OBSERVATIONS Historical and Genealogical: IN WHICH The Originals of the EMPEROR, KINGS, ELECTORS, And other the Sovereign Princes of Europe.  
WITH A Series of their Births, Matches, more Remarkable Actions, and Deaths.  
AS ALSO The Augmentations, Decreasings, and Pretences of each Family, are drawn down to the Year MDCXC.  
Written in Latin, by Anthony William Schowart, History-Professor at Francfort:  
And now made English; with some Enlargements relating to ENGLAND.  
LONDON: Printed for J. Walthoe, in Vine Court, Middle-Temple, adjoining to the Cloisters. MDCXCIII.   

To the much Honoured EDWARD SAYER, Of the Middle-Temple, Esq;  
SIR,  
A Dedication, from its frequent usage, is now grown, as it were, so absolutely necessary, that a Book without One, may be said to be much in the same Circumstances as a Child without a Parent to own it, or at least a Godfather to answer for it: A Prescription for it may be pleaded beyond the Aera of Printing, even from the first use of Letters, and the very Infancy of Learning: This may Warrant it in general, but my own many Obligations exact this public way in particular of expressing my grateful acknowledgements to you; which I must confess, nevertheless are at best, but a very unsuitable and indifferent Retribution.  
I shall say little here in relation to this Alien, which I have ventured to Naturalise; nor of you whom I have chose to Patronise it. I am sensible, a true Gentleman bats a nauseous piece of Flattery, and would not much care for a Recital even of those modest Encomium's he is known to deserve. If he may merit your Esteem, and the Book's Commendations may balance its Errors it will be a sufficient Recompense and Satisfaction to the Translator.  
Such as it is, I have ventured to submit it to Censure, requesting your Protection and Patronage, which favour will strictly engage me to be in the highest regard,  
Honoured Sir, Your most Obliged, and most Humble Servant, C. B. Feb. 6. 169●.   

THE PREFACE.  
MEeting, sometime since, with this Book in Latin, I thought it well worth my Money, did it but answer its Title Page; and finding myself, upon the Perusal, not much disappointed, I resolved to turn it into English, for the benefit of such as might not, perhaps, understand the Latin; and yet be no less curious than myself to be Informed of the Matters contained therein: Since, by being Instructed in the Genealogies, the Matches, the Increments, and the Decrements of all the Families in Europe; together with the many Pretences that arise from thence, which is chief the Subject of the ensuing Discourse, they will, (in all probability) be the better enabled to judge of the different Interests which have engaged almost all the Princes of Europe in a War, the Event whereof so much concerns this Nation, and consequently, is the general Topick of Discourse.  
I shall not here pretend to give an Account of the many Advantages which may be drawn from the Knowledge of History; and how necessary a Qualification 'tis for a Gentleman, since to say all One ought on that subject, would swell this Preface to a Bulk, disproportionate to the Treatise itself, which pretends to no more than a Compendium.  
Yet, since 'tis probable the Reader would gladly know somewhat of the Author thereof; the best account that can be given of him is from Himself and Book. In order to which, he lets you know, in his Epistle Dedicatory, That he is a Professor in the University at Franckfort, and that the Book was the first Fruits of his Office; It having been read as Lectures, or a Compendious Introduction to the Genealogy and History of the present Princes of Europe, for the benefit of the Students there, and since Printed, to be rendered more publicly useful. The Method he has taken herein is Easie and Plain; the Genealogical Observations are exact; and the Historical as full of Matter as the nature of his design would bear: Not but that having laboured in a Soil, capable of mighty Improvements, as to the last, if this first Impression find that kind Reception as may be expected, it may encourage the Translator, or some Other, to resume the Work; and by engrafting on his Stock, bring the Growth to a greater Perfection; an Essay whereof you already have in the English House.  
In the mean time, the Book, as it now stands, is of good Use, and may merit a favourable Reception, as well from the most Learned, as from the Ignorant: For altho' the former may be supposed to be already acquainted with what is contained herein, yet it will always serve them as a Summary or Common Place. And tho' the latter will not be rendered thorough-paced Historians hereby, yet will it give them a general Insight into the modern Story of Europe, together with a curiosity of being farther Informed.  
There is one thing more, I thought fit to acquaint the Reader withal, which is, That in the Latin Copy, amongst King James the Second Children, there is one mentioned and called, The Prince of Wales; but the late Licenser, Mr. Bohun, having expunged Him, the Translator could not, by the Warrant of the Latin Original, presume to insert Him.   

A Series of the several Families contained in this BOOK.  
CHAP I. 


OF the House of Austria, Pag. 1  
Of the Spanish Line, Pag. 12  
Of the Germane Line, Pag. 16  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 27  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 29  
Of its Pretensions, Pag. 31     
CHAP. II. 


Of the House of France, Pag. 32  
Of the Line of Valois, Pag. 40  
Of the Line of Bourbon, Pag. 53  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 62  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 64  
Of its Pretensions, Pag. 66     
CHAP. III. 


Of the House of England, Pag. 67  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 191  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 192     
CHAP. IV. 


Of the House of Denmark, Pag. 193  
Of the Augmentations, or Increasings of the Line Royal, Pag. 206  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 207  
Of its Pretensions, Pag. 209  
Of the Ducal Line of Holstein, Pag. ibid.  
Of the Branch of Sunderburg, Pag. ibid.  
Of the Branch of Nordburg, Pag. 211  
Of the Branch of Glucksburg, Pag. 212  
Of the Branch of Ploen, Pag. 213  
Of the Ducal Line of Sleswick, Pag. 214     
CHAP. V 


Of the House of Sweden, Pag. 216  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 221  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 222     
CHAP. VI 


Of the House of Portugal, Pag. 223  
Of is Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 229  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 230     
CHAP. VII. 


Of the Palatine-Bavarian House, Pag. 231  
Of the Palatine Line in particular, Pag. 233  
Of the Line of Neuburg, Pag. 255  
Of the Branch of Sutzbach, Pag. 259  
Of the Line of Deux-Ponts, or Zweybrucken, Pag. 260  
Of the Branch of Birkenfeldt, Pag. 264  
Of the Bavarian Line, Pag. 266  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 279  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 281  
Of its Pretensions, Pag. 282     
CHAP. VIII. 


Of the House of Saxony, both Electoral and Ducal, Pag. 283  
Of the Ernestine Line, Pag. 286  
Of the Branch of Weymar, Pag. 293  
Of the Branch of Gotha, Pag. 296  
Of the Albertine Line, Pag. 300  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 312  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 313  
Of its Pretensions, Pag. ibid.     
CHAP. IX. 


Of the House of Brandenburg, Pag. 314  
Of the Line Electoral, Pag. 320  
Of the Line of Franconia, Pag. 335  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 343  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 347  
Of its Pretensions, Pag. 348     
CHAP. X. 


Of the House of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Pag. 349  
Of the old Line of Brunswick, or Wolfenbuttel, Pag. 358  
Of the Line of Lunenburg, or Zell, Pag. 365  
Of the new Line of Brunswick, or Wolfenbuttel, Pag. 372  
Of the Line of Zell and Hanover, Pag. 375  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 380  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 383  
Of its Pretensions, Pag. ibid.     
CHAP. XI. 


Of the House of Hesse, Pag. 384  
Of the Line of Cassel, Pag. 397  
Of the Line of Darmstadt, Pag. 393  
Of the Branch of Homburg, Pag. 399  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 400  
Of its Decreasings and Pretensions, Pag. 402     
CHAP. XII. 


Of the House of Mecklenburg, Pag. 403  
Of the Line of Swerin, Pag. 409  
Of the Line of Custrow, Pag. 411  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 413     
CHAP. XIII. 


Of the House of Wirtenburg, Pag. 414  
Of the Line Regent of Stugard, Pag. 417  
Of the Line of Mompelgard, Pag. 421  
Of the Line of Silesia, or Oelss. Pag. ibid.  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 423  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. ibid.     
CHAP. XIV. 


Of the House of Baden, Pag. 422  
Of the Line of Baden-Baden, Pag. 428  
Of the Line of Durlach, Pag. 431  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 436  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 437     
CHAP. XV. 


Of the House of Anhalt and Sax-Lawenburg. Pag. 438  
Of the Line of Dessaw, Pag. 442  
Of the Line of Bernbourg, Pag. 445  
Of the Line of Plotzkow, Pag. 447  
Of the Line of Servestan, Pag. 448  
Of its Augmentations, or Increasings, Pag. 449  
Of its Losses, or Decreasings, Pag. 450     
CHAP. XVI. 


Of the House of Nassau and Orange, Pag. 451  
Of the Line of Siege, Pag. 454  
Of the Line of Dillenburg, Pag. 456  
Of the Line of Dietz, Pag. 457  
Of the Line of Hadamar, Pag. 458     
CHAP. XVII. 
Of the House of Lorraine, Pag. 460  CHAP. XVIII. 
Of the House of Tuscany (or Florence) Pag. 465  CHAP. XIX. 
Of the House of Savoy, Pag. 367  CHAP. XX. 
Of the House of Mantua, Pag. 471  CHAP. XXI. 
Of the House of Parma and Piacenza, Pag. 473  CHAP. XXII. 
Of the House of Modena, Pag. 474  CHAP. XXIII. 
Of the House of Courland. Pag. 476    

OBSERVATIONS Historical and Genealogical.  

CHAP. I. Of the Genealogy of the House of Austria.  
§. I. BEing to give a Genealogical Account of all the Sovereign Princes now flourishing in Europe, 'twill be but just to begin with the House of Austria, as being of the First Dignity: Which as it owes its Original without doubt, to the Earls of Habsburg; so in tracing the Pedigree of those Earls, most Genealogists are at a loss. As for us, we shall not doubt to derive 'em from the Counts of Mont-Aventine, of the Anician Perleonian Family, which was formerly of the greatest Repute and Authority of any in Rome; and had its Seat on Mont-Aventine, being chief induced thereunto by the Arguments used by Pet. Lambechius, in his Comment. de Biblioth. Caesar. lib. 2. c. 6. In the Twelfth Century there flourished in this Family, one Leo Anicius Perleonius, Count of Mont-Aventine, whose Epitaph may be read in Cardinal Baronius' Ecclesiastical Annals, ad Annum MC XL. He was descended in a direct Line from the Emperor Flavius Anicius Olybrius; and in the Title to his Epitaph, is styled, The most Noble of the Romans. His Son was Peter Leo Anicius Perleonius, Count of Mont-Aventine; whose Epitaph may be likewise found in the same Ecclesiastical Annals, Tom. 12. ad Annum MC XLIV. This Peter begat lo Maximus Anicius Perleonius, who died in 1162. witness his Epitaph, which may be seen to this day before St. Alexius his Church on Mont-Aventine in Rome, and is recited by Arnoldus Wion, in the First Part of his Lignum Vitae, sive Histor. Ord. Benedict. as likewise by Johan. Seifrid Abbot of Wethalen, in his Arbour Aniciana, lib. 1. c. 8. His Son was Albertus Dives Anicius Perleonius, who was driven out of Rome in 1144. by the Arnaldastick Heretics, together with his Brother Rudolph, in defence of the Roman See; whereupon he travelled into Switzerland, and there married the Daughter of Wernerus, last Earl of Habsburg, of the Family of Altenburg; and by that means became the first Earl of Habsburg, of the Anician Perleonian Race: See Abbot Seifrid. Loc. Cit c. 12. and lib. 3. Epist. Dedicator. Whence this Wernerus drew his Extraction, the brevity of our present Design will not permit us to discourse; those that would be informed in that particular, may consult, amongst others, the famous Philip James Spenerus, in his Oper. Herald. lib. 1. c. 9 §. 62. 'Tis sufficient for us to know, that Albertus Dives Anicius, was great Grandfather to Rudolph, the fourth Earl of Habsburg, and first German Emperor of the Anician Perleonian Family: See the Patent of the Emperor Rudolph, published and cited by John Stumphius, in his Hist. Helu. lib. 7. c. 12. His Father was Albert, surnamed The Wise, Earl of Habsburg; his Mother, Hedewig Countess of Kyburn; and his Grandfather, Rudolph, surnamed The Silent, Son of Albertus Dives Anicius Perleonius Earl of Habsburg.  
§. II. Rudolph the First, whom we shall here set down as the Common Father of the House of Austria, was born May 1. 1218. and brought up in the Court of the Emperor Frederick the Second: Afterwards made Lord High Marshal, in the Court of Ottocar King of Bohemia. Returning home, he entered on the Government of his own Hereditary Provinces, and had frequent Wars with his Neighbours. In 1273. he was chosen Emperor, by the unanimous Consent of the Princes of the Empire, and Crowned the same Year at Aix la Chappelle: But when Ottocar King of Bohemia refused him Homage, he had a sharp War with him to force him to it. Moreover, he freed Germany from Robbers; had Austria settled on his eldest Son Albert, and Schwaben on Rudolph, in 1282. at a Diet then held at Ausburg; introduced the use of the Teutonick, both in public Acts and private Contracts; alienated the Cities of Florence, Genova, and Luca, from the Empire, and declared 'em Free States: And last of all, ended his Days at Germershelm, July 15. 1291. having had fifteen Children by his Empress Anne, who was Daughter to the Earl of Hohenberg. The Daughters were 

1. Jutta, married to Wenceslaus King of Bobemia and Poland; deceased 1292.  
2. Clementia, to Charles Martell King of Hungary; deceased 1295.  
3. Maud, to Lewis Elector Palatine; deceased 1304.  
4. Margaret, to Diderick Earl of Cleves; by some omitted.  
5. Agnes, to Albert the second Duke of Saxony; deceased 1311.  
6. Hedewig, to Otho Marquis of Brandenburg; deceased 1303.  
7. Catharine, to Otho Duke of Bavaria; deceased 1285. And,  
8. Euphemia, a professed Nun in the Austrian Covent, at Tolne.    
Of the Male Issue, only three lived to be Men; viz.  

1. Albert the First, Archduke of Austria, born July 29. 1242. of whom more in the next Section.  
2. Hartmanus, a Prince of excellent Endowments, but lost in passing the Rhine, as he was going to meet his Father, in the 18th Year of his A●e, An. 1280.  
3. Rudolph the Second, Duke of Schwaben, who married Agnes, Daughter of Ottocar King of Bohemia, on whom he begot a posthumous Son, named John; who proved afterwards the Murderer of his Uncle Albert the Emperor; for which he was thrust into a Monastery, where he died, in 1313.   
§. III. Thus we see how Albert the First, surnamed Monoculus, from his having but one Eye, the other being lost by Poison in his youth, was the only Propagator of the Austrian Race; who having vanquished the Emperor, Adolph of Nassau, set the Imperial Diadem on his own Head. He had likewise good success in his Wars with the Electors of the Rhine. His Empress was Elizabeth, the Duke of Carinthia and Earl of Tyrol and Goritia's Daughter, who bore him one and twenty Children: Nevertheless he came to an unnatural Death, in the height of his Felicity, being killed by his Nephew John, May 1. 1308. His Issue that survived, were 

1. Agnes, married to Andrew the third King of Hungary, 1296. deceased 1364.  
2. Elizabeth, married to Fredereck the third Duke of Lorraine, in 1312. deceased 1353. being the Mother of six and twenty Children.  
3. Anne, married to Hermannus Marquis of Brandenburg; and after his decease, to Henry the sixth Duke of Breslaw: She died 1361.  
4. Catharine, espoused by the Emperor Henry of Luxenburg; but he being poisoned in Iraly by a Monk, she was afterwards married to Charles Duke of Calabria, Heir apparent to the Kingdom of Naples; and departed this life in 1324.  
5. Gutta, married to Lewis the seventh Earl of Oetingen in Schwaben; deceased 1328.  
6. Rudolph, elected King of Bohemia; but died an untimely death, and without Issue, An. 1307.  
7. Frederick the Fair, elected Emperor in 1314. and Crowned by the Elector of Cologne: Nevertheless, making War upon Lewis of Bavaria, who pretended to the same Dignity, he was defeated (An. 1324.) and imprisoned by him for the space of three Years; and then not set at liberty, but on condition he should renounce all Pretensions to the Imperial Authority, retaining only the Title. He departed this life without Male Issue, in the Year 1330.  
8. Leopold the First, Duke of Schwaben, Landtgrave of Alsace, Earl of Tyrol, etc. He attempted his Brother Frederick's releasement by Magic; but in vain. He began a War with the Swiss, but was likewise unsuccessful in that. His Duchess was Isabel, Daughter to Amadeus Duke of Savoy, by whom he had only Daughters,  
9 Henry, surnamed The Mild, deceased without Issue Male, in the Year 1327. having, in this the same fate with Frederick and Leopold.  
10. Otho Duke of Stiria, styled The Delight of his Subjects; who had two Wives, and by them two Sons; but both died in their Infancy. And,  
11. Albert, surnamed The Wise, in whose Issue alone the Austrian Family was preserved.    
§. iv This Albert, quitting his Cloister, married the Lady Joan, sole Heiress to the Earldom of Pfirte: He likewise founded St. Stephen's Church at Vienna, and departed this life in the Year 1338. leaving Issue, 

1. Margaret, married to Mienhard Earl of Tyrol; and after his decease, to Otho Marquis of Brandenburg.  
2. Agnes, to Henry the second Duke of Silesia.  
3. Catharine, professed a Nun.  
4. Frederick the Second, killed by a chance Shot a Hunting, An. 1362.  
5. Rudolph the Fourth, deceased likewise without Issue.  
6. Albert the Third, and last of all.  
7. Leopold the Second, of whom more in the next Section.    
Albert the Third, in the Division of his Father's Inheritance 'twixt him and his Brother Leopold, had Austria, Stiria, and Carinthia for his Lot; in which he was succeeded by his Son  
Albert the Fourth, surnamed The Patient; who by Joan Daughter of Albert Duke of Bavaria, had  
Albert he Fifth, a very fortunate Prince; who (not to mention his excellent Endowments of Mind) was, in the space of one Year, inaugurated in the Bohemian, Hungarian, and Imperial Crowns, An. 1438. before which, the Marquisate of Moravia had been given him in Dowry with his Wife Elizabeth, Daughter to the Emperor Sigismond, whom he succeeded in the Empire, by the Name of Albert the Second. He was embroiled in a War with the Hussites. Moreover, he undertook an Expedition against the Turks, to put a stop to their Inroads into Hungary; but was prevented by Death (which seized him in his Camp) and lies buried at Alba Regalis. After his death, the Empress was brought to bed of a posthumous Son, named Uladislaus, who succeed him in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary; but died likewise an untimely Death, in 1457. in the seventeenth Year of his Age.  
§. V Look we back therefore to Leopold the Second, who in the division of Lands abovementioned, 'twixt his Brother and him, obtained Schwaben and Alsace. He had sharp Wars with the Swiss, by whom his Army was routed, and himself slain, at the Battle of Sempach, An. 1386. His four Sons were, 

1. William, a Prince of great Courage; deceased Childless, 1406.  
2. Leopold the Third, who had the same fate with his Brother, though married to Carathine Daughter of Philip the Bald, Duke of Burgundy.  
3. Frederick the Third, who laboured under many Hardships, by reason of Pope John the Two and twentieth: Upon whose account he was excommunicated by the Council of Constance, and proscribed and outed of all his Territories, by the Emperor Sigismond. Nevertheless, being again received to Grace, he was re-invested in the Counties of Tyrol and Alsace, but could never recover Schwaben. His first Wife was Elizabeth, Daughter of the Emperor Rupert, by whom he had only a Daughter, of its Mother's Name, which died in its Infancy. But on his second Duchess, which was Anne, Daughter of Frederick Duke of Brunswick, he begat a Son, named Sigismond, a great Lover of Letters, thence styled The Me●oenas of learned Men: Twice married, yet deceased without Issue.  
4. Ernestus Ferreus (or Ironside) the only Propagater of the Austrian Race, married first to Margaret, Daughter of Boleslaus Duke of Pomerania; and then to Cimburg Daughter to the Duke of Mosovie; which last bore him nine Children, whereof four at least lived to be of Age; namely, margaret, married to Frederick the Second Elector of Saxony: Catharine, to Charles Marquis of Baden. Frederick the Fourth: And Albert the Sixth, surnamed The Prodigal, excommunicated and proscribed, as Author of several Tumults and Seditions. He died 1463.    
§. VI Frederick the Fourth (but third Emperor of that Name) was elected Emperor in 1440. Crowned at Aix la Chapelle, in 1442. and ten Years after at Rome, by Pope Nicholas the Fitch. He had Vienna taken from him by Mathias King of Hungary. In his Reign PRINTING was first found out; the League of Schwaben confirmed; and Constantinople taken by the Turks. His Empress was Eleanor, Daughter to Edward King of Portugal, who bore him five Children, whereof Christopher, John, and Helena died in their Infancy: The two that survived, were Cunigunda, given in Marriage to Albert the Fourth Duke of Bavaria; and  
Maximilian the First, in whom the House of Austria was preserved, was born at Naples, in the Year 1459. From his Infancy he pronounced his Words with so much difficulty, that he was judged by most little better than dumb; which Imperfection he so far mastered in the end, that he became famous for his Eloquence. He was of a generous Disposition, and a great Lover of learned Men. He was often under very dangerous Circumstances; but always surmounted 'em happily in the end. In 1486. he was elected King of the Romans, his Father Frederick being yet alive. He refused to be Crowned by the Pope; but pretended to the Papal Dignity himself. In short, he magnified Justice, loved Humility, exercised Clemency, and took much pains in searching out the Original of his Family. In his Reign the Reformation was set on foot by Luther; the Imperial Chamber instituted; the Empire divided into Circles; Vienna restored to the House of Austria; and Burgundy, and the Provinces of the Low Countries, annexed to the same Family. The Consorts of his Bed and Fortunes were, Marry, Daughter and sole Heiress of Charles Duke of Burgundy; and after her, Blanch Mary, Daughter of Galeazzo Duke of Milan. By the first he had Issue, Margaret; who after many turns of Fortune, was in the end made Governess of the Netherlands; and died 1530. And Philip, a Prince worthy the noblest Character, of whom more immediately in the next Section. As for Maximilian, being full of Days and Content, he piously and peaceably departed this Life, on the Twelfth of Jan. 1519.  
§. VII. Philip the First, styled The Delight of Mankind, first saw the Light, in 1478. At three Years old he was installed Knight of the Golden Fleece: At seventeen, his Father gave him the Government of the Low Countries and Burgundy. In 1496. he married the Princess Johanna, eldest Daughter and Heiress of his Catholic Majesty Ferdinand King of Spain; in whose Right he became immediately possessed of the Kingdoms of Arragon and Castille: But he was not long to preside over so many and so great Provinces, being taken off by an untimely death, in the Year 1506. and the 28th. of his Age; nevertheless, having first seen himself Father of a fair Issue, by his most beloved Consort Queen Joan. The Daughters were, 

1. Eleanor, married first to Emanuel King of Portugal, and after his decease, to Francis the First, King of France.  
2. Isabel, married to Christianus the Second, King of Denmark, which proved a very unhappy Match. She died in the Low-Countries, An. 1525.  
3. Margaret, married to Lewis the Infant, King of Hungary; and after his unhappy death, made Governess of the Netherlands.  
4. Catharine, born after her Father's decease; betrothed to John Frederick Elector of Saxony; but afterwards married to John the Third, King of Portugal.    
His Sons were, Charles the Fifth, and Ferdinand the First, betwixt which two Princes, there was a Division of the Provinces; whence the House of Austria became likewise divided into the Spanish and Germane Lines. And first for the Spanish.  

Of the Spanish Line,  
§. VIII. THe Author whereof was Charles the Fifth, born at Gaunt in Flanders, in 1500. At fourteen Years old he had the Government of the Netherlands given him; at sixteen he was Crowned King of Spain; at nineteen, elected Emperor, and Crowned the Year following at Aix la Chapelle. In 1521. he held his first Diet at Worms. He had very great Wars with Francis the First, King of France, whom he defeated and made Prisoner, in the Year 1525. He likewife seized Rome, and besieged the Pope in his Castle there; and annexed the Duchy of Milan for ever to his House. In 1532. at a Diet then held at Ratisbonne, the Protestaut Confession of Faith was exhibited, and publicly read before him. Some Years after, he had Wars with the Protestants, wherein he took John Frederick Elector of Saxony Prisoner, in 1545. and thereupon transferred the Electoral Dignity from him, to Maurice Duke of Saxony. He likewise caused Philip Landtgrave of Hesse, to be put in custody; yet in the end concluded the Peace of Passaw with those of that Religion, in 1552. Three Years after, he abdicated the Government, leaving the Empire to his Brother Ferdinand; and the Kingdom of Spain, with the Low-Countries, and its other Dependencies, to his Son Philip. After his Abdication, he retired to a Cloister in St. Justus' Monastery in Spain; where, having spent about two or three Years, he piously and peaceably ended his days, 1558. leaving Issue by Isabel, Daughter of Emanuel King of Portugal, one Son and two Daughters; viz. Marry, married to the Emperor Maximilian the Second; Joanna, to John Infant of Portugal; and Philip the Second, of whom more in the next Section. Besides these, he had one natural Daughter, named Margaret, begotten on Madamoiselle de Plumbs, and married to Alexander de Medici's, Duke of Urbino; and after his decease, to Octavio Farnesse, Duke of Parma: As also a Son, by Madamoselle de Blomberg; namely, the most Valiant and Renowned Hero, Don John of Austria.  
§. IX. But to return into our way: The only Heir of Charles the Fifth, was Philip the Second, born 1527. made King of Sicily and Naples 1543. King of England and Ireland in right of his Wife, 1554. Lord of the Low-Countries and Duke of Milan, 1555. and last of all King of Spain, 1556. He obtained the famous Victory of St. Quintin over the French; but soon after, lost Calais to them. He was Author of the Spanish Inquisition. Moreover, he lost seven of the Low-Country Provinces; as also the famous Armada sent against the English. In 1580. he overcame the Kingdom of Portugal, and by force of Arms caused himself to be Crowned King thereof. His first Queen was Mary, Daughter to John the Third, King of Portugal; his second, another Marry, Daughter to Henry the Eighth, King of England, and then Queen of that Kingdom; his third, Isabella (or Elizabeth) a Daughter of Henry the Second, King of France; and his fourth, Anne, Daughter of the Emperor Maximilian the Second. By the first he had Prince Charles, born 1565. deceased in Prison, 1568. By the third, Isabella Clara Eugenia, born 1566. married to Albert the Seventh of Austria; deceased 1633. and Catharine, born 1567. and married to Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, on the Eleventh of March, 1585. By the last, a Son of his own Name, viz.  
Philip the Third, born 1578. in whose Issue the Spanish Line was continued: He succeeded his Father in his Kingdoms, in 1598. And in 1610. expelled nine hundred thousand Moors and Jews out of Spain. His death bears date 1621. His Queen was Margaret, Daughter to Charles Archduke of Austria, who bore him eight Children, whereof three died in their Infancy. The rest were, 

1. Anna Maria Mauritia, married to Lewis the Thirteenth, King of France, 1615. deceased July 3. 1640.  
2. Marry Anne, married to the Emperor Ferdinand the Third, 1631. deceased May 13. 1646.  
3. Charles, a Prince of the Noblest Virtues; but taken off by a too untimely Fate.  
4. Ferdinand, Cardinal and Governor of the Netherlands; deceased 1641. And,  
5. Philip the Fourth, surnamed Dominicus Victor, succeeded his Father in 1621. and took on him the Government at the Age of sixteen. He lost the American Plate-Fleet: He entered into a perpetual Alliance with the States of Holland: He concluded the Pyrenaean Peace with the French: And, in short, was an unfortunate Prince, during the whole course of his Reign. He had two Wives; Elizabeth, Daughter to Henry the Fourth, King of France, who bore him seven Children; but all of 'em either died young, or in their Infancy, except Maria Theresia, married to Lewis the Fourteenth, the present French King, in 1660. since deceased, July 30. 1683. His second Match was with Mary Anne, Daughter to the Emperor Ferdinand the Third; by whom he had Issue, 

1. Margaret Theresia, married to Leopold the present Emperor, in 1666. deceased March 20. 1673. And,  
2. Charles the Second, the present King of Spain, born Nou. 6. 1661. who succeeded in that Kingdom, at the death of his Father Philip, in the Year 1665. In 1679. he took to Wife Mary Lovise, Daughter of Philip Duke of Orleans; who dying without Issue in 1689. he, the same Year, married Mariae Anna, Daughter of Philip William Elector Palatine, the present Queen. All which being thus fully explained, we now come to the Germane Line.       

Of the Germane Line.  
§. X. PRoceed we therefore to speak of the other Son, of Philip the First, as Authose of the Germane Line. His Name was Ferdinand, born in Spain 1503. Crowned King of Hungary and Bohemia in right of his Wife, 1527. Elected King of the Romans 1531. and Emperor in 1556. He had great Wars with the Turks, as also with the Protestants. He permitted the Bohemians to Communicate under both kinds. His Empress was Anne, Daughter to Uladislaus King of Hungary, Sister to Lewis the Infant. The day of his death happened in the Year 1653. and sixtieth of his Age, after he had had this following Issue: 

1. Elizabeth, born 1526. married to Sigismond King of Poland, 1545.  
2. maximilian, born Aug. 1. 1527.  
3. Anne, born 1528. married to Albert the Fifth, Duke of Bavaria; deceased Octob. 18. 1587.  
4. Marry, born May 15. 1530. married to William Duke of Juliers, 1546. deceased 1584.,  
5. Magdalen, professed a Nun.  
6. Catharine, born Sept. 25. 1533. and married to Francis Duke of Mantua; and after his decease, to Sigismond Augustus' King of Poland. She died 1572.  
7. Ferdinand II. Archduke of Austria, born 1534.  
8. Eleanor, born Nou. 2. 1534. She was married to William Duke of Mantua, and died 1604.  
9 Margaret, another Nun; deceased 1566.  
10. John, born 1538. deceased the Year after.  
11. Barbara, born 1539. married to Alphonso II. Duke of Ferrara, 1565. deceased 1572.  
12. Charles, born June 3. 1540  
13. Ursula, deceased an Infant.  
14. Helena, who went into a Nunnery. And,  
15. Joanna, born 1547. married to Francis Duke of Florence, 1565. deceased 1578.    
As for the three Sons, Maximilian, Ferdinand, and Charles, they had their Father's Territories divided amongst 'em; by which division, Maximilian obtained Hungary, Bohemia, and Austria; Ferdinand had Tyrol and Alsace; and Charles Stiria and Carinthia. Of these we shall speak apart, in their proper places.  
§. XI. Maximilian II. was crowned King of Bohemia Sept. 20. 1562. and of Hungary on Sept. 8. in the following Year. He was likewise elected King of the Romans in the aforesaid Year 1562. and Emperor in 64. He was a pious, just, peaceable Prince, and no great Enemy to the Protestants. He had Wars with Solyman Emperor of the Turks; brought Gunbrachius and his Complices to condign punishment; and did by no means approve of the Massacre at Paris. He departed this Life at Ratisbonne, having had fifteen Children by his Empress Mary, Daughter to Charles V whereof six died young. The rest were, 

1. Anne, born 1549. married to Philip II. King of Spain, 1570. deceased 1580.  
2. Rudolph II. born June 18. 1552. who succeeded his Father in the Empire, Octob. 12 1576. and carried on the War with the Port. In 1595. he lost Raab; but it was recovered three Years after, by Rudolph Count Swartzburg. In 1569. he lost Erla also Kanisa in 1600. and Gran in 1605. He died a Bachelor at Prague, Jan. 10. 1612 and left a vast Treasure behind him.  
3. Ernestus II. born June 15. 1553. And made Governor of the Low-Countries by the King of Spain, 1594. which Dignity he scarce enjoyed a full Year, by reason of his death, which fell out soon after.  
4. Elizabeth, born 1554 married to Charles IX King of France, 1570. deceased June 2 1592.  
5. Mathias, born 1557. who succeeded his Brother Rudolph in the Empire, being elected at Francfort, June 13. 1612. On Decemb. 4. 1611. he married Anne, Daughter to his Uncle Ferdinand Archduke of Austria; nevertheless, died without Issue 1619.  
6. Maximilian III, born Octob. 12. 1558. In 1587. he was Crowned King of Poland; but being afterwards defeated and imprisoned by the contrary Faction, was forced to quit his Pretensions to that Crown, to obtain his Liberty. In 1596. he fought a Battle with the Turks not far from Erla, where he was routed with his whole Army. He was also Grand Master of the Teutonick Order; and died in 1620.  
7. Albert VII. born Nou. 13. 1559. and created Cardinal of the Holy Cross; but quitting his Orders, was afterwards made Governor of the Netherlands by the King of Spain; and married Isabel Clara Eugenia, Daughter of Philip II. nevertheless died without Issue, July 13. 1621.  
8. Wenceslaus, Knight of Malta, born 1561. deceased Nou. 7. 1578.  
9 Margaret, a professed Nun; deceased 1633. aged sixty six.    
§. XII. The second Son of Ferdinand I. Emperor, was Ferdinand II. as was already observed; a Prince eminent for his Courage; who notwithstanding he had many advantageous Matches offered him, refused 'em all, and married the Lady Philippina Welseriana, Daughter of Free Baron of Xinnenberg; by whom he had Issue, 

1. Andrew, Bishop of Brescia, and Cardinal; deceased Nou. 11. 1600.  
2. Charles, Marquess of Burgovia, deceased without Issue 1618. notwithstanding he had married the Princess Sibilla of Juliers.  
3. Anne, married to the Emperor Mathias at Vienna, Decemb. 4. 1611. deceased Decemb. 14. 1618.  
4. Anne Catharine, a Nun. He had three Children more, but they died in their Infancy.    
§. XIII. Matters thus cleared, we now proceed to speak of Charles, third Son of the Emperor Ferdinand I. in whose Issue the Austrian Family in Germany was preserved. In the division of the Hereditary Provinces aforesaid, he had Stiria, Carinthia, and Carniola, for his Patrimony; and took to Wife Mary Daughter of Albert V Duke of Bavaria, who bore him fifteen Children, whose Names were as followeth: 

1. Ferdinand, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1572.  
2. Anne, born 1573. married to Sigismond King of Poland 1592. deceased 1598.  
3. Maria Christina, born 1574. and married to Gabriel Bathor, Prince of Transylvania, 1595. but getting to be divorced from him, returned home, became a Nun, and died 1621.  
4. Catharina Renata, born 1576. deceased a Maid 1595.  
5. Elizabeth, born 1577. deceased 1586.  
6. Ferdinand III. born 1579. of whom more in the next Section.  
7. Charles, born 1579. deceased the Year after.  
8. Gregoria Maximiliana, born 1581. contracted to Philip III. King of Spain, but died before the Marriage could be consummated, 1597.  
9 Eleanor, born 1582. She was professed a Nun, and died 1620.  
10. Maximilian IU. a Prince of great Courage; born 1583. deceased 1616.  
11. Margaret, born 1584. married to Philip III. King of Spain, 1599, deceased 1611.  
12. Leopold iv born Octob. 9 1586. elected Bishop of Strasburg, and afterwards of Passaw, viz. 1607. But being rather of a Martial than Ecclesiastical Temper, quitted his Orders, by a Dispensation' from the Pope 1626. took to Wife Claudia, Daughter of Ferdinand I Grand Duke of Tuscany, Frederick Ubald Duke of Urbin's Widow: and died 1632. leaving Issue, 

1. Isabel Clara, born 1629. married to Charles III. the present Duke of Mantua. 1640. deceased 1685.  
2. Ferdinand Charles, born 1628. In 1646. he married Anne, Daughter to Cosmus II. Duke of Florence; and died Decemb. 30. 1662. leaving Issue two Daughters; viz. 

1. Claudia Felicitas, born May 30 1653. married to Leopold the now Emperor, Octob. 15. 1673. since dead, April 8. 1676.  
2. Marry Magdalen, born 1656. deceased 1669.  
3. Sigismond Francis, born 1630. elected Bishop of Anopburg, 1640. promoted to a Red Hat, 1655. and Bishop of Trent four Years after. Nevertheless, he quitted his Orders, by a Dispensation from his Holiness; and designed a Marriage with the Princess Mary Hedewig of the Palatinate; but died in 1662. before the consummation thereof.  
4. Maria Leopoldina, born 1632. married to the Emperor Ferdinand III. deceased Aug. 9 1649.      
13. Constance, born 1588. married to Sigismond King of Poland, 1605. deceased 1631.  
14. Marry Magdalen, the Wife of Cosmus II. Great Duke of Tuscany; born 1589. deceased 1631. And,  
15. Charles, born after his Father's decease, in the Year 1590. Elected Bishop of Breslaw in 1608. of Brescia in 1614 and a little after, Grand Master of the Teutonick Order. He died 1625.    
§. XIV. We now return to Ferdinand III. according to our Promise in the last Section; Crowned King of Bohemia, June 21. 1617. of Hungary 1618. and the Year following Elected and Crowned Emperor (Aug. 30.) at Francfort, being the second Emperor of this Name. In 1620. he suppressed the Tumults then raging in Bohemia, by force of Arms: He also had Wars with the Protestants. The Year following he proscribed Frederick V Elector Palatine, and beat him out of his Territories, transferring at the same time the Electoral Dignity from him to Maximilian Duke of Bavaria. He was twice married; first in 1600. to Mary Anne, Daughter of William V Duke of Bavaria; and twenty two Years after, to Eleanor of Mantua, Duke Vincent's Daughter. By the first he had two Daughters that lived to be of Age; viz.  

1. Marry Anne, married to Maximilian Elector of Bavaria; deceased Septemb. 8. 1665. And,  
2. Caecilia Renata, to Casimire King of Poland: She died March 13. 1644.   
As also two Sons; viz.  

1. Ferdinand iv born July 13. 1608. And,  
2. Leopold William, born 1612. Elected Bishop of Strasburg and Passaw. In 1643. he was defeated by Torstenson at the Battle of Leipsick; and died Novemb. 10. 1661.   
§. XV. Ferdinand IU. who succeeded in the Government of the Empire upon his Father's decease, was Crowned King of Hungary in 1025. of Bohemia in 1627. of the Romans 1636. and last of all Emperor in 1637. by the Name of Ferdinand III. He carried on the War with the Swede. In 1639. he lost Brisac: In 1648. he restored Peace to the Empire, by the Instrument of the Peace of Osnaburg. He also made a Twenty Years Truce with the Turk; but assisted the Pole against the Swede. His first Wife was Mary Anne, Daughter of Philip III. King of Spain, deceased May 13. 1646. His second, maria Leopoldina, Daughter to the Archduke Leopold V And his third, Eleanora Gonzaga, Daughter of Charles Duke of Mantua, whom he left a Widow, but since dead, 1686. Himself departed this Life April 2. 1657. having had Issue, by the Princess' aforesaid, as follows: 

1. Ferdinand V born Sept. 8. 1633. Crowned King of Bohemia 1646. of Hungary 1647. of the Romans 1653. being the Fourth King of this Name; but died the next Year, which was the Twenty first of his Age, to the great Grief of his Father and all good Men.  
2. Marry Anne, born Octob. 12. 1634. married to Philip. IU. King of Spain, Nou. 7. 1649. The now Dowager of that Kingdom.  
3. Philip Augustus, born 1637. deceased 1639.  
4. Maximilian Thomas, born 1638. deceased the Year following.  
5. Leopoldus Ignatius Franciscus Balthasar Josephus Felicianus, born June 9 1640. of whom in the next Section.  
6. Marry, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1646.  
7. Charles Joseph Bishop of Passaw, Grand Master of the Teutonick Order, and Bishop of Breslaw; born 1649. deceased 1664.  
8. Teresa Maria Josepha, born 1652. deceased the Year following.  
9 Eleanor Marry, born May 21. 1653. In 1670. she was married to Michael King of Poland; and after his decease, taken to Wife in 1678. by Charles late Duke of Larrain.  
10. Marry Anne Josepha, born 1654. married to John William, Hereditary Prince Palatine, Octob. 15. 1678. deceased April 7. 1689. And,  
11. Ferdinand Aloisius, born 1657. deceased the Year following.    
§. XVI. Leopold VI (but first Emperor of the Name) the most Invincible, most Powerful, and, in one word, the most happy Emperor of the Romans, was inaugurated King of Hungary at Presburg, June 27. 1655. Old Style; of Bohemia, at Prague, Aug. 2. 1656. and Emperor, at Francfort, July 22. 1658. having been elected on the 11th. He had War with the Turks from the Year 1661. to 64. at which time a Truce was made with 'em for Twenty Years; which not being well observed by the Turks, the War broke out afresh, which by the Divine Assistance, has proved (in a manner) fatal to the Ottoman Empire. He has also formerly had War with the French, before the breaking out of the present. In 1666. he married Margaret Teresa, Daughter of Philip iv King of Spain, who died March 20. 1673. Whereupon he took to Wife Claudia Felicitas, Daughter to the Arckduke Ferdinand, Octob. 15. in the same Year: But she likewise died, April 8. 1676. he proceeded to a third Choice; which was, Eleanora Magdalen Teresa, eldest Daughter of Philip William Duke of Neuburg, and Elector Palatine, married to him Jan. 6. 1677. (or Decemb. 14. 1676.) By the first Venture he had Issue, 

1. Ferdinand Wenceslaus, born Sept. 28. 1667. deceased Jan. 13. 1668.  
2. Maria Antonia Josepha, born Jan. 18. 1669. and married to Maximilian Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, 1686. (or 5.)  
3. John, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1670. And,  
4. Mariana Josepha, likewise born and deceased the same Year, viz. 1672.    
By the second he had only two Daughters, both short lived, viz.  

1. Anne Marry, born and dead the same Year, 1674. And,  
2. Maria Josepha, born 1675. deceased the Year following.   
But by the present Empress, 

1. Joseph James Ignatius John Antony Eustachius; the Joy and Hope of his Parents, born July 16. (O.S.) 1678. Crowned King of Hungary 1688.  
2. Marry Elizabeth Licia Teresa Josepha, born Decemb. 13. 1680.  
3. Leopold Joseph Philip William Francis Anthony Erasmus, born 1682. deceased Aug. 4. 1684.  
4. Marry Anne Josepha Antonia Regina, born Septemb. 7. 1683.  
5. Marry Teresa, born Aug. 22. 1684.  
6. Charles Francis Joseph Wenceslaus Balthasar John Anthony Ignatius, born Octob. 1. 1685. (O. S.)  
7. Marry Josepha Collecta Antonia, born March 6. 1687. (O. S.) And,  
8. Anne Josepha Antonia Magdalen Gabriele, March. 26. 1689. (O. S.)     

Of the Augmentation of this Family.  
§. XVII. 'TIs to be observed of the Earls of Habsburg, That they were not simply such, but Sovereign Princes also; an Argument whereof is, their having Noble men for their Tasters and Cupbearers. Moreover, about the time of Rudolph, they were possessed of no less than eight several Counties, viz. Habsburg, Kyburg, Baden, Lentsburg, Thun, Reinsfelden, Ruppetswiel, and Niddow; besides the Landtgraveships (or Landtgraviates) of Alsace, Torgaw, and the Lesser Burgundy. See Spener's Oper. Herald. lib. 1. c. 9 Sect. 62. and Sigismond van Berken, etc. lib. 1. c. 5. pag. 37. Afterwards Rudolph, when he came to be Emperor in 1273. held a Diet at Ausburg in 1282, where by the unanimous Consent of the Princes of the Empire, he had Austria, Stiria, Vinidorum Marchia, and Carniola, settled on his eldest Son Albert, as also Schwaben on Rudolph, as a Fee Farm of the Empire then void. In 1324. Albert II. had the County of Pfirte in Dowry with his Wife. In 1330. Lewis of Bavaria, the Emperor, mortgaged Brisac, Schaffhuse, and Newenburg in Switzerland, to the House of Austria, for Forty Thousand Crowns; and three Years after, gave it the Duchy of Carinthia, then without a Prince, to be held in Fee of the Empire. In 1363. this Family became possessed of the County of Tyrol, by the Donation of Margaret Maultaschen: And in 1366. it bought Freiburg in Brifgow for twelve thousand Crowns. In 1373. Leopold II. purchased the Earldom of Feldkirchen in Nebelgovia, for six and thirty thousand Florins; as also Pludentz, Sargan, and Heiligenberg; and had the Government of Schwaben mortgaged to him by the Emperor Wenceslaus. In 1456 the last Count of Cillei being slain, that County was claimed by the House of Austria, as part of Stiria. In 1476 (or 7.) Maximilian I. by a Marriage with the Princess Mary, Daughter and sole Heiress of Charles the Hardy, last Duke of Burgundy, became in her right possessed of the Earldom of Burgundy, (or Franche Comté) and the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands, together with a Right to the Duchy of Burgundy. Three Years before this, Frederick his Father, the Emperor, had the County of Goritia, or Gortz, in Friuli, fell to him, together with the Cities of Grado, Ticect, and Zeng, on the Adriatic Sea, upon the death of the last Count thereof, and by right of Agreement to a mutual Succession 'twixt him and that Prince. In 1496. Philip I. married Johanna, sole Daughter and Heiress of Ferdinand King of Spain; and by that Match, annexed all Spain, the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, the Islands of Sardinia, Majorca, Minorca, and Malta, to the House of Austria. In 1527. Ferdinand I. in right of his Wife, added the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bobemia, with all their Dependencies, to the same Family. In Charles V.'s Reign, there was an Accession of the Duchy of Milan, as a Fief of the Empire then void. In 1580. Philip II. partly in pretended right of his Wife, and partly by right of Inheritance from his Mother Isabel but chiefly by force of Arms, possessed himself of Portugal; as also whatever else the Portuguese then held, either in the East-Indies, or Atlantic Sea. Ferdinand the Second Emperor of the Name, wholly reduced the Kingdom of Bohemia, together with Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia. Joseph I. was made King of Hungary, by right of Inheritance on the Ninth of December, 1687. whereas till then that Kingdom had been Elective. But more than this, the House of Austria has, for many Ages now past, enjoyed the Imperial Dignity; which (indeed) can be transferred from it to no other, without apparent danger to the whole Empire. It is also in some expectance of the Duchy of Wirtenburg's falling to it. See Layritz Palmwald, pag. 477.   

Of its Losses, or Decrease.  
§. XVIII. OF the Cities and Provinces abovementioned, many have again been lost by this Family, through the injury of Time. And indeed the first Loss suffered by it, was in the Fourteenth Century; at which time, the Counties of Habsburg, Baden, and Kiburg, were taken from it, by the prosperous Success of the Arms of the Swiss. In 1415. by reason of the proscription of Frederick III (mentioned by us Sect. V Numb. 3.) it lost the whole Duchy of Schwaben, except some few places; namely, the Marquisate of Burgow, the Counties of Hellenburg, Hochbergen, Chingen, Schelcflingen, and the Provincial Government of Schwaben; which Countries it stands still possessed of in that Duchy. In 1472. the Duchy of Crossen in Silesia was mortgaged to the Family of Brandenburg; and not being redeemed in due time, Joachim I. became fully possessed of it, by an indisputable Title, in the Year 1538. In 1501. Schaffbuse was given up to the Swiss. In 1529. (or 92 rather) and the Years following, the Turks took many Places in Hungary; but most of 'em retaken some time after. In 1572. and in the Years following, seven Provinces of the Netherlands withdrew their Allegiance from the Crown of Spain; and since that, down to the present times, the French have made themselves Masters of great part of the rest. In 1640. Portugal revolted, and set up a King of its own: Whereupon Goa likewise, and the other Provinces in the East-Indies, rejected the Spanish Yoke. In 1648. all Alsace was set over to the French: See the Instrument of the Treaty of Peace at Osenburg, concluded 'twixt the Emperor and French King. Sect. Drittens Thun, etc. In the same Year Brisac and Suntgaw were put into the hands of the French. In 1659. the French obtained great part of the Spanish Netherlands by the Pyrenaean Peace: See the 35th. and following Articles. By the Treaty of Nimeguen, 1678. Friburgh was given up to the French; as also the County of Burgundy (or Franche Comté) together with whatever else as yet remained in Artois. In 1684 the French, by force of Arms, made themselves Masters of the Duchy of Luxenburg: as well as of the City of the same Name. In 1686. the Principality of Swibuse, together with the City of that Name, was, by an amicable Accommodation, delivered up to the Elector of Brandenburg. Last of all, the French King breaking the Truce, took Philipsburg on the Rhine from this Family, Nou. 1. 1688. O. S.   

Of its Pretensions.  
§. XIX. THe Pretensions of the House of Austria, are, (1.) To the Duchy of Burgundy, which appertained of right to Maximilian I. as having married Mary, Daughter and sole Heiress of Burgundy; but the than King of France refused to invest him, on pretence of the Salic Law. (2.) To Transylvania, Moldavia, Walachia, and Bulgaria, as Dependencies of the Kingdom of Hungary. (3.) To the Counties of Habsburg, Baden, and Kiburg. (4.) To the City of Schaffbuse. (5.) To the Kingdom of Portugal, as having actually revolted from that of Spain. (6.) To the Duchy of Luxenburg. And lastly, To the City and Castle of Philipsburg.    

CHAP. II. Of the House of France.  
§. I. TO find out the Rise of the present House of France, we are to look back as far as Hugh the Great, Duke of France, Burgundy, and Aquitain, Marquis of Orleans, and Earl of Paris; deceased 956. His eldest Son was Hugh Capet, Duke of France, Marquess of Orleans, and Count of Paris, who, upon the death of Lewis the Slothful, last King of France, of the Race of Charlemaigne, was, by the unanimous Consent of the Peers of France, inaugurated King of that Kingdom, An. 987. And his Son Robert being in the same Year declared his Successor, united the aforesaid Provinces to the Crown. His Queen was Aloisia, Daughter of William Duke of Aquitain, by whom he had Issue Robert aforesaid; from his great Piety surnamed The Saint, who succeeded in the Throne of France, upon the death of his Father, in the Year 998. He was also Heir to the Duchy of Burgundy, upon his Uncle Henry's decease; and departed this Life himself in 1031. having had two Queens, viz. Bertha, Daughter of Conrade King of Burgundy; and Constance, Daughter of William Count of Arles and Provence: And by then two Sons; namely, 

1. Henry, of whom more in the next Section. And,  
2. Robert, Propagator of the Line of Burgundy, the which became extinct in Philip Duke of Burgundy, An. 1361. And whereas it had spread itself into two lesser Branches, viz. that of Montaigue, and that of Vienne, or Dauphiné; yet the first failed in Claudius de Montaigue, An. 1468. the other in Humbert II. 1358. who seeing himself destitute of Issue, made over Dauphiné to Philip of Valois, King of France, for 40000 Florins; and on condition, That for the future, the eldest Son of France should be styled, The Dauphin.    
§. II. Return we now to Henry I. Crowned King of France 1031. The beginning of whose Reign was made uneasy by his Mother; for she being desirous to advance his Brother Robert to the Throne, stirred up many of the Nobility against him: But the Business being decided by a Battle, the Victory fell to the juster side. His Death bears date 1060. And his Issue by Agnes, Daughter of Basilius King of Russia, were, 

1. Philip I. And,  
2. Hugh, Count de Vermandois, de Valois, de Chaumont, and d'Amiens; whose Posterity failed in Rudolph II. Count de Vermandois, etc. An. 1158.    
Philip succeeded his Father at the age of nine Years, and was Crowned King of France An. 1060. His first Queen was Bertha, Daughter of Florence I. Earl of Holland, whom he divorced in 1093. and married Bertrada, Daughter to Simon Earl of Montfort. By the first be had, 

1. Lewis VI (but first of this Line) surnamed The Gross; born 1081.  
2. Henry, deceased an Infant.  
3. Constance, married to Hugh Earl of Champagne; and after his decease, to Boemund Prince of Antioch.    
By the second, 

1. Philip, Count the Man's, who married Elizabeth, Daughter of Guy the second Baron of Mont le Herry; but died without Issue.  
2. Florus, Father of Elizabeth of Nantes.  
3. Caecilia, married first to Tancred Prince of Antioch; and after his decease, to Pontius of Tholouse, Count of Tripoli in Syria. And,  
4. Eustachia, espoused to John, Count d'Estampes.    
Of these, Lewis succeeded his Father at his decease; and was Crowned King of France in the Year 1108. His Queen's Name was Adelain, Daughter of Humbert II. Duke of Savoy, who bore him this following Issue: 

1. Philip, deceased sixteen Years old.  
2. Lewis VII. born 1119. of whom in the next Section.  
3. Henry, Archbishop of Reims.  
4. Robert III. Count de Dreux, whose Posterity became extinct in John, An. 1590.  
5 Philip, Archdeacon of Paris; deceased 1164.  
6 Peter, Baron (or Lord) of Courtnay, whose Posterity failed in Stephen de Raviers, An. 1383.  
7. Hugh, deceased in his Infancy. And,  
8. Constance, married to Raymund Earl of Tholouse.    
§. III. Lewis VII. surnamed The Younger, was born in 1119. and Crowned King of France 1131. His first Queen was Eleanor, Daughter and Heiress of William Duke of Aquitain, whom he divorced in 1152. After which, she was married to Henry Duke of Normandy; who coming afterwards to be King of England, did grievously annoy the French King. His second was Constance, Daughter to Alphonso VIII. King of Castille, who died in 1159. And his third Alice, Daughter of Theobald Earl of Chambagne, whom he married in 1161. She died 1205. By the first he had Issue, 

1. Marry, married to Henry Count de Champagne: She died 1179. And,  
2. Alice, married to Theobald Earl of Chartres and Blois.    
By the second only a Daughter, named  
Margaret, married to Henry, eldest Son of Henry II. King of England, and after his decease, to Bela III. King of Hungary, whom she likewise outlived, and went in Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, in the City of Acres, An. 1198.  
By by the third, 

1. Philip II. surnamed Augustus, born Aug. 22. 1166.  
2. Alice, married to William Count de Ponthieu. And,  
3. Agnes, given in marriage to Comenius Alexius, Emperor of Constantinople, 1180. and after his death, to Theodore Branas', Lord of Adrianople.    
Philip II.'s Inauguration to the Crown of France, was Nou. 1. 1179. This Prince very much enlarged both the Power and Patrimony of the Crown of France; for having overcome John sans Terre (or Lack-land) King of England, he brought Normandy, Bretagne, Anjon, Touraine, Poitiers, Clermont, and part of Aquitain, under his Jurisdiction. His first Queen was Isabel, Daughter of Baldwin iv Earl of Haynault; after whose decease, he married Ingeburg, Daughter of Waldemar King of Denmark; but being afterwards divorced from her, proceeded to a third Choice, which was the Lady Agnes, Daughter of Berthold Duke of— By the first he had Issue only  
Lewis VIII. born 1187. of whom in the next Section.  
But by the third, 

1. Philip, Earl of Bologne, Clermont, etc. who by Maud, Daughter of Reginald Earl of Dammarlin, had Issue a Daughter named Joan: and married to Scaevola de Châtillon.  
2. Marry, after the decease of her first Husband Philip of Haynault, Earl of Namur, remarried to Henry iv Duke of Brabant: She died 1238.    
§. iv Lewis VIII. was Crowned King of France in 1224. having before this been elected, and had Fealty solemnly sworn him, as King of England, by the Nobility of that Kingdom, at London, An. 1216. But the English, upon the death of King John, changed their Minds, and returned to their Allegiance to the young King Henry III. Whereupon despising the Natural INCONSTANCY of that Nation, he returned for France. Nor was he long to govern that Realm, being taken off by an untimely death, in the Year 1226. His Queen's Name was Blanch, Daughter of Alphonso IX. King of Castille; by whom he had nine Children, whereof five died young. The four that outlived him were, 

1. Lewis IX. surnamed The Saint; born April. 25. 1215.  
2. Robert Earl of Artois; which Branch of the Family, withered in Charles d'Artois, Count d'Eu, in the Year 1472.  
3. Charles, Earl of Anjou and Main, born 1220 Crowned King of both the Sicily's in 1266. or 63. and Titular King of Jerusalem ten Years after. His Posterity reigned in the Kingdom of Naples, till 1435. in Hungary till 1325. and in Poland till 1400.  
4. Alphonso, married indeed, yet deceased without Issue. As for Queen Isabel their Mother, she ended her Life in a Cloister, where she retired after the King her Husband's death.    
Lewis IX. was Crowned King of France in the Year 1226. and very much improved the Demesnes of the Crown. He took upon him the Crusade, and made an Expedition to the Holy Land; in which War, he was taken Prisoner by the Saracens, after the City of Damieta had surrendered to him: But being ransomed by his Subjects, returned home. After this, he ventured on a second Expedition, but died of the Plague at the Siege of Tunis, An. 1270. His Queen was margaret, Daughter of Reimund Berengarius Earl of Provence, who departed this life 1285. having born him this following Issue: 

1. Isabel, born 1241. married to Theobald II. King of Navarr, deceased 1275.  
2. Lewis, who took to Wife Berengaria, Daughter of Alphonso X. King of Castille; yet died without Issue 1275.  
3. Philip III. surnamed the Bold, born 1245. of whom in the next Section.  
4. John, Earl of Nevers and Valois; deceased without Issue 1270.  
5. Blanch, married to Ferdinand Prince of Castille; deceased 1320.  
6. Peter, Count d'Alençon and Chartres; deceased Issueless 1283.  
7. Robert V Count de Clermont, and Lord of Bourbon, of whom more beneath in the Line of Bourbon, Sect. XII. as Ancestor in a direct Line of the present French King.    
§. V Philip III. surnamed the Bold, was Crowned King of France in 1271. A Prince very deficient in most of chose Virtues that should adorn a King; given to drink, and easily led by those that were about him. Surnamed The Bold, not from any true Courage that was eminent in him; but because in that fostness of Mind, he would yet brutishly expose himself to the greatest Dangers in time of Action. His first Queen was Isabel, Daughter of James I. King of Arragon, who died in 1271. after which, he married Mary, Daughter to Henry III. Duke of Brabant; and departed this Life 1285. The Issue that survived were, 

1. Philip iv surnamed The Fair; born 1268.  
2. Charles, Earl of Valois, Anjou, etc. of whom in the next Section, as Author and Propagator of the Line of Valois.  
3. Lewis, Count d'Eureux, whose Posterity became extinct in Charles III. King of Navarr, An. 1416.  
4. Margaret, married to Edward I. King of England, in 1300. or 1. And,  
5. Blanch, to Rudolph of Austria in the same Year. She died 1305.    
Of these, Philip the Fair succeeded his Father, and was Crowned King of France in the Year 1286. He joined the Kingdom of Navarr to that of France; which Kingdom was brought him in Marriage by his Wife Joan, together with the County of Aquitain, and Territory of Brigen. He had a sharp War with the Flemings, by whom his Forces were utterly defeated, at the famous Battle of Courtray. He had also several Contests with the Pope, to whom he returned the famous Answer of, Sciat tua Magna Fatuitas, Nos in Temporalibus nemini subesse, upon his Holiness' pretending to command and direct him in some secular Affairs. Moreover, the Order of Knights Templars was first abolished, by his Example and Interest, throughout Christendom, in the Year 1311. or 7. His Issue, necessary to be here mentioned, were, 

1. Lewis X. surnamed Hutin, King of France and Navarr; born 1280. Crowned 1315, or 14. deceased (and that without Issue Male) 1316.  
2. Philip V surnamed The Long, King of France and Navarr; born 1292. Crowned 1317. or 6. deceased likewise without Issue Male, 1321. or 2.  
3. Charles' iv surnamed The Fair, King of France and Navarr, who had the same fate with his Brethren; for he died in 1327/8. leaving his Wife with Child, which likewise proved a Daughter.  
4. Isabel, married at twelve Years old, to Edward II. King of England, Jan. 28. 1307. O. S. deceased 1375.    

Of the Line of Valois.  
§. VI WE now return to Charles Count de Valois, d'Anjou, du Main, d'Alençon, and du Perche, second Son to Philip the Bold. He was thrice married, his first Wife being Margaret, Daughter of Charles II. King of Sicily: His second, Catharine de Courtney, Daughter of the Emperor of Constantinople: And his third, Maud, Daughter of Guy de Châtillon, Count de St. Paul, who died 1358. By these he had Issue, as followeth: 

1. Isabel, married to John III. Duke of Bretagne; deceased 1309.  
2. Joan, the Wife of William the Good, Earl of Haynault, Holland, and Zealand: She died in the Year 1400.  
3. Philip VI of whom in the next Section.  
4. Charles Count d'Alençon and de Chartres whose Posterity became extinct in Charles Duke d'Alençon, in the Year 1512.  
5. Margarct, married to Guy de Châtillon, Earl of Blois.  
6. Catharine, to Charles of Sicily, Earl of Tarento.  
7. Joan, to Robert of Artois, Earl of Beaumond: She died 1363.  
8. Lewis, Earl of Chartres; deceased without Issue, An. 1328.  
9 Isabel, Lady Abbess of Fonteverard.  
10. Marry, married to Charles of Sicily, Duke of Calabria.  
11. Another Isabel, married to Peter I. Duke of Bourbon. And,  
12. Blanch, to the Emperor Charles IU. She died 1345.    
§. VII. Wherefore after the decease of the three Brethren, Lewis Hutin, Philip the Long, and Charles the Fair, without Issue Male, the Government was settled on Philip de Valois, their Cousin-Germain, notwithstanding the Claim of Edward III. King of England, Son to Isabel, eldest Sister of the three last Kings, whose Pretensions (as the French said) were cut off by the Salic Law. Nevertheless, it was soon after the occasion of a bloody War 'twixt him and King Philip: Whose two Wives, were Joan Daughter of Robert II. Duke of Burgundy; deceased 1348. and Blanch, Daughter of Philip King of Navarr, who died 1398. By the●● he had Issue, 

1. John I. surnamed The Good.  
2. Philip, Duke of Orleans, deceased without Issue.  
3. Marry, married to John of Brabant, Duke of Limburg: She died 1333.  
4. Joan, a posthumous Daughter, betrothed to John of Arragon, Duke of Gironda (or Girona) but died before the Marriage could be consummated, An. 1371.    
Of these, John succeeded to the Throne, and was Crowned in 1350. This Prince continued the War with the English; but with no better success than his Father had done; for he was defeated, and taken Prisoner by them at the Battle of Poitiers, Sept. 19 1356. O.S. Being again set at liberty, he departed this Life in 1361/4. aged fifty six. His two Queens were Bona, Daughter of the King of Bohemia: And Joan, of William Earl of Clermont. By the first Venture, this following Issue lived to be Men and Women: 

1. Charles' V surnamed The Wise; born Jan. 21. 1337. of whom in the next Section.  
2. Lewis, Duke of Anjou and Touraine; Crowned King of Sicily on this side the Pharus (or Watch-Tower) in 1382. whose Posterity failed in Nicholas Duke of Calabria, An. 1473.  
3. Philip, Duke of Burgundy, born 1341. whose Posterity ended in Mary, last Heiress of that Duchy, An. 1483.  
4. Joan, married to Charles III. King of Navarre; deceased 1373.  
5. Isabel, to John Galeazzo Duke of Milan, in 1360. And,  
6. John, Duke of Berry; he deceased without Issue 1416.  
7. Margaret, professed a Nun.    
§. VIII. Charles' V surnamed The Wise, was Crowned King of France, May 19 1364. He was the first who in his Father's Life time was styled, The Dauphin. He restored the Commonwealth of France, and repressed the Violence of its Enemies; which he brought to pass more by Counsel and Delays, than force of Arms. He also put forth a Sanction, whereby the eldest Sons of France, were for the future declared of Age at Fourteen Years old, and fit to be Crowned and Govern. His Queen's Name was Joan, Daughter of Peter I. Duke of Bourbon; by whom he had Issue that outlived him, 

1. Charles VI born 1368. his Successor.  
2. Lewis, Duke of Orleans, Count de Valois, d'Angouleme, etc. born 1371. of whom in Sect. X. And,  
3. Catharine, married to John de Berry, Count de Montpensier: She died 1387.    
As to what relates to Charles VI he was Crowned King of France, Nou. 4. 1380. 'Twas this Prince that reduced the Lilies in his Coat of Arms to Three, which the Kings of France, his Ancestors, bore without any determinate number; and at each side, added a Stag for Supporters. In his Reign the Affairs of France were brought to the lowest ebb; especially after the Battle of Agin-Court in Picardy with the English; in which, four Princes of the Blood, with all the Flower of the French Nobility, were lost. This great Blow was given Octob. 24. 1415. After which, he would have excluded the Dauphin, and transferred the Kingdom to the English. This unfortunate Prince departed this Life 1422. having been long distracted. His Children by Isabel, Daughter of Stephen Duke of Bavaria, were in number twelve, whereof six died young. The rest were, 

1. Isabel, married about the age of seven or eight, Octob. 28. 1396. O. S. to Richard II. King of England; and after his decease, to Charles Duke of Orleans, An. 1402. She died 1409.  
2. Charles VII. born Jan. 21. 1402. his Father's Successor.  
3. Marry, she was professed a Nun, and died 1438.  
4. Joan, married to John VI Duke of Bretagne; deceased 1432.  
5. Michaele, born 1394. married to Philip the Good Duke of Burgundy; deceased 1422.  
6. Catharine, born Octob. 27. 1400. married to Henry V King of England, Feb. 24. 1420. And after his decease, to Owen ap Meridith ap Tudor, a Welsh Gentleman (but descended of the ancient British Kings) Grandfather of King Henry VII. She died Jan. 3. 1437.    
§. IX. Charles VII. surnamed The Victorious, from the Victory he obtained over the English at the Battle of Orleans, under the Conduct of the famous Joan de Arcquis, freed France from the many Miseries it had so long groaned under, and re-established the Polity of that Kingdom. He likewise put forth a Sanction whereby he very much kerbed the pretended Jurisdiction of the Popes of Rome. Yet was this (otherwise happy) Prince so plagued by his own Son the Dauphin, that by reason thereof, he pined himself away, and died of Grief, An. 1461. The Sharer of his Bed and Fortunes, was Mary of Anjou, Daughter of Lewis II. King of Sicily; by whom he had Issue as followeth: 

1. Lewis XI. of whom we shall soon treat.  
2. Charles, Duke of Berry; born 1446. deceased 1472.  
3. Joland, married to Amadeus the eighth Duke of Savoy; deceased 1478.  
4. Radegunda, to Sigismond Duke of Austria: She died 14—.  
5. Catharine, to Charles Duke of Burgundy: She died 14—.  
6. Joan, to John II. Duke of Bourbon; deceased 1482. And,  
7. Magdalen, promised to Uladislaus King of Hungary; but married to Gaston Fuxius, Prince of Vienna, deceased 1486.    
We now return to Lewis XI. born 1423. and Crowned 1461. a Prince excellently skilled in the Art of Government. 'Twas he that instituted the Order of the Knights of St. Michael, in the Year 1469. His Motto was, Qui nescit simulare, nescit imperare. He kept his Designs so very close, that the Grand Marshal of Normandy told him one day in raillery, Il faut, que uôtre haquenée soit bien fort, puisque ille peut bien vos porter, vous & tout uôtre Conseil: That his Mule must needs be very strong, since it could so easily carry him and all his Counsel. For the rest of his Character: He was an undutiful Son, a severe Father, and a disloyal Husband: implacable in his Nature, insomuch as he was never known to be reconciled to any he had once fallen out with. Nor had he any other esteem for Religion, but as it served his Interest. He departed this Life Aug. 30. 1483/ 4. having had two Wives, viz. Margaret, Daughter of James I. King of Scotland; and Charlotte, Daughter of Lewis Duke of Savoy; and by them a Son and two Daughters; viz.  

1. Anne, married to Peter Duke of Bourbon, 1473. deceased 1522.  
2. Joan, Duchess of Berry; born 1464. and married to Lewis Duke of Orleans, afterwards King; by whom she was divorced, and died 1504  
3. Charles VIII. born 1470. and Crowned 1484. A little Man, of no bad Disposition, yet slow of Parts, and altogether ignorant of Arts and Letters: Contracted at scarce six Years old, to Elizabeth, Daughter of Edward iv King of England; which Contract being afterwards broke, he was betrothed to Margaret, Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian, who was accordingly sent into France, to have her Education there, that she might the better be accustomed to the Manners of that Nation. Nevertheless, she was sent home again by her Spouse, when he came to be his own Master; and he married, or rather ravished Anne, Daughter and sole: Heiress of the Duke of Bretagne, already married by Proxy to his designed Father-in-Law, Maximilian the Emperor; but had no Issue by her that survived him. He came to his End in the Flower of his Age, by a very odd Accident, in the Year 1498. for going out of a Door at Amboise, where he than was, to see 'em run at Tilts, he struck his Forehead with that violence against the top of it, as he was presently after seized by an Apoplexy, and fell down dead in the place.   
§. X. Wherefore we must look back to Lewis Duke of Orleans, mentioned already by us, in Sect. VIII. Numb. 2. This Prince took to Wife Valentine, Daughter of Galeazzo Duke of Milan, who bore him this following Issue: 

1. Charles, Duke of Orleans and Milan, born 1391.  
2. Philip, deceased without Issue 1420.  
3. Margaret, born 1406. She married Richard of Bretagne, Count d'Estampes, and died 1464.  
4. John, Count d'Angouleme; born 1404. of whom more in the next Section, as being him in whose Issue the Descent of this Line was continued.    
Charles, the eldest of these three, was taken Prisoner at the Battle of Again Court, and detained so in England for the space of five and twenty Years; but in the end ransomed and set at liberty, by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. His death (which happened in 1465.) was hastened by the Indignation he conceived, at having his Counsels despised and laughed at by King Lewis XI. He was thrice married, his first Wife being Isabel, Daughter of Charles VI King of France, the Relict of Richard II. King of England; his second, Bona, Daughter of Bernhard Count d'Armanac; and his third, Marry, Daughter of Adolph Duke of Cleves. By these he had four Children: 

1. Joan, married to John Duke of Alencon.  
2. Lewis XII. King of France.  
3. Marry, married to John de Foix, Viscount Narbon; deceased 1493.  
4. Anne, Lady Abbess of Tonteurault.    
Lewis XII. was advanced to the Throne, on the death of Charles VIII. without Issue, and Crowned 1498. A merciful and gracious Prince; sparing of the Money and Blood of his Subjects, and therefore very dear to his People, and styled by 'em, The Father of his Country. Yet was he unfortunate through the whole course of his Life; witness Thuanus' History, lib. 1. His first Wife was Joan, Daughter of King Lewis XI. a crooked and deformed Person, forced on him, notwithstanding his aversion to her, and all the Protestations imaginable against the injury done him by the King her Father, in hopes of her proving barren. Wherefore having obtained the Crown, he divorced her. See Im. Hoff. Geneal. Gal. in Vitâ Ludou. XII. and substituted in her room Anne, the Relict of his Predecessor Charles VIII. After whose decease, he married a third time, viz. Marry, Daughter of Henry VII. King of England; nevertheless, all his Male Issue died young; so that he had only two Daughters; namely, 

1. Claudia, born 1499. married to Francis I. King of France. And,  
2. Renata, born 1509. married to Hercules Duke of Ferrara.    
§. XI. Wherefore John Count d'Angoulesme must again appear; brought already on the Stage in the last Section, Numb. 4. He was left in England, by his Brother Charles, with King Henry V as a Pledge for an Hundred thousand Crowns, and not dismissed till thirty Years after. During which stay in England, he wholly applied himself to the study of Learning, and true Piety; in which he made so good progress, as to be held worthy, by the Council of Constance, of the Papal Chair; which Dignity he nevertheless refused, that he might not incense his Prince, King Charles VII. who was a great Stickler for the deposed Pope, Eugenius IU. He married Margaret, Daughter of Alan IX. Viscount Roban, who bore him a Son, named  
Charles, Count d'Angoulesme, who took to Wife Aloisia, Daughter of Philip Count de Bresse, afterwards Duke of Savoy; by whom he had a Son, called Francis, born Sept. 12. 1494.  
This Francis succeeded Lewis XII. upon his dying without Issue Male, and was Crowned King of France 1515. He was very prone to Venery and Lewdness, which brought him into many and great Inconveniencies. He lost the Duchy of Milan. In 1515. (the first Year he came to the Crown) he overthrew the Swiss, at the Battle of Marignan. He had great Wars with the Emperor Charles V by whom he was beaten at the Battle of Pavia, in the Year 1525. and being taken Prisoner therein, was sent to Madrid. Being again set at liberty, he began the War afresh; but with no better success; for in this second War, he was wholly beaten out of Italy. He had likewise War with Henry VIII. King of England, which ended in the Year 1546. He was a great Lover of Learning and learned Men, whom he advanced and had in great esteem. He was the first that brought the Custom of selling Offices and Preferments into France. He finally abolished the Pragmatic Sanction, and agreed to the Concordat. Moreover, he granted Annats to the Pope of Rome. His Queens were Claudia, Daughter to his Predecessor Lewis XII. and Eleanor, Daughter of Philip I. King of Spain; which last died in the Year 1558. he himself in 1547. leaving Issue a Son and two Daughters. The Son was  
Henry II. of whom in the next Section. The Daughters, 

1. Magdalen, married to James V King of Scotland. And,  
2. Margaret, married to Charles Duke of Alencon; and after his decease, to Henry TWO King of Navarre.    
§. XII. Henry II. succeeded his Father, and was Crowned King of France in 1547/8. He was of a generous Disposition; a courageous and warlike Prince. He took Metz, Toul, and Verdun from the Germans, and overthrew the Emperor Charles V in a Field Battle: He likewise beat the English out of all their footing in France, by taking Calais; yet was defeated by the Spaniard, with a vast slaughter of his Men, at the Battle of St. Quintin. Designing to Honour his Sister Margaret's Birthday with Festivals, and a Tournament, in which he would run himself, he commanded the Count de Montgomery to run against him, as he did; but in the Course the Count's Spear shivered in pieces, and an unlucky Splinter thereof wounded the King so grievously in the Eye, that he died within a few Days after, July 10. 1559. His Queen was Catharine de Medici's, Daughter of Laurence Duke of Urbino, who bore him Issue, as followeth: 

1. Francis II. who indeed succeeded him, but did not long survive him; for he was Crowned King Sept. 8. O.S. 1559. and died Decemb. 5. the Year following. He was married to Mary Stuart, Daughter of James V King of Scotland, but left no Issue by her.  
2. Elizabeth (or Isabel) born 1545. married to Philip II. King of Spain, 1559. deceased 1568.  
3. Claudia, married Feb. 5. 1559. to Charles II. Duke of Lorraine; deceased 1575.  
4. Lewis, deceased an Infant.  
5. Charles IX. born 1550. his Brother's Successor; Crowned King May 15. 1561. His Reign is infamous for the many bloody Battles, for the daily Sieges and Sacking of Towns and Cities; for the Devastations of Provinces, and Slanghters of the Inhabitants, occasioned by the Civil War that then raged in France; but above all, for the barbarous Massacre at Paris. This Prince had Poets in great esteem, and sometimes wrote Verses himself. He composed a Poem on Stag-Hunting, to which Recreation he was given to a fault. Of all his Sanctions, that is most remarkable which he published for reforming the Computation of the Year: For whereas all other Nations began their Year from the Feast of the Circumcision, the French alone commenced theirs from Easter, which was altered by this King. He departed this Life 1574. in the flower of his Age, after a long and painful Sickness. His Queen was Elizabeth, Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian II. who bore him only a Daughter, named Mary Elizabeth, born 1572. deceased 1578.  
6. Henry III. born Sept. 19 1551. elected King of Poland 1573. Crowned King of France 1574. murdered by James Clement a Dominican Friar, Aug. 2. 1589. leaving no Issue.  
7. Francis Duke of Alencon and Brabant, born 1554. deceased a Bachelor 1584.  
8. Margaret, married in 1572. to Henry iv King of Navarre, and afterwards of France; divorced from him 1600. deceased 1615.  
9 Victoria, and, Twins, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1556.  
10. Joan, Twins, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1556.     

Of the Line of Bourbon.  
§. XIII. MAtters being thus far cleared and discussed, we shall now bring Robert V Son of Lewis IX. once more on the Stage, having been already mentioned in Sect. 4. Numb. 7. His eldest Son's Name was Lewis, Count de Clermont, and Duke of Bourbon; and his Grandson's, James de Bourbon, Count de la March and Ponthieu, Constable of France, who died in the Year 1362. being Father of John Count de la March, who succeeded him; and begat, 

1. James II. Count de la March, King of Naples, who died 1438, having had, by Beatrix, Daughter of Charles III. King of Navarre, only a Daughter that survived him; namely, Eleanor, married to Bernhard d'Armanac, Count de Pardiac.  
2. Lewis de Bourbon, Count de Vendôme, of whom a little below.  
3. Anne, married to John de Berry, Count de Montpensier; and after his decease, to Lewis Barbatus, Duke of Bavaria.  
4. Marry, to John de Beine, Baron de Croix.  
5. Charlotte, to John King of Cyprus; she died 1487.  
6. John de Bourbon, Baron de Carency; whose Posterity became extinct in John de Bourbon, Baron de Carency, much about the Year 1493.    
As for Lewis, the second Son, he begat John de Bourbon, Count de Vendôme, who was Father of Francis de Bourbon, Count de Vendôme; born 1470, and Lewis de Bourbon, Prince de la Roche sur Y●n; which Branch of the Family failed in Henry de Bourbon, Duke of Montpellier, An. 1608. Francis the elder Brother departed this Life 1493. having begat Charles Duke the Vendôme, born 1489. deceased 1534.  
This Charles had many Children, by Frances d'Alençon, Duchess of Beaumond, Francis Duke of Longueville's Widow; whereof ten, whose Names follow, lived to be Men and Women; viz.  

1. Margaret, born 1516. married to Francis Duke of Cleves, 1538.  
2. Anthony, Duke the Vendòme, and King of Navarre; of whom in the next Section.  
3. Francis, Count d'Enghien; born 1519. deceased without Issue 1546.  
4. Magdalen, Lady Abbess of Poitiers.  
5. Charles, born 1523, and promoted to the Cardinalate, in 1566. He was likewise made Bishop of Rouen; and died May 9 1590.  
6. Catharine, and, Lady Abbesses of Secession and Chelles,  
7. Renata, Lady Abbesses of Secession and Chelles,  
8. John, Duke d'Enghien; born 1528. deceased 1557.  
9 Lewis, Prince de Conde, of whose most Noble Progeny, we shall speak in the XV. Section of this Chapter.  
10. Eleaner, born 1535. deceased 1611.   
§. XIV. We now return to Anthony Duke of Vendôme, Son of Charles Duke of Vendôme, as is objected just above. He was born in the Year 1518. and performed many Noble and great Actions, in the Service, and under the Auspexes of Francis I. and Henry II. Kings of France. After the death of his Father in-Law Henry II. King of Navarre, whose only Daughter and Heiress, Joan d'Albret, he had married; he possessed himself of that Kingdom, and the Principality of Bern, or at least as much of ●em as the Spamards had left him. He was more than once in great danger of his Life from the Guisian Faction; yet died a natural death in 1562. leaving Issue a Son and a Daughter; namely, 

1. Catharine, married to Henry Duke of Lorraine, Jan. 30. 1599 deceased 1604. And,  
2. Henry iv surnamed The Great, King of France and Navarre, born 1553. The Greatness of whose Actions has totally eclipsed the Glory of the most famous Monarch that ever Ruled in France. In the Fifteenth Year of his Age he was Head of the Protestants in France. At Nineteen he went to the French Court at Paris, being invited to be present at those tragic Nuptials, infamous through the whole World, for the treacherous and bloody Massacre of so many thousand Innocent and Noble Persons. In the same Year he took on him the Title of King of Navarre, upon the death of his Mother the Queen. He thrice extorted Peace from the King's Party; and by the Battle of Courtray, 1581. (Henry III being yet alive) dissolved the League, entered into by the Pope, the King of Spain, and the Guisian Faction, for the Confusion of the Protestants. After the death of Henry III. he was Crowned King of France, but not till 1594. having first professed himself a Papist. On May 4. 1610. O. S. he was assassinated and stabbed in Paris, by that infamous Villain Francis Ravillac. His first Queen was Margaret de Valois, Daughter of Henry II. King of France, whom he divorced: After which, he married Mary de Medici's, Daughter of Francis Great Duke of Tuscany, deceased 1642. by whom he had Issue, as followeth: 

1. Lewis XIII. of whom more in the next Section.  
2. Elizabeth, married to Philip iv King of Spain, 1615. deceased 1644.  
3. Christina, to Victor Amadeus I. Duke of Savoy; she died 1663.  
4. Gaston John Baptist. Duke of Orleans, born 1608. who was twice married, his first Duchess being Mary of Bourbon, Daughter of Henry Duke of Montpensier; deceased 1627. His second, Margaret of Lorraine, Daughter of Francis Count de Vaudemont; deceased 1672. By these he had four Daughters; viz. 

1. Anne Marry, Duchess of Montpensier; born 1627. now alive, and unmarried.  
2. Margaret Lovise, born 1645. and married 1661. to Cosmus III. Great Duke of Tuscany.  
3. Isabel, born 1646. and married to Joseph Lewis Duke of Guise, in 1667. She is now a Widow.  
4. Frances Magdalen, born 1648. married to Charles Emanuel Duke of Savoy, 1663. deceased May 11. 1665.  
5. Henrietta Maria, born 1609. married to Charles I. King of England, May 1. 1625. O. S. deceased July 31. 1669. aged Sixty.        
§. XV. Lewis XIII. born Sept. 27. 1601. succeeded his Father, and was Crowned King of France, Octob. 18. 1610. An excellent Prince, had he not given too much way to the Counsels of those two famous Ministers of State, Richlieu and Mazarine. He never fought but where he conquered. In 1615. he married Anna Maria Mauritia, Daughter of Philip III. King of Spain, whom he had betrothed in 1611. And by her left Issue, 

1. LEWIS XIV. surnamed The Great, the present King of France, born Aug. 26. O.S. 1638. of whom below. And,  
2. Philip, Duke of Orleans, Sept. 21. N.S. 1640. whose first Duchess, the Princess Henrietta Maria Stuart, Daughter of Charles I. King of England, departed this Life in June, 1670. And he, the next Year, married Charl●tte Elizabeth, Daughter of Charles Lewis Elector Palatine. By the first Venture he had, 

1. Marry Aloisia (or Lovise) born March 27. 1662. married Novemb. 17. 1679. to Charles II. King of Spain; deceased without Issue by him, 1689.  
2. Philip, deceased an Infant.  
3. Another Daughter not named, 1665.  
4. Anne Marry, born Aug. 27. 1669. and most happily married, April 9 to Victor Amadeus II. Duke of Savoy.      
He has also a Son and a Daughter by the present Duchess; namely, 

1. Philip, Duke of Chartres, born Aug. 2. 1674. And,  
2. Elizabeth Charlotte, Madamoiselle de Chartres, born Sept. 13. 1676.    
As for Lewis the Great, the present King, he succeed his Father in 1643. and was Crowned by the Archbishop of Rheims, June 7. 1654. of whose Actions I shall say little here, since the Eyes of the whole World are upon 'em. His Queen was Maria Theresia, Daughter of Philip iv King of Spain, who died July 30. 1683. by whom he has only a Son now living, namely,  
Lewis XV. surnamed The Hardy, the present Dauphin; born Nou. 1. 1661. In 1680. he married Maria Anna Christina, Daughter of Ferdinand Maria, late Elector of Bavaria; by whom he has had three Sons; whose Names are, 

1. Lewis, Duke of Burgundy, born Aug. 6. 1682.  
2. Philip, Duke of Anjou, born Novemb. 19 1683. And,  
3. Gaston, Duke of Berry, born Aug. 31. 1686.    
But besides the Dauphin, the present French King has several Natural Children; as namely, Marry Anne de Bourbon, born 1666. and married in 1680. to Lewis of Bourbon, Prince de Conti: And Lewis de Bourbon, born 1667. Supreme Intendant of the Marine. These two were born him by Aloisia Frances de la Beaume la Blanche de la Valiere, Duchess de Vaujour, and Peeress of France, Daughter of Laurence de la Valiere, now a Carmelite Nun, by the Name of Sister Aloisia de Misericordia (or of Mercy.) As likewise Lewis Augustus de Bourbon, Duke of Main, born 1670. and made legitimate three Years after. Lewis Caesar de Bourbon, Count de Vexin, born 1672. deceased 1683. Aloisia Frances de Bourbon, Madamoiselle de Nantes, born 1673. and married in 1685. to Lewis Duke of Bourbon. Aloisia Marry Anne, deceased 1681. Lewis Alexander de Bourbon, Count de Toulouse, born 1678. made Legitimate 1681. Intendant likewise of the Marine. And Frances Mary de Bourbon, Madamoiselle de Rlois, born 1681. Which Six were born him by Frances Athanasia de Rochechovart, Gabriel Prince de Mortemar's Daughter, and Wife of Henry de Lewis Paidaillan, Marquis of Montespan.  
§. XVI. It remains we now return to Lewis Prince de Conde, youngest Son of Charles Duke of Vendôme, born 1530. whom we mentioned in the latter end of Sect. XIII. Numb. 9 He was slain at the bloody Battle of Jarnac, 1569. by one Montesque, a Captain under the Duke of Anjou, notwithstanding he offered 100000 Crowns for his Ransom. The Issue that survived him were, 

1. Henry, Prince of Conde; born 1552.  
2. Francis, Prince of Conti; born 1558. who had only Natural Issue, though twice married.  
3. Charles, Archbishop of Rouen, and Cardinal; deceased 1594.  
4. Charles, Count de Soissons, Peer and Grand Master of France; born 1566. deceased 1614 leaving Issue, 

1. Aloisia, married to Henry Duke of Longueville; deceased 1637.  
2. Lewis, born 1604. deceased 1641. And,  
3. Marry, born 1606. and married to Thomas of Savoy, Prince of Carignan.      
Henry, the eldest Brother, was a Prince of great Courage, and hath his Life finely written by Thuanus, in his History, Lib. 90. His first Princess was Mary of Cleve, Daughter of Francis Duke of Nevers: But she dying in 1574. he afterwards married Charlotte Catharine de Tremolle, Daughter of Lewis Duke of Thovars; and departed this Life 1588. leaving Issue by the last Lady, as followeth; namely, 

1. Eleanora, born 1587. married in 1606. to Philip William of Nassau, Prince of Orange; deceased 1619. And,  
2. Henry II. Prince of Conde; born after his Father's decease, Sept. 1. 1588. His Princess was Charlotte Margaret, Daughter of Henry II. Duke of Montmorency, who bore him, 

1. Anne, married in 1642. to Henry Duke of Longueville; deceased 1679.  
2. Lewis II. Prince of Conde. And,  
3. Armand, Prince of Conti; of which two apart. And first for Lewis:      
He was born in 1621. and justly to be ranked among the greatest Hero's of the Age. He took to Wife Clara Clementia, Daughter of Urban Marquis of Breze; and departed this Life 1685. to the great Grief of all good Men. His only Son  
Henry Julius de Bourbon, is now living; born July 29. 1643. formerly styled Duke d'Enghien; but now, since his Father's death, Prince of Conde. His Princess is Anne, Daughter of Edward Prince Palatine of the Rhine; who has born him this following Issue now living: 

1. Marry Theresia, Madamoiselle de Bourbon; born 1666.  
2. Lewis, Duke of Bourbon; born 1668. and married 1685. to Aloisia Frances, Natural Daughter of the present French King.  
3. Marry Anne, Madamoiselle de Montmorency; born 1675.  
4. Anne Marry Victoria, Madamoiselle d'Enghien; born 1676. And,  
5. Aloisia Benedicta, Madamoiselle de Conde; born 1678.    
As for Armand, Prince de Conti, the other Brother; he was born 1629. married to Anne Mary of Montmorency, Cardinal Mazarine's Niece by the Sister, 1654. deceased 1666. leaving two Sons: 

1. Lewis de Bourbon, Prince of Conti; born 1661. In 1680. he took to Wife Mary Anne de Bourbon, the King's Natural Daughter, made legitimate; yet died without Issue in 1685. And,  
2. Francis Lewis de Bourbon, the now Prince of Conti; born 1668.     

Of the Augmentation of the House of France.  
§. XVII. IN the Year 861. Robert Earl of Orleans was created Duke and Marquis of the Franks, by Charles the Bald, King of France; to whose Son Eudo, the County of Paris was likewise added, by Charles the Gross. King of France. After this, Hugh Capet came to be King, An. 987. whose Brother Otho having married Leutgarde, Daughter and Heiress to the last Duke of Burgundy, in her Right possessed himself of that Duchy. Philip II. having defeated John (sans Terre) King of England, brought Normandy, Bretagne, Anjou, Touraine, Poictou, and Clermont, with part of Aquitain, under his Obedience, and incorporated the same with the Crown. Charles Duke of Anjou was Crowned King of both the Sicily's, An. 1266. He likewise became possessed of Provence in Right of his Wife; as also of a Title to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, by the Donation of Mary Princess of Antioch. Charles Martel, his Grandson, was Crowned King of Hungary, in 1290. in right of his Mother Mary, Daughter of Stephen King of Hungary. Lewis his Son became King of Poland, by a Marriage with Elizabeth, Daughter of Ladislaus King of that Country. And Philip, Charles Martel's Brother, took upon him the Title of Emperor of Constantinople, in his Wife's Right. Lewis IX. obtained Clermont, Tholouse, and Provence, by the same Right; Beaumond by Gift, and Mascon for Money. Philip the Fair bought the County of Canny; and joined the Kingdom of Navarre to that of France, by a Marriage with Joan last Heiress thereof; with whom he had Champagne also, and the Territory of Bruges. Philip VI surnamed the Valois, had Dauphine given him: but bought the Lordship of Mompellier in Languedoc, of Sanchius King of Majorca. Charles' V did the same by Auxerre; Picena, part of Dreux, Creil, and Mouzon; all which Places he annexed to the Crown. In 1345. Philip Duke of Burgundy, third Son of King John, added the Counties of Artois, Burgundy, and Flanders, as also the Duchy of Brabant, to this Family; partly as his Mother's Inheritance, and partly as his Wife's. After this, Charles the Bold succeeded to the Duchy of Burgundy as next Heir, and so became Lord of all the Netherlands. In 1389. Lewis II. Son of Charles V became possessed of the Duchy of Milan, in right of his Wife Valentina, Daughter and Heiress of John Galeazo Duke thereof. In 1535. Francis I. annexed the Duchy of Bretagne to the Crown. Henry iv gave the Kingdom of Navarre once more to the Crown, together with the Principality of Bern, the Dutchies of Vendôme, Beaumond, and Albret; the Counties of Foix and Armanac, Perigord, and Bresse, with many other Places: So that all France became incorporated in the Crown. Last of all, Lewis XIV. the present King, has made himself Master of the Bishoprics of Metz, Tulles, and Verdun; Pignerol, Brisac, all Alsace, and Brisgow. By the Pyrenaean Treaty he had the County of Rousillon, with part of that of Cerdagne, made over to him: See Artic. 42. and 43. Moreover, he has bought Casal, the Capital City of Montferrat. By the Treaty of Peace at Nimeguen, he was put in possession of Freiburg. Two Years after, he made himself Master of Strasburg by force of Arms, viz. Septemb. 29. 1681. as he had done seven Years before, of the Dutchies of Bar and Lorraine; which two last he has united to the Crown for ever. He has likewise taken the Palatinate of Deux Pents from its Natural Prince, under pretence of its being an Appendent of Alsace. Nor have the Dukes of Wirtenberg escaped him, from whom he forced Mompelgart; as also Orange from the Prince of that Name. In short, the Fronch of late years have extended their Power as far as America, where they stand possessed of New-France, and Isles of St. Christopher and Martinique; as also that of St. Laurence near afric. Moreover, they seem of late to have gotten footing in Siam in the East-India's.   

Of its Decrease.  
§. XVIII. THe greatest Diminution suffered by the Family of Capet, has been from the English; who beginning a War with the Line of Valois, under the Conduct of King Edward III. about the Year 1338. subdued (in a manner) all France. Nevertheless, in process of time all was regained by the French; so that now the English have not so much as a Foot of Land in France. In 1477. Marry, the only Daughter and Heiress of Charles the Bold (last Duke of Burgundy of this Family) being married to Maximilian I transferred the Franche Comté, together with all the Netherlands; and indeed all other her Possessions, except the Duchy of Burgundy, to the House of Austria. Nevertheless, the French by degrees have recovered many of these Places, and still are gaining more, as, namely, Artois, with great part of Haynault and Flanders, by the Pyrenaean Treaty of Peace: See the 35th. and following Articles: By the Peace of Nimeguen, the Franche Comté; and since that, the Duchy of Luxenburg. They have also made themselves Masters of some Cities belonging to the United Provinces; and bought Dunkirk of the English. But then again for its Decrease: In 1281. this Family lost the Kingdom of Sicily, witness the famous Sicilian Vespers; at which time it lost Malta also. Joan, the last Queen of Naples, of the Family of Capet, transferred that Kingdom to Alphonso King of Arragon. Hedewig descended of the same Race, last Heiress of the Kingdom of Poland, brought in Marriage that Kingdom to Jagello, Duke of Lithuania. In 1512. the Kingdom of Navarre was torn from it by the Spaniard; and the Duchy of Milan lost about ten Years after, to Charles V. who invested his Son Philip therein. Last of all, the present French King has again freely surrendered the County of Avignon, to his Holiness, Pope Alexander VIII. (alias Ottoboni.) By all which it appears what Regions and Provinces are at present subject to the French King; yet consult at leisure the famous John Christ. Beckman's Hist. Civ. c. 3. §. 2.   

Of its Pretensions.  
§. XIX. THe House of France seems, in the first place, to have a just Title to the Upper Kingdom of Navarre, as taken from King John of Albret, by Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Spain, at the Instigation of Pope Julius II. whereas the Right and Title thereunto, was by Joan of Albret's being married to Anthony of Bourbon, Father of King Henry the Great, transferred into that Family; and the Claim suspended till this day.  
2. To the Commonwealth of Genova, by reason of a voluntary and formal Surrender of its Sovereignty, in 1396. to Charles VI King of France; which has been since often claimed.  
3. To the Kingdom of Naples; which nevertheless seems to be but weak, and is wholly rejected by the Spaniards.  
4. To the Duchy of Milan; Valentina, the Heiress of that Duchy, being married by Lewis Duke of Orleans, second Son of Charles V And,  
Lastly, The present King, in name of his Brother Philip, Duke of Orleans, lays claim to great part of the Palatinate of the Rhine: And this has been the occasion of the present bloody and expensive War.    

CHAP. III. Of the Lineage of the Kings of England.  
§. I. WHat the first State or Form of England was, how conquered by the Romans, and afterwards by the Saxons, makes so little to the present Undertaking, that we purposely leave it; it being as much as we shall have occasion for, That about the Year 1016. Canutus (or Knute) King of Denmark, invaded this Kingdom; and having treacherously slain the Saxon King, Edmond Ironside, 1018. married Emma, the Widow of King Ethelred, Father of the said Edmond; and was the first Danish King of England, and died 1038.  
His Issue were, 

1. Harold, surnamed Harefoot, by a former Wife.  
2. Hardicanute, by the said Emma.    
Harold succeeded his Father, and died without Issue 1041. and left the Succession to his said Brother, by the Father's side,  
Hardicanute, who by means of his Luxury, became odious to the People; and in the midst of a Debauch, died suddenly, 1042. lest no Issue; and with him ended the Government of the Danes in England. To him succeeded his Brother, by the Mother's side,  
Edward, surnamed The Confessor, the Son of Ethelred, by Emma the Mother of Hardicanute, as before. He had been preserved from Canute, by Richard II. Duke of Normandy, his Uncle; and upon the death of Hardicanute, was recalled from Normandy, and Crowned King in the Year 1042 and Fortieth of his Age. He first brought into the Royal Family the Gift of curing The King's Evil: Reigned Twenty four Years, and died without Issue 1065. Upon this,  
Harold II. Son of Earl Godwin, by Guitha, Sifter of Swaine King of Denmark, by the assistance of Edwin and Morcar, Earls of York and Chester, was preferred to the Crown; but enjoyed it not long, for he was slain in Battle, Octob. 14. 1066. by  
§. II. William I. Duke of Normandy, surnamed The Conqueror; first of the Normans that was King of England; Natural Son of Robert II. Duke of Normandy, by Arletta, an obscure Woman; who under pretence that Edward the Confessor had, by his last Will and Testament, transferred the Kingdom to him, made a Descent into England; and having slain Harold, as before, was, by the unanimous Consent of the Peerage of England, Crowned King, 1067. He had a sharp War with Philip I. King of France; and after Twenty one Years Reign, died at Rouen in Normandy, Septemb. 9 1087. He had to Wife Maud, Daughter of Baldwin V Earl of Flanders; by whom he had six Daughters and four Sons 

1. Cecilie, Abbess of Caen in Normandy.  
2. Constance, married to the Earl of Britain.  
3. Adela, to Stephen Earl of Blois, Father of King Stephen; of whom in his turn.  
4. Gundred, to William Warren, first Earl of Surry.  
5. Ela, both died young.  
6. Margaret, both died young.    
His Sons were, 

1. Robert, to whom he bequeathed the Duchy of Normandy.  
2. Richard, killed by a Stagg in New Forest, in his Father's Life-time.  
3. William surnamed Rufus, who succeeded his Father in the Kingdom.  
4. Henry I. surnamed Beauclerk, to whom he left his Treasure, and a yearly Pension; of whom more in the next Section.    
II. William II. born in Normandy 1057. his Brother Robert being in Normandy, at the time of his Father's death, what by pretext of his Father's Will, and the contrivance of Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury, was Crowned, Octob. 5. following. He had War with the Scots; brought Wales under his Obedience; but what with that, and to secure his Possession against the Claim and Arms of his elder Brother Robert, he was necessitated to many a dishonourable Shift whereby to get Money; and at last struck dead with an Arrow, shot by Sir Walter Tyrel, a Norman, his Bow-Bearer, as they were Hunting in New Forest (but whether by accident, or otherwise, is uncertain,) Aug. 2. 1100. being the Eleventh Year of his Reign, and Forty third of his Age; but never married.  
III. Henry. I. youngest Son of the Conqueror, born in England 1070. his eldest Brother Robert still living (but in favour of Henry, given out to be chosen King of Jerusalem) succeeded his Brother William, and was Crowned in four Days after his death. He had long Wars with his Brother Robert, upon his return from the Holy War; till at last having taken him Prisoner, he put out his Eyes, and threw him in Prison, where he died; but left no Issue. He called the first Parliament, after the Conquest, at Salisbury, in 1115. and died of a Surfeit in Normandy, Decemb. 2. 1136. in the Sixty seventh Year of his Age, and Thirty fifth of his Reign. His first Wife was Matilda, or Maud, Daughter of Malcolm III. King of Scotland, by Margaret the Sister of Edgar Atheling, right Heir of Edward the Confessor, as being descended from Edmond Ironside, of whom before; by which means the Saxon Line was restored in her Issue, 

1. William, born 1102. he married Matilda (or Maud) Daughter of Foulk Earl of Anjon; who with several others were cast away, Nou. 26. 1119.  
2. Maud, the only legitimate Issue that survived him, born 1104. she was first married to the Emper our Henry IU. 1110. and after his death, to Jeoffry Plantaganet Earl of Anjou, 1124. (so called from a Sprig of Broom which he wore in his Cap, or Bonnet) by whom she had King Henry II.    
His second Wife was Adeliza, Daughter of Jeoffry Duke of Lorraine, by whom he had no Issue.  
He had seven Natural Sons: 

1. Robert, Earl of Gloucester; a Person of great Direction, and indefatigable Industry, as appeared by the valiant Assistance he gave his said Sister Maud, against King Stephen.  
2. Richard, drowned with his Brother William, 1117.  
3. Reinald, Earl of Cornwall, and Baron of Castlecombe. Nor is there any particular mention of the other Four.    
And as many Natural Daughters,  
Of whom it is only said, they were all of them honourably bestowed in Marriage.  
§. III. William, only Son of Henry I. being lost (as before) and himself not having Issue by his second Wife, he now began to think of settling the Succession; and to that purpose called another Paaliament, 1133. in which, all the Lords of the Land took an Oath to be true to his Daughter Maud the Empress, and her Heirs, and acknowledge them as right Inheritors of the Crown: And amongst them,  
IU. Stephen, born 1107. Earl of Belogne and Montague, Son of Stephen Earl of Blois, by Adela, third Daughter of the Conqueror, was one; yet by the working of Henry (his Brother) Bishop of Winchester, the Pope's Legate, a Man acceptable to the Nobility, at that time altogether governed by the Clergy, he was set up to the Crown, against the undoubted Right of the said Empress, and Crowned on St. Stephen's Day, 1135. His first War was with the Scots; but during most of his Reign, under various Fortune with the said Empress, till (his Children being dead) he secured the Succession to her Son Henry. He died Octob. 25. 1154. in the Forty ninth Year of his Age, and Nineteenth of his Reign; and had to Wife Maud, Daughter and Heir of Eustace Earl of Bologne; by whom he had, 

1. Eustace, who died in the Eighteenth Year of his Age.  
2. William, who died younger.    
His Natural Issue.  

1. William, Earl of Norfolk.  
2. Gervais, Abbot of Westminster, who died 1160.   
V §. iv To him succeeded Henry II. surnamed Fitz Empress, first of the Line of Plantagenet; born at Mentz in Normandy, 1131. Crowned King Decemb. 7. 1155. He sought to abate the Power of the Clergy, the Effects of which he had felt in the Exclusion of his Mother, and advancement of King Stephen; but it wrought him great Troubles, particularly with Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury (touching the Exemption of Clerks from the Secular Power) and the Consequence of it stuck to his Family for Sixty Years after. He Crowned his Son Henry King, June 14. 1170. in the Seventeenth Year of his Age: Sent Strongbow Earl of Chcapstow into Ireland in the same Year, who planted the first Colony of English in Wexford: went over thither in 1172. Conquered it, and wrote himself LORD thereof. He suffered much by his Sons Henry and Richard: The former broke with him 1173. and died 1183. his Father living. The other combined with the King of France against him, 1188. in which also he engaged his Brother John; which so struck to his Heart, that he died of Grief in Normandy, and rather burst than bowed to Fortune, July 9 1189. in the Sixty first Year of his Age, and Thirty fourth of his Reign. His Wife was Eleanor, Daughter of William Duke of Acquitain, divorced from Lewis VII. King of France; by whom he had three Daughters: 

1. Maud, married to Henry Duke of Saxony.  
2. Eleanor, to Alphonso VIII. King of Castille.  
3. Joan, to William King of Sicily.    
And six Sons.  

1. William, who died young.  
2. Henry, of whom before; married to Margaret, Daughter of Lewis VII. King of France; but died without Issue.  
3. Richard, who succeeded his Father; born 1155.  
4. Jeoffry, Earl of Britain; married to Constance, Daughter of Conan Earl of Richmond; by whom he had Arthur, Earl of Britain, Angiers, and Richmond.  
5. Philip, who died young.  
6. John, who succeeded his Brother Richard.   
His Natural Sons: 

1. William, surnamed Longespee, or Longsword, Earl of Salisbury, in right of his Wife Ela, Daughter and Heir of William Earl of that Place.  
2. Jeoffry Archbishop of York; who after a five Years banishment by his Brother King John, died 1213. Both by Rosamond.  
3. Morgan, Provost of Beverly, Bishop Elect of Durham. By the Lady Blewet.    
VI Richard I. born at Oxford, 1155. surnamed Coeur de Lycn, succeeded his Father, and was Crowned Septemb. 3. 1189. He made an Expedition into the Holy Land the same Year; and in his return through Austria, was imprisoned by the Emperor Henry VI to whom he resigned his Crown; nor yet discharged, without the payment of 100000 Marks; which was accepted, notwithstanding the large Proffers of the King of France, and his Brother John, to have him detained. Upon his coming home, he was Crowned a second time, and made War with France, where he was slain with a barbed Arrow, by one Bertram, at the Siege of Chalons in Limosin, April 6. 1199. in the Forty fourth Year of his Age, and Ninth of his Reign. He had to Wife Beringuel, Daughter of the King of Navarre; but died without Issue. After him,  
VII. John, surnamed Sans Terre; born 1166. youngest Son of Henry II. notwithstanding the just Right of Arthur his elder Brother's Son, by the means of Hubert Archbishop of Canterbury, obtained the Crown; and was Crowned by him upon Ascension day, 1199. On this, Arthur made War upon him in Anjou; besieged Mirabel, defended by Eleanor, Mother of King John, who raised the Siege, defeated Arthur, took him Prisoner, and had him murdered in Prison, 1202. He lost at that time Normandy to the King of France (who took part with Arthur) after a Three hundred Years possession by his Ancestors. Upon the death of Hubert, Stephen Langton, a Cardinal, being imposed on him for Archbishop of Canterbury, is refused by him, 1207. The Monks of Canterbury accept him; the King expels them as Traitors: The Kingdom is interdicted, 1208. himself excommunicated, 1210. and his Kingdom given to the King of France, 1213. He submits, and surrenders his Kingdoms of England and Ireland to Pope Innocent III. and became his Feudatory for them at the yearly Tribure of a thousand Marks, payable to the said Pope and his Successors; does Homage and Fealty for them to Pandulphus his Legate, gives up his Crown to him, and receives it again two days after. This Charter bore date May 15. 1213. and was casually lost by fire, at the Council of Lions; but never were any moneys paid upon it, or ever demanded, since 1366. 40th. Edward III. at what time also it was refused. He was absolved from his Excommunication the same Year; and the King of France, upon pain of like Excommunication, forbidden to proceed further against him, as having submitted himself to the Church; and the Jurisdiction, which had now lasted six Years, or better, released: Yet his Barons cease not to infest him, and force two Charters from him; to wit, Magna Charta, and Charta de Foresta, 1214, which the Pope nulls, and excommunicates the Barons. They, on the other hand, bring in Lewis, the King of France his Son, who landed May 1. 1216, whom Guallo, the Pope's Legate, excommunicates. In 1210. he erected the Mayoralty of London, and further granted to them to have two Sheriffs and a Common Council. And notwithstanding all Turmoils at home, settled Ireland, and brought the English Laws and Coin into that Kingdom; and died Octob. 19 1216. in the Fifty first Year of his Age, and Seventeenth of his Reign; and (as some have said) by Poison. He had three Wives; his first was Alice, Daughter of Hubert Earl of Morton. He was divorced from his second, the Daughter of Robert Earl of Gloucester, upon the score of Consanguinity; and married Isabel, Daughter and Heir of Ailmer Earl of Angolesme; by whom only he had Issue three Daughters and two Sons.  
His Daughters: 

1. Joan, married to Alexander II. King of Scots.  
2. Eleanor, to William Earl of Pembroke; and afterwards to Simon de Montford Earl of Leicester.  
3. Isabel, to the Emperor Frederick II.    
His Sons: 

1. Henry, who succeeded him in the Kingdom.  
2. Richard, Earl of Cornwall; Crowned King of the Romans 1257. died 1274.    
As also three Natural Children: 

1 Joan, married to Llewellin Prince of Wales.  
2. Jeoffry Fitz-Roy, who served in France.  
3. Richard, who married the Daughter and Heir of Fulbert de Dover.    
VIII. To him succeeded Henry III. born 1208. Crowned in nine days after the death of his Father, and committed to the Tutelage of William Earl of Pembroke, Great Marshal of England; by whose prudent Management, several of the most eminent Barons forsook Lewis, and returned to their Allegiance; and with the rest of the Kingdom that stood firm to their young King, drove him from place to place, and at last gave him a total Rout; upon which, he came to an Accord, and quitted the Kingdom. In the Ninth of his Reign, he confirmed the Charters granted by his Father; which afterwards he endeavoured to rescind, as done in his minority, The most of his Reign was full of Troubles with his Barons, headed by the late mentioned Simon de Montfort, a French Exile; but got into that favour, that he was made Earl of Leicester, and married the King's Sister (as before;) yet with the Earl of Gloucester and others, he fights the King at a place called Lewis, where they made him and Prince Edward his Son, Prisoner's, 1264. They quarrel about the Dividend: The Prince makes his escape, 1265. Gloucester joins him, and gives Leicester Battle, in which the latter is slain. After which, the King lived seven Years, approved himself a wise Prince, and died Nov 16. 1272. in the Sixty fifth Year of his Age, and Fifty sixth of his Reign. He had to Wife Eleanor, second Daughter of Raymond Earl of Provence; by whom he had two Daughters and six Sons.  
His Daughters: 

1. Margaret, married to Alexander III. King of Scots.  
2. Beatrice. to John I. Duke of Bretain.    
Of his Sons, two only survived him: 

1. Edward I. who succeeded his Father.  
2. Edmond, surnamed Crouch back, Earl of Lancaster, Father of Thomas, who had Issue Henry Earl of Lancaster, whose Daughter Blanch was married to John of Gaune, fourth Son of King Edward III. of whom more hereafter.    
IX. §. V Edward I. born 1240. surnamed Longshanks, had under taken the Cross, and was in the Holy Land when his Father died: However, he is proclaimed King, and Fealty sworn to him, tho' it were not known whether he were living or dead. Upon his return, he was Crowned Aug. 15. 1274. He had found by Experience the Ecclesiastical Power too strong for the Sovereignty, whenever they combined with the Lay-Nobility; and therefore retrenched them of their Privileges, whilst he was in the Opinion and Estimation of the World; and in 1275. got the Statute of Mortmain to be enacted, whereby to hinder the increase of their Temporal Possessions; and not long after, clipped the Jurisdiction of Ecclesiastical Judges. He slew Leoline, the last of the Welsh Princes, in Battle, and united Wales to the Crown of England, 1283. He banished the Jews, and vacated all their Sureties, 1293. He was made Umpire between John Balliol and Robert Bruce, for the Crown of Scotland; and determined for Balliol, who did him Homage, 1294. which he afterwards renounced; but upon the King's entry into Scotland, submits, and is sent Prisoner into England. However, the Scots being gotten together under Wallace their Head, the King pursued his Enterprise; gave them a total Rout at a place called Fenkirk; and having abolished their ancient Laws, returned, and brought all their Records, and other Evidences of Antiquity with him, 1299. On this, Robert Bruce, Son of Robert the Competitor, gets into Scotland, where he is received and Crowned, 1306. Is defeated by the Earl of Pembroke, 1307. Bruce recovers new Forces; the King reenters Scotland, and dies of a Flux, July 7. the same Year, being the Sixty eighth of his Age, and Thirty fifth of his Reign. His first Wife was Eleanor, Daughter of Ferdinand III. King of Castille, by whom he had nine Daughters: 

1. Eleanor, married to John Earl of Bar.  
2. Joan, to Gilbert Earl of Gloucester,  
3. Margaret, to John Duke of Brabant.  
4. Marry, a Nun of Amsbury.  
5. Elizabeth, to John Earl of Holland; and after him, to Humphrey Bohun Earl of Hereford. The rest died young.    
Of his Four Sons,  
Only Edward survived him, and was the first Prince of Wales. His second Wife was Margaret, eldest Daughter of Philip the Bold, King of France; by whom he had two Sons: 

1. Thomas of Brotherton, Lord Marshal of England, and Earl of Norfolk.  
2. Edmond, Earl of Kent; beheaded 1328. for endeavouring the Restauration of his deposed Brother King Edward II.    
X. Edward II. born at Carnarvan 1285. created Prince of Wales, March 15. 1304. Crowned Feb. 24. 1307. In 1308. he caused all the Knights Templars throughout England and Ireland, to be apprehended, and their Order to be dissolved; as afterwards were the Knights of Rhodes by King Henry VIII. 1540 and thei● Lands and Possessions seized. He seems to have come in with much Expectation, but soon lost it, by means of a Favourite of his, Pierce Gaveston, banished by his Father, but re called by him, and made Earl of Cornwall, Lord of Man, and High Chamberlain; which so incensed the Nobility, that the King is forced to banish him more than once; but as often recalling him. They take Arms under Thomas Earl of Lancaster their Leader, Son of Edmond, second Son of King Henry III (whom the Mobb called King Arthur) and having taken him at Scarborough Castle, strike off his Head, 1312. During this Disorder at home, Bruce was become powerful in Scotland; the King enters upon him with a vast Army, and is totally routed by him, at a place called Bannock-Bourn, 1314. This (and his making Hugh Spencer Earl of Gloucester, Son of Hugh Spencer Earl of Winchester, Successor in the Office and Favour of the said Gaveston) so heightened the former Discontent, which was in a manner allayed, that both sides arm anew: But the King gets the better, takes the Earl of Lancaster, and beheads him before his own Castle of Pomfret, 1322. Yet this lasted not long; for having sent the Queen and his Son the Prince into France, instead of accommodating Matters, she contracts her Son to Philippe, Daughter of William III. Earl of Hainault, by whose and the Earl of Holland's assistance, she returns with an Army, and with her the Prince, and Roger Mortimer Lord of Wigmore, lately escaped out of the Tower of London; but afterwards made Earl of the Marches of Wales, by King Edward III. And having taken Bristol, with Hugh Spencer the Father in it, she caused him to be hanged and quartered (without Trial) 1326. The King, Spencer the Son, and others, had put to Sea for Ireland; but were beaten upon the Coast of Wales, where they lay hid for a while in the Abbey of Neth; but being discovered. Spencer had the same fate with his Father. The King was imprisoned, and a Parliament called to meet at London; where (upon several Articles exhibited against him) it is agreed to depose him as unfit to Govern, and elect the Prince his Son. Upon which, he voluntarily resigned his Crown to him, 1327. in the Nineteenth Year of his Reign. About eight Months after which, he was most barbarously murdered in Berkley Castle, in the ●●●●ty third Year of his Age. His Wife was 〈◊〉, Laughter of Philip the Fair; by whom ●he had, 

1. Joan, married to David Prince of Scotland.  
2. Eleanor, to the Dake of Gelder's.    
And two Sons.  

1. Edward, born at Windsor, 1313. set up to the Crown, his Father yet living.  
2. John of Eltham, created Earl of Cornwall, 1315. and died in the flower of his Youth in Scotland.   
XI. Upon the Resignation of Edward II. his Son Edward III. of the Age of Fourteen Years, began his Reign Jan. 20. 1327, and was Crowned the 25th. following. The Queen seems heavy at it; but being pacified by a● Augmentation of Jointure, the management of Affairs is committed to five Bishops, and seven Temporal Lords, till the King were or Years to Govern; but the Queen and Mortimer act all. The Scots enter England, and are suffered to escape; and in 1328. a dishonest rabble Peace is made with them: To confirm which, Joan, the King's Sister, is married to David Pruce Prince of Scotland; and amongst other things, the Ragman Roll, and Black-Cros● of Scotland, are given back to them; and the King, by the working of the Queen and M●●timer, surrenders his Title to the Sovereignty of Scotland, and all Evidences relating thereunto: For which, Mortimer is impeached is Parliament, and hanged at Tyburn. Nor lastre the Peace long; for Edward Balliol, Son of the aforesaid John Balliol, sets up for that Crown and by King Edward's Assistance recovers it and does him Homage, and swears Fealty for it, 1333. And now there happening some disgust between him and Philip de Valois King of France, he bethinks himself of his Title to th● Crown, in right of Isabel his Mother; 〈◊〉 which, the Banishment of Robert de Artois by King Philip his Brother, who fled for safety to him, gave him a fair Opportunity. Nor was he wanting to it; for he not only received him joyfully, but made him Earl of Richmend and of his Council, 1336. which he lived not long to enjoy, for after six years serving him in France, he was wounded at the Siege of Vanner, and brought to England, where he died, 1342. The Year following he instituted the Order of the Garter, and created his eldest Son Edward Prince of Wales. In July, 1346. he enters Normandy with a mighty Army, and takes the Prince with him, who (not full Sixteen) fought the Battle of Cressy in Picardy, on St. Bartholomew's Day, the same Year; and obtained so great a Victory, that Calais was forthwith besieged, and surrendered Aug. 3. 1347. On which, the King took the Title and Arms of France, and returned for England, where the Prince; Electors signify to him, That they had chosen him King of the Romans; which he refused. In the Year 1356. the Prince goes over again, fights the Battle of Poitiers in Poictou, and takes John the French King Prisoner, Septemb. 19 the same Year: Returns for England, brings the said King with him; whence he was not delivered till 1360. at what time, an Accord had been made on his behalf at Britigny near Chartres. During this Cessation with France, the Prince of Wales, accompanied with his Brother John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, relieves Peter King of Castille and Leon, expulsed by his Bastard-Brother Henry, and restored him, 1367. But little of the Accord with France being performed, the King (upon his return) sends the Prince into Acquitain, and in a short time the said Duke John, and his younger Brother, Edmond Earl of Cambridge, to aid him; to whom (his Health failing him) he left the profecution of the War, and returned himself, 1371. Nor did his Brother John much after him, save that coming for England, he (by reason of the Prince's sickness) wholly managed his aged Father; which being taken notice of by some of the Prince's Friends, he is ban●●●'d the Court. Not long after which, the Prince died, 1375 being the Forty ninth of his Father's Reign, and Forty sixth of his Age. His Wise was Joan, Daughter of Edmond Earl of Kent, his Father's Brother; by whom he had, 

1. Edward, born at Angoulesm, and died young.  
2. Richard, born at Bourdeaux, who succeeded his Grandfather.    
As also two Natural Sons: 

1. Sir John Sounder.  
2. Sir Roger Clarendon, put to death by Henry iv for endeavouring the Restauration of his said Brother Richard, 1402.    
And now after the Prince's death, the Duke of Lancaster came in play again, and openly favoured John Wickliff, to the great disturbance of the State; and therefore lest he might do by Richard of B●urdeaux, as Earl John had done by his Nephew Arthur, the King providently settled the Succession, in Parliament, upon the said Richard, creating him first Earl of chest and C●rnwal, and then Prince of Wales; and died June 21. 1377. in the Sixty fourth Year of his Age, and Fiftieth of his Reign. He had to Wise Philippe of Haynault, who bore him  
Have Daughters: 

1. Isabel, married to Ingelram, Lord of Coue●. Earl of S●●●●●ns and Bedford; afterwards, Archduke of Austria.  
2. Joan, to Alphonso II. of Castille, by Proxy, but die before it was consummated.  
3. Marry, to John Menserd Duke of Bretagne  
4. Margaret, to John Hastings Earl of Pembr●●●; but died without Issae.  
5. Also another Daughter Blanch, who died young.    
And seven Sons.  

1. Edward, surnamed The Black Prince, of whom before.  
2. William, surnamed Of Hatfield, the Place of his Birth. He died young.  
3. Lionel, born at Antwerp, 1338. made Earl of Ulster in Ireland, in right of his Wise Elizabeth, Daughter of William Burgh Earl of Ulster; with whom also he had the Honour of Clare in the County of Thoumond, in that Kingdom, and thence created Dake of Clarence. She brought him one Daughter only,   
Philippe, married to Edmond Mortimer Eail of March, Mother of Roger Earl of March, Father of Anne Countess of Cambridge, Grandmother of King Edward IU.  
4 John, surnamed Of Gaunt, where he was hom, 1342. Created Duke of Lancaster, 1352. He had three Wives: 1. Blanch, Daughter and Heir of Henry Earl of Lancaster, Son of Edmond Crouch back, youngest Son of King Henry III. as before; by whom he had  
Henry of Bullenbrook, Earl of Derby, who usurped upon Richard II. and was the first of the Lancastrian Kings.  
His second Wise was Constance, eldest Daughter of Peter King of Castille and Leon, in whose Right he bore the same Title, and had by her  
Catharine, whose Posterity became Kings of Spain in her Right.  
His third Wife was Catharine, Widow of Sir Hugh Swinford, an English Knight, eldest Daughter and Co heir of Pain Red (Given King at Arms); her younger Sifter married Sir Jeoffry Chaucer, the English Laureate. He had by her, before Marriage, several Children, surnamed De Beaufort, from a Castle of his in France of that Name, where they were born: In regard of which, they gave a Portcullis for their Cognisance, and were all of them legitimated in Parliament, 1397. with this Clause nevertheless, Excepting the Reg Dignity. As, 

1. John, first Knighted, and afterwards created Earl of Somerset, 1398.  
2. Henry, afterwards Bishop of Winchester, Cardinal of St. Eusebius, and Chancellor of England.  
3. Thomas, first created Earl of Dorset, 1398. and afterwards Duke of Exeter, 1414.  
4. And one Daughter Joan; first married to Ralph Nevil Baron of Wemm; created afterwards the first Earl of West m●rland: And after him, to Robert Ferrer Lord of Owseley.    
5. Edmond of Langley; born 1342. created Earl of Cambridge, 1362. Duke of York, 1386. He was the first that gave the White Rose; and died 1402. His Wife was Isabel, youngest Daughter of the said Peter King of Castille; by whom he had  
Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cambridge; married to Anne Mortimer, Daughter of Roger Earl of March; by whom he had  
Richard Duke of York, slain at the Battle of Wakefield, 1460. Father of, 

1. Edward, Duke of York, who recovered the Crown from King Henry VI.  
2. George Duke of Clarence.  
3. Richard Duke of Gloucester, afterwards King.    
6. William of Windsor, who died young.  
7. Thomas of Woodstock; a Man valiant and wise. He was created Earl of Buckingham, 1376. then Duke of Gloucester, by Richard II. and at last treacherously made away (some say strangled) at Calais, 1397.  
XII. Richard II. born at Bourdeaux, 1367. succeeded his Grandfather, and was Crowned July 16. 1377. in the 11th Year of his Age. The Care of him was first committed to certain Bishops and Earls, and lastly to Thomas Beauchamp Earl of Warwick, 1379. In the Year 1382. John Ball, a Priest, and Disciple of Wickliff, with one Watt Tyler a Tailor, and others, work the Common People into a Rebellion; murder Simon de Sudbury Archbishop of Canterbury, and several of the Nobility; and with a numerous Rabble come at last to Smithfield by Landon, where Sir William Wallw●rth. then Lord Mayor, upon some rude Language given the King by the said Tyler, stabbed him dead, and therewith dispersed the Rabble: In memory of which, the King gave the City the Augmentation of a Bloody Dagger to their Co●●n the Year 1366. Henry 〈◊〉 of Derby, Son of John of Gaunt, was created Duke of Hereferd; and being accused by 〈◊〉 M●ubrey Duke of Norfolk, of some dangerous Words by him 〈◊〉, demanded a Trial by Battle, which was accepted; and both being in the Lists ready in combat, Hereford was ban●th'd for ten Years (of which the King struck oft four) and went 〈◊〉 France: And the Year following Johne Gaunt died. In 1399, the King went into Ireland; and in his absence, Thomas Arundel Archbishop of Canterbury, and others, contrive to depose him, and set up Henry, now Duke of Lancaster; who upon their Invitation, returned, and met the King in Wales, from whence he was conveyed to the Tower of London; where a Parliament being in the mean time called in King Richard's Name, the King resigned his Crown to the said Henry, and made the Bishops of York and Hereford his Procurators, to declare his Resignation to the Parliament; which was accepted: And (to colour the matter) Articles were preserved against him, on which he was deposed, Septemb. 9 1399. and afterwards trait 〈◊〉 murdered in Pomfret Castle, 1401. by Sir Pierce Exten, and eight others (as he was at D●●●er) of whom yet he slew four; in the Thirty third Year of his Age, and Twenty sec●nd of his Reign. His first Wife was Anne, Daughter of Charles iv Emperor. His second, Isabel, Daughter of Charles VI King of France; but had no Issue by either of them.  
XIII. §. VI Upon this Deposition, Henry ●●●ke of Lancaster, eldest Son of John of Gaunt, tourth Son of Edward III. Born 1368. was Crowned King Octch. 13. 1399. by the Name of King Henry IU. albeit Edmond Mortimer Earl of March, Son of Roger Mortimer Earl of March, Son and Heir of Philippe, Daughter and Heir of ●iond, third Son of King Edward III was then living: and the said Earl R●ger his Father, upon King Richard's going into Ireland, in the Year 1385. had been declared in Parliament Heir Apparent to the Crown, if the said Richard died without Issue. This occasioned those bloody Wars between the Houses of York and Lancaster, in which there were Twelve pitched Battles fought between them, in the compass of Thirty six Years. The beginning of his Reign was full of Troubles; for Thomas Marks Bishop of Carlisle, made a Speech in Parliament in favour of Richard the deposed King; for which, albeit he was imprisoned, yet it so stuck with the Nobility, that six of the Chief of them combine to seize King Henry, and restore King Richard; and to that purpose, undertook a solemn just to he held at Oxford, in the Christmas 1401. and invited the King to it; which he accepted. but the Plot being accidentally discovered by one of the Conspirators, it was seasonably prevented and crushed. Nor was it long are Owen Glendour risen in Wales, 1400. and declared for Edmond Mortimer. The like did the Earls of Northumberland and Worcester in the North; who before they could join Forces, were beaten by the exemplary Courage of Prince Henry his Son, 1403. The King at last having wrought through every thing that opposed him, died of an Apoplexy, March 20. 1413. in the Forty sixth Year of his Age and Fourteenth of his Reign. His first Wife was Mary, one of the Daughters and Coheirs of Humphrey de Bohun Earl of Hereford, Essex, and Northampton; she died before he came to the Crown, 1394. but left him four Sons: 

1. Henry V. who succeeded him.  
2. Thomas Duke of Clarence, slain at Beaufort in France; but left no Issue.  
3. John Duke of Bedford, and Regent of France: Died Septemb. 14. 1435. but had no Issue.  
4. Humphrey, surnamed The Good, created Duke of Gloucester by his Brother Henry V Protector to his Nephew Henry VI and at last imprisoned and strangled by the device of Queen Margaret, Wife of the said Henry VI 1447.    
His second Wife was Joan, Daughter of Charles I. King of Navarre, Widow of John de Menth●●● Duke of Bretagne; by whom he had no Issue She survived her Husband, and died 1437.  
XIV. To him succeeded his eldest Son Henry V born at Monmouth, 1385. Crowned April 9 1412. His Youth had been somewhat extravagant; but he soon recovered it, and supplied his defect of Title by worthy Actions. The Parliament at this time looked with a sharp eye upon the Church-Lands; and to divert the Humour, Henry Chichely Archbishop of Canterbury, put the King in the head of his Title to France; and withal assured him, That he had consulted the Clergy, and that they had resolved to advance such a Sum towards it, as never Spiritual Persons had given to any King before. Upon this, the King treated with the Parliament touching the matter, which they so approved, that an Army is forthwith raised, in the head of which he lands in France, and in a sew days besieged Harflue, and took it, 1415. and having passed the River Soame, came up with the French, then lying at Agincourt; where with an Army not exceeding 15000 Men, he cut off the others of 60000, Octob. 25. the same Year; and returned for England 1416. and made the Duke of Bedford Regent of France; 1417. whither he followed himself the same Summer. Took Caen, 1417. Chierburgh, Dampfront, 1418. Rohan, Vernon, Mante, Pontoise, the Castle of St. German, Meulane, 1419. And after another Victory near the City of men's, it was, amongst other things, concluded, That King Henry should marry the Lady Catharine, the King of France's Daughter; and after his death, become Heir of the said Realm; and in the mean time, have the whole Government of the same as Regent thereof. According to which, they were married June 3. 1420. and the King solemnly proclaimed Heir and Regent of France; and the Duke of Burgundy, and most of the Nobility swore Fealty to him: As also did the Three Estates of the Realm assembled at Paris, each Person severally for himself, 1421. And in April following, carried his Queen into England. Yet notwithstanding this, Charks the Dauphin retires to Berry, and gets Forces together. Nor was the Duke of Bedford less industrious to pursue him; till the King coming over again, and in his march to relieve Cosny, then besieged by the Dauphin, was taken with a Pleurisy, of which he died at Blot St. Vincent, Aug. 31. 1422. in the Thirty eighth Year of his Age, and Tenth of his Reign; and left by the said Catharine de Valois, Daughter of the said King of France,  
XV. Henry VI born at Windsor, Decem. 1421. and being not above nine Months old at the death of his Father, was proclaimed King of England and France, Aug. 30. 1422. and committed to the Custody of Thomas Duke of Exeter, and Henry de Beaufort Bishop of Winchester, his Uncles; John Duke of B●dford, and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, having been appointed the former Regent of France, the other Protector of England. And now Charles VI of France being also dead, the Dauphin his Son caused himself to be proclaimed King, by the Name of Charles VII. On which, many of the French Nohility revoked to him. Nor was the Regent idle during this time, but took several Places of Strength from him; gave him a defeat at Cravant in Bu●goigne, 1423, recovered Campeigne and Cr●t●te; beat him a second time at the Battle of Vernoile, 1424. and followed it with success, till Montacute Earl of Salisbury being slain by a Great-shot in the Castle of Orleans, 1428. the Fortune of the English began to be at a stand: For at this Siege it was that the Maid of Orleans (or Jean d'Arcque) was brought to the said Charles, as a Person inspired by God for the delivery of her Country; and that Miracles might be expected from her Conduct. However it were, it so wrought on the Superstition of the People, that she may be said to have turned again the Fate of France: And Charles VII took that heart upon it, that he forthwith came before Rheims, which was yielded to him, and himself Crowned there, 1428. The Year following King Henry went over in Person, and was Crowned in Paris, Decemb. 17. 1431. and after a Year's stay there, returned for England. Not long after, viz: Septemb. 14. 1435. the Duke of Bedford died, and Richard Duke of York was made Regent: but removed 1439. and the Earl of Warwick substituted in his room. Upon whose death, the Duke of York was again made Regent, 1441. And upon a Treaty of Peace between the two Kings, 1444. William de la P●●l Earl of Suffolk, and others, are appointed Commissioners for the King of England: But finding nothing like to come of it, he proposes a Match between the King, and Margaret, Daughter of Reiner Duke of Anjou, Titular King of Sicily, Naples, and Jerusalem; which, however opposed by the Duke of Gloucester, Protector of the Realm, took that effect, that they were married, May 18. 1445. And the Duke of York again removed; and the Queen, and Suffolk (by this time made Duke) prevail upon the King's Mildness, and govern all things at their pleasure. This and the like so disgusted the Duke of York, that he began to tamper about his Title to the Crown, to which the death of the Cardinal of Winchester, 1448. the Exorbitances of Suffolk, and the Duke of Gloucester's (the main Prop of the House of Lancaster) having been discharged from the Protectorship, imprisoned, and sound dead in his Bed, the Year before, gave no small encouragement. All which being turned upon Suffolk, he is erclaimed at by the Commons, impeached by the Lords, and thereupon fled for France; but taken in his way, had his Head struck off against the side of a Cock boat, 1450. To him succeeded in equal Favour of the Queen, and Hatred of the People, Edmond Duke of Somerset: And therefore York, having gotten to his Party the two Nevils (Father and Son) the one Earl of Salisbury, the other of Warwick, he raised Forces under pretext of removing divers Counsellors from about the King, and after several Transactions forward and backward, worsted the King at the Battle of St. Albany May 23. 1455. where the Duke of Somerset was slain, the King taken Prisoner, a Parliament called, the Duke of York declared Protector of the Realm, and the Earl of Warwick Captain of Calais. All which was again overturned, by the Queen and her Party, the Year following; and the Duke of York and his Friends (having gotten into Ireland) were attainted in Parliament, 1459. Notwithstanding which, they return again; and being headed by Edward Earl of March, fight the King at Northampton, and take him Prisoner, July 9 1460. On this, the Duke of York, Father of the said Edward, entered the House of Lords (the Parliament then sitting) seated himself in the Throne, To whom (said he) it of right belongeth. The Parliament on this openly declared for his Title; but in regard Henry had been taken as King for Thirty eight Years, it was condescended, That he should hold the Title and Name of King, and have the Possession of the Realm during his natural Life; but if he either died, resigned, or forfeited the same, by breaking or going against any Point of that Accord; that then the said Crown and Regal Authority, should be immediately devolved, and come to the Duke of York, if he were then living: Or in case he died, to the next Heir of his Lineage: And that the Duke of York should from thenceforth be Protector and Regent of the Land. All which being sworn to by both Parties, and enacted in Parliament, Novemb. 1. 1461. Richard Duke of York, on the Saturday next ensuing, was proclaimed Heir Apparent to the Crown, and Protector of the Realm. During this time, the Queen (a Lady of a Courage beyond her Sex) had raised an Army to rescue the King, met the Protector at Wakefield the Christmas following, where he was routed and slain, and King Henry gotten into her hands again. The Earl of March on the other hand (now Duke of York by the death of his Father) lay with Forces in Gloucestershire; and upon hearing of this Defeat, made to the Queen, and worsted her; first at Mortimer's Cross near Hereford, the Candlemas-day after; and on the 17th of the same Month, gave her a total defeat near St. Alban's: In which yet the most remarkable Man slain was Sir John Grace. On which, King Henry, with the Queen and Prince Edward their Son, got into the North; and the Duke of York was proclaimed King in the head of the Army. After which, King Henry lived somewhat more than Ten Years; but generally unfortunate, as shall be shown in the next Paragraph, and at last died in the Tower, some say of Grief, or as others, murdered by Richard Duke of Gloucester, May 23. 1471. in the Fifty second Year of his Age, having reigned of that Thirty eight Years. His Wife was Margaret, Daughter of Reiner Duke of Anjou, etc. of whom before; by whom he had  
Edward, Prince of Wales, born at Westminster, Octob. 13. 1453. taken at the Battle of Teuxbury (of which in the next Paragraph) May 4. 1471. and the same day killed in cold Blood, by George Duke of Clarence, and the said Duke of Gloucester.  
XVI. And now Edward iv having taken upon him the Covernment, he was (as well by Right of Inheritance, as the Accord before mentioned) proclaimed King throughout London, March 4. 1401. Nor was he searce warm in his Seat, ere the comoved King Henry returned out of the North with a mighty Force; but was overthrown by King Edward at Tow ton Field, March 29. 1462. However, himself escaped into Scotland, and sent the Queen and Prince to her Father in France; and King Edward on the other hand Crowned, June 29. following. Nor was Queen Margaret all this while idle, but returned with new Forces into the North, where she joined those Succours her Husband had brought out of Scotland; and with the Assistance of their Friends at home, out it to another Battle at Exham Field, May 4. 1463. where King Henry was taken, and the Queen made her escape into France to her Father. And now King Edward being in a manner settled, he sent the Earl of Warwick into France, to demand the Lady Bona, Daughter to Lewis Duke of Savoy, and Sister to Charlotte then Queen of France, for Wife; which was so well relished, that it was in a short time assented to. But it so happened, that the Lady Elizabeth Grace, Widow of Sir John Grace, slain at the last Battle of St. Alban's, coming to petition for her Jointure, which had been seized into the King's hands; the King not only granted it, but became a Petitioner himself: And being not able to obtain it otherwise, married her 1465. This bred no good Blood in France, and nettled Warwick, who took no notice of it for the present; but (with the King's leave) retired to Warwick. However, to prevent the worst, the King made his Brother, George Nevil, Archbishop of York, 1467, and to secure a Friend against France, married his Sister Margaret, to Charles Duke of Burgundy, 1468. By this time, the Earl of Warwick (still meditating a Revenge) had wrought over to his Design the said Archbishop, and his other Brother, John Marquess Montacute; and leaving them behind him to make some Commotion in his absence, took the Duke of Clarence with him, and went over to his Command at Calais: And upon full assurance that the said Duke bore no great  to the King his Brother, for a Tie of Friendship between them, married the Lady Isabel, his elder. Daughter, to him. The Commotion was ascordingly made, and in a short time improred to such a Rebellion, that the King was forced to raise an Army to suppress it: But Warwul who had privately gotten over, and now headed it, by the assistance of Clarence, fell upon the King in the Night, and brought him Prisoner to Warwick-castle, whence he made as escape; and having gotten to London, so ordered his Affairs, that Clarence and Warwid were forced for France again, where they are kindly received, especially by Queen Margaret, who to secure the Earl to her side, married he Son the Prince, to Anne, second Daughter o● the said Earl; and took an Oath of him, and such of the Nobility as followed her Fortune not to leave the War, till either King Henry or his Son the Prince, were restored to the Crown. On which he came over for E●●land, and forced King Edward into Holland. Where he stayed not long, but returned, and drove Warwick back to Calais, April 1470. Where having made his Recruits, he came over the August following; and the Country so fell in with him, that King Edward, finding himself not able to withstand the Force, passed the Sea to his Brother-in-Law the Duke of Burgundy, and left his Queen in the Sanctuary at Westrninster, where she was delivered of her eldest Son Prince Edward. Warwick in the mean time making for London, delivered King Henry out of the Tower, and restored him to his Kingly Government, himself neverthelass being made Lieutenant of the Realm; and Clarence (who unknown to the Earl had made his Peace with King Edward his Brother) loyned as Associate with him. The Duke of Burgundy in the mean time, though he publicly refused to appear for King Edward; yet underhand gave him that Supply from others, that he landed again in England, March 12. 1471. where he found his Friends ready to receive him, and the Earl of Warwick (though Clarence began to draw off, and Queen Margaret not yet come with her Succours from France) as forward to oppose him. Notwithstanding which, King Edward got to London, and had King Henry delivered to him by the Archbishop of York, to whose Care the Earl of Warwick (his Brother) had entrusted him. This done, King Edward advanced towards St. Alban's, where Warwick lay, and met him at Barnet-Heath; where after a desperate Engagement, the said Earl, and his other Brother, the Marquis Montacute, were slain, April 14. 1471. King Edward went back to London, and offered his Standard at St. Paul's; nor was the Ceremony scarce over, before news was brought him, That Queen Margaret was landed at Weymouth, with a mighty Power. On which, the King marched against her with what expedition he could, and met her at Teuxbury, May 4. following; and after a bloody Fight, gave her a total Rout, and took the Prince her Son Prisoner, whom the Dukes of Clarence and Gloucester (afterwards King Richard III) slew in the King's presence. Not long after which, the said Queen being found in a poor House of Religion, was brought a Prisoner to London, and so kept, till ransomed by her Father: And to complete the Tragedy, King Henry (now Prisoner in the Tower) underwent the same Fate with his Son, and by the same hand, the 23d. of the same Month and Year, having reigned but six Months after his recovery of the Crown. Upon which, Jasper Earl of Pembroke, taking his young Nephew Henry Earl of Richmond (afterwards King Henry VII) with him made his escape to the Duke of Bretagne, and was well received by him; nor could King Edward with all his Artifices ever get him out of his hands. And now all things quieted a home, the King went for Calais, 1474. to divert the King of France's Attempts upon Burgundy; but the Duke failing to join him according to promise, he made a Peace with the King of France for nine Years, which was sworn to by both Kings, upon an Interview between them near Amiens, 1475. and returned to England. After which, George Duke of Clarence upon some old Disgusts between the King and him, was sent to the Tower, 1476. adjudged a Traitor, and not long after found dead in a Butt of Malmsie, 1477. Leaving Issue by the said Earl of Warwick's Daughter Anne, 

1. Edward, created Earl of Warwick by the said King Edward, and beheaded by Henry VII. 1500.  
2. Margaret, Countess of Salisbury (Mother of Cardinal Pool) beheaded by Henry VIII 1541. In which two died the Right Line and Surname of Plantagenet.    
In the Year 1482. James III. King of Scotand, having broken some Articles between King Edward and him, the King sent an Army into Scotland, under the Command of the Duke of Gloucester; took Berwick, and brought that King to his Terms. But while he was preparing for a War with France, fell sick, and died April 9 1483. in the Forty first Year of his Age, and Twenty third of his Reign. He had to Wife the Lady Elizabeth Grace beforementioned, who brought him five Daughters and two Sons: 

1. Elizabeth of York, born Feb. 11. 1466. designed Wife to George Nevil Duke of Bedford; promised afterwards to the Dauphin, courted by her Uncle King Richard III. but at last married to King Henry VII.  
2. Cecilia, to the Viscount Wells; and after his decease, to— Kyme of Lincolnshire.  
3. Anne, to Thomas Lord Howard, afterwards Earl of Surrey, and Duke of Norfolk.  
4. Bridget, born Novemb. 10. 1480. professed in the Nunnery of Dartford.  
5. Marry, promised in Marriage to the King of Denmark, but died before its Consummation.  
6. Margaret, born April 19 1472. died in her Infancy.  
7. Catharine, married to the Lord William Courtney, Son to the Earl of Devonshire.    
His Sons: 

1. Edward, Prince of Wales; born Nou. 4. 1470.  
2. Richard, Duke of York and Norfolk, Earl of Nottingham and Warren; both murdered by the procurement of the Duke of Gloucester their Uncle, 1483.  
3. George, Duke of Bedford, died an Infant.    
His Natural Issue: 

Arthur (to whom he gave the Name of Plantagenet) created Viscount Lisle, by King Henry VIII. 1523. and died 1542.  
As also one Daughter, Elizabeth Plantagenet, married to the Lord Lumley.    
XVII. Edward V succeeded his Father in Title, though not in the Crown; for being not above Thirteen Years of Age at the death of his Father, Sir Anthony Woodvile, Lord Rivers, his Mother's Brother, was appointed Governor to him, and (with Richard Grey Marquis of Dorset, his Half-brother by the Mother) sent to conduct him from Ludlow (where he then was) to London: And on this, the Duke of Gloucester his Uncle, lays the Foundation of his designed Usurpation; and in order to it, there having been some secret Grudge between Edward Duke of Buckingham his Creature, and William Lord Hastings, then Lord Chamberlain, both Enemies of the Queen's; he first reconciles them, and then rel them how unreasonable it was that the young King their Master, should be in the hands of his Mother's Kindred (a new Nobility) a thing neither Honourable to his Majesty, nor them. Whereupon it is agreed, That they be removed, as Enemies. On this, Gloucester and Buckingham meet the King (with all Obedience) at Stony Stratford, and having secured the Lord Rivers and Dorset (whom they shortly after beheaded at Powfret) bring him to London, May 4. 1483. the Queen (upon hearing what had passed) having, with her younger Son and Daughters, taken sanctuary at Westminster. On which, the Duke of Gloucester is made Protector of the Realm. The next device was how to get the young Duke out of his Mother's hands, which she (as suspecting the design) will by no means consent to. However, at last, what with the Assurance of several of the Privy Council for his safety, and Threats of forcing the Sanctuary for him, he is delivered to the Protector; who with all seeming joy, brings him to the King his Brother, into the Bishop of London's Palace at St. Paul's; and thence honourably through the City (for the King's security, as was given out) until his Coronation. The Protector all along had made his residence near the Tower; and having so tangled Buckingham that he could not safely get off, he comes to the point with him; on which it is agreed between them, That the Protector should have the Duke's aid to make him King; and that the Protector's Son should marry the Duke's Daughter, with a Grant to himself of the Earldom of Hereford, which he claimed as his Inheritance; but could never obtain it in King Edward's time. Whereupon, Buckingham undertakes for the City, with whom he was not the least popular. The King now having his Court in the Tower, the Council meet there for ordering the Solemnity of his Coronation; which was carried on with such forwardness, and the Day appointed for it so near at hand, that all Mistrust was (visibly) set aside; till the Protector (having pumped the Lord Chamberlain by his Friend Catesby, and finding no good to be done on him) came into the Council, June 13. and knitting his Brows, arrested him as a Traitor; for that he, with his Brother's Wife the Queen, had attempted his Life by Sorcery. And therewith giving a knock, a Guard came in, who by the Protector's Command, forthwith carried him out, and struck off his Head; and severally secured the rest of the Council. Whereupon, sending for some of the Chief of the City, he made them a fair Tale, How himself and the Duke of Buckingham were to have been destroyed in Council, by a Conspiracy of the Lord Chamberlain's: And returns them with an Herald, and a Proclamation in the King's Name to satisfy the People. There was at that time one Sir Edmond Shaw, Lord Mayor of London, who (upon promise of advancement) had been made to their Party; as also one Doctor John Shaw, Brother to the Mayor, and Doctor John Penker, Provincial of the Augustine Friars; both noted Preachers, but of more Fame, than either Virtue or Learning: And these are the Men must make that Gospel to the People, which Catesby had undertaken for Law to the Kingdom. And having received their Instructions accordingly, Shaw gins at St. Paul's Cross the Sunday after, where upon that Text (Spuria Vitulamina, &c) The Bastard-Slips shall not take root; he signified to the People, That not only King Edward IU. and his Brother George Duke of Clarence, were not the very Sons of Richard Duke of York, but begotten in Adultery on the Duchess their Mother: But that the now King Edward, and his Brother Richard Duke of York, were both Bastards, inasmuch as their Father King Edward iv at the time that he married the Lady Elizabeth Grace their Mother, was precontracted to the Lady Elizabeth Lucy, who was his lawful Wife before God. Then turning his Discourse to the Protector and his Title, rendered him the express Image of the Noble Duke his Father, and the very Right Heir of his Body begotten. Yet all this took so little with the People, that Penker was reserved till after the Coronation; at which time he so lost his Voice, that he was forced to come down in the midst of his Sermon. The Tuesday following, the Mayor, aldermans, and Commoners being assembled in the Guild-Hall, the Duke of Buckingham came among them; and having raked together whatever could be thought of against King Edward IU. and his Government, he recapitulated Shaw's Sermon, magnified the Protector and his Title, to them; and concluded from the whole (Vae Regno, etc.) woe to that Realm that hath a Child to its King. Neither had this also any effect upon them, till a packed Company at the other end of the Hall, throwing up their Bonnets, and crying King Richard! King Richard! the Mayor took it by the end, and said it was so goodly and joyful to hear so full a Cry, and no one gainsaying it, that he would represent it to the Protector the next Morning; which (accompanied with all the Aldermen and Chief Commoners of the City in their Formalities, and conducted by the Duke of Buckingham) he accordingly did: And the Protector (Good Man) so utterly refused, that they began to be afraid he was in earnest; till at last Good Nature prevailed, and he inclined to their Petition, and took upon him the Kingship, June 22. 1483. which is the sum of the three Months and nineteen Days Reign of King Edward V He was never Crowned, nor married; but (together with his Brother Richard Duke of York) murdered in the Tower, in a short time after.  
XVIII. After this Mock-Election, Richard III. now no longer Protector, was Crowned King, July 6. following, with the selfsame Provision that was appointed for the Coronation of his Nephew; with this addition only, That his Queen was Crowned with him. And now the first thing he did was to commit Morton Bishop of Ely (who had been secured in the Tower) to the Custody of the Duke of Buckingham, who sent him to a House of his at Brecknock in Wales, whence he afterwards escaped, to the destruction of King Richard. That done, the King made a progress to Gloucester, and sent one John Green (whom he 'specially trusted) with a Letter of Credence to Sir Robert Brakenbury, Constable of the Tower; the effect of which was, to put the young Princes to death; which he absolutely refused, though (said he) he were to die therefore. On this, he sent another Letter by Sir James Tyrrel, with a Command to Brakenbury, to deliver him the Keys of the Tower for one Night; which was accordingly done, and the Princes murdered by one Miles Forrest, a Fellow fleshed in Blood before that time, and John Dighton, his own Groom. The Duke of Buckingham had accompanied the King in his Progress; but whether it were that the King had been remiss to him in his Promise touching the Earldom of Hereford, or that the Duke looked a-skew on the Crown he had procured him, the Duke left him at Gloucester; but not without large Assurances from the King, who doubted nothing less but that he was pleased: And so with a merry Countenance, and a disgusted Heart, the Duke went off to his Charge at Brecknock. The Bishop had been a firm Adherer to the House of Loncaster; and the Duke had lost his Father and Grandfather in their Quarrel. This, and the but just Reputation of the Bishop's Experience, begat a Familiarity between them; which after several broken Discourses off and on, came at last to this, That they took an Oath of Secrecy to each other; and the PRESENT USURPATION and Tyranny was the Single Argument. The Duke ran over the King's Breach of Faith with him, and particularly charges him with the Murder of his Nephews, which he had sworn to him never to attempt. Nor was the Bishop wanting to give the Flame vent; and as Occasion offered, to add fresh Fuel to the Fire. On which, it was at last resolved between them, That the Tyrant be removed: And for the manner of doing it, the Bishop (having got within him) proposes to him his own Title, as Grandchild by the Mother, to Edmond Duke of Somerset, lineally descended from John of Gaunt; and so next Heir to King Henry VI Which the Duke answered, by saying, He once thought so, and had resolved on it; till having better considered, he remembered, That Edmond his Grandfather had an elder Brother, John Duke of Somerset, whose Daughter the Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond, is sole Heir to him; and therefore, to marry her Son Henry Earl of Richmond, to the Lady Elizabeth, eldst Daughter of King Edward IU. and there by unite the two Houses of York and Lancaster, were the only Expedient to settle the Kingdom. The Bishop now was where he would be; and therefore for fear the matter should cool, proposes a sober Gentleman, one Reginald Grace, (a Servant of the Countess', not unknown to the Duke) who should communicate the Affair to such Persons as the Duke should direct. Which being approved of, Grace is forthwith sent for, and dispatched to the Countess; who liked it so well, that she sent one Lewis her Physician to acquaint the Queen with it; who returned him to the Countess with this Answer, That if her Son Henry would take a corporal Oath to marry her Daughter Elizabeth, that all the Friends and Favourers of King Edward her Husband, should assist and take part with him. Which being agreed to by the Countess, she sent Christopher Urswick her Chaplain to her Son, in Bretagne; and by another way, moneys, and particular Instructions that he should land in Wales. Matters thus disposed, and Answers returned, the Duke and the Bishop engage several of the Nobility and Gentry in an Oath of Secrecy, and every of them prepare Forces to meet the Earl of Richmond, and join him: Yet things were not so closely carried, but that King Richard got an inkling of it; and therefore plied the Duke of Bretagne (to whom the Earl of Richmond had opened his Design) to deliver the said Earl into his hands: Which he not only refused, but, on the contrary, assisted him with Men and Monies. During which, the Bishop took the opportunity of making an escape into Flanders; which fretted the Duke; and that the more, in regard the King (knowing the Duke to be in the head of the Business) wrote him a kind Letter, thereby inviting him to Court; which he excused with pretence of Sickness. Whereupon the King sent him a peremptory Command; which he as determinately answered by word of mouth, That he would not come to his mortal Enemy; and sent immediately to his Friends to take Arms with him; which they accordingly did: But before they could join him, the Duke's Forces were dispersed, and every Man shifted for himself as he best might: Most of the Chief of which got into Bretagne, and the Duke to the House of one Banister (beside Shrewsbury) whom he had bred from his Youth, and loved and trusted above all Men; yet for the hopes of 1000 l. which was set upon the Duke's Head, he was betrayed by him, and brought to Shrewsbury, where he was beheaded without Trial, Novemb. 1. the same Year. And the Earl of Richmond, and such as had gotten over to him, were attainted in Parliament, 1484. Nor was the Earl idle all this time, but applied himself to Charles VIII. King of France, who liberally assisted him suitable to the Expedition. And so the Earl having given the English Nobility his Oath, That forthwith after his being possessed of the Crown of England, he would take to Wife the Lady Elizabeth, as aforesaid, they swore him Fealty, and did him Homage, and made ready to set forward for England: And being informed, That Richard had gotten the Daughters of Edward iv into his hand, with the Consent of the Queen their Mother, and made away his Wife, to the intent of marrying the said Lady Elizabeth, he made the more haste; and with the Earl of Pembroke, and the rest, put to Sea, and landed at Milford Haven the August following; and thence removed to Hereford, where the Country came in to him; and a Message from the Town of Pembroke, That they were ready to give their attendance on the Earl their Lord. By which means, and several of King Richard's Party falling in with him, his Army grew stronger daily; and the Lord Stanley (who had married the Countess of Richmond, Mother to Henry) lay hover with an Army of five thousand Men; but durst not declare for him, for fear of the Lord Strange his Son, whom King Richard kept as an Hostage for his Father's not acting against him. Yet was not Richard so amazed at it, but that he met his Enemy with a powerful Army at Bosworth near Leicester, where, in the heat of the Battle, the Lord Stanley joined Earl Henry with his fresh Forces, as also did Sir William Stanley his Brother with three thousand more, and slew King Richard, Aug. 22. 1485. whose Crown (found among the Spoil) he forthwith put on the Head of the said Earl; on which, he was proclaimed King by the Army. Thus fell that Usurper Richard, in the Thirty seventh Year of his Age, and Third of his Reign. His Wife was Anne, youngest Daughter of Richard Earl of Warwick; by whom he had  
Edward, Prince of Wales, Earl of Chester and Salisbury; born in his Uncle King Edward IV.'s Reign, An. 1473. (of whom before.)  
As also a Natural Daughter; viz.  
Catharine Plantagenet. But neither of them survived him.  
XIX. §. VII. King Henry VII. (Son of Edmond Teuther Earl of Richmond, by the Lady Margaret, Daughter and Heir of John Duke of Somerset, lineally descended from John de Beaufort ) having thus gotten the Victory at Bosworth, the first thing he did was to secure Edward Plantagenet Earl of Warwick (about Fifteen Years of Age) Son of George Duke of Clarence (of whom also before) kept Prisoner in Yorkshire by King Richard III. together with the Lady Elizabeth; the former of which he sent to the Tower, the other to her Mother in London, whither he followed by slow Journeys; and was Crowned, Octob. 30. the same Year: And having called a Parliament, in which the Inheritance of the Crown of this Realm and France, was entailed on him and the Heirs of his Body, he married the said Lady Elizabeth, Jan. 18. following. In 1486. he called another Parliament, in which it was enacted, That the Queen Dowager Elizabeth should forfeit all her Lands and Possessions because she had voluntarily submitted her sell and her Daughters to Richard III. contrary to her Promise to the Lords, etc. On which, she retired to a Nunnery at Bermondsey, where she died not many Years after. And now such as favoured the House of York, set a Project on foot to lay by King Henry, and advance the aforesaid Edward Earl of Warwick to the Crown. To which purpose, one Richard Simond, a crafty Priest of Oxford, having a sharp Pupil (called Lambert Simnell) and not unlike the said Earl, either for Stature or Years: He is pitched upon to personate him, and take his Name, who (as was given out) had got out of the Tower. Nor was it long ere he was so well instructed in the Mien of a Prince, and the Lineage he was to pretend to, that they adventured for Ireland; where he was received as the undoubted Heir of the House of York, which the Irish rather favoured than that of Lancaster. Upon advice of this, the Earl of Lincoln (Son of John de la Pool Duke of Suffolk, by Elizabeth, Sister to King Edward iv) and others, his Friends; not thinking it meet to neglect so fair an Opportunity, got over into Flanders, to the Lady Margaret, Duchess Dowager of Burgundy (one other Sister of the said King Edward) where they met the Lord Lovel, who had escaped from Bosworth; and at last concluded among them, That Lincoln and Lovel should go into Ireland, and there attend upon Lambert, and honour him as King; and taking with him two thousand Men, should, with the Power of the Irish Men, bring him into England; in which if they succeeded, Lambert should be laid by, and the true Earl of Warwick be delivered out of Prison, and Crowned King. King Henry, on the other hand, made no more of it, than to expose the Earl of Warwick to a public view through the City; till hearing that the Earl of Lincoln was arrived in Ireland, and had Crowned Lambert at Dublin, with a resolution of coming for England, he gathered a great Army against him, who by that time was landed near Lancaster, and came forward to Stoke, where the King's Forces met him; and after a hard-fought Battle, and total Overthrow to Lambert, he and his Tutor were taken Prisoners, June 16. 1487. and being brought to London, Lambert was made a Turn-spit in the King's Kitchen, and the other (as being a Priest) committed to perpetual Imprisonment. There were also other Insurrections the same Year, which the King dispersed by his Proclamation of Pardon, ere it came to the Sword. And having made a Truce with Scotland for seven Years, Crowned his Queen, Novemb. 25. following. About this time the King of France making War upon the Duke of Bretagne, King Henry mediates between them: But to no effect; for upon the death of the said Duke, 1488. the King of France over-ran the Duchy, incorporated it to the Crown of France, and in 1489. married the Duchess. King Henry liked not this new Accession, and therefore (since nothing else could prevail) made War upon France, 1490. The Duchess of Burgundy laid hold of the Occasion, and brings upon the Stage one Peter, or Perkin Warbeck, to take on him the Name and Person of Richard Duke of York, second Son of King Edward IU. her Brother, not murdered in the Tower (as she gave it abroad) but escaped into Ireland, whither she had (underhand) sent him. In which he acted his Part so well, that he was taken for what he personated, 1491. The French King being advertised thereof, sent for him out of Ireland, to the intent to arm him against King Henry, who was then invading France; gave him a Royal Reception, and assigned him a Guard. On which, several of the English got over to him: But it so happening that the two Kings were made Friends, Perkin was dismissed, and (with his Followers) went to the Duchess of Burgundy, who joyfully welcomed him; yet seeming as if she had never seen him, solemnly examined him, Of his escape from being murdered; In what Countries he had wandered; By what means he had found Friends; and, What Chance of Fortune had brought him to her Court. To all which he made such direct Answers, that she assigned him a Princely Guard, and called him The White Rose of England, 1492. And to the end the truth of the matter might be the better known, Sir Robert Clifford, and one William Barely, are by the common Consent of such as favoured the House of York, sent over to the Duchess to declare their Intentions concerning him: Which when she had heard, she brought them to Perkin; who so well humoured the thing, that Sir Robert wrote back to them; and to put them out of doubt, affirmed, That he knew him to be Richard Duke of York, King Edward's Son, by his Face, Gesture, and other Lineaments of his Body. King Henry during this time was not asleep, but sent over several Spies, under the ●otion of Fugitives; by which means, he got into Perkin's Councils, and came to the knowledge of his Confederates; of whom, some took sanctuary, others were put to death, 1493, and amongst them, the said Sir William Stanley (whom he had made Lord High Chamberlain) and that only for saying, If he knew the Youngman was the Son of King Edward IU. he would not draw his Sword against him. Of which being convicted, he was beheaded Feb. 16. 1494. However, Perkin deeming he had Force enough yet left, put to Sea, and attempted to land in Kent; but being repulsed, made back to Flanders, and thence into Ireland; which answering not his Expectation, he sailed for Scotland; where he made his Tale so well, that James iv at that time King, not only owned him as Duke of York, but married him to the Lady Catharine Gourdon, Daughter of Alexander Earl of Huntley, his near Kinsman, 1495. and the Year following, invaded England with Fire and Sword, and, in a manner, wasted Northumberland. On which, Perkin beseeching him to spare his Subjects, the King disgustingly bade him first see if they were his Subjects, or not; and finding few or none come in to him, returned for Scotland. King Henry (on this) resolving a Revenge on Scotland, the Parliament granted him a Subsidy of 120000 l. against the Payment of which, Cornwall rebels; and under the Conduct of one Flammock a Lawyer, came into Somersetshire, where they were headed by the Lord Audley, 1496. The King of Scots lays hold on the Occasion; and invading England again, besieges Norham Castle, which Fox Bishop of Durham (Lord thereof had fortified: But being not able to take it suddenly, and hearing the Earl of Surrey was on his march near him, returned for Scotland, and was followed by the Earl; when by the Mediation of the Ambassador of Spain, Commissioners (whereof the said Bishop was one) are appointed to treat between both Kings, at Jedard in Sctoland; which ended in a Truce: With this Condition nevertheless, That though the King of Scots could not be persuaded to deliver up Perkin, that yet he should discharge him his Protection and Dominions; which was accorded, and accordingly done, 1497. The Cornish men in this time had gotten within four Miles of London, where, after a great Slaughter, their Leaders were taken, and executed: Yet were not the Rabble so absolutely cut off, but that (upon their coming home) hearing Perkin was gotten into Ireland, they sent to him to come and head them; which he slacked not to do; and being proclaimed King by the Name of Richard iv laid siege to Exeter; but hearing the King was marching against him, sent his Wife to the Mount in Cornwall, whence she was taken and delivered to the King, and flying away by night himself, took sanctuary at Beaudly in Hampshire; but finding no possibility of escaping, and withal tempted with the promise of pardon, he voluntarily submitted himself to 〈◊〉 King's Pleasure; who set him in the Stocks upon a Scaffold, in the most public Places of London and Westminster, where he confessed the Impostor; and having after that attempted an escape, he was arraigned and convicted, Novemb. 16. 1499. and on the 23d. of the same Month, drawn and hanged at Tyburn: And the said Earl of Warwick, upon his Arraignment before his Peers, as consenting to the same, having confessed the Indictment, and throwing himself upon the King's Mercy, had Judgement thereupon; and was beheaded on Tower-Hill the 28th. following. And so (after fifteen Years imprisonment) ended this poor Earl, and with him the Name of Plantagenet. While matters went thus at home, the King of Scots writes to the Bishop, That because he had several things touching the Peace of both Crowns, which he would communicate with himself only, he desired him to come into Scotland; which (with King Henry's approbation) he accordingly did; and from one thing to another so wrought it, that a Match was concluded between the said King of Scots, and the Lady Margaret, eldest Daughter of King Henry, 1501. contracted Jan. 25. 1502. and took effect 1503. the Queen her Mother having died Feb. 11. before. Nor had this Match been sooner concluded, than the King married his eldest Son, Arthur Prince of Wales, to the Lady Catharine, Daughter of Ferdinand King of Spain, Novemb. 14. 1501. After which, the Prince not living above five Months, his younger Brother Henry (afterwards King Henry VIII.) was created Prince of Wales, Feb. 18. 1503. After which (besides filling his Coffers) the King did little, saving the getting into his hands Edmond de la Pool, Son of John de la Pool, Duke of Suffolk, by Elizabeth, Sister of King Edward IU. who (as pretending to the Crown) had not long before fled into Flanders; upon the King's Promise nevertheless, That he would not put him to death, which he observed, but left it to his Son; and died April 22. 1509. in the Fifty second Year of his Age, and Twenty third of his Reign. A wise, politic Prince, who having the Three Titles of Lancaster, Conquest, and his Wife Elizabeth, eldest Daughter of King Edward IU. could never be brought to declare by which of them he claimed. He had Issue by her, 

1. Margaret Tudor, born Nou. 29. 1489. of whom before; Grandmother of Mary Queen of Scots, the Mother of James VI King of Scots, in whom the Kingdoms of England and Scotland were united.  
2. Elizabeth Tudor, born July 2. 1492. died Sept. 14 1495.  
3. Marry Tudor, born 1498. promised to Charles Prince of Castille, afterwards Emperor; but upon the death of her Father, married to Lewis XII. King of France.  
4. Catharine Tudor, born Feb. 2. 1503. but died young.    
His Sons: 

1. Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales, born Septemb. 20. 1487. died (in his Father's life-time) April 2. 1502.  
2. Henry Tudor, Duke of York, born June 22. 1492. and succeeded his Father.  
3. Edmond Tudor, born Feb. 21. 1498. and died the Year following.    
XX. Upon the death of King Henry VII. his only surviving Son Henry, was the day following proclaimed King, by the Name of King Henry VIII. His Father's Funerals, and his own Marriage with the Princess Catharine, Widow of his Brother Arthur (by the Dispensation of Pope Julius II.) being over, his next business was their Coronation, which was performed June 24. 1509. and quieting the Clamours of the People, touching the matter of Sir Richard Empsom, and Edmond Dudley Esq; Persons employed by Henry VII. for compounding the Forfeitures upon Penal Statutes; which they had managed so ill, that being thereof severally convicted, they were attainted in Parliament of High Treason, and thereupon beheaded, Aug. 18. 1510. Howbeit, John Dudley, Son and Heir of the said Edmond, was restored in Blood by the same Parliament; and towards the latter end of the King, made Viscount Lisle, and Lord High Admiral of England. The New-year's day following, the Queen was brought to bed of a Prince, named Henry, who died Feb. 22. following. And now the Magnificence of the Court being somewhat allayed, the King resolved of a Royal Expedition into France, to which the Parliament gave largely; but not thinking it safe to leave the beforementioned Edmond de la Pool behind him, he took off his Head, April 30. 1512. and having created Sir Charles Brandon (Son of Sir William Brandon, Standard-Bearer to Henry VII. at Bosworth-Field, and there slain) Viscount List, he landed at Calais, June 30. 1513. and taking the Field, laid siege to Terwin; where the Emperor Maximilian taking pay under him, wore the Cross of St. George, as the King's Soldier. To relieve this Place came the French with a powerful Army, Aug. 16. but were so put to flight, that (in memory thereof) it was called The Battle of Spurs; and the Town surrendered in two days after. From thence he advanced to the City of Tournay, took it, and returned for England, Septemb. 24. To divert the King from this pursuit in France, James iv of Scotland had invaded England, and besieged Norham Castle, but was encountered by the Lord Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (Lieutenant of the North in the King's absence) at Flodden Field, where the said King lost his Army and Life together, Septemb. 9 the same Year. On which, the King created the said Earl Duke of Norfolk, with an augmentation to his Coat, of a Demi-Lion shot in the Mouth, within a Country Treasure Flowery, three Parts of the Arms of Scotland; Sir Charles Brandon Viscount Lisle, Duke of Suffolk, Feb. 2. 1514. and Thomas Woolsey (his Almoner) Bishop of Lincoln, the March after. Lewis XII. King of France, now stricken in Years, began to be weary of War; and finding that the designed Marriage between the Prince of Castille, and the Lady Mary, Sister of K. Henry, was broken, sent over Ambassadors to treat of a Peace, and amongst other things, of a Match in particular, between this Lady and himself, with Offers of a large Dowry, and Security for the same; which, by the management of Woolsey, was so contrived, that both took effect; with this Condition, That if the French King died, than the Lady (if it stood with her Pleasure) might return into England again, with all her Dowry and Riches. Which being consented to, a Peace was proclaimed Aug. 7. the Marriage consummated Octob. 9 the Queen Crowned Novemb. 5 1515. and came to Paris the next day; where, after several solemn Justs, the English left her; and the King her Husband died Jan. 1. following. Not long after which, Cardinal Benbrike, Archbishop of York, King Henry's Ambassador at Rome, dying, Woolsey is made Archbishop thereof, and (upon the Archbishop of Canterbury Warham's giving up the Seal) the next Year Lord Chancellor, and Cardinal. Upon the death of King Lewis, Francis I. succeeded him, to whom, and the Queen his Sister, King Henry having made the usual Compliments; and being advertised of her Inclination to return into England, he sent the Duke of Suffolk to receive her; which was honourably condescended to, and the Queen delivered to him; who pleased her so well, that she married him at Calais, and returned with him for England, 1516. The King seems offended at it, but is quickly reconciled: However, the Cardinal (now Legate à Latere) disobliges him, and not him only, but the Prime Nobility of England, particularly Edward Stafford Duke of Buckingham (the last hereditary High Constable of England) whose Head also he brought to the Block, May 17. 1521. and with that, and his other Exorbitances, the general Hatred of the Commons upon himself. But what hastened his Ruin may seem to be this: Charles V Emperor and King of Spain, had refused him the Archbishopric of Toledo; to be revenged of this, he procured a Friendship between King Henry and the King of France, to the end, That if (probably) a Divorce could be made between the King and Queen (Aunt to the said Emperor) that the King might have married the Duchess of Alencon, the French King's Sister. However it were, the King (after a Twenty Years Marriage) makes it a Scruple of Conscience, Whether she could be his lawful Wife, as having been the Widow of his elder Brother Prince Arthur; and endeavours a Divorce; from which, the Queen appealed to the Pope. The Cardinal, on the other hand, finding the King had an eye on the Lady Anne Bullen, Daughter of Sir Thomas Bulen, Treasurer of his Household, whom he had created Viscount Rochfort, June 18. 1525. and Earl of Wilis, Decemb. 1529. and (notwithstanding his Endeavours to the contrary) would marry her, if the Divorce (to which the Pope was utterly averse) took place; so shuffled the matter between the Pope and the King, that he fell into the King's displeasure; which wanting no aggravation of his Enemies (for Friends he had few or none) the Great Seal was taken from him, Nou. 17. 1529. and Sir Thomas Moor (Speaker of the House of Commons) made Lord Chancellor, the 24th. of the same Month; and a Writ of Praemunire issued against him; in which (upon his Confession) he had Judgement to forfeit all his Lands, Tenements, Goods, and Chattels, &c, of which he made a large Inventory; and sending it to the King, by Sir William Gascoigne his Treasurer, retired into the Country: Howbeit, the Bishoprics of York and Winchester were not taken from him, nor Plate and Householdstuff sufficient for his Degree. His Power thus clipped, one would have thought it sufficient; but (alas!) he had a Head yet left, and who knew but the King might not have quite forgotten him; therefore to make sure Work, and him a terrible Example, (for those are the Words) there were Forty three Articles, signed by the said Chancellor, and by Fourteen Lords of the Privy-Council, and the Two Chief Justices, exhibited to the King, against him, Decemb. 1. 1530. which being brought down from the Lords to the Commons, Thomas Cromwell his Secretary (a Member of the House) made so honest a Defence of his Master, that the King took him into his Service. After which, the Lord Chancellor Mocre (as little fond of having the King marry the Lady Bullen, as had been the Cardinal) foreseeing the Cloud that was gathering against him, after long suit made to be discharged of his Office, gave up the Seal, May 7. 1532. and was beheaded for denying the King's Supremacy, July 6. 1535. or rather, because that he had not put on his Wedding-Garment for the Lady Bullen, whom he made Marchioness of Pembroke, Septemb. 1. married her Jan. 25. following, in the presence of Cranmer, his late Ambassador at Rome, whom (not long after) he made Archbishop of Canterbury. Whereupon it was enacted, That Queen Catharine should no more be called Queen, but Princess Dowager: And the Archbishop (not to be wanting on his part) divorced her from the King, and by a Public Sentence, declared the Marriage to be void and of none effect, May 23. 1533. On which, Queen Anne was Crowned, June 1. delivered of a Daughter (Elizabeth, who afterwards was Queen) Septemb. 10. following. And lastly (after a like Divorce) beheaded with a Sword, May 19 1536. Three days after whose death (some say sooner) he married the Lady Jane Seimour, Daughter of Sir John Seimour, who brought him a Son (Prince Edward, who succeeded him) October the 12th. 1537. and died two days after. During this ●ime, the Cardinal (with the King's leave) was on his Journey for York, but arrested of High-Treason by the way, and died at Leicester Abbey, Nou. 30. 1530. ere he could reach London. To him succeeded, in Favour and Power, his Servant Cromwell; the occasion thus: The Cardinal had (by the Pope's Licence) suppressed some small Religious Houses, for the Endowment of his Colleges of Christ's- Church in Oxford, and Ipswich; which the King made use of as a Wimble, to let in the greater Augre; and Cromwell, his Instrument for suppressing the rest. If they voluntarily surrendered, they went off with Pensions; if otherwise, and that they defended their Possessions, they ran (Whiteing) the Abbot of Glastenbury's Fate, to be hanged for taking Arms against the King: From which Beginnings, there were first and last dissolved Monasteries 645. (whereof 26 had Place and Voice among the Peers) Colleges 90. Chauntries and Free-Chappels 2374. Hospitals 110. Nor was the King wanting to give him a Figure suitable to the Undertaking; for in the compass of three Years, he made him Master of the Jewel-House, a Privy Councillor, Secretary, Master of the Rolls, Lord Privy-Seal, and Baron Cromwell, July 10. 1536. Vicegerent (in Spiritualibus) the 18th. of the same Month: Knight of the Garter, April 23. 1538. Earl of Essex, and Lord High Chamberlain of England, April 18. 1540 And his Son Gregory, Baron of Okeham; which Title remained in his Family, till by the death of Vere Cromwell, late Earl of Ardglas in Ireland, without Issue Male, it was extinct, 1686. The King had now been a Widower two Years, when Cromwell (thinking to rivet himself in the King's Favour, by a Queen of his making) negotiated a Match for him with Anne, Sister of William Duke of Cleve, etc. who was married to him Jan 6. 1540 But the King not liking her, they were divorced by Act of Parliament, upon her own Consent; she renouncing the Title of Queen, for that of the King's adopted Sister. And with this Match fell Cromwell; for it brought him into the King's disfavour: Nor wanted he Enemies to load him; by whose procurement he was committed to the Tower, July 9 1540 and (the King having No More need of him) attainted in Parliament (of High Treason and Heresy) without so much as being called to answer; and thereupon beheaded, the 19th. of the same Month. His FIFTH Wife was the Lady Catharine Howard, Daughter of Edmond, third Son of Thomas, first Duke of Norfolk; whom also he attainted in Parliament, and beheaded, Feb. 13. 1541. The Year following, the Title of Lord of Ireland, was (by the respective Parliaments of both Kingdoms) altered into that of King of Ireland: And to encourage such of the Irish Nobility as came in to him, he created O Brian, Earl of Thoumond, June 3. 1543. And Mac-William a-Burgh, Earl of Clanricart, July 1. following; and 12th. of the same Month married the Lady Catharine Parr, Widow of the Lord Latimer, who had the luck to survive him; and was afterwards married to the Lord Admiral Seimour. Nor had he (after that Year) the opportunity of doing much, saving that he landed an Army in Scotland, under the Conduct of the Lord Admiral Dudley, who burnt Lieth to the ground, forced Edinburgh; and having fired it (as also Thirty other Towns and Villages) came back for England, by Berwick, 1544. And to close the last Scene of his Life, he made a Royal Voyage into France, and besieged Boulogne; which by the Personal Courage and Conduct of the said Lord Admiral, was surrendered, and the King road triumphantly into it, Sept. 8. the same Year, and made him Governor thereof. For the recovery of this, the French made several attempts; but all unsuccessful: Whereupon it was at last concluded between the two Kings, That if the King of France paid the King of England 800000 Crowns in eight Years, he should have Boulogne restored to him; and that in the mean time, it should remain in the King of England's hands, as a Security for the Money, June 7. 1547. After which, falling into a Dropsy, he died Jan. 28. following, being the Fifty fifth Year of his Age, and Thirty seventh of his Reign. He had the Soul of a Prince, Magnificent and Liberal; and whatever may be said of Kingcraft, understood what it was to be a King: Nor were the Pope's Julius II. and Leo X. less sensible of it; which made them so forward to have engaged him to their Interest: For the former having by a Decree of the Council of Lateran, deprived the King of France of the Title of Christianissimus, transferred it to him; but died before the Bull was sent over, 1514. and the latter granted to him (& Poster is suis) the Title of Defensor Fidei, 1521. His Wives (as hath been said) were SIX; but he had Issue only by the Three first; viz. By Queen Catharine, 

1. Henry Tudor, born Jan. 1. 1509. and died Feb. 22. following.  
2. Another, not Named, born 1514. but lived not long.  
3. Marry Tudor, born Feb. 18. 1518. and afterwards came to be Queen of England.    
By Queen Anne Bullen: 

1. Elizabeth Tudor, born Septemb. 10. 1533. who succeeded her Half Sister Mary in the Crown.  
2. A Male-Child stillborn, Feb. 29. 1535.    
By Queen Jane:  
Edward, born as before; made Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester, Octob. 18. 1537.  
His Natural Issue:  
Henry, surnamed Fitz Roy, begotten on the Lady Elizabeth Talbois, Daughter of Sir John Blount Kt. and Widow of Sir Gilbert Talbois; created Earl of Nottingham, June 18. 1525. and the same day Duke of Richmond and Somerset. Died without Issue, his Father living, 1536.  
XXI. To his Father, succeeded his only Son Prince Edward VI (a Protestant) to whom being yet but Nine Years of Age, his Mother's Brother, Sir Edward Seimour (created Viscount Beauchamp, 1536. Earl of Hertford, 1538.) was appointed Governor, proclaimed Lord Protector, Feb. 1. 1547. and made Duke of Somerset the 17th. of the same Month: At which time also, his younger Brother, Sir Thomas Seimour, was made Lord Sudley, and High Admiral of England; the late Lord Admiral Dudley, Earl of Warwick; the Lord Chancellor Wriothsley, Earl of Southampton; and the King Crowned the 25th. following. Whereupon the REFORMATION began; but the Lord Chancellor seeming averse to it, was removed from the Privy-Council, discharged of all his Offices, and Sir William Pawlett, Lord St. John, made Chancellor in his room. In which Year, the Parliament having given the King Free-Chappels, etc. he set out the Free-Chappel of St. Stephen, founded by King Stephen, for a place of Sitting for the House of Commons, which before that time had been in the Chapter House of the Abbot of Westminster. And now Commissioners being appointed for matter of Religion (not yet disannulled by Parliament) it came into the Protector's and Council's mind, of a Match that (upon the death of King James V King of Scotland) had been treated and concluded by the Parliament of that Kingdom, with King Henry VIII. for the Prince his Son (now King) with the Lady Mary their young Queen, sole Daughter and Heir of the said James; and which, by the Contrivance of Cardinal Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, was now obstructed, to the intent of marrying her to Francis Dauphin of France; as it afterwards took effect, April 24. 1558. To have prevented this, an Army is raised, and Scotland invaded by Sea and Land; where, after several Skirmishes, the Protector engaged them at Fauxside and Musleborough; whence, after a great Slaughter, and having secured a Footing in the Country, he returned for England the September following: But (as to the young Queen) did so little good, that it was doubted, Whether this Army (and that too for a great part Foreigners) was rather raised to force a Princess out of her own Country, to the Marriage of a Prince not yet ripe for her, than to secure himself at home. During this, and his Brother the Lord Admiral's absence in Scotland, whether it were that the Protector's Wife could not brook the Queen Dowager Parr, her Husband's (the Admiral's) younger Brother's Wife, to take place of her; or that the Admiral kept not thorough-pace with him, there grew such a feud between the Brothers, that cost them both their Heads: For within a Year and half after their return, the Admiral was sent to the Tower, and (without Trial) attainted in Parliament; and thereupon beheaded, March 20. 1549. Nor had he recovered this false Step, before he made another, in slipping an Opportunity that played into his hand; for the Commissioners having thrown all Images, and what thereunto appertained, out of the Churches, and the Parliament abolished the Missal, and enjoined a New Book of Common-Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments in its room, the Cornish Men first, and after them, Oxfordshire, Bucking, hamshire, Norfolk, York, and others, ran into Rebellion, which he fortunately suppressed, and thereby became Master of an Army, which he might have wrought to any thing, at least crushed his disguised Friend, but secret Enemy, the Earl of Warwick, who had stola the Lords of the Council from him, and now jointly impeached him, as the occasion of the late Tumults; and at the same time pray the City and the Commons, to aid them to take him from the King: Whereupon he is committed to the Tower, Octob. 14 following; and having not Interest enough to hinder the said Earl from being made Lord High-Chamberlain, he tamely submitted to a Marriage between the Earl's eldest Son, and his eldest Daughter, and got his Liberty for that time. But this patched Friendship lasted not above two Years; for the Earl of Warwick being made Duke of Northumberland, and the Lord Henry Grace Marquis of Dorset (his Confident) Duke of Suffolk, Octob. 11. 1551. and now Governing all, the late Protector was (within five days after) again committed to the Tower, and convicted of Felony, upon a Statute of his own making; viz. For purposing and attempting the Lives of (the said Northumberland and Suffolk) two of the King's Privy-Council, which by that Statute was made Felony. On which, he was beheaded Jan. 22. following: And the King left so unguarded by any but themselves and their Creatures, that it seemed no difficulty to bring the Crown into their own Families. To this purpose, a Marriage is contrived between the Lord Guildford Dudley, Fourth Son of the said Duke of Northumberland, and the Lady Jane Grace, eldest Daughter of the said Duke of Suffolk, by Frances, Daughter of Mary, Sister of King Henry VIII. of whom before; and that so covered under the specious Pretence of securing the Protestant Religion, against the Lady Mary the King's Sister, a Catholic, that the King not only furthered it, but being in a sickly condition, did by his last Will and Testament, declare the said Lady Jane Grace, to be Rightful Heir in Succession to the Crown of England. To which also (besides the Lords of the Council) all the Judges subscribed their Names, excepting only Sir. James Hales (one of the Justices of the Common-Pleas) who would neither by Word nor Writing give his Assent to the disherison of Queen Mary: Not long after which, the King died, to wit, July 6. 1553. in the Seventeenth Year of his Age, and Seventh of his Reign; but unmarried, and Childless, and might (perhaps) have lived longer, if he had not been a King.  
Three days after, the Lady Jane Grace was proclaimed Queen; and the same day the Lady Mary, Sister of the last King Edward, and eldest Daughter of King Henry VIII. sent a Letter to the Lords of the Council, thereby claiming the Crown by Right of Succession; and requiring them upon their Allegiance, to have her proclaimed Queen. Which being slighted by them, she withdrew to her Castle of Framingham, whither several of the Nobility and Gentry repair to her. The Council, on the other hand, dispatch the Duke of Northumberland after her; but the Men of Suffolk first, and after them, those of Oxfordshire, Northampton, and Norfolk, came in so thick to her, and six Ships of War declaring for her, the Council at London proclaim her Queen, the 19th. of the same Month; left the Duke of Northumberland to shift for himself, and secured the Lady Jane, and her Husband in the Tower.  
XXII. Queen Mary (a Catholic) being thus proclaimed, the Duke of Northumberland was arrested at Cambridge, and brought to the Tower; and (together with the Marquis of Northampton, and the Earl of Warwick, Son and Heir of the said Duke) arraigned of High-Treason before Thomas Duke of Norfolk, Lord High-Steward of England; where praying the Opinion of the Court, Whether a Man doing an Act by Authority of the Prince's Council, and by Warrant of the Great Seal of England, and doing nothing without the same, may be charged with Treason for any thing done by virtue of the same? And being answered, That the Great Seal which he laid for his Warrant, was not the Seal of the Lawful Queen of the Realm, but the Seal of an Usurper, and therefore no Warrant to him; he confessed the Indictment (as also did the other two) and had Judgement, as in Cases of High-Treason, Aug. 18. the same Year: On which, the said Duke was beheaded the 22d. and Queen Mary Crowned Octob. 1. following: At which time also, she published a General Pardon; in which notwithstanding, were excepted by Name, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishop of London, and others of the Clergy; and the two Chief Justices, Sir Edward Montacute, and Sir Roger Cholmley, with other Men of the Law, for counselling, or at least consenting to the Deprivation of Queen Mary, and aiding the aforesaid Duke of Northumberland, in the pretended Right of the beforementioned Lady Jane; who (with her Husband) were arraigned and attainted Nou. 3. next ensuing, as also was Archbishop Cranmer. The beginning of January following, the Emperor Charles V sent over Ambassadors, fully impower'd to treat and conclude a Marriage between Queen Mary, and Philip Prince of Spain, his Son and Heir; which afterwards took effect. But this Match being not so well relished by the Commons, nor much better by some of the Nobility, it was confederated between them to raise a War, rather than suffer such a Change of State, as they doubted might follow, by the Queen's thus Matching herself with a Stranger. The first that appeared in it was Sir Tho. Wyatt (a powerful Man in Kent.) The occasion thus: A near Friend of his, one of the Conspirators, was committed to the Fleet (by the Council) for other matters; whereupon Sir Thomas suspecting that the Plot was discovered, ran into Arms before the time that had been appointed between them: However, having gotten a strong Party together, he published a Declaration (at Maidstone in Kent) against the said Marriage; and thereby desired his Friends, and all English Men, to join with him and others, to defend the Realm from the danger of being brought in Thraldom to Strangers: Whereupon several considerable Persons, with their Followers, came in to him. And the Duke of Suffolk made the like Proclamation in Leicester. Nor wanted the Queen, on the other hand, such as gathered as fast to suppress them; for the Lord Abergavenny having opposed him in Kent and Coventry, shut their Gates against the Duke of Suffolk, there seemed nothing to the contrary, but the Duke of Norfolk, by this time gone down against him, must have swallowed him; as probably he had done, but that 500 of the London White-Coats that went with him, revolted, and took part with Wiat. Upon which, the Duke made what retreat he could, and Wyatt went on for London; but being beaten off at London-Bridge, he got over at Kingston, and was so encountered from Park Corner to St. James', and thence to Charing-Cross, and through the Strand, that being not able to make further than Temple-Earr, where he met a fresh Opposition, he delivered himself, and was sent to the Tower Feb. 7. following; and in two days after, the Duke of Suffolk. The Lord Guildford Dudley, and the Lady Jane his Wife, behead the 12th. and the 23d. of the same Month, the Duke himself; and Sir Thomas Wyatt headed and quartered, but neither drawn nor hanged, April 11. 1555. his Head set upon the Gallows, and his Quarters about the City. After which, the Marriage between the Queen and Prince Philip of Spain, was openly solemnised, July 25. the same Year, and a Parliament opened Novemb. 12. following, in which Reginald Pool, Cardinal, (Legate à Latere from Pope Julius III. not many days before landed in England) was restored in Blood, and the Act of Henry VIII. by which he was attainted, repealed; and the Kingdom reconciled, and absolved, the 29th. of the same Month (but not before an Act had first passed, for securing Abbey-Lands in the hands of the present Possessors) and the Cardinal made Archbishop of Canterbury, the March following. In the Year 1557. the Queen (to compliment her Husband) proclaimed a War against France; and at the same time held Calais so unprovided, that the Duke of Guise ●in revenge of the Loss of St. Quintin) surprised it, and took it in a Week's time, after it had been in the English possession 211 Years. It was said that the Queen was with Child, and a solemn Office appointed to be used in all Churches for her safe Delivery; but it proved a Mola (or false Conception) of which shedied, without Issue, Novemb. 17. 1558. in the Thirty ninth Year of her Age, and Sixth of her Reign. And the same day died the said Cardinal Pool, a younger Son of Sir Richard Pool, Knight of the Garter, by the Lady Elizabeth, Countess of Salisbury, Daughter of George Duke of Clarence, Brother of King Edward IU. and left the Kingdom reconciled, as hath been said. Yet this hindered not, but that  
XXIII. The Lady Elizabeth, Half Sister to Queen Mary by the Father (a Protestant) was proclaimed Queen, and Crowned Jan. 25. following. She rescinded whatever the Queen her Sister had done in matters of Religion, and proceeded upon what her Brother King Edward VI. had begun: Amongst the rest, she suppressed such Religious Houses, as were anew set up by Queen Mary, as Zion, Sheen, Westminster, etc. This last Monastery was in the Year 1539. surrendered to Henry VIII. who erected thereof a Dean and Chapter; and in 1542. raised it to a Bishopric, of which he made Thomas Thereby the first Bishop, who proved the last also: for the Queen made it a College, consisting of a Dean, Twelve prebend's, a Schoolmaster, an Usher, Forty Scholars, Twelve Almsmen, and named it the Collegiate Church of Westminster. The Reformation of Edward VI in England, had by this time reached Scotland, which the Queen Dowager (by assistance of the French) strongly opposed; and many of the Scots Nobility on the other hand, make suit to Queen Elizabeth (under the Name of The Lords of the Congregation) for her Aid against Popery, and them; which was readily granted, and a considerable Army sent into Scotland, 1560. where after various Fortune on either side, and the death of the Queen Dowager of Scotland, a Peace was concluded between Queen Elizazeth, and Francis and Mary, King and Queen of France, and Scotland, about July following; immediately after which, died the said Francis, leaving his Crown to his younger Brother Charles, and the said Mary Queen of Scotland, Queen Dowager of France, who (though laid wait for to be intercepted) took the opportunity of a Mist, and got safely into Scotland, 1562. from whence she sent Letters to Queen Elizabeth, proffering all observance and readiness to enter into League with her, so she might by Authority of Parliament be declared her Successor which was but her Right. To which the Queen answered, That though she would no way derogate from her Right, yet she should be loath to endanger her own Security, and, as it were, cover her Eyes with a Grave-Cloth while she was alive. And here began the Jealousies of State between the two Queens; the one doubting her Succession was intended to be frustrated; and the other, That her Possession might be invaded. And yet they kept it so fair with each other, that the Queen of Scots being, in 1563. follicited by her Uncle the Cardinal of Lorraine, to a Marriage with Charles Archduke of Austria (with an Offer of the Arrears of her Dowry, and a Restauration of the Scots to their former Liberties in France, which by the death of her Uncle, the Duke of Guise, had been broken, in case she would adhere to the French (against whom the Queen of England had about that time assisted the Hugonots) she gives her notice of it, and requires her Advice in it. Queen Elizabeth, on the other hand, persuades her to take a Husband out of England, and recommends to her the Lord Robert Dudley (whom not long after she made Earl of Leicester) withal promising, That if she would marry him, she should by Authority of Parliament be declared her Successor, in case she died without Issue: But whether it were that she disdained the one, or that she was loath to make a breach with England, by accepting the other, nothing came of either. But having (by the leave of Queen Elizabeth) gotten Henry Lord Darnly, Son of Matthew Stuart Earl of Lenox, by Margaret Douglas, Niece of Henry VIII. by his eldest Sister, out of England (upon pretence of restoring him to the Possessions of his Father, who had been in England as an Exile now twenty years, made him Lord Armanack, Earl of Ross, and Duke of Rothsey, a Dukedom by Birth appertaining to the eldest Sons of the Kings of Scotland, married him in five Months after, and with the Consent of most of the Peers of Scotland, declared him King, about June 1565. A Person of a Princely Presence, and not above Nineteen Years of Age.  
The Prior of St. Andrew's, the Queen's base Brother, but one, that more affecting a Temporal Honour, than a Spiritual Title, had been made Earl of Murray, had underhand dealt with Queen Elizabeth, to have prevented this Marriage; in excuse of which, the Queen was let know, She had no reason to be displeased with it, inasmuch as she had followed her Advice, Not to marry a Stranger, but an Englishman born. Nor (perhaps) was Queen Elizabeth much troubled at it, as knowing the mild Disposition of the Lord Darnly, and how little of Strength it added to the Queen of Scots; but, on the contrary, foreseeing it would beget Troubles in Scotland, which was the Security of England. However it were, the Queen of Scots being brought to Bed of a Son, June 19 1566. she sent Queen Elizabeth notice of it, who congratulated her safe Deliverance, and her Son, and was his Godmother; and by her, and the respective Ambassadors of Charles King of France, and Philibert Duke of Savoy, gave him the Name of Charles James, in whom afterwards, in Right of his said Mother, the Crowns of England and Scotland came to be united.  
Murray thus disappointed where he least expected, complies with the present, and strikes in with the yet Inadvertency of the young King, and makes a Division between the Queen and him; which his Instruments so improved with her, that whereas before in public Acts she had used to place her Husband's Name first, she now caused it to be placed last; and in her Coin, began to leave it out quite. Nor was the Breach yet so wide, but it might have been closed again, had not Murray created a Jealou●ie in him concerning one David Rizie (an Italian) the Queen's Secretary and told him plainly it stood not with his Honour to suffer him to live; which so nettled the King, that rushing one Evening into the Queen's Chamber when she was at Supper, he caused the said Rizie to be dragged out of her presence, and murdered, of which afterwards the King grew so sensible, that he threatened a Revenge upon Murray, who had counselled him to it; which the other prevented in striking the first Blow, by procuring the King to be strangled in his Bed, his Body thrown into the Garden, and the House immediately blown up; the Queen, whatever the Rumour of the People were, least doubitng her Brother Murray. And here comes his Masterpiece.  
The Earls of Bothwell and Morton, had been his Confederates in the Murder; and when the Days of Mourning were a little over, Murray, by himself and his Instruments, insinuates to her the danger of the Kingdom by her being thus left alone, and advises her to marry some one that might be able to assist her against all her Opposers; and after some time, recommends Bothwell to her, a Person in favour with her, and of great Eminence for his Valour: To which, being destitute of Friends, she at last consents, provided due respect might be had to her young Son, and that Bothwell legally acquit himself of her Husband's Murder. Whereupon Bothwell stands his Trial, and is acquitted by his Judges: On which, the Queen makes him Duke of Orkney, and by Consent of many of the Nobility, marries him, 1567. And now Murray is where he would be; for having, during Queen Mary's abode in France, by his Patriarch Knox, and his Chaplain Buchannan, (under PRETENCE of Reformation) embroiled the Kingdom, by affirming, That Royalty was not tied to any Stock or Kindred, but Virtue only, whether the Parties were legitimate or not; thereby making way to the Kingdom for himself; and not being able to have hindered the Queen's second Marriage, made a Discord between her and him, whom he afterwards murdered; this Murray, the same Man that had acquitted Bothwell, and not only advised, but promoted his Marriage with the Queen, now takes Arms against her, as privy to Bothwell's Murder of her Husband. On this, Bothwell finding himself out-witted, flies into Denmark; and Murray seizes the Queen, and vilely threw her into Prison in Loch-levyn, under the Custody of his Mother, the Concubine of James V but now boasting herself to have been his Wife, and her Son his lawful Issue. During which time, Knox and his Disciples thunder against her from the Pulpits: Buchannan, with his De Jure Regni apud Scotos, and Murray with his armed Logic so terrify her, that she resigned her Kingdom to her Son, scarce Thirteen Months old, and made Murray Regent of Scotland during his Minority; alleging to Queen Elizabeth for her so doing, That she had done it through the Counsel of her-Ambassadour Throckmorton, who told her, That a Grant extorted from one in Prison (which is a just Fear) is actually void, and of none effect. However, on this the young King was Crowned, and Murray proclaimed Regent; but the Queen still kept in Prison; from whence (after Eleven months' imprisonment) by the help of one of the Douglas', she makes an escape to Hamilton-Castle, where, in a meeting of a great part of the Nobility, this extorted Resignation of the Queen's, is declared actually void from the beginning. Whereupon Multitudes flock in to her; but being undisciplined, they are defeated by Murray; Herself nevertheless making an escape into England, landed at Wickington in Cumberland, May 17. 1568. having first sent her Servant Beaton to Queen Elizabeth, to intimate her Intention; with a Diamond Ring also, which she had formerly received from her, as a Pledge of mutual Amity. Nor was she sooner landed than she wrote her a Letter, thereby declaring her Condition; and withal desiring she might be conducted to her Presence. To which, Queen Elizabeth, by a Letter sent by Sir Francis Knolles, returned her a comfortable Answer, and promised her Aid and Defence, according to the Equity of her Cause; but denied her access, for that she was held guilty of many Crimes; and therefore ordered her to be brought to Carlisle. From thence she seconded her first Letter, further praying, That she might have leave to unfold the Injuries she had received, and answer the Crimes objected in her presence; withal alleging, It was but reasonable that the Queen should hear her, and restore her to her Kingdom, against those, whom when they lived in exile for their Offences against her, she had fully restored at the Queen's Intercession, but to her own undoing, if not prevented in time. Lastly, beseeching her, That she might have admittance to her, and assistance from her, or departed out of the Kingdom with her leave, to crave aid elsewhere, forasmuch as she came into it of her own accord, as relying upon her Love, so often honourably promised, by Letters, Messages, and Tokens. Upon this, the Queen commiserating her Condition, could have found in her Heart to have restored her, had the Council thought it stood with the Queen's security: And therefore the Question was, What should be done with her? To detain her in England, it was to be feared those that favoured her Title to the Crown, would leave nothing unattempted to set it on her Head: And moreover, the Trust of Keepers was very uncertain: To send her for France, the Guises (her Kindred) were too powerful; and to return her into Scotland, those that favoured the English would be put from their Places; the French advanced; the young King exposed to danger; the Religion changed; Ireland invaded by the Highlanders; and Queen Elizabeth in hazard at home: And therefore it was thought best to detain her, till she had given satisfaction for usurping the Title and Arms of England, and ansered for the Death of the Lord Darnly, a Native Subject of the Queen's. Yet it had this effect, That the Queen sent to Murray and his Confederates, to come and answer the Queen of Scots' Complaints, and give sufficient Reasons why they had deprived her, or that she would restore her. On which, Murray with seven others came to York (the Place appointed) and were the same Day met by the Duke of Norfolk, and two others, Commissioners for Queen Elizabeth: But the Queen of Scots disdaining to be heard by her Subjects, or any thing less than the Queen herself, nothing came of it but Words: And Murray returned to his Regency; but riding through Lithquo, was shot dead by a Hamilton, 1569. In whose room was elected, by the Lords of Scotland, the beforementioned Matthew Earl of Lenox, the young King's Grandfather. And now frequent applications having been made to Queen Elizabeth, by the Ambassadors of France and Spain, for the Delivery of the Queen of Scots, but without effect, she was Excommunicated by Pope Pius V Feb. 24. the same Year; which occasioned her many Troubles, and at last the death of the Queen of Scots; who after an Eighteen Years imprisonment, was arraigned, tried, and sentenced (by 'special Commission) at Fotheringham-Castle; for that pretending a Title to the Crown of England, she was privy and consenting to several Treasons, tending to the Invasion of England, and the Hurt, Death, and Destruction of the Queen, Octob. 25. 1586. And thereupon, Infesto Regibus Exemplo (as says her Epitaph) securi percutitur, Feb. 8. following, and Forty sixth Year of her Age; albeit the King of France, and more particularly the King of Scots her Son, and several others, made strong Intercessions to have saved her. However, the Queen seems troubled at her Death, and lays it to the Inconsiderateness of her Secretary Davyson; and to that purpose sent a Letter in excuse of it (written with her own Hand) by Sir Robert Cary, whom the King refused to set foot in Scotland; and with much ado receiving his Letter, re called his Ambassador, and breathed nothing but Revenge. And yet the Queen gave not over; but sending him the Sentence of the Star Chamber against Davyson, and an Instrument signed by all the Judges; in which they aver, That the Sentence against the Queen of Scott, could in no wise prejudice his Right in the Succession; it so mollified, that he made a Virtue of Necessity; and chose rather to wait with Patience th●n hazard all by an uncertain War with England.  
And now come that Climacterical Year of the World (as Astrologers called it) to wit, 1588., at what time (there being an actual Treaty then on foot between the Crowns of England and Spain, and Commissioners on both sides then sitting upon it near Ostend, but made use of by the Prince of Parma, only to trifle away time, till the Spanish Armada came upon the English Coast) Philip II. King of Spain makes an attempt upon England, with 130 Ships, whereof 72 were Galleasses and Galleons; in which were 19290 Soldiers, besides Mariners and Galleyslaves; to have been joined by the Prince of Parma with 50000 Veterans: But where ever lay the Miscarriage abroad, every hand was so at work at home, that enobling our Coasts with their mighty Spoils, those few of them that escaped, returned with more Confasion, than they set forth with Expectation. After which, the King of Scots, by her Ambassidour (Sir Robert Sidney) let the Queen know, That he had overpassed all Injuries, and desired a sincere and perfect Amity with her: And as an instance of it, not only married Anne, Daughter of Frederick II. King of Denmark, with the Queen's good liking, 1589. But when O Rork, having rebelled against her in Ireland, was driven into Scotland, he was, upon the Queen's Request, delivered back into Ireland, 1590. Nor was there after that any Solemnity of an Embassy ever passed between them, but as occasion offered, it was constantly dispatched by a private Messenger, till the day of her death; which the Scots had a long time impatiently expected, but believed never would be, while there was an Old Woman alive in England; tho' at last it came to pass, March 24. 1602. in the 69th. year of her Age, and 45th. of her Reign. But never married.  
XXIV. §. VIII. To her succeeded James VI Kiug of Scotland, Grandchild of James iv King of Scotland, by Margaret, eldest Daughter of Henry VII. King of England; who (the Male Line being extinct) had the indisputable Title to the Crowns of England and Ireland; and was thereupon proclaimed King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, the same Day that the Queen died: Of which he had first notice by an unsent Messenger, the beforementioned Sir Robert Cary, whom (upon his coming into England) he some Years after made Baron Leppington: And upon a more solemn Address from the Lords of the Council, came for England, and was (together with his Queen) Crowned, July 25. 1603. being St. James' Day: A little before which, there having been several Embassies made to Congratulate their Access to the Crown, the King created a Standing Officer for the Reception and Introduction of Ambassadors, by the Name of Master of the Ceremonies, with the yearly Fee of 200 l. of whom the first was Sir Lewis Lakenor. Nor had the King been scarce warm in his Throne, when the Lord Cobham, and others, were arraigned and convicted of High-Treason, for a Conspiracy to kill the King, raise a Rebellion, altar Religion, subvert the State, and procure an Invasion; of which Sir Walter Raleigh (a mortal Enemy to Spain, and no Friend of the Scots) was one; and after a Fourteen Years reprieval (by the means of the Spanish Lieger Gundomar) had his Head taken off upon the former Judgement, though there wanted not those that thought it was Jure & Injuria. And now came on the Business of Spain: As King of Scotland, the King was in Amity with Spain; as King of England, at War with it: And therefore finding himself under that double Circumstance, he first called in all Letters of Mart against the Spaniard, and not long after, concluded a Peace with them; to the Confirmation of which, Albertus and Isabel, Archdukes of Austria, were sworn. And thus in Peace with all Christendom, the King created his Second Son Charles Duke of Albany (then Four Years old) Duke of York, Jan. 2. 1604. with the yearly Fee of 40 l. payable by the Sheriff of York out of the Issues, etc. of that County.  
The Year following was discovered the Gunpowder Treason Plot, which ended in the Attainder and Death of the Conspirators; and was particularly congratulated by the King of Spain, and Archdukes of Austria. In the Year 1610. the King (having had an Aid of his Subjects to make his Son a Knight) created Prince Henry (now Seventeen Years of Age) Prince of Wales; but he lived not long to enjoy it; for during the Treaty of a Marriage between Frederick Prince Palatine of the Rhine, with the Lady Elizabeth, the King's only Daughter, he sell sick, and died, Novemb. 6. 1612. However, the Marriage took effect, and was consummated on St. Valentine's Day following: And Prince Charles created Prince of Wales, 1615. But hear the time the King had created his Son Henry Prince of Wales, he created a new Patent-Honour of descendible Knighthood, by the Name of Knights Baronet's. The occasion thus:  
In the beginning of the King's Reign, Charles Lord Montjoy, Lord Deputy of Ireland, returned for England, and brought over with him Hugh O Neal, Earl of Tyrone, who (Queen Elizabeth yet living) had submitted himself to the Queen's Mercy, and whom the King pardoned; and made proclamation, That he should be treated with Respect and Honour. And yet in 1609. he goes off into Ireland; and with Tyrconnel and others, gets beyond-Sea, and solicits a new Assistance from foreign Princes; but having left several forfeited Lands behind them, in the Counties of Colerain, Tyrone, and Donegal, the King comes to Articles with the City of London for the planting and building the same: Which being accepted, the King by his Charter, 1611. erects the Ville of Derry into a City, and the Town of Colerain into a Mayor-Town; and, together with the said forfeited Lands, consolidates the whole into one County; by the Name of the County of London-Derry: And having by the same Charter created a Body Politic of Twenty four Persons (Twelve of them to be annually elected out of the Twelve First Companies of London) for the Government of the same, by the Name of The Society of the Governor and Assistants, London, of the New Plantation of Ulster in the Realm of Ireland, grants the said City, Town, County, and forfeited Lands, to the said Society, and their Successors in perpetuity, under the yearly Rent of 205 l. And now to give Countenance to it, and put 200000 l. in his Pocket, without being beholden to his Subjects, he erected this new Honour; and for him, his Heirs and Successors, covenanted with each of them respectively, That they, and the Heirs Males of their Body, should take Place next the youngest Sons of Barons: That (by way of augmentation to their own Arms) they should bear a part of O Neal's Arms; viz. in a Canton, or Escutcheon Argent, a hand Dextre couped, Gules: And lastly, stinted their Number to Two hundred Persons; whose Issue, as they chanced to fail, should not be supplied with new Persons, but the Order to run out. In which last Clause yet, the King covenanted for himself only, and left out his Heirs and Successors; tho' (if the printed Lists be true) Himself made Two hundred and One. In consideration of which, each of them was to maintain Thirty Foot-Soldiers in Ireland for Three Years, after the rate of Eightpences a Day; and for the payment of the moneys, strike a Tally in the Exchequer for 1000 l.  
The King also, some time after, erected a like Order of Baronet's of Nova Scotia; who instead of the said Hand dextre couped, should wear an Orange-coloured Ribbon athwart their Shoulders (as Knights of the Bath their Red Ribbon) with a Medal, on which the Arms of Scotland were enamell'd, and a Pear-Pearl at the end of it; with this Motto: Faxment is honestae Gloria. But whether (besides the advantage of another Plantation) he got as much by the one, as he did by the other, does not appear: Though this may be said of both, All Parties were well satisfied. Nor happened there, during this time, any thing much remarkable, saving the breaking one Favourites Neck, to make way for another; the placing and displacing of Great Officers; the frequent Creations of Nobility; which though it added to their Number, may (perhaps) be thought to have taken from their Grandeur, and the Death of Queen Anne, which happened March 2. 1619.  
The Palsgrave Frederick thus strengthened with the Alliance of England, was, in the Year 1621. elected King of Bohemia: Nor was he sooner invested in the Crown, than the Imperial Bann issued against him; which was so seconded with a longer Sword, that having lost the Battle of Prague, and with it his New Crown, and his own Patrimony of the Upper and Lower Palatinate, he was forc' to retire into Holland. On this, King James (though he never could be brought to own his Son-in-Law as a King) had that care of his Daughter, that he sent an Embassy to the Emperor, to solicit the Restitution of the Palatinate; which returning without success, he consults Gundomar what to do in the matter; who advises him to make a Marriage with the Prince his Son, and the Infanta of Spain, Which (said he) would be easily effected, if the Prince might have leave to make a Journey into Spain. Which was accordingly done, and the Prince received with all the Kindness and Magnificence imaginable: Where having been spun out for eight Months together to no purpose (contrary to the Expectation of most Men) he returned safe into England. Whereupon the King taking new measures, it was first resolved to recover the Palatinate by Arms, in which the Parliament promised him a liberal Assistance; and next, to provide the Prince a Wife elsewhere: For which purpose, an Embassy was sent into France, to treat of a Marriage with Henrietta Maria, younger Daughter of King Henry IU. and Sister of Lewis XIII. King of France; which took effect, but was not consummated till after the Death of King James, which happened March 27. 1625. in the Fifty eighth Year of his Age, and of his Reign of England the Twenty second, and of Scotland the Fifty sixth. He had but one Wife, viz. Queen Anne, of whom before; and by her, 

1. Henry Friderick Stuart, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall and Rothsey, and Earl of Chester; born (in Scotland) Feb. 19 1593. died Nou. 6. 1612.  
2. Robert Stuart, born and died very young in Scotland.  
3. Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, and, Princess Palatine of the Rhine; born Aug. 19 1596. (in Scotland) died Feb. 13. 1661.  
4. Margaret Stuart; born (in Scotland) Decemb. 24. 1598. died young.  
5. Charles Stuart, Duke of York and Albany; born Novemb. 19 1600. succeeded his Father.  
6. Marry Stuart; born (in England) March-1605. died two Years after. And,  
7. Sophia Stuart; born (in England) June 21. 1606. died two days after.    
XXV. To his Father (his elder Brother being dead) succeeded Charles, the First of that Name, about the Age of Twenty five Years, and was proclaimed King the same Day his Father died: The Solemnity of whose Funerals being over, the first thing he did was to hasten the coming over of the Queen, to whom he was married by Proxy at Paris, May 1. and consummated at Canterbury, June 13. following. Of this Prince it may be truly said, He was a Man of Sorrows: And yet, if there be any thing in History to be named before him, it is not that He was less able, but their Times better. Therefore for the truer understanding of both, it is the least Justice we can do His MEMORY, to consider under what ill Circumstances He came to the Crown.  
There had followed his Father, out of Scotland, Two Sorts of People; the One purely for the Loaves; the Other, to double the Interest of that Doctrine, that had forced his Mother out of Her Kingdom, who kept himself so long in Pupillage, and to which England was not so altogether a Stranger, but that they found the Lump leven'd to their hand. Some (like them) calling also themselves the Lord's Ambassadors, and pretending a Right from God, to Govern every one his Parish, and their Assembly the whole Nation: Others (and those different in Opinions among themselves) that would have all Congregations free, and independent upon one another: Others, That held Christ's Personal Reign was at this time to begin upon Earth, and therefore would have no other King but King Jesus: Besides several others (from the first Litter) yet every of them descending its Sect by Scripture, according to the narrow scantling of their own Interpretations. These again meeting with a Purse-proud City, a poor Crown, and a Gentry that no less affected a Popular Government in the State, than themselves did in the Church; Both cry up Liberty, and inveigh against Tyranny (that is) whatever they were not themselves. And so, what wonder of those Consequents that embroiled the King's Reign! The ill Effects of which too many have seen, and may (perhaps) be felt the next Century.  
However, the King having summoned his Parliament to meet at Westminster, June 18. aforesaid, he told them, That at their earnest Entreaty, in March, 1623. his Father had taken Arms for the recovery of the Palatinate, which, with the Crown, was now devolved upon Himself: That the Supplies already given, held no proportion with the Charge of the Enterprise: That the Eyes of all Europe were upon him; and a Failure in this his first Attempt, would be a Blemish to his futare Honour: And therefore desired them (if not for His, for their Own Reputation) to deliver him fairly out of that War, wherewith themselves had encumbered him, by an expeditious Supply. On which, the Commons gave Two Subsidies, and the Clergy Three; and the Parliament (by reason of the Plague) was adjourned to Oxford, to be held there Aug. 1. following; where the King briefly acquaints them with his Wants, in order to the design's Expedition. They, on the other hand, petition against Popish Recusants, and receive from him a satisfactory Answer; but instead of a Supply, debate a Remonstrance of Grievances to be first redressed, before a Supply given. So that not agreeing who should be first trusted, the King or Themselves, the Parliament was dissolved, and another summoned to meet at Westminster the next 6th. of February. The Candlemas Day before which, the King was solemnly Crowned.  
But here also the King met no better success than he had in his first: For the Commons began, where they left at Oxford, with Religion and Grievances: And to add to it, it fell unfortunately, that the Earl of Bristal being under restraint, the King had sent him no Writ of Summons to the Parliament; whereupon he petitions the Peers, That being a Peer of the Realm, he had not received a Writ of Summons; and therefore prayed the Benefit of his Peerage; and that if any Charge were against him, he might be Tried in Parliament. Upon which (and the Request of the Peers) his Writ was sent him, with a Letter from the Lord Keeper, That though his Majesty had awarded him the Writ, yet 〈◊〉 was his Pleasure that his Personal Attendance should be forborn. This Letter the Earl sent to the Lords, with a second Petition, beseeching to be heard, both as to his wrongful Restraint, and what he had to say Against the Duke of Buckingham. This alarmed the Duke, whom the Commons already beheld with no good Eye; and therefore to begin with him first, the Duke prevails with the King, to command the Attorney-General to Common him to the Lord's Bar, as a Delinquent; where he appeared, May 1. and was by Mr. Attorney charged with Eleven Articles of High-Treason: But before they were read, the Earl said, My Lords, I am a Freeman, and a Peer of the Realm unattainted: I have somewhat of high Consequence to his Majesty's Service, and beseech your Lordships to give me leave to speak. The Lords bade him go on. Then (said he) I accuse that Man, the Duke of Buckingham. of High-Treason. And immediately presented Twelve Articles against him: After which, the Articles against the Earl being read, and himself committed to the Black-Rod, the House ordered, That the King's Charge against the Earl should be first proceeded on, before that of the Earl against the Duke. And now the Ice thus broken, the Common (by eight of their own Members) sent up Thirteen Articles of high Offences and Misdemeanours against the Duke; which he answered with so much modesty, that it much abated the Heat that many had against him: And in regard the matters charged had been transcted in King James' time, he claimed the Benefit of the Pardon of the Twenty first of King James, and the present King's Coronation Pardon. On which, the Commons thus disappointed, having prepared a Declaration of the same nature with their Impeachment, the Parliament was dissolved by Commission, June 14. 1626. and no Supply given: By which means, the Relief then setting forth for Rochel stayed so late in the Year, that they were dispersed with ill Wether, and forced to return without doing any thing. The King of Denmark, to whom the King had sent born Men and moneys for the recovery of the Polatinate, was routed by Tilly (the Emperor's General;) and without a present Supply, the Sound was in danger to be lost, and the English East-land Trade and Staple at Hamburgh almost given up for gone. And now what wonder if the King's extraordinary Wants, put him upon extraordinary Courses? He borrows 120000 l. of the City of London, for which they had Lands of 21000 l. yearly value assured to them; and 30000 l. of the East-India Company: And for the rest made use of Privy-Seals, Loans, as such other ways as might enforce a less necessitated Prince to. However, that a last Extremity might not run him beyond his Natural Inclination, he calls a Parliament, which opened March 17. 1627. where he so pathetically laid before them the cause of their meeting; which was, The Common Danger; a Supply proportionable to it; The Exigence of Time; the just defence of Friends and Allies: And, lastly, closed all with his Hopes of their following that Advice, of maintaining the Unity of the Spirit, in the Band of Peace; that the Commons unanimously voted him Five Subsidies. On which, the King (by his Secretary) let them know, He would deny them nothing of their Liberties, which any of his Predecessors had granted.  
But while the Bill for these Subsidies was preparing, the old Leven fermented anew: Loans, Privy Seals, Billeting of Soldiers even in cases of Necessity, and Martial Law for keeping them in order, was questioned, as contrary to Magna Charta; which terminated in this, That the King gave his Royal Assent to that so-much-talked of Petition of Right (wherein yet he granted no New Liberties, but confirmed the Old) with this Declaration concerning the true Intent thereof, That the Profession of both Houses in the hammering of the Petition, was no ways to entrench upon his Prerogative, saying, They had neither Intention nor Power to hurt it. Of which Intent and Meaning of his, in granting the said Petition, he commanded all to take notice; Especially (said the King) you my Lords the Judges; for to you only under Me, belongs the Interpretation of the Laws: For none of the Houses of Parliament (joint or separate) whatever New Doctrine may be raised, have any Power to make or declare a Law without My Consent. And yet this did not so quiet some turbulent Heads of the Commons (who would be satisfed with nothing but the Kingdom also) bet that they yet remonstrated against several late Miscarriages in Government; and concluded with the Duke of Buckingham, as the Common Grievance of the Kingdom, and tacked it to the Bill of Subsidies; which the King took notice of; and withal hearing they were preparing another, against Tonnage and Poundage, prorogued them from June 26. to Octob. 20. 1628. Between which, and the said next Meeting, the Duke was slain at Portsmouth (in the Thirty sixth Year of his Age) as he was fetting fail for the Relief of Rochel, by one John Felton, a discontented Officer of the last Year's Army; and the Parliament put of to the 20th. of January. At what time the Debates running so high against the pretended increase of Popery and Arminianism, and the levying Tonnage and Poundage, not yet granted by Parliament. The King (by Warrant of the Privy-Council) sent for several of the Principal Authors of those Disorders; Four of which appearing; and refusing to answer out of Parliament, what they had said and done in Parliament, they were committed to the Tower, the Parliament dissolved, March to and such as had not appeared, were apprehended, and committed to several other Prison's; and an Information preferred against ●hem in the Star-Chamber; to which they demurred: And in Michaelmas, 1629. brought their Habeas Corpus' in the King's Bench, and ●●ov'd to be Bailed; which the Judges allowed; with this, That they ought to find Sureties for ●●e Good Behaviour, in that it is a prevention of Damages to the Commonwealth, and an Act of Government and Jurisdiction, not ●f Law. Which being refused by them, they were remanded: And the King waving his Proceed in the Star-Chamber, an Information was exhibited in the King's Bench against Three of them, for Words spoken by them in ●he foregoing Parliament, falsely, maliciously, ●nd seditiously, as well against the King, the Peers of the Realm, etc. as to raise a Tumult and Sedition, subvert the Government, and to the intent all the King's Loving Subjects ●hould withdraw their Affections from Him. To this the Defendants pleaded, That forasmuch as the Offences are supposed to have been done in Parliament, they ought not to be punished in any other Court but in Parliament; and demurred to the Jurisdiction of the Court: Which after full Argument on both sides, was overruled by the Court, and a Day given them to plead further; which they not doing, Judgement was given against them upon a Nihil dicit, That they should be imprisoned during the King's Pleasure; not to be delivered till Security given in Court for the Good-Behaviour, and acknowledgement of the Offence; and each of them respectively final according to his Condition; it being further said by the Judges, That Plowden in Queen Mary's time was fined for Words spoken in Parliament against the Dignity of the Queen; And it was the Opinion of the Justice's i● 8. Eliz. That Offences committed in Parliament, are punishable out of Parliament.  
The Scots during this time were not idle at home, but blew those Coals of Discontent among the People, which afterwards fired the three Kingdoms; nor wanted there an opportunity at present. The Lands of Cathedrals and Religious Houses, with the Superiorities and Tithes belonging to them, had been by Act of Parliament settled on the Crown; but by the Contrivance of Murray, and other Regent's during the Minority of King James, parcell'd among the Lords and Great Men of the Kingdom, thereby to make a Party to themselves: And King Charles coming to the Crown engaged in a War, and having no Aid from them, took a legal course to resume them. On which those Occupants that well knew they had no other Title than the Usurpation of their Ancestors, combine together to oppose the King in every thing that should be offered in Parliament relating to Church-Affairs; and because Religion was the best Bait to hook in the People, and conceal themselves, they centre on that, and only wait the Occasion; which fell thus: King James, from his first coming to the Crown of England (though he failed in his Design of making the English and them into one People) had proceeded so far 〈◊〉 bringing the Kirk of Scotland to an Uniformity to the Church of England, that he not only settled Episcopacy among them, but in the General Assembly of Aberdeen, 1616. procured ●n Act for composing a Liturgy, or Common-Prayer; to be first presented to the King, and after his Approbation, universally received through the Kingdom: And a Book of Canons, which also was further improved by that other of Perth, 1618. and both ratified by an Act of Parliament of that Kingdom: But what by reason of the Palatinate War, and his own Death, it went no further in his time. And King Charles was so taken up at home, that he was forced to defer the finishing it till he came into Scotland, where he was Crowned, May 18. 1632. And in a Parliament which fate soon after, he caused an Act of Ratification of all that had been done by his Father to be proposed, which (not without strong opposition) was carried by the far greater Number: And after his return for England, he ordered the Dean of his Chapel-Royal at Edinburgh, That the English Liturgy, with its usual Ceremonies, should be used in his said Chapel. On this, the Presbyterian Scots insinuate to the People, That this was a Design to subject the pure Kirk of Scotland, to the Superstitions of the Church of England: And the Lords and Gentry (who feared nothing more than that they should be forced to surrender) possessed them, That Scotland was to be reduced into a Province, and Governed by a Lord Lieutenant, as was Ireland. And th●doz'd into a Belief that their All was at stake, what was there on which their Drivers might not run a heedless Multitude.  
And now the Dutch seeing the King's hand● full, not only encroached upon the Brit●●● Seas, by their frequent Fishings, but began 〈◊〉 dispute the Right of the Dominion, in 1634 which the King being resolved to maintain and having several Precedents for jevying a Naval Aid upon the Subjects, by the sole Authority of the King, by a Writ under the Great Seal, when the Good and Safety of the Kingdom is in danger; the King (by Letter under his Signet, Feb. 12. 1636.) consults the Judges in it; who all of them (Twelve in number) returned their Opinions under their Hands, That theKing might do it; and in case of refusal, compel the doing it by Law; And that the King is sole Judge, both of the Danger, and when and how the same is to be prevented and avoided. However, Two of them (Hutton and Crook) afterwards retracted what they had so formally given under their Hands; which was the cause of no little Trouble in the Kingdom, the Sound of which was not long ere it reached Scotland; albeit, upon the solemn Arguments of all the Judges in the Exchequer-Chamber touching this matter, Judgement was given for the King.  
The King (as has been said) had ordered ●he English Liturgy to be used in his Chapel-Royal at Edinburgh, which (at the Request of ●he Scots Bishops) having been amended to their ●wn Model, was agreed to by the King, and ●ent back into Scotland; and by the Bishops ●nd Lords of the Council of that Kingdom, ordered to be read in the Great Church, July 23. 1637. Upon the very opening of which, there ●rose such a Tumult of Stools and Cudgels thrown at the Dean (the Reader's Head) that ●he Provost and Bailiffs of the City, had much ●do to suppress. Nor fared it better in several other Churches, where (by the like Command) it was also read; and from one thing to another ran to that height, that Protestations being grown too strong for Proclamations, they enter into a Confederacy, and bind it with a Covenant, for Maintenance of the King's Person and Authority, (but how?) in Defence of the Gospel of Christ, and Liberties of the Kingdom (of which themselves were Judges) and the mutual Defence of each other, against all Persons whatsoever. Whereupon the Marquis Hamilton is fent thither to compose the Differences; but with no effect: For (notwithstanding all the King's Condescensions) they could neither be brought to acknowledge they had parted from their Obedience, nor renounce their Covenant; than the least Tittle of which, they declared they would fooner renounce their Baptism. And thereupon took upon them a Power of convoking a General Assembly; in which, they first deprived all the Bishops, and soon after abolished the Order itself, seized the King's Castles, and ran into Arms; but finding the King upon the Borders with a powerful Army, and themselves better prepared for a Treaty than a Battle, a Pacification is made, July 17. 1639. And upon promise of future Loyalty, the King pardons them.  
But (alas!) the Core was not got out, and the Ulcer rather skinned over than healed; for the King had scarce come to London, ere they broke all their Articles, and apply to the King of France to favour their Proceed, and give them his Assistance. On which, the King calls another Parliament, which opened April 13. 1640. and instead of taking the King's Business in hand, or the least notice of this Insolence of the Scots, ran to that height against Ship-Money, Knighthoods, and the Actions of divers Ministers of State, though done by the King's Warrant, that they were dissolved May 5. following.  
And now the Scots, who had formed an Intelligence with some of the English Nobility and Gentry, and consequently assured of being favoured by them when it came to a Point, take Arms again; and publish a Declaration, Not to lay them down, till Religion was settled in both Nations; and the Causers and Abettors of their present Troubles (the Prelates and their Adherents, but more particularly the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Earl of Strafford) were brought to public Justice in Parliament, which also they desire may be called: And thereupon march into England; where notwithstanding their giving out, That they would take nothing without ready Money, they charge those adjacent Parts with Eight hundred and fifty Pounds a Day. Nor had the King been so negligent all this while, but that by the help of his better-affected Subjects, he met them with an Army sufficient to have reduced them, had it come to a Battle; or had he not been overpersuaded out of it, into a Treaty at Rippon, he had probably prevented those ill Consequences that followed the slipping that Opportunity. However, it ended in a patched Agreement for the present, and gave the King the advantage of being assured of the Earl of Montross' Fidelity to him, and readiness to serve him. On which, the King calls a Parliament, which met at Westminster, Novemb. 3. the same Year: And hitherto was but the beginning of Sorrows.  
The Parliament thus met, the King declared his earnest Desires for the Welfare of the Kingdom; desired them (as he promised he would) to lay by all Prejudice, and he would freely put himself upon the Love of his Subjects: Willed them to consider of the best way for the Safety and Security of England: First, in chase out those Rebels who had invaded it; and next, for satisfaction of Just Grievances. And as freely leaving it to them where to begin, closed with this, That it should not be 〈◊〉 Fault, if this were not a good and happy Parliament.  
And truly, great might have been the Hopes concerning this Parliament, had they not begun a Note too high, to make any Comfort: For first, an Impeachment was sent up from the Commons against the Earl of Strafford (who had been the late General against the Scots) Novemb. 12. On which, he was forthwith taken into Custody, and committed to the Tower, Novemb. 22. brought to his Trial, March 22. which lasted till April 13. And lastly attainted by Act of Parliament, and thereupon beheaded, May 12 following: And the same 10th. of May that the King gave his Royal Assent to that Bill of Attainder, he gave the like to another, That this Parliament should not be Dissolved, or Prorogued, but by Act of Parliament.  
And now having gotten this firmer footing, to what they had begun before, in enlarging such as had been fined and imprisoned by the Star-Chamber for Libelling; voting Ship-Money unlawful, and the Lord Keeper a Traitor; impeaching the Archbishop of Canterbury, whom (after a Four Years imprisonment) they beheaded by an Ordinance of Lords and Commons, at which Seven Lords only were present; They proceed to Acts of Parliament for vacating Ship-Money; taking off the several Courts of Star-Chamber, High-Commission, the Presidencies of Wales, and the North; the Bishops outed the House of Peers: And having singled out the King, as it were, by Himself, they pray a Guard out of the City of London, to be Commanded by the Earl of Essex: Which the King refusing, he is so harassed with Tumults, that he is forced to remove from London: And (which fell fortunately to their Game) a Rebellion in Ireland having broke out the 23d. of October before, the King had given his Assent to two Bills; the one, for the borrowing 400000 l. for the necessary Defence of England and Ireland; the other (which brought in little less) for the Encouragement of Adventurers for the reducing of Ireland. And so having gotten such a Fund, they not long after further petition, That the Tower of London, all other Forts, and the whole Militia of the Kingdom, might be put into such hands, as should be recommended to him by both Houses. But being refused by the King, they publish a Declaration,  
That whatsoever They declare to be Law, ought not to be questioned by the King:  
That They, without the King, are Judges of the Public Good:  
That the Sovereign Power resides in both Houses; and that the King ought to have no Negative Voice:  
That Treason cannot be committed against his Person, otherwise than as he is entrusted with the Kingdom, and discharges that Trust; of which they are Judges.  
And thereupon raise an Army, and make the Earl of Essex General thereof, and the Earl of Warwick Admiral at Sea, notwithstanding the King had appointed another. On which, many of the House of Commons, and most of the Peers, repair to the King at York; the King proclaims Essex and his Adherents Traitors, and sets up his Standard at Nottingham, Aug. 20. 1642. In return of which, they (in 1643.) voted the Queen a Traiter, for helping her Husband with Ammunition, and some English Forces out of Holland: And actually brought in an Army of Scots to fight against the King; when yet they had made it an Article of High-Treason against the Earl of Strafford, for that he should have said at Council-Board, If his Majesty pleased to employ Forces, he had some in Ireland, which might serve to reduce the Kingdom: The Question also at that time being touching Scotland.  
However, the King, without other Supplies than the voluntary Assistance of his Loyal Nobility and Gentry, made a shift to bring the West, the North, and several other parts of the Kingdom, under his Obedience; till at last, oppressed by those inexhaustible Banks (as the Weekly Assessments, which for the Year came to above 1700000 l. the Plate, ready Monies, and Jewels borrowed upon the Public Faith, which in London and Middlesex, came to upwards of Ten Millions, besides the Profits of their new Excise, Sequestrations of King's, Queen's, Prince's, Bishops, and Delinquents Lands; Tonnage, Poundage, and whatsoever was in any wise due to the King) which, contrary to the known Laws, they had raked to themselves; and not being able to recover that fatal Battle of Naseby, June 14. 1645. He sunk by degrees; and at last threw himself upon (his Countrymen) the Scots, who Delivered him up to the Parliament for 200000 l. and they kept Him under a Guard at Holmby.  
The Parliament now in possession of the King, came to be divided into two Parties, Presbyterian and Independent; and the Army, which was every of them a Sect by itself, thinking they had as much Right to Him as the others, seize Him, and bring Him to Hampton Court, about the middle of August, 1647. from whence (without bettering His Condition) He escapes into the Isle of Wight, and by Letter to the Parliament, desires a Personal Treaty at London: They, on the other hand, vote Him 5000 l. for His present Accommodation, and send Him Four Preliminary Bills to sign; but those so Unreasonable, that the King refusing them, they (amongst other things) vote no more Addresses should be made to Him; and the Army declares to stand by them in those Votes, and what shall be further necessary for the prosecution thereof.  
On this, several Parties in London, Wales, Essex, Kent, etc. rise for the King; a part of the Navy go off to the Prince; and the Scots (under Duke Hamilton) enter England. To suppress these, the Army is sent abroad, and Cromwell makes against Hamilton, takes him Prisoner, and pursues the rest to Edinburgh. During this absence of his, the Parliament revoke their Votes of Non Addresses, and appoint Five Lords and Ten Commoners to treat with the King at Newport in the Isle of Wight, with Honour, Freedom, and Safety. But (alas!) they dodged so long about Trifles, that upon Cromwel's return before any thing was concluded, the Army remonstrate, and require, That the King be brought to Justice, as the Capital Cause of the Civil War: And thereupon having garbled the Commons of Forty odd Members, and required that Ninety more, and all others, that by their Votes, Decemb. 5. before, had approved the King's Concessions for a Peace, at the Isle of Wight, should be excluded the House, till they had entered their Dissents to those Votes; that Fagg-end of them that was left, restored the Votes of Non-Addresses, voted a Charge of High-Treason against the King, and drew up an Ordinance for his Trial: Which being rejected by the Lords, they made it an Act of their own; and on Saturday, Jan. 20. 1648. brought Him before a Mock-High-Court of justice, consisting of one Bradshew their Precedent, Cromwell, his Son-in-Law Ireton, and Seventy two others, that appeared and sat; and with ignominious Expressions charged Him, That as a Public Enemy of the Commonwealth, he had traitorously and maliciously levied War against the present Parliament, and the People therein represented. And after four Days, not allowing Him to be heard, unless he first acknowledged the Authority of their Court, He was as Infamously sentenced to have his Head severed from his Body; which was accordingly executed in the open Street, before his Royal Palace of Whitehal, Jan. 30. 1648. in the Forty eighth Year of his Age, and Twenty fourth of his Reign. And thus fell this oppressed King; than whom, many have worn a Crown longer, no one left it with so much Resolution.  
His Queen and Relict was Henrietta Maria, as hath been before said; by whom he had Four Sons, and as many Daughters.  

1. Charles Stuart, born, Christened, and died the same Day, March 18. 1628.  
2. Charles Stuart, Prince of Wales, born May 29. 1630. who after a Twelve Years subversion of the Government, was restored, 1660.  
3. James Stuart, Duke of York, born Octob. 14. 1633. who (his Brother dying without Issue) succeeded him in the Crown.  
4. Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, born July 8. 1640. died after the Restauration, Septemb. 13. 1660.   
His Daughters: 

1. Marry Stuart, born Novemb. 4. 1631. married to William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, May 2. 1641. by whom she had one Son, Henry William, born nine Days after the Death of his Father; Crowned King of England, April 11. 1689. She died Decemb. 24. 1660.  
2. Elizabeth Stuart, born Decemb. 28. 1635. died Septemb. 8. 1650.  
3. Anne Stuart, born March 17. 1636. died Decemb. 8. 1640.  
4. Henrietta Maria Stuart, born June 16. 1644 at Exeter, from whence she was conveyed into France, and married to Philip Duke of Orleans, Brother to Lewis XIV. the present King of France. She died 1670.    
King Charles I. being thus dead, and that whatever it were of a Parliament (according to the known Laws of England) thereby dissolved, they that had killed the Father, knew they could not be secure till they had done as much by the Son; and therefore immediately abolish the Monarchy, and turn the Name, Style, Title, and Test of the King, into that of The Keepers of the Liberty of England by Authority of Parliament; and make it High-Treason to proclaim, or any ways to promote Charles Stuart, commonly called Prince of Wales, or any other Person to be King, etc. Yet this hindered not but that several printed Declarations, in the Name of the Nobility, Judges, Gentry, and other the Freemen of England, were scattered about London, thereby recognising the Prince's Hereditary Birthright to the Crown, etc. and their Resolutions of defending it, to the last Man; Dated Feb. 1. in the First Year of the Reign of King Charles II.  
XXVI. The House of Lords was yet sitting, and sent to the Commons for a Conference touching these matters; who instead of vouchsafing them an Answer (by their Votes Feb. 6.) declare the Kingly Office to be unnecessary and burdensome, and the Lords House dangerous and useless, and therefore to be laid aside. Against these Proceed the Lords protest; and the Army set a Guard upon their House to prevent their assembling: And the Commons wholly took it away, and their Privilege of Peerage with it, unless (being duly Qualified) they shall be elected to sit in Parliament: And thereupon enacted themselves The Supreme Authority of the Nation; A Commonwealth, and Free State, without any King, or House of Lords: And committed the Executive Part of the Government to A Council of State erected by them: of whom, Forty were principal Officers in the Army. And having obliterated the very Prints of Monarchy, they proceeded to the Sale of King's, Queen's, Prince's, Bishops, Dean and Chapters, and Delinquents Lands; of which, themselves were (for the most part) Purchasers, and that at easy Rates.  
During this time, the Parliament of Scotland (that they might at least seem not wanting to their Duty) recognize the King's undoubted Right of Succession to the Crowns of these Kingdoms: But with this Clause in it, That he be not admitted to the Exercise of it, till he had given Satisfaction to the Kingdom, touching the Security of Religion, and the Unity betwixt the Kingdoms, according to the National Covenant, and the Solemn League and Covenant. Middleton, on the other hand, and several of the Scots Nobility, that were for having the King admitted without previous Conditions, take Arms in the Highlands; but were dispersed, before the Marquis of Montross who (with Men and Arms) was just landed in the Isles of Orkney, could come up to join them: However, this nothing daunted his Magnanimity, but that, with the Assistance of some few that came in to him, he successfully made good the King's Interest against the Covenanters, as he had formerly done his Royal Father's, in 1645.  
And now they at home finding no great danger to be yet feared from Scotland, cast an eye upon Ireland, where the Irish had generally submitted to the King's Authority; and with the Assistance of several of the English that had served his Father, had, in a manner reduced the whole Kingdom, excepting Dublin, and the more remote parts of Ulster. And having laid a new Tax of 90000 l. a Month, for the maintenance of the Army, they order Seven Regiments of Foot, Four of Horse, and One of Dragoons, to be sent thither; and appoint Cromwell General, and his Son Ireton Lieutenant-General, for the Expedition; who with all the haste that could be, transported their Forces, and landed in Dublin, Aug. 5. 1649. whence after a little refreshment, Cromwell marches them for Drogedah; and after several repulses, takes it by storm, puts all to the sword, with out respecting either Age, Sex, or Condition; and in less than a Year, subdues the most part of the Kingdom to the Power of the New Commonwealth, and returns for England, leaving Iretan to finish the rest; which he lived not to effect, but died of the Plague at Limerick, and was succeeded by Ludiour.  
While things went thus in Ireland, the Estates of Scotland had spun out a linger Treaty with the King at Breda; during which, the Kirk-Party having surprised Mentrosa, defeated his Forces; and gotten himself betrayed into their hands, they bring him to Edinburgh, hang him on a Gallows Thirty Foot high, and quarter him, May 21. 1650. at what time yet his Resolution was so great, and his Deportment so winning, that he won more from them by his manner of Dying, than he could have vanquished in the Field by Arms. However, the Treaty took effect at last; and the King lands in Scotland, and was proclaimed at Edinburgh, July 15.  
And now the Men at Westminster (better known by the Name of The Rump) think it high time to look about them, and form an Army to be sent thither; Fairfax should have commanded it, but (whether it were that the Covenant had bewitched him, or Cromwell out-witted him) he declined the Charge; and Cromwell is made Generalissimo; and with 16000 effective Men, enters Scotland, and has a Fleet on the Coasts to attend his motions. Nor was it long ere he engaged the Scots Army, and gave them (6000 Horse and Dragoons, and 15000 Foot) a Defeat at Musleburgh, and a total Rout at Dunbar, Septemb. 3. the same Year. On which, they quit Edinburgh; and retiring to St. Johnsteun for new Recruits, Crown the King at Scoon, Jan. 1. following.  
Nor was Cromwell idle all this time, but having Edinburgh-Castle surrendered to him, defeated a strong Party under the Command of Sir John Browne, and from one step to another, at last takes St. Johnstoun: He was now about laying a Siege to Sterlin-Castle, when the King, taking the Opportunity, marched his Army into England by the way of Carliste, Aug. 6. 1651. where he was forthwith proclaimed King, and met no opposition till he came to Warrington Bridge, where Lambert got up with his Rear, and was worsted: But the King's wearied Army being not able to reach London, he came to Worcester, Aug. 22. 1651. where probably he might have expected Supplies, though few came in to him, saving Sir Cecil Howel (Son of the Lord Howard of Escrick) who met him by the way with about 60 Horse of his own raising; and the Earl of Derby, with 250 Foot, and about 70 Horse, at Worcester; from whence, going into Lancashire with a considerable number of Officers that had served King Charles I. he formed a reasonable Army; but ere he could get back to the King, was intercepted, and with the slaughter of most of them, taken Prisoner himself, and not long after beheaded, notwithstanding the Quarter that had been given him.  
On this, Cromwell surrounds Worcester, where (whether it were by Fate or Treachery) he gave the King a total Rout, the said Septemb. 3. was a Year, with the slaughter of 2000, and 8000 taken Prisoners, besides 76 Cornets of Horse, and 99 Colours of Foot, with the King's Standard. However, the King (leaving Colonel Carlosse in his Rear) got off in the dark, to a House of the Earl of Darby's, about Twenty five Miles from Worcester; where, by the Diligence of the said Colonel, and the Fidelity of the Pendrils (Men of an ordinary Condition) he was first preserved in an Oak, and from one Disguise to another, at last safely landed in France, by a small Cole-Bark, of which one Tettershal was Master, Octob. 22. following.  
And now Cromwell returns triumphantly through London, with his Trophies, and Prisoners driven before him; the former of which, he hung up in Westminster-Hall; and so dieted the latter in Tuttle-Fields, that there being scarce 500 of them left alive, he sold them Slaves to the Barbadoss: But ere he came out of Scotland, he had left the Chief Command of the English Forces there, to General Monck, a Gentleman of an ancient Family in Devon, bred a Soldier in the Low-Country Wars, and who had honourably served King Charles I. both in England and Ireland; but being taken Prisoner by the Parliament, and under some straits in the Tower, Cromwell (who could not engage him to draw his Sword for them in England) prevails yet with him to go with him into Scotland against the Covenanters: Where having left him, Sterlin-Castle was in a short time delivered to him, Dundee taken by storm, and the rest of the Kingdom generally subdued or submitted to the New Lords at Westminster. On which, they enacted the Union of the two Nations, and the Abolition of Monarchy in Scotland.  
And yet ere matters came to this height, there fell an occasion of Quarrel between the Dutch and them: Dorislaus (who drew the Charge against King Charles I.) had been sent by them Ambassador to the Hague, where about a dozen Cavaliers, headed by one Whitford, entered his Chamber as he was at Supper, with some of the States, killed him, and got away: As not long after ran the same fate Ascham, their Envoy at Madrid. However, this Infant-State thought it not fit to make a downright Quarrel, till they could go by themselves, but sent other Ambassadors (St. john's and Strickland) to offer a League with the United Provinces; which was entertained with so little forwardness, that within a Month after the Battle of Worcester, they passed an Act against the importing of Merchandise, in other than English Bottoms; disturbed their Fishing on the English Coast, searched their Ships, as carrying Provisions to France, and made some of them Prize. And now the Dutch send their Ambassadors to desire that Friendship they before slighted; and the Rump, on the other hand, so stood on Terms never likely to be granted, that it came to Blows; and the Dutch wisely made the Flag the state of the Quarrel: Whereupon ensued several Naval Engagements.  
The first of these was May 17. 1652. where with 23 Ships against 42 of the Dutch (of which one was taken, another sunk, and no one of the English so much as disabled) Blake first asserted the Dominion, and carried it for that time; and the States excused it, as a rash Action done by Trump, without their Privity or Consent: But the Men at Westminster requiring Satisfaction for their Charge and Damages, before they would hear further,  
It came to a second, between Sir George Askew and De Ruyter, Aug. 16. and may be called a Drawn-Battel, though the Dutch outnumbered him by Ten Ships.  
During this time, Blake had spoiled and dispersed their Herring-Fishing, and taken Twelve Men of War that guarded them: On which followed a third Engagement, Octob. 28. between Blake, Monck, and Deane joint Admirals for the English, and Wit Wittens and De Ruyter for the Dutch; in which, the Rear-admiral of the Dutch was boarded and taken, Two others sunk, and One blown up; besides Five of their West India Ships, and Six Streights-Men, which Blake had taken in his coming up to it.  
The fourth was Novemb. 29. with 80 Dutch Ships, against 40 English, then riding in the Downs, not expecting an Engagement; in which, Blake lost the Garland taken, the Bonadventure burnt, and three others sunk, and by the favour of the Night got off with the rest: On which, Trump stuck a Broom in his Maintop.  
The fifth was, Feb. 8. off of Portland, which lasted three Days, and in which the English lost one Ship (The Samson) and Blake received a desperate Wound on his Hip, the Lameness of which he never recovered; but took Eleven of their Ships of War, besides Thirty Merchantmen. On which, the Rump laid a Tax of 120000 l. a Month for the maintaining the War.  
The sixth was June 2. 1653. at what time Trump coming upon our Coasts with 104 Ships of War, 12 Galliots, and 9 Fireships, was encountered by Monck and Deane, with 100 of all sorts. The Fight was desperate, and lasted two Days; during which, without any one Ship lost or disabled, and saving his Colleagne Deane (who was taken off by the Waste by a Great-shot) but one Captain killed, Monck sunk six of their best Ships, saw two others blown up, and took eleven (of which three were Flag-ships) when at last Blake coming in with 18 fresh Ships, the Dutch got off upon their Flatts.  
The seventh and last Engagement was July 29. when Trump coming up with 95 Ships, was met by Monck (who by reason of Blake's Indisposition, now commanded singly) with 106 Ships, and fought it till Night parted them: But by the next Morning, Trump being reenforced with 25 Ships by Wittens, and Monck having given Orders through his Fleet, neither to give nor take Quarter till the point were decided, it came to a more bloody Trial, in which (besides their Admiral Van Trump slain) they lost Vice-Admiral Evertson, and Thirty two others sunk; himself, and four Captains, and twelve hundred common Men taken up after the Fight, and made what sail they could for the Texel: Nor did Monck think it fit to pursue them, as having bought the Victory with the loss of eight Captains, and about five hundred common Men slain; five other Captains, and seven thousand private Men wounded; and one Ship (The Oak) sunk.  
While matters were thus at Sea, the Army, as well as the Nation, were become so sick of our New Commonwealth on Shoar, that they urge them to dissolve themselves; which they not daring to refuse, nor yet willing to yield, determine it to Nou. 5. 1654. but trifled so much time about Qualifications for their Successors, that Cromwell (not meaning to stay so long, and the Army declaring against them, as a Party of Carnal Men, and not to be trusted with the Choice of their Representatives) turned them out of the House, and set a Guard upon it, April 23. 1653.  
This done, Cromwell and his Officers constitute A Council of State, made up of themselves and their Confederates of the late House, and place the Supreme Authority in them, till a Representative could be chosen; which not long after was patched together of an hundred forty two known Persons (as the Cant was) Men fearing God, and of approved Integrity; but so ridiculous as to Man, that it was thought Cromwell got them together to no other end, than to bring Parliaments into contempt.  
However, they met July 4. and having declared themselves a Parliament, the Council of State resign their Supremacy to them; and they appoint a New Council of State, consisting of Cromwell and his Officers, with Power to transact all Public Affairs, treat with Ambassadors, etc. But in that five months' time that they sat, they had so unhinged every thing, and done nothing, but to the worse, that even their Masters who brought them together, were ashamed of them; and most of themselves so sensible of it, that their Speaker Rous, with the Mace before him, and a major part of them following him, came to Whitehall, and surrendered to Cromwell the Instrument he had delivered to them at their first sitting; and in four Days after, the Officers of the Army having formed a New Instrument of Government, they entreat him to accept it, under the Name of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland; which at first he seemingly refused, till at last persuaded into what he had so long designed, he submits to the Exigence of Time and Affairs, and was the same Afternoon, viz. Decemb. 16. 1653. accordingly inaugurated in Westminster-Hall.  
The Dutch by this time had made a truer Estimate of the English Force, than they did when they began the War; and having underhand tampered with Cromwell for a Peace, and finding they might have easier Terms from him than the Rump would even hear of, they sent over Ambassadors to him: Nor was he so well settled as to refuse a fair Proffer, and Money to boot; whereupon a Peace was concluded between them, and proclaimed April 5. 1654. in which the King of Denmark was included: And near the same time he made another, with Queen Christina of Sweden. Spain also, France, and Portugal, seek his Friendship; but Spain could not obtain it: And so this first  being over, he returned Monck back into Scotland, (though with all his Art he could never get him back again) and sent his second Son Henry, Lord Deputy into Ireland, and called a Parliament, which met Septemb. 3. 1654.  
Nor had they searce taken their Seats, ere they fell to disputing the Power by which they were called; whereupon a Recognition of the Government, as it was then settled in a single Person, was sent them to subscribe, with an Inhibition to any one of their entering the House till he had done it: In which, though most of them complied, the whole was dissolved, within the first five Months; which was contrary to the said New Instrument.  
In 1655. he made an attempt upon Hispaniola, but miscarried in it, and took Jamaica with little or no opposition: And to cover, at least secure, against the Slur at home, he decimated all the Royalists, i. e. took a Tenth part of their Estates, and set up Eleven Major-Generals to Tax it, and keep them in awe.  
The Year following he called another Parliament, which met Septemb. 3. and they (perhaps) guessing what he would be at, present him an Humble Petition and Advice, to take the Title of KING; which he refused twice; but being pressed to a more positive Answer, he had, the very Morning that he made the Third Denial, resolved to accept it: But whatever it was that made him change his Mind, does not appear; though, if his Secretary Thurloe may be believed, it was not that he feared the General Officers, for there were New Commissions actually drawn for others, who had accepted their Commands: Where upon the Word King, in the said Petition and Advice, was expunged, and he in a more solemn manner invested with all the Regal Ornaments (the Crown only excepted) June 26. 1657. and proclaimed by the Name of Oliver Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. After which, the Parliament being adjourned to Jan. 20. he in the mean time (in Imitation of the old Constitution) created a New House of Lords, by the Name of The Other House: Of which the Commons taking no more notice than to ridicule it, and then falling to dispute the Government, he thought it high time to put an end to their sitting, and dissolved them. Not long after which, having escaped several Attempts, of as well Commonwealths Men, Fifth-Monarchy-Men, as Royalists, he at last (to the wonder of Mankind) died in his Bed, on his twice-Auspicious Third of September, 1658. having (according to the Power given him by the said Humble Petition and Advice) first declared his eldest Son Richard his Successor; who, contrary to the expectation of Fleetwood and Lambert (whom Cromwell had severally cajoled with the Promise of the Succession) was the next Morning solemnly proclaimed Lord Protector, etc. But he lasted not above three Quarters of a Year; and in him ended the Protectorship.  
And yet before we come to the Restauration, it may not be amiss to remark the several Turns of Government, that from the 30th. of January, 1648. befell the Nation, till that happened: For, 

1. The Monarchy was subverted, and turned to a Republic, under the Name of The Keepers of the Liberty of England by Authority of Parliament, or for brevity sake The Rump; and they lasted till April, 1653.  
2. Cromwell turned them out, and placed the Supreme Power in A Council of State constituted by himself; and they held it till July the same Year.  
3. From them, he turned it into the hands of his Men of Integrity, and made them a Parliament; which, in contempt of one of its Members, was called Praise God Barebone's Parliament; and they held it till December the same Year.  
4. From that time it was in the hands of Cromwell, with the Title of Lord Protector, till September, 1658.  
5. After him, his Son Richard had it, as Successor to his Father, till he was turned out by the Army in April, 1659. and then for a Fortnight together it lay nowhere.  
6. The May following, the Rump got it again, and held it till they were turned out by Lambert, the same Year: And here also for some time together it lay nowhere, till,  
7. The Council of Officers erected A Committee of Safety, with like Supremacy; and they held it, till General Monck having declared for restoring the Rump, Lambert marched against him; but being deserted by his Army, Fleetwood writes to the Speaker Lenthal, to desire him, and the rest of the Members, to return to the Exercise of their Trust: And the General, on the other hand, having put his, into such hands as favoured his Design, marched towards London.  
8. On this, the Rump resumes the Government, Decemb. 26. and by a Letter of Thanks to Monk, acknowledge the Restitution to their Authority, was to be acknowledged to his Fidelity, Case, and Courage. And yet he had not been long in Town, ere they began to grow jealous of him; and therefore for fear he might join with the City, who had now declared they would pay no more Taxes till the Parliament were filled up, they sent him into the City to break down their Gate, etc. which he accordingly did, returned his Army to their Quarters about Westminster, and received the Thanks of the House. Yet this did not so satisfy the Jealousy of a Commonwealth, but that they pressed the Oath of Abjaration of the Royal Family to him, which he took time to consider of: But the next Morning marched his Army into the City, and joined with them for having the House filled up.  
9 On this, the Members that had been secluded the House in 1648. were restored Feb. 21. 1659. and they having constituted General Monck, Captain General of all the Forces in the Three Kingdoms, annulled the former Council of State, and appointed another, and abrogated the Engagement, and Oath of Abjuration; dissolved themselves, March 17. But before their rising, sent out Writs for New Elections to meet April 25. 1660. In the mean time, the Rumpers ply the General with their last effort, and proffer him the Supreme Command of the Kingdoms, as a single Person: Which he answered to this purpose; That for that matter, it was submitted to the coming-Parliament; nor should it be said of him, That ●e bad run foul of that Rock, on which Cromwell ●ad so lately split himself.    
The Day being come, the Lords as well as ●he Commons, met in their respective Houses, when having each of them received a Letter from his Majesty, with a Declaration enclosed, the Lords resolved by Vote, That they declare, That according to the ancient and fundamental Constitution of this Kingdom, the Government is, and aught to be by King, Lords, and Commons: To which the Commons agreed; and each of them dispatched their several Answers ●o the said Letters, superscribed, To the King's most Excellent Majesty. And having caused Him to be solemnly proclaimed, May 8. they sent six Lords, and twelve of the Commons, to attend his Majesty, and desire his return to the Exercise of his Kingly Office. Which ●he accordingly did, and landed at Dover the 25th. and road through London to Whitebal the 29th. being his Birth Day, and Thirtieth Year of his Age.  
Thus by the Conduct of one Man, with a raw Army of not above Six Thousand, was the Monarchy delivered from a Twelve Years Usurpation, defended by at least Sixty Thousand Veterans, strengthened with most of the Alliances of Europe, and (which adds to ●it) without Blood; a Stratagem (perhaps) not yet extant in History. He was the Great Grandson of Sir Thomas Monck of Potheridge, in the County of Devon, by Frances, one of the Daughters and Coheirs of Arthur Plantegenet, Viscount Lisle, of whom before; in memory of which, the King created him Duke of Albemarle, Earl of Torrington, Baron Monck of Potheridge, Beauchamp, and Teyes.  
And so being come to our own Times, is may seem needless to add further, saving that the King was Crowned April 23. 1661. and died of an Apoplexy, Feb. 6. 1684. His only Wife and Relict, was Catharine, Daughter of John iv King of Portugal, now living, by whom he had no Issue.  
XXVII. To King Charles II. succeeded his Brother, James Duke of York, etc. who upon his first coming to the Crown, professed Himself a Catholic; with this Displeasure nevertheless, That he could not alter the Religion as it was by Law established. He, together with his Queen, were Crowned April 23. 1685. Nor was that scarce over, when Two Rebellions, the one in Scotland, the other in the West of England, broke out upon him, and were defeated. In the Year 1688. he published A Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, so far as it disturbed not the Peace of the Kingdom: Which so heated the People (who yet had all along CONTENDED for it) that having sent his Queen, and young SON into France, he followed Them not long after. His first Wife was Anne, Daughter of Sir Edward Hid, Earl of Clarendon, etc. Lord Chancellor of England, who died before he came to the Crown; by whom he had  
Four Sons: 

1. Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge; born Octob. 22. 1660. died May 5. 1661.  
2. James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge; born July 12. 1663. died June 20. 1667.  
3. Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal; born July 4. 1666. died May 22. 1667.  
4. Edgar, Duke of Cambridge; born Sept 14. 1667. died June 8. 1671.    
And as many Daughters: 

1. Marry; born April 30. 1662. married to William Henry Prince of Orange, who were both Crowned King and Queen April 11. 1689. The Executive Power in Him.  
2. Anne; born Feb. 6. 1664. married to Prince George of Denmark, August 7. 1683.  
3. Henrietta; born January 13. 1668. died Nou. 15. 1669.  
4. Catharine; born Feb. 9 1670. died Decemb. 5. 1671.    
His Second Wife, Mary d'Este, Daughter of Alphonso d'Este III. Duke of Modena; Crowned as before; and had Issue by her,  
Two Daughters: 

1. Catharine; born Novemb. 7. 1674. died Octob. 3. 1675.  
2. Isabel; born Aug. 28. 1676. lived not long.    
AND—  
1. Charles, Duke of Cambridge; born Nou. 7. 1667. died Decemb. 12. following. etc.  

Of the Augmentations of the Family of ENGLAND.  
§. VIII. ITS First was, when William the Conqueror joined Normandy to the Crown of England, 1066. Henry II. Conquered Ireland, and in like manner united it, 1172. Edward I. Wales, 1283. Edward II. in Right of his Wife Isabel, Daughter of Philip the Fair, King of France, brought in Aquitain and Ponticu: And in the same Right, Edward III took upon him the Title of King of France; and was the first of the English Kings that Quartered the Arms thereof. Henry V. Conquered most of the Kingdom. Henry VI. was Crowned King of France in Paris, 1432. James VI King of Scotland, made an Accesion of that Crown to England, 1603. and first Quartered the Arms of England and Ireland, ●ith those of Scotland.  
Beside, which, the English have superadded several Plantations in America; as Virginia, 1584. the Bermudaes, 1591. Barbadoss, Nowingland, 1606. Mary-land, about 1632. Jamaica, 1656. Besides Nova Scotia, one half of 〈◊〉 Christopher's, Hudson's Bay, Now-York, Carclina, Pensylvania. Several other Places of Trade also in the East-India's; and Tangier in Africa, 1668. but demolished in— as not worth the charge 〈◊〉 keeping it.   

Of its Decreasings.  
§. IX. THe greatest Loss it received has been from France; for whereas about the Year 1432. what by Hereditary Right, what by Marriages, what by Conquest and Submission of the People, it had in a manner the whole Kingdom. It lost in 1450. not only its New Acquests, but Hereditary Provinces to Charles VII. King of France, who by means of the Civil Wars between the Houses of York and Lancaster, so forced the English out of France, that they retained only Calais, which also was lost by Queen Mary, 1558. However, it yet continues the Title and Arms of France; other than which, it makes no Pretensions; nor have those been set on foot, for near 150 Years last passed.    

CHAP. IU. Of the House of Denmark.  
§. I. THere is nothing more certain, than that the Danes have had their peculiar Kings for many Ages past, whom Historians generally distinguish by eight Periods; See Pontanus' Danish History, lib. 7. and Beckman's Civil History, c. 5 Sect. 6. The Seventh of these Periods, is that of the Suenonidae, or English-Danes, so called from Sueno (or Swain-Ethrick.) whose Ancestors, according to Saxon, the Grammarian, in the 10th. Book of his Danish History, had a Bear for their first Progenitors: For he says, That Ulso, who was Sueno's Father, had one Ursus, or Biorno, for his Grandfather, begot by the monstrous Copulation of a Wild Beast, with a young Virgin. About the Year 1346. Woldemar the Third, descended of this Family was King of Denmark, who, after a Peace made with Schmeek Magnus, King of Sueden, brought the Country of Scandinavia under his Jurisdiction, in the Year 1360. afterwards in 1363. he obtained Gotland also, upon another Peace then concluded with King Albert. He had also Wars with the Hans-Town, and died, 1375. leaving only a Daughter, named Margaret, whom he gave in Marriage to Haquin, second Son of Erick, King of Sweden, by whom she had Issue Olaus, the Sixth; who, upon his Father Haquin's Decease (which happened in 1380.) succeeded both to Denmark and Sweden, as well as Norway, but died an untimely Death seven Years after, viz. 1387. Whereupon the Government, by the consent of the Nobility of Denmark and Norway, returned to Queen Margaret; but the Swedes elected Albertus, Duke of Mecklenburgh, to be their King; with whom Queen Margaret was soon engaged in a War, being provoked thereunto by him, wherein proving Victorious, and taking him Prisoner, caused herself to be elected Queen, An. 1396. She adopted for her Successor, Prince Erick, Son of Uratislaus, Duke of Pomerania, and Grandson of her Sister Ingeburg, Wife of Henry the Second, Duke of Mecklenburg, by her Daughter Mary, who, at a Convention of the States, held at Calmar in 1397. was elected King of the Three Northern Crowns, an Hereditary Union being then made, by which it was Enacted, that for the future, the Three Northern Kingdoms should be Governed by one and the same Sceptre. As for Queen Margaret, the Danish Semiramis, (for so she is often styled) she departed this Life in the Year, 1412. After which King Erick, not so well acquainted with the Arts of Governing, as she had been, soon drew upon himself the Odium of his People; insomuch, that in the Year 1439. he was deposed by 'em, and had his Crowns taken from him, chief on pretence that he had not observed his Promises, nor kept his Coronation Oath, but rather on the contrary, opposed a Free Election, by naming Bogislaus Duke of Pomerania to succeed him. In his room they substituted Prince Christopher, his Sister Sophia's Son, by her Husband John Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Duke of Bavaria; which Christopher died without Issue, 1448. notwithstanding he had Married Dorothy, Daughter of John Marquis of Brandenburg; and by this means put an end to the ancient Royal Family of Denmark.  
§. II. In this state of Affairs, they Elected Adolph, Earl of Holstein to be King, but he modestly declined the Crown, when offered, either out of a consideration of the Infirmity of his great Age, or else doubtful what might be the success of the Danish Affairs: But withal, earnestly recommended to their choice, Christian Count Oldenburg, his Sister's Son; who was thereupon Elected and Crowned King, by the unanimous consent of all the Nobility, as we shall show more at large in the following §. 'Twill here be expected, we should give some account of the Original of this Family of Oldenburg; but indeed, it is so hid in the Clouds (if we may so say) by reason of its great Antiquity, that little of certainty can be picked out. For altho' it be the common Tradition, that it is derived from the Posterity of Witikin the Saxon, and namely, from the Counts of Ringelheim, yet Reinerus, Renneccius, and others, think it most advisable to leave things as they find 'em, and affirm nothing in so doubtful a matter. However they say, that towards the end of the Tenth Century, one Otho was Earl of Oldenburg; who had a certain wonderful Horn given him by a Spirit or Apparition, which is to be seen to this day in the Castle of Oldenburg; and that he was Father of John, Conrade and Rixa: That John begat Huno the Glorious, Father of Frederick, who, in the end, became a Monk, and left a Will, by which he made his Cousin Elimar his Heir, (which Elimar was Son to his great Aunt Rixa, by her Husband Hoio, Lord of Friezland in Pottenburg and Memmenburg, whose Pedigree they also derive from the  Witikin) That Elimar, by Virtue of this Will, possessed himself of the Earldom, notwithstanding all the opposition of Milo Count Alvensleb, Grandson of the  Conrade, and so became the first Count of Oldenburg, of his Line. Amongst this Princess' Children, we find mention made of Elimar the Second, who begat Christian the Warlike, Father of Maurice, by his Wife Cunigund, Countess of Locken; which Maurice, after manifest proofs of his Courage on all occasions, retired to a Monastery; and was succeeded in the County by his Son, Christian the Second.  
Christian the Second had Issue, 

1. John the First, of whom by and by again.  
2. Otho the Third, who by his Charter erected the Town of Delmenhorstan into a City, and Founded the Cathedral there, An. 1265.  
3. Theodorick (or Diderick) Elected Grand Master of the Teutonick Order in Prussia, An. 1335. in the 80th. Year of his Age.    
John, the Eldest of these Three, had two Sons.  

I. Christian the Third, who, in the Division of his Father's Inheritance, 'twixt him and his Brother, had the County of Delmenherstan for his Patrimony, in which he was succeeded by his Son Christian, whose Granddaughter Adelheid, by his Son Otho the Simple, was married to Theodorick (or Diderick) the happy Earl of Oldenburg.  
II. John the Second, who, in the division aforesaid, had the County of Oldenburg settled on him, and was Father of Conrade, by his Wife Margaret, Countess of Lip. Conrade begat Christian the Fifth, Canon of Cologne, who, seeing his Brother Maurice like to die with Issue Male, quitted his Canonry, and married Agnes of Hohenstein, by whom he had 

1. Christian the Sixth, taken and Imprisoned by the Inhabitants of Bremen, and not dismissed but on very hard terms; he afterwards died without Issue. And,  
2. Theodorick (or Diderick) the Happy, who, by a Marriage with his Cousin Adelheid, Heiress of Delmenhorst, reunited the two Counties: After her Decease he took a Second Wife, namely, Hedewig, Sister of Adolph, Earl of Holstein, who bore him three Sons; Christianus the First, born 1425. Maurice and Gerrard.     
§. III. Of these, Christian the First, as has been already observed in the beginning of the last §. was elected King of Denmark and Norway, in the Year 1448. and ten Years after, of Sweden also; tho' he lost that Kingdom again in a few Years after. He purchased the County of Holstein for 34000. and restored that of Sleswick to the Crown. He likewise obtained of the Emperor Frederick the Third, the Investiture of the Duchy of Holstein; and opened an University at Copenhagen on the first of June 1479. His Queen was Dorothy, the Relict of his Predecessor King Christopher, by whom he had this following Issue: 

1. Margaret, given in Marriage to James the Third, King of Scotland, together with the Isles of Orkney, lying in the Northern Seas, as security for her Dowry, which was to be Fifty Thousand Florins.  
2. John, born 1455. And,  
3. Frederick, of whom more in the next Sect.    
John succeeded his Father in the Throne, and was Crowned King of Denmark and Norway, in the Year, 1483. About five or six Years after he reduced Sweden, and was Crowned there also. He once more separated the Duchy of Holstein and Sleswick from the Crown, and divided them 'twixt him and his Brother Frederick. In 1500 he suffered a great defeat from the Rebellious Inhabitants of Dietmarsh; and was also outed by the Swedes some time after. In the Year 1513. he departed this Life of a Fever, which he took by a fall from his Horse in the Water, leaving Issue by Queen Christina, Daughter of Ernestus, Elector of Sax. only one Son and a Daughter, namely, 

I. Elizabeth, born 1455. Married to Joachim the First, Elector of Brandenburg, 1502. Deceased a Widow, 1555.  
II. Christianus the Second, born 1481. The undutiful Son of a most Indulgent Father, whose Curse at length, he drew upon his Head. In his Father's Life-time, he was elected to succeed him in his Kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. His Paramour was the fair Columbula, whom he kept with a certain Old Woman, named Sigberta, wholly enslaving himself to her Will. He refused the Proposals of a Reconciliation with his Uncle Frederick, in the Year 1519. and making an Expedition into Sweden, seized on the Capital City of Stockholm; caused himself to be Crowned King, and was Author of the bloody Slaughter there. Afterwards he was Outed of all his Kingdoms, and forced to fly into the Low-Countries; from whence returning, he was seized and confined by his Subjects, and at length ended his Days in 1559. in the Seventy Eighth Year of his Age. The Partner of his Bed and Fortunes was Isabel, Sister to the Emperor Charles the Fifth, by whom he had only two Daughters, that outlived him; his Son John dying in the Hungarian Service, 'gainst the Turks, An. 1532. The Daughter's names were, 

1. Dorothy, born 1515, married to Frederick the Second, Elector Palatine, Deceased 1580. And,  
2. Christina, born 1573 whose first Husband was Francis Storza, Duke of Milan, and after his Decease, Francis Duke of Lorraine. She died 1590.      
§. iv We must now look back to Frederick the First, elected King of Donmark and Norway, in the Year 1523. by the unanimous consent of the Nobility, upon their rejecting King Christian. This Prince abrogated the Act of Hereditary Union of the Three Northern Cowns, in the Year 1524. at a Convention of the States then held at Malmugen. He made Profession of the Reformed Religion, and after he had thrown out the Monks in 1527. introduced the same into his Countries. He was twice married; his first Wife being Anne, Daughter of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg, who died 1521. And his second, Sophia, Daughter of Bog●slans the Tenth, Duke of Pemeranta, Deceased 1568. By these he had Issue.  

I. Dorothy, born 1494. Married to Albert, Duke of Prussia, Deceased 1547.  
II. Christianus the Third, born 1503. of whom more in the next Sect.  
III. John, Surnamed The Elder, born 1521. Deceased without Issue 1580.  
iv Elizabeth, Married in 1542. to Magnus, and after his Decease, in 1556. to Ulrick. Dukes of Meckleburg; she died 1586.  
V Anne, Deceased of the Plague.  
VI Dorothy, Married to Christopher, Duke of Meckelburg in 1573. Deceased 1575.  
VII. Adolph the First, Duke of Sleswick, born 1526. of whom, more hereafter, in the Ducal Line of Sleswick.  
VIII. Frederick, Bishop of Hildesheim, born 1529. Deceased Oct. the 27th. 1556.   
§. V Of these, Christian the Third succeeded to the Throne, about the Year 1537. the beginning of whose Reign was perplexed with many Difficulties; all which he Mastered in the end. He established the Reformed Religion throughout his Dominions, and caused the Holy Bible to be Translated into the Daniso Tongue; and above all, made it his chiefest care to enjoy a peaceable and quiet Reign. He departed this Life 15●●. leaving behind him the Character and Example of a Devout, Peaceable, and Excellent Prince. By his second Marriage, which was with Dorothy, Daughter of Magnus, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg, he had live Children; the Daughters being Anne and Dorothy; the first Married to Augustus, Elector of Saxony; the other to Ulrick Duke of Lunenburg. The Sons names were, 

1. Magnus, Bishop of Derpte, in Livonia, who, with the assistance of the Ruff, attempted, but in vain, the Reduction of Livonta. He departed this Life in Poland, An. 1585. leaving only a Daughter, who being carried into Muscovy, by her Mother, who was John Basilides, the Cza●'s Daughter, was there Educated and Married to Albert Janowitz, Lord High Chancellor of that Country.  
2. John the Second, Progenitor of the Ducal Line of Holstein, of whom more in the Eleventh Section. And,  
3. Frederick the Second, Eldest of the Three, tho' last named, who succeeded to the Throne after his Father's Decease, in the Year 1559. This Prince gave the Isle of hay to Tycho Brahe, that he might the better be at leisure to make his Astronomical Observations. He had great Wars with the Swede, till the Year 1570. In 1574. he began to build Cromenburg; and two Years after opened an University at Sora. He likewise highly adorned and advanced the Order of the Elephant. His Queen was the Princess Sophia of Meckeburg. By whom he had these following Sons and Daughters. 

1. Elizabeth, born 1573. Married to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, 1590. Deceased 1627.  
2. Anne, born 1574. given in Marriage to James King of Scotland, and afterwards of Great Britain, on the 20th. of Aug. 1590. Deceased March the 2d 1618.  
3. Augusta, born 1580. Married to Adolph, Duke of Holstein Gottorp, Deceased 1629.  
4. Hedewig, born 1581. and Married Christianus the Second, Elector of Saxony; she departed this Life 1602.      
The Sons were, 

1. Christian the Fourth, born 1577.  
2. Ulrick, Bishop of Sleswick, Deceased 1624. And  
3. John, born 1583. who went into Muscovy, where, in hopes of succeeding to that Crown, he Married the Princess Alexia, but being seized by an Apoplexy, died without Issue, An. 1602.    
Christian the Fourth, was elected King, at the Age of Thirteen, his Father being yet living, who having his thoughts on War, tho' in time of Peace, gave Orders for the raising several Fine Fortifications; namely, Christianstadt in Schonen, Christiania in Norway, Christianople in Bleking, Gluckstadt upon the Elbe, and Christian-Presk in Holstein. He was engaged in several great Wars; as first, with the Swede, then with Count Schaumburg; a second time with the Swede in 1611. followed by a Peace in 1613. Then with the Emperor in 1625. on behalf of the Circle of the Lower-Saxony, by whose Forces he was defeated in a Battle fought not far from Lutheram Bohrenburg; then again with the Swede in 1643, at which time he had various Success, till at length a Peace was concluded with 'em at the Town of Bremsbroe, in the Year 1648. In 1618. he set out a Fleet for the Isle of Zeilan in the East-Indies, the first that ever sailed from Denmark for those Parts, which returned Freighted with Spice. The Partner of his Bed and Fortunes was Anne Catharine, Daughter of Joachim Frederick Elector of Brandenburg, by whom he had Issue, 

1. Christian, born 1603. elected to succeed him, but died in the Prime of his Age, An. 1647.  
2. Frederick, of whom more in the next Sect. And,  
3. Ulrick, born 1611. deceased in Silesia, of a Wound received by a Musquet-shot, An. 1631.    
Besides these, he had many natural Children; namely, John Ulrick of Guldenlow, by a certain Lady, named Catharina Andraea: As also Christian Woldemar, Earl of Hilstein, Deceased at Lublin, in the Swedish Service against the Poles, An. 1656. Frederica Sophia, Married to Christian Earl of Penzen, Councillor of State: Frederica Eleanora, Married to Cornifitz, Count d' Ulfeldt, the King's chief Taster, deceased, 1684. Frederica Elizabeth, given in Marriage to John de Lindenau, Councillor of State: Christina to Hannibal a Geestadt, Governor of Norway: Frederica Hedewig espoused to Ebbo d' Uhlefeldt: And Dorothy, who changed her Religion, and took the Habit of a Nun: Which Seven were born him, by Madam Catharine Munkin. Last of all, by Madam de Wibiken, he was Father of Ulrick Christianus de Guldenlow, deceased 1661. And Elizabeth, Married to Nicholas Count d' Ahlefeldt.  
9 VI Frederick the Third, Bishop of Bremen, being beaten out of his Bishopric by the Swede, was after his Father and Brother Christian's Decease, elected King of Denmark and Norway, in the Year 1648. He discovered Count Uhlefeldt's Conspiracy: And had War with the English, as also with the Swede, till a Peace was made at Roschild, 1654. But the War breaking out a fresh the next Year, Copenhagen was besieged by the Swedes, and Tuyen recovered by the Danes; When a Peace was again concluded in 1666. In his Reign, the constitution of the Government was altered, and of an elective Monarchy made Hereditary. His Queen was Sophia Amalia, Daughter of George Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, by whom he had Issue as followeth: 

1. Christian the Fifth, the present King of Denmark.  
2. Anna Sophia, born 1647. and married in 1666. to John George the Third, Elector of Saxony.  
3. Frederica Amalia, born 1648. and married in 1667. to Christian Albert, Duke of Sleswick.  
4. Wilhelmina Ernestina, born 1650. the now Relict of Charles late Elector Palatine.  
5. George, who crossing the Seas, went for England, where he married the Princess Anne, Daughter of James Duke of York, since King of England, on the 28th of July, 1683. by whom he has had many Children; but all Daughters, and short lived. However, in Aug. last, this present Year, 1689. she was at length brought to Bed of a Prince, the Joy and Hopes of the English Nation.  
6. Ulrica Eleanora, born 1656 and married to Charles the Eleventh, the present King of Sweden, May the 16th. 1680.    
Besides these, he left a natural Son, Ulrick Frederick, Count de Guldenlow, the now Governor of Norway, who, by a certain noble Lady, is Father of Woldemar, Baron of Lowenthal, a Colonel in the Danish Forces. Afterwards he took to Wife Antonia Augusta, Daughter of Anthony Count Oldenburg, in the Year 1677. by whom he has many Children, and amongst the rest Frederick Christianus; As for the Good King, he departed this life, Feb. the 9th. 1670.  
§. VII. And now for Christian the present King, his Son and Sucessor, born 1645. who, in short, has had sharp Wars with Sweden: Has Imprisoned his Chancellor Greiffenfield for life: Sat down before Hamburgh, but was forced to raise his Siege: Has restored the Danobrogick Order of Knighthood: Has surrendered the Duchy of Sleswick to the Duke of Holstein, and is married to Charlotte, Daughter of William Landtgrave of Hesse, by whom he has Issue a fair Race of Princes, viz.  

1. Frederick, born Oct. the 21st. 1671.  
2. Christianus, Oct. the 18th. 1675.  
3. Sophia Hedewig, Aug. the 28th. 1677.  
4. Christiana Charlotte. Jan. the 18th. 1679.  
5. Charles, Oct. the 25th. 1680. And,  
6. William, 1687.   

Of the Augmentation of the Regal Family.  
§. VIII. AFter it had been enacted in the Reign of Queen Margaret, that for the future, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, should be Governed by the same Prince; Christianus the First, Earl of Oldenburg, became possessed of these Three Kingdoms, by Right of Election; that is to say, first of Denmark, to which appertained Jutlandt, Zelandt, Tuyen, Schonen, Halland, Bleking, Temeren, Bornholm, Alsen, Lang-Landt, Lalandt, Hyen, etc. secondly ●f Norway, and its Dependencies, to which ●●so belonged the Isles of Orkney and Iseland; ●●irdly of Sweden, together with both the Sothlands, Lapland, Finland, and other its appurtenances. In the Year 1459. Christianus he First bought the Earldom (or County) of Holstein, for three and thirty Thousand Florins. 〈◊〉 1474. the County of Holstein was erected into a Duchy of the sacred Roman Empire. Upon the Death of Adolph, Duke of Sleswick, that Duchy, as held in Fee, fell to the Crown. Christian the Third, bought the Isle of Oesel, and Lordship of Auron in Livonia, where likewise he had the City of Ravel, delivered up ●o him, by Maurice Wrangel, Bishop thereof. ●n the Year 1676. Anthony Gunther, the last Earl of Oldenburg, dying without Issue, the present King, by right of Inheritance, became possessed of the Counties of Oldenburg and Del●enborst; as also the Lordship of Kniphuse. In the Year 1682. there was an accession to this Lrown, of the Lordship of Jevern, by the Grant of the French King. Last of all, Christian Adolph, Duke of Holstein in Sunderburg was necessitated to part with his Sovereignty to the present King.   

Of its Decrease.  
§. IX. THe first, and indeed the greatest diminution suffered by the Royal Family of Denmark, was in the Year 1469. at which time the Princess Margaret was given in Marriage to James the Third, King of Scotland, together with the Isles of Orkney and Hetland, as security for her Portion, which was fifty thousand Florins of the Rhine. In 1524 the Kingdom of Sweden was torn from it. In 1544. at a division then made of Lands in the Duchy of Holstein, 'twixt King Christian the Third, and his Brother Adolph, the King parted with the Governments of Trictou, Oldenburg, and Neustadt, together with the Monastries of Cismar and Rheinbeck; as also the whole Duchy of Sleswick, tho' this last was to be held by Adolph and his Posterity, only as a Fife of the Crown. In 1564. at another division of Lands then made, 'twixt King Frederick the Second, and his Brother John, the latter obtained the Isles of Alsen and Arroe; as also the Praefectures or Governments of Ploen, Rheinfeld, and Arensburg, with their Dependencies. About the Year 1585. the then King of Denmark lost Oesel, as also  else he held in Liffland. In 1658. Halland, the Isle of Bornholm. Schonen, and Bleking, were set over to the Swede by the fifth Article of the Peace of Roschild: As was also the Government of Babuys in Norway, with the City and Castle thereof, together with the Government of Drontheam, and whatever else the Danes had been hitherto possessed of in the Isle of Rugen; tho' afterwards by the Articles of Peace concluded on in the Year 1660. Drontheam and Bornhelm were again surrendered to the Danes. In 1689. Christian the present King of Denmark, restored the Duchy of Sleswick to Christian Albert the present Duke, together with the absolute and independent Sovereignty thereof. The same Year, in the Month of Aug. the Lordship of Jevern by an amicable agreement, was surrendered to the Prince of Anhalt-Servesten.   

Of the Pretensions of this House.  
§. X. THe Claims of the Kings of Denmark, are to the City of Hamburg, as built and enlarged by the ancient Earls of Holstein, of the Family of Schaumburg; See Harman de Lesbeke, Monk of Minden his Chron. Com. Schavenb. inter opuscula rerum German. Celeberr. Henrici Meimbomii. And to the Isles of Orkney, as Mortgaged to the ancient Kings of Scotland.   

Of the Ducal Line of Holstein.  
§. XI. IT has been already said in the fifth Section, Numb. 2. That John Brother of Frederick the Second, King of Denmark, and Son to King Christian the Third, was the first Progenitor of the present Ducal Line of Holstein, who being twice Married, became the Father of a very numerous Issue, which spread itself into the four branches of Sunderburg, Nordburg, Glucksburg, and Pleen.   

Of the Branch of Sunderburg.  
§. XII. THis Branch began in Alexander, born 1573. who, in the division of Lands with his Brethren, had Sunderburg, part of the Isle of Alsen, and part of the Peninsula of Sunderwick, for his Patrimony. Of this Prince's Posterity we shall speak in the first place: As for himself, he departed this Life in 1627. having had Ten Children by his Wife, the Lady Dorothy of Schwartzburg; the Sons being, 

1. John Christian, Duke of Holstein in Sunderburg, who deceased in the Year, 1653 leaving Issue by his Wife, the Lady Anne of Oldenburg, a Son named 

1. Christian Adolph, Duke of Holstein, etc. who now lives at Frantzhagen in Sax-Lawenburg, which was his Wife's Portion, together with his Son, Prince Leopold Christian, born 1678.    
2. Ernestus Guntherus, who lives at Augsburg, with his Wife Augusta, Daughter to his Uncle Philip, Duke of Glucksburg; by whom he has had Issue, Frederick, who, now serves in the King of Denmark's Army: Ernestus Philip, slain at the Siege of Stetin: Frederick William, Provost of the Cathedral Church at Hamburg: Lovise Charlotte, married to Lewis Frederick Prince of Holstein in Beck: And Ernestus Guntheras, who turned his Religion, and was made Canon of Colegne.  
3. Alexander Henry, This Prince turned Catholic, and died in the Year 1667. leaving Issue by his Wife (a certain Reformed Minister's Daughter) Three Sons, named, Ferdinand Leopold, Provost of the Cathedral at Breslaw: Alexander Rudolph, Canon of Bleslaw and Amuzen: And George Ernestus, Lieutenant General in one of the Imperial Armies.  
4. Augustus Philip, who purchased the Castie of Beck, where he died, An. 1675 leaving Issue Sophia Lovise, married to Frederick, Count de Bukeburg: Augustus, Captain of the Guards to his Electoral Highness the Duke of Brandenburg, who married Lovise, Daughter of Philip, Count de Lip, in Bukeburg, and died of a Dysentery at the Siege of Bon, An. 1689. Lewis Frederick, likewise Captain of the Brandenburg Guards, married Jan. the 11th. 1685. to Lovise Charlotte, his Uncle Ernest Gunther's Daughter: Maximilian, Anthony Gunther, and Ernestus Camire.  
5. Philip Lewis, born 1620. who bought the Castle of Wisenburg in Misnia, but lives at present in the Castle of Oberkozau in Voightlandt, where he begot three Sons, whose names are, 

1. Frederick, Lieutenant-General amongst the Imperialists, who took to Wife Charlotte, Duchess of Lignitz, by whom he has Issue Leopold, born Jan. the 12th. 1674.  
2. Charles Lewis, Captain of the Guards to the Landtgrave of Hesse. And,  
3. William Christian, born 1661. a Captain in the Elector of Saxony's Forces.       

Of the Branch of Nordburg.  
§. XIII. THe second Son of John Duke of Holstein, was Frederick, Propagator of the Branch of Nordburg, who changed this Life for a better, An. 1658. his Children being, 

1. John Bugislaus, born 1629. deceased a Bachelor, 1680.  
2. Christian Augustus, who twice Traveled over Palestine, and highly approved himself in the Wars, by his good Services to the Dutch and English.  
3. Rudolph Frederick, Colonel in the Dutch Forces, who married the Countess Bibiana, Daughter of Sigismond Sifrid, Count de Promnitz, the Baron de Lippe's Relict, deceased 1685. having born him a Son, and a Daughter; namely, Sophia Henrietta, born 1682. and Ernestus Leopold, 1684 both which are brought up in the Court of Wolfembuttel. He himself died in November, 1688.  
4. Elizabeth Juliana, born, May the 24th. 1634. and married to Anthony Ulrick, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, 1656.  
5. Dorothy Hedewig, formerly Lady Abbess of Gandersheim, but turned Catholic, and married Christopher Count de Ranzan. And,  
6. Lovise Amaena, married to John Frederick, Count de Hohenlob, in the Year 1665.     

Of the Branch of Glucksburg.  
§. XIV. THe Third Son of Duke John of Holstein, was Philip, Propagator of the Branch of Glucksburg, whose Wife Sophia Hedewig of Sax-Lawenburg, bore him Eleven Children, whereof Five were short-lived, the rest being, 

1. Christian, born 1627. who lives in the Castle of Glucksburg, with his Three Sons, Philip Ernestus, born 1673. Joachim Adolph, 1679. And Christian Augustus, 1681.  
2. Marry Elizabeth, born 1628. married to George Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg-Culmbach, 1651. deceased 1604.  
3. Sophia Hedewig, married to Maurice, Duke of Saxon-Zeitz. She died 1652.  
4. Augusta espoused by her Cousin-Germain Ernestus Gunther of Augsburg, 1651.  
5. Christina, born 1634. and married to Christian Duke of Sax Mersburg, 1650. And,  
6. Dorothy, married first to Christian Lewis, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg and after his decease to Frederick William the Great Elector of Brandenburg, An. 1668. She died 1689.     

Of the Branch of Ploen.  
§. XV. IT remains, we now speak of the Branch of Ploen, which was propagated by Joachim Ernestus, Duke John's Fourth Son, who died in the Eightieth Year of his Age, An. 1671. The Issue of his Body now living are, 

1. John Adolph, born 1634. the Husband of Dorothy Sophia, Daughter of Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, by whom he has had Three Sons; namely, Adolph Augustus, born 1680. Joachim Ernestus, 1681. deceased the same Year; And John Ulrick, 1684.  
2. Augustus, born 1636. sometime Administrator of Magduburg; Father of Two Sons, by his Wife, the Princess Charlotte, Elizabeth of Anhalt; whose names are, Joachim Frederick, born 1668. and Christian Charles, born 1674.  
3 Joachim Ernestus, born 1637. General of the Foreign Horse, in the Service of the Spanish Netherlands.     

Of the Ducal Line of Sleswick.  
§. XVI. 'TIs now time to treat of the Ducal Line of Sleswick, the Author whereof was Adolph, youngest Son of King Frederick the First, born 1526. who, by the assistance of his Nephew King Frederick the Second, overthrew the Rebels of Dietmarsh, and made them subject to his Government, and through the whole course of his Life, highly approved his Courage, on many other occasions. Moreover, he was Consecrated Bishop of Slewick and Hildesheim. At his Death he was succeeded in his Duchy by his Son John Adolph, who had been Archbishop of Bremen, and Bishop of Lubeck, ever since the Year, 1585. which Provinces, however, he made over to his Brother John Frederick, upon his coming to be Duke. In 1603. he had Homage done him by the Hamburgers, as Duke of Horstein. His Sons were, 

1. Adolph Slain at the Battle of Leipsick, 1631.  
2. John, Consecrated Bishop of Lubeck, deceased 1655. leaving only one Son, named, John Augustus, who being weak in his Intellects, lives under the Wardship of his Cousin-Germain, the present Bishop of Lubeck. And,  
3. Frederick, eldest of the Three, tho' last named, who succeeded his Father, Anno 1616.    
This Prince very much enlarged the public Library, and built the City Frederickstadt. Moreover he sent an Embassy to the Courts of Muscovy and Persia; and in 1658. took off the Feudatory Obligation, which, till then, lay on the Duchy of Sleswick, to the Crown of Denmark. He departed this Life, in the Year 1659. having had to Wife Mary Elizabeth, Daughter of John George, the first Elector of Saxony, who died 1684. and by her, this following Issue, 

1. Magdalen Sibilla, born 1631. and married to Gustavus Adolphus, Duke of Meckleburg Gustrow.  
2. Hedewig Eleanor, born 1636. the now Relict of Charles Gustavus late King of Sweden.  
3. Anne Dorothy, born 1640. as yet unmarried.  
4. Augusta Maria, given in Marriage to Frederick Magnus, Marquis of Baden Durlach, An. 1670.  
5. Christian Albert, the present Duke, born Feb. the 3d. 1641. who succeeded his Father, and in 1665. opened an University at Kiel. In 1676. he lost the whole Duchy of Sleswick, but the difference being some Years after amicably made up 'twixt him and the King of Denmark, 'twas again restored him by His Majesty, An. 1689. His Duchess is Fred●rica Amalia, Sister to the present K. of Dermark by whom he has Issue, Sophia Amalia, 1670. Frederick, 1671. Christian Augustus 1673 And Mary Elizabeth, 1678.  
6. Augustus Frederick, the present Bishop of Laiveck, who has taken to Wife Christina, Daughter of Augustus, late Duke of Saxony, and Administrator of Magdeburg, but in all appearance like to have no Issue by her.      

CHAP. V Of the House of Sweden.  
§. I. ABout the beginning of the last Century, the Nobility of Sweden, grown weary of the Tyranny of Christian the Second, King of Denmark, elected Gustavus, Son of Erick of Wasa à Grypsholm, first Governor, than Duke, and last of all in the Year 1523. King of Sweden, Gothland, and the Vandals; at which time he had a sharp War with the Danes, as also with the Ruff, tho' afterwards he had Peace with the first. He had also a dispute with the City Lubeck in Saxony; and departed this Life in the Year, 1660. His Queens were, Marry, Daughter of Erick Abraham of Laholm; and Catharine, Daughter of Gustavus, Governor of West-Gothland, by which Ladies he had Issue Three Sons, Erick, John, and Charles.  
Erick the Fourteenth of the Name, succeeding his Father in the Throne, was Crowned in the Year 1561. and had Wars with the Panes and Pole. He committed his Brother John to Custody, and marrying Catharine, a Woman of a base Birth, and his Concubine before, caused her to he Crowned Queen at Stockholm, An. 1568. upon which falling into the contempt and hatred of his Brethren, he was the Year following seized and Imprisoned, together with his new Concubine Queen, in the very Castle of Stockholm. Hereupon the Government descended to John the Third, second Son of Gustavus, by his Wife Mary of Laholm. This Prince in 1570. concluded the Peace of Stetin with the Danes; as also with the City Lubeck; but continued the War with the Czar. His Son Sigismond, by Catharine Daughter of Sigismond King of Poland, was Crowned King of Poland, Dec. 17. 1587. Himself died 1592. having first secured the Succession of Sweden, to his Son Sigismond, who was accordingly Crowned, Feb. 19 1594. tho' the Swedish Nobility renounced their Allegiance five Years after, viz 1699. and deprived him of the Kingly Dignity, substituting in his place his Uncle, Charles the Ninth, Third Son of the above named Gustavus, and Brother by the same Mother, to the late King John the Third; under whom a War immediately broke out with the Poles for Liffland, which afterwards gave rise to another bloody One with the Danes. There was surviving, at this time, another Son of John the Third's, by his Wife Gunilla, Daughter of John Bielk, whose name was also John: He was created Duke of Finland, and East-Gothland, and died without Issue, 1618. notwithstanding he had married Mary Elizabeth, Daughter to his Uncle Charles the Ninth.  
§. II. Upon which Charles, and his Posterity of both Sexes, the Crown was settled, Sigismond and his Race being excluded for ever. He was Crowned in the Year 1607. having been Governor of the Commonwealth, now more than seven Years. His Death bears date 1611. in the sixty first Year of his Age. The first Wife he married, was Anne Mary, Daughter of Lewis Elector Palatine, by whom he had a Daughter named Catharine, living at his Death; married to John Casimire, Count Palatine of Deux-Ponts, and by that match, Grandmother of the present King. His second Wife's name, was Christina, Daughter of Adolph, Duke of Holstein, who bore him Two Sons, and as many Daughters, viz.  

1. Christina, deceased in her Infancy.  
2. Gustavus Adolphus, of whom more in the next Sect.  
3. Marry Elizabeth, married to John Duke of Finland. And,  
4. Charles Philip, Duke of Sudermanland, deceased 1622.   
§. III. Gustavus Adolphus, who succeeded his Father, was born in the Year 1594. and Crowned King of Sweden, 1617. Two years after his Father's Death he made Peace with the Danes, An 1613. and with the Muscovites, the same Year he was Crowned. He continued the War with the Poles, and reduced all Liffland, in the Year 1625. making Prussia Regal the seat of War. In 1630. he made an Expedition into Germany, for suppressing the Enemies of the Reformed Religion, where he was slain at the Battle of Lutzen, Nou. 16. 1632. leaving Issue by Mary Eleanor, Daughter of John Sigismond, Elector of Brandenburg, only a Daughter, the Princess Christina; who, under the Regency of her Mother, carried on the War in Germany, by her General, Charles Gustavus of Deux-Ponts, her Father's Sister's Son. In the mean time, the Danish War broke out a fresh, till a Peace was again concluded with 'em in the Year 1645. As also with the Emperor and his Confederates. In 1648. she changed her Religion, and turned Catholic; and taking her way through France, went for Rome, where she continued till the day of her Death, which was in the Year 1689. on April 9 Old Style.  
§. iv Hereupon the Government fell to Charles Gustavus, as next of Blood, being Son to Catharine, Gustavus Adolphus' Sister, as hath been already said. He was Crowned King of Sweden, June 16. 1654. and immediately engaged in a War with the Pole, wherein, by the assistance of his Ally, Frederick William the Great, Elector of Brandenburg, he made himself Master of almost all Poland and Prussia. In the mean time the Muscovites make an Incursion into Liffland, and the Danes invade Bremen, both which he opposed with good success. He departed this Life, Feb. 13. 1660. leaving by Hedewig Eleanor, Daughter of Frederick, Duke of Sleswick, Charles the Eleventh, the present King, at the Age of five Years, to succeed him. Who being educated under the Government of his Mother, and the Nohility, by the Mediation of the French King, concluded the Peace of St. Olives (in the first Year of his Reign, 1660.) with the Emperor, the King of Poland, and his Serene Highness the Elector of Brandenburg. Afterwards making an Alliance with the French, he had a fresh War with the Danes, as also the Elector of Brandenburg and his Allies, especially with the Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, till Peace was once more restored by the Treaty of Nimeguen. In 1680. he settled the Monarchy, and revoked all Grants of the Crown Demeans, made to this or that Family by any of his Ancestors; and the same Year married Ulrica Eleanora, Princess of Denmark, by whom he has Issue, 

1. Hedewig Sophia, born June 26. 1681.  
2. Charles, Prince Royal, born June 17. 1682.  
3. Ulrick Eleanor, Jan. 21. 1688. as for Gustavus Ulrick, and Charles Gustavus, they were both short lived.    
§. V It remains, we say something of Sigismond the Third, King of Poland, who left Two Sons.  

1. Uladislaus the Fourth, his Successor in that Kingdom, who brought the Muscovites to such terms, as made 'em Surrender to the Poles, whatever they had taken from them till that time; nevertheless died without Issue, May 20. 1648. And,  
2. John Casimire, Jesuit and Cardinal, who upon his Brother's decease, was by a dispensation from the Pope, Elected and Crowned King on the 17th. of January in the same Year; yet afterwards abdidicated the Government, and resumed his Monastic Habit, being the last of the Swedish Race in Poland.   

Of the Augmentation of This Family.  
§. VI IT has been already observed, how Gustavus of Wasa was the first of the present Royal Family of Sweden: He was Crowned in 1523. and at the same time had Sweden, properly so called, put into his Possession, together with Nord-Land, Gothland, Finland, and whatever else appertained at that time to the Kingdom of Sweden. In 1578. the Soldiers of Liffland put themselves, with their Families and Effects, under the Protection of Erick King of Sweden, which was afterwards confirmed by the Peace concluded at the Monastery of St. Olives in Dantzick; by which Peace all Livonia beyond the Dwina was adjudged to the Swede for ever; Article the 4th. Sect. 1. In 1618. Gustavus Adolphus, by the Peace then made with the Muscovite, gained the Russian Carelia and Ingermanlands. In 1648. the hither Pomerania, with the Isle of Rugen, etc. were yielded up to the Swedes, as were also the City of Weismar, Duchy of Bremen, and Principality of Ferden, by the Instrument of the Peace of Osenburg, Art. 10. By the Peace of Roschild, concluded with the Danes, 1658. there was an Accession to this Crown of Halland, Schenen, and Bleking, together with the Government and Citadel of Babuys, all which was ratified by the Treaty of Nimeguen.   

Of its Decrease.  
§. VII. THere is scarce any Instance to be given in this Family, of any diminution suffered by It; unless the Inhabitants of Ingermanland's leaving their Native Country, and retiring into Muscovy, with their Families and Effects, be looked upon as One; and therefore can have no Claims, were it not that the present King of Sweden has a just pretention to the Duchy of Deux-Ponts, taken from his Family by the French King.    

CHAP. VI Of the House of Portugal.  
§. I. HOw Portugal then called Lusitania, together with all Spain, became first subject to the Roman Government; how the Goths beat out the Romans, and established themselves there; how afterwards, about the Year 714. the Moors and Saracens, after a total defeat given Roderick, the last King of the Goths, made themselves Masters (in a manner) of the whole Country; the brevity of our design will not permit us to discourse at large. If any are desirous to be acquainted with the particulars of these Transactions, let 'em consult the famous Pufendorf, and those other Authors, mentioned by Beckman, in the first Chapter and first Section, of his Civil History. 'Tis sufficient for us to know, that towards the latter end of the Eleventh Century, Alphonso the Sixth, King of Castille, had very frequent and bloody Wars with the Moors, in which a certain Prince named Henry, descended (as some say) from the House of Burgundy (as others) from that of Lorain, was chief signalised for his Valour, and good Services to the Crown. King Alphonso, in reward of his Merit, gave him Portugal, then lately recovered from the Moors, under the Title of an Earldom, together with his natural Daughter Theresia to Wife; nevertheless with this condition, that he should continue a Vassal to Castille. This Prince's Son was Alphonso the First, who throwing off the Spanish Yoke, and having subdued several petty Kings of the Moors, caused himself to be Proclaimed King of Portugal, about the Year 1139. And departed this Life 1185. leaving for his Successor Sanctius the First, Father of Alphonso the Second, who died in the Year 1223. and was succeeded by Sanctius the Second, who dying without Issue, in the Year 1246. the Crown fell to his Brother Alphonso the Third. This Alphonso had Algarve given him in Dowry with his Queen, the Princess Beatrix, Daughter of Alphonso the Tenth, King of Castille; and was Father of Denys, of whose eminent Virtues, and great Actions the Pertugueses to this day relate Wonders: It was he that Founded the University of Coimbra, and died in the Year 1325. His Son was Alphonso the Fourth, who begat Peter, (or Pedro) Father of Ferdinand, King of Portugal, who, after many bloody Engagements with the Moors, ended his days without Issue, in the Year 1333.  
§. II. Hereupon followed an Interregnum, of almost two Years continuance, when, by the unanimous consent of all the Nobility, John the Bastard, natural Son of Peter, mentioned in the precedent Section, was Proclaimed King; and had Issue, 

1. Henry, born 1401.  
2. Peter, Duke of Coimbra, put to death by his Nephew, King Alphonso the Fifth, in the Year 1449.  
3. Ferdinand taken Prisoner by those of Barbary, and carried into afric, where he died 1443.  
4. Henry, who first discovered the Madera Island in 1420. and died 1460.  
5. Alphonso the Bastard, Duke of Braganza, (a natural Son) deceased 1461.    
Edward the Eldest, who succeeded in the Throne, married Eleanor, Daughter of Ferdinand King of Castille; and died of the Plague, in the Year 1438. leaving Issue Two Sons, 

1. Alphonso the Fifth, born 1432. And,  
2. Ferdinand, Infant of Portugal, and Duke of Visco, deceased 1470.    
Alphonso the Fifth, at his Father's death, ascended the Throne; and had sharp and frequent Wars with the Moors; as also with Ferdinand the Catholic King of Castille. His Death bears date 1481. at which time he was succeeded by his Son.  
1. John the Second, who, notwithstanding he had taken his Cousin-Germain, the Lady Eleanor, Daughter of Ferdinand Duke of Visco, to be his Queen, yet had he no Issue that outlived him; his only Son Alphonso coming to an accidental Death in the Year 1491. whereas himself Survived till 1495.  
Look we back therefore to Ferdinand, Duke of Visco, and his Posterity, whose Male Issue were, 

1. James, Duke of Visco, put to death in the Year 1484. by his Cousin-Germain, King John the Second.  
2. Emanuel, 1469.    
§. III. This Emanuel, after the Death of King John the Second, was Crowned King of Portugal, in the Year 1495. He expelled the Moors out of his Countries, and obliged the Jews to profess the Christian Faith: He subdued great part of the East-Indies, and planted Brasil with Colonies from Portugal. His first Queen was Isabel, Daughter to his Catholic Majesty Ferdinand King of Spain: His second, Marry, Isabella's Sister: And his last, Eleanor, Daughter of Philip the First, King of Spain, married afterwards to Francis the First King of France. By the first Lady he had Issue only one Son, Prince Michael, who had he lived, would have Heired all the Spanish Territories: But by the second and third Venture, 

1. John the Third, the no less happy Successor of a Fortunate Father, born 1502. married to Catharine, Daughter of Philip the First King of Spain; by whom he had Issue John, Infant of Portugal, deceased before his Father, who died not till the Year 1557. At which time there was surviving of the Body of John, Infant of Portugal, by Joan his Wife, Daughter of Charles the Fifth, Emperor and King of Spain, Prince Sebastian, a Child about Three Years of Age, born 1554. who succeeded his Grandfather John the Third in the Kingdom of Portugal. This unfortunate Prince, some Years after, making a descent upon afric, perished there with his whole Army, Aug. the 4th. 1578.  
2. Isabel, born 1503. married to Charles the Fifth, Emperor and King of Spain, 1526. deceased 1593.  
3. Henry, born 1512, promoted to a Red-Hat 1546. And afterwards, upon the most unhappy death of his Nephew Sebastian, to be King of Portugal, but died 1580.  
4. Edward, Infant of Portugal, born 1515. deceased 1540 whose Wife was Isabel, Daughter of James Duke of Braganza, by whom he had Issue Catharine, married to John Duke of Braganza, whose Grandson became afterwards possessed of the Crown of Portugal, as will appear, in the next Section.  
5. Lewis, Infant of Portugal, deceased 1555. leaving only a natural Son, called Antonio, who, upon the death of his Uncle Henry, was elected King 15—. But being in the same Year beat out of his Country, by Philip the Second, King of Spain, fled into France, and ended his days at Paris, An. 1595.    
§. iv Thus fell the Government into the hands of the Spaniards; for Philip the Second, partly because he was Son of Isabel, Daughter of Emanuel King of Portugal; and partly because he had married Mary, Daughter of John the Third; on these Pretences made himself Master of the Kingdom by force of Arms, in the Year 1580. Nevertheless, 'twas again lost by his Grandson, in the Year 1640. for the Portuguese, actually rejecting the Spanish Yoke, elected John Duke of Braganza to be their King. This Prince, born March 19 1604. was descended of the Posterity of Alphonso, the first Duke of Braganza, who was natural Son of John the First, King of Portugal, as you may see, by looking back to the second Section, Numb. 5. And his Grandmother was Catharine, Daughter of Edward Infant of Portugal, mentioned by us in the precedent Section, Numb. 4. He governed the State of Portugal, from 1640. till 1656. in which Year he departed this Life Nou. 6. His Queen was Donna Lucia, Daughter of John Emanuel Perez de Gusman, Duke of Medina Sidonia, who bore him Issue as followeth: 

1. Theodosius, Infant of Portugal, deceased 1653.  
2. Catharine, born at Villa Vicosa, Nou. 15. O. S. 1638. and espoused at Portsmouth, by His late Majesty King Charles the Second, in the Month of May, 1662.  
3. Alphonso the Sixth, born 1643. who under the Regency of his Mother had sharp Wars with the Spaniards, with whom at length he concluded a Peace in the Year 1668. In 1667. he took to Wife the Lady Mary Frances Elizabeth, Daughter of Charles Amadeus de Savoy, Duke of Nemours, who, after sixteen Months living with him, procured a Divorce, and retired to a Cloister. In 1668. he was deposed, as judged incapable either of a second Marriage or the Government, and sent the Year following to the Tercera Island, where he ended his days 1683.  
4. Peter, born 1648. who, upon his Brother Alphonso's being Deposed in 1668. was made first Regent, and after his death, King of Portugal. By a dispensation from his Holiness, he married the Princess Mary Frances Elizabeth, his Brother's Wife, who, departing this Life Dec. 27. 1683. he in 1687. took to Wife the Lady Mary Sophia, Daughter of Philip William, Elector Palatine. He has a Daughter by the first Venture now living, viz. Marry Elizabeth, born 1669. and in 1689. Contracted to John William, eldest Son of Philip William, Elector Palatine. As for the present Queen, she was brought to Bed Aug. 30. 1688. of a young Prince, whose date of Life was very short; for it died the third of Sept. in the same Year. However, there is just now arrived an Express, whilst we were writing this, with the happy news of the Birth of a second Prince, born this present October, 1689. to whom God grant long Life, and happy Success: His name is John.    

Of the Augmentation of This House.  
§. V BY what has been already said, it plainly appears, how Alphonso the First made Himself King of Portugal. Afterwards Alphonso the Third obtained the Kingdom of Algarve, by way of Dowry with his Queen, the Princess Beatrix, Daughter of Alphonso the Tenth, King of Castille. In 1415. John the Bastard possessed himself of the City of Ceuta in afric. His Son Henry discovered the Madera, and subdued the Fortunate Islands, and put his Countrymen in Possession of them, An. 1620. Alphonso the Fifth took Tangier, Arcilla, and Alcassar in Africa. Emanuel, by his General Albuquerque, made himself Master of the Cities of Ormus, Malaca, Cochin, and Goa in the East-Indies. In afric he subdued great part of Barbary, Guinee, Congo, the Isle of St. Thomas, Mosambique, Melinda, Mombaza, and Zefala; as also Brasil in America. Moreover, the Portuguese hold the City of Maoco, situate in an Island not far from China, as also the Azores Islands, the chiefest of which is Tercera.   

Of its Decrease.  
§. VI THo' Portugal, for some considerable time, acknowledged the Spanish Government; yet it was restored to itself in the Fortieth Year of this Century. Since which time little or no Encroachments have been made on it by any King or State, except the Hollanders, whose East-India Company have, by little and little, wrested from the Portuguese (in a manner) all they were possessed of in those Parts, some few Places excepted. From all which it is plain, that This Family has Pretensions to no other Places, but those taken from it by the Dutch.    

CHAP. VII. Of the Palatine and Bavarian Family.  
§. I. HEnry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony (of whom we shall make farther mention, when we come to treat of the House of Brunswick and Lunenburg) being Proscribed and Outed of all his Territories, by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Otho, Earl of Wittelsbach and Scyre—. was created Duke of Bavaria by the said Emperor, in the Year 1180. This Otho begat Lewis, Father of Otho the Second: Otho the Second married Agnes, sole Daughter and Heiress of Henry the Younger, Prince Palatine of the Rhine, and by reason thereof, obtained of the Emperor Frederick the Second, the Investiture of that Palatinate, together with the Electoral Dignity, An. 1227. His death bears date 1253. And his Issue were, 

1. Lewis the Severe, born Ap. 13. 1229. of whom more in the next Section.  
2. Elizabeth, married after the decease of the Emperor Conrade the Fourth, her first Husband, to Meinhard, Earl of Goritia and Tyrole; deceased 1270.  
3. Sophia, the Wife of Albert Count d' Albersberg. And,  
4. Henry, born 1235. who had the Lower Bavaria for his Patrimony, and married the Daughter of Bela the Fourth, King of Hungary, by whom he had Issue Three Sons. 

1. Otho, his Successor in Bavaria, elected also King of Hungary, in opposition to Charles Martel, An. 1305. but afterwards taken Prisoner by the Veywode of Transilvania, and died 1312. having first regained his liberty, and leaving Issue an only Son, who was named Henry, and taken off by a sudden and accidental death.  
2. Lewis, deceased without Issue, 1296. And,  
3. Stephen, Duke of the Lower Bavaria, deceased 1●11. leaving Issue, 1st. Otho, deceased Issueless. 2dly. Henry, who begat John; which John took to Wife his Cousin Elizabeth, Daughter to the Emperor Lewis of Bavaria; but dying without Issue, his Father-in-law the Emperor, seized on the Lower Bavaria, notwithstanding the Pretensions and Protestations of Adolph, Elector Palatine, the nearer Kinsman. 3dly, Beatrix, married to Henry Earl of Goritia. 4thly. Elizabeth, given in Marriage to Otho of Austria, Fifth Son to the Emperor Albert the First. And 5thly, Agnes, who was veiled a Nun.      
§. II. We now return to Lewis the Severe, Count and Elector Palatine, who elected Rudolph the First, Emperor; but was afterwards Proscribed himself, by Adolph of Nassau, the succeeding Emperor; yet, upon making his Innocency appear, was received again into favour, and ended his days at Heidelberg, An. 1294. This Prince had Three Wives; the first of which was Mary, Daughter of Henry Duke of Brabant, beheaded by him, out of Jealousy, Feb. 1. 1256. The second, Anne, Daughter of Conrade, Duke of Glogow, deceased 1268. And the third, Mechtilda (or Maud) Daughter to the Emperor Rudolph the First, deceased Decemb. 23. 1304. His Issue by these Ladies were, 

1. Lewis the Second, deceased before his Father, An. 1290. being accidentally, but mortally wounded at a Tournament.  
2. Rudolph, born 1274. of whom more in the next Section.  
3. Another Lewis, of whom we shall treat in the 18th. Section, as Author of the Bavarian Line.  
4. Anne married to Henry Landtgrave of Hesse. And,  
5. Mechtilda (or Maud) to Otho Duke of Lunenburg.    

Of the Palatine Line in particular.  
§. III. RUdolph succeeded his Father Lewis in the Palatinate and Electoral Dignity, and was Author of the Rudolphine Line, whereof mention is made in the Fourth Art. of the Instrument of the Peace of Osnaburg. This Prince opposed himself to the Designs of the Emperor, Albert the First, which created him much mischief. Nor could he ever agree with his Brother Lewis, who reduced him in the end to such extremities as forced him to take Refuge in England, where he died in Exile, An. 1319. He had to his first Wife, Mechtilda (or Maud) Daughter to the Emperor Adolph of Nassau, deceased 1315. And to his second, an English Princess of the same name. By the first Venture he had Issue that outlived him.  

1. Adolph the First, born 1300. deceased 1327. of whom more in the next Section.  
2. Rudolph the Second, made Elector after his Brother Adolph's decease; and being reconciled to his Uncle Lewis of Bavaria, the Emperor had the whole Palatinate put into his hands. He departed this Life 1353. leaving Issue by his Wife Anne, Daughter of Otho Duke of Carinthia, only one Daughter of her Mother's name, and afterwards married to the Emperor Charles the Fourth.  
3. Rupert the First, who opened the University of Heidelberg, in the Year 1346. and after his Brother Rudolph's decease, succeeded in the Electoral Dignity. He made an Expedition 'gainst the Impostor of Brandenburg, who pretended to be Waldomar, the late deceased Marquis of that Country; in which War Rupert himself was taken Prisoner by Rudolph Elector of Saxony, but ransomed by the Emperor Charles the Fourth. The day of his death happened in 1390. and notwithstanding he were twice Married, his first Wife being Elizabeth, Countess of Namur; his second Beatrix, Duchess of Bruges, yet left he no Issue, except a natural Son named Anselm, Knight and Lord of Hemsbach.   
§. iv Wherefore we must look back to Adolph the First, surnamed The Simple, who begat  
1. Rupert the Second, which Rupert had Wars with the Cities of Weteraw and Alsace, in which he defeated their Forces. He likewise severely punished several notorious Incendiaries of those Times. In 1387. he repaired the University of Heidelberg, and departed this Life 1398. His Princess was Beatrix, Daughter of Frederick King of Arragon, by whom he had Issue, 

1. Rupert the Third.  
2. Anne, married to William Duke of Juliers. And,  
3. Elizabeth, to Procopius Marquis of Moravia.    
Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia, being deposed from the Imperial Dignity, Sept. 1. 1400. Rupert the Third was elected Emperor. He gave Orders for Founding the Cathedral of the Holy Ghost at Heidelberg, in which his Tomb and Epitaph are to be seen to this day. He likewise made an Expedition into Italy, but with bad Success. His Empress was Elizabeth, Daughter of Frederick the Sixth, Burgrave of Norimberg, who bore him this following Issue, 

1. Rupert the Fourth, who, by a Marriage with Elizabeth, Daughter of John Earl of Sponheim, was the first that Entitled his Family to that County: Nevertheless, he deceased before his Father, and without Issue, at Amberg, An. 1395.  
2. Lewis, surnamed Barbatus (or Longbeard.)  
3. John the First, who had Sultzbach in the Upper Palatinate for his Patrimony; but of all his Sons, only Prince Christopher lived to be of Age; who, in 1439. was Crowned King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; partly by Election, and partly in Right of his Mother, who was Sister of King Erick, descended of the Dukes of Meckleburg; as we have already taken notice of in the first Paragraph of the Danish Family. Nevertheless, this Christopher died without Issue, An. 1448. notwithstanding he had taken to Wife, Dorothy, Daughter of John the Alchemist, Marquis of Brandenburg.  
4. Frederick, who lived a Bachelor at Amberg, in the Upper Palatinate.  
5. Stephen the First, born 1385. of whom we shall make farther mention in the seventh Section.  
6. John, Canon of Augsburg.  
7. Margaret, married to Charles the Bold, Duke of Lorraine.  
8. Agnes to Adolph, Duke of Cleves. She died 1404.  
9 Elizabeth, married to Frederick the Third of Austria, deceased 1409. And.  
10. Otho, who obtained Mosbach and Newmark in the Upper Palatinate, for his Portion, where he had four Sons that outlived him; Otho, who lead a single Life; Rupert the Eighth, Bishop of Ratisbonne; John, Precedent of the Chapter of Ausburg, And Albert, Bishop of Strasburg.    
§. V Lewis, surnamed Barbatus, who succeeded his Father in the Electoral Dignity, had great Wars with the Turks in Palestine, as also with the Bishop of Mentz, and Marquis of Baden in Germany. He was Precedent of the Council of Constance; and in the Emperor's name commanded the Sentence there passed upon John hus, and Jerom of Prague, to be put in Execution. He likewise Imprisoned Pope John the Two and Twentieth, deposed by the said Council. In his old Age, he began to learn the Latin-Tongue, and departed this Life, An. 1439. being merely worn out with Years, and having first lost his Eyesight. His first Wife was Blanch, Daughter of Henry the Fourth King of England. And his second, Maud,— Daughter of Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, By the English Lady he had Issue an only Son, named,  
1. Rupert, surnamed Anglicanus, deceased before his Father, An. 1426. But by the other, 

1. Lewis the Fourth, surnamed The Mild, his Father's Successor, born 1424. In 1444. he had a War with Lewis Dauphin of France; and died five Years after, leaving Issue by Margaret, Daughter of Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, Maud, married to Lewis, Earl of Wirtemburg; and after his decease to Albert of Austria; and Philip, who succeeded his Uncle Frederick in the Electorate, of whom more in the next Section.  
2. Frederick the First, born 1425. who, by reason of his Nephew Philip's Infancy, obtained the Electoral Dignity for Life, provided he should never Marry, but adopt his said Nephew. This Prince had many Wars during his Regency, in which he generally got the better. The Counts of Lutzelstein in Lorraine, were beat out of their Country by him; and his Cousin-Germain, Prince Lewis of Deux-Ponts, together with the Counts of Leiningen, Bishop of Spire, and some others suppressed. Moreover, he got the Victory in a Battle Fought against the united Forces of the Marquis of Baden, Bishop of Metz, and Earl of Wurtenburg. He had also many Disputes with the Emperor, Frederick the Third, and would often refuse him Homage. He lived with Clara à Tettingen, as with a Wife, from whom the Counts of Lowenstein have their descent. And at last ended his days at Heidelberg, Dec. 12. 1476.  
3. Rupert the Sixth, born 1427. elected Archbishop of Cologne, 1436. deceased 1479.    
§. VI Return we therefore to Philip the First, surnamed The Sincere, who grew up under the Tuition and Regency of his Uncle Frederick, after whose decease he took the Government upon himself. He created himself much mischief, by supporting his Son Rupert's Title to the Lower Bavaria; insomuch as he had like to have lost all his own Dominions on that Account: Nevertheless was at length reconciled to the Emperor, yet died of Grief, Feb. 28. 1508. having seen himself the Father ●f Thirteen Children, by his Wife Margaret, Daughter of Lewis, surnamed The Rich, Duke ●f Bavaria, whose Names were as follow, 

1. Lewis the Fifth, born July 2. 1478. who succeeded his Father in the Electorate, and was a great Lover of Peace and Concord. At the Diet of Worms he publicly opposed the Papists, who looked upon themselves as not obliged to observe the safe Conduct, granted to such as should come hither on Luther's behalf: Moreover, he suppressed the Seditious Insurrections of the Country Boors, by force of Arms. In 1532. he obtained the Peace of Religion, which was the first that was ever granted those of the Reformation. When the Imperial Crown was offered him, he refused it; and was highly esteemed and beloved by the Emperor Charles the Fifth. Whilst he was yet a Papist, he permitted a free Toleration of Religion to the Protestants. He departed this Life March 16. 1544. having had to Wife Sibilla, Daughter of Albert the Fourth Duke of Bavaria; but by her no Issue.  
2. Philip the Second, born May 7. 1480. Consecrated Bishop of Treising, 1496. of Naumburg, 1512. deceased 1541.  
3. Rupert the Tenth, surnamed The Virtuous, born May 14. 1581. and Elected Bishop of Freising, which Bishopric he afterwards surrendered to his Brother Philip, and married the sole Daughter and Heiress of George the Rich, Duke of Bavaria, which Match gave rise to a most bloody War, 'twixt the Palatine and Bavarian Lines. This Prince departed this Life before his Father, An. 1504 leaving Issue by Elizabeth, Daughter of George Duke of Bavaria aforesaid, 

1. Otho Henry, born 1502. in the beginning of his Life an unhappy Princes Of all his Mother's Inheritance, he obtained only the Duchy of Newburg. In 1542. he made public Profession of the Reformed Religion; and succeeding in the Electorate, at the decease of his Uncle Frederick the Second, wholly extirpated the Romish Religion out of all the Palatinate. He was also Founder of the Library a● Heidelburg; and died without Issue, 1559. And,  
2. Philip the Third, born 1503. who is 1529. bravely defended Vienna, against the dreadful Assaults of the Turkish Army, being at that time Governor o● the City, where he highly signalised his Courage. He deceased a Bachelor, 1548.    
4. Frederick the Second, surnamed The Wise, as also The Pious, born Dec. 9 1483. This Prince spent his Youth in the Court of Philip of Austria; and was afterwards made— to Charles the Fifth. He was likewise present at the Election of the said Charles, as Proxy for his Brother Lewis the Elector; and in 1519. sent to him to signify his Promotion to the Imperial Throne. After that he was often his Deputy and Vicar in his Absence. In most of the Diets he was one of the chief Counsellors; and Precedent of that held in 1528. He twice headed the Imperial Armies against the Turks, and forced Solyman to raise his Siege from before Vienna. In 1544. he succeeded his Brother in the Electoral Dignity. In 1546. he made Profession of the Protestant Faith, and began to introduce the same into his Dominions. Nevertheless he admitted the Book, Entitled, Interim, for fear he might too far incense the Emperor, Charles the Fifth. He departed this Life in the 73d. Year of his Age, An. 1556. having had to Wife, Dorothy, Daughter of Christian the Second, King of Denmark, but by her no Issue.  
5. George the First, born Feb. 10. 1486. elected Bishop of Sponheim, 1513. He began to build the Fortification and Castle of Udenheim, since called Philipsburg; and died 1529.  
6. Henry, Bishop of Worms, born Feb. 15. 1587. deceased 1552. or 1554.  
7. John, Bishop of Ratisbonne, born 1488 deceased 1538.  
8. Wolfgang, surnamed The Wise, born Oct. 31. 1494. He lived at Newmark, where he likewise died of Old Age, Apr. 2. 1558.  
9 Otho Henry, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1496.  
10. Aemilia, the Wife of George the First, Duke of Stetin, deceased 1524.  
11. Helen, married to Henry Duke of Meckleburg, deceased 1513.  
12. Elizabeth, espoused by William, Landtgrave of Hesse, An. 1498. and after his decease, by Philip, Marquess of Baden; she died 1522. And,  
13. Catharine, who was Veiled a Nun.    
§. VII. Matters thus far cleared, we now return to Stephen, fifth Son to the Emperor Rupert, of whom we made mention in the fourth Section, Numb. 5. This Prince had the County of Simmerens for his Patrimony; and took to Wife the Lady Anne, the only Daughter of Frederick Count Veldentz, with whom he had that whole County, as also great part of the County of Sponheim. She likewise bore him Issue, 

1. Frederick, born 1417.  
2. Margaret, deceased a Maid, An. 1426.  
3. Lewis, of whom more below in the twelfth Section.  
4. Rupert the Seventh, Bishop of Strasburg, deceased Oct. 18. 1478.  
5. John the Third, Bishop of Munster, afterwards Arch Bishop of Magdeburg, deceased Nou. 13. 1475.  
6. Stephen the Second, Canon of Cologne, deceased 1481. And,  
7. Another John Canon of Strasburg.    
Of these Frederick the Eldest, surnamed Der Hundes Xuecten, obtained the County of Simmeren, and upper part of the County of Sponheim, by Virtue of his Father's Will, and died 1486. leaving Issue by Margaret, Daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelderland, these Five following Princes, 

1. John the Sixth, of whom more in the next Section.  
2. Rupert the Ninth, Bishop of Ratisbonne deceased 1507.  
3. Stephen the Third, Provost of the Cathedral at Cologne.  
4. William, Canon of Triers. And,  
5. Frederick the Second, Canon of Cologne.    
§. VIII. John the Sixth succeeded his Father in the Palatinate of Simmerens; and departed this Life in the Year 1509. having begot on his Wife Joan of Nassau, John the Eighth, and Frederick, Provost of the Cathedral Church of Strasburg.  
John the Elder of the Two succeeded his Father, and was a very learned Prince; upon which account he was made Precedent of the Imperial Chamber at Spire, by the Emperor Charles the Fifth. He departed this Life, An. 1557. having had Two Wives; the first being Beatrix, Daughter of Christopher, Marquess of Baden; the other, Marry Jacobaea, Daughter of James Earl of Ettingen. By the first Lady he had Issue, 

1. Elizabeth, married to George Count d' Epach.  
2. Sabina, given in Marriage, An. 1544. to Lamoral Count d' Egmont, who was publicly Beheaded by the common Executioner at Brussels, An. 1568. by the command of the Duke d' Alva, than Governor of the Netherlands.  
3. Frederick the Third, born Feb. 14. 1515. of whom more in the next Section.  
4. George, born Feb. 20. 1518. a Prince of great Courage, who served the Spaniard, against the French. He was of the Reformed Religion, and took to Wife Elizabeth, Daughter to William Landtgrave of Hesse, yet died without Issue, May 19 1569.  
5. Richard, who, upon his Brother George's Decease without Issue, became Possessed of the Principality of Simmeren. He was a great Stickler for the Lutheran Confession, which was the reason he was kept from the Manage of Affairs, and Guardianship of his Nephew Frederick the Elector, during his Minority, who was brought up a Calvinist. He likewise died, as his Brother George did, without Issue, notwithstanding he was thrice Married, An. 1598.  
6. William, deceased an Infant.  
7. Helen, the Wife of Philip, Count de Leining.  
8. Magdalen, married to Philip, Earl of Hanover.  
9 N— Lady Abbess of Newburg, born 1516. deceased 1562.  
10. Jean, Prioress of Poppart. And,  
11. Ottilia. all Veiled Nuns.  
12. Marry, and all Veiled Nuns.  
13. Catharine. all Veiled Nuns.    
§. IX. Frederick the Third, upon the Death of the Elector Otho Henry, (mentioned by us in the sixth Section, Numb. 3.) without Issue, succeeded him in the Electorate, as next of Blood, An. 1559. This Prince established the Reformed Religion in his Dominions, upon which Account he suffered very much. In 1560 he caused a Conference to be held at Heidelberg, and Published the Heidelberg Catechism, three Years after. He was likewise a vigorous Promoter of the Huguenots Cause in France; and sent assistance to the Dutch. His first Marriage was with Mary, Daughter of Casimire, Marquis of Brandenburg, deceased Oct. 21. 1567. After which, he took to Wife the Lady Aemilia, Daughter to Humbert, Earl of Meurs and Nevenaer, Henry Brederode's Widow, who died 1602. as himself had done some Years before, viz. 1576. His Children are said to be, 

1. Albert the Second, born 1538. deceased 1553.  
2. Lewis the Sixth, born July 4. 1539. of whom more in the next Section.  
3. Elizabeth, born 1540 married to John Frederick, Duke of Saxony, 1558. deceased 1594.  
4. Herman Lewis, drowned in France, 1556.  
5. John Casimire, born March 7. 1543. who, by his Wife Elizabeth (as others Anne) Daughter of Augustus, Elector of Saxony, had an only Daughter, named Dorothy; born 1580. married to John George, Prince of Anhault Dessau, 1598. (or 95) deceased 1618. or (1610.)  
6. Susanna Dorothy, born Nou. 19 1544. married to John William, Duke of Saxony, 1560. deceased March 4. 1592.  
7. Albert, deceased an Infant, An. 1546.  
8. Anne Elizabeth, born 1545. and married in 67. to Philip the Second, Landtgrave of Hesse; and again in 1599 to John Augustus, Count Palatine in Deux Ponts; she died 1609.  
9 Charles, deceased in his Infancy, 1552.  
10. Cunigunda Jacobaea, born 1556. espoused to John Count Nassau in Dillenburg; deceased 1586.  
11. Christopher, born June 13. 1551 sent by his Father to the Wars in Flanders, and there Slain at the Battle of Mockerheiden, 1574.    
Lewis the Sixth was his Father's Successor, and wholly addicted to Luther's way of Worship, as also a constant Reader of the Holy Scriptures. Moreover he subscribed the Book of Concord, being a very Peaceable Prince, never meddling with other men's matters. His first Princess was, Elizabeth, Daughter of Philip, Landtgrave of Hesse; who deceasing in 1582. he took to Wife Anne, Daughter of Ezhard, Earl of East-Friseland. By the first Lady he had Issue Eleven Children; whereof only Two were living at his Death, which happened in the Year 1583. namely, Frederick the Fourth, and Mary Anne, born 1561. who was married to Charles Duke of Sudermanland, afterwards King of Sweden, and died 1580.  
§. X. Frederick the Fourth was born March 5. 1547. and brought up a Protestant. In 1606. he built Manheim, and began to fortify the same. He likewise very much enlarged the University of Heidelberg; and took no less care for the Improvement of the whole Province. His Death bears date, Sept. 9 1610. His Princess being Lovise Juliana, Daughter of William Prince of Orange, and his Issue by her, as followeth; 

1. Lovise Juliana, born June 16. 1594. married to John the Second, Count Palatine of Deux-Ponts, 1612. deceased 1640. (or 1637.)  
2. Frederick the Fifth, Prince Elector, born Aug. 16. 1596.  
3. Elizabeth Charlotte, born Nou. 7. 1597. married to George William Elector of Brandenburg, 1616. deceased 1657. (or 1660.)  
4. Lewis Philip, born Nou. 23. 1602. who being Shipped in the same bottom, was obliged to run the same Risque with his Brother Frederick. Nevertheless, he had the Palatinate of Simmerens restored him, by the Instrument of the Feace of Osenburg, and died afterwards at Berlin, An. 1654. His Princess was Mary Eleanor, Daughter of Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, by whom he had Issue, 

1. Herman Maurice Francis, born Oct. 1. 1640. in whom the Branch of Simmeren withered, and became extinct, by his dying without Issue, An. 1673. And,  
2. Elizabeth Charlotte Mary, born Oct. 24. 1638. and affianced to George Duke of Lignitz: she departed this Life, 1664.      
Frederick the Fifth succeeded his Father in the Electorate, and was Elected and Crowned King of Bohemia also, in opposition to Ferdinand the Second, Nou. 4. 1619. but being defeated the Year following by the Emperor's Forces, in a great Battle Fought in a place called the White Hill, not far from Prague, was forced to fly into Holland; whereupon he was forthwith Proscribed, deposed from his Electoral Dignity, and beat out of all his Dominions, notwithstanding the great distaste shown thereat by the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg, and many other Princes. Nevertheless, the greater part of the Palatinate being recovered, after the Battle of Leipsick, by Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden; Frederick, after ten Years Exile, came to Frankfort, in the Year 1632. and continued in those Parts for some time: But this was only a Mockery of Fortune; for he died at Mentz, on Nou. 19 in the same Year, O. S. not many Months after the Death of His Swedish Majesty, who was Slain at the Battle of Lutz, leaving the Princess Elizabeth, Daughter of James the First, King of Great Britain, a disconsolate Widow, and by her this following Issue; 

1. Frederick Henry, born Jan. 1. 1614 and drowned in Harlem Mere, on the 7th of the same Month, An. 1629. and the 15th of his Age.  
2. Charles Lewis, born Dec. 22/12. 1617. of whom more in the next Section.  
3. Elizabeth, born Dec. 26. 1618. she was made Lady Abbess of Hervorden in Germany, being mightily addicted to the Muses, and study of Philosophy, especially Des Cartes' (or the new) and departed this Life on Jan. 8. 1680.  
4. Rupert the Eleventh, born Dec. 17. 1619. at Prague in Bohemia, but brought up in Holland. At the Battle of Lemgow, he was taken, and sent Prisoner to the Emperor at Vienna. From whence, being set at liberty, he came for England; where in 1642. he opposed with good Success, the Rebellious Forces of the Parliament, raised against the Government of King Charles the First. In 1650. he left England, and went for Portugal, and from thence into Germany to his Brother. After the Restauration of Charles the Second, King of England, he returned into that Country; where he was made Admiral, and at length died a Bachelor, on the 19th of Nou. 1682.  
5. Maurice, born Dec. 27/17. 1620. Perished by Shipwreck in the Atlantic Ocean, An. 1654.  
6. Lovise Hollandina, born 1622. and brought up a Protestant; but she changed her Religion, and went into France, where she became Lady Abbess of Maubuison, and died July 5. 1684.  
7. Lewis, born 1623. deceased two Years after.  
8. Edward, born Oct. 6. 1624. who sought his Fortunes in France, where, in short, he married Anne Gonzaga, Daughter of Charles Duke of Nevers, turned Catholic, and died March 13. 1663. leaving Issue Three Daughters, 

1. Marry Lovise, married to Charles Oaths, Count de Solmes, deceased Mar 11. 1679.  
2. Anne, born July 23. 1647. married to Henry Julius de Bourbon, Duke d' Enghien, Dec. 11. 1663. deceased. And,  
3. Benedicta Henrietta Philippina, born 1648. and married in 1668. to Frederick Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg. She is now a Widow, and lives at Paris.    
9 Henrietta Maria, born 1626. she was married to Sigismond, Prince of Transilvania, and died Sept. 18. 1651.  
10. Philip, born Sept. 16/26. 1627. and Slain at the Battle near St. Stephens, Dec. 15. 1650.  
11. Sophia, born Octob. 13. 1630. and married in 1658. to Ernest Augustus, Bishop of Osenburg, and Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg.  
12. Gustavus, born Jan. 14. 1632. deceased in the same Month, 1641. And,  
13. Charlotte, deceased an Infant, 1631. but born 1628. and should have been mentioned next Prince Philip.    
§. XI. We now return to Charles Lewis, who during his Father's Exile, was brought up in Holland, where he made great Proficiency in the Study of Languages and other Sciences.  
By the Peace of Prague, there was only an Allowance settled on him and his Brethren, suitable to their Quality; but at length by that of Munster and Osenburg in 1648. He had the Lower Palatinate, and Bergstrasse restored him, and was constituted the Eighth Elector, and Chief Treasurer of the Empire. At the same time was the University of Heidelberg restored; Liberty of Conscience granted the Protestants; Measures taken for restoring Peace to the Church, and Manheim repaired. Upon the Decease of the Emperor Ferdinand the Third, there was a Dispute betwixt him and the Elector of Bavaria, touching their right to the Vicarship of the Empire, during the Inter-regnum: He had also several Contests for the Wildtangiate. In 1650. he took to Wife Charlotte, Daughter of William the Fifth, Landtgrave of Hesse, who afterwards was parted from him, and returned home, upon some Discontents that arose between 'em. Nevertheless, he had Issue by her, Charlotte Elizabeth, born 1652. and married in 71. to Philip Duke of Orleans, the present French King's only Brother; and Charles, born March 31. 1651. who indeed succeeded him, but outlived him only five Years, deceasing May 16. 1685. and that without Issue; notwithstanding he had taken to Wife, Wilhelmina Ernestina Daughter of Frederick the Third, late King of Denmark, and Sister to Christian the Fifth, the present King. Moreover, 'tis to be noted of Prince Charles Lewis the Father, that besides the Princess of Hesse, his lawful Wife, he super-induced another, whose name was Lovise Degenfeld, by whom he had this Issue living at his Death.  

1. Charles Lewis, the Rhinegrave, born 1658.  
2. Charlotte, born 1659. and married to Meinhard Count Schomberg, 1683.  
3. Lovise, born Jan. 15. 1661.  
4. Aemilia Elizabeth, born March 22. 1663.  
5. Charles Edward, born May 9 1668.  
6. Charles Maurice, Dec. 30. 1670.  
7. Charles Auguste, Oct. 9 1672. And,  
8. Charles Casimire, Apr. 22. 1675.   
§. XII. 'Tis now time that Lewis, surnamed The Black, mentioned by us in the seventh Section, Numb. 3. be brought once more on the Stage. In the division of the Hereditary Provinces, 'twixt him and his Brother Frederick, he obtained the Duchy of Deux-Ponts, and County of Veldentz, for his Patrimony, wherein he was succeeded at his death, An. 1489. by his Son Alexander, who marrying the Lady Margaret, Daughter of Crato Earl of Hohenloh, had Issue Lewis the Second, born 1502. George, Canon of Cologne and Triers, and Rupert, who became possessed of the Counties of Lautereck and Veldentz, by the grant of his Nephew Wolfgang of Newburg; and was succeeded in the same by his Son George John, who, by the donation of his Kinsman Otho Henry, the Elector, became possessed of the County of Lutzelstein also; and departed this Life 1592. leaving Issue by Anne Mary, Daughter of Gustavus King of Sweden, as followeth.  

1. George Gustavus, born Feb. 6. 1564.  
2. Anne Margaret, married to Richard Count Palatine in Simmeren, An. 1591.  
3. Ursula, born 1573. married to Lewis, Duke of Wurtenburg, of the Line of Mompelgart, 1585. deceased 1636.  
4. John Augustus, born 1575. deceased without Issue, Sept. 18. 1611.  
5. Lewis Philip, born 1577. and Slain at Heidelberg, by accident in a Tournament, An. 1601.  
6. Joan Elizabeth, born 1579. deceased 1599  
7. George John, born 1586. whose Wife was the Lady— Daughter of Otho Henry Count Palatine in Sultzbach, by whom he had four Children; but none of them outlived him.   
Wherefore George Gustavus, who departed this Life 1634. was the only Propagator of the Branch of Veldentz, having had by his Wife Mary Elizabeth, Daughter of John the First, Count Palatine of Deux-Ponts, this following Issue; namely, 

1. Anne Magdalen, born 1602. and married to Henry Duke of Munsterberg: she died, 1630.  
2. John Frederick, Colonel of the Swedish Regiment, deceased 1632.  
3. Charles Lewis, who likewise served under His Swedish Majesty, and died of his Wounds at Wolmerstadt, July 17. 1631.  
4. Magdalen Sophia, born Nou. 24. 1622. deceased 1631.  
5. Marry Sibilla, who was an Abbess, and died 1649.  
6. Leopold Lewis, born Feb. 1. 1625. By the Peace of Osenbrug, he recovered the County of Veldentz; and in 1654. he became possessed of that of Lutzelstein also, by right of Inheritance. Nevertheless, in the last French War, he was beat out of all, and has ever since lived in Exile. His Children, by the Princess Agatha Christina, Daughter to Philip Wolfgang, Count of Hanaw, are, 

1. Anne Sophia, born 1650.  
2. Gustavus Philip, born 1651. deceased 1679.  
3. Elizabeth Joan, born 1653. and married to John, Rhinegrave in Mortchingen.  
4. Christina, born 1654. deceased the Year following.  
5. Christian Lewis, born 1656. deceased 1658.  
6. Dorothy, born 1658.  
7. Leopold Lewis, 1659. deceased 1660.  
8. Charles George, born May 27. 1660. and Slain at the Storming of Buda, 1686.  
9 Agatha Eleanor, born 1662. deceased 1664. And,  
10. Augustus Leopold, born 1663. and Slain at the Siege of Mentz, 1689.      
§. XIII. We must now look back to Lewis the Second, of whom we made mention in the beginning of the last Section. He succeeded his Father Lewis the Black, and had the Duchy of Dexu Ponts settled on him; as also the Counties of Veldentz and Sponheim; out of all which Provinces he totally extirpated the Romish Religion, and embraced Luther's Faith. He departed this Life in the Year 1532. and was succeeded by his Son Wolfgang, born 1526. This Wolfgang had Newburg, on the Danube, and Sultzbach, afterwards given him by his Kinsman Otho Henry the Elector: Whereupon he made over the Counties of Veldentz and Lautereck to his Uncle Rupert. Afterwards he ordered by his Will, that his Posterity should Branch themselves into two Lines, viz. Deux-Ponts and Newburg; and that in both, the Right to Succession by Birthright should be observed: to Newburg he subjected Sultzbach, as Birkenfeld to Deux-Ponts. His Death fell in the Year 1569. at which time he had Four Sons surviving by his Wife the Princess Anne, Daughter of Philip the Stout, Landtgrave of Hesse, whose names were, Philip Lewis, born Oct. 1. 1547. John the First, born May 18. 1550. Otho Henry, July 22. 1556. deceased 1604. and Charles, Propagator of the Branch of Birkenfeld, Sept. 4. 1560.   

Of the Line of Newburg.  
§. XIV. PHilip Lewis, in whom this Line began, was a Prince famous for his great Prudence, in the Government of his Family, as also for his Zeal to Religion. He departed this Life in the Year 1614 leaving Issue by Anne, Daughter of William Duke of Cleve, 

1. Anne Marry, born Aug. 12. 1575. married to Frederick William, the first Duke of Sax-Altenburg, deceased Feb. 1. 1643.  
2. Dorothy Sabina, born 1576. deceased 1598.  
3. Wolfgang William, born Oct. 28. or 29. 1587.  
4. Otho Henry, born 1580. deceased 1587. or (1598.)  
5. Augustus, Author of the Branch. of Sultzbach, born Oct. 2. 1582. of whom, and his Posterity, we shall say more in the next Section, when we come to treat of that Branch.  
6. Aemilia Hedewig, born 1584. deceased 1607. And,  
7. John Frederick, born Aug. 23. 1587. deceased 1647. His Wife was Sophia Agnes, Daughter of Lewis, Landtgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, by whom he had Six Children, yet not one of them survived him.    
Wolfgang William, who succeeded his Father in the Duchy of Newburg, An. 1614 turned Papist the same Year, and by that means was very uneasy to his Mother and Brethren. He was embroiled in the Low-Country Wars for the Succession to the Duchy of Juliers, and departed this Life 1653. having had three Wives; the first being Magdalen, Daughter of William Duke of Bavaria, deceased 1628. The second, Catharine Charlotte, Daughter of John the Second, Dake of Deux Ponts, deceased March 21. 1651. and the third Mary Frances, Daughter of Francis Egon, Earl of Furstenburg, who died the same yet she was married, viz. May 7. 1652. By the first of these Ladies he was Father of Philip William, the present Duke, born Nou. 24. 1615. who succeeded him at his Death, An. 1643. In 1666. the difference 'twixt him and the Elector of Brandenburg, touching their Right of Succession to the Dutchies of Cleves and Juliers, was fairly accommodated, after several sharp Disputes, which at length ended in Blows. After the decease of Charles, Elector Palatine, which happened (as hath already been said) in 1685. He became possessed of the Electorate, by Virtue of the Instrument of the Peace of Osenburg, Art. 5. Nevertheless, he has been since thrown Out, contrary to all Law and Equity, by the French King. An. 1688. And altho' he had recovered many Places in It, in the Year 1689. by the assistance of the Confederates; yet he continues as yet at Newburg. In 1642. he took to Wife the Princess Anne Catharine Constance, Daughter of Sigismond the third King of Poland. After whose decease, An. 1651. he most happily contracted himself, a second time, in the Year 1653. to the Princess Elizabeth Amalia, Daughter of George Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, his present Duchess, by whom he is Father of a fair Race of Princes; their Names as follow, 

1. Eleanor Magdalen Theresia, born at Dusseldorp, Jan. 6. 1655. married Jan. 6. 1677. (or Dec. 14. 1676.) at Passau, to the present Emperor, Leopold the First.  
2. Marry Adelheid Anne, born Jan. 6. 1656. deceased Dec. 23. in the Year following,  
3. Sophia Elizabeth, born 1657. deceased 1658.  
4. John William Joseph, Prince Hereditary, born at Dusseldorp, Ap. 19 1658. and married at Newstadt in Austria, on Oct. 25. New-Stile, 1678. to the Princess Mary Anne Joseph, Daughter of the Emperor Ferdinand the Third, by Eleanor of Mantua his third Wife. In 1683, she was brought to Bed of a Boy, but Still born. In 1686. she Miscarried a second time, after which she never had her Health well, but died within three Years after at Vienne, viz. Ap. 17/7. 1689.  
5. George Wolfgang, born 1659. and designed for Bishop of Breslaw, but died June 3. 1683.  
6. Lewis Anthony, Grand Master of the Teutonick Order, born at Dusseldorp, July 9 1660.  
7. Charles Philip, born Nou. 4. 1661. and married at Berlin, on July 24. 1688. to Lovise Charlotte de Ratzeville, Lewis Marquis of Brandenburg's Widow.  
8. Alexander Sigismond, Dean of Augsburg, and Precedent of the Chapter of Constance, born at Newburg, Ap. 16. 1663.  
9 Francis Lewis, born at Newburg, July 24. 1664. and elected Bishop of Breslaw, Jan. 30. 1683.  
10. Frederick William, born at Dusseldorp, July 20. 1665.  
11. Marry Sophia Elizabeth, born Aug. 6. 1666. and married in 1687. to Peter King of Portugal.  
12. Marry Anne, born at Dusseldorp, Oct. 28. 1667. and affianced to Charles the Second, King of Spain, Aug. 28. 1689, to which Prince she is now going to be sent.  
13. Philip William Augustus, born Nou. 18. 1668.  
14. Dorothy Sophia, July 12. 1670.  
15. Hedewig Elizabeth Amalia, July 18. 1673  
16. John, deceased, 1675.  
17. Leopoldina Eleanor Sophia, born May 27. 1679.     

Of the Branch of Sultzbach.  
§. XV. 'TIs now time that Augustus, Propagator of this Branch, again appear; having been already mentioned by us, in the beginning of the last Section, Numb. 5. His Wife was Hedewig, Daughter of John Adolph, Duke of Holstein, who bore him, 

1. Anne Sophia, married to Joachim Erneste, Count Ettingen; deceased 1675.  
2. Christian Augustus, born July 16. 1622. a Prince of as many and as great, both natural and acquired Accomplishments, as humane Nature is capable of. His Princess was, Amalia of Nassau, who departed this Life 1669. having born him Issue, as followeth; 

1. Hedewig Augusta, born 1650. married to Julius Francis, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg; deceased 1681.  
2. Amalia Sophia, a Professed Nun, born 1651.  
3. Julianus Augustus, born 1654. deceased 1657.  
4. Christian Ferdinand, born 1656. deceased 1658. And,  
5. Theodore, born Feb. 14. 1659. the Joy and Hopes of his aged Parent.    
3. Adolph Frederick, decease 1624.  
4. Augusta Sophia, born 1624. she was married to Wenceslaus, Duke de Lobkowitz, and died 1682.  
5. John Lewis, deceased 1649. And,  
6. Philip, born Jan. 19 1630. whose Courage and Conduct in Military Affairs, is sufficiently known to all Europe. He has hitherto lived a Bachelor.     

Of the Line of Deux-Ponts.  
§. XVI. PRince John, second Son of Wolfgang, Duke of Newburg and Deux Ponts, of whom we spoke in the thirteenth Section, was Author of the new Line of Deux-Ponts; his Wife being Magdalen, Daughter of William Duke of Cleve, Juliers and Mons, by whom he had seven Children; which we shall set down in the following Order.  

1. Lewis William, born 1580. deceased 1581.  
2. Marry Elizabeth, born 1581. married to George Gustavus, Count Palatine of Veldentz and Lautereck; deceased 1637.  
3. Anne Jacobea, born 1582. deceased the Year following.  
4. Anne Magdalen, deceased in her Infancy.  
5. John the Second, born 1584. of whom again a little below.  
6. Frederick Casimire, born 1585. whose usual Residence was at Landsberg; where he left an only Son, surviving at his death, which happened in 1645. born him by his Wife, the Princess Amalia, Daughter to William Prince of Orange, An. 1619. and named,   
1. Frederick; which Frederick succeeded in 1661. by Right of Inheritance to the Duchy of Deux-Ponts, upon the decease of his Cousin Frederick, without Issue Male, as you will see below. Nevertheless he lost it again in the last French War; and departed this Life April 1. 1681. leaving only two Daughters, notwithstanding the numerous Issue, he had born him, by his Wife the Princess Juliana Magdalen of Deux-Ponts, his Cousin-Germain. Their names are, 

1. Charlotte Amalia, born 1653. and affianced to John Philip, Count Isenburg: And,  
2. Elizabeth Christina, born 1656. and married in 1678. to Emico Count de Leiningen.    
7. John Casimire, born 1589. of whom more below.  
We now return to John the Second, who succeeded his Father in the Duchy of Deux-Ponts: This Prince obtained of the Emperor a Power to Sat and Vote in the Diets of the Empire; and died in the Year 1635. having had to his first Wife, Catharine, Daughter of Renatus Count Roven, deceased 1607. and by her a Daughter, named Magdalen Catharine, who was married to Christian the First of Birckenfeldt, and died 1648. His second Duchess was Lovise Juliana; Daughter of Frederick the Fourth, Elector Palatine; deceased 1640. or 1637. by which last Lady he had Issue, as followeth, 

1. Elizabeth Lovise, Lady Abbess of Hervorden, born 1613.  
2. Frederick, born Ap. 5. 1614 deceased 1661. His Princess was Anne Juliana of Nassan, by whom he had Issue only Daughters; namely, 

1. Elizabeth, born 1642. married to Victor Amadeus, Prince of Anhult, 1667. deceased Ap. 17. 1677.  
2. Sophia Amalia, born 1646. and married in 1678. to Sigfrid Count de Hobenl●●.  
3. Charlotte Frederica, born 1653. and espoused to William Lewis Count Wherefore Frederick dying without Issue Male, the Succession to the Duchy of Deux-Ponts, fell to his Consin-Germain, Frederick of Landsberg, mentioned by us a little above.    
3. Catharine Charlotte, born 1615. married to Wolfgang William, Duke of Newburg, 1631. deceased March 20. or 21. 1651.  
4. Anne Sibilla, born 1617. deceased 1641.  
5. John Lewis, born 1619. deceased 1647.  
6. Juliana Magdalen, born 1621. affianced to Frederick Lewis Count Palatine in Landsbery, in 1644. deceased Marches 5. 1672  
7. Marry Aemilia, born 1622. deceased 1641.    
Now follows John Casimire, youngest Son of Duke John the First, who Traveled into Sweden; where he performed many notable Services for Charles the Ninth, King of that Country, both against the Poles and Denes. In 1615. he married the Princess Catharine, Daughter of the said King; and died 1652. leaving Issue, 

1. Christina Magdalen, born 1616. married to Frederick the Third, Marquess of Baden Durlach, deceased 1662.  
2. Charles Gustavus, born Nou. 8. 1622. to whom Queen Christina gave up the whole Kingdom of Sweden, with all its Claims and Dependencies. His Queen was Hedewig Eleanor, Daughter of Frederick, Duke of Sleswick, now a Widow; by whom he had Issue Charles the Eleventh, the present King; of whom and his Issue, see more above in the Swedish Family.  
3. Marry Euphrosyna, born Feb. 4. 1625. espoused by Magnus Gabriel, Count de la Gardie, Arch-Drozet of Sweden; deceased in Decemb. 1687.  
4. Eleanor Catharine, the late Relict of Frederick, Landtgrave of Hesse, in Eschwegen; born May 17. 1626. deceased 16—.  
5. Adolph John, born Oct. 11. 1629. deceased Oct. 14. 1689. possessed of a very large Estate in Sweden, where he married two Wives; the first being Elizabeth Beata, Daughter of Peter Brahe, Earl of Wisenburg; deceased 1653. The other Elizabeth, Daughter of Nicholas Brahe, Erick, Count Oxenstern, late Lord Chancellor of Sweden's Widow, deceased also last March, 1689. His Children now living, are two Sons, and as many Daughters; namely, Adolph John, born Aug. 13. 1666. Gustavus Samuel, born Ap. 2. 1670. Catharine, An. 1661. And Mary Elizabeth, 1663.     

Of the Branch of Birckenfeld.  
§. XVII. WE are now come to mention Charles, youngest Son of Wolfgang, Duke of Newburg and Deux-Ponts, who propagated the Branch of Birckenfeld, by a Marriage with the Princess Dorothy of Lunenburg, of the Line of Zell, who bore him a Daughter, named Sophia, married to Crato, Earl of Hohenloh; deceased Nou. 6. 1676. And Three Sons, 

1. George William.  
2. Christian. And,  
3. Frederick, born 1594. deceased a Bachelor, 1626.    
In the Issue of the Two first, the Branch of Birckenfeld, subdivided itself into two lesser Branches; that of Birckenfeld, properly so called, and that of Bischweiler. The first began in George William, born 1593. who had the Territory of Birckenfeld for his Portion, and took the Lady Dorothy of Solms to his first Wife, who dying in the Year 1625. he was remarried to the Rhinegrave Juliana, from whom he was afterwards divorced; and thereupon espoused the Lady Anne Elizabeth of Ettingen, his third and last Wife. His Death bears date, 1669. And his Children, by the first Venture, were, 

1. Anne Sophia, born Ap. 2. 1619. deceased 1680. she was Lady Abbess of Quedlingburg.  
2. Juliana, and, deceased both in their Infancy.  
3. Elizabeth, deceased both in their Infancy.  
4. Charles Otho, a Valiant Champion of the Gospels; deceased 1672. whose Wife was Hedewig, Crato Count Holenloh's Daughter, by whom he had Issue; Charles William, deceased an Infant, 1660. Charlotte Sophia Elizabeth, born 1661. And Hedewig Eleanor Dorothy, in 1663.  
5. Marry Magdalen, born 1622. and married to Anthony Gunther, Count Swartzburg, An. 1644.    
Return we now to Christian of Bischweiler, born 1598. deceased Aug. 10. 1654. whose two Wives were Magdalen Catharine, Daughter of John the Second, Duke of Deux Ponts, and Mary Joan of Helfenstein. By the first of which he had Issue, 

1. Dorothy Catharine, born July 3. 1634. and married to John Lewis Count Nassau in Otweiler.  
2. Lovise Sophia, born 1635. as yet unmarried.  
3. Christian the Second, born June 22. 1637. In 1667. he married the Lady Catharine Agatha (Daughter of John James the last Earl of Rappolstein) deceased 1683. by whom he has Issue now living, Magdalen Claudia, born 1668. Charlotte Wilhelmina, 1672. And Christian the Third, Nou. 7. 1674.  
4. John Charles, born Oct. 17. 1638. a Prince of great Experience in Military Affairs. In 1685. he took to Wife Sophia Amalia, Daughter of Frederick Duke of Deux-Ponts, Sigfrid Count Hohenloh's Widow, brought to Bed of a Daughter, Feb. 1. 1686.  
5. Anne Magdalen, born 1640. and married to John Rheinhard, Earl of Han●●lt, Oct. 18. 1659.     

Of the Bavarian Line.  
§. XVIII. IT has already been observed in the second Section of this Chapter, that Lewis the Third was third Son of Elector Lewis the First. He was Born 1277. carefully brought up by his Mother at Vienna in Austria, had the Upper Bavaria for his Patrimony, and was elected Emperor 1314. After the decease of his Cousin John, Duke of the Lower Bavaria, who had married his Daughter, he entered on the Possession of the greatest part of his Inheritance. He likewise seized on the Electorate of Brandenburg, upon the death of Woldemar, Marques thereof, bestowing the same on his own Son Lewis. Moreover, he had War with Frederick the Fair; Archduke of Austria, whom he took Prisoner in the end, An. 1324. and was likewise at variance with the Pope, who plagued him very much. In 1347. he died of an Apoplexy, occasioned by his Bodies being grievously bruised, by a fall from his Horse, as he was hunting the Bear; having had to his first Wife, the Lady Beatrix of Gloga●●; and William, Earl of Holland and Zealand's Daughter to his Second. His Issue by the first were, 

1. Lewis the Fourth, who had the Marquisate of Brandenburg given him by his Father, An. 1319. which he defended, against the pretended Woldemar, and his adherents. He deceased in the Year 1361. having had to Wife Margaret Maultaschen, Daughter of Henry Duke of Carinthia and Stiria, Earl of Tirole, etc. And by her an only Son, named, 

1. Mainhard, who followed his Father by a too hasty Fate, An. 1363.    
2. Mechtildis (or Maud) married to Frederick, Landtgrave of Thuringe, and Marquis of Misnia; deceased 1346.  
3. Beatrix, affianced to Charles Martel, King of Hangary; deceased 1315.  
4. Stephen, surnamed Fibularus, of whom in the next Section, as Preserver of the Line.  
5. Anne (or as others, Agnes.) deceased 1353.     

Children of the Emperor Lewis by his second Wife.  

1. Lewis, surnamed The Roman, who had the Marck assigned him by his Brother Lewis; but died without Issue 1366. (or 69.)  
2. William, who had the Government of Holland and Zealand, in the Netherlands, settled on him by his Mother; but fell distracted, and died so, 1377.  
3. Anne, affianced to Gunther, Count Swartzburg.  
4. Elizabeth, remarried, after the decease of her first Husband, John Duke of the Lower Bavaria, to Ulrick Count Wirtenberg; and again, after his decease, to Scaliger, Duke of Verona.  
5. Otho Henry, his Brother's Successor in the Marck; which nevertheless he Sold for 200000 Florins to Wenceslaus, Son to the Emperor Charles the Fourth, and died 1379.  
6. Albert the First, who succeeded his Brother William in the Government of Holland and Zealand, and left the same to his Son, William the Second. He departed this Life 1404. (or according to Others, 1405.) having had Margaret, Daughter of Lewis Duke of Brieg in Silesia to his first Wife; and another Margaret, Daughter of Adolph, Duke of Cleve, to his second. His Issue by these Ladies, were, 

1. William the Second, who succeeded his Father in the Counties of Holland, Zealand, and Haynalt; and died 1417 having had Mary, Daughter of Charles the Fifth King of France to his first Wife; and, after her decease, Margaret, Daughter of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy; by which last he had Issue, an only Daughter, named Jaqueline; married to the Dauphin of France, and after his untimely Death, to John of Burgundy, Duke of Brabant; by which Match the Provinces aforesaid were passed over to the House of Burgundy. This Lady Jaqueline, after many turns of Fortune, departed this Life Oct. 8. 1436.  
2. Albert the Second, who lived at Stranbingen in Bavaria, where he likewise deceased, An. 1399.  
3. John, elected Bishop of Liege, An. 1400. with the Inhabitants of which City he had afterwards much ado. Nevertheless, upon his Brother's decease, he quitted both Orders and Bishopric, taking to Wife Elizabeth of Lutzelburg, yet departed this Life without Issue, An. 1424. but not without suspicion of Poison.  
4. Margaret, married to John the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, An. 1385. deceased 1426.  
5. Joan, affianced to Albert the Fourth of Austria, deceased 1390.  
6. Catharine, to Edward Duke of Guelderland. And,  
7. Anne, to Wenceslaus afterwards Emperor, An. 1377. she died 1388.      

§. XIX. Return we therefore to Stephen, in whose Issue this Line was continued: He departed this Life 1375. having had Elizabeth, Daughter of Lewis King of Sicily and Hungary, to his first Wife; and another Elizabeth, Daughter of John the Second, Burgrave of Norimberg, to his Second. His Issue, by the first Venture, were, 

1. Stephen the Second, who had Ingolstadt, and the Lands belonging thereunto for his Patrimony; a Prince renowned for his Piety and Courage, and very dear to his Subjects on that account. He departed this Life in the Year 1413. having been twice married, first to Thaddaea the Vice-Count of Milan's Daughter; and after her decease, to Margaret, Daughter of Adolph, Duke of Cleves: By the first he had Issue, 

1. Isabel, married to Charles the Sixth, King of France, 1385. deceased 1435.  
2. John, Bishop of Ratisbonn●, deceased 1409.  
3. Lewis Barbatus (or Longbeard) a Prince of an uneasy Temper; impatient either of an Equal or Superior. He had Wars with his Son Lewis the Crooked, whom he would have disinherited, in favour of his natural Son; in which he was taken Captive by his Son, and Imprisoned at Newburg. From thence he was Sold to Albert Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg; and by him a second time to Henry Duke of Bavaria in Landshut, for two and thirty thousand Florins; in whose Custody he died at Burchausen, An. 1447. His Wives were, two French Ladies, Anne of Bounbon, and Catharine, Daughter of Peter Count d' Alencon. By the first he had Issue, 

1. Lewis the Crooked, deceased before his Father, An. 1445. and without Issue, notwithstanding he had married Margaret, Daughter of Frederick the Second, Elector of Brandenburg.      
2. Elizabeth, married to Otho of Austria, An. 1312.  
3. Frederick, who had Landshut, and the Lands belonging thereunto, assigned him for his Patrimony; of whose Posterity we shall immediately treat. And,  
4. John, of whom more in the next Section, as only Propagator of this Line.    
Now Frederick was surnamed The Wise, and very happy in making People Friends, when at difference. He departed this Life at Landshut, Dec. 4. 1393. leaving Issue by Magdalen, Daughter of Bernabovius, Vice-Count of Milan, his Second Wife (for by Anne, Daughter of the Earl of Neyffen, his first, he had never any) as followeth.  

1. Magdalen, given in Marriage to John Meinhard, Count of Goritia.  
2. Elizabeth, espoused by Frederick the First, Elector of Brandenburg; deceased 1443.  
3. Margaret, by Mark Vice-Count of Milan.  
4. Henry, who being left an Orphan by his Parents in his tender Years, had his Estate ruined, in a manner, by the ill management of Guardians; yet afterwards, by the more prudent Conduct of a certain Priest, very well acquainted with the methods of House-keeping, and improving an Estate, not only redeemed all things that had been any ways Imbezel'd or Mortgaged; but being given to Parsimony, laid up such great Treasures, that in short, he obtained the name of Rich. He departed this Life in the Year 1450. having had to Wife, Anne, Daughter of Albert the Fourth of Austria: His Children by her, necessary to be here mentioned, were Joan and Elizabeth; the one married to Otho Count Palatine in Mosbach; The other to Ulrick Count Wirtenburg, and died 1478. As also,   
1. Lewis, a very dutiful Son, who was likewise his Successor, and had many Wars. In 1450. he banished the Jews, confiscating their Estates and Effects to his Exchequer; and departed this Life 1479. At which time he left Issue by Amalia, Daughter of Frederick the Second, Elector of Sax. who died 1502. Margaret, married to Philip, Elector Palatine, An. 1474. decased 1501. And,  
1. George, surnamed the Rich, who Founded the University at Ingolstadt, and took to Wife Hedewig, Daughter of Casimire, King of Poland, by whom he had Issue, surviving at his death, which happened in 1503. Elizabeth, whom he married to Rupert the Tenth, Count Palatine; leaving her also his Heiress by Will, which gave rise to a very bloody War 'twixt the Palatine and Bavarian Lines. Margaret, professed a Nun; Lewis the Ninth, deceased before his Father; And Rupert in his Infancy.  
§. XX. Matters thus far cleared, return we now to John, youngest Son of Stephen the First, who, in the division of the Hereditary Territories, had Munchen for his Patrimony, where he deceased 1397. His Wife was Catharine, Daughter of Meinhard, Earl of Goritia, deceased 1391. who bore him Issue, 

1. William the Third, a great defender of the Council of Basil, who died 1463. leaving Issue by Margaret of Cleves, Adolph and William, both short-lived.  
2. Sophia, married in 1389. to the Emperor Wenceslaus; deceased 1428. And,  
3. Erneste, deceased 1438. leaving Issue by Elizabeth, Daughter of Bernabovius, Vice-Count of Milan; Elizabeth, married to Adolph Duke of Bergen, An. 1434. and after his decease to Hesson Count de Leiningen; Beatrice the Wife of Herman, Count de Calley, and afterwards of John Count Palatine in Amberg, and Albert the Third.    
This Albert, surnamed The Pious, had Ten Children, by his Wife Anne, Daughter of Erick the First, Duke of Brunswick, whereof Ernest and Albert died Young, the rest were, 

1. John the Fourth, born in Nou. 1437. deceased of the Plague, and without Issue, 1463.  
2. Sigismond, born 1439. He likewise died Issueless, An. 1501.  
3. Albert the Fourth, born Oct. 15. 1440. of whom in the next Section.  
4. Margaret, married to Frederick, Marquess of Mantua, 1462. deceased 1480.  
5. Elizabeth, born 1442. she was married to Ernestus, Elector of Saxony, and died 1484.  
6. Christopher, born Jan. 5. 1450. a Prince of great Courage, and famous for his Strength, yet lead a single Life, and died 1493.  
7. Barbara, born 1451. she was veiled a Nun. And,  
8. Wolfgang, who likewise died a Bachelor, An. 1514.    
§. XXI. We now return to Albert, who maintained a very bloody War against Philip, Elector Palatine for the Succession to the Inheritance of George the Rich, Duke of the Lower Bavaria. He departed this Life 1508. leaving Issue by Cunigund, Daughter of the Emperor Frederick the Third, as followeth, 

1. William the Fourth, of whom beneath.  
2. Sidoni●, born 1488. deceased 1505.  
3. Sibilla, married to Lewis the Fifth, Elector Palatine.  
4. Sabina, born 1492. married to Ulrick the Second, Duke of Wirtenburg.  
5. Susanna, born 1502. married, after the decease of Casimire, Marquis of Brandenburg, her first Husband, to Otho Henry, Elector Palatine; deceased 1543.  
6. Lewis the Tenth, born 1495. deceased a Bachelor 1545.  
7. Erneste, born 1500. elected Arch Bishop of Salisbury and Passaw, which Churches he not only freed from Debt, without oppressing his Subjects, but likewise enriched the same. In 1554. he resigned, and lived upon his own Estate in Stlesia, till the Year of his death 1560.    
William the Fourth must now appear, born 1493. deceased 1550. leaving Issue by Mary Jaqucline, Daughter of Philip, Marquis of Baden; Maud, married to Philibert, Marquis of Baden; deceased 1565. And, 

1. Albert the Fifth, born 1526. deceased 1579. having had to Wife, Anne, Daughter of the Emperor Ferdinand the First, by whom he had a fair Issue, whose Names we shall set down in this following Order. 

1. Charles, born 1547. deceased 1551.  
2. William the Fifth, born 1548. of whom more in the next Section.  
3. Ferdinand, born 1550. deceased 1608. who, by Mary of Prettenbeck, had Issue Francis William, Bishop of Osenburg; as also Erneste Benno, and Francis Laurence; from which two jest the Counts of Wirtenburg, and Schaumburg are descended.  
4. Frederick, born 1553. deceased the Year following.  
5. Marry Maximiliana, born 1552. deceased 1614  
6. Marry, born 1553. married to Charles of Austria, Duke of Stiria, etc. 1571. deceased 1608.  
7. Ernestus the Third, Archbishop and Elector of Cologne, Bishop of Friesingen, Hildesheim, and Liege; born 1554. deceased 1612.      
§. XXII. We now return to William the Fifth, Propagator of the Bavarian Line, in whom also the Wilhelmine Line began. He was a most devout Prince, and a great admirer of Learning. His Duchess was Renata, Daughter of Francis Duke of Lorraine, deceased 1602. whereas himself survived till Feb. 7. 1626. having had Issue Ten Children, whereof Four died young; the rest were, 

1. Maximilian, of whom beneath.  
2. Marry Anne, born 1574. married to Ferdinand of Austria, afterwards Emperor, by the name of Ferdinand the Second, An. 1600. deceased March 8. 1616.  
3. Philip Bishop of Ratisbonne, and Cardinal, born 1576. deceased 1598.  
4. Ferdinand the Second, born Oct. 7. 1577. elected Archbishop of Cologne, 1612. He was also Bishop of Liege, Munster, Hildesheim, and Paderborn; and died 1650.  
5. Albert the Sixth, born Ap. 3. 1584. Tutor to his Nephew, Elector Ferdinand, and Administrator of the Electorate, during his Minority. This Prince had the Landtgraviate of Leuchtenberg in Dowty, with his Wife Maud, last Heiress thereof; and died 1666. leaving Issue, first, Marry Renata 1616. deceased in her Infancy; secondly, John Francis Charles, born Nou. 18. 1618. deceased 1640. thirdly, Ferdinand William, deceased an Infant; fourthly, Maximilian Henry, born 1621. elected Archbishop and Elector of Cologne, 1650. as also, Bishop of Liege and Hildesheim. In 1658. he had a contest with the Bishop of Munster, about Crowning the King of the Romans. In 1683. himself was elected Bishop of that Diocese; and at length ended his days on the third of June, New-Stile, or twenty fourth of May, Oldstile, 1688. about Ten in the Morning. And,  
6. Albert Sigismond, Bishop of Freisingen and Ratisbonne, born Aug. 5. 1623. deceased 1685.    
Maximilian, born April 17. 1573. succeeded his Father in the Duchy of Bavaria. In 1609. he was declared Head of the Catholic League, and seized on Donawert. Feb. 25. 1623. he obtained the Electoral Dignity, together with the Upper Palatinate, and County of Chamb, which was afterwards confirmed by the Treaty of Westphalia. In 1646. upon the death of the last Landtgrave of Leuchtenberg, that Country fell to Albert Duke of Bavaria, and from him to the Electoral Line. As for Maximilian, he departed this Life in Sept. 1651. having had Elizabeth, Daughter of Charles the Second, Duke of Lorraine, to his first Wife, and Mary Anne of Austria, Daughter of the Emperor Ferdinand the Second, deceased 1665. to his Second. By the last Lady he had Issue Two Sons that outlived him; namely, 

1. Ferdinand Maria Francis Ignatius Wolfgang, born Sept. 30. 1636. O. S.  
2. Maximilian Philip Jerome, Governor of Leuchtenberg, born Sept. 20. 1638. who took to Wife Lovise Frebon de Turr, Daughter of Frederick Maurice, Duke of Bovilion, Ap. 15. 1668. and died in January 1689.    
Ferdinandus Maria succeeded his Father in the Electoral Dignity, An. 1651. and married Henrietta Adelheid, Daughter of Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, deceased March 18. 1676. as did himself on May 26. 1679. having had Issue, 

1. Marry Anne Christina Victoria, born Nou. 17. 1660. and married March 7. 1680. to Lewis the Fifteenth, Dauphin of France.  
2. Maximilian Maria Emanuel Cajetan Lewis Francis Ignatius Antonina Felix Nicholas Pius, the present Elector, born June 11. 1662. who, by the Grand Services he daily performs for His Imperial Majesty, both against the Turks and French, hath sufficiently approved to the whole World his great Abilities, in respect both to Civil and Military Affairs. In 1685/6. he took to Wife the Princess Mary Antonia, Daughter to the present Emperor, by his first Wife, who was delivered of a young Prince, on the 21st. of May, in the Year, 1689. but alas. it died soon after.  
3. Lovise Margaret, born 1663. deceased 1665.  
4. Lewis Amadens, deceased 1665.  
5. Cajetan Maria Francis, deceased 1670.  
6. Joseph Clemens Cajetan Francis Anthony Gasper Melchior Balthasar John Baptist Nicholas Bishop of Ratisbonne and Freisingen, born Jan. 23. 1671. elected Archbishop and Elector of Cologne, July 14. 1688. And,  
7. Violante Beatrice, born Jan. 23. and married in 1688. to Gaston, eldest Son and Heir to the present great Duke of Tuscany.     

Of the Augmentation of the Palatine-Bavarian Family.  
§. XXIII. AFter that Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had been Proscribed and Outed of all his Territories, by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa; Otho the First, Earl of Witelsbach, had both the Bavaria's, as well Upper as Lower, granted him for ever, by the said Emperor: To which also belonged at that time, the Counties of Scherding and Newburg, together with the Lordship of Burchausen: Moreover he purchased the Counties of Dachow and Ritenburg; as also the Lordships of Rotenburg and Rheningen. This Prince's Grandson, Otho the Second, by a Marriage with the sole Daughter and Heiress of Henry Count Palatine, obtained by Permission of the then Emperor, the Palatinate of the Rhine, being invested also at the same time with the Electoral Dignity, An. 1227. After this he bought the Castle of Lindenfeld, and City of Nusloch in Cregovia, An. 1256. and had Waldorf, with the City of Wiselach, given him by the Emperor Henry. In 1281. Rodulph the First, Emperor, gave the County of Mosburg to Lewis the First, Elector Palatine: The same Prince became possessed of Ferden, Landberg, Wilswiburg, Chagen, Landau, Mumuro, Elbrecht-Kirchen, and Libenau, by right of Inheritance. Afterwards upon Conradine, Duke of Schwaben's being Beheaded, there was an Accession of Lawgingen Hochstadt, Schongau, Swabeck, Tussen, Moringen, Neumark, and Amberg, with some other Places, to his other Territories: Moreover, he bought Schreisheim with the Castle of Stralenberg; as also the City of Bretten in Cregovia. In 1392. Rupert had half the County of Sponbeim in Dowry with his Wife; the other half whereof together with the City Pfortzheim, fell likewise to this Family, in the time of the Elector Frederick the First. At the same time that Rupert the Son became possessed of half Sponheim: Rupert the Emperor, his Father, had the County of Simmeren Mortgaged to him, which was afterwards wholly assigned over to this Family. Moreover, he bought the County of Deux-Ponts for 25000. Florins. In 1404. Lewis ●● Elector, second Son to the said Emperor, ●nd E●pingon in Cregovia Sold him by the then Muquess of Eaden. Much about the same time he was put in possession of the County of Kirchberg also. In 1410. Stephen the First, in Right or his Wife, had the County of Veldentz settled on him. In 1441. Frederick the First, Outed the Earls of Lowenstein, and seized on their Lands; to which there was Accession of Lutzeilstein, not many Years after. The same Frederick had Bergstrasse Mortgaged to him by the Archbishop of Mentz. Maximilian of Bavaria took Donawert 1607. bought the County of Middlebeim in Schwaben, 1618. and succeeded to the Landtgraviate of Leuchtenberg some Years after, by right of Confraternity, or Act of Agreement to a mutual Succession. The same Prince had an Eighth Electorship confirmed on him, by the Instrument of the Peace of Osenburg, An. 1648. In 1654. Charles Gustavus of Deux-Ponts was Crowned King of Sweden; whose Brother Adolph John has also acquired very large Possessions in the said Kingdom. In 1666. Philip William, Duke of Newburg, since Elector Palume, obtained the Dutchies of Julters and Mons, together with the County of Ravenstein, by an amicable agreement 'twixt his Serene Highness, and the Elector of Brandenburg.   

Of its Decrease.  
§. XXIV. THe greatest Losses suffered by the Palatine-Bavarian Family, have been in our Age; for by the Fourth Article of the Peace of Osenburg, Maximilian Duke of Bavaria, was obliged to Cancel the Mortgage he had on the Upper Austria; as also to restore Bergstrasse to the Archbishop of Mentz, by the same Pacification. In the next French War, the King of France, without a Blush, made himself Master of the Duchy of Deux Ponts, and County of Veldentz, together with many Cities, on pretence they were Dependants of Alsace. In 1689. upon pretence of some other shame Title, he made no scruple to possess himself of the Counries of Sponbeim, Simmeren, and Lautereck: Nay, he invaded the very Palatinate of the Rhine, putting the same under Contributions, and utterly ruining the Inhabitants by his Exactions. What will be the future State of these Provinces, time must show.   

Of its Pretensions.  
§. XXV. FRom these Encroachments some Pretensions must needs arise: And indeed the King of Sweden has the fairest Title in the World to the Duchy of Deux-Ponts, as next Heir Male. And then the present Elector Palatine, Philip William, demands not only Restoration of the Provinces taken from him by the French King; but likewise satisfaction for the Damages done him in those that are left. Moreover, the Count Palatine in Veldeniz has lost his whole Earldom, which likewise demands to be restored.    

CHAP. IX. Of the Family of Saxony, as well Electoral as Ducal.  
§. I. ALbert the Third, Elector of Saxony, descended of the Family of Anhalt (of whose Ancestors we shall ●●y more, when we come to treat of that Family) coming to an unexpected and accidental end, as also without Issue, An. 1422 Fre●●rick the Warlike, Marquis of Misnia, and Landtgrave of Thuringe, Son of Frederick the Strong, was invested in the Electoral Dignity by the Emperor Sigismond, An. 1425. whence ●he Marquesses of Misnia were descended, the brevity of our design will not permit us ●o discourse in this place; Those that are de●●rous, may be informed in that matter, by consulting the Learned Spener's Sylloge Genealogica 〈◊〉 Familiâ Witekindeâ Saxonicâ. Now Frederick ●●d opened an University at Leipsick, some Years before he was made Elector, viz. 1209. ●●is Prince had also many Wars during his Government, as namely, in Franconia, with the Poles in Bornsia; with the Counts of Schwartz●urg, Heldrungen, and Hohenstein in Thuringia: Moreover, with the Elector of Brandenburg; and lastly, with the Bohemians or Hussites, by whom his Forces were defeated, with a very great Slaughter, An. 1426. His Death bears date two Years after; and his Duchess was Catharine, Daughter of Henry Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, who bore him this following Issue, viz.  

1. Frederick, born Aug. 24. 1412. of whom in the next Section.  
2. Sigismond, Bishop of Wurtzburg, born 1416. deceased of a Dropsy, 1457.  
3. Henry, born 1422. deceased 1435.  
4. Anne, married to Lewis the Third, Landtgrave of Hesse; deceased 1463.  
5. Catharine, married in 1441. to Frederick the Second, Elector of Brandenburg. And,  
6. William, born 1425. who had the Landtgraveship of Thuringe, assigned him for his Patrimony. At first he had Wars with his Brother; but in the end they were reconciled, and agreed very well. In short, he refused the Crown of Bohemia, when offered: Took particular care for suppressing the notorious Insolences of the Robbers, that then infested his Countries: And after the decease of Anne of Austria, Daughter of Albert the Third, his first Wife, An. 1462. took the Lady Catharine de Brandenstein, to his Second: By the first of which he had Issue Two Daughters, 

1. Anne, born 1453. betrothed to Henry Duke of Munsterberg; but died before the Marriage was consummated; And,  
2. Margaret, married to John Elector of Brandenburg; deceased 1511.     
Wherefore William seeing himself destitute of Issue Male, adopted Ernestus and Albertus, his Brother Frederick's Sons; and departed this World, 1482.  
§. II. Frederick the Second, who succeeded his Father in Misnia, and the Electorate, suffered very much from the Hussites: He would not be prevailed with to make War upon the Archbishop of Magdeburg. He departed this Life Sept. 7. 1464. having had to Wife Margaret, Daughter of Erneste of Austria, and by her a large Offspring; whereof Three Sons and a Daughter died Young. Those that outlived him, were Two Sons, and Four Daughters, whom we shall-set down in the following Order, viz.  

1. Amalia, the Wife of Lewis the Rich, Duke of Bavaria, born 1435. deceased Nou. 18. 1502.  
2. Anne, born 1436. married to Albert Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg, Nou. 12. 1458. deceased Oct. 31. 1512.  
3. Ernestus, born March 25. 1441. of whom in the next Section, as Author and Progenitor of the Ernestine Line.  
4. Albert, born July 27. 1443. of whom see more below, in the Albertine Line.  
5. Hedewig, Lady Abbess of Quedelinburg, who had much ado with the Inhabitants of that Place, yet Mastered 'em in the end, by the assistance of her Brother, Duke Albert, commanding at the same time the Roland, they had set up in sign of Liberty to be thrown down: This Lady departed this Life Nou. 12. 1511. And,  
6. Margaret, Lady Abbess of Seuselitz.   

Of the Ernestine Line.  
§. III. ERnestus, who succeeded his Father in the Dignity of Elector, was a Wise Prince, and very happy in reconciling the Differences of Princes. He maintained the strictest Friendship with his Brother Albert, with whom he administered all things (as it were) in Common. He bought the Duchy of Sagan in Silesia, of the last Duke thereof, for 55000 Hungarian Crowns. Moreover, he went to Rome, where he was presented with a Rose of Gold, by Pope Sixtus the Fourth. And last of all changed this Life for a better, in the Year 1486. His Duchess was Elizabeth, Daughter of Albert the Third, Duke of Bavaria, deceased 1484. having born him this following Issue, viz.  

1. Christina, born Sept. 28. 1462. married to John, King of Sweden and Denmark, 1478. deceased 1531.  
2. Frederick the Third, born 1463. who succeeded his Father in the Electorate, and was surnamed The Wise. He built the Castle at Wittenberg; where he likewise opened an University, in the Year 1502. He reconciled Philip, Elector Palatine to the Emperor Maximilian, after whose decease he might have been elected Emperor himself, but refused it. He appeased the Commonalty of Erfurdt, when in uproar against the Senate. He stood up in Luther's defence, at his first setting the Reformation on foot, ordering him a Guard for his safety at Wurtzburg, in his return from the Diet at Worms, An. 1521. Last of all, this Religious Prince departed this Life, May 5. 1525. in the 63 d. Year of his Age, just after the Rising of the Boors, having lived a Bachelor, and been long troubled with the Stone.  
3. Albert the Second, Archbishop of Mentz, born 1464. not long lived; for he died May 1. 1484.  
4. Erneste, born 1466. elected Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1476. made Administrator of Halberstadt, 1489. deceased in the Castle at Hall, 1513.  
5. John, born June 29. 1469. of whom in the next Section, as only Propagator of this Line.  
6. Wolfgang, deceased an Infant. And,  
7. Margaret, married to Henry Duke of Brunswick, of the Line of Zell; deceased Dec. 7. 1528.   
§. iv John, succeeded his Brother in the Electoral Dignity, and gave a total defeat to the Rebellious Boors; taking their Leader, Thomas Muntzer, Prisoner. In 1529. he, with some other Princes, entered their solemn Protestation against the designs of the Catholics. The Year after, he presented the Protestant Confession to the Emperor Charles the Fifth; and caused its Apology to be written: Moreover, he was Author of the League of Smalkald. He departed this Lise Aug. 13. 1532. having had Sophia, Daughter of Magnus' Duke of Meckleburg (married to him, An. 1500. deceased 1503.) to his first Wife: And Margaret's Daughter of Woldemar, Prince of Anhalt, (esponsed by him, in 1513. deceased 1521.) to his Second. By these Ladies he had Issue, 

1. John Frederick, born June 30. 1503. of whom a little below.  
2. Marry, born Dec. 6. 1515. she was married to Philip Duke of Pomerania; and died 1583.  
3. Margaret, born 1518. deceased unmarried 1537.  
4. John, born 1513. deceased 1519.  
5. John Erneste, born May 10. 1521. who had his Residence at Coburg, where he died without Issue, An. 1553. notwithstanding he had taken to Wife Catharine, Daughter of Philip, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg.    
Return we therefore to John Frederick, his Father's Successor, who had sharp Wars with Henry Duke of Brunswick, whom at length he took Prisoner in the Year 1545. As also afterwards with the Emperor Charles the Fifth. But by him he was beaten, and suffered the same fate with Henry, being taken Prisoner near the Wood of Lochin, not far from Mulberg, on the 24th of April, 1546. whereupon he was degraded from the Electorship, and kept in Prison till 1552. at which time he was set at liberty, but survived it only two Years. The Partner of his Bed and Fortunes was Sibil, Daughter of John the Third, Duke of Cleves. by whom he had this following Issue, viz.  

1. John Frederick the Second, Duke of Saxony, born Jan. 8. 1529. This Prince founded the University of Jena, by his Father's Orders, An. 1548. which had afterwards the Emperor's Confirmation in 1558. After this he was seized, and put in Custody by command of the Emperor, as one of Grumbach's Complices, and for that he had protected him; upon which account he had his Castle of Grimmenstein likewise demolished. He departed this Life in Prison, where he had been kept 28 Years, on the 9th day of May, 1595. The Partner of his Bed and Fortunes, was Elizabeth, Daughter of Frederick the Third, Elector Palatine (for Agnes of Hesse his first Wife, died soon after she was Married) who bore him Issue, 

1. Casimire, who had his seat at Coburg, where he died without Issue, 1633. And,  
2. John Erneste, who likewise had the same Fate with him, dying Issueless, 1638. His other two Sons, John Frederick, and Frederick died both young.    
2. John William, born 1530. of whom more in the next Section.  
3. John Erneste, born 1534. deceased 1553. And,  
4. John Frederick the younger, born 1538. deceased, 1565.   
§. V Return we therefore to John William, in whose Issue alone this Line was continued. He departed this Life 1573. having had to Wife, Susan Dorothy, Daughter of Frederick the Third, Elector Palatine, deceased 1592. and by her this following Issue, 

1. Frederick William, born Ap. 25. 1562. who, in the division of his Father's Inheritance, 'twixt him and his Brethren, had Aldenburg assigned for his Patrimony. The Prince administered the Electorate, during the Minority of his Cousin Elector Christian the Second; and departed this Life July 7. 1602. His first Duchess was Sophia, Daughter of Christopher Duke of Wurtenburg, who dying in 1592. he took to his Second Wife, the Lady Anne Mary, Daughter of Philip Lewis, Prince Palatine of Newburg, deceased 1643. By these he had a numerous Offspring, whereof we shall mention only Seven, the other Five dying Young. Their names were, 

1. Dorothy Sophia, Lady Abbess of Quedelinburg, born 1587. deceased 1645.  
2. John Philip, born 1597. deceased 1639. leaving Issue by Elizabeth, Daughter of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, an only Daughter; Elizabeth Sophia, born Oct. 10. 1619. married to Ernestus, Duke of Sax Gotha, deceased 1680.  
3. Anne Sophia, born 1598. married to Charles Frederick, Duke of Munsterberg; deceased 1641.  
4. Frederick, born 1599 and Slain in 1215. at a Battle fought not far from Nyenburg on the Weser.  
5. John William the Second, born 1600. deceased 1632.  
6. Dorothy, born June 16. 1601. married to her Cousin-Germain, Albert, Duke of Sax-Eysenach, deceased 1675.  
7. Frederick William the Second, born Feb. 12. 1603. deceased 1669. having had Sophia Elizabeth, Daughter of Christian William of Brandenburg, who departed this Life, An. 1650. to his first Wife; and Magdalen Sibil, Daughter of John George the First, Elector of Saxony, deceased 1668. to his Second. By the last he had Issue, 

1. Christianus, born 1654. deceased 1663.  
2. Joan Magdalen, born 1656. married to John Adolph, Duke of Saxon-Weissenfeld, 1671. deceased 1686. And,  
3. Frederick William the Third, born 1657. who indeed succeeded his Father, but did not long survive him; for he died in 1672. and the fifteenth of his Age.      
2. John, born 1570. of whom more in the next Section, as Propagator of the Branch of Weimar.  
3. Marry, Lady Abbess of Quedelinburg, born 1571. deceased 1610.    
§. VI John the Second had the Principality of Weimar assigned him for his Inheritance; and died Oct. 31. 1605. His Wife was Dorothy Mary, Daughter of Joachim Erneste, Prince of Anhalt, who departed this Life 1617. having born him this following Issue, 

1. John Erneste the Fourth, born Feb. 21. 1594. an excellent Prince, and perfectly skilled in Martial Affairs: He died in Hungary, Dec. 4. 1626. having given signal proofs of his Courage on all occasions.  
2. John William, deceased an Insant.  
3. Frederick the Seventh, born March 1. 1596. and Slain at the Battle fought in Brabant, 'twixt Don Gonsalvo de Corduba the Austrian General, and Christian Duke of Brunswick, and his Ally the Count de Mansfeldt, An. 1622.  
4. John, born 1597. deceased 1604.  
5. William the Second, born Ap. 2. 1598. of whom in the next.  
6. Anonymus, the time of whose Nativity is uncertain.  
7. Albert the Third, born July 27. 1599 whose Residence was at Eysenach, after the decease of his Kinsman, the Duke of that Place; where himself also died on the 20th. of Sept. 1644. leaving no Issue by his Wife, Dorothy of Altemburg.  
8. John Frederick the Fourth, born Sept. 19 1600. deceased Oct. 17. 1628.  
9 Ernestus the Third, born Dec. 25. 1601. of whom more in the Eighth Section, as Propagator of the Branch of Gotha.  
10. Frederick William the Fourth, born Feb. 7. 1602. deceased Aug. 16. 1619.  
11. Bernhard, born Aug. 6. 1604. This Prince filled the whole Earth with his Fame; and for Courage and Conduct, was looked upon as one of the greatest Generals of the Age. By his sole Bravery the Victory was obtained in the Battle of Lutz, after the King of Sweden fell. The same Year (viz. 1632.) he possessed himself of Bamberg, Cronach, and Hochstadt. Moreover, he was created Duke of Franconia, in the name of his Swedish Majesty: Raised the Siege of Mentz, took Brisac in 1638. and last of all departed this Life at Newburg, July 8. 1639. His Body was kept at Brisac, till 1655. when it was removed from thence by his Brethren, and reposed in the Monument of his Ancestor, with great Solemnity.     

Of the Branch of Weimar.  
§. VII. REturn we now to William the Second, Author and Propagator of the Branch of Weimar, a Prince no less acquainted with the Arts of War, than Peace. He took upon him the Government of this Principality, upon the decease of his Elder Brother John Erneste; and departed this Life on the 20th of May, 1662. His Wife was Eleanor Dorothy, Daughter of John George Prince of Anhalt; who died in the Year 1664. having born him this following Issue; 

1. William, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1626.  
2. John Erneste the Fifth, born Sept. 11. 1627. of whom a little below.  
3. John William the Third, born Aug. 16. 1630. deceased May 16. 1639.  
4. Adolph William, born May 15. 1632. who had Eysenach assigned him for his Appennage, where he died without Issue, Nou. 21. 1668. notwithstanding he had had Five Sons, who all died Young, by Mary Elizabeth, Daughter of Augustus, Duke of Brunswick.  
5. John George, born July 11. 1634. at first he kept his Court at Marckful, but after the death of his Brother John Adolph of Eysenach, succeeding to that Principality, removed it thither. In 1661. he married the Lady Johannetta, Daughter of Ernestus Count de Seyne, by whom he had, 

1. Eleanor Erdmuth Lovise, born Ap. 13. 1662. married to John Frederick, Marquess of Brandenburg Ansbach, Nou. 4 1681. now a Widow.  
2. Frederick August, born Oct. 29. 1663. deceased at Presburg, Sept. 31. 1684 of a Wound received at the Siege of Buda.  
3. John George, born July 25. 1665.  
4. Maximilian Henry, Twins, born Oct. 17. 1666. the first of which died July 22. 1668. the other is still living. And,  
5. John William, Twins, born Oct. 17. 1666. the first of which died July 22. 1668. the other is still living.  
6. Lovise, born Ap. 18. 1668. deceased 1669.  
7. Frederica Elizabeth, born May 5. 1669.  
8. Ernestus Gustavus, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1672.    
6. Wilhelmina Eleanor, born June 7. 1636. deceased Ap. 1. 1653.  
7. Bernhard the Second, born Feb. 21. 1638. who kept his Court at Jena, where he departed this Life May 3. 1678. leaving Issue by Mary de Tremouville. 

1. Charlotte Marry, born 1669. and married in 1683. to William Erneste, Duke of Saxon Weimar. And,  
2. John William, born March 28. 1675.    
8. Frederick the Eighth, born 1640. deceased 1656.  
9 Dorothy Marry, born 1641. married to Maurice, Duke of Saxony, and Administrator of Naumburg, 1656. deceased July 11. 1675.    
Of these John Erneste succeeded his Father in the Duchy of Saxon-Weimar; and kept his Court in the Castle of Wilbelmsburg, so called from his Father William. On the 14th. of Aug. 1656. he took to Wife the Lady Christina Elizabeth, Daughter of John Christian, Duke of Holstein in Sunderburg, who departed this Life June 7. 1679. as did himself on the 25th. of May, four Years after. His Issue were, 

1. Anne Dorothy, born Nou. 12. 1657. made Lady Abbess of Quedelinburg, 1685.  
2. Wilhelmina Christina, born Nou. 26. 1658. and married to Christian William, Count Schwartzburg, 1684.  
3. Eleanor Sophia, born March 22. 1660. married July 9 1684. to Philip Prince of Mersburg.  
4. William Erneste, the present Duke of Saxon Weimar, born Oct. 19 1661. who, in 1683. took to Wife his Cousin-Germain Charlotte Mary, Daughter of Bernhard, Duke of Sax-Jena. And,  
5. John Ernestus, born June 22. 1664.     

Of the Branch of Gotha.  
§. VIII. ERneste the Third, one of the Sons of John the Second, was Propagator of this Branch: A Prince (to use the words of the Noble In Hoff) for his great Sincerity, for his Zeal to Religion, for his Political Prudence, and Oeconomical Industry, justly to be preferred before any that ever ruled: One in whom the divine Promise was apparently verified, viz. To those that make it their first care to seek the Kingdom of God and his Righteousness, all other things shall be added. He was at the Battle of Lutz. In 1641. he obtained the Principality of Sax-Gotha: And great part of the County of Henneberg, in 1660. In 1672 Altemburg and Coburg fell to him, by the Death of Frederick William the Third, mentioned before in the fifth Section, Numb. 7. In short, he rebuilt the Castle of Gotha, formerly called Grimmenstein; but by him Friedenstein; Was Author of the Weimar Bible; and departed this World, March 26. 1675. His Duchess was Sophia Elizabeth, Daughter of John Philip, Duke of Sax Aldenherg, deceased Dec. 25. 1680. which happy Match gave Birth to this following Issue, 

1. John Ernestus, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1638.  
2. Elizabeth Dorothy, born Jan. 8. 1640. and married in 1666. to Lewis of Hesse-Darmstadt; whose Relict she now is.  
3. John Ernestus the Sixth, born 1641. deceased 1657.  
4. Christian, born 1642. deceased the same Year.  
5. Sophia, born 1643. deceased 1657.  
6. Joan, born 1645. deceased 1657.  
7. Frederick the Ninth, the present Duke of Sax-Gotha, born July 15. 1646. who keeps his Court at Friedenstein-Castle; and has had two Wives: The one being Magdalen Sibil, Daughter of Augustus' Duke of Saxony, and Administrator of Magdeburg, deceased Jan. 20. 1681. whom he married on the 19th of August, 1669. The other, Christina, Daughter of Frederick Marquis of Baden, Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg Anspach's Widow. His Issue by the first, were, 

1. Anne Sophia, born Dec. 22. 1670.  
2. Magdalen Sibil, born 1671. deceased 1673.  
3. Dorothy Marry, born Jan. 22. 1674.  
4. Frederica, March 25. 1675.  
5. Frederick, July 28. 1676.  
6. John William, Oct. 4. 1677.  
7. Elizabeth, born 1679. deceased 1680. And,  
8. Joan, born Oct. 1. 1680.    
8. Albert, born May 24. (as others the 16th.) 1648. who had Coburg for his Inheritance, and Mary Elizabeth, Daughter of Augustus the Second, Duke of Brunswick, his Cousin-Germain Adolph of Eysenach's Relict, to his Wife; which Lady deceased in February 1687. having been brought to Bed on Sept. 1. 1677. of an only Son, named Ernestus Augustus, who lived b●t till the 17th. of August, in the following Year.  
9 Bernhard, born Sept. 15. 1649. who has his Residence in Meinung Castle on the Werra, in the County of Henneberg. On Nou. 20. 1671. he took Mary Hedewig, Daughter of George the Second, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, to his first Wife, after whose decease, which happened Ap. 19 1680. he in 81. married Elizabeth Eleanor, Daughter of Anthony Ulrick, Duke of Brunswick, John George, Duke of Meckleburg's Widow, which Lady is likewise since deceased, An. 1687. His Issue now living, by the first Venture, are, 

1. Ernestus Lewis, born Oct. 7. 1672.  
2. Bernhard, Oct. 28. 1673.  
3. Frederick William, Feb. 16. 1679. And,  
4. George Erneste, March 26. 1680.      
As also an only Daughter, born Dec. 3. 1081. and named Elizabeth Ernesta Augusta, by the Second.  

10. Henry, born Nou. 19 1650. who Resides at Romhild in the County of Henneberg; and 1676. espoused Mary Elizabeth, of Hesse-Darmstadt; but (as far as we can learn) has no Issue by her.  
11. Christian, born Jan. 6. 1653. whose Seat is at Eisenberg, not far from Jena. On the 13th. of Feb. 1677. he married Christiana, Daughter of Christian Duke of Saxony, and Administrator of Mersburg, who died two Years after; and he took Sophia Mary, Daughter of Lewis, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, to his second Wife. By the first Venture he has an only Daughter, the Lady Christina, born March 4. 1679.  
12. Dorothy Marry, born Feb. 12. 1654. deceased unmarried, 1684.  
13. Ernestus, born July 12. 1655. who has his Seat at Eisfeld, in the Confines of Thuringia and Franconia. On the 10th. of Feb. 1680. he espoused Sophia Frederica, Daughter of George Frederick Prince Waldeck, who was brought to Bed of a Son, Aug. 21. 1681. whom they named Ernestus Frederick; as also of a Daughter, whose name is Sophia Charlotte, in the Year following.  
14. John Philip, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1657.  
15. John Ernestus, born Aug. 22. 1658. who Resides at Salfeld, with his Wife Sophia Hedewig, Daughter of Christian Duke of Saxony-Mersburg, whom he married Feb. 10. 1680. and has Issue by her, Christina Sophia, born July 14. 1681. and Christian Erneste, born 1683.  
16. Joan Elizabeth, born and deceased the same Year, viz. 1660.  
17. John Philip, born and deceased the same Year, viz. 1662. And,  
18. Sophia Elizabeth. born and deceased the same Year, viz. 1663.    

Of the Albertine Line.  
§. IX. MAtters thus far cleared, we now return to the Albertine Line; which began in Albert the First, youngest Son of Frederick the Second, Elector of Saxony; as we observed above in the second Section. He was born July 27. 1443. and by reason of his tall Stature, surnamed Roland. In 1468. he assisted George, King of Bohemia, against Mathias, King of Hungary. In 1471. he went into Bohemia, to accept the Crown of that Kingdom, than offered him, where he was in great danger of his Life, yet happily escaped; and afterwards went in Pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In 1491. he was Installed Knight of the Golden Fleece. Moreover, he reduced the Low-Countries to the Obedience of the Emperor Maximilian, and obtained a grant of Succession to the Dutchies of Juliers and Mons, in case those in Possession, or their Heirs, should fail in Issue Male. In 1459. he married Sidonia, Daughter of George Podiebrach, King of Bohemia, which Lady departed this Life, An. 1500. as did himself a little afterwards, at the Siege of Groeningen, on Sept. 12. in the same Year, and 57th. of his Age, having had Issue Eight Children, whereof Four died in their Infancy. The rest were, 

1. Catharine, born July 28. 1468. and married after the decease of Signismund of Austria, her first Husband (which happened in 1500.) to Erick the Elder, Duke of Brunswick; she died 1524.  
2. George Barbatus, born Aug. 27. 1471. who succeeded his Father; and had Issue by Barbara, Daughter of Casimire, King of Poland, 

1. John the First. And, both deceased before him.  
2. Frederick, both deceased before him.      
As also Two Daughters, 

1. Magdalen, married to Joachim the Second, Elector of Brandenburg, An. 1524. deceased 1534. And,  
2. Christina, who was born Dec. 15. 1505. married to Philip the Stout, Landtgrave of Hesse, and died 1549. As for their Father George, he departed this World Ap. 17. 1539.    
3. Henry, surnamed The Pious, born Oct. 25. 1474. elected Grand Master of the Teutonick Order, 1498. deceased Dec. 20. 1510.  
§. X. This Henry succeeded his Brother George, and was the only Propagator of the Albertine Line: He made Profession of the Reformed Religion, and entered into the League of Smalcald. His Wife was Catharine, Daughter of Magnus the Second, Duke of Meckleburg, who bore him this following Issue, viz.  

1. Maurice, born May 11. 1525. who succeeded his Father, and served the Emperor in Hungary, against the Turks; as also in Flanders, against the French. Afterwards he carried on a bloody War against his Cousin John Frederick the Elector, who being degraded of that Dignity, he was invested with the same, by the Emperor Charles the Fifth, An. 1548. In 1551. he made an Alliance with the French King, and several of the Germane Princes; and then undertook an Expedition against the Imperialists. The Year after, he was concluded in the Transaction of Passaw, yet Slain in 1553. at the Battle of Siverskuse in the Duchy of Lunenburg. 'Tis likewise observable, he founded Three famous Schools (or Colleges), one at Meisen on the Elbe; another at Grimma, on the Multaw, and the third at Porta on the Saal. His Wife was Agnes, Daughter of Philip, Landtgrave of Hesse, by whom he had only a Daughter that survived him; named Anne, married to Prince William of Orange, An. 1561. deceased 1577.  
2. Severinus, born 1522. deceased at Inspruck, Oct. 10. 1533.  
3. Augustus, born July 30. 1526. who was his Brother's Successor in the Electorate, and renewed the Act of Confraternity, with the Houses of Brandenburg and Hesse. His Authority was always very great in the Empire; insomuch as all things (in a manner) were managed by him: Moreover, he laid up a very great Treasure. In 1580. he caused the form of Concord to be published, and departed this Life at Six a Clock in the Evening, on Feb. 11. 1586, his first Wife was the Princess Anne, Daughter of Christian the Third, King of Denmark, who died Oct. 1 1585. And his second Agnes Hedewig, Daughter of Joachim Erneste, Prince of Anhalt. By the first Venture he had Fifteen Children, Eleven whereof died Young. The rest were, 

1. Elizabeth, born 1552. married to John Casimire, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Fourth Son of the Elector Frederick the Third, An. 1568. deceased 1590.  
2. Christian the First, of whom more in the next Section.  
3. Dorothy, born 1563. married to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, 1585. deceased 1587.  
4. Anne, born 1567. married to John Casimire, Duke of Sax-Coburg, 1585. deceased 1613.    
4. Aemilia, espoused by George, Marquis of Brandenburg, An. 1532. deceased 1591.  
5. Sibil, affianced in 1540, to Francis the First, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg. And,  
6. Sidonia, married to Erick the Younger, Duke of Brunswick, 1545. deceased Jan. 4. 1575.   
§. XI. Return we now to Christian the First, who succeeded his Father Augustus in the Electoral Dignity, born Nou. 3. 1560. In 1582. he married Sophia, Daughter of John George, Elector of Brandenburg, who departed this World 1622. as himself had done many Years before, viz. 1591. His Children are said to have been as follow; 

1. Christian the Second, born Sept. 23. 1583. who succeeded his Father in the Electorate, under the Government and Tuition of his Cousin, Duke Frederick William of Aldenburg. He commanded his Chancellor Nicholas Crelley to be beheaded. In 1610. he obtained of the Emperor Rudolph, to be invested in the Dutchies o● Juliers, Cleves, and Mons. The Year following he died of an Apoplexy, caused by taking too large a draught of Small-Beer, after over-heating himself with Tilting. Nor left he any Issue, tho' married to Hedewig, Daughter of Frederick the Second, King of Denmark.  
2. John George the First, born March 5. 1585. of whom a little lower.  
3. Anne Sabina, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1586.  
4. Sophia, born 1587. she was married to Francis Duke of Pomerania, and died 1635.  
5. Elizabeth, born 1588. deceased July 4. 1589.  
6. Augustus, Administrator of Naumburg, born Sept. 7. 1589. In 1612, he married Elizabeth, Daughter of Henry Julius Duke of Brunswick; but died without Issue, Dec. 26. 1615. And,  
7. Dorothy, Lady Abbess of Quedelinburg, born 1591. deceased 1617.    
Wherefore John George the First, in whose Issue the descent of this Line was continued, succeeded in the Electorate at his Brother Christian's decease, having first Traveled Incognito into many Foreign Parts. In 1612. he took on him the Vicarship of the Empire, during the Interregnum. In 1617. he caused the first Jubilee to be Celebrated in memory of the Reformation began by Luther an hundred Years before: Another in 1630. for the Augustane Confession: And a third 1655. for the Peace of Religion, or Transaction at Passaw, causing several Medals to be Coined on those Occasions. He was a most dutiful Son to his Mother, for whom he had a more than ordinary Veneration. He elected Mathias, Ferdinand the Second, Ferdinand the Third, and Ferdinand the Fourth, King of the Romans; and refused the Offer of the Bohemian Crown. About 1631. he leagued himself with the Swede, against the Emperor, with whom he again made Peace, in 1635. leaving his Ally the Swede: Who thereupon lay very hard on him, till a general Peace was once more restored to the Empire, An. 1648. This excellent Prince departed this Life in the Year 1656. and the 72d. of his Age. His first Wife was Sibil Elizabeth, Daughter of Frederick Duke of Wurtenburg, who died 1606. And his Second, Magdalen Sibil, Daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, and Marquis of Brandenburg, whom he espoused in the Year 1607. and had Issue by her, as followeth, viz.  

1. Anonymus, born July 18. 1608.  
2. Sophia Eleanor, born Nou. 23. 1609. married to George the Second, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, 1627. deceased June 2. 1671.  
3. Marry Elizabeth, born Nou. 12. 1610. married to Frederick Duke of Sleswick, 1630. deceased 1684.  
4. Christian Albert, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1612.  
5. John George the Second, born May 31. 1613. of whom more in the next Section.  
6. Augustus' the Third, Administrator of Magdeburg, born Aug. 13. 1614 of whom in the 13th. Section.  
7. Christian the Third, Administrator of Mersburg, born Oct. 27. 1615. of whom in the 14th. Section.  
8. Magdalen Sibil, born Sept. 23. 1617. and remarried (after the decease of Christian. Prince Royal of Denmark, Eldest Son of King Christian the Fourth, her first Husband) to Frederick William the Second, Duke of Sax-Aldenburg; she died Jan. 6. 1668.  
9 Maurice, Administrator of Naumburg, born March 24. 1619. of whom below in the 15th. Section.  
10. Henry, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1622.   
§. XII. Return we now to his Serene Highness John George the Second, a Prince always Loyal to God and his Country (the Empire.) After the decease of the Emperor Ferdinand the Third, he was Vicar of the Empire, and present at the Election of a new King of the Romans. In 1671. he entered into Articles of a mutual Succession, with Julius Francis, Duke of the Lower Saxony. In 1638. he took to Wife the Princess Magdalen Sibil, Daughter of Christian the First, Marquess of Brandenburg-Culembach, deceased 1687. whereas himself died at Freiburg, Aug. 22. 1680. leaving Issue, 

1. Sibil Marry, born 1642. deceased 1643.  
2. Erdmuth Sophia, born Feb. 15. 1644. married to Christian Erneste, Marquis of Brandenburg-Bareith, 1662. deceased 1670. and an only Son, viz.  
3. John George the Third, His present Highness, born June 20. 1647. who entered on the Government of the Electorate, after the decease of his Father, of ever blessed Memory, which he has since managed with much Prudence and Moderation. We need not here mention the many Negotiations he has underwent for the public safety; nor his other Illustrious and Immortal Actions, since they are so visible to all Good Men. On Oct. 9 1666. he, with great Solemnity, espoused the Princess Anne Sophia, Daughter of Frederick, late King of Denmark, by whom he has Issue, 

1. John George the Fourth, Heir Apparent, born Oct. 17. 1668. And,  
2. Frederick Augustus, born May 12. 1670.      
§. XIII. Return we now to Augustus, Administrator of Magdeburg, who died An. 1680. having had Two Wives; and by them a numerous Offspring. The first of these was, Anne Mary, Daughter of Adolph Frederick, Duke of Meckleburg-Swerin; married to him 1646. (or 47.) deceased 1669. having born him Twelve Children: The Other was, Joan Walpurg, Daughter of George William, Count de Leining, by whom he had twice Issue: This last Lady died a Widow, in the Year 1689. The Male Issue were, 

1. John Adolph, Duke of Saxony in Weissenfeld (or Sax-Weissenfeld) born Nou. 2. 1649. and married Oct. 25. 1671. to Joan Magdalen, Daughter of Frederick the Second, Duke of Sax-Altenburg, who died in the Year 1686. having born him Issue, as followeth, viz. 

1. Magdalen Sibil, born Sept. 3. 1673.  
2. Augustus Frederick, born 1674. deceased 1675.  
3. John Adolph, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1676.  
4. John George, born July 13. 1677.  
5. Anonymus, 1678.  
6. Joanna Wilhelmina, born Jan. 20. 1682.  
7. Frederick William, born 1681. deceased 1683.  
8. Christian, born Feb. 23. 1682. And,  
9 Anne Marry, June 17. 1683.    
2. Augustus' the Younger, born Dec. 3. 165● and chosen Provost of Magdeburg, by the Chapter thereof, An. 1661. This Prince served in the King of Sweden's Army, as also under the Elector of Cologne, but died an untimely Death, in 1674 the very next Year after his Marriage with Charlotte, Daughter of Frederick Prince of Hesse in Eschwegen, whom he left a Widow, but since married to John Adolph, Count de Tecklenburg.  
3. Christian, born June 25. 1655. who all along behaved himself with great Bravery in His Electoral Highness of Saxony's Service; upon which account he was made Field Marshal Lieutenant: Nevertheless, this Courageous Prince lost his Life at the Siege of Mentz, in August 1689.  
4. Henry, born Sept. 29. 1657. who succeeded his Brother Augustus in the Provostry of Magdeburg; and is also a Colonel in the Elector of Brandenburg's Forces. In 1689. he espoused Henrica Agnes, Daughter of John George the Second, Prince of Anhalt-Dessaw.  
5. Albert, born Ap. 14. 1659. who turned Catholic; and married a great Fortune on the Rhine.  
6. Frederick, born Nou. 20. 1673. And,  
7. Maurice, born Jan. 5. 1676    
The Daughters were all by the first Venture, and thus named, 

1. Magdalen Sibil, born 1648. married to Frederick, Duke of Sax-Gotha, 1669. deceased Jan. 20. 1681.  
2. Anne Marry, born 1653. deceased 1671.  
3. Sophia, born June 23. 1654. and married to Charles William, Prince of Anhalt-Servest, An. 1676.  
4. Catharine, born 1655. deceased 1663.  
5. Christina, born 1656. and married June 21. 1676. to Augustus Frederick, Duke of Holstein, and Bishop of Lubeck.  
6. Elizabeth, born 1660. deceased 1663. And,  
7. Dorothy, born 1662. deceased the Year following.    
§. XIV. Now follows Christian, Administrator of the Bishopric of Mersburg, third Son of John George the First, Elector of Saxony, mentioned by us above in the eleventh Section, Numb. 7. born Oct. 27. and married Nou. 19 1650. to Christina, Daughter of Philip Duke o● Holstein-Glucksburg, with whom he now liveth having had Issue by her, as followeth, 

1. Magdalen Sophia, born Nou. 19 1651 deceased 1675.  
2. John George, born 1652. deceased 1654.  
3. Christian, born Nou. 19 1653. In 1679 he took to Wife Erdmuth Eleanor, his Uncle Maurice of Naumburg's Daughter and has Issue, 

1. Christian, born Nou. 7. 1680.  
2. Maurice William, born Oct. 11. 168● And,  
3. Augustus Frederick, born March 10. 1684.    
4. Augustus, born Feb. 15. 1655. and married in August 1688. to one of Gustav●● Adolphus, Duke of Meckleburg Gustrow●● Daughters.  
5. Philip, born Oct. 26. 1657. who took t● Wife Eleanor Sophia, Daughter of Job. Ernestus, Duke of Sax-Weimar, on July 9 1684.  
6. Christiana, born 1659. married to Christanus, Duke of Sax-Eisenberg, 1677. deceased March 13. 1679.  
7. Sophia Hedewig, born June 4. 1660. an● married in 1680. to John Ernestus, Duk● of Sax-Gotha in Salfeld.  
8. Henry, born Sept. 2. 1661. who not lon● since espoused the Lady Lovise Elizabet● Daughter of Christian Ulrick, Duke 〈◊〉 Wurtenburg, of the Branch of Bernstadt 〈◊〉 Silesia, by his first Wife.  
9 Maurice, born 1662. deceased 1664. And,  
10. Sibil Marry, born Oct. 28. 1667. the second Wife of Christian Ulrick, Duke of Wurtenburg and Osne, of the Branch of Bernstadt, to whom she was married, Oct. 27. 1683.    
§. XV. It now remains, we say somewhat of Maurice, Administrator of the Bishoprics of Naumburg and Ceitz— Youngest Son of his Electoral Highness John George the First, who departed this Life, Dec. 4. 1681. having had Three Wives; whose names were, Sophia Hedewig, Daughter of Philip Duke of Holstein-Glucksburg, deceased 1652. Dorothy Marry, Daughter of William, Duke of Sax-Weimar, who died July 11. 1675. And Sophia Elizabeth, Daughter of Philip Lewis, Duke of Holstein-Sunderburg, now a Widow. The Children, by the first and second Venture, were, 

1. John Philip, born 1651. deceased 1652.  
2. Maurice, born 1652. deceased the Year following.  
3. Eleanor Magdalen, born 1658. deceased 1661.  
4. Erdmuth Dorothy, born 1661. and married in 1679. to Christian, Prince of Mersburg.  
5. Maurice William, Administrator of Naumburg, who drew his first Breath, March 12. 1664. and has taken to Wife, Mary Amalia, Daughter of Frederick William the Great, Elector of Brandenburg, Charles Prince of Meckleburg-Gustrow's Widow, whom he married on the 26th of June, 1689. O. S.  
6. John George, born 1665. deceased 1666.  
7. Christian August, born Oct. 9 1666.  
8. Frederick Henry, born July 21. 1668.  
9 Marry Sophia, born 1670. deceased the Year following.  
10. Magdalen Sibil, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1672. And,  
11. Wilhelmina Sibilla, born 1675.     

Of the Augmentation of the Saxon Family.  
§. XVI. WE have already declared, how Frederick the Warlike, Marquis of Misnia, and Landtgrave of Thuringe, obtained of the Emperor Sigismond, the Investiture of the Electoral Dignity, together with the Palatinate of Saxony, and Burgraviate of Magdeburg, An. 1425. The same Prince is supposed by most to have bought the Burgraviate of Meisen also. In 1440. William had part of the Duchy of Luxenbing in Dowry with his Wife. Ernestus the First added Plaven, Voightsberg, Olnitz and Adorff, in the Land of Advocates. The same Prince bought the Duchy of Sagan in Silesia, paying down 55000 Hugarian Ducats. Albert the Stout had East Friezland assigned him, to be held in Fee of the House of Austria. The Elector Augustus made the Dioceses of Naumburg and Mersburg Hereditary to his Family. In 1583. the Principality of Henneberg fell to it, by Right of Agreement to a mutual Succession; part of which (namely, the District of Coburg) had been long before this, made over in Dowry to the Marquesses of Misnia. In 1635. John George the First, recovered both the Upper and Lower Lusatia ' which of old belonged to his Ancestors the Marquesses of Misnia. In 1648. Augustus was chosen and declared Administrator of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg. In 1659. John George the Second obtained the County of Barbie. Moreover, he added Querfurt, juterbock, Dam, Borck, Fravenstein, etc. to his other Territories. And lastly, part of the County of Mansfeld, fell into the Possession of this Family, by the last Germane War, and is called in the Germane Language, Die Sachwische Hoheit.   

Of its Decrease.  
§. XVII. WIlliam, Duke of Saxony sold the Right he had to the Duchy of Luxenburg to Philip Duke of Burgundy, for 11000 Schillings. In 1549. Elector Maurice made over in Change, the Principality of Sagan in Silesia, to Ferdinand the First, afterwards Emperor. In 1680. upon the decease of Augustus, Archbishop of Magdeburg, that Archbishopric, but with the Title of a Duchy, fell to the Electoral Line of Brandenburg, according to the Tenor of the Pacification of Osenburg, great part of the Burgraviate of Magdeburg being annexed thereunto at the same time, to the general satisfaction of all Parties.   

Of its Pretensions.  
§. XVIII. NOw, Its Pretensions are to the Dutchies of Juliers, Cleves and Mons, as also to that of Sax-Lawenburg.    

CHAP. IX. Of the House of Brandenburg.  
§. I. THat the most Potent and Serene Family of Brandenburg is descended from the Counts of Zollern in Schwaben, is not to be doubted; but from whence those Counts drew their Extraction, doth not so well appear: Their Opinion seems to be best, which gives 'em the same Original with the Guelphs; yet so, as not entirely to exclude the Colonna's, a Family of an Italian Extraction also. In the Catalogue of these Counts, we find Conrade the First, who flourished about the middle of the Twelfth Century, and married Anne of Vohburg, sole Heiress of the last Burgrave of Nuremburg, whereupon he obtained of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, to be himself invested in that Burgraviate. Conrade was followed by Frederick the First, who died 1218. having for his Successor, his Eldest Son Conrade the Second, who was succeeded by his Brother Frederick the Second. This Frederick had Two Sons; Conrade the Third, who gave all his Substance to Pious Uses, causing his Three Sons, Frederick, Conrade, and Godfrey, to take the Church Habit: And Frederick the Third, who left Four Sons; John and Frederick, murdered by the Blacksmiths of Nuremberg's Men; another John, who succeeded his Father, but did not long outlive him, and Frederick the Fourth to whom the Government sell, upon his Brother John's decease. Frederick the Fourth had likewise Four Sons; John, who succeeded him; Frederick, Bishop of Ratasbonne and Aichstadt; Berthold, who succeeded his Brother in the Bishopric of Aichstadt; and Albert the First, Partner in the Government with his Brother, John the Second, and Father of Frederick the Fifth, who begot John the Third, Burgrave of Nurenberg, and Frederick the Sixth, the first Elector of Brandenburg of the Family of Zollern.  
§. II. This Frederick was born 1372. and served the Emperor Sigismond in his Wars; by whom, in regard of his great Merit, he was constituted Vicar or Warden of the Marck, An. 1411. Afterwards, at a Diet held at Constance, An. 1415. He obtained the Electoral Dignity of the said Emperor, by the general consent of the other Electors, together with the Marquisate of Brandenburg, paying down, in consideration thereof, 400000 Hungarian Shillings. The Investiture was afterwards solemnly performed in April 1417. In 1427. he built the Castle of Coln on the Sprew; being in that part of the City Berlin, which lies on the West side of that River. In 1420. he had War with the Pomeranians: With the Hussites in 1424. And after that with Bernhard, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg. He sold the best part of the Burgraviate of Nurenburg to the City of that Name; and at length ended his days in the Year 1440. being a Prince highly esteemed for his Power, Prudence, and Courage. His Princess was Elizabeth, Daughter of Frederick Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, by whom he had Issue, 

1. John the First, surnamed The Alchemist, born 1401. who loving a quiet retired Life, was content (his Father ordering it should be so) to make over his Pretensions to the Government to his Brother Frederick; being satisfied himself with some Chastellanies or Governments in in Franconia, and in that which is called the Land of Advocates. He departed this Life 1464. having had to Wife Barbara, Daughter of Rudolph, Duke and Elector of Saxony, of the Family of Anhalt, and by her Issue, as followeth, 

1. Dorothy, born 1422. and married (after the decease of Christopher, Count Palatine of the Rhine, afterwards King of Denmark, her first Husband) to Christian the First, likewise King of that Country; she died 1496.  
2. Barbara, born 1423. married to Lewis Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, 1433. deceased 1481.  
3. Rudolph, not long lived, born 1424. And,  
4. Magdalen, married to Uratislaus, Duke of Pomerania; deceased 1451.    
2. Frederick the Second, surnamed Ferreus (or Iron-side) born Nou. 19 1413. who succeeded his Father, and founded the Cathedral at Coln, on the Sprew. He refused the Offer of the Crown of Poland, in 1446. and that of Bohemia, An. 1468. In 1434. the was Protector of the Council of Basle. In 1455. he redeemed the new Marquisate which was Mortgaged, paying down 300000 Crowns. In 1451. he entered into an Hereditary League with William, Duke of Saxony, into which the Family of Hesse was also taken, An. 1457. In 1461. he had War with the Bohemians for Lusatia; as also with the Duke of Pomerania, about the Succession. In 1470. transferring the Electoral Dignity to his Brother Albert, he undertook a Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, but died the Year following, viz. 1471. His Wife was Catharine, Daughter of Frederick the First, Elector of Saxony, by whom he had only Two Daughters that outlived him, namely, Margaret, married to Bogislaus, Duke of Pomerania; deceased 1489. and Dorothy to John the Fifth, Duke of Sax Lawenburg, who died 1507.  
3. Albert, born Nou. 24. 1414. of whom more, as Preserver of the Family, in the next Section.  
4. Frederick the Third, who had his usual Residence at Tangermund, but died at Arembourg, 1463. Issueless as to Males, notwithstanding he had to Wife Agnes, Daughter of Barnim the Eighth, Duke of Pomerania, of whom Two Daughters survived, Magdalen, born 145—, and married to Eitelfrederick the Fourth, of Hoben Zollern, and Agnes, to George the Younger of Anhalt.  
5. Elizabeth, born 1402. she was married to Lewis, Duke of Lignitz, 1418. and died 1450.  
6. Cecily, married to William the Viciortous, Duke of Brunswick, 1423. deceased 1449.  
7. Margaret, married to Lewis the Crooked, Duke of Bavaria, An. 1438. deceased 1465  
8. Magdalen, affianced to Frederick the Pious, Duke of Lunenburg, An. 1430. deceased 1480.  
9 Dorothy, born Feb. 9 1420. married to Henry the Gross, Duke of Meckleburg; deceased 1477. And,  
10. Sophia, who died in her Infancy, and is by some omitted.    
§. III. Thus came the Government into the hands of Albert the First, who, by reason of the many Battles he had been in, was styled the Germane Achilles. He was of such Authority in the Empire, as the Emperor would undertake nothing without him; so that it became a common saying, That Albert Governed the Empire by Frederick the Emperor. He confirmed the Act of mutual Succession with the Families of Saxony and Hesse; and had a very sharp War with Lewis the Rich, Elector of Bavaria; as also afterwards with the City of Nuremberg. He departed this Life, An. 1486. during the Session of that Diet, wherein Maximilian the First was elected King of the Romans; having some Ten Years before given up the Administration of Affairs to his Son John, and seated himself in Franconia, from whence, as from an advanced Ground, he might the better observe his Actions. In 1446 he took to Wife, Margaret, Daughter of James, Marquess of Baden, who dying in 1457. He the next Year married Anne, Daughter of Frederick the Second, Elector of Saxony, who died 1512. By these Ladies he had a numerous Issue, whose Names were as follow, viz.  

1. Frederick, deceased in their Infancy.  
2. Wolfgang, deceased in their Infancy.  
3. Ursula, born Sept. 24. 1450. married to Henry, Duke of Munsterberg, Feb. 10. 1467. deceased 1503.  
4. Elizabeth, born Nou. 29. 1451. married to Eberhard the Second, Duke of Wurtenburg, June 3. 1465. deceased Ap. 15. 1524.  
5. Margaret, Lady Abbess of St. Clare, in the City Hoff, born Ap. 18. 1453. deceased 1509.  
6. John the Second, born Aug. 2. 1455. of whom in the next Section.  
7. Frederick the Fourth, born May 2. 1460. of whom below, as Author of the Franconian Line.  
8. Aemilia, born Oct. 1. 1461. and married (after the decease of her first Husband, Lewis, Elector Palatine, who died 1478.) to Gaspar Palatine of Deux-Ponts, she died 1481.  
9 Anne, deceased an Infant, 1462.  
10. Barbara, born May 30. 1464. married in the 9th. Year of her Age (July 30. 1473.) to Henry the last, Duke of Glogaw and Crossen; deceased a Widow 1510.  
11. Albert, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1464.  
12. Sibil, born May 31. 1467. married to William, Duke of Juliers and Mons, ' July 8. 1480. deceased 1510. (as others 1511.)  
13. Sigismond the First, born Sept. 28. 1468. he served the Emperor, Maximilian the First, in his Wars, and came to an untimely death, Feb. 26. 1495.  
14. Albert, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1470.  
15. Dorothy, Lady Abbess of St. Clare in Bamberg, born 1471. deceased 1529.  
16. George, born 1473. deceased in his Infancy.  
17. Elizabeth, born 1474. married to Herman Count Henneberg; deceased Ap. 25. 1507.  
18. Magdalen, born 1476. deceased an Infant. And,  
19 Anastasia, born 1478. married to William Count Henneberg, of the Line of Sleusing, 1500. deceased July 4. 1534.   

Of the Line Electoral.  
§. IV. MAtters thus far cleared, return we now to John, surnamed Cicero, who succeeded his Father in the Electorate; and was very fortunate in reconciling Princes, when at difference; yet had Wars himself with John, Duke of Sagan. He departed this Life, Jan. 9 1499, having had to Wife Margaret, Daughter of William, Duke of Saxony, and by her this following Issue, 

1. Wolfgang, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1480.  
2. Joachim the First, born Feb. 21. 1484 of whom more a little below.  
3. Elizabeth, born and deceased 1486.  
4. Anne, born 1487. married to Frederick Duke of Holstein, afterwards King of Denmark; deceased 1521.  
5. Ursela, born 1488. given in Marriage to Henry the Fourth, Duke of Meckleburg, 1506. deceased 1511. And,  
6. Albert the Second, Archbishop and Elector of Mentz; as also Archbishop of Magdeburg; born June 28. 1490. deceased 1545.    
Joachim the First succeeded his Father at the Age of Fifteen, and was a Prince well read in several sorts of Learning. He opened an University at Francfort upon the Oder, Ap. 27. 1506. In 1509. the Hamburghers put themselves under his Protection. In 1500. he caused Thirty Eight Jews, and a Christian, to be Executed: The Christian for selling the Host; The Jews for Sacrificing it. His death bears date 1535. and his Wife was Elizabeth, Daughter of John, King of Denmark, who suffered much for her Religion, which was the Protestant; and died a Widow, 1555. His Issue by her were, 

1. Joachim the Second, born Jan. 9 1505. of whom in the next Section.  
2. Anne, born 1507. married to Albert the Seventh, Duke of Meckleburg, 1524. deceased 1567.  
3. Elizabeth, born 1510. and married to Erick the Elder, Duke of Brunswick; and after his decease, to Poppo, Count de Henneberg. She died 1558.  
4. Margaret, born 1511. and married to George, Duke of Pomerania, Jan. 8. 1530. after whose decease, she was affianced to John the Fourth, Prince of Anhalt, An. 1533. And,  
5. John, surnamed The Prudent, born Aug. 3. 1513. who had the new Marck, with the Duchy of Crossen assigned him by his Father; and was styled the Eye and Counsellor of the Empire. He was very well skilled in the Economics: Always Loyal to the Emperor; yet would not admit of the Interimistick Form, in his Jurisdiction. He built the Castle and Fortification of Custrin; and at length ended his days, An. 1571. leaving Issue by Catharine, Daughter of Henry the Tenth, Duke of Brunswick, whom he Married, An. 1537. only Two Daughters, whose Names were, 

1. Elizabeth, who was married to her Kinsman George Frederick, of the Line of Franconia; and died 1578. And,  
2. Catharine, given in Marriage to another Kinsman, namely, Joachim Frederick the Elector. She died 1602.      
§. V We now return to Joachim the Second, who succeeded his Father; and performed many notable Services for the Emperor, more especially in repelling the Forces of the Turks. He made public profession of the Reformed Religion, and began to settle the same in his Provinces; causing, in order thereunto, the Ecclesiastic Ordination, written by George Bucholtzer, to be published An. 1545. In 1542. he was declared General of the Imperial Army, against the Turks. Moreover, he raised the Fortifications at Spandaw; and obtained of the Emperor Ferdinand the First, the absolute and independent Sovereignty of the Duchy of Crossen: And of Sigismond Augustus, King of Poland, a grant of Succession to the Duchy of Prussia; provided his Kinsmen, then in possession of it, died without Heirs. He departed this Life in the Castle of Kopen, An. 1571. being Poisoned by a Jew. His first Princess was Magdalen, Daughter of George Duke of Saxony of the Albertine Line; who dying in 1534. he the next Year married Hedewig, Daughter of Sigismond, King of Poland, deceased 1573. By these Ladies he had Issue, 

1. John George, born Sept. 11. 1525. of whom in the next Section.  
2. Barbara, born 1527. given in Marriage to George Duke of Lignitz, 1545. deceased 1595.  
3. Elizabeth, born 1528. deceased the Year following.  
4. Frederick the Fifth, born Dec. 12. 1530. elected Bishop of Havelberg, 1548. Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1551. and Bishop of Halberstadt, 1552. yet, after all, died an untimely death in the same Year.  
5. Albert, and Twins; both which deceased in their Infancy.  
6. George, Twins; both which deceased in their Infancy.  
7. Paul, born 1534. deceased immediately after.  
8. Elizabeth Magdalen, the Wife of Francis Otho, Duke of Lunenburg, born 1537. deceased a Widow, 1595.  
9 Sigismond the Second, born 1538. elected Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1554. and a little afterwards Bishop of Halberstadt also. He died Sept. 13. 1566.  
10. Hedewig, born 1540 married to Julius, Duke of Brunswick, 1560. deceased Oct. 22. 1602.  
11. Sophia, born 1541. married to William de Rosenberg, Burgrave of the Crown of Bohemia, An. 1561. deceased 1564.    
§. VI 'Tis now time to speak of John George the First, who succeeded his Father in the Electoral Dignity, and revenged his death by the Execution of the aforesaid Leopold the Jew, and the Expulsion of his Nation out of the Marquisate, An. 1572. He maintained a strict Friendship with Augustus, Elector of Saxony, through the whole course of his Life, and renewed the Act of mutual Succession with that House and Hesse, An. 1587. He procured the form of Concord to be drawn up, and subscribed the same himself. His death bears date 1598. and his first Wife was Sophia, Daughter of Frederick the Second, Duke of Lignitz; who dying of her first Child, a Year after her Marriage, viz. 1546. he, the next Year, espoused Sabina, Daughter of George the Confessor, Marquis of Brandenburg: But she likewise deceasing in 1575. he, in 1577. took Elizabeth, Daughter of Joachim Erneste, Prince of Anhalt, to his third and last Wife; which Lady, departed this Life a Widow, 1607. His Children were as follow, 

1. Joachim Frederick, born Jan. 27. 1546.  
2. George Albert, born 1555. deceased 1557.   



Twins.  
3. John,  
4. Albert,    
5. Magdalen Sabina.  
6. Magdalen.  
7. Hedewig.  
8. Margaret. And,  
9 Marry; all died Infants.  
10. Erdmuth, 1561. married 1577. to John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania, deceased 1628.  
11. Anne Marry, born 1567. espoused by Barnim, Duke of Pomerania, 1582. deceased Nou. 4. 1618.  
12. Sophia, born June 6. 1568. married to Christian the First, Elector of Saxony, 1582. deceased Dec. 7. 1622.  
13. Christian the First, born June 30. 1581. of whom see more in the Franconian Line.  
14. Magdalen, born Jan. 7. 1582. married to Lewis, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, 1597. deceased May 4. 1616.  
15. Joachim Ernestus, born 1583. of whom likewise more in the Franconian Line.  
16. Agnes, born 1584. married to Philip Julius, Duke of Pomerania, 1604. and after his decease to Francis Charles of Sax-Lawenburg, An. 1628. and died the Year following.  
17. Frederick the Seventh, born March 22. 1588. constituted Great Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, in Sonnenburg, An. 1610. deceased May 19 1611.  
18. Elizabeth Sophia, born July 4. 1589. and married after the decease of Janowitz de Ratzeville in Lithuania, her first Husband, to Julius Henry, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg: She died 1629.  
19 Dorethy Sibil, born 1690. given in Marriage to John Christian of Lignitz, 16— deceased 1625.  
20. George Albert the First, born 1591. who, after his Brother Frederick's decease, was made Grand Master of the Order of St. John in Sonnenberg, An. 1614 which Honour he enjoyed not long; for he died the Year following.  
21. Sigismond, Governor of the Duchy of Cleves, born 1592. deceased without Issue, 1640.  
22. John the Fifth, born 1597. deceased without Issue, 1627. having highly approved his Courage on all Occasions. And,  
23. John George the Second, born after his Father's decease, Aug. 4. 1598. who had the same Fate with his Brother John, deceasing without Issue, An. 1637.    
§. VII. We now return to Joachim Frederick, who succeeded his Father John George. He was elected Bishop of Havelberg, in 1553. of Lebuss, in 1555. and Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1566. In 1598. he took upon him the Electoral Dignity, upon his Father's decease. In 1606. he commanded a Jubilee to be Celebrated at Francfort, in commemoration of the first opening the University there; and Founded the great School or College, called Jochimsthal, the Year after. In 1608. he died suddenly, in his way to Kopne. He had to his first Wife, Catharine, Daughter of John, Marquess of Brandenburg Custrin; and after her decease, Eleanor, Daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia to his Second. By both Ladies he had Ten Children, whom we shall set down in the following Order, viz.  

1. John Sigismond, born Nou. 8. 1572. of whom more in the next Section.  
2. Anne Catharine, born 1575. married to Christian the Fourth, King of Denmark, 1597. deceased March 29. 1612.  
3. John George the Third, born Dec. 16. 1577. elected Bishop of Strasburg, An. 1592. which Election was nevertheless the occasion of many Commotions. In 1606. his Father gave him the Duchy of Carnovia (or Jaggerndorff.) Ten Years after, he was elected Grand Master of the Order of St. John, in Sonnenburg. In 1621. he was proscribed by the Emperor Ferdinand the Second, for taking part with Frederick the Fifth, Elector Palatine, and King of Bohemia, and died two Years after in Hungary; having had to Wife Eve Christina, Daughter of Frederick the Sixth, Duke of Wurtenburg; and by her this following Issue, 

1. Catharine Sibil, born 1611. deceased the Year following.  
2. George, born 1613. deceased 1614  
3. Albert, 1614 deceased 1620.  
4. Catharine Sibil, born and deceased 1615. And,  
5. Ernestus the Second, born Jan. 18. 1617. who lived to be a Man, and was made Governor of the Marck; but died without Issue, 1642.    
4. Augustus, born 1580. deceased 1601.  
5. Albert Frederick, born 1582. deceased 1600.  
6. Joachim the Third, Twins, born 1583. And,  
7. Ernest the First, Twins, born 1583.   
Joachim died 1600. but Ernest lived to be made Master of the Order of St. John in Sonnenburg, An. 1611. where he died soon after.  

8. Barbara Sophia, born Nou. 16. 1584. married to John Frederick, Duke of Wurtenburg, 1609. deceased 1636.  
9 Christian William, born 1587. made Administrator of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, 1608. proscribed by the Emperor 1628. and made Prisoner at the taking of Magdeburg, May 10. 1631. afterwards he turned Catholic, and died at Cinna, 1665. In 1615. he espoused Dorothy, Daughter of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, deceased 1649. After which he took Barbara Elizabeth, (Daughter of Jaroslaus de Martinitz. Burgrave of Crossen in Bohemia) deceased 1656. to his Second Wife; and than Maximiliana of Solms, Maximilian Count Wallestein's Widow, to his last and third. By the first Venture he had Issue,   
1. Sophia Elizabeth, born Jan. 2. 1616. married to Frederick William the Second, Duke of Sax-Aldenburg, 1638. deceased March 6. 1650.  
10. Marry Eleanor, born 1607. married to Lewis Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine in Simmeren, An. 1630. deceased 1675.  
§. VIII. Of these John Sigismond succeeded his Father in the Dignity of Elector, An. 1608. He had several Disputes, which at length ended in a War, for the Dutchies of Cleves and men's. He obtained Prussia of the Poles, but with a great Encumbrance. He made public Profession of the Reformed Religion 1614 and departed this Life Dec. 13. 1619. His Princess was Anne, Daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, who bore him Issue as followeth, 

1. George William, born Nou. 3. 1595. of whom see more a little below.  
2. Anne Sophia, born March 17. 1598. married to Frederick Ulrick, Duke of Brunswick, 1614 deceased 1650.  
3. Marry Eleanor, born Nou. 11. 1599 affianced to Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 1620. deceased 1655.  
4. Catharine, born 1602. and given in Marriage to Bethlem Gabor, Prince of Transilvania, An. 1626. and after his decease to Francis Charles, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg.  
5. Joachim Sigismond, Great Master of the Order of St. John in Sonnenburg, born 1607. deceased Feb. 23. 1625.  
6. Agnes, born 1606. deceased 1607.  
7. John Frederick, born 1607. deceased 1608. And,  
8. Albert, born and deceased the same Year, viz. 1609.    
George William succeeded his Father, An. 1619. and, in the beginning of the Triennial War, took part with Gustavus Adolphus; But afterwards made an Expedition against the Swedes, An. 1639. partly for Pomerania; and partly because they yet held many places in Prussia; in which Country he died the Year following, viz. 1640. His Wife was Elizabeth Charlotte, Daughter of Frederick the Fourth, Elector Palatine; which Match gave Birth to this following Issue, 

1. Lovise Charlotte, born Sept. 3. 1617. married to James Duke of Curland, 1645. deceased Aug. 18. 1676.  
2. Frederick William the Great, born Feb. 6. 1620. of whom more in the next Section.  
3. Hedewig Sophia, born at Six in the Evening, July 4. 1623. married to Lewis the Sixth, Landtgrave of Hesse, 1649. deceased June 26. 1683. And,  
4. John, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1624.    
§. IX. We now return to Frederick William the Great, who succeeded his Father, in 1640. a Prince of as many Heroic Virtues as Humane Nature is capable of. Who, by reason of his great Authority in the Empire, and vast Knowledge in Public Affairs, was looked upon whilst he lived, as common Father of the Germane Nation. In him centred all that might be said of any of his Ancestors. In relation to Religion, Devout; to his Public Actions, Great; to the many Battles he Fought, Victorious; to the extent of his Dominions, August; to his more peculiar Virtues, Valiant, Just, Merciful. By whom was he not esteemed the Germane Achilles? By whom not regarded as the Pillar, on which the safety of the whole Empire (in a manner) was sustained? 'Tis not for me to give a just Character of the greatest Hero of our Age: Nor indeed, were I able, had I an hundred Tongues. 'Tis sufficient that his Heroic Actions are fresh in the Memory of all Men; and that the Injury of time can never deface them. This best of Princes departed this Life at Nine in the Morning, on the 29th. of April, 1688. O. S. having Presided over his Provinces near Fifty Years. We still kiss his Ashes, and Consecrate his Sacred Memory to Eternity. On the 7th. of Dec. 1646. this Great Prince espoused the Princess Lovise Henrietta (Daughter of Henry Frederick, Prince of Orange) his first Wife; who dying June 6. 1667. he, the Year following married his Second, which was Dorothy, Daughter of Philip, Duke of Holstein Glucksburg, Christian Lewis, Duke of Brunswick's Widow, who departed this Life in the Caroline-Bath, Aug. 6. 1689. By the first Venture he had Issue, 

1. William Henry, born at Cleves, May 11. 1648. deceased at Wesel, Oct. 20. 1649.  
2. Charles Emilius, born at Nine in the Morning, on Feb. 6. 1655. the hopes of his Parents, and all the Brandenburg-Provinces, which nevertheless were blasted by his untimely death at Strasburg, Nou. 27. 1674. but revived by the Birth of  
3. Frederick the Third, born at Nine in the Morning, July 1. 1657. of whom in the next Section.  


Twins, born 1664.  
4. Henry, died the same Year, And,  
5. Amalia. Jan. 22. 1665.    
6. Lewis, born June 28. 1666. at Four in the Afternoon. A Prince of the noblest Character, and worthy so great a Father. On Dec. 28. 1680. he took to Wife Lovise Charlotte de Ratzeville; yet died this excellent Prince without Issue, An. 1687. being much lamented by all good Men.     

Children of Frederick William the Great, by his second Wife.  

1. Philip William, born in May 1669. who gave signal proofs of his Courage in the Compagn against the French 1689.  
2. Marry Amalia, born Nou. 16. 1670. and married in 1687. to Charles, Eldest Son, and Heir Apparent of the present Duke of Meckleburg-Gustrow; and after his decease, (which happened March 15. 1688.) to Maurice William, Duke of Saxony, and Administrator of Naumburg, June 26. 1689.  
3. Albert Frederick, born Jan. 14. 1672.  
4. Charles Philip, Dec. 26. 1672.  
5. Elizabeth Sophia, March 26. 1674.  
6. Dorothy, 1675. deceased the Year following. And,  
7. Charles Lewis, at Four in the Afternoon, on May 17. 1677.   
§. X. 'Tis now time that Frederick the Third appear, the no less happy Son and Successor of a most Fortunate Father; to whom we may justly apply this of the Poet.  
Egregia, Insignisque nota est, de Sanguine nasci  
Conspicuo, & priscas Majerum ostendere Ceras.  
Fortibus eduntur Forts, Patriumque jubatis  
Robur Equis, & Bebus inest, nec Dama Leonem,  
Nec celeres Aquilae generant sine selle Columbam.  
Eenic. Meimbom. in Vitâ Henrici Leonis.  
For he doth not content himself with the only Glory of being descended from so great a Hero; but has already made it sufficiently appear himself by the greatness of his Actions, what the Christian World, and True Church of God are still to expect from him. May God protect this Mighty Prince! May he cherish him in his Bosom, and set him as a Bracelet on his Arm! that he may eternally be blessed before him; that he may live, take root, and flourish, with all his Illustrious Family; and there be never wanting One therein, who may happily sway the Sceptre of Brandenburg. On the 23d. of Aug. 1679. he married Elizabeth Henrica, Daughter of William, late Landt-grave of Fiesse; after whose decease (which happened on June 27. 1683.) he most happily made choice of the Princess Sophia Charlotte, Daughter of Ernestus Augustus, the present Bishop of Osenburg, and Duke of Brunswick, for his Second Wife, on Oct. 6. in the following Year. By the first Venture he has only a Daughter; namely, 

1. Lovise Dorothy Sophia, born Sept. 19 1680. but by the present Duchess Two Sons, viz.  
2. Frederick Augustus, born Oct. 6. 1685. deceased Feb. 6. 1686. And,  
3. Frederick William, born at Two in the Afternoon, Aug. 4. 1688. God grant he may one day equal Frederick William the Great.     

Of the Franconian Line.  
§. XI. MAtters thus far cleared, we are now to remind our Promise. Amongst the Sons of Albert Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg, , we took notice of Frederick the Fourth, born at One a Clock, May 2. 1460. He had the Burgraviate of Nuremberg, assigned him by his Father; and took to Wife the Princess Sophia, Daughter of Casimire, King of Poland, whom he solemnly espoused at Francfort, An. 1479. He departed this Life, Ap. 4. 1536. having had Seventeen Children by the Princess Sophia aforesaid, whereof Five died Young: The other Twelve were, 

1. Casimire, his Father's Successor in the Burgraviate of Nuremberg, born Sept. 27. 1481. deceased Sept. 21. 1527. having had to Wife Susan, Daughter of Albert the Fourth, Duke of Bavaria; and by her this following Issue, 

1. Marry, born 1519. married to Frederick the Third, Elector Palatine, 1537. deceased Oct. 21. 1567.  
2. Albert the Fourth, surnamed The Germane Alcibiades, born March 28. 1522. a Prince of eminent Qualities; but deceased a Bachelor, An. 1557. And,  
3. Cunigund, born 1524. married to Charles the Third, Marquess of Baden-Durlach, An. 1551. deceased 1557. (or 1558.)    
2. George, surnamed The Confessor, born at One in the Morning, March 4. 1484. He was thrice married; his first Wife being Beatrix, Daughter of Huniades, Viceroy of Hungary, deceased 1524. His second was Hedewig, Daughter of Charles Duke of Munsterberg, who likewise died 1531. and his third Emilia, Daughter of Henry, Duke of Saxony, of the Albertine Line, deceased 1591. His Children were as follow, 

1. Anne Marry, born Dec. 28. 1526. married to Christopher, Duke of Wurtenburg; deceased May 22. 1589.  
2. Sabina, born May 12. 1529. espoused by John George, Elector of Brandenburg, An. 1547. deceased Nou. 2. 1575.  
3. Sophia, born 1535. married to Henry, Duke of Lignitz, 1560. deceased Feb. 12. 1587.  
4. Barbara, born 1536. who, by reason of her being somewhat crazed, died unmarried, An. 1591.  
5. Catharine Dorothy, born 1538. given in Marriage to Henry of Ruchin, of the Line of Plaven; deceased Jan. 19 1604. And,  
6. George Frederick, his Father's Successor, born Ap. 5. 1539. In 1577. he was constituted Administrator of Prussia. In 1582. he founded the School or College at Heilbron. He was a great Lover of Peace; and kept a very Splendid and noble Court. This Great Prince died without Issue, Ap. 25. 1603. notwithstanding he were twice married; Elizabeth, Daughter of John, Marquess of Brandenburg, being his first Wife; And Sophia, Daughter of William, Duke of Brunswick, his Second; which Lady survived him many Years, and died at length at Nuremberg, An. 1639.    
3. Sophia, born March 10. 1485. married to Frederick Duke of Lignitz, 1519. deceased 1537.  
4. Anne, born May 5. 1487. married to Wenceslaus, Duke of Glogow; deceased 1517.  
5. Albert the Third, born May 17. 1490. of whom more in the next.  
6. John the Third, born Jan 9 1493. and created Viceroy of the Kingdom of Valentia in Spain, by the Emperor Charles the Fifth; where he died without Issue.  
7. Elizabeth, born March 24. 1494 married to Ernest, Marquis of Baden-Durlach, An. 1510. deceased May 31.  
8. Barbara, born Sept. 24. 1495. married to George, Landtgrave of Leuchtenburg, An. 1526. deceased 1552.  
9 Frederick the Fifth, Canon of Mentz, and Provost of Wurtzburg, born June 17. 1497. deceased 1536.  
10. William, born June 3. 1498. elected Archbishop of Rigen, 1534. deceased Feb. 4. 1563.  
11. John Albert, Bishop of Halberstadt, and afterwards Archbishop of Magdeburg, born Sept. 20. 1499. deceased May 17. 1580. And,  
12. Gumbert, Lord High Chamberlain to Pope Leo the Tenth, born June 16. 1503. deceased June 24. 1528.    
§. XI. We now return to Albert the Third, elected Grand Master of the Teutonick Order in Prussia, An. 1512. and had a sharp War with the Poles. Peace being afterwards made, he was Invested in the Duchy of Prussia, by the then King of Poland, Ap. 10. 1525. since which that Duchy has been Hereditary to this Family. In 1532. he was Proscribed by the Imperial Ban. In 1544. he opened an University at Koningsberg in Prussia; and at length ended his days on the 20th. of March, 1568. Aged 78. In 1525. he married Dorothy, Daughter of Frederick the First, King of Denmark. After whose decease (which happened in 1547.) he took to Wife Anne Mary, Daughter of Erick the Elder, Duke of Brunswick, who departed this Life, March 20. 1568. fifteen Hours after her Husband. Of his Children, only Two survived him; namely, 

1. Anne Sophia, born June 11. 1527. married to John Albert, Duke of Meckleburg, 1555. deceased Feb. 6. 1591. And,  
2. Albert Frederick, his Father's Successor in the Duchy of Prussia, born Ap. 29. 1553. and married in 1573. to Mary Eleanor, Daughter of William, Duke of Juliers, who bore him Issue as followeth, 

1. Anne, born July 3. 1576. married to John Sigismond, Elector of Brandenburg 1594. deceased 1625.  
2. Marry, born Jan. 23. 1579. espoused by Christian, Marquis of Brandenburg. Bareith, 1604. deceased Feb. 11. 1649.  
3. Albert, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1680.  
4. Sophia, born March 31. married to William, Duke of Curland, 1609. deceased the Year following.  
5. Eleanor, born Aug. 12. 1583. given in Marriage to Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, 1603. deceased 1607. And,  
6. Magdalen Sibil, born Dec. 30. espoused by John George the First, Elector of Saxony, 1607. deceased 1659.      
As for Albert Frederick, their Father, he departed this Life 1603. being somewhat distracted in his Mind; but his Wife lived till 1608.  
§. XII. The ancient Line of Franconia becoming thus extinct, these Provinces fell to Christian the First, and Joachim Ernestus, two younger Sons of John George, Elector of Brandenburg, as we observed above in the Sixth Section. Christian, who died 1645. had the Upper part of the Principality assigned him for his Lot, and so propagated the Branch of Culembach, by leaving Issue by Mary, Daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, as followeth, 

1. Elizabeth Eleanor, born and dead the same Year, 1606.  
2. George Frederick, born and dead 1608.  
3. Anne Marry, born Dec. 20. 1609. married to John Anthony, Prince of Eggeberg, 1639. deceased Ap. 28. 1680. O. S.  
4. Agnes, born and deceased July 9 1611.  
5. Magdalen Sibil, born Nou. 1. 1612. married to John George the Second, Elector of Saxony, Nou. 13. 1638. deceased 1687.  
6. Christian Ernestus, born 1613. deceased the Year following.  
7. Erdman Augustus, born Oct. 29. 1615. of whom immediately. And,  
8. George Albert, born March 10. 1619. of whom also see more below.    
As for Erdman Augustus, he had Bareith assigned him for his Appennage; married Sophia, Daughter of his Uncle Joachim Ernestus of Anspach, An. 1641. and died 1651. His only Son being,  
1. Christian Ernestus, the present Prince, born July 24. 1644. and brought up for the most part, during his Minority, under the Tuition of Frederick William the Great; Joachim Frederick de Bluhmenthal, having in the mean time the Government of his Provinces. In 1661. he took on him the Government himself; since which he has given Singular Proofs both of his Courage and great Prudence on all Occasions. In 1663. he was present at the Diet then held at Ratisbone, and Chosen General for the Circle of Franconia in the same Year. Also in the same Year he founded a famous School or College in the City Bareith, called from his Name the Christian-Ernestine School. See more of the Life of this Prince in Rentsch in Brandenburg Cederschein, pag. 722. and Seqq. His first Wife was Erdmuth Sophia, Daughter of John George the Second, Elector of Saxony, whom he married, An. 1662. but she dying June 12. 1670. he, the next Year took to Wife Sophia Lovise, Daughter of Eberhard the Third, Duke of Wurtenburg; which last Match has given Birth to this following Issue, viz.  

1. Christiana Eberhardina, born at six in the Evening, Dec. 19 1671.  
2. Eleanor Magdalen, born at seven in the Morning, Jan. 14. 1673.  
3. Claudia Eleanora Sophia, born 1675. deceased Feb. 1. 1676.  
4. Charlotte Emilia, born 1677. deceased Feb. 5. 1678.  
5. George William, Prince Hereditary of Bareith, born at nine in the Morning, Nou. 16. 1678.  
6. Charles Lewis, born Nou. 11. 1679. deceased March 28. 1680.   
§. XIII. We now return to George Albert, younger Brother of Erdman Augustus, and his Posterity, who had his Seat at Culembach; and took to Wife Mary Elizabeth, Daughter of Philip, Duke of Holstein-Glucksburg, An. 1651. After whose decease he married Sophia Mary of Solms, An. 1665. and departed this Life on Sept. 17. in the following Year, viz. 1666. having had Seven Children, whereof Three died young: The other Four were, 

1. Erdman Philip, born May 1. 1659. who came to a violent and untimely death, by an accidental Wound on his Head, Aug. 26. 1678.  
2. Christian Henry, born July 17. 1661. at five in the Afternoon; and now Lieutenant-General of the Militia Light Horse, belonging to the Circle of Franconia.  
3. Charles Augustus, Canon of Magdeburg, born at three in the Afternoon, on the 18th. of March, 1663. And,  
4. George Albert, born of the second Venture, Nou. 27. 1666.    
§. XIV. Having now done with Christian the First, mentioned by us both in the sixth and thirteenth Section, and his Posterity; 'tis time we say somewhat of his Brother Joachim Ernestus, and his Issue.  
This Prince had the Lower part of the Principality in Franconia; and so became Author of the Branch of Anspach. In 1595. he was elected Master of the Order of St. John in Sonnenburg; and departed this Life Feb. 25. 1625. having had to Wife Sophia of Solms; of the Line of Labach; and by her this following Issue, 

1. Sophia, born May 31. 1614 married to Erdman Augustus, Marquis of Bareith, 1641. deceased Nou. 23. 1646.  
2. Frederick the Eighth, born Ap. 20. 1616. and Slain at the Battle of Nordlingen, 1634.  
3. Albert, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1617.  
4. Albert the Fifth, born Sept. 18. 1620. of whom more immediately. And,  
5. Christian, born 1623. deceased 1633.    
Wherefore Albert succeeded his Father, and through the whole course of his Life and Government, was a Fortunate Prince. He departed this Life Oct. 22. 1667. having had Henrietta Lovise, Daughter of Lewis Frederick, Duke of Wurtenburg, of the Line of Monpelgart, deceased 1650. to his first Wife; Sophia Margaret, of Octingen, who died 1664. to his Second: And then Christina, Daughter of Frederick the Third, Marquess of Baden, of the Line of Durlach, to his Third, which last Lady outlived him, and was afterwards married to Frederick, Duke of Sax-Gotha. By the second Venture he had Issue, that survived him; namely, 

1. John Frederick, born Oct. 8. 1654.  
2. Albert Ernestus, born Oct. 10. 1659. deceased Oct. 20. 1674.  
3. Dorothy Charlotte, born Nou. 19 1661. and married to Ernestus Lewis, the present Prince Regent of Hesse-Darmstadt, Dec. 10. 1687. And,  
4. Eleanora Juliana, born Oct. 12. 1663. and given in Marriage to Frederick Charles, Duke of Wurtenburg, and Administrator of that Duchy, during the Minority of his Nephew, Eberhard Lewis, An. 1682.    
John Frederick, succeeded his Father, and was styled the Delight of his Subjects; and indeed of all others, who had the happiness to know him. On Jan. 26. 1673. he took to Wife Joan Elizabeth of Durlach, his Mother-in-law, Christina's Sister; who departing this Life, 1680. he the next Year married Eleanor Erdmuth, Daughter of John George, Duke of Sax-Eysenach; and died 1686. By the first Lady he had Issue, 

1. Leopold Frederick, born and deceased the same Year.  
2. Christian Albert, born Sept. 8. 1675.  
3. Dorothy Frederica, Aug. 12. 1676.  
4. George Frederick, Ap. 25. 1678. And,  
5. Charlotte, born 1679. deceased 1680.    
By the other, 

1. Wilhelmina Charlotte, born March 1. 1683.  
2. Frederick Augustus, born 1684. deceased 1685. And,  
3. William Frederick, born Dec. 29. 1685.     

Of the Augmentation of the Family of Brandenburg.  
§. XVI. 'TWas observed above, how Conrade, Count Zollern, obtained the Burgraviate of Norimberg; to which Frederick the Third added Bareith in Right of his Wife, together with the Castle of Cadolkburg, being part of the Duchy of Mera—. The fame Frederick had the City of Creussen settled on him, An. 1251. by the Emperor Conrade the Fourth. In 1258. he bought Birnsherg and Eginhausen of the Barons of Vaenheim. In 1261. he obtained the Government or Chastellany of Aurach: That of Munchsteinach, An. 1265. Those of Ekelsdorf, Wendelstein, Dchnepsenreuth, and Sniklingen, An. 1273. Those of Burckburnheim and Dachsbach, An. 1280. Reustadt on the Culm, An. 1282. Lenckershetm, Eilbach, and Bruck in the same Year; and Reustadt on the Aisch, An. 1285. In 1290. the Castle of Swermtz was bought by this Family, which, till then, belonged to the Counts of Orlamund: And the Right of Heilbran Monastery seems also to have fallen to it much about the same time. In 1292. the Burgraves Conrade and Frederick bought Roth, Rothstal, and Winshath. Burgrave John, about the Year 1317. became possessed of Pegnik, Erlougen, Blcck, Lindenhart, Brichsenstadt, and some other Places; which, till then, were under the Jurisdiction of the King of Bohemia. The same John had Ihirsheim, Thirstein, Markleuthen, Berneck, Golderonach, Mirsherg, and Trebgast, with some other Places, made over to him by the Marquesses of Misnia. In 1321. Frederick the Fourth added Mohnstedel, to his other Territories. In 1326. he bought Grundlach, Bruck, and Hochstedt; Staust and Ensfelden Two Years after: And Ansbach with all its dependencies, An. 1331. The same Frederick siding with Lewis of Bavaria the Emperor, against the Anti Caesar, Frederick the Fair, took many of the Austrian Nobility Prisoners in the War, whom indeed he dismissed without Ransom, yet conditionally, that for the future they and their Heirs should hold their Possessions in Fee of him and his for ever, which Agreement is very well known to be still observed. In 1336. John the Second added Culembach to this Family, together with the Castle of Plassenburg, and Monastery of Himmete-Cron. In 1347. he became possessed of Beissenstadt and Rudolfftein, and many other places; more especially the City of Creilsheim. In 1364. Frederick the Fifth added Swabach, Feuchtwangen, Emsfirchen, and Gunkenhausen, as also Hoff, in the Land of Advocates, which last place was bought by him in the Year 1375. In 1390. John the Third obtained as a Fief of the Empire Rikingen, Vffenheim, Libenau, Aurenhofen and Laterdorf, with some other Places, to be held by him as Fiefs of the Empire. In 1417. Frederick the Sixth was Invested in the Electorate of Brandenburg, by the Emperor Sigismond, to be held of him, and the Emperors his Successors: Which Electorate contained at that time the old and middle Marquisates; as also Prignitz, to which he soon after annexed the Uckermarch, by right of War, having won the same from the Pomeranians. In 1455. the Elector Frederick the Second became possessed of many Places in Lusatia, viz. Cothus, the Fort of Peike, Sommerfeldt, Besckan, Storcan, with all their Appurtenances; having taken the same from George, King of Bohemia. In 1472. the Duchy of Crossen was Mortgaged to this Family, of which it became afterwards fully possessed, by reason of its being never redeemed. In 1525. Marquis Albert, of the Franconian Line, Grand Master of the Teutonick Order, was created the first Duke of Prussia, which was to hold as a Fief of the Crown of Poland, that Country being then changed into a Duchy. Somewhat before this, his Brother George the Confessor had Jagerndorff given him, in consideration of his good Services, by Ladislaus King of Bohemia. The same George, in 1532. became possessed of the Dutchies of Oppelen and Ratibor in Silesia, by Right of Confraternity (or Articles of Agreement to a mutual Succession) 'twixt him and the Duke of those Dutchies. Joachim the First (in 1524) reduced the new Marck, which had been for many Years held in Mortgage by the Knights of the Teutonick Order. The same Prince Incorporated the County of Rupin with the Electorate, as a Fief vacant by the death of Wichman, last Count thereof. In 1609. the Dutchies of Juliers, Cleves, and Mons, as also the Counties of Marck and Ravensberg, aught to have fallen to John Sigismond the then Elector; but the Duke of Newburg opposing it, it was at length agreed on in 1666. after many Contests, which at length ended in a War, that only the Duchy of Cleves and County of Marck, should remain in the Possession of this Family; nevertheless without prejudicing its Right to a mutual Succession, to the other Provinces of the said Dutchies, in case of deficiency of Heirs Male. In 1637. all Pomerania should have fallen to his then Electoral Highness of Brandenburg, upon the decease of Bogislaus, last Duke thereof, by right of Confraternity; but the Swedes being got in Possession, he could only obtain the further Pomerania: Wherefore afterwards, by the Peace of Osenburg, the Duchy of Magdeburg, the Principalities of Halberstadt, Minden, and Camin (together with some other Places) were made over as an equivalent to His most Potent and Serene Highness Frederick William the Great. The same Prince, in 1657. obtained of the Crown of Poland, an Independent Right to Prussia, where he had Lavenburg and Buton likewise put into his hands. In 1679. by the Treaty of Nimeguen, that part of Pomerania, which lies on the other side the Vecht, and was hitherto in Possession of the Swede, was likewise given up to him, except the City Dam. In 1681. there was an Accession of the County of Regenstein. In 1684. upon the death of Ernestus Bugislaus, Prince of Croy, all that Prince's Possessions fell to this Family. And last of all, in 1686. by an Agreement then made with the Emperor, the Duchy of Swibuse was settled on it.   

Of its Decrease.  
§. XVII. AS to what concerns the Decrease of this Family; Frederick the Sixth sold great part of the Burgraviate of Norimberg to the City, for 137000 Florins. In 1535. George the Confessor parted with the Dutchies of Oppelen and Ratibor, to Ferdinand the First, afterwards Emperor, for 13000 Hungarian Shillings. And in 1625. it lost Carnovia (or Jagerndorff) upon the Proscription of John George, then in Possession of that City and District.   

Of its Pretensions.  
§. XVIII. THis Family had formerly a Pretention to the Dutchies of Juliers, Cleves, and Mons; but it was taken off in 1666. as we observed in the 16th. Section. It likewise laid Claim to Carnovia; but quitted that also, in 1686. upon its having the Duchy of Swibus in Compensation for it. We shall add no more at present of its other Pretensions, being not well acquainted what they may be. Only you must note, That it hath entered into Articles of Agreement to a mutual Succession, with the Elector of Saxony and Landtgrave of Hesse. Moreover, by the Grant of the Emperor Frederick the Third, it has some Expectance of having the Dutchies of Holstein and Meckleburg fall to it; as also the Principality of Anbalt, provided those in possession fail in Issue Male.    

CHAP. X. Of the Family of Brunswick and Lunenburg.  
§. I. THo' the Family of Brunswick and Lunenburg, for its great Antiquity, may seem to bear the Bell (in a manner) from all the rest; yet it will suffice us to know at present, That it owes its Original to the Ancient Welffs: And from whence they are descended is observed at large by the Learned Spener, in his Sylloge Genealogicâ, pag. 476. Now Cunigund, Sister of Welff the Third, Earl of Altorff (whom some likewise call Duke of Bavaria) was married to Azon of Este, a Prince of an Italian Extraction; which Match gave Birth to Welff the Fourth (or as others the first) surnamed The Strong, his Uncle's Heir; Earl of Altorff, and afterwards (in 1071.) Duke of Bavaria, by the Grant of the Emperor Henry the Fourth. He was succeeded by his Eldest Son Welff the Second, who assisted the Young Emperor Henry the Fifth, against his Father, Henry the Fourth, and departed this Life 1119. having never had Issue by Maud his Wife, an Italian Princess of High Blood: Wherefore he left Bavaria to his Brother, Henry the Black, who died in the Year 1125. having had to Wise Walfild, Daughter of Magnus' Duke of Saxony, of the Line of Billingen, and by her a numerous Offspring; whereof Henry the Proud need only be here mentioned, as sufficient to our present Design, He was Successor to his Father in the Duchy of Bavaria; and in 1137. was Invested in that of Saxony also, by his Father-in-Law Lotharius, the Emperor. This Prince built Munchen, and after variety of Fortunes, ended his days, An. 1139. His Son was Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, whose Power was so great, as he was wont to say, in an old Dutch Rhyme, 

Bon der Elve bet an den Rhin  
Dat th' alles min. i.e.   

'Twixt Elve and Rhine  
Is all mine.    
Nevertheless falling into Disgrace with the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, he was Proscribed by him, and so lost all his Dominions, except the Districts of Brunswick and Lunenburg; and departed this Life, An. 1195. This Prince therefore may be properly looked on as common Father of all the Dukes of Brunswick and Lunenburg, which have flourished from that down to the present Times. He had to Wife Maud, Daughter of Henry the Second, King of England; and by her Three Sons and Two Daughters, viz.  

1. Henry the Younger, who, in his Father's Life-time became possessed of the Palatinate of the Rhine, in Right of his Wife Agnes, Daughter and sole Heiress of Conrade, last Count of that Palatinate; nevertheless, for want of Heirs Male, he was succeeded therein by Otho, Count Witelsbach, Duke of Bavaria, who married his only Daughter Agnes, as we observed above in the Palatine-Bavarian Family.  
2. Otho, chosen Emperor, 1208. deceased without Issue 1218.  
3. Ingeburg, married to Woldemar the Second, King of Denmark.  
4. Maud, to Geoffrey, Count de Perch. And,  
5. William, Propagator of the Family, by being Father of Otho the First, born 1204.   
§. II. This Otho was created the first Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, by the Emperor, Frederick the Second, An. 1235. and had Issue by Maud, Daughter of Albert, Elector of Brandenburg, as followeth, viz.  

1. Albert, of whom below in the next Section.  
2. John the First, who had the Principality of Lunenburg assigned him for his Patrimony, and departed this Life 1276. (or as others 1277.) leaving Issue, Otho the Fourth, surnamed The Strong, whose Wife was Maud, Daughter of Lewis, Elector Palatine, who bore him, 

1. Otho the Sixth, Dake of Lunenburg, succeeded for want of Issue Male, by his Brother.  
2. William the Third, who likewise died An. 1368. leaving Issue only Daughters.    
3. Conrade the First, Bishop of Ferden, deceased Oct. 15. 1303.  
4. Otho the Second, Bishop of Hildesheim, deceased July 4. 1279.  
5. Helena, married to Albert the First, Elector of Saxony; deceased 1272.  
6. Adelheid, given in Marriage to Henry the first, Landtgrave of Hesse, 1239. deceased 1255.  
7. Agnes, the Wife of Wenceslaus, Prince of Rugen.  
8. Maud, espoused by Henry the First, Prince of Anbalt. And,  
9 Elizabeth, by William, Earl of Holland, 1251. deceased 1266.   
§. III. We now return to Albert, surnamed The Great, who, upon his Father's decease, succeeded to the Principality of Brunswick; and died himself in 1279. having performed many Noble Actions, and obtained several remarkable Victories. His Children were, 

1. Henry, surnamed Mirabilis, or, The Wonderful, who had Grubenhagen assigned him by his Father's Will; and departed this Life 1322. leaving Issue by Agnes, Daughter of Albert, Landtgrave of Thuringia, as followeth, viz. 

1. Henry, who, in the division of his Father's Inheritance, 'twixt him and his Brethren, had Eisfeld and Duderstadt for his Patrimony, in which he was succeeded by his Son. 

1. Otho the Seventh, who Mortgaged the said Provinces to the Archbishop of Mentz, and was created Duke of Tarento, and afterwards King of both the Sicily's, but died without Issue, An. 1387.    
2. John, Provost of Eimbeck. And,  
3. Ernestus, who, by Agnes of Eberstein, had, 

1. Frederick the First, who died 1404. leaving Issue only a Son, named, Otho the Ninth, deceased without Issue, An. 1411.  
2. Albert. And,  
3. Ernestus, Provost of Eimbeck, who died 1422. But Albert begot, Erick the First, who died 1449. and had Issue Two Sons. 

1. Henry the Fifth, who died 1469. leaving only a Son, named Henry the Seventh, deceased Issueless, An. 1526. And,  
2. Albert the Sixth, who departed this Life 1486. and was succeeded by his Son. Philip; whose Brother Erick was Elected Bishop of Osenburg and Munster, and died 1532. but Philip lived till 1555. settled the Reformed Religion in his Provinces; and left Issue, 

1. Erneste the Sixth, born Ap. 2. 1518. deceased 1567.  
2. Albert the Seventh.  
3. John the Sixth.  
4. Wolfgang. And,  
5. Philip the Second. All which died without Issue Male; so that Philip, who departed this Life 1596. was the last of this Line.          
2. Albert the Second, surnamed The Gross; of whom in the next Section.  
3. William, who had the District of Wolfembuttel for his Appennage; and died an untimely Death, An. 1292.  


Knights of the Order of St. John.  
4. Luder. And,  
5. Conrade.    
And, 6. Otho the Third, a Knight Templar.    
§. iv We now return to Albert the Gross, who at first had only the Principality of Calenberg and Barony of Gottingen; but upon his Brother William's Decease laid claim to his Country, and beat out his Brother Henry, who had seized it, An. 1292. He departed this Life 1318. leaving Issue as followeth, viz.  

1. Otho the Fifth, who succeeded his Father in the Duchy of Brunswick; and died 1334. leaving Issue by Agnes, Daughter of Conrade, Marquess of Brandenburg, only Two Daughters; whose Names were, 

1. Agnes, married to Barnim the Third, Duke of Pomerania; deceased 1371. And,  
2. Judith, the Wife of Henry, surnamed Ferreus (or Ironside) Landtgrave of Hesse.    
2. Ernestus, whose Patrimony was the Lordship of Gottingen, and Principality of Calenberg, where he had Issue by Elizabeth, Daughter of Henry the Fourth, Duke of Glogaw, a Son and a Daughter; namely, 

1. Elizabeth (or as others, Anne) married to William the First, Count de Henneberg, An. 1414.  
2. Otho the Eighth, who succeeded him; and died 1394. having had to Wife Margaret, Countess of Bergen; and by her an only Son, Otho the Tenth, surnamed Monoculus, from his having but one Eye; in whom the Branch of Gottingen became extinct, An. 1463.    
3. Magnus, of whom more in the next Section, as Preserver of the Line.  
4. Albert the Third, Bishop of Halberstadt, deceased 1358.  
5. Henry the Third, Bishop of Hildesheim, deceased Feb. 6. 1363.  
6. Maud, elected Lady Abbess of Gandersheim, An. 1305. And,  
7. Ludger, Grand Master of the Teutonick Order in Prussia.   
§. V We now return to Magnus, Son of Albert the Gross, who at first kept his Court at Sangerhuse; but after his Brother Otho's Decease, obtained the Principality of Brunswick, An. 1334. and died himself, 1368. having had Issue, by Sophia, Daughter of Henry, Marquess of Landsberg; as followeth, viz.  

1. Lewis the Second, deceased without Issue 1358. notwithstanding he had married Maud, Daughter of William Duke of Lunenburg; of whom we made mention in the second Section, Numb. 2.  
2. Otho, deceased in Italy.  
3. Magnus Torquatus, of whom below.  
4. John the Fifth, whom some make Archbishop of Magdeburg; yet omitted by others.  
5. Albert the Fifth, Archbishop of Bremen; deceased 1395.  
6. Sophia, who died a Maid.  
7. Maud, the Wife of Bernhard the Third, Prince of Anhalt.  
8. Helena, married to Otho. And,  
9 Agnes to Erick, Count de Hoye.   
Wherefore Magnus was the only Preserver of this Family, and succeeded his Cousin William in the Principality of Lunenburg, An. 1368. his Father being yet living; after whose decease he obtained that of Brunswick also, in the same Year. His Wife was Catharine, Daughter of Woldemar, Elector of Brandenburg, by whom he had Eight Children. Himself was Slain in a single Combat with Otho, Count Schaumburg, wherein he had thrown and disarmed the Count; and was just a going to kill him, as he lay on the ground, had he not been prevented, by being run through himself by a common Soldier. The Names of his Children were, 

1. Frederick the Second, who, by an Agreement with his Brethren, had, at first, the sole Administration of the Duchy of Brunswick. He beat Otho, surnamed Malus, or The Bad, out of Wolfembuttel; and overthrew the Barons that detained his Brother Bernhard in Prison. After this, being in high Repute for his Courage, he was chosen Emperor by some of the Electors, in room of Wenceslaus, whom they had deposed; but Slain in his way home, not far from Frislar, as he was returning from Frankfort. His Wife was Anne, Daughter of Wenceslaus, Elector of Saxony, who bore him Two Daughters, viz. Anne married to Frederick the Third, of Austria; deceased 1432. and Elizabeth, the Wife of Henry, (or as Cuspinian will have it) Gunther, Count Swartzburg.  
2. Bernhard the First, of whom more in the Line of Lunenburg.  
3. Henry the Fourth, of whom in the next.  
4. Otho the Eleventh, Bishop of Verden, and Archbishop of Bremen, deceased 1416.  
5. Helena, the Wife of Albert, Duke of Meckleburg, and King of Sweden.  
6. Agnes, married first to Busson, Count Mansfeldt, and, after his decease to Bogislaus, Duke of Pomerania stetin.  
7. Sophia, espoused by Henry, Duke of Meckleburg. And,  
8. Catharine, married in 1391. to Gerhard, Duke of Sleswick; and after he was Slain, to Erick the Third, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg.    

Of the old Line of Brunswick or Wolfembuttel.  
§. VI WE now return to Henry the Fourth, Author and Propagator of the old Line of Brunswick; properly so called. In 1395. he reduced the Lunenburgers. In 1404. he undertook an Expedition 'gainst Otho Count Schcumburg; but being taken by Henry of Eberstein, and Simon and Bernhard, Counts de Lip, could not obtain his Liberty but on Promise by Oath, to pay them 2000 Florins Ransom; from which Oath he was afterwards freed by his Holiness the Pope. He could never agree with his Brother the Bishop of Ferden. His Death bears date 1416. and his first Wife was Sophia, Daughter of Uratislaus, Duke of Pomerania, whom he married, An. 1386. after whose Decease he took Margaret, Daughter of Herman of Hesse, to his Second. By the first Lady he had Issue a Son and a Daughter; namely, 

1. William, of whom a little below. And,  
2. Catharine, married to Frederick the First, Elector of Saxony; deceased Dec. 28. 1442.    
But by the Second, only a Son, named, Henry, surnamed Lappen-Krieg; born 1411. deceased 1473. having had to Wife, Helen, Daughter of Adolph, Duke of Cleves, and, by her, an only Daughter, named Margaret, and married to William Prince of Henneberg, An. 1469.  
William succeeded his Father, and was surnamed The Victorious, from Seven Famous Victories he obtained, The first over the Hussites, An. 1421. The second, over those of Hildesheim in the same Year: The third, over the Turks, for Sigismond the Emperor, An. 1424. The fourth, over Erick, King of Denmark, in behalf of the Hans. Towns, and those of Sleswick, An. 1427. The fifth, over Theodorick, Archbishop of Munster, An. 1446. The sixth, over Maurice, Earl of Oldenburg, An. 1462. And the last, over the Inhabitants of Eimbeck. He departed this Life, An. 1482. aged Ninety, having had Cecily, Daughter of Frederick the First, Elector of Brandenburg, to his first Wife; and Maud, Daughter of Otho, Count Schaumburg, Bernhard the Second, of Lunenburg's Widow, deceased 1468. to his Second. By these Ladies he had Issue, 

1. William, surnamed The Younger, of whom in the next Section.  
2. Frederick the Fourth, who had Calenberg assigned him for his Patrimony; but died in Confinement, where he was kept, by reason of his being Crazed, An. 1499. And,  
3. Otho, deceased in his Infancy, 1468.    
§. VII. Return we now to William the Younger, who loved Retirement and a quiet Life. In 1490. he bought Helmstadt of the Abbot of Verden; and departed this Life 1503. having some time before given up the Governmen to his Sons, and divided his Dominions among them. He had to Wife, Elizabeth, Daughter of Budo, Count Stolberg, who bore him Issue as followeth; 

1. Henry the Eighth, born June 24. 1463. of whom more below.  
2. Anne, born 1470. and married to William, Son of Henry the Fifth, Prince of Hesse. And,  
3. Erick the Third, born the same Year with his Sister Anne, who had the Principality of Calenberg, and Barony of Gottingen settled on him by his Father; and was a Prince justly to be numbered amongst the greatest Hero's of his Age; being said to have overcome in no less than twelve several Battles. He departed this Life July 26. 1540 leaving Issue by his second Wife, Erick the Younger, who succeeded him; but yet died without Issue at Pavia in Italy, An. 1584.    
Return we now to Henry the Eighth, surnamed der Duadc, who being a Prince of an unquiet Temper, that sought all occasions of falling out with his Neighbours, involved both himself and Subjects in many difficulties. He was at last Slain by a Canon Ball, at the Siege of Orth a Castle in East-Friesland, June 23. 1514. His Wife was Catharine, Sister of Bug●slaus, Duke of Pomerania, deceased 1526. which March gave birth to the following Issue; 

1. Christopher, Bishop of Verden, and Archbishop of Bremen, born 1487. deceased Jan. 22. 1558.  
2. Henry the Tenth, born Nou. 10. 1489. of whom in the next Section.  
3. Erick the Fourth, Commendator of the Teutonick Order, taken Prisoner at the Battle of Lunenburg, but Ransomed afterwards. He died at Coblentz, An. 1525.  
4. Francis the Second, born 1492. Elected Bishop of Minden, 1504 deceased Nou. 29. 1529.  
5. George the First, Archbishop of Bromen, born 1494. deceased Dec. 4. 1562.  
6. William the Sixth, Commendator of the Order of St. John in Mirow, deceased 1558.  
7. Catharine, the Wife of Magnus the Second, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg, deceased 1563. And,  
8. Elizabeth, married to William, Count Henneberg.    
§. VIII. We now return to Henry the Tenth, a Prince impatient of Ease, and a quiet Life. In his Youth he served George, Duke of Saxony, against the Frieslanders: He likewise assisted his Uncle Erick against the Bishop of Hilde●●m; but above all, signalised his Courage and Conduct under the Emperor Charles the Fifth, in his Wars against the French. In 1525. he suppressed the Insurrection of the Boors, by giving 'em a total Defeat. He first established the Right to Succession by Birthright in this Line. He was a Mortal Enemy of Luther's; nor would he permit any of his Subjects to embrace his Doctrine. Moreover, he was accused of many high Misdemeanours by the Principal States of the Empire; whereupon he was beat out of his Dominions by the Princes of the Smalcaldick League, An. 1543. and afterwards taken Prisoner by Maurice, Elector of Saxony; but again set at liberty, An. 1547. and at last died of old Age, after many turns of Fortune, in the Year 1568. His first Wife was Mary, Daughter of Henry Duke of Wurtenburg, deceased 1541. after whose Death he married Sophia, Daughter of Sigismond, King of Poland, deceased 1575. By the first Venture he had Issue, 

1. Charles Victor, born 1521. slain at the Battle of Sivershuse, July 19 1553.  
2. Philip Magnus, born 1522. and slain in the same Fight.  
3. Julius, born 1528. of whom in the next Section.  
4. John. all short lived.  
5. Henry. all short lived.  
6. Joachim. And, all short lived.  
7. Andrew. all short lived.  
8. Catharine, married to John, Marquess of Brandenburg, An. 1537. deceased 1574.  
9 Margaret, given in Marriage to John Duke of Monsterberg, 1561. deceased 1565.  
10. Clara, who quitting the Cloister, married Philip, Duke of Brunswick Grubenhagen, mentioned by us towards the latter end of the third Section, and died 1595. And,  
11. Marry, Lady Abbess of Gandersheim, deceased 1595.    
§ IX. Julius succeeding his Father, was of a different Opinion to him in matters of Religion, and therefore abolished the Popish Superstition; commanding the Julian Body of Divinity to be followed throughout his Dominions. He likewise opened an University at Helmstadt, Oct. 14. 1576. and departed this Life 1589. In 1560. he took to Wife Hedewig, Daughter of Joachim the Second, Elector of Brandenburg, by whom he had Issue, Male and Female, as follow, viz.  

1. Sophia Hedewig, born 1561. married to Ernest Lewis, Duke of Pomerania, 1577. deceased 1631.  
2. Henry Julius, born Oct. 15. 1564. of whom we shall soon speak again.  
3. Marry, born 1566. she was married to Francis, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg, and died 1626.  
4. Elizabeth, born 1567. and married (after the decease of her first Husband Adolph, Count Schaumburg, An. 1604.) to Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Zell. She died 1618.  
5. Philip Sigismond, Bishop of Ferden and Osnabrug, born July 1. 1568. deceased 1623.  
6. Margaret, born 1571. and deceased in her Infancy.  
7. Joachim Charles, Provost of Strasburg, born Ap. 23. 1573. deceased Oct. 9 1615.  
8. Sabina Catharine, born 1674. deceased 1590.  
9 Dorothy Augusta, Lady Abbess of Gandersheim, born 1577. deceased 1611.  
10. Julius Augustus, Abbot of St. Michael in the City of Lunenburg, born Feb. 4. 1578. deceased 1617. And,  
11. Hedewig, born 1580. married to Otho the Sixteenth, Duke of Brunswick-Zell; deceased 1641.   
We now return to Henry Julius, who succeeded his Father Julius in the Duchy; and upon the death of Philip of Grubenhagen, pretended to the sole right of succeeding to him also: but that being opposed by the other Relations of the said Philip, and an unhappy Division like to arise among 'em thereupon, it was agreed by all Parties to refer the matter to the decision of the Law; and so Henry at last let his Claim fall. He departed this Life at Prague, An. 1613. In 1585. he took Dorothy, Daughter of Augustus, Elector of Saxony to his first Wife; but she dying two Years after, he (in 1590.) married Elizabeth, Daughter of Frederick the Second, King of Denmark. By these he had Issue, 

1. Dorothy Hedewig, born Feb. 4. 1587. married to Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt, 1605. deceased 1608.  
2. Frederick Ulrick, born Ap. 5. 1591. This Prince succeeded his Father, and had much ado with the City of Brunswick, but in the end brought it to such terms as forced it to submit, and do him Homage, An. 1616. He departed this Life 1634. and that without Issue by his Wife, who was Anne Sophia, Daughter of John Sigismond, Elector of Brandenburg; and so put an end to this Line.  
3. Sophia Hedewig, the Wife of Ernest Casimire, Prince of Nassau, of the Line of Dillenburg, born Feb. 20. 1592. deceased 1642.  
4. Elizabeth, born 1593. married first to Augustus, An. 1612. and after his decease to John Philip, Dukes of Saxony; the One of the now Electoral, the Other of the Ernestine Line. She died 1650.  
5. Hedewig, born Feb. 19 1595. married to Ulrick, Duke of Pomerania, 1619. deceased 1622.  
6. Dorothy, born June 8. 1596. married to Christian William, Administrator of Magdeburg, and Marquis of Brandenburg, 1615. deceased 1649.  
7. Christian the Second, born Sept. 10. 1599 elected Bishop of Halberstadt, 1616. deceased 1626. This Prince took part with Frederick the Fifth, Elector Palatine, and King of Bohemia, but was put to Flight by the Imperialists, in a Battle fought not far from Hochst: Nevertheless, he had afterwards better Success against the Spaniard, whose Forces he defeated under their Leader, Don Francisco Gonsalvo de Corduba.  
8. Rudolph, born 1602. and designed for Bishop of Halberstadt, but prevented by Death, 1616.  
9 Henry Charles, born 1609. deceased at Helmstadi, 1615. And,  
10. Anne Augusta, born May 19 1612. and married to George Lewis, Prince of Nassau, of the Line of Dillenburg.     

Of the Line of Lunenburg or Zell.  
§. X. MAtters thus far cleared, we now return to Bernhard, mentioned by us above in the fifth Section, Numb. 2. who, in the division of his Father's Inheritance 'twixt him and his Brother Henry had the Principality of Lunenburg assigned him for his Patrimony; and died 1434. having had to Wife Margaret, Daughter of Wenceslaus, Elector of Saxony, and by her Two Sons and a Daughter, viz.  

1. Otho the Twelfth, surnamed Von der Heyde, who succeeded him, and married Elizabeth of Eberstein; yet died without Issue, 1445.  
2. Frederick the Third, surnamed The Religious, of whom immediately. And,  
3. Catharine, married to Casimire, Duke of Pomerland-stetin.   
Frederick succeeded Otho his Brother, and built the Franciscan Monastery at Zell, whereunto he retired, having given up the Government to his Sons; by whose untimely Deaths he was once more forced from thence to return to the Administration of the Public, over which he afterwards presided Seven Years, and died 1478. His Wife was Magdalen, Daughter of Frederick the First, Elector of Brandenburg; and his Children by her, as follow, viz.  

1. Bernhard the Second, Administrator of the Arch Bishopric of Hildesheim, which Dignity he resigned after six Years enjoying it, and had the Government of Lunenburg put into his hands by his Father, upon his retiring from secular Affairs; yet died before him; and that without Issue, notwithstanding he had married Maud, Daughter of Otho, Count Schaumberg.  
2. Otho the Thirteenth, surnamed The Victorious, a Valiant and Just Prince, who succeeded his Brother, but yet died before his Father, An. 1471. leaving Arm of Nassau, a Widow; and by her an only Son, named Henry the Ninth, born 1468. of whom more in the next Section. And,  
3. Margaret, married to Henry the Third, Duke of Meckleburg.   
§. XI. Henry the Ninth, who succeeded his Father in the Duchy, was brought up under the Tuition of his Mother and Grandfather; and after he came to the Management of Affairs himself, had many Wars. He departed this Life at Paris, An. 1532. having had to Wife, Margaret, Daughter of Ernestus the First, Elector of Saxony, and by her Issue, as followeth; namely, 

1. Elizabeth, married to Charles, Duke of Guelderland, 1518. deceased 1572.  
2. Otho the Fourteenth, born Aug. 24. 1495. who had his Seat at Harburg; where he had Issue, by the Lady Metta de Rampen, Otho the Fifteenth, born Sept. 25. 1528. which Otho had Two Wives; namely, Margaret of Swartzburg; and Hedewig, Daughter of Emico, Earl of East-Friesland; and by them a numerous Offspring, whose Names were, 

1. Elizabeth, born 1553. and married to Erick de Brabe, Earl of Wisenburg in Sweden, 1582.  
2. Otho Henry, born 1555. deceased 1591.  
3. John Frederick, born 1557. deceased 1619.  
4. William the Eighth, who succeeded his Father in the District of Marburg; but died without Issue, An. 1642.  
5. Enno, born 1565. deceased in his Infancy.  
6. Anne Margaret, Lady Abbess of Quedelinburg, born 1567. deceased 1643.  
7. Henry, born and dead 1568.  
8. Hedewig, born 1569. deceased an Infant 1620.  
9 Christopher the Second, born Aug. 21. 1570. deceased July 7. 1606. having had to Wife, Elizabeth, Daughter of Julius, Duke of Brunswick, but by her no Issue.  
10. Otho the Sixteenth, born March 20. 1572. deceased also without Issue, 1641. notwithstanding he had married Hedewig, another Daughter of the said Julius, Duke of Brunswick.  
11. John the Seventh, born 1573. deceased 1625.  
12. Elizabeth, born 1574. deceased in her Infancy.  
13. Catharine Sophia, born 1577. and married to Herman, Count Schaumberg, 1619.  
14. Frederick the Sixth, born Dec. 6. 1578. who served Charles, King of Sweden, in his Liffland Wars and died Sept. 17. 1605. And,  
15. Frederick Augustus, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1580.    
3. Erneste the Seventh, Preserver of the Family, born June 26. 1497. of whom in the next Section.  
4. Apollonia, born 1499. deceased 1571. whose Epitaph is still to be seen in the Cathedral Church at Ultzen.  
5. Anne, born 1502. married to Bernim, Duke of Pomerania, 1523. deceased 1568. And,  
6. Francis the First, born Nou. 23. 1508. who kept his Court in Giffhorn-Castle, where he likewise died, An. 1540 having had to Wife Clara, Daughter of Magnus, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg; and by her Two Daughters that outlived her; namely, 

1. Catharine, born 1534. married to Henry of Ruthen, Burgrave of Meisen; deceased 1565. And,  
2. Clara to Bernhard of Anhalt; and after his decease in 1572. to Bugislaus, Duke of Pomerania: She died 1578.      
The  Henry is likewise said to have had Two other Sons and a Daughter; but being their Names are not where to be found, 'tis not to be doubted, but that they died Infants.  
§. XII. We are now come to speak of Erneste the Seventh, which Prince settled the Reformed formed Religion in his Provinces; and subscribed the Augustane Confession. Moreover, he defeated the Tumultuous Boors with their Adherents: As also the Anabaptists, by the Assistance of the Bishop of Munster; and departed this Life in the Year 1546. and 49th. of his Age. He had to Wife, Sophia, Daughter of Henry, surnamed The Peacemaker, Duke of Meckleburg, (whom he married An. 1520.) and by her a numerous Issue, whose Names were as follow, viz.  

1. Francis Otho, born June 20. 1530. deceased Ap. 25. 1559. just after his Marriage with Elizabeth Magdalen, Daughter of Joachim the Second, Elector of Brandenburg.  
2. Frederick the Fifth, born 1532. and Slain at the Battle of Sivershuse, July 9 1553.  
3. Henry the Eleventh, born June 4. 1533. who designing to live a Bachelor, was content with the Counties of Danneberg, and Wittenburg, and resigned the Principality of Lunenburg to his younger Brother William; yet afterwards altering his Mind, married Ursula, Daughter of Francis, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg, An. 1569. and died Jan. 17. leaving Issue by her, as followeth, viz. 

1. Julius Ernestus, born March 11. 1571. who succeeded him in his Possessions, and took to Wife, Mary, Daughter of Emico, Earl of East-Friesland, after whose death, An. 1616. he married Sibil, Daughter of William, Duke of Brunswick-hanover, who survived him, and lived till 1652. whereas himself died 1636. leaving Issue only a Daughter, and that by his first Wife; namely, Marry Catharine, born 1616. married to Adolph Frederick, Duke of Meckleburg Swerin, 1635. deceased 1665.  
2. Francis the Third, Canon of Strasburg and Cologne, born June 6. 1572. and lost in the River— not far from Strasburg.  
3. Sibil Elizabeth, born 1576. and married in 1601. to Anthony, Count Oldenburg.  
4. Sidonia, born 1577. deceased a Maid 1645.  
5. Augustus, of whom more in the next Section, as Author of the new Line of Brunswick.    
4. Margaret, born June 10. 1534. and married to John, Count Mansfeldt.  
5. William the Seventh, born July 4. 1535. of whom more in the fourteenth Section, as Propagator of the Line of Lunenburg.  
6. Ursula, born 1536. deceased 1538.  
7. Catharine, born 1537. deceased in her Infancy.  
8. Elizabeth Ursula, born 1539. married to Otho, Count Schaumburg, 1558. deceased 1586.  
9 Magdalen, born 1540 married to Arnold, Count Benthem, 1561. deceased 1586. And,  
10. Sophia, born 1541. given in marriage to Poppo, Count Henneberg, 1562.    

Of the New Line of Brunswick or Wolfembuttel.  
§. XIII. WE now return to Augustus the Second, born Ap. 10. 1579. who at first kept his Court at Hitzgar; but, upon the decease of Frederick Ulrick in 1634. the last of the Old Line of Brunswick; and his own Brother Julius Ernestus, dying likewise soon after, he succeeded 'em both in their Dominions; yet so, as that the Principality of Calenberg, and Barony of Gottingen, were to return to the Line of Zell. He was a Just, Religious, Merciful Prince; well read in all sorts of Learning. He was elected Head of the Fruitful Society. The whole course of his Government was exceeding happy to the very day of his Death, which was Sept. 17. 1666. and the Eighty Eighth of his Age. His first Wife was Clara Maria, Daughter of Bugislaus, Duke of Pomerland stetin, Sigismond Augustus, Duke of Meckleburg's Widow, deceased 1623. His second, Dorothy of Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt Servestan, who died Sept. 26. 1634. And his third, Sophia Elizabeth, Daughter of John Albert, Duke of Meckleburg-Gustrow; married to him in 1635. whom he left a Widow. By the second and third Ladies he had a fair Issue, whose Names were and are as follow, viz.  

1. Henry Augustus, born Ap. 28. 1625. deceased Sept. 30. 1627.  
2. Rudolph Augustus, born May 16. 1628. who succeeded his Father, and by the Assistance of the other Princes of his Family subdued the City Brunswick, which, for some Ages had withdrawn its Allegiance from its lawful Prince, where he caused a House of Correction to be built, and restored the great Fair called Die Messe. In 1650. he married the Lady Christina Elizabeth, Daughter of Adolph Frederick, the last Count de Barbien, deceased 1681. having born him Issue as followeth, viz. 

1. Dorothy Sophia, born Jan. 28. 1653. and married to John Adolph, Duke of Holstein-Plonen, 1673.  
2. Christina Sophia, born Ap. 3. 1654. and affianced to her Cousin-Germain, Prince Augustus William, 1681. And,  
3. Eleanor Sophia, born 1655. deceased the Year following.    
3. Sibilla Ursula, born 1629. married to Christian, Duke of Holstein-Glucksburg; deceased 1671.  
4. Anonimas, deceased as soon as born, 1631.  
5. Clara Augusta, born June 25. 1632. and married to Frederick, Duke of Wurtenburg, of the Line of Stugart, 1653. whose Widow she now is.  
6. Anthony Ulrick, born Oct. 4. 1633. who now lives with his Brother Rudolph, in joint Authority of the Government; setting a singular Example to the World of Brotherly Affection. On the 17th. of Aug. 1656. he took to Wife Elizabeth Julian, Daughter of Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Nordburg, by whom he has had Issue as followeth, viz. 

1. Frederick Augustus, born 1657. and Slain at the Taking of Philipsburg, 1676.  
2. Elizabeth Eleanor, born 1658. married to John George, Duke of Meckleburg-Swerin, 1675. and after his Death in the same Year, to Bernhard, Duke of Sax-Meinungen, of the Branch of Gotha.  
3. Anne Sophia, born Oct. 28. 1659. and affianced in 1677. to Charles Gustavus, Marquis of Baden-Durlach.  
4. Leopold Augustus, born 1661. deceased the Year following.  
5. Augustus William, Prince Hereditary of Brunswick, born March 8. 1662. who, on the 24th. of June, 1681. took to Wife Christina Sophia, his Uncle Rudolph's Daughter, but as yet has no Issue by her.  
6. Augustus Henry, born Aug. 14. 1663. deceased Feb. 24. 1664.  
7. Augustus Charles, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1664.  
8. Augustus Francis, born 1665. deceased the Year following.  
9 Augusta Dorothy, born Dec. 16. 1666. and married to Anthony Gunther, Count Swartzburg, 1684.  
10. Amalia Antonia, born and deceased 1668.  
11. Henrietta Christina, born Sept. 19 1669.  
12. Lewis Rudolph, born July 22. 1671. and solemnly Installed Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem at Sonnenberg, in December 1689. And,  
13. Sibil Ursula, born 1672. deceased 1673.    
7. Ferdinand Albert, Eldest Son by the third Venture, born May 22. 1636. who lived in Bevern-Castle, where he also died, An. 1687. having had to Wife the Lady Christina, Daughter of Frederick, Landtgrave of Hesse in Eschwegen, and by her, Issue, as followeth, viz. 

1. Leopold Charles, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1670.  
2. Frederick Albert, born 1672. deceased 1673.  
3. Sophia Eleanor, born 1674.  
4. Claudia Eleanora, born 1675. deceased the Year following.  
5. Augustus Ferdinand, born 1677.  
6. Ferdinand Albert, born 1680.  
7. Ferdinand Christian. And, Twins, born Mar 4. 1682.  
8. Ernestus Ferdinand. Twins, born Mar 4. 1682.    
8. Marry Elizabeth, born Jan. 6. 1638. married to Adolph William, Duke of Saxon-Eysenach, 1663. and after his Decease to Albert, Duke of Sax Coburg.  
9 Christian Francis, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1639.    

Of the Line of Zell and Hanover.  
§. XIV. MAtters thus far cleared, 'tis now time that William the Seventh, Son of Erneste the Seventh appear: This Prince succeeded his Father in the Principality of Lunenburg, and died Aug. 20. 1592. having had to Wife, Dorothy, Daughter of Christian the Third, King of Denmark, and by her a noble Issue, whose Names were as follow, viz.  

1. Sophia, born Oct. 3. 1563. married to George Frederick, Marquess of Brandenburg, 1579. deceased Jan. 14. 1639.  
2. Ernestus the Eighth, born Nou. 19 1564. who succeeded his Father; but died a Bachelor, An. 1611.  
3. Elizabeth, born Nou. 19 1565. married to Frederick Count Hohenloe, 1585. deceased 1621.  
4. Christian the First, Bishop of Minden, born Nou. 19 1566. deceased without Issue, Nou. 8. 1633.  
5. Augustus' the First, Administrator of the Bishopric of Ratzeburg, born Nou. 19 1568. who succeeded his Brother in the Principality of Lunenburg, and died Oct. 10. 1636. leaving Issue by Ilsa Smidichin, Daughter of the Governor of Ebsdorf, a natural Son, named Erneste de Lunenburg, whose Posterity flourisheth to this day.  
6. Dorothy, born Jan. 1. 1570. married to Charles, Count Palatine of the Rhine in Birckenfeld, 1586. deceased Aug. 15. 1649.  
7. Clara, born June 16. 1571. married to William, Count Swartzburg, 1593. deceased 1658.  
8. Anne Ursula, born 1572. deceased Feb. 3. 1601.  
9 Margaret, born Ap. 5. 1573. married to John Casimire, Duke of Saxony, 1599 deceased Aug. 7. 1643.  
10. Frederick the Seventh, Precedent of the Chapter of Bremen, born Aug. 24. 1574. who succeeded his Brother Augustus; and died without Issue, Dec. 10. 1648.  
11. Marry, born Oct. 21. 1575. deceased Oct. 21. 1610.  
12. Magnus' the Third, born 1577. deceased 1632.  
13. George the Second, born Feb. 17. 1582. of whom more in the next Section, as only Propagator of this Line.  
14. John the Eighth, Canon of Minden, born June 23. 1583. deceased Nou. 21. 1628. And,  
15. Sibil, born June 3. 1584. married to her Cousin-Germain Julius Ernestus, of Danneberg, 1617. deceased 1652.   
§. XV. Now of these Seven Sons, George alone was married; for so it had been agreed amongst 'em, that only One should Marry; the other Six continue Bachelors, and that they should cast Lots who the married Man should be. The Lot fell to George, who thereupon took to Wife the Lady Anne Eleanor, Daughter of Lewis, Landtgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. He was a Prince for true Piety, Courage, Wisdom, and Sincerity, worthy the Admiration of all Posterity. In the Year 1633. he subdued the whole Bishopric of Hildisheim, together with the City of the same Name. In 1636. he became possessed of the Principality of Calenberg, and departed this Life, Ap. 11. 1641. leaving Issue, by the Lady Anne Eleanor aforesaid, as followeth, viz.  

1. Christian Lewis, born Feb. 25. 1622. who at first had his Residence at Hanover; but upon his Uncle Frederick's Decease, succeeded to the Principalities of Lunenburg and Grubenhagen; as also to the Counties of Hoye and Diepholt. This excellent Prince died without Issue, March 15. 1665. leaving the Lady Dorothy, Daughter of Philip, Duke of Holstein Glucksburg, a disconsolate Widow.  
2. George William, born Feb. 16. 1624. a Prince justly to be numbered amongst the Heroes of the Age, who, at first succeeded his Brother Lewis in the Principality of Calenberg only; but upon his Decease without Issue, in that of Lunenburg also; as also in the Counties of Diepholt and Hoye; yet not without several hot Disputes with his younger Brother John Frederick on that occasion. He has taken to Wife the Lady Eleanor Desmiers, a French Lady, Daughter of Alexander, Baron of Olbreuze in France, by whom he has only a Daughter now living, whose Name is, Sophia Dorothy, born Sept. 15. 1666. and married to George Lewis, her Uncle Ernest Augustus' Eldest Son, Nou. 21. 1682.  
3. John Frederick, born Ap. 25. 1625. who, by an Agreement with his Brother George William, had the Principality of Calenberg made over to him; and in 1668. married the Lady Benedicta Henrietta Philippina, Edward, Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Duke of Never's Daughter. He was given to Popery; and died at Ausburg, in his way to Rome, Dec. 28. 1679. having had Issue only Daughters, viz. 

1. Anne Sophia, born 1670. deceased 1671.  
2. Charlotte Felicitas, born March 8. 1671.  
3. Henrietta Maria Josepha, born March 9 1672. deceased in France. 1687. And,  
4. Wilhelmina Amalia, born Ap. 26. 1673.    
4. Sophia Amalia, born March 24. 1628. married to Frederick the Third, King of Denmark, 1643. deceased Feb. 20. 1685.  
5. Ernestus Augustus, Bishop of Osenburg, born Nou. 10. 1629. a Prince no less renowned in the Camp than Church. He succeeded his Brother John Frederick in Calenberg, and caused the States of that Principality, as well as Subjects, solemnly to do him Homage, Oct. 22. and 23. 1680. In 1658. he took to Wife the Lady Sophia, Daughter of Frederick the Fifth, Elector Palatine, and King of Bohemia, which most happy Match has given Birth to a noble Issue, whose Names are as follow, viz. 

1. George Lewis, Prince Hereditary, born May 28. 1660. who has given signal Proofs of his Courage, both in the French and Turkish Wars. On Nou. 21. 1682. he solemnly married his Cousin-Germain Sophia Dorothy aforesaid, who was brought to Bed, Oct. 30. in the following Year, of 

1. George Augustus; as also of  
2. William Erneste, in 1685.    
2. Frederick August, Captain of the Guards in the Imperial Army, against the Turks; born Octob. 3. 1661.  
3. Maximilian William, Captain General of the Guards in the Venetian Army, against the aforesaid Infidels, born Dec. 14. 1666.  
4 Sophia Charlotte, born Oct. 20. 1668. and married to his most Potent and Serene Highness Frederick the Third, the now Elector of Bavaria. 〈◊〉.  
5. Charles Philip, born Oct. 13. 1669.  
6. Christian, Sept. 29. 1671. And,  
7. Ernest August, Sept. 17. 1674.      

Of the Augmentation of This Family.  
§. XVI. IT has been already observed, how Otho, Henry Leo's Grandson, after the decease of his Ancestors, prevailed with the Emperor, Frederick the Second, to create him Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, An. 1235. See at large Henrici Meimbomii Hist. Erectionis Ducatûs Brunsvicensis, which is to be found in his Rerum Germanarum, tom. 3. pag. 203. Now there belonged to this Family at that time (besides the Duchy) the Counties of Nordheim, Lawenroden, and Lutterberg, with almost all Hercinia, vulgarly called der Hark; as also the Barony of Gottingen; whereunto the City of Munde was added, An. 1246. In 1255. Albert the Great made himself Master of Asseburg-Castle with all its Dependencies, having beaten out the Barons then in Possession thereof; as also of the Castle of Wolfembuttel, by the same Methods, having vanquished the ancient Lords of that Place. To him likewise did the City Hamelen submit, An. 1259. which, till that time had belonged to the Abbey of Fuld. In 1305. there was an Accession of the Castle and District of Grubenhagen, with all its Appurtenances; and in 1311. upon putting down the Knight's Templars, it lay claim to the Town of Gittel. In 1376. the County of Danneberg was bought by Otho the Fifth, Duke of Brunswick, of Nicholas last Count thereof. The same Prince bought the Earldom of Wittenburg also, An. 1320. Another Otho of this Family purchased the Town of Wallersleben, An. 1337. and the Government of Bodenleich, Ten Years after. The same Prince possessed himself of the Town of Wittengen, An. 1350. and of the Town and Castle of Hardeysen, in 1380. In 1388. Bernhard the First took the Chatellany or Government of Klotze from the Barons of Quitzou. He likewise subdued the Town and Castle of Snackenburg on the Elbe. The same Prince, by a Treaty with the Bishop of Hildesheim, was put in Possession of the Praefecture and Castle of Burgdorff, about the Year 1433. In 1435. William the Elder, surnamed The Victorious, annexed the County of Hallermund to his Family, as a Fief, void by the Death of the last Earl thereof. Otho the Twelfth, of Lunenburg, had the County of Eberstein, and Barony of Homburg, in Dowry with his Wife. William the Victorious purchased the County of Wunstorp for a certain Sum of Money, An. 1646. The same Prince made himself Master of the Castle and Government of Hitzgar or Hitzacker, An. Dom. 1468. William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick Wolfembuttel, bought Helmstadt of its Abbot, in the Year 1490. In 1519. the County of Dasselen, and many other Pieces of the Bishopric of Hildesheim, were annexed to this Family, by right of Conquest. In 1571. the Praefecture of Radolffshausen fell to Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, upon the decease of Diderick, the last Noble Baron de Plesse. In 1582. the County of Hoye returned to this Family, as held in Fee; as did that of Diepholt, with all its Dependencies in 1585. In 1592. the Castle and Government of Gumbse were made over to it by the Barons of that Name. In 1593. upon the death of the last Earl of Hohenstein, that County fell in; as also what remained of the County of Lutterberg; particularly St. Andres, with the Government and Castle of Schartzfeldt. In 1599 there was an Accession of the County of Blanckenburg. Duke George, of the Line of Hanover, seized on the whole Bishopric of Hildesheim, as well as City of that Name. Moreover, by the Treaty of Osenburg, An. 1648. this Family obtained a Right of Alternate Succession to that Bishopric. By the same Treaty the Monastery of Walckenried, with its Dependencies, were yielded to it. In 1671. their most Serene Highnesses, the Dukes of Brunswick, totally reduced that City to their Obedience. Lastly, by the Treaty of Nimeguen with the Swedes, An. 1678. the Governments of Tedinghusen and Doweren were given up to this House.   

Of its Decrease.  
§ XVII. AS to what relates to the Decrease of this Family; Otho the Seventh Mortgaged Eisfeld and Duderstadt, to Adolph, Archbishop of Mentz. By the Treaty of Osenburg, the Dukes of Brunswick and Lunenburg, were obliged to restore the Bishopric of Hildesheim to its ancient State and Government. By the same Pacification, the Lordships of Klettenberg and Lohr, which heretofore belonged to the County of Hohenstein, were also surrendered to the Elector of Brandenburg, as Fiefs of the Principality of Halberstadt.   

Of its Pretensions.  
§ XVIII. THis Family lays Claim to Eisfeld and Duderstadt, as only Mortgaged to the Bishopric of Mentz; which it likewise extends to the County of Reinstein, as a Dependant of the County of Blanckenburg. Moreover, the most Serene Dukes of Brunswick and Lunenburg have lately taken Possession, viz. An. 1689. of the Duchy of Sax-Lawenburg, having a just Pretention thereunto.    

CHAP. XI. Of the Family of Hesse.  
§. I. THat the Landtgraves of Hesse own their Original to the Ancient Kings of the Francs, and more especially to Charlemaigne, is generally agreed on by most Writers; yet are they often at a loss in making out the Series of Succession. This is certain, that about the Year 1255. Sophia, the last Heiress of Hesse and Thuringe, was married to Henry the Second, Duke of Brabant; and that upon the Death of her Brother, Herman the Second (after several Contests and sharp Wars with the Marquesses of Misnia, about the Succession) she obtained Hesse for her young Son Henry the First; whom therefore we shall here set down, as common Father of the present Landtgraves. He was surnamed The Hessian, and died Ap. 8. 1308. being succeeded by his Son, Otho the First, who settled the Right of Succession by Primogeniture in this Family, and departed this Life about the Year 1326. leaving Issue by Adelheid, Countess of Ravensberg, as follow, viz.  

1. Anne, married to Albert, Count Palatine of Saxony.  
2. Henry the Third, surnamed Ferreus (or Ironside) who had only one Son that outlived him, named Otho, and said to have died by Poison, An. 1366.  
3. Lewis, of whom in the next Section.  
4. Herman, who had Homburg assigned him, and lived a Bachelor. And,  
5. Otho, Arch Bishop of Magdeburg, deceased 1361.   
§. II. Lewis, after his Brother Henry's decease, came to be Landtgrave, and took to Wife the Lady Elizabeth of Sponheim, who bore him,  
1. Herman the Learned, deceased May 24. 1413. (or as others 1414.) having begot Lewis the Peacemaker, who married Anne, Daughter of Frederick the Warlike, Marquis of Misnia, and Elector of Saxony, and departed this Life, Jan. 17. 1457/ 8. leaving Issue, 

1. Lewis the Fourth, born Sept. 7. 1438. of whom soon again.  
2. Henry the Fifth, who begot William the Third, surnamed The Younger, who died without Issue, 1522.  
3. Frederick the First, deceased a Youth, 1464. And,  
4. Herman the Third, Arch Bishop of Cologne, deceased Nou. 28. 1508.    
Lewis the Fourth, who succeeded his Father in the Government, departed this Life, Nou. 6. 1471. his Male Issue that outlived him, being, 

1. William the First, who having had a sort of Love-Potion given him in Italy, became ever after weak in his Understanding, and unfit for the Government: He died without Male Issue, An. Dom. 1515. And,  
2. William the Second, or The Middling, who, by reason of his Brother's incapacity, took upon him the Government, and died June 11. 1509. His Son and Successor was    
Philip the First, surnamed The Magnanimous, a Prince worthy the noblest Character. He was born An. 1504 and at fourteen Years old, or thereabout, entered on the Government, being declared of Age by the Emperor Maximilian the First. In 1527. he brought the Reformed Religion into Hesse, and Founded an University at Marpurg, about some four Years after. He took part with John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, against the Emperor Charles the Fifth: Whereupon he was Proscribed; and notwithstanding he was again reconciled to the Emperor, by the Intercession of Duke Maurice, the new Elector of Saxony; yet was he, after that, clapped up in Prison, contrary to the Emperor's Promise, and kept there Five Years. He departed this Life May 31. 1567. having had to Wife the Lady Christina, Daughter of George Barbatus, Duke of Saxony, of the Albertine Line, and by her a numerous Offspring, whose Names were as follow, viz.  

1. Anne, born Oct. 26. 1526. married to Wolfgang, Prince Palatine of Deux Ponts, An. 1544. deceased July 16. 1591.  
2. Agnes, born May 31. 1529. and married, after the decease of Maurice. Elector of Saxony, her first Husband, to John Frederick the Second, Dake of Saxony, of the Albertine Line; she died 1555.  
3. William the Fourth, born June 24. 1532/3; of whom in the next Section, as Author of the Line of Cassel.  
4. Philip Lewis, deceased an Infant, 1534.  
5. Barbara, born Ap. 8. 1536. married in 1555. to George, Count of Wurtenburg, Mompelgart, and after his decease to Daniel, Count Waldeck. She died 1568.  
6. Lewis the Fifth, born May 27. 1537. whose Residence was at Marpurg, where he died without Issue, An. Dom. 1604.  
7. Elizabeth, born Feb. 13. 1539. married to Lewis the Sixth, Elector Palatine, 1560. deceased March 14. 1582.  
8. Philip the Second, born Ap. 22. 1541. who kept his Court at Rheinfeld, where he died without Issue, Nou. 20. 1583.  
9 Christina, born June 29. 1543. affianced to Adolph, Duke of Holstein-Getterp, Dec. 17. 1564. deceased 1604. And,  
10. George the First, born Sept. 10. 1547. of whom beneath in the Line of Darmstadt.   

Of the Line of Cassel.  
§ III. WE now return to William the Fourth, in whom the Line of Cassel began. He was very well skilled in the Tongues, and a great admirer of Astronomy. He left no Stone unturned for his Father's Releasement, whose Successor he afterwards was. His Death bears Date Aug. 25. 1592. His Wife was Sabina, Daughter of Christopher Duke of Wurtenberg: Deceased August 17. 1581. And his Children that lived to be Men and Women were as follow; viz.  

1. Anne Marry, born January 27. 1566. married to Lewis Count Nassau in Saarbrucken 1589. deceased, 1626.  
2. Hedewig, born June 30. 1569. and married to Ernest Duke of Holstein, of Schaumburg Family, An. 1596.  
3. Maurice the first, born May 25. 1572. Of whom immediately. And,  
4. Christina, born Oct. 29. 1578. Affianced to John Ernest, Duke of Sax-Eysnach, 1598. deceased June 19 1658.   
Maurice succeeded his Father, and was a Prince of excellent Parts; well acquainted with the Greek, Latin, Spanish, Italian, and French Tongues. Wholly addicted to the Reformed Religion. He had a Dispute with the Line of Darmstadt concerning the Succession to their Uncle Lewis of Marpurg's Inheritance. In short, he was of great Authority in the Empire; and departed this life March 15. 1632. having given up the Government some five Years before to his Son William the Fifth. His first Princess was Agnes of Solms, deceased 1593. His other, Juliana of Nassau of the Line of Dillenburg; by which last Lady he had eighteen Children, whose Names were as follow, viz.  

1. Otho the fourth, born Decem. 25. 1594. Constituted Administrator of Hirsfeld, An 1605. In 1612 he was present at the Emperor Matthias' Coronation; and three Years after sent in his Father's Name to Compliment the French King Lewis the thirteenth. In 1617. he came to a violent and untimely end, by being casually Shot Dead by a Musket, Aug. 7 Nor left he any Is2ue by either of his Wives; the first being Catharine Ursula, Daughter of George Frederick, Marquis of Baden-Durlach, deceased Decem. 21. 1616. The other, Agnes Magdalen, Daughter of John George the first Prince of Anhault, who died 1626.  
2. Elizabeth, born March 24. 1596. married to John Albert Duke of Meckleburg-Gustrow, Anno 1618. deceased Decem. 16. 1625.  
3. Maurice the second, born 1600. deceased Aug. 11. 1612.  
4. William the fifth, born Feb. 14. 1602. of whom more in the next Section, as Propagator of this Line.  
5. Philip the third, born Nou. 26. 1604. who served in the Danish Forces, and fell at the Battle of Lutter in Barenburg, Aug. 27. 1626.  
6. Agnes, born March 13. 1606. married to John Casimire Prince of Anhault-Dissaw, Anno 1623. deceased May 28. 1650.  
7. Herman the fourth, born Aug. 15. 1607. who kept his Residence at Rottenburg on the Fuld, where he died without Issue, Anno 1658.  
8. Juliana, born Oct. 7. 1608. deceased Dec. 15. 1628.  
9 Sabina, born 1610. deceased 1620.  
10. Magdalen, born Aug. 25. 1611. and married to Erick Adolph Count Solms, 1646.  
11. Maurice the third, born 1614 deceased 1633.  
12. Sophia, 1615. and affianced to Philip Count de Lip, Oct. 18. 1644.  
13. Frederick the second, born May 9 1617. who had his Seat at Eschwegen Castle on the River Werra; but served the King of Sweden against the Poles, by whom he was slain at Coslin a City in Pomerania, Sept. 24. 1655. His Wife was Eleanor Catharine, Daughter of John Casimire Prince Palatine of Deux-Ponts, whom he married, An. 1646. which Match gave birth to three Daughters now living, whose Names are, 

1. Christina, born Oct. 30. 1649. married to Ferdinand Albert Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg of the Line of Wolfembuttel 1667. whose Relict she now is.  
2. Juliana, born 1652. and espoused by the Free Baron of Zilienburg. And,  
3 Charlotte, born Oct. 30. 1653. married to Augustus' Duke of Sax-Quernfurt 1673, and after his decease, which happened the Year following, to John Adolph Count Tecklenburg.    
14. Christian, born 1622. deceased Dec. 14. 1641.  
15. Ernest, born Dec. 9 1523. whose Residence was in Rheinfeld Castle. In 1652 he turned Catholic; and died Feb. 19 1682 leaving Issue by the Lady Mary Eleanor o● Solms, two Sons, viz. 

1. William, born 1648. and married in 1669. to the Lady Mary Anne of Wertheim, by whom he has had Issue only a Daughter, named Mary Eleanor, and deceased almost as soon as born. And  
2. Charles the second, born 1650. In 1667. he married Sophia Magdalen of Solms; who dying at Venice in 75. he the same Year took to Wife Alexandrina Juliana of Leiningen; by the first Venture he has Issue now living; (1) William Canon of Cologne, born 1671. Frederick, born 1673. who likewise enjoys the same Dignity. And Philip, born 1674.    
16. Christina, born July 9 1625. deceased July 25. 1626.  
17. Philip, born 1627. deceased July 8. 1629. And,  
18. Elizabeth, born 1628. deceased Feb. 11. 1636.   
§. iv William mentioned by us in the foregoing Section, Number 5. succeeded his Father a the Government, and in 1628. came to an Agreement with the Line of Darmstadt about the succession to their Uncle Lewis' Possession, and other matters hitherto controverted. He took part with the King of Sweden; and departed this life Sept. 21. 1637. His Princess was Amalia Elizabeth of Hanaw, married to him Nou. 21. 1619. who bore him twelve Children (whereof only four lived to be of Age) and died herself Aug. 8. 1651. having bred up her Children excellently well; and managed the Government, during her Son's minority with wonderful Prudence and Success. The Names of the Surviving Issue were, 

1. Aemilia, born Feb. 12. 1626. married to Henry Charles de Tremoville Prince of Taranto 1648. deceased 1686.  
2. Charlotte, born Nou. 20. 1627. married to Charles Lewis Elector Palatine 1650. deceased a Widow March 16. 1686.  
3. William the Sixth, born May, 29. 1629. of whom soon again.  
4. Elizabeth, Lady Abbess of Herverden, born June 23. 1634.    
William the Sixth succeeded his Father, and in 1649. took to Wife the Lady Hedewig Sophia, Daughter of George William Elector of Brandenburg. He twice Defeated the Imperialists; and died July 15. 1663. having had Issue as followeth; viz.  

1. Charlotte Amalia, born Ap. 27. 1650. and married in 1668. to the present King of Denmark.  
2. William the Seventh, born June 21. 1651. deceased in his way to Paris, Nou. 21. 1670.  
3. Lovise, born 1652. deceased the Year following.  
4. Charles the present Landtgrave of Hesse Cassel, born Aug. 3. 1654. who on May 21. 1673. took to Wife the Lady Mary Amalia, Daughter of James Duke of Curland, who has born him Issue as followeth; viz. 

1. William, born March 29. 1674. deceased 16—  
2. Charles, born 1675. deceased Dec. 7. 1677.  
3. Frederick, the present Prince Hereditary, born Ap. 28. 1676.  
4. Christian, born 1677. and since dead.  
5. Sophia Charlotte, born July 16. 1678.  
6. Charles, June 12. 1680.  
7. William, born 1682. since deceased. And,  
8. Leopold, born Dec. 30. 1684.    
5. Philip the fifth, born Dec. 14. 1655. who Resides at Hirschfeld; and in 1680. married the Lady Amalia Catharine of Solms, by whom he has Issue, 

1. Wilhelmina Hedewig, born Oct. 9 1681. And,  
2. Charles, Sept. 23. 1682.    
6. George the fourth, born March 20. 1657. deceased, 1674. And,  
7. Elizabeth Henrietta, born 1661. married to Frederick the Third, the present Elector of Brandenburg, Aug. 23 167— deceased June 27. 1683.    

Of the Line of Darmstadt.  
§. V AMongst the Sons of Philip the Magnanimous above named, there was mention made of George the First, as Author of the Line of Darmstadt, Section 2. Number 10. This prince founded Thirteen Country Schools, and died Feb. 7. 1596. having had the Lady Magdalen of Lap, deceased 1587. to his first Wife; and Eleanor, Daughter of Christopher of Wurtenburg, Joachim Ernestus Prince of Anhault's Widow, who died 1618. to his Second. By these Ladies he had Issue, 

1. Philip Lewis, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1576.  
2. Lewis the Sixth, born Sep. 24. 1577. of whom in the next Section.  
3. Christina, born Nou. 28. 1578. affianced to Frederick Magnus' Count d'Erpach; deceased 1596.  
4. Elizabeth, born Nou. 26. 1579. given in marriage to John Casimire, Count Palatine in Saarbrucken; deceased 1625.  
5. Marry Hedewig, born 1580. deceased 1581.  
6. Philip the Fourth, who had his Seat at Butzbach, and miserably perished in a Bath, Ap. 28. 1643. leaving no Issue.  
7. Anne, born March 3. 1583. married to Ernest Count Solms; deceased 1601.  
8. Frederick the Third, born May the 5th, of whom more beneath, in the Branch of Homburg.  
9 Magdalen, born 1586. all short lived.  
10. Joan, 1587. And, all short lived.  
11. Henry, 1590. all short lived.    
§. VI We now return to Lewis the Sixth, who Founded the University at Giessen, Oct. 10. 1605. In 1622. he was taken Prisoner by Frederick the Fifth, Elector Palatine; but soon after set at liberty by him. He first caused the Right of Primogeniture to obtain in his Line; and died July 27. 1626. His Wife was Magdalen, of John George, Elector of Brandenburg, who died 1616. having born him Twelve Children, whose Names were, as follow; 

1. Elizabeth Magdalen, born Apr. 25. 1600. married to Lewis Frederick of Wurtenburg, July 13. 1617. deceased 1624.  
2. Anne Eleanor, born July 30. 1601. married to George, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, of the Line of Hanover, Dec. 14. 1617. deceased 1640.  
3. Marry, born 1602. deceased 1610.  
4. Sophia Agnes, born Jan. 12. 1604. and married to John Frederick, Count Palatine of the Line of Newburg, Nou. 7. 1614  
5. George the Second, born March 17. 1605. of whom in the next Section.  
6. Juliana, born Apr. 14. 1606. married to Ulrick, Earl of East-Friesland, March 5. 1631. deceased Jan. 15. 1659.  
7. Amalia, born 1607 deceased Sept. 11. 1627.  
8. John the Second, born June 17. 1609. a Prince of great Courage and Prudence in the Government of his Family: He had his Seat at Braubach; where he died Issueless, Apr. 1. 1641.  
9 Henry the Seventh, born Apr. 1. 1612. Consul for the Germane Nation at Sienna; where he died, An. 16—.  
10. Hedewig, born 1613. deceased 1616.  
11. Lewis, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1614  
12. Frederick the Fifth, born Feb. 28. 1616. who turning Catholic, was Constituted Grand Prior of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, throughout all Germany, An. 1651. promoted to be Cardinal and Protector of the Germane Nation at the Court of Rome, 1652. Elected and Consecrated Bishop of Breslaw, 1673. deceased 1682.    
§. VII. George the Second, who had been a great Traveller, succeeded his Father; and came to an Agreement with the Landtgrave of Cassel, concerning several matters hitherto in Dispute betwixt the two Lines of Cassel and Darmstadt on May 27. 1628. He departed this Life June 2. 1671. having had to Wife the Lady Sophia Eleanor, Daughter of John George the First, Elector of Saxony, deceased the same day with her Husband: Which happy Marriage gave Birth to the following Issue, viz.  

1. Lewis the Seventh, born Jan. 25. 1630. of whom soon again.  
2. Magdalen Sibil, born Sept. 3. 1631. deceased 1651.  
3. George the Third, born Sept. 29. 1632. who served the King of Sweden in his Wars: After which he had the Seignory of Ittern assigned him; and had his usual Residence in Lauterbach Castle. His death bears date July 19 1676. And his first Wife was Dorothy Augusta, Daughter of John Christian, Duke of Holstein-Sunderburg; after whose decease, An. 1667. he married the Lady Alexandrina Juliana of Leiningen, and had Issue by her Three Daughters, viz. Sophia Juliana, deceased in her Infancy; Eleanor Dorothy, born Aug. 15. 1669. and Magdalen Sibil, born Oct. 14. 1671.  
4. Sephia Eleanor, born Jan. 4. 1634. married to her Cousin William Christopher of Bingenheim, of the Branch of Homburg, 1650. deceased Oct. 10. 1663.  
5. Elizabeth Amalia, born the 19th. (or 20th.) of March 1635. and happily married to Philip William, Elector Palatine, Aug. 24. 1653.  
6. Lovise Christina, born Feb. 5. 1636. and espoused in 1665. by Lewis Christopher, Count Stolberg.  
7. Anne Marry, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1637.  
8. Anne Sophia, Lady Abbess of Quedlingburg, born Dec. 17. 1638. deceased 1683.  
9 Amalia Juliana, born and deceased 1639.  
10. Anonimas, deceased 1640.  
11. Henrietta Dorothy, born Oct. 14. 1641. married to John, Count Waldeck, 1667. deceased Dec. 22. 1672.  
12. John, born Nou. 24. 1642. deceased the Year following.  
13. Augusta Philippina, born 1643. deceased 1672.  
14. Agnes, deceased almost as soon as born 1645. And,  
15. Marry Hedewig, born Nou. 26. 1647. married to Bernhard, Duke of Sax Meinungen, Nou. 20. 1671. deceased Apr. 19 1680.   
§. VIII. We must now return to Lewis the Seventh, his Father's Successor, born 1630. deceased Apr. 24. 1678. whose first Wife was the Lady Mary Elizabeth, Daughter of Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, deceased An. Dom. 1665. And after her death. Elizabeth Dorothy, Daughter of Ernestus, Duke of Sax-Getha; which last is now living, and a Widows His Issue by these were and are as follow: 

1. Magdalen Sibil, born Apr. 28. 1652. and married to William Lewis of Wurtenburg, Nou. 6. 1673. whose Relict she now is  
2. Sophia Eleanor, born and dead the same Year, 1653.  
3. George, born 1654. deceased the Year after.  
4. Marry Elizabeth, born March 11. 1656. and married to Henry Duke of Sax Romhild, of the Branch of Gotha, An. Dom. 1676.  
5. Augusta Magdalen, born 1657. deceased 1674.  
6. Lewis the Eighth, born June 22. 1658. deceased Aug. 31. 1678.  
7. Frederick the Sixth 1659. deceased 1676.  
8. Sophia Marry, born March 6. 1661. married to Christian, Duke of Sax-Eisenberg, of the Branch of Gotha, An. 1681. deceased 1688.  
9 Ernestus Lovis, born Dec. 15. 1667. the now Prince Regent of this Line: Who has taken to Wife the Lady Charlotte, Daughter of Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg Anspach, An. 1687.  
10. George, born Apr. 25. 1669.  
11. Sophia Lovise, July 6. 1670.  
12. Philip, July 20 (or 21.) 1671.  
13. John, born 1672. deceased the Year following.  
14. Henry, born Sept. 29. 1674.  
15. Elizabeth Dorothy, Apr. 2. 1676. And,  
16. Frederick, Sept. 18. 1677.     

Of the Branch of Homburg.  
§. IX. IT remains, we now treat of the Branch of Homburg, which began in Frederick the Third, mentioned by us in the Fifth Section, Numb. 8. This Prince departed this Life May 9 1638. having had to Wife, Mary Elizabeth of Leiningen; and by her Issue, as followeth, viz.  

1. Lewis Philip, born Aug. 20. 1623. deceased March 16. 1643.  
2. George, born 1624. deceased the Year after.  
3. William Christopher, born Nou. 13. 1625. who had his Seat at Bingenheim, and took to Wife the Lady Sophia Eleanor, Daughter of George the Second, of Darmstadt, on Aug. 21. 1650. After whose decease, An. 1663. he married Anne Elizabeth, Daughter of Augustus, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg, in the Year 1665. From whom he was nevertheless afterwards Divorced; and died Aug. 27. 1681. leaving Issue by the first Venture, 

1. Christina Wilhelmina, the now Relict of Frederick, Duke of Meckleburg, born Jan. 3. 1653. And,  
2. Magdalen Sophia, born Ap. 24. 1660 the Wife of William Maurice, Count Solms, to whom she was married 1679.    
4. George Christian, born Dec. 10. 1626. who went over to the Church of Rome. In 1666. he married the Lady Anne Catharine, Daughter of— Pogwisch, of the House of Farbe, Frederick Count Ablefeld's Widow; yet died without Issue, Aug. 11. 1677.  
5. Anne Margaret, born Aug. 31. 1629. and married to Philip Lewis, Duke of Holstem, of the Line of Sunderburg, An. 1650.  
6. Frederick the Fourth, born May 30. 1633. who being bred to Arms, took pay at first under the Swedes, in whose Service he lost a Leg at the Siege of Copenhagen; but afterwards under his Highness the Elector of Brandenburg, who in regard of his Merit, made him a Lieutenant-General. His usual Residence was at Weferlingen. Castle, in the old Marquisate; but upon his Brethren's Decease, he succeeded to their Estates; and so removed it to Bingenheim. His first Wife was the Lady Margaret Brahe, Daughter of Count John Oxenstern, Lord High Marshal to his Swedish Majesty, who died 1669. Whereupon he made choice of the Lady Lovise Elizabeth, Daughter of James, Duke of Curland for his Second, An. 1671. By the latter he has Issue, 

1. Frederick, born 1673.  
2. Charles Christian, 1674. And,  
3. Philip, 1676.      

Of the Augmentation of This Family.  
§. X. WE have already said, how Sophia descended of the most Ancient Hessen Thuringian Family, acquired the Landtgraviate of Hesse for her Son Henry of Brabant. This Henry annexed the City of Immenhausen thereunto, An. 1280. as also the Castle of Gudensberg, the Year following. In 1290. there was an Accession of Eschwegen, of Stauffenberg, 1293. and of Treffurt, on the River Werra, An. 1329. Henry Ferreus (or Ironside) bought the Castle of Konigs, An. 1350. for two thousand Florins. Three Years after this, the Seignory of Ittern, was adjoined to this Family. The same Henry bought the City of Smalcald, An. 1360. In 1386. upon the Decease of Gerla●bius, the last Earl of Dietzen, the greatest part of that County was claimed by this Family. In 1453. upon the death of the last Count of Zeigenheim, that County also, and Nidda fell ●o it. In 1464. Henry the Fifth had the County of Battenberg settled on him by the Archbishop of Mentz. In 1478. there was an Accession of Butzbach by Right of Marriage. The said Henry bought Fridenwalde-Castle, An. 1480. In 1492. William added the Lordship of Epstein, to his other Possessions. In 1557. ●his Family, after several Disputes about the matter, became possessed of the whole County of Catzen Elnbogen. In 1504 the Seigni●ory of Bickenbach fell to it, the Ancient Barons thereof becoming at that time extinct. In 1571. the Lordship of Plesse was annexed to it, and part of the County of Hoye; as was also the Barony of Franckenstein, some Two Years after. In 1600. Lewis of Darmstadt, bought Kelsterbach on the River. Last of all, by the Peace of Osenburg, An. 1648. the Jurisdiction of Hirschfeld-Abby, but with the Title of a Principality, was yielded up to the Landtgrave; as was also good part of the County of Schaumburg.   

Of its Decrease and Pretensions.  
§. XI. THe Encroachments suffered by th● Family and Pretensions, which may thence arise, are so very inconsiderable that they are scarce worth taking notice of, unless we shall here allege the great Ravages and Devastations made in the Principality 〈◊〉 Darmstadt by the French: And it has been already observed, how this Family has entre into Articles of Agreement to a mutual Succession, with the Family of Saxony and Brandenburg.    

CHAP. XII. Of the Family of Meckleburg.  
§. I. THat this Family is descended from the Ancient Kings of the Herah and Ob●tr●ti, is the Opinion of almost all Writers, yet are they often wanting in the Line of Succession. This is certain, That Pr●●●lans the Second, was reduced to such Extremities by Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, that he was forced with all Submission to demand a Peace of him; which indeed he did obtain, together with a considerable Tract of Land betwixt the Elbe and Baltic Shore; but ●et. to content himself for the future with the Style of Duke: In which Style he made public Profession of the Christian Faith, and was Baptised at Lunenburg by the Abbot of St. Michael, with great Solemnity. He was alterwards Slain by a Tragical accident in a Tournament at Lunenburg; An. 1215. His first Wise was Maud, Daughter of Bolestans' Crispns, Duke of Poland; and his second Voisboda, Daughter of Burewin, King of Norway; by which last he had Issue, 

1. Henry Burewin, deceased 1218. having had to Wife the Lady Maud, Daughter of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, and by her Two Sons, namely, 

1. Nichol●t, miserably buried in the Ruins of an old House. And,  
2. Henry, Founder of the Cathedral at Gustrow, deceased 1228. whose Duchess was the Princess Sophia, Daughter of Charles the First, King of Sweden, by whom he had Four Sons, whose Names were as follow, viz. 

1. John the Divine, of whom in the next Section.  
2. Pribislaus the Third, Lord in Parchim, the only Person of all his Family, who continued a Pagan: He begat Pribislaus the Fourth, who died Childless.  
3. Burewin the Third, whose Patrimony was the City Rostock, where he Founded the Monastery of St. John; and had Issue by Margaret of Denmark, Three Sons, 

1. Henry, both which died without Issue. And,  
2. Erick, both which died without Issue. And,  
3. Woldemar, deceased 1287. leaving one Son; Nicholot the Sixth, surnamed the Boy of Rostock, who likewise had no Issue.          
4. Nicholot the Fifth, deceased 1277. leaving Issue (besides Bernhard and Henry the Fourth) a Third Son, named,  
John the Second, who died 1316 and was Father of  
Nicholot the Seventh, which Nicholot was succeeded in the District of Rostock by his Son,  
John the Third, who, by Maud, Daughter of Barnim the Second, Duke of Pomerania, had Issue, 

1. John the Fourth. And,  
2. Nicholot the Eighth, who had no Male Issue; but John begot, 

1. Nicholot the Ninth. And,  
2. Bernhard.      
Nicholot the Ninth was Father of  
Laurence, who departed this Life 1393. leaving Issue by Maud, Daughter of Nicholot the Eighth, a Son named Balthasar; deceased 1400. (or as others 1401.)  
As for Benhard, he begat,  
John the Fifth, who was Father of Three Sons; namely, 

1. Christopher, deceased without Issue.  
2. Nicholot the Tenth, a Prince highly esteemed for his Piety and Prudence in the Government of his Family, who died An. 1406. And,  
3. William, who departed this Life 1430. leaving only a Daughter, named Katherine, and married to the last Prince of Stargart.    
§. II. We now return to John the Divine; who Studied 20 Years at the University of Paris, where he commenced Doctor of Divinity: He departed this Life 1260. leaving by his Wise Luitgarde, Daughter of Pepp●, Count de Henneberg (besides other Issue) a Son named,  
Henry the Fourth, and surnamed of Jerusalem, for his good Services in the Holy War; in which he was taken Prisoner by the Saracens, and not set at liberty till above Twenty six Years after. He died, An. 1302. having begot,  
Henry the Lion (or Seventh) on his Wife, the Princess Anastasia, Daughter of Barnim, Duke of Pomerania-Stetin. This Leo (or the Lion) who died 1329. his Eldest Son's Name was,  
Albert the First, Matriculated and declared Prince of the Empire by the Emperor Charles the Fourth. He departed this Life 1380. having married Euphemia, Daughter of Magnus, King of Sweden; by whom he had Two Sons, viz.  

1. Albert the Second, who was elected King of Sweden; but being overcome, and made Prisoner by Margaret, Queen of Denmark, An. 1388. was kept so by her for seven Years, and then set at liberty; which yet he enjoyed not long; for he died the Year following, viz. 1396. His Two Wives were, first, F●chsa, Daughter of Otho, the last Earl of Swerin; And, secondly, Helena, Daughter of Magnus Torquatus, Duke of Brunswick; by which last he had Issue Two Sons, 

1. Erick the First. And but both died without Issue.  
2. Albert the— but both died without Issue.    
2 Magnus the First, who died at Aix la Chapelle, An. 1384. and was succeeded in his Duchy by his Son,   
John the Third, who Founded the Unviersity at Rostock, in 1415. and had the same opened and confirmed four Years after. He departed this Life, An. 1423. leaving the Government of his Provinces to his Son, Henry the Fourth.  
§. III. This Henry the Fourth, surnamed The Gross, died 1477. having had to Wife, Dorothy, Daughter of Frederick the First, Elector of Brandenburg, and by her this following Issue, viz.  

1. Anne, deceased a Maid, 1464.  
2. Elizabeth, Lady Abbess of Reibnitz.  
3. Albert the Sixth, deceased without Issue, 1491.  
4. John the Sixth, who died of the Plague, 1475.  
5. Balthasar, deceased also without Issue, March 7. 1507.  
6. Magnus' the Second (in whose Issue this Family was preserved) who Founded the Cathedral; and died Nou. 22. 1503. having had to Wife the Lady Sophia, Daughter of Erick the Second, Duke of Pomerania, deceased 1504 Which Match gave Birth to 

1. Henry the Fifth, surnamed Pacificus (or The Peacemaker) who brought the true Doctrine of Christ into his Dominions, according to the Lutheran Profession: But whereas his Two Sons, Magnus the Third, and Philip, died both without Issue; the Government fell to his Brother Albert's Eldest Son; as we shall show immediately.  
2. Erick the Second, deceased 1508.  
3. Sophia, married to John, Elector of Saxony, An. 1500. deceased July 12. 1503.  
4. Anne, to William, Landtgrave of Hesse, An. 1500. and after his decease to Otho, Count Solms. She died 1525.  
5. Catharine, the Wife of Henry, Duke of Saxony, of the Line of Albert, deceased June 6. 1561.  
6. Dorothy, Lady Abbess of Reibnitz. And,  
7. Albert the Seventh, surnamed The Fair, born May 3. 1487. deceased Jan. 10. 1547. His Wife was Anne, Daughter of Joachim the First, Elector of Brandenburg; and his Eldest Son, John Albert the First.     
This John Albert was a very Learned Prince, Governed his Provinces excellently well, and departed this Life Feb. 2. 1576. leaving Issue by Anne Sophia, Daughter of Albert, Duke of Prussia, and Marquis of Brandenburg.  

1. John the Seventh, who being grievously oppressed with Melancholy, laid violent hands on himself at Stargart, March 22. 1592. His Sons by Sophia, Daughter of Adolph, Duke of Holstein, were, 

1. Adolph Frederick, born Dec. 4. 1589. of whom in the next Section. And,  
2. John Albert the Second, born May 5. 1590. of whom more below in the Line of Gustrow.     

Of the Line of Swerin.  
§. iv JOhn Frederick was Author and Propagator of the present Line of Swerin. This Prince was Proscribed with his Brother, upon his siding with Christian the Fourth, King of Denmark; and had his Duchy given to Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland; but was again restored to it by the Victorious Arms of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, An. 1631. He departed this Life Feb. 24. 1658. being merely worn out by Age. His Wives were, first, Anne Marry, Daughter of Enno, Earl of East-Friesland, who died 1634. And, secondly, Marry Catharine, Daughter of Julius Ernestus, Duke of Lunenburg and Brunswick, deceased July 1. 1665. By these he had Issue, 

1. Christian Lewis, the present Prince Regent, born Dec. 1. 1623. who turned Catholic, Oct. 29. 1663. and had the Order of the Holy Ghost conferred on him by the French King. In the same Year he got himself divorced from Christina Margaret of Gustrow, his Cousin-Germain and first Wife, and married Isabel Angelia de Montmoreney, the Duke de Chastillon's Widow; but is like to have no Issue by her.  
2. S●phia Agnes, born Jan. 12. 1625. who leads a single Life, and lately lived in Ruen Castle.  
3. Charles the born March 8. 1626. deceased without Issue, Aug. 20. 1670.  
4. Anne Marry, born July 1. 1627. married to Augustus, Administrator of Magdeburg, 164 deceased 1669.  
5. John George the First, born May 5. 1629. who lived in Mirau Castle, and married Elizabeth Eleanor, Daughter of Anthony Ulrick, Dake of Brunswick, yet had no Issue surviving at his death, which happened in the Year 1675.  
6. Hedewig, born 1630. deceased the Year after.  
7. Gustavus Rudolph, born 1631. deceased May 14. 1670. having never had Issue by his Wife the Lady Erdmuth Sophia, Daughter of Francis Henry, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg.  
8. Juliana, born 1633. deceased 1634.  
9 Julian Sibil, born 1636. as yet unmarried.  
10. Frederick, born Feb. 13. 1638. who lived at Krabow with his Wife, the Lady Christina Wilhelmina, Daughter of Christopher, Prince of Hesse Bingenheim, by whom he left Two Sons surviving at his death, which happened in April, last Year, viz. 1688. whose Names are, Frederick William, born March 13. 1675. And Charles, born 1679.  
11. Christina, Lady Abbess of Gendersheim, born 1639.  
12. Bernhard Sigismand, born and dead the same Year, 1641.  
13. Augusta, born 1643. deceased 1644.  
14. Marry Elizabeth, born 1646. not yet married.  
15. Anne Sophia, born Nou. 24. 1647. and married to Julius Sigismond, Duke of Wurtenburg, of the Silesian Line, March 25. 1677.  
16. Adolph Ernest, born 1650. deceased the Year after.  
17. Philip Lewis, born 1652. deceased 1655.  
18. Henry William, born and dead the same Year, viz. 1653. And,  
19 Adolph August, born 1650. who lives at present in the Castle of Strelitz; and has taken to Wife his Cousin Mary, Daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, the present Prince Regent of Meckleburg-Gustrow; by whom he hath a Son, and (as I think) of his own Name.     

Of the Line of Gustrow.  
§. V THis Line began in John Albert the Second, whom we mentioned in the end of the last Section. He was of the Reformed Religion, and ended his days in the Year 1636. His Wives were, first, Margaret Elizabeth, Daughter of Christopher, Duke of— Secondly, Elizabeth, Daughter of Maurice, Landtgrave of Hesse. And Thirdly, Eleanor Mary, Daughter of Christian, Prince of Anhalt. By the first and second Ventures he had Nine Children; whereof Five were short lived; the other Four were, 

1. Sophia Elizabeth, born 1613. married to Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, 1635. deceased 1676.  
2. Christina Margaret, born March 9 1615. remarried (after the decease of Francis Albert, Duke of Sax Lawenburg, her first Husband) to Christian Lewis, the present Duke of Meckleburg-Swerin; deceased Aug. 16. 1666.  
3. Anne Sophia, born Sept. 29.— married to Lewis, Duke of Lignitz, 1649. deceased Feb. 19 1666. And,  
4. Gustavus Adolphus, the present Prince Regent of the Line of Gustrow, born Feb. 26. 1633. who hath taken to Wife Magdalen Sibil, Daughter of Frederick, Duke of Sleswick, whom he married Nou. 28. 1654. and hath had Issue by her, as followeth, viz. 

1. John, born 1655. deceased 1660.  
2. Eleanor, born 1657. deceased 1672.  
3. Marry, born 1659. and married to her Cousin Adolph Gustavus of Swerin.  
4. Magdalen, born July 4. 1660.  
5. Sophia, June 21. 1662.  
6. Christina, born Aug. 14. 1663. and married to Christian Lewis, Count Stolberg, An. 1683.  
7. Charles the Second, born Nou. 18. 1664. who, in 1687. took to Wife the Princess Mary Amalia, Daughter of Frederick William the Great, Elector of Brandenburg, yet died this excellent Prince on the 15th. of March in the following Year; and that without Issue.  
8. Hedewig Eleanor, born Jan. 12. 1666.  
9 Lovise, Aug. 28. 1667.  
10. Elizabeth, Sept. 13. 1668. And,  
11. Augusta, Dec. 27. 1674.       

Of the Augmentation of This Family.  
§. VI WHat Lands Pribislaus the Second, Duke of Meckleburg, had granted him by Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, has been already observed: Afterwards the Lordship of Stargart was added to this Duchy, An. 1290. In 1301. Henry of Jerusalem, subdued the City Weismar by force of Arms. In 1317. this Family had the Province of Rostock settled on it by the then King of Denmnrk. Albert the Second, having married the Daughter and Heiress of Otho Rosa, the last Earl of Swerin, of the Family of Barlenleb, did in her right become possessed of the said County with the City Domitz, An. 1355. In 1431. upon the death of the last Prince of the— that Principality fell to our Family as next of Blood. In 1648. it had likewise the Bishopric of Swerin (but with the Title of a Principality) the Bishopric of Ratzburg, a Canonry of Magdeburg; a Canonry of Halberstadt, and two Commendums belonging to the Order of St. John; namely Mirau and Numerau, settled upon it, by way of Compensation, for the loss of Weismar.    

CHAP. XIII. Of the Family of Wirtenburg.  
§. I. THis Family, tho' it may be reckoned among the most ancient, and took its rise from the Counts of Beutelsbach of old-time; yet it got no higher than Counts, till Eberhard, surnamed The Great, born 1445. who, in the Year 1495. was declared Prince of the Empire, and Duke of Wirtenburg, after he had Founded an University at Tubingen, 1477. This excellent Prince died without Issue, and was succeeded by his Father's Brother Ulrick, the Fourteenth Earl, but First Duke of that Name: And had Issue, Eberhard the Second, who succeeded his Father, but died without Issue, Feb. 17. 1504 And Henry the Third, who died Apr. 16. 1519. and left, 

1. Ulrick the Second, born Feb. 8. 1487. he succeeded his Father, suffered much upon the account of Religion, and was, in a manner hated by his Subjects for exacting on them: He was thrown out of his Duchy by the League of Schwaben; and Banished, by the Diet at Worms. At length he was restored in the Year 1534. by Philip, Landtgrave of Hesse; the King of France furnishing the Money: But so, That the Duchy should, for the future, become a Fee of the House of Austria. In 1547. he was removed again, and restored upon very hard Terms. He died 1550. and left Christopher his Successor, who had many Daughters, and but one Son, Lewis the Third, born 1568. who Founded a famous College at Tubingen, 1592. and died Aug. 8. 1593. but left no Issue.  
2. George, born 1498. he took Mompelgart, 1553. where was born to him Frederick the Magnanimous.    
§. II. This Frederick the Sixth, born Oct. 25. 1557. upon the death of the  Lewis the Third, recovered the Duchy of Wirtenburg, and struck off the Dominion of the House of Austria, but not without a round Sum of Money. He died Jan. 29. 1608. and had to Wife Sibilla, Daughter of Joachim Ernestus of Anbalt, whom he married May 22. 1581. and had by her, 

1. John Frederick, born May 5. 1582. of whom in the next Section.  
2. George Frederick, born 1583. died 1591.  
3. Sibilla Elizabeth, born 1584. married to John George, first Elector of Saxony, died Jan. 20. 1606.  
4. Elizabeth, born 1585. died the same Year.  
5. Lewis Frederick, born Jan. 29. 1586, of whom in the Line of Mompelgart.  
6. John Frederick, born and dead 1587.  
7. Julius Frederick, born June 3. 1588. He was Pensined, and dwelled in the Castle of Weildingen; where he became Father of Silvius Nimrod, of whom hereafter in the Silesian Oelsen Line: And of Manfred, who, after the death of his Father, lived in Weilden; and there died May 15. 1662. And by Julia, the Daughter of Anthony, Earl of Oldenburg, yet living, left, 

1. Frederick Ferdinand, born Oct. 6. 1654.  
2. Augustus, born Nou. 5. 1656.  
3. Manfred the Second, born Sept. 15. 1658.    
8. Philip Frederick, born, and dead 1589.  
9 Eva Christiana, born May 6. 1590. married to John George, Marquis of Brandenburg, and Duke of Carnovia, 1610. died 1657.  
10. Frederick Achilles, born Apr. 25. 1591. died without Issue, Dec. 20. 1631.  
11. Agnes, born May 7. 1592. married May 14. 1620. to Frances Julius, Duke of Sax-Lawenburg, died Nou. 25. 1629.  
12. Barbara, born Dec. 4. 1593. married Dec. 20. 1616. to Frederick, Marquess of Baden Durlach, died 1627.  
13. Magnus, born Dec. 2. 1594. a Valiant Prince, Slain in Battle near Wimpsen, Apr. 26. 1622.  
14. Augustus, born Jan. 24. 1596. died Apr. 21.—  
15. Anne, born March 15. 1597. died unmarried, 1650.    

Of the Line Regent of Stutgard.  
§. III. WE return to John Frederick, eldest Son and Successor of Frederick the Magnanimous, who died July 18. 1628. and by Barbara Sophia, Daughter of Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg had, 

1. Henrica, born 1610. died Feb. 18. 1623.  
2. Frederick, born and died 1612.  
3. Antonia, born March 24. 1613. died unmarried Oct. 1. 1679.  
4. Eberhard the Third, born Dec. 16. 1614 of whom shortly.  
5. Frederick the Seventh (or as some, the Second) born Dec. 19 1615. who, after several Travels, and singular Proofs of Courage, sat down at last at Newstadt, and there died March 24. 1682. His Wife was Clara Augusta, Daughter of Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, by whom he had a numerous Issue, Eight of which died Infants: The rest are, 

1. Frederick Augustus, born March 12. 1654. now living at Newstadt.  
2. Albertus, born 1657. a hopeful Prince, but died Nov 21. 1670.  
3. Sophia Dorothea, born 1658. married to Lewis Christian, Count Stolberg, 1680. died July 23. 1681.  
4. Ferdinand William, born Sept. 12. 1659. a Prudent Prince, and well experienced Soldier, Lieutenant-General to the King of Denmark: He sailed for Scotland with the Danish Auxiliaries, from the Port of Hull, 1689.  
5. Charles Rodolphus, born 1667. now in the Emperor's Service.    
6. Ulrick the Third, born May 15: 1617. a Prince that deferves as much as Virtue and Courage may be capable of. He died Dec. 4. 1671. and left one Daughter, Anna Ignatia, born Dec. 27. 1652. but unmarried.  
7. Anna Johanna, born March 13. 1619 who also died unmarried, March 5 1679.  
8. Sibilla, born Dec. 4. 1620. married Nou. 22. 1647. to Leopold Frederick, a Kinsman of the House of Mompelgard; now a Widow.  
9 Ebethal, born Sept. 4. 1623. died Jan 9 1624.    
§. iv Of all these, Eberhard the Third succeeded his Father John Frederick, an extraordinary Prince, but one that suffered much by the Imperialists in that Thirty Years German War, till at last all was quieted, 1648. He died July 2. 1674. He married Anne Catharine, Daughter of John Casimire, the Rhinegrave, 1637. And after her Death, Mary Dorothy Sophia, Daughter of Ernestus Oetingen, 1656.  
He had by his first Wife, 

1. John Frederick TWO born Sept. 9 1637. died at London in England, 1669. aged 22 Years.  
2. Lewis Frederick, born 1638. died 1639.  
3 Christina Eberhard, born 1639. died 1640.  
4. Eberhard, born 1640. died Feb. 24. 1641.  
5. Sophia Lovisa, born Feb. 18. 1642. married Jan. 19 1671. to Christian Ernestus, Marquis of Brandenburg Bareith.  
6. Dorothea Amalia, born 1643. died 1650.  
7. Christina Frederica, born Feb. 28. 1644. matched May 25. 1655. to Albert Ernestus of Oetingen; died Octob. 30. 1674.  
8. Christina Charlotta, born Octob. 21. 1645. married May 4. 1662. to George Christian, Prince of East-Friesland; now a Widow.  
9 William Lewis, born Jan. 7. 1647. he succeeded his Father, and died three Years after, in 1677. leaving by Magdalen, Daughter of Lewis, Landtgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, now a Widow, 

1. Eberhardine Lovisa, born Octob. 11. 1675.  
2. Eberhard Lewis, born Sept. 18. 1676 the now Prince Regent, under the Guardianship of his Mother and his Uncle.  
3 Magdalena Wilhelmina, born after the death of her Father, Nou. 7. 1677.    
10 Anna Catharina, born Nou. 27. 1648. as yet unmarried.  
11. Charles Christopher, born and died Jan. 28. 1650.  
12. Eberhardine Catharine, born April 12. 1651. married into the House of Octingen, 1652. died Aug. 19 1683.  
13. Frederick Charles, born Sept. 12. 1652. Governor of the Duchy of Wirtenberg: He married Eleanora Juliana, Daughter of Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg-Ansbach, 1682. by whom he had, 

1. Charles Alexander born Jan. 24. 1684.  
2. Dorothea Charlotta, born Sept. 1. 1685.  
3. Frederick Charles, born Octob. 28. 1686.    
14. Charles Maximilian, born Septemb. 28. 1654.    
By his Second Wife, 

15. George Frederick, born Sept. 24. 1657. Captain-General of the Emperor's Guards; slain with a Great-shot at the Siege of Cassaw, Oct. 8. 1685.  
16. One other without Name, died as soon as born, 1659.  
17. Albertus Christianus, born June 13. 1660. died 16●3.  
18. Lodewick (or Lewis) born Aug. 13. 1661. Colonel of a Regiment of Horse in the Circle of Schwaben.  
19 Joachim Ernestus, born 1662. died 1663.  
20. Philip Sigismond, born 1663. died 1669.  
21. Charles Ferdinand, born 1667. died 1668.  
22. John Frederick, born June 10. 1669. and now serves in the Imperial War.  
23. Sophia Charlotta, born Feb. 22. 1671.  
24. Eberhard born and died 1672.  
25. Emanuel Eberhard, born after the death of his Father, 1674. died July 1. 1675.     

Of the Line of Mompelgard.  
§. V THe Founder and Enlarger of this Line, was the before— mentioned Lewis Frederick, Sect. 2. Numb. 5. who died 1631. and was succeeded by Leopold Frederick, to whom, dying without Isse. 1662. succeeded his Brother George II. born Oct. 5. 1626. but being beaten out by the French, 1684. now lives in exile. His Wife was Anne, Daughter of Jasper de Coligny, Marshal of France; married to him 1648. and died 1680. by whom he had, 

1. Otto Frederick, born 1650. died 1653.  
2. Henrietta, born Jan. 8. 1654. died 1680.  
3. Eleanora Charlotta, born Nou. 20. 1656. married to Silvius Frederick, a Cadet of the House of Oelsen.  
4. Conrade Lodovick, born and died 1658.  
5. Anne, born Dec. 30. 1660.  
6. Elizabeth, born March 17. 16●5.  
7. Hedewig, born March 22. 1664.  
8. Leopold Eberhardus, born March 21. 1670.     

Of the Silesian, or Oelsen Line.  
§. VI WE spoke before Sect. 2. Numb. 7. of Silvius Nimrod, the Son of Julius Frederick: He was born 1622. and married Mary, the last Heir of the Principality of Oelsen; the Investiture of which, he received from the Emperor, as King of Bohemia: He died April 16. 1664. and left by the said Mary, 

1. Anna Sophia, born 1648. died 1661.  
2. Ferdinand Charles, born 1650. died 1668.  
3. Silvius Fredericus, born Feb. 21. 1651. He kept his Residence in the City of Oels, and married Eleanora Charlotta of Mompelgard, May 23. 1672.  
4. Christianus Ulricus, born April 9 1652. His Seat was the Castle of Bernstadt. He married Anne Elizabeth of Anbalt, March 13. 1672. who died 1680. and after that, Sibylla Maria, Daughter of Christian, Administrator of Mersburg, Oct. 27. 1683.    
He had by his first Wise, 

1. Lovisa Elizabetha, born Feb. 22. 1673.  
2. Chrisianus Ulricus, born and died 1674.  
3. Leopoldus' Victor, born 1675. died 1676.  
4. Frederica Christiana, born and died 1676.  
5. Sophia Angelica, born May 20. 1677.  
6. Eleanora Amaena, born 1678. died 1679.   

5. Julius Sigismundus, born Aug. 1. 1653. He dwelled in the Castle of Juliusburg, with his Wife Anna Sophia of Mecklenburg, whom he married March 25. 1677. and had by her, 

1. Maria Sophia, born March 5. 1678. died Sept. 8.  
2. Leopold Frederick, born Feb. 29. 1680. died April 5. 1681.  
3. Charles, born March 1. 1682. after which, the said Julius died, Octob. 15. 1684.    
6. Cunigunda Juliana, born March 20. 1655. and died the same Day.  
7 Silvius, born and died May 8. 1660.     

Of the Augmentations of this Family.  
§. VII. IN the Year 1072. Conrade Earl of Wirtenburg, got the Earldom of Beutlesbach by Right of Inheritance. In the Year 1214. Count John II. had the City of Stutgard in Dowry with his Wife, it having formerly belonged to the Marquisate of Baden. In 1240. the Earldom of— was added to it by Purchase. In 1336. the Earldom of Gruningen. In 1346. the Earldom of Calbe. In 1397. Eberhard V got the Earldom of Mompelgard by Marriage; and in 1439. brought the Duchy of Teccen into the Family by the same way. In 1495. Eberhard VI procured to it the Ducal Dignity. In 1620. Duke Vlrick bought the Castle of Hobentwiel. In 1646. Silvius Nimrod was invested in the Principality of Oelsen, and the Signories of Starenberg and Metzibor in Moravia.   

Of the Decrease of this Family.  
§. VIII. IT suffered much in the last French War; for the King of France took from it the Earldom of Mompelgard, with all its Dependencies; in respect of which, it has a manifest Pretence to it.    

CHAP. XIV. Of the Family of the Marquess' of Baden.  
§. I. THat this Family had the same Original with that of: Austria, Historians scarce suffer us to doubt it. From the ancient Princes of Alsatia, sprang the Family of Zeeringen, who bore Rule far and wide in Brisgow; from that, Herman, Brother of Berthold II. Son of Berthold I. Duke of Zeeringen, had the Earldom of Hochbergen, and died 1074. His Son Herman married the Lady Judith, and with her, had the Marquisate of Baden; but of what Family this Judith was, cannot be certainly affirmed: It suffices, that Henry Auceps (or the Falconer) brought it to be a Marquisate, and that the aforesaid Herman was the first of his Family that was Marquis of Baden, and died 1130. His Son and Successor was Herman II. who died 1660. and left Herman III. whom the Emperor Frederick I. made Marquis of Verona, and was the Father of Herman IU. and Henry, the Enlarger of the Line of Hochbergen, which went out, in Philip Marquis and Earl of Hochbergen, Sept. 7. 1503. This Herman IU. the Common Father of the Marquess' of Baden, had to Wife Irmengard (or as others, Gerdruth) Daughter of Henry of Brunswick, Count Palatine of the Rhine; by whom he had, 

1. Herman V. who in Right of his Wife Gerdruth, Daughter of Henry of Austria, became Heir of Austria and Stiria. He left a Son and Heir Frederick, from whom yet Ottocar King of Bohemia unjustly wrested Austria; on which, he got off with Conradine Duke of Suabia into Sicily, where he lost his Head, 1269.  
2. Rodolphus, who by reason of his Tallness, was surnamed The Great: He died Nou. 19 1288.    
§. II. Herman VI elder Son of this Rodolph, was Father of Frederick II. who died June 22. 1333. and of Rodolph V the Preserver of his Family. His Son was Frederick III. Father of Rodolph VI also surnamed The Great, who died 1372. and left his Son and Successor Bernhard I. Father of James I. a prudent Prince, and a Lover of Justice: He died Octob. 12. 1453. and had by Catharine, Daughter of Charles Duke of Lorraine, 

1. Margaret, married to Albert Elector of Brandenburg, 1446. died 1457.  
2. Bernhard, who died an Infant, 1431.  
3. Bernhard III. who was professed, and died 1459.  
4. John, born Feb. 9 1459. He became Archbishop of Triers, and died Feb. 9 1503.  
5. Charles, surnamed The Stout, of whom a little after.  
6. George, Bishop of Metz; died 1484.  
7. Mark, a Canon of Strasburg; died 1478.    
Of these, Charles was the Successor of his Father: He had War with Frederick the Palatine, but unsuccessfully; for he was taken Prisoner, and came off on very hard Terms. He died 1475. and by Catharine, Daughter of Ernestus of Austria (besides three Daughters) left three Sons: 

1. Christopher I. born Novemb. 13. 1453. of whom in the next Section.  
2. Albert I. born 1456. killed with a Great-shot, at the Siege of The Dam in Flanders, July 23. 1486.  
3. Frederick, born July 8. 1458. He was Bishop of Utrecht, and died Septemb. 24. 1517.    
§. III. This Christopher I. was a wise and fortunate Prince, and died April 19 1527. His Wife was Ottilia, Daughter of Philip, Earl of Catzenelbogen (in Germany) by whom he had, 

1. James II. born June 6. 1471. elected Archbishop of Triers, 1505. died unfortunately at Cologne upon the Rhine, 1511.  
2. Marry, Abbess of Lichtenthal; died 1519.  
3. Bernhand iv born 1474. of whom in the next Section of the Line of Baden of Baden.  
4. Charles II. born May 21. but uncertain whether in 1475. or 1476. He was Canon of Triers and Strasburg; died 1510.  
5. Christopher II. born July 21. 1477. Canon of Strasburg, and died March 29. 1508.  
6. Philip I. born 1478. His Wife was Elizabeth, Daughter of Philip the Palatine; by whom he had one only Daughter that survived him, viz. Maria Jacobea, born 1507. married to William iv Duke of Bavaria; died Nou. 15. 1580.  
7. Ottilia, born 1480. was Abbess of Pfortzheimen.  
8. Rodolphus XII. Canon of Cologne and Strasburg; died Sept. 21 1533.  
9 Ernestus, born Octob. 7. 1482. the Founder and Enlarger of the now Line of Durlach (in Germany) of whom in the Line of Durlach.  
10. Wolfgangus, born 1484, died 1522.  
11. Sibylla, born 1485. married to Philip III. Earl of Hanover, 1503. died 1527.  
12. Rosina, born March 5. 1487. married to Wolfgangus, Count Hohenzollern; and after his death, to John of Aven; died 1554.  
13. John, born and died 1554.  
14. Beatrice, born June 22. 1492. married to John III. Palatine of Simeren; died April 15. 1535.  
15. George, born 1493. died 1494.    

Of the Line of Baden of Baden.  
§. IU. ANd here we go back to the  Bernhard IU. the Father of the now Line of Baden of Baden. He took up the Doctrine of Luther, planted it throughout his Dominions, and died June 29. 1566. His Wife was Frances of Lutzelberg, by whom he had, 

1. Philibert, born Jan. 22. 1536. slain in Battle at Momonturne, Octob. 3. 1565. and left his Son and Successor Philip II. born Feb. 19 1559. but died without Issue, June 17. 1588.  
2. Christopher III. he dwelled in the Castle of Rodemachem, and died 1575. His Wife was Caecilia, Daughter of Gustavus King of Sweden, who brought him, 

1. Edward, surnamed The Fortunate, born Septemb. 16. 1565. of whom hereafter.  
2. Gustavus Christopherus, born Aug. 13. 1566. died 1609.  
3. Philip III. born 1567. died 1620.  
4. Charles' iv born March 7. 1569. died in the City of Genova, 1590.  
5 Bernhard, born 1570. died 1571.  
6. John Charles, born 1572. a Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, before that time transferred to Malta; died in the Low-Country Wars, 1599      
Of these Edward the Fortunate, born in England, his Cousin-Germain, Philip the Second, being dead, came to the Government. He embraced the Catholic Religion; and being pressed with Debt went into the Low-Countries, where he served under Albert, Archduke of Austria. He was married at Brussels, to Mary, the Daughter of Jodochus of Eicken, free Baron of Riviere, and was Slain at his Secretary's Wedding, June 18. 1600. and left Three Sons, 

1. William, born 1593. of whom in the next Section.  
2. Albert Charles, killed with a Shot, 1626.  
3. Herman, surnamed The Fortunate, born 1596. He lived in the Castle of Rademachem, where also he died, 1664. nor left he any Posterity behind him.    
§. V We go back therefore to William the First, Eldest Son of Edward the Fortunate, who had much to do e'er he obtained the Marquisate, for Ernestus Frederick. of the House of Durlach, a next Kinsman by the Father's side, would not acknowledge the said William and his Brothers as Legitimate; for that they were born of the aforesaid Mary of Eicken, and therefore having gotten first Possession of the Marquisate, so held it, till the Emperor Ferdinand the Second declared in favour of the Children of the said Edward, and gave Sentence that they should be restored to the Estate of their Ancestors: On which William was made Prince Regent, 1622. And, in 1640. the Emperor's chief Delegate in the Diet of Ratisbonne; after that, Precedent of the Imperial Chamber at Spires; and died May 22. 1677. in the Eighty Fourth Year of his Age. His first Wife w●● Catharine Ursula, of the House of Zollera●●●●; after whose death he married Mary Magd●●●s, of the House of Oetingen; and had, by both of them, Nineteen Children, of whom Ten died Young: The rest were,  
1. Ferdinand Maximilian, born Sepember 23. 1625. a singular Prince, but killed, by the bursting of a Gun, as he was Hunting, October 8. 1669. He married Lovisa Christiana of Savoy, Daughter of Thomas, Prince of Carignan, 1653. now a Widow, and had by her one only Son,  
Lewis William, born Apr. 8. 1655. the now Marquis of Baden; who, after the death of his Father, was brought up by his Grandfather, whose Successor also he was, till being disturbed by the French, and despoiled of most of his Territories, he betook himself to the Emperor, by whom he was honourably received; and after several great Actions by him performed, made Marshal de Camp against the Turks. A Prince to be reckoned among the chief of his Time.  
2. Leopold William, born Sept. 16. 1626. He was Captain of the Emperor's Yeomen of the Guard, and in the Turkish War headed a select part of the Army, and having given several proofs of his Valour, died 1671. leaving one Son,  
Leopold William the Second, born Jan. 20. 1667. He has an Imperfection in his Speech; and now lives in the Castle of Laboschitz in Bohemia.  

3 Philip Sigismond, born Aug. 15. 1627. he was a Knight of Malta, and Slain in the Battle of Orbitel, 1647.  
4. William Christopher, born Oct. 11. 1628. a Canon of Cologne and Strasburg; and and died unfortunately, 1652.  
5. Herman (his Twin-Brother) who, after many extraordinary Actions by him performed, is now the Emperor's Delegate in the Diet at Ratisbonne.  
6. Bernhard the Sixth, born 1629. died at Rome, 1649.  
7. Catharina Francisca, born 1631. a Nun in the Cloister of Besanson in Burgundy.  
8. Maria Anna Wilhelmina, born 1655. married to Ferdinand Augustus of Lobkowitz, Duke of Sagan, 1680.  
9 Carolus Beruhardus, born Jan. 14. 1667. He served the Emperor in the last War against France, and was Slain at the Battle of Reinfelden, July 5. 1678. but his Body not found.    

Of the Line of Durlach.  
§. VI THe Founder of this Line was E●●estus, of whom before in the third Section, Numb. 9 among the Sons of Christopher the First. He had the Lower Marquisate, with that other of Rotelen, by the disposition of his Father; lived at Durlach, was a Lutheran, and in great request for his Prudence, with the Emperor Maximilian the First. He died Feb. 6. 1553. and, besides Seven Daughters, left Three Sons, 

1. Bernhard the Fifth, born 1517. died the same Year with his Father.  
2. Charles the Third, born July 24. 1529.  
3. Albert the Second, a Valiant Warrior, but died without Children, 1642.    
Of these, Charles the Third, succeeded his Father, and died March 23. 1577. His first Wife was Cunigund, Daughter of Casimire, Marquis of Brandenburg, who dying 1558. He married Anne, Daughter of Rupert, Palatine of Veldentz, who died March 30. 1586. and left him, 

1. Dorothy Ursula, born 1559. married to Lewis the Fifth of Wirtenburg, and died 1583.  
2. Ernest Frederick, his Successor, born 1560. who, as has been said, Section 5. had a Dispute with his Kinsmen, the Sons of Edward the Fortunate, touching the Upper Marquisate, or Baden of Baden; He was a smart Defender of Lutheranism: Founded a famous School at Durlach, and died April 14. 1604. but left no Issue, tho' married to Anne, Daughter of Etzhard, Earl of Ostfrise, Son of Frederick the Fourth, Elector Palatine.  
3. James the Third, born May 26. 1562. died Aug. 15. 1590. And, by Elizabeth, Daughter of Florence, Earl of Cullenburg, left Anne, born 1587. who was married to Wolrad, of Waldeck, and brought him the Earldom of Cullenburg, and died 1648. And one Posthumous Son, James Ernestus, who lived not long.  
4. George Frederick, born Jan. 10. 1573.    
§. VII. This George succeeded his Brothers, and suffered much by means of the Palatine, Frederick the Fifth, whose Party he adhered to. He died at Geneva, Sept 14. 1638. and had to Wife Juliana Ursula of Raugrave, who died 1614 and after that Agatha of the House of Erpace, by whom he had Seventeen Children, of which Eleven died untimely. The rest were, 

1. Catharine Ursula, born Jan. 19 1593. married to Otto of Hesse-Cassel, 1613. died Dec. 21. 1616.  
2. Frederick the Second, of whom presently.  
3. Anna Amalia, born 1595. married to William of Nassau, in Saarbrucken 1615. died 1652.  
4. Charles the Fifth, born 1598. died in his Travel through France, July 27. 1625.  
5. Christopher the Fourth, born March 16. 1603. Slain at the Siege of Ingolstadt, Apr. 30. 1632.  
6. Sibilla Magdalena, born July 21. 1605. married June 7. 1629. to John of Nassau, in Saarbrucken.    
Frederick the Second, born July 6. 1594. succeeded his Father. He was a Prince of a general Learning, took part with the King of Sweden, which occasioned him divers Troubles, which he in a manner got out of by the Treaty of Osenburg, died Sept. 8. 1659. and had by Five Wives Eleven Children, Six of which died Infants. The rest were, 

1. Frederick the Third, born Nou. 6. 1617. of whom in the next Section.  
2. Sibilla, born Feb. 5. 1620. died unmarried, Aug. 20. 1679.  
3. Charles Magnus, born March 17. 1621. he did the King of Sweden good Services and by that means came to be Lieutenant General of his Army: died Nou. 19 1658. and left one Son, Charles Frederick, born 1651. He was a Knight of Malta, and died without Issue, 1677.  
4. Johanna, born 1623. married to John Barnim, Camp-Marshal of Sweden; and after his Death to Henry, Count of Thun, 1648. and has been dead some Years.  
5. Gustavus Adolphus, Abbot of Fulda (in Germany) and Cardinal: He died D●●. 24. 1677.    
§. VIII. Frederick the Third succeeded his Father: He was a Prince, so great a Master of all the Arts of Peace and War, that he w●● General to the Emperor in the last War against the French, and discharged it with Honour, but having recovered Philipsburg to the Empire died 1677. in the Sixty Sixth Year of his Age, His Wife was Christiana Magdalena, Daughter of John Casimier, Palatine of Bipont, whom he married at Stockboim, 1642. and had by her, 

1. Frederick Casimier, born 1643. died 1644.  
2. Christiana, born 1645. married 1665. to Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg Ansbach, and after his death to John Frederick, Duke of Saxon-Gotham, 1681.  
3. Eleanora Catharina, born and died 1646.  
4. Fredericus Magnus, born Sept. 27. 1646. the now Reigning Prince. He married Augusta Maria, Daughter of Frederick, Duke of Sleswick, May 15. 1670. by whom he had Ten Children, of which Four died Infants: The rest now living are, 

1. Catharine, born Oct. 10. 1676.  
2. Carolus Wilhelmus, born Jan. 17. 1679.  
3. Johanna Elizabetha, born Oct. 3. 1680.  
4. Alberta Frederica, born July 3. 1682.  
5. Christopher, born Sept. 28. 1684.  
6. Charlotte Sophia, born March 1. 1686.    
5. Carolus Gustavus, born Sept. 27. 1648. a Warlike Prince, and had to Wife Anna Sophia, Daughter of Anthony Ulrick, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, married to him 1677. who brought him, 

1. Christiana Juliana, born Sept. 12. 1678.  
2. Charles, born and died 1680.  
3. Frederick Rodolph, born 1681. died 1682.  
4. Charles Anthony, born Jan. 29. 1683.    
6. Catharina Barbara, born 1650. yet unmarried.  
7 Johanna Elizabetha, born 1651. married to John Frederick, Marquess of Brandendurg Ansbach; died Sept. 8. 1680.  
8. Eleanora Frederica, born and died 1658.    
But the aforesaid Frederick's Wife dying, he had Two natural Sons by a Private Gentlewoman, her Father tho' a Colonel of Horse, to wit, Frederick and Bernhard, called the Barons of Muntzenheim, which Fief being possessed by the Baron Hoffart and Escheated to him, he conferred on them.   

Of the Augmentations of this Family.  
§. IX. HOw this Family got the Marquisate of Baden, we have already shown: After that Herman the Fourth had Durlach, Heildesheim, and Etlingen, with his Wife the Daughter of Henry, Count Palatine of Guelffe. In the Year 1246. Herman the Fifth obtained the Duchy of Austria and Stiria, in right of his Wife. In 1415. the County of Hochberg was further added. A great part of Sponheim, in 1437. and at the same time Mahlberg, and Lobra in Ortenaw. In 1444. Christopher hooked in Baden-Weiler and Welschberg; and after that Rodemachern, Herspringen, and Ufeldingen: And upon the death of his Kinsman Philip, the Landtgraviate of Sansenberg, and the Seignory of Rotelen, fell in to the rest: And lastly, the Family of the Earls of Eberstein being extinct, the greatest part of that County was added to that Family.   

Of its Decreasings.  
§. X. THis Family suffered a loss about the middle of the Thirteenth Century, at what time Ottocar, King of Bohemia, took Austria and Stiria from Frederick the rightful Heir: But in the Last, and this present French War, both the Lines of this Family have suffered, and do yet suffer: And moreover, has a pretence to the Principality of Geroltzeck.    

CHAP. XV. Of the Family of Anhalt and Saxon-Lawenburg.  
§. I. THo' this Family be for Antiquity past all Memory, yet it was known in the Year 524. by the Name of the Counts of Ascania and Ballenstedt: After which, Albert the Sixth, of that House, was, by the Emperor Henry the Second, created Marquis of Soltquel, and died 1005. But, when under Conrade the Third, the Family of the Ancient Marquesses of Brandenburg, descended from the Counts of Staden and Ringelheim, began to wear out, Albert Ursus, Marquis of Soltquel, Ballenstedt, and Wolpe, was made Marquis of Brandenburg, 1142. and died Nou. 18. 1169. He had Two Wives; first Sophia, Daughter of Otto, Earl of Reneck. Secondly, Helica, Daughter of Conrade, surnamed The Pious, Marquis of Misnia. He had by his first Wife, 

1. Otto, Marquis and Elector of Brandenburg, whose Posterity went out in Woldemar, II. 1322.  
2. Bernhard, who, upon the Proscription of Henry Leon, had the Duchy by the Gift of Frederick Barbarossa, and died 1212. leaving, 

1. Albert the First, Duke and Elector of Saxony, who died 1260. and left, 

1. Albert the Second, Duke and Elector of Saxony, whose Posterity failed in Albert the Sixth, 1422.  
2. John the First, who was the Founder of a new Line, to wit, Lawenburg, in whose Male Issue it lasted till the Year 1688. at what time Julius Franciscus, born 1640. the last of that Line died, leaving only Two Daughters, 

1. Anna Maria Francisca, born June 13. 1672.  
2. Francisca Sibilla Augusta, born June 21. 1675.      
2. Henry the Elder, who, by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, was made the first Prince of Anhalt.      
§. II. This Henry therefore we reckon the common Father of the now Family of Anhalt. He died 1257. and from whom we may go in a right Line to Joachim Ernestus, born 1536. His Father was John the Fourth, his Mother Margaret, Daughter of Joachim the First, Elector of Brandenburg, Widow of George Duke of Pomeran; and after the death of his Brothers, sole Governor of the Provinces of Anhalt: His Residence was in the Castle of Dessaw (in Germany) and died Dec. 6. 1586. having had to Wife, Agnes, Daughter of Wolfgang, Earl of Barbye, who died 1569. and after her, Eleanora, Daughter of Christopher, Duke of Wirtenburg, and by both of them had Sixteen Children, 

1. Anna Maria, born 1562. married to Joachim Frederick, Duke of Lignitz, died 1604.  
2. Agnes, born 1562. died 1564.  
3. Elizabeth, born 1563. married to John George, Elector of Brandenburg, 1577. died 1607.  
4. Sibilla, born Sept. 28. 1564. married to Frederick, Duke of Wirtenburg, 1581. died 1614  
5. John George the First, born March 9 1567. of whom in the following Line of Dessaw.  
6. Christian the First, born 1568. of whom Section 4. in the Line of Bernburg.  
7. Bernhard the Eighth, born 1570. or as others, Sept. 25. 1572. Slain, as it's said, in a Battle at Erlaw in Hungary, Sept. 25. 1596.  
8. Agnesa Hedewig, born March 12. 1573. married to Augustus, Elector of Saxony, 1586. who dying 1588. she married John, Duke of Holstein, of the Line of Sunderburg, and died Nou. 3. 1616.  
9 Dorothea Maria, born July 2. 1574. married to John the Second, Duke of Saxon-Vinar. 1593. died July 18. 1617.  
10. Augustus, born July 14. 1575. of whom more in the fifth Section.  
11. Rodolphus the Fifth, born Oct. 28. 1576. the Founder of the Servestan Line, of whom Section 6.  
12. John Ernestus, born May 1. 1578. He gave several Instances of his Courage, but more especially in the taking Alba Regalis, in Hungary, by Storm, 1601. died Dec. 12. 1602.  
13. Lodovick the First, born June 17. 1579. He was the beginner of the Line of Coctan, now extinct; and dwelled in the Castle and City of Coctan, where he was the Founder of that fruitful Society of Jruchtbringenden Geselschafft, died Jan. 7. 1650. His first Wife was Amaena Amalia, of the House of Benthem (in Westphalia) who dying 1625. he married Sophia, of the House of Lippien, the Year following, who died 1650. by both which he had 

1. Lodovick the First, born 1607. died 1624.  
2. Lovisa Amalia, born 1609. died 1625.  
3. Lovisa, born 1634. died 1635.  
4. Wilhelmus Lodovicus, born Aug. 3. 1638. who succeeded his Father, and took to Wife Elizabetha Charlotta, a Niece of the House of Hatzgerod, 1663. but died without Issue, Apr. 13. 1665.    
14. Sabina, born 1580. died unmarried.  
15. Joachim Christopher, born 1582. died 1583.  
16. Anna Sophia, born 1584. she was the Wife of Gunther Albertus of Swartzburg, died 1657.    

Of the Line of Dessaw.  
§. III. MAtters thus brought together, we go back to John George the First, Eldest Son of Joachim Ernestus, the Founder of this Line, who, in the division of the Estate, had to his share, Gesnitz, Schandersleben, Worbtzig, and Radegast. He professed the Reformed Religion, and died May 13. 1618. His first Wise was Dorothy, the Daughter of Albert, Count Mansfeldt, who died 1594. His second, Dorothy, Daughter of John Casimier, Palatinate of Simmeren (in the Lower Palatinate) who was married to him 1595. and died 1618. He had, by his first Wife Five Children; and, by his latter, Eleven, as they here follow, 

1. Sophia Elizabetha, born Feb. 10. 1589. married to George Rodolphus, Duke of Lignitz, died 1622.  
2. Agnes Magdalena, born March 29. 1590. married to Otto, Landtgrave of Hesse, 1617. died 1626.  
3. Anna Maria, born 1591. died unmarried, 1637.  
4. Joachim Ernestus the Second, born July 16. 1592. died May 28. 1615.  
5. Christianus, born 1593. died 1594.  
6. John Cassmier, of whom a little after.  
7. Anna Elizabetha, born 1599 married to William, Earl of Bentheim.  
8. Frederick Mauritius, born 1600. died 1610.  
9 Eleanora Dorothea, born Feb. 6. 1602. married to William the Second, Duke of Saxon-Wimar, 1625. died 1664.  
10. Sibilla Christiana, born Jan. 10. 1603. first married to Philip Mauritius; and after his death to Frederick Casimier, Earl of Hanover.  
11. Georgius Albertus, born June 3. 1606. died Nou. 14 1643. leaving by Johanna Elizabetha, of the House of Krosegg, 

1. Christianus Albertus, Count Beringen, Lord in Waldersee and Radegast, died 1677.  
2. Sophia, now living with her Mother in the Castle of Radegast.  
3. Eleanora, married to John George of Solms, died 1677.    
12. Cunigunda Juliana, born 1608. married to Herman, Landtgrave of Hesse-Cassel, died 1656.  
13. Henricus Woldemarus, born and died 1609.  
14. Susanna Margareta, born 1610. Wife to John Philip of Hanover, died 1663.  
15. Johanna Dorothea, born 1612. married to Mauritius of Bentheim.  
16. Eva Catharina, born 1613. died unmarried, Dec. 15. 1679.    
Of these, the  John Casimier succeeded his Father, and died Sept. 15. 1660. His first Wife was Agnes, the Daughter of Mauritius of Hesse, married to him, 1623. who dying May 28. 1650. His second was Sophia Margareta, a First Cousin of the House of Bernburg, who died Dec. 28. 1673. He had by his first Wife, besides Lovisa, born 1631. married 1648. and dying April 25. 1680.  
John George the Second, born Nou. 7. 1627. who, after the death of his Father, took upon him the Government, and now supplies the place of Deputy to the Elector of Brandenburg. He married Henrica Catharina, Daughter of Henry Frederick, Prince of Orange, by Amalia of Solms, 1658. and had by her, 

1. Emilia Lovisa, born 1660. died an Infant.  
2. Henrica Amalia, born 1662. died an Infant.  
3. Frederick Casimier, born 1663. died 1665.  
4. Elizabetha Albertina, born 1665. made Abbess of Hervorden (in Westphalia) 1680.  
5. Amalia, born 1666. married to Henry Casimier, Prince of Nassau, Hereditary Governor of West-Friesland, 1684.  
6. Lovisa Sophia, born 1667. died 1668.  
7. Maria Eleanora, born 1671. married to George, Prince of Ratzevil in Lithuania, now a Widow.  
8. Henrica Agnes, born Jan. 9 1674. married to Henry, Duke of Saxony, 1689.  
9 Leopoldus, Hereditary Prince; born July 3. 1676.  
10. Johanna Charlotta, born Apr. 6. 1682.     

Of the Line of Bernburg.  
§. iv CHristian, second Son of Joachim Ernestus, was the Beginner of this Line: To his share in the Division of the Estate, fell the Lordship of Bernburg, the County of Ballenstedt, the Presidency of Hatzgerod, with the Covent of Gernrod; a Prince either for Field or Counsel. He died April 20. 1630. and left fourteen Children, by Anne Countess of Bentheim, of which four died young; and Sibylla Elizabetha, Agnesa Magdalena, Amalia Sophia, Lovisa Amalia, Dorothea Bathild, died unmarried: The rest were, 

1. Christianus II. of whom by and by.  
2. Eleanora Maria, born Aug. 7. 1600. married to Albertus II. Prince of Meckleburg and Gustrow (in Germany) died 1657.  
3. Ernestus II. born May 19 1608. slain at the Battle of Lutzen, 1632.  
4. Frederick, born Novemb. 16. 1613. The Branch of Hatzgerod sprang from him: He died June 30. 1670. His first Wife was Johanna Elizabetha, of the House of Nassau, who died March 2. 1647. his second, Maria Elizabetha, of the House of Lippa. By the first of which he had, 

1. William II. born Aug. 18. 1643. he succeeded his Father in Hatzgerod, and married Julia Elizabetha Albertina, Countess of Selms, of the Line of Laubach, with whom he lives as yet Childless.  
2. Anna Ursula, born 1645. died 1647.  
3. Elizabetha Charlotta, born Feb. 11. 1647. married 1663. to William Lodovick, a Cadet of the Line of Coten; and after his death, to Augustus II. Duke of H●ls. Plonen.    
5. Sophia Margareta, born Sept. 16. 1615. married to John Casimier, a Cadet of the House of Dessaw: died Decemb. 28. 1673.    
Of these, Christian II. succeeded his Father, and made his Residence at Bernburg, where he died, 1565. He married Eleanora Sophia, Daughter of John Duke of Holsat. Sundurburg, 1625. by whom he had a great many Children, of whom yet the here named only came to maturity, viz.  
1. Victor Amadaeus, born Octob. 6. 1634. He succeeded his Father, and married Elizabetha, Daughter of Frederick, Palatine of Bipont, who died April 17. 1677. having brought him  
Five Children: 

1. Carolus Frederick, born July 13. 1668.  
2. Lebrecht, born June 28. 1669.  
3. Sophta Juliana, born Octob. 26. 1672. died Aug. 21. 1674.  
4. Johannes Georgius, born Feb. 14. 1674.  
5. Christianus, born and died 1675.    

2. Eleanora Hedewig, born Octob. 28. 1635. not yet married.  
3. Angelica, born June 6. 1639. unmarried.  
4. Anna Sophia, born Septemb. 13. 1640. married to George Frederick, Count Solms, 1664.  
5. Carolus Ursinus, born 1643. died at Parma in Italy, Jan. 4. 1660.  
6. Anna Elizabetha, born March 19 1647. married to Christian Ulrick, Duke of Wittenberg, of the Line of Silesia, 1672. died Sept. 3. 1680.    

Of the Line of Plotzkow, now Caethane.  
§. V AUgustus, third Son of Joachim Ernestus, had his Seat in the Castle of Pletzkow, a Prince worthy of all Praise, dying, spent with Years, Aug. 22. 1653. and 78th. of his Age. He married Sibylla, Countess of Solms, 1618. who died a Widow, March 23. 1659. by whom he had  
Eight Children: 

1. Johanna, born Nov, 24. 1618. a Deaconess of Quidlenburg, in Saxony.  
2 Ernestus Gottlieb, born Sept. 4. 1620. died 1654.  
3. Lebrecht, born April. 5. 1622. He revived the extinct Line of Caethane; died Issueless, Sept 7. 1669.  
4. Dorothea, born 1623. died 1637.  
5. Ehernpreisz, born 1625. died 1626.  
6. Sophia, born 1627. died Nou. 24. 1679.  
7. Elizabeth, born March 31. 1630.  
8. Emanuel, born Oct. 26. 1631. He returned from the Defence of Candia; succeeded his Brother, and married Anna Eleanora, Countess of Stolburg, March 23. 1670. but died the same Year, leaving his Wife with Child of Emanuel Lebrecht, born May 20. 1671. the only surviving Branch of the Line of Caethane.     

Of the Line of Servestan.  
§. VI THe first of this Line was Rodolphus V. fourth Son of Joachim Ernestus, who in the Division with the City of Servestan, had the Lordships of Lindaw, Coswigt, and Roslaw. He died 1622. His Wives were, 1. Dorothea Hedewig, Daughter of Herry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, who died 1608. 2. Magdalena, Daughter of John, Count Oldenburg, who died 1657. By both which, he had, 

1. Dorothea, born Sept. 25. 1607. married to Augustus' Duke of Brunswick, Octob. 26. 1623. died Sept. 26. 1634.  
2. Eleanora, born 1608. married to Frederick Duke of Holstein, of the Line of Nordburg, 1632. died 1681.  
3. Elizabeth, born 1617. died 1639.  
4. John V born March 24. 1621. As also two other Daughters, whose Names are unknown.    
Of these, John succeeded his Father: He was brought up by his Uncle Anthony Gunther, Earl of Oldenburg; and died July 4. 1667. His Wife was Sophia Augusta, Daughter of Frederick Duke of Sleswick (in Denmark) whom he married, 1649. She died a Widow, 1681. and brought him Fourteen Children: 

1. John Frederick, born 1650. died 1651.  
2. George Rodolphus, born 1651. died 1652.  
3. Charles William, born Octob. 26. 1652. He succeeded his Father, and is the now Prince of this Line. He married Sophia, Daughter of Augustus, formerly Precedent of Magdeburg, June 18. 1676. by whom he had, 

1. John Augustus, born July 20. 1677.  
2. Charles Frederick, born July 8. 1678.  
3. Magdalen Augusta, born Oct. 20. 1679.    
4. Anthony Gunther, born Nou. 11. 1653.  
5. John Adolphus, born Dec. 2. 1654.  
6. John Lodowick, born May 4. 1656.  
7. Joachim Ernestus, born 1657. died 1658.  
8. magdalena Sibylla, born 1658. died 1659.  
9 Frederica, born and died, 1660.  
10. Hedewig Maria Eleanora, born and died 1662.  
11. Sophia Augusta, born March 9 1663.  
12. Albertus, born and died 1665.  
13. Augustus, born 1666. died 1667.  
14. A Daughter without Name, 1668.     

Of the Augmentations of This Family.  
§. VII. WE have already noted how Albertus Ursus was, in the Year 1152. made Marquis of Brandenburg. In 1180. Bernhard obtained the Duchy of Saxony, with the Electoral Dignity. In 1630. Julius Henricus of Saxon Lawenburg, got the Principality of Slackwerd in Bohemia, in right of his Wife: And about the Year 1650. John of Servestan had the Sovereignty of Jervan, by the Bequest of Anthony Gunther, Count Oldenburg.   

Of its Decreasings.  
§. VIII. IN 1315. the County of Ascania, with the City of Aschersleben, came to the Bishop of Halberstadt. In 1322. the Country and Electorate of Brandenburg fell from this Family. In 1418. it lost the Upper Saxony, with that Electorship. In 1640. William Duke of Brunswick in Lunenburg, surnamed The Victorious, took from it the County of Wolpe, which yet remains in the Family. In the next French War, the King of France outed the Line of Servestan of the Sovereignty of Jervan, and gave it up to the King of Denmark; which yet by an amicable Composition, was restored again, in August 1689. Yet the Family of Anhalt makes Pretention to the Duchy of Lower Saxony, vulgarly called Sachsen, or Saxon-Lawenburg, by the death of Julius Franciscus, in 1689. the last Duke of Lower Saxony, and of that Lineage.    

CHAP. XVI. Of the Family of Nassau, and Orange.  
§. I. OF this Family, there are some things to be enlarged on, in regard the now King of England, William Henry, is descended from it. But not to perplex ourselves too much in searching out its Original, which, certain it is, flourished in the IX. Century, it sufficeth at present if we take notice, That from Walram and Otto, Sons of Henry surnamed The Rich, Earl of Nassau, sprang two Capital Lines, viz. that of Idstein, afterwards called Saraepont from Walram, and that of Dillenburg, which now enjoys the Principality, from Otto; and therefore we shall confine ourselves singly to that. This Otto, in the Division of the Patrimony, had to his share the Counties of Dillenburg and Bielstien, and left one Son, Henry, Father of Otto II. who married Adelheid, Daughter of Godfrey Earl of Viand; by whom he had John, Father of Engelbert; and Adolphus, who died without Issue: But Engelbert married very advantageously with Joan of Poland, Daughter and Heir of Philip, Baron of Leck and Breda, who brought him John II. born Aug. 1. 1410. who by his Wife Mary, Countess of Lohen and Heinsburg, had Engelbert II. who died without Issue; and John III. who by Elizabeth, of the House of Hesse, had two Sons, Henry, and William the Elder, of whom and of his Posterity we shall speak, Sect. III.  
§. II. Henry, born Aune 12. 1483. His first Wife, Frances, the Daughter of James Earl of— being dead, he took Claudia, Daughter of John Cabillonius, Prince of Orange, 1515. who also dying 1521. he married Mencia Mendora, Daughter of Radericus, Marquis of Genett, afterwards Duke of Calabria. He had Issue by Claudia only, to wit, Renatus, whom his Uncle Philibert, Prince of Orange, having no Issue of his own, adopted, and left him Heir of the Principality, 1530. Renatus also dying without Children, 1544. he bequeathed all to his Cousin-German William; who being content with what he had in the Low-Countries, and Orange, gave up all beyond the Rhine to his Brother John; and was a Prince worthy of all Memory. His first Son was Henry Philip William, who died without Issue 1618. by which means the Principality came to his Brother maurice, a well-experienced Prince, either for Peace or War. He died April 23. 1625. but unmarried; whereby, having no legitimate Issue, he was succeeded by his Brother Henry Frederick, third Son of William the Younger; whom after the death of the said Maurice, the States of the United Provinces of the Low Countries, made Stadt-Holder, which he managed with a surpassing Courage and Conduct: He died 1647. and by Amalia, Countess of Solms, who died in 1675. left  
Four Daughters: 

1. Lovisa, married Decemb. 7. 1646. to Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg; died June 6. 1667.  
2. Henrica Aemilia, born Oct. 26. 1628. married 1648. to William Frederick, Prince of Nassau, and Hereditary Governor of Friesland; now a Widow.  
3. Henrica Catharina, born 1637. married 1658. to John George II. Prince of Anhalt.  
4. Marry, born 1641. married to Lewis Herman Maurice Francis, Palatine of Simmeren; died in March, 1678. by whom he had two Sons, William, and Lewis who died an Infant: The former, a magnanimous Prince, how unfortunately soever he died, Nou. 6. 1650. He was married in the Fifteenth Year of his Age, to Mary, eldest Daughter of Charles I. King of Great Britain, who died Decemb. 24. 1660. From which Marriage, but born after the death of his Father, came    
William Henry, born Novemb. 4. 1650. He was restored to the Dignity of his Ancestors, in the Stadt-Holdership of the United Provinces, 1672. and as born to greater, was elected and proclaimed King of England, Feb. 13. 1688. and thereupon Crowned, April 10. following, and not long after declared King of Scotland. He married Mary, eldest Daughter of James Duke of York, second Son of Charles I. and after the death of his elder Brother Charles TWO, King of England, with whom he now lives.  
§. III. We now now to John III. Son of William the Elder, and Brother of William Prince of Orange. He dwelled in the Castle of Dillenburg, and had 25 Children, of which 4 only are chief to be remembered in this place; viz. John, George, Ernestus Casimier, and John Lewis; for from them sprang the several Lines of Siegen, Dillenburg, Diezen, and Hademar; on each of which, the Emperor Ferdinand III. in the Diet of Ratisbonne, March 3. 1654. conferred the Honour of having a Voice and Seat among the Princes of the Empire.  

Of the Line of Siegen.  
§. iv THe Beginner of this Line, was John, surnamed Medius, Son of John III. who had 23 Children by two Wives; but we shall first mention those of the Second Marriage: 

1. John Mauritius, surnamed Americanus; a Prince the most remarkable of our time. He was Prior of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem,— Vicegerent of the Duchy of Cleves, and the Principality of Mindane, etc. Died Decemb. 20. 1679. in the 75th. Year of his Age.  
2. George Frederick; he commanded the Prince of Orange's Regiment of Horse-Guards; and died without Issue, 1674.  
3. Henry, Governor of the City of Hue in Flanders; and died first of his Brothers. He had to Wife Mary Elizabeth, Daughter of John Ernestus, Earl of Limburg, who died 1653. and by her, 

1. Frederick, who in the Leaguer of Maestricht got the Bloody Flux, of which he died at Ruremond, in Septemb. 1676.  
2. William Maurice: He was Colonel of a Regiment of Switz, and General for the States of the United Provinces in the Low Countries. He married Ernesta Charlotta, Daughter of Adolphus Prince of Nassau, of the Line of Dillenburg, Jan. 6. 1678. by whom he had one Son, born Feb. 20. 1680. whose Name yet has not occurred to us.  
3. Sophia Amalia, married to Frederick Casimier, Duke of Courland. She died Dec. 25. 1688.      
By his first Marriage he had two Sons; John the Younger; and William, born of Magdalen, Countess of Waldeck. William was married to Christian, Countess of Erpach; but left no Son by her, and died 1642. John went off to the Church of Rome; and by Ernestina of Arenburg, and after his death, which was in 1638. left One Son and Two Daughters: 

1. John Francis Desideratus, who served the King of Spain, and was by him made Knight of the Golden Fleece; and in 1680. Governor of Gelderland in Lower Germany. He was twice married; First to Johanna Claudia, Countess of Conigseck, who died 1664. next to Maria Eleanora Sophia, Daughter of Herman Fortunatus, Marquis of Baden, who died 1668. From both which, these only, that I find, got up to years: 

1. Marry Leopoldina, married to Maurice Henry, a Kinsman by the Father's side, of the Line of Hademar: She died June 27. 1675.  
2. Ernestina Eleanora.  
3. Clara Chiliana.  
4. Albertina Gabrielis.    
2. Ernestina, married to Maurice Henry, of the Line of Hademar: She died Aug. 15. 1668.  
3. Clara Maria, first married to Henry Ernestus, Prince of Lignitz; and after that, to Claudius Lamorald, his Brother; now a Widow.     

Of the Line of Dillenburg.  
§. V GEorge, as we have already said Sect. III was the Founder of this Family. His first Wife was Anna Amalia, a Niece of the House of Sarsbruck, who brought him many Children; of whom though only Lewis Henricus propagated the Line. His Wives were three: 1. Catharine, Countess of Sainsem. 2. Elizabeth the Rhinegrave. 3. Sophia Magdalena, a Coulin-German of the Line of Hademar. By the first and second he had a numerous Progeny; and of the third, we shall only now reckon George Lewis, Adolphus, and Augustus, who though young, performed Actions beyond his Years, and died Jan. 7. 1681. George Lewis married Anna Augusta, Daughter of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, and died May 19 1656. of whom there are now living, 

1. Henry, born Aug. 28. 1641. who married Dorothy Elizabeth, Daughter of George Duke of Lignitz in Silesia; and saw living from her, 

1. Sophia Augusta, born April 18. 1666.  
2. George Lewis, born June 21. 1667.  
3. Albertina, born Aug. 8. 1668.  
4. William, born Aug. 28. 1670.  
5. Adolphus, born March 7. 1673.  
6. Frederica Amalia, born in Decemb. 1674.    
2. Sophia Eleanora, born May 2. 1640. unmarried.  
3. Charlotta, born 1643. married 1665. to Augustus' Earl of Lignitz; and he dying in 1680. to Ferdinand Gobert, Earl of Aspremont.    
There remains Adolphus, Uncle to Henry, who was seated in Schaumburg; where, by Elizabeth Charlotta, Daughter of Peter Earl of Holtzapfel, he had  
Three Daughters: 

1. Ernestina Charlotta, born 1662. married to William Maurice, a Kinsman of the House of Siegen.  
2. Johanna Elizabetha, born 1663.  
3. Charlotta, born 1672.     

Of the Line of Diezen.  
§. VI THe first of this Line was Ernestus Casimier, who succeeded his Brother William Lodowick in the Government of Friesland and Greeningen: He was Major-General to the Confederate States of the United Provinces, and slain by a Shot at Ruremond (in Guelderland) June. 5. 1632. His Wife was Sophia Hedewig of Brunswick, who died 1642. by whom he had, 

1. Henry Casimier, Governor of Friesland and Groeningen, who was slain at the Sconce of Nassau in Flanders, June 6. 1640.  
2. William Frederick, who succeeded his Brother in his Commands, but unfortunately slain, Oct. 13. 1664. for blowing into a Pistol to try if it were charged, it went off, and so wounded him, that he died in three Days. His Widow, Henrica Aemilia of the House of Orange, is yet living, who brought him, 

1. Henry Casimier, born Jan. 1657. He succeeded his Father in his Hereditary Dignities; and married Henrica Amalia, Daughter of John George II. Prince of Anhalt.  
2. Sophia Wilhelmina, born 1664. and is yet unmarried.       

Of the Line of Hademar.  
§. VII. THis Line began in John Lodovick, who went off to the Church of Rome, and was by the Emperor Ferdinand II. made Chamberlain of the Empire. Ferdinand III. made him of his Privy-Council, and sent him Ambassador to the Treaty of Westphalia. He was the first of these Four Lines, on whom the Honour of having a Vote and Sear among the Princes, was conferred; and died March 6. 1653. His Wife was Ursula, Countess of Lippen; by whom he had Twelve Children, seven of which were but short-lived: The rest were, 

1. Johanna Elizabetha, born 1619. married to Frederick Prince of Anhalt, of the House of Hatzgerod; died 1647.  
2. Sophia Magdalena, born Feb. 6. 1622. married to Lewis Henry, a Cousin-German of the Line of Dillenburg; died Feb. 6. 1659.  
3. Maurice Henry, born 1626. the Successor of his Father. He married Ernestina, Daughter of John the Younger, a Kinsman of the Line of Siegen, 1650. and after her death, in 1668. Maria Leopoldina, Daughter of John Francis Desideratus, of the same Line; who also dying, he married Anna Lodovica, Countess of Manderscheid, and died Jan. 24, 1679. leaving by the said Countess a large Progeny, of whom yet these are only living: 

1. Francis Alexander, born Jan 27. 1674. and bred under the Tuition of his Mother-in-Law, and his Uncle.  
2. Albertina Johannetta, born May 9 1681.    
4. Herman Otto, born 1627. He was Bishop of Cologne, etc. and died July 26. 1660.  
5. Francis Bernhard, born Sept. 21, 1637. Dean of the Chapter of Cologne, as also of Strasburg.      

CHAP. XVII. Of the Family of Lorraine.  
§. I. WE have hitherto shown, besides the Regal, the Principal Families of the Princes of Germany; and come now to those of other Countries, where, in the first place, the Family of Lorraine comes in our way; which, that it had the same Original with those of Austria, Wirtenburg, and Baden, Antiquity gives us not the least reason to doubt. For Gerhard descended of the ancient Landtgraves of Alsatia, the old Family of Lorraine descended from Charlemaigne, being extinct, was created Duke of Lorraine by the Emperor Henry the Third, An. 1048. His Wife was Hadwid of Namur; by whom, himself dying, 1070. he left Two Sons, Theodorick and Gerhard, who was created Earl of Valdemont; but his Posterity went out in Henry the Fourth Earl, and his Niece Margaret, who was married to Frederick of Lorraine, of whom we shall soon speak again. But Theodorick succeeded his Father in the Duchy, from whom in a right Line are descended the Dukes of Lorraine, to Charles the First, surnamed The Bold, who died 1430. and left no Son: His Brother Frederick before mentioned, married Margaret, Countess and Heir of Joinville and Valdemont, and brought back this County into his Family: He was Slain at the Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 25. 1415. His Son was Anthony, Earl of Valdemont, who had sharp Contests about the Succession to his Uncle, with Renatus Andine, King of Naples, who had married Isabel, the Daughter of Charles the Bold, which came to Blows: Andine was beaten and taken Prisoner, 1431. and at last matters were so made up, That Andine should give up his Right, and his Daughter Jolantha in Marriage to Frederick the Son of Anthony; by which means the said Frederick came at length to be the Successor of Charles the Bold: He died 1470.  
§. II. The Son of Frederick was Renatus, to whom no Duke of Lorraine was ever equal for Power, and largeness of Territory: He had hot Wars with Charles, surnamed The Stout, Duke of Burgundy: Made his last Will 1506. by which he made his Sons Anthony and Claudius his Heirs, as having designed his other Sons to the Church, and died Dec. 8. 1508. By this disposition Claudius had the County of Aumale, the Baronies of Guise and Joinville, the Lordships of Elbeuf, Maine, etc. but his Posterity failed in Francis Joseph, the only Son of Lewis Joseph, Duke of Guise, Joyeuse, and Augoulesine, who died 1675. There yet remained Mary, the Sister of Lewis the Grandfather, Duchess of Guise and Joyeuse, Princess of Joinville, but she died 1687.  
Anthony the Elder Brother, born June 4. 1489. had the Duchy of Lorraine and Barry; and died June 15. 1544. leaving Issue by Renata of Bourbon, Daughter of Gilbert, Earl of Montpensier; Francis, Duke of Lorraine and Bar; a Prince adorned with all the Beauties of Mind and Body, but taken off by an Apoplexy in the Flower of his Youth. His only Son was Charles the Second, Duke of Lorraine and Bar, born Feb. 18. 1543. married Claudia, Daughter of Henry the Second, King of France, and died Dec. 10. 1608. His Issue were, 

1. Henry, Duke of Lorraine and Bar, born Nou. 8. 1563. who succeeded his Father, and took to Wife Catharine, Daughter of Anthony, King of Navarre, An. 1599 But she dying in 1604. he Two Years after married Margaret Gonzaga, Daughter of Vincent, Duke of Mantua: By the last Lady he left Issue Two Daughters, Nicholaea, born 1608. and Claudia: The one married to Charles the Third, and deceased Feb. 20. 1657. The other to Nicholas Francis, and died 1656.  
2. Christina, born Aug. 6. 1565. married to Ferdinand the Great Duke of Tuscany, 1589. deceased Jan. 19 1637.  
3. Charles Bishop of Metz and Strasburg, born July 1. 1567. he was likewise promoted to the Dignity of a Cardinal, on Dec. 12. 1588.  
4. Antonia, born Aug. 26. 1568. married to William, Duke of Cleves and Mons, 1599 deceased Aug. 18. 1610.  
5 Anne, born and deceased 1570.  
6. Francis, Count de Vaudemont, born Feb. 27. 1571. of whom in the next Section.  
7. Catharine, Lady Abbess of Remirmont, born Nou. 3. 1572. deceased March 7. 1648.  
8. Elizabeth, born Nou. 3. 1573. married to Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, 1595. deceased Jan. 4. 1635. And,  
9 Claudia, born and deceased 1574.    
§. III. We now return to Francis Count de Vaudemont, who succeeded his Brother Henry in the Dutchies of Lorraine and Bar; married Christina, Daughter of Paul, Count Solms, and died 1632. leaving Issue Five Children, whose Names were; 

1. Henry, deceased an Infant.  
2. Charles the Third, his Father's Successor, born 1603. a Bold and Valiant Prince: yet, by reason of some Divisions and Discontents in his Family, but chief seeing himself like to die, without Issue, sold all his Dominions to the French King: But beginning to repent of what he had done, and willing to evade his Contract, was forced to stand to it by the French, who beat him out of his Duchy, which he could never again recover. His first Duchess was Nicholaea, Daughter to his Uncle Duke Henry, whom he Divorced, and married Beatrix de Cussance, Daughter of Eugenius, Prince of— after whose decease, he in 1665. took Mary, Daughter of Charles, Count d' Aspremont, to his third Wife; yet died without lawful Issue, An. 1675.  
3. Nicholas Francis, Bishop of Toul, promoted to a Cardinal's Hat in 1626. yet afterwards quitted his Orders, and acted a secular Prince; marrying the Lady Claudia, Daughter to his Uncle, Henry, Duke of Lorraine, which Match gave Birth to the most Illustrious Hero, Charles Leopold Sixtus, of whom in the next Section.  
4. Henrica, born 1606. deceased 1660. having had Five Husbands, namely, 1. Lewis de Guise. 2. Jerom Grimaldi. 3. Christopher de Moura. 4. Charles de Gascoigne: And, 5. The Baron de Cantelou.  
5. Margaret, born 1616. married to Gaston John Baptist, Duke of Orleans, 1632. deceased Ap. 13. 1672.    
§. iv We are now come to speak of Charles Leopold, the now rightful Duke of Lorain, born 1643. A Prince highly esteemed by His Imperial Majesty, whose General he is. A Prince, without dispute, the greatest Hero of the Age; having, by his late Renowned Actions against the Turks, which can scarce be Parallelled in Story, joined with what he daily performs against the French, already raised himself to such a pitch of Glory, as will render his Name Immortal to all Posterity. In 1678. he married Eleanora Maria Josepha of Austria, Sister to the present Emperor, and Dowager of Michael, late King of Poland; who hath born him Issue at Inspruck, in the Principality of Tyrol, as followeth, viz.  

1. Leopoldus Josephus Carolus Agapetus Hyacintus, born Sept. 11. 1679.  
2. Josephus Johannes Antonius Ignatius Felicissimus, born Nou. 24. 1680.  
3. Another Son deceased before it was Christened.  
4. Ferdinandus Josephus Philippus Romanus Laurentius, born Aug. 17. 1683.  
5. Josephus Innocentius Emanuel Felicianus Constantinus, born Oct. 20. 1685.  
6. Franciscus Antonius Josephus Maria Ambrose Nicholaus, born Dec. 8. 1689. N. S.    

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Family of the Duke of Tuscany.  
§. I. WE remarked above in the Life of the Emperor Rudolph the First, That he alienated from the Empire, and gave their Freedom to several Cities in Italy; amongst which, the City of Florence paid for her Liberty 6000 Shillings. But upon the breaking out of great Heats and Tumults between the Commons and the Nobles, in the Year 1311. it submitted itself to the Protection of Robert, King of (Naples according to Machiavil) Sicily, but it did not long continue in that State, but was afterwards under the Government of the Duke of Calabria; and after him, of the Dukes of Athens, who having renounced the Government, and the Nobles being overpowered by the Commonalty it became Monarchial: For An. 1434. Cosmo de Medici's, a Citizen, and whose Ancestors were Merchants, was elected Prince by the Populace, Piero or Peter de Medici's, Prince Cosmo's Grandson, having, without the Senate's knowledge, entered into a League with the French King, Chap. VIII. was ejected by the Flerentines, who enjoyed their ancient Liberty, till An. 1512. Ferdinand the Catholic King restored the Medicean Family; which, nevertheless, in the Year 1529. was again expelled by the Flerentines: And altho' the Emperor, Chap. V seized on the City, and made Alexander de Medici's, who had married his natural Daughter, Margaret, their Governor, yet he being Slain, the Populace made choice of his Kinsman Cosmo de Medici's.  
§. II. This Cosmo, commonly called the First, was declared King of Tuscany, by Pope Paul the Fifth, in 1569. But upon the Emperor Maximilian the Second much opposing it, he threw aside the Title of King, and took that of Great Duke of Tuscany: His Son Francis, in 1575. married Joan, the Daughter of the Emperor Ferdinand the First, by whom he had,  
Ferdinand the First, Father of  
Cosmo the Second, who died 1670. and left a Son,  
Cosmo the Third, born 1642. the present Grand Duke, who, by Margaret Lovise, Daughter of Gaston John Baptist, Duke of Orleans, has a Son, viz. Gaston, who, in 1688. married Violanta Beatrix, Daughter of Ferdinand Maria, and Sister to the present Elector of Bavaria.  
§. III. As for what concerns this Prince's Dominions: In Tuscany and Pisa he is Sovereign: But Feudatory to His Catholic Majesty for Sienna and Massa, and great part of the Isse of Elbe, to whom, upon that account he yearly pays 10000 Florins. Lastly, he holds the City Saturnia as a Fief of the Empire. His Power may be guessed by his Yearly Revenues, which are estimated at 1800000 Shillings.   

CHAP. XIX. Of the House of Savoy.  
§. I. THo' the Dukes of Savoy may not improperly be referred to Germany, and contained in the Upper-Circle of the Rhine; yet, because they are possessed of all Piedmont in Italy, as also many places in France, we thought more convenient to treat of 'em in this place. Now this Family is justly to be numbered amongst those of the greatest Antiquity, since little that is certain can be spoke of its Original by reason thereof. This, nevertheless, is without Dispute, That Beraldus, Marquis of Italy, Earl of Savoy and Maurienne, flourished in the beginning of the Eleventh Century, and died about the Year 1023. His Son was Humbert the First, surnamed Albimanus, Earl of Savoy and Maurienne, Lord of Chabais and Valois, who departed this Life in the Year 1048. being succeeded by his Son Otho, Earl of Savoy and Maurienne, Lord of Chablais, Valois, and Aouste, Marquis of Italy and Susa, and Duke of Turin, who died in 1091. This Otho was succeeded by his Brother Amadeus the Second (for his Elder Brother Caudatus died before his Father) who begat Humbert the Second, Earl of Savoy, Maurienne, and Piedmont, Lord of Chablais, Aouste and Tarento, Marquis of Susa and Italy, which Humbert departed this Life on Nou. 18. 1103. and left the Government of his Provinces to his Eldest Son Amadeus the Third, who died at Nic●sia in an Expedition to the Holy Land, on Apr. 1. 1149. Amadeus the Third was followed by his Son Humbert the Third, surnamed The Saint, who died March 4. 1186. Humbert's Son and Successor was Thomas the First, Earl of Savoy, etc. and Vicar-General of the Empire in Lombardy and Piedmont, born May 20. 1177. deceased Jan. 20. 1233. This Prince lest many Children, whereof we shall mention only Three, and as serviceable to present purpose; namely, Amadeus the Fourth, Thomas the Second, and Philip. Amadeus, the Eldest of the Three succeeded his Father, and begat Boniface, surnamed Roland; which Boniface died without Issue, in 1263. and was succeeded by his Uncle Philip, who likewise had the same Fate, Nou. 17. 1285.  
§. II. Return we therefore to Thomas, who departed this Life in the Year 1259. leaving Mac Three Sons, whose Names were,  
1. Thomas of Savoy (the Third of that Name) born 1248. deceased 1282. whose Son,  
Philip obtained all Piedmont, except the Marquisate of Susa, upon the death of his Great Uncle Duke Philip, without Issue, where his Posterity ruled, till the Year 1418. at which time it became extinct in Prince Lewis of Savoy.  

2. Amadeus the Fifth, who, in the division of Duke Philip's Inheritance 'twixt him and his Nephew Philip, had the County of Savoy, etc. for his Lot: Of this Prince more below.  
3. Lewis of Savoy, Baron of Vaud, whose Posterity failed in another Lewis, An. 1350.   
Amadeus the Fifth, by reason of his great Exploits, surnamed The Great, was born in 1249. and died Oct. 16. 1323. In 1310. he was created a Prince of the Empire, by the Emperor Henry the Sixth. The Children that survived him, were, 

1. Edward, born 1284. who succeeded him, but died without Issue, 1329. And,  
2. Aymon, surnamed Pacificus (or Peacemaker) born Dec. 15. 1291. who succeeded his Brother Edward, and died June 1343. leaving the Government to his Son Amadeus the Sixth, who died in the Year 1383. and was succeeded by his Son Amadeus the Seventh, surnamed The Red, who begat Amadeus the Eighth, of whom in the next Section.    
§. III. Amadeus the Eighth was born Sept. 4. 1383. and created Duke of Savoy by the Emperor Sigismond, on Feb. 19 1416. In 1418. Piedmont in Italy, etc. fell to him upon the death of his Cousin Lewis without Issue. In 1434. he gave up the Government to his Son Lewis, betaking himself to an Ecclesiastic Life, and died in the Year 1451.  
Lewis who succeeded him, was born 1402. married Anne Lusignan, Daughter to Jean, King of Cyprus, An. 1432. and died 1465. Amongst the Children that survived, we find,  
1. Amadeus the Ninth, who succeeded him, and died 1472. being succeeded himself by his Son,  
Charles the Second, Duke of Savoy, who died 1490. leaving his Son,  
Charles John Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, and King of Cyprus, born 1448. to succeed him. This Charles John died Childless, An. 1496.  
2. Philip, surnamed Sans Terrae (or Lack-land) born Feb. 5 1438. nevertheless, in the extremity of his Age he came to be Duke, and Heir to a farthing, to all the Lands and Estates of his Grand-Nephew, Duke Charles John Amadeus . He departed this Life on Nou. 7. 1497. and left the Government to his Son, 

1. Philibert the Second, born 1480. deceased without Issue Sept. 10. 1504 whereupon the Government fell to his Brother  
2. Charles the Third born 1486. deceased 1553. whose Son was Emanuel Philibert, of whom in the next Section.    
§. iv Emanuel Philibert was born July 1 1428. and from his very Youth proved himself an excellent Soldier, in the Service of the Emperor Charles V On July 9 1559. he married Margaret, Daughter to Francis I. King of France, and died Aug. 30. 1580. leaving only a Son.  
Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, and King of Cyprus; born Jan. 12. 1562. a Prince (to use the Words of the Learned Im. Hoff, in his Geneal. Gall.) of sublime Parts, and happy Memory; excellently well read in all sorts of Learning, especially Mathematics. He had a very sharp War with the French, but with bad success. On March 11. 1685. he married Catharina Michaelis, of the House of Austria, Daughter to Philip II. King of Spain; and died July 26. 1630. leaving Issue, 

1. Philip Emanuel, Prince of Piedmont, born 1586. deceased 1605.  
2. Victor Amadeus, of whom in the next §.  
3. Emanuel Philibert, Knight of Jerusalem, Prince of Oneglia, and Vice Roy of Sicily, born 1588. deceased at Palermo, 1624.  
4. Margaret, born April 28. 1589. married to Francis Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, 1608. deceased June 26. 1655.  
5. Isabel, born March 11. 1591. and married to Alphonsus of Este, Duke of Modena. She died 1626.  
6. Maurice, Cardinal of S.R. E. born Jan. 10. 1593. but afterwards coming to be Prince of Oneglia, he married Aboisia Mary, his Brother Amadeus' Daughter, yet died without Issue, Oct. 4. 1657.  
7. Marry, a professed Nun; she died 1656.  
8. Frances Catharine; she was likewise professed, and died 1641.  
9 Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignan, Dec. 21. 1596. of whom in the last §.  
10 Joan, born and deceased the same Year, viz. 1597.    
§. V 'Tis now time Victor Amadeus again appear: He was born May 3. 1587. and succeeded his Father in the Duchy of Savoy. This Prince was a great Lover of Peace; nevertheless, a new War breaking out 'twixt France and Spain, he declared for the first; which involved him in so many Difficulties, that being oppressed by 'em, he fell into a Fever, whereof he died in a few Days, Oct. 7. 1637. His Duchess was Daughter to King Henry iv of France; by whom he had Issue as followeth; viz.  

1. Aloisia Marry Christina, born July 27. 1629. and married to her Uncle Maurice, Prince of Oneglia.  
2. Franciscus Hyacinthus, Duke of Savoy, born 1632. deceased 1638.  
3. Charles Emanuel, of whom below.  
4. Margaret Joland, born 1635. married to Rainulius, Duke of Parma, April 29. 1660. deceased 1663.  
5 Adelais Henrica (or as others, Henrietta Adelheid) born Nou. 6. 1636. married to Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, 1652. deceased March 18. 1676.  
6. Catharina Beatrix, her Twin-Sister, deceased 1637.   
Charles Emanuel, who succeeded his Father, was born June 20. 1634. He performed all his Exercises very finely on Horseback; for the improvement of which Art, he caused an Academy to be opened at Turin; and was so absolutely perfect in all other Endowments, both of Mind and Body, that his untimely death, which happened June 12. 1675. is never enough to be lamented. In 1663. he took to Wise Frances Magdalen, Daughter to John Baptist Gaston. Duke of Orleans; but she died May 11. 1665. After which, he married Mary Joan Baptist of Savoy, Daughter to Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours, whom he left, as she still remains, a Widow. By the last he had  
Victor Amadeus Francis, the present Duke of Savoy, born May 17. 1666. On April 9 1684. he married Anne Mary, Daughter to Philip Duke of Orleans; by whom (as far as I can learn) he has hitherto had only, 

1. Marry Adelheid, born Dec. 6. 1685. And,  
2. Another Daughter, born Aug. 30. N.S. 1688. whose Name as yet I know not.    
§. VI It still remains we say somewhat of Thomas Francis, youngest Son to Charles Emanuel I. Duke of Savoy, mentioned already by us in Sect. IU. Numb. 9 who spent his Life, for the most part, in the Wars. Jan. 22. 1624. he married Mary of Bourbon, Daughter to Charles Count de Soissons; who bore him, 

1. Charlotte Christina, not long-lived.  
2. Aloisia Christina, born Aug. 1. 1627. and married to Ferdinand Maximilian, Marquis of Baden, 1693.  
3. Emanuel Philibert Amadeus of Savoy, Prince de Carignan, born Aug. 20. 1628. He was both deaf and dumb, and so wholly unfit for Business of State; nevertheless he was married in 1684. to Mary Catharine of Este, Prince Borsus his Daughter.  
4. Joseph Emanuel John, born June 24. 1631. deceased Jan. 12. 1656.  
5. Eugenius Maurice of Savoy, Count de Soissons, born May 3. 1635. of whom beneath.  
6. Amadeus, and both which died in their youth.  
7. Ferdinand, both which died in their youth.    
As for Eugenius Maurice, he departed this Life June 7. 1673. On Feb. 20. 1657. he married Olympia, Daughter of Michael Laurence of— by Cardinal Mazarine's Sister, whom he left a Widow, and by her a numerous Issue; viz.  

1. Lewis Thomas, Count de Soissons, born Decemb. 15. 1657. His Princess' Name is Urania de la Cropte, Daughter to the Noble Baron de Beauvais, whom he married Decemb. 17. 1682.  
2. Philip, born 1659.  
3. Lewis Julius, born May 2. 1660. and slain in the Turkish Wars, July 13. 1683.  
4. Emanuel, born 1663. deceased 1676.  
5. Francis Eugenius, born 1665.  
6. Frances, deceased Feb. 24. 1671.  
7. Marry Joan Baptista, born Jan. 1. 1665.  
8. Aloisia Philiberta, born Nou. 22. 1667.    

CHAP. XX. Of the House of Mantua.  
§. I. WE now come to the Family of the Dukes of Mantua, and shall derive the same from one Hugo, who married one of the Gonzaga's, a Family of a Noble Extraction in Lombardy; which was the reason that his Son Gerhard, who was invested in Mantua by his Cousin Adelbert, in 1009. as an immediate Feudatory of the Empire, took on him the Name of Gonzaga. Hugo his Father died in the Year 946. and is said to be the Son of another Hugo, who was Earl of Provence, and King of Italy, and Son to King Lotharius III. Grandson to K. Lotharius II. and great Grandson to Lotharius the Emperor. Aloisius, or Lewis Gonzaga, was the Eleventh in descent from Gerhard, and created Captain of Mantua by the Emperor Charles iv in the Year 1329. His Son and Successor was Guido, who begat Lewis; which Lewis was succeeded by his Son Francis; all of 'em Captains of Mantua. Francis' Son and Successor was John Francis, created the first Marquis of Mantua, by the Emperor Sigismond, Sept. 22. 1433. His eldest Son and Successor was Frederick I. who begat Francis II. Francis II. begat Frederick II. who was created the First Duke of Mantua, by Charles V April 8. 1530. and left three Sons: (1.) Francis, who died without Issue. (2.) William, who succeeded his Brother Francis. And (3.) Lewis of whom in the next. William's Son and Successor was Vincent, Duke of Mantua, whose Issue was as followeth: 

1. Margaret Gonzaga, married to Henry, Duke of Lorraine.  
2. Eleanor, married in 1622. to the Emperor Ferdinand II. deceased June 27. 1655.  
3. Francis II. who left only a Daughter.  
4. Cardinal Ferdinand. And,  
5. Vincent, in whom the Ducal Line in Italy failed, Anno 1627.    
§. II. Return we therefore to Lewis III. Son to Frederick , who married the Lady Henrica, Heiress to the Duchy of Nevers in France; which was possessed by his Posterity, till the Year 1659. at what time they sold it to Cardinal Mazarine. His Son was Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, who became Duke upon the death of his Cousin Vincent, and Heired all his Estates. He departed this Life in the Year 1637. having begot Charles II. who, contrary to the Course of Nature, died before his Father, 1631. Nevertheless, he was first married, and left Issue as follows: 

1. Eleanor, born May 18. 1629. married to the Emperor Ferdinand III. 1651. deceased 1●86.  
2. Charles III. the present Duke, who married Isabel Clara, Daughter to Leopold V Archduke of Austria; but has no Issue by her.     

CHAP. XXI. Of the Family of the Dukes of Parma and Placentia.  
§. 1. THe Dukes of Parma own their Original to the ancient Line of the Farnese's in Italy, from whence Pope Paul III (otherwise Alexander de Farnese) was descended; who in 1545. created his Natural Son, Peter Aloisius de Farnese, Duke of Parma and Placentia. Nevertheless, by reason of his vicious Disposition, and intolerable Cruelty, he so far incensed both the Nobility and Commonalty, that they conspired against him, and slew him. His Son Octavius married Margaret, Natural Daughter to Charles V Alexander de Medici's, Great Duke of Tuscany's Widow; and of this Match Alexander de Farnese, Prince of Parma, was born; a Prince worthy the noblest Character, and hardly to be equalled by the greatest Men of that Age. He married Mary of Portugal, by whom he had Rainulius I. Duke of Parma and Placentia; and Odoardus I. who became a Cardinal. The first of these begat, 

1. Alexander the Dumb, who by reason of that Imperfection, was unfit to Govern. And,  
2. Odoardus II. who succeeded his Father; and died 1646.    
§. II. This Odoardus II. had four Children that survived him, the eldest of which was Ratnulius II. the present Duke of Parma and Placentia; who, on Apr. 29. 1660. married Margaret Joland, Daughter to Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy; but she died in 1663. After which, he took to Wife Isabel d' Este, Daughter to Francis, Duke of Modena, who likewise is since dead. As far as we can hear, he has but one Son, viz. Odoardus the Third, lately married (as is reported) to Hedewig Elizabeth Amalia, Daughter of Philip William, Elector Palatine.   

CHAP. XXII. Of the House of Modena.  
§. I. THe Dukes of Modena are descended from the Ancient Marquesses of Este, whose common Father was Hugo, Lord of Milan, and Marquis of Este. Amongst the Descendants of this Lord, we find one Borsus, who was created Duke of Modena, by the Emperor Frederick the Third, and of Ferrara, by Pope Paul the Second. He was succeeded by his Brother Hercules the First, who died in 1505. being succeeded by his Son Alphonso the First, who, by his Wife Lucretia, Daughter to Pope Alexander the Sixth, had Hercules the Second, Duke of Mantua and Ferrara, to whom the Government fell, upon the death of his Father in 1534. His Son and Successor was Alphonso the Second, who died without Issue, in the Year, 1597.  
§. II. Now there was surviving at this time, Caesar d' Este, Son of Alphonso, Marquis of Monte Casso, natural Son to Alphonso the First, Duke of Modena, by Laura Eustachia, a Woman of obscure Birth, who afterwards got the name of Labella Ferratarina. Duke Alphonso dying without Issue, left this Caesar his Heir, by the consent of the Emperors Maximilian the Second, and Rodolph the Second; But the Pope seized on Ferrara, as a Fee Farm of the Church, vacant by the death of the last Duke. However, he was Invested in that of Modena, in the Year 1598. and was succeeded therein by his Son Francis the First, who died 1656. leaving Issue, 

1. Alphonsus the Third, who succeeded him, and in 1655. married Laurentia, Cardinal Mazarine's Niece, by his Sister; of which Match came Alphonso the Fourteenth, the present Duke, who was born 1656. and married a Princess out of the Family of the Barberini.  
2. Almerick, Prince of Modena; where he is at present, we cannot so well say.  
3. Isabel, married to Rainulius the Second, Duke of Parma, etc. but some time since dead.  
4. Marry Eleanor Beatrix, married in 73. to James the Second, King of Great Britain; the now lives in France.     

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Family of the Dukes of Curland.  
THe Dukes of Curland are Originally of Westphalia; for Gothard the First, Son to Gothard Redlar, a Westphalian Knight, and Grand Master of the Teutonick Order, was created Duke of Curland and Semigallan, by Sigismond, King of Poland; and begat James, who succeeded in that Dukedom. Duke James, in 1645. married Charlotte, the Daughter of George William, Elector of Brandenburg, who died in 76. having born him the following Issue.  

1. Frederick Casimier, the present Duke, who married Sophia Amalia, of Nassau-Siegen, on Dec. 25. 1688. by whom he has hitherto had only Two Daughters.  
2. Ferdinand, a Noble and Valiant Prince, Lieutenant-General in the Elector of Brandenburg's Army.  
3. Alexander Wounded with a Cannon-Ball at the Siege of Buda, and died in his way towards Vienna.  
4. Lovise Elizabeth, married to Frederick Landtgrave of Hesse, of the Line of Hamburg, 1671.  
5. Marry Amalia, married May 21. 1673. to Charles, Landtgrave of Hesse, of the Line of Cassel.  
6. Charlotte, who as yet lives unmarried in the King of Sweden's Court.   
FINIS.    

BOOKS Printed for, and Sold by MATTHEW GILLYFLOWER, at the Spread-Eagle, in Westminster-hall.  

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CAbala: or, Mysteries of State and Government, in Letters of illustrious Persons, in the Reigns of Henry the VIII. Queen Elizabeth, King James, and King Charles. The Third Edition, with large Additions.  
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The Essays of Michael Serginor, de Montaign. Englished by Charles Cotton, Esq; In Three Vol.  
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Charron of Wisdom. Made English by Dr Stanhope. In Two Vol.  
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The Complete Gardener: Or, Directions for Cultivating and right Ordering of Fruit-gardens, and Kitchen-gardens. By the Famous Monsieur de la Quintinye, chief Director of all the Gardens of the French King: Is now at the Request of several of the Nobility and Gentry compendiously Abridged, and made of more use, with very considerable Improvements. By George London, and Henry Wise.  
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