bishop of Zamora, who brought to the service of the junta near five hundred men with arms, of the ancient Guards of the Kingdom, (for the rest were gone to the Lord High Constable) he brought moreover, seventy Lances of his own, and almost a thousand Foot, four hundred whereof were Priests of his own Bishopric, besides the people of Zamora, whom he had at his devotion; for by favour of the Junta, he had driven the Earl of Alva out of Zamora, and made himself Master thereof. Every day came fresh supplies from the other Cities, both of Horse and Foot, all well armed, and with them some Gentlemen and Commanders. From Salamanca came Don Pedro Maldonado, with about a thousand Foot: Other Cities appointed those who were their Commissioners in the Junta to be their Captains; As Leon chose Gonsalo de Guzman, son to Ramiro Nunez; and the City of Toro, Don Hernando de Ulloa, who were their Commissioners; and so likewise did other places. Thus those of the Junta grew from day to day more powerful, being resolved to end the business by force of Arms. Their mouths were all filled with reproachful and threatening language, especially the Common-people's, who called the Grandees and Gentry of the Country, Traitors & enemies of the Kingdom, saying, they had destroyed & taken away their estates; (which availed them nothing) but who can restrein a multitude? Amongst other impertinencies, they said, That the Queen should do well to marry the Duke of Calabria, Don Hernando de Arragon, son to Frederick last K. of Naples, who, since the time of the Catholic King, had been kept prisoner in Xativa, in the Kingdom of Valencia; I believ this was only put upon those of the Junta, and that they neither did, nor thought any such thing. But the truth is, their passion was grown to such an height, that they never so much as named the Emperor in their Proclamations, though they had sworn Allegiance to him, as their King, but all passed in the names of the Queen and Kingdom: Insomuch that the hatred and enmity betwixt the two parties became implacable, and both made all preparations possible for a war. In short time those of the Junta had put their forces in a readiness, and equipage to march unto the field, as was determined.   

SECT. II.  
Amongst these occurrences arrived the Lord Admiral at Medina de Rioseco, where he was met and received by all the Noblemen and Gentlemen, (who were come thither to the Cardinal) with their Soldiers all armed, and drawn up in Battle-Array. He expressed much gladness to see so many gallant men, and persons of such eminent quality: Y●t he had no intention, to wade through blood to the accomplishment of his desires, but rather by fair means, if possible, to settle the disturbed State of the Kingdoms; which to effect, he left no stone unturned, and at last he obtained, that three or four of the Commissioners of the junta should give him a meeting at Torrelobaton, where they consumed five or six days in treating, but all his reasons, persuasions, and fair promises could bring them to no reason: Before they would hearken to any proposition of his, they demanded that the Lord high Constable should renounce, and leave off the exercise of Viceroy and Governor, which he had begun to execute; And whilst the Lord Admiral was thus treating with them, the junta commanded a Proclamation to be made against the Lord high Constable, and the Earl of Alva de Lista, as is before mentioned, and other Noblemen: And Don Pedro Giron, with the Bishop of Zamora, had orders to draw their Army into the field, which was seaventeen thousand Foot, besides good store of horse, and much Artillery, which had been brought from Medina deal Campo. Whereupon the Lord Admiral despairing of any Peace, protested against them, and returned to Rioseco, being resolved to accept the Government jointly with the Cardinal and the Lord high Constable, in regard those fair conditions of agreement, which he offered, were slighted and rejected. Don Pedro Giron, Captain-General for the junta, and the Bishop of Zamora● with his Soldiers and band of Priests, marched out the 2●th day of November 1520, and quartered their Army that night in Villabraxima, Tordehumos, Villagarzia, and other places about Rioseco, with intent to starve or drive the Cavaliers thence. And indeed, if the Commoners had been men at that time, they might have done it. From their headquarters at Villabraxima, they wrote to the City of Valladolid, giving them an account of their advance, and that, before they fell upon Rioseco, they would send a King at Arms to require the Lord Admiral, and those of the Town of Rioseco, to cast out those thieus, and destroyers of the Kingdom, (as they called the Cavaliers); if not that they would use means to take them, and hinder the Cardinal's Government, it being a thing contrary to the Laws, and Rights of the Kingdom.   

SECT. III.  
AFter this, the Army of the junta, by way of justification, sent their Heralds, or King's at Arms, to the Lord Admiral, with the other Noblemen, and Gentlemen, then being in Rioseco, requiring them not only to leave that place, but to go out of the Country, and desiring those of the said Town, to confirm themselves to those of the Commonalty in favour of his Majesty, but this message was so ill resented, that the Heralds found but sorry entertainment, being apprehended and disarmed by order from the Earls of Venavente, and of Alva de Lista; which being known by the Iunta's forces, they presently advanced towards Rioseco, The Bishop of Zamora marched in the Van with five thousand men, fully resolved to do all the mischief he could to the Cavaliers. He was no sooner come to Villabraxima, but the two hundred lances, which the Marquis of Astorga had placed there, took their heels, flying with such disorder and haste, that some of them lost their Arms before they could reach Rioseco, and left the Place clear for the Bishop, who entering, said, Let the King and Commonalty live, and evil Counsel perish. The two hundred Lanciers disorderly flight to Medina, alarmed the Cavaliers, who having put their Army in good order, marched into the field, with intent to rout the Bishop with his five thousand men, but he valued them not, though they were numerous, and men of eminent qualities, for he knew Don Pedro Giron was so near with the Rere-guard, and so Vigilant, that he would be ready to back and assist him, if occasion should require it. Thus the two Armies faced one another, each watching an opportunity to get the advantage of their enemies, and so they remained both drawn up in Battalions one whole day, after which, the Cavaliers retreated to Tordehumos, and the Iunta's Army to Villabraxima, both near Rioseco. The four hundred Priests, which had left their Altars, in Imitation of the Bishop of Zamora, to sacrifice their bloods in this Holy enterprise, remained at Tordesillas, for the guard of the Town and of the junta, who out of respect to their Sacerdotal Dignities, would not permit them to march amongst the rabble of the Common Soldiers. Besides these Priests, remained two other Companies of Foot at Tordesillas, and some horse commanded by Hernando de Porras, Commissioner of Zamora, Gomez de Avila, and others. Three whole days Don Pedro Giron kept his Army in order, offering to give the Cavaliers Battle, but they would not; and indeed it had been madness for them to engage, being far inferior in number, 
Here Don Pedro, and other Gentlemen, begin to play the Traitors.  and not so well armed, although they were better men, and of higher courages than the Common People, yet they thought it their securest way to expect the Earl of Haro's coming, (their Captain-General) who was reported to be upon his march thither; and besides they were in hopes t● obtain the Victory by some other means, without any loss of blood, the Lord Admiral having some overtures thereof by private intelligence, and dealing with Don Pedro Giron, and some other Gentlemen, who sided with the Commoners, whom if he could handsomely have taken off, it would have been no hard matter to have routed the Vulgar Pack of Tailors, Shoemakers, Skinners, Curriers, & such like; whereof the rest of their Armi● was composed. But the Commoners perceiving themselves much the stronger Party, infested the Cavaliers with such skirmishes and hot alarms both night & day, that they could take no rest all the while they stayed at Tordehumos; And hearing that the Earl of Haro was expected with more forces, they determined to force them to fight before his arrival, or at least, to gain the reputation of proffering them Battle. To this effect, having m●de a general muster, they marched with all their Artillery in very good order towards Rioseco. Sanabria, Commissioner of Valladolid, rid before with 30 Light Horse, to discover the field. Don Pedro Lasso de la Vega led the Vanguard of Cuirassiers, Don Pe●ro Maldonado and Francisco Maldonado commanded the Light Horsemen. The Bishop of Zamora was Captain of the Vanguard of Foot; with him marched Don john de Mendoça, Captain of Valladolid, son to the Cardinal Don Pedro Goncalez de Mendoça, Don Gonzalo de Guzman, Captain of Leon, Don Hernando de Ulloa, Captain of Toro, and others. In the body marched Don Pedro Giron, called, Duke of Medina Sidonia, with him divers other Captains, and Don john de Figueroa, brother to the Duke of Arcos, who came that same day to the Army from Sevilla, besides other Commanders. The Rearguard and the Artillery was committed to the charge of other officers. Being arrived within Culverine-shot of the Town, they made an Halt, commanding their Heralds, in mean time, to approach so near unto the walls, that they might be heard, and declare unto the Admiral and Earl of Venavente, with the other Grandees and Gentlemen in Medina, that the Army of their Sovereign Lady, the Queen, was come thither, to execute upon them, by her command, those penalties which they had incurred by governing the Kingdom without her order or consent, and for raising and arming men in contempt, and to the disservice of her Majesty; and therefore they did offer them Battle, and did expect their coming into the field. Having sent this message to the Town, they remained in the same order almost until Sunset. But the Cavaliers, although they were in Arms, made no show at all of Battle or skirmish, but persevering in their former resolution, let them stand cooling their heels there. At last, Don Pedro Giron, having commanded some of his Cannon to be discharged against the Town, (but the bullets never reached the Walls) returned with his Army into his Quarters, losing and neglecting that occasion, which proved very prejudicial to his Party. He was no sooner gone, but the Earl of Haro arrived with his men, who had marched as fast as possibly they could, thinking to have come time enough to meet Don Pedro, for the Earl had intelligence of his defying the Cavaliers in Medina, though he had no great stomach to fight with them. All the Nobles and Gentlemen, with their Soldiers, marched forth to receiv their Captain General with great solemnity, and Military order. He brought with him three hundred Horsemen in complete Armour, four hundred Light-hors-men, and two thousand five hundred Foot, all choice men, and twelv or thirteen field-pieces. The same night came likewise to Rioseco, Don Francisco de Zun̄iga y Avellaneda, Earl of Miranda, Don Veltran de la Cueva, eldest son to the Duke of Alburquerque, Don Lewis de la Cueva his brother, Don Bernardo de Sandoval y Royas, Marquis of Denia, with his son Don Lewis de Sandoval, and Don Francisco de Quinones, Earl of Luna, with all the servants, tenants and soldiers they could get. This supply increased the Cavaliers to above one and twenty hundred horse, and six thousand foot soldiers, besides a good company of servants. Insomuch that hereby they held themselves stronger than their enemies; not that they exceeded them in number, but in virtue and courage, besides the Caus which they maintained was more just, and warrantable, which adds much confidence and boldness to the hearts of men, and makes their souls insusceptible of any Panic fears.   

SECT. IV.  
THose of the junta seeing fresh forces come daily in to the Cavaliers, endeavoured to prepossess themselves of all the Towns and places of strength, and sent besides, to all those of their league, to raise, and have in a readiness, what men possibly they could, notwithstanding they were already much stronger than the other party. Hereupon in Valladolid, by order from the junta, was publicly proclaimed, that all the Townsmen, from eighteen to threescore years of age, should be trained, and be ready with their Arms, to march into the field, upon notice from the Captain General of the Army. The Precedent, and other Judges of the Chancery in Valladolid, who were Persons of great respect and esteem in the City, having never before meddled with either side, seeing the great disorder amongst the people, and fearing further confusion, moved with a good zeal and affection to their Country's good, came with all expedition to Rioseco, to treat with the Lord Admiral, and other Noblemen, about some fair accommodation, whereby the Kingdom might avoid the imminent perdition, which through that unnatural war, in all probability, it was like to suffer. They found amongst the Nobles very courteous entertainment, and expression of a desire to condescend to any reasonable propositions, all the difficulty and obstacle lay in those of the Iunta's Party, and especially in the Bishop of Zamora. From Rioseco, the Precedent, with the other Judges, went to Villabraxima, where the Bishop, with his five thousand men, was quartered. The Precedent being admitted, entreated him with great earnestness and humility, the tears standing in his eyes, to consider, and leave off in time the evil and wrong course they had taken, 
The Precedent of Valladolid's Speech to the Bishop of Z●mora.  and no● to give way to, much less to be the occasion of so great mischiefs, murders, and scandals, which inevitably must fall upon the Kingdom, if they continued inexorable, alleging, That it would be much more advantageous for their country's good (which they so much pretended) to accept of an honourable peace, and accommodation, whereby (with the help of God) the Kingdoms might be preserved from the present ruin, and restored to their former flourishing condition: for admit the Commoner meet with the success which they desire, vanquish the Cavaliers, reduce his Majesty to such straits, that he will be glad to grant them more immunities then formerly they did desire, yet they must live under him, and when he finds an occasion, he will put the yoke again about their necks, and load them with taxes at his pleasure. That these violent uproars and mutinies of the Commonalties, in disrespect or disobedience to their Princes, were fickle and very unsecure. That those Gentlemen and Commanders, which then engaged with them, if fortune gave them victory over their enemies, would Lord it over them no less insupportably, than the others: neither did those Gentlemen (Defendors of the Commonalties) show any great discretion, setting themselves in opposition to all the Grandees and Nobles of the Kingdom, especially in a matter of so much prejudice and disservice to his Majesty. That it would be an act of greater wisdom, to accept of any fair propositions of agreement, to remain in peace, with a due respect & obedience to their Princes, whereby to gain their loves, and not to expose themselves to the various & uncertain Chance of War. 
A gallant and resolute answer of the Bishop of Zamor● to the Lord Precedent.  The Bishop answered, Lord President! Since in the condition and estate our business now stands, we have moved & advanced hitherto, I know what is convenientest for us to do, and therefore I will not flinch nor recede one step, but rather persevere in my enterprise, and pursue to destruction those wicked disturbers of the Kingdoms. The Precedent seeing the Bishop would not hearken to what he desired of him, he required him in their majesty's names, by virtue of the Royal Seal, which he brought with him, not to stir from thence, until he had been to confer about the same business with the Lord Admiral, and other Noblemen, at Rioseco; but the Bishop gave him no answer thereunto, neither did he make any more account of him, then if he had been his servant (this was the perfection of this great Prelate, successor of the Apostles). So the Precedent & the Judges, leaving him, went to Medina, where, by reason of the pervers Cross-grainedness of those of the junta, 
An heroic and generous Spirit in the Bishop of Zam●ra being a man indefatigable.  they could effect nothing to any purpose; and the Bishop's Conscience was pricked with such remors at the President's discourse, and his tender heart so moved with his tears, that he scarce had turned his back, but his Reverend Lordship called for his Armour (for the head-piece and pouldrons were the Pontificial robes wherein he most delighted): And having commanded his Artillery to be secured in the Rearguard, he marched forth with his men to encounter a great party of Foot, and th●ee hundred horse, which he had notice, was advancing towards his quarters. But they, having intelligence that the Bishop was come forth in quest of them, with a stronger Party, retreated to Rioseco. By this time were come into the Army of the junta three thousand soldiers more from the City of Leon, besides great numbers from Valladolid, and other places; but chiefly john the Padilla was expected with a supply from Toledo and Madrid.   

SECT. V.  
THose of the Council proceeded against those of the junta, and all the Cities of their League, according to Law, and having erected a Scaffold, they caused them publicly to be proclaimed Traitors and Rebels to the Royal Crown; Whereat they were so incensed, that thenceforwards they fought not so much for the ●nterest of the Kingdom, as for reputation, and to revenge particular quarrels (the offspring of those troubles and dissensions) or for ancient grudges betwixt particular persons or places. The Bishop swore that he would keep the field with his men only, until he were either dead, or crowned with Victory. The Cavaliers were as resolute on the other side; insomuch that although the Precedent of the Chancery insisted for peace, he prevailed nothing. The Cavaliers had many skirmishes with the Bishop's men. At last he, and Don Pedro Giron, seeing that the Cavaliers would not come out to give them battle, they sent a Trumpeter to them with this message, 
Don Pedro and the Bishop of Zamora's message to the Cavaliers.  That they should meet them in the field, to the end they might in one battle set a period to all their Contentions, which caused so great disturbances in the Kingdom. That Winter was coming on apace, and it was to no purpose to stand dallying in that manner, and ruin one another by delays. That if they refused to fight, they would go to their Towns and Lordships, and having plundered them, burn their houses to the ground: But the Lord Admiral could not resolve to put all to so great a venture. In Valladolid, besides the men which they sent to the Army, (as is said) having mustered again, they found seven thousand more Cross-bow-men, Pike-men, and Musketeers, which they could well spare, leaving moreover, enough to guard the City; whereupon they sent to the junta, that shortly they should receiv another supply from them, and that if occasion served, they would go every man in person with their general Standard to serve them, for they esteemed the Caus which they defended to be Just and Holy.   

SECT. VI  
THe Countess of Modica, wife to the Lord Admiral, being a very virtuous and devout Lady, was grieved at the Soul to see these disorders, and miserable condition of the Kingdoms, wherein so many innocent persons suffered, and desiring to compose the sad differences, she spoke to the Lord Admiral, her husband, and the Earl of Venavente, earnestly desiring them to stop the current of those miseries, which would proceed from that unnatural War. The good Lady prevailed so much, that the Lord Admiral, the Earl of Venavente, Don Pedro Giron, (who called himself Duke of Medina) the Bishop of Zamora, and she, had a meeting at Villabraxima, one evening; And having ordered and agreed upon certain Articles in favour of the junta, the Earl of Venavente said to the Admiral; My Lord, though you desire to keep four or five Licenciadoes in your Town, I hope you will not bring our estates in question, 
The Earl spoke with much cunning & dissimulation, purposely to pl●as and blind the Bishop, that h●e might not suspect w●at they had in private concluded with Don Pedro Giron, by which conference it appears plainly that they w●re betrayed, & sol●, as Ant●nio de Gue●ara declareth at large in his Epistles. No h●ng but the private treachery of Don Pedro Giron could have deluded the Bishop and destroyed ●heir A●mie.  and give way to so many murders, and robberies, as must needs follow, if so, God forbid that I should have any thing to do with it, but to favour and assist the junta, and the Commonalties, since all that they desire is good and just, and I so acknowledge and approve it, and from this time forwards will justify it: Which said, he set his hand to the said Articles, the Countess said as he did; And the Admiral taking the paper in his hands, said to the Earl, Since you have signed this first, I'll do the like: And he having subscribed, they went all together to supper, very well contented. After supper they returned to Medina, and presently gave a Command, that the whole Town should declare for the Queen, the King her Son, and the Commonalty. All this was done with a politic art and cunning, to make the Army of the Commoners leave Medina; For if it had continued longer there, it would have very much straightened and incommodated the Cavaliers, the Commoners being already many more in number, and receiving every day fresh supplies, and the Cavaliers having little hopes of increasing their force, by reason that all the Nobles and persons of honour in the Kingdoms of Toledo, Andaluzia, and Estremadura sat still, expecting which way the scale would turn, without declaring for King or Commonalty.   

SECT. VII.  
UPon the agreement between the Lord Admiral, the Earl of Venavente, and Don Pedro Giron, the Army without knowing any reason wherefore, marched from Tordehumos and Villabraxima to Villalpando, where, after some small resistance, they were received and quartered peaceably. Don Pedro Giron took up his lodging, in his uncle, the Lord high Constable's house. All were of opinion that Don Pedro juggled, and played legerdemain in this business, and so it appeared by his dislodging his Army, and leaving the enemy free, besides having nothing at all to do at Villalpando. And indeed Don Pedro Giron might well be suspected herein, for the Grandees, who were his near kindred, wrought much upon him, as shall be seen hereafter. The Cavaliers seeing themselves free from the encumbrance of that powerful Army, which blocked them up in a manner, and finding the way clear and secure from thence to Tordesillas, marched all out of Rioseco, seizing on all Posts and Travellers, that might give notice of their approach, making as if they had a design upon Valladolid, but with as much speed as an Army could advance, they went directly to Tordesillas; Those of the junta, hearing of their coming, dispatched presently a Post to Valladolid, telling them, that the Cavaliers were marching thither with all expedition, therefore they desired them to send them speedy succour. But Valladolid having sent near four thousand of their choicest men already to the Army, and hearing that the enemy was like to fall upon them, desired to be excused, thinking they might better have relief from the Army, where were men enough. But they being in good quarters at Villalpando, were not overhasty to go to Tordesillas, for the plot was so well laid, that no man knew the certainty of the design, but that which Don Pedro did a little after, confirmed the suspicion the world had conceived of him. One night the Cavaliers stormed the Town, having clapped a Petar to the Gates, but finding strong resistance, the Earl of Haro sent a Trumpet, to tell them they came only to kiss the Queen's hands, and to set her at liberty, and required them to yield; Whereunto they giving no satisfactory answer, the Earl resolved to force them, and encouraged his Soldiers, promising them the pillage of the Town. But what by the natural strength of the place, what through the courageous resistance of the besieged, the Earl lost above 250 men, before he could make any breach. The Priests, which the Bishop of Zamora left there, behaved themselves very valorously in this Holy cause: One amongst the rest was particularly observed to have given eleven men their Viaticum with his musket, from behind the Battlements of the Wall, where he thought he stood secure, and as he saw occasion sent his Benediction amongst them, which seldom missed his man. But at last, some of the besiegers, with an unsanctified arrow, shot him quite through the head, with which he presently fell down, and died, not having the time to say so much as one Miserere. At length an Alferez, with some other Cavaliers, 
T●r●●sillas t●ken by the Earl of Haro, Captain General of the Cavalier forces.  having forced their entry at a small breach in the wall, and given the sign to their Camarades, the whole Army gave a shout, and with sound of Drums and Trumpets, cried all out, Victoria, Victoria, which so animated the Besiegers, that in the same, and in other parts of the Town, they made fresh assaults, insomuch that the Besieged were no longer able to resist. The Cavalier-Souldiers, being thus entered the Town, used no violence to either man, woman, or child, for that they were forbidden; but neither Houses, Churches, nor Monasteries escaped from plundering: So that no man had so much as a bed left to sleep upon, unless the Soldiers, out of charity, would let him have any; which punishment they did deserv, for fight and defending their goods no better, after they were engaged, and put themselves into a posture of resistance. The Grandees and Gentlemen, being entered into Tordesillas, went directly to the Palace to kiss the Queen's hands, and show her their due respects, they found her with the Infanta, her daughter, Donna Catalina, in her own chamber, whence Don Pedro de Ayala, Commissioner of Toledo, had persuaded her to withdraw during the fight: Some say, to the end, that from the wall, she might have commanded the besiegers not to storm the Town; others think, it was with intent to conveie her thence, and carry her by the Bridg-waie to Medina del Campo; 
Some of the Commissioners of the junta make their escapes.  But this escape that was intended for the Queen, being attempted just upon the entry of the enemy into the Town, Don Pedro de Ayala left her, and fled himself to Medina del Campo. She showed the Gentlemen that came to kiss her hands very gracious countenance, though, by reason of her infirmity and want of judgement, she cared little how things went; only it is reported, that while they were battering the Town, some of the Commissioners being there, desired that she would send a Command to the Besiegers to desist; and she answered, Open you the gates, and let them in. The Earl of Haro stayed at the gates, to see his Artillery and Horse let in until midnight; which done, he went likewise to kiss her majesty's hands, where he found the rest of the Nobles, who soon after, taking their leavs, went to take their rest; but the Earl of Haro spent all the night in placing his Guards, and taking order for securing of the place. Nine or ten of the Commissioners of the Cities were taken and imprisoned; the rest fled, some to Medina, others to Valladolid, where they arrived so mangled and stripped, that 'twas a pity to see them. The Doctor Zuniga of Salamanca, 
Some are taken, and again released  Suero del Aguila, and Gomez de Avila, Commissioners of Avila, were released, at the request of some Grandees, who engaged for them. In this manner was taken the Town of Tordesillas; but not the junta, nor the good will of the revolted Cities, whose fury was hereby more inflamed. Amongst the dead in the field were found divers dangerously wounded, and some Gentlemen, as Don Diego Osorio, son to the Marquis of Astorga, who was shot through the arm, Don Francisco de la Cueva hurt in the face with a stone, the Earl of Venavente wounded in the Arm with an arrow, the Earl of Alva had his horse killed under him, and divers Commanders, and other persons of account. The King's Standard was shot and tattered with two musket bullets, the Earl of Cisuentes holding it in his hand. However, that daie's work was of exceeding great importance, and was the means of giving a glorious end to these miserable distempers, although not so suddenly; For hereby the Common people were disabused, the allegations and excuses, of those of the junta, appearing to be no less falls then malicious: for to give a more specious lustre to their forgeries, and gain credit with the People, they cunningly gave out, that the Queen was perfectly well, and in her right senses, and that all they did, was by her order (which was nothing so), whereby the blind ignorant Commonalty ran themselves headlong into the precipice of those disasters, which I have, and hereafter shall relate. The glory of this memorable exploit was properly to be attributed to the Earl of Haro's valour, who, contrary to the Votes of divers others, would assault Tordesillas, in stead of following their Army, to seek satisfaction for having been out-dared by them to fight, and blocked up in Rioseco, according to the others opinions and propositions.   

SECT. VIII.  
THose of Valladolid were in great fear, when they heard that Tordesillas was taken, lest the enemy should fall next upon them, in regard they had disobliged the Cardinal, the Council, the Lord Admiral, the Earl of Venavente, and other Nobles, in not admitting them, and favouring so much those of the junta, that it was generally reported, that Valladolid alone did maintain them. Few men able to bear Arms were left in the City, for they had sent all to the Army in a manner, but those that were left, stood upon their guard. 
Don Pedro de Giron's and the Bishop of Zamora's Letter to Valladolid.  Whilst Valladolid was in this fright, came a Post from Don Pedro Giron, and the Bishop of Zamora, with letters, wherein they said, That they knew not, neither did they think that the Cavaliers in Rioseco would have attempted to take Tordesillas, nor have offered that affront or disrespect to the Queen, being there; That they could have no intelligence of their design, because they had stopped, and taken all the Messengers and Travellers, that might give notice of their march thither, and that when they did know it, and were prepared to go succour the Town, news was brought them, that the Cavaliers were carrying the Queen away to Burgos, which made them turn towards Valladolid, thinking that way to intercept them: And that now being at Villagarzia, they thought good to acquaint them with their motion, to the end they might receiv provision and orders thence, to prosecute their design; Promising, since that the Cavaliers had taken Tordesillas, and begun the War with fire and sword, that they would do the like, if Valladolid was so contented. These Letters confirmed the People's jealousies of Don Pedro Giron, insomuch that they cursed him in private and in public, saying, he was a Traitor, 
Valladolid's answer to Don Pedro  and had sold them. Moreover, they wrote to this effect to Don Pedro, That in regard he had clouded his reputation by not succouring Tordesillas, to vindicate his honour, he should forth with go and lay siege to it, and show himself what he was; That his Army on one side, and those of Valladolid on the other, besides the rest of their Associates, might jointly take their full revenge for so insupportable an affront. They wrote in like manner to the Bishop, and other Captains, but Don Pedro took no great notice thereof, neither did he make any other show, then that he would go to Valladolid himself. Divers disorderly Captains, like sheep without a shepherd, with their Companies, came and took up their Quarters at Villanubla, two leagues from Valladolid: Others went to Valladolid with their plunder, amongst others, two horsemen brought in a thousand Sheep, others fifty, others two hundred Mules, Mares, and Carts loaden with linen, and all manner of householdstuff, taken from the poor Countrymen, to the value of above three Millions of Maravediz, which they sold in the City, for little or nothing; a Weather was sold for two rials, an Ewe for one, and a Cow for two Ducats; But the mischief was the greater, in that the poor shepherds and husbandmen, having ransomed their cattle and goods, before they had gone half a league, the Soldiers would plunder them again, spoiling and robbing friend and foe, as much as they could. By which exorbitancies they began to see, how much better it would have been to have satisfied their King's demands, although the tax was somewhat heavy; But so great acts of disobedience never passed long without such just punishments: Their outrageous impudence grew to such a height, that without any reverence or respect, they robbed and spoiled the very Churches, as if they had been Infidels; Women were not secure in their houses, nor men by the high ways. Valladolid, to prevent further disorder in this kind, Commanded that those straggling Soldiers, which were to the number of six hundred, should return to their Colours at Villanubla, where their Captains were, and there they gave them ten days pay more to endear them to go before Tordesillas; whither also marched, with all expedition, men from Salamanca, Toro, and Zamora, in great numbers, thinking to catch the Cavaliers in the Climm. But they lost no time in fortifying themselves, repairing the Walls, (as was but need) scouring and clearing their ditches, and laying in provisions of Victuals and Ammunition.   

SECT. IX.  
FAme soon carried the taking of Tordesillas through the whole Kingdom, which was diversely resented according to the disposition and inclination of the hearers, as is usual amongst a divided people. Assoon as notice thereof was brought to Quintanilla, who commanded before Alaejos, he raised his siege, and returned in all haste, with his men, to Medina del Campo, fearing lest that might also be surprised. The Nobles in Tordesillas sent for the Cardinal, who remained in Rioseco, with those of the Garrison. Don Rodrigo de Mendoça, Earl of Castro, who came to Medina de Rioseco with his men, too late for the expedition of Tordesillas, attended upon the Cardinal thither; where, his Eminence being arrived, the Lord Admiral solemnly accepted the Joint-government of the Kingdoms, with the Cardinal, and the Lord High Constable, having first tried all means possible to reduce the people fairly to the obedience of his Majesty; for after the taking of Tordesillas, he sent Gomez de Avila, (who was there made prisoner) making him first swear to return, to treat with Don Pedro Giron, and the rest of the junta, offering them very honourable Conditions, if they would lay down their Arms and come in. But Gomez being returned without concluding any thing, there was no apparent hope of any accommodation: besides, seeing that the junta, and the forces of the Commoners, were retired to Valladolid, (which was but five leagues from Tordesillas) and that it was no time of year to keep the field, or besiege any other City, leaving the enemies to themselves; the Governors, with consent of the rest of the Nobles, put all their Soldiers in Garrison in the adjacent Towns; For divers of their men were gone away, having enriched themselves with the plunder which they took at Tordesillas. The Earl of Haro, with some choice companies, remained in Tordesillas, for the Guard of her majesty's person, and defence of the Town. Don Pedro Velez, Earl of Onate, with some Horse and Foot Companies, was placed in Simancas, though the Government thereof belonged to Don Hernando de Vega, but he being of the Emperor's; Council of State, it was thought more convenient he should reside at Tordesillas, yet he went thither sometimes himself, as occasion served. In Portillo (a place of strength, belonging to the Earl of Venavente) was put another Garrison, under the Command of Don Inigo de Padilla, cosen-german to the Earl of Venavente. To Torrelobaton (a Town of the Lord Admiral's) betwixt Tordesillas and Rioseco (by which all their provisions were to pass) were sent other companies of soldiers, besides those which Don Hernando Enriquez, the Lord Admiral's brother, had there; in regard that was the way to Burgos, where the Lord High Constable was with the Council, with whom they were to keep continual correspondence. Betwixt the Towns which were for the Commoners, and those wherein were Garrisons for his Majesty, was such kill, robbing, and spoiling, as if they had been the most mortal enemies in the world, as shall be declared hereafter. Artificers could get no employment; Husbandmen could not till their grounds, Merchants had no traffic, Cities lost their correspondence with each other, because the ways were unsecure; Justice was quite out of date; Excise, Tributes, Levies, Impositions increased daily, by reason of the excessive charges of the Army, the Revenue of the Royal Crown (which they had usurped) not being sufficient to defray them. These, and such like, were the fruits and profit which Castilia reaped by their disobedience: And yet for all their miserable condition, they did not humble nor submit themselves, neither would they accept of the honourable and advantageous Conditions which were offered them: But every day they were sending fresh men to maintain and foment the War from Valladolid, where those, who cast the Kingdom into this precipice, had taken up their seat. Although they were so jealous and displeased at their Captain General DON PEDRO GIRON, (especially the Common people) that they did neither obey nor respect him, neither did he hold himself secure amongst them, and therefore he left them soon after, as you shall see.   

SECT. IX.  
THe Bishop of Zamora, and Don Pedro Giron, thinking themselves not secure in Zaratan, (which was but a small open Village) marched with their Army to Valladolid (although their coming was not very acceptable to most of the City). Being there, they quartered themselves in the houses of those that were affected to the King's Party, making abominable havoc and spoil; their soldiers pulled down t●e houses of Francisco de la Serna, and Don Alonso Nino de Castro, they plundered the house of the Comendador Santistevan, robbed and spoiled all they could lay hands on in the Earl of Miranda's house, and divers other mischiefs they did within the City; whereof the Bishop being informed, he caused many things to be restored, and some soldiers to be punished, whereby he gained much good opinion and affection. Two days after their coming thither, they marched both Horse and Foot in goodly order out of the City, with intent to go to break down the Bridge of Simancas, but hearing by the way that the Earl Onate, and those of the Town, had saved them that labour, (for the Earl had intelligence, that they intended to surprise him there, and pass thence to Tordesillas) they wheeled about to take the Fort of Fuensaldana, which they entered without any contradiction, and having left some soldiers with a Commander in it, they returned to Valladolid the same night, giving orders to their men to be ready the next morning before day; which was obeyed, and they gave out, they would gain the pass at Simancas, proclaiming war with fire and sword against the Cavaliers at Tordesillas. But Simancas, being situate upon the descent of an hill, the river on one side, and a strong Fort on the other, which the Earl of Onate had been very careful and vigilant in poviding with all necessaries, they feared no attempts from those of Valladolid. Most of those that marched out of Valladolid that time, were from Salamanca, Toro, and Zamora; many of them silly ignorant fellows, and their Captains not much more knowing in Martial affairs, they were so long fitting themselves, that they made it three a clock in the Afternoon before they were all out of Valladolid (which was ten hours after the time appointed); so that they were forced to quarter that night at Laguna, one league from the City, some in the Monastery of Abrojo, others in the field with the Artillery. There fell such a difference betwixt Don Pedro Giron and the Bishop of Zamora, that Don Pedro, with his Lanciers, marched to Tudela, but there he was refused quarters; so he was enforced to go on to Villavanez. Next 〈◊〉 the Bishop gave orders to march to Simancas, but some told him, that 'twas better to return to Valladolid, and there take further advice. The people of Toro, Zamora, and Valladolid had likewise some bicker amongst themselves, insomuch that every one would carry their Artillery home to their own Cities; but those of Valladolid, being the strongest party, carried it to their City without any more ado, which bred much discontent and heartburning: and all exclaimed against Don Pedro Giron, saying all the ill their discontented minds could imagine of him, for leaving them in that manner, which confirmed all the jealousies and suspicions which they had formerly conceived of him. One day, twelv Foot soldiers of Valladolid went out upon a party towards Simancas, and about one league from Valladolid, they met with fourscore Horse of that Garrison, which made them fly, to secure themselves, into a little Tower amongst the Vineyards, where they defended themselves until the Alarm was given in Valladolid, and the Bishop of Zamora came out with a party of Horse, and rescued them; two of those of Simancas were killed, and the rest, seeing more men come from Valladolid, fled all away; so the Bishop returned with some hurt men, but lost not one: Being night, the City (much satisfied with his courage in this exploit) sent out many torches to receiv him. The next day, because a brother of Francisco de la Serna's had murmured something against the Bishop, they commanded his house to be pulled down: and in regard the people thronged thither, out of greediness to carry away the timber, they heedlessly cut down the pillars and posts that supported it, whereby the four quarters of the house fell amongst the people, killed fourteen or fifteen men, and hurt divers others.   

SECT. X.  
THe Commissioners, who fled, at the taking of Tordesillas, to Medina del Campo, came afterwards to Valladolid, where they held their junta general, concerning the affairs of the Kingdom. The Lord Admiral, seeing his Towns destroyed, his tenants plundered of all their goods and cattle, since the cardinal's departure from Rioseco, sent them a Letter to Valladolid, pourporting▪ 
The Lord Admiral's Letter to those of the junta at Valladolid.  That since it had been God's pleasure to lay his Judgements upon the Kingdom, and afflict them with the spirit of dissension, he desired (to the end there might be no more spoiling nor murdering one another,) That there might be a Cessation of Arms, but upon this condition, That whatsoever damage and prejudice, he and the Earl of Venavente had sustained in their Lands, by the robbing and violence of those of Valladolid, should be repaired, otherwise, That those Arms which they had taken to offend them, 
Their Vote concerning the Letter.  they should take to defend themselves. This Letter being read in the junta, it was Voted that no answer should be returned, nor any other Letter received thenceforwards from any of the Grandees. Christmas being come, they made great preparations to go against Tordesillas; john the Padilla being arrived with the men of Toledo at Medina del Campo, it was moved that he should besiege it on one side, and the Bishop on the other, hereupon were every day consultations amongst the Commissioners, but they could not determine any thing. At last it was resolved, that john de Padilla should be sent for to Valladolid, that they might take his advice. The Commoners were far more in number then the Cavaliers, but these were the better and more experienced men in matters of Arms▪ Tordesillas they fortified daily, and furnished with all sorts of provisions. Simancas likewise was in so good condition, that the horse of that garrison plagued those of Valladolid in such manner, that no body could Travel nor keep any Cattle in the fields, or any thing else, but they would be sure to snap it. By order of the junta it was Proclaimed in Valladolid, with sound of Trumpets and Minstrels, that no Soldiers, or others, should rob under pain of death, albeit they should meet with people coming from the enemy's quarters, unless they bore Arms on the other side, (and in such case, they might do what they could) to the end that People might pass to and fro securely, and trade not absolutely be destroyed. The like was proclaimed in Tordesillas and Simancas. By this means the ways began to be somewhat secure, but not altogether, and the People desired there might be one good battle, for either side falling, the dispute would be ended. 
Courageous exploit of the Bishop o● Z●mora.  The spirit and Courage of the Bishop was remarkable: One night he sallied out of Valladolid, and went to Palencia, took the Corregidor, the Alcaldes, and other officers of Justice, and placed others in their steads, he had an intent to apprehend Don Diego de Castilia also, but he fled. With the favour and assistance of the major part of the City, he called himself Bishop of Palencia, for which Bishopric he was presently offered sixteen thousand Ducats. Thence he went to Carrion, and Torquemad●, in each of which Towns (as in Palencia) he left two thousand men to guard them, (which the Commonalty had given him) he gave them strict orders to be very watchful and Vigilant, but to offer violence to none, except the the people of Burgos, and other places belonging to the Cavaliers, and from such, he bid them take what they could, and pay themselves with the plunder, and tell the people, that if they came a second time, they might thank God if they took not their lives away, as for their goods or Cattle, they must expect to have none left. This done, he returned to Vallad●lid, having made himself a King, and Pope.   

SECT. XI.  
IOhn de Padilla marched out of Medina del Campo towards Valladolid, with ● great number of Foot, paid for a long time, but only threescore horse. And being arrived at the bridge of Duero, he commanded his Artillery to be carried up the River to Simancas; At about half a league distance, he caused four pieces of Ordnance to be shot at the Town, whereupon the Earl of Onate sallied forth with fourscore Lances, with which he lay in ambush, thinking to cut off john de Padilla's train, but being discovered, john de Padilla let fly four Falconets at them, which made them soon turn their b●cks, and he pursued them to the very Gates of Simancas. Thence he went to Valladolid, where he was solemnly received with the applaus and content of the whole City, making as if he were the father of them all, in whom they reposed all their trust and confidence. And there he was made Captain-General, although those of the junta would have given that Command to Don Pedro Lasso de la Vega, but the great credit and esteem which john the Padilla had gotten amongst the soldiery, made them decline that resolution. The Earl of Haro, having intelligence of john de Padilla's march to Valladolid, had an intent to stop his way, to which effect, he sent for Don Geronimo de Padilla to Simancas, with those men he had at Portillo, but being upon his departure informed for certain, that some of Tordesillas had given john de Padilla notice of his design, and that they had agreed, assoon as the Earl was gone with his men one way, john de Padilla should come another, and fall upon Tordesillas, where most of the Inhabitants were for the Commonalty, and desired nothing more, than the effecting of this plo●; He c●anged his former determination, and stayed to secure Tordesillas. After this, they had intelligence that in a place called Rodilana, betwixt Medina del Campo and Valladolid, were quartered five hundred Soldiers of Salamanca, who being so near Medina, thought themselves secure, and kept no guards, hereupon the Lord Admiral, and the ●arl, consulted how to beat up their quarters, and destroy them. Don Pedro de la Cueva, brother to the Duke of Alburquerque, a valiant Gentlemen, undertook the execution of this design, and with few more, than what the enemy was spoken to be, he marched one night to Rodilana, and falling in suddenly upon them, he killed and took most of them, the rest fled. Five or six days after this, the Earl of Haro, having received other intelligence, that in a small Town called l● Zarca, six leagues from Tordesillas, where arrived seven or eight hundred Soldiers from Segovia; He incharged the same Don Pedro (who was his Cousin Germane) because he had been so successful before, to go and surprise the said Soldiers, giving him two hundred horse and five hundred Foot to that effect. Don Pedro, with those men, marched all night, and going a great league about to avoid Medina del Campo, he set upon them unawares, & though the said soldiers retired fight into a Church, Don Pedro followed them so close, that entering perforce after them, he killed and wounded many of them, and brought almost all the rest prisoners to Tordesillas; which was held an exploit of great valour, conduct, and importance.   

SECT. XII.  
JOhn de Padilla, the Bishop of Zamora, and other Captains of the Commonalty neglected no opportunities of advancing their Interest, and infesting the advers party. It was concluded amongst them, that john de Padilla, with the two thousand five hundred men he brought from Toledo and Madrid, should pitch his camp before Cigales, (a small Town belonging to the Earl of Venavente, two leagues from Valladolid) and if they did not receiv them willingly, that they should force their entrance, but those of Cigales received them without making the least opposition, and lodged them in their houses, thinking no harm. At midnight (which was a base unworthy action) the Soldiers gave the alarm through all the Town, and being in arms, they took all their Hosts, (who had so freely given them quarters) and all the rest of the Town, and having manacled, and disarmed them, not leaving them so much as a sword or dagger, they put them all into the Church, and set a strong Guard upon them, saying, They did so to secure the place, because it belonged to an enemy. The third of januarie the Bishop marched again out of Valladolid at midnight, with some companies of soldiers, directly to Pal●n●ia, his new Bishopric, where he stayed some time; after which he gave out, that he would return to Valladolid, but he turned another way; 
O●her exploit of the Bishop of Zamora'●.  and having sent his Scouts before to Moçon, the next morning, by break of day, he assaulted the Fort of Valdepero, whereof was Commander Andres de Ribera, son in law to Doctor Tello; who, after a long dispute, and several men killed on both sides, the Bishop receiving fresh supplies from the Beherrias, was enforced to surrender upon condition, only to secure the lives of those that were within. The Bishop took the persons of the Governor, his wife, and Doctor Tello, her father, into his protection, 
The Governor of Vald●per●●aken ●aken, and the place plundered by the Bishop's m●n.  but could not, or would not, hinder his men ●rom plundering all their goods. They found much very rich booty within the Fort, whereof the Bishop demanded a fifth part, as being their Captain, which they gave him, yet he that had least amongst the Soldiers, carried away forty Ducats. The Bishop grown glorious by this prize, dispatched a messenger to Valladolid, requiring them to send him more men, that he might take the other Forts about Fu●ntes and Palencia, and put Garrisons i● them for the Commonalty, which done, he sent Doctor Tello, his son-in-law, a●d daughter, prisoners to Valladolid, with a Guard of thirty Hors.   

SECT. XIII.  
THe Commanders of the Iunta's forces used all possible diligence to be revenged of those of Simancas, from whom they received continual affronts and mischief, and therefore they sent for more me● to Toro, Zamora, Salamanca, and Avila, which they expected daily; for all those, and other Cities, were possessed with so much disdain and wilfulness, that they asspired and studied nothing more, than the maintaining of that War, as if they thought that their only means to Salvation; whereof certainly there was weak probability, considering, that for eleven months, which those Domestic or Civil Wars had reigned in Spain, the Devil had transported the hearts of men with this infernal fury. If any one (though but of an ordinary capacity) did seriously consider, what destiny would befall those Citi●s, sor denying their due obedience to their King, (he granting more than they desired) and persevering in such extravagant misdemeanours and cruelties to themselves, besides the oftens to God; what could he think, but that they were quite bereft of natural reason? And that a Bishop (CHRIST'S Vicar) should make himself Captain of such ungracious miscreants, O ●empora! o Mores! Impudence and respectless audacity were only in esteem; the vile inconsiderate multitude fought against the noble and virtuous. Those that were of good extraction, or possessed any considerable fortune, durst not open their mouths, for if by chance they did let fall any word which sounded not well in the other's ears, presently their persons were committed to prisons, their goods and estates confiscate, and they proclaimed Traitors. Such was the confusion, such the corruption and reprobate estate of the castilians, in our Grandfather's times, from the year 1519, until 1522; In which year God brought his Majesty back into these Kingdoms: which returning to their obedience, and being acknowledged by their King, God raised them to the magnificence and glory wherewith they flourished in former ages, and enjoie yet at this present. To the end the people may see what blessings he bestows upon subjects that are obedient to their Princes, and how he punisheth the contrary; for although the Taxes which they impose upon them be heavy, they heap upon themselves grievances infinitely more insupportable, by rising in Rebellion against them. Though this strange History of the Commonalties seem opprobrious to this Nation, and an indelible blot to the castilian honour, having broken their faith to their Sovereign, for which they were so renowned in other ages: yet it is exceeding profitable in this respect, 
Here the Author gives Kings a lesson, admonishing t●em not to oppress their Subjects.  that Kings may know how to govern their Subjects without oppression, and the subjects learn to obey without reluctancy; for the contrary can but produce such sad effects as we both have and shall see hereafter. But to return to our former relation, I must tell you, That the Garrison of Simancas, holding themselves secure, by reason of the natural, as well as the Artificial strength of the place, went almost every day Pekeering to the gates of Valladolid, and not only brought away all their goods and cattle they could meet withal, but abused and reviled them with most shameful language, calling them Dogs, and Infidels, bidding them turn Christians again. In revenge whereof, those of Valladolid so reaked their malice upon the Lord Admiral, and other Noblemen, in this manner; The 11 day of Januarie, in the same year, by order, or at least, consent of the junta, they made a Proclamation, that no Citizen, or Inhabitant of Valladolid, or Jurisdiction thereof, should dare, under great penalties, to go to the Fairs, or Marts, of Villalon, Rioseco, or Astorga, (which Towns belonged to the Lord Admiral, the Earl of Venavente, and Marquis of Astorga) their envy and spite being so inveterate, that if they could but blemish any one of these Nobleman's eyes, they would not stick to have pulled out their own.   

SECT. XIV.  
Done Francisco de Veamonte, by order of the Lord high Constable, surprised and possessed himself (finding no great resistance) of the Town of Ampudia, or Fuent Empudia, belonging to the Earl of Salvatierra, who was then playing the mad mutinier in the mountains of Alava, and could by no means be reduced to the Lord high Constable. The Commoners to gain favour with the Earl of Salvatierra, determined to retake Ampudia. To which effect one night in the said month of januarie, john de Padilla, and the Bishop, made an alarm in the City of Valladolid, causing proclamation to be made, that every house should furnish a Soldier, to go with john de Padilla as far as Cabecon, for the expedition of Ampudia, in regard they had intelligence that five Companies of Foot and horse were marched out of Tordesillas and Simancas, to take it from the Earl of Salvatierra, who was a great supporter of their cause. But the Cavaliers for the better accomplishment of their design, sent ten Scouts before to discover, and ride close to Valladolid, whom those of the City perceiving, presently sallied out, and gave not over the pursuit of them, until they had recovered Simancas▪ By which means the the rest went securely on to Ampudia, without receiving the least hindrance from Valladolid, who were diverted by those of Simancas. john de Padilla, with great store of men, one whole Cannon, and three or four field-pieces, marched to Cabecon and Cigales, from whence he sent back again all the men of Valladolid, only two Companies, with which, and the rest of his men, he arrived in very good order at Ampudia, where he found the Cavaliers, masters, both of the Town, and Fort. john de Padilla's men, being mad of fight, fell to storming the Town, and having made two great breaches, in the old, and new Wall, the Cavaliers, retreated to the Fort, whither they pursued them: But the Cavaliers seeing they were but few, & the enemies many, and stout-fighting men, they quitted the Fort, leaving in it a Governor, with 60 Horse, & some Foot, & getting out at a private Sallie-port, they fled to the Tower of Mormojon, one league distant from Ampudia, whereof when John de Padilla had notice, he followed them with his whole Army, and being arrived at Mormojon, he found they had made themselves strong within the Castle, which was situate upon the side of the Mountain called Toroços, towards the Champain. John de Padilla's soldiers were all so animated, 
Mormojon taken by john de Padilla.  and desirous to grapple with the Cavaliers, that making a furious onset, and burning down the gates, they were just entering the Town, when all the people came out in Procession, the Priests with their robes, and Crosses in their hands, and the women, and children barefooted, fell upon their knees with tears, and humble supplications to John de Padilla, that he would not suffer them to be sacked or plundered: But his men cried out, No, no, let us sack the Town. At which words John de Padilla turned himself towards his soldiers, saying, Take notice, Gentlemen, our intention is not to ransack or destroy any people, especially those who are not culpable: by which, and other such like plausible language, he pacified the furious greediness of his soldiers, and persuaded them to do what he pleased: which done, he told the people upon his word, no man of his should offer them any violence, but they must bring a thousand Ducats to content his Army, and swear to be true to the Commonalty; whereunto the poor Townsmen, out of fear, suddenly condescended, and John de Padilla quartered all his men there, but with express order, that they should pay for every thing, except Provender for their Horses, which the people were willing to give them. Soon after, John de Padilla commanding one half of his Army to lay close siege to the Castle, and block up all the Advenues, with the other half he returned to do the like to those within the Fort of Empudia, who would willingly have surrendered it, and those of Mormojon likewise, if John de Padilla would have secured them their lives only, but he refused it, and swore, if they stood out, he would hang every man of them; 
Empudia taken by john de Padill●▪ and the Bishop.  so he assaulted them several times very furiously; but seeing how courageously they defended themselves, to the loss of no small number of his men, he was glad they would deliver it upon better conditions; which were these, That they should resign the Fort, with all things belonging thereunto, as Munition, Victuals, householdstuff, etc. And march freely out with all their own Arms, horses, and baggage, which they did to the number of one hundred and threesco●e horse and Foot. Fray Antonio de Guevara, in his Epistles, 
The Bis●. speech to hi● m●n in the Assault.  reporteth, that the Bishop of Zamora, encouraging his Soldiers in this assault, said to them, So, my boys, get up nimbly, fight and die courageously, and let my Soul go at a venture along with yours, since you die in so just and Holy an enterprise. john de Padilla would not suffer any damage or havoc to be made of any thing within the Fort, nor stand to batter it much without, because the Earl of Salvatierra had written to him, to take it with the least prejudice to him that might be. Those of the Commonalty were very well pleased at the taking of Empudia, and john de Padilla's Army increased daily, by the confluence of people to him from the Beherri●s. The Bishop of Zamora departed from Empudia, to Monçon, thence to Magaz, spoiling and doing all the mischief he could to those of the Cavaliers party; He caused Maçariegos, and other Towns, to be sacked, insomuch that he was as much dreaded as fire, in places that were not able to resist him. But in Valladolid they found great miss of him, to defend them from the incursions of those in garrison at Simancas.   

SECT. XV.  
THe Bishop of Zamora, by Letters, promises, and other private practices, solicited, and egged on the people of Burgos, as much as in him lay, to make another Commotion in the City. But the Lord High Constable was so vigilant and zealous to advance his majesty's service, that he did not only keep those of Burgos in good order and subjection, but endeavoured by the same means the Bishop used, 
The Lord High Constable's plot discovered.  to gain the people of Valladolid; The plot being discovered, or at least suspected, they cunningly returned an answer to the City of Burgos, enclosing therein a Copy of the Letter (which they shrewdly imagined was of the Lord High Constable's own forging, and not from the City) to the end they might both be read publicly, which occasioned such a tumult and mutiny among the people, that like harebrained inconsiderate creatures, 
Mutiny in the City of Burgos.  they presently rose in Arms, and would have turned the Lord High Constable out of the City. But he, seeing fair words and gentleness prevailed nothing at all with them, determined to carry it with an high hand, and make them to submit per force, having taken the Command of the Fort from them. To bring this resolution to effect, one day he drew up his soldiers and servants all in Arms, in a broad place before his own house; thither repaired to him forthwith Don john de la Cerda, Duke of Medina Cely, Don Luis de la Cerda, Marquis of Cogolludo, his son, Don Alonso de Arellano Earl of Aguilar, Don Antonio de Velasco Earl of Nieva, with his two sons, Don Hernando de Bobadilla Earl of Chinchon, Don Bernardino de Cardenas, Marquis of Elche, eldest son to the Duke of Maqueda, and son in Law to the Lord High Constable, besides divers other persons of honour, with their kindred, and servants, who were all resolved to venture their lives with him in this design; which the people perceiving, they all assembled likewise, intending to fight with these Noblemen, and they were so near engaging, that some Arrows were interchanged from each party, and the bullets began to fly also; but the chief of the City, 
The Common people submit to the Lord High Constable.  seeing the advantage the Nobles had over the People, they speedily sent to require and command the Commoners to be quiet, and peaceably laying down their Arms, to obey the Commands of the Lord High Constable, as their Vice-King and Governor, which they did without much contestation, and followed, very submissively and quietly, the Lord High Constable, who went directly to the Fort, requiring the Governor to deliver it him presently, otherwise, he protested, he would enter it by force, 
The Fort is surrendered to him.  and execute Justice upon him, and all the rest with him; Some disputes and controversy there was thereupon, but before night it was surrendered; and the Lord High Constable put in another Governor for his Majesty, placed a Corregidor in the City, and reestablished the government in the same manner it had been formerly. Thus Burgos, not being able to resist, was pacified, and reduced to the obedience of his Majesty, wherein that City continued ever after.   

SECT. XVI.  
THis done, the Lord High Constable sent Don juan Manrique, the Duke of Naxara's eldest son, to suppress those of the Merindades; and by reason he was very young, Martin Ruiz de Avendan̄●, and Gomez de Butron, Gentlemen of great account in those parts, and in Biscaya, were appointed to go along with him; being arrived there, those Gentlemen carried the business so discreetly, that there was a peace concluded betwixt the Lord High Constable, and those of the Merindades; But it lasted not long, for Gonsalo de Barabona, the Abbot of Rueda, Garcia de Arce, but chiefly Don Pedro de Ayala, Earl of Salvatierra, infringed it, who was grown very powerful in those mountainous parts, and so besotted with that inconsiderate passion, that by his obstinacy, he brought himself to a miserable end, to the utter ruin and destruction of one of the most honourable and most ancient families of Castilia, and the Mountains.   

SECT. XVII.  
AT the time that most of the Cities of Castilia declared for the Commonalty, in the province of Alava, and City of Vitoria, that opinion was not generally received nor allowed, although some did take the liberty to speak over lavishly, especially against those of the Council. In this season was brought to the said province, and City of Vitoria, a Letter from Burgos, wherein that City (as the chief of Castilia) desired those of that province to send two persons (whom they pleased) to confer with them at Burgos. At the same time, were brought other Letters from the province of Guipuzcoa, and the County of Biscaya, desiring that they might all unite together. The City of Naxara and Town of Haro desired, that they would assist them, against the Lord high Constable, and the Duke of Naxara, who, they said, did tyrannize too much over them; Vitoria returned civil answers to all, Burgos only excepted, to whom they would not write, because they made themselves their Superiors, in styling that the Metropolitan City of Castilia, for the City of Vitoria did presume that they, and their province of Alava, were absolute of themselves, without any dependency, or relation to Burgos, as their Head. But they sent john de Alava (who at that time was Merino Mayor, that is, Chief Judge of Vitoria) to let their Ambassadors understand, by word of mouth, the pre-eminence of that Country, and that they could not condescend to the Union which they desired, for they understood that Burgos had shaken hands with their obedience to his Majesty, and they would not be participant of their disloyalty. This answer was no less unexpected than unwelcome to those of Burgos. About the same time, 
Troubles in the Country of Biscaya.  some Towns of the Province of Guipu●coa, infected with the Common Contagion, fell foul upon the City of San Sebastian, because they would not approve of their extravagant opinions, cutting down and spoiling their Orchards, (for they have no Vineyards) and doing them divers other mischiefs. But prevailing not there, they wrote, and held correspondence with divers other places, by means of Pedro Ochoa de Santa Maria de Mondragon, (a subtle fellow) who was their Mercury. At length, Vitoria tainted with the same disease, had joined in confederacy with them, but that Diego Martinez de Alava, Deputie-General of that province, with others, his allies and kinsmen, endeavoured to restrain them from a design so wicked and prejudicial to his Majesty.   

SECT. XVIII.  
THe Earl of Salvatierra, being at difference with Madama Margarita, his Lady, insomuch that he would not live with her, she addressed her complaints to his Majesty of her grievances, and of the indignities, which, through his cross and unworthy disposition, 
First ground of Salva●●erra's di●●a●ie against his Majesty.  she was enforced to suffer. Whereupon it was ordered by his Majesty, that the said Countess, with her Children, should remain in Vitoria, and that the Earl should allow them maintenance according to their qualities; and an express Command from his Majesty was sent to Diego Martinez de Alava, deputy general of that Province, to see the said order punctually observed, who desiring to execute this Command by the Authority and means of the Council, the Earl thought to counterpois that power, by making the Commonalty of his side, who did him little good in this particular, although those of the junta sent to that Province, and to the City of Vitoria, a Judge, called Antonio Gomez de Ayala (who afterwards was executed for a notorious Commoner at Valladolid) with orders and power to give sentence in favour, or against any that should be brought before him: his addresses were particularly to the Earl of Salvatierra, to the end that he might assist and support him: The Earl gave him fifty men, who attended on him at his coming into Vitoria; which the Deputy Diego Martinez de Alava, and Pedro Martinez his brother, with others of their kindred, seeing, and knowing that he brought particular orders against them from the junta at Tordesillas (where the Deputy, and his kinsmen, had been proclaimed Traitors) they thought it a thing much conducing to his majesty's service, and their own security, to apprehend this Judge, which to effect, the sons of Don Fernando de Alava, 
Diego Martinez de Al●va, and his allies, apprehend & imprison the Judge, whom the junta sent to Vitoria.  Governor of Bernedo, and john de Alava his cousin german, with twenty men, besides other friends and servants, went to the Judge's lodging, took him and his servants out of their beds, clap't irons upon them, and carried them to the Fort of Bernedo, and took away the Orders which he brought from the junta, wherein they gave the charge of Governor and Captain General to Don Pedro de Ayala, Earl of Salvatierra, from the City of Burgos to Fuente Ravia. The Judge remained under safe custody in the Fort, in mean time the Gentlemen, who carried him thither, returned to Vitoria, where they found the People much distempered, and murmuring at those men's imprisonment.   

SECT. XIX.  
Amongst these Occurrences came an Express from the Lord High Constable, with Letters, notifying to those of Vitoria, and the Province of Alava, the Orders which his majesty had sent him, encharging him with the Government of the Kingdoms, and commanding all his Subjects, to obey him as their Viceroy and Governor. But those of Alava, being much inclined to the Earl of Salvatierra, said, That they were upon a certain agreement with those of the Province of Guipuzcoa, which being concluded, they would obey as far as they were obliged. But the Deputy Diego Martinez, and all his friends, received the said notification with due respect. The City of Vitoria returned an answer to the Lord High Constable, but would not give him the title of Governor; whereupon some words passed between john de Alava, & the rest, who bade him, in scurvy terms, go out of the Assembly; but he boldly answered, Get you gone, like Traitors and Rebels: for which words, they caused him to be apprehended. In this interim, a Priest, from the Earl of Salvatierra, desired to have conference with those of the Assembly: which the Deputy, Diego Martinez, knowing, privately stole out from the rest, and laid hands upon this Priest, clapped him in prison, and having opened his packet, he found several Letters to Friars, and other particular men, desiring them to induce the people to deny their obedience to the Governors. This bred a main disorder, and libels were scattered about by the people: yet Martinez, & Pedro de Alava, with all those of their kindred and alliance, resolutely determined to maintain his majesty's Interest, pressing and requiring all the rest to subscribe also to his Commands; if not, they protested against them, styling them no otherwise, then Rebellious and disloial Traitors. Of all which proceedings, they sent information to the Lord High Constable, and he to the Council Royal, (who then resided at Castroxeriz). Those of Vitoria, seeing their fidelity brought into question, resolved to submit, and sent their Letters to that effect, promising all obedience to the Lord High Constable, beseeching him to pardon their former extravagancies and inconsidtrateness, and that he would give order to burn those Informations, which Diego Martinez de Alava had sent to him against them; which he did. So by the diligence and resolution of Diego Martinez de Alava, and other Gentlemen of his name and family, the City of Vitoria was reduced, and continued afterwards their Loyalty and obedience to his Majesty. All these passages were in the year 1520, and the beginning of 1521▪ The Lord High Constable, seeing that no reason would satisfy the Earl of Salvatierra, endeavoured to do him what mischief he could. He took from him the Town and Castle of Empudia, and put a Garrison of his own therein, who (as you have heard) were again forced to quit that, and other places, by john de Padilla; In which time the Earl of Salvatierra, having picked up a number of people out of the Merindades, besides his own servants and soldiers, he led them as far as the Monastery of San ●an Salvador de Ona, wit● intent to go recover Empudia; but being informed there, that the Bishop of Zamora had already taken it, he changed his resolution, 
Th● Earl of S●lvatierra faceth Vitoria with his Army.  and turned his Forces towards Vitoria, threatening to burn it to the ground, if they did not renounce their obedience to the Lord High Constable, and deliver the Deputy Diego Martinez, and his brother, into his hands. The City, being not a little staggered and affrighted at these high menaces, sent messengers to the Earl, with great submissions, which so much abated his fury, that all the month of januarie, 1521, they remained unmolested.   

SECT. XX.  
HIs majesty's Royal Council being at Briviesca, and hearing what notable service Don Pedro Xuarez de Velasco, Lord of Cuscurrita, and Dean of Burgos, had done his Majesty in that City, and how courageously he had behaved himself, they sent for him. Don Pedro not knowing what danger might befall, took about twenty Gentlemen and servants on horseback with him, all well armed, with green Coats over their Armour, that no body could discern any thing, besides the hounds and hawks they carried with them, made no creature suspect any other, then that he went out to take his pleasure. Being arrived at Briviesca, the Council gave him order to subdue the seven Merindades of old Castilia, who were up in Arms. Whereof Don Pedro would have excused himself, saying, That it was not suitable with his Coat to command Soldiers; (for he went in the habit of a Priest, by reason of his Deanery.) But those of the Council answered, that although he were effectively a Priest, (much more having only the habit of one) he ought to change his surplice into a suit of Armour, especially in cases wherein the service of God, and the King, was so much concerned. Don Pedro, seeing it was in vain to expostulate any further, resolved to put their Commands in execution, and considering he was the Lord high Constable's Son, discreetly valiant, and beloved of every body, many Gentlemen, and persons of quality, offered themselves to venture their fortunes with him. Being arrived within a league of Medina de Pumar, (which was hard by those Commoners, whom he went to suppress) they had intelligence of his approach, and forthwith disposed themselves to give him battle; Don Pedro, though he had nothing near so many men, resolved however to conquer them, or die in the combat; So having passed over a wooden Bridg, he gave them so hot and furious a charge, 
D●n Pedro Xuarez de Velasco routeth those of the Merindades.  that they quickly showed their backsides, and scattering themselves in a disorderly manner, they sought their security amongst the Craggie mountains, he pursued them as far as he could, and stayed some time, thinking they might rally, but he heard no more of them. So he returned Victorious, and lost not one of his men.   

SECT. XXI.  
IN the month of March, of the same year, the Lord High Constable, seeing that they exceedingly wanted Artillery, in regard the Commoners possessed all that which was in Medina del Campo he gave order to fetch away that which the Catholic Kings had in store at Fuente Ravia. Don Sancho de Velasco was presently dispatched thither, with Commission to bring the Munition over land, and the Artillery by sea to Bilbao, thence to Vitoria, and so to Burgos. The junta (then at Tordesillas) having intelligence hereof, presently sent to advertise the Earl of Salvatierra, that he might prepare forces and intercept the Artillery; Who used such diligence, that in short time, he had raised, amongst his friends and tenants, above ten thousand men. And a Gentleman named Gonçalo de Varahona, Captain of the said Earl's forces, went to the Merindades, and of those men which Don Pedro Xuarez de Velasco had routed and dissipated, he rallied so many as made up the number of almost fourteen thousand (the like Army was never known to be raised in those parts, in so short a time) with these men he took the Munition that came by land; and hearing that the Artillery (which was seven great pieces of Ordnance) was coming from Bilbao to Vitoria, 
The Earl of Salvatierra, by order from the junta, intercept's the Artillery which wa● going to the Lord High Constable, and causeth it to be broken in pieces.  convoied by seventeen hundred men, whereof many were Gentlemen of note of Biscaya, besides the Alcalde Leguizama, and the Corregidor of Vitoria; the third of March, he marched with his whole Army nine leagues that day, and night, the next morning by break of day he came into the valley of Arretia, where the Artillery was▪ Don Sancho de Velasco and his men, giving all for lost, dis-mounted their Cannon, and taking away the Carriages, and their Mules, shifted for themselves. The Earl seized on the Artillery, but not being able to carry it away, he caused it to be broke in pieces. This done, the Earl returned with his Army to the valley of Ayala, having some intelligence, and encouragement from some of his friends within the City, to fall upon Vitoria, which was very pleasing to his Captain Gonçalo de Varahona, and other Officers. The report flying about, that he intended to sack Vitoria, made a number of rabbling people join, which swelled his Army to fifteen, or sixteen thousand, but most of them were ill armed, and worse disciplined. He pitched his camp in the plain of Arriaga, one quarter of a league from Vitoria.   

SECT. XXII.  
THe Abbot of Santa Pia, and Fray Diego de Arna, a Dominican Friar, being persons, whom the Earl particularly esteemed and effected, went to him in his Camp, desiring and conjuring him not to enter into the City. So falling upon a Treaty of agreement, he demanded, that they should deny their obedience to the Lord High Constable, and that they would deliver unto him the Deputy Diego Martinez de Alava, with his brother, and certain others of his kindred. The Citizens' believing that if those Gentlemen were out of the City, the Earl's fury might be the better appeased, earnestly desired them to absent themselves, which they did, and carried their wives and families with them to Trevino, a Town belonging to the Duke of Naxara, where they expected Don Manrique, his son, with some forces from Navarra. The City being in this perplexity, some who had relation to Don Alvero de Mendoça, Lord of Mendoça de Arriva, (who was an intimate friend with the Earl of Salvatierra) beseeched him for Don Alvaro's sake, not to use any violence to that City. But he briskly answered, That they had not performed their promises to him. At last, to satisfy him, they concluded, That he should enter, with his colours flying, at the gate of Arriaga, and march out again at the gate of Santa Clara. Whilst this was arguing, comes El Licenciado Aguirre, (who was one of the Council) saying, That they ought not to open the gates to the Earl of Salvatierra, and that whosoever should do it, were Traitors. Those that were present gave him a very rude answer, and had lain violent hands on him, if Lope de Xuaço, and some others, had not suddenly conveied him out of the City, from whence he went to stay with Diego Martinez de Alava, 
The Earl of Salv●ti●rra's Army enters into Vitoria.  and the rest, at Trevino. The Earl came not into Vitoria himself, but sent his Captain Gonçalo de Varahona, mean time he went to a place called Ondagoya, in the valley of Quartango. Those of the junta sent the Earl of Salvatierra thanks for the favour he had done them, in taking that Artillery which the Lord High Constable (they said) intended to carry against ●alencia, and afterwards join with the rest of the Cavaliers.   

SECT. XXIII.  
THis Earl of Salvatierra, 
Disposition of Don Pedro de Ayalae Earl of Salva●ierr●.  (who was also Earl of the Valleys of Ayala, Quartango and San Milan) was a man of a monstrous haughty and terrible disposition. It happened, when those of the junta sent to him, desiring him to wage War with the Lord high Constable, and intercept his Artillery, that he then was with his Army before Briviesca, and without returning any answer to their Letters, he presently raised his siege. The Messengers of the junta thought thereby, that he had no intent to act according to the contents of the Letters, which they delivered him, and were very angry, saying, That he did only make a show of favour and friendship to them, for now the Commonalty having need of him, he would do nothing for them. These words were brought to his ears, whereupon he wrote to the junta, 
His Letter to the junta, an ●he City o● Valladolid.  and to Valladolid, expressing much distaste and anger, that they should harbour any such thought of him, saying, that he came not of the race of any peddling mercenary fellows, nor of Traitors, but lineally was descended from the sto●k of the Loyal Nobility of the Gottish King's of Spain. This murmuring against him, by those of the junta, did so distemper him, that the blood gushed out at his nose and mouth for mere anger, and cast him into a sickness, which had like to have cost him his life. After this, he sent to the junta, and Valladolid, desiring them to have a care that his Town and Castle of Empudia, should not be destroyed, nor spoiled in the re-taking, although he knew the King would not suffer him to enjoy it.   

SECT. XXIV.  
THe Gentlemen of Vitoria, who were retired at Trevino, sent to the Lord high Constable and Duke of Naxara for succour; The Lord high Constable sent them four hundred Foot Soldiers, and one hundred horse. The same night they arrived at la Puebla de Argançon, the Deputy Diego Martinez went with them to suppress the Earl of Salvatierra at Andagoya, but he having notice of their design, showed them a pair of nimble heels. Being entered into the Town, they went presently to his house, which having throughly ransacked, they burned to the ground; which done, they returned to la Puebla. The next day arrived at Trevino, Don Manrique de Lara, the Duke of Naxara's eldest son, with two thousand Foot, and forty horse. He, and the Deputy, with the rest of the Gentlemen there, resolved to go to Vitoria, and inflict condign punishment upon some of the factious, and encourage those of the Loyal Party. The Inhabitants of Vitoria, being unwilling to receiv so many soldiers into the City, sent messengers to Trevino, desiring Don Manrique not to bring his soldiers thither, but they could not prevail. So those men which Don Manrique brought, and the Lord high Constable's, entered all into Vitoria, as also the Deputy with all his kindred. The next day, being friday, Don Manrique marched to the Town of Salvatierra, which was the Earl's, and took it with the Castle also, both which, he gave the Deputy Diego Martinez charge to keep for his Majesty, leaving him two hundred soldiers; with the which Diego Martinez marched from Salvatierra, to a place called Gauna, where the ●arl had another strong house, which having burnt, he returned to Salvatierra, and Don Manrique the Sunday following, went back to Vitoria. The Earl seeing they had taken his Town of Salvatierra, and burned his other houses, went to the Valley of Quartango, and raised four thousand eight hundred men with his servants. Hurtado Diez de Mendoça, hearing this, came to Vitoria, and advertised Don Manrique of all particulars; Whereupon he presently marched with his men to Quartango. The Earl stayed not to make him welcome, but fled with all his men to the mountains; So Don Manrique's men pillaged all the Valley, burned down the Towers of Andagoya, and Morillas. Thence he marched towards the Merindades, where he did no great harm, the people submitting themselves to him, only he burned some houses of Gonçalo Varahona's, thence he went to Burgos, where he joined his forces with the Lord high Constable, who was then preparing for the battle of Villalar. Gonçalo Varahona, and one Captain Brizuela, after Don Manrique's departure out of the Merindades, did a world of mischief in the houses of those, that had agreed and made their peace with the Lord high Constable, at the Town of Valpuesta, he killed one Salazar a Bachelor at Law, and burned his house, from thence he went to the Valley of Ayala, where the Earl of Salvatierra was: Where they remained until April next following, raising men, as fast as they could, to go against Vitoria and Salvatierra. Whereof the City being advertised, they put themselves in a posture to resist him, got munition from the Seaside, made ready their ordnance, mustered their ●en (which were but six hundred fit to bear Arms, besides two hundred Soldiers.) The Lord high Constable sent them from his Towns of Haro, la Puebla, and San Vicente, two hundred and fifty men more, besides two troops of light horsemen. He sent moreover Commissions of Captain's General of the Mountains, and those parts, to Martin Ruyz de Avendan̄o y de Gamboa, and to Gomez Gonçalez de Butron y de Mugica. Upon receipt whereof Martin Ruyz de Avendano came to Vitoria, and with the men of the City, and those that came from other places, resolved to give the Earl battle. Hereupon the Deputy Diego Martinez de Alava, repaired speedily to Salvatierra, to defend that, in case the Earl should make any attempt upon it. Being arrived there, he would have sent his Son to the Castle of Bernedo, whereof he was Governor, but the Townsmen would not suffer him, and offered to apprehend him, whereupon there arose great disorder, and he was enforced to retire into the Fort. Divers of the Townsmen, having relation to the Earl, were very desirous that he should repossess it, and therefore sent him intelligence privately, that Diego Martinez, and his Sons, were in a manner prisoners, and that now was the only time for him to fall upon the Town. Whereof he being very well pleased, made all the haste he could from Quartango to Salvatierra, but was met in the way by the horse of Vitoria, who took some of his men prisoners, however he marched on, and Gonçalo Varahona stayed behïnde; The next day about midnight ●ee arrived at one of the Gates of Salvatierra, called San juan, and his men cried Ayala, Ayala; Which the Deputies men (who were upon the guard) hearing, put themselves in a posture of defence, and discharged some of their Ordnance, which killed and hurt some of his Soldiers. The Earl himself, being very near the Gate, they flung down a great squared stone, which raked his shoulders as it fell, and quite spoiled his horse, that made him retreat further off till daie-break, by which time Gonçalo Varahona had brought the rest of his men, so they marched all in a body to a place called Vicuna, where they burned five houses belonging to Diego Martinez de Alava. And the Earl having intelligence that the Town of Salvatierra, and the Deputy, were reconciled, and stood upon the defensive, having no Artillery with him, nor finding any refreshment for his men, the people being all fled to the Mountains, he relinquished his design. But upon his retreat, a Party of horse with some Foot, sallied out of Vitoria, and took divers of his men at Alegria, with whom returning to the City, and giving notice of the order, or rather disorder, of the Earl's Army, they concluded to fight them; To which purpose all the horse and Foot marched out, and Captain Ochoa de Asua was sent before to hinder him from passing the bridge of Durana; But his horse being already passed, they made it good till the Foot was all over, by which time the whole body of the Vitorians was come up. 
The Earl of Salva●ierr● put to flight.  The Earl at first made as if he would fight, but they played so hot upon him with their muskets, that seeing his men drop so fast, he rod away with only one Page, which seeing his men began to follow him: Gonçalo Varahona valiantly stayed behind, crying to his men to stand. Captain Valenzuela encountered him, and took him prisoner, who, with six hundred of his men, much pillage, and divers Colours, were all carried to Vitoria; Martin Ruyz de Avendan̄●, 
His Captain G●nsalo Va●ahona taken prisoner by those of Vito●ia, and be●●a●ed in the ma●ket place of th●ir City.  who was present at the sight, committed Gonçalo Varahona to Pedro de Alava's house for the present, and few days after, he was beheaded in the great market place, whereof an express was sent to give the Lord high Constable notice, who was then upon going to Villalar, where, a short time after, the battle was given, which was the ruin and break-neck of the Commoners.   

SECT. XXV.  
TO relate all the troubles which the Lord High Constable had with those of Burgos, and the Earl of Salvatierra, would fill whole Volumes. I shall now only cursarily mention, what was done in order to the conclusion of the Treaty and Articles, 
Here Don Pedro Lasso begins to treat privately with the Council, by means of Alonso Ortiz, who was a Iurate of Toledo, and his fellow Commissioner in the Parliament at Santjago.  which the Bishop of Laodicea brought, concerning the reducing of Don Pedro Lasso. Four days Ortiz remained in Tordesillas, expecting until the Lord Admiral had consulted of those Articles with the Cardinal, and given him the result of their determination. But in day time he durst not go abroad, so that his negotiation was only in the night, (for there is no War so dangerous as that betwixt kindred, and people of the same Nation and Language). At last he was dispatched, but he was fain to carry their Answer in his memory, not daring to have any writing about him, ●o he went coasting and crossing the Country in the night, until he came into the high-waie of Medina del Campo, to the end that if he should meet any of the Commoners, they might think he came from Medina, and was going to Valladolid; where, by break of day, he arrived, and the Guards knowing him at the Gates, let him in without difficulty▪ He would not go to his own lodging, but alighted at a friend's house, whence he went directly to Don Pedro Lasso, and gave him an exact account of what he had done with the Cardinal and the Lord Admiral at Tordesillas. But in regard he had not full satisfaction of all his demands (which were, that they should procure his majesty's approbation and allowance of the principal Articles sent him by the junta, for the good of the Kingdoms). It was determined, that the Bishop of Laodicea should send a Friar to Tordesillas, who should correspond with him in their ordinary cipher, and that Ortiz should likewise return thither; which he did cunningly, without giving any susspition, and being dispatched, he returned to Valladolid in like manner as before.   

SECT. XXVI.  
IN this same year, the Kingdom of Toledo broke out into the like disorders and exorbitancies, as were committed in other parts of Castilia. They report in Toledo, of Donia Maria Pacheco, wife to john de Padilla, and daughter to the Earl of Tendilla, that she was a woman of such a daring and resolute spirit, that she was the greatest Instrument to support the Commonalty of that City. And (if we may believ Fray Antonio de Guevara) he relate's, that she being come into the Vestry of the great Church in Toledo, to take away the Plate for payment of her husband's soldiers, she fell upon her knees, beat her breasts with her hands, cried, sighed and sobbed, two torches standing lighted before her, and fell into a kind of ecstasy, believing the deceit and conjuring of a Morisca Witch, who told her, that her husband should come to be a King, or somewhat near it. He saith many other things of her, but let them pass, since afterwards she paid dear enough for her folly: And indeed what otherwise could be expected of a woman, that doth so far deviate from the road of her natural employment, as to throw aside the Distaff, and the Needle, and busy herself with matters of State, and War. The Towns of Orgaz and Ocana, with the favour and support of those of Toledo, declared likewise for the Commonalty, and did a thousand mischiefs and affronts to the inhabitants of Almaguer, and other places; for the remedying of which disorders, the Governors of the Kingdoms constituted and ordained Don Antonio de Zuniga to be Captain General of the Kingdom of Toledo; who having rai●ed me● at Consuegra, marched into the field to put their commands in execution, what success he had, shall be said hereafter. For the junta, and the Cavaliers call me away.   

SECT. XXVII.  
THe City of Valladolid was grown so passionate in the prosecution, and supporting of the Commonaltie's Interests, slighting the Emperor's graces to them, and being so maliciously bend against his Council, the Lord Admiral, and the Earl of Venavente (who out of particular relations did desire, and used all means possible to procure their good) that all their affection was turned into hatred, and their favours into discourtesies. In this occurrence arrived at Valladolid, a certain Priest, with Orders from the Emperor, and the Queen, to the Precedent and Judges of the Chancery there residing, wherein they were commanded, with the College and University, forthwith to depart that City. This coming to the people's knowledge, they were exceedingly incensed therewith, seeing they should be deprived of three main benefits they had; which to prevent, they gave out that those Orders were falls, and forged, or counterfeited by the pretended Governors, who studied to do them all the mischief they could. And they determined to apprehend the Priest that brought them; but he sheltered himself by the President's advice in the Chancery. Whereupon the people, all in arms, came thither in a tumultuous manner to demand the Priest. The Precedent not seeing any other remedy, to satisfy the multitude, delivered him to them; they presently clap't him into the Common Gaol, where leaving him, they returned to the Precedent, and in a furious peremptory manner demanded, that he would deliver them those Orders which the Priest brought him; he answered, That after he had conferred with the Judges thereupon, they should have them; but they growing more insolent, told him, That if he delivered them not without any further delay, they would set fire on his house. The Precedent, seeing their mad resolution, thought it his best way to let them have their wills. Those Orders being brought, they forcibly entered into the Chancery, and took away the great Seal also, which they delivered to persons of their own choosing. In the Orders they found, how the Emperor commanded the Precedent, with the forenamed, within three days to leave Valladolid, and repair to the Governors, under pain of being deprived of their Offices, and that for the present they should go to the Town of Arevalo, where they should attend his further pleasure, in regard Valladolid had declined his service, and adhered to those that were Traitors to his Royal Crown.   

SECT. XXVIII.  
THe Cavaliers sent to Valladolid, desiring a cessation for ten days. The Major part Voted, that they should not consent thereunto, alleging that the Cavaliers would break it, and besides that, they would never have demanded it, but to recrute themselves with men and arms, which they wanted. At last they returned this answer, that each party should deposit five thousand Marcos de Plata, or marks of silver, in some faithful and sure person's hands, and whosoever should break the peace in that time, should forfeit the money, upon those terms they would hearken to them, but not otherwise. The Cavaliers refused this proposition, and the next day following, they sent a Trumpeter with a Letter of defiance to those who called themselves the Commissioners of the Kingdom, declaring open War with fire and sword against the Commonalties, and Valladolid, and required them to lay down their Arms, disband their soldiers, to conform themselves to those whom his Majesty had appointed Governors of the Kingdoms, and obey their Commands as they ought. Otherwise they protested to hold them as Traitors, and would do them all the spoil and mischief that in them lay. Those of Valladolid answered, That they feared them not, bade them do their worst, and they would serve them with the like sauce: And without any long delay they sent to those in Simancas, charging them, both men, women, and children, presently to depart the Town, or they should all suffer death without reserv. Thus those of Valladolid, 
A brave resolution of Valladolid.  and of the junta, showed their insulting pride and cruelty, which spoke them rather men given over to despair, then capable of reason and judgement. Notwithstanding all this, the Lord Admiral, much grieved at the obstinacy of Valladolid, 
The Lord Admiral's Letter to those of Valladolid.  and out of the tender affection which he bore to that City, wrote them another Letter, in his own, and the Cardinal's name, inducing them by all fair means possible, with promises of satisfaction for their grievances, to return unto their due obedience to his Majesty, dis-banding their Army's, disclaiming the Interests, and refusing to harbour or assist with their men, artillery, or otherways any of the disturbers of the peace and repose of the Kingdoms, assuring, that if they would do so, they should find him always ready to do them all the good offices that they could expect or desire of him. And if not, he protested, that according to his majesty's Command, and in order to his service, he would proceed against them as Delinquents, and disloial subjects; and that he would make some of them suffer such exemplary punishments, as should deter succeeding Ages from committing any the like acts of disobedience. Those of the junta, and of Valladolid, having read the Lord Admiral's Letter, made no great account of the persuasive part of it, 
The Iunta's and Valladolid's answer to the Lord Admiral.  neither were they any thing daunted at his threatenings; but returned him an insolent mock-answer; wherein they charged him, and those of the Council, with disturbing of the Kingdoms, and required them in the names of their Majesties, and of the Kingdoms, to return to their due obedience, leaving the Queen, with the most illustrious Infanta, to their free liberties; to dis-band their forces, both of Horse, and Foot, and divers other things, which if they refused, or delayed to perform accordingly, they protested, in the names of their Majesties, and Kingdom, to proclaim war against them, and declare them delinquents, disloial and disobedient persons to their Majesties, and that they would inflict such punishments upon them, as should make them examples to posterity, for ever committing any such enormities, etc.   

SECT. XXIX.  
AFter these Letters, the Cavaliers wrote another to Valladolid, which I could not procure: But I have seen the answer, which those of Valladolid returned them. It seemed that the Cavalier's Letter to them was not so Civil, and respectful, as they did expect. Therefore in their reply, they said, That they believed that their Letter was ill addressed, for certainly it was not intended for them. Then they fell upon the justification of their cause, imputing the fault of all the troubles and disturbances of the Kingdom to the Cavaliers, and making remonstrances of the Common People's Loyalty, in what concerned his majesty's service, being not wedded to their private Interests, like the Cavaliers, who always regarded their own particular advancements and profit, to the diminution, and almost, consuming of the Royal Patrimony.   

SECT. XXX.  
THe next day after this Letter was written, the junta commanded one of every house in Valladolid to march out with john de Padilla, to receiv john Bravo, who came Captain of those men, which were sent from Segovia, Salamanca, and Avila. They were in all six thousand complete Foot and horse, besides thirty Carts loaden with Munition, carriages, and other warlike utensils. They passed the bridge of Duero, to the great grief and dread of those in Garrison at Simancas (which was not far distant) and so marched directly to Valladolid. Upon whose arrival, the junta sent for the Bishop of Zamora, who was in the Beherrias, burning and spoiling Cavalier's lands. The Bishop being returned, they sat in consultation upon what enterprise they should go next. Those of Valladolid spread a report, that they would fall upon Simancas, in revenge of the damages which they daily received from that Garrison.   

SECT. XXXI.  
I Mentioned cursorily before, how Don Pedro Lasso began to wax weary of the Commonalty, and bethink himself of the disservice he had done his Majesty: Now you shall hear further with what difficulty his reconcilement was accomplished. Ortiz being returned to Valladolid, related to Don Pedro Lasso every particular passage (to his best remembrance, for he durst not bring any papers) betwixt the Lord Admiral, the Cardinal, and him, concerning the agreement. Wherewith Don Pedro was not well satisfied, seeing they demanded more of him, than he was able to perform, so he remained unresolved. About the time that he was in this Quandary, arrived at Valladolid, Fray Francisco de los Angeles of the order of St Francis, a man of a noble extraction and great learning, who afterwards was Bishop of Coria and a Cardinal. He went first to Burgos with Letters from the Emperor to the Lord high Constable, and the Articles which he desired his Majesty to sign for that City: thence he came to Valladolid, where he had conference with Don Pedro Lasso; but lest their too frequent conversation might breed suspicion, Don Pedro agreed, that he should communicate freely with Alonso Ortiz, whose breast he found a secure receptacle of any secret. Ortiz told Fray Francisco all the ways and means he had used at Tordesillas, and what treaties had passed betwixt him and the Lord Admiral; That for his part he came from Toledo to Valladolid▪ merely to try if his endeavours might contribute any thing to the remedying or composing of those unhappy differences. Hereupon Fray Francisco took a resolution to go himself to Tordesillas, to confer, with the Cardinal and Lord Admiral; and being there, they sent for Ortiz, who went to them upon Shrove-tuesdaie, Anno 1521, he alighted at the Monastery of Santa Clara, where Fray Francisco lodged, and in regard it was past midnight, there was then no possibility of speaking with the Lord Admiral; but the next morning, he coming to hear Mass in the same Monastery, went up into Fray Francisco's chamber, where Ortiz hid himself; all that morning until dinner time they spent in treating about the Articles, in the Afternoon they did the like; and it was God's will, that before they parted, all was fully concluded, to the contentment and satisfaction of each party, whereof were transcribed two Copies, one signed and sealed by the Cardinal and Lord Admiral, as Governors, obliging themselves punctually to perform all and every the Articles therein contained, and procure them to be confirmed by his Majesty, provided that Don Pedro Lasso did make good what he had promised. Ortiz durst not carry this writing to Valladolid, fearing lest the Guards should search him. So it was agreed, that Fray Francisco de los Angeles should carry it to Abrojo, a Monastery of Friars, a league short of Valladolid, (for he durst not venture to go into the City with that about him) and that Ortiz should send some trusty messenger thither for it. Ortiz returned the same night (half frozen) to Valladolid, and the Guards let him in without touching him, he telling them that he came from Medina deal Campo. Being entered the City, he went immediately to Don Pedro Lasso, whom he informed fully of all the passages, and that Fray Francisco de los Angeles was to bring the Articles of agreement in writing, signed and sealed that same night to Abrojo; which he did, the Earl of Onate giving him a Convoy of twenty Horse from Simancas, who put him safe within the gates of the said Monastery, Don Pedro and Ortiz were in pain long time, how they should send with safety for this writing, and at last they resolved one Fray Pedro de san Hippolito (of the Monastery Del Prado (which was without the City) who was Don Pedro's Confessor) should go for it. He accepted the employment, and went to Abrojo, and having received the writing of Fray Francisco de los Angeles, he returned; but being come near to Valladolid about Sunsetting, he met with certain soldiers which had been roving abroad, who seeing the Friar in that road, imagined that he came from Simancas, and thinking him to be a Spy (or rather for greediness of his mule) they laid hands on him, saying, He was a Traitor, and that he came from Simancas to give the Cavaliers intelligence of what passed in Valladolid. In this rude manner they led him into the City, calling him Traitor, and saying, that they would strip him, to see what Letters he brought to any particular persons; so they brought him to an house close by the gate, where they made him alight to be stripped. But it was God's great mercy to deliver Don Pedro, and the rest that were engaged with him out of this danger: for just as Fray Pedro was forced to alight from his mule, 
Note that seldom hath there been any Treachery committed, but a Friar, or some Clergy man, had a hand in it.  two Franciscan Friars came most happily thither, to whom Fray Pedro addressing himself, with a neat slight of hand, and a notable resolution, drew the papers out of his own sleev, and slipped them into one of theirs, beseeching him for God's sake to fling them into the fire, and let no body see them: thus he deceived the eyes of above five hundred people that were gathered together to strip him: which they did, but finding no papers at all about him, they carried him before Pedro de Tovar, one of the Regidores, and Captain of Valladolid, who knowing him, commanded them presently to release him. By this wile he saved the lives of all those that were concerned in that Writing.   

SECT. XXXII.  
THe Franciscan Friars, having read these Articles, did burn them, as Fray Pedro desired; but they could not refrain from speaking thereof to some others, and they to others, so that at last it was the common Town-talk, and it was carried to the junta. Don Pedro Lasso somewhat troubled, asked Ortiz what they should do; who bade him be of a good courage, and if any question came of it, to say, it was a trick of the Cavaliers, to sow discord amongst them, and although they had begun with him, doubtless, ere long, they would do the like to others. It fell out (as Don Pedro feared) that he was questioned in the junta hereupon; but he was so well prepared to answer them, absolutely denying the Charge, that with his smooth and resolute answers they were satisfied; in regard there was no evidence, nor any ground of suspecting, but merely from the bare words of the Friars. This sore being well salved, Ortiz wen again to Fray Pedro, desiring him to venture once more to Tordesillas, and acquaint the Lord Admiral of what had passed, and beseech him to send another Copy of the Articles, like the former, which was lost; which he told him, he might safely enough do in the night, there being a Monastery of his Order just in the way to Tordesillas, whither he would send another messenger to bring it to Valladolid. The Friar went, and being arrived at Tordesillas, he told the Lord Admiral the story of his adventures, and how the former Copy had miscarried, and therefore Don Pedro, and Ortiz, desired him to send another. The Lord Admiral wondered at the friar's strange relation, and thanked God with him for his delivery, and gave him forthwith another copy verbatim like the first, wherewith he returned in the night to his Monastery, whither Ortiz sent one of his own servants, who brought it safe into Valladolid. Hereupon Don Pedro Lasso began to undermine, & cunningly to confer with some gentlemen & Commissioners of the Junta, concerning the miseries of the times, persuading them to condescend to a peace, & to be reduced to the good, and tranquillity of the Kingdoms, in regard that was the end of their Assembling and rising up in arms. Some thought this Proposition but just and reasonable, others absolutely dis-approved it. All these passages were particularly related to the General of the Dominican Order, then being at Tordesillas, who persuaded the Grandees of the Kingdom to send Letters to those of the junta General, and to the Particular junta of Valladolid, to this effect; That in regard both Parties did fervently desire the good, and quiet of the Kingdom, and that each in particular did pretend to advance it, yet they spoilt and butchered one another without since or reason, being all Natives of the same Country, and their intentions (though in a different way) steering the same Cours. Therefore for the better understanding of each other, if the Gentlemen of the junta would nominate any two of the Commissioners, and send them to the Monastery of St Thomas, which is without Tordesillas, to treat with them, they would at the same time appoint two of their party to go to the Monastery del Prado, not far from Valladolid, to confer with those of the junta; by which means they might come to some reasonable agreement, for the satisfaction and general good of the Kingdoms, and that there might be no more war or dissension amongst them, which had been the occasion of so much damage and misery. Those of the junta (divers of them being indifferently well inclined, and seeing Don Pedro Lasso, who was one of the principal amongst them, lean that way) were so far from dissenting, that without further delay, they appointed him, and Alonso de Guadalaxara, Commissioner of Segovia, to go in their names to Tordesillas, giving first notice to the Cavaliers thereof, and wishing them to send their Agents to Prado, as was agreed, both giving security and pledges that their Messengers should pass without danger or molestation. This was concluded on friday, March the 10th 1521. On saturday night following arrived at Valladolid, those whom the Governors sent for pledges; but those who were against this Treaty, having consulted with john de Padilla, who likewise did not relish it, gave order to those upon the Guard, not to let any into the City that came from Tordesillas, but to take away their Letters, and seize upon their persons: Insomuch that a messenger with a Pass for them, being come to Valladolid, the Guards would have apprehended him, but he was so circumspect, that he got clear of them, and returned to Tordesillas. This was not done by the general consent of the junta, but only by those which were against the Treaty; and the rest of the Junta marvelled that the Cavaliers did not keep their words, in sending their Pass, or safe Conduct for the Commissioners, according to their own motion.   

SECT. XXXIII.  
THings being thus discomposed, the Captains of the several Cities, with the Bishop of Zamora, and john de Padilla, agreed to draw all their forces into the field, to stop all correspondence betwixt Valladolid and Tordesillas, that the Treaty might not go forwards, and to destroy and spoil all the Towns or houses they could, th●t belonged to any of the Gentry in Tordesillas. With this resolution the Bishop of Zamora, john de Padilla with his Toledians, john Zapata with those from Madrid, john Bravo, Captain of the Segovians, and Francisco Maldonado, who commanded the men of Avila and Salamanca, went to the junta, desiring that they would appoint a Captain General over them all, and it is reported (out of craft, thereby to render him more odious to the Common People) that they pressed to have that office conferred upon Don Pedro Lasso, which plot was imputed to john de Padilla, who never was Don Pedro's friend. The junta, to satisfy them, did name Don Pedro, but he desired some time to think upon it, before he would accept it, and those that bore him no good will, began to divulge his being made General, in a disparaging manner, saying, It was more honour than he deserved, in regard he had given them so much reason to suspect his fidelity, for holding correspondence with the Governors to sell them, and that john de Padilla was much more fit for that Command. This was so much buzzed amongst the people, that they began to murmur highly against Don Pedro. The mutiny growing to such an height, that Don Pedro, and his friends, not thinking themselves secure, prepared to make resistance, in case they should assault them in their houses, as some gave out they would. And (they say) the very schoolboys, instructed by their masters so to do, ran crying up and down the streets, Let john de Padilla be General, and not Don Pedro Lasso. The Bishop of Zamora sent him word that his safest way would be to absent himself from the City, or at least, to retire into some secret place, for the people were very jealous of him, and in their fury would be apt to do him some displeasure, but this was only a plot to entrap him. Don Pedro very resolutely returned the Bishop this answer, That he had done nothing that he was ashamed of, or aught to run away for, and that he would not stir out of his house, if the people had any thing to say to him, there they should find him. The people's design upon Don Pedro Lasso being publicly known, some principal persons of the City came amongst them, and so handled the matter, that they all retired to their houses, and there was no harm done.   

SECT. XXXIV.  
THose of the Junta, being in consultation about the ordering of their Army (for there was no more thought of peace) some said, that it was very requisite that they should have a Captain General, and although john de Padilla had executed the office ever since Don Pedro Giron had left it, yet he had not his Commission from the Junta, neither had the present Army (which the several Cities had raised) acknowledged him. Some stood for Don Pedro Lasso de la Vega; but the major part of the Junta, and all the Common people Voted for John de Padilla. He seeing that they would make him their Captain General, out of a feigned modesty refused it, earnestly desiring them all to give their Votes rather for Don Pedro Lasso, who was more worthy and capable of so high a Charge than he, not that he declined their service however, but he would content himself with the Command of the two thousand men which he brought from Toledo, with whom, and with his own person, he would serve the Commonalty to the last breath. The people hearing that John de Padilla was like to be outed, they came crying in a tumultuous mannertothe Junta, and pressing them to make John de Padilla their General, for no man else should be. And thinking that Dom Pedro Lasso was the only man that hindered the election of John de Padilla, the multitude ran presently to apprehend him in his house, laying to his charge that he had used means to reduce them to his majesty's service, that he had been cause that the Cavaliers had taken Tordesillas, having been in the conspiracy with Don Pedro Giron. But the Bishop and John de Padilla followed, and stayed them in the great market place. Assoon as ever the rabble saw the Bishop and him, they flocked round about them crying out, Let John de Padilla live, let the Bishop live, long may live John de Padilla, who takes away the taxes of Castilia. In this manner did the multitude carry him up and down the market place, hooting and shooting as if they had been all mad; insomuch that john de Padilla could not speak to them, if he would have said any thing, they kept so horrid a nois, saying, He should be their General, and no other. john de Padilla, and the Bishop, seeing this fond madness of the people, withdrew themselves into a house, out of a window, whereof john de Padilla spoke to them in this manner; 
J●hn de P●dilla's speech to the Commo● people in Vallado●id.  Sirs! You know how I came hither Captain for the City of Toledo, in favour of the Commonalties of this Kingdom, to serve you; you must know likewise, that Toledo is not inferior to Valladolid, but a friend to it, and all the other Cities of the Kingdom, who all agreed to send me to assist you, and with the same affection and willingness I have performed my part, and whilst I have breath, I will omit nothing wherein I may serve you; and I thank you for your good wills to me. But the Lords of the junta have determined to choos a Captain General for their Expedition: Believ me (sirs!) it is most fit that place should go by Election, and I assure you that I was the first man that made that motion, for that is the best and safest way; moreover, those Gentlemen know very well what they do. He scars had uttered these words, but they all cried out, We will have none but John de Padilla, and the Bishop. Thus they continued for the space of a long hour, and more, john de Padilla entreating them to give their consents, that Don Pedro Lasso might execute that office, for nevertheless he should be ready to spend his father's and his own estate, besides the venturing of his life in that Holy Caus, for the service of the Commonalty. But no reason would stop their mouths, they still continued crying, he and none else should be their Captain. Which obstinacy of the people, being reported to those of the junta, they Voted john de Padilla Captain General of ●ll their forces. From that day forwards, Don Pedro Lasso began to relinquish the Commonalty, and divers of his friends did the like, seeing how blind and void of reason the people were, and how much prejudice they did themselves, in following a people so overswaied with passion, and the greatest part of them too but men of mean and obscure extraction.   

SECT. XXXV.  
Four hundred Lanciers of the choicest men of those that c●me from the conquest of the Gelves mutined and would have gone away because they did not receiv the pay, which was promised them from Valladolid, and they demanded moreover payment of their arrears ever since the death of the King Don Fernando, which amounting to forty Ducats a man at least made the sum of eight thousand Ducats. The City not having money to satisfy their demands, yet loath to let them go, because they were stout, well disciplined soldiers, and well armed, caused all their Gates to be shut, whilst they went to procure them money. In the first place they searched the Cloister of the Benedictans, where they found six thousand Ducats, which some particular persons had deposited there, thinking it more secure than in their own hands. 
Here the Author, though ● Friar, expresseth more● spleen and passion ●hen Christian charity to his brothers.  After which, they went to other Religious houses & Colleges in like manner; Insomuch that at last, with what they took up by way of loan, they got enough to give them satisfaction. Thus was that City guilty of their own torment and trouble, by maintaining a firebrand (for t●ey deserved no other name) in their own bowels. But that which seemed most grievous to them, was, That they were daily so molested and affronted by that paltry Garrison of Simancas: Therefore they flatly told those of the junta, that either they should go themselves, or give them their men, for Valladolid was resolved to unroost those Harpies. At length Valladolid seeing themselves reduced to so great want and poverty, for they had no way to gain a penny, all Trading and Commerce lost, the roads were so unsecure, that if they did but peep (as it were) out of their houses, they were in danger of being killed, taken prisoner's, or at least plundered; and that their War was not in earnest to the purpose, neither had they any hopes of peace, they wrote a Letter to the Cavaliers in these terms:  
Valladolid's Letter to the Cavaliers.  
Illustrious Sirs!  
We received a Letter from you, whereby any man of the least judgement or understanding may plainly see, that your actions do absolutely contradict what you express in words. And for a further manifestation, that the peace which you publish is directly opposite to your actual proceedings; you have introduced an abominable War in these Kingdoms, under the notion of obedience to their Majesties, battering and forcing the place where the Queen resided, seizing on, and imprisoning ●er servants, and the Commissioners of the Kingdom, permitting her Court to be ransacked, the Churches to be robbed, women violated, the highways stopped, the justice of the Kingdom (which was the Chancery) to be taken away, and other horrid things, which never were seen or heard of before; whereby experience showeth us, that the offers of Peace, which you have and do make us, are only forms, and a policy to weary out, divide and procure the utter destruction of the Kingdom. Being sore aggrieved at, and for the disservices, damages, and troubles which our Sov●reign Lord the King, & his Kingdoms have, and do daily suffer, and s●eing that with this dissembled Peace which you cunningly publish, may be brought to ruin and perdition, we are in the mind to persevere in that which we have begun, and maintain the name of faithful and loyal subjects, in discharging our duties to our Sovereigns, and in executing what we are obliged to perform to our selus, and our Country; not forgetting what's past, we suffer with cheerfulness all these troubles and afflictions, which are worthy of acknowledgement before God, and his Majesty, our Sovereign, since they pass as obligations which we owe them. We hope hence forward, that all the oppressions and ways which you have used to divert and withdraw us from this holy purpose, shall not weaken or dis hearten us, but rather strengthen and encourage us the more to resist and fight against all those that hav● been the causers, and so detestable initiators of the miseries of these Kingdoms. ●●d we trust in God that ●e will speedily show some heavy judgement upon the ●●●●ntors of such pervers actions, that they may alone suffer the punishment of ●heir crimes, not we, nor those of the holy Junta; for whosoever will seriously and judiciously consider it, shall see, that there is no fear of blame▪ where is faithfulness and truth, neither doth passion dare to presume, wher● the public good is preferred before the particular; nor ambition, wher● men without consideration of either honour, life or fortune's, expose themselves to divers hard censures and obloquys. But their actions rather ●mbolden and strengthen them to continue so just an undertaking, the obtaining whereof will procure us the perpetual Peace which we desire. Yo● know, Sirs, that the producer of Peace is War; if our forefathers had not fought and spilt their blood, we should never have enjoied that happ●● Peace which we had during the time of the reign of King Don Fernando, and Donia Isabel of glorious memory. That war is laudabl●, which tends to the liberty of the King and Kingdom; And abominable i● that Peace, whose end is subjection, oppression, and slavery: Therefore our purpose and intention is, That our King may be free, enjoie his Kingdoms as our Sovereign Lord, not subject nor over swayed by any evil favourites, nor falls or cheating Counsels. That his Revenues and Royal Patrimony may not be usurped, or lavishly wasted, but preserved, or usefully expended for the good of his Kingdoms, to the end he may be beloved, obeyed, and faithfully served. And out of this love, obedience, and respect, we wish, desire, and humbly beseech his Majesty to seek a remedy for his Royal Crown, and his Kingdoms; that, under God, he only may be ou● Lord, our King, only mighty, only rich, his own and our only helper an● redressor, whom only we may fear, serve, ●onor, and obey: to whom only we may asscribe the glory, and render a due acknowledgement for our public good, and to whom only we may address our complaints and grievances: which if you would but seriously weigh and consider, you would not so condemn and oppose our holy proceedings, nor the sacred end at which we● aim. And since we cannot accomplish our desire in a peaceable manner, it is but reason we should endeavour to obtain them by war, in regard it is just and holy, our end being to find everlasting Peace. So it cannot be said that the Kingdom is cause of this War, but those disturbers, who hinder us from enjoying and procuring the universal good, which we seek after; for which they must render a strict account to God and their Majesties, besides all the damages, slaughters, extortions, and other grand mischiefs, which will all lie upon their score. The true peace is, that 〈◊〉▪ and the other Grandees cease from disturbing or hindering the universal 〈◊〉, which we labour with all our force and might to procure. For the effecting and settling of which Peace, the Truce which your Lordships did desire was very requisite, if your Actions had been answerable to your Verbal expressions; but that was not granted you, because it was demanded only to amuse us, and to gain time to your selus; and if it were not so, neither is it just nor reasonable, that the Kingdom should dis●band their forces, which have cost so much trouble and charge the raising; for the experience of former passages hath taught us, that your intent is to cousin and overcome us with such formal pretences. But we supplicate and require you, to give the Kingdom leave to seek and find the good which they pretend, and not to set your selus in opposition and contradiction of our intentions; for our drift and purpose is no other, then to advance our holy enterprise, and repel all those that shall withstand us. of whom our trust in God is, that ●re long we shall obtain Victory. To whom we make our hearty prayers, that he will be pleased to enlighten your illustrious understandings with the true knowledge of our Caus.   

SECT. XXXVI.  
ALthough the Cavaliers did treat of an Accommodation, yet they ceased not to get what arms, and assemble what forces they could. The general Letters signed by the Cardinal, Lord Admiral, and Earl of Haro at Tordesillas, with the date in blank, I have seen in the Lord High Constable's hands, with divers other originals. They demanded of Avila eighteen hundred Foot: of Cordova, one thousand: of the City of Jaen, three hundred: of Trugillo, one hundred and fifty Lances, and two hundred Foot: of Badajos, one hundred Foot: of Baeca, two hundred Foot: of Ecija, three hundred Foot: of Ubeda, two hundred Foot. of Xerez, one hundred and fifty lances. of Caceres, two hundred Foot. of Anduxar, one thousand Foot. of Ciudad-Real, one hundred and twenty Foot. of Carmona, one hundred and fifty Foot. of the Duke of Arcos, sixty lances. of the Earl of Vruena, sixty cross-bow-men on horseback. of Don Fernando Enriquez, twenty lances. of the Earl of Palma, twenty lances. of Don Rodrigo Mexia, twenty lances. of the Marquis of Tarifa, fourscore lances. of the Marquis of Comares, thirty lances. of the Earl of Ayamonte, thirty lances. of the Marquis of Villanueva, twenty lances. of the Earl of Cabra, fifty lances. of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, one hundred lances. All these men they desired, and all paid for three months, promising to repay the Soldiers, and charges of levying and arming them out of his majesty's Revenue. At the same time, the Lord high Constable used the like diligence to raise men in the Mountains, saying, hi● design was to resist the Bishop of Zamora, and the other Traitors with him: also he used means to intercept the Arms which were coming from Guipuzcoa to the Commoners.   

SECT. XXXVII.  
THe Commonalties, especially Valladolid, were much displeased that those of the junta, and the Commanders of the Army did so prolong the War, for already they were so exhausted, that they found themselves not able to sustain it. And Valladolid, who had so vast a charge of soldiers to maintain, and suffered exceedingly, by the continual assaults and incursions, which those of Simancas made into their Territories, was more sensible of the smart then any of the other Cities, and never left praying and threatening in public and in private, until they had persuaded or forced the Captains to march out with their Army, and to end the dispute with the Cavaliers in on battle. Upon saturday night of the first week in Lent the 17 of February 1521. john de Padilla, with the greatest privacy that might be, le●t his design should be discovered, marched with his men out of Valladolid to Zaratan (a Village within a league of the City) where he quartered that night. From whence he went the same night with forty horse directly to Simancas. Being arrived at the Watch-Tower, which was upon a hill a little above the Town, john de Padilla asked the fellow which kept it, if he had perceived any thing of the enemy; The man thinking he had been some of their Garrison, said, Yes; I saw a great number of men march from Valladolid to Zaratan, which makes my heartake, for we have but a few left in Simancas. john de Padilla presently laid hands on him, and carried him to his Quarters, where having secured him, he returned towards Simancas, by the way he lighted upon a party of their horse, that had been scouring the Country, those he charged and chased into the very Town, after which he returned to Zaratan, with a great prize of sheep, which he took from them. Three days after this, came more men out of Valladolid with the Artillery of Medina. Next day after them, marched out those that came from los Gelves, who were quartered in Zaratan, Arroyo, and other places about Simancas, with them came the Bishop of Zamora, who although sick, would not stay behind the Army, saying, That in defence of the liberties of the Kingdom, dead or alive, sick or in health, however he would follow the Camp, such was the courage and animosity of a Prelate threescore years old at least. Besides all these, came to join with him likewise john Bravo and Francisco Maldonado, with all their forces and divers horsemen. Some days they remained in Zaratan, pillaging and taking what they could from those of Simancas and Torrelobaton. Some days they took from the Inhabitants of the enemy's Quarters 1500 sheep per diem, and though it was Lent, their Bishop gave them leave to eat flesh, so they wanted for no good cheer. Another time john de Padilla marched out of his Quarters with a great party of horse, and met with some of Simancas and Torrelobaton's Garrisons, and after an hot skirmish, wherein some on both sides were killed, john de Padilla took fifty Cavaliers, horses and arms, for which he might have had great sums of money, if he would have ransomed them, but he refused it.   

SECT. XXXVIII.  
IT being a holy time (in Lent) and the War dangerous and prejudicial, divers good Religious men interceded for an Accommodation of these differences, and to procure an absolute Peace, if possible. At Aniago (a Monastery of the Carthusians, upon the River Duero, three leagues from Valladolid) was the meeting place to Treat. Those of the Commonalty had very fair and advantageous conditions offered them, but their heads being possessed with prejudice, and their hearts infected with the poisonous vice of War, having the liberty to pillage and spoil as they listed, 
Here the Author ●xtend's himself as far in flattery, as in other places in passionate railing.  they would not hearken to any reason. Indeed the Lord High Constable, and the Lord Admiral, are both worthy of immortal prais; for out of a most Christian zeal and affection to their Country, they desired this peace, offering the Commonalties all favourable and reasonable terms possible, and indented with the Emperor, in a manner, that he should grant and confirm whatsoever they agreed upon with them, and that he should remit and pardon all the injuries they had done to his Royal Crown; Protesting moreover, that it grieved them to the souls that any man should die in that quarrel; yet nothing would do.   

SECT. XXXIX.  
ON Thursdaie, the 21 of February, john de Padilla marched out of Zaratan with his whole Camp (which consisted of seven thousand Foot, and five hundred Lances) at two of the clock after midnight, going very silently in good order, and taking Guides along with them to show them the way to Torrelobaton, in the very Suburbs whereof he took up his quarters, robbing and plundering all they could lay hands on; but the people had carried all their best goods into the Town, which was very strong. 
I●hn de Pa●●lla besiegeth Torrel●bation.  The next day john de Padilla commanded his great Ordnance to be planted in convenient places, to batter ●he Town, which he did very smartly; but all his shots were to little purpose, for the rampires were extraordinary. After this he gave them a brisk assault, with great clamours of men, and bouncing of Guns, but he got nothing by that, for the besieged defended themselves with much resolution. In this Conflict (which lasted all day) were divers slain and hurt, but the most part were of john de Padilla's men, who fought at disadvantage, having no defence nor rampires to shelter them; so that seeing the great loss he received, and the little good he did, mos● of their ladders being too short, and those that ventured to mount up, were either knocked down dead, or shrewdly wounded, he thought it his best way to fall off, and sound a Retreat; so the combat ceased for that time: All that night john de Padilla laboured to entrench himself, and raise a battery in another place, that he might give them another fresh assault the next day. The Lord Admiral, and the others at Tordesillas, being advertised of john de Padilla's being advanced to Torrelabaton, sent presently to draw the Garrisons out of Simancas, and Portillo, with intent to reliev Torrelobaton, if possible, although they were but weak in Foot, and the enemy had great store, and very good. First they sent out two Troops of Horse to discover the order and strength of the enemy's Camp, with whom they had some slight skirmishes. This day john de Padilla wasted in raising a new battery, and planting his Artillery, but he found that p●rt of the Town no less strong than the former, so that he could do no execution; but on the morrow (which was the third day of his being there) he removed his Ordnance to another part of the wall, which was weaker, where he made some breaches, which those of Valladolid and Toledo spying, ran presently hurrying without order to enter; the dispute continued very hot a great while; but the Besieged behaved themselves so gallantly, that they were forced to retreat with no small loss. The same day the Earl of Haro, Captain General, having left a sufficient Guard in Tordesillas, marched out to face the enemy, with a matter of a thousand Lances, intending to give the Alarm on one side of the Town, whilst the Governor Don Francisco Ossorio, Lord of Valdonquillo carried in a fresh supply of soldiers on the other. He desired of the Lord Admiral that they might be Horsemen, but the Earl of Haro thought that not so convenient, he having more need of the Cavalry for the field-battle: Being come within sight of the Town in the Evening, they stayed upon the top of a hill, whence the Earl sent a party of his Horse to skirmish with some Arcabusiers, (who being betwixt the besieged, and the mud-walls, stood much to their advantage) but seeing his men cruelly galled, and able to do no good there, he commanded they should retreat to the body, which was still upon the hill expecting Don Francisco Ossorio to put in execution their intended design: but whilst they were thus staying, arrived a Gentleman with a Letter from the Lord Admiral, to the Earl of Haro, saying, That he might return again, for he had notice since, that there was no such need of putting any succour into Torrelobaton, for there was already strength sufficient to defend it; notwithstanding this countermand, divers Gentlemen offered to go into the Town; but it could not be attempted, the Lord Admiral having forbidden the Ladders to be brought, which were agreed upon. So it behoved the Earl to go back again that night to Tordesillas, without bringing his purpose to effect, to satisfy the Lord Admiral, who (as it afterwards proved) was very much over-seen therein: But some say, he was angry because the Earl of Haro did not follow his advice in the prosecution of that design. john de Padilla being alarmed by these thousand Horse, and finding that he had not force enough for the offensive and defensive both, sent presently to Valladolid for more. Upon receipt of his Letter, three thousand Foot, and four hundred Horse were ordered to march to the Army at Torrelobaton, who went with as good a will to fight, as if they had gone to gain the jubilee. On Saturday 28 Febr. they arrived in the suburbs, to the no less rejoicing and encouragement of the Besiegers, than the dis-heartening and terror of the Besieged; who sent to the Lord Admiral, complaining very much of Valladolid, saying, That only that City ●id them all the mischief. Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday they battered incessantly with all their Ordnance, and very many were killed on both sides: A man could not peep above the wall, but he had presently a bullet, or an arrow in his head: yet the Cavaliers stood out manfully; but being not above four hundred Foot, and some few Horse, they were not able to defend themselves, and withstand the continual assaults of the Enemy, having no intermission nor time to take any rest, besides provisions began to fail them. john de Padilla having raised several batteries against the Town, at last one of them made a breach, where (whilst the besieged were defending themselves in another part of the Town) those of Valladolid entered with their Colours; they sacked the Town with the greatest cruelty in the world: they killed the poor labouring men, because they could not give them what they demanded, spilt all their Wines, breaking the tubs in pieces; they plundered the Churches, stripped the Altars, and broke open the Tombs, thinking to find some hidden treasure therein. Finally they did such things, that the most savage bruits, who have not the use of reason, could not do worse, respecting neither humane things nor divine. Next day being wednesday, they fell to battering of the Tower, which defended itself stoutly, but being full of women and children that had retired themselves thither for security (who feeling it shake at every shot that hit it) cried out, fearing it would fall upon their heads, and having nothing to eat, it was surrendered upon condition to secure all their lives, 
John de Padilla take'● Torreloba●o● and the Tower.  and half their goods. Thus john d● Padilla took Torrelobaton, which was no inconsiderable piece of service▪ Hereby he gained himself much reputation amongst the Common-people, it being but three leagues from Tordesillas, where the Governors, with all their forces, were. The Towns which stood for the Commonalty, made great shows of rejoicing for this Victory. The Lord Admiral, and those that were with him, were cruelly nettled hereat, and being vexed more for their honour's sake, then for the importance of the place, they resolved to be revenged. So they gave notice forthwith to the Lord High Constable of all passages, who commanded immediately four thousand men (which he had ready) with four pieces of Ordnance, to march by the way of Palencia to Tordesillas, whereof Don john de Mendoça having intelligence, sallied out of Valladolid with above four thousand Foo●, and stopped their passage. T●e Cavaliers seeing they could get no succour that way, nor having men enough in Tordesillas to encounter john de Padilla, who was very strong, besides all the Cities being their enemies, they sent to demand a Truce for eight days of john de Padilla, which although he, and some of the Commissioners that were with him, were not unwilling to grant, yet they durst not, without consulting with Valladolid; for in regard they stood in great need of that City, and were very much favoured and assisted by them, they bore them a singular respect, and would determine nothing without their privity. This was communicated to all the people of Valladolid, and discussed; at length they all agreed to return this answer, That they should by no means grant them any truce, no, not for one hour, but proceed against them with all manner of rigour; for it was most certain, that they demanded a Truce for nothing else, but merely to recruit themselves of men and provisions, to the prejudice of the Commonalty; and if they did grant them eight or fifteen day's liberty, by the ancient law of the Kingdom they might renew their Cessation still to ninety and six days, and so from ninety six to ninety six, until the year were out; by which procrastinations, the Commonalties would be destroyed and ruined, and the people lose their courage and good zeal, which at present did animate them to defend their Liberties: yet notwithstanding Valladolid sent this answer, the Commissioners of the Kingdom, and the Commanders of the Army did grant the Truce for eight days, from Sunday to Sunday.   

SECT. XXXIX.  
THis Cessation was demanded after the taking of Torrelobaton, although that much displeased the Lord Admiral, and Fray Francisco de los Angeles went to Valladolid, in his and the Cardinal's name, to treat thereof, whom Alonso de Vera a bridler and one of the worshipful City officers, meeting at the Gate del Campo, treated very uncivilly, and would not suffer to enter into the City. After this, Alonso de Ortiz, with danger enough of his life, ventured to return thither, with Letters of credence to treat about the same business. Who being entered into the City, communicated his errand to Don Pedro de Ayala, and Don Hernando de Ulloa, (whom he found died in grain for his purpose) and forth with they gave order, that the junta should assemble to hear the message that Alonso de Ortiz brought from Tordesillas. Which being heard, and the Articles and conditions of the Truce being almost concluded, and the time for the continuance thereof limited; it chanced that Fray Pablo and Sancho Zimbron (who ●arried the Articles of the Kingdom into Flanders, to get them granted and authorised by his Majesty, as hath been already mentioned) arrived at Valladolid: And hearing that they were about a Treaty of Cessation of Arms, Fray Pablo presently sent notice of his arrival to the junta, desiring them that they would not conclude of either Peace, or War, or Truce; until he came to give them an account of the employment, upon which they had sent him into Flanders. Hereupon that business was suspended until the evening: And then the Commissioners of the Kingdom being set again, Fray Pablo came and gave them an account of his journey, and what he had done. Amongst other relations, he told them, that when he came into Flanders, the Emperor was gone into Germany, whither he and Sancho Zimbron intended to follow him; but by the way he was informed that his Majesty had given order (if they came into Germany) to have them hanged; Whereupon they went no further. Moreover, that he knew that his Majesty was so displeased with those Articles, and so incensed against those that had a●y hand in the making of them, or in raising those Commotions in the Kingdom, that at his return into Spain, they should be all severely punished, notwithstanding any engagement or promises the Governors had made to the contrary in his name. This information the Friar gave the Commissioners of the Kingdoms, besides divers other particulars, which are too tedious to relate. In conclusion, he told them that his advice was, that they should contract neither Peace nor Truce with the Grandees, but stand firm and unanimously persevere in their former resolution. So that if his Majesty would come again into their Kingdom, 〈◊〉 might be through their means, 
Wholesome counsel of the Friar.  and not by the Grandees. For that being done by a permissive will of the Kingdom, they might make their own conditions, and have what security they pleased; besides, they might so make their bargain, that if his Majesty did not perform his agreement with them, the Kingdom might remain united and agreed, That all the people should assemble whensoever occasion did require, and stick close one to the other in what concerned them for their defence, and have sufficient assurance that the agreement made with them should be performed. Wherefore his opinion was, that they ought not only, not to grant the Truce which was desired, but courageously to persist in the War, until they had destroyed the Grandees, and made the Commissioners of the Kingdom with the junta, Lords of the Country. Notwithstanding this discourse of Fray Pablo, the Commissioners commanded Ortiz to continue the Treaty. After all this, it happened that the Friar sitting next to Ortiz, and taking him to be a Commissioner of some City, that was come to the junta since his departure, he began to repeat some thing of his discourse to the other Commissioners, but chiefly harped upon the Emperor's intent to punish the Commoners, notwithstanding any pardon the Governors should promise them in his behalf. Whereupon, not well brooking his speeches, Ortiz asked him how he knew the Emperor had any such thought: He answered he was told so. Then Ortiz could hold no longer, but with a voice that might be heard by all in the room, said, That he wondered that a man of his coat and gravity, being a Doctor of Divinity, who ought to give good example, should positively say a thing of such importance (as that which he had verified to those Gentlemen in these words, (That notwithstanding any pardon the Gavernors should grant, confirmed by his Majesty, those who had raised the Commotions in the Kingdom, his Majesty would punish at his return, as if they had been taken in the fact) upon no other certainty, but only hear-saie; In regard those words were enough to disturb and hinder the conclusion of the Truce, which might produce a Peace, and those of his dignity and profession ought rather to endeavour to make Peace, when other hopes failed, then to hinder and obstruct the means of procuring it. The Friar hearing this, was very wrath, and asked who he was; It being told him that Ortiz was the man that solicited for the Truce in behalf of the Cavaliers, he stole out of the junta. Ortiz stayed still, treating with the Commissioners about the conditions of the Truce. In mean time Fray Pablo went to some of the City, telling them that they had suffered a Traitor to come in amongst them, whom the Grandees had sent under the notion of treating a Truce, to espy what was done in the City, and to sound the People's inclinations: That in his opinion they ought to turn him out of the City, or apprehend him, and make him confess the principal cause of his coming thither. Presently the Commoners, in whose heads he had buzzed these things, went along with him to the junta, all armed, and boldly rushed into the Chamber where they sat, ask them very peremptorily, why they suffered a Traitor to come into the City, to spy and make advantage of their proceedings; requiring the Commissioners forthwith to discharge him the City, otherwise they would apprehend him and make him give them an account of his business there; Other high language and threatenings they used, which put Ortiz in a bodily fear. The Commissioners with smooth and flattering words pacified them in such sort, that they went quietly away. Which done, Ortiz thus spoke unto them, gentlemans, If because I came hither upon your words and assurance to treat of the Truce, this stir and combustion hath been raised, rather than the people shall turn me out of the City, I will depart: But if you pleas to treat further of the business, for which I have undertaken this journey, and will promise as you are Gentlemen to secure and defend me, notwithstanding their menaces, I will stay until all be concluded. Those of the Junta answered, that they were contented, and gave him their words, upon the faith of Gentlemen, to defend him. So the Treaty went on, and they stirred not from the place until the conditions were all concluded, 
Alonso Ortiz obtain's a Truce f●om those of the Junt● with the Cavaliers.  whereof a Copy was given to Ortiz, enclosed with the Conditions and Articles, besides a particular dispatch from the junta general, and the particular junta of Valladolid to their Captains, then being at Torrelobaton, giving them to understand, that they had agreed unto that Truce, and commanding them to obey it, and cause it to be proclaimed in their Army, verbatim as it was there written. With these dispatches departed Ortiz post from Valladolid, after eleven of the Clock in the night, and arrived at Torrelobaton about one; where he found neither in the Camp, nor in the Town, any Guard; so he entered into the Suburbs with his servants, where two thousand men lay fast asleep about their fires, so careless, that two hundred men, falling upon them at that time, had been enough to have destroyed the whole Army. Ortiz lost no time, but forthwith he notified to john de Padilla, and other Commanders, the Orders for the Truce. That same night, and next morning, they all assembled, and although there were some dissenting opinions amongst them, and difficulties of either accepting or keeping it, especially being contradicted highly by Diego de Guzman, Commissioner of Salamanca, who, by command of the junta, came into the Army, under notion of being the General's overseer. At length the Truce was accepted and proclaimed in the Army; 
By order from the Junta the Truce is proclaimed in John de Padilla's Army.  whereof Ortiz taking certificate, departed presently for Tordesillas, where he was joifully received by the Lord Admiral and the Cardinal, with the rest of the Grandees, who all were very glad of that Truce, as thinking it the precursor of the so generally desired Peace. The same night being assembled in the Cardinal's Chamber, the Lord Admiral, the Earl of Venavente, the Marquis of Astorga, the Earl of Miranda, the Earl of Alva de Lista, the Earl of Villarrambla, the Earl of Cifuentes, and divers other private Gentlemen, besides juan Rodriquez Mausino, Ambassador from the King of Portugal, El Licenciado Polanca of the Council, and Pedro de Camaceli Secretary; Before them all Ortiz related the troubles which he had gone through, and produced the Dispatches which he brought concerning the Truce, wherein those of the Junta said, That they were contented to condescend to the Truce, which was desired in the behalf of the Governors of the Kingdom, in order to the service of God, and because the King of Portugal had so commanded it: The Nobles were much distasted hereat, saying, They would not consent to the Truce upon such terms; 
The C●andee's exceptions against the Truce.  that they were not so ill provided, as that the Commoners should think they had any advantage of them: That they were ready to give them battle whensoever they would, and that the Truce should not be accepted nor proclaimed in their Army, unless those words were altered. Hereupon were different opinions and votes; at last it was resolved that Ortiz should go back to Valladolid, to treat thereupon. Some days were spent whilst this was in agitation, during which time neither the Truce was well observed, neither was there open War. 
Tho●e of Valladolid discontented against the Com●anders of their Army, for yielding to a Truce.  Whereupon the Commonalties, especially Valladolid, were highly discontented, and went muttering out their complaints in these or the like words, That their Captains having raised themselves to such high Offices, did but dally and grew negligent of the Caus; That the Cavaliers did amuse them in trifling away the time in Treaties, only to recruit and strengthen themselves, and fall upon them when they saw their advantage; in which opinion they were not much mistaken.   

SECT. XL.  
Done Pedro Lasso, and Alonso de Guadalaxara 〈◊〉 ●●●sioner of Segovia, were all this time at the Mo●●●●● 〈…〉 Dominicans, without Tordesillas, treating of Peace ●●th the ●●●dinal and Lord Admiral. But upon the taking and sacking of Torrelobaton, the Lord Admiral being very much displeased, the Treaty was broken off for a while; yet out of the great desire he had to see the Kingdom settled, he fell to treat again of the Peace. And being agreed upon some Articles, it was the general opinion of them, that the Cessation would conduce much to the conclusion of the rest; for the better and more speedy effecting whereof, divers Prelates and good Religious men came from several parts to ass●●t at the Treaty. The Governors and Noblemen condescended to the greatest part, and most important of the Articles, which the Commonalties desired, and the Peace was in a fair way of being concluded; but the Commoners were so mistrustful, that they could not agree about the security: the Governors and Grandees offered to oblige their persons and estates to procure the Emperor's approbation and confirmation of their agreement with the people, besides other very fair propositions which the King of Portugal's Ambassador did much incite the Commoners to accept: But they would have the Grandees engage themselves to demand it by force of arms, in case the Emperor should deny to ratify their conditions and promises to the people, delivering them some principal persons as hostages, and certain Forts (than in their hands) as pledges of their performance thereof. Insomuch that their standing upon such terms, destroyed absolutely all hopes and probability of Peace. Yet hoping that time might produce some better effect, it was resolved before the Truce was fully expired, to procure a Prorogation or a renewing of it; to which effect the Ambassador of Portugal, and Don Pedro Lasso, taking some grave Religious men with them, the last day of the Truce went to Torrelobaton, and gave John de Padilla, and the other Captains, an account of all passages; who, whether not willing, or not having the power to grant their desires, agreed (although the Truce was out) to go to Zaratan; where those of the Junta assembled to treat thereupon. But they were so high, and fearing thereby to lose their great Offices, especially the Commanders of the Army, that they could agree upon neither Peace nor Truce, although some of the junta did give their Votes for it, whereof Don Pedro Lasso de la Vega was the leading man, who from that time forwards left them, withdrawing himself from that Assembly, and went to the Governors at Tordesillas. 
The Truce broken off again.  Thus the Truce and Treaties came to nothing, only this benefit they produced, that in those eight day's time john de Padilla lost a good part of his Army; for those soldiers, who had gotten money, or any good plunder at the sacking of Torrelobaton, the passages being free and secure during the Truce, went home to their own dwellings; the like did divers of the Horse of the ancient Guards of the Kingdom, because they were not paid. After this there was another Assembly at Bamba, whither john de Padilla was sent for, who being come, they all agreed to sit at Zaratan. Thither repaired divers from Valladolid on horseback and on foot, to small purpose: The Grandees demanded Truce for eight days more, or for three; but the Commoners would by no means give consent thereunto, alleging that they would deceiv them: then they went to dinner, but being ready to sit down, john de Padilla had notice, that they had a design to murder him, whereupon, without staying to eat or drink, away went he to Torrelobaton, and the rest to Tordesillas.   

SECT. XLI.  
BY this time Don Antonio de Zuniga had on foot a complete Army in the Kingdom of Toledo, in favour of his Majesty's loyal servants, and to reduce Ocana, which with other places of the Maestrazgo of Santjago was risen up in Arms: and being at Almaguer, the Guardian of St juan de los Reyes of Toledo came to him with certain admonitions and treaties from that City, and Commonalty thereof, insomuch that there was a kind of Truce betwixt them, and probabilities of a peaceable accommodation: but it fell out otherwise, and their difference grew to an open War, the Bishop of Zamora being made Captain for Ocana, and other revolted places, against Don Antoni.   

SECT. XLII.  
IN some papers which I have seen Originals of Fray Antonio de Guevava, Chronicler to his Imperial Majesty, concerning the Commonalties, He mentions that the Town of Duenas likewise rose up in Arms, and misdemeaned themselves exceedingly towards the Earl and Countess of Buendia, who making resistance against their fury, the people sent to desire succour from those of the Junta. And he says that those of the Junta and the Commoners also did seem to be sorry that those of Duenas had desobliged the Earl, because neither he nor his Lady had expressed any disaffection to the Commonalties, and that of secret friends their miscarriage had now made them open enemies. Yet seeing that it was of no small concernment to have the Town of Duenas at their Devotion, the succour which they demanded, was forthwith sent them from Valladolid, to wit, seven hundred Foot, Pikemen, Musketeers, and Cross-bow-men, and all paid for a certain time. For which they returned thanks in a Letter to Valladolid, wherein they made large expressions and protestations of their firm resolution to serve the Emperor, and the Commonalty, with divers other things.   

SECT. XLIII.  
THe 27th of March 1521. Both the Armies were in ill condition enough, and neither of them could boast of much advantage over the other, according to the information which Don Pedro Luxan Commendador Mayor of Castilia being in Simancas, did give the Emperor; saying, That in that Garrison they stood in want of men; That John de Padilla with the other Captains for the Commonalty had taken Torrelobaton; That from Tordesillas and other places thereabout, his Foot had received some prejudice. That divers of his men had left the Camp, as is usual when an Army lies still without action. That the like was done by the Foot in the Loyal Army also, but of horse they had a sufficient quantity. That the Army remaining in Torrelobaton, was reported not to exceed two thousand Foot, and three hundred hor●. That john de Padilla and those with him were upon their departure thence, having a great desire to come to Simancas, where they presumed at least a thousand more would come to them from Valladolid, out of revenge and hatred to those of that Garrison, and to secure themselves from any further damage. That money began to grow scarce amongst the Commoners, and that their soldiers were ill paid. That the same disease was amongst the Cavaliers, yet they had somewhat salved that sore by the sale of those Nobleman's and Gentleman's plate that were in Tordesillas, wherewith they had procured money to give one months pay to the Foot, and two to the horse viz. March and April, (By which time the Emperor had written that he would be back in Flanders and ready to take shipping for Spain.) And that those old soldiers which came from los Gelves, came every day, by two and three at a time, into the Cavaliers Army, and gave out that the rest would all go near to follow them.   
Finis Libri Quinti.   

THE CIVIL WARS OF SPAIN. THE six BOOK.  

SECT. I.  
THe passions seated in the Souls of men are in effect not unlike to the recovery of a body out of some desperate sickness: For any the least excess casts the affected Party into a relapse, and by an untimely precipitation hurrieth him into the Sepulchre. The Cavaliers and the Commoners did not treat with that realty as they ought: Some made a fair show, and seemed to desire a Peace, though they were best contented with the War, for divers particular interests which they did receiv thereby. Others dissembled (though not altogether) and the most part of those (which were called Commoners) were prepossessed with a diffident and distrustful humour, holding for uncertain and only pretences, all the conditions that were offered them on the behalf of his Majesty and the Cavaliers. Whilst they were in a treaty during the eight days of Truce, two things happened which destroyed all the Impostume or poison wherewith their hearts were swollen, bursting out into the disorders which in this Book shall be related, and shall conclude this deplorable History. Insomuch that the clouds, which hung over Castilia, 
Here the Friar makes a digression, falling into his usual manner of flattery.  threatening a cruel storm, were all dissipated in one short and not bloody battle betwixt the Cavaliers and the Commoners, in the plain of Villalar, the success whereof struck such remors of Conscience into the people's hearts, and the Cities acknowledging their errors, returned to their obedience unto him, whom God had given them for their King, serving and loving him, as shall be ●een hereafter. During the forementioned occurrences, Francisco de Mercado, Corregidor of Medina del Campo, with twenty horse (which in those days were called Esquiers) and other persons, who by command of the junta were coming to Valladolid, at the pass over the River Duero (which is two leagues from Valladolid and one from Simancas) they were encountered by a party of one hundred and fifty light-hors of the Earl of On̄ate's, who were going to seek adventures: Four of those of Medina were killed upon the place; Francisco de Mercado, the Master of the Ordnance, and two more were taken prisoners, and carried to Simancas. Notice hereof being given at Valladolid, they sent out a strong party to rescue them but it was too late; and the Corregidor of Medina (who was immediately released again) hindered them somewhat, for meeting with them he told them, They might go back again, for the business was nothing; But afterwards knowing the truth of the story, they apprehended the Corregidor of Medina for a suspicious person, laying to his charge the loss of those men, and would have executed him presently, but upon more serious consideration they held it best to dissemble and forbear a while, lest they should thereby endanger the lives of those that were prisoners at Simancas. So they sent first to demand them, making great complaints, that during the Truce they should commit such acts of hostility, and break their words with them: But they found no amends.   

SECT. II.  
THat which chiefly incensed the minds of all the Commonalty was, that before the time of the Truce was exspired, there was set up (they knew not by whom) in the market place of Valladolid, a Proclamation made and signed by the Governors of the Kingdom, wherein they named divers Citizens of Valladolid, Toledo, Salamanca, Madrid, Guadalaxara, Murcia, Segovia, Toro, Zamora, and all the rest of the Commonalties, to the number of five hundred persons, and some Gentlemen, declaring them Traitors, Violators of their faith to God and their King, and calling the Bishop, and john de Padilla, and other Officers of the Commonalty, treacherous enemies to his Majesty. This was dispatched in Burgos, and proclaimed with great solemnity before Anton Gallo, Chancellor and Secretary of his majesty's Council then at Burgos, and divers other persons of note. The names of the parties mentioned being very many, and that importing little or nothing to the substance of the History, I shall not trouble the Reader therewith.   

SECT. III.  
VAlladolid, in revenge of this Proclamation, set up against them, and the rest of the Commonalties, the next day after it was found in the market place, they pasted upon the door of Santa Maria Church (which is now the Cathedral) a Paper, with a direction to the City of Valladolid, animating them to persevere in their holy purpose, and not to be intimidated for any practices of the Enemies, or be troubled at their reviling them with such opprobrious terms, and encouraging all those of the Commonalty to make all forces possible, and march speedily into the field with so numerous an Army, that the sight of them only should serve to overcome their enemies without fight, by which means they should save the lives of many men, which would be lost, if their Armies met with equal strength, besides the hazard to which they should expose their Caus. And if they were successful, the War would be at an end, peace and plenty would encreas, the liberty and public good of the Kingdom ensue, and the name of Traitors remain upon the Conquerred, who never would dare to face them again: This, with some other things to the same effect, was the substance of that Paper, which the Common people read with great content and applaus, crying it up exceedingly, and sending copies of it through the whole Kingdom.   

SECT. IV.  
JOhn de Padilla's staying so long at Torrelobaton was very prejudicial to the Commonalties; for besides that he lost many men, he gave the Cavaliers time to recruit and strengthen themselves notably, whereas questionless if he had fallen upon Tordesillas assoon as he had taken in Torrelobaton, he had driven them to extraordinary straits. But he remained there hugging himself with that small victory, and the applaus of the people, which he had thereby procured: He fell to repairing the walls which he had battered down, as if he intended to make that the seat and residence of his Army, which lasted not long after. The Cities of Toro and Zamora sent him some fresh supplies, whereof the Cavaliers having notice, they sent out a Party of seven hundred Lances to cut off their way, and their lives too, if they could; near Pedrosa they met, and after a pretty hot skirmish, the Cavaliers forced them into the Town, where they besieged them close; but john de Padilla having notice of his men's distress, soon came to reliev them with three thousand Foot, and five hundred Horse, leaving a sufficient Guard in Torrelobaton: whom when the Cavaliers saw with so great force, they made their retreat good to Tordesillas; And john de Padilla marched with his men to Castromonte (another Town of the Lord Admiral's) and having taken it, left a Garrison in it, and thence returned to Torrelobaton, intending to expect the succour for which he had sent to the Cities of his Combination; in the mean time he repaired and fortified the Town, (as I said before) lest the Cavaliers of Tordesillas should fall upon him before the forces he expected were come to him. There he began to be sensible of his own ill government, 
John de Padilla was not so incapable as the Friar make● him, though over-seen in this occasion.  and of the damage which he received by his too great confidence, which soon after he more plainly saw, to the loss of his liberty and life. For it is a blindeness and imperfection of a man's intellect to thrust himself upon employments beyond the reach of his capacity, and having undertaken them, to be remiss in the execution of them. To be the occasion of any troubles or disturbance in a Commonwealth is not Justifiable, but being once engaged, it is an act of prudence for a man to be vigilant and active in the atchieument of his design.   

SECT. V.  
IT were unjust that the great zeal wherewith the Lord high Admiral of Castilia was moved to reduce the people of that Kingdom (which were up in Arms) by fair means and without bloodshed, to peace and due obedience to his Majesty, should pass without mentioning, for the eternal memory of so noble a person, and the honour of his generous family, who (as it is well known) was of the blood Royal. Having advertisement that Donna Maria Pacheco Mendoça, wife to john de Padilla, had a great hand with her husband, and might contribute much to the withdrawing him from that employment, nay, that he had done the more by her instigation and spurring him on. And that Pedro Lopez de Padilla, his father, was yet living in Toledo, but very old and decrepit; the Lord Admiral sent a Gentleman, one of the Emperor's servants to them, with instructions full of prudent and sage counsels and advice, and strong arguments to convince and persuade them to induce john de Padilla to moderate his overviolent passion, and admit of a Treaty with him, advising him not to be so extreme careful and earnest in advancing the affairs of Valladolid, as to forget his own, assuring him that if he would (as then it was in his power) but contribute his consent to the concluding of a Peace, he would not only procure a pardon from his Majesty of all past-offencers, but set him highly in his esteem, and obtain divers favours and Mercedes to be confirmed upon him and his children. These, and divers other good remonstrances he gave Alonso de Quinones to urge at Toledo, to the abovenamed persons; but he might gave saved that labour.   

SECT. VI  
THose of the junta, hearing of the great Power which the Earl of Salvatierra had assembled in the Mountains, wherewith he had possessed himself of the Artillery, which was coming from Navarra to the Cavaliers, and of the Forces which the Bishop of Zamora had in the Kingdom of Toledo, besides those which were with john de Padilla, had their hearts at eas, thinking their game cocksure. Moreover, divers of the Kingdom, who had looked on till then, seeing the Grandees so hard bestead, took up Arms to make good the Caus of the Commonalty. And had things been as those of the Commonalty could have wished, they would have had partakers and abettors enough. But there is no Law in this life for the good, or the evil to overcome, or be overcome; for favourable, or an advers fortune. Yet seeing themselves in so good a condition, and highly resenting the Proclamation which was published by the Governors, against them and the Cities, they resolved to pay them in the same coin. They fulminated a Process as they pleased themselves, and having commanded a great Scaffold to be erected in the chief marketplace of Valladolid, adorning it with hangings of rich cloth of gold and silk, and steps and seats placed in good order, on Sunday the 17 of March, 1521, all the Commissioners of the junta, and Deputies, with a great number of Attendants, and sound of trumpets, drum's, and other music, came and seated themselves upon it: Before them went the Kings at Arms, with the Maces and Coats of the Kingdom, and being placed in their throne, their attorney general read with a loud voice. That they had made a process against the Admiral and Constable of Castilia, the Earl of Venavente, Earl of Haro, Earl of Alva de Lista, Earl of Salinas, Marquis of Astorga, the Bishop of Astorga, against the Secretaries and other Officers of the evil Council (for so they termed his majesty's Council) and against the High Treasurers, and under Treasurers; the Merchants, and other Inhabitants of Burgos, Tordesillas, ●imancas, and other places, declaring them Traitors, and breakers of the Truce, expressing divers reasons, especially the burning of Medina del Campo, with the cruel and inhuman sacking of Tordesillas, wherein they alleged, the Cavaliers showed neither respect to God, nor his Saints, nor the person of the Queen, who was present; and that two Soldiers, without fear of God or their own consciences, broke into a Church, and stripped the image of our Lady, and cut off one of her arms, for greediness of some gold which there was upon it. That some others took away the Custodia, whereof one eat up the consecrated Hostia. They ripped up a thousand more such like things, which I shall now omit to rehears. Thus our Spaniards treated each other, being all of the same Nation and language; and yet all this was for their King's service, (as they pretended) and to free the Kingdom from Tyrants.   

SECT. VII.  
AFter this, the War grew very hot, and their passions on both sides implacable, and no day passed without some sallying out of the Garrisons to rob and spoil each other. Some Companies of musketeers having notice of provisions and munition that was carrying to Tordesillas, marched out of Torrelobaton to intercept them. Whereof the Earl of Haro being informed, took a stout party of horse with him, and gave such a hot charge to john de Padilla's men, that he left divers of them dead upon the place, and took one hundred and fifty prisoners, which so scared the rest, that they never durst quatch afterwards, nor make any incursions upon his Territories, as when they came first thither they boasted they would do. Those of Medina del Campo, roving in like manner on the other side, the Earl of Haro with all the Nobles and Gentry in Tordesillas (except the Lord Admiral, whom in respect of his age and charge of Governor, they desired to stay with the Queen) went one day purposely to face it, and scour the whole Country about it, at whose appearing, those of the Town sallied forth and skermished with them, in which encounter some of them were sorely wounded, others taken prisoners, amongst whom was Alonso Lewis de Quintanilla their Captain, Son to Don Lewis Quintanilla, to whom (as is already said) those of the junta committed the charge of her Majesty, when they took Tordesillas. john de Padilla having intelligence from some Inhabitants of Tordesillas, of the Earl of Haro's grand sally. Determined with his Army to assault it in his absence, and put the Governors to a rout, and some report, that he had a promise from those inhabitants to make one of the Gates for him: Which being told the Lord Admiral, and that john de Padilla was already upon his march, he sent word immediately to the Earl of Haro, who lost no time after this notice, but with all his gallant party came thundering back to Tordesillas; which john the Padilla perceiving, he durst not prosecute his design, but wheeled back to his Garrison of Torrelobaton. After this, they remained some days pretty quiet, without any encounter or action considerable. For, by reason of john de Padilla's obstinate resolution of staying in Torrelobaton, his Army was so diminished, that he had not men enough left to make a sally of any consequence. Wherefore he sent to Salamanca, Toro, Zamora, and other Cities, demanding fresh supplies. On the other side, the Governors agreed to put in effect what they had discussed amongst themselves, which was, That the Lord high Constable coming from Burgos with his forces, they should all join in one body, and make up an Army sufficient to encounter john de Padilla, in case he should take the field, (the succours which he expected being arrived) or to besiege him where he was: for being divided, they could not attempt either of those enterprises, without danger and a doubtfulness of the success, neither indeed had they strength enough to perform either design, considering they must leave a competent Garrison in Tordesillas. According to this resolution, the Lord High Constable, & other Noblemen, with the forces they brought with them to Burgos, prepared themselves for the journey. The Duke of Naxara, than Viceroy of Navarra, sent him a thousand old soldiers, and some Artillery, which with his own men, and those other Nobleman's with him, made three thousand choice Foot, and five hundred gallant Horse, well Armed, besides some Gentlemen, and Light Horsemen, and besides those which he sent before with Don Diego de Sarmiento Earl of Salinas, and those which his Nephew Don Pedro Xuarez de Velasco carried to subdue the Merindades. With these forces marched the Lord High Constable from Burgos, leaving the City under the government and guard of Don Antonio de Velasco Earl of Nieva, with a competent number of men to that purpose. john de Padilla, and the other Captains of the Commonalty, having notice hereof, sent presently to the town of Vezerril (which is in Campos) where he was to pass, advertising and requiring Don john de Figueroa, brother to the Duke of Arcos, (who still followed the Commonalty with some Cuirassiers, and Light Horsemen, then being at Vezerril) to defend the pass, and do the Lord High Constable what disturbance and mischief he could: but he being arrived, commanded his men to storm the Town, which was done, and he entered without any great difficulty, it being a place of no considerable strength. Don john de Figueroa, and another Gentleman with him, called Don john de Luna, were sent prisoners to the Castle of Burgos; which done, the Lord High Constable continued on his march to Rioseco, where he arrived with four thousand Foot, six hundred Horse, three or four great Pieces of Ordnance, about five hundred Gascones, and six hundred Moors of the Kingdom of Arragon, Vassals to the Earl of Almenara, wherewith he served the Cavaliers.   

SECT. VIII.  
THe Cavaliers had so played their Cards in the Kingdom of Arragon, that two thousand soldiers were raised in the City of Saragosa, and paid at the Kingdom's charge; who being mustered, and ready to depart, the Common people of the City hearing that they were levied in favour of the Cavaliers against the Commonalties of Castilia; There was such a hubbub and uproar of a sudden in the City, that all the people fell unawars upon those soldiers, disarmed and routed them quite, saying, that Arragon had nothing to do to meddle or contradict any thing concerning the liberties of Castilia. 
Here Don Pedro Giron discover's himself to be a Traitor on both sides.  Don Pedro Giron, who was retired to a Town of his named Penafiel, gave intelligence of the raising of these men, to those of the Commonalty, and that a great part of them, after they were disarmed, marched to the Lord high Constable at Burgos, whom upon this notice, they say, the Earl of Salvatierra did cut off by the way, which was a thing of no great difficulty, considering in what ill equipage and condition they then were. Don Pedro said moreover, that he sent them this advertisement, merely out of a desire to express his readiness to serve the Commonalties, and the City of Valladolid, telling them, that it would not be amiss to send their acknowledgements and thanks to Saragosa, for doing them so great a favour without being desired. He wrote another letter to Valladolid immediately after he had deserted them, and relinquished the office of Captain General, vindicating himself of the suspicions and fault wherewith they charged him, offering to return unto his Command, and desiring them to be favourable in their censure, until they knew further: Whereupon some gave their Votes for his returning to his Charge, alleging, that although he had committed an error, and in probability not unwillingly, 
Another notorious Traitor to the Commons. Here the Friar flattereth again the family of the Girons.  in marching to Villapando, and leaving the way clear for the Cavaliers to go from Rioseco to Tordesillas, the fault was chiefly to be derived upon Don Pedro Lasso. But john de Padilla had gained so much repute amongst them, and the Common People, that most of the junta disliked that proposition: And it was better for Don Pedro Giron they did so, for it was a stain to the greatness of his birth to be Captain of such people.   

SECT. IX.  
BEfore I come to relate the end which befell john de Padilla and the Iunta's Army, the several passages and exploits of the Bishop of Zamora present themselves unto my pen. When he marched from Valladolid, by the Iunta's order, he gave out that he went to take possession of the Archbishopric of of Toledo, then vacant by the death of Guillermo de Crovij, nephew to Monsieur de Xeures. He carried with him an handsome Army of both Foot and Horse, with five field-pieces. In Toledo he was very well received, and the City furnished him with more men and Artillery, from Alcala de Henares he took six Pieces more, so that he had in all fifteen Pieces of Ordnance. Don Antonio de Zuniga his adversary was likewise very strong, having at least six thousand Foot, and proportionable number of Horse, besides divers Gentlemen that were come to assist him. Amongst whom Don Pedro de Guzman, a valiant young Gentleman (whom his Majesty made the first Earl of Olivares) was chiefly taken notice of for his good service. I have already mentioned how the Duchess of Medina Sidonia, Dona Leonora de Zuniga, by her masculine courage and resolution, appeased the disorders and insurrection which Don john de Figueroa attempted to raise in Sevilla: since which, hearing of the Commotions in the Kingdom of Toledo, and that her brother Don Antonio de Zuniga, Prior of San juan, was engaged in the suppressing of them, she picked out a thousand of her choicest Foot, and an hundred Horse, with six field-pieces, all at the Duke, her eldest son's charges, and sent Don Pedro de Guzman, her third son with them, to the end, in Don Antonio de Zuniga, his uncle's company, he should give testimony of his valour and fidelity to the Emperor, against those revolters. Don Diego de Caravajal, Lord of Todar, and his brother Don Alonso, came likewise to assist Don Antonio in this expedition with a reasonable number of men. With all which forces the Prior marched out of Almaguer toward Ocana, thinking to reduce it to his Majesty's subjection either by force or composition. The Bishop of Zamora, who had no less forces with him, put his Army in a posture to encounter him, and both came into the field with a full determination to fight, which some devout religious men grieving for the loss that both parties were like to sustain, endeavoured by many pious remonstrances and persuasions to divert, but all they could obtain was a Truce for three days. The event of these Armies is diversely related by two several Autors, whom I chiefly follow in this narration; the one saith, That the Bshop having put the Prior to flight, and routed his Army, remained master of the field, 
The Relation of the first Author (who in probability was Guevara) is ●he ●ather to be believed.  but was sorely wounded in two places. The other, Pero Mexia, reporteth, That during the Treaty, some scattering soldiers of Don Antonio's Army being engaged with some of the Bishop's, one of Don Antonio's Foot-Captains seeing his men overmatched, without any order from the Prior, charged the Bishop's men with his whole Company, & so both Parties seeking to favour and rescue their own men, at last the whole Armies were both engaged, and had a furious battle, wherein divers were wounded and killed on both sides; at last the Bishop's men being worsted, began to show their heels, and the execution had been much greater if the night had not separated them, leaving the victory and glory of the day to Don Antonio's men; The darkness of the night befriended the Bishop very much in his escape, and divers of his men, who fled to Ocania: But he made no long stay there, being informed that he was pursued by Don Antonio, and that the Town was upon terms of yielding to him; So the Bishop being gone to Toledo, within three days Ocania was surrendered to Don Antonio for the Emperor, upon conditions of pardon for their former disobedience, and they received him with great solemnity and acts of submission. After which Don Antonio's Army increased daily with fresh supplies, which he quartered in all the frontiers and Towns adjacent to Toledo, continuing the War against the Toledians. Don john de Ribera did the like on the other side of the River Tagus.   

SECT. X.  
AMongst other transactions in this War, the expedition of the Town of Mora was the most remarkable, and the most disastrous that yet hath been related: It was thus, The Inhabitants of that Town being inclined to the interest of the Commonalty, rose up in Arms, and so continued a certain time; But seeing the Power and Victorious proceedings of Don Antonio, they capitulated with him, and promised obedience to his Majesty, (yet so little constancy there is amongst the Vulgar) after their agreement, they revolted again, declaring for the Commonalty, as before: and not contented with this, seeing one of Don Antonio's Captains pass by the Town, with some sheep and other cattle, which he had taken in the confines of Toledo, they sallied out to the number of three hundred men, and rescued the Prize, forcing him to fly: whereupon, the next day Don Diego de Caravajal, who was quartered two leagues thence at Almonacid, marching out with his Horse, joined with Don Hernando de Robledo, who had the Command of some Foot companies, whom Don Antonio, at the instance and persuasion of Diego Lopez de Avalos, Commendador of Mora, had sent to keep them in awe, and make them stand to their conditions; who advancing together to the very walls of the Town, (which the Inhabitants had made as strong as they could) summoned them to deliver it for his Majesty, and give them a peaceable entrance: But they sturdily refused, calling them Traitors, and reviling them in base injurious terms, accompanied with many musket shots, and arrows. Don Hernando de Robledo, and those with him, enraged at this uncivil treatment, entered the Town by storm, and forced the Inhabitants to retreat to the great Church, wherein they had put all their wives and children, having fortified it, as they could, and dammed up all the doors but one, which, though open, was barricadoed lustily, and in it they had planted two Fawkenets, with some barrels of powder for their defence. Don Hernando being come thither with his men, required those that made good the Church to submit; whereunto they answered with a shot from one of their Guns, which killed a Corporal of h●s: whereat his soldiers growing desperate, without any order or command, presently fetched a great quantity of sprey, or bavins, which they heaped against the other doors, and set fire to them, thinking when the doors were burned down, to enter into the Church. But the fire coming to the barrels and the tubs wherewith the doors were barricadoed on the inside, made such a blaze, that the timber of the Church taking fire therewith, all was immediately of a flame; and the poor people's having no way out but through the fire, nor any breathing place within the Church, were well-nigh all consumed; At least three thousand persons lost their lives in that miserable manner, which was very much lamented all the Kingdom over.   

SECT. XI.  
THe Bishop of Zamora was not idle all this while, he had as great a fire, in a manner, as this, within himself. He went to Toledo disguised, and alone, having left his men two or three leagues off the City, but being arrived, he made himself known; whereupon the people presently flocked to see him with great eagerness, by reason of the high value and esteem which he had acquired amongst the Commonalties. The City made exceeding demonstrations of joie for his coming thither, and forthwith granted him the administration of the Archbishopric, according to his desire, as if they had been Popes. In accomplishment whereof, they carried him with great solemnity to t●e Cathedral Church, and placed him in the Archbishop's seat: Which act and form of taking possession being passed, they gave him money, and a good quantity of Church-plate, wherewith to pay his soldiers. This made him return merrily to his Army, and soon after he went to reliev Avila, which was besieged by Don john de Ribera, before mentioned: Which he did with the loss of many men on both sides. That done, he used all means possible to mischief and endamage Don Antonio's Army, but he could do him no great harm, he being grown very powerful, by reason of fresh supplies that daily came in to his assistance, especially by the recruit which his Nephew Don Pedro de Guzman, brother to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, brought him.   

SECT. XII.  
AT the same time that the Bishop departed from Valladolid to the Kingdom of Toledo, Don john de Mendoça, with seven hundred men, raised and paid by the City of Valladolid, marched to succour Duenas against the Lord high Constable, whom they feared would lay siege to that Town. But seeing there was no great need of him there, he went to Villacis (which is a walled Town and indifferent strong, one league from Carrion) which he entered by storm and sacked. Thus the confusion and ruin of the Kingdom grew daily greater and greater, which much perplexed the Governors, and grieved all those that were truly zealous for the public good. Yet there was no way left unattempted to procure a peace, but nothing concluded. The more the Cities of the Kingdom suffered, the more their hearts were hardened, peremptorily resolving to stand to the rigorous arbitrement of War for the ending of their differences. And Valladolid being the chief seat of the Commonalties, and as it were, the sinews of the War, all the other places of the Kingdom made their addresses to that City, extolling it to the skies, saying, That was the only firm Pillar which supported their Holy pretensions, whence they expected the benefi● of their liberty. Amongst others, the City of Leon having levied some moneys, in order to the Iunta's command sent a Letter to those of Valladolid, highly magnifying the Justice and holiness of their cause, thanking and commending them exceedingly for their care and vigilance in the maintenance and prosecution thereof, and lastly excusing themselves that they could procure no more money to send them at that present, promising within short time to raise a more considerable sum for the furtherance of that holy design, and their treasure being exhausted, to engage their own persons, with all their friends and allies in whatsoever they should pleas to command them.   

SECT. XIII.  
PAlacios de Meneses, a Town not far from Medina de Rioseco, would needs enter into the same brawl with the Commoners, and rise up in Arms with them. Don Alonso Enriquez Bishop of Osma, brother to the Lord Admiral, and the Earl Don Hernando being at that time in Medina, drew out three thousand Foot and one hundred and fifty horse, with which they marched directly to Palacios de Meneses, intending to storm and sack it in revenge of that which the Commoners had done at Torrelobaton. This design being discovered, john de Padilla sent threescore horse into Palacios, which otherways was not very ill provided, for having the enemy near them, their continual fear made them the more careful and circumspect. There was within the Town near four hundred inhabitants able to bear Arms, all well provided with Crossbows and other weapons: insomuch that when those of Rioceco came thither, and required them to let them in, they answered, That their manner of coming was such, that they could not with safe●ie permit them entrance. Thereupon the Cavaliers bid them send any two of their Townsmen to treat with them; whi●● 〈◊〉 ●●d. But being come unto them, they stripped them, 〈…〉 ●●em back in their shirts, with threatenings and comm●●●●●●liver the town presently, otherwise they would ransack 〈◊〉 ●●●●●oy them utterly. The Town not valuing their mena●●●●●●od to their former resolution, and would not admi● them p●●●ing themselves in a defensive posture, in case they should atte●●● to storm them. The Assault was very furious, and the resistance of the Assailed no less courageous, killing and wounding ●●ch other without pity, four hours together: At last, those within being fewer in number then the Assailers, were forced to quit the walls, which the enemy presently scaled, and placed two Colours upon the top, and divers others were following them: but when those of Palacios saw themselves in that extremity, three hundred Cross-bow-men, and many with slings, charged them so thick with stones and arrows, that both the Ensigns being killed, one fell with his Colours within, the other on the outside of the wall; so that those of Rioseco, seeing so resolute a resistance, were glad to make a fair retreat; but they first set fire to the gates, which the Towns people perceiving, the women brought presently above two hundred great pitchers of Vinegar, and the bowmen sent such clouds of arrows amongst them, that they killed ten of their men, and wounded a great number. With this payment they returned to Rioseco, and those of Palacios remained very well pleased and satisfied: hereof they presently gave intelligence to john de Padilla, Don john de Mendoça, Captain of the forces of Valladolid, and to Empudia, desiring succour, les● the Enemy, angry at their ill success in that attempt, should surprise them another time. Hereupon those of the junta commanded Don john de Mendoça to go to Palacios. The same night after the assault, came fifty musketeers from Empudia to Palacios, so secretly, that they were not discovered by the Enemy, who returned the next day thither, thinking to carry it, not knowing any thing of the succour which came to them of Palacios overnight, which, though it was not much, proved of great importance. Those of Rioseco fell on desperately, but the Townsmen, with the help of those Musketeers, defended themselves very stoutly, and killed their men so fast, that they were fain to retire with loss: And those of Palacios were cried up for gallant men, having repulsed so many enemies two several times, without the loss of one man, they being but an handful in comparison, and their Town not strong.   

SECT. XIV.  
THus the confusion and war daily grew more violent in the miserable Kingdoms of Castilia, Toledo, the Province of Alava, and in the Mountains of Burgos. In the Kingdom of Valencia there was nothing but cutting of throats, and robbing one another: And Valladolid, seeing the Kingdom in so distracted a condition, began to murmur against those that sat at the helm, charging them with the ill managing of the affairs, and that they did nothing but trifle and delay the time, without knowing when or how to set a period to their miseries: They desired to bring their differences to an end, but chiefly by the conquest of the Cavaliers, that they might be exempted and freed from such great mischiefs. The fault of not concluding, either by a firm peace, or an open war, they imputed to the Commissioners of the Kingdom; who to enrich themselves, and because they would not be brought to an account of one hundred and fifty thousand Ducats, which they had received, were glad to keep things from a conclusion; of which Valladolid having suffered the most of any place, and which had been at the greatest expenses, was most sensible, and did exceedingly lament. To say the truth on both sides, as well of the Cavaliers, as of the Commonalties, there was trouble and hard measure enough. In Montealegre the Bishop of Osma, and the Earl Don Hernando, put a great number of the Toledian soldiers to t●e rout, being there with their Captains, swaggering and rioting, and never suspecting to be surprised by the Enemy. They killed some of them that made resistance, and carried near two hundred prisoners to Rioseco. Thus both parties studied to weaken & ruin each other, and betwixt them consumed the whole Country. john de Padilla kept his Court in Torrelobaton, like another Annibal in Capua. Upon a munday, the 8 of April, all the people of Valladolid rose up in a tumultuous manner, being wearied out with those of the junta, and discontented at their secret and long consultations, without concluding any thing. In this disorder they went seeking them from place to place, being fully resolved to turn them out of the City, or know of them the reason of their delays; for the damage which they daily received from those of Simancas was insufferable. There was no trading at all, every thing grew so excessive dear, that a bushel of wheat was worth eight hundred Maravediz. The people flocked in multitudes to the great Church, where the Deputies, with the Captains of the City, were assembled, with loud voices, and lamentable cries, beseeching them to seek some remedy, for their misery was insupportable, desiring them moreover, to let them know the reason, why the war was so procrastinated, and urging, that fifty days were passed without any action of war, neither could their imaginations reach to what they intended. The Officers answered them, That the occasion of those demurs was, the often going to, and coming from Tordesillas about the Treaty of Peace with the Cavaliers, bidding them return quietly to their houses, and before night they should know particularly all the circumstances and passages of the business. Whereupon the people prayed them to consider well what they did, and not to let them suffer any further detriment, or be burdened with any more expenses, for within less than seven months they had dis-bursed above one hundred thousand and five hundred Ducats, besides other charges and losses, which they had sustained beyond number, yet they did grudge none of all this, if they could close up their miseries with peace, or revenge themselves by war, and that they might be permitted to fall upon Simancas and Tordesillas; for nothing grieved them so much, as that they could not have their wills on them. Towards the Evening, the people of every Ward being called together, they were showed certain Articles which two Commissioners of the junta had concluded with the Governors, and brought from Tordesillas; the substance of them being according to the contents of the General Articles of the Kingdom, specified at large already, I shall spare to trouble the Reader with a second relation.   

SECT. XV.  
THe people having perused these Articles, would by no means approve of them, nor consent to any agreement, alleging, that what the Cavalier promised therein was not sufficient, neither was it certain to be performed, for they had no warrant from his Majesty so especial, as a business of that consequence did require; besides, they refused to give any pledges, or deliver any strong holds into the Commonaltie's possession for their security. And since the conditions they offered them were neither good nor sure, they would have no Peace, but War with them: in regard they found no security of their persons or lives without it. The Commissioners and Captains, seeing all the people fully determined and bend to give the Cavaliers battle, and either live with liberty, or end their miseries with death, (most of them being of the same opinion, deeming that to be their only safe way) cherished them in that resolution, presently giving order to all the people of Valladolid to be in a readiness, all the Artillery to be prepared and fitted to carry into the field: the like was done through all the Cities and Towns of the Commonalty, every Commissioner repairing to his own City and Town to that purpose: Thus they intended in one day to end all their troubles, and that this last bout should pay for all their delays and triflings, whereby they had ruined themselves, and given the Cavaliers time to recruit and strengthen their Party.   

SECT. XVI.  
ONe night, whilst these things were thus in agitation, john de Padilla, by order of those of the junta, came privately to Valladolid, and after they had consulted with him concerning things necessary for the present expedition, he returned immediately to Torrelobaton, to secure the Artillery which was there, having intelligence that the Cavaliers in Tordesillas had a design to surprise it. Order was given to raise him two thousand Foot well armed, with two hundred Lances in Valladolid, and two pieces of Ordnance, for two purposes; the one, to demolish Torrelobaton, which he did afterwards; the other, to give the Lord High Constable battle, before he could join his forces with the rest. For those from Valladolid, with the two thousand which he had in Torrelobaton, and those which he expected hourly from Salamanca, Toro, and Zamora, (who were six thousand Foot, and two hundred lances) besides two thousand five hundred from Palencia, fifteen hundred from Duenas, four hundred from Palacios, and others from the Beherrias and Merindades, would make him an Army of fourteen thousand. But those of Valladolid were so long before they could be in fit equipage to march, and the other Town's and Cities not sending in their supplies time enough, john de Padilla could not execute his design against the Lord high Constable; who (as you have heard) took Vezerril, and marched into Rioseco with four thousand Foot, six hundred lances, three or four pieces of Artillery, etc. So that, through the weakness and want of care of the Commoners Captains, he soon after set a period to that so miserably contentious and destructive War. The Cavaliers on the one party, and the Cities for the Commonalty on the other, raised all the force they could possibly for this expedition. The City of Palencia sent six hundred men and two pieces of Ordnance. Duenas four hundred men and two pieces of Ordnance. Baltanas' de Cerrato two hundred. Those of Segovia, Avila, and Leon came not; Salamanca made good the number before mentioned. All these were without any discipline or experience in Martial affairs, and amongst their Officers there was such emulations, every one standing so upon their punctilio's of honour, each Captain would be chief, scorning to receiv orders from any other: In a word, they were ill bred people, possessed with no less ignorance than unadvisedness▪ The Merchants, and other Citizens of Valladolid, seeing the ●●siness brought to the push, and the people resolved to decide ●●eir difference with the sword, fearing or doubting the event, ca●●ied all their goods and Merchandises into Monasteries, having shut up all their warehouses and shops, and laid all other trading aside, only for matter of arms, every one providing himself the best he could. The poorer sort of people being ready to starv, made lamentable complaints in the streets, crying out to God for mercy, and to release them out of those calamities, though it were with the loss of their lives. They feared the power of the Cavaliers, who had an Army of two thousand Lances, and seven thousand Foot, of the choicest men in the Kingdom, all well armed, and in good order, with stout and experienced Officers, under the Command of the Earl of Haro, who with great Vigilancy, answerable to his Courage, executed the place of Captain General.   

SECT. XVII.  
THe Lord High Constable marched out of Rioseco towards Tordesillas, the 19th of April, 1521, to join with the rest of the Cavaliers, where he was exceedingly desired. Being come to Penaflor near Torrelobaton, he there took up quarters for his forces: wence he went to Tordesillas, where he was received with extraordinary expressions of joie. john de Padilla was yet in Torrelobaton, with eight thousand Foot, five hundred Lances, and the Artillery of Medina del Campo, expecting more supplies from the other Cities, which, by their ill management and slackness, were not come to him; And the thousand men from Palencia and Duenas were also hindered from joining with him, by reason of the Lord High Constable's being at Penaflor; 
Two months he stayed there.  whereby he plainly perceived his own, and the other Captain's unadvisedness and oversight, in spinning out so much time there. The Lord High Constable, the Lord Admiral, and the other Grandees concluded to make their Rendezvous at Penaflor, leaving with the Queen, and for guard of the Town, the Cardinal of Tortosa, Don Bernardo de Sandoval, Marquis of Denia, with his troop of Horse, Don Diego de Rojas, Lord of Santiago de la Puebla with his, and as many companies of Foot, which was sufficient, the walls of the Town being in very good repair. They presently dispatched orders to those in garrison at Portillo, to come to the Rendezvous; and to the Earl of Onate to stay with his Horse in Simancas, to hinder Valladolid from sending any succour to john de Padilla. This done, the Earl of Haro having given command overnight to have his men in a readiness, the next morning they all marched to Penaflor, where they reposed that night, being Sunday. munday by break of day, because they would lose no time, the Governors, and the Captain General drew all their forces into the field, which amounted to about seven thousand Foot, and two thousand four hundred Horse, besides some Noblemen and Gentlemen of the greatest quality in Castilia. That day they did nothing but muster their men, sending in mean time some Light-horsemen to discover in what posture john de Padilla was in Torrelobaton; for they were generally of opinion to besiege him so close, that he might not go thence without giving them battle; and they made no question of worsting him, their Army exceeding his, if not in number, in goodness and valour of the men. With this resolution they returned to their quarters.   

SECT. XVIII.  
JOhn de Padilla, and the other Captains, understanding the advantage the Cavaliers would have of them in the field, durst not encounter them, and fearing to be besieged, they began, too late, to be sensible of their own carelessness or imprudence, in staying so long at Torrelobaton; and thinking their safest course would be to march secretly thence, assoon as possibly they could, and make no stay until they arrived at Toro, where they might remain securely until the succours came to them from Zamora, Leon, Salamanca, and the other Cities, (whereof they were in daily expectation) or go from thence to Salamanca, as they saw occasion; they resolved so to do. Whereupon a certain Priest sitting at the table with him, 
A Priest dissuade's john de Padilla from encountering the Cavaliers.  thus said, Sir! I have seen a Prophecy in which is declared that the Commonalties shall this day be vanquished, and the Cavaliers remain victorious, therefore I beseech you Sir, depart not this day from Torr●lobaton. Whereunto john de Padilla made this answer, 
His Answer.  Go, t●ust not in such foolish and vain predictions, but in God repose your confidence, to whom I shall willingly sacrifice this life, and my person, for the public good of these Kingdoms, and in regard it is now no time to flinch, I do resolve to die, and let him dispose of me as shall be most for his Glory▪ This was on Tuesdaie morning, whilst john de Padilla was at breakfast. Which done, his Army marched out with all silence possible, and in good order, the Artillery in the Van, his Foot divided into two squadrons, and he bringing up the rear with the horse. The Governors and their Captain General soon had intelligence of john de Padilla's march, and presently made after him three several ways, whom without any great difficulty they took prisoner, and routed all his Army. The manner of their fight is diversely reported by several Authors, but one (who says he was a spectator thereof) relate's it thus: That upon St George's day, the Cavaliers having notice of john de Padilla's departure from Torrelobaton towards Toro, they sallied out upon him from three several places, those of Tordesillas charged his Army in the Van, those of Medina de Rioseco in the Rear, and those of Simancas falling desperately in upon the Flanks, put all in disorder. The Commoners marched until they came near Villalar, in very good order, and the Cavaliers were of several opinions concerning the giving of them battle▪ Some said it was enough to make them fly, and lose their credits; and that it was wisdom not to put a business of such importance to the hazard of one battle. That their Foot was very numerous, and in appearance good: that those which the Lord high Constable brought, were but few and much harassed, besides if they miscarried in this enterprise, their hopes were all destroyed with their forces. But the Marquis of Astorga, the Earl of Alva, & Don Diego de Toledo insisted with much eagerness to charge them, & their voices carrying it against the more timorous party, they did make after them: Who having great store of excellent horse, & I. de Padilla's men being ill disciplined, besides the ways being so deep that they could hardly march, & seeing the enemy advance towards them in great bodies several ways, their courage began to fail, yet their Captains animated them all they could. The Cavaliers followed them still in this manner, their horse skirmishing now & then with them, until they came near Villalar, where, having got within shot of them, they let fly their Ordnance amongst their ranks (who marched very close) which killed them by heaps. This made their hearts fall to their heels, & for haste to get into the town, they ran one over the other, notwithstanding all their officer's endeavours to keep them in order, & for their further misfortune there fell so fierce a shower of rain, that the Foot stuck fast, engaged in the mire to the very knees, neither could they make any use of their Artillery, partly by reason of the ill wether, & partly through the baseness of their gunner's, the chief whereof named Saldana, a native of Toledo not well understanding his office, fled away, & left the Artillery in a ploughed field. 
A private plot of Don Pedro Maldonad●'s with the Earl of Venavente, to betray the Artillery.  Although some have reported that Don Pedro Maldonado dealt privately with the gunner's, so to engage the Ordnance, that they should do no execution against the Cavaliers, having so promised his Uncle, the Earl of Venavente, who had made him sensible of his error. However it was, the Cavaliers seized upon all their Artillery, and divers of Iohn de Padilla's men both Horse and Foot, saved themselves by coming to them, having first changed their red crosses into white ones, which was the sign of the Loyal Party. john de Padilla expressed a great deal of courage and valour in his own person, and seeing his game quite lost, he, with five Horsemen more, charged into the Earl of Venavente's troop, and being known to be the General of the other Party by the richness of his Armour, 
Notable courage of Io●n de Padilla.  was presently encountered by Don Pedro Baçan, Lord of Valduerna, native of Valladolid. john de Padilla was in complete Armour, and bore in his hand a Lance all plated with iron, wherewith meeting Don Pedro Baçan (who was a corpulent heavy man, and but slightly armed) him he gave so rude a salutation, that he was soon unhorsed: john de Padilla still charged on, crying, Santjago, Libertad, (which was the Commoner's word, and the Cavalier's word was, Santa Maria y Carlos) at last he broke his Lan●e to the cost of some of his enemies, after which Don Alonso de la Cueva singled him out, and having wounded him, 
john de Padilla taken prisoner.  bade him deliver his Arms, which he did. Being thus a prisoner, Don john de Ulloa, a Gentleman of Toro, came riding up, and ask who that was, some told him that 'twas john the Padilla, whereupon he gave him a cut over the Beaver, and hurt his nose, but not much, for which he was mightily condemned by all that saw or heard of that ungentleman-like action. So John de Padilla was dismounted, and remained Prisoner. John Bravo, Captain of the Segovians (who would also signalise himself) was likewise taken: and Francisco Maldonado, Captain of the Salamanca forces, had the like destiny; but his men having all forsaken him, he was catched running after them as hard as he could. The Cavaliers spent all the rest of that day in wounding, kill, and taking, having the pursuit of their enemies two long leagues and a half. Many dying men desired to make their confessions, but there was no body would assist them, nor take any compalsion of their condition, which was a lamentable spectacle, being all Christians, friends, and kindred. The Cavaliers being masters of the field, stripped all both living and dead, sharing the spoil equally amongst themselves. John de Padilla would oft bemoan his sad misfortune, saying, If, after the taking of Torrelobaton, he had followed on his victory, he should never have been reduced to so deplorable a condition, which was very true; for by his staying two months there, the Cavaliers cunningly delayed the time with Cessations, until they had so strengthened their Party, that they overpowered him. But the Allseeing Providence disposed it otherwise. At first, the Commonalties hearing that their Army was routed, and John de Padilla taken, gave out, that it was some plot or treachery of his to lose the battle, laying many other things of this nature to his charge, but they were better satisfied of his reality to their Caus▪ when they see he lost his head for it.   

SECT. XIX.  
THe next morning betimes, the Governors commanded Don Pedro de la Cueva to convoy the prisoners, john de Padilla, Don Pedro Maldonado, Francisco Maldonado, & john Bravo to the Castle of Villalva. While they were preparing to go, john de Padilla asked Don Pedro, whither he was commanded to carry them; who answered him, That for the present they were to go to Villalva, whither afterwards he knew not. Soon after they were sent for thence to Villalar, and put into a house, with a good guard upon them. The Governors being infomed of their arrival there, gave order that john de Padilla, john Bravo, and Don Pedro Maldonado should be beheaded, and Francisco Maldonado carried to the Castle of Tordesillas: But as he was on the way thither, a messenger overtook him from the Governors, who told Malbaseda, Lieutenant to Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoça, (who had the charge of him) that he should bring Francisco Maldonado back again to execution, 
Don Pedro M●ldonado was saved for be●raying the Ar●●●●erie.  for the Earl of Venavente had desired them not to behead Don Pedro Maldonado in his presence, being his Nephew. And because it had been divulged, that Don Pedro Maldonado should be beheaded, which at the Earl's entreaty was countermanded, the Lords had Voted that Francisco Maldonado should be executed in his place. So he being returned, the Governors sent for the Alcalde of the Chancery of Valladolid, Commanding him to execute Justice upon the persons of john de Padella, john Bravo, and Francisco Maldonado. The Alcalde presently went to the house where they were prisoners, and bade them prepare themselves, for the Governors had given order for their executions. john de Padilla desired him to send him a learned Priest to confess him, and a Notary to make his Will, and some witnesses. The Alcalde replied, That in the place where they than were, he could not expect to find any men of extraordinary learning, yet he would inquire, and if he could find one, he would satisfy his desire therein: but as for a Notary to make his Will, he need not trouble himself, for all his goods and estate were Confiscate. In the condemnation of these Gentlemen, there was no process, nor formal proceeding made, as used to be in other criminal causes, by reason of the evidence of the fact, and the quality of the offence. At last a Priest was sent to them, and john de Padilla being at Confession, a Franciscan Friar came, who was thought an abler man, so john de Padilla, and the rest, made use of him. Their Confessions being ended, they were brought forth and carried upon Mules to the place of Execution. Before them went a Crier, saying, This is the Justice which his Majesty, and the Lord High Constable, with the other Governors, do command in his name to be executed upon the persons of these Gentlemen, Their command is, that they shall be beheaded as Traitors, disturbers of the Kingdom, and usurpers of the Royal Crown, etc. The said Alcalde Zarate, and the Licenciado Cornejo Alcalde de Corte went along with them to authorise the execution of the Justice. 
Resolute Answer of J●hn Bra●o.  John Bravo hearing the Crier say that they were to suffer for being Traitors, he replied, Hangman! thou liest, and those that bid thee say so, we are no Traitors, but zealous for the public good, and defendors of the Kingdom's liberties. Hereupon the Alcalde Cornejo bid John Bravo hold his peace; whereunto John Bravo answered, I know not what, and the Alcalde gave him a punch in the breast with his staff, wishing him to consider his present condition, and not affect such vanities. And John de Padilla said moreover to him, 
Christian admonishment of John de Padilla.  Senor John Bravo, yesterday was the time to fight, and show yourself a valiant Gentleman, this day to die like a Christian. So the Crier continued his lesson until they came to the place of execution, where being arrived, they all alighted from their Mules to receiv the fatal blow. John Bravo being first called to execution, they bid him bend and settle himself in a fit posture; he replied, That they might force him, if they would, and so they did, seizing on him, and stretching him upon a carpet, which done, the Hangman cut his throat, and would do no more, until the Alcalde Cornejo commanded him to cut his head quite off, saying, Traitors were so to be used, and their heads to be set upon the gallows, which was done accordingly. The next being Io●n de Padilla's turn, he very willingly prepared himself, and having taken of certain Relics, which he wore about his neck, he gave them to Don Enrique de Sandoval y Rojas, (eldest son to the Marquis of Denia, who amongst other Gentlemen men was standing with him) praying him to wear them whilst the war lasted, which being ended, he desired him to send them to his wife Donna Maria Pacheco. 
Here these three noble Gentlemen died as gallantly as they had lived, being Patriots of their Country, whose memories deserv an everlasting same.  After which, as he went to place himself conveniently for the executioner's hand, he saw john Bravoes body lying by, to which he said only thus, Are you there good Gentleman? and presently his head was cut off like john Bravoes. Soon after, Francisco Maldonado being brought forth, was executed in the same manner, which done, their heads were set upon several nails over the place of execution, so the Justice ceased for that time, and those Gentleman's cares were ended. A Gentleman of the Loyal Party, the day before the battle, wrote a letter to one of the contrary opinion, telling him, that now the business was brought to such a push, that there was nothing to be thought on else, but every one to stand upon his guard, for whosoever fell, should be sure to bear the ignominious brand of Traitor: As questionless it had been; for we see all the actions and exploits of this life are more esteemed, and censured by their successes and events, than any other ways. If Cortes had not been fortunate in Mexico, when he took Motezuma, we should have said he had been a rash foolhardy fellow, but Fortune having crowned his valiant enterprise with success, all men now applaud his gallantry, giving him the attributes of Courageous and Prudent.   

SECT. XX.  
TO say the truth, in all that I have read of john de Padilla, I find him a gallant valorous Gentleman, though he was engaged in that unfortunate business. It is reported, that one day going to his house, very melancholy and dejected, he said to his wife, sitting on horseback, and she at the window: Senora, what do you think now of the condition whereunto you have brought me? at which words she made answer, Be of good courage, for of a poor Esquire I have made you half-King of Castilia. But the Common People are apt to say many things in such like occurrences, wherein there's not one word of truth. In my judgement, if there had been any such passage betwixt him and his wife, he would have expressed some discontent or anger in the letter, which he wrote to her the same day he was beheaded: But there was no such thing mentioned in it, quite contrary, he expressed therein very much affection and tenderness to her, seeming to be more sensible of her grief and sorrow for his sad fortune, then of his own suffering. Besides his letter to his wife, he wrote another to the City of Toledo. The contents were as followeth.  
john de Padilla's letter to his wife.  
Senora! If your pain did not more trouble me, than the losing of my life, I should esteem myself entirely happy. For death being a thing so certain to all Mortals, the Almighty showeth him a singular favour whom he honour's with such an one as mine, which, though lamented by many, is doubtless acceptable in his sight. It would require more time, than what I have, to write you some things for your Consolation, but that cannot be allowed me, neither do I desire to defer the reception of that Crown, which I hope to enjoy. You may, like a discreet woman, bewail your own misfortune, but not my death, for being so just, it ought not to be lamented by any: My soul, since nothing else is left me, I bequeath to you, desiring you to entertain it, as the thing which most affected you. I do not write to Pedro Lopez my father, because I dare not, for though I was his Son in daring to lose my life, I was not heir to his good fortune. I will not extend myself any further, because I will not trouble the Executioner to wait, nor give way for any one to suspect, that to prolong my life I enlarge my letter. My servant Sossa being an eie-witness of my end, and to whom I have communicated the secret of my intentions, shall tell you what cannot be expressed herein, and so I rest, expecting the instrument of your sorrow and my comfort.  
john de Padilla's letter to the City of Toledo.  
TO Thee, the Crown of Spain, and glory of the whole World, free since the time of the mighty Goths; to Thee, who by the effusion of the blood of strangers, aswell as of thine own, hast recovered liberty for thyself and thy neighbouring Cities: I John de Padilla, thy legitimate Son, now give thee an account how by the blood of my body, thy former Victories are refreshed. If fortune hath not suffered my actions to be Chronicled amongst thy memorable exploits, the fault was in my destiny, not in my good will: Which as a mother, I desire Thee to accept, since God hath given me nothing else to lose for Thee, but what I have adventured. I am more aggrieved for Thy resentment, than my own life. But Thou must consider these are but the turns of fortune's Wheel, which never standeth still. This is my contentment and consolation, that I, the meanest of Thy children, do suffer death for Thee; and that Thou hast nourished at thy breasts such as may take satisfaction for my wrongs. Many tongues, doubtless, will busy themselves in the relation of my death, which as yet I know not myself, though it be very near: My end will give Thee a testimony of my desire. My soul I recommend to Thee, as the Patroness of Christianity, of my body I make no account, since it is no more mine, neither can I write any more, for at this very instant, I feel the knife at my throat, with a greater sens of Thy displeasure, than apprehension of my pain.   

SECT. XXI.  
THe Victory being obtained at Villalar, and the Commoners Army quite routed, presently dispatches were sent post to the Emperor, giving him account of this good fortune: And the Earl of Haro, as Captain General, wrote a particular relation to the Emperor of all the passages, which he receiving at Brussels, the eighth of Julie, he answered, saying, That although by other Letters, of the 24 April, he had intelligence of the vanquishing and punishing of those Traitors, (for so he called them) yet he was better satisfied to receiv it from his hand, thanking him very much for all that he had done in order to his service, and for the affection and zeal which he expressed towards him in that employment; promising, at his return into that Kingdom, to gratify him according to the merit of his extraordinary services; hoping, that by his endeavours he should find means to settle the whole Kingdom, which he particularly encharged him to use all his vigilance and industry to procure: And chiefly he recommended to his care the War of Navarra, which was of so great importance, and that he would assure the Grandees and Gentlemen which had engaged in his service, that at his return he would gratify their Loialties according to their qualities and deserts. The Commoners forces being all discomfited as we have seen, and their three principal Captains executed, those of the junta, who were in Valladolid, fled away, and all was of a sudden blown up like smoke in the aër. Within three days after, the Cavalier's whole Army marched to Simancas, and quartered in Towns all about Valladolid, intending to fall upon that City, and treat them as such open enemies did deserv. But first, being numerous enough, they possessed all the Towns and Villages thereabouts, and stopped up all the Avenues, suffering no provisions to be carried in to them. Whereupon the most valiant and violent of all the people began to be crestfallen: Others that had (as much as they durst) opposed those past Commotions, seeing the Governors victorious and powerful, declared themselves. There was no Captain nor Commander left in the City. Whereupon to make short, and prevent a Summons, they thought their only way was, to yield themselves upon good conditions, which they hoped the Lord Admiral (though much offended) out of compassion and affection to that City, would grant them. In which resolution they sent some religious men, and persons of respect, with much submission and humble acknowledgement of their faults, to desire mercy and pardon of the Lord Admiral: Who at first showed himself very much displeased and unwilling to hearken to their desires, saying, He ought, and would make an example aswel of the principal offenders, as of the Common people. The Soldiers, who expected notable plunder, their fingers itching to measure out the silks and velvets with their Pikes, (as they bragged they would) were mad because the word of command, To fall on and enter the City, was so long a giving out; which the Inhabitants knowing, every one secured their commodities the best they could. But by God's help, and the indulgence of the Governors, a Peace and pardon was concluded and proclaimed in the market places and streets of Valladolid, with great acclamations of joie, and sound of Trumpets, Drums, and other musical instruments: All the Inhabitans being exempted from personal punishment, confiscation, or loss of offices, excepting twelv, whom the Lord Admiral should nominate, & appoint to be left out of the Articles, to be disposed of as the Governors should think fitting; that they might all take notice, that they had a King and Lord, to whom they owed obedience and service; and such a King as did not seek after vengeance, or desire the destruction of his Subjects, but to pardon them with clemency, and chastise them with mercy.   

SECT. XXII.  
THe City of Valladolid, which had shown so much stubbornness and obstinacy not long before, proclaimed the Pardon with great contentment; and thought they had obtained no small favour, to preserv their Town from being sacked, the Soldiers being so ready to make the onset. The ●arl of Venavente, and the Bishop of Osma were great instruments of hindering the destruction of that City: and the Lord High Constable, with all the rest of the Grandees, were very glad of it, esteeming that the pacification of the whole Kingdom depended upon the surrendering of Valladolid. 
The manner of the Cavaliers entering into Valladolid.  The same day, April 27, all the Cavaliers entered in great state, with their Squadrons in Martial order, the Horse all in Armour, covered with rich scarlet coats: the first that marched in, were the Earl of Venavente, and Earl of Haro, Captain General, the Earl of Castro, the Earl of Onate with their Troops, their Armour was covered with scarlet, embroidered with gold. After them followed the Lord Admiral, with the Adelantado, his brother, and the Earl of Osorno, all in green, with their troops in Armour covered with the same Livery. Next them, marched the Captains and Camp masters of the Army, with their Colours flying, and the Gentlemen all clad in cloth of silver and gold. Then came the Bishop of Osma, with those of the Council Royal, the Alcaldes and Alguaziles; And last of all, the Lord High Constable, with the Earl of Alva de Lista, the Earl of Salinas, the Earl of Aguilar, and the Marquis of Astorga, with all their men splendidly accoutred, besides divers Gentlemen, and Foot soldiers, all in such stately manner, that Valladolid was worth the seeing that day: yet it was observed, that the people were so stomackful, that neither man nor woman did so much as look ou●, or open a window, as if they disdained or abhorred to see them, who, four days before, were their mortal enemies. (Such are the Comedies and Tragedies of this life). How often did the Cavaliers desire Valladolid to make a ●eace? what advantageous conditions they offered them? how often did they slight their favours? how many scornful answers did they return them? and at last it came to this, that they were constrained, though with heavy hearts, and hanging down their h●ads, to receiv and treat in their houses thos● whom they so ill affected. And those of Valladolid must acknowledge a particular obligation to the Nobility of Castilia, (whom they always found ready to receiv them with open arms, and do them all the good offices and favour possible) aswel for this daie's favour, as others, which by their mediation the Kings of Spain have granted them, notwithstanding so great uproars and disorders as have been committed in that City. All the rigour that was done at this time in Valladolid, was the executing of an Alcalde, and an Alquazil of the junta, whom the Governors commanded to be hanged, the rest fled, though no body prosecuted them.   

SECT. XXIII.  
THe rout of the Junta's Army at Villalor, and the Justice ●hat was executed upon the Gentlemen there, with the surrendering of Valladolid, and the favour which the Governors showed them, being noised through the Kingdom, the other Cities began to be more submissive, who before carried their heads so high. Duenas courted their Earl again, whom they had forced to leave the town, rising up in Arms against him. Palencia opened their gates to the Lord High Constable. Medina del Campo did the same. But Mota stood out a while upon the defensive, yet at last they were glad to make their peace. But the Lord High Constable, and the Lord Admiral were such worthy Noblemen, that they used no acts of rigour in any place, and all those whom they reduced, found themselves so well with their present condition, that they held themselves as redeemed out of thraldom and oppression. Only those of Toledo continued in their wilfulness. The Common People murdered two brothers, Biscayners, named Aguirres, only upon vain surmises and suspicions which they conceived of them, yet they had both been Captains under Ioh● de Padilla. Notwithstanding that the Prior of St juan, Don Antonio de Zuniga was with his Army in the confines of that City; the Commoners with a great body and some pieces of Ordnance, marched to a Castle called Almonacid, and continued battering it for two days, the Governor valorously defending it; which the Prior hearing, presently gave command to draw all his forces into the field, intending to give them battle. But they having intelligence thereof, soon railed their siege, and returned to Toledo, for fear of being put to the worst. Some days after Don Alonso de Caravajal, brother to Don Diego, being quartered with some light-hors-men at Maxcareque, four leagues from Toledo, six hundred Foot, and fifty Horse sallied out of the City, and taking byways that they might not be discovered by the enemy's Sentinels, by break of day they fell upon the Village, surprised Don Alonso and his men, and carried them all prisoners to Toledo, before any of their party could come to rescue them. They did several other such exploits, and on the other side the Prior did them what mischief he could. The Governors were much troubled hereat, but could not pass with their Army to Toledo, until they had quieted all the old Castilia. But that which put them to the greatest plunge, 
The Fre●ch advance into Navarra.  was the news of the King of France his Army advancing into the Kingdom of Navarra. It was told them that Padilla's wife, with all her kindred in Toledo, maintained and fomented chiefly this humour in the Inhabitants, therefore they resolved to send thither, and use some means to get her out of the City, believing, that if she were gone thence, the rest might be more easily reduced: To this effect they sent a Captain, with a few men disguised, who offered himself to go to Toledo, and carry her out of the City by fair means, or by foul. Being arrived at Toledo, he went directly to the Fort where Donna Maria was, desiring to speak with her; But the people having some intelligence of his design, presently made an Alarm, and came in great multitudes to the Castle, where finding the Captain in discourse with Donna Maria, they strait laid hands on him, and flung him out at the window, which being high, he broke himself all to pieces with the fall; after this they cut the throats of all those that came with him, insomuch that the City was in greater disorder by this means then before. 
The F●enc● Army repulsed.  In the month of September 1521. the French being beaten out of Navarra, the Governors were in the mind to march with all their forces into the Kingdom of Toledo, and subdue that City, but they were again diverted by a second intelligence which was brought them, that the King of France was come to Bayona with a very powerful Army. 
The Fre●ch enter into Biscaya by B●yona.  And Don Antonio de Zuniga (who had begun that enterprise) being desirous to bring his design to perfection, drawn all his forces out of their Garrisons, and pitched his Camp before the City on the one side the River, and Don john de Ribera had his men quartered near the City on the other. Don Antonio had with him eight hundred lances, which scoured all the Country about, and had daily smart skermishes with the Toledians, wherein divers fell on both sides. In this expedition was Don Pedro de Guzman, third Son (as you have heard) to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who being young and full of mettle, 
D●n P●d●o de Guzman so●ely wounded and tak●n prisoner ●y the Tol●dians.  and ambitious to show his valour, engaged himself too far amongst the enemies, by whom he was taken close by the Castle of San Sernan, so desperately wounded, that the Toledians were enforced to carry him off the field upon a board, he not being able to go any other ways. Donna Maria Pacheco, being at a window in the Fort, observed with great attention all the passages of the fight, and distinguishing Don ●ed●o from the rest, she was much taken with him, seeing ●im behave himself so gallantly; And being brought to the Fort, she went out to receiv him, partly out of respect to Don Pedro's noble birth, but chiefly out of a private inclination which proceeded from the esteem she made of his valour and animosity. She treated him with much civility and demonstrations of affection, commending highly his prowess whereof her eyes were witnesses, and told him, that his generosity was worthy of an eternal memory, only this was wanting him, that his Valour was not employed in the King's service, and in favour of the City of Toledo: (for the Commonalties pretended in all the Cities, That whatsoever they did, was in order to his Majesty's service). Donna Maria would suffer none of Don Pedro's retinue to stay with him, or any body else to visit him, neither would she permit him to write to Don Antonio's Camp: But treating him with very great care and compliments, she spared nothing that was necessary for his recovery: his wounds being throughly cured, she endeavoured to win him to their side, promising, that if he would renounce the other party, they would make him General of the forces of Toledo. But finding her time lost in persuading him, she resolved to get him exchanged for other prisoners which Don Antonio had taken of the Toledians, which was done; for the better effecting whereof, those of Toledo gave Don Pedro his Parolle for eight days, to go to his Uncle's Army, having made him swear first, that he would return again, in case he procured not the liberty of those whom they demanded: Amongst other exceptions which they made him renounce in the Oath they administered to him, one was, Th●t he should not allege that those of Toledo were Traitors, and therefore he was not obliged to make good his Word or Oath to them, which was fulfilled accordingly. The City was very well provided for a long time, and they had broken down all the Mills for twelv league's compass, that Don Antonio's men might have no means ●o grind their corn. They took all the Plate of Silver and Gold out of the Cathedral Church, which being coined, did much enrich them, and made them so stout, that they said, They would never consent to Peace, unless there were first a pardon general granted for the whole Kingdom of Spain, and that Don Pedro Lasso de la Vega were delivered into their hands, for (they said) he was the principal cause of all those Troubles, and the only man that put them upon that insurrection.   

SECT. XXIV.  
THe Marquis of Villena being entered into Toledo, by consent of the City, began to bring them to a right understanding: whereupon he wrote to the Governors, that they might follow their business in Navarra, as for the Toledians he would undertake to reduce them to their due obedience. The Governors glad to be eased of an affair of such care and trouble, employed all their industry and force to resist the incursions of the French▪ as shall be said hereafter. Hernando de Avalos, and some other of the Inhabitants, would gladly have received a pardon from the Marquis of Villena's hands; therefore being sent to by them, he came, accompanied with the Earl of Oropesa, and some Horse and Foot, but nothing could be effected, for the contrary Party mutinied in such a tumultuous manner, that the Marquis was forced to go out of the City, after he had spent some day's time to procure a Peace. The same effect had the endeavours of Don Diego de Cardenas Adelantado of Granada, Duke of Maqueda, who, with the same intention, came to Toledo, very well attended, and was driven out by the Common people. Such was the confusion of that City which Donna Maria Pacheco did uphold with as much courage, as if she had been a Captain long exercised in Martial affairs, and therefore she was generally call●d, la Muger valerosa, the valiant Woman: The report goes, that she made use of the Crosses in stead of Colours, and to excite the people to compassion, she made her son to be carried up and down the streets upon a Mule, with a mourning Hood and Cloak on, and in a Streamer, the picture of her husband john de Padilla beheaded. Divers other things were said of her, it may be they were but feigned. Amongst the rest, That she had a fancy that she should be a Queen, which was put into her head by some Morisco witches at Granada. At length her party began to weaken and diminish, Don Estevan Gabriel Merino prevailing against her, who showed himself a person of great conduct and prudence. This Prelate (who afterwards was Cardinal of San Vidal) then governing the Bishopric of jaen, and being Dean of Toledo, assisted by the Marshal Payo de Ribera, and other gentlemen of that City, having routed Donna Maria, and her adherents, turned them out of Toledo; and she, having disguised herself in a Countrie-woman's habit, 
D●nia Maria Pacheco's escape out of Toledo.  and riding upon an Ass, with some Geese in her hands, escaped: otherwise she had lost her head aswel as her Husband. So she spun out the rest of her days in exsile. After this the City was reduced, and enjoied the benefit of the general pardon, 
Some sai● sh●e died in Portugal.  with other good conditions, which, by reason of the War of Navarra, were granted them, and (as they desired) neither Don john de Ribera, nor any of his kindred, were permitted to come into the City, until the King returned into Spain; they received Don Estevan Gabriel Merino, and Doctor Zumel, 
They should rather have erected a Statue, in memory that he died a Martyr for his Country.  for their chief officers of Justice. They pulled down Iohn de Padilla's house to the ground, which done, they ploughed it, and sowed it with Salt, because the soil, where the Captain of so great troubles and mischiefs had his birth and habitation, should not produce so much as grass or weeds, erecting there a pillar, with an Inscription, declaring the manner of his life and deplorable end.   

SECT. XXV.  
ALthough the whole Kingdom almost was reduced (the fear of punishment exceeding the hopes they had of carrying on their design); Yet the Fort of Fermosel (which was under the command, and properly belonging to the Bishop of Zamora) stood peremptorily upon their defence. The Governors hereupon sent the Earl of Alva de Lista, with a competent number of men, to take it; who requiring the Governor to deliver it to the Emperor, he answered, that he kept it in the Bishop of Zamora's name for his Majesty, that if his Majesty did come thither and bring the Bishop with him (whom the Duke of Naxara had taken prisoner) he would presently surrender it, otherwise not. The Earl laid siege to it hereupon, but to small purpose, for it was very strong. The Duke of Naxara not long after sent to the Governors, desiring them to command the siege to be raised before ●ermosel, because it belonged to his son; the Bishop having exchanged it with him. The Governors gave order forthwith that the Earl of Alva should give them Truce for twenty days, whilst they sent to the Emperor to know his Majesty's pleasure. 
The manner of the Bishop of Zamora's being t●●ken prisoner.  The taking of the Bishop of Zamora was in this manner. He seeing all his party routed, and that it was no boot for him to stay in Spain, resolved to make France his refuge. But being in the confines of Navarra at the same time the French King made his attempt upon that Country, at a place called Villamediana, a league from Logrono (although he had disguised himself) he was discovered and taken prisoner by an Alferez named Perote. Who carried him thence to Navarrete a Town two leagues from Naxara, where he delivered him to the Duke Don Antonio, who kept him there, until the Emperor commanded him to be carried to the Castle of Simancas, where he ended his days, as you shall hear.   

SECT. XXVI.  
THe City of Valladolid wrote to the Lord Admiral, desiring him to stand their friend, as his Ancestors had done in former times. Whereunto he returned a very kind answer, assuring them all the favour he could do them, or procure them from his Majesty, so that they contained their contrition and acknowledgement of their errors, and refrained from acting any thing misbecoming the obedience of Loyal and faithful subjects▪ And to conclude this tedious relation, I shall tell you only that the Emperor being returned into Spain, called a Counsel in Palencia, where he consulted of and concluded a general pardon for the whole Kingdom. But some of the Commoners being brought to execution (as shall be hereafter mentioned) the castilians not knowing what had passed in his Majesty's Counsels, began to be possessed with fears; For the absolute destruction and banishing whereof, the Emperor upon the 28th of October 1522, caused a great scaffold to be erected in the chief market place of Valladolid, and covered with rich cloth of gold and silk, whereon his Majesty clothed with long robes, after the Ancient manner, all his Grandees and Council about him, being seated; his attorney General with a rich Herald's Coat, and one of the Clarks of the Exchequer named Gallo, having made a long narration of the troubles and insurrections of Castilia, read with a distinct loud voice the general pardon which his Majesty granted to the whole Kingdom: wherein were excepted only some threescore or fourscore persons; whom, in regard the greatest part of them were but ordinary people, some of them Friars and others already punished, I shall not trouble myself to particularise, 
They died gallantly as Martyrs for their Country.  only the execution of Don Pedro Pimentel de Talavera, (who was taken at the battle of Villalar) and his head was cut off in the public place of Palencia. The Commissioners of Guadalaxara and Segovia, with some others, being prisoners at la Mota de Medina del Campo, the Alcalde Leguizama was sent thither to do Justice upon them: Being there arrived, he commanded seven of them to be brought out of the Common Gaol (where they were put) with ropes about their necks and set upon Asses until they came into the chief market place of Medina, where all their heads were cut off. In the City of Vitoria, a skinner of Salamanca, and two or three more of his complices, were executed on friday the 14th of August 1522. That which was chiefly laid to the charge of the Commissioners and other Gentlemen, was their daring to take possession of the Queen at Tordesillas, turning awaie the Marquis of Denia and his Lady, who had commands from his Majesty to attend her person. And besides that some of them held correspondence with the King of France.   

SECT. XXVII.  
THe Bishop of Zamora being taken (as is related) was brought afterwards prisoner to the Fort of Simancas, where he continued a good while. During which time with a brick which he had cunningly put into a bag, wherein he used to carry his Breviary, he knocked out the Governor's brains, that had charge of him, being in discourse with him by the fire side. So leaving the father dead, he had made his escape, but that his Son discovered him, and having brought him back, locked him into his Chamber, without doing any thing else to him, for murdering his father which was held and commended for a piece of great wisdom and patience in the young man. The Emperor upon notice hereof, 
The B●shop of Zamor●'● death. His Majesty had great reason to g●●●● for the lo●s of the g●●●test Prelate th●t ever Spain b●●d, b●eing so aged, and so resolute to the l●st, for the good of his Country.  commanded the Alcalde Ronquillo to go thither, who having too much Justice on his side, and bearing no great affection to the Bishop, by virtue of a licence the Emperor had from Pope Adrian, to punish the said Bishop and other Priests and Friars for their exorbitances, bearing date the 7th of March 1523. He c●used him to be strangled within the said Fort; And some report that he hung him upon one of the Pinnacles of the Tower, to the end he might be a spectacle to all that passed that way. This was done contrary to the Emperor's knowledge, and it grieved him very much, although he had reason and power enough to do it. This was done An● 1526.   

SECT. XXVIII.  
THe end whereunto Don Pedro de Ayala, Earl of Salvatierra was brought, may serve for an example of the various vicissitudes of Fortune in this life: 
Thus died this brave Earl, whom if the other Nobles had seconded, they had made Spai● the most glorious Republics of t●e wo●ld.  After he was taken he was carried to Burgos, where he was kept prisoner in the Earl of Salinas his house, where he was let blood to death, Anno 1524, the Emperor then being at Burgos, after which he was carried to his grave, his feet hanging bare over the Bier, with irons upon them, exposed to the public view of all. This unfortunate Earl was reduced to so much poverty, being forsaken of all his friends in his imprisonment, that he had nothing to eat but a poor mess of pottage, which Leon Picardo, a domestic servant and Painter to the Lord High Constable, sometimes brought him. His son Don Athanasio de Ayala, 
Nota●●● pierie of Do● At●anasio d● Ayala to his f●●ther, the Earl of Salvatierra, being ready to starv in prison.  than Page to the Emperor, out of compassion and piety, which a child oweth to his father, sold a horse which he had to buy the Earl victuals: for which the Master of the Pages would have him punished, and complained of him to the Emperor; whereupon the Emperor calling Don Athanasio to him, and ask him for his horse, he presently answered, That he had sold him to buy Victuals for his father. The Emperor was so far from being displeased at so pio●● an act, that he forthwith commanded forty thousand Maravediz to be given him. Thus this great Earl, who, as he said of himself, was lineally descended from the mighty Goths, ended his days by an untimely death.   

SECT. XXIX.  
THe Emperor being desirous to express the Contentment which he received by the Pacification of his Kingdoms, and that he might show himself a gracious Prince to those that had offended his Majesty in so high a measure, he commanded that two days after the general pardon was proclaimed, there should be great Feasts celebrated in Valladolid, with great solemnity, with Tilt, fight on horseback with Bulls, and a Tournament or Just-Royal. And the Emperor himself being in complete Armour, and so disguised, that no body could know him, entered the List, and broke several Lances with those that had gotten the greatest honour that day, behaving himself with such dexterity, courage, and gallantry, that he drew the eyes of all the Spectators upon him, and kindled a curiosity in their breasts to know who he was, which being discovered, their gusts increased with their admirations. Light-winged Fame having filled the World with the Emperor's good success, many Princes and Ambassadors, from all parts, thereupon came flocking to his Court. The King of England sent his Ambassadors, and Don Luis de Silua, in the King of Portugal his Master's name, came to congratulate his majesty's return, his reception of the Imperial Crown, and the pacification of the troubles in Spain, desiring moreover, that he would give order that the castilians might go no more into the Moluccas, which his Majesty remitted to be determined by judicious and experienced men.   

SECT. XXX.  
HIs majesty's goodness and clemency to his Subjects, had it been in the ancient Greek's or Latin ages, should have been celebrated with a never dying memory, since of so many offenders so few were excepted in the general Pardon, and well near all those too obtained an exemption from all punishments, aswel of Persons, as Estate: And the Nobles were restored to the same height of honour and esteem as they possessed formerly, the Emperor showing as much favour and liberality towards them and their children, as if they never had committed any offence against him. Whosoever takes the pains to peruse the history of these fore-related Commotions will find, that Hernando de Avalos, a Gentleman of Toledo, was one of the greatest sticklers for the Commonalties, one of the chief Ringleaders of these disorders, and one that persevered in them with as great obstinacy and perverseness as might be; for which he was excepted, yet nothing was done to him. But whether out of fear, or otherwise, he privately slunk away out of the Kingdom; for which the Emperor (as he had reason) was the more displeased at him. And having continued in this voluntary exile some time, at last having disguised himself, as he thought, sufficiently, he took the boldness to return to the Court and endeavour to procure his pardon, which coming to the knowledge of one that was near his Majesty's person, he thinking to do an acceptable piece of service, went presently and told the Emperor, that Hernando de Avalos was in the Court, and that, if his Majesty was so pleased, he would apprehend him, for he knew where to find him. The Emperor took no great notice hereof at the first time. Two or three days after, the Gentleman thinking his Majesty had not well understood him, or else had forgotten what he had told him, gave him a second advice of Hernando's being there. Whereunto the Emperor with a countenance that expressed no great pleasure in any such like actions, answered; Thou shouldst have done better to have advised Hernando de Avalos to leave the Court, then to press me to give command to have him apprehended. So the pickthank remained ashamed and confounded, (as all those which delight in such base unworthy offices for the most part are, when their malicious practices do not take effect). It is moreover reported, the testimony of the goodness of this Emperor, that being told how few had been executed of those offenders, he replied, It is enough, let there be no more blood spilt. Which was a saying indeed becoming the Dignity of so great a Prince.   

SECT. XXXI.  
THe general pardon being known through all Spain, the hearts of all the people were filled with no less rejoicing then affection to their Prince, having such notable experience of his clemency and valour, and thenceforwards the Peace and quietness grew daily more and more in the Kingdom. Those of Valencia hearing what his Majesty had done at Valladolid for the Kingdom of Castilia, presently sent their Commissioners, humbly craving the same grace and favour from the Emperor, and in particular they desired his Majesty would be pleased to remove thence their Viceroy Don Diego de Mendoça, whom they abhorred exceedingly, deriving upon him all the fault of their past Commotions, by reason of the many Tyrannies and oppressions wherewith he had overburthened the people. But those Commissioners not coming in the name and with a general power from the whole Kingdom, their desires were not granted at that time. Whereupon the 12 of November, Anno 1522, four other Commissioners were sent with full power, from the Kingdom of Valencia, to tender, without reserv, into his majesty's hands all their honours, lives, and fortunes, that he might dispose of them at his will and pleasure, absolutely resigning themselves to his clemency, and desiring only that he would give them another Viceroy, for they could not endure Don Diego de Mendoça, and that he would change some other Officers; Which the Emperor, to satisfy them, did, placing in Don Diego's stead, the Queen Germana, and making Don john, Marquis of Brandeburg, her husband, Captain General of the whole Kingdom, who died in the same year. After which, the Emperor considering the fidelity and Royal descent of Don Hernando de Arragon, Duke of Calatria, (who being a prisoner in the Castle of Xativa) in the time of Troubles the People would have set him at liberty, and made him their Captain General, and married him to the Queen, but he discreetly refused their offer, saying, That he would not go out of prison without the Emperor's consent) sent for him to Valladolid, where he did him great honour and respect, and having married him to the Queen Germana, (who was second wife to the Catholic King Don Fernando) invested them in the Government of the Kingdom of Valencia.   

SECT. XXXII.  
Whilst the Governors of Castilia, after this Victory at Villalar, were reducing and settling Segovia, and the other Cities of that Kingdom, with intent to pass with their Army to suppress and quiet the disorders of the Toledians; The Duke of Naxara came to them at Segovia, 
The French make it cursions into Nava●ra.  informing them that a powerful Army of French under the command of Monsieur de Asparros, brother to Monsieur de Lautrech Viceroy of Milan, was entered into Navarra, had taken Pamplona, Stilla, and divers other places, and not content to have run all that Country over (to which they seemed at first only to lay claim, and that not in King Francis his name, but for Don Enrique de la Brit, who pretended to be right owner of the Kingdom of Navarra. At last they declared themselves (what really they were) open enemies, and marched with all their forces to assault the City of Logrono, their word was Vivat the King and flower de Luce of France, and the Commonalty of Castilia, which was a great argument that some of them held correspondence with the King of France, 
The French are forced to raise their siege before Log●onio.  and gave him encouragement to send his Army thither; But the valour and policy of those of Logrono was such, that the French were enforced to raise their siege, and go away from thence with no inconsiderable loss, and the Governors being come to succour Logrono, pursued them, 
Th●ir Army routed in the Pyrenean mountains, and Navarra also reduced by the Governors of Castilia▪  and after divers skirmishes they joined battle in the Pyrenean mountain, wherein the French being absolutely routed and their General taken prisoner, the whole Kingdom of Navarra was presently reduced under the Emperor's subjection. Who perceiving the animosity of the French King, and the means he used to endamage him in several parts, as well in Flanders as in Spain, notwithstanding the conditions of peace made betwixt the two Crowns at Noyon; resolved at last to pay him in the same coin, and take his full revenge of him in Italy. To which effect, he first sent Ambassadors to Pope Leon, desiring his friendship and assistance to drive the French out of Lombardy, dispossess them of Milan, and restore it to Francisco Sforza, Son to Lewis brother to Maximilian, from whom the King of France had taken that Country; and to retake likewise Parma and Placentia, which belonged to the Church. Hereupon a yearly pension of ten thousand Ducats out of the Archbishopric of Toledo, 
The Emperor and the Pope combine against the French King.  and as much in lands in the Kingdom of Naples, was promised to the Cardinal julo de Medicis for Alexander de Medicis base son to Laurencio Son to Pedro de Medicis, who was Duke of Vibino. The Pope was so far from disliking the motion, that he prepared money and men to assist the Emperor, making the Marquis of Pescara Marquis of Mantua his General; who joining with Prospero Colona, 
Their forces take the City of Pa●ma.  Captain General of the Imperial forces, they laid siege to the City of Parma, which after some day's resistance, they stormed and sacked. The City and Castle of Milan they took also, 
Milan. Pavia.  after which the City of Pavia, and all the rest of the Cities and Towns belonging to the State of Milan presently surrendered themselves: This done, the Imperialists (notwithstanding their Army was much lessened, money growing short, by reason of the Pope's sudden death) besieged and took the Cities of Como and Alexandria upon the River Ada in Lombardie. About the same time the King of France advanced into Flanders with a very powerful Army, 
The French advance into Flanders, and are repulsed.  to succour the City of Tornay (which then was besieged by the Emperor's forces) but being repulsed by Henry Earl of Nassau and Don Hugo de Moncada, he retreated, and the City for want of relief was surrendered to the ●mperialists. In mean time Francis the first of France, nothing dismayed at the crossness of his fortune, sent another numerous Army against Spain, (building much upon the absence of the Emperor and the distractions in that Kingdom) which entering into Navarra by Puerto de Ronces Valles, 
The French take Fuente Ravia.  took the Forts of Penol and Maya, and encamped before Fuente Ravia, a strong place in the Country of Guipuzcoa, four leagues from Bayona, which after ten or twelv day's siege, despairing of any succour, Diego de Vera the Governor delivered, upon condition that the soldiers should all march freely out with bag and baggage, the Inhabitants not to be plundered, and have liberty to stay or go out of the Town, as they pleased: for which he was afterwards questioned in Castilia.   

SECT. XXXIII.  
HEnrie the eighth, King of England, (whom the Emperor, and King of France made Arbitrator of their differences) having concluded that the French King was the Peace-Breaker, 
Henry 8. of England assists the Emperor against the French.  sent the Duke of Suffolk (who had married Marie, sister to Henry the 8th, and Widow to Lewis King of France, with a considerable force, to join with the Imperialists, under the Command of Florencio Egmondio, Earl of Bura, at the Siege of Hesdin, in the frontiers of Flanders, which after two month's time they were compelled to raise, by sickness, and the overflowing of the River, besides the unseasonableness of the weather, enforced them to repair into their Winter-quarters. But the Spring following, they took the field again, and marched near forty thousand strong toward Paris, spoiling and burning without mercy as they went, which put the Parisians to a terrible fright. At the same time the Lord High Admiral of France entered into Lombardie with an Army of above fifty thousand Combatants: 
The Venetians assist the Emperor in Lombardie.  But the Venetians, being joined with the Imperialists, recovered all the places which they had gotten, and drove them quite out of Italy. Not long after the King of France came himself into Lombardie at the head of another mighty Army, thinking to carry all before him, 
Francis the first of France taken prisoner at Pavia.  but before the City of Pavia (where he had pitched his Camp) his forces were all routed by the Marquis of Pescara, General of the Imperialists, and he taken prisoner, his Horse being killed under him: The Prince of Navarra was likewise taken and committed prisoner to the Castle of Pavia, whence he made his escape; the Prince of Scotland was killed barbarously by a Countrie-fellow, to whom he had discovered himself, and promised a great reward to conduct him safe to Vigeven, where his Train and Baggage was, which fellow coming to relate to the Marquis his exploit, expecting some recompense, he commanded to give him a halter for his news, and he was hanged presently. Divers other Noblemen and persons of quality were taken, and many killed in that expedition. The King, after some time, was carried into Spain by Don Carlos de Lanoy, Viceroy of Naples, upon his earnest request, hoping to make his conditions the better with the Emperor, if he could speak with him himself. He continued a Prisoner a year and upwards, after which time, he was released upon Articles betwixt him and the Emperor, whereof one principal was, That he should marry the Emperor's sister, Donna Leonor, widow to Don Manuel King of Portugal, and restore the Dukedom of Burgundy to the House of Austria, for performance of their agreement, his two eldest sons, 
Francis the F●rst exchanged for his two sons.  viz Francis the Dolfin, and Henry Duke of Orleans were, at the same time as he was set into France, delivered as Pledges to the Spaniards. But being in his own Country, whether by persuasion of ill Counsellors, or, thi●king the conditions too unreasonable, and he not obliged to make good his promise, having been forced thereunto in his imprisonment, he sent the Archbishop of Bourdeaux to the Emperor's Court, requiring him (in regard it was not in his power to give away any part of his Country) that he would give his children their enlargement upon any reasonable ransom. Which Embassage the Emperor, with great indignation, answered thus briefly; That if the King of France could not perform the conditions (as he pretended) yet desired to have his Sons at liberty; he should come back and take their places, (which was in his power to do, and he had promised by oath) otherwise, he must not expect to have his children so soon released. Hereupon the French King giving way to his vindicative passion, left no means unattempted to incite the other Christian Princes to wage War in his favour against the Emperor. And after some time having drawn Henry the 8th of England to his Party (who had some other pretences to quarrel with the Emperor) they both sent their King's a● Arms with Letters of defiance to him into Spain, and gave order to their Ambassadors to return, 
The Kings of England and France, sent Letters of Defiance to the Emperor.  and leave his Court. Whereupon their private animosities broke out into a public War, which for a time continued more fierce and bloody than the former: but at last their differences were composed, and an happy peace concluded between those two potent Princes, 
Pe●ce made between ●he Emperor and King of France, by the Archdutchess of Austria, and the Duchess of Angul●m●. His two sons ransomed for 2000● of Crowns of Gold.  by the no less ingenious than industrious endeavours of the most excellent Princesses, Donna Margarita, arch-duchess of Austria, Aunt to his Imperial Majesty, and Madama Luysa Duchess of Angulema and Anjou, widow to the Duke of Sav●y, and Mother to the King of France. Upon which agreement the young Princes were released, after almost four years close imprisonment, their Father sending for their ransom two millions of Crowns of Gold, which sum of money was put into one boat, and they into another at Fuente Ravia, with the like diffidence and ceremony as was used when the King, their father, was exchanged for them. At the same time Dona Leonor the Emperor's sister passed into France, 
The Emperor's sister L●onora married to the French King.  according to the Articles, who was married by the Cardinal of Tournon to the French King, with great solemnity and expressions of joie, Anno 1530. This Peace continued not long, for Francis King of France (who in all other Princely qualities and ornaments, was rather surpassing, then at all inferior to any of his Cotemporaries) being transported with an insatiable ambition, and envying the Emperor's greatness, gave several meetings at Boulogne, and Calis to Henry King of England (who having shaken hands with Conscience and Religion, and repudiated Queen Katherine, Charles the Fifth's Aunt, thinking the Emperor would some way express his discontent, and show himself sensible of so great-man affront, resolved to give him further occasion of distaste); And there they conspired to suscitate the Lutherans in Germany, 
A plot betwixt Hen. 8 and F●an. King of F●ance, against the Emperor.  and raise new factions in Italy against him, and under hand they encouraged the Danes to rise up in Arms against their King Christian, whom (pretending a Truce, and a desire to make an Accommodation with him) they surprised, he not suspecting their treachery, and imprisoned him in the Castle of Sundiburgi in Holsatia, where he miserably ended his days: The said Princes had no other ground for this p●ece of malice, but only in relation to the Emperor, because Christian was his friend and Ally, having married his sister Ysabella; and not content herewith, at length finding fit opportunities, they again declared open War against him, the transactions and events whereof shall be exactly represented in the Succeeding Book.    
FINIS.