ΒΟΤΑΝΟΛ Ο'ΓΙΑ.  
THE British Physician: OR, The NATURE and VIRTUES OF ENGLISH PLANTS.  
Exactly describing such Plants as grow Naturally in our Land, with their several Names, Greek, Latin, or English, Natures, Places where they grow, Times when they flourish, and are most proper to be gathered; their degrees of Temperature, Applications and Virtues, Physical and Astrological Uses, treated of; each Plant appropriated to the several Diseases they cure, and directions for their Medicinal Uses, throughout the whole Body of Man; being most special helps for sudden Accidents, Acute and Chronic Distempers.  
By means whereof People may gather their own Physic under every Hedge, or in their own Gardens, which may be most conducing to their Health; so that observing the direction in this Book, they may become their own Physicians: For what Climate soever is subject to any particular Disease, in the same Place there grows a Cure.  
With two exact Tables, the one of the English and Latin Names of the Plants; the other of the Diseases, and Names of each Plant appropriated to the Diseases, with their Cures.  
By ROBERT TURNER, Botanolog. Stud.  
London, Printed by R. Wood for Nath. Brook, at the Angel in Cornhill. 1664.   

Viro optimo Prudentiâ spectatissimo, omnique Virtutum genere Cumulatissimo Richardo Chawortho, Equiti Aurato, Legum Doctori, (Nec non Reverendissimo in Christo Patri Domino Gilberto, Providentiâ Divinâ, Cantuar. Archi-Episcopo, totiusque Angliae Primati & Metropolitano, ET Reverendo in Christo Patri Humfredo, permissione Divinâ, London. Episcopo) In Cancellarium merito ac ritè cooptato, Hanc suam Botanologiam, Robertus Turnerus Summo suae erga eum observantiae indicio, & utilitatis publicae desiderio, Patrociniique spe exoptatissimi, piè submisséque Dat, Dicat, Dedicat.   

To the READER.  
Reader,  
THere are now some few Years overpast since I last appeared public amongst you; yet I cannot think myself quite forgotten and obliterated out of your Memories, or at least of some of you, by whom I presume I have been often read, though not seen: Give me leave after some silence to trouble you once more; and I doubt not after you have well considered the subject, you will easily dispense with the trouble and pains I give you; finding that vanquished by the pleasure and profit you will reap by it: For if the Axiom be true, as undoubtedly it is, that three things principally concur as the moving causes in the achievement of every Action, viz. Pleasure, Profit, and Honesty, you will find them all conspired together in the Enterprise of this Work: A Work perchance, which at first blush will be by some (especially by those of the Romantique Physicians Tribe) censured as superfluous; and by others objected against as not copious enough for their thoughts, although too perfect and complete for their practice: they may both easily be answered, and if they will soberly consider it, the Book itself sufficiently answers all objections may be made against it; there being compendiously contained in it the complete body of Medicinal Vegetables; the several names both Latin, Greek, and English; the degrees of Temperature, whereby their Nature and Faculties are known and distinguished of all such Herbs, Plants, Seeds, Fruits, and Roots as are useful in Physic, whether naturally growing in England, or common to be had at our Druggist's and Apothecary's Shops: so that when I tell you the Virtues of Fruits or Drugs which grow in the East or West Indies, I do not bid you go thither and fetch them; the more industrious Merchant hath saved you that labour, and brought them home to your Doors. And this hath not been exactly performed by any English Physician in such a Method before.  
I have likewise set down to many Plants the Astral influence assigned unto them by Astrologers: those that are studious in that Science may soon acquaint themselves with the rest, which I have willingly omitted; having to every Plant laid down the Degrees of the Temperature thereof, whereby the Nature, Virtue, or Danger thereof is easily known: and indeed he fell a great deal too short, that pretends he studied to find a reason why such a Herb cured such a Disease, and concludes he found it in (the secondary Cause I grant) the Stars; but if he would have added a little Christianity to his study, it would have raised his Contemplation higher, and he would have found the true reason and primary Cause to have come from above the Stars, from him that gave the Stars their Virtues; and concluded with the same reason that the Heathen Poet did, touching the Creation of the World, and the Stars themselves, 
Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem  
Cura Dei.—  
Even so it seemed to the Creator best.  Nevertheless let us give the Stars their due, and all the candid and ingenious Students and Contemplators of their Celestial Virtues and Influences; but let us not abuse them, and dishonour the Creator of all, as the spurious Sigilators, and Talesmen, or Telesmemongers do. Let us likewise be thankful unto Almighty God for those blessings he hath bestowed upon us, in enduing the Plants and Grass of the Field with such salubrious Faculties for our health and preservation; but let us not offer Sacrifices unto them, and say Charms over them as the Druids of old, and other Heathens; and so do some Cacochymists, Medean Hags, and Sorcerers now adays; who not contented with the lawful use of the Creatures, out of some Diabolical intention, search after the more Magical and occult Virtues of Herbs and Plants to accomplish some wicked ends; and for that very cause King Hezekiah fearing lest the Herbals of Solomon should come into profane Hands caused them to be burned.  
God hath imprinted upon the Plants, Herbs, and Flowers, as it were in Hieroglyphics, the very signature of their Virtues; as the learned Grollius and others well observe: as, the Nutmeg being cut, resembles the Brain, the Papaver Erraticum, or red Poppey flower, resembleth at its bottom the settling of the Blood in the Pleurisy; and how excellent is that flower in Diseases of the Pleurisy and Surfeits, hath sufficiently been experienced. In the Heliotrope and Marigold, Subjects may learn their duty to their Sovereign; which his Sacred Majesty King Charles the First mentions in his Princely Meditations, walking in a Garden in the Isle of Wight, in the following Words, viz.  
The Marigold observes the Sun  
More than my Subjects me have done, etc. Reader I shall not trouble you any longer without doors, but only give you one advertisement by the way, and conclude. The Book, for the more ready finding any Plant you would look for in it, is composed according to the order of the Letters in the Alphabet; and besides an Alphabetical Table of each Plant contained in the Book: Now because one Plant may have several appellations, when you look for any one in the Table in the page of the Book which you are directed to, perhaps you may not find the same name in the Title of the Plant there treated of; then do but cast your eye to the Names under the Description of the Plant you find in that Page you are directed to, and there you will find the Plant here described called by the same name you look for. I shall at present say no more, but wish this Book, and the Students therein happy success, and their desires both in pleasure and profit; subscribing myself  
Reader, Your devoted Friend, Robert Turner. Christopher Alley in St. martin's le Grand, London. 23. March, 1663/4.   

To his Esteemed Friend Mr. Robert Turner, on this his Excellent and Useful Treatise, entitled, BOTANOLOGIA.  

OUr Age hath been with Books so fully Blest,  
And Arts and Learning have advanced their Crest  
So high therein; a Thousand Years before  
Hath not produced [in English] Equal Store:  
And should we judge of th' Study, Brain, or Wit,  
Fancy, and whatsoever appends to it,  
Of Former Times, and these our Present Days,  
And to the best deserving give the Bays;  
Antiquity must strike it sail, and say,  
This Age Arts truest Honour doth enjoy!   

The Muse's Sons here purchase all anew,  
Their Trebled-trials vouch their Studies true:  
No Antic Crutches yields Support to them;  
Their Grandsire's Knowledge gives no Diadem!  
As Poets, so an Herbarist, is Born;  
Without Celestial Succour, he's a Scorn:  
Not all the Acquisitions Schools can lend,  
Will make True Science a poor Mortal's Friend!  
Yet where both Art and Nature do unite,  
In one Physician;— He's the only Wight!   

And thus 'tis here:— Our Author hath for Friend,  
Not only Learning; which doth aptly lend  
Wings to Industry:— But Nature too,  
Hath give him Stars, Great Things in Arts to do.  
In's Book he hath a Method plain devised,  
All parts of it, so curiously comprised;  
That Vulgar men, which have but skill to read,  
May be their own Physicians at need:  
The better sort are hereby taught, how all  
Things springing from Earth's Bowels, safely shall  
By Love or 
† Sympathy & Antipathy.  Hatred, [as the Stars dispose]  
Each Sickness cure, that in the Body grows.   

Learned Physicians, (whose better hands  
And Brains are subject unto Fates Commands)  
Who have the Fortune, [maugre all their skill]  
As many Patients, for to suffer ill;  
As (ever) find a Cure!— Let them but look  
With serious Aspect o'er this Learned Book;  
They'll find the Cause of their unhappiness,  
And unto safer means themselves Address.   

Let's then the Author thank, who thus imparts  
(For public good) these secret useful Arts:  
And when we Read him, wish All Men as free,  
As Learned and Able (that shall write) as Herald   John Gadbury, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  

Ad Lectorem in laudem Operis, & Authoris 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  

COnsere nunc Hortum Lector tibi candide laetum,  
Vnde aegrotantem tu medicare queas.  
Turneroque tuo grates persolve, quod Herbas  
Expertus, quicquid prosuit arte canat.  
Perge igitur Turnere, tuum nomenque per Orbem  
Sparge Libris, raras pande salutis opes.   Jo. B. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  

To the Author upon his useful and excellent BOTANOLOGIA, or, The British Physician.  

FOr th' Sea-encompast Little World [our Isle]  
A flowery Wreath your fragrant Leaves compile;  
Her secret (and reserved) worth you sing,  
The precious Herbs o'th' odoriferous Spring,  
Prove Antic days, had reason good to style  
(Long since) Britannia, the Happy Isle.   

I once admired, yet wonder now no more,  
Old Rome's ambitious Eagles stormed our Shore;  
That Picts from Mountains periwigged with Snow,  
Infest a Region where such Simples grow;  
That treacherous Saxons sack what Picts did spare,  
And from Sea-Rovers turn our Land to share;  
That the encroaching irreligious Dane  
Shoved the usurping Saxon down again;  
That the audacious Norman did lay down  
A meaner Ducall for a Regal Crown.   

Let not tanned afric boast the Wealth doth hid,  
Nor swelling Asia, [the first Nurse of Pride]  
Nor the yet-barbarous New World Roots unfold,  
Weeds and Diseases to confound the Old;  
Our World (our Isle but searched) affordeth store  
'Gainst most of Nature's foes. If we need more,  
You show the Virtue; you the worth commend  
Of Drugs soft Asia, Drugs scorched afric send;  
Drugs our politer Europe, Drugs that home  
From that great Monarch, remote Nations come;  
From some of whom kind Phoebus goes not down,  
But's never discontinued Rays do crown.   
March 10. 1663. William Smith, late of Clare-Hall, Cambr.   

To my truly Ingenious Friend Mr. Robert Turner, upon his well accomplished Botanologia; or, The British Physician.  
THat rude seditious Quack (who sought to raise  
A Monument to himself, a lasting praise  
In that licentious Time, by wronging those  
With his illiterate filthy Nonsense, whose  
Substantial, Solid, and deserving worth,  
His Dirt made with more splendour issue forth)  
You scorn to Ape; nor mention of him make,  
But when reforming of some Grand Mistake.  
How are we all engaged! th' Apothecary,  
Surgeon, Physician, hath his short Library  
Included in this Book: your worthy pains  
Miss not one Herb, that Flora on the Plains,  
When she her verdant Mantle spreads, doth show;  
What Star doth govern each is told by you.  
Then let's conclude in you, and you alone  
Comprised are Gerrard and old Perkinson.  
March 8th 1663/4 Barthol. Goodrick. M. Licent.   

THE British Physician: OR, The Virtues of English Plants.  


Adder's Tongue. Ophioglossum.  
THis Herb ariseth out of the ground with one leaf, 
The Description.  much like a Water-plantain Leaf, being of an oyley substance, and a little more than half a finger long: at the bottom of the leaf sprouts forth a tender stalk about three inches long, and at the top thereof grows a little speer like a snakes tongue: sometimes, but very seldom, there springeth forth two or three crooked stings, or tongues, like the rest; but this latter sort is seldom found.  
Place.] It groweth in moist low grounds and Meadows in many places of England: as in the Meadows of Holshot in Hampshire, and near Colbrooke; and many other places.  
Time] It springeth in April, flouriseth in May, and is gone quite in June, or July, at the furthest.  
Names.] It is called in Latin, Ophyogl●ssum, Lingua Serpentis, Linquoce Lingualace, Lancea Christi, Enephillon, & Lingua vulneraria. In English, Adders ' tongue, Serpent's tongue, and of some, Adder's grass; in Dutch Natertonguen; in high Dutch Nater-zungelin.  
Temperature and Virtues.] Adder's Tongue is hot and dry in the third degree, a Herb of the Sun in Aries: It is an excellent wound Herb, and thereof may be made an excellent Balsam for green wounds after this manner: take the leaves of the Herb and pound them in a stone Mortar, till they are sufficiently bruised and macerated, then boil them in a sufficient quantity of oil Olive, till the herbs be dry, afterwards strain it, and reserve it for the purpose aforesaid, as a precious Medicine. The green Herb bruised, or the juice thereof applied to any green wound at the time of the year when it may be had, worketh the same effects.   

Agrimony. Eupatoria.  
OF this Plant there be two kinds, Description. the field or wood Agrimony, and bastard or water Agrimony, called also water-hemp. Wood Agrimony groweth up with a long and hairy stalk, the leaves green above, and grayish underneath, parted into divers other small leaves, and jagged about the edges: the flowers are small and yellow, growing one above another towards the top of the stalk, the seeds are somewhat long and rough, it hath a large blackish root.  
Place and Time.] It grows frequently in Hedge-rowes of Corn Fields, and by highway sides, and in Woods and Copses; in the fields and Woods near Rochester, and towards Dulwich in Surry, you may gather loads of it; about July it is in its prime, the seed is ripe towards the latter end of Summer: you may gather the herb any time of the year.  
Names.] It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Eupatorium and Eupatoria, in Italian and Spanish Agrimonia. The Germans call it Odermeng Bruckwurtz. The Low Dutch, French, and English call it Agrimony and Egrimony.  
Nature and Virtues.] Agrimony is an Herb of Jupiter, and is of temperature moderately hot and dry, having a fine binding quality; it removes obstructions of the Liver, and strengthens the same, and therefore is profitable in diet drinks for naughty Livers and Consumptions: the decoction thereof is good for infirmities of the Kidneys, and for such as piss blood by any inward bruise, as experience hath taught me. The leaves made into an unguent with Hog's Lard, healeth and closeth up Ulcers; and the herb or seed boiled in Wine helps Fluxes which proceed from weakness of the Liver, especially if you boil a little Scabious with it.   

Water Agrimony. Eupatorium  
IT hath stalks of a dark purple colour, Description. a foot and a half high, sometimes higher, the leaves jagged like the other; it hath many branches upon a stalk, the flowers grow at the top of a dark yellow colour.  
Place and Time.] It grows almost in every Ditch, it flowers about the middle of Summer, the leaves and stalks whither in Winter. The Latins call it, Eupatorium Cannabium, and Hepatorium, because it's good for the Liver: It's called in English Water-hemp, Bastard and Water Agrimony.  
Nature and Virtues.] This Plant is hot and dry in the second degree, and of a bitter taste, it hath a scouring opening quality, it cleanses the blood, and attenuates gross humours, purging them by Urine.  
Agarick. Vide Larch tree.  
Ague-tree. Vide Sassasras.   

Agnus, or, the Chaste-tree.  
THis Plant groweth up somewhat higher than a Shrub, Description. having many dark coloured branches, being very flexible like Willow; the leaves are long and narrow, somewhat smaller than Willow leaves, and jagged like those of hemp. The flowers are of a white colour, and grow in spikes on the tops of the Branches: the seeds are round, almost like pepper, having also a biting taste.  
Place and Time.] It grows in moist grounds, and by waters sides in hot Countries; as in Spain, and Italy, and other hot countries': the seeds are brought hither, and sold by our Druggist's and Apothecary's.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It is reputed by Authors to he hot and dry in the third degree, of a subtle essence, and of a sharp astringent quality. This Herb hath a great antipathy to Venus, and by its nature must needs be judged to be under the dominion of Mars in Capricorn; for the seeds of Agnus taken in any manner do dry up the natural seed, and restrain all venereous motions; and yet it is of the temperature of Pepper which incites thereunto.  
A Pultis being made of the leaves of Agnus Castus, and Vine leaves stamped together with Butter, and applied to the Cod, dissolveth and assuageth the hard swelling thereof.  
The seeds being parched, or fried, and eaten, dissolve wind, and being taken with  in powder in wine, it's effectual against the Dropsy, and Spleen, and provokes Urine, and resists the poisons of venomous Beasts: An Ointment may be made therewith to heat and mollify benummea Members. Being used with honey, it's good for sores of the mouth and throat; it takes away freckles being used with Niter and Vinegar.  
The hot sums of the decoction of the leaves and seeds is good for women to sit over who are subject to fits of the Mother, or troubled with inflammations in their privy parts. And a pultis made therewith easeth pains of the head, and being mixed with oil and vinegar, it is effectual against the Frenzy and Lethargy.   

Alecoast, Maudlyn, or Costmary. Costus hortorum.  
THere are found six sorts of this herb, 
The kinds and Description.  three whereof are common to us, viz. Ale-cost, or Cost-mary, common Maudlin, and white Maudlyn.  
Place and Time.] Alecost is a sweet herb, having pale long green leaves, jagged finely about the edges, and flowers are yellow, the seeds small, flat, and long: it grows plentifully in our Gardens, and I think is known to most housewives, it flowers about July.  
Names.] The first is called in Latin Costus hortorum, Balsamita major, or Mas, Mentha Graeca, Sacracenica officinarum, Salvia Romana, Herba lassulata, Herba Sanctae Mariae. In English Costmary and Alecost. And Maudlyn is called in Latin Costus hortorum minor, and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Temperature and Virtues.] Alecoast and Maudlyn are both of a nature hot and dry in the second degree, and qualified by Jupiter to help cold and weak Livers; for which purpose it's a singular herb; or to be used in Ale, it will make it drink both pleasant to the taste, and far exceeding Coffee and Chocolate for health.  
It may also be used in an Electuary for the purposes aforesaid; it opens obstructions of the Breast, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, and Bladder, provokes Urine, women's courses, expels Choler and Phlegm: a Conserve made thereof helps Defluxions of Rheums, flowing from the brain. The decoction of the flowers kills Lice in the head, and cures Scabs therein, they being washed therewith.  
It helps also the Rickets and worms in Children, strengthens the stomach, and stays vomiting, and is good for them that have eaten Hemlock, or the like.   

Alehoof, or Ground-Ivy. Hedera terrestris.  
THis Plant creeps along upon the ground, Description. having a round leaf dented about the edges of a dark green colour, the flowers are hollow and long, of a blueish purple colour, the root small and fibrous.  
Place and Time.] It grows almost under every hedge, and also under-house sides; it flowers betimes in the year, the leaves are to be found usually all the Winter.  
Names.] In the Country, especially in Hampshire, it's generally known by the name of Hay-hoe, and Gill-go-by-ground; it is also called Ale-hoof, Ground-ivy, and in Latin Hedera Terrestris.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It hath an opening cleansing quality, of temperature hot and dry, in taste bitter. Culpepper ascribes it to Venus, I rather judge it to be Solar. The Country people often make use of it to sweeten and cleanse musty Bottles, by filling them with the decoction thereof; it's a singular herb for the Eyes. The juice thereof with the juices of Celandine and Daisies being clarisied, and some fine Sugar dissolved therein, helps the Pin and Web, Films, watering and redness of the Eyes: it's likewise a good wound Herb, helps Ulcers of the Lungs, and expels windy and choleric, humours, Venom, and the Plague: It opens obstructions of the Gall, Liver, and Spleen, and therefore is good for the yellow Jaundice, it provokes Urine and women's terms. The decoction of the herb in wine being taken, gives ease in the pains of the Gout and Sciatica, and by adding thereto some honey, and a little  allome, it's excellent for to gargoyle sore mouths and throats, and also to wash soul Ulcers of the privy parts; and the juice thereof used with honey and verdigrease, cleanseth Ulcers, and stayeth their spreading, and cureth the Itch and Scabs, or other break out: it is sometimes used as a partner with hops in drink, and in diet drinks I have found it effectual for the Lungs.   

All-heal. Panax Herculeum.  
I Shall forbear much description hereof, Description, Names. because it is not growing with us in England, unless it be in Gardens; it hath many large rough leaves growing upon one foot-stalk, of a hot biting taste; it yields a yellowish juice called Opponax, which is to be had at our shops: it is called by some Hercules Woundwort, and All-heale, and in Latin Panax Herculeum.  
Place and Time.] It grows in America, and in some places of Italy; it flowers and seeds in the latter part of Summer.  
Temperature and Virtues.] The Gum called Opopanax is hot and dry, hot in the third degree, and dry in the second; it is effectual, being taken with Wine, against the sores of the bladder, and Strangury; it purgeth tough phlegm, and is profitable against an old Cough, and difficulty of breathing; helps also windiness, Convulsion, Cramps, and the Gout, expels women's Courses; is good against the Dropsy, and the biting of venomous creatures; it dissolves congealed Blood, caused by falls and bruises; it is good to stop hollow teeth, and the decoction thereof in Vinegar easeth pains of the teeth, the mouth being washed therewith; it's also effectual to be applied in plasters against the King's Evil, and hard swell, as also to Boils, and other sores.   

Alexander's. Hipposelinum.  
THis Herb is generally known in most Gardens, Description, and Names, and Place. the leaves are of a dark green, and much jagged about the edges, and of a hot bitter taste, the flowers white, the seeds black and streaked; it is called in Latin Hypposelinum, and olus Atrum, in English, alexander's.  
Time.] It flowers in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the third degree, of a cleansing quality, and therefore is frequently used in broth in Spring time to cleanse and rarify the blood: the roots stewed in the Spring time cleanse the Stomach from slimy humours, it opens obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and for that purpose, and to help a weak stomach, the roots are a good sauce being pickled: the seeds given in white wine, powerfully drives down the Courses, and expels the after birth, it likewise provokes Urine, breaks Wind, and helps the Strangury: The dose of it in powder is from one Scruple to two Scruples; it is very good also for the Colic.   

Black Alder-Tree. Alnus nigra.  
THis groweth up like a small shrub, Description and Names. or bush, and spreads into many branches; the wood is white and red at the Core, the bark blackish, with white spots, the inner bark yellow, the leaves somewhat like the common Alder, the flowers are white, and come forth at the joints with the leaves, the berries are round, first green, then red and black when they be ripe. The Latins call it Frangula, and Alnus nigra baccifera; in Hampshire we usually know it by the name of Dogwood.  
Place and Time] It grows commonly in moist Woods, and boggy places, as in a Wood called Dane-Moor in Hampshire: it flowers in May, the berries are ripe towards Michaelmas.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It's of a purging dry quality, and the inner bark thereof being steeped in Wine and drunk, is a strong vomit, and cleanses the stomach, it purges also hydropic humours, and a decoction thereof made together with Agrimony, Wormwood, Dodder, Hops, and some of the five opening roots, and drunk every morning, cures the Dropsy and Jaundice: The bark ought to be dried before it be used, and being boiled in Vinegar, it's a good remedy to kill lice and cure scabs and itch. Some writ that the leaves are good fodder for Cattle, to cause them to give good store of milk, but I could never see any Cow that would eat them.  
Alleluiah, Vide Woodsorrel.   

Almond-Tree. Amigdalum.  
OF this tree there be two kinds, Description, and Names. the one bears fruit sweet, the other bitter, they grow bigger than any Peach tree: I have seen a bitter Almond-tree in Hampshire as big as a great Plum-tree, it hath leaves much like Peach-leaves, it is called in Latin Amigdalum; they grow plentifully in Turkey and Barbary.  
Nature and Virtues.] The sweet Almonds are hot and moist in the first degree, the bitter dry in the second; it is a Plant of Jupiter: the sweet Almonds nourish the body and increase seed, they strengthen the Breath, cleanse the Kidneys, and open the passages of Urine. There is a fine pleasant oil drawn out of the sweet Almonds, which being taken with Sugar-candy is excellent against dry Coughs and hoarseness, it is good for those that have any inward sore, and for such who are troubled with the Stone, because it makes slippery the passages of the Urine. Bitter Almonds also opens obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, cleanseth the Lungs from Phlegm, and provokes Urine; they expel Wind, and provokes women's Courses, the oil of them kills worms, and helps pains of the Womb. Some writ that the bitter Almonds preserve from drunkenness, five or six being eaten fasting; the oil of both cleanse the skin, it easeth pains of the head, the temples being anointed therewith; and the oil with honey, powder of liquorish, oil of roses, and white wax, makes a good ointment to help dimness of sight.   

Alkekengi, or Winter-Cherries.  
THis Plant groweth up with a stalk about two foot high, Description. the leaves are of a dark green; at the joints the stalks shoot forth whitish flowers, and afterwards green berries which grow in a little thin skin, much like a purse or bladder; the berries when they are ripe are red much like a cherry, the seeds are flat and yellowish, and are contained in the Cherries.  
Names, Place, and Time.] Some have taken this plant for a kind of Nightshade, and therefore call it Solanum: it is generally called in shops Alkekengi, and winter Cherries; it grows only in Gardens, flowers in August, and the fruit is ripe in October.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It is an herb of Saturn, cold and dry, the leaves cool, and the fruit openeth; the distilled water of the fruit, or leaves, or both together, is good to be drunk morning and evening with a little milk against the heat of the Urine, and therefore is effectual in virulent Gonorrhea's; it cleanseth foul Ulcers in the reins and bladder, dissolves the stone in the reins, kidneys, and bladder, opens the uritory passages, and provokes Urine, and helps those that make foul or bloody Urine, the decoction of the fruit being taken in wine or water; it likewise opens the liver and gall, and therefore is good for the yellow Jaundice.   

Angelica.  
THere is both garden Angelica, Description. and wild Angelica, some also reckon up a water kind; it groweth up with great hollow stalks four or five foot high, having broad divided leaves of a pale green colour, at the top cometh forth large umbells of white flowers; after which succeedeth flat round seeds, somewhat whitish, the root perisheth every year, if it be suffered to seed, not else.  
Names, Place, and Time.] It's common name with us both for Latin and English is Angelica, it grows common in our Gardens, and wild likewise in many places, flowers about July, and the seed is ripe soon after.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It is an herb of the Sun, hot and dry almost to the third degree, it opens and digesteth; it is a great cordial for the heart, in defending it from poison; a dram thereof in powder being taken in the distilled water of the same plant, and sweat upon it, it heats and comforts the Blood and Spirits, and is good against the Plague, Pestilence, and other infections: the root being taken green, helps such as are troubled with stuff in their Stomach, it also abates lust; the water thereof, and some of the root in powder helps cold and wind, the Colic and Strangury, Coughs, Ptisick, and other diseases of the Lungs and Breast; it provokes women's Courses, and helps to expel the afterbirth, it likewise provokes Urine, and helps the Colic and Strangury: The decoction helps inward bruises, discusseth congealed blood, it helps digestion, is an excellent remedy for a Surfeit. The decoction helps an Ague at two or three times taking, if it be drunk and sweated upon before the fit comes. The roots being taken in powder, and made into a plaster with a little pitch, helps the bitings of venomous creatures and mad dogs; the water or juice being dropped into the eyes and ears, helps dimness of sight and 〈◊〉.   

The Appletree. Pomus  
IT is needless to describe the Apple trees, nor reckon up their several kinds, many sorts of them being generally known to almost every boy, and is out of my purpose here; many of them are early ripe in Summer, others more late towards Winter, which are most durable to keep; some of them are sweet, fragrant and odoriferous, others more sharp.  
The Names.] The tree is called in Latin, Pomus and malus, the fruit Pomum and malum. The English name you have already.  
Places and Time.] They grow wild in the hedge rows and Woods in many places of this Land, but the best are manured in Orchards; they flower in April, the fruit of the latest is ripe in October, which is the John Apple.  
Temperature, and Virtues.] There is a great difference in Apples, in regard there are both sweet, sour, and bitter, they are generally held to be cold and moist, but the sweet and bitter do somewhat incline to heat; but to omit the general use which is made of Apples both in City and Country, they are effectual in hot diseases, cooling the stomach and heart. The Apple called a Pomewater being roasted, and the pulp laboured in fair water, till it be like that we call Lambs-wool, and drunk going to bed, helpeth such as are troubled with an involuntary passage of the seed, either in dreams or otherwise; and is also effectual for such as piss by drops, Rotten apples are good to be applied to the eyes which are blood-shotten, or bruised by any stripe or stroke. Apples expel melancholy humours, and stir up mirth, being roasted and eaten with rose water and sugar: Cider and also Verjuice do both singularly cool the stomach, and is effectual in hot Agues, and is good against casting and vomiting; and the verjuice being applied to burn or scaldings, draweth out the fire, and cools and heals the same.   

Apricock-Tree. Malus Armeniaca.  
THis plant needs no description, being very well known, yet it is a tender plant in our cold Countries; for if a frost meet with the flowers, or young fruit, they are quickly gone.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Malus Armeniaca, the fruit, Malum Armeniacum. In English Apricocks.  
Place and Time.] They are planted against walls in most gentlemen's Gardens, and against the walls of houses too in many places. They flower in March, and the fruit is ripe about the latter end of July.  
Temperature and Virtues.] This is one of Venus' plums, and is cold in the first degree and moist in the second; the fruit is better to be eaten before meals then after, because of their quick descension into the belly, they cause other meats to descend the sooner. There may an oil be pressed out of the kernels of the stones; which being taken in wine, helpeth the Colic, and driveth forth the stone out of the reins and bladder, helps pains in the ears, hoarseness of the voice, inflammations of the Piles, Ulcers, and the roughness of the tongue and throat. The leaves I have proved effectual to dry up the corrupt matter of hot running scabs.   

Archangel, or Dead nettles. Lamium.  
THis herb is generally known, Description. it needs no description.  
Names.] It's called in Latin Lamium, andVrtica mortua. In English dead or blind Nettle, or Archangel. Herbarists reckon up eight sorts hereof, but I shall here mention only three which are common; and those are, that with the white flower, the red, and the yellow.  
Places and Time.] And these may be found under hedges, old walls amongst rubbish, by high ways sides, and in corners of Gardens which are not digged nor planted; they flower about the Spring of the year, and so continue all Summer.  
Temperature and Virtues.] Archangel is hot and dry in the first degree, bitter in taste, under the dominion of Mars, and it is good against Quartain Agues; the flowers of the Archangel, or the distilled waters stayeth the whites in women, and the flowers of the red Archangel stayeth the reds: The herb is effectual for Tumours or swell of the King's Evil in the throat to dissolve them, being bruised with some Hog's Lard and applied thereunto. It also allays the pains of the Gout or Sciatica, and aches of the joints; being used in like manner, it openeth obstructions, and dissolveth the hardness of the Spleen, by drinking the decoction of the herb in wine, and applying the herb hot pultiswise to the Region of the Spleen; it is a good repercussive in inflammations, and stayeth the corroding of old Ulcers; it cureth the rising up of the skin about the roots of the nails, being applied thereunto; and is said to staunch bleeding at the nose, the bruised herb being applied to the nape of the neck.  
Aron, Vide Cuckoo pintle.   

Arrach wild and stinking. Atriplex.  
STinking Arrach groweth up with a little stalk, Description. having many branches, the leaves are smaller than those of the Garden, and pointed towards the top, of a whitish green colour which we call an Ash colour; it beareth yellow flowers, which afterwards turn into small mealy seeds. It may easily be known by the smell, being very like stinking Fish.  
Names, Places, and Time.] It is called in Latin Vulvaria, and Atriplex, in English stinking Arrach; you may find it upon most Dunghills, under old walls, about the mud walls in the fields about London it grows plentifully, and also by ditches sides: It flowers and seeds from June till after Bartholomewtide.  
Temperature and Virtues.] This Plant Saturn rules; it is cold, moist, and earthy, an excellent plant for women's diseases. It cures fits of the Mother, Dislocation, or falling out of the Womb, being taken inwardly: It cools the over much heat of the womb, and causes easy Delivery; being rubbed and held to the nostrils, it causeth the Womb to descend to its right place, and cleanses and strengthens it. It provokes the Terms if stopped, and also stops the immoderate flowing of them; and makes Barren women fruitful. It is therefore good for such Women as are subject to be troubled with any of the aforementioned Distempers, to prepare and keep always by them, a Syrup made of the juice of this Herb and sugar, or honey, which is best to cleanse the Womb, otherwise sugar is more proper.   

Arsmart. Persicaria  
THis Herb grows with a little jointed greenish stalk, Description. the leaves growing at the joints of the stalks, being not very long, many times having blackish spots upon them: the flowers grow in spiky heads of a blush colour, after them come little blackish flat seeds; the root is fibrous and perisheth every year. There is dead or mild Arsmart, and biting Arsmart, which if you taste of, it will by't your tongue very much.  
The Names.] It is called in Latin Piper Aquaticum, and Persicaria, because the leaves do something resemble Peach leaves; in English Water Pepper, and Arsmart.  
Place and time.] It is common in most ditches, especially such as are muddy, and grows also upon dunghills of mud which hath been cast out of ditches. I have seen them covered with it in Hampshire, and other places. It is in flower in June, and seeds about August.  
Temperature and Virtues.] The mild is said to be cold and dry, the biting hot and dry; then sure there Mars and Saturn grow together: The biting Arsmart being rubbed upon a tired horses back, will make him go again lively; it is good to kill Fleas, being strewed in Chambers. The powder of the mild Arsmart being given to the quantity of two drams at a time in a little Vinegar, opens obstructions of the Liver; being bruised with rue and Wormwood, and fried with Butter or Suet, and applied to the belly or stomach, destroys the worms in them: the distilled water thereof mixed with a little oil of Spike, and the gall of an Ox, is good to ease the pains of the Gout, the grieved place being anointed therewith, and a blue woollen cloth applied upon it; so likewise being mixed with Aqua vitae it takes away Aches: The herb being stamped with Wine and applied to the Matrix draweth down the Terms. The leaves being stamped and applied to green Wounds, cools them, and defends them from inflammations. The root or seed applied to an aching Tooth, takes away the pain; and the juice of the Herb dropped into the ears, kills worms in them, and is good against Deafness.   

Alkanet. Fucus Herba.  
THere are accounted four kinds of this Plant, Description. but never a one of them common, nor easily found in England, though Culpepper saith there is one kind grows commonly in this Nation; which is as true as the story he tells of one of his Disciples, whose horses shoes were pulled off by riding over Moonwort, (as he saith.)  
The red great Alkanet groweth up about a foot and a half high, having usually one round stalk, with many leaves prickly and hoary over like small Bugloss, the flowers much like them of Echium, or small Bugloss, of a sky colour, tending to purple, yielding a small pale coloured seed, somewhat long; the root is about the thickness of ones finger, having a woody pith within, of a bloody colour, dying whatsoever it toucheth.  
The other kind hath more plenty of leaves, more hairy and woolly than the former, the stalks grow higher having yellow flowers, the root of a shining purple colour, yielding more juice than the first.  
The third kind hath a greater and more juicy root then the former, but the plant smaller, and the leaves narrower, the flowers red like those of small Bugloss, the seeds are ash-colour, tasting like Bugloss; and the fourth kind is much like common Summer Savory, the flowers blueish or sky colour.  
Names.] It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Illinere succo, vel Pigmentis, to colour or paint, because of its painting property; it is also called Fucus herba, and Onocleia Buglossa Hispanica, or Spanish Bugloss, and Orchanet and Alkanet in English, and in Shops likewise Anchusa.  
Place and Time.] They grow all naturally about Narbone and Montpelier in France, and may be had, especially the Roots, at our Shops; yet Gerhard saith he found them in the Isle of Thanet in Kent, but that is contradicted by his Reviser. They flourish in the Summer months, and best yield their juice in Harvest time.  
Nature and Virtues.] The roots are cold and dry according to Galen; yet being endued with some bitterness, argues them not very cold; they cleanse choleric humours, the leaves bind and dry, but not so powerfully as the roots. Culpepper calls this herb one of the darlings of Venus, I suppose because he had heard the Madams used it to paint their faces; and likewise it is used by Gentlewomen to colour Syrrups, Waters, and Jellies, as is also Turnsole; and the root being used as a Pessary, draweth forth the dead Birth: the decoction inwardly drunk with Mead or honeyed water, cures the yellow Jaundice, diseases of the Kidneys and Spleen, and is effectual in Agues: a Searcloath made with the root and oil is good for Ulcers, and with parched Barley meal, it helps the Leprosy, Tetter, and Ringworms, as saith Dioscorides. But Culpepper teacheth how to kill Serpents with it, which he saith is done, if any one hath newly eaten the root and spits in a Serpent's mouth, the Serpent instantly dies; but this is as ridiculous as Culpepper himself: yet the decoction is said to drive out the Measles and small Pox, if it be drunk in the beginning with hot beer, the leaves boiled in wine and drunk, is good against the Laske; the root boiled in Wine and sweet butter without salt till it is red, is good for bruises received by falls, and for green wounds made with pricks or thrusts. Make an ointment of it thus, Take of Oil Olive one pint, the root of Alkanet two ounces; Earthworms purged twenty in number, boil them together, and keep it as a singular remedy for the use aforesaid.  
Amara dulcis, Bitter-sweet, and Woody Nightshade is all one; therefore Vide Bitter-sweet.  
Amaranthus, Vide Blites, and Flower Gentle.   

Anemonies. Herba venti.  
THese are of various kinds, Description. altering as they are often and frequently transplanted out of one Garden into another, for whose adornment they are most used, so that a further description is needless.  
Names.] It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Anemone, and Herba venti, because it reported these flowers never open but when the wind bloweth. The Gardeners commonly call them Emonies, and they are likewise called in English, Wind flowers.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are of a sharp hot quality, biting the tongue, and of a binding quality; the wild ones called Pulsatilla's being stamped and applied, will eat into the skin; they are all taken to be a kind of Crowfoot.  
The leaves of Anemonies boiled in white Wine, and the decoction drunk, powerfully provokes the Terms; the leaves and stalks being boiled with clean blanched Barley, increaseth milk in Nurses, if they eat thereof: the juice of the leaves snuffed up into the nose, or the root chewed in the mouth purgeth the head mightily of watery and phlegmatic humours, by spitting, and being so used, is good for the Lethargy; they cure the Leprosy, the body being bathed with the decoction thereof; and an ointment thereof helps Inflammations of the Eyes, the eyelids being anointed with it, and cleareth the sight by taking away the Web or other spots therein: the same ointment also cleanseth corroding Ulcers being used for that purpose.   

Artechokes, Cinara.  
OF this Plant I need make no description, it's very well known to all that desire it.  
Names, Place, and Time.] It is called in Latin Cinara, in English Artechokes. They are plentifully nourished by our Gardeners about London, and in gentlemen's Gardens in the Country: They are ripe in June, and will flower at the latter end of the Summer, if they be suffered to stand.  
Temperature and Virtues.] They are of a temperate nature, inclining to heat, certainly under the dominion of Venus, being great friends to venereous persons, by whom they are dressed after all the luxurious ways as may be thought on; they do mightily stir up lust by increasing seed, and therefore are good for married persons who are weak in the act of generation: they restore nature, and strengthen the stomach. The Decoction of the young buds in wine provoke Urine, and though they increase seed, yet they stay the involuntary flowing thereof in dreams, or otherwise.   

Assarabacca, Asarum.  
THis plant riseth up with many heads shooting from the roots, Description. from whence spring the leaves, which are round much like a Violet leaf, but larger; they are of a dark green shining colour on the upper side, but paler underneath: There springeth up likewise amongst them round husks upon stalks, wherein are contained many small seeds, much like the seeds of Violets, but somewhat bigger.  
Names, Place, and Time,] It is called by us commonly Asarum, and Assarabacca. It is planted frequently in our Gardens. Their seed is ripe about the beginning of July.  
Temperature and Virtues.] The leaves are hot, and dry, and purging, having likewise a binding quality after it; the roots are more hot and dry then the leaves, a plant sure under the dominion of Mars. It is commonly given to Maids who are inclinable to the Green Sickness; to take the juice of five or seven leaves in a little posset drink, or white wine, doth both cause Vomiting, and purgeth downwards, and by Urine, cleansing the body of Choler and Phlegm; being steeped in wine and drunk, it is good against the Dropsy and Jaundice, and helps continual Agues. A dram of the root in powder given in white Wine, a little before the fit of an Ague, at twice taking drives it away. A Conserve made of the flowers hereof, strengthens the memory, and the hearing: It helps likewise obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, being boiled in Whey; and the juice thereof with a little Tutia, prepared and added to it, and dropped into the corners of the Eyes, helps the dimness and mistiness of them, and sharpens the sight.   

Asparagus, Corruda.  
IT groweth up at first with a round greenish head, Description. much like hops, so near that they may easily be mistaken one for another; afterwards they run up in long stalks, shooting out green leaves, like Fennel, but smaller; at the joints come forth yellowish flowers, after which come round green berries, which are red when they are ripe, and the seed is black: the roots are spongious, and full of small strings.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Corruda Asparagus, and in English Sperage and Asparagus, by some Sparagrasse.  
Places and Time.] It is nourished for a pleasant Salad in our Gardens, the tender shoots being in their prime to be eaten in April and May. They flower about July, and have berries towards Michaelmas.  
Temperature and Virtues.] Asparagus is of a fine temperate nature, a procurer of lust, yet expelling the Stone and Gravel from the Reins, and Kidneys, provokes Urine, and helps the Strangury, helps pains in the Reins and Back: The root is good against the yellow Jaundice, falling Sickness, and fits of the Mother, and easeth pains of the Breast and Stomach, being boiled in white Wine and the decoction drunk. The root doth much open, and provokes Urine, by which means it hath acquired the title of one of the five opening Roots. The young shoots are as pleasant meat as any grows in Venus' Garden, and are effectual for most of the purposes .   

The Ash-Tree, Fraxinus.  
THis is so well known to every one, it needs no Description.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Fraxinus, and the fruit is called Kitkeyes.  
Place and Time.] The Ash grows plentifully in most Woods, and other places of this Land, as in hedges, and walks where they have been planted; yet of late they have been wastefully destroyed as well as other wood and timber. The leaves and flowers come forth about April, and the keys are ripe about September.  
Temperature and Virtues.] This is a plant of Jupiter, the leaves and bark are temperately hot and dry, the seed hot and dry in the second degree: A Lie made of the Ashes of Ashen Bark, cureth Scald, Scabby, and Leprous heads, they being bathed therewith; the juice of three or four leaves taken constantly every morning, prevents men's bodies from growing corpulent, or gross, and makes them lean that are fat: the leaves and bark being boiled in vinegar and water, stays vomiting, being laid upon the stomach. The leaves bark, and tender crops being boiled in wine and drunk, are singular good for the Dropsy, the roots boiled in Ale, and drunk morning and evening, doth the same; the leaves and bark being boiled in wine and drunk, do open the Liver and Spleen, and ease pains of the Sides, and being boiled in oil, and applied outwardly, they work the same effect: the Keys are good to be used in diet drinks for the purposes aforesaid. The decoction of the leaves in white Wine do help the Jaundice, and break the Stone; the seeds also, the husks being taken off, are good against Wind, and provoke Urine.   

Asp, or Poplar Tree. Populus.  
I Shall not need to describe this Tree, Description. you may know it well enough by the shaking of the leaves, which will quiver and tremble, though there be no wind; and from thence comes a proverb to say when one is affrighted, that he trembles like an Aspen leaf. There is two kinds, the white and black Poplar, the black is most useful in Physic.  
Names,] It is called Poplar, Asp, and Aspen Tree, in Latin Populus.  
Place and Time.] It groweth plentifully in our Land, but in low and watery grounds; the clammy buds thereof are gathered about the beginning of April to make the Ointment called Vnguentum Populeon.  
Temperature and Virtues.] The clammy substance of the black Poplar is hot and dry, the white is of a watery warm nature, and of a cleansing quality; the Moon rules them both in Aries the first. The ointment made of this plant before spoke of, is a fine cooler of Inflammations in any part of the body, it temperates the heat of Wounds, and is good to dry up milk in women's Breasts. The juice of the leaves of white Poplar being extracted and dropped into the Ears, easeth pains of them, and cures Ulcers in the Ears: The seed drunk in Vinegar, is held good against the Falling Sickness, and the water that drops from hollow places of the black Poplar, takes away Wheals, Pushes, Warts, and other such break out in the body.   

Avens, Garyophillata.  
THe Avens rise up from the root with many dark green leaves, Description. winged and jagged about the edges; the stalks rise about a foot high, and are long and hairy, and shoot forth leaves at every joint, which are not so long as the lower leaves, but cut in on the edges into three parts or more; on the tops of the branches sprout forth the flowers which are yellow, and have five leaves like the flowers of Cinquefoil, but they are larger: when the flower is fallen, it leaveth a small green head, which after groweth to be rough and round, and consisteth of many long purple greenish seeds, which will stick to your ; the root hath many brownish fibres, smelling almost like Cloves.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Garyophillata, from the scent of the Roots, in English Avens and Herb Bennet.  
Place and Time.] Avens' delight to grow most in shadowy places, and is to be found in many places under hedge sides. They flower in May and June, and the seed is ripe in July.  
Quality and Virtues.] Avens is hot and dry, of a purging quality, a Plant of the Sun, and a great comforter of the heart; it is a good preservative against the Plague, or any other poison: it helps digestion, warms a cold Stomach, and opens the Liver and Spleen, the roots thereof in the Spring being steeped in Wine, and drunk thereof every morning fasting: it also helpeth the Wind, Colic, Fluxes, and is good for such as are troubled with Ruptures. The Decoction of the herb takes away spots in the face, it being washed therewith; the root may be dried and kept in powder, having the same virtue as the Decoction. It expels crude humours from the Breast, Belly, and Stomach; it dissolves congealed Blood, and helps the spitting of Blood, and heals inward Wounds, and outward Wounds, if they be bathed with the decoction thereof.  
Assafoetida, Vide Laserwort.    


Balm, Melissa.  
Balm groweth up with divers square green stalks, Description. the leaves are dark green, pointed at the ends, and a little dented round about the edges, having a fragrant smell; the flowers are small and gaping, of a pale Carnation colour, the leaves and stalks die every year, but the root abides in the ground, sprouting out fresh every Spring.  
Names. It is called in Latin Melissa, and in English Balm.  
Place and Time.] It groweth almost in every Country Housewifes' Garden, and flowers about August.  
Nature and Virtues.] This is another Solar herb, hot and dry in the second degree, of some thinness of parts, and 4 purging quality; an herb appropriated to the Heart, against the passions whereof it is an Antidote: It maketh the heart merry, strengthens the Spirits, and is good against Swoonings and Faintings; it drives away passions arising from Melancholy and  Phlegm: the water thereof, or rather a Conserve of the flowers strengthens the Brain, helps Digestion, and comforts a cold Stomach, and is good against the Plague, it provokes the Terms, is good to sweeten a stinking Breath; it is good in an Electuary for such as are troubled with difficulty of Breathing. The Syrup of Balm is good in Fevers, strengthening the Heart and Stomach: the juice thereof with a little honey is good to clarify the sight, it is good to be used in baths to comfort the Joints and Sinews, and easeth pains of the Gout: it is good against bitings of mad Dogs, and stinging of Venomous Creatures. In Oils or Salves it is a good ingredient to heal green Wounds.   

The Barberry-Tree. Oxyacantha.  
IT ariseth up with many slender stalks from the root, Description. which grow sometimes to a great height, and of an ordinary bigness; the Bark is whitish in the outside, and yellow next the wood, it is full of prickly sharp thorns, the flowers are yellow, the fruit hangs in clusters upon a stalk or string, and are red when they be ripe, of a sour taste, the root is yellow.  
Names.] The Latins call it Oxyacantha, a term not well befitting it, in English Barberries.  
Place and Time.] It groweth plentifully in Gardens, Orchards, and Closes near dwelling houses, where it hath been planted; it hath been also found wild in hedge-rowes, but I believe some Ditcher planted it there to mend his hedges instead of Thorns: They blossom in May, and the fruit is ripe in September about the latter end, or beginning of October.  
Quality and Virtues.] Venus owns this plant, (whatever Culpepper says) it is cold and moist in the second degree, and of the fruit are made gallant cooling medicines, both Conserves, and Preserves; the leaves beat like to Green sauce while they be young, cools hot Stomaches, and hot burning Agues, procures appetite, cools the Liver, and helps Belchings; so likewise doth the Conserve or Preserve of the Fruit, it represseth Choler, helps them that loath their meat, by procuring an appetite; it cools Inflammations of the mouth and throat, the mouth being gargled with some of the Conserve, dissolved in a little water and vinegar, it stayeth Rheums and Distillations, and fastens the Gums and lose Teeth; it stays the immoderate Flux of women's Courses, kills Worms, being taken with a little Southernwood and Sugar: the decoction of the inner Bark is effectual against the yellow Jaundice.   

Barley.  
IT is needless to say any thing more of this Grain here, but only of the Physical use, it's other virtues being sufficiently known to the Husbandman, and to the Brewer, and Alewife too; but these latter gain more by the Vices attending it, then by its Virtues.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It is cooling and drying in the first degree, of a cleansing quality: Culpepper, as I remember, ascribes it to Venus; he would lay all the fault of drunkenness upon women. But, etc. Barley indeed, the water made thereof, and other things, doth much nourish such as are troubled with Agues, Fevers, and hot Stomaches. The French Barley is much used for diseases of the Breast, and likewise in Fevers and other inward heats; as heat of the Urine in a Gonorrhoea, or otherwise, it doth provoke Urine. The preparation of the Barley water is thus; Take French Barley two ounces, boil it in two several waters, casting the water away, then boil it the third time in a quart of water to a pint and a half, adding Liquorish half an ounce, Violet leaves and Strawberry leaves, of each an handful, sweeten it with Sugar or syrup of Violets: this is excellent in a Fever or Surfeit, being timely used. Barley meal and Fleawort being boiled in water, and made into a pultis with honey and oil of Lilies, cures Tumours, and Swell being applied warm: A plaster made thereof with Tar, Wax, and Oil, helpeth the hard swelling of the King's Evil in the throat, it easeth pains of the sides and stomach and windiness of the Spleen, being boiled with Melilot, Camomile flowers, and some Linseed, Fennigreek, and Rue in powder, and applied warm to the sides. Barley meal boiled in Vinegar with some honey, and some dry Eigs added thereunto, dissolveth hard Imposthumes, and excrescences growing upon the eyelids, and assuageth inflammations, being applied thereunto.   

Basil. Basilicum.  
BAsil springeth up with one stalk, Description. shooting forth branches on every side, at the joints grow the leaves, two at every joint, which are of a pale green colour, and of a strong smell, they are somewhat round, a little pointed, and dented a little about the edges, the flowers stand at the tops of the branches, and are small and white, the seed is black.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Ocymum and Basilicum, in English Basil.  
Place and Time.] Basil is nourished only in Gardens with us, and flowers in the heat of Summer, the seed is soon ripe, the root perisheth at Winter, it must be new sown every year.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is said to be hot in the second degree, but having a superfluous moisture. Culpepper rails at large against this herb, that it ought not to be taken inwardly; yet it may be corrected with oil and vinegar, and eaten by women to dry up their milk; the same effect it hath being bruised and applied outwardly to the breasts: the much smelling thereunto, causeth the Head ache to those who have a weak brain; yet to those whose brains are stronger, it comforts the brain and purges the head; it procures speedy delivery, and provokes Urine and the Terms; it is good against pains of the head and the Lethargy, being applied with oil of Roses, Myrtles, and Vinegar: the seeds are used to expel melancholy and comfort the heart: and the juice or seeds being bruised and put into the nostrils procureth sneezing. The Herb used with honey takes away spots in the face.   

The Bay-Tree. Laurus.  
THis is so well known it needs no description.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Laurus, and the berries Bacca Laurt.  
Places and time.] It grows frequently in our Gardens, and is planted against Walls, delighting rather in the shade then the Sun, it keeps green all the year, the berries are ripe towards Winter.  
Nature and Virtues.] Bays both the leaves and berries are hot and dry, a plant of Jupiter; the berries taken in powder with honey is good against infirmities of the Breast, as Consumptions, and shortness of breach; and likewise helps Wind, and the Colic, and griping pains of the Belly: they provoke Urine, and are good against the Stone, and the windiness of the Mother, they are good against poisons, and the stinging of venomous beasts, they open the Liver and Spleen, procure an appetite, provoke women's Terms, cause speedy delivery, and purge down the Aster-birth. A bath made of the Decoction of the Leaves and Berries, is good for women to fit in for diseases of the Womb and Mother, and obstractions of the Courses: the oil of the berries is good to comfort the joints against cold Aches, Cramps, Palsies, and benummedness of any parts: the oil or juice of the berries dropped into the ears, helps deafness, and pains in the ears. Quicksilver killed in the oil or juice, helps the Itch, and Wheals, or Scabs in the skin, the powder of them taken in white wine is good against Cramps and contractions of the Sinews. The leaves may also be used for many of the purposes aforesaid, and are excellent good three or four leaves in broth to comfort the stomach.   

Beans. Faba.  
I Shall not need describe these neither, there being not scarce a boy or girl but well enough knows, both the garden and field Beans, that is able to eat a Bean.  
Names.] In Latin a bean is called Faba.  
Places and Time.] The greater sort is planted in Gardens, the other small Beans are sown in Fields, and are meat for horses and hogs, and good to make malt with too. The Garden beans are ripe in June and July, some earlier and some later, according as they are planted, serving for good strong food in harvest.  
Temperature and Virtues.] They are more used with us for food than Physic, and while they are green they are held to be cold and moist, when dry, cold and dry; and the Physical uses are these; the distilled water of the green shells is excellent good against the Stone, to be drunk in the mornings, and a little butter unsalted eaten therewith. Bean meal helpeth Felons, Boils, Bruises, Imposthumes, and Swell of Kernels about the Ears, being mixed with Fennugreek and Honey, and applied to the place grieved: The distilled water of the flowers cleanseth and beautifieth the face and skin, and takes away spots and wrinkles thereof. A pultis made of bean flower, oil, and vinegar, and applied to the breasts of women which are swelled by abundance of milk, helpeth the swelling, and represseth the milk, dissolving the curdling thereof. A pultis bieng made with bean flower, wine, oil, and vinegar, helpeth the swelling of the Cod; and being used with Rose leaves, the white if an Egg, and a little Frankincense, it helps swell, stripes, and watering eyes. Beans are also a friend to Venus. And thus I shall leave them, hastening to proceed to their affinity, viz.   

French Beans. Phaseolus.  
HAving now done with the English Bean, Description. the French or Kidney Bean in order follows; which also scarce needs a description, being now ordinary in Gardens: they grow up at first with one stalk, but afterwards are divided into several branches, out of which come long foot stalks, bearing three broad round and pointed green leaves, and must be supported with sticks or poles, growing much higher than garden Pease; the flowers are like pease blossoms, and vary in colour, like the fruit which are some white, some blackish, some striped; the Bean is small, and much resembles a Kidney, from whence they have attained the name of Kidney beans. There is a kind that bears a scarlet flower, more planted for ornament then any thing else.  
Names.] In Latin it is called Phaseolus, in English French and Kidney Beans.  
Place and Time.] They delight the grow in good ground, and must be planted about the latter end of April, or beginning of May; for sooner the frost will destroy them: their fruit is ripe about August, and September, sometimes in July.  
Temperature and Virtues.] Kidney beans are accounted hot and moist in the first degree, easy of digestion; they nourish much, increase sperm, and are very venerial; they excellently provoke Urine, and are great friends to the Kidneys, they help shortness of breath by opening the Breast, and strengthen the Liver and Stomach, and a weak back: the dried beans in Winter may be boiled and eaten with butter as pease are, and being beaten to powder and given in white wine, they are good against the Stone, and cleanse and strengthen the Kidneys, taking the quantity of a dram at a time.  
Bearsfoot, Vide Hellebore:   

Ladies Bedstraw. Gallium.  
COmmon Lady's Bedstraw springeth up with small square brown stalks, Description. at the first standing upright; but when it cometh to its usual height, which is about a foot or half a yard, the tops lean a little downward, being usually branched out into divers parts full of joints, with divers very fine small leaves at every one, set at equal distances like Woodroof, but a great deal less, and scarcely having any roughness at all; at the branches tops from several joints do spring forth many long tufts of yellow flowers, standing very thick one above another, having four leaves apiece, smelling not unpleasant, yet strong and resinous: the seed is black and small like poppey seed, and having two most usually joined near together; the root is somewhat red, and hath many small threads fastened to it, by which it taketh fast hold of the earth, creeping a little way under it, and the heaviness of the flowers weigh the branches to the ground, that it taketh root again at the joints thereof, whereby it most increaseth. There is another kind called Common white-flowred Lady's Bedstraw. There are four other kinds which are found in Italy, Germany, and Candy, where I leave them.  
Names.] It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and by some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 milk, because formerly they used it instead of Runnet to turn the milk into a curd for to make Cheese, for which it is said to serve very well; and therefore it is called Cheese Runnet, both here and beyond the Seas. The Latins call it also Gallium, and that with white flowers Mollugo; in English Ladies Bedstraw and Maids-hair, from the fineness of the leaves.  
Place and Time.] The Common lady's Bedstraw grows in dry Pastures, Closes, and Meadows, and sometimes in those that are wet: the white flowered groweth in the Abbey Orchard at St. Alban, and divers other places; they flower in May and June, and the seed is ripe in July and August.  
Temperature and Virtues.] The name of this plant attributes it to the dominion of Venus, but I judge Mercury is the chief ruler thereof; it challenges the pre-eminence above Mugwort, for preventing the sore weariness of Travellers. The decoction of the herb and flowers used warm, is excellent good to bathe the surbated Feet of Footmen and Lackeys in hot weather, and also to lissome and mollify the stiffness and weariness of their joints and sinews, being bathed with the said decoction; the same may be done with an ointment, or oil made of the said Herb and flowers, which you may always keep in readiness, which is available not only for the same purpose, but also  Burn and Scaldings, and for the dry Scab and Itch in Children. The way to make the oil, is by infusing the herb and flower in a sufficient quantity of salad Oil, and setting it in the heat of the Sun for ten or twelve days, as oil of the flowers of Cammomile, and other oils by infusion are made. The ointment you may make by boiling the flowers and herb in Hog's Lard or Salad Oil, adding to it some melted Bees wax after it is strained: either of these may be used for prevention before a Journey is taken: or afterwards, for a cure; first bathe the feet with the decoction, and afterwards anoint them with either oil or ointment; but you are not always sure to have the herb and flowers in readiness for a decoction; therefore you may be provided with the Oil or Ointment, or both, which will serve your turn without it. The Germans praise that with white flowers to make an excellent bath to strengthen and comfort the weak and weary Sinews, Arteries, and Joints. Some Cheshire dairy women use the other as is reported in their Runnet, for which cause it obtained the name of Cheese Runnet, as is said before. The decoction of the herb is likewise effectual being drunk, to provoke Urine; it helps to break the Stone, and to stay inward bleedings, and to heal inward wounds. The herb and flowers bruised and put up into the nostrils, stayeth their bleeding, and so it doth the bleeding of Wounds, and being applied to a place that is burned, it draweth out the fire and healeth it. Dioscorides reports that the Roots are good to stir up Lust, which virtue some also attribute to the flowers.   

Beets. Sicula.  
THere are of Beets both white and red, Description. the white is the most common, which springeth up with many whitish green great leaves next the ground, after cometh a strong ribbed stalk, bearing leaves almost to the top, the flowers growth in tufts which hang down their heads, the seeds are cornered and prickly, the root great and long, and perisheth commonly the second year.  
Names.] It is called in Latins Beta, and Sicula by some, in English Beets.  
Place, and Time.] They grow only with us where they are planted in Gardens, they continue green the first Winter, and afterwards flower in July, the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The white Beet is temperate in heat and moisture, they loosen the belly and provoke Urine, and are good against bitings of venomous beasts: the juice thereof mixed with honey and dropped into the ears, easeth the pains and noise thereof; and snuffed up into the nose, it recovereth a lost smelling; the decoction of the roots and leaves cleanseth the head of Scurf, Scales, and Nits, helps the falling of the hair, helpeth Freckles, Spots, and kibed heels if they be first rubbed over with salt Peter: it helps running Sores, Wheals, and Inflammations. They are likewise good against obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and the juice of them is good against the Headache and Swimmings of the Brain, being snuffed up into the nostrils, it purgeth the head by drawing forth Rheum, and being applied to the Temples, it easeth pains and helps inflammations of the Eyes: but if Beets be too frequently eaten, they offend the Stomach, and therefore are most effectual and best, being seldom used.   

The Beech-Tree.  
I Shall not need to take up room to describe this tree, he is very well known; it is called in Latin Fagus, and the fruit Nuces fagi, in English Beech mast: the fruit is ripe towards Michaelmas.  
Temperature and Virtues.] The leaves are cooling and astringent, the fruit hot and moist in the first degree, very astringent, a plant of Jupiter: The leaves are good for Ulcers, being boiled to a pultis, or made into an ointment when they are green, they are good for to take away Blisters and Gauls of the skin, and to discuss hot swell. There is a water found standing in the hollow of old Beeches which cureth the Itch, 
* I have taken water out of an hollow Beech in Bramsil Park in Hampshire which hath cured the Itch R. Turner, Anno, 1644.  as I have proved. The leaves are good to chew against inflammations of the Gums and Lips. The decoction of the Leaves, Bark, Buds, or Husks in running water, stoppeth the overflowing of women's Courses, being sat over, and causeth the Mattix and Fundament that are fallen down to go up to their right places: the decoction thereof in red Wine with Cinnamon and Sugar being drunk, doth the like; the mast or fruit being burned to ashes and mixed with honey is good for a scald Head.   

Water-Betony. Betonica Aquatica.  
WAter-Betony springeth up with a square hard stalk, Description. of a darkish green colour, shooting also forth broad dark green leaves dented about the edges, commonly two at a joint: at the joints and at the top come forth flowers of a dark red colour, like a hood at top, and the lowermost part hanging gaping down, after which come small brownish round heads, the root is fibrous and perisheth every winter.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Betonica Aquatica, in English Water-Betony and Brook-Betony.  
Place, and Time.] It groweth plentifully by Brooks and Rivers sides, in moist Ditches in watery places, as about the River's side between Hollshot-Bridge and the Mill in Hampshire. The flower in July and August, and the seed is ripe in September.  
Temperature and Virtues.] Some writ that Water-Betony is hot and dry, but I rather judge it to be cold and dry; a Plant of Saturn, as its virtues and operations will demonstrate: I am sure it is a good cooler in Burn and Scaldings; with it I cured ones Leg scalded all over, making the Medicine thus, Take fresh Hog's Lard, new Sheep's Dung, and the leaves of Water-Betony, pound them in a Mortar and make them into an Ointment. It is likewise good to dissolve swell and hard knobs, being stamped with Vinegar and applied three times a day. The seed is good for the Sciatica, being taken in Wine with Myrrh and Pepper: The decoction of the leaves in Spring Water is good for all unkind heats, and is excellent to cure the Itch, Wheals, and Pushes. The distilled water taketh away Sun-burnings, Spots, and Redness of the Face ● so do the leave being stamped and made into an Ointment with Cream: the juice boiled with Honey and Tents dipped therein is effectual to cure old and new Sores. The seed is effectual to expel Worms out of the Belly, a dram thereof at a time being taken in Wine: the Leaves stamped and applied to old Spreading and corrupt Sores and Pocks healeth them, and the juice of the Herb being drunk helps bleeding at Nose, and them that spit Blood, and cures the botch in the Throat: It is also commended for the Piles and Hemorrhoides, either applied outwardly, or the powder thereof drunk or strewed upon the grieved place.   

Wood-Betony. Betonica.  
WOod-Betony springeth up with many leaves from the root running up with a tender stalk of about an handful, Description. and sometimes more, the leaf growing at the end thereof, and is somewhat broad and round at the end, of a darkish green colour, finely dented about the edges; the stalk runs up in the middle of these leaves a foot high, or more, upon which grow leaves by two and two at a joint, which are far smaller than the lower leaves; the flowers grow with spiked heads on the top of the stalks, of a purple colour; the root is fibrous, the stalk perisheth, but the leaves growing from the root are to be found all Winter.  
Names.] In Latin it's called Betonica, Betony in English.  
Place and Time.] It delights to grow in Woods and shady Hedge rows, in which places if it be dry ground you shall not miss of it, and flowers in June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] This herb is hot and dry, almost to the second degree, a plant of Jupiter in Aries, and is appropriated to the Head and Eyes; for the Infirmities whereof it is excellent, as also for the Breast and Lungs, being boiled in milk and drunk, it takes away pains in the Head and Eyes. Probatum. 
It would seem a miracle to tell what experience I have bad of it.  Some writ it will cure those that are possessed with Devils, or Frantic, being stamped and applied to the forehead; being boiled in white Wine with Vervain, Horehound, and Hyssop, and applied hot, it cures the Megrim. The powder of the leaves drunk in Wine or Beer, or being eaten with slices of bread steeped in Wine, doth restore the Brain, helps noises and giddiness of the Head; or being taken in pottage it comforts the Stomach and helps Digestion. A conserve of the flowers, or an Electuary thereof helps the Jaundice, Palsy, falling Sickness, Convulsions, Gout, Dropsies, and a continual Headache: The leaves or flowers may also be boiled in broth for the same purposes. An Electuary made of the powder with honey, cures Colds, Coughs, and the droppings of Rheum upon the Lungs which causeth Consumptions. The decoction of the Herb in Metheglin with a little  is good against. Quartan Agues, and purgeth away superfluous humours falling into the Eyes: it likewise kills Worms, opens the Liver and Spleen, cures Stitches and Gripe in the Bowels, being boiled in Wine; it likewise provokes the Terms and purges the Belly, being mixed with Honey; it helps fits of the Mother, and causes speedy delivery: and the quantity of a dram of it in powder taken in Syrup of Vinegar doth refresh those that are wearied by Travel, stayeth bleeding at the Nose, and helps those that spit or piss Blood. Many are the Virtues of Betony, so that I shall conclude with the words I found in an old Manuscript, under the Virtues of it. More than all this hath been proved of Betony.  
☞ See more of this in the Expert Doctors Dispensatory, written by P. Morellus.   

Bilberries, or Whorts. Vaccinia.  
THis Shrub creepeth along upon the ground, Description. seldom exceeding above half a yard high, having small dark green leaves, a little dented about the edges; at the foot of the leaves shoot forth the flowers, which are small, and of a pale blush colour, the brims having five points with a small reddish thread in the middle; after which come small round berries of a purple or blackish colour, of a sharp sweetish taste, the root spreads and creeps along in the ground, sprouting up in several places.  
Names.] They are called in Latin Vaccinia, in English Biberries, Whorts, and Whortle-Berries.  
Places and Time.] They grow plentifully in dry Woods, and barren hilly places, and abundantly in the Woods near Guildford in Surrey; so that the Country people make Pies and Tarts of them as we do with other Fruits, and they taste almost like Damson Tarts: They are ripe in June and July.  
Quality and Virtues.] The Bilberies are cold in the second degree, and do a little bind and dry; the Berries are good for those that are troubled with an old Cough, or Ulcer in the Lungs; but offensive to those that have a cold or weak Stomach: and therefore it is better for them to take it either in a Syrup made of the Juice, or a Conserve made of the Pulp; and thus they are effectual in hot Agues, and cool the heat of the Stomach and Liver, and do somewhat bind the Belly, and stayeth Vomitings and Loathe, and by its binding quality stayeth Lasks and Fluxes of Blood.   

Bifoil, or Twayblade. Bifolium.  
THis Herb springeth up with a slender stem or stalk, Description. fat, and full of juice from many small threddy strings fastened unto a small knot or root; about the middle whereof, are orderly placed two broad leaves ribbed much like Plantain leaves; at the top of the stalk groweth a slender greenish bush of many small flowers, resembling Flies or Knats, like the third kind of Serapio's or female Goatstones, and indeed it is a kind of Serapio,  
Names.] In Latin its called Bifolium and Ophris, the English names are above.  
Place and Time.] It loves Meadow and Marsh grounds, moist and shadowy places, flowers in May and June, and is soon gone like Orchis.  
Nature and Virtues.] It inclines to cold and dryness, and is good in Unguents and Balsams for green Wounds, and Burstings or Ruptures.   

Blue-Bottle, or Corn Flower. Cyanus.  
THere may be reckoned up of these several kinds, Description. as Cyanus major, Vulgaris, Purpureus, Albus, Violaceus, Variegata, That is the great Blue Bottle, or Corn flower, the common, the purple, the white, the violet colour, and the variable; These are all of kin to the Corn Scabious, and useless in Physic, there being better Medecines more known: what defects soever these have, the Scabious supplies; therefore I'll say no more of it, but only that the Common Blue Bottle is reputed good against inflamed eyes being of a cold Temperature.   

Brank Vrsine, or Bears-breech. Acanthus.  
IT is a stranger in England, only the Garden kind called Hortensis Acanthus may be found in Physic Gardens, but is naturally a Germane plant, and is reckoned amongst the kinds of Thistles.  
The Garden kind is called Hortensis Acanthus; the wild Acanthus Sativus; the one is a German, the other an Italian; yet Culpeppers Romancer would make an English Physician of them.  
Nature and Virtues.] The leaves hereof are of a mean Temperature; between hot and cold, of a mollifying and digesting faculty, and may be used for Limbs burnt with fire or out of joint, saith Dioscorides and the decoction helps the Ptisick, and such as spit blood, or have bruised or overstrained themselves, as Comphrey Roots doth; and of the Roots are made a Plaster against the numbness of the hands and feet; it is also used in Glisters, and the decoction of the Leaves provoke Urine, stop the Belly, help the Rupture, Cramp, and such as spit Blood.;   

Bindeweed or Belflower. Campanella.  
THe great blue Bindeweed springeth up with many long and winding branches, Description. winding itself contrary to the course of the Sun upon any thing that is near it: the leaves are round and pointed at the end like a Violet Leaf, but larger, of a deep green colour. The flowers come forth on pretty long foot stalks two or three together, at the joints of the branches where the leaves are set, at first long like a finger, of a pale whitish blue colour, but afterwards they grow broad like bells, and become of a deep blue, tending to purple, which after they are fallen away, the stalks whereon they stood bend downwards, and send forth husks, containing in them three or four seeds apiece, which are black, and about the bigness of a Tare, the roots are stringy, and die every Winter.  
Names.] The various kinds of this flower, or weed as it is more generally called, hath obtained several names, as in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Smilax laevis, and because it windeth about whatever is next to it, it is called Funus Arborum, and Campanella, from the flowers resembling a little Bell. It is called also Convolvulus, Orobanche, with many other names, which for brevity's sake I omit, and in English, Bindeweed, withwind, and Devils Gut, etc.  
Place and Time.] They are taken into Gardens for the beauty of the flowers, and may be also found in Corn Fields: I mean the common Bindeweed, and flower about the latter end of Summer, seldom perfecting their seed in England.  
Temperature and Virtues.] Bindeweeds are most of them hot and dry towards the second degree: The decoction thereof in white Wine is a good remedy for the Colic, it purgeth Phlegmatic and Melancholy Humours, and killeth worms; yet it is apt to trouble the Stomach, and cause Vomitings. The juice of the black Bindeweed being drunk, doth loosen the Belly, so doth the powder thereof drunk in Wine, or any other liquor: and Galen saith, the bruised Leaves applied to Tumours and Knots in the Flesh, dissolveth them. It is also said, that if any place where hair groweth, if it be anointed with the juice hereof, after the hair is plucked up by the roots, it suffereth it not to grow there any more.   

Bitter-sweet, or Wooddy Nightshade. Amara dulcis.  
IT springeth up with many slender, Description. woody, winding brittle stalks, about a man's height, sometimes higher, folding itself about any thing it is next unto, without any claspers at all, having a whitish rough bark, and a pith in the middle, sending forth branches on every side; green while they are young, and so are the new shoots of those that are elder. The leaves are somewhat like unto those of Nightshade, but that they are pointed at the ends, and grow disorderly upon the stalks, having usually growing upon the footstalks between the leaf and the branch, two small leaves or pieces of leaves like little wings, of a pale green colour, but some of them have but one, and some none: at the tops and sides of the branches upon short footstalks come forth the flowers, standing many together, like a long Umbel one above another, consisting of five narrow and long leaves of a Violet purple colour, with a long gold yellow pointell sticking forth in the middle; after which come round and somewhat long Berries, green at first, but red and full of juice when they are ripe, of an unpleasant bitter taste, yet sweet at first, having many flat white seeds in them; the root groweth not very great, but spreadeth itself with many strings under the ground.  
Names.] In Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Amara dulcis in Latin, because the Bark being chewed, tastes first bitter and sweet afterwards; it is also called Solanum Lignosum, in English Bitter-sweet, Wooddy Nightshade and Felon-wort, because it cureth Felons on the Fingers.  
Place and Time.] It grows by Ditches sides and Hedge whereon it runneth flowers about July, and the Berries are ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Leaves and Berries are hot and dry, cleansing and wasting away, and if they must have a peculiar master, let Mars have them: though Culpepper ascribes it to Mercury, because it cures Witchcraft, but Mars may be as great a Witch as Mercury. The leaves or Berries of Bitter-sweet bruised and stamped with rusty Bacon, or Hog's Grease and applied to Felons on the joints of the fingers is a speedy remedy for the same: The leaves and tender branches being infused in three pints of White Wine in a pot close covered over the fire for the space of twelve hours, and afterwards being strained and drunk about a quarter of a pint in a morning, many mornings together, is used with good success to open obstructions of the Liver, Gall, and Spleen, for the yellow and black Jaundice, and to cleanse women newly brought to bed, and is also available for difficulty of breathing, and congealed blood in any part of the Body, Bruises, and Falls, and is good against the Dropsy, gently purging away waterish, and other humours, both by Urine and Stool: It is likewise good against putrid Fevers and Agues, for Ruptures and Wounds, and when any Bone is broken, or out of joint. By a specific property being hung about the neck, it removeth such sudden distempers as swimming in the Head, or giddiness; and therefore as Tragus saith, the Germane Shepherds hang it about their Sheep's necks when they are troubled with a swimming in the head, causing them to turn round: but this is far from Witchcraft.   

The Birch Tee. Betula.  
THis tree in many places groweth to be a tall straight tree, Description. with many Boughs and slender branches, bending downwards; the elder groweth with a rough chapped bark, the younger are browner and smother; the leaves at first are crumpled, but after they are fully out, they are smooth, and of a fine smell: it beareth Catkins wherein the seed is contained.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Betula, in English Birch.  
Place and Time.] They grow frequently and plentifully in most Countries of this Land, as in the Woods of Hampshire in Danmore, at Holshot; but in some Countries as in Oxford and Northamptonshire, it is a rarity: the Catkins come forth in April, and the seed is ripe in September.  
Quality and Virtues.] The leaves are cooling, but the Bark and Catkins are hot. The decoction of the inner Bark doth drive down the Terms and Afterbirth, and cleanseth the Womb from superfluities; the juice, or distilled water of the young leers, or the water that issueth out of the tree, being bored with an augure, taken either before or after is is distilled again, is effectual to break the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder, and to wash sore Mouths; for which a Lie made of the inner Bark is effectual.   

Birthwort. Aristolochia.  
THe ordinary Birthwort shooteth forth divers long square stalks a foot long, Description. or thereabouts, with many yellowish green leaves; at every joint with the leaves from the middle of the stalk upwards groweth one long hollow Flower, broader at the top then at the bottom, of a brownish yellow colour, after the Flower cometh a fruit much like a Walnut, when the green shell is of, which openeth into three parts when it is ripe, wherein is the seed flat and round, separated by certain skins, the root is round and tuberous.  
Names.] In Latin it is called Aristolochia, in English Birthwort.  
Place and Time.] That with the long root groweth naturally in England, about Reading; but that with the round is found only in the Physic Garden at Oxford, and other places of rareties: they grow naturally in Spain and Italy, and about Montpelier, where they flower and seed in May, June, and July.  
Quality and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the second degree, the root causeth speedy delivery in women, expels the Afterbirth, and provokes the Terms: it purgeth Phlegm and Choler, and expels Wind, and is good against diseases of the Breast, Spleen, Stomach, Brain, and Nerves, Convulsion, Ruptures, shortness of Breath, and Falling Sickness, and cold Agues. The decoction thereof cures Ulcers of the secret parts; the powder hereof cleanseth the teeth: if it be mixed with the powder of the roots of Flower de Luce and Honey, it cleanseth and healeth old rotten Vclers; the powder hereof maketh the Teeth white, being rubbed therewith. It cures the Cancer and Pollypus in the Nose, being mixed with Lime, powder of Aloes, and Honey, and made into an Ointment with a little Wine, and Tents dipped therein and put into the Nostril. And though that with the round root grow not in England, yet you may have of it at our Druggist's, by whom it is called Aristolochia vera & Rotunda.   

Bishopsweed. Ammi.  
IT springeth up with a round strait stalk, Description. three or four foot high, having divers long and somewhat broad leaves cut in divers places and dented about the edges, growing on each side the foot stalk one against another, of a freesh green colour, it beareth Umbells of white flowers, which bring a small round brown seed, of a hot scent and taste; the root is white and fibrous, perishing every year.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Ameos, and Ammi, in English Bishopsweed, Herb-William, and Bulwort of some.  
Place and time.] It grows in divers places of England and Wales, and namely by the Hedges sides between Greenhythe and gravesend, they flower in June and July, and seed in August.  
Quality and Virtues.] Bishopsweed, especially the seeds is hot and dry in the third degree. Culpepper ascribes it to Venus, because it stirs up lust. I think Mars may do it as well as she; but besides this it is useful to dissolve Wind, and and case the Colic, being taken in Wine, and to provoke Urine and women's Terms, and profitable against the bitings of venomous Beasts, and is successful to be used in Medicines made of Cantharideses, by qualifying their corroding operation upon the passages of the Urine; it takes away black and blue marks caused by blows or bruises, being mixed with Honey and applied: and being drunk or applied outwardly, it abates the redness of the face and nose, caused by drinking or otherwise, being given with Raisins, as Wormseed is to Children; it cleanseth the Matrix, and so it doth, the fume being received, mixed with Rozin.   

Bistort, or Snakeweed. Bistorta.  
Form.] THis Herb hath a thick short knobbed root, blackish without and reddish within, crooked or wreathed together, of a harsh astringent taste, with divers blackish fibres thereon; from whence ariseth divers leaves upon long foot stalks, much like a dock leaf, a little pointed at the ends, of a blueish green on the upper side, and of an Ash colour grey, and a little purplish underneath, having many veins therein: the stalks are small and slender, about half a yard high, growing without leaves, which beareth a spiky head of pale flesh coloured flowers, which produceth small seed like unto Sorrel seed, but greater.  
Names.] It is called Bistorta, and Serpentaria, in English Bistort and Snakeweed.  
Places and Time.] It grows in shadowy places at the foot of Hills in moist Grounds and Meadows. I have found it in the Meadows by Wickomb in Buckinghamshire. It flowers in May, and the seed is ripe in July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the third degree, and astringent; it is good against the bitings of Snakes and Serpents, from whence it got its name, and the poison of Toads, Spiders, and other venomous Creatures, if the place be washed with the distilled water of the Roots and leaves: It stays all Fluxes, cures inward Bleeding, and Spitting of Blood, and Vomiting, the powder of the root being taken in Wine, or the Decoction being drunk: the juice is good against the Polipus; and other Sores of the Nose; both the Leaves and Roots resist poison. The root in powder taken in drink, the quantity of a dram at a time, expels the venom of the Plague, small Pox, Measles, Purples, and other Infectious Diseases, driving it out by seating: The Root in powder, or the Decoction thereof being drunk, helps Ruptures and Bruises, dissolving congealed Blood. The Decoction in Wine hindereth Abortion, the leaves kill Worms in Children, and helps them that cannot hold their Water, if some juice of Plantain be added thereto, and outwardly applied; it helps the running of the Reins: A dram of the root in powder taken in the water thereof, wherein some Steel hath been quenched, is essectual for the same, the body being first purged. The decoction of the whole plant is good for Wounds or Sores, the decoction of the roots in water with some Pomegranate Pills and Flowers is a good injection to reduce the Matrix to its right place, and stop the overflowing of the Courses; the Roots will keep good a year or two. The Dose in powder is from a Scruple to a Dram in decoction, from one dram to two or three, which may be made in posset drink, bruising the root only.  
☞ See more of this in Adam in Eden, by W. Coles.   

Blackthorn, or Sloebush. Spinus.  
THe Black Thorn is very well known to every boy for its Sloes, so that it needs no further description,  
Names.] It is called in Latin Spinus, in English Black Thorn, and the Slow Tree.  
Place and Time.] They grow plentifully in Hedge-rowes in most places of this Land; they flower usually in March, if the Spring be forward, yet the Sloes are not ripe till October Frosts by't them.  
Nature and Virtues.] Both the Slow Tree and Fruit is cooling, drying, and the Sloes howsoever used are effectual against Lasks, Looseness, and Fluxes of Blood, either in men or women: The decoction of the bark of the root performeth the like effects, and caseth pains in the Sides, Bowels, and Guts, that come by overmuch Scouring or Looseness; the Conserve hath the same effect: the distilled water of the Flowers steeped one night in Sack and drawn therefrom in a body of glass, easeth gnawings in the Stomach, Sides, and Bowels, to drink a small quantity when they are troubled therewith. Sloes being stamped and tunned up in an earthen pot with new Ale, and so drunk, helps pains in the Breast, and the decoction of the Bark is good against pissing in bed. The distilled water of the green Sloes, and Flowers, as also the decoction of the green leaves is good to wash a sore Mouth, or Throat, and to stay distillations of Rheum into the eyes, and to case hot pains of the Head, the Forehead, and Temples, being bathed therewith.  
☞ See more of this in the Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Blites. Blitue.  
THere are two kinds of Blites, white and red, the white groweth up two or three foot, the leaves are somewhat like Beets, but smaller, rounder, and of a whitish green colour; the Flowers grow on the tops, in long tufts or clusters, wherein is contained a small round seed, the roots is fibrous.  
Names,] It is called in Latin Blitus, and Blitum, in English Blite and Blites.  
Place and Time.] Both sorts are found wild in many places of this Land, and are also nourished in some Gardens: they flourish all Summer, seeds about August or September, and continues green all Winter.  
Quality and Virtues.] Blites are cold and moist in the second degree, under the dominion of Venus; their Physical use is to restrain Fluxes of Blood, other in man or woman; the red stay the Reds, and the white the Whites in women: The white Blite is proved a delightful bait to Fishes, as Anglers say.  
Bloodwort. Vide Docks.   

borage. Borrago.  
THe Garden borage is so well known, it needs no Description. Borrago is the Latin name thereof.  
Place and Time.] It grows plentifully in Gardens in most places of this Land, and flowers in July and August.  
Quality and Virtues.] borage is one of Jupiter's Cordials, hot and moist in the first degree, all parts of it are cordial, and do expel Sadness and Melancholy; it cleanseth the Blood, and is effectual in putrid and pestilential Fevers to defend the Heart. The juice made into a Syrup is good for the same purpose, and cleanseth the Blood, and tempers the heat thereof; the conserve of the Flowers is good for the same purposes, and is a good Cordial for such as are in Consumptions; it comforts the Heart and Spirits, and is therefore good for those that are troubled with Swoonings and Passions of the heart. The distilled water is effectual for the same purposes, and helps Inflammations and redness of the Eyes, they being washed therewith. The Herb in Summer being boiled with some other Salad Herbs, is an excellent Salad and grateful to the Stomach, being eaten with Butter and Vinegar.   

The Bramble Bush. Rubus.  
I Shall not need describe this Bush; if you go by a Hedge it will be acquainted with you, if it can lay hold of your .  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Batus, in Latin Rubus and Sentis, of some Cynosbatus, in English Bramble and Black-berry-bush: the fruit Blackberries, which are called in shops Mora Bati.  
Place and Time.] It is a companion for every hedge almost; most; it flowers in July, and the berries are ripe towards Michaelmas.  
Temperature and Virtues.] The Leaves, Root, and Berries of the Bramble are all of an astringent quality; it's a plant of Mars, and is good to stop Fluxes and Lasks, and the decoction of the Flowers or unripe fruit, helps spitting of Blood, they also help Ulcers and Sores of the Mouth and Throat: the Leaves likewise are good to make Lotions for the sores of the Mouth and privy parts, and to heal a cut finger too: the powder of the root expels the Stone and Gravel of the Reins and Kidneys; the berries or flowers are good against the poison of venomous Serpents. The decoction of them bind the Belly, and stop the overflowing of women's Courses; the juice of the ripe berries being drunk and the pumish of them (out of which it is strained) being outwardly applied to swell in the Neck and Throat, is a speedy remedy for those Distempers. The distilled water of the flowers and fruit, is good in Fevers and heat of the Body. A syrup of the ripe berries may be kept all the year for the purposes aforesaid.  
☞ See further in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Bryony. Brionia.  
THere are two sorts of Bryony growing here in England, Description. the white Bryony or wild Vine, and the black Bryony; the white Bryony springeth up with long tender stalks, with many clasping tendrils, by which it catcheth hold and clambreth on those things that are near it; the leaves are like our Vine leaves, but more hairy and whiter of colour: the flowers be white and small, consisting of five leaves apiece, the berries grow in clusters and are green at first, but red when they are ripe, the root groweth very big, and is bitter.  
Names.] The Latin name is Bryonia, in English Bryony and wild Vine. Some call the white root English Jollap, and use it instead thereof.  
Place and Time.] It grows in Hedge-rowes and Coppices in many of our Countries, and flowers in May, and the berries be ripe in Autumn.  
Quality and Virtues.] The white Bryony is chief used in Physic, and is hot and dry in the third degree or more, an herb of Mars; it purgeth with great violence being taken alone, but a scruple or two of the powder of the root with a third part of Cinnamon and Ginger, being drunk in white Wine, draweth away water abundantly both by Vomit and Stool, and therefore is good for the Dropsy: The compound water of Bryony, a spoonful being taken at a time, easeth the fits of the Mother, expels the Afterbirth, and cleanseth the Womb: so likewise doth a Pessary of the root, and also draweth forth the dead Child, it provokes Urine and purgeth the Reins and Bladder, opens obstructions of the Spleen, draweth away Phlegm and Rheums from the Head and Brain, and therefore is profitable in the falling Sickness and swimming of the head; the juice applied cleanseth the skin from the Morphew and Leprosy; the root is good against the bitings of venomous Creatures, kills Worms, and is good against the King's Evil, the juice being taken with equal parts of Wine and Honey: the Berries and distilled water are good to take away spots and freckles in the face.  
☞ See more of this in The Art of Smpling: by W. C.   

Brookelime. Becabunga.  
BRookelime groweth up with thick stalks, Description. parted into divers branches, the leaves are broad, thick, and smooth, like Purslane leaves; but of a darker green colour, growing by couples upon the stalks: the flowers are of a blue colour, and grow upon tender foot stalks, the root is white, having five strings fastened thereto at every joint.  
Names.] It is usually called in Latin Becabunga, in English Brookelime.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in small Brooks, Ditches, and standing Waters; it flowers in June and July.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It is of a temperate moist quality, some say dry, Culpepper ascribes it to Mars, but I am sure than his Logic is false, for it groweth not in martial places: I rather give Venus the rule of it. It is good against Dropsies and Scurvies, and is used in Spring time in water Gruel to purge the body from ill humours, and to cleanse the Blood; it is also used with Water-cresses and other Herbs for the same purpose: it is helpful to break the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder, provokes Urine, and women's Courses, and expels the dead Birth: it helps the Strangury, and heals inward Scabs in the Bladder, the juice being drunk in Wine: being fried with butter and vinegar, and applied warm, it helps Tumours, and St. Anthony's fire being often renewed.   

Butcher's Broom. Bruscus.  
THis groweth up somewhat more than a foot high, Description. with a tough round stalk which spreadeth into divers green branches, the leaves are of a dark green colour, hard and prickly at the ends, it giveth a whitish green flower, consisting of four round pointed leaves, after which comes a round berry, which is red when it is ripe; the root is thick, white, and great at the head, from whence shooteth divers thick white tough strings.  
Names.] In Latin it is called Ruscus, and Bruscus, in English it is called Knee-holme, Knee-holly, and Butcher's broom, because Butchers use it to cleanse their Stalls, and keep Flies away from the meat.  
Places and Time.] It grows plentifully in dry waste grounds and near Holly Bushes, you may often find it in most places of this Land in dry light ground: The berries are ripe about September, and the leaves abide green all Winter.  
Quality and Virtues.] The roots which are chief used in Physic are moderately hot and dry, with a thin quality; it is one of the five opening roots, and doth open obstructions, provokes Urine, expels Gravel, and the Stone, helpeth the Strangury, drives down the Terms, cleanseth the Breast of Phlegm, and the Chest of clammy humours, being taken with Honey: the berries may be used in Electuaries for the same purpose. The juice being drunk, and a pultis made of the berries and leaves being applied, is effectual in knitting broken Bones, or parts out of joint. In diseases of the Reins and Bladder, a Decoction of the sieve opening roots is thus made; Take of this root, and the roots of Parsley, Fennel, Smallage, and Grass, of each a like quantity, and boil them in White Wine, and drink the decoction, respect being had to the strength of the Patent, in making it stronger or weaker. It may also be made in water for want of wine, and sweetened with Sugar.   

Broom, and Broomrape. Genista.  
TDe Broom needs no description, the Broomrape springeth up from the roots of the Broom, in form like unto Bastard Orchis, called Birds-nest, having a root like a Turnip or Rape.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Genista, and the broom-rape, Rapum Genistae.  
Place and Time.] Broom delights to grow in dry grounds, and quickly over runs whole Fields, if they lie a little untilled. My Father's Grounds at Holshot in Hampshire are never free from it altogether; it flowers about the latter end of Summer.  
Quality and Virtues.] Broom is hot and dry in the second degree, cleanseth and openeth, purgeth phlegmatic and watery Humours, is very good for the Dropsy and Green Sickness, and for the Gout, Sciatica, and other pains of the Joints, helps the swell of the Spleen, provokes Urine, and thereby cleanseth the Reins, Kidneys, and Bladder, and breaketh the Stone; the powder of the leaves and seeds taken in Wine, cures the black Jaundice: and a Conserve of the flowers is good against the King's Evil, the distilled water is good for the same. The flowers made into an Ointment with Hog's Grease, cures pains in the Knees, the swell of the King's Evil, Winde, and Stitches in the sides, being applied thereto, and the bitings of venomous Creatures. The Oil of the Roots cleanseth the body from Freckles; the pickled buds stir up an appetite to meat, opens the Spleen, and provokes Urine: the Broom Rape infused in Oil, and set in the Sun for certain days, makes an oil to take away Wheals and bushes from the face, or any other part of the Body.   

Buckshorn Plantain. Herbastella.  
IT groweth up at first with small long narrow green leaves like Grass, Description. the leaves that follow are gashed on each side, like the snags of a Bucks Horn, and when they are thorough grown, they lie upon the ground round the root like a Star, from which rise up divers stalks with spiky heads like common Plantain; the root is small, with divers fibres hanging thereto.  
Names.] It's called in Latin, Cornu Cervinum, Herb stella, and Sanguinaria.  
Place and Time.] It delights to grow in dry sandy Grounds, and flowers in the Summer months; the leaves keep green all the Winter.  
Quality and Virtues.] It is cooling, drying, and astringent, the decoction in Wine strengtheneth the Reins and Back, and cooleth the heat of the Reins and Kidneys; wherefore it is good for those that are troubled with the Stone: it helps the Bloody Flux, and Lasks of the Belly, and other bleeding, helps the Colic, breaks the fits of Agues, stayeth bleedings at the Nose, and the decoction either in ale or wine, stayeth the distillations of hot and sharp Rheums from the Head to the Eyes: it is a Plant under the dominion of Saturn.   

Of Bugle. Consolida media.  
BUgle hath larger leaves then , Description. but not much different, some green on the upper side, others more brownish, somewhat hairy and dented about the edges, the stalk is square and hairy, about a foot high, the leaves stand by couples, and from about the middle of the stalk to the top, stand the flowers which are blueish, and some of an ash colour, like those of ground Ivy; the seeds are small, round, and blackish, the roots like those of .  
Names.] It is called in Latin Consolida media, Buglum, and Bugula.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in wet Copses, and moist Fields, and flowers from May to July, the root abides many years.  
Quality and Virtues.] It is temperately hot and dry, and somewhat binding, an herb of Venus; it wonderfully cures Ulcers and Sores, whether new or old, the leaves being bruised and applied: the juice made into a Lotion with honey and allome, cures sores of the Mouth and Gums, and all sores and ulcers of the privy parts: The decoction in wine dissolves congealed blood, and helps inward Bruises and Wounds, and is a special herb in wound Drinks, and for those that are Liver grown. Take Bugle, Scabious, and Sanicle, boil them in hog's grease, till the herbs be dry, then strain it and keep it for a singular ointment for all sorts of hurts in the body.   

Bugloss. Buglossum.  
THis needs no description, it's Latin name is Buglossum; and for its Virtues I shall refer you to Borrage, they are both excellent cordial herbs, under the dominion of Jupiter, strengtheners of the heart and lungs, and breast: An Electuary may be made of Bugloss roots for the Cough, and to condensate and expectorate thin Phlegm, and Rheumatic distillations upon the Lungs.   

Viper's Bugloss. Echium.  
THis springeth up with many rough leaves lying on the ground, Description. the stalks are rough, hard, and prickly, spotted like a Viper's skin, the leaves long, rough, and hairy, of a sad green, the middle rib for the most part white; the flowers grow in spiky heads on the tops of the stalks of a purple violet colour, the seeds are blackish cornered like a Viper's head, the root is woody, but perisheth every Winter.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, some Latins Echium, and Buglossum silvestre Viperinum, Viper's Bugloss.  
Place and Time.] It grows wild in many places of this Land, flowers and seeds about the middle of Summer.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It is cold and dry, yet the seeds and roots are good to expel Melancholy, temper the Blood, and allay hot fits of Agues, procures milk in women's Breasts, easeth pains of the Reins and Kidneys, helps bitings of venomous creatures, is effectual against poison, and poisonous Herbs. The distilled water being used inwardly or outwardly, as occasion serves; a syrup may likewise be made thereof, which is good to expel sadness, and comfort the heart.  
☞ See further in The Art of Simpling: by W. Coles.   

Burnet. Pimpinella.  
THis small herb sendeth forth divers long winged leaves finely dented about the edges, Description. green on the upper side, and grayish underneath, set on each side with a middle rib; the stalks rise about a foot high, of a brown colour, the flowers are small, of a purplish colour, the seed cornered, the root small, long, and blackish, with some fibres.  
Names.] Some call it in Latin Pimpinella, and Pampinula, and Sanguisorba.  
Place and Time.] It groweth wild in most dry hilly grounds, as all along the way almost between Gravesend and Rochester, and is also nourished in Gardens; it flowers in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Burnet is hot and dry in the second degree, a plant of the Sun, a great friend to the heart, and principal members, quickens the spirits, and expels melancholy, defends the heart from infection, the juice being taken in some proper drink, and the party sweeting thereupon: It stops fluxes of Blood, Scour, and the overflowings of women's Courses and the whites, helps choleric belchings of the Stomach, and is a singular good wound herb; and in Summer a little of this herb being put in a glass of Claret, gives it a pleasing relish.   

Burdock and Butter-burre. Bardana.  
BUtter-burre sendeth forth his flowers before the leaves like Coltsfoot, 
Form.  which grow upon a thick stalk, of a deep red colour, they quickly fall away, then come the leaves which grow bigger than the Burdock, of a pale green colour above, and hoary underneath; the root is blackish without, and white in the inside, of a bitter taste.  
Names.] The Burdock is called in shops Bardana, and Lappa major, the Butter-burre Petasites.  
Place and Time.] They grow plentifully by Brooks, Ditches, and Highway sides, delighting in good ground; the flowers and burrs come forth in July, and the seed is ripe in September; the Butterburr flowers in March, and the leaves spring up in April.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Burdock leaves are moderately cold and dry; the butterburr hot and dry in the second degree; the Burdock leaves reduce the matrix to its right place, by drawing it up or down, applying the leaves to the crown of the head, or soles of the feet, according as it is displaced; they are good for sores, and Ulcers, to ease pains in the Sinews and Arteries, and the Gout; it helps kibed heels, being bruised with the white of an Egg, it takes the fire out of burn: the juice or the roots drunk in wine, helps the bitings of Serpents, and being beaten with a little salt and applied to the place, it gives present ease; it also provokes Urine, helps Stitches, Consumptions, and Ulcers of the Lungs: the root drunk in Malmsey with a little Nutmeg, stays the running of the Reins, the Whites, and strengthens the Back; the young stalks increase seed, being eaten raw with salt and pepper, or boiled.  
The Butterburr roots taken with Zeadory, and Angelica, helps fits of the Mother, provokes the Courses, Urine, and kills Worms in the Belly, and are effectual against pestilential diseases, by provoking sweat: and the decoction in Wine helps those that are short wound.    


Cabbage and Coleworts.  
IT were labour more than needs to describe these, or give them any other names; their places are in well manured Gardens. We proceed to their Nature and Virtues.  
Cabbages are of a drying astringent quality, salt or Nitrous, yielding small nourishment, and engendering melancholy blood: the decoction of them drunk with honey helps hoarseness, allayeth the swell, and takes away the pains of gouty knees and legs, it helps old sores, bushes, and wheals in the skin; the leaves draw abundantly, and therefore are good for filthy sores: the decoction of the flowers provokes the terms. The juice boiled with honey and dropped into the eye clears the sight, consumes Films, and the Canker growing therein. Gerhard commends a raw Cabbage leaf to be eaten fasting against an involuntary Gonorrhoea.   

Calamint. Calamintha.  
THis herb seldom grows above a foot high, Description. the stalk is square and woody, with two small leaves at a joint, a little dented about the edges, of a quick scent; the flowers grow from the middle of the stalk to the top, of a pale blush colour: the seeds round and blackish, the root abides in the ground many years.  
Names.] In Latin Calamintha, in English Calamint, and Mountain mint.  
Place, and Time,] it groweth plentifully in hilly dry grounds, flower and seed about July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry near the third degree, of a biting taste, an herb of Mars; it opens obstructions of the Liver, and cures hardness of the Spleen, helps overflowing of the Gall, the tertian Ague, and old Coughs; it drives down women's courses, helps the yellow Jaundice, and stays Vomiting, being taken in Wine, it provokes Urine, helps Ruptures, Cramps; shortness of breath, and inward pains proceeding from Choler.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: by W. Coles.   

Calamus Aromaticus, or sweet Flag.  
THis groweth not with us in any great quantity, no not in our Gardens, but in Turkey and Egypt, and those Countries it is very plentiful; it may be had at our Druggist's: wherefore I shall name its Virtues.  
The roots are hot and dry in the second degree, of thin parts, they provoke Urine, helps diseases of the Reins and Bladder, easeth pains of the Sides, Liver, Breast, Colic, and Cramp, the decoction being taken in wine; the powder of the roots strengthen a cold weak Stomach, and so they do preserved with Sugar or Honey.   

Camphire. Camphora.  
THis is a tear or gum, dropping out of a tree in India; it is reputed to be cold and dry in the third degree, yet there are different opinions about its temperature, of a very strong scent: it is available for the running of the Reins, and the Whites in women; it cools the heat of the Liver, resisteth putrefaction, and fortifies the heart in contagious Diseases, taken in Electuary or otherwise: in all Inflammations it is good, cools the heat of Wounds and Ulcers: The dose of it inwardly is five or six grains. It hath been found effectual in Agues, being sowed in a cloth, and with a thread hung about the neck, so that it might lie just upon the pit of the Stomach.   

Camock, or Restharrow. Resta bovis.  
Form.] CAmock groweth up with woody stalks, and little roundish leaves of a dark green colour, having prickly thorns when they grow old; the flower grow at top like pease blossoms, after which come small pods; the seed is small and round, the root blackish and tough, growing deep in the ground.  
Names.] It is called Resta bovis, and Remora aratri.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in many fields and good grounds, and is not easily weeded out; it flowers in July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Quality and Virtues.] The root according to Galen is hot in the third degree, and though it be unprofitable to the Husbandman, the decoction in Vinegar helps the  of Rheum; the powder taken many days together in Wine consumes the fleshy Rupture: the decoction opens the Liver and Spleen, helps the Jaundice, Hemorrhoides, and Piles, expels Gravel and the Stone: the decoction in Oximel is good for the salling Sickness. The fixed salt of the whole plant is excellent good for the Stone.   

Cammomile. Cammomilla.  
THis grows so common upon every green and watery place it needs no description; it is called in Latin Camomilla, and Cotula; it is also nourished in Gardens, both to make pleasant banks, and also for its Physical uses.  
Quality and Virtues.] Camomile is hot and dry in the first degree, as Galen saith, moderately healing and drying, a Solar herb. Camomile is profitable for Agues, proceeding of Phlegm or Melancholy: the decoction thereof helps the Colic, pains in the Sides, drives down women's Courses, provokes Urine and Sweat, and expels cold humours; it comforts the Sinews, and mollifies Swell, helps the Jaundice and Dropsy: the oil made of the Flowers is good against cold Aches and outward Pains.   

Capers. Caparis.  
THese grow upon a prickly shrub in Arabia, Italy, and Spain, they are called in Latin Caparis; the bark of the roots is extreme bitter: it cleanseth and purgeth, cutteth and digesteth, the Capers are hot. The Capers we have here pickled, cause appetite, open the Liver and Spleen, consume cold Phlegm in the Stomach: the oil of Capers is good against the Rickets, Hypocondryack melancholy, and pains in the Sides and Spleen.   

Cardamomes. Cardamomum.  
THey grow in the East Indies upon a small tree which beareth them in husks, and are brought hither for their use in Physic.  
They are hot and dry in the third degree, astringent; they are called Grana Paradisi, and Cardamomum: In English grains of Paradise, and Cardamomes: they are good against the Cardiack passion, and distempers of the Stomach, it draweth forth watery humours from the head and stomach, being chewed in the mouth; it comforts the stomach, and expels the shaking fits of Agues, it provokes Urine, resisteth poison, and expels wind, it is profitable against the falling Sickness and pains in the belly, a dram thereof in powder drunk at a time in wine.   

Of Carrots.  
OF these there is the Garden manured Carret, fit for food, and the wild Carrot for Physic; the garden kind needs no description, the wild groweth much like the Garden kind, but the leaves are whiter and rougher, so are the stalks, which bear tufts of white flowers, with a deep purple spot in the middle; when the flowers begin to grow ripe, the whole umbel looks like a Birds nest: the root is small, long, and hard, sharp and strong: it groweth plentifully by hedge sides, and untilled places, flower and seed about the beginning of August.  
Temperature and Virtues.] The roots are hot and moist temperately, the seeds hot and dry.  
The seed of Carrots expels Wind, helps gripe of the belly and the Colic, provokes Urine, and women's Courses. The seeds or powder of the root of the wild Carrot drunk in wine, helps hurts by venomous beasts, resists poison, and the Pestilence, it provokes venery, and helpeth Conception.   

Cassia Fistula.  
THis is the fruit of an Indian Tree, and is to be had at our Druggist's; it is hot and moist in the first degree. Cassia purgeth the Reins and Kidneys, and cooleth and cleanseth them; it likewise brings forth the Gravel and Stone, it's effectual against all choleric and melancholy diseases, being taken with Rhubarb, Anniseeds, and Liquorish; it cleanseth the Stomach, Liver, and misentery Veins from choler and phlegm, clearing the Blood and cooling it, and is profitable in all hot Agues and Fevers.   

Celandine. Chelidonia.  
THis herb springeth up with divers round whitish green stalks, Description. with great joints, very brittle, whence grow branches with tender long leaves gashed on the edges of a blueish green colour, the stalks are full of a yellow sap, at the tops of the branches grow the flowers of a yellow colour, after which come small long pods with blackish seeds; the root is thick and knobby, yielding a gold coloured juice.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Chelidonia.  
Place and Time.] It groweth under old walls by hedges sides, and untilled places: it flowers all Summer, the seed ripening in the mean time.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry, an herb of the Sun, and excellent for the Eyes: the herb gathered Sol in Leo, and in trine to the Moon, and made into an ointment with Hog's suet, is an excellent medicine for sore Eyes, or any Film or cloudiness thereof: the yellow juice or sap rubbed upon warts soon takes them away. It likewise heals Tetters or Ringworms. The decoction of the herb or roots in wine, opens the Liver and Gall, and helps the yellow Jaundice. The juice or distilled water with a little Sugar taken sasting, is good against the Pestilence, it easeth pains of the Teeth, the mouth being gargled with the juice or decoction thereof. The juice mixed with Brimstone, cures the Itch, Morphew, and discolourings of the skin and Sun-burnings. It is likewise good for the .   

Centory. Centaurium.  
THis plant is divided into two kinds, the greater and lesser; the last is most used in Physic, whose description take as followeth.  
The Form.] The lesser Centory groweth up with a round crested stalk about half a foot high, at the top branching into many sprigs, whence comes an umbel of pale red flowers, which open in the day time, and shut at night; the seed grows in little husks, the leaves are small and roundish, the root small and hard.  
Names.] There is Centaurium magnum, and Centaurium minus, which are the Latin Names of both.  
Places and Time.] The lesser groweth almost every where in Fields, Pastures, and Woods, in the high way going from Putney to Kingston. They flower in July, and seed in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The greater is hot and dry in the third degree, the lesser in the second degree, both bitter herbs of Mars. The decoction of the lesser Centory in Wine or Ale, helps gripe in the Belly, the Colic, Costiveness, and Worms; it purges Phlegm and Choler, and provokes Sweat, helps Agues, the Jaundice, opens the Liver, Gall, and Spleen; it helps the Dropsy, green Sickness, and provokes the Terms, it is effectual in pains of the Joints, Cramps, and Convulsions. The decoction in water provokes appetite, cleanseth the Stomach and Breast, and purgeth the Back and Reins. It is a good ingredient in wound drinks, it helps the Strangury, and is good against the bitings of venomous creatures, a dram of the root taken in powder, and the Wound washed with the decoction thereof.  
Ceterach, Vide Spleenwort.   

Of the Cherry Tree. Cerasus.  
THough there be many sorts of Cherries, as black, red, white, and red hart-Cherries; yet I think they are all so well known, I shall not need make any description thereof.  
Names.] The Latin name is Cerasus.  
Place, and Time.] Some of them grow wild in hedges, as I have seen them in Hampshire and Kent, which Country is the most plentiful place for Cherry Gardens. They are ripe in May, June, and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are cold and moist in the first degree, plants of Venus, they cool and loosen the belly, and slack thirst: the black strengthen the Stomach, and being dried stop Lasks. The distilled water of them with the stones bruised, is good to be given to them that have the falling Sickness, provokes Urine, and breaks Wind; The Gum dissolved in wine and drunk, helps the Gravel and Stone, is good for the Cough and Hoarseness, and excoriations of the Throat, Lungs, and Breast: the preserved Cherries are good in severish, hot, and thirsty diseases.   

Chervil. Cerefolium.  
CHervil groweth up at first like Parsley, Description. the leaves jagged like Hemlock, of a whitish green colour, the stalk riseth half a yard high, and beareth white flowers; the seeds are sharp pointed and blackish, the root is small and long, and perisheth every year after it hath born seed.  
Names.] It's common name in Latin is Cerefolium, or Cherifolium, in English Chervil.  
Place and Time.] It is planted in Gardens, and is a good salad herb at first while it is young and tender, and groweth also wild in many places, the seed will be ripe about June; and being sown again presently, will spring again and be a good salad in Autumn.  
Nature and Virtues.] Chervil is moderately hot and dry, it provokes Urine, and easeth the pricking pains of the Stone, and openeth inward obstructions, it warms the Stomach, and the decoction thereof provokes sleep, it provokes the Terms, is effectual against the Pleurisy, and pricking pains in the sides; and according to Pliny, the root beaten with Mallows draweth forth splinters out of the flesh: it is an herb of Mars.   

The Chestnut Tree. Castanea.  
THis groweth to be a tall Tree, Description. bearing great rough dented leaves, and bloometh forth long Catkins in the Spring, of a greenish yellow colour, the fruit is enclosed in a prickly husk, which openeth when they grow ripe, and the Nut appeareth covered with a brown husk.  
Names.] Castanea, and Castaneum, are the usual Latin names thereof, in English Chestnuts.  
Place and Time.] They grow wild in the Woods in Heat, and in the hedges in the Road to Canterbury; yet in other Counties of this Land are planted in Orchards and Gardens: the fruit is ripe about Michaelmas time.  
Nature and Virtues.] Chestnuts are dry and astringent, in a mean between hot and cold, a plant of Jupiter, they are very windy, yet nourish much, and are said to stir up Venery: the Nuts being powdered and made into an Electuary with honey, is effectual for the Cough, bloody Flux spitting of Blood, or any Lask or looseness; they are hard of digestion, and immoderately eaten, cause the Headache: the same powder mixed with Barley Meal and Vinegar, helps swell of the Breasts, and unnatural Blast. The best way to correct their windiness is to prick them with a needle and roast them.   

Chickweed. Alsine.  
THis herb runneth along upon the ground with many tender branches full of joints, Description. and at every joint cometh forth two smooth green leaves, from which sprout out other branches like the former, the flowers are small and white, after which comes the seed in little knops; the root is all strings like hairs: and if you break the stalks gently, you shall perceive a little sinew in the middle thereof.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latines the same, namely Alsine, anciently it hath been called Hippia.  
Place and Time.] It delights to grow in shadowy and moist places, it flowers in the Spring, and the seed is ripe soon after.  
Nature and Virtues. Chickweed is cold, moist, and watery, of the Moon's temperature; it is good to cool the heat of the Liver, being bruised and outwardly applied to the Region thereof, or wet  dipped in the juice thereof, and renewed as they dry: the decoction cooleth the Blood in Agues, Hectic Fevers, Stomach and Liver, and cools the heat of the Back and Urine. The juice taken in white Wine or Ale five days together, first and last is effectual for the Jaundice; it is effectual to ripen Imposthumes and swell, being applied pultiswise, with mallow roots, and the powder of Fenugreek and Linseed, with Hog's Lard, and assuages generally all pains in the body, proceeding of heat: the juice or distilled water is good for Pushes, inflamed Eyes, and the heat and sharpness of the Piles.   

Sweet Cicely. Myrrhis.  
THe ordinary garden sweet Cicely hath leaves somewhat like Fern, Description. but not so high, but they taste as sweet as Anniseeds; the flowers grow in white umbels on the top of the stalks, after which come small black seed, which taste like the leaf of Aniseed; the root tastes stronger than either herb or seed, and is long, growing deep, and lasting many years.  
Names.] The Greeks call it Myrrhis, and Myrrah, so do the Latins; the English Sweet Cicely, Sweet Chervil, and Sweet Fern.  
Place and Time.] It is planted with us in Gardens, flowers in May, and the seed is ripe in July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot in the second degree, having thinness of parts: This plant of Sol is excellent good for the Ptisick and Consumptions, and diseases of the Lungs, being boiled in broth, and eaten, it expectorates Phlegm from the Breast, warms a cold Stomach, is a good salad herb; and the root boiled and eaten with oil and vinegar, produceth the like effects: The candid root is excellent against the Plague, and infections. This herb procures appetite, expels Wind, provokes the Terms, and expels a dead Child, and the Afterbirth, provokes Urine; and the root sliced and steeped in white Wine all night, gently purges, being drunk in the morning with a little Sugar.  
☞ See more of this in Adam in Eden, by Will.   

Cinquefoil. Pentaphyllum.  
I Suppose this herb needs little description, Description. being well known, it runs along upon the ground with small strings, which shoot out small leaves, growing five together, sometimes seven. The flowers are yellow, the seeds small and brownish, and the root little and fibrous.  
Names.] The Latins call it Pentaphyllum, and Quinquefolium, in English, five leaved grass, and five fingered grass.  
Place and Time.] It grows by Ditches and Highway sides, and in low grounds, and flowers from the beginning of May till the end of June, and may be found green all Winter.  
Nature and Virtues.] The herb and root is hot and dry, but the root more than the herb, a plant of Mars. Culpepper affirms a scruple hereof given in white Wine or vinegar, never misses cure of an Ague of what kind soever in three sits: but my experience proves the contrary. It restrains Fluxes and bleeding at Nose, the juice drunk in Ale or red Wine, and the root or herb applied to the nose; it is good against venoms and infections, resisting putrefaction. The roots boiled in milk stays the whites, reds, and bloody Flux, but you must drink the milk then: the juice with honey helps hoarseness, is good against the Cough of the Lungs, the Quinzy, yellow Jaundice, and Falling Sickness, and the decoction of the root is good against the , being held in the mouth.   

Cinnamon. Cynamomum.  
THis outlandish Bark needs no description here; the Latin name is Cynamomum, it is hot and dry in the third degree, and is aromatical. The Chemical water hereof comforts all the vital parts, helps passions of the heart, easeth the wind Colic, provokes the Terms, strengthens the Retentive faculty, is good against a Looseness, Dropsies, and cold and moist Diseases; it causes a good colour in the Face, (let old and cold folks use it though.) Cinnamon is an excellent spice, and the chemical oil thereof comforts the Stomach, helps pains of the Breast, and causes good digestion, but it must be carefully used; if it be mixed with honey it takes away spots in the face.  
Cives, Vide Leeks.   

Clarey. Horminum.  
I Need not describe it, my Countreywomen so frequently planting it in their Gardens for theirs and their Husband's backs.  
Names.] The Latins call it Horminum, and Geminalis of some.  
Place and Time.] Gardens is the place, it flowers and seeds about the latter end of Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] Clary is hot and dry in the third degree, a plant of Sol, and is good for diseases of the Eyes, the seed powdered and applied, being mixed with honey, it's a great strengthner of the back and reins, it brings down the Terms and Secondine; the mucilage of the seed takes away Tumours and Swell, and draweth forth Splinters and Thorns, it provokes venery; but the overmuch eating of it hurts the head and brain: the powder of the leaves snuffed into the nostrils, purges the head and brain by sneezing: the herb is good for cold and moist Stomaches, and the purposes aforesaid being fried in Tansies.   

Cleavers, or Goosegrass. Aparine.  
cleaver's is well known.  
The Names,] It is called in Greek and Latin Aparine, and by Pliny Lappa minor, and Asperugo; in English Cleavers, Clivers, and Goosegrass, because young Goslings feed on it.  
Place and Time.] It runs up by hedge sides, and hangs to what grows next it; it flowers in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August, which soweth itself.  
Nature and Virtues.] Cleavers are of thin parts, indifferently hot and dry, an herb of Mars; the young herb boiled in Water-Gruel in the Spring, cleanses the Blood, and strengthens the Liver. An unguent made of the herb with Hog's Suet, helps Wens, the King's Evil, and Paps swollen with curdled milk. The distilled water, and the decoction helps the yellow Jaundice, drunk twice a day, and stops Fluxes. The juice dropped into the Ears takes away the pains of them; the juice or bruised leaves applied to a green Wound stops the Bleeding, and closes it up; so doth the powder thereof, and helpeth old Ulcers.   

Cloves. Caryophillus.  
THis aromatical Indian Fruit doth much comfort the Head, Heart, and vital parts, they strengthen Nature, break Wind, and stir up Venery, helps Fluxes of the Belly, is good against Infection, and stays Vomiting: the chemical oil is good in a Quartain Ague, and weakness of the Stomach, and for the Headache, two or three drops given in Beer or Wine, or other drink, it easeth the : let old and phlegmatic persons use it; young people and choleric are to refrain it.   

Clove Gillyflowers. Caryophylleus' flos.  
THis cordial flower is well known.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a temperate slower, no way exceeding in heat or dryness, cold, or moisture, a plant of Sol; the Conserve and Syrup of the flowers are gallant cordials, comforting the Heart, it resisteth the Plague, or any Venom, it strengthens Nature, and is good against Consumptions: the flowers pickled are an excellent sauce, and stir up appetite, being set in a glass in the Sun in vinegar, they make a good vinegar to preserve from the Pestilence, and revive one in a Swoon, the Temples and Nostrils being washed therewith.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: by W. Coles,   

Clowns Woundwort. Sideritis.  
IT springs up with square rough green stalks near two foot high, Description. at every joint grow two long narrow dark green leaves, sharp at the point, and bluntly dented about the edges; the flowers compass the stalks towards the top, and grow to a spiky head, of a purplish colour, having long gaping hoods, with some white spots in them; the seeds are round and blackish, the root is fibrous, with some tuberous knobs among them, both herb and root have a strong smell much like stinking horehound.  
Names.] Gerhard, as I remember, saith, he gave it the name of Clownswort from a clownishianswer he had of a man that had cut his Leg with his ; and it is called Panax Coloni in Latin, and Sideritis.  
Places and Time.] It grows by Ditches sides in most places of this Land, flowers in August, and the seed is ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is dry in the first degree, and reputed hot in the second, of an earthy Saturnine quality, it doth cure green Wounds, and closes them up to admiration, being stamped with Hog's Lard, and applied thereunto; it stanches Blood, and dries up Fluxes of humours in old Ulcers: a syrup made thereof, and taken inwardly heals inward Wounds, Veins broken, spitting, pissing, or vomiting blood, and stays the bloody Flux. A Plaster or Unguent of the Herb, and some Comphrey with it, helps swollen Veins, and consolidates a cut muscle, and is excellent for Ruptures of the Belly, being applied to the place.   

Columbines. Aquilina.  
THere are Columbines of several colours, Description. as white flowers, purple, and carnation colour, with divers others; but they are so generally known I shall describe it no further.  
Names.] No good Latin name can I find for it, yet it is termed Aquileia, Aquilina, and Aquilegia; the only English name Columbines.  
Place and Time.] I have seen both the white and purple coloured grow wild in our Meadows in Hampshire, where the ground is somewhat dry: as in a place called Gassen Mead in Holshot; but they frequently grow in Gardens: they flower about the beginning of May, and are gone by the end of June.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are temperately cold and dry, moderately digestive, a plant of Venus, and sympathizingly cures sore Throats, Canker, and the King's Evil, the leaves boiled in milk, and given to the party affected: the seeds drunk in Ale is good for the Quinzy, it also heals inflammations of the Mouth and Jaws: a dram of the seed and half a penny weight of Saffron drunk in wine, and the party covered to sweat, opens the Liver, and is good against the Janudies. The decoction of the herb and root with some Ambergrease added, helps Swoonings. The seed drunk in wine causes speedy delivery, and the juice is good in the beginning of a Frenzy, the patiented eating with it pottage of Sage, Valerian, and Rue.   

Of Coloquintida, or the bitter Gourd.  
THis outlandish Indian Plant, is hot and dry in the third degree, very bitter of taste, and strongly purging, it may be taken to purge Phlegm, by strong bodies, being corrected with oil of Roses, Gum Tragacanth, and Ginger, which will help the griping pains, it will cause if taken alone; but being thus made up with Rose-water into pills or trochis, it purges viscous humours, tough Phlegm and Choler, and water from the Brain, Lungs, and Breast, and therefore is good against Fluxes of Rheum, Apoplexy, Falling Sickness, and swimming of the Head, the Jaundice, old Coughs, and rotten putrid Fevers, the Colic and Dropsy: the decoction thereof in Vinegar easeth pains of the Teeth, they being washed therewith, being steeped in vinegar, it helps the Morphew, Scurf, and Scabs: in Glisters which is the safest way, it may be given thus; take the pulp hereof two drams, Camomile flowers, M. 1. Aniseed, Comminseed, of each ℥. ss. make hereof a decoction fair water, and in a pint thereof dissolve honey of Roses, and oil of Cammomile, each ℥ iii. The dose otherwise is from five grains to ten.   

Colts-foot. Tussilago.  
THis pectoral plant is well known, only hardly observed in this, that it sendeth forth its flowers before the leaves.  
Names.] Tussilago is the common Latin name, Foals-foot, and Colts-foot, the English, because the leaves resemble a Horse's foot.  
Place, and Time.] It loves to grow in moist and low Grounds, in good Ground: it flowers in the end of March, and beginning of April, the flowers and stalks quickly fade away, afterwards come the leaves which abide green all Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is cooling and drying being fresh, but when the moisture is evaporated, it inclines to heat, and dryness; it is an herb of Venus, very effectual for infirmities of the Lungs, wheesing, and shortness of Breath: the leaves taken like Tobacco, draws away thin Rheums, distilling upon the Lungs, and helps the Cough: the distilled water, with Elder Flowers is good against hot Agues, to drink about two ounces at a time; it likewise helps hot Swell, inflammations, as St. Anthony's fire, and cools the heat of the Piles, clothes being wet therein and applied; it likewise takes away hot Pushes and Wheals.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: by W. Coles.   

Comfrey. Consolida.  
THis herb I suppose needs no description, being generally known.  
Names.] It is called Consolidae, of which there is major and minor, the greater and lesser Confound. Comfrey is the greater, and is so called from consolidating or knitting together, which faculty it hath, and is therefore called also Knit-back, or Backwort, because it binds and strengthens the Back.  
Place and Time.] It grows in Meadows by rivers sides, and ditches in fruitful grounds, as near Debtford in Kent it grows in abundance; it is also planted in Gardens, they flower in May and June, and seed in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is of a cold drying binding Saturning quality, it is very good for the Back, and the running of the Reins, being boiled and eaten with Butter and Vinegar, it is a very good Salad; some boil it and eat it with Bacon, which way it is also effectual for the aforesaid purpose; it stops Fluxes, inward or outward Bleeding, and the Terms: the decoction of the roots being drunk, it heals inward Wounds and Ulcers of the Lungs, it stops the Reds, and Whites; the syrup is effectual for all the said purposes, and the distilled water is good to wash Wounds and Sores. The Roots bruised, and applied, is good to close together the lips of green Wounds, and stayeth the bleeding of the Piles and Hemorrhoides, and cools the Inflammations thereof; it likewise eases the pains of the Gout, being so applied.   

Walter caltrop's. Tribulus Aquaticus.  
THey rise with long slender stalks from the bottom of the water, Description. and float above the water; the root is long and greater towards the top of the water then the bottom, having tassels full of small strings on the stem: the leaves are large and round, notched a little about the edges, somewhat resembling Poplar or Elm leaves: the fruit groweth in prickly heads which are hard, sharp, and trianguler, wherein is contained a white kernel, in taste like Chestnuts.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins, Tribulus Aquaticus, Tribulus Lacustris, and the Apothecaries, Tribulus Marinus, in English caltrop's Saligot, and Water Nuts, and the fruit is called Castania Aquatiles, or Water Chestnuts.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in lakes, standing waters, and Springs, in Germany, Brabant, and the Low Countries; so that being an outlandish Plant, I would not have troubled the Reader with a description, but to acquaint him that it is thrust in by the writer of that Book, called Culpeppers English Physician enlarged, amongst the English Plants, as a great many more are, both Outlandish and useless: yet there is a small kind hereof called small Frogs Lettuce, which bears small whitish flowers, consisting of four leaves apiece, which groweth in the River by Droxford in Hampshire, always continuing under the water, and is green both Winter and Summer, they all flower in June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] caltrop's are of a cold and moist nature, so that a pultis made thereof is good against inflammations and hot swell, and being boiled with honey and water, it cures Cankers of the Mouth, sore Gums, and the almonds of the Throat, knobs, and swell, and the King's Evil: The green Nuts drunk with wine is good for the Stone and Grayel, and a powder thereof binds the Belly, and is good for them that piss Blood. The same drunk which wine resists poison, venom, and bitings of venomous creatures, and the herb applied outwardly helps venomous bitings.   

Campions, Wild Lychnis.  
THere are divers kinds hereof, both wild and in Gardens; Lychnis sylvestris purpurea, called red Bachelors Buttons, and Lychnis alba, white Bachelors Buttons: they are useless in Physic, yet Culpeppers writer will ascribe them to Saturn, and saith, The decoction stays inward bleedings, and the herb outwardly applied doth the like, and that being drunk, it provokes Urine, expels the Gravel and Stone in the Reins and Kidneys, and two drams of the seed drunk in wine, purgeth choleric humours, helps venomous bitings, and may be effectual for the Plague, and that the herb is useful in old sores, Ulcers, and the like to cleanse and heal them. All this may be true for any thing either he or I know to the contrary. Indeed most of the kinds hereof, except the two first named, are strangers in England, and are only planted in Gardens for the beauty of the flowers.  
Carduus Benedictus, Vide Holy Thistle.   

Caraways. Carui.  
CAraway hath fine cut leaves much like Carret leaves, Description. but not so bushing, lying on the ground in divers stalks, of a quick taste, among which riseth up a square stalk, not so high as the Carrot, having the like leaves at the joints, but smaller and finer, having at the top small open umbels of white flowers, which produce a small blackish seed less than Aniseed, and hotter in taste: the root is somewhat like a Parsnip, but is much less, and hath a more wrinkled bark, and a little hottish taste.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Caros, Carum, and Caruum, and in the Shops Carui, in English Caraway and Caraways.  
Place and time.] It is sown in our English Gardens, flowers in June and July, and the seed is ripe soon after.  
Nature and Virtues.] The seeds are most used in Physic, and according to Galen are hot and dry almost in the third degree, of a moderate sharp quality: the herb may be eaten raw with other herbs in Salads, or boiled, and the roots may be boiled and eaten as Parsnips; they break wind, comfort the Stomach, and help Digestion. The herb, or seed and herb bruised and applied hot in a cloth or bag to the bottom of the Belly, eases the wind Colic, and is good against hot swell. The seeds eaten alone, or mixed with meat or medicine comfort the Stomach, break Wind, and help digestion, for which purpose also they are used to be put into bread: they also help cold griefs in the head, windiness in the Bowels and Mother, and used to be mixed with purgative medicines to correct their windiness; it also provokes Urine, helps the Cough, and is good against the Frenzy and venomous bitings, being put into a poultis it takes away black and blue spots which come by blows or bruises: and used with alum, it helps Scabs, Tetters, and falling off the hair.   

Earth Chest-nuts. Nucula terrestris.  
THis root is round and knobbed, Description. with some bunchings out, brown without and white within, tasting much like a Chestnut, but sweeter, from whence springeth up small cressid stalks about a foot high, whereon grow leaves next the ground like Parsley leaves, but finer, and towards the top like dill: The flowers are white, and stand at the tops of the stalks in spoky rundels like the tops of dill. The seeds not much unlike Fennel seed, but much smaller, growing together by couples, having a good smell.  
Names.] It is called Nucula terrestris, and Bolbocastanon, which is also the Greek name; in English Earth Nuts, Kipper Nuts, and Pig Nuts: I suppose because Hogs will greedily dig after them.  
Place and Time.] They grow in dry Pastures and Corn Fields by the hedge rows, as at Holshot in Hampshire, at Kensington, Paddington, and divers other places about London: they flower in June and July, perfecting their seed soon after, the stalk dies at Winter. The roots are best in season about February and March, before they begin to spring forth the Branches.  
Nature and Virtues.] The roots are moderately hot and dry, the seeds hotter and drier, both seed and root provoke Urine, the root is good for them that spit or piss Blood, eaten either raw or roasted: The Dutch eat them boiled and buttered as we do Turnips, and being so dressed and eaten, they comfort the Stomach, nourish the Kidneys and Bladder and increase seed.  
☞ See further in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Cich Pease, or Cicers. Cicer.  
A Description is needless of these outlandish Tares, there is a Garden kind thereof sown in some of our London Gardens, but not common; they are all sown in the Fields in Spain, Italy, and France, to feed their Cattle in Winter, as we do Tares and Vetches.  
The Garden Cich is windy, and is said to provoke lust, and engender seed; the broth of them wastes the Stone, and provokes Urine, and a decoction thereof with Rosemary is good for the Dropsy and yellow Jaundice, but it is hurtful for such as have Ulcers in the Kidneys or Bladder.  
Cives, Vide Leeks.   

Cocks-Head, red Fitchling, and Medick Fitch. Onobrychis.  
TWo kinds hereof I shall describe, Description.  
The first springeth up with many small tender branches, like the Vines growing through and about bushes, and whatever grows near it; the leaves and the rest of the pulse or plant, are like the wild Vetch: the flowers grow at the tops of the small naked stalks, like a pease blossom, of a purple colour laid over with blue, which turn into round prickly husks which are the seed.  
The second hath many stalks, especially when it is old, which are round, hard, and leaning to the ground like other pulses, the leaves are like those of the wild Vetch, of a loathsome scent and bitter taste, amongst which come forth small round stems, whereon grow the flowers which are of a shining purple colour, growing spike fashion, three inches long, like the great Meadow Trefoil, but longer, and without smell, after which come small Cod, containing hard black seed in taste like the Vetch: The root is great and long, hard and woody, spreading abroad and growing deep under ground.  
Names.] The ancient name both Greek and Latin for this kind of pulse is Onobrychis, it's called also Caput Gallinaceum, and the second kind Onobrychis flore, purpurec, in English Cocks-head, red Fitchling, and meddick Fitch.  
Place and Time.] Gerhard saith these two kinds grow upon Barron Hill, within four miles of Lewton in Bedfordshire, upon the grassy balks between the Corn, two miles from Cambridge, and in divers places of the way between London and Cambridge: they grow likewise in divers places of this Land, in Fields, and under Hedges. There are three other kinds hereof, which are strangers in England, they flower in July and August, and the seed is ripe soon after.  
Nature and Virtues.] Galen saith these herbs do rarify, make thin, and waste away, and therefore a Salve made of the green leaves and applied to hard Kernels and Swell, Knobs, and Nodes in the flesh, doth waste and consume them away, and may be effectually used in that swelling called Struma, or the King's Evil, and being rubbed on with oil, it causeth Sweeting; being dried and drunk with wine, it cures the Strangury, saith Dioscorides. It causeth Cattle to give good store of milk; and from thence Culpepper argues it is as good for Nurses, he making no distinction between man and beast.   

Coral. Corallium.  
ALthough the Coral seems rather to be a stone, Description. yet it is a vegetable Plant; there are several kinds thereof, the red, and the white, most in use with us; but the greater red Coral is the best, which groweth upon Rocks in the Sea, like unto a shrub with arm and branches breaking forth into sprigs, some greater and some lesser, with craggy eminencies, of a whitish or pale red colour, for the most part when it is taken out of the water, but when it is scraped and polished, it is very fair, it is very pliable whilst it is in the water, but when it is kept a while out of the water, it becomes of a firm or hard stony substance.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins Corallium, adding rubrum or album for distinctions sake; the black sorts are called Antipathes, and there is a sort of rough bristly black Coral called Sambeggia.  
Place and Time.] They are found in the Isle of Sardinia, and other places of the Mediterranean Sea. Gerhard saith, the white and yellow Coral do grow upon the Rocks in the West of England, about Saint Michael's Mount; they are all times of the year found growing, and at all times to be had at our Druggist's Shops.  
Nature and Virtues.] All the sorts of Coral do cool, and bind, yet the white is thought to be colder than the red or black, it is an excellent astringent for the Gonorrhoea in men, and the whites in women; the red Coral stops bleeding, being but held in the hands of those that bleed either at nose or mouth, and is effectual for those that spit Blood, or for any Flux of Blood, and being often taken in Wine or other drink, it doth diminish the Spleen, it helps the stoppage of Urine, and such as piss by drops: the powder of it being burnt and taken in drink, helps the tormenting pains of the Stone in the Bladder, it strengthens the Heart, Stomach, and Liver, and is useful in all pestilent Fevers and malignant diseases, against venom, cheers the Heart, and resists Melancholy, especially the tincture of it, called Tinctura Coralii: The powder taken in Wine, or distilled water brings rest to such as have Agues, helps such as are troubled with the Cramp, and is commended against the Falling Sickness, for which purpose some hang it about the necks of such as have that Disease. It is said, if ten Grains of the powder be given to a Child as soon as it is born in some black Cherry water, or the Mother's milk, that Child shall never have the Falling Sickness: it is also affirmed to procure easy Delivery in Childbirth by a specific property, it is used to rub children's Gums, to help them to breed Teeth, and is useful for all accidents that belong unto the Teeth; it helps sore Gums and Ulcers in the Mouth, and healeth up foul hollow Ulcers in other parts, and is used in Medicines for the Eyes, to stay the Flux of Rheum, cools and dries up the moisture, and takes away the heat and redness of the Eyes. The Chemical gyl and tincture may be used for any of the aforesaid purposes.  
Corral-wort, Vide Dogtoothed Violet.   

Crabs Claws, or fresh Water Soldier. Sedum Aquatile.  
THis hath leaves much like Sempervivum, Description. or herb Aloe, but shorter, and lesser, having stiff prickles about the edges; amongst the leaves come forth divers husks like Crabs Claws, which open into white flowers of three leaves apiece, having in the middle divers hairy yellowish threads; it hath no roots but long strings like worms which fall down (from a short head whereout the leaves spring) to the bottom of the water, where they be seldom fastened; but at the bottom there grows many other strings aslope from the same strings, being smaller.  
Names.] It's called Sedum Aquatile, water Singreen, wading pondweed, fresh water Soldier, Knight's Pondwort, water Housleek, and the like.  
Place and Time.] It grows in the Fens in Lincolnshire, and other muddy waters, and flowers to August.  
Nature and Virtues.] This plant is of a cooling nature, and is good to keep green Wounds from Inflammations; an ointment thereof is good against hot Swell, St. Anthony's fire, and other Inflammations. This herb is good for bruises in the Reins and Kidneys, stops any flux of blood issuing thence, and likewise to stop the terms; for which purposes a decoction of the herb, or a dram of the dried herb in powder may be taken every morning in any convenient Liquor, or other ●chule.   

Cucumbers. cucumber, Cucumis.  
THis Garden Plant needs no Description, the names are above, the place is well dunged Gardens, and the time when the fruit is ripe, the Journeymen Tailors in London are very sensible of.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are cold and moist in the third degree, some hold but in the second, it must be the latter end of it then; the fruit is good sauce for hot Stomaches and Livers, but being much eaten engender raw Humours; the juice of them is good to cleanse the skin, and helps hot rheums in the Eyes, the seeds provoke Urine, cleanses the passages thereof, and is good for such as have Ulcers in the bladder, for which purpose they are used in Emulsions; as also to cool, the heat of the Urine in virulent Gonorrhea's: the distilled water of the whole fruit taketh away Sunburning, Freckles, and Morphew, the face being washed therewith.   

Wild Cucumbers. Cucumis agrestis, Elaterium.  
THis plant groweth not wild in England, Description. but only in Gardens, where it is planted it groweth up with many fat hairy branches, rough and full of juice, creeping upon the ground: the leaves are hairy and rough, of an overgrown grayish green colour, and three pointed; from the bosom of which come forth long tender foot stalks, on whose tops come small pale yellow flowers, having five small leaves apiece: the fruit is about the bigness of a small Pullet's Egg, but longer, rough, and hairy coloured, like the stalks, wherein is contained much water, and hard blackish seeds like Tares; when it is come to maturity, it squirteth forth its own water, and seeds either of itself, or with the gentlest touch of a hand, and oftentimes flieth on the face of them that touch it, making it smart a great while after, whereby it got the name of Noli me tangere. The root is white, thick, and long lasting; the whole plant and fruit bitter in taste.  
Names.] In Greek its called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Agrestis, and Erraticus cucumis, in Shops cucumber Asminus, and the prepared juice is called Elaterium.  
Place and Time.] It springs up in May, and the fruit is ripe in Autumn, it grows amongst rubbish, and in untilled places in hot Countries, and is here planted in Gardens.  
Nature and Virtues.] The bitterness speaks them to be hot, the plant is hot and cleansing, the juice hot in the second degree, and of thin parts; the prepared juice called Elaterium, which is to be had at the Apothecaries, purgeth Choler, Phlegm, and watery humours, both by siege and Vomit, prevaileth against the Dropsy, and shortness of breath, and being snuffed up into the nostrils with a little milk, it helps redness of the Eyes.  
The juice of the root purgeth Phlegm and watery humours, and is good against the Dropsy, but not so effectual as Elaterium. The dose of the juice may be from half a grain to three grains, according to the strength or constitution of the Patient: but Gerhard prescribes it to be given from five grains to half a scruple, which I suppose is too much, it being a churlish Medicine.   

Saracens Confound. Solidago.  
THis plant groweth up with long narrow green leaves dented about, Description. somewhat like peach, or willow leaves, but of a darker green; the stalk is hollow, brownish, and sometimes green, growing near a man's height, beset with leaves to the top, where doth stand many pale yellow starlike flowers in green heads, after  comes a long small yellowish brown coloured seed, enclosed in down, which is afterwards carried away with the wind: the root consists of a head of fibres, which lasteth all Winter. The plant hath a strong unpleasant taste and smell.  
Names.] It is called Consolida, and Solidago, as Comfrey is, only Saracenica, to distinguish it; some also call it Herba fortis because of its strong smell.  
Place, and Time.] They grow in moist wet grounds, flower about July, and the seed is ripe in August or September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Saracens Confound is hot and dry near the third degree, and astringent, an herb of Mars, and an excellent wound herb, so that Mars can cure as well as wound. The herb steeped in Wine, and then distilled, the water is good for Wounds and Ulcers, whether inward or outward, so is the juice or decoction: it cleanseth green Wounds, and old sores from corruption, and heals them; it likewise heals the sores of the privy parts and Ulcers of the mouth and throat, they being gargled therewith. The decoction of the herb in wine opens obstructions of the Gall and Liver, and is good for the yellow Jaundice, and to prevent Dropsies: It also heals Ulcers of the Reins, and other inward wounds.  
☞ See more of this in the Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Coryander. Coriandrum.  
I Shall not take up room to describe this stinking Saturning Plant.  
Names.] The Latins call it Coriandrum.  
Place and Time.] It is only sown and kept in Gardens; flowers in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The leaves and seeds being green, are cold and dry, and hurtful to the body, if taken inwardly; but the seeds being steeped in Vinegar, and dried, are moderately hot and dry, and then they are good for the Stomach, and helps digestion: the Comfits of the prepared seeds repress Vapours that ascend to the head, help digestion, and stay vomiting. The seeds taken in Wine, kills Worms, and stops Fluxes, helps the Wind Colic, and stopping of Urine. The powder of the seed drunk in sweet Wine, provokes lust, the green herb boiled with Barley meal, helps Inflammations, and the juice incorporated with Vinegar and Oil of Roses, Ceruse, and Litharge of Silver, cures all Inflammations, and St. Anthony's fire.   

Cudweed. Gnaphalium.  
THe common Cudweed springeth up sometimes with one stalk, Description. and sometimes with two or three, set thick about with long small narrow woolly leaves, from the middle of the stalk almost to the top; amongst the leaves grow small flowers of a dun or brownish yellow colour, after the flowers come small seeds wrapped up in down, which is blown away with the wind, the root is small and threddy.  
Names.] Of the Greeks it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Gnaphalium in Latin; yet it hath other Latin names, as Centunculus Cottonaria, and Albinum from the whiteness, and Herbaimpia by Pliny.  
Place and Time.] It grows in barren, dry, and sandy grounds, almost every where in this Land, flowers in July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Cudweed is drying and astringent, Venus rules the Herb, and it is good for the Mumps and Quinzy, the juice taken in Wine or Milk; it stays Fluxes of Blood, and defluxions of Rheums falling from the head: the decoction made in red Wine, or the powder taken therein: it helps the Tenasmus, burstings in Children, and the Worms, and stays the overflowing of the Terms; the leaves are good to heat green Wounds, and so doth the decoction or juice thereof, and helps old Ulcers.   

Cowslips. Arthriticae.  
THese need no description of form, place, or time, all being well known; they are called in Latin, Arthriticae, and Herbae Paralisis, being good against pains of the Joints and Sinews.  
Nature and Virtues.] Cowslips are Venus' flowers, of temperature dry and astringent, little hot; the flowers are most used in Physic, but an ointment made of the leaves and Hog's Suet, is good to heal Wounds, and takes away spots, wrinkles, and Sun-burnings, and freckles of the face; they are profitable for pains in the head, and are good against Joint Aches, Palsy, and pains of the Sinews, Convulsions, and Cramps: The decoction of the roots are good against the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder, and the juice of the leaves for inward hurts, or parts broken: The Conserve of the flowers is good against Palsies, Convulsions, Cramps, and pains of the Sinews; so likewise are the flowers pickled and eaten for sauce with meat.  
☞ See more of this in The Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Cowslips of Jerusalem. Pulmonalis.  
THis Herb hath broad rough leaves, Description. of a brown green colour, spotted with white spots, the stalk is seldom a span high, bearing flowers on the top like Cowslips, but of a purple colour, and sometimes blue and red all at once; the root is hard, black, and hath many threads at the end of it.  
Names.] In Latin it is called Pulmonalis, and Pulmonaria; in English Cowslips of Jerusalem, Sage of Jerusalem, and Sage of Bethlehem.  
Place and Time.] It is nourished in Gardens, flowers in April, and the seed is ripe in May.  
Nature and Virtues.] The leaves are cold and dry in the first degree, the roots more dry and astringent, it is a good potherb to be used in broth for the Lungs, being an excellent herb for any distemper of the Lungs: the decoction thereof helps Coughs, shortness of Breath, exulcerations and stoppage of the Lungs by reason of any corrupt matter, and spitting of Blood; it helps also Wounds and hurts in the Entrails, and is good for Burstings, or Ruptures: the flowers are wholesome in Salads in the Spring time.   

Couch-grass, or Dogs-grass. Gramen Caninum.  
I Shall not need to describe the Couch, Gardeners know it well enough, and could wish that they were rid of it.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Gramen Caninum, because Dogs eat the Grass when they are sick: In English we call it Dogs Grass, Quich Grass, and Couch Grass.  
Places and Time.] It is too plentiful both in Gardens and ploughed Fields, for the owner's store; although Culpepper holds half an Acre of it to be worth five Acres of Carrots twice told over; yet if any of his Disciples be of his opinion, I will undertake to help them to five Acres of it for one Acre of Carrots: It's very plentiful in my Father's Garden at Holshot in Hampshire, and cannot be gotten clear out of the ground where it hath possession; it flourishes most in Summer, but the roots endure all Winter.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is moderate in coldness and moisutre, the seed more cold and dry, harsh, and of thin parts, an herb of Venus; it opens the passages of Urine, wastes the Stone in the Bladder, and Ulcers thereof: It is good to kill Worms, the juice mixed with honey and powder of Southernwood; but for Children, mix the juice with an Oxe-Gall, and dip a cloth therein, and apply it to the Navel. The decoction in white Wine provokes Urine, opens the Liver and Gall, and easeth pains of the Belly and Inflammations. The seeds do also expel Urine, stays Vomitings and Looseness.   

Water-Cresses. Nasturtium Aquaticum.  
WAter-cresses hath weak fat hollow stalks running along upon the earth or water where it groweth, Description. I have had myself a whole Pond covered with it; the leaves are winged with many small leaves growing at the Joints, the upper part is brown, but the leaves are green underneath, the flowers are white, the root all like threads.  
Names.] Nasturtium Aquaticum is the Latin name.  
Place and Time.] They grow upon ponds and watery ditches, and flower about June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the second degree, an Herb of Jupiter in my judgement. Culpepper ascribes it to the Moon, it is very profitable for the Scurvy; it provokes Urine, and cleanses the Reins and Bladder, moves the Terms, and incites to Venery, it opens obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, it is very good to make broth to purge and cleanse the blood in the Spring time.   

Sciatica Cresses. Iberis.  
THey have many slender branches growing on a stalk a foot and a half high, Description. the leaves long and narrow, the flowers very small, of colour yellow, the seeds come in little chaffy husks, of a reddish gold colour, sharp and bitter in taste; the root is white, small, and tough, and of a biting taste.  
Names.] In Latin it is called Iberis, and Nasturtium silvestre, and Lepidium, in English Sciatica Cresses.  
Place and Time.] It grows upon old walls, rough and untilled places, by high way sides, and in Corn fields near Gravesend. It flowers in June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Sciatica Cresses is hot in the fourth degree, according to Gerrard; and as saith Dioscorides, the roots gathered in Harvest time, and made into a Plaster with Swine's Grease, and applied to the grieved place of such as are troubled with the Sciatica, is found effectual for the same, but it is to lie on but four hours, and then taken away, and the place bathed with warm water, and afterwards wool and oil laid on it.   

Crosswort: Cruciata.  
IT is a low herb of a pale green colour, Description. having many square rough jointed stalks, having a soft down over them; the leaves are small, growing four together crosswise, one against another, towards the tops of the stalks, amongst the leaves come forth small yellow flowers, of a reasonable good savour, also resembling a Cross, the root consists only of fibres.  
Names.] The Latin Names are Cruciata, and Cruciatis, in English Crosswort, and golden Mugweet.  
Place and Time.] It grows in low Meadows, and fertile Grounds, and flowers almost all Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is dry and astringent, a Saturnine herb, it is excellent to heal and consolidate wounds, and is good for inward Wounds or Bruises, the herb being boiled in Wine and drunk; it is also effectual for Ruptures or Burstness, the herb being boiled tender and applied to the place pultiswise, and the decoction thereof being drunk.  
☞ See further in The Art of Simpling: by W. Coles   

Crowfoot. Ranunculus.  
THere be many kinds of these dangerous herbs couched under the name of Crowfoot, Description. whereof the common I shall describe; the leaves are of a deep green colour, cut in the edges, and divided into three, sometimes five parts, on which stand divers white spots, the stalks be round, somewhat hairy, on the tops whereof grow the flowers, consisting of five leaves apiece, of a yellow glittering colour, which being gone the seeds follow in a rough ball, the roots are white and threddy.  
Names.] Ranunculus, and Batrachion, Latin Authors call it; in English Gold cups, Crowfoot, and Butter-flowers.  
Place and Time.] They grow almost every where in Meadows and Pastures, flower in the beginning of May, and continue many months after.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a fiery hot herb, and Martial, it will blister the tongue, if it be tasted; the herb being bruised and applied, is good in the beginning of a Plague sore arising, being bound to the middle of the Thigh, if it arise in the Groin, and a little above the Elbow, if the swelling arise under the Armpit, it draws the Pestilential Venom unto itself: it will draw a blister as well as Cantharideses, and may be applied to the Nape of the Neck, to draw Rheum from the Eyes; an ointment of the herb and flowers will work the same effects.   

Cuckow-pintle, or Wake Robin. Arum.  
I Shall bestow no time to describe this, for Children know it, using to gather the pestles or spits to play with.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Arum, and Aron; when I was a Child, myself and my Schoolfellows well knew it by the name of Cuckoo spits: it is also called Cuckoo Pintle, Priests Pintle, Wake Robin, and Starchwort, because white Starch hath been made of the root of it.  
Places and Time.] They grow almost under every dry bank, and hedge, they shoot forth their leaves in the Spring, and the spike appears about Cuckow-time.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the third degree, the leaves or juice cleanseth filthy Ulcers; and helps the Pollipus and stinking sores of the Nose: the decoction of the roots clears the sight, and takes away films and mists from the Eyes. The powder of the berries mixed with oil of Roses and dropped into the Ears, easeth pains of them. The roots or berries beaten together with hot Ox dung, easeth the pains of the Gout. The green laves bruised and laid upon a Plague sore or boil, helps to draw out the infection. An Electuary made of the dried root, helps shortness of breath, and rids away phlegm from the Breast and Lungs, being boiled in milk it works the like effects: It also provokes the Terms, and heals inward Ulcers. The fume of the decoction is good to sit over for falling out of the Fundament, both herb and root is very sharp and biting, and is a venereous plant.   

Commyn. Cuminum.  
THis seldom comes to maturity in our Country, but groweth in hot Countries, as Spain and Italy; it is called in Latin Cuminum, and Cyminum.  
Nature and Virtues.] Commyn seed is hot and dry in the third degree, according to Galen; being boiled in Wine and drunk, it breaks wind, and easeth the Colic, being boiled with figs in Wine, it helps shortness of Breathing, old Coughs and Diseases of the Breast, and is effectual for the Dropsy and giddiness of the head; being boiled in Wine and made into a pultis with Barley meal, it helps the swelling of the Cod, caused by wind or waterish humours, and other cold pains and swell, and gripe and torments of the Belly, being applied thereunto; it also easeth the Pleurisy and Stitches in the sides, being quilted in a bag with some salt, and heated hot and sprinkled with Wine Vinegar, and applied hot to the side. The herb and root are of no use.   

The Curran Tree. Ribs.  
THese grow only in our Gardens, but naturally in Savoy, Austria, and those places from whence they have been transplanted to us.  
Names.] It is called Ribs, and Ribesius frutex, and Grossularia, in English red and white Currans.  
Temperature and Virtues.] Currants are cold and moist in the second degree, a plant of Venus; they provoke appetite, alloy the heat of the Stomach, quench thirst, and therefore are good in hot Agues; they temper the heat of the Liver and Choler, and resist putrefaction: they close the mouth of the Stomach, and strengthen it. The dried juice or rob thereof is good against the Cough, stops the Lask and Flux proceeding from Choler.  
Contra Yerva, Vide Root of Peru.   

The Cypress Tree. Cupressus.  
THese are now frequently planted to adorn Gardens, but grow naturally in the Eastern Countries; therefore I shall describe no more of them but the names, nature, and virtues.  
Names.] In Latin its called Cupressus, and the Nuts or Clogs, Nuces Cupressi.  
Nature and Virtues.] The fruit and leaves are dry in the third degree, and astringent: the decoction of the leaves in sweet Wine, helps the Strangury, and the powder of the leaves provokes Urine. The decoction helps the Cough, short windedness, Fluxes of the Belly, spitting of Blood, and the Rupture: the leaves beaten with figs, softens tumors, and hardness of the Testicles, and the Pollipus: the decoction of the nuts in Wine, causeth the hair to grow black, it being washed therewith. The filings of the Wood taken in Wine, provokes the Courses, helps Venomous bitings, and causeth a good colour.    


Daisies. Consolida minor.  
IT were in vain to describe there, they need it not.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Consolida minor, and Herba Margarita.  
Place and Time.] They grow almost on every common, they flower in the Spring, and last most part of Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are accounted cold and dry, an herb of Venus; the juice of them, or the distilled water dropped into the eyes, clears the watering of them: a decoction hereof made with Wallwort and Egrimony, giveth ease in the Palsy, Sciatica, and Gout, the places being bathed therewith, and is good against Ruptures and inward Burstings. A Salve made of the leaves with Wax, Oil, and Turpentine, is singular good for Wounds, especially where there is any Inflammation: The leaves bruised and applied, helps the swell of the Cod, and the decoction cures inward Ulcers of the secret parts, cools the Liver, and abates the heat of Choler.  
☞ See further in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Dandelion.  
THis is counted amongst the kinds of Succory, and therefore I shall refer it to that place.   

Darnel. Lolium.  
IT groweth up with rough long leaves, Description. with a slender jointed stalk; at the top whereof groweth a long spike with many heads one above another, containing divers husks on each side the stalk, wherein are contained the seeds, which easily fall out, whereby it increases much to the prejudice of the Corn where it usually grows.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Lolium, in English Darnel and Ray.  
Place and time.] It is too well known amongst Corn, and is ripe when the Corn is.  
Nature and Virtues.] Darnel is hot and dry, according to Galen, of a cleansing quality, it restrains Fluxes, overflowing of the Terms, and the involuntary passing away of Urine, therefore it is good for such as piss their beds: the meal thereof it good to stay the spreading of fretting sores and Gangrenes: the decoction thereof in water and honey is good against the Sciatica, and it cleanseth the skin, helps the Leprosy and Morphew, being applied with sait and rhadish roots; it also draws out splinters and thorns, being applied pultiswise with hog's grease; but it is very nought for the eyes and head, causing giddiness, if the seeds get into bread amongst Corn, as often it doth, if not carefully prevented.  
Danewort, Vide Dwarf Elder,   

Dates. Dactyli.  
THis Tree groweth in the Eastern Countries, from whence the fruit is brought to us. They are called in Latin Dactyli.  
The ripe dates are said to be hot and moist in the second degree, they yield a fat gross nourishment, they are good against Consumptions, Coughs, and hoarseness, they stir up Venery, strengthen the Back, Liver, and Spleen: The decoction of them cools hot Agues, and helps spitting of Blood they stay Vomiting, Looseness, and women's Courses, and the falling of the Fundament.   

Devils Bit. Morsus Diaboli.  
THis is a kind of Scabious, Description. and so like Scabious, that they are hardly known asunder, but by the bitten root, or flower; it hath small upright round stalks, about half a yard high, whereon are set somewhat broad long leaves, somewhat hairy, and uneven, little or nothing snipt about the edges; the flowers are of a dark purple colour, fashioned like Scabious flowers: the seeds are small and douny, being carried away with the wind when they are ripe: the root is black, thick, hard, and short, with many threddy strings fastened to it; and about the middle a piece seemeth to be bitten out of it, and the root almost bitten in two; which (if old Saws be true) the Devil did for envy, because the herb is so beneficial for the health of mankind.  
Names.] It's called in Latin Morsus Diaboli, because, as is said, the root seems to be bitten almost in two; and in English, for the same reason, Devils Bit, and of some Forebit.  
Place and Time.] It delights in dry Meadows, Woods, and ways fides, grows plentifully in Danemoor Wood in Hampshire, in Cobham Park in Kent, and sundry other places: It flowreth in August,  
Nature and Virtues.] Devil's Bit is hot and dry in the latter end of the second degree, somewhat bitter in taste; the decoction thereof drunk, drives forth Wind, and easeth pains of the Matrix or Mother: It is an excellent remedy against old swell of the Almonds, and upper part of the Throat: the mouth being gargled with a decoction thereof, and a little honey of Roses, cleanseth the Jaws of slimy Phlegm, digesting and consuming it, and takes away swell in those parts. Devil's Bit serveth for all those infirmities which Scabious doth, being as effectual against the stingings of poisonous Beasts, poisons and pestilent diseases, and to consume and waste away Plague sores, being bruised and laid upon them.  
Dogs-grass, Vide Couch-grass.   

Down or Cotton Thistle. Acanthium.  
THis common Thistle is so well known by his sharp prickles and douny heads, that its needless to describe him further.  
Names.] It's called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Acanthium, in English Down Thistle, because the down may be gathered to stuff Pillows and Cushions; it's also called Cotton Thistle, Argentine, or silver Thistle.  
Place and Time.] They grow by ditches sides, and highways, almost every where: they flower from June till August, the second year after sowing, and when the seed is ripe, the herb perisheth.  
Nature and Virtues.] Galen saith these are hot of temperature, and a Decoction of the leaves and roots being drunk, is good for those that have their necks turned awry, or backwards, or their bodies drawn together by a Spasm or Convulsion.   

Dwarf Elder or Dane Wort. Ebulus.  
DWarf elder is as it were, Description. both a hereby plant and a shrub, having leaves very like unto Elder, and green stalks not woody, which perish in Winter, being edged and full of joints like the young branches of Elder: the leaves are wider and greater than those of the common Elder, long and broad, and cut in the edge like a Saw, and consist of many leaves, standing by couples upon a thick ribbed stalk: the flowers are white, tipped with red, and grow at the top of the stalks in tuffs, having in them five little chives pointed with black, after which come black berries like common Elder, having in them little long seed. The root is rough and somewhat long.  
Names.] In Greek its called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, id est, humilis Sambucus, in Latin Ebulus, and Ebulum, in English Dwarf Elder, Danewort, and Walwort.  
Place and Time.] Dwarf Elder grows by common High ways, and in untilled Fields, it grows plentifully in the road between Sittingburn and Canterbury, and in the Lane near Hyedsor Wharf in Buckinghamshire, and in the grounds of Mr. Hind there.  
Nature and Virtues.] Dwarf Elder is hot and dry in the third degree, having a wasting and consuming quality, according to Galen: it hath a purging faculty by the stool, a scruple of the seed bruised and taken once a week in syrup of Roses, and a glass of Sack purgeth down watery humours, whereby it is available in the Dropsy, and to ease the Gout; for which purpose the seed may be given to the quantity of a dram. The leaves have the chiefest faculty to digest and consume; therefore being applied in a pultis, bathe, or fomentation, they waste away hard swell. The young leaves applied with Barley Meal, cooleth hot inflammations, and is good for burn, scaldings, and bitings of mad Dogs: An unguent made thereof with Bull's tallow, or Goat's suet, easeth the Gout. The roots of Danewort are accounted of greatest force: a decoction of them in Wine purgeth down watery humours, and is good against the Dropsy; if they be boiled in a bath to sit in, they soften and open the Matrix, and correct the infirmities thereof, and dissolve pains and swell of the Belly; and the juice of the root maketh the hair of a black colour, being used for that purpose.   

Wall-fern, or Osmond Royal. Osmunda.  
IT hath a great triangle stalk about a yard high, Description. beset on each side with large winged leaves dented or cut like polipody, resembling the large leaves of the Ash-tree, towards the tops of the branches grow brown, rough, and round grains, but they are not the seed; the root is great and thick, covered over with many scales and interlacing roots, having in the middle of the great woody part thereof some whiteness.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Osmunda, filix Palustris, and of some Filicastrum, by Alchemists Lunaria major; in English Water-fern, Osmund Royal, and Osmond the Water man.  
Place and Time.] It grows in moist boggy Ditches, as in the Ditch near the Well in Holshot Lane in Hampshire: it flourisheth in Summer as the other Ferns do, and the leaves decay in Winter, but the root continueth long.  
Nature and Virtues.] The roots are hot and dry, but not so hot as the other Ferns; the root, especially the heart thereof, boiled or stamped and taken with some convenient liquor, is good for those that are bruised by falls, dry beaten, or wounded, for which cause it is used in wound drinks: it is reputed to dissolve clotted blood in any inward part of the body, and that it can drive it out by the wound: The young sprigs at their first coming forth are good for all the said purposes, and to be put into Balsams, Oils, and Plasters and Unguents for wounds, punches, and the like,  
Fig-wort, Vide Throat-wort.  
Filipendula, Vide Dropwort.   

Dill. Anethum.  
IT groweth up with one stalk, Description. hardly so big or high as Fennel; yet it is so like Fennel, that it is often mistaken for it; yet the leaves are harder and thicker than Fennel, of a stronger and more unpleasant smell, and hath smaller Umbels of yellow flowers, and the seeds are flatter and thinner than Fennel seed, and not of so pleasant a taste, the root dies every year.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Anethum, in English Dill.  
Place and Time.] It is sown in Gardens, and being once sown, if the seeds be suffered to shed, it needs no more sowing: it flowers in July, and seeds in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Gerrard saith it is dry in the beginning of the second degree, and hot in the end thereof. Parkinson saith it is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second; an herb of Mercury; some say that it increases milk in women's breasts, though many Authors deny it: it is good to expel Wind and provoke Urine, ease pains in the body, and stay Vomiting; it strengthens the Brain, stays Looseness, and stirs up lust, being boiled in Wine and drunk; but taken in too much quantity, it dulls the sight: it digesteth raw and viscous humours, and easeth pains of wind. The oil is good to dissolve Imposthumes, to procure sleep, and warm the Brain, Stomach, and Belly, the parts being anointod therewith.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: by W. Coles,   

Dittander, or Pepperwort. Lepidium.  
IT hath long broad sharp pointed leaves of a light blueish green colour dented about the edges, Description. a round and tough stalk, a foot and a half high, having divers branches, and little white flowers, after which comes small seed in little heads.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Lepidium, and Piperitis.  
Place and Time.] It groweth naturally in many places of this land, in low grounds, as in the Marshes by Rochester in Kent: it flowers about July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the third degree, of a sharp taste, it hath a cleansing quality, and is a Martial plant: The leaves being made into an ointment with Hog's suet, or bruised and applied to the place, helps the Sciatica, Hip-Gout, and pain in the Joints, the part being afterwards bathed with Wine and Oil, and wrapped in Wool or Lambs Skins: some women give the juice of Dittander, a spoonful or two in Ale to women in Travail to procure easy delivery; it helps to take away the scars of Burning, Scabs, and scars in the body, and cleanseth discolourings of the Skin.   

Docks. Rumex.  
THere are many kinds of Docks, as the red Dock and Bloodwort, but they are all so well known, I shall forbear any further description.  
Names.] It's called in Latin Lapathum, and Rumex, and Bloodwort Lapathum Sanguineum.  
Their places and time of growth is very well known.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are cold and dry generally, yet herbs of Jove, and therefore good to strengthen the Liver and cleanse the Blood, especially Bloodwort; they are good to cool hot Livers, and the red Dock root is good against the yellow Jaundice: The root doth also provoke Urine, and the Terms, and expels Gravel out of the Bladder. The decoction of the seed helps wamblings in the Stomach, and stops Fluxes. The distilled water cleanses the Skin from the Morphew and Freckles.   

Dodder of Time, or Epithymum.  
DOdder shoots strings or threads out of the ground at first, Description. which are greater or less, according to the nature of the plant whereon it grows or fasteneth: these strings have no leaves, but wind themselves thick about the plant they lay hold on, ready sometimes to strangle it; after they have gotten good hold they break off at bottom, and receive nourishment from the plant, partaking of its nature; it puts forth clusters of small husks or heads, which send forth small whitish flowers, and afterwards small pale coloured flat seed, and twice as big as Poppey seed.  
Names.] Dodder is called in Shops Cuscuta; but that which groweth upon Time Epithymum; it grows also upon Nettles, Flax, Ferne, Savory, Tares, and other Plants: that which grows upon Tares, the Husbandmen call Hell-weed, because they cannot destroy it.  
Places and Time.] That of Time and Flax grow rarely in England, but those of Nettles and Fern do: It flowers in July and August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Dodders do partake of the nature of the Plant on which they grow; and therefore Dodder of Time is hot and dry in the third degree, whose virtues follow: It purges Choler and Phlegm, and therefore is good against Melancholy, hardness of the Spleen, Madness, Faintings, and the Quartane Ague, windiness, stopping of the Kidneys, Itch, Leprosy, Ulcers, and the French Pox: It opens the Gall, cleanses the Blood, and is good against the Jaundice, and strengthens the Liver and Spleen, and is good against all hypocondriac passions. Dodder of Nettles and Broom provokes Urine, and the other Dodders participate of the nature of the Plant whereon they grow, and therefore have the same Virtues: so that Mr. Culpepper was besides the saddle in attributing them all to the dominion of Saturn.  
☞ See more of this in the Expert Doctors Dispensatory: written by P. Morellus.  
☞ See more of this in Adam in Eden, by Will. Coles.   

Dogtoothed Violet, or Corral-wort. Dentaria.  
IT shooteth forth one or two winged leaves upon a brownish foot-stalk, Description. being doubled or folded downwards at their first rising out of the ground, and then they open into five or seven leaves, of a sad green colour, each leaf being somewhat long, dented about the edges and pointed, standing on both sides of the middle rib one against another: the stalk that bears the flowers, riseth up with the leaves, and is naked to the middle, where it shots forth a leaf, a little higher it shooteth forth one or two leaves more, each consisting but of five leaves, and sometimes but two or three; at each whereof cometh forth a small round bulbe divided into some parts or cloves of a sad purplish gren colour, about which at the top come the flowers which are like the flowers of stock-gilly-flowers, of a purplish colour, growing upon short foot stalks opening into four leaves, after which come cod wherein the seed is contained; the root is white, smooth, and creeps under ground: both leaf and root is bitter and sharp, and biting, like Radish.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Dentaria, in English Corral-wort, and Dogtoothed Violet.  
Place and Time.] It hath been found growing in Sussex, and about Croyden in Surrey, and many other places: they flower in April and May, and are gone before July.  
Nature and Virtues.] The roots are drying, and binding, and do also strengthen; it provokes Urine, and cleanses the Bladder of gravel: it should be a Saturnine herb, yet Culpepper ascribes it to the Moon, it helps gripe in the Belly and sides, and inward hurts in the Breast, Lungs, and Bowels: a dram of the root taken in powder in red Wine, and used often, it stays Fluxes, provided they proceed not from Choler, and is good for the Dropsy and Ruptures, the same dose being given in the distilled water of Horse-tail; and the decoction of the herb helps Maladies of the Teeth, the mouth being gargled therewith, and so doth the dry root being held between the Teeth, it consolidates green wounds, and dries up the moisture in Ulcers, causing them thereby the sooner to heal, the decoction of the herb being applied unto them.   

Dovesfoot, or Cranesbill. Geranium Columbinum.  
IT grows up with divers small round pale green leaves, Description. dented about somewhat more than Mallows, lying round upon the ground upon reddish hairy stalks, among which rise up two or three weak jointed radish hairy stalks, with small leaves, on the tops grow many small red flowers of five leaves apiece; the seed is like a Crane's Bill, the root is slender and fibrous.  
Names.] It is called Geranium Columbinum, Gruinalis, and Gruinum; in English Dovesfoot, and Cranesbill.  
Place and Time.] It grows frequently in pasture grounds in many places of this Land, and flourishes most part of the Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] Dovesfoot is cold and dry, with a binding quality, rather Saturnine then Martial. It is good to expel Wind, and the Stone and Gravel in the Kidneys, the decoction being drunk, which is also good for inward Wounds, Ulcers, and Bruises, to dissolve congealed blood: The powder of the herb and root taken in red Wine first and last, many days together, cures Ruptures, young or old; in aged persons, mix with it the powder of nine red Snails dried in an Oven; and being made into a Salve it heals outward Sores, Ulcers, and Fistula's, and being bruised and applied to green Wounds, it quickly heals them.   

Ducks-meat. Aquae Lenticula.  
IT needs no description being well known.  
Names.] Aquae Lenticula, and Lens palustris, the Latins term it; in English Grains, and Duck's meat.  
Place and Time.] It grows on the tops of standing waters and ponds, and will cover them quite over, if the Ducks meet not with it.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is cold and moist, ascribed to the Moon and Cancer, it is good in a pultis with Barley meal to ease the pains of the hot Gout, and cool inflammations and St. Anthony's fire, and the swelling of the Cod, the distilled water helps inward inflammations, redness of the Eyes, and is good in Burning Fevers, and it easeth pains of the head, coming of heat, the fresh herb being applied to the forehead.   

Dragons. Serpentaria.  
THese are very well known in Gardens, and the stalks are speckled so like a Snake, that he that knows one, may soon know the other.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Serpentaria, Bisaria Colubrina, and Dracunculus; in English Dragons.  
Place and Time.] They are only planted in Gardens with us, they flower in July, and the Berries are ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Martial herb, hot and dry, astringent, biting and bitter in taste; it is somewhat of the nature of Cuckow-pintle, both incite to Venery: it is good against Coughs, Catarrhs, Convulsions, and Cramps, it consumes gross humours, and cleanseth the inward parts: the distilled water helps Freckles, Morphew, and Sun-burning, and clears the sight, the juice helps the pin and web in the Eye: An ointment thereof is good in Wounds, Ulcers, Cankers, and Pollipus; the green leaves are good for Ulcers, green Wounds, and venomous bitings: the distilled water is good against the Plague, Poison, and pestilential Fevers, being drunk with Treacle or Mithridate. Women with child are not to meddle with this herb.   

Dropwort. Filipendula.  
IT shooteth forth long winged leaves, Description. dented somewhat like Burnet, or wild tansy, but harder in handling; the stalk rises about two foot high, at the top come white sweet flowers of five leaves apiece, with some threads in the middle standing in an Umbell: the seeds are small and black.  
Names.] Filipendula is the Latin name, and it is also called in English Filipendula, and Dropwort.  
Place and Time.] It grows in many places of this Land by hedges sides: they flower in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is an herb of Venus, saith Culpepper, but it is contrary to her nature, being hot and dry in the third degree, opening, cleansing, and a little binding; it is good to help the Strangury, or pissing by drops, to expel the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder, being taken in a decoction with white Wine, and a little Honey: it provokes women's Courses, and is good against the Dropsy, Jaundice, and Falling Sickness. An Electuary of the roots breaks Wind, helps diseases of the Lungs, the Cough, and brings away Phlegm; the knots of the roots in powder is good for Fistula's and old Sores, and allays the swell of the Piles or Hemorrhoides,    


Elder. Sambucus.  
THis is very well known, therefore I shall describe another kind called Dwarf Elder.  
Dwarf Elder rises in the Spring with a four square rough hairy stalk, four foot high, or more; the leaves are narrower than those of the Elder Tree, but very like them: the flowers stand also in Umbels like the other, being white mixed with purple, but of a sweeter scent than Elder; after which come blackish Berries, full of juice, wherein is contained hard kernels or seeds: the root dies every year.  
Names.] The common Elder Tree is called in Latin Sambucus, the dwarf Elder, Humilis Sambucus, and Ebulus; and in English is known by the names of Walwort, Danewort, and Dwarf Elder.  
Place and Time.] There is scarce a Town or Village, but the common Elder grows in its Hedges; the Dwarf Elder grows wild in many places of England, particularly in the grounds of Mr. Hind at Hedsor in Buckinghamshire. The Elder Flowers in June, the fruit is usually ripe in August; the Dwarf Elder is somewhat later.  
Nature and Virtues.] Elder is hot and dry in the second and third degree, the Danewort something hotter, both under Mars; it is profitable for the Dropsy, and to remove watery humours between the skin and the flesh; the young buds boiled in broth purges Phlegm and Choler; the inner bark is commended for the yellow Jaundice; medicines prepared of the bark opens obstructions: six drops of the spirit of Elder salt taken in broth is good in the Scurvy. The decoction of the root in wine cures the bitings of venomous Beasts, and mad Dogs, mollifies hardness of the Mother, opens the Veins, and provokes the Terms, the berries work the same effects, the juice of the green leaves helps inflammations of the Eyes: there is hardly a disease from the head to the foot but Elder is effectual for it; it is good for Melancholy, Madness, the Falling Sickness, Palsy, Apoplexy, catarrhs, ; Deafness, diseases of the Lungs, Mouth, and Throat, Hoarseness, Ptisick, sore Breasts, swoonings and Faintings, Gout, Worms, Stone, Plague, Pox, Measles, and diseases of the Stomach; Cùm multis aliis, etc.  
The Dwarf Elder is stronger than the other, for all the said purposes, and hath besides particular virtues, viz. the juice of the root cures the King's Evil and Quinzy, being applied to the Throat, and being put into the Fundament stays it from falling down. The root being steeped in Wine all night, helps Agues, a dram of the seeds in powder with a little Cinnamon taken in the decoction of ground Pine, is good against the French Disease, Gout, Sciatica, and joint Aches, by drawing away peccant humours: An Ointment made of the green leaves with May Butter, mollifies starkness of the Nerves and Sinews, and remedies outward Pains, Aches, Cramps, and Lameness.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: by W. Coles.   

Elecampane. Enula.  
IT groweth up with a long hairy stalk, Description. bearing great large leaves pointed at the ends, it gives a large yellow flower, the root is white and increaseth much every year, spreading under the ground; 'tis well known, therefore I forbear any further description.  
Names.] Enula Campana, is the Latin Appellation.  
Place and Time.] It delights in Meadows and fertile ground, flowers in June and July, and the leaves fall in Autumn.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the third degree, a Solar herb, a great friend to the Breast and Lungs, and a helper of shortness of Breath, it opens the Liver and Spleen, and is good against poisons and venomous bitings, and helps Cramps, Ruptures, and inward bruises, the decoction of the root being drunk: the roots candied, warm a cold Stomach, helps the Cough and Wheesing: An ointment made of the roots with Hog's grease, and a little flower of Brimstone, is an excellent remedy for the Itch. The root chewed, fastens lose Teeth, and preserves them from rotting. The distilled water of the green leaves makes the face fair, cleanses the skin, and helps the Morphew. The decoction thereof provokes Urine and the Terms, and cleanses the Breast and Lungs.   

Elmetree. Ulmus.  
THis Tree is so well known for its Timber, it needs no description; but we proceed to the Physical use of it.  
Names,] Vlmus the Latins call it.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Leaves and Bark are moderately hot, having a cleansing and glewing quality, and I believe Saturnine.  
The water in the bladders upon the leaves are said to be good to help burstness,  being wet in the water and applied, and the parts bound up with a Truss, it also cleanses the Skin: The decoction of the Bark of the Root softens hard swell; the decoction of the middle bark is good to bathe places burnt or scalded, and being boiled in wine and some syrup of Mulberries added to it, causes the  of the mouth to ascend, being fallen: the decoction in water helps the Dandruff, Scurfs, and Leprosy. The leaves heal green Wounds, and the water of the bladders that grow upon the leaves, being put in a glass and set in Horse-dung for five and twenty days, the mouth of the glass being stopped, and a lay of salt underneath; so that the feces may settle, and the water become very clear, is a sovereign Balsam for green wounds, being applied with sofe Tents; it may be set in the ground, if you be not provided of Dung. An Unguent being made of Elm Bark, by boiling it to that consistence, is a sovereign remedy to allay the pains of the Gout.   

Endive. Endivia.  
MAster Coles comprehends the Succory, Description. Dandelion, and Endive all together, as not differing in Nature, though in Form, and one Greek name goes for them all; namely, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, yet Succory is called Cichoreum, and Cichorea in Latin, and the Endive Endivia; which Endive bears a larger leaf than Succory, and the root perishes every year: it bears blue flowers and seed like Succory.  
The names I have given you in the Description.  
Place and Time.] It is an inhabitant only in Gardens; if it be sown in the Spring it quickly flowers and seeds.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is cold and dry, cleansing, Jovial, saith Mr. Culpepper; but I judge rather under Venus: it cools the sharpness of Urine, and cleanses the uretory parts: The decoction of it, or the distilled water is good in hot Agues and Inflammations to mitigate the heat; it helps the great heat of the Stomach and Liver, stops of the Gall, and Urine, lack of sleep in hot burning Fevers; being outwardly applied, it alleys Swell, Pushes, and Pimples, and is good to wash pestiferous sores and Ulcers.  
☞ See further in The expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Eringo, or Sea-holly. Eringium.  
THe Sea-holly cometh up with tender leaves at the first, Description. but as they grow old, they grow hard and prickly, crumpled about the edges, with here and there a sharp prickle: they are of a blueish green colour, and stand every one upon a long foot stalk, after comes a long crested stalk, having several joints beset with leaves sharp and prickly, it bears round prickly herds, out of which shoot blue flowers with whitish threads in the middle; the root grows very long, and is about the bigness of a man's little finger, having a pleasant taste, brownish without, but white within, with some pith in the middle.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins Eringium, the Shop Eringus, and Eringo; in English we call in Sea-holly.  
Place and Time.] It grows about the Sea sides in most Countries of England; as upon the Sea Sands by Yarmouth in Norfolk, and about Shuberry in Essex: it flowers about the latter end of Summer, and seeds about a month after.  
Nature and Virtues.] Sea-holly is temperate, of a cleansing drying nature, a Venerial plant; the roots confected, stir up the affection to Venery, and are a restorative against the consuming of old age: being decocted in Wine, they open obstructions of the Spleen and Liver, provoke Urine, expel the Stone, and move the Terms, helps the yellow Jaundice, Dropsy, pain in the Loins, and wind Colic. The roots bruised and applied to the Throat, helps the Kernels there, and heals bitings of Serpents, being taken inwardly, and applied to the place; and if the roots be boiled in Hog's Lard, and applied to thorns in the flesh, it draws them out, and heals the place: the juice of the leaves helps Imposthumes in the Ears. The distilled water of the whole herb being young, drives away Melancholy, and helps Quartane and Quotidian Agues; the young tender shoots may be eaten fresh, or pickled, they are a good Venerial Salad.  
☞ See more of this in the Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Eye-bright. Ocularia.  
IT is a small low herb, rising seldom above a span high, Description. having a blackish green stalk, which spreadeth from the bottom into sundry branches, whereon grow small dark green leaves finely snipt about the edges, growing two together very thick; the flowers are small and white, striped with purple and yellow spots, and grow at the joints with the leaves from the middle upwards: the seeds are very small, growing in small round heads which succeed the flowers. The root is long, small, and threddy.  
Names.] Euphrasia is both a Greek and Latin name for it; it is also called in Latin Opthalmica, and Ocularia, in English Eye-bright.  
Places and Time.] It grows plentifully in many places of this Land, by Hedge rows, and on Hills sides: it groweth in the High way between Gravesend and Rochester, and in the Fields about Gravesend: They flower in August, which is the best time to gather it, before it seeds.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Solar herb, hot and dry, it is excellent to clarify and preserve the sight from dimness, either the powder of the dry herb being used; or the juice of the green plant: the distilled water clears the dimness of the Eyes, either being dropped into the Eyes, or drunk in Wine or Broth: a Conserve of the Flowers works the like effects, being eaten. It restoreth a decayed Memory, and helps a weak Brain and Memory, being used any of the aforesaid ways; if it were tunned up with Bear or Ale, it will work the like effects. Some Authors writ that Birds make use of it to repair their sight; and Arnoldus saith, that it did restore their sight who had been blind a long while.    


Ferne. Filix.  
IT's very well known; there is accounted a Male and Female, and Water Ferne, or Osmond Royal.  
Names.] The Latin name for Ferne is Filix, the Water Fern, Osmunda Regalis, and St. Christopher's Herb.  
Place and Time.] Fern grows too plentiful in many places, and can hardly be rooted out where it hath possession: the seeds are small, treble pointed, black and shining, and may be gotten on Midsummer-eve at night, at which time I have gathered it myself.  
The Water Ferne grows by wet Ditiches sides, bogs, and waterish places.  
Nature and Virtues.] Ferne is hot and dry, bitter, and somewhat astringent, a Mercurial Plant: the roots of Ferne boiled in Mead, kills worms in the Belly, and abates swelling and hardness of the Spleen, and being bruised and boiled in Oil or Hog's Grease, they make a good Ointment to heal Wounds and Bruises, and cases the Colic, and Diseases of the Spleen, especially those of the Water Fern, A bath made of the leaves, is good to strengthen the Sinews: the powder of the root dries up the watery humours of Ulcers. A diet Drink being made of it with other Capillary Herbs, is good for the Rickets.  
The water Fern is effectual for Ruptures, an Ointment being made thereof; and the decoction of the root in white Wine provokes Urine, and opens the uretory passages.   

Feathersew. Parthenium.  
IT grows up with many large green leaves, Description. very much torn, or cut about the edges, the stalks are hard and round, beset with smaller leaves; the flowers stand fingle, upon several foot stalks at the cop, consisting of final white leaves standing round about a yellow thrum in the middle, the root is tough, hard, and short, having many fibres thereat; the whole Plant of a strong scent, and bitter taste.  
Names.] Parthenium, from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Matricaria, and Febrisuga in Latin.  
Place and Time.] It grows by divers Walls and Hedges, and frequently in Gardens; they continue in flower the gratest part of Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] Featherfew is hot and dry in the third degree, having a quality of cleansing and opening; its temperature, scent, and taste attributes it to Mars, but its virtues are ascribed to Venus; it is an excellent herb for women's Diseases, for all Diseases of the Mother: the decoction being drunk, or the fume set over, helps fits of the Mother, it drives down the Courses, expels the dead Child and Afterbirth. The juice, with the juice of Motherwort taken in old Ale, with a little gross Pepper, is good to prevent fits of the Mother. The decoction with Sugar or HOney, helps the Cough and short Windedness, and cleanses the Reins and Bladder, so doth the powder of the herb, and expels Melancholy, helps the swimming of the Head, and windiness in the Stomach, and is good against the Dropsy; it is good for cold and moist bodies, to stir up the procreative virtue, but it is naught for hot and dry bodies; it's a good remedy for such as have taken too much opium; being fried with Oil and Wine, it eases the griping pains of wind being applied to the Stomach and Belly. The distilled water cleanseth the Skin.  
felwort, Vide Gentian.   

Fennel. Feniculus.  
FEnnel is well known, its Latin name Feniculus, Gardens are his habitation; he flowers in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Most affirm Fennel to be hot in the third degree, and dry in the first, and according to Gerrard, the seed is hot and dry in the third degree; it is a Mercurial herb, saith Culpepper, but I suppose rather Solar: it is used to be boiled with Fish and other viscous meats to digest their crude and phlegmatic qualities, and the seed is used in bread to break Wind, and strengthen the breath. The distilled water cleanseth the Eyes, being dropped therein, and the condensate juice cleanseth them from Mists and Films. It is good to increase milk in Nurses, it provokes Urine, and eases the pains of the Stone: The leaves, or rather the seeds, boiled in water, stay the Hiccock, helps loathe of the Stomach of sick persons, and allayeth the heat thereof, and is a remedy for such as have eaten poisonous herbs, and against bitings by Serpents. The seed and root opens obstructions of the Liver, Spleen, and Gall, helps shortness of breath. The roots in diet drink or broth, cleanseth the Blood, opens the Liver, provokes Urine, and helps the evil colour of the face after long Sickness, and causeth a good habit throughout the body; the juice kills worms in the Ears, being dropped therein. The ordinary Fennel is stronger than the sweet Fennel, and therefore better for the purposes aforesaid.   

Fennel Giant. Ferulago.  
THis plant grows in Cyrene, Description and place. and brings forth the Gum called Ammoniacum. which is hot and dry in the second degree, which is good to dissolve Tumours, and taken inwardly it purges Phlegm, opens stops of the Liver, helps Astma's and stops of breath, it provokes Urine and the Terms, eases the Gout and Sciatica, softens Corns and hard Swell.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Celes.   

Sow-Fennel, or Hogs-Fennel. Peucedanum.  
IT hath divers branched stiff stalks, Description. full of knees of thick long leaves, three for the most part joined together at a place, among which riseth a crested stalk less than Fennel, somewhat jointed, and leaves thereon, and towards the top some branches; on the tops whereof grow tufts of yellow flowers: the seeds are thin, flat and yellowish, almost twice as big as Fennel seed: the root is great, and grows deep with many fibres, smelling like hot brimstone, and yielding a yellowish juice like a Gum.  
Names.] Peucedanus, and Peucedanum, are the Latin names; in English Hogs-Fennel, Sow-Fennel, Horestrange, and Hore-strong, Sulpher-wort, or Brimstone-wort.  
Places and Time.] It grows in salt low Marshes, as by Whitstable and Feaversham in Kent, and many other places: they flower and seed towards the end of Summer.  
Nature and Virtues] It is a Mercurial herb, hot in the second degree, and dry in the beginning of the third. The juice dissolved in Wine, and dropped into the Ears, helps such griefs thereof as proceed from a cold cause; the same used with Vinegar and Rose-water, or the juice with a little Euphorbium put to the Nose, helps the Frenzy, Lethargy, Giddiness, falling Sickness, long and inveterate Headache, the Palsy, Sciatica, Cramp, and generally all diseases of the Nerves and Sinews, if it be used with Oil and Vinegar, as saith Dioscorides, and Galen: the juice dissolved in Wine, or put in an Egg, is good for the Cough, shortness of Breath, and wind in the body, it gently purges the Belly, dissolves wind and hardness of the Spleen, gives ease to women that have hard Labour, and easeth pains of the Reins, Bladder, and Womb: the juice put into a hollow tooth, easeth the pain, and so doth the root but more slowly. The powder of the dried root cleanseth foul Ulcers, and removes splinters or broken bones out of the flesh, dries up inveterate Sores, and is of a great force in green Wounds.  
Fig-wort. Vide Throat-wort.   

Flax. Linum.  
THis needs no description, good Housewives know it well enough; it is called in Latin Linum, which is somewhat near our English word Linen, fine linen cloth being made thereof: it flowers from Midsummer till August, it is sown in divers places of this Land.  
Nature and Virtues.] The seed thereof, which we call Linseed, which is only used in Physic, is hot in the first degree, and in a mean between moist and dry; but Dodoneus saith it hath a superfluous moisture and causes wind; and that the Inhabitants of Middleborough in Zealand, for want of Corn, eat thereof, to the great prejudice of their healths; but the seed being boiled in water, and some honey put to it, is said to case the Colic, Stitches, and Inflammations, I fancy not that medicine; but the seed is a good ingredient in pultisses with Fenugreek and Mallows, to mollify and discuss Tumours in any part of the body; and being used with Myrrh and , it helps Ruptures and swell of the cod: the decoction thereof in wine is good to stay the spreading of silthy Sores, being used thereto; and being mixed with honey, or suct, and wax, and applied, it helps hard swell under the Ears and Throat, and remedies spots and discolourings of the skin.   

Figtree. Ficus.  
THe Figtree seldom grows in England, but as it is planted against a Wall; yet at the house of Rowland Hind Esquire, at Hedsor in Buckinghamshire, grows, or lately did grow, a Figtree in his Court, having a body as big as an ordinary Elm or Oak, growing low, and spreading much ground uviht great Boughs.  
Names.] The Greeks call the Tree 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the fruit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin both tree and fruit is called Ficus.  
Place and Time.] They grow plentifully in Spain and Italy, and bear fruit both in the Spring, and in August, and September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Figs are hot and moist almost in the third degree, and yield good nourishment; but being immoderately eaten, they engender crude humours in the Stomach, and hurt hot Livers, and choleric Stomaches; they are therefore best for old phlegmatic persons: being eaten with Almonds, they cleanse the Breast and the Lungs. A decoction of them with Hyssop and Liquorish, is good for the Cough of the Lungs, and for the Reins and Bladder, and to recover a good colur to them that have lost it by Sickness; it also cleanses the Womb, and is useful for the Dropsy, Quinzy, and the falling Sickness; they are a good Antidote against the Plague, Poison, and infection's Air, being stamped together with Salt, Rue, and Nut Kernels, and eaten fasting in the mornings: a Fig sliced and toasted, and applied to an aching Tooth, sometimes gives ease. The decoction of the leaves is good to wash sore heads, for the Leprosy, Morphew, and running Sores; and a syrup made thereof is good against Coughs, shortness of Breath, and all diseases of the Breast and Lungs.  
filbert, Vide Hazel Nut.   

Fistick Nuts. Pistacia.  
THis tree grows in the East Indies, Persia, and Arabia, and the hot parts of Italy,  
Names.] It is called in Latin Pistacia, and Pistacium, in English the fruit is called Pistacies, and Fistick Nuts.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are under the dominion of Jupiter, of temperature hot and moist; they increase seed, and stir up Venery, being eaten condited, or otherwise, they recover strength in those bodies which are in Consumptions, and are grateful to the Stomach; they are good against bitings of venomous creatures; they open obstructions of the Liver, Chest, and Lungs, concocting and digesting raw humours that offend them; they are a little astringent, strengthening the Liver and Stomach, used either in meats or medicines; they remove Sand and Gravel out of the Reins and Kidneys, assuage their pain, and are good for Ulcers.   

Fleawort. Herba pulicaria.  
ORdinary Fleawort groweth up with a stalk two foot high, Description. or more, full of branches on every side up to the top, and at every joint grow two small, long, and narrow whitish green leaves, at the tops of every joint stand divers short small scaly or chaffy heads, out of which come small whitish yellow threads, like those of plantain, which are the bloomings or flowers; the seed is small and shining, while it is fresh, very like Fleas, but turning black when it grows old: the root is white, hard, and woody, perishing every year. The whole plant is whitish, hairy, and smelling somewhat like Rozin.  
Names.] It's called in Latin Herba pulicaria, and in Shops, Psyllium, in English Fleawort.  
Place and time.] It grows with us no no where but in Gardens, but there is another kind much like the former, which grows in Fields near the Seacoasts: they flower in July, or thereabouts with us, but in their natural Countries all the Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] The seed of Fleawort which is chief used in Physic, is cold in the second degree, and temperate in moisture and dryness, according to Galen and Serapio: it is a Saturnine Plant. The mucilage made with Rose water, and taken with syrup of Violets, or a little Sugar, purges Choler and Phlegm, is useful in burning Fevers to lenify christ, and dryness of the mouth and throat; it helps also Hoarseness, Inflammations of the Breast, Lungs, and Head, and hot pains in the joints; the mucilage of the seed in an Electuary, with Marmalade of Quinces and Sugarcandy, hath the same effects, and stays the fluxions of hot Rheums. The seeds dried and taken with Plantain water, stays fluxes of the Belly, and helps the gripe thereof, caused by Choleric humours, or the over-working of violent Medicines: the seeds bruised, or the herb mixed with juice of Nightshade, or Housleek oil of Roses and Vinegar, easeth the hot Gout, and hot Imposthumes; the water wherein the seeds have been steeped, is good against St. Anthony's fire: the juice with Honey put into the Ears, stays the running thereof, and is good for sore Breasts, being often applied thereunto; being mixed with Hog's Grease, and applied to corrupt Sores and Ulcers, it heals them. The mucilage of the seed made in Plantain water, and mixed with the yolk of an Egg, or two, and a little of the Unguent Populeon, easeth the pains of the Piles and Hemorrhoides, being bound thereto. It is not safe for cold and moist bodies.   

Flixweed. Thalictrum.  
FLixweed springs up with a round upright hard stalk about two foot high, Description. spread into many branches, whereon grow many grayish green leaves, finely jagged like Roman Wormwood; the flowers are small, of a dark yellow colour, and grows in a spiky fashion on the tops of the spriggy branches, after which grow long pods, with small yellowish seed in them, The root is long, weedy, and perishes every year.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Pseudonasturtium Sylvestre, Thalictrum, and Sophia Chirurgorum.  
Places and Time.] It grows by Hedge sides, High ways, upon old walls in many places of this Land, and flowers from the beginning of June, till the end of September.  
Nature and Virtues.] It's a drying astringent Saturnine Herb; the seed drunk in Wine or water wherein steel hath been often quenched, stops the Lask, Bloody Flux, and all other issues of Blood: the Herb boiled, performs the same effects; and also it consolidates Bones broken or out of Joint, from which virtue it obtained the name of Sophia Chirurgorum: a syrup of it may be made to be taken inwardly for the former purposes. The juice drunk in Wine, or the decoction of the Herb kills Worms in the Stomach and Belly, and Worms which sometimes breed in Ulcers: the juice or bruised herb put into Ointments or Salves, quickly heals old Sores, how foul or malignant soever they be. They whose Stomaches cannot brook any of the former Medicines, may take the distilled water which worketh the same effects, but not so effectually or powerfully.   

Fluellin, or Lluellin. Veronica Mas.  
OF this plant there is a male and a female kind, Description. called male and female Speedwell, before the Welshman gave it her Country name Lluellin.  
The common Speedwell hath divers soft leaves about the breadth of a two pence, of a hoary green colour, a little dented about the edges, set by couples at the joints of the hairy brownish stalks, which lean upon the ground, never standing upright, but shooting forth roots as they lie upon the ground; at divers joints the flowers grow one above another at the top, and are of a blueish purple colour, sometimes white: the seed is small and blackish contained in small flat husks. The root is fibrous.  
Names] In Latin it hath been called Veronica Mas, and Veronica Femina, and Betonica Pauli; in English Male and Female Speedwell, and Paul's Betony; but the Gentleman of Wales hath given it the name of Lluellin, because it saved her Nose which the French Pox had almost gotten from her.  
Place and Time.] They grow upon dry Banks and Wood sides, and in sandy grounds in many places of this Land: They flower in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Male is temperately hot and dry, the Female cooling and drying; the Male is most common and of greatest use: they are both good wound Herbs, a Salve being made therewith, with wax, oil, and Turpentine: it also hinders the fretting of old Ulcers, stays Bleeding of Wounds, dissolves Swell, it strengthens the Heart, and expels Poison and Venom from thence; it strengthens the Memory, eases swimmings and pains in the Head. The decoction given in Wine, it cleanses the Blood, and helps the Leprosy, as is said. A dram of it in powder in its own distilled water, helps the Cough, and diseases of the Lungs and Breast. It opens the Liver and Spleen, cleanses Ulcers in the Reins and Bladder: the distilled water is good to wash Wounds and Sores, and helps Morphew, Scabs, and Freckles, a little Coper as being dissolved therein, and bathed therewith. The Female Speedwell, or Fluellin, bruised and applied with Barley Meal, helps watering Eyes caused by hot Rheums flowing from the Head, it stops the overflowing of the Terms, and all Fluxes of Blood, it helps the inward parts which need consolidating and strengthening, the leaves being sod in broth with a Hen, or piece of Veal. It is effectual to heal green Wounds, and to cleanse and heal old soul Ulcers, and fretting Cancers. the juice and decoction of the herb taken inwardly, and the herb used outwardly.  
☞ See more of this in The Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Fox. Gloves. Digitalis.  
IT is known so commonly almost to every Child in my Country of Hampshire, that I shall forbear to make any large description of it.  
Names.] Authors call it by many strange Latin names, as Digitalis, Virga, Regia, Campanula silvestris, and many other affected names: We in English call it Fox-Gloves, and in Hampshire it is very well known by the name of Poppers; because if you hold the broad end of the flower close between your finger and thumb, and blow at the small head, as into a bladder, till it be full of wind, and then suddenly strike on it with your other hand, it will give a great crack or pop.  
Place and Time.] They grow generally in dry grounds, and under Hedges sides in most Countries of England.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Venerial Plant, saith Culpepper, but he forgets his Logic when he ascribed all bitter plants to Mars.  
Fox-Gloves are bitter in taste, hot and dry, having a cleansing quality. The Italians call this Herb Aralda, and use this proverb concerning it, Aralda, tutte piaghe salda, Aralda salveth all Sores: they use it to heal green Wounds, cutting the leaves and applying them; they use also the juice to cleanse and dry up old Sores: it is found helpful for the King's Evil, the flowers stamped with fresh Butter and applied, or the juice in an Ointment; the bruised leaves are also good being applied, but not so powerful; being boiled in water or wine, it consumes thick phlegm, and viscous humours in the Chest and Stomach. A syrup may be made thereof with Sugar or honey for the same purpose, and to cleanse the body of clammy humours, and open the Liver and Spleen; by later experience it hath been found to cure many of the falling Sickness, taking the decoction of two handfuls thereof with four ounces of polipody of the Oak bruised. Mr. Culpepper magnifies an Ointment thereof for a Scabby Head.   

Fumitory. Fumaria.  
IT is a tender sappy Plant, Description. sending forth from one square slender stalk (leaning downwards) many branches two or three foot long, with fine jagged leaves of a pale blueish or Sea-green colour; the flowers stand like a long spike one above another on the tops of the branches, of a reddish purple colour, with whitish bellies commonly; yet in Cornwall it bears perfect white flowers: it bears a small black seed contained in small round husks,; the root is yellow and small, full of juice while it is green, but quickly perishes with the ripe seed.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins, Fumus terrae, and Fumaria, in English Fumitory.  
Places and Time.] It grows in Corn Fields almost every where, as well as in Gardens: It flowers for the most part in May, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a bitter herb, which showeth it to be hot, and is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; it gently purges melancholy and salt humours, opens and cleanses the Entrails, and strengthens those parts; it purges choleric humours by Urine, and helps soul diseases of the skin, as the Itch, etc. arising from adust bumours, and the French Pox; it prevails in choleric Fevers, the Jaundice and Quartain Agues, and chronical diseases arising from stops of the viscerous parts: three or four ounces of the distilled water drunk morning and evening, cures the yellow Jaundice, and is good against the Itch and Leprosy: A dram or two of London Treacle, and a scruple of Bolearmonick taken in two ounces of the water; is good in the Pestilence; it provokes the Terms, and dissolves congealed blood: The decoction helps the Gout, the feet being bathed therewith. The distilled Water with some honey of Roses, helps Sores and Ulcers of the Mouth; the juice dropped into the Eyes clears the sight, and the juice having a little  dissolved therein, and applied to the Eyelids where the hair hath been pulled off, will keep it from growing again: the juice mixed with the juice of Docks, Oximel, and Vinegar, cures the Morphew; and a bath made of the same with Barley, Bran, Mallows, Violets, Nep, and Dock Roots, cures Scabs, Itch, and Leprosy, Wheals, and Pimples in the Face or elsewhere.   

Fursbush, or Furs.  
THese are so well known, they need no description.  
Names.] In Norfolk they are called Whinns, in some countries' Goss, and in Hampshire Furs.  
Place and Time.] They plentifully grow in dry barren Heaths, and sandy Grounds, and flower in the middle of Summer, and are seldom without flowers at any time of the year.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are under the dominion of Mars, hot and dry, the flowers are effectual to open obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and the decoction thereof is good against the yellow Jaundice, provokes Urine, and cleanses the Kidneys and Bladder from the Gravel and Stone.    


Galanga.  
THis plant grows in the East Indies, and China, from whence it is brought to us.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry almost in the third degree, it is profitable in all cold Diseases of the Stomach; it helps concoction, expels wind from it, being boiled in Wine and taken morning and evening; it helps a moist brain and the Vertigo, trembling of the Heart, and knawing of the Stomach; it cleanses the passages of the Urine, provokes Venery, helps conception, and remedies cold and windy distempers of the Womb, being drunk with the water or juice of Plantain; it stops the bloody Flux, and strengthens nature, helps the trembling of the Heart, and comforts the brain: half a dram of the powder thereof is the dose at one time, to be taken in the morning, or an hour before meat.   

Garlic. Allium.  
IF you smell one's breath that hath eaten it, you may know it by the scent.  
Names.] Allium the Latins call it, and Galen Theriaca Rusticorum, Countreymans' Treacle; in English Garlic.  
It is planted in small cloves in Gardens, which grow to great heads by the latter end of Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the fourth degree, a Martial Plant, it heats the body being eaten, digesting and consuming tough and clammy humours, opens obstructions, remedies cold poisons, and the bitings of venomous Beasts; it helps old Coughs, provokes Urine, kills Worms, breaks Wind, helps the Colic and Dropsy, proceeding of cold; it stirs up natural heat, and helps a cold and moist Stomach; it is good against the biting of mad Dogs, for shortness of breath, the cold Headache, Consumption of the Lungs, and pissing of Blood; being tempered with Honey, and the parts anointed with it, cures scabbed Heads, Scurff, Morphew and Tetters: the Ashes strewed in Ulcers heals them, being applied with Figs and Commyn, it cures the biting of a Shrew-Mouse.  
Vices.] Many are the Virtues of Garlic, yet accompanied with some Vices; it is hurtful for young men and choleric persons, for women with Child, and such as give suck; and being eaten raw too liberally, it dims the sight, offends the Stomach, and burns the Blood; it is good for old, cold, and phlegmatic persons: the best way of preparing it is to boil it well, either in milk, or otherwise, and eat it with Oil, or Vinegar.   

Gentian, or Felwort, Gentiana.  
MAster Coles reckons six sorts hereof to grow within Great Britain, Description. Master Culpepper but two, which I shall only describe.  
The first hollow leaved Felwort, or English Gentian hath small long roots, deep in the ground, and abiding all Winter, having stalks of a brownish green colour, with long narrow dark green leaves set by couples up to the top: the flowers are long and hollow, of a purple colour, with five corners.  
The other smaller sort hath many stalks not a foot high, with several branches; the leaves very like those of the lesser Centaury, of a whitish green colour; the flowers are blue, growing on the tops of the stalks: the root is small and fibrous.  
Names.] Gentiana in Latin, and Gentianella the lesser sort; in English, Gentian, Felwort, Bitterwort, and Baldmony.  
Place and Time.] The first grows in divers places of Kent, as about Southfleet, and Long Field near Gravesend; so likewise doth the other, and upon Barton Hills in Bedfordshire, and not far from St. Alban, upon a piece of waste chalky ground as you go out of Dunstable way towards Gothambury: They flower in August, and the seed is ripe in September,  
Nature and Virtues.] The root which is chief in use, is hot and dry in the third degree, a Martial plant; it strengthens the Heart and Stomach, resists poison, putrefaction, and the Pestilence, and helps digestion; the powder of the dry roots helps bitings of mad Dogs and Venomous Beasts, opens the Liver, and procures an Appetite: Wine wherein the herb hath been steeped being drunk, refreshes such as are overwearied by Travel, or are lame in their Joints by cold or bad Lodgings; it is good for bruises, and to help stitches and pains in the sides: the decoction is good against Cramps and Convulsions, provokes Urine, and the Terms; so that it is not to be given to women with Child: it dissolves congealed Blood, is good in the Dropsy, strangling of the Mother, drives down the dead Child, and Afterbirth, helps falling Sickness, Worms, Cough, and shortness of Breath; it expels Wind, and is profitable in all cold Diseases, the juice or powder of the root heals green Wounds, and cleanses and heals up fretting rotten Ulcers, Fistula's and Cancers. The root is used by Chirurgeons to enlarge the orifice of a Sore. The herb applied helps swell of the King's Evil, and the juice clears the sight, being dropped into the Eyes; it helps the bots in Cattle, and the swelling of a Cow's Vdder, being bitten by a Venomous Creature, the place being stroaked, and fomented with the decoction of this Herb.   

Germander. Trissago.  
COmmon Germander shooteth forth many branches leaning towards the Ground; Description. whereupon grow small leaves snipt about the edges like the teeth of a Saw: the flowers are purple, small, and stand close to the leaves on the tops of the branches, the root is slender and stringy, which spreading round about, causes it to be very plentiful where it is once set.  
Names.] Chamaedries is the Greek name, and Latin name used in Shops, yet it's called by some Trissago, and Quercula minor, because the leaves resemble an Oak leaf; in English it is called Germander, and English Treacle.  
Place, and Time.] It is planted in Gardens usually with us, yet groweth also wild: It flowers about June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Germander is hot and dry almost in the third degree, of subtle parts, and hath a cutting quality; it is a Mercurial Herb: the leaves of Germander, and the seeds of Nigella quilted in a Cap, helps Catarrhs and distillations of cold Rheums, being worn on the heads of them that are troubled therewith. The Herb used with Honey cleanseth foul Ulcers; the juice mixed with Honey, helps dimness and moistness of the Eyes; the Herb being bruised and applied, is good against venom and venomous bitings. The decoction of the green Herb helps distempers of the Spleen, pains of the side, provokes Urine, the Course, and used with Honey, it is good for Coughs; it quickens the spirits, helps diseases of the Brain, falling Sickness, Lethargy, Palsy, and Gout: a dram of the seed in powder is good for the yellow Jaundice, purging it by Urine, and kills Worms.  
Stinking Gladwin, Vide Orris, it is a kind of Flower De luce, which see in Orris.   

Ginger. Zinziber.  
THis Indian Root is hot and dry in the third degree, the Latin name is Zinziber; it is good for a cold Stomach, it warmeth it, and expels Wind there and in the Bowels, and helpeth Digestion; it likewise corrects the rawness of the Stomach, and clears the Breast; Green Ginger provokes lust, dries up moisture of the Stomach, phlegm of the Lungs, opens obstructions, and is good in all cold griefs of the Stomach.   

Golden Rod. Auria virga.  
GOlden Rod groweth up with brownish small stalks, Description. about half a yard high, with dark green narrow leaves, sometimes (but very seldom so found) dented about the edges, and as seldom with strikes or white spots therein, divided at the tops into many small branches, with divers small yellow flowers on every one of them, which are turned one way, and being ripe become down, and are blown away with the wind: The root consists of divers small fibres, not running deep in the ground, yet abiding all Winter, sending forth new branches every year, the old ones dying.  
Names.] Auria virga it is called in Latin; in English Golden Rod.  
Place and Time.] It grows both in moist and dry grounds in many places of this Land, in Woods and Copses, in Hamsted Wood, and Kentish-Town, near Gravesend in Swanscomb Wood, and Southfleet: It flowers about July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Golden Rod is hot and dry in the second degree, with a cleansing astringent quality, a reputed Herb of Venus; it is useful in lotions for sores in the Mouth and Throat, and is a good Wound Herb for inward or outward Wounds, Bleeding, or Bruises, and for Ruptures, to be used inwardly, and out wardly; it stays Fluxes and Courses, it dries up moist humours in old Sores and Ulcers, which hinder their healing. The decoction helps to fasten lose Teeth, and it is commended and approved to be good against the Gravel and Stone in the Reins and Kidneys, and to provoke Urine.   

Gooseberry Bush. Grossularia.  
I Think it needs no description, it is called in Latinewa Crispa, and Grossularia; in some places, Feaberry, Dewbery, and Wineberry Bush, but most commonly Gooseberry Bush in English.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Berries before they be ripe are cold and dry, and something binding; they are under the dominion of Venus, they cool the vehement heat of the Stomach and Liver, and provoke appetite, being scalded and eaten with Rose Water and Sugar, or made in Tarts, or stewed with Mutton; they also make good sauce for Green Geese, and many other Dishes both Flesh and Fish; they are good to boil in broth, for such as have hot Agues; they stay the long of Women with Child: being ripe they are pleasant to the Stomach. The decoction of the leaves cool Inflammations, and St. Anthony's fire. The tender leaves are good to break the Stone, and expel Gravel; but too much of the fruit breeds Crudities and Worms, especially before it is ripe.   

Gromel. Milium solis.  
THere be accounted nine sorts of this Herb, Description. whereof I shall mention three; 1. Great upright Gromel. 2. The greater creeping Gromel. 3. Small wild Gromel.  
The great upright Gromel rises up with divers upright, slender, hairy, woody, brown crusted stalks very little branched, with long, hard, rough, sharp pointed narrow green leaves; the flowers stand at the tops of the stalks, are small and white: the seed is white, round, and shining, the root is hard and woody, with many fibres; it abides all the year, but the stalks die.  
Names,] It is called Milium solis, and Granum solis in Shops, and also Lithospermum; in English Gromel, and Pearl Plant.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth in Gardens, the second and third grow wild in many places of this Land, on barren grounds: they flower from Midsummer till September, the seed ripening in the mean time.  
Nature and Virtues.] Gromel-seeds are hot and dry in the second degree, under Venus, saith Culpepper; they are singular good to break the Stone, to open and cleanse the Reins, Kidneys and Bladder, to drive forth the Gravel, provoke Urine, and do expel Wind exceedingly: two drams of the seed in powder, given in Breast milk to a woman in Travel, procures speedy delivery: The Herb itself boiled in Wine and drunk, worketh all the same effects, but weaker than the seeds.  
☞ See further in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Winter Green. Pyrola.  
THis sendeth up round pointed leaves, Description. every one standing on a long foot stalk, of a sad green colour, almost like Pear-Tree leaves, and so are the flowers; the stalk is weak and slender, yet standing upright, bearing many small white flowers, smelling sweet, consisting of five round pointed leaves, with many yellowish threads in the middle, about a green head, which groweth to be the seed vessel, and is five square when it is ripe, with a small point; in it is the seed as small as dust: it hath a brownish creeping root.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Pyrola; in English Winter green.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in the Northern parts of England: they flower about July, or later.  
Nature and Virtues.] Winter green is cold in the second degree, and dry in the third, having a Glutinous and very binding quality, a Saturnine Herb; it is a very good Wound Herb, to close and consolidate green Wounds, the green Herb or juice applied, or a Salve made thereof with Hog's Lard, or with Salad Oil, Wax, and Turpentine: The decoction is good for inward hurts, used by itself, or with other Herbs, as Comfrey, etc. and for Ulcers in the Kidneys or Bladder; it stays Fluxes and overslowing of the Courses: it is good for foul Ulcers and Fistula's. The distilled water performs the same. The herb may also be kept dry to use in Decoctions, and made into powder to be taken in drink.   

Ground-pine. Chamaepitie.  
GRound-pine seldom groweth above the height of a hand breadth from the ground, Description. it hath many small branches, which are set with slender long, narrow, grey, whitish leaves, hairy, and sometimes divided into three parts, many of them growing together at a joint, and having a scent like  or pitch; it yields a pale yellow small flower, growing amongst the leaves at the joints of the stalks; after which follow small long and round husks: the root is woody, but small, and dyeth every year.  
Names.] In shops it is usually called Chamaepitys, which name both Greeks and Latins use; it is called also in Latin Abiga, and by some Thus terrae, and Iva Arthrytica; in English Herb Ivy, Forget me not, Ground-pine, and Field Cypress.  
Place and Time.] It groweth plentifully in Kent, about Gravesend, Cobham, Southfleet, Dartford, and other places; flowers in June and july, and yields its seed about August.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third: the decoction of Ground pine being drunk, procures women's Courses, helps diseases of the Mother, expels a dead Child and Afterbirth, and is very powerful in causing abortion: wherefore let not Women with Child meddle with it. The same prevails against the Stranguary, and inward pains of the Reins, it opens the Liver and Spleen, cleanseth gross Blood. The decoction of the Herb in Wine, taken inwardly, or outwardly applied, helps diseases of the Joints, as the Gout, Sciatica, Cramps, Palsy, and Aches, for which purpose there is also a Pill made with the powder of Ground pine, Hermodactil, and Venus' Turpentine which Pills are also good for the Dropsy and Jaundice, pains in the Belly and Joints, and helps cold diseases of the Brain, and is good for the Falling Sickness: it's a good remedy against poisonous Herbs, as Aconites, and the stinging of Venomous Beasts. The green herb, or the decoction applied, dissolves tumors in any part of the Body, and the hardness of women's Breasts; and the juice or herb applied with Honey, cleanseth Ulcers, and soders up the lips of green Wounds. The herb tunned up in drink, the Conserve of the Flowers, and the distilled Water have the same effects for the forementioned diseases, but more weakly.  
☞ See further in The Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles   

Groundsel. Senecio.  
GRoundsel riseth up with a round, Description. green, and somewhat brownish stalk, spread toward the top into branches, set with long narrow green leaves, cut in the edges, somewhat resembling an oaken leaf, but lesser and round at the ends; at the tops of the stalks and branches grow many green knaps or heads, out of which grow small thrums of yellow flowers, which continue brown a few days, and after pass into down, which with the seed is blown about with the wind: the root is small and threddy, quickly perishing, and the herb as soon springing again from the seed that it sheds; so that it is green and in flower many months in the year, springing and seeding twice a year at least in a Garden.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins Senecio, because it soon becomes hoary; it is called in English Groundsel, and Grunsel.  
Place and Time.] It grows frequently in Gardens, and will not easily be wedded out, it grows also on tops of old Walls, and at the bottom amongst any rubbish, in untilled grounds, and by ditches sides about London plentifully, and is to be found almost all the year.  
Nature and Virtues.] Groundsel is cold and moist, and digesteth, and is by Culpepper accounted to be the chiefest flower in Venus' Nosegay; the decoction thereof in Wine purgeth Choler by vomit, and so easeth pains of the Stomach: the juice thereof in drink, or the decoction thereof with a few Currants in water, doth the like; it provokes Urine also, and cleanseth Gravel; it is good also against the Jaundice and Falling Sickness, taken in wine, or a dram thereof in Oxymel, it also provokes the Terms: and a pultis made of the herb easeth hot Inflammations and Swell of the Breasts, privy parts, Arteries, Joints or Sinews of man or woman, and helps to dissolve Knots or Kernels in any part of the body of man or woman: the distilled water of the herb helps Inflammations and watering of the Eyes, and so doth the clarified juice.   

Guaiacum.  
THis Tree grows in the West Indies, Description. and the Wood and Bark is prentifully brought here into England; so that I shall forbear any further description thereof.  
Names.] The Latins call it Guaiacum, Lignum Indicum, Lignum sanctum, and Lignum vitae; in English it is called Pockwood, because of its excellent faculty for that purpose.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the second degree, and of a cleansing quality; whereby it is an excellent remedy for the Pox, resisting putrefaction, cleansing the blood, provoking sweat, and strengthening the Liver, and is properly taken in a decoction thus made.  
℞ of Guiacum, lib. 1. of the Bark thereof two ounces; infuse them four and twenty hours in fourteen pints of Spring Water, then boil them till half be consumed, adding thereto Liquorice two ounces, Anniseeds one ounce; this is also good against the Dropsy, Falling Sickness, shortness of Breath, Catarrhs, Rheums, cold phlegmatic humours, Gout, Sciatica, and joint aches, and is good against Scabs, Itch, and Leprosy, and it makes the teeth white and fastens them if they be often washed with the decoction thereof. The bark may be given in powder from half a dram to a dram, for the forementioned diseases.   

Stinking Gladwin. Spatula Faetida.  
IT hath long narrow leaves like Iris (whereof if it is a kind) but smaller, Description. and being rubbed of a loathsome smell, having many stalks which are round towards the top, out of which come the flowers, much like the Flower de Luce, of an overworn blue, or rather purple colour, with some yellow and red streaks in the midst, after which come great husks or cod in which is contained a red berry of seed as big as a Pease; the root is long and threddy underneath, reddish without and white within, and of a hot taste and evil smell.  
Names.] It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Diosiorides, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, by Theophrastus; it is also called Spatula saetida, and Xyris: in English stinking Gladwin and Spurgewort.  
Place and Time.] It is planted in Gardens, and groweth wild in many moist and shadowy places and Woods near the Sea, and likewise in upland grounds; it flowers in July and August, the seed is ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Gladwin is hot and dry in the third degree, having a heating and extenuating quality; the roots pounded and snuffed up into the Nose, provoke sneezing, whereby they purge the head: the root is also effectual against the Cough, being used in an Electuary or Lohoch for that purpose; it digests gross humours, purges Choler and Phlegm, procures sleep, and helps gripe in the Belly, Cramps, and Convulsions: the powder thereof being drunk in Wine; also it easeth the Gout, Sciatica, and the Strangury: a dram of the seed beaten to powder and drunk in Wine, provokes Urine. A Pessary thereof hastens the Birth, procures the Terms, but causeth Abortion: the roots used in a Plaster is good in Wounds, especially of the Head, and to cause the flesh to grow where the bones be bare, and is good to assuage swell of the King's Evil, and Buboes in the Groin; it stayeth the Flux, as Rhabarb and Asarum do, by concocting and taking away the cause of the Lask, though it first moveth to the stool; for the decoction of the root, or leaves, or the infusion thereof in Ale, purgeth Phlegm and Choler: the root also hath great force to draw out Thorns, Stubs, Prickles, Splinters, or any other thing sticking in the flesh, by reason of his attracting drying, and digesting faculty: it is also good against evil affections of the Breast and Lungs, being taken in sweet Wine with some Spikenard, or in Whey, with a little Mastic; the juice of the leaves and roots healeth the Itch, Scabs, and Blemishes in the Skin, and being snuffed up into the Nose, provokes sneezing, purging forth at the Nose filthy excrements, keeping them from falling into other parts of the body to future prejudice of health.   

Goutwort, or Herb Gerrard. Herba Gerrardi.  
THis is the second kind of Masterwort, Description. and is called wild Masterwort, being very like unto it in leaves, flowers, and roots, saving only that they be smaller, growing on long stems: the roots are not so thick and tuberous as Masterwort, and more tender and whiter. The whole plant is of a good savour, but not so hot and strong as Masterwort.  
Names.] In Latin it is called Podagraria Germanica, from its faculty in easing the Gout, and Herba Gerardi; in English Goutwort, Ashweed, and wild Masterwort.  
Place and Time.] It groweth of itself in Gardens without any sowing, where having once taken root, it will so increase, as hardly to be gotten out again, destroying other herbs, it grows likewise by Hedges sides, and in the borders and corners of Fields; it flowers from June till August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Goutwort is hot and dry almost in the third degree, being near the nature of Masterwort: the roots stamped and laid upon any part troubled with the Gout, assuageth the pain, and takes away the swelling and inflammation thereof. The Fundament being bathed with the decoction of the leaves and roots, and the boiled leaves applied very hot thereunto cureth the Hemorrhoides,   

Glasswort or Saltwort. Kali Geniculatum, Sive Salicornia.  
IT hath many thick round stalks a foot high, Description. full of fat thick sprigs, with many joints or knots, without any leaves, of a reddish green colour: the whole plant is like a branch of Coral; the root is very small and single.  
There is another kind mentioned by Lobel, called by him Kali minus, having many slender weak branches spread upon the ground, set with many round long sharp pointed leaves, of a whitish green colour: the seed is small and shining, somewhat like sorrel seed, the root slender, with many fibres: the whole plant is of a saltish taste. Dodoncus call this Kali album.  
Names.] The Arabians call it Kali, and Alkali; the ashes hereof are by Mathiolus called Sylvaticus soda, most usually 〈◊〉, and Mumen Calinum; but Alumen Calinum is the most proper name of the Ashes itself, and Sal Alkali, the salt which is made of the Ashes: the herb is also called Kali articulatum, or jointed Glasswort, and Salt-wort, Crab-grass, and Frog-grass in Enlish.  
Place and Time.] Glass-wort is found in most salt Marshes about the Sea coast; great store of it grows about the Sea Coast near Dover: they flourish in the Summer months.  
Nature and Virtues.] Glass-wort is hot and dry, the Ashes hotter and drier to the fourth degree, having a caustick or burning quality: The powder of Stones, and the Ashes hereof mixed together, and melted, is the matter whereof Glass is made, which when it is glowing hot in the Furnace, casts up a sat matter on the top of it, which when it is cold, is hard and brittle, and is called Axungia vitri; in English Sandiver, and in Italian Fior de Christallo, that is, Flower of Crystal: A small quantity of the herb taken inwardly, mightily provokes Urine, drives forth the dead Child, draweth forth by siege watery humours, and purgeth away the Dropsy, but it must be used with discretion, for a great quantity thereof is dangerous, hurtful, and deadly. The smoke of the Herb being burnt, drives away Serpents and venomous worms. The Ashes may be mixed with medicines to take away Scabs, Leprosy, and to cleanse the skin; and likewise it consumes proud and superfluous flesh in poisonous and filthy Ulcers, as say Avicen, and Serapio.  
Sandiver doth dry and takes away Scabs and Manginess, the foul parts being washed and bathed with the water wherein it hath been boiled.  
☞ See more of this in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Coles.   

Goat's Thorn, or Gum Dragon. Tragacantha.  
IT is a bushy plant, Description. having thorns which represent a Goat's beard, having a great root; which being wounded with some instrument, yieldeth a liquor, which by the heat of the Sun is soon condensed into a shining white Gum, shrivelling its self into little crooked pieces, sweet in taste.  
Names, Place and Time.] It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and is known in Latin by the name of Tragacantha, Gummi Tragacanthae; and Gum Trajant in English, and is brought to us from Candy and Syria, where it yields his Gum in Autumn.  
Nature and Virtues.] Gum Dragant is somewhat dry, having a quality to dull and allay the sharpness of humours: a dram of it dissolved in sweet wine, and a little  Harts-born washed, and a little Allome mixed with it and drunk, is good against the sharpness of the Urine, and helps pains of the Guts and Bowels; being dissolved and mixed with other pectorals, it helps the Cough and hoarseness of the Throat, salt, and sharp distillations upon the Lungs, being taken as an Electuary, or put under the tongue, letting it distil gently down, and so it taken away the roughness of the Tongue: The said Gum being torrefied, or dried at the fire, and mixed with the juice or wine of Quinces, and used in a Glister, is good against the bloody Flux; being boiled in wine with Stoechas and drunk, it warmeth and cleanseth the Breast, Stomach, and Bowels, being afflicted with any cold, helps the Colic and stopping of the Spleen and Urine: it is also used in Medicines for the Eyes, to allay the heat and sharpness of hot Rheums; and being dissolved in milk and used, it takes away white spots growing in the Eyes, the itching of them, and Wheals, and Scabs that grow upon the Eyelids; it cleanseth the face, and maketh it white, if it be steeped a night in Rose-water, and in the morning a little Borace or Camphire be put thereto, and the face washed therewith; being dissolved in Rose-water and strained, and some white starch mixed with it, it is effectual to help sores and Chaps of the Mouth, Lips, and Hands, the place being anointed therewith: the Mucilage mixed with Honey, doth the same, and is good for the Leprosy. The powder of it taken in broth is available for those that have broken a Vein, or have the Cramp.  
There is another kind hereof called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Poterion, because it delights in watery places which grows in Candy, and about Marselles and Montpelier in France; the root whereof being boiled in Wine and drunk, is profitable against the poison of the Red Toad, and being made into a pultis, and applied to any Nerve or Sinew that is cut, wounded, or hurt, doth heal them, and solder them together, and all other kinds of wounds and cuts. The said decoction of the roots in Wine, is effectual to be drunk for the said purposes, and for inward Wounds or Veins that are broken.  
There is another Gum brought into England, and to be had at our Druggist's called Gum Arabic, which is effectual for many of the aforesaid purposes; but especially for helping those frettings of the Reins and Bladder which cause bloody Urine, being used in the same manner as Gum Tragant.    


Hearts-ease, or wild Pansies. Herba Trinitatis.  
Description and Names. THis is a kind of Violets growing 〈◊〉 well in Gardens as 〈…〉 rally known by the name of Hearts-ease: 〈…〉 is called Viola 〈◊〉, Herba Trinitatis 〈…〉 Trinity, and by some, Love in idleness, Call me to you, and Three Faces under a hood.  
Place and Time.] They grow as I said before as well in Fields as Gardens; they flower all the Spring and Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are cold and moist, and much of the nature of Violets, though nor so effectal; it is reputed to be Saturnine, and an excellent antivenerial Medicine for the French Pox: a decoction used of the herbs and flowers, or a syrup made therewith; the spirit of it is good for the Falling Sickness, Convulsions, Pleurisy, and Inflammations of the Lungs and Breast.   

Heart's Tongue. Scolopendria.  
Heart Tongue riseth up with divers leaves springing severally from the root, Description. at first crumpled like Ferne, but at their full growth almost a foot long, smooth and green above, but streaked underneath, overthwart with small and somewhat long brownish marks; the bottom of the leaves are a little bowed on each side of the middle rib, somewhat narrow and small at the end: the root consists of many black threads interlaced together.  
Names.] It is known in Shops by the Latin name of Scolopendria, and Scolopendrium, and is called also Lingua Cervina; in English Hearts tongue.  
Place and Time.] It delights to grow in shadowy moist places, in the insides of Wells, and by Walberton towards the Seaside, near Arundel in Sussex, it grows so plentifully by the Highway sides on the banks of the Ditches, you may gather loads of it: it bears no flower, but is green all the year, and bringeth forth new leaves in the Spring and Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] Authors disagree whether it be hot or cold, but I judge it to be moderately hot, of the nature of Jupiter; it hath a binding drying faculty, it is an excellent herb for all diseases of the Milt, by reducing it to its right temper; whether it be too much opened, or swollen hard, or stopped. The decoction thereof taken in Wine, and the herb boiled and laid to the grieved place; it likewise mollifies, opens, and strengthens the Liver and Stomach, and stops the Terms, spitting of blood, and other Fluxes. A decoction made of Heart's Tongue, Knotgrass, and Comfrey roots, a draught thereof being drunk every morning, and the boiled herbs applied to the grieved place, is a good remedy against Burstness: it is also profitable in the Jaundice, Kings, Evil, and bitings of venomous Beasts. The herb, or juice applied, cleanseth Wounds and Ulcers, and the distilled water is commended against the passion of the Heart, Hiccop, and bleeding of the Gums.  
☞ See more of this in the Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Hazel Nut Tree. Nux tenuis.  
IT is so well known it needs no Description.  
Names.] Nux tenuis, or Parva, some call it, to distinguish it from Walnuts, others Corylus, and Nux Avellana. Those in Gardens are called in English filberts, and the wild kind, Hazel and Small Nuts.  
Place and Time.] They are commoners in most Woods and Hedges; the fruit of some of them is ripe in August, and of others not till the beginning of October.  
Nature and Virtues.] Hazel Nuts fresh gathered, are hot and moist, but afterwards they grow dry; they are under the Planet Mercury: the skin that covers the kernels is very astringent, so are the Katkins; a dram thereof in wine stays women's Courses: The parched kernels made into an Electuary, helps and old Cough. On oil may be pressed from the kernels in the same manner, as is made oil of sweet Almonds; which is very effectual for Coughs, Hoarseness, and shortness of Breath; so that Nut Kernels do not altogether deferve the blame which is usually laid upon them, for causing shortness of Breath.   

Hawkweed. Hieracium.  
HAwkweed hath many leaves lying on the ground, Description. cut on the sides much like Dandelion, amongst which shooteth up a rough hollow stalk, not above two foot high at most, branched from the middle upwards, with lesser leaves, and not so much dented as the other, growing at every joint; at the top grow pale yellow flowers, having many small narrow leaves, broad pointed, and nicked at the ends, set in a double row, or more, which turn into down, and with the small brownish seeds is carried away with the wind: the root is long, white, and full of small fibres, the whole plant full of bitter milk.  
Names.] In Latin its called Hieracium, and Accipitrina, by some Lampuca, Porcellia, and Hypochaeris and Hyoseris; in English only Hawkweed.  
Place and Time.] It grows in untilled places, by the borders of Fields and Ditches sides, in Meadows, Woods, and Mountains: they flower for the most part all Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] Hawkweeds are all cold and dry, and withal astringent, supposed to be a Saturnine Plant, appropriated to the Eyes; for which purpose it is said Hawks eat it to clear their sight, and thence it takes its name: the juice of it mixed with Woman's milk dropped into the Eyes, is very good for all defects thereof, and so is the distilled water used in like manner; it is also good against fretting and creeping Ulcers, and against Pushes, Inflammations, St. Anthony's fire, and erruptions of heat. A plutis made of it with meal applied to any place affected with the Cramp or Convulsions, giveth it ease. The juice taken in Wine, helps digestion, discusseth Wind, and crudities in the Stomach, provokes Urine, helps venomous bitings, the herb also outwardly applied. A scruple of the concreted juice taken in Wine, and Vinegar, is profitable against the Dropsy. The decoction of the Herb with Honey, digesteth Phlegm; being hoiled in Wine with wild Succory, and taken, it helps the Wind Colic, mollifies the Spleen, procures Sleep, abates Venery, and Nocturnal pollutions, cooleth heat, purgeth the Stomach, increaseth Blood; and helps diseases of the Reins and Bladder. The distilled water cleanseth the skin from Freckles, Spots, and Morphew.   

Haw-thorne. Spina.  
THis Shrub is well known in every hedge; there is reputed three kinds, our common Haw-thorn; another lower Shrub which grow in Germany, and bears yellow fruit, and a third which flowers twice a year, of which kind is that of Glassenbury, and that in Whey-street in Rumney Marsh, and near Nantwich in Cheshire.  
Names and Time.] Spina is the Latin name; in English Haw-thorn, White-thorn, and of some May, and May Bush, because it's in flower about May day, and the fruit is ripe in October, when the frost hath bitten them.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is of an astringent drying quality, both leaves, flowers, and fruit. Culpepper ascribes it to Mars, because he would not have him want Weapons; he may make use of the prickles, and let Saturn take the fruit. The powder of the berries, or of the seeds in the berries, is reputed good against the Stone, and the Dropsy, being drunk in Wine. The flowers steeped three days in Wine, and then distilled in a Glass, and the water thereof drunk, is good against the Pleurisy and inward tormenting pains. The water of the flowers also stayeth the Flux, or Lask, and so doth the fruit being eaten.  or Sponges wet in the said water, and applied to the place where Thorns or Splinters be in the flesh, will draw them forth.   

Hedge-mustard, or Bank-cress. Erysimum.  
IT springeth up with one blackish green stalk, Description. flexible, but tough, and not easy to break, branched into divers parts, and sometimes with divers stalks full of branches, with long, rough, hard leaves, much cut in the edges into many parts, some bigger, and some lesser, of a darkish green colour; at the tops of the branches grow small yellow flowers in long spikes, flowering by degrees; the stalks have small round cod at the bottom, growing upright close to the stalk, while the top flowers as yet show themselves, wherein is a small yellow seed, sharp and strong, as is the Herb; the root is slender and woody, but abideth the Winter, springing again every year.  
Names.] Amongst other, Erysimum serves for a Latin title, and a Greek one too; Gerhard calls it Bank-cress, and Parkinson Wild hedge-mustard.  
Place and Time.] It is common by ways and hedge sides, walls, and sometimes in open Fields, and flowers about July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Mercurial Plant, of a cleansing quality, temperately hot, singular in all diseases of the Lungs, to help Hoarseness, and recover a lost voice: the juice made into a syrup or Lohoc, with Honey or Sugar: it is profitable also against the Jaundice, Pleurisy, pains in the Back and Loins, and the griping of the Guts being used in Gi●sters. The seed is held an Antidote against poison; it is good for the Gout, and Aches, Fistula's and Ulcers, and for swell or hardness in women's Breasts, and the Testicles.   

White Hellebore. Helleborus.  
THere are accounted eight kinds of this Hellebore, Description. some whereof grow in the Northern parts of our Land: The ordinary white Hellebore riseth up with a round whitish head, which opens itself into large green leaves plaited with ribs all along the leaves; from the middle riseth a round stalk with divers leaves to the middle, where it divides into branches, having many small yellowish or whitish green starlike flowers upon them, which turn into a three square whitish seed, standing naked without any husk. The root is thick, great at the head, and is fastened deep into the ground with many white strings.  
Names.] Helleborus albus, and Helleborum in Latin, and also Veratrum album; in English Hellebore, and Neesewort.  
Place and Time.] They grow in Germany, Austria, and Russia, and some about Lancashire and Yorkshire: they flower about May, some earlier and some later.  
Nature and Virtues.] The root is hot and dry in the third degree, one of Mars his weapons to tame mud folks with; to be taken unprepared it is dangerous, and extremely provokes Vomiting: but there is an Oximel made with it which is useful against Madness and Melancholy, swimming of the Head, and Falling Sickness, and the Quartain Ague; it brings down the Courses, and kills the Child in the Womb: being put into the nostrils, it provokes sneezing, purgeth the Head of superfluous Humours, and is good in the Lethargy, and such sleepy diseases, especially if some leaves of Marjoram in powder be mixed with it: it cures Itch, Scabs, and Leprosy, being mixed in Ointments, or with Hog's grease. The dose of it inwardly is, in decoction or infusion, from a dram to two drams; in substance from ten grains to a scruple.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: by W. Coles.   

Black Hellebore. Helleborus niger.  
BLack Hellebore hath many green leaves springing from the root, Description. each standing on a stiff round green stalk, about a hand breadth high, having divers cuts, some more, some less, bluntly nicked from the middle of the leaf to the pointward on both sides, from whence upon sundry stalks do arise one flower, or at most but two, consisting of five round white leaves, much like a single white Rose; yet sometimes dashed with purple, having pale yellow thrums in the middle, standing about a green head, in which is contained round blackish seed; the root consists of black strings, which run deep into the ground, and are fastened to a thick head about the bigness of ones finger.  
Names.] Helleborus niger, and Veratrum nigrum in Latin; in English it is called Black Hellebore, and Christmas flower, because it flourisheth about that time.  
Place and Time.] There is one kind which groweth in some Woods in Northamptonshire and other places of this Land, the other only in Gardens where it is rare: it groweth in Greece and Germany, in the Island of Anticyra; whence grew a proverb, if any one was sad or melancholy, Naviga ad Anticyram: It flowers in December and January.  
Nature and Virtues.] It's much of the same temperature as the other, viz. hot and dry in the third degree; it is effectual for Melancholy persons, purging the Spleen, and burnt Choler from the Blood, and viscous Phlegm from the Head, Entrails, and other parts; and therefore is useful in Giddiness of the Head, Apoplexy, Madness, Falling Sickness, and hypocondriall diseases: it is good also in the Quartain Ague, Leprosy, and the King's Evil: it provokes Urine and the Terms; it cures such as seem to be possessed with the Devil, and therefore is by some called Fuga-daemonum: it is useful against the Cramp, Convulsions, and pains in the body, and a decoction thereof helps the , and sores of the Mouth, being gargled therewith, and put into the ears, it helps the noise thereof. It may be taken in powder, infusion, or decoction, the dose as the white, yet be careful of it; it is a churlish Plant. There is a bastard kind called Bearsfoot, which killeth worms, a little of it in powder: if any one hurt themselves by taking Hellebore, let them drink Goat's Milk, or red Cow's milk after it.   

Hemlock. Cicuta.  
IT springeth up at first with broad winged leaves much like parsley, Description. in the middle arises a hollow green stalk two or three foot high, sometimes spotted, having at several joints large winged leaves, dented about the edges, of a dark green colour; towards the top grow several Umbels of white flowers, after which follows the seed, of a pale green colour and and flattish when it is ripe: the root is long, white, and sometimes crooked, and hollow within, the whole plant unsavoury and offensive to the senses.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Cicuta; and in English Hemlock, Kex, and by some Herb Bennet.  
Places and Time.] It grows almost by every Ditches side, and in stinking places, and flowers and seeds in July, or thereabouts.  
Nature and Virtues.] Hemlock is one of Satur's nosegays, it is cold in the third, and dry in the second degree; it may safely be applied to Inflammations, Tumours, and Swell, and St. Anthony's sire, Wheals, and Pushes, and for assuaging any violent pain, which it doth by its cold benumbing faculty: the seeds beat small and moistened with Vinegar, and the Groin and Cod being anointed therewith, it abates the desire to Venery, and helps the swelling and coming out of the Matrix, and abates the exceeding bigness of the Dugs; being applied to the soles of the feet it brings down the humours that causes the Falling Sickness: if any one mistake it for Parsley, or the root for a Parsnip, and be troubled therewith, let them drink liberally of the strongest Sack.   

Hemp. Cannabis.  
IT is well known, Description. and too well known to some, yet not to so many as deserve it, but hath been too often to those that deserve it not.  
Names.] Both Greeks and Latins call it Cannabis; in English Hemp: some Jesters call it Neck-weed, and Welsh Parsley; but let them have a care it doth not play in earnest with them.  
Place and Time.] There be two kinds which grow together, as it is sown both in Gardens and Fields: Summer Hemp which is ripe in July, and Winter Hemp which bears the seed and is ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Saturnine plant, cold and dry; the seed of it consumes and disperses windinese, and dries up the natural seed; being boiled in milk and taken it helps a hot dry Cough: An Emulsion is good against the Jaundice, by opening obstructions of the Gall, and digesting Choler. A decoction of the seed stayeth Lasks and Fluxes, and easeth pains of the Bowels: the juice is held good to kill Worms, and being dropped into the Ears, it kills Worms in them. The decoction thereof allayeth Inflammations, easeth pains of the Gout, and shrinking of the Sinews. The fresh juice mixed with oil and butter, is good for to apply to any place burnt with fire: nevertheless this herb indiscreetly used breedeth ill blood, is hard of digestion, and hurtful to the Head and Stomach.   

Henbane. Jusquiamus.  
COmmon Henbane hath very large, Description. thick, soft woolly leaves lying upon the ground, much cut or torn on the edges, of a dark, grayish colour, amongst which rise up divers thick soft stalks about two foot high, spread into divers smaller branches with lesser leaves on them; and many hollow flowers, scarce appearing above the husks, usually torn on one side, ending in five round points which grow one above another, of a deadish yellow colour, somewhat paler towards the edges, with many purplish veins therein, with a small pointell in the middle, standing in a hard close husk, sharp at the top points, wherein is contained much small seed like Poppey seed, but of a duskish grayish colour; the root is great, white, and thick, the whole plant of an offensive smell.  
Names.] It hath gotten many fancied names amongst the Latins; in Shops it is called Jusquiamus and Hyoseyamus; in English Hen-bane, because the seed is hurtful to Hens,  
Place and Time.] It grows commonly on every dunghill, and by stinking ditches sides, and flowers about July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is cold almost in the fourth degree, of a benumbing Saturnine quality: the seeds, oil, and juice of it is hold good to ease pains in the Teeth, though I think a T— would do it better: the leaves of Hen-bane cool Inflammations of the Eyes or other parts, and assuageth swelling of the Cod, and women's Breasts, and assuageth pains of the Gout, Sciatica, and other pains in the joints which proceed from a hot cause; being applied with Vinegar to the Temples, it helps the Headache, and causeth sleep: the oil of the seed helps deafness, and noise in the Ears, being dropped therein: the decoction of the herb or seed kills Lice in man or beast: if any one be distempered by taking it inwardly unawares, let them drink Goat's milk, or Fennel seed, Mustard seed, Nettles seed, Onions, or Garlic in Wine.  
Hagtaper, Vide Mullein.   

Hyssop. Hysopus.  
IT needs no description; Description and Names. and Hysopus is both the Greek and Latin name, and Hyssop with us.  
Places and Time.] It is most frequent in Gardens, but I have seen it grow upon Walls: it flowers in June or July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is an herb of Jupiter, of temperature hot and dry in the third degree, and of a cleansing quality; it is excellent good for shortness of breath, and diseases of the Liver and Lungs, helpeth wheezings and rheumatic distillations; it helps the Dropsy and Spleen; it is good against the falling Sickness, provokes Urine, and women's Courses. The distilled water, decoction, and syrup, is very good for all stops and infirmities of the Lungs; it takes away spots and bruises in the skin, being boiled, and the place bathed therewith: it is good for the Quinzy, boiled with Figs and the throat gargled therewith; and boiled with Vinegar, it helps the , being bruised and mixed with Salt, Honey, and Commyn seed, it helps stinging of Serpents: the green herb bruised with Sugar, or fresh Butter, soon heals a green Wound. The oil kills Lice, and helps the Falling Sickness, expectorates tough Phlegm, and is good in all cold Diseases of the Breast and Lungs, being taken in syrup, or other Medicines. Take two handfuls of the tops of unset Hyssop, as much of the tops of Rosemary, a few Anniseeds, and some Liquorish s●eed, boil it in two quarts of running water, till a third part be consumed, then sweeten it with Sugarcandy, and drink it for an ordinary drink. This I have often proved effectual for the Ptisick, Coughs, Rheums, Astma's, and Catarrhs.   

Holly. Aquifolium.  
IT is well enough known, Description and Names. the Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and it's called in Latin Aquifolium, and Agrifolium; we call it Holme, or Holly Bush in English.  
Place and Time.] Hedges, Woods, and Commons are well acquainted with it: they flower about June, the berries ripe about Christmas, the leaves green all the year. There is one kind called the Free Holly, because it hath a smooth leaf; the other prickly Holly, which most commonly beareth the most berries.  
Nature and Virtues.] The berries are by temperature hot and dry, saith Dodoneus; the plant Saturnine, saith Culpepper, but I believe he forgot himself: ten or twelve of the green berries taken inwardly, purge clammy and phlegmatic humours, and help the Colic: but being dried and taken in powder in wine, or other drink, they bind the Belly, and stop Fluxes; the Bark doth the same more powerfully. A decocoction of the Bark of the roots is good to mollify hardness, and tumors, where bones have been out of Joint, and helps to consolidate broken bones. An handful of the berries boiled in a pint of Ale till half be consumed, and then strained, and a little butter added to it, and five or six spoonfuls taken at once, is said to be good to provoke Urine, and remedy the stopping of the Stone. The Birdlime which is made of the Bark of Holly is good to draw out Thorns and Splinters that are in the flesh.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Coles.   

Holy-Thistle, or Carduus Benedictus.  
IT needs no description, Description and Names. growing not wild in England: the names are in Latin Carduus Benedictus; in English Holy and blessed Thistle.  
Places and Time.] It's natural soil is Lemnos, and many of the Grecian Isles, and being brought hither, it is diligently preserved in our Gardens, and obtained its name from its singular virtues: it is in flower about July or August, which is the best time to gather it to keep all the year. If it be sown or sow itself in August, as sometimes it doth, it will make its flower in April.  
Nature and Virtues.] Carduus Benedictus is hot and dry in the second degree, having a cleansing opening quality; it is a bitter Martial Plant, yet Cordial, a resister of Poison: the decoction thereof in posset drink, is good against Stitches in the Sides and the Pleurisy; it provokes Urine and the Courses, cleanses the Stomach, strengthens the Memory, helps Deafness, and swimming in the Head; it expels pestilential humours by sweat, and sometimes doth good in the beginning of Agues: in regard it resists putrefaction, it may be one of the Sub-Committee, in curing the French Pox; but it can never cure it of itself, neither by Sympathy nor Antipathy, as Culpepper affirms; but his Ballad-monger hath contradicted all by adding the coupling of the Song, viz. for Cure of all Diseases, read my Riverius, and Riolanus in English; when as he pretends in the title to cure all Diseases for three pence charge: and in truth was never acquainted with those Authors, which are reported to be his Translation. But (to avoid any further digressions) the herb is indeed somewhat Antivenerial; the green herb hath also notable effects, bruised and outwardly applied to Plague Sores, Botches, and venomous bitings; the powder thereof stops bleeding at Nose, and the juice and distilled water clears the sight; it is good also in Gangrenes and Ulcers, being mixed with Hog's grease and a little wheat-flower.   

Honey Suckles, or woodbind. Peryclymenum.  
IT is very well known, Description. and hath no other English Names but what are in the Title; the Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Periclymenum, and Caprifolium; by some Sylvae matter, and Lilium inter Spinas.  
Place and Time.] It plentifully grows almost in every hedge, and is planted upon Arbours and house Walls, where it will give a fragrant smell in at the Windows. It gins flowering in April, and so continues all the Summer till the latter end of October, if the season be mild; as the last October about the latter end, the hedges were full of then all the way from Tilbury to Stanford in Essex.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is an herb of Mercury, and hath a cleansing and digesting quality, and is a very good herb in Mouth Waters for sores in the Mouth; let Culpepper say what he will, experience proves it. A Syrup or Conserve of the flowers, or a decoction made of the herbs and flowers, a good against diseases of the Lungs and Spleen, and to expectorate tough Phlegm: it likewise doth provoke Urine, and cause speedy delivery in Women, and helps Cramps, Convulsions, and Palsies: the distilled water is good to dry up Ulcers, and cleanse the face from Sun-burnings, Morphew, and other discolourings. The seeds also help the Hiccock, and shortness of breathing; but the leaves and flowers are more useful; the much use thereof causes barrenness in men and women.  
☞ See more of this in The Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Hops. Lupulus.  
IT is a plant very well known, Description and Names. especially by the Brewers, and by the Greeks is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin Lupulus.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in England both wild and manured; Kent flourishes by them: they spring up in April, and are ripe about September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Hops are hot and dry in the second degree, of a cleansing quality, whereby they are reputed good to cleanse the Reins from Gravel, and provoke Urine; being used in the decoction, they open obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, cleanse the blood, and are good for the yellow Jaundice, and to help break out in the Body: they do purge Choler from the Liver and Stomach. The decoction of the flowers is good for those that have drunk poison, and is likewise good in baths for the hardness and swell of the Mother, and Strangury: they are most used to preserve Beer, whereby it is kept a long time: but stolen Beer is a cruel enemy to those who are afflicted with the Stone: therefore let those that are subject to that distemper, drink plain honest harmless old English Ale.   

Horehound. Prasium.  
IT grows up with square hoary stalks half a yard high or more, Description. set at the joints with two round crumpled rough leaves, of a hoary green colour, a reasonable good scent, but bitter taste: the flowers are white, small, and gaping, set in prickly husks about the joints with the leaves from the middle of the stalks upwards: the seed is small, round, and blackish, the root is blackish, woody, and fibrous, and abides many years.  
Names.] Prasium is the common Latin name, and Horehound the English.  
Place and time] It grows commonly in waste dry grounds in many places of this Land: flowers in July, and the seed is ripe in August,  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, as saith Galen, an herb of Mercury saith Mr. Culpepper; it is a very good pectoral plant: the decoction or syrup helps short windedness and infirmities of the Lungs, and brings away tough Phlegm; it brings down women's Courses, and expels the Afterbirth; is also good against poison and venomous bitings; it is offensive to the Reins and Bladder, and to hot and dry bodies, but more safe if used with Raisins and Liquorice: the leaves with honey purge foul Ulcers, and made into an Ointment with old Hog's grease, it helps bitings of Dogs, and swell of women's Breasts, and prickings of Thorns: the decoction is good for women to sit over that have the Whites, and likewise to heal Scabs, the places being hathed therewith.   

Horse-tail. Cauda Equina.  
IT springs up with heads somewhat like Asparagus, Description. and becomes a hard rough hollow stalk, jointed at many places one within another, so that you may easily pull them asunder; at every joint grows a bush of small rushy hard leaves, resembling an Horse Tail: at the tops of the stalks come forth small Catkins like those of Trees. The root creeps under ground having joints at several places.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Cauda Equina, and Hippuris, and by divers Equisetum; in English Horse Tail.  
Place and Time.] They delight to grow in low wet grounds; many Meadows and Pastures are much troubled with them: they spring up in April, and perish about September.  
Nature and Virtues.] It doth dry, and hath a binding faculty, a Saturnine Herb; the decoction or juice thereof drunk or applied outwardly, stanches bleedings at Nose, and stays Fluxes and Lasks, pissing of Blood, and heals inward Ulcers and Excoriations of the Entrails, and all other foul running Ulcers: It is also good for Ruptures in Children. The decoction in Wine provokes Urine, and helps the Stone. The juice or distilled water helps Pushes, Wheals, and Inflammations in the skin, and easeth swell, heat, and Inflammations of the privy parts, and cures Tetters and Ringworms.   

Hound's Tongue. Cynoglossum.  
THe leaves are long and somewhat narrow, Description. of a darkish green, somewhat like Bugloss leaves, but are very soft and smooth; the stalk riseth about two foot high, with smaller leaves, and brancheth at the top into divers parts, upon which grow many small purplish red flowers; the seed is rough and flat, sticking fast to a garment; the root is black, thick, and long: the leaves and whole plant hath a very strong smell, much like Dogs piss, and is by some called after that name.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Cynoglossum, and Lingua Canis; in English Hounds Tongue, and of some Dogs piss.  
Place and time,] It is a companion to Highways, and dry Ditches sides, and flowers in May and June.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is of a stinking scent, and a great drawing cleansing quality, a Saturnine Plant, excellent to cleanse, dry, and cure old Sores and putrified Ulcers, drawing all filth out of them, and cures the biting of Dogs, either mad or tame. I lay fourteen weeks once under a Chirurgeons hand for a cure of a Dogs biting; but at last I effected the cure myself only by applying to the wound Hounds Tongue leaves, changing them once in four and twenty hours: an ointment made thereof is also good against Burning and Scalding. The powder of the root in Pills, or a decoction thereof, stays fall of Rheum out of the head upon the Stomach or Lungs, or into the Eyes or Nose, and helps Coughs and shortness of Breath. A Suppository made of the root (being baked in a wet paper under the Embers) and put up into the Fundament helps pains of the Piles and Hemorrhoides. The distilled water is useful for all the purposes aforesaid.   

Housleek, or Singreen. Barba Jovis.  
IT is well known, Description and Names. the Latins call it Barba Jovis, and some other Latin words Authors have bestowed upon it, as Semper vivum majus; in English Housleek, or Singreen. There is a lesser sort called in Latin Sedum, in English Prick-madam; but beware you mistake not, and take Stone-crop instead of it, which is of a far contrary quality, yet they are very like one another.  
Place and Time.] It is planted and flourisheth much upon the tiles of houses, and stone walls: it flowers about June and July, the leaves are green all the year  
Nature and Virtues.] It is cold in the third degree, somewhat drying, and having Jupiter's badge, it must needs be his Herb: the juice being clarified, is excellent good for hot Rheums in the Eyes, and is commended for soreness in the Gums, and the Scurvy in the Mouth; as also for all Inflammations, as St Anthony's fire, and the like: a Posset made with the juice is good in hot Agues, and to quench thirst; it easeth Corns being applied thereunto, and easeth the Headache, caused through heat, being applied to the Temples; and the bruised leaves laid upon the Crown of the head, quickly stays bleeding at Nose: the distilled water is good for all the purposes aforesaid; and the leaves rubbed upon any place stung with Bees or nertles, gives present ease,  
☞ See more of this in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Coles.   

Hedge Hyssop. Gratiola.  
IT is a low plant about a span long, Description. having square stalks, or slender branches much like Garden Hyssop, but larger leaves; the flowers grow upon short stems between the leaves, of a whitish blue colour: the whole herb hath a bitter taste, like small Centory; the root is small and threddy, spreading far abroad, multiplying greatly where it groweth.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Gratia Dei, and Gratiola; and in English hedge Hyssop: the seed is called Gelbenech, being the Arabian name. There is a second kind of hedge hyssop called Gratiola angusti folia, which hath a small fibrous root, a reddish round crested stalk divided into many branches, set with leaves like those of Knotgrass, of a pale green colour, without any stalks, out of the bosom of these leaves come four leaved flowers, set in longcups, of a fair blue colour, after which come longish seed vessels, wherein are contained a small duskish seed: the plant is without smell or any manifest taste: the leaves are sometimes narrower and sometimes broader. The plant sometimes but a handful, and seldom above a foot high. It's called also in English Grass Poley. There is also a third kind called Gratiola latifolia, or broad leaved hedge Hyssop, which hath many four square small tender branches, somewhat hollow or furrowed, set with leaves by couples one against another, like the former, but shorter and broader, amongst which grow purple flowers spotted in the inside with white, and of a brighter purple than the rest of the flower; after which come little seed vessels, containing small yellowish seed of an extreme bitter taste; the whole plant is bitter like the first: the root consists of a great many whitish strings which increase and spread much abroad.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth naturally in moist and low places, the second in grassy meers of the Champion Fields in Oxfordshire and such like places. The third kind likewise in moist places, as about the Bogs or marish ground at the further end of Hampsted Heath, and in such like places. The first kind flowreth in May, the second in June and July, the third in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Hedge Hyssop is of a hot and dry nature, the first kind is only used in Physic: a scruple thereof being bruised and taken, mightily purgeth watery gross, and slimy humours in great abundance: the herb boiled in Wine, and the decoction drunk, helpeth Fevers, and is excellent in Dropsies, and all Diseases springing from cold and watery causes. If it be boiled and the decoction drunk or eaten with meat as a Salad, it opens the Belly, scouring and purging gross phlegm and choleric humours. The extraction given with powder of Cinnamon, and a little juice of Calamint, prevaileth against Tertian and Quotidian Fevers, as saith Camerarius.   

Herb Robert. Geranium Robertianum.  
THis plant hath slender, Description. weak, and brittle radish stalks somewhat hairy; the leaves are also reddish, oftentimes jagged or deeply cut much like Chervil, of a loathsome scent: the flowers are a bright purple, after which there comes small heads with sharp Bills like Birds Beaks. The root is small and threddy.  
Names.] It's called Geranium Robertianum in Latin, as being a kind of Cranesbill; it is also called Ruberta, Roberti herba, and Robertiana, and is taken to be the 3. Sideritis of Dioscorid.  
Place and Time.] It grows upon old Walls of Brick, Stone, or Mud, and amongst Rubbish, in bodies of dead Trees, and in moist and shadowy banks of Ditches: it flowers in April, and almost all the Summer. The herb continues green all Winter.  
Nature and Virtues.] Herb Robert is somewhat cold of temperature, having mixed qualities, both scouring and somewhat binding; it is good to staunch blood, and to heal up bleeding Wounds, and is good for Wounds and Ulcers in women's Breasts and Dugs, and also of the secret parts of Man or Woman, and may be also as effectual as Cranesbill in Ruptures or inward Wounds. The dried herb and root taken in powder in some convenient liquor, or the decoction thereof in Wine being drunk for those purposes.  
Herb True-love, Vide One berry.   

St. Johns-wort. Hypericum.  
IT shooteth forth brownish, Description. upright, hard, round stalks, about two foot high, spreading into divers branches from the sides up to the top, having two small perforated leaves set one against another all along, of a deep green colour; at the tops of the stalks and branches grow yellow flowers of five leaves apiece, with yellow thrums in the middle, which being bruised, yield a reddish juice like blood; after the flowers come small round heads, wherein is contained small blackish seed, smelling like . The root is hard and woody, with many fibres at it, of a brownish colour which abides many years, but the stalks perish every year.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Hypericum, of some Fuga-daemonum, supposing it to be good to drive away spirits, and by Paracelsus, Sol terrestris.  
Places and Time.] It grows plentifully by Fields, by Woods sides, and Copses, and in Hedge rows; flowers about Midsummer, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry, and of thin parts, an excellent Solar Plant; it is profitable for all hurts and Wounds, and also for inward bruises, being made into an Oil, Ointment, or Salve, , or Fomentation, and used outwardly, or boiled in Wine and drunk; it opens obstructions, consolidates and soders up the lips of Wounds, and strengthens weak and bruised parts: The decoction of the herb and seed in Wine, helps spitting and Vomiting of Blood, and heals inward bruises; it is likewise good for the Stone, and to provoke women's courses. The seed taken in powder in a little broth, purges choler, and expels congealed blood in the Stomach. The dose is ʒii. The oil is excellent both for old sores and green Wounds: the seed is commended for the Palsy, and Falling Sickness, being drunk forty days together.  
An excellent Balsam for Wounds and Venomous Bitings may be made of it after this manner.  
Take oil Olive one quart, St. Johns-wort, Betony, Centory, , and Tobacco flowers, each two handfuls, let them stand in a glass in the Sun all Summer, then strain the oil from the herbs, and keep it for your use.  
Jack by the Hedge, Vide Sauce alone.    


Ivy. Hedera.  
THis is a companion lovingly embracing many old Oaks, and other Trees, Walls, Houses, and Churches. The Latins call it Hedera: it flourisheth about July, and the Berries are ripe about Christmas, and may with Holly adorn a House without superstition.  
Nature and Virtues.] A Pugil of Ivy flowers, or a dram drunk twice a day in red Wine, stops the Bloody Flux, and Lask; but Ivy being much taken inwardly, its obnoxious to the Nerves and Sinews: but outwardly applied, it is helpful unto them. The juice of the leaves and flowers mixed with a little oil of bitter Almonds, and dropped into the ears, being warm, it helps lost hearing, and old running sores of the Ears. The powder of the berries drunk in Wine, help to break the Stone, and provoke Urine and women's Terms. A Pessary likewise of the Leaves and Flowers draweth down the Courses, and dead Child. A decoction of the fresh leaves in Vinegar, being applied hot to the sides, gives ease against Aches and Stitches, being applied with Rose water, and Oil of Roses to the Temples, it eases pains in the Head: The juice of the berries or leaves purgeth the Head and Brain of thin Rheum, being snuffed into the Nostrils, and cures Ulcers and stench in the Nose. To drink in an Ivy cup is good for the Spleen, letting the drink stand a while in it. There is a great Antipathy between Wine and Ivy, as is said. The powder of Ivy berries hath formerly been used as a good Medicine for the Plague; for which purpose it hath been planted about Pest-houses, it being given in Wine, and the party sweeting thereupon in the beginning of the Disease. The Ivy Gum easeth the pain of hollow Teeth, if it be put therein; it is of a strong scent, and good to smell to against infection, and for such to carry about them as use to go amongst noisome smells.  
☞ See further in The Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles  
Ground-Ivy, Vide Ale-hoof.   

Juniper. Juniperus.  
IN our Country it seldom or never ariseth higher than a Furze Bush, Description. though in other places it is a Tree: it spreads its self near the ground: the leaves are much like those of Furze, but not so large nor so prickly, and of a blueish green colour; they continue all the year: the flowers are very small, yet may be perceived of a yellow colour by the dust that falleth from them; after which come small green berries, not being fully ripe till the second year, and then they are somewhat like Pepper.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Juniperus, and the berries Baccae Juniperi, and Grana Juniperi.  
Place and Time.] It grows much upon the Hills and woody grounds in Berkshire, Oxfordshire, and Buckinghamshire, and likewise in Hampshire and Kent. It flowers in may, and after two Summers and one Winter perfects its Seed.  
Nature and Virtues.] Juniper is hot and dry in the third degree, the berries are as hot, but not so dry; it is an Herb of Sol, a good counter poison: the berries taken in wine are good against venomous bitings, the Plague, Pestilence, and other infections. The decoction of the berries in Wine is good against the wind Colic, or four or five drops of the Chemical oil taken in a morning in broth or Beer, or about a dozen of the berries eaten in the morning fasting. A lie made of the ashes of Juniper, cures the Dropsy, it provokes the Terms. Urine, and is good against the Stone and Strangury, helps fits of the Mother, and strengthens the Stomach very much. A Lie made of the Ashes of the Wood, cures Itches, Scabs, Leprosy, and erruptions in the skin; the burning of the Wood drives away Flies, and Wasps, and such noisome creatures. The berries are also good for the Cough, shortness of Breath, Ruptures, Convulsions, Cramps, and Consumptions; they procure to Women speedy delivery, strengthens the Brain, Memory, and the Sight, they comfort the heart and other senses; being drunk in Wine, or the decoction taken in wine, they are good for all sorts of Agues, and for the Gout and Sciatica, and strengthen all the Members of the Body: they are good likewise against the Palsy, and falling Sickness: it is effectual also to dry up the moisture of moist Ulcers, Fistula's, and weeping running Sores.   

Jujubes. Zizipha.  
THis Tree groweth in Arabia, Egypt, and Syria; it is called in Shops Jujube, which is the Arabian name; the Greeks and Latins Ziziphas, and Serica: in English Jujabes.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are temperately hot and moist, a Tree of Jupiter; they gently purge Choler, cleanse the Blood, and open the Body; they are profitable for all diseases of the Chest and Lungs, help shortness of Breath, and hot distillations of Rheums; they cool the heat and sharpness of the Blood, are good in hot Agues, expectorate tough Phlegm, and help a Cough; they cleanse the Reins and Bladder, and make the passages slippery, and likewise stay Vomitings which are caused by sharp humours.  
Kidney Beans, Vide French Beans.    


Kidney-Wort, or Venus' Navel-wort. Cotyledon.  
IT hath many thick fat round leaves, Description. every one having a short foot stalk about the middle thereof, and a little unevenly waved sometimes about the edges, of a pale green colour, hollow on the upper side like a Spoon or Saucer, amongst which arise one or more tender stalks, smooth and hollow, almost half a foot high, with two or three small leaves, not so round as the lower, but somewhat long, and divided at the edges, the tops sometimes divide themselves into long branches, and bears a great many flowers, about a long spike, one above another, hollow like a Bell, and of a whitish colour; after which come small heads, containing in them small brownish seed: it hath a round root like an Olive, usually smooth, but sometimes rugged, or knobbed, grayish without, and white within, with many small fibres at it.  
Names.] The Latins call it Cotyledon, Vmbilicus Veneris, and Acetabulum, and also Scutellum, and Terrae Vmbilicus; in English Navel-wort, and Venus' Navel, Wall-penny-wort, and Kidney-wort.  
Place and Time.] It groweth upon Stone and Mud Walls, upon Rocks, at the bottoms and upon the bodies of old rotten Trees: it flowers about May, then perishes till September, and then springs up afresh, and abides all Winter.  
Nature and Virtues.] Kidney-wort is cold and moist, and somewhat astringent, having a little bitterness; it cooleth, repelleth, cleanseth, and discusseth: it is a plant of Venus, and is of good use to heal sore and exulcerated Kidneys. The juice being drunk in wine, or the distilled water, it is good for the Dropsy, it provokes Urine, helps to break the Stone, and and cools Inflammations of those parts, and eases pains of the Bowels and Bloody Flux: and the juice or distilled water cools a hot and inflamed Stomach or Liver. The bruised Herb outwardly applied helps St. Anthony's fire, pimples, and other Inflammations; it easeth pains of the Piles, or Hemorrhoides, and is called Herba Coxendicum, or Hipwort, because it is effectual to ease pains in the Hips, and the hot Gout, and Sciatica; it is also good for swell of the Cod, King's Evil, Kibes, and Chilblains, being used in an Ointment: it is likewise good to staunch the blood of green Wounds, and heal them quickly.   

Knotgrass. Polygonum.  
GReat common Knotgrass shooteth up many long and slender jointed branches, Description. lying upon the ground, with many long narrow leaves thereon, one for the most part at a joint, whereat come forth the flowers, especially from the middle of the branches upward, which are in some white, and in others purple, but so small, that they can hardly be perceived, which afterwards bring a square small seed, much like Sorrel seed: the root is reddish, long, and slender, with many fibres; it endures divers Winters, but the leaves perish in Autumn, and arise fresh in the Spring.  
Names.] It is called both in Greek and Latin Polygonum, and likewise Seminalis, Sanguinalis, and Sanguinaria, in some places Corrigiola, and Centinodia; in English Knotgrass.  
Place and Time.] It grows by highways sides, foot-paths in Fields, and sides of old Walls, and many other places.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is cold and dry about the second degree, Saturnine; the powder thereof taken in Wine, is good to provoke Urine, and cool the heat thereof, and to expel gravel in the Reins and Bladder; being eaten in a tansy with Eggs, it is good to help the running of the Reins, and weakness of the Back: the juice or decoction is good to stay bleeding at the mouth, to cool the Blood and Stomach, to stop the bloody Flux, women's Courses, and pissing of Blood: the juice is good to be given before the fit of a Tertian or Quartain Ague, to moderate the violence thereof: it is good against venomous bitings, and defluxions of Rheums upon the Stomach; it cures also Inflammations, hot Swell, St. Anthony's fire, Cancers, burning Sores, and filthy Ulcers, especially of the privy parts; it helps fresh Wounds, stayeth the Blood, and closeth up the lips of them: the juice helps running matters of the Ears, and Inflammations of the Eyes being dropped therein.  
There is another kind much like this in nature called Knawel.  
☞ See more of this in the Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Knapweed. Jacea nigra.  
IT hath long narrow leaves much like Devils Bit, Description. but longer, set upon stalks two cubits high, bluntly snipt about the edges; the flowers grow at the top of the stalks, being first scaly knops, like corn flowers or blue bottle, but greater; out of the midst whereof groweth a purple thrummy or threddy flower: the root is thick and short.  
Names.] There are many more kinds hereof, but its needless to name them, being all reckoned amongst the sorts of Scabious. This Knapweed is called Jacea nigra, to distinguish it from Hearts-ease, or Pansies, which is called Jacea also; it is likewise called Materfillon, and Matrefillen; in English Matfellon, Bull-weed, and Knapweed.  
Place and Time.] Knapweed grows commonly in Pastures, as also Scabious doth, and flowers in June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Knapweed is much of the temperature of Scabious (whereof it is a kind, but not so proper in Physic as Scabious is) to whose faculties I refer you for this. It is said to be good against the swell of the Wula, as is Devilsbit, but of less force and virtue; wherefore you may use the most effectual, it growing as plentiful as this. I should not have mentioned this plant, (as accounting it not worth while) had not the writer or publisher of that piece which goes by the name of Culpeppers English Physician Enlarged, made a scribble to no purpose about it: Indeed in that Book both Culpepper and the Readers are abused, it being really none of his, all the useless and frivolous additions being done since his death. Those true Copies of his which have been printed since he died, are his School of Physic, and Last Legacy.    


Lady's Mantle. Alchimilla.  
IT hath many leaves rising from the root, standing on long hairy foot stalks, Description. almost round, somewhat dented on the edges into eight or ten parts more or less, seeming like a Star, with so many corners and points more finely dented about, of a light green colour, and as if it were plated and folded at the first, than crumpled in divers places, and hairy as the stalk is, which riseth up amongst them a foot high, sometimes more, with a few smaller leaves thereon, and being weak, bendeth down towards the ground, divided at the top into two or three small branches, with whitish green heads and yellowish green flowers breaking out of them; which being passed, there comes a yellowish seed in the husks: the root is long and black, with many fibres thereat.  
Names.] In Latin it is called Alchymilla, Stellaria, Pes leonis, and Pata leonis, and of some Sanicula major; in English Ladies Mantle, great Sanicle, Lion's foot, and Lion's paw.  
Place and Time.] It grows in Pastures and Woods in Kent, and divers other places of this Land: it flowers in May and June, and continues green all the Winter.  
Nature and Virtues.] Lady's Mantle is hot and dry in the second degree at least, very astringent and drying, an herb of Mars: the decoction thereof drunk, and the green herb outwardly applied, helps the flagging, and over-greatness of Maids and women's Breasts, bringing them to their due bigness: it is effectual in Inflammations, stops Bleedings, Vomiting, and Fluxes, Bruises and Ruptures, stays the Whites: the distilled water drunk many days together, helps Conception, and dries up the too much humidity of the Matrix, and reduceth the Body to a good estate. It is a singular Wound herb, and dries up the humidity of Sores and Ulcers, and abates Inflammations: it quickly heals fresh Wounds, consolidating up the lips thereof, and leaving no corruption therein.  
☞ See further in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Larch-Tree, and its Agarick. Larix.  
IT grows about Italy, Description and Names. and also in Asia; it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Larix in Latin, and also Agaricum, and Agaricus; the Agarick is an excrescense, or kind of a Mushroom, that groweth on this Tree, being within white, soft, and spongy, like a Mushroom. The Agarick is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; it hath an attenuating cleansing quality, and purges obstructions of the entrails by stool; it purgeth Phlegm, Choler, and Melancholy, and cleanseth the Breast, Lungs, Liver, and Reins, provokes Urine, and the Terms, kills Worms, helps pains in the Joints, and causeth a good colour.  
It is not good to be taken alone without Corrigents; therefore the Syrup of Roses, solutive with Agarick, is good to be taken; it cures the yellow Jaundice, and is excellent good for Agues, coming of thick Humours; for which take the Pills of Hyera with Agarick; it may be given with Oximel for Agues of all sorts, and gripe of the Belly; it is good against shortness of Breath, the Ptisick, and Consumption; and half a dram thereof in Wine, is a good Antidote against poisons.   

Lavender. Lavendula.  
THis needs no description, there is a greater and a lesser kind of it; the Latin name of it is Lavendula: some call it Spike, because it giveth a smell somewhat like Spikenard.  
Place and Time.] It grows plentifully in our Gardens, and flowers about the beginning of July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Lavender is hot and dry in the third degree, of thin subtle parts; it is an herb of Mercury: the distilled water is comfortable for the Brain, and is good for the Palsy and cold diseases of the Head, the Temples, Nape of the Neck, and place behind the Ears, being washed therewith; it is good against the Megrim and falling Sickness, and two or three spoonfuls being drunk, recovers lost speech.  
A decoction of the flowers of Lavender, Horehound, Fennel, and Asparagus roots, with a little Cinnamon, is good against the Falling Sickness and Giddiness of the Brain; it is good also for Convulsions, Apoplexies, Cramps, Lethargies, and gripe of the Body coming of cold; it helps the stops of the Milt, heats the Belly, provokes the Terms, and being holden in the Mouth, it helps Ulcers and pains in the Teeth: the water helps blisters of the Mouth, being washed therewith; the smell thereof comforts the sight: it is not to be used where the Body is full of Blood and humours. The lesser Lavender is good against diseases of the Mother, for Women to be bathed with, and to help forward their Travel, and is good against venomous bitings. The chemical Oil of Lavender, called Oil of Spike, is good for the falling Sickness, Palsy, Gout, and aches of the Joints being taken inwardly, and the parts anointed; but a few drops of it amongst other things is sufficient to be taken inwardly or outwardly.   

Lavender Cotten. Chamaecyparissus.  
IT is an Herb well known in Gardens; it is called by some in Latin Chamaecyparissus, and some take it to be the Abrotanum Faemina of Dioscorides; it flowers about July, or August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Both herb and seed are hot and dry in the third degree, the plant is also Mercurial; the seeds or the herb stamped and strained with milk, and given fasting, kills Worms in the Belly, both of elder persons as well as Children: half a dram of Lavender Cotten taken in Fetherfew water, every morning ten days together, is good to stay the Whites in Women, and the running of the Reins in men: the leaves drunk in Wine, is good against the Jaundice, and opens the Liver and Kidneys; it is good against all venomous bitings, and the smell thereof drives away vermin. The decoction is good to help Scabs and Itch; it is good in Baths and Ointments, to help Burstness, Cramps, Convulsions, shrinking of Sinews, to provoke Urine, and women's Courses.   

Spurge Laurel. Laurcola.  
IT riseth up with one, Description. and sometimes more stalks, about three foot high, with a whitish Bark, and branching into many stalks which are tough and pliant, the leaves are long and smooth, of a shining dark green colour, like bay-leaves, but lesser, softer and smother; at the joints with the leaves toward the tops, come forth the flowers, set many together, long and hollow, of a whitish yellow green colour, after which comes round and somewhat long black berries when they are ripe, wherein lieth a black Kernel; the root runs deep into the ground, and spreadeth with tough white strings, somewhat woody: the whole plant is very hot in taste. It continues green all the year.  
Names.] In Latin it is called Laureola; in English Spurge Laurel.  
Place and Time.] There grows abundance of it in Cobham Park in Kent; some set it in Gardens: the berries be ripe about June.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is of a very hot and biting temperature, a churlish Martial plant; fourteen or fifteen of the berries, or five or six of the leaves taken, purge slimy Phlegm and waterish humours, and is good for the Dropsy; but it purges very violently, and therefore must carefully be used: it provokes vomiting, procures women's Courses, and easeth pains of the Colic. It may be thus prepared, steep the leaves four and twenty hours in good Vinegar, then dry them, and drink their powder in wine with Anniseeds, and Mastic, or else in sweet Whey, or Capon Broth. The dose is ℈ two. or ʒi. A Glister may be made of the flowers for the Dropsy in this manner, ℞. the flowers of Laurel ʒii. roots of Polipody and Agarick, ana. ʒi. ss, Dodder ʒiii. boil them in Wine or Water to the consumption of a third part, then take of the decoction lb. i. of Benedicta laxativa, ʒss. honey of Roses ℥ i. oils of Rue, Camomile and Flower de Luce, ana. ℥ i. sal. gem. ʒi. ss. mix them for a Glister.   

Leeks and Cives. Porrum.  
I Shall not need to describe either of them, the Latin name of a Leek is Porrum; they grow plentifully in our Gardens: the Cives abide the coldest Winter.  
Nature and Virtues.] Leeks are hot and dry in the third degree; of subtle parts, one of Mars his plants, which infuseth much valour into the Welshmen; they are very unwholesome, being eaten raw, but the boiling abates their evil qualities; whereby used in pottage, they are good for phlegmatic Bodies, and help the Colic and Stone: the distilled water drunk morning and evening, a good draught or two, opens a costive Belly, helps pain of the Hips, purges the Kidneys and Bladder, provokes Urine, and helps to break the Stone. The seeds are good to kill worms in Children; they are also held good to expel rotten Phlegm from the Chest and Lungs. The juice drunk with honey is good against the bitings of venomous Beasts, and the herb stamped and laid thereon; being boiled and eaten often, they make women fruitful, and increase lust in men.   

Lettuce. Lactuca.  
IT is a common Salad, manured in our Gardens; there is also a wild kind called Lambs Lettuce, or Corn Salad.  
Names.] Lactuca is the Latin name thereof; the place I have told you already: it is sown usually in the Spring, and may be had all the year, if it be sown at several seasons.  
Nature and Virtues.] Lettuce is cold and moist almost in the third degree, a Lunar herb; it tempereth dryness and heat in the body, and increases milk in Nurses who have hot dry bodies: it is good for a hot Stomach, and yields good nourishment to the body, it causeth sleep and rest, it loosens the belly, either raw or boiled; it helps digestion, quenches thirst, and easeth pains of the Stomach and Liver that come of Choler; it abates lust, and cools the Urine, which likewise doth the seeds and distilled water: the juice of Lettuce with Oil of Roses applied to the forehead and Temples, easeth the Headache, and procures rest; and applied with Camphire to the Cod, it abates the heat of Lust. The Lamb's Lettuce is a pleasant Salad to be eaten with Oil and Vinegar.   

Liquorice. Liqueritia.  
THe root is very well known, and it is needless to describe the branches; Liqueritia and Glycyrrhyza are the Latin names thereof.  
Place and Time.] It is planted in our Gardens, which yield the best Liquorice that is: it will flower in July, and yield a seed in September, if it be suffered to grow many years without removing.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is temperate in heat and moisture, an excellent pectoral Plant, Mercury rules it; the root is a great opener of the Pipes, of the Lungs, it ripens a Cough, and brings forth Phlegm; it is good against the heat of the Mouth and Stomach, and quenches thirst; being boiled in water with some Maidenhair and Figs, it helps a dry Cough, wheesing and shortness of Breath, Hoarseness, digests and expectorates Phlegm, and is good for all griefs of the Chest and Lungs, Ptisick, and Consumptions, it helps pain of the Reins, Strangury, and heat of Urine, The juice of Liquorice dissolved in Rose-water with some Gum Trajacanth, is a fine Lohoch for Hoarseness, Wheesing, roughness in the Mouth and Throat; it expectorates tough Phlegm, and condensates thin Rheums which fall on the Lungs.   

Lemon-Tree. Malus Limonia.  
LEmons seldom come to maturity in our cold Country; therefore I shall not describe the Tree, but proceed to the virtues of the fruit, which is well known to us.  
Nature and Virtues.] The rind of Lemmons is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second, and the juice cold in the second degree, and dry in the first; the Sun hath dominion over it: the juice of Lemons drunk two or three times a week, in white or Rhenish Wine, with some Sugar, strengthens the heart, stomach, and head, resists poison, expels melancholy, makes a sweet Breath, and cleanses the Reins and bladder, and helps to expel the Stone out of the Kidneys: it kills and drives forth worms out of the belly. An Angel of gold, or the weight thereof in leaf Gold steeped four and twenty hours in four ounces of the juice of Lemons, and some of that juice given in a Cup of Wine, with some powder of Angelica root, is very good to be given to such as are infected with the Plague. The juice is good in Fevers to quench thirst, and so is the posset made of it. A water distilled in a glass from the pulp of Lemons, provokes Urine being drunk, and helps to break the Stone; it likewise cleanses the skin, kills louse in the Head, helps running Scabs, and Wheals in the Skin. The seeds preserve the Heart and vital Spirits from poison, and resists infection of contagious diseases.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Coles.   

Lilly Convally. Lilium Convallium.  
IT hath leaves somewhat like unto white Lilies, Description. or rather those of the smallest water Plantain; it hath a slender small stalk, at the top of which grow little small white flowers, like little Bells, with turned edges of a pleasant smell; after which come small red berries, much like the berries of Asparagus, wherein the seed is contained: the root is small, creeping far abroad in the ground.  
Names.] lilium Convallium is the Latin name; in English Lily of the Valley, Conval Lily, May Lily, Wood Lilies, and Lily Confancy.  
Place and Time.] It groweth upon Hamsted Heath, in Cobham Park in Kent, and many other places of this Land: it flowers in May, and the fruit is ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is temperately hot and dry, an herb of Mercury; it cures the Apoplexy, and the flowers distilled with Wine, and a spoonful thereof given at a time, restoreth lost speech to them that have the dumb Palsy; it strengthens the Brain, helps a weak Memory, comforts the vital Spirits, and is good against the Gout: the distilled water helps Inflammations of the Eyes. The flowers steeped in new Wine and drunk, helps trembling of the Heart, and other Members, and stops the spreading of the Leprosy. The flowers steeped in new Wine a month, and then the Wine distilled five times over in a Limbeck, is a precious water for the Apoplexy; being taken with a little Lavender water, and six grains of Pepper, it eases the Colic, comforts the brain, and is good against the Falling Sickness; it likewise helps the Strangury, pricking about the Heart, and Inflammations of the Liver, and stays the overmuch flowing of the Terms.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: by W. Coles,   

Water-Lilly. Nymphaea.  
IT hath large round leaves, Description. thick and fat, of a dark green colour, which stand upon long round spongy foot stalks, and always float upon the water; there rise also from the root other round stalks, each of them bearing a white flower, containing divers rows of narrow white leaves, with many yellow thrums in the middle, standing about a little head, which after the leaves are fallen off, becomes like a Poppey head, containing in it broad, blackish, oyley, and glittering seed, of a bitter taste: the root is round, long, and tuberous, with many knobs thereat, lose and spongy in substance, black without, and white within, fastened with many strings to the ground, under the bottom of the water. There is also another kind which bears yellow flowers.  
Names.] Both Latins and Greeks call it Nymphaea; it is called also in Shops Nenuphar; it is called in English Water Rose, and Water Lilly,  
Place and Time.] They grow always in standing Waters, and slow running Rivers, and very plentifully in Holshot River in Hampshire, my native soil, all along the River by Danmore Mead: They flower in May, and June, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The leaves and flowers are cold and moist, the seed and roots cold and dry, an herb of Venus. The decoction of the seed cools and binds, restrains lust, and nocturnal pollutions; but the frequent use thereof extinguishes motions to Venery: it is available for the Running of the R●ins, and the Whites, and to cool the heat of Urine the leaves cool Inflammations, and the decoction thereof helps the inward heats of Agues, being drunk, they also expel the Afterbirth, the syrup of the Flowers allays the heat of Choler, and distempers of the Head, provokes sleep, and heap. hot distempers of the Heart, Liver, Reins, and Matrix: the conserve and distilled water worketh the same effects. The distilled water takes away spots, Sun-burning, and Freckles of the Skin. The oil that is made of the flowers, helps the Headache, causeth sleep, prevents Venereous dreams, and takes down the standing of the Yard, the head and privities being anointed therewith; it also cures hot tumors, and the Inflammations of Ulcers.   

Liver-wort. Lichen.  
LIverwort groweth close upon the ground, Description. and upon stony places, spreading much upon it, with sad green leaves, cleaving flat upon one another, unevenly cut in the edges, and crumpled; amongst which arise small slender stalks, an inch or two high at most, bearing small starlike flowers at the top: the roots are very fine and small.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Lichen, Jecoraria, and of some Hepatica; in English Liverwort.  
Place and time,] Liverwort grows in moist and shadowy places, by the heads of Springs and Ponds, and sometimes on the stones in the insides of Wells; it is green all the year, and flowers in June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a plant of Jupiter, and under the sign Cancer, by temperature cold and dry, and somewhat binding; it is very good to help all distempers of the Liver, and is effectually used in diet drinks for that purpose; it cools and cleanses it, and helps Inflammations of that part, and the yellow Jaundice: being bruised and boiled alone in beer, and drunk, it cools the heat of the Liver and Kidneys, and helps the running of the Reins in men, and the whites in Women: it is good against Hectic Fevers, and all other Fevers and Agues, coming of Choker, and all other heats of the Liver, and takes away the cause of Scabs, Blains, and Blisters; being stamped with Hog's Grease, and applied, it heals Sores, Tetters, Ringworms, and fretting Ulcers.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Coles.   

Loose-strife, or Willow-herb. Lysimachia.  
THere are many kinds of it, Description. I shall describe only the purple spike headed Loose-strife, which groweth with many woody square stalks full of joints, about three foot high, having two leaves at every joint, like Willow leaves, but shorter, and of a deeper green colour, some of them being sometimes brownish; the stalks branch forth into many long stems of spiky flowers, half a foot long, growing in rundles one above another, out of small husks, somewhat like the heads of Lavender, but far bigger, every flower consisting of five round pointed leaves, of a purplish violet colour, somewhat inclining to redness; in the husks lies the seed after the flowers are fallen: the root creeps under ground almost like Couch-grass, but is greater.  
Names.] The Latins call it Lysimachia; in English Loose-strife, and Willow-herb.  
Place and Time.] It groweth by Rivers, and Ditches sides, and in wet grounds almost in every Country of this Land: the yellow Willow herb is more rare. They flower about June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are all hot, dry, and binding, yet Culpepper saith they are cold, and ascribes them to the Moon: the distilled water of both the purple and the yellow, is excellent good for green Wounds, being thus applied; to every ounce of water, add two drams of May Butter unsalted, as much Sugar and wax, boil them gently to an Ointment, then dip tents in the Liquor that remains after it is cold, and put them into the Wound, covering it over with a linen cloth, doubled and anointed with the Ointment: it also cleanseth foul Ulcers. The distilled water very much preserves the sight, helps hurts and blows in the Eyes, and cleareth them of dust; it is good to gargoyle the Mouth and Throat therewith against the Quinzy and Kings Evil; it is also good to take away Warts and Scars of the Skin, it quencheth thirst, is good to stay Fluxes of the Belly, the overflowing of women's Courses, and to bathe Sores and Ulcers of the privy parts.   

Lovage. Levisticum.  
LOvage hath many long great stalks of large winged leaves, Description. divided like smallage, but larger, of a dark green colour, smooth and shining, every leaf cut about the edges, and broader forward than toward the stalk; the stalks are green and hollow, towards the tops of them come forth other smaller branches, bearing at their tops large Umbels of yellow flowers, which turn into flat brownish seed, like Angelica seed; the root is large, brownish without, and white within: the whole Plant is of a strong smell, and in taste hot, sharp, and biting.  
Names.] It is called Levisticum in Latin.  
Places and Time.] It is an inhabitant of the Garden, flowers in July, and seeds in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Lovage is a Solar herb, hot and dry in the third degree, and of thin parts; the dried root in powder drunk in Wine, is good for a cold Stomach, consuming superfluows moisture in the Stomach and Belly, and expelling wind, and helps digestion; it likewise resists poison, and infection. The decoction of the root in Wine or Barley water, cleanseth the Lungs, provokes Urine and women's Courses, and heals inward wounds, The decoction of the herb is good for any sort of Ague, and to help cold pains of the Bowels. The seeds drunk in powder in white Wine fasting, or boiled therein, purges upwards and downwards, and opens the stops of the Spleen: take with the seeds the like quantity of Anniseeds and Fennil seeds to qualify them. The distilled water is good for the Quinzy, and helps the pleurisy, being drunk three or four times; it takes away the redness of the Eyes, and helps the dimness of them, being dropped therein, and takes away spots and Freckles of the face. The leaves bruised and fried with Hog's Lard, and applied to a Botch or Boil, will quickly break it.   

Lungwort. Pulmonaria.  
IT is a kind of Moss that grows on many Trees, Description. especially old Oaks, and Beeches, in dark shady old Woods; and upon the old Oaks in Forests grows abundance of it: it hath broad grayish rough leaves, diversely folded, crumpled and gashed on the edges, and sometimes spotted on the upper side: it bears no stalk nor flower.  
Names.] Pulmonaria Physicians call it in Latin, and of some Lichen Arborum, or wood Liverword, and tree Lungwort.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is of a cold and dry quality, but I suppose that Jupiter rules it; it is very effectual for all diseases of the Lungs, for all obstructions, Ulcers, and inward inflammations of the same, and also for Coughs, Wheesing, spitting and pissing of Blood: it is good for Ulcers in the privy parts, to stay Fluxes, Looseness, and Vomiting, the bloody Flux, and other scourings, especially if they proceed of Choler.   

Lupins. Lupinus.  
THey grow only in Gardens here where they are planted; Description. therefore I shall not further describe them. Lupinus is the Latin name, and Lupins in English, and of some they are called Fig beans, being flat, like a Fig that is pressed: they flower in June and July, and the beans are ripe quickly after.  
Nature and Virtues.] Lupins are very bitter in taste; by reason of their bitterness they open, dissolve, digest, and cleanse. I suppose they are under the dominion of Mars: the decoction thereof is good for the Spleen, being taken with Rue and Pepper it will be the pleasanter; but if they be steeped two or three days in water, they lose their bitterness: The said decoction is good to kill worms, and so is the meal taken with Honey, or water and Vinegar, or mixed with an Ox gall, and applied to the Navel: they also cleanse the Stomach, help digestion, and provoke appetite, being first steeped in water, and then dried and powdered, and taken with Vinegar. The decoction also provokes Urine, and women's Courses, and being taken with Myrrh, it expels a dead Child; it is also good to cleanse Scabs, Ulcers, Morphew, and Tetters, and cleanseth the Face and Skin from spots and other marks. The meal boiled in Vinegar, discusseth hard Swell, breaks Carbuncles and Imposthumes.  
☞ See more of this in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Lady's Smock, Cuckoo Flowers, or wild Water Cresses. Cardamine.  
THose kinds of these flowers which grow naturally with us in England, are a kind of Water-cresses; for which cause they are called Nasturtium aquaticum minus, and also Flos cuculi, because they flower in April about the time the Cuckoo uses to sing without hoarseness; but for the Virtues if they have any, they are of the nature of Water Cresses, to which I refer you.   

White Lilies. Lilium.  
THe English white Lily groweth in most Gardens of England, and will increase much by the root where it is planted: it is so vulgarly known, as needs no further description. They flower from May to the end of June.  
Names.] The white Lily is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Lilium, and Rosa Junonis, or Juno's Rose, it being reported that it sprung up of her milk which she spilt upon the ground, after Hercules had sucked her in her sleep.  
Nature and Virtues.] The white Lily is hot, partaking of a subtle substance, the root dry in the first degree, and hot in the second: the leaves boiled in red Wine, and applied to old Wounds, or Ulcers, doth them much good in expediting the cure, as saith Galen. The distilled water being drunk, causeth easy deliverance, and expelleth the Afterbirth, saith Alexandrinus. The flowers steeped in oil Olive, and set in the Sun in Summer in a glass, and repeated two or three times, is good to harden the softness of the Sinews, and help the hardness the Matrix. The root stamped and strained with Wine-and drunk two or three days together, expelleth the Pestilence, causing it to break out: and the juice thereof tempered with barley Meal, and baked in Cakes and eaten ordinarily for a month or six weeks together, forbearing all other bread in the mean time, helps to the cure of the Dropsy: the same root roasted in the Embers, and stamped with some leaven of Rye Bread and Hog's grease, breaketh Plagues Sores, and Pestilential Botches, and ripens Venerial Imposthumes, and Buboes in the Flank, or elsewhere. The same root stamped with Honey, and applied, glueth together Sinews that be cut; it consumeth and cleanseth away the Ulcers of the head, called Achores, and all scurviness of the Beard and Face; and being stamped with Vinegar, Henbane Leaves, or Barley Meal, it cures Humours and Imposthumes of the privy parts.   

Laserwort, and its Assa Faetida. Laserpitium.  
THis is an Outlandish Plant, growing in Syria, America, and Libya. There issueth a Gum or liquor out of the same, called Laser; but that which is gathered from those Plants in Media and Syria, is that stinking Gum, called in our Shops, Assa Faetida, which is good to be applied unto the Navels of such Women as are troubled with the rising of the Mother, and for them to smell unto for that purpose: the reason whereof you may read in my women's Counsellor. The root of Laserpitium is hot and dry in the third degree, and so is Laser. The root well pounded with Oil, scattereth clotted Blood, cureth the King's Evil, and takes away black and blue marks, that come by stripes or bruises, the places being anointed or plastered therewith. The same root chewed in the Mouth, assuageth the . A plaster made thereof with the oil of Ireos and Wax, is good to help the Sciatica. The Laser or Gum of Laserpitium dissolved in Water, and drunken, taketh away a sudden Hoarseness; being supped up with a rear Egg, it cures the Cough, and taken in broth is good against an old Pleurisy; being taken with dried Figs, it cureth the Jaundice, and Dropsy. A scruple thereof taken with a little Pepper and Myrrh, is good against the shrinking of Sinews, and taken with syrup of Vinegar, it is good against the Falling Sickness. The same drunk in Wine with Pepper and Frankincense, is good against the shakings of Agues; being applied with Copperas and Verdigrease, it takes away superfluous out-growings of the Flesh, Polypus in the Nose, and nianginess; and applied with vinegar, pepper, and wine, it cures the Scurf of the Head, and hinders the falling off the Hair,  
Lignum Aloes, Vide Xyloaloe.    


White Maidenhair, or Wall Rue. Ruta Muraria.  
IT brings forth many small round slender leaves, Description. cut into two or three parts, very hard in handling, on the outside smooth and green, and of an ill-favoured dead colour underneath, set with little fine spots: the root is black, and full of strings.  
Names.] It's called in Latin Ruta muraria, and Salvia vitae; in English Wall Rue, Stone Rue, or white Maidenhair.  
Place and Time] It grows upon old Walls near unto Waters and Wells, is green as well Winter as Summer, and beareth neither flower nor seed.  
Nature and Virtues.] Wall Rue is much like the other Maidenhair, both in temperature and virtue; it is commended against Ruptures in young Children, and affirmed to be good if the powder be taken continually for forty days together; it is likewise good for the Cough, shortness of breath, pains and stitches in the sides: the decoction of it being drunk, digesteth raw humours, which stick in the Lungs, takes away the pain of the Kidneys and bladder, gently provokes Urine, and expelleth the Stone.  
☞ See further of this in Culpeppers School of Physic. Sweet Maudlin, Vide Alecoast.   

Dogs Mercury. Cynocrambe.  
IT is like the Garden Mercury, Description. but that the leaves hereof are greater; the stalk not so tender, but very brittle, growing about half a yard high, having no branches at all: the flowers are small and yellow.  
Names.] Dogs Mercury is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; in Latin Cynocrambe Canina, Mercurialis Sylvestris; in English Dogs Cole, and Dogs Mercury.  
Place and Time.] It grows about Green Hithe and Gravesend in Kent, and about Hamsted near London, and in many Woods, Copses, and Borders of Fields; flourishes all the Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] Dogs Mercury comes near the other Mercury in Nature and quality, though seldom used: it is also reported to cure the biting of mad Dogs, from whence it is thought to obtain the name of Dogs Mercury.  
Naile-wort, Vide Whitlow-grass.   

Madder. Rubia Tinctorum.  
THere be six kinds, Description. whereof I shall describe the Garden Madder, which shoots forth many stalks standing upright at first, and so continue if they be kept cut; but if they grow without cutting, they become weak, and trailing upon the ground, unless they grow by some hedge, and then they climb thereon, being four square, rough, and full of joints, at every of which come forth long and somewhat narrow leaves standing about the stalks, like the rowel of a Spur; at the tops whereof come forth many small, pale, yellow flowers, after which come small round heads, green at the first, and reddish afterward, but black when they are ripe, wherein is contained the seed: the root is long, growing deep, and creeping far about the ground, fat, full of substance, and of a very clear red colour.  
Names.] In Latin it is called Rubia Tinctorum; in English Madder.  
Place and Time.] It is manured in Gardens, and flowers in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues] Madder roots are hot in the second degree, and dry in the ●●rd, an Herb of Mars; it hath an opening quality, and also a binding. The decoction in Wine provokes Urine, women's Courses, and also brings away the Birth and Afterbirth; it cures the Jaundice, purges melancholy, and opens the Spleen and Gall: it is good for inward bruises, and to dissolve congealed Blood; wherefore it is much used in Wound drinks, and is good for the Dropsy, Palsy, Sciatica, and Hip-Gout: the seeds taken with Vinegar and Honey, helps hardness, and swelling of the Spleen. The decoction with Allome and Honey, helps Ulcers of the Mouth. The juice or decoction helps venomous bitings, and preserves the body from putrefaction. The fresh roots bruised and applied, helps discolouring of the Skin, as the Morphew, and Freckles, The juice of the root eases pains of the Ears, being dropped therein, it is said also to stay the Reds in Women, and the Bloody Flux: Give it not to women with Child, nor often to hot and dry bodies, and then the dose is about ℈ two. in powder, and half an ounce in decoction.   

Maidenhair. Capillus Veneris.  
THere is several kinds hereof reckoned up amongst Herbarists; here we shall mention only three, English Maidenhair, Wall Rue, or white Maidenhair, and golden Maidenhair.  
Description.] Common Maidenhair doth from many hard black fibres shoot forth many blackish shining brittle stalks, scarce a span long at the most, set on each side with small round dark green leaves, spotted on the back of them.  
Names.] Capillus Veneris is the usual Latin name; the Wall Rue is called Ruta muraria, and the Golden Maidenhair Adiantum Aureum.  
Place and Time.] Maiden hair groweth much upon old Stone Walls, by Springs, and in rocky shadowy places; it is green all the Winter, but never yields any flower.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is in a mean between heat and coldness, it doth dry, make thin, and waste away, as Galen saith: All the kinds are under Mercury, and alike in Temperature and faculty. A Lie made of Maidenhair is good in cleanse the head from Scurf, and keep the hair from falling; it is good against all diseases of the Breast and Lungs, Liver, and Reins, the decoction of the herb being drunk; it helps the Cough and shortness of Breath, yellow Jaundice, diseases of the Spleen, provokes Urine, and the Courses; and yet being dry, it stays Bleeding and Fluxes of the Stomach and Belly; but being green, it looseneth and drives Choler and Phlegm from the Stomach and Liver, and cleanseth the Lungs, and the Blood: they are said to be good against venomous bitings, the King's Evil, and other hard swell: and the powder drunk constantly forty days together, is good for Ruptures in Children.  
☞ See more of this in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Coles.   

Mallows. Malva.  
MAllows and Hollihocks too which are a kind of them are so commonly known, they need no description.  
Names.] Mallows are called in Latin Malva, which name most think it obtained, because it softens the Belly, and hard tomours.  
Place and Time.] They grow plentifully in every County: they slower about June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] To Venus they are all ascribed: The common mallows are moderately hot and moist: they are to be preferred before the Holy-hock. Mallows are generally held to make the Belly solluble, they increase milk in Nurses, being used in pottage, or boiled and buttered as other Salads: being applied plu●●s-wayes they assuage hardness of the Breasts, and other tumors, Inflammations, Imposthumes, and Swell of the Cod, and hardness of the Liver and Spleen, a Pultis being made with some Bean or Barley Flower, and oil of Roses added to them. The decoction of the leaves and roots with Parsley, and Fennel Roots, in Wine, Water, or Broth, do open the Body, and are good in hot Agues, and Choleric Distempers. The decoction of the same, and of the seeds in milk or Wine, help exceriations of the Bowels, Ptisick, Pleurisy, and other diseases of the Chest and Lungs coming of hot causes: it likewise procures speedy delivery to women: the leaves bruised with a little honey and applied to the Eyes, helps impostumations of them. The head washed with the decoction, takes away Scurf, Dandruff, helps dry Scabs, and the falling off the hair; it is also good against Scaldings, Burn, hot and painful swell in any part of the Body. The decoction of the flowers in Water, having a little honey added to it, is good to gargoyle a sore mouth. Pliny saith, that whosoever shall take a spoonful of the juice of any of the Mallows in a morning, shall that day be free from all diseases, and it is especial good for the falling Sickness. The Syrup and Conserve of the flowers in effectual for the same diseases.   

Marsh-Mallows. Althaea.  
MArsh-Mallows riseth three or four foot high with divers soft hairy white stalks, Description. spreading forth many branches; the leaves are soft, hoary, or wooly, lesser than Mallow leaves, but longer pointed, cut for the most part into some few divisions not very deep: the flowers are much like the common Mallows, but not so big, nor so red, but commonly white, or tending to a blush colour; after which come cases, and seed like the other. The roots are many and long, shooting from one head of the bigness of ones finger, very pliant, rough, and bending like Liquorice, whitish on the outside, but whiter within.  
Names.] The Latins from the Greeks have gotten in the name of Althaea; it is also called Bismalva, being twice as good in effects as any other; in English Marsh-Mallow, from the places where it grows.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in Marshes, and Moors; as in the salt Marshes from Woolwich to the Sea, both on the Essex and Kentish Shores: they flourish in July and August, continuing flowering till the Frost kills the stalks, springing fresh every spring; at which time the roots are fittest to be gathered for physical uses.  
Nature and Virtues.] Marsh Mallows are moderately hot, but dry in the first and second degree, of a softening quality, the roots and seeds are more dry, and of thinner parts; it is likewise an herb of Venus: They abound with a slimy viscous juice, whereby they are excellent good against excoriations of the Guts, Reins, Bladder, and Yard; it openeth the stait Passages, and makes them slippery, easing thereby the pains of the Stone: it also helps diseases of the Breast and Lungs, as Coughs, Hoarseness, and Pleurisy; it is good for those that are troubled with Ruptures, Convulsions, or Cramps: the decoction or syrup being drunk, is good for all the said diseases. The dried Roots boiled in milk and drunk, are good for the Chin Cough. The decoction of the roots in Wine are good for inward Bruises, Pains, and Aches in the Muscles. The leaves and roots are of excellent use in decoctions for Glisters to ease gripe in the Belly, and pains in the Reins and Bladder; being boiled in wine and applied, they help swell in women's Breasts, in the Throat, and other Inflammations. The mucilage of the Roots, and of Linseed and Fenugreek together, is good in Pultisses and Ointments to mollify hard tumors, and digest inflammations. The root boiled in Vinegar and holden in the Mouth, easieth the , The leaves applied with oil, helps Burn, Scaldings, and bitings of Men or Dogs; all sorts of Curs, and against the stinging of Bees and Wasps: the ointment of Marsh Mallows doth mollify heat, and moisten, and is good against the Pleurisy, and other pains of the Sides and Breast.   

Maple Tree.  
IT is a Tree well known to Turner's, who use the Timber of it: it is said to be under the dominion of Jupiter, and a strengthner of the Liver: The decoction of the leaves or Bark being used, strengthens the Liver, and opens obstructions of the Liver and Spleen: but I believe it is not much experienced, if at all.   

Wild and Sweet Marjoram. Marjorana.  
SWeet Marjoram is very well known, Description. and the Field Margerum is very like it; but we shall describe the wild: It hath a root which creepeth much under ground, and continueth a long time, sending up sundry brownish hard square stalks, with small dark green leaves, like sweet Marjoram, but harder and broader: at the tops of the stalks stand trufts of flowers of a deep purplish red colour: the seed is small and somewhat blacker than that of sweet Marjoram.  
Names. In Latin it is called Amaracus, and Marjorana; in English Sweet Marjoram, and Margerum gentle; and the wild kind Organy, Origanum, and bastard Margerum.  
Place and Time.] The sweet grows only in Gardens, the wild kind in borders of Corn Fields and Pastures in sundry places of this Land: It flowers about July and August.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are all Herbs of Mercury; the common Sweet Marjoram is hot and dry in the second degree; it is comfortable in cold Diseases of the Head, Stomach, Sinews, and other parts, taken inwardly; and outwardly applied, it digesteth, openeth, and strengtheneth, comforts the Brain, helps the Memory, and is good against the Apoplexy: the Head being washed with a Lie made of it, eases grievous pains thereof; it helps coldness of the Stomach and digestion, being given in powder in wine. The oil of it is good to supple, warm, and stretch forth stiff Joints, and hard Sinews; it helps cold griefs and windiness of the Womb, and the dead Palsy, the back Bone being anointed with it; it helps Spasmus Cynicus, which is a wrying of the mouth aside, being snuffed up into the Nose; it is a gallant Oil to strengthen the Muscles, and other parts of the Body; it helps noise of the Ears, being dropped into them. The decoction of this Herb is good in the beginning of a Dropsy, it heats the inward Members, softens the Milt, and assuageth the swelling of it; it helps those that cannot make water, and easeth pains of the Belly. The powder of the leaves snuffed upon into the Nose, stays Rheum, cleanses and warms the Head. The flower and herb being put into a fine Bag and applied to the Stomach, easeth pains thereof.   

Marigolds. Calendula.  
THis well known herb needs no description.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Calendula, and of some Caltha; in English Marigolds, and Ruds.  
Place and Time.] I think there are few Gardens without them; they flower all Summer, and in Winter too, if it be mild.  
Nature and Virtues.] Marigold flowers are hot almost in the second degree, especially being dried; it is a Solar Herb, and under the sign Leo, a great comforter of the Heart; and though it be so plentiful, (and therefore less regarded) it is not much inferior to Saffron: The Marigold Flowers resist poison, and are good in contagious Fevers, and the Jaundice, and are very expulsive; and therefore effectual in the Small Pox and Measles: they provoke Sweat, and women's Courses, and expel the Afterbirth. The Conserve of the Flowers is very good against corrupted Air, and in time of Pestilence to prevent Infection; it helps the trembling of the Heart being taken morning and evening. The flowers used in Possets or Broth, either green or dry, do comfort the Heart and Spirits, and expel Pestilential qualities that might annoy them. The Juice taketh away Warts, being washed therewith, and helps the ; and being mixed with vinegar, and a hot swelling bathed therewith assuages it, and giveth ease; and being dropped into the ears, it kills worms therein. The distilled water is good for sore Eyes, and a Plaster made of the dry flowers in Powder, Hog's Grease, Turpentine, and Rosin, and applied to the Breast, comforts and strengthens the Heart in Fevers very much.  
☞ See further in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Masterwort. Imperatoria.  
IT hath divers great broad leaves divided into many parts, Description. standing three together for the most part upon a foot stalk, being somewhat broad, and cut in on the edges into three or more divisions, all of them dented about the brims, of a dark green colour much like Angelica; amongst which rise up two or three short stalks about two foot high, and slender, with such leaves at the Joints as grow below, but lesser, bearing Umbels of white Flowers, and after them small thin flat blackish seed, bigger than Dill seeds. The root is somewhat great, and groweth rather sideways then down right into the ground, and is the hottest and sharpest part of the plant, and the seed next unto it being somewhat on the outside, and smelling well.  
Names.] It is called Imperatoria, Masterwort, and false Pellitory of Spain.  
Places and Time.] It is usually kept in Gardens with us; flowers and seeds about the end of August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The root of Masterwort is hot in the third degree, and of subtle parts, an herb of Mars: The dried root chewed in the mouth, draweth Rheum from the head; easing pains of the Head and Teeth, and draweth away defluxions of Rheum upon the Lungs, or Eyes; it dissolves wind, and is good in cold grief of the Stomach and Body; it provokes Urine, helps to break the Stone, and expels Gravel; it is good against the suffocation of the Mother, drives down the Courses, and expels a dead Child; it is good against the Dropsy, Cramp, and falling Sickness; it provokes Sweat, and is good against all cold Poisons. The juice dropped, or Tents wet therein and applied to green Wounds, or old fretting Ulcers, doth soon cleanse and heal them; it is likewise good for the cold Gout.   

Mastic Tree. Lentiscus.  
THis Outlandish Tree I shall not describe, but only sum up the Virtues of its Gum, called Mastic. The Tree is called in Latin Lentiscus, the Gum Resina Lentiscina, Mastiche, and Mastix.  
Mastic is very good for the , being steeped in Rose water, and the Mouth washed therewith; it fastens lose Teeth, and strengthens the Gums: being held or chewed in the Mouth, it draws away phlegm, and causes a sweet Breath; it cleanses and dries up Ulcers and Sores, being used in plasters and ointments; it strengthens and comforts the Stomach, mollifies Tumours, and eases pains of the Joints and Sinews: for all which purposes the chemical oil is most effectual; being taken inwardly, it stays Vomiting, and brings good digestion; it stops the Flux of the Belly, and taken with syrup of Colts-foot, it helps Coughs; it is a good corrigent in strong purging Medicines, abating their acrimony or sharpness.  
Sweet Maudlin, Vide Alecoast, or Costmary.   

Mechoacan and Jalap. Mechoacana.  
THis plant groweth in the West Indies, there are two kinds, white and black; they are both not in the first degree, and dry in the second, of an airy substance, and also an earthly quality.  
Mechoacan is effectual for the Dropsy, purging water and phlegm, and strengthens the Liver; it purgeth the Brain and Nerves, and is good for a long continued Headache; it helpeth pains in the Joints, and also in the Bladder and Reins, by provoking Urine; it expels Wind, easeth the Colic, and pains of the Mother: it is said to have all the Virtues that are either in Agarick, or Rhabarb, and therefore is commended in the French Pox, King's Evil, Scurvy, and Gout, and in inveterate Agues, and also in the Falling Sickness, Catharre, old Cough, shortness of Breath, Jaundice, and stops of the Liver and Spleen; it may be given to Children a scruple, or a scruple and a half of the powder in white Wine; to strong bodies a dram or two. Jalap purgeth Phlegm, Choler, and Melancholy, and watery humours. The dose thereof may be a dram in white Wine, with a little Anniseeds and Ginger to correct it; otherwise it troubles the Stomach, making it subject to Vomit.  
Meadsweet, Vide Queen of the Meadows.   

The Medlar Tree. Mespilus.  
THis Tree is generally well known, being a companion in Orchards and Gardens amongst other fruit Trees: it is called Mespilus, and the fruit Mespilum in Latin: the Tree in English is called the Medlar, or Open-arse Tree, and the fruit Mediars and Opens.  
They flower in May, and the fruit is ripe about Michaelmas; and then when they are gathered, they must lie till they are rotten before they be fit to eat.  
Nature and Virtues.] Both leaves and fruit of the Medlar Tree are cold, dry, and astringent, a plant of Saturn, The decoction of Medlars is good to gargoyle the Mouth and Throat, it stays defluxions of humours, which might cause pains and swell there; it is also good to drink, and to bathe the Stomach warm, that is subject to loathing or vomiting, for it fortifies digestion, and strengthens the retentive faculty: A pultis or a plaster may be made for the same purpose with dried Medlars, mixed and beaten together with the juice of red Roses, a few Cloves, Nutmegs, and a little red Coral. The said decoction is a good bath for women to sit in whose courses flow overmuch, and to stay the bleeding of the Piles. The powder of the leaves is good to stay the bleeding of fresh Wounds. The stones bruised to powder, and drunk in liquor wherein some Parsley roots have been steeped all night, or a little boiled, doth expel stones and gravel from the Kidneys. The fruit is good to stay women's long, and is good for those that are apt to miscarry.   

Melilot. Corona Regia.  
COmmon Melilot springeth up with many green stalks about half a yard high, Description. or more, from a tough, long, white root, which dyeth not every year, set round about at the Joints, with small and somewhat long, strong, and well smelling leaves, standing three together, dented about the edges unevenly: the flowers are yellow, and well scented, standing in long spikes one above another a hand breadth long or better; after the flowers come long crooked Cod, wherein are contained brownish flat seeds.  
Names.] The Latins call it Corona Regia, because the flowers crown the tops of the stalks, but it is generally called Melilota, from the Greek; and in English Melilot, Kings Claver, and Hearts Claver, because Dear delight to feed upon it.  
Place and Time.] It is found plentifully in many places of this Land, in Corn Fields, the Corners of Meadows, and by Ditches sides.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Plant of Mercury, and hath mixed qualities like him, binding, and yet digesting, and the hot faculty abounding more therein then the cold. The seed thereof applied with Linseed, Fenugreek, and Camomile flowers, assuages Tumours, and hard swell, provokes the Courses, opens obstructions of the Veins, and strengthens the parts. The compound Plaster of Melilot is effectual to dissolve Tumours, windiness, and swell of the Spleen, Liver, and Belly; it eases the Hypocondria, or any other pain, and is good for the Rickets. The other Plaster of Melilot is good to draw such sores and wounds as need cleansing. The juice dropped into the ears, easeth pains of them, and being dropped into the eyes, it clears them of pearls and spots, and takes away the Web, and clears the sight; being steeped in Rose water and vinegar, and applied, it easeth the Headache; it mollifieth all Tumours and Inflammations either in the privy parts, or other places of the body, being boiled in wine and applied, and sometimes the yolk of a roasted Egg, or the powder of Linseed, Fenugreek, Poppy seed, Endive, or fine flower is added to it. The flowers of Melilot and Camomile are much used in Glisters to ease pains, and expel wind, and likewise in pultisses to assuage Swell and Tumours; being boiled in water, it helps Wens, and running Ulcers of the Head, being applied with Chalk Wine, and Galls: it is effectual for those who have suddenly lost their senses by any fit, and to strengthen the Memory, and comfort the Head and Brain, to preserve them from pains, and the Apoplexy, the head being often washed with the distilled water of the Herb and Flowers, or with a Lie made thereof.   

French and Dogs Mercury. Mercurialis.  
BOth these kinds of Mercury have a male and a female. Description. The French Mercury riseth up with square green stalks, full of Joints, about two foot high, with two leaves at every joint, and branches on both sides the stalks, with fresh green leaves somewhat broad and long, finely dented about the edges. In the male at the Joints towards the tops of the stalks and branches, come forth two small round green heads, standing together upon a short foot stalk, which growing ripe are the seeds, without yielding any flower: The stalk of the female is longer, and of a spike fashion, set round about with small green husks, which are the flowers, made like small branches of Grapes which yield no seed, but continue long upon the stalks: the root consists of many fibres, which dyeth every Winter, and springs again of its own sowing.  
The Dogs Mercury hath many stalks smaller and lower than the other, and without branches; the male hath two leaves at every joint, somewhat greater than the female, more pointed and harder; at the joints with the leaves come forth longer stalks than the former, with two round hairy seeds on them, twice as big as those of the other Mercury; from the joints of the female come forth spikes of flowers like the female French Mercury. The root is fibrous, yet abideth the Winter, the stalks dying down to the ground, and springing every year.  
Names.] It is known in Latin by the name of Mercurialis, and the dogs Mercury, Mercurialis Canina, and Cynocrambe.  
Place and Time.] The French Mercury grows in Kent, and divers other places of this Land. The Dogs Mercury grows by hedges sides in many places: they flower and seed in the Summer months.  
Nature and Virtues.] Mercury is hot and dry about the second degree, having a cleansing and digesting faculty: Mercury claims it for his name's sake.  
Mercury is much commended for women's Diseases; the secret parts being fomented therewith, it easeth the pains of the Mother; the decoction thereof being taken, procures the Terms, expels the Afterbirth; it is also good for the Strangury, and diseases of the Reins and Bladder. Hypocrates commendeth it for sore and watery Eyes, deafness and pains in the Ears, by dropping the juice thereof into them, and bathing them afterwards in white Wine: the juice taken in Broth or drink, or the decoction of the leaves with a little Sugar, purgeth choleric and waterish humours: Broth made thereof with a Cock Chicken is good against hot fits of an Ague, and cleanseth the Breast and Lungs of phlegm; but is a little offensive to the Stomach. The juice or water thereof snuffed up into the nostrils purgeth the Head and Eyes of Rheum, and Cathars. Two or three ounces of the distilled water with a little Sugar taken fasting, opens and purgeth the body of gross viscous and melancholy humours. Mathiolus saith, That the seed of the male and the flowers of the female Mercury boiled with Wormwood and drunk speedily, cures the yellow Jaundice. The leaves or juice rubbed upon Warts, takes them away. The juice mixed with vinegar, helps the Itch, running Scabs, Tetters, and Ringworms, being applied pultiswise to Swell, and Inflammations, it digesteth the humours which cause the same. It is commonly used amongst other things in Glisters to evacuate the Belly from offensive humours. Dogs Mercury may be likewise used to purge waterish and melancholy humours in the same manner as the former. There are some fables reported of this Plant which I shall forbear to relate.   

Mill-Mountain. Linum sylvestre.  
I Am induced to publish this plant, Description. by the commendation I have had of it from some special friends who have found singular use of it, and commend it to do all things which Sena doth. The description Gerrard reports to have had from a friend of his called Mr. Goodyer, which is as followeth.  
It riseth up from a small white threddy crooked root, sometimes with one, but most commonly with five or six, or more round stalks, about a foot or nine inches high, of a brown on reddish colour, every stalk dividing itself near the top from the middle upward into many branches or parts of a greener colour than the lower part of the stalk; the leaves are small, smooth, of colour green, of the bigness of Lentil leaves, and have in the middle one rib, or sinew, and no more, that may be perceived, and grow along the stalk in good order by couples, one opposite against the other: at the tops of the small branches grow the flowers, of a white colour, consisting of five small leaves apiece; the nails whereof are yellow: in the inside are placed small short chieves also, of a yellow colour; after which come up small little knobs or buttons, the top whereof when the seed is ripe, divides itself into five parts, wherein is contained small smooth flat slippery yellow seed, when the seed is ripe the herb perisheth; the whole herb is of a bitter taste and hereby smell.  
Names.] Gerrard saith when he first found this plant, he inserted it in his Catalogue amongst the kinds of Lines or Flaxes, and called it Linum sylvestre pusillum candidis floribus, until he had a further relation thereof from Mr. Goodyer, who called it Linum sylvae Catharticum; because it was used to purge: and in English it had acquired the name of Mill-Mountain.  
Place and Time.] It groweth plentifully in the unmanured Enclosures of Hampshire, on chalkly Downs, and on Purfleet Hills in Essex, and many other places. I have been told it grows near Wickomb in Buckinghamshire; and in July about four years since, Mr. Dixon and I met a Chirurgeon with some of it in his hand in Kingston, which he said he had gathered by the way as he came from London: It riseth forth of the ground at the beginning of the Spring, and flowreth all the Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] It's bitter taste argues the temperature thereof to incline to heat: The use of it (as the same Mr. Goodyer reports) is as follows.  
Take a handful of Mill Mountain, the whole plant, leaves, seeds, flowers and all, bruise it and put it in a small Pipkin, with a pint of white Wine, and set it on the Embers to infuse all night, and drink that wine in the morning fasting: This he saith he was told (by a servant of one Dr. Lake, who lived at St. Cross near Winchester) would give eight or ten stools. This Dr. Lake was afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells, and always used this herb for his purge as his man affirmed.  
Thus saith Gerrard by the relation of Goodyer; but lately I have heard it commended by some Physicians to be equalent in virtue to Sena: Therefore I have put it down for the benefit of the studions, to make further trial and use of it accordingly.   

Mynts. Mentha.  
BOth the Garden and wild Mint are well enough known; Description and Names. wherefore I shall pass by their description to their names and virtues. Mentha is the Latin common name; and Mint, or Spearmint for the Garden kind in English.  
Place and Time.] The wild Mints grow in marry Ditches, the other only in Gardens: they all flower in August: the plant increaseth much by the root, the seed being seldom good.  
Nature and Virtues.] Mint is hot and dry in the beginning of the third degree, bitter, binding, and of thin parts, and is said to be an herb of Venus: The decoction cureth a sore Mouth and Gums, the mouth being gargled therewith and helps a stinking breath; being applied with honeyed water, it eases pains in the Ears, and the roughness of the Tongue, it being rubbed therewith: The decoction thereof is good to wash children's Heads, against Scabs, and break out, and heals chaps of the Fundament. Two or three branches thereof taken with the juice of Pomegranates, stays the Hiccough, Vomiting, and allays Choler; being applied with Barley meal, it dissolves Imposthumes; it is good to repress the milk in women's Breasts, and helps swollen or flagging Breasts; it causes digestion, helps a cold Liver, strengthens the Belly and Stomach, helps gnawings of the heart, procures appetite, opens the Liver, and provokes to Venery; being bruised with salt it is good for the biting of a mad Dog. The mouth being gargled with a decoction thereof, and Rue and Coriander, bringeth the  of the mouth that is down to its right place; the powder of it taken after meat, helps digestion, and those that are spleenatick, and taken in wine, it helps women in their sore Travel in Child bearing; it is good against the Strangury, and Gravel and Stone in the Kidneys; being boiled in milk before you drink it, it will not curdle in the Stomach; and some say a Cheese will not come, if it be put into the milk or Runnet: The distilled water is available for all the aforesaid purposes, though more weakly: but the Chemical Spirit drawn from the herb is most effectual. Choleric persons must abstain from Mint, for much of it taken makes the Blood thin, and turns it into choler. The horse Mints are good to expel wind in the Stomach, to help the Colic and short windedness, and is good to help nocturnal pollutions, being applied to the Cod.   

Myrtles. Myrtilli.  
THis Outlandish plant cannot endure the Winter with us unless it be kept in pots within doors.  
The Tree is called in Latin Myrtus, and the berries Myrtilli.  
Nature and Virtues.] The myrtle hath contrary qualities, cold and earthy, warm and thin, powerfully binding and drying: The dry leaves beaten and boiled in water and drunk, is good against Cathars, the Whites, Ulcers, and creeping Sores. The berries and seed is good against passions of the Heart, stingings of Serpents, and venomous Creatures, and the poison of Toadstools; being drunk in Wine, it helps a stinking Breath, diseases of the Bladder, and provokes Urine: The decoction is good for the falling down of the Fundament, and the Piles; being mixed with oil of Roses and applied, it helps swelling of the Cod, Imposthumes of the Fundament, and St. Anthony's fire. The decoction of the berries makes the Hair black, and keeps it from falling, cures sores of the Head, and helps those that are Bursten. The syrup of Myrtles is good against the Cough, and Ulcers of the Lungs, And although I have not told you where this Tree grows, because I doubt you will not go so far to fetch it, you may have it near home at the Druggist's and Apothecary's.   

Myrobalanes.  
MYrobalanes are an East Indian Fruit, and are called in English by Mr. Parkinson purging Plums. My Author reckons up five kinds of them, viz. Cytrina, Chebula, Bellerica, Emblica, Indica.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are all cold in the first degree and dry in the second, and do purge, and also strengthen the Stomach. The Citrine Myrobalanes purge Choler, strengthen the Stomach, Heart, and Liver, help such as have the Hemorrhoides and Piles; they are good in Tertian Agues, cause a good colour, and hinder old Age: the Chebule purge Phlegm, quicken the brain and sight, and strengthen the Stomach. They are good in the Dropsy, and for long continued Agues. The Embellick, and Bellerick purge Phlegm from the Stomach, strengthens the Brain, Joints, Heart, and Liver, helps passions of the Heart, provokes Appetite, alleys Thirst, stays Vomiting, qualifies inward heat, and allays Choler, and gives ease to those that have the Piles. The Indies, or Black Myrabolanes, purge Melancholy and adust Choler, and cause a good colour, and are good against Quartain Agues, the Leprosy, and all Paralytical Diseases. The Citrine are also often used in Cholleries, with the juice of Fennel, or Rose water, against Inflammations and flowing of humours to the Eyes; and likewise in powder, with Mastic, or Rose water, to dry and heal Ulcers.   

Misleto. Viscum.  
I Think Misleto is so well known, that its needless to describe it. The Latins call it Viscus, and Viscum, and so is the Birdlime called that is made of the Berries. The Misleto of the Oak is called Viscus Quercini, and so of the rest.  
Places and Time.] Misleto groweth plentifully upon Fruit Trees, as Apples, Pear Trees, and Crab Trees in divers Counties of the Land; sometimes on Ashes, and Oaks; but that of the Oak is most rare in England: It flowers in the Spring, and the Berries are ripe in October, abiding on the branches all the Winter unless the Birds devour them.  
Nature and Virtues.] Misleto is hot and dry in the third degree, the leaves and berries do heat and dry, and are of subtle parts; and questionless participates of the nature of that Tree it grows upon; as that which grows upon the Oak partakes of the nature of the Oak, and therefore is ascribed to Jupiter, and is the most effectual: It is held to be very effectual for the curing of the Falling Sickness, and is by some prescribed to be taken in Pills thus prepared, ℞. Visci Quercini, seeds and roots of Peony, ana. ʒi. §. Nutmeg, Anniseeds, ana. ʒi, §. Sacchari Buglossati, ʒvii. make Pills thereof.  
Mathiolus saith that the Misleto of the Chestnut Tree made into powder and given in drink, cures the Falling Sickness. Some attribute so great virtue unto it, as they have called it, Lignum sanctae Crucis, and believe it to help the Falling Sickness, Palsy, and Apoplexy, being only hung about their Necks. Tragus saith, that the juice of fresh Misleto dropped into the Ears of them that have Imposthumes in them, easeth them, and helps them in few days. The Birdlime which is made of the Berries, ripens and discusses Tumours and Imposthumes, and mollifies hard knots, and draweth forth both thick and thin Humours from the remote places of the Body, digesting and separating them, and being mixed with equal parts of Wax and , it mollifieth the hardness of the Spleen, being applied thereunto.  
Gerrard saith, being taken inwardly, it is mortal, I never did prove any of it, but only the Birdlime upon Birds, and I am sure that hath proved mortal to them.   

Money-wort, or Herb two pence. Nummularia.  
MOney-wort shooteth forth many long, Description. weak, slender branches, lying and running upon the ground, with two leaves at each joint, equally opposite one to another, almost as round as a Penny, but that they are pointed a little at the ends, smooth, and of a yellowish green colour: at the joints with the leaves from the middle forward, come forth sometimes one, sometimes times two yellow flowers, standing each upon a small foot stalk, consisting of five narrow leaves; pointed at the ends, with some yellow threads in the middle; after which come small round heads of seed: the root is small and threddy.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Nummularia, and Serpentaria; in English Two Penny Grass, Herb Twopences, and Money-wort.  
Place and Time.] It grows by Ditches sides, low Meadows, and watery places: flowers about June and July, and the seed is ripe soon after.  
Nature and Virtues.] Money-wort is an herb of Venus, and cold, drying, and astringent: The flowers and leaves are good to heal green Wounds speedily, and for old spreading Vlclers, especially if it be bruised and boiled in Salad Oil with some , Wax, and Turpentine added to it, or Tents dipped in the juice, and put into the Wounds. The juice taken in Wine, or the decoction thereof, stays the overflowing of women's Courses, and the Whites, and also Lasks, bloody Fluxes, inward and outward Bleedings, helps weakness of the Stomach that is subject to Vomiting; being boiled in Wine and Honey, and taken, it cures inward Wounds, and Ulcers of the Lungs, and is a remedy against the Chincough in Children.   

Moonwort. Lunaria.  
IT riseth up with one dark, Description. green, thick fat leaf, standing upon a small foot stalk, about an inch high, unless when it is in flower, and then it hath a small slender stalk, about three inches high: the upper part whereof groweth out of the bosom as it were of the said leaf, which is divided on each side into five, sometimes seven, or more parts on a side, each whereof is small next the middle rib, but broad forwards, and round pointed, much resembling an half Moon. The stalk riseth above this leaf about two inches, bearing many branches of small long tongues, much like the spiky head of Adder's Tongue, of a brownish colour, which afterwards resolve into a mealy dust, so that you may call them flowers or seed, which you please: the root is small and threddy.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Lunaria; in English by some Unshoe the Horse, but rightly Moon-wort.  
Place and Time.] It delights to grow upon Hills, and Heaths amongst grass and dry mossy places, and in divers places of Kent, as near Maidstone: It may be found about April and May; the heat of June banisheth it away.  
Nature and Virtues.] Many idle Fables have been told of this Herb, by lying Cachochymists, such as Culpeppers Commanders were that he prates on; for I believe they never saw the Herb in their lives: and I am confident, though it be the Moon's herb; yet it is neither Smith, Farrier, nor Picklock, but is of Temperature cold and dry, somewhat more than Adder's Tongue, and is a good Wound Herb, either for inward or outward Wounds, Blows, or Bruises; it likewise helps to consolidate Fractures, and is good for Ruptures and Cancers of the Breast: It may excellently be used with other wound herbs, to make Oils and Balsams for fresh and green Wounds: and being boiled in red wine and drunk, it is excellent to stay the overflowing of women's Courses, and the Whites; Bleeding, Vomiting, and other Fluxes. The learned Grollius saith, that it is good for the Cancers in women's Breasts, its Signature speaking so much.   

Moss. Muscus.  
THere is Moss of Trees, Description and Names. and Ground Moss; but neither of them want a description. The Apothecaries call itVsnea; it is likewise called in Latin Muscus.  
Places and Time.] I have told you before where they grow. Nature and Virtues.] The ground Moss is cold, dry, and astringent; that of the Trees is cool and binding, yet it partakes somewhat of the nature of the Tree whereon it grows; yet all Satur's potherbs, as saith Culpepper. The ground Moss is held good to break the Stone, being boiled in Wine and the decoction drunk; it is likewise good being boiled in water to allay Inflammations and hot pains. The Oak Moss is good to stay Fluxes, and Lasks in man or woman, Vomitings, Bleedings, spitting and pissing of Blood, and the Terms, the powder thereof being boiled in Wine and drunk. The same being drunk, stays the Hiccough, as saith Avicen. And it procures deep sleep, saith Serapio; and some say the powder thereof for some time together taken in drink, is good against the Dropsy. Fresh Moss steeped a while in Oil of Roses, and then boiled therein, and applied to the Temples and Forehead, helps the Headache, that cometh of a hot cause, and distillations of hot Rheums to the Eyes, or other parts. It was anciently used in Ointments against Weariness, and to strengthen the Sinews.  
There is a Moss that grows upon dead men's Sculls, which is a principal ingredient in the Weapon Salve; but the receipt is, it should be taken from the Skull of one who died a violent death. I lately saw one which was brought out of Ireland, all grown over with Moss.  
Cup Moss if it be powdered and given in sweet Wine for certain days together, is a remedy against the Falling Sickness, and the Chin cough in Children.   

Motherwort. Cardiaca.  
THis herb riseth up with hard, Description. square, rough, strong stalks, of a brownish colour, shooting two or three foot high, and sometimes more, spreading into many branches, whereon grow the leaves on each side, with long foot stalks, two at every joint, broad, and long, rough, and crumpled with great veins of a dark green colour, deeply jagged about the edges, almost torn or divided: the flowers grow in sharp pointed rough husks, from the middle of the branches to the top, round about them at distances, somewhat like Balm or Horehound, but of a more red or purple colour; after which comes plenty of small round blackish seed; which shedding, fills the place about it with their young growth. The root is fibrous, the plant of a rank smell and bitter taste.  
Names.] It is called Cardiaca in the Latin, though Matricaria which is used for Fetherfew, might be more proper for it; for it is effectual to help the Mother as well as the Heart; and therefore with good reason is called in English Motherwort. Place and Time.] It groweth rarely with us but only in Gardens, yet delighteth to grow by Walls sides, and amongst rubbish: it flowers and seeds from the Spring till Winter, and then perisheth; but the root abideth all the Year.  
Nature and Virtues.] Motherwort is of temperature hot and dry in the second degree, of a cleansing and astringent faculty, and is by Astrologers reputed to be subject to the influences of Venus, and the Sign Leo; so that it is excellent for the fits of the Mother, and diseases of the Womb, and also for the trembling of the Heart, the Cramp, Convulsion, and Palse: it helps the hard labour of Women, a spoonful thereof in powder being taken in Wine. For the fits of the Mother, let little Bags of Motherwort, Camomile, Wormwood, Penntroyal, and Lovage be applied warm to the bottom of the Belly of the Patient: The said powder used as aforesaid, provokes Urine, and women's Courses; it may also be made into a Syrup and Conserve; and being so used, it cheers the Heart, expelling Melancholy from thence, Expectorates Phlegm, opens obstructions of the Entrails, and kills Worms in the Belly; it is likewise good being bruised and applied to green Wounds to stop the Blood, cleanse and cure them, and is a remedy against the Cough, Murrain, and other Diseases in Cattle.  
☞ See further in The Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles   

Monsear. Pilosella.  
COmmon Mousear creeps upon the ground by strings or wires much like the Strawberry; Description. the strings taking root as they run, and shooteth forth small short leaves set in a round form together, hollowish in the middle, where they are broadest, of a hoary colour all over, and very hairy, out of which issues a white milk being broken; from amongst these leaves spring up divers small hairy stalks, about a handful high, with a few smaller leaves thereon, standing one at a place as the flowers do, usually one at the top, which consists of many pale yellow leaves, much like a Dandelion flower, but smaller, and a little radish underneath, near the edges, turning into Down; which with the seed is blown away by the Wind. The root is small and fibrous.  
Names.] It is called Myosotis from the Greek word Myosota, and of some Pilosella in Latin, because of its hairiness, and Auricula muris, because the leaves resemble the ears of a Mouse; which also gives it the English name of Mouseare.  
Place and Time.] It groweth on Banks and Ditches sides, which be dry and sandy, and also in sandy grounds; they flower in June and July, and abide green all the Winter.  
Nature and Virtues. It is held to be subject to the Lunar Influence, but is by temperature hot and dry, cleansing, binding, and consolidating, so that the juice or decoction thereof taken stays women's Courses, and the Whites, and other Fluxes of Blood and inward bleedings, and is likewise good for the Jaundice, to drink thereof morning and evening, and abstain from other drink two or three hours after: it is good against the Stone, and gripe of the Bowels, and to abate the fit of a quartain Ague being taken before it come. The decoction with Succory and Centory is good against the Dropsy and Spleen. A Syrup of the juice of Mousear is good against the Cough and Ptisick, and helps Ruptures, a spoonful or two being taken at a time; it is a singular Wound Herb either for outward or inward Wounds. The juice of the green Herb, or being dried in powder is good to stay fretting Ulcers or Cancers, either in the Mouth or secret parts of Man or Woman, or elsewhere. The distilled water is available for the said purposes, and to wash Wounds and Sores, and to dip the Tents and  therein that are to be applied thereto.  
This herb is hurtful to sheep, in making them costive and lean; therefore Shepherds should keep them from it.   

Mugwort. Artemisia.  
COmmon Mugwort groweth with divers jagged or dented leaves lying upon the ground, Description. much like to common Wormwood, but larger, darkish green on the upper side, but white or hoary underneath: the stalks rise up two or three foot high, sometimes more, having such leaves as below, but smaller, branching very much towards the top, whereon grow small pale yellowish flowers like buttons, after which cometh small seed enclosed in round hands. The root is long and hard, fastened in the ground with many fibres, which spread so in the ground, that it can hardly be weeded out. The plant is of a reasonable good scent. The stalks and leaves die every Winter.  
Names.] Artemisia is both the Greek and Latin name of it.  
Place and Time.] It groweth by the High ways and Ditches sides, and too plentifully in light ground in Corn Fields, where it will not be gotten out, as in Wokingham, a place I once lived in.  
Nature and Virtues.] Mugwort is ascribed to the dominion of Venus, yet is naturally hot and dry in the second degree, and of thin parts; but it helps women's Diseases: therefore it is reason a woman should be mistress of it. The decoction of the leaves in Wine or water being drunk, drives down the Courses, Birth, and Afterbirth, helps Inflammations, and stops of the Mother, and provokes Urine, causeth fruitfulness in Women, helps pains of the Matrix, coldness, and Wind, and helps to retain it in its due place, it strengthens the Nerves, opens the Pores, and corrects the Blood, helps stops of the Liver and Spleen; and being boiled with Centory, it is good for the Jaundice: The juice being taken, helps the biting of a mad Dog. The powder of the leaves drunk in Wine, is good against the Sciatica. A decoction made thereof for Women to sit over and receive the hot sum, performeth the same effects, as being taken inwardly, so doth the juice made up with Myrrh, or the root used for a Pessary. An ointment made of the Herb, with some Field Daisies, and Hog's Grease, taketh away Wens, Knots, and Kernels in the Neck and Throat. The fresh herb, or the juice thereof is a good remedy for the overmuch taking of opium. A decoction of the Herb with Camomile, Egrimony, and Sage, takes away pains of the Sinews, and Cramp, the place being bathed hot therewith; and refresheth the feet of those which are surbated with travel, they being bathed therein.  
☞ See more of this in the Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles   

Mulberries. Morus.  
I Shall not need to describe this Plant, it being very well known where it is an Inhabitant.  
Names.] The Latins call it Morus, and in Shops Morus Celsa; the Bramble Berry's being called Mora Bati.  
Place and Time.] They are much nourished in the Levant and Eastern Countries, and also in Italy to breed up their Silkworms. The fruit is ripe in August and September.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is assigned to Mercury, and of different parts like him; the ripe Berries having a sweetness and slippery moisture, do open the Belly; the unripe do bind it, especially being dried, and then are good to stop Fluxes, Lasks, and overflowing of women's Courses: the bark of the root hath a purging quality, and a bitterness: the leaves and tender tops are of a temperate nature. The juice of the Berries or the syrup made of them, helps Inflammations and Sores in the Mouth and Throat, and the  of the Mouth being down. The juice of the leaves is good for such as have eaten Wolf-bane, and is a remedy against the biting of Serpents; and being beaten with Vinegar, it is good to apply to any place that is burnt with fire. The mouth being washed with a decoction of the bark and leaves, easeth the Touth-ache, It is said, that if the root be a little slit or cut in the harvest time, and a small hole made in the ground next unto it, there will issue forth a juice, which being hardened, is good to help the , to dissolve knots, and purge the Belly. The leaves are said to stay bleeding at Mouth and Nose, and of the Piles, or of a wound being bound thereunto: It is reported, that if a branch of the Tree be taken when the Moon is at full, and bound to the wrist of a woman whose Courses flow too much, it will soon slay them. The Bark of the root killeth the broad Worms in the bodies of Men or Children. The powder of the berries, is good to cure Tumours which grow upon the Cod, and about the Fundament of some people.   

Mulleyn. Candelaria.  
COmmon white Mulleyn hath many fair large woolly leaves lying next the ground, Description. somewhat longer than broad, pointed at the ends, and a little dented about the edges; the stalk in rank ground riseth four or five foot high, and is covered over with such leaves as below (but lesser) up to the flowers, so thick as they hid the stalk: the flowers come forth on all sides of the stalk without any branches for the most part, and stand together in a long spike, generally of a gold yellow colour, but in some more pale, consisting of five round pointed leaves, turning afterwards into round heads, wherein is contained small brownish seed; the root is long, white, and woody, but dyeth when the seed is fallen.  
Names.] It hath been called Candela regia, and Candelaria, because the stalks were wont to be used to burn, being dipped in grease: It is also called Thapsus, Tapsus Barbatus; and in English Hightaper, and Hagtaper, Jupiter's Staff, Hares-beard, and Bullocks Lungwort.  
Place and Time.] It grows by High ways sides, in Lanes and upon Dunghills in many places of this Land, and flower about June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Mulleyn is dry of temperature, like Saturn: The leaves digest and cleanse. A decoction of the leaves is good for the Lungs, and an old Cough, either in man or beast. A little quantity of the root taken in Wine is good against Lasks and Fluxes of the Belly: and the decoction thereof easeth the , the mouth being washed therewith; and being drunk it is good for Burstness, and for Cramps and Convulsions. The seed and flowers, and the powder of dried Venice Turpentine, being cast upon a Chasing-dish of Coals, and set in a Close-Stool, for the Patient to sit over it that is troubled with the Piles, or the falling down of the Fundament, it giveth much ease also to such who are troubled with an often desire to go to Stool, and can do nothing, and helpeth the Bloody Flux: An Oil made of the often infusion of the flowers is also good for the Piles. The decoction of the root in red Wine (or water if there be an Ague) wherein red hot Steel hath been often quenched, stayeth the Bloody Flux, and opens obstructions of the Bladder and Reins, when one cannot make water: A decoction made with the leaves, and Sage, Margerum, and Camomile Flowers, easeth and comforteth Veins and Sinews that are stark or shrunk with cold, or the Cramp, the places being bathed therewith. The distilled water of the flowers drunk morning and evening the quantity of three ounces at a time for some continuance, is said to be a good remedy for the Gout. The powder of the root, or the juice of the leaves and flowers rubbed on rough Warts, takes them away, but doth no good to such as are smooth. The powder of the flowers is good for the Colic, and pains in the Belly. The decoction of the root and leaves is effectual to dissolve Tumours and Inflammations of the Throat: The seed and leaves boiled in Wine and applied, draws forth Thorns and Splinters out of the flesh, easing the pains, and healing the place. The leaves bruised and wrapped in double papers, and baked under the Embers, and then taken out and applied warm to any Botch in the Groin or Share, doth dissolve and heal it. The seed bruised and boiled in wine and applied to any Member that is newly set after it hath been out of Joint, takes away the swell and pains thereof.  
The bruised leaves quickly heals a Horse Hoof that is pricked with a nail, being applied thereunto.  
☞ See further of this in Culpeppers School of Physic.   

Mustard. Sinapis.  
IT is very well known, so as needs no describing.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Sinapis and Sinapi.  
Place and Time.] It grows in Gardens where it is planted, and is not easily gotten out, having once took possession: it grows also wild about Tewksberry, which place is famous for Mustard makers.  
Nature and Virtues.] The seed is chief used, and is of temperature hot and dry in the fourth degree, and doth make thin: it is under the influence of Mars. The seed taken in an Electuary or otherwise, stirs up bodily lust, and provokes women's Courses; it is also good for the Falling Sickness, the Lethargy, or drowsy evil, to use it both inwardly and outwardly to rub the Nostrils, Forehead, and Temples therewith; it being first beaten to powder, and little balls made thereof with Honey, and one or two of them swallowed fasting every morning maketh a clear voice, draweth down Rheum, and viscous humours which distil upon the Lungs and Chest; it cleanseth the Breast, strengthens the Heart, resisteth Poison, provokes Appetite, warms the Stomach, and helps digestion, easeth the pain of the Spleen, Sides, and Belly; and being used for some times, wasteth the Quartain Ague. The decoction of the seed in Wine is a good gargoyle to send up the  of the Mouth being fallen down; and a Plaster wherein store of the seed is mixed being applied, helpeth the Sciatica, and aches of the Joints, and dissolveth Tumours and Swell about the Throat: being also applied to the Shoulders, Sides, or Loins, which have any ache or pain, it helpeth them by drawing forth the cause by Blisters; it helps the salling of the hair, and being chewed in the mouth, is good against the . The seed being bruised and mixed with Honey or Wax, takes away Marks, black and blue spots of Bruises, Scabbedness, the Leprosy, and lousy Evil, and helps the Crick, or drawing awry of the Neck. The distilled water of the Herb when it is in flower is good to drink for the diseases aforesaid, to wash the Mouth when the  is down, and also to gargoyle the Throat; and likewise for Scabs and Itch, and to cleanse the face from Morphew, Spots, and Freckles. An Oil made of Mustard, by infusing four pounds of the seed (being beaten) in four pound of Oil for ten days together, and then straining it, is good for griefs of the Reins, Palsies, Gouts, Stitches and Swell. The seed ground with Vinegar, is a good sauce both with Fish and Flesh; it is good to clarify the Blood, and to stir up Appetite in weak Stomaches; but it is hurtful for choleric people. And to make it the more pleasing to the Stomach, take Mustard seed two ounces, Cinnamon half an ounce well beaten, and make it up into Balls or Cakes, with Honey and Vinegar, and dry them in the Sun, they will keep a long while, and may presently be made into a sauce by being relented with a little Vinegar.    


Nep, or Cat-mint. Nepeta.  
COmmon Garden Nep riseth up with four square stalks, Description. a Cubit high, or more, having a little hoariness upon them, being full of Branches, and beareth at every joint two broad leaves, like unto Balm, but longer pointed, softer, whiter, and more hoary, nicked about the edges, and of a strong sweet scent: The flowers grow in large tufts upon the tops of the Branches, and underneath them on the stalks, being many together, and of a whitish purple colour: The roots consist of many long strings or fibres, whereby it is strongly fastened in the ground, and the leaves abide green all the Winter.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Mentha Cattaria, but more commonly Nepeta; by which name the Apothecaries call it.  
Place and Time.] It is cherished in our Gardens, flowers in July and August, and the seed is ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Nep is hot and dry in the third degree, and is ascribed particularly to the influence of the Planet Venus. It is effectual for the rising of the Mother, Winde, and pains thereof, and warms and comforts the womb, and drieth up the overmuch moisture thereof, and brings it to a right temper, taking away the cold and moist cause of Barrenness; it also provokes the Terms, and is useful for pains of the head, proceeding from a cold cause, as Rheum and Cathars, and giddiness of the Head; it is good also for windiness of the Stomach and Belly, and is effectual to dissolve wind in cold Aches and Cramps; it is effectual for Coughs, Colds, and shortness of Breath: The juice thereof given in Mead or Wine, is a good remedy for inward Burstings and Bruises by means of Falls, or otherwise. A bathe made thereof for Women to sit in, or receive the Fumes, bringeth down their Courses, warmeth those parts, and helps Barrenness. The herb bruised and applied to the Fundament, easeth the pains of the Piles in two or three hours' space; and an ointment made up with the juice and applied, doth the same. The decoction in spring Water is good to wash the Head to take away the Scabs thereof, and may be effectual for other parts of the Body: the distilled water is useful for many of the aforesaid purposes.   

Nettles. Urtica.  
STinging Nettles are very well known, Description and Names. or may be by feeling as well as sight; so that a description may be forborn. It is called in LatineVrtica, ab urendo, because it raises Blisters like burning with sire.  
Place and Time] They are common associates to most hedges, under walls, amongst cubbish, and in untilled places you may find them plentifully: they flower and seed in the end of Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] This plant is armed by Mars, and is by temperature hot and dry in the third degree. A decoction of the roots and leaves of Nettles, or the juice thereof taken in an Electuary with Honey or Sugar, is a good medicine to open the obstructions of the Lungs, and a remedy against Wheesing, and shortness of Breath; it expectorates tough Phlegm, and evacuates an impostumated Pleurisy by spittle; it is a good gargoyle to help swell of the Throat, and the Almonds of the Throat, and swell in the Mouth: The leaves boiled in Wine and drunk, provokes women's Courses, helps suffocations, and other diseases of the Mother, and so it doth, being outwardly applied with a little Myrrh. The same also, or the seed taken, provokes Urine, and expels the Gravel or Stone out of the Reins and Bladder; it killeth worms in Children, easeth pains in the sides, and dissolves windiness of the Spleen, and in the Body; yet some do suppose it only effectual to provoke Venery. The juice of the leaves taken two or three days together, stayeth bleeding at Mouth. The seed taken in drink is a remedy against venomous bitings, and the biting of a mad Dog, and resists the poison of Hemlock, Henbane, and Nightshade, Mandrakes, and other stupifying Herbs; as also for the Lethargy, to rub it upon the Forehead and Temples, and upon the places bitten or stung by venomous Beasts, with a little Salt. The distilled water is effectual for the said purposes, (yet more weak) and likewise to wash Sores and Wounds, to cleanse the skin from the Morphew, Leprosy, and other deformities thereof. The seed or leaves bruised and put into the Nestrils, stayeth Bleeding thereof, and takes away the excrescense growing there called Pollipus. The juice of the leaves or the decoction of them, or the roots, is good to wash old rotten Sores, Fistula's, or Gangrenes, and corroding Scabs, Manginess, or Itch in any part of the Body, and is good also to wash green Wounds, or to apply the fresh bruised herb thereunto, though the flesh were separated from the bones. The same is good to refresh wearied members, and to comfort, dry, and strengthen such parts as have been out of joint, and are set again; and also for Aches and Gouts, and to easethe pains, and to dry and dissolve the defluxions of humours upon the Joints and Sinews. An ointment made of the juice, oil, and wax, is good to rub benumbed members to reduce them to their proper activity. A handful of green Nettle leaves, and another of Danewort, or walwort, bruised and applied to the Gout, Sciatica, or joint Aches, is a good help thereunto. The young tops of Nettles being used in pottage in the Spring, are good to consume phlegmatic superfluities in the Body, and clarify and warm the Blood: give Hens dry Nettles cut small amongst their meat in Winter, and it will make them lay Eggs the more plentifully.   

Nigella.  
GArden Nigella riseth about a foot high with weak and brittle stalks, Description. full of branches, with many leaves upon them finely cut and divided, something like Larks-heel, but of a more grassy green colour; it beareth flowers of a whitish blue colour, which grow on the tops of the branches, each flower being (starlike) divided into five parts, and each part consisting of many fine small leaves; after the flowers there come knops or heads, having at the end five or six little horns or points, and every head is divided into several cells or partitions, wherein is contained the seed, which is blackish, somewhat like Onion seed, but larger, of a sharp taste, and sweet strong favour: the root is small, fibrous and yellow, perishing every year.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The Latin Authors Melanthium, and Nigella. We in England call it Gith, and Nigella Romana; it is also called by some Fennel flower, Bishops-wort, St. Katherine's flower; and of some, Kiss me twice before I rise, and the Old Man's Beard.  
Place and Time.] That which is most common with us is sown in Gardens; and being sown in April, it will flower in July, and the seed be ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] The seeds of Nigella are hot and dry in the third degree, and of thin parts; I suppose under the influence of Jupiter: The seed drunk in Wine, helps shortness of Breath, expels wind, provokes Urine, and the Courses, kills worms, is good against Poisons, and the bitings of venomous Beasts; it likewise increases Milk in women's Breasts, if moderately taken; but otherwise it is hurtful to Nurses, and to all others that take it too often, or in two great quantity: The Common dose of the seed therefore is from half a dram to a dram. A dram thereof taken in wine or Posset drink before the sit, is effectual in Tertian and Quartain Agues. It is an excellent remedy in other distempers that need cleansing, heating, and drying, and opens obstructions being boiled in Vinegar and so taken: being applied to the Navel with juice of Wormwood, it kills Worms; being dried and quilted in Linen or Sarsenet, and applied to the Head, it cures Cathars and Rheums, drieth the Brain, and restores lost smelling; being mixed with Vinegar, and applied, it takes away Scurf, Freckles, and hard swell: the smoke of it drives away venomous creatures, and kills Flies, Wasps, and Bees. The seed mixed with Oil of Flower de Luce, and applied to the forehead, helps a cold Headache.   

Nightshade. Solanum.  
COmmon Nightshade hath an upright green hollow stalk, Description. about a foot high, and sometimes more, bushing forth into many branches, whereon grow many dark green leaves, somewhat broad, and pointed at the ends, soft and full of juice, somewhat like the leaves of Bazil, but larger, and a little unevenly dented about the edges; at the tops of the stalks and branches come forth four or five, and sometimes more white flowers, consisting of five small pointed leaves apiece, standing on a stalk together one by, or above another, with yellow pointels in the middle, composed of four or five yellow threads, set together, which afterwards turn into so many pendulous green berries of the bigness of a small pease, full of green juice, and small round whitish flat seeds lying within it; the root is white, and a little woody, when it hath given flower and fruit, with many small fibres at it: the whole plant is of a waterish insipid taste. The juice in the berries is somewhat viscous, like a thin mucilage, and of a cooling astringent quality.  
Names. In Latin it is called Solanum, and Solatrum, Wa Lupina, and Wa Vulpis, Cuculus and Morella; in English Morrel, Petty Morrel, Nightshade, and in some places Houndsberries: there is another sort called Dwall, or deadly Nightshade, being of a poisonous, and excessive cold quality, which beareth a berry black and shining like jet, and about the bigness of a black Cherry.  
Place and Time.] Common Nightshade groweth upon Dunghills, and amongst rubbish, under old Walls, and by the sides of Hedges and Fields, I have seen the Dwall, or Deadly Nightshade, growing in a Ditch by the High ways side near Alton in Hampshire, and near Croyden in Surrey, where it was about six foot high. They slower in Summer till the beginning of Autumn; and the fruit is ripe in August and September.  
Nature and Vertuer.] They are all cold and Saturnine Plants, but the Dwall as coal in the fourth degree.  
The berries of common Nightshade are good to provoke Urine, and expel the Stone, being moderately taken in white Wine, and cooleth hot Inslammations, being inwardly or outwardly taken, so not in too great a quantity, for than it procures the Frenzy; but a remedy against it is to drink good store of warm honeyed water. The juice easeth pains and Inflammations of the Ears, being dropped therein: and the juice clarified and mingled with Vinegar, is a good gargarism for the Mouth and Throat, being inflamed. The juice of the herb or Berries incorporated in a leaden Mortar with Oil of Roses, Vinegar, and Ceruse, is good to anoint the Eyes for all hot Inflammations. The juice made up with Hen-dung and applied, is good for the Shingles, Ringworms, Corroding Ulcers, and moist Fistula's. A Pessary dipped in the Juice, and put up into the Matrix, stayeth the immoderate flowing of the Courses. A cloth wet therein, and applied to the Testicles or Cod, giveth much ease in any hot swelling there, and easeth the Gout, coming of hot and sharp humours. The Dwall or deadly Nightshade is by no means to be taken inwardly; yet if the Temples and Forehead be a little bathed with the juice of the leaves and a little Vinegar, it procures sleep, which is hindered by hot causes, and eases pains of the Head proceeding of heat. The bruised leaves or juice may be applied to St. Anthony's fire, the Shingles, and such hot Inflammations and fiery Cankers, to cool them, and stay the spreading thereof. The distilled water of the common Nightshade is safest to be given inwardly, but they are both dangerous, and the Dwall deadly.   

The Nutmeg Tree. Nux Moschata.  
THis odoriferous tree groweth in the East-Indies, the fruit is called in Latin Nux Moschata, and the Mace that grows also upon this Tree is called in Latin Macis.  
Nature and Virtues.] Nutmegs are hot and dry in the second degree, and somewhat binding: Mace is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third. Nutmegs do heat and strengthen a cold and weak Stomach, resist Vomiting, and takes away the Hiccough; it helps pain and Wind in the Belly, and stops of the Liver and Milt, and stopeth the Lask, being taken in red Wine; it is profitable for the Mother, Kidneys, and Bladder, helps pissing by drops, and other cold griefs in men and Women: the powder thereof with oil of Mints, is good against the coldness of the Head, and dulness of Memory, the Forehead, and Temples being anointed therewith; it is good in Cordials, and Receipts, to help coldness of the Liver, stopping of the Milt, the Dropsy, Vomiting, Headache, Swell, bloody Fluxes; it helps trembling of the Heart, and comforts the Veins and Muscles in cold people, and helps to expel Gravel from the Reins and Bladder, being first steeped in Oil of Sweet Almonds. The Oil of Nutmegs doth likewise comfort a cold Stomach.  
Mace is somewhat of the same nature with the Nutmeg, it stops the Lask, bloody Flux, and women's Courses, and helps trembling of the Heart. The oil of Mace cures wamblings of the Stomach, and a desire to Vomit, the Stomach being anointed therewith. The powder of a pomegranate, large Mace, long Pepper and Sugar, being drunk with Posset Ale, Malmsey, or Broth sodden together, is a good remedy for the Black jaundice. Mace being used in Meats, causeth lean people to grow fat, warmeth those that are cold in their Venereous acts, and so do Nutmegs, and are good to be taken in Broths or Milk; it is good also against Fluxes, spitting of Blood, Vomit, and the Colic.  
☞ See more of this in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by: by P. Morelius.  
☞ See further in The Art of Simpling: written by W. Celes.    


Of the Oak. Quercus.  
THis stately Tree is very well known; it is called in Latin Quercus, and Robur, the Acorn Glans: the Cup Calix, and Cupula Glandis.  
Place and Time.] Our Land did once so flourish with these lusty Trees, that it was called Druina by some; but of late many of them are destroyed: The Catkins come forth about April, the Acorns are not ripe till October.  
Nature and Virtues.] The leaves and bark of the Oak and Acorn Cups do bind and dry very much, and are somewhat cold; but the Acorns are not so cold nor binding. The Acorns provoke Urine, and help to break the Stone in the Bladder: the decoction of them and the Bark taken in milk, helps exulcerations of the Bladder, and pissing of Blood caused by poisonous Herbs, corroding Medicines, and Cantharideses. The powder of Acorns drunk in wine, is good to help Stitches and pains in the Sides, especially if it be mixed with the powder of Bay-berries. The inner Bark of the Tree, and the thin skin that covereth the Acorn, do stay the spitting of Blood, and the Bloody Flux. The decoction of the Bark, and powder of the Cups stayeth Vomitings, spitting of Blood, bleeding at Mouth, Lasks, the involuntary Flux of natural seed, and all other Fluxes in man or woman. The fume of the leaves helps strangling of the Mother; and the bruised leaves solder up Wounds, and keeps them from inflammations. The distilled water of the Buds is likewise good to stay all Fluxes, to cool the body in pestilential, and burning Fevers, and to resist the infection, and also to cool the Kidneys, and heat of the Liver, and assuage all inflammations both inwardly and outwardly. The water in old hollow Oaks is good against the Itch and spreading Scabs.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Coles.   

Oats. Avena.  
THis Grain is well known, Avena is the Latin name; they are plentiful in most places of England: they are sown in the Spring, and mown in Autumn, or before.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are somewhat cold and drying, and are more used for food both for Man and Beast then for Physic; yet being quilted in a Bag with Bay-salt, and made hot in a frying pan, and applied hot as it can be endured, easeth pains and stitches in the sides, and the Colic in the Belly. A pultis made of the meal of Oats and Oil of Bays, helpeth the Itch and Leprosy, Fistula's of the Fundament, and dissolveth hard Imposthumes. The meal of Oats boiled in Vinegar and applied, takes away Spots and Freckles in the Face, or other parts of the Body. Oatmeal is good in Broth, or Milk, to bind those that have a Lask, or other Flux, and with Sugar it is good for them that have a Cough or Cold. Raw Oat meal is unwholesome diet, especially for young Maids; yet they are most apt to eat it, for want of something else which were better for them.   

Olive Tree. Olea Sativa.  
THis Outlandish Tree I intent not to describe, but only the Virtues of the fruit; the manured Olive Tree is called in Latin Olea Sativa, and the wild Olive Tree, Oleaster, and the fruit Oliva.  
Nature and Verturs.] Ripe Olives be temperately hot and moist; the unripe me dry and binding, and so is their Oil: the green leaves are cooling and binding. The oil of the ripe Olive usually called Salad Oil, is the most excellent of all simple Oils; it is very good to ease the Guts of the Colic and iliack pashms which way soever used, either eaten with bread like butter, drunk in while Wine, or for those that love not to eat it, give it in a Glister with Wine; it is effectual against all poisons, and therefore a remedy for them that have eaten Ratsbane, or other poison, preserving the Stomach and Guts from the violence of it; it is excellent good in Salads and other Sauces with Vinegar; it is a principal ingredient in Salves for curing Wounds and Scars. The Oil of unripe Olives called Omphacinum being fresh, is grateful to the Stomach, strengthens the Gums, and fastens the Teeth, and is good for those that are much troubled with sweeting. Picked Olives are a good sauce to strengthen the Stomach, and stir up appetite; and being eaten with Vinegar, they loosen the Belly; being burned and beaten to powder, they fasten lose Teeth, help lose Gums, and cleanseth foul Ulcers; The oil is an excellent remedy for any burning or scalding; a piece of Lawn being first sowed about the part, and Oil and Snow water laid thereon.   

One Berry, Herb Paris, or True Love. Herba Paris.  
ONe Berry, Description. or Herb Paris, shooteth forth stalks with leaves, some whereof carry no Berries, and others do, every stalk being smooth without Joints, of a blackish green colour, about half a foot high, bearing at the top four leaves, set directly one against another, like a True Lovers Knot, and are somewhat like a Nightshade leaf, but broader; in the middle thereof riseth a small slender stalk, about an inch long, bearing at the top one flower like a Star, consisting of four small and narrow long pointed leaves, of a yellowish green colour, and having four other lesser leaves lying between them; in the middle whereof standeth a round dark purplish button, compassed about with eight small yellow mealy heads, when the leaves are withered, the berry in the middle becometh of a black purplish colour, and full of juice, of the bigness of a Grape, of no hot, nor evil, nor yet any sweetish taste, having within it many white seeds; the root is small, and creepeth under the upper crust of the earth, somewhat like a Couch-grass root, but not so white, and is of an unpleasant loathsome taste.  
Names.] It is by some called in Latin Herbae Paris, and Aconitum Pardalianches, andwa Versa, Wa Lupina, and Solanum Tetraphyllum.  
Places and Time.] It groweth in Woods and Copses in Kent, and divers other places; it springs up in April and May, and flowers soon after: the berries be ripe by the beginning of June.  
Nature and Virtues.] Herb One Berry is an exceeding cold Saturnine Plant; wherefore the leaves by their mighty cooling quality do discuss Tumours, and Swell of the privy Parts, Cod, and Groin, which proceed from heat, and allay all other Inflammations, and are good to cure green Wounds, and cleanse and heal up old filthy Sores and Ulcers: the leaves or the juice applied to Felons, or white flaws on the nails of the Hands or Toes, healeth them in a short space. The leaves and Berries are good to expel Poisons, especially that of Aconites; as also the Plague and other Pestilential Diseases. Mathiolus and others say, that a dram of the seeds or berries hereof taken every day in powder for twenty days together, hath helped those that have lain long in a lingering Sickness, and others that by Witchcraft have been half foolish, wanting their wits and senses: the leaves in powder have the like operation, but weaker. The berries are thought to procure sleep, being taken at night in drink. The roots made into powder and taken in Wine easeth the pains of the Colic in a short space. The Chemical oil of the black berries, is said to be effectual for all diseases of the eyes, so that it is called by some Anima oculorum; it hath been supposed to be poisonous, but Pena and Lobel making experiment upon two dogs, found it was not dangerous, but effectual to expel the deadly operation of Sublimatum and Arsenic.  
Orchis, vide Satyrion.   

Onions. Cepa.  
THey need no description.  
Names.] Cepa, and Cepe are the Latin names for an Onion.  
Place and Time.] They are inhabitants in our Gardens, and prosper best in that ground that is well dunged: they are sown about February: They which are for seed must be set about that time; yet the seed seldom comes to any great perfection in our Country.  
Nature and Virtues.] Onions are hot and dry in the fourth degree, and are particularly ascribed to the dominion of Mars: an onion being sticed and steeped all night in white Wine, and the Wine drunk in the morning, and the party walking an hour after, it is good for the Stone, and to provoke Urine and women's Courses; being mixed with a little Honey and Rue, they are good to help the biting of a mad Dog, and other venomous Creatures, and are used to provoke Appetite, and ease pains of the Belly; being roasted under the Embers and eaten with Honey, Sugar, and Oil, they help an old Cough. Water wherein sliced Onions have been steeped all night, kills the Worms in Children. Onions being sliced and dipped in the juice of Sorrel, and given to those that have the Tertian Ague, helpeth them in once or twice taking. The seed stirreth up lust, and increaseth natural seed. A great Onion made hollow, and the place filled up with good Treacle, and well roasted under the Embers, and then the outermost skin pulled off, and then beaten together and applied to a Plague Sore or putrid Ulcer, is a sovereign remedy; the juice snussed up into the Nostrils purgeth the Head, and helps the Leprosy, and is good for scalding or burning: and being used with Vinegar, it takes away spots and blemishes in the skin, and dropped into the ears, it easeth the pains and noise in them. The juice mixed with the decoction of Penniroyal, and a cloth wet therein and applied, easeth the Gout. The juice mixed with Honey causeth Hair to grow, a bald Head being anointed therewith. They help kibed Heels, being reasted and applied with Butter or Hog's Grease; being applied with Figs, it helps to ripen Imposihumes; and stamped with Vinegar and applied, they provoke the Hemorrhoides and Piles: they are hurtful to Choleric bodies; and immoderately eaten, especially raw, they breed ill humours in the Stomach, offend the Blood, increase thirst, dull the Sight and Memory, and cause the Headache.   

Orange Tree. Aurantia.  
I Shall not describe this fragrant Tree, it being Outlandish, yet may be seen in some English Gardens, though it seldom comes to any perfection here.  
Names.] They have been called Aurea mala Hesperidum, and by divers Aurantia; by Dodonaeus, Anarantium, and by Lobel, Malum Aureum: The flowers are called Napha; and the Ointment made thereofVnguentum ex Naphâ.  
Nature and Virtues.] Oranges are not wholly of one temperature; the rind is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; and the juice is cold in the second degree and dry in the first, and the sweeter are more hot than the sour ones. The peel is very good to warm a cold Stomach, to break Wind, and avoid cold Phlegm from thence; and being condited or preserved, they mend a stinking Breath, help digestion, and strengthen the Heart and Spirits. The juice and inner substance is good against Corruptions of the Air, the Plague, and other hot Fevers, and is grateful to the Heart and Mouth of the Stomach, and Strengthens the same; it helps also wambling of the G●●mach, heaviness and trembling of the Heart, restraws Vomiting, and loathing of meat, and quencheth Thirst: the seeds resist poison and are good to kill and expel Worms: the yntment made of the flowers, is good for a Cough, and to expectorate raw Phlegm, the Stomach being anointed with it. The distilled water of the same flowers is good for perfumes, being very odoriferous; it is good also to drink against contagious diseases, and helpeth cold infirmities of the Mother.   

Orpine. Telephium.  
COmmon Orpine springeth up with divers round brittle stalks, Description. thick set with fat and fleshly leaves, without any order, and little or nothing dented, of a pale green colour: the flowers are white, or whitish, growing in tufts; after which come small chaffy husks with seed, like dust in them: the roots consist of divers thick, round, white, tuberous clogs, not growing so big in some places as in others, where it likes the ground better.  
Names.] The Latins call it Telephium, and Sempervivum sylvestre; it is called also by divers other names amongst Authors, too tedious to rehearse; and in English Orpine, and Live long.  
Place and Time.] It is generally cherished in Gardens, but groweth almost in every County of this Land, in shadowy sides of Fields and Woods: they slower in July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Dioscorides and Galen say the true Telephium is hot, and of a drying cleansing quality; but that with us is cooling as Purslain, and ascribed to the Moon by Culpepper. The leaves of Orpine bruised and applied to the Throat, cureth the Quinzy, which is an inflammation of the Throat and Gullet, hindering breathing and swallowing: it is seldom used inwardly with us, yet Mr. Culpepper brags much of a sycrup of it for the Quinzy, though not of experience. But Tragus saith, that in Germany the distilled water is used for excoriations and knawing of the Bowels, and for Ulcers in the Lungs and Liver, or other inward parts; as also in the Matrix, and stayeth sharpness of humours in the bloody Flux, and other Fluxes of the Belly, or in Wounds. The root performeth the same effect: It is used outwardly to cool Inflammations of Wounds, and heal them, and to heal scaldings and burn, the juice beaten with Salad Oil, and the place anointed therewith: the leaf bruised and laid to a green Wound in the Hands or Legs healeth it. The root helps Burstness and Ruptures.  
☞ See more of this in The Art of Simpling: by W. Coles.   

One Blade. Unifolium.  
THis plant springeth up with one leaf, Description. somewhat like the greatest leaf of Ivy, but ribbed like the Plantain leaf; this leaf doth always spring singly out of the earth alone; but when the stalk riseth up afterwards, it hath two leaves upon his sides like the former: at the top of the slender stalk cometh fine small white flowers, after which succeed many small red Berries. The root is small and tender, creeping far under the upper crust of the ground.  
Names.] It's called Monophyllon, which word is borrowed of the Greeks; and in Latin Vnifolium; in English One Blade, or One Leaf.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in Woods, Pastures, and shadowy places, but is not very common to be found: it flowers in May, and the fruit is ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] One Blade is of a hot and dry temperature, and is a singular Wound Herb, especially in Wounds amongst the Nerves and Sinews; half a dram of the root given in Wine, and the Patient Sweeting upon it, is effectual against Poisons and Pestilential Diseases: and the decoction of the Herb with Comphrey is good against Ulcers of the Kidneys and Entrails.   

Orris, or Flower de Luce. Iris alba.  
ORris, Description. or the Common Flower de Luce hath long large flaggy leaves, like a two-edged Sword; amongst which spring up smooth and plain stalks, half a yard long, or longer, bearing flowers towards the top, composed of six leaves joined together; whereof three that stand upright are bend inward one towards another, and in those leaves that hang downwards, there are rough and hairy welts, rising from the nether part of the leaf upward, almost of a yellow colour: The roots are long, thick, and knobby, with many hairy threads thereat; but being dry, it is without them and white.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Iris, and Radix Marica; in English Flower de Luce, and Orris.  
Place and Time.] They grow naturally in France, Italy, and those countries', and are nourished in Gardens with us: they flower about May and June, and the seed is ripe in the end of August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The green roots of Flower de Luce are hot almost in the sourth degree, but when it is dry is hot only in the third: the juice of the root extracted and clarified, and snuffed up into the Nostrils, purgeth the head by sneezing, and easeth pain of the head, and procureth rest, being applied with Rose Cake and Vinegar, and cleanseth spots in the Eyes: an Oil made of the roots, called Oleum Irinum, comforteth cold Joints and Sinews, easeth the Gout and Sciatica, mollifieth and consumeth scrofulous Tumours, and helpeth the Cramp and Convulsions, and cold Rheums distilling from the Head, and makes thin tough and cold Phlegm, that it may be the easier spit out, the Breast being anointed with it; it easeth the Piles, helps pain and noise in the Ears, and stench of the Nostrils: the root green, or in powder, cleanseth and incarnates Wounds, and heals up Fistula's and Cankers: half an ounce of the root in powder, Cinnamon and Dill, of each two drams, and a scruple of Saffron mixed together, and laid on a Scarlet Cloth, moistened 〈◊〉 White Wine, and applied to the Cod, helpeth pains and p●●bings of them. The green roots bruised and applied, helps the Morphew, Spots, and other discolourings of the skin. The mouth being gargled with a decoction of the roots, it easeth the , and mends a stinking breath; being mixed with honey and drunk it purgeth gross phlegm and choler from the Stomach, and helps the Jaundice and Dropsy by evacuating those humours upwards and downwards; it helps also shake of Agues, diseases of the Liver, Spleen, and the Stone in the Reins; it is good against Worms, and easeth pains in the Belly and Sides, Convulsions, and Cramps, and helps the involuntary passing away of the natural seed; being boiled in Vinegar and drunk, it helps the bitings of venomous Beasts; and boiled in Wine and Drunk, it provokes Urine, and easeth the Colic: and Electuary made hereof, is good for Astmah's, Coughs, and cold diseases of the Lungs. If it be given in too great a dose, or to weak persons, it offendeth the Stomach, and causeth blood to be avoided. Let women with Child not meddle with it, for it bringeth down their Courses: and a pessary made of the juice with Honey, bringeth away the Birth. In gripe of the Bowels give it with Mastic, in the joint Gout with Castor, in diseases of the Liver with Rhabarb and juice of Egrimony; in the Dropsy with honey of Roses.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: written by Will, Coles.  
☞ See further in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Garden or Common Flower de Luce. Iris vulgaris.  
Description.  
IT hath long flaggy leaves, having two edges like a sword, amongst which spring up smooth plain stalks, about two foot long, bearing blue flowers towards the top, consisting of six leaves joined together, three whereof stand upright, and are bend inwards one towards another, the other three hang downwards, and have rough hairy welts rising from the nether part of the leaf upward, almost of a yellow colour, the Roots be thick, long, and knobby, having many hairy threads hanging to them.  
Names.] The Greek name is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Iris and Radix Marica, because of its faculty to cure the Piles: It is likewise called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quasi sacra; whereupon it hath been also called consecratrix, the Ancients having accounted it holy.  
Place and Time.] This Flower de Luce groweth commonly in our Country Gardens, the flowers being used for an ornament in houses; they flower in May and June, and sometimes in April.  
Nature and Virtues.] The green Roots of the Flower de Luce are hot almost in the fourth degree, the dried Roots hot and dry in the third degree, burning the mouth and throat of such as taste them; the root stamped with Rosewater, and applied to the face plasterwise, takes away the blackness or blewness of any stroke or bruise, yet it is apt to cause heat and inflammation in a tender skin, unless prevented by laying a piece of Silk or fine Lawn between the plaster and the skin; the juice of the Root vehemently draweth forth phlegm and watery humours, and is a special Purger for the Dropsy, being drunk in Whey, or some such convenient liquor to allay the heat of it: The dry roots attenuate or make thin, clammy, thick, and tough humours; so that they are good in a lohoch, or licking medicine, for shortness of breath, the Cough and infirmities of the Chest; they remedy evil Spleens, Convulsions, Cramps, and bitings of Serpents, and running of the Reins, (as saith Dioscorides) being drunk with vinegar; and the decoction in wine being drunk, provokes Urine, helps the Colic, and brings down the Courses: The decoction used in baths for women softeneth the Matrix; the roots being boiled soft, and laid to plasterwise, mollifieth hard knobs and swell of the Kings-Evil; and the juice of the root, or the root bruised applied to the Piles or Hemorrhoides easeth them much; the other Virtues which Culpeper hath promiscuously misapplyed to this, you may read in Orris, or White Flower de Luce in its proper place; observe well the temperature of this common Flower de Luce, and be careful how you use it; do not ask advice of the Moon, as Culpeper directs you, lest your Cure prove lunatic.   

Water Flag, or yellow Flower de Luce. Iris palustris Lutea.  
THe Flag, Description. or Water Flower de Luce, is like the Garden in roots, leaves, and stalks; but both leaves and stalks grow much higher; the leaves are a lighter green colour, and have sharp edges like a two-edged sword, the flower is perfect yellow, the root knobby like the other, but being cut, it looks like raw flesh.  
Names.] The Flag is called in Latin Iris palustris jutea, Pseudoatorus and Acorus palustris, in English Water Flower de Luce, and Bastard Flower de Luce, and Flags.  
Place and Time.] They grow plenifully by Rivers sides, and about Ponds, Pools, and standing Lakes, and flower in May and June.  
Gerhard saith, the Roots of Flags are cold and dry in the third degree; and Dedoneus affirms them to be cold and dry in the second degree; but by their taste they appear to be hot, if they be chewed in the mouth, they will so warm the tongue of whosoever tastes them, that he will pronounce them to be hot and dry, and that at least in the second degree; they are astringent, and do bind, strengthen, and condense, and therefore is good in Fluxes of Blood, whether at mouth, nose, or other parts, and to stop Lasks, and the immoderate flowing of women's Courses; the distilled Water of the Herb and flowers is good to wash and cleanse foul Ulcers in the privy parts of man or woman, Cancers, Inflammation of women's breasts, and that spreading Ulcer called Noli me tangere; for which outward purposes an Ointment made of the flowers is effectual    


Parsley. Apium hortense.  
It needs no description,  
Names.] It is called Apium hortense in Latin.  
Place and Time.] It grows only in Gardens in our Land, it perfects its seed in August the second year after it is sown.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Mercurial herb, and is hot and dry in the second degree; the seed is hot in the second degree, and dry almost in the third; its root is temperately hot; Parsley is excellent to provoke Urine, to break the Stone, and ease the pains thereof; it provokes the Terms, and is comfortable to the stomach, breaking wind both there and in the belly; the roots open obstructions, and provokes urine mightily, and may be boiled and eaten like Parsnips for the purposes aforesaid; for which the seed decocted in wine is very effectual; it is profitable for the Yellow Jaundice, Falling Sickness, and Dropsy: the root is one of the five opening roots, and is used amongst other herbs and roots that move the belly downwards; the seeds are effectual against venom and poison, and for them that have taken lethargy: it is also used amongst other things for the Cough, and being boiled in white wine and drunk, it brings away the Birth and Afterbirth. The leaves of Parsley eaten after Onions or Garlic, takes away their offensive smell, and suppresseth the Vapours that offend the head or eyes: the leaves laid to inflamed or swollen eyes with bread or meal, doth much help them, and it abates the hardness of women's breasts caused by the curdling of their milk; it takes away black and blue spots and marks which come by blows, bruises, and falls, if it be fried with butter, and applied thereunto: the juice mixed with a little wine, and dropped into the ears, easeth pains thereof; the distilled water is good to give Children for the frets, wind, or gripe in their bellies or stomaches.   

Parsley-pert, or Break-stone. Calculum frangens.  
THis rises up with many leaves spread upon the ground, Description. standing upon a small long foot-stalk, about the bigness of a man's nail, much dented in the edges, much like Parsley, but of a dusky green colour, the stalks are weak and slender two or three singers long, set full of leaves to the top, so that the stalk cannot be seen, amongst which come forth greenish yellow flowers, so small, they can hardly be seen, and the seed is very small, the root is small and threddy, yet abideth many years.  
Names.] Lobel gave it the name of Percepier Anglorum, and it is called Calculum frangens in Latin, in English, Break-stone.  
Place and Time.] Parsley-pert delights in sandy and fallowed Ground, and also amongst Corn; it groweth commonly in most Countries of this Nation, it is found from April to the end of October.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is cold and dry about the second degree, I suppose under the influence of Venus; it is singular to provoke Urine, and expel gravel and the Stone in the Reins and Kidneys, washing it down by Urine, and expelling it out of the Bladder, either to drink the decoction of the said herb in Wine or water, or the juice in white Wine, taken morning and evening, or a dram of the dried herb in powder drunk in white Wine or other drink first and last divers days together: it will make a good Salad herb for the said purposes, being pickled up like Sampire, and eaten as a sauce in Winter when the green herb cannot be had.   

Parsnip. Pastinaca.  
I Think this needs no description, Pastinaca is their Latin appellation; they are common amongst Gardeners, and is a good root to be eaten buttered by itself, or amongst salt Fish; their particular virtues you may read before in Carrots, there being little difference but only in colour.   

Cow Parsnip. Spondylium.  
THis plant is known by the name of wild Parsnip, Description. it answering thereunto both in his rank savour, and in the likeness of the root: the leaves hereof are long and large, deeply notched, or cut about the edges, like the teeth of a Saw, of an overworn green colour, having long hairy foot stalks: the flowers grow in tufts like the wild Parsnips, in white, and sometimes reddish Umbels: the root is long and white like to the Henbane root. The whole plant hath an ill-favoured smell.  
Names.] It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin also Spondylium; in English Cow Parsnip, Meadow Parsnip, and Madnep.  
Place and Time.] Cow Parsnip grows commonly in moist fertile Meadows and Pastures, and flowreth in June and July, the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is manifestly hot of temperature, and of a cutting faculty: the leaves hereof being, bruised and applied doth consume and dissolve cold swell: the Oil wherein the leaves and roots hereof have been bottled, is good to anoint the Heads of such as are troubled with the Lethargy, Forgetfulness, or the Headache, and much helpeth phrenctick or Melancholy persons, their Heads being anointed with it. The seed of Cow-Parsnip being drunk in convenient liquor, purgeth Phlegm out through the Guts, helps short windedness, the strangling of the Mother, Jaundice, and falling Sickness; and the sum of the seed will revive such as are fallen into a swoon, or deep sleep, and helps women's passions of the Mother, the smoke being received underneath: The juice of the flowers dropped into the ears, cleanseth and healeth them of filthy matter, and stayeth the running thereof.   

The Peach Tree. Nux Persica.  
THis Tree is nourished only in Gardens, so that a description is needless.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Nux Persica; I suppose the reason because they came originally from Persia.  
Nature and Vertu●s.] The fruit is cold in the first degree, and most in the second; the Kernels be hot and dry: it is a tree ascribed to Venus. Pouches moderately eaten (as all fruit ought to be) are good for hot constitutions, to cool the Stomach, and to sea the Belly: according to Galen, the best time of eating them is before meals, for than they mollify the Belly, provoke appetite, and qualify choler in the Stomach.  
The Kernels of the Stones are profitable amongst other ingredients to break the Stone, and do ease pains and gripe of the Belly, caused through windiness and sharp humours: an oil drawn from them and put into Glisters doth the like. A milk or cream of the said Kernels being drawn forth with some Vervain water, and applied to the Forehead and Temples, doth procure rest to sick persons; and so doth the said oil, the places aforesaid being anointed with it: the same Oil, or the juice of the leaves dropped into the Ears, easeth pains of them; and being bruised and boiled in Vinegar till they be thick, and applied to a bald Head, it causes hair to grow. The leaves boiled in Ale, or Milk, and drunk, loosens the Belly, and killeth worms; and so they do being bruised, and laid on the Belly; and being dried they discuss humours. The powder whereof strewed upon fresh bleeding Wounds, stayeth the bleeding, and closeth them up: The flowers infused all night in Wine in a warm place, and strained in the morning, and drunk gently, moves the Belly; or you may make a syrup of them, by infusing fresh flowers in the liquor six or seven times still straining it, and then boil it to a syrup with a convenient quantity of Sugar, and take two spoonfuls thereof, and it will purge waterish humours without trouble to the Stomach, or lower parts of the body. A conserve made of the said flowers provokes Vomiting, and wasteth hydropic humours. The liquor that droppeth from the Tree, being wounded, is given in the decoction of Colts-foot for the Cough and shortness of Breath, by adding thereto some sweet Wine and Saffron; and it is good for Hoarseness, and all diseases of the Lungs, and for them that vomit or spit blood; two drams thereof taken in the juice of Lemons or Radish, is good for the Stone.   

The Pear Tree. Pyrus.  
THere are divers sorts of them, but all so well known, they need no description.  
Names.] The Latin name is Pyrus, and the wild Pear Pyraster; the Warden Volema.  
Nature and Virtues.] Culpepper ascribes all Pears and Apples to Venus, but he might allow Jupiter some of them: they are said to be cold and moist in the first degree, having an earthy substance, and binding quality; but the sweet Pears do move the Belly, the harsh and sour bind as much: the Warden is most commendable, and may be given to those that are sick, being first baked, stewed, or roasted. Pears being boiled and taken with a little Honey, helps the pains and oppression of the Stomach. Pears outwardly applied are good for hot Tumours, and close and heal new Wounds, and so do the leaves; for which the wild Pear is most effectual.  
Perry is a cordial drink reviving the Spirits, comforting the Heart, and is a healthy drink.   

Pease. Pisum.  
THey are very well known, and are called in Latin Pisum; in English Pease, and Peason.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are of a mean temperature, less flatuous than Beans, yet pass not so soon through the body; they help the generative and procreative faculty very much; they increase the seed and bodily lust, and also milk in women's breasts: The dried pease sodden in water, and a lie made therewith, helps spreading sores of the head, spots of the face, and other discolourings of the skin. The broth wherein they have been boiled is good to take purgations in, to cleanse the Stomach of cold and moist humours. The pottage is good for the Strangury, and to take with Sena morning and evening for the Ague, and Rhabarb for the Jaundice. The powder of them stops bleeding at the Nose. The red Ciches have a cleansing faculty, they provoke Urine, and break the Stone.   

Pellitory of Spain.  
THis beareth long leaves, Description. finely cut upon the stalks lying upon the ground, larger than the leaves of Camomile; at the top it bears one large flower at a place, white on the upper side and reddish underneath, having a yellow thrum in the middle: The root runs down right into the ground.  
There is another kind which riseth up with divers brittle stalks, a yard high and more, having narrow long leaves, finely dented about the edges, standing one above another to the top, and hath many white flowers which stand in tufts like those of Yarrow, with a small yellowish thrum in the middle, which yields a small seed: the root is of a sharp biting taste.  
Places and Time.] The first groweth only in Gardens, the latter by hedges sides and paths in many places: it flowers in the latter end of June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and moist, particularly ruled by Mercury, so that it is a purger of the Brain: the herb or the root chewed in the mouth, draweth away phlegmatic humours, and easeth pains of the Teeth, and hinders distillations of the brain, upon the Eyes and Lungs, and by that means prevents Coughs, Prisicks, and Consumptions, the Apoplexy and Falling Sickness, and is good for the Lethargy: The herb made into an Ointment with Hog's Grease takes away black and blue spots caused by blows or falls. It is said an ounce of the juice taken in a draught of Muscadel, an hour before the fit, will drive away an Ague at the second or third time taking at furthest.   

Pellitory of the Wall. Herba muralis.  
COmmon Pellitory of the Wall hath many brownish red tender stalks, Description. rising not above a foot high at most; upon which grow at the several joints two leaves, of a dark green colour, afterwards turning brownish, smooth on the edges, and rough or hairy like the stalks at the joints with the leaves; from the middle of the stalks upwards come many small pale purplish flowers in hairy heads or husks; after which come small, black, rough seed, which will stick to any Garment, or cloth: the root is somewhat long, with many fibres, of a dark reddish colour, which abideth all Winter, though the stalks and leaves perish, springing fresh every year,  
Names.] It is commonly called Parietaria, and of some Herba muralis.  
Place and Time.] It grows upon old stone Walls, as upon the Walls of Rochester Castle in Kent, and amongst rubbish, and such like places; flowers in June and July, and the seed is ripe soon after.  
Nature and Virtues.] Pellitory of the Wall is reputed to be cold and moist, yet it is thought to be hot, because it is effectual against Wind, and the Stone; it is also ascribed to Mercury. The decoction of the herb taken with a little honey, is a good Gargoyle for a sore Throat; and being drunk without Honey, it easeth pains of the Mother, provokes the Terms, and helps obstructions of the Liver, Spleen, and Reins: three ounces of the juice taken at a time, helps stopping of Urine, and expels the Stone and Gravel out of the Reins and Kidneys, and is good in Glisters to ease pains of the Sides and Back proceeding of Wind. The juice held in the mouth easeth the . The powder of the dried herb made into an Electuary with Honey, or the juice or decoction taken with Sugar or Honey, is good for an old dry Cough, shortness of Breath and Wheesing. The bruised herb being sprinkled with some Muscadine, and warmed upon a Tile, or a Chasing-dish of Coals, and applied to the Belly, works the same effect. The leaves mixed with Oil of sweet Almonds, is good for the Stone, Winde, or gripe, being laid to the pained parts; the juice dropped into the ears, ceaseth the noise, and easeth the pains thereof: The juice applied with a little salt doth cleanse and heal Fistula's: the bruised herb bound to a green wound healeth it in two or three days: A Pultis made hereof with Mallows boiled in wine, with wheat-bran, bean-flower, and some oil, and applied warm to any bruised Sinew, Tendon, or Muscle, it restores them to their strength in a short space, and caseth pains of bruises, and dissolves congealed blood of beat or falls: The juice or the distilled Water is useful for many of the aforesaid purposes, and also to cleanse the skin from spots and freckles, weals, sun-burn, and morphew; and doth assuage hot Imposthumes, burn, scaldings, or inflammations, as St. Anthony's fire, being often bathed with wet  dipped therein; or the juice made into an ointment with Ceruse and Oil of Roses, and anointed therewith, which also doth cleanse soul Ulcers, and running Scabs in children's heads, and helpeth to stay the falling off of the hair from the head.   

Pennyroyal. Pulegium Regale.  
THis is so well known to be a very wholesome herb, that it needs no other report but only of its Virtues.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Pulegium Regale; in English Pudding-grass, (because it is used in Hogs-puddings) Pulial-Royal, and of some Organy.  
Place and Time.] It grows upon Commons and other moist watery places, and is also cherished in Gardens, and flowers about August or later.  
Nature and Virtues.] Penniroyal is hot and dry in the third degree, as Galen saith, of subtle parts, making thin, warming and digesting, and governed by Venus: A decoction of it in beer or wine provokes the Courses, and being boiled in wine it will expel a dead Child, and the afterbirth: It stayeth vomiting, and helps gnawing of the stomach, being taken with water and vinegar; the decoction is good in the Falling sickness, Dropsy, Jaundice, stopping of Urine, and the Leprosy; being mixed with honey and salt it clears the breast, opens the Lungs, helps Cramps, and purges melancholy humours by stool; and being drunk in wine it helps such as are stung by venomous beasts: being beaten with mint and some vinegar added to it, it is profitable against fainting and swooning, being smelled to, or held in the mouth, and so it is good for the Lethargy and Falling-sickness. The powder of the Herb, or the ashes of it strengthens the gums; and being boiled in wine with honey and salt, helps the toothache: It also easeth the Gout, and profits those that are spleenatick or livergrown, being applied with some salt: A bathe made of it for women to sit in, helps hardness of the Mother, and so it helpeth the Itch: The green herb bruised with vinegar, takes away black and blue marks about the eyes, or other places, and discolourings in the face, and cleanseth and healeth foul Ulcers; it helps cold griefs in the joints, being fast bound to the place after a bathing: The distilled Water is effectual for many of the same purposes.   

Peony. Pionia.  
OF this Plant there are generally accounted these two kinds, the male and the female, which are both so well known, that they need not a particular description, only this, the male is that which is called a single Peony, bearing a single flower; and the female the double Peony, which hath a very thick flower.  
Names.] Pionia is the common Latin name for it, yet it's called by some Lunaria, because of its efficacy in curing the Falling-sickness and Lunacy.  
Place and Time.] They grow only in Gardens, and flower in May, and the seed is ripe in July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is temperately hot and dry, the root doth gently bind, it is a Solar Herb: The heads, roots, and seeds, but especially the roots are very effectual for the Falling-sickness; being taken up and hung fresh about children's necks, it cures them; the root infused in Sack twenty four hours, and strained, and a good draught drunk first and last several days before and after the full of the Moon, the body being first well prepared, and Betony Posset being used, it effectually helps the Falling-sickness both in children and elder people: The powder of the male Peony root drunk in wine or posset drink, will do the same: and so doth an extraction made of the roots, and the syrup made of the flowers: The root comforts and cherishes the body, provokes urine, purges the Liver and Kidneys, and being boiled in wine and drunk, it purges the blood, the terms, and secondine, the quantity of an Almond being taken at a time: it helps gripe of the belly, and pain of the Kidneys and Bladder, and the overflowing of the Gall, the Colic, and cleanses the guts, passions of the brain, and the Strangury, being boiled in wine and drunk: The powder of the root with Saffron is good against the yellow Jaundice: the black seed provokes the Terms; and helps those that are troubled with the Nightmare, being taken night and morning: the same in powder drunk with wine, comforteth the senses, and restoreth lost speech.   

Pepper. Piper.  
I Shall not describe this foreign Tree, but only tell you the Virtues of the fruit, being all that part of it which is to be seen in England.  
Nature and Virtues.] There is brought to us black Pepper, white Pepper, and long Pepper: It is hot and dry in the third degree, well near the fourth: The black Pepper is most used, and is good to consume crude and moist humours in the stomach, to provoke appetite, help digestion, and warm a cold stomach; it dissolves wind, provokes urine, helps the Cough, and diseases of the Breast, and is good against poisons and venomous bitings: being drunk in Posset-drink before the fit of an Ague, it abates the shaking thereof; and being taken with honey, it abates the swelling of a Quinsy: The powder snuffed up purges the brain by sneezing, it consumes the Pin and Web in the Eye, and helps dimness of the sight: It strengthens the Nerves and Muscles, dissolves the King's Evil, and hard cold swelling; being applied with pitch it draws out thorns: The powder of long Pepper and Cinquefoil drunk in Ale easeth the Colic: But such as are of hot constitutions must forbear the much use thereof.  
☞ See further of this in Culpeppers School of Physic.   

Periwinkle. Vinca Pervinca.  
THere be divers sorts of Periwinkle, Description. some with white flowers, some with blue, and others with purple flowers; the common sort of Periwinkles hath many branches running upon the ground, shooting out small fibres at the joints, by which it taketh hold on the ground, and rooteth at divers places. At the joints of the branches stand two small dark green shining leaves, somewhat like Bay-leaves, but smaller; and with them come the flowers one at a joint, upon a tender foot-stalk, being somewhat long and hollow, parted at the brims into four (and sometimes five) leaves, of a pale blue colour: the root is not much bigger than a Rush, creeping with his branches far about in the ground.  
Names.] It is most known by the names of Vinca Pervinea, though it is also called Clematis Daphnoides, both in Greek and Latin, in English Pervinckle, and Periwinkle.  
Place and Time.] The common sort with the blue and that with the white flowers grow under hedges in many places of this Land; the other only in curious Gardens: They flower in March, April, and May.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot almost in the second degree, and somewhat dry and astringent, it is appropriated to Venus, and said to increase milk in women's breast●●, and to cause mutual love between man and wife, the leaves being eaten by them both: and likewise the herb chewed stays bleeding at mouth and nose, and is used by the French to stop the Terms: It is commended to be drunk in wine against Lasks and Fluxes of the belly; the bruised herb applied to the place is good against the biting of Adders, and the infusion of the herb in vinegar drunk: It is reported that the branches or strings bound about the legs defends from the Cramp; but I never tried it, being never troubled with that disease.   

St. Peters-wort.  
THere is so little difference in form, and much less in virtue, between this Herb and St. Johns-wort, that I need say no more of it here, but refer you to St. Johns-wort.   

Pimpernel. Anagallis.  
PImpernel hath divers weak square stalks lying on the ground, Description. with two small and almost round leaves at every joint, much like Chickweed, but thicker, and spotted on the backside with brownish spots, without any foot-stalks, for the leaves almost compass the stalks; the flowers stand singly each by themselves at the joints between them and the stalks, having five small round pointed leaves, of a pale red colour, tending to an Orange, with so many threads in the middle, after which come small round heads, wherein is contained the seed, being small. It hath a small fibrous root, perishing every Winter.  
Names.] It is called Anagallis both in Greek and Latin, and by many other useless names; yet by some Corallion, and the Composition thereof Diacorallion.  
Place and Time.] It grows by Highways sides, in Corn fields, and in Gardens too of its own accord almost every where: It flowers from May till August, some of the seed ripening and falling in the mean time.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Solar Herb, somewhat hot, and of a drying faculty, and drawing; it draweth thorns, thistles, and splinters out of any part of the body, and cleanseth and healeth corrupt and fretting sores, being bruised and applied thereunto: The decoction in wine is good against venomous bitings, pain of the Kidneys and obstructions of the Liver, and is good in contagious diseases, the Patient sweeting in bed two hours' hours after the taking of it, that the venomous matter may be expelled; it helps also biting of mad dogs and other venomous creatures, being inwardly and outwardly applied: The juice mixed with honey and dropped into the eyes, cleanseth them from mists and films; it also easeth pains of the Hemorrhoides and Piles: The distilled water is good for all the aforesaid purposes, and beautifies the skin, making it smooth, neat, and clear: The juice snuffed up into the nostrils purgeth the head, and is said to help the .   

Pine Tree. Pinus.  
THis Foreign Plant I forbear to describe, he being only planted by the curious in our Country. It is called Pinus in Latin, and the fruit Coni.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Bark is drying and astringent, the Kernels do moderately heat and concoct: the leaves are cooling, and belongs to Venus' Garden. The leaves boiled in Vinegar, is a good gargoyle for the . The Kernels nourish much, they stir up bodily lust, and increase sperm, being taken in an Electuary with powder of Penids and some sweet wine. They are good to help shortness of Breath, wheezings and Hoarseness, Ulcers of the Lungs, an old Cough, and to expectorate tough Phlegm. They lenify the uritory passages, ripen inward Imposthumes, and hearten and make fat lean Bodies, and help Palsy and Numbness. The scales of the Apple and bark of the Tree stop the Bloody Flux.   

Plantain. Plantago.  
PLantago is its Latin appellation, and by the name of Plantain it is well known every where in England: it flourisheth in June, and the seed ripens shortly after.  
Nature and Virtues.] Plantain is cold and dry in the second degree; the roots and seeds are of subtle parts: It is by some ascribed to Mars, by Culpepper to Venus; yet I think the Sun hath most right to it: It helpeth Wounds and Inflammations in the Tongue, Mouth, and Throat, and also Cankers, and eating Sores, if it be mixed with Vinegar, Honey, and Allom, and the mouth often gargled therewith: The juice or herb stays bleeding at nose, and bleeding of wounds; the clarified juice or water dropped into the eyes, cooleth their heat, takes away the pin and web, and dropped into the ears it easeth their pains, and helps deafness; and mixed with juice of Housleek, it is good against inflammations, and burning or scalding; the temples and forehead being anointed with the juice and oil of Roses, it easeth pains of the head, which are caused by heat, and helps lunatic persons, and the bitings of mad dogs and serpents: The clarified juice drunk by itself, or in other liquor, heals a Vein broken inwardly, and stays bleeding at the mouth, and spitting of blood, and heals Ulcers in the Reins and Bladder, and in the Lungs, and hot Coughs, whereby it is profitable against Consumptions; it stops the Terms and other Fluxes, and helps torments and frettings in the guts; the decoction or powder of the root or seeds is more binding then the herb, and is said to help Agues; a Cake made of the seed in powder with wheaten flower, and the yolk of an egg, and baked, stays vomiting: The he●●, but more especially the seeds, is good against the Falling-sickness, the Dropsy, yellow Jaundice, and stopping of the Liver and Reins; the powder of the leaves taken in drink killeth worms; the green leaves will soon skin the seat when the skin is off with riding, or any other place, being applied: A Salve made thereof with Oil, Wax, and Turpentine, cureth deep wounds; the juice or herb bruised with vinegar helpeth surbated feet: a decoction of the leaves kills worms in old foul Ulcers; the juice with oil of Roses is good to be applied to hot Gouts, to cool the heat, and repress the humours, and is good to be applied where a bone is out of joint, to hinder inflammations, swell, and pains thereof: one part of Plantain-water, and two parts of the brine wherein Beaf hath been powdered, boiled together and clarified, heals spreading Scabs and Itch, Tetters and Ringworms, the Shingles, and all running and fretting Sores.   

Plum-Tree. Prunus.  
THere are several kinds, yet they need no description.  
Names.] They are called Prunus and Prunum in Latin: and Damsons are called Pruna Damascena, or Damask Prunes, from Damascus where they naturally grow. They commonly blossom in April, and yield their fruit in Summer, some early, and some later.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are cold and moist in the second degree, the sharp and sour bind the belly, the sweet moisten the stomach, and move the belly: Mr. Culpeper saith, Venus shall eat them all, but I think it reason that Jupiter should have some of them; the Plums which are of a firm substance are the best, for those that are very moist do fill the body with corrupt blood and waterish humours: being preserved they are the wholesomest, and most grateful to the stomach either of the sick or healthful: The dried Prunes sold at the Grocers, being stewed and eaten do procure appetite, a little open the belly, alloy choler, and cool the stomach, especially if a little Sena and Rhabarb be stewed amongst them, for than they become more purging, and evacuate choleric humours, do help weak stomaches, and are good in Fevers and other hot diseases: The Gum that issues out of the trees being drunk in wine is good against the Stone, the said gum or the leaves being boiled in vinegar and applied, kills Tetters, Ringworms, and the Leprosy: A decoction of the leaves in wine is good to gargoyle and wash the mouth and throat, and to dry up the flux of Rheum that falleth down to the , Gums, or Almonds of the Throat.   

Poley-Mountain. Polium montanum.  
THis Plant grows not naturally in England, but may be had at the Apothecary's shop, to which I refer you: It is called in Latin Polium, but more usually with the Epithet montanum.  
Nature and Virtues.] Poley is dry in the third degree, and hot in the end of the second, of a loathsome bitter taste: It is useful to open obstructions especially of the Liver and Spleen; and the decoction thereof drunk helps swelling of the Spleen, the Jaundice, and Dropsy, being boiled in Vinegar and Water. It resists poison, and is used in Antidotes for that purpose; the fumigation thereof drives away Vermin, it moves the belly and the terms, and being applied green, it soders up the lips of wounds; and being dry it healeth foul sores or ulcers.   

Polipody of the Oak. Polipodium.  
POlipody of the Oak is a small Herb, Description. consisting of nothing but roots and leaves, bearing neither flower nor seed; from the root groweth up three or four leaves singly by themselves, winged and about a handful high, having many small narrow leaves on each side the stalk, large below, and growing smaller and smaller towards the top, cut into the middle rib, but not dented on the edges, (as the male Fern is) of a sad green colour, smooth on the upper side, but rough on the under side, by reason of some yellowish spots thereon. The Root is smaller than one's little finger, but long and creeping asloap, and hath a sweetish harshness in the taste.  
Names. It is called in Latin Polipodium, in English Polipody of the Oak.  
Places and Time.] That which grows upon Oaks is the best, yet Polipody is also found upon old stumps of other trees, as Beech, Hazle, and Willow, and sometimes in the woods under them, upon old walls, and slated Churches, and in many other places: It is always green, and may be gathered at any time; yet it shoots forth fresh leaves in the Spring.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the second degree, and that which grows upon the Oak partakes of the nature of the Oak, and is an herb of Jupiter, whatever others say. The herb taken in decoction, broth, or infusion, purgeth burnt choler, tough and thick Phlegm, and drieth up thin humours, and is good for Melancholy and Quartain Agues; for which it may also be taken in Whey, Barleywater, or honeyed water, or the broth of a Chicken with Epithymum, or Beets and Mallows added thereto. The distilled water of the roots and leaves taken with Sugarcandy, is good against wheazing, Coughs, and distillations of thin Rheum upon the Lungs, which cause Ptisicks and Consumptions. It is good to soften the Spleen, and ease Stitches in the sides, and the Colic. A dram or two of the Powder of the dried Roots taken in honeyed water, worketh gently for the purposes aforesaid; the distilled water is likewise commended for Quartain Agues, and against melancholy Dreams; it cures the disease in the Nose called Polipus, and helpeth clefts or chaps that come between the fingers or toes, being applied thereunto. The fresh roots beaten small, or the powder of the dried root mixed with honey, and applied to a member that hath been out of joint, and is newly set again, doth much strengthen it; some put Fennel seeds, Anniseeds, or Ginger to it to correct it, which it needs not, being a gentle medicine of itself, and an Ounce of it may be taken at a time in a decoction, if there be not Sena or some other stronger purger with it: I have found it very effectual in decoctions with other Pectoral Herbs, for opening and cleansing the Liver and Lungs.   

Pomecitron Tree. Malus Citria.  
THis Outlandish Tree is called in Latin Malus Persica, and Malus Assyria, and also Malus Citria, Pomum Citrium; and in English Citron.  
Place and Time.] They grow in Spain and other hot Countries, and flower and bear fruit all the year.  
Nature and Virtues.] Avicen saith the Seed is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; the Bark hot in the first, and dry in the end of the second; the inner white substance hot and moist in the first degree, and the Juice cold and dry in the third degree: It is a Solar Plant, and a sovereign Cordial for the Heart, an Antidote against Poison and Infections, the outer rind being dried and taken; it also warms and comforts a cold Stomach, expels and disperses Wind and indigested humours therein, and in the Bowels, and helps digestion and melancholy; it helps a stinking breath, being chewed in the mouth. The outward rinds preserved are a good Cordial, and very effectual against melancholy and infection. There is an Electuary made thereof which purgeth cold phlegmatic humours; the Syrup of the Rinds strengtheneth the stomach and heart, and helps faintings thereof, and resists poison, and strengthens nature, and is good for such as are in Consumptions or Hectic Fevers: The Syrup of the juice is effectual for most of the same purposes; the seeds preserve the heart from infection of the Plague, Pox, and venomous Bitings; they kill Worms, provoke the Terms, and cause Abortion: They dry up and consume moist humours in the body, or outwardly in moist Sores or Ulcers: The sour juice is good in Pestilential Fevers, suppressing the violence of Choler and hot distempers in the Blood, corrects the Liver, quenches thirst, stirs up an appetite, resists venom and infection, and refreshes fainting spirits.   

The Pomegranate-Tree. Malus Granata.  
THis Plant groweth also in hot Countries, as in Spain and Italy, but chief in Granado; yet it is useful in Medicine with us, therefore I shall not omit its Virtues. It is called in Latin Malum Granatum, or Punicum, and Granatum: the Flower Balaustium, the Rind Sidium, but more generally Cortex Granatorum.  
Nature and Virtues.] Those that are sweet are helping to the stomach, and are somewhat hot; but the sour ones and seeds of each are cold and astringent, it is an Herb of Venus. The flowers and shells in powder help to stay blood in Wounds, and the Kernels dried in the sun, stop fluxes of the Belly and Matrix, and helps spitting of blood being drunk in raw water; and so do the flowers and rinds: The Juice and the Kernels, or the Syrup, is good to quench thirst in burning Fevers, and hot diseases; a Gargarism or Lotion made of the Rinds is good to bring down the hot swell of the Almonds in the Throat; the juice of the Kernels sodden with Honey is good for sores of the Yard, Mouth, and Fundament, and for looseness of the skin about the nails, and swell and knots in any part of the body; a decoction of the seeds is good to strengthen and fasten the Teeth.  
Poplar, Vide Aspen Tree.   

Poppy. Papaver.  
THere be divers kinds of Poppies, Description. as white Garden Poppy, black Garden Poppy, red wild Poppy, or Corn-rose; the two first grow only in Gardens where they are sown; the other is so well known in almost every Corn field, that it needs no description.  
Names.] Papaver is the general Latin Name for Poppy, yet to the wild red Poppy is added the Adjectives erraticum, rubrum, or sylvestre; and it is generally known by the English Names of Redweed, Corn-rose, and Cheesebouls.  
There is another kind called Papaver spumeum, Spatling Poppy, being usually found with a froth like spittle upon the stalks and leaves more than upon any other Plant: It hath many weak tender stalks full of joints, about a foot or half a yard long, usually lying on the ground, whereon grow many pale whitish green leaves, two always set together at the joints, one against another, having many times upon the leaves, but more often upon the stalks at the joints, a white frothy substance, like that which is called Cuckoo-spittle, or Wood-seer: at the tops of the stalks upon many slender foot-stalks stand divers white flowers composed of five small leaves a piece, with a deep notch in the middle of every one of them, standing in a thin lose striped husk, wherein afterwards is contained black seed. The Root is white, and spreadeth in the ground, continuing many years, but the roots of all the other Poppies die every Winter.  
Place and Time.] The two first (as I told you) grow only in Gardens where they are sown; the red weed almost in every Corn Field; the spatling Poppey grows also in Corn Fields, sometimes in Pastures, and by highway sides: they begin flowering in May, and continue till the end of July. The seed is ripe presently after.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Moon claims particular dominion over these Herbs, and assigneth them these Virtues: A syrup made of the Garden Poppey heads with the seeds, procures rest and sleep in sick persons, and stayeth Catarrhs, and defluxions of thin Rheums from the Head upon the Stomach and Lungs, which cause a continual Cough, the sore-runner of a Consumption: The seed of black Poppey drunk in Wine, stops the Flux of the Belly, and the overflowing of the Terms. A pultis made of the green knops, with Barley Meal and Barrows Grease, helps St. Anthony's sire; and the green knops being stamped with Vinegar, woman's Milk, and Saffron, mightily easeth the Gout, and cureth another kind of St. Anthony's fire called Erysipelas; and put into the Fundament as a Glister it causeth sleep. The condensate juice is called Meconium, and is many times used in Narcotick Medicines instead of the true opium which is brought from Thebes, but it is weaker; it is an ingredient in Treacle and Mithridate, and other Medicines made to procure rest and sleep, and to ease pains of the Head, and other parts, and is used to cool Inflammations, Agues, and Frenzies; but it must be carefully used inwardly, for too great a quantity causeth the Lethargy, and sometimes death; it giveth much ease in the Gout, being outwardly applied, and easeth the pain of hollow Teeth, being put therein. The Syrup made of the Redweed Flowers, or wild Poppey, is good against Surfeits, cools the Blood, and may be safely given in Fevers, Frenzies, and hot Agues, and other Inflammations. The distilled water of the said flowers is good to drink morning and evening against Surfeits, and is effectual in the Pleurisy, and all other griefs of the Breast and Head. The dried flowers boiled in water, or the powder of them drunk in the distilled water, or in some other drink, worketh the same effect. The Syrup of Meconium or Diacodium, which is made of the heads of white and black Poppeys, may safely be given to those which are troubled with hot and sharp Rheums. According to Galen, the seeds of spatling Poppey purgeth Phlegm, and Dioscorides saith it causeth Vomiting; but being taken in Mead or Honeyed Water, it is good for them that are troubled with the Falling Sickness.   

Purslain. Portulaca.  
IT is a well known Garden Salad Herb, and needs no description.  
Names.] It is called Portulaca in Latin.  
Place and Time.] It may be sown in March or April, and flourisheth from June till Michaelmas.  
Nature and Virtues.] Purslain is cold in the third degree, and moist in the second, and is also a Lunar Herb: it is a good Salad eaten with Oil and Vinegar, to provoke Appetite, and cool a hot Stomach; it fasteneth the Teeth, assuageth the swelling of the Gums, and cooleth the Mouth, and easeth the pains of the Teeth; it is good in hot Agues, and to cool the Liver, Blood, and Reins, so that it stops Choleric Fluxes of the Belly, women's Courses, and the Gonorrhoea, distillations from the Head, and caseth pains proceeding from Heat, want of sleep, or the Frenzy: The seed cools the heat and sharpness of Urine, abates the heat of Lust, and Venereous Dreams, and the overmuch use thereof extinguisheth the natural seed: the seed bruised and boiled in Wine and given to Children, killeth Worms. The juice is singular good for all the said purposes, and for Inflammations or Ulcers in the secret parts, and helpeth excortations in the Bowels, and the Hemorrhoides. The said juice used with Oil of Roses is good for Blast by Lightning, burn with Gunpowder, toallay the heat of sore Breasts, or of any other Sores. It is likewise effectual to stay Vomitings, and taken with Sugar or Honey, it quencheth immoderate thirst, helps an old and dry Cough, shortness of Breath, and the Ptisick; and the thickened juice made into Pills with Gum Traganth and Arabic, helps such as make bloody water. The bruised herb being applied to the Forehead and Temples, allayeth excessive heat therein, and applied to the Eyes, it helps redness and Inflammations in them, and Pushes, and Wheals, and St. Anthony's fire in other parts, especially having a little Vinegar put to it; and being mixed with the like quantities of Galls and Linseed, it helpeth the Crick in the Neck, and taketh away pains therein, being applied thereunto.   

Potatoes. Battata.  
THese came originally to us from the Indies, and those which we call Jerusalem Artechokes from Canada. The Spanish Potatoes are called Battata, Amotes, Camotes, Pappus, and many other names. The Jerusalem Artichoke Heliotropium Indicum tuberosum, etc.  
Nature and Virtues.] The leaves are hot and dry, the roots of a temperate quality, under the influence of Venus. Potatoes do much nourish and strengthen the Body, and increase and stir up bodily lust, being eaten which way soever they are dressed. They are used in Pies, and are excellent good Preserved and Candied, or roasted under the Embers, and eaten with Sack and Sugar. The Virginia Potatoes are not so pleasant as the other, but the Jerusalem Artichokes which you may have plentiful enough if you will let them once take root in your Gardens, being boiled tender and then stewed with Butter and Wine, or how you please, taste much like the bottom of an Artichoke, and are no less nourishing than they.  
☞ See further of this in Culpeppers School of Physic.   

Primrose. Primulae Veris.  
THese are very well known to be the Ladies of the Spring, being the first that flower; wherefore they are called in Latin Primulae Veris. They are somewhat dry and astringent of temperature. The leaves are good to apply to Inflammations, and to heal burn and scaldings; and an Ointment made thereof is excellent to heal green Wound; they are very near in nature unto Cowslips, to whose particular Virtues I refer you.   

Privet.  
THis is seldom used in Physic, therefore I shall only read to you its Uses, because they that have it near them may use it when they cannot get other helps. It is usually planted in Hedges in Gardens to make walks and knots, and groweth wild in many Woods and Parks of this Land: It flowers in June and July, and beareth ripe berries in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Privet is a Lunar Herb, of temperature cold and dry; the decoction of it is a good Lotion to wash sores and sore mouths, to cool inflammations, and dry up Fluxes: The distilled water of the flowers is good for the same purposes, and to stay women's Courses and Fluxes of the belly, bleeding at mouth, and distillations of Rheums in the Eyes, being used with Tutia: An Oil made by infusion of the Flowers is good for inflamed Wounds and the Headache, proceeding of an hot cause, as saith Mathiolus.    


Queen of the Meadows, or Meadsweet. Regina Prati.  
MEadsweet springeth up with divers broad winged leaves, Description. deeply dented about the edges, set on each side of a middle rib, and are somewhat rough, hard, and crumpled like Elm-leaves, having lesser leaves with them like Agrimony, of a sad colour on the upper side, and grayish underneath, of a pleasant scent and taste like unto Burnet; the stalks are reddish, and grow two or three foot high, having on them such leaves as those below, but somewhat lesser; at the tops whereof, and of the branches, stand many tufts of small white flowers thick together, smelling sweeter than the leaves, after which come crooked and cornered seed: The Root is somewhat woody, blackish on the outside, but reddish within, and is nourished by fibres, so that it continues many years, and hath also a good smell.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Vlmaria, (because of the likeness between its leaves and Elm-leaves) and also Regina prati.  
Place and Time.] It grows frequently in moist Meadows, by watery ditches and rivers sides; it flowers in some place or other all the Summer Quarter.  
Nature and Virtues.] Meadsweet is cold and dry, with an astringent quality, and ascribed to Venus: Two or three of the leaves put into a cup of Claret, giveth it a fine relish, and also maketh the heart merry and cheerful: The decoction thereof in wine helpeth the Colic, and taken warm with a little honey it opens the belly, but being boiled in red wine and drunk, it stays Looseness: The decoction thereof is good to heal sores in the mouth or secret parts. The distilled water helps Inflammations of the Eyes, and clears the Sight: The smell of the flowers make the heart cheerful, and therefore are excellent to adorn houses; the root helps horses of the Bots and Worms, and so it would do in men if they drink the decoction thereof; and therefore the Germans call it Wormkrant, the worm-plant: The root likewise made into powder, or boiled and drunk, powerfully stays women's Courses, the Whites, the Bloody Flux, L●●k and all other Fluxes of Blood; and is good against vomiting; and it is said that if it be boiled in wine and drunk, it first altereth, and afterwards taketh away the fits of Agues.   

Quince-Tree. Malus Cydonia.  
I Suppose the Tree, but especially the fruit to be so well known, they need no description.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Malus Cydonia, and Cotonea: The Spaniards call it Membrillio and Marmello, from whence comes the word Marmalade.  
Place and Time.] They delight to grow near ponds and waters sides, and are plentiful in this Land: It flowers in April and May, and the Fruit is ripe about Michaelmas.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are cold in the first, and dry in the second degree, they are earthy and binding; the Fruit is not durable, and is harsh and unpleasant to eat raw, but being scalded, roasted, baked, or preserved, they become very pleasant. They are Saturnine.  
The Syrup of the Juice of Quinces strengthens the heart and stomach, relieves nature, stays looseness and vomiting; for looseness take a spoonful of it before meat, for vomiting after meat: It corrects Choler and Phlegm, and helps Digestion: To make Quinces purging, put honey to them instead of sugar; and if you would have them more laxative then to purge Choler, add Rhabarb; for Phlegm, Turbith; and for watery humours, Scammony: If you would have them bind forceably, use the unripe Quinces with Roses, Acacia, or Hypocistis, and some Rhabarb torrefied. The juice of raw Quinces is accounted an Antidote against deadly poison; and it hath been found certain, that the smell of a Quince hath taken away the strength of white Hellebore; outwardly to bind and cool hot fluxes, the Oil of Quinces or other medicines made thereof are available to anoint the belly or other parts therewith: It also strengthens the stomach, belly, and sinews, and restrains immoderate sweatings: The mucilage of the seeds boiled in water is good to allay the heat, and heal the sore breasts of women; and with Sugar it is good to lenify the hoarseness and harshness of the throat, and roughness of the tongue: The Marmalade is both toothsome and wholesome; and a decoction of the down that grows upon the Quinces is good to restore lost hair, and being made up with Wax and applied as a plaster, it bringeth hair to them that are bald, and keepeth it from falling, if it be ready to shed.    


Radish. Rhaphanus.  
THe Garden Radish needs no description, it is called in Latin Rhaphanus.  
Nature and Virtues.] Radishes are rather a sauce then a nourishment, they are hot in the third degree, and dry in the second, and do open and make thin, and is governed by Mars. The roots do provoke urine, and so doth the distilled water; the root stamped with honey, and the powder of a sheep's heart, causeth hair to grow: The seed causeth vomiting, and provoketh urine, and being drunk with Oximel or honeyed water, it drives forth Worms: The root boiled in broth is good against an old Cough, it moveth women's Courses, and increases milk, and is good for the Dropsy, the Colic, gripe in the belly, and griefs of the Liver: It is good for them which are sick with eating Toadstools or other poison; they are much used as sauce with meat to procure appetite, but they breed ill blood, and cause belchings in the stomach.   

Horseradish. Raphanus Rusticanus.  
HOrse Radish riseth with long leaves somewhat broad, Description. and much cut on the edges as if it were torn, of a dark green colour, with a great rib in the middle, and after these have been up a while, which are greater, rougher, broader, and longer and not divided as the first, but a little roundly dented about the edges; it doth seldom bear flowers, but when it doth, there riseth up a great stalk, three or four foot high, with a few lesser leaves thereon, spreading at the top into many small branches of whitish flowers, consisting of four leaves a piece; after which come small pods, like those of Shepherds-purse, but seldom any seed in them: the root is long, white, and thick, of a biting taste like Pepper.  
Names.] Raphanus major some call it, and also Raphanus Rusticanus, and Vulgaris; in English Mountain Radish, and Horse Radish.  
Place and Time.] It is usually planted in Gardens, yet may be found naturally growing in divers moist and shadowy places of this Land: the way of propagating it is by the root, for it seldom bears flower or seed; but when it doth it flowers in July, or August, and the seed is ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Horse Radish is also under the dominion of Mars, and is hot and dry in the third degree, of a drying, cleansing, and digesting quality: the juice taken in drink is held to be effectual for the Scurvy; the root being eaten for a sauce with Fish and other meats, as Mustard is, heateth the Stomach, and causeth good digestion. The root bruised helpeth the Sciatica, Gout, Joynt-ache, or hard swelling of the Liver and Spleen, being applied to the grieved place. The leaves boiled in Wine, and made in manner of a pultis with a little oil Olive, doth also mollify and take away hard swell of the Liver and Spleen; and being applied to the bottom of the Belly, helpeth the Strangury, and so do the roots sliced thin and eaten with Vinegar as a sauce, and are also a remedy for the Colic. The juice of the green root, or the powder of the dry root given in Wine, or other convenient liquor, killeth and expelleth 〈◊〉 in Children; and so doth an ointment made thereof, the Child's Belly being anointed therewith. The root being boiled in honey and vinegar into an Electuary, is a good remedy in strong bodies for the Cough, Ptisick, and other diseases of the Lungs, and provokes women's Courses. If any think it too strong for their bodies, the distilled water may be taken with Sugar for all the aforesaid purposes.   

Ragwort. Jacobaea Senecio.  
THere is the greater and the lesser; the greater common Ragwort hath many long and large green leaves lying on the ground, Description. of a dark green colour, rend and torn in the sides into many pieces; from amongst which riseth up sometimes one, and sometimes two or three square crested blackish or brownish stalks two or three foot high, sometimes branched, bearing divers such leaves upon them to the top, where it shooteth forth into many branches, bearing yellow flowers consisting of many leaves, set as a pale or border, which do abide a great while, but when they are ripe are turned into down, and with the blackish grey small seed is carried away with the wind: the root consists of many fibres, some greater, and others lesser, whereby it is fastened firmly into the ground, and abideth many years.  
Names] Lobel calleth it Jacobaea Senecio, others Herba Sancti Jacobi, and Jacobaea; in English Ragwort, Rag-weed, and St. James-wort.  
Place and Time.] They may be plentifully found in Pastures, and untilled grounds: they flower in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Ragwort is hot and dry in the second degree, and of a bitter, discussing, and cleansing quality; and if Mars love bitter herbs, let him take this too: The decoction thereof cleanseth and healeth Ulcers, and Sores in the Mouth and Throat, they being washed therewith, and also swell, hardness, and Imposthumations, the Quinzy and Kings Evil, and stays Catarrhs and defluctions of thin Rheums upon the Fies, Nose, or Lungs: the juice healeth green Wounds, and cleanseth and healeth old Ulcers in the privities, or other parts, and inward Wounds or Ulcers, and days the spreading of running Cankers and hollow Fistula's; it helps also aches and pains in the fleshy parts, Nerves, or Sinews, and the Sciatica, the parts being bathed with the decoction of the herb, or anointed with an ointment made of the herb bruised and boiled in Hog's grease, and after it is strained some Mastic and Olibanum added to it in powder: It is also by some called Staggerwort, being found effectual to cure the Staggers in Horses.  
Restharrow, Vide Camock.   

Red Rattle Grass, or Lousewort. Pedicularis.  
IT hath small brownish red jagged leaves and tender stalks, Description. whereof some lie along upon the ground; in moorish Meadows they grow about half a yard high, but in barren grounds exceed not an handful: the flowers resemble those of the dead Nettle, and grow round the stalk from the middle to the top; after which come little flat pouches, having in them a flat and blackish seed: the root is small, white, and tender.  
Names.] It's called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Pedicularis, because it fills Cattle that feed where it grows full of Lice; it's also called Pistularia, and Cristi galla; and in English Rattle Grass, and Lousewort,  
Place and Time.] It grows in morst Meadows, to which it is an annoyance, and also on wet Heaths: flowers in May and June.  
Nature and Virtues.] Red Rattle grass is of temperature cold, dry, and astringent, and is accounted good for Fistula's and hollow Ulcers; and being boiled in red Wine and drunk to stay the Terms, or any other Flux of Blood.  
There is also another kind of Rattle Grass that bears yellow flowers at the top of its stems, after which come flat pouches covered over with little bladders, open before like the mouth of a Fish; in the pouches are contained flat yellowish seed, which when they are dry will rattle when they are shaken; from whence it took the name of yellow Rattle: it's called also Crista galli, Coxcomb, and Penny-grass. It is a great annoyer of dry Meadows and Pastures, which is all the properties are yet known of it.   

Rocket. Eruca.  
THere are many kinds hereof mentioned by Authors, Description. but I shall mention only two, viz. the Garden Rocket and the wild Rocket; the Garden Rocket is generally known, the wild Rocket hath long narrow and much divided leaves, slenderly cut or jagged on both sides of the middle rib, of a sad overworn green colour; amongst which rise up divers stiff stalks, about a foot high, having the like leaves, but smaller, branched from the middle into many lesser stalks, bearing sundry yellow flowers on them, consisting of our leaves apiece, as the others are, which afterwards yield small reddish seeds in little long pods, of a bitter and hot biting taste, and so are the leaves: the root is small and woody.  
Names.] It is called Eruca in Latin.  
Place and Time.] The first is an inhabitant in Gardens, this which I have described is found in many places of this Land. They flower about June and July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is an herb of Mars, hot and dry in the third degree, and is seldom eaten alone; but all sorts of Rocket quicken Nature, and provoke Lust: the wild kind it more strong than the Garden kind; it helps digestion, and provokes Urine much: the seed excites to Venery as much or more than the herb, and is good against the bitings of the Shrew Mouse, and other venomous Beasts; it puts away the ill scent of the Armpits, increaseth milk in Nurses, and pasteth the Spleen; being mixed with Honey and applied it cleanseth the skin from the Morphew, and other spots; with Vinegar it takes away Freckles; and redness in the face; it amendeth Scars, black and blue spots, and marks of the small Pox, being used with an Ox gall. The herb boiled or stewed, and some Sugar put to it, helps the Cough in Children, being taken often: the leaves may be eaten with Lettuce, and Purslain, and such cooling Herbs to correct the heat of it, for eaten alone, their overmuch heat causeth the Headache.   

Roses Rosa.  
THere is by Gerard mentioned fourteen kinds of Roses; but it were useless to repeat them all here: I shall only treat of the red Rose, the white, the damask Rose, and the Briar, Canker, and the wild Rose: and these are so very well known they need no further description but only of their virtues.  
Nature and Virtues.] Roses have different qualities as well as colours, the Damask purge, the white and red cool and bind; the white are held to bind most, yet they are scarce used in Physic; the red Rose (according to Galen) hath also a watery substance and a warm quality, astringent and bitter: The yellow threads in the middle do bind and dry more than the Rose itself: The buds do cool and bind more than the full blown flowers; according to Mesue the Rose is cold in the first degree, and dry in the second, and consisteth of divers substances, as watery, earthly, airy, aromatical, and hot, which causeth the bitterness and colour; the fresh juice purgeth Choler and watery humours, but being dried the heat is consumed, and then they are astringent: Of the Roses are made many simple and compound Medicines, whereof it is too large here to treat of. A decoction of the red Roses in wine, is a good Lotion for pains in the lower Bowels, Fundament, and Matrix, the parts being bathed or put into them: It is also good for the Headache and pains in the Eyes, Ears, Throat, and Gums: The same decoction with the Roses easeth Inflammations of the Heart, being applied to the Region thereof, and also helps St. Anthony's fire and Inflammations of the stomach: The dried Roses taken in powder in some steeled Wine or Water, stays women's Courses, and so do the yellow threads being powdered and drunk in the distilled water of Quinces; and likewise stays defluxions of Rheum upon the Gums and Teeth, fastens the lose Teeth, and preserves them from corruption, if they be gargled therewith, and some Vinegar of Squills. The red Roses do strengthen the heart, liver, and stomach, and the retentive faculty, and mitigate hot pains and inflammations: The Conserve is binding and cordial, and is profitable to stay Lasks and Fluxes of the Belly, and is good for the Running of the Reins, being mixed with powder of Mastic; it likewise strengthens the stomach, and helps digestion, and resists vomiting, and helps faintings and tremble of the heart, being mixed with Aromaticum Rosarum: Sugar of Roses is also a very good Cordial to strengthen the heart, and stay desluxions: The Syrup of dried red Roses cools the overheated Liver and Blood, comforts the heart, and resists putrefaction, and stays Fluxes. There are Cordial Powders likewise made of them, as Diarhodon Abbatis, and Aromaticom Rosarum, which help digestion, and strengthen the heart and stomach: The heads with seed in powder or in decoction, stayeth the Lask and spitting of blood: Red Rose-water is cooling and cordial, refreshing weak and faint spirits, and is for that purpose used either in meats or broths, to wash the Temples and smell to, or to receive the sweet vapour thereof out of a perfuming-pot, or hot fireshovel; it is good against redness and inflammations of the Eyes, and to bathe the Temples against the Headache, for which purpose vinegar of Roses it also good; and to procure rest and sleep, take a piece of red rose cake cut fit for the head, moisten it in Rosewater and Vinegar of Roses, and heat it between a double-folded cloth on a Chafing-dish of coals, with some beaten Nutmeg and Poppy-seed strewed on the side which must lie next the Forehead and Temples, and bind it on for all night. Of the Damask Roses are made Syrrups both simple and compound; the simple solutive Syrup is a safe easy medicine, gently purging Choler, being taken from one ounce to four. The Syrup with Agarick worketh on Phlegm as well as Choler, and one ounce thereof worketh more strongly than three of the simple. The compound Syrup with Hellebore worketh forceably upon melanchollick humours, and is available against the French Disease, Tetters, Itch. etc. Honey of Roses solutive is also opening and purging, and is often given in Glisters, and so is the Syrup made with sugar: The Conserve of Damask Roses do likewise gently open the belly: The distilled water is much used for fumes, and to sweeten things, and the dried leaves for Sweet-bags: Honey of red Roses is good to wash sores in the mouth, throat, or elsewhere: The fruit of the wild Bryer, (which some call Heps, (though in Hampshire we call them Canker-berries) being made into a Conserve when they are fully ripe, do bind the belly, and stayeth defluxions from the head upon the stomach, drying up the moisture thereof, and helping digestion, and are of a pleasant taste. The pulp of them dried to a hard consistence, and made into powder, and taken in drink, stayeth the Whites; the powder of the Briar-ball easeth the Colic, provokes Urine, kills Worms, and is good to break the Stone, being taken in drink.   

Ros Solis; or, Sun-dew.  
IT hath many hollow, Description. round, small leaves, greenish, but full of red hairs, which makes them seem red, every one standing upon a hairy reddish foot-stalk, the leaves keep a dew upon them in the hottestday, having a certain slimeness, the small hairs always holding this moisture amongst the leaves rise up small slender stalks reddish also, bearing divers small white knobs one above another, which are the flowers, after which in the heads come certain small seeds: The Root consisteth of a few small hairs.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Ros solis, in English Sun-dew, Lustwort, Moor-grass, and of some Redrot, because some think it rots sheep that feed thereon; but of this be sure, if sheep feed much on the places where it grows, they will quickly run to rot.  
Places and Time.] It grows upon Bogs and moist wet places, and in moist boggy Woods, as in lower Danemore in Holshot, and in a boggy piece of ground where my Father dwells adjoining to the same Wood called the Grove, which will scarce bear any thing else but this Plant: It flourisheth from May till August, and aught to be gathered in the heat of the day, for than it is fullest of dew.  
Nature and Virtues.] Authors differ in opinion concerning this Herb; some hold it to be Caustick, and much biting, and hot and dry in the fourth degree; others, that it is sharp and a little drying and binding. Dodonaeus held it to be extreme biting, and that the distilled Water is not safe to be taken inwardly. But the truth is, it is an Herb of the Sun, and the distilled Water is good against the Consumption of the Lungs, and is effectual against salt Rheums distilling on the Lungs, which cause a Consumption; it also comforts the heart and fainting spirits, and is available against whe●sings, Ptysick, Cough, and Shortness of Breath, and heals Ulcers in the Lungs: The leaves outwardly applied will raise Blisters, the Cordial Water made hereof, called Rosa solis, is good against heart-qualms, and to strengthen the body.   

Root of Peru. Radix Peruviana.  
THis Cordial Root is known best in our shops by the name of Contra Yerva, which title the Spaniards in the Indies gave it, being as much as to say, an Antidote against Poison; because the powder thereof taken in wine is a present remedy against poison, causing it to be cast up by vomit, or expelled by sweat: It also killeth worms in the belly; and being taken in the morning in powder in a glass of wine, it strengtheneth the heart and vital spirits: A modern Physician writeth, that if it be beaten to powder and infused in wine two hours before the fit of an Ague, and then drunk at the coming of the fit, and the Patient covered to sweat upon it, it cures an Ague at twice or thrice; the Dose may be from half a dram to two drams, according to the age, strength, and constitution of the Patient.   

Rosemary. Rosmarinus.  
I Shall not need to describe this excellent Herb, being so well known in every good Housewises Garden: It usually flowers in April and May.  
Names.] It is called Rosmarinus and Rosmarinum in Latin; the Flowers are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Composition made thereof Dianthos.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is accounted an Herb particularly under the Influence of Sol in Aries; it is hot and dry in the second degree, having an astringent quality, and consists of divers parts, but partakes most of the earthly substance.  
Rosemary hath a warming and comforting heat, helping all cold diseases of the Head, Stomach, Liver, and Belly: The Herb, but especially the Flowers, are good for all cold and moist infirmities of the Head and Brain, they dry the brain, and quicken the senses and memory, and strengthens the sinewy part: It is also good against all Fluxes. The flowers and leaves are profitable against the Whites to be taken daily; the Conserve of the flowers is good to comfort the heart, and expel the poison of the Pestilence; and the branches of Rosemary is good to burn in infectious times, the dried leaves taken like Tobacco, dries up thin distillations, and therefore is good against any Cough, Ptysick, or Consumption: Rosemary doth also cleanse and comfort the Stomach, and makes a sweet Breath being thus used: Take an handful of Rosemary with the flowers or without, boil it a good while in white wine, adding thereto a little Cinnamon, then drink it, and wash your mouth therewith, it maketh the skin very clear being used without Cinnamon. It helps cold Rheums falling into the eyes, giddiness or swimming of the head, the Lethargy and Falling-sickness, the dumb Palsy, or loss of Speech, if it be drunk, and the Temples bathed therewith. It helps such as are livergrown, opening the Obstructions, and warmeth and strengtheneth the same; it expels Wind powerfully in the Stomach, Bowels, and Spleen, and helps the hypocondriac passion: The Chemical Oil of the leaves and flowers is effectual for all the Diseases aforesaid, being carefully applied, it is very quick and piercing, and therefore the Doses must be very little at once for inward griefs: It helps the Head and Brain, if the Temples and Nostrils be touched with a drop or two; it likewise helps any cold joint, sinew, or member, if it be anointed with two or three drops thereof.   

True Rhabarb, Bastard and Monks Rhubarb. Rhabarbarum.  
THe true Rhubarb groweth in China, and the Eastern Countries; therefore I shall not describe it, the root being to be had in most Druggist's Shops, yet I confess it may be seen growing in some curious Gardens with us, but not in such plenty as Mr. Culpepper seems to talk of through the multiplying glass of his carping fancy.  
Names.] It is called Rha, from the River Rha in China where it groweth, and in our Shops Rhabarbarum; the place I have told you: the roots are to be taken up about October when the leaves and stalks are fully withered.  
Nature and Virtues.] Rhubarb is hot and dry in the second degree, of mixed parts, airy, thin, and purging, and partly gross, earthly, drying, and binding: the Bastard and Monks Rhubarb are also dry, but cooling. Rhubarb is certainly a herb of Jupiter; it is called the friend, the life, heart, and treacle of the Liver, being so effectual for the same; it purgeth it of Choler, Phlegm, and watery humours, and helps the hardness and coldness thereof, and is useful in choleric and long continued Fevers, in the Jaundice, Green Sickness, Dropsy, and stops of the Liver, the powder steeped in White Wine all night, and drunk fasting, or being taken amongst other purges; being taken in powder with Cassia, and a little Venice Turpentine Washed, it cleanseth the Reins, and strengtheneth them, and is effectual to stay a Gonorrhoea, or running of the Reins; it is also good against pains, windiness, wambling, and weakness of the stomach, Cramp, gnawings, and gripe of the Kidneys, Belly. and Bladder, pains of the Breasts, Mother, and Sciatica; it helps spitting of blood, the Hicket, bloody Flux, Lasks, and all venomous stingings and bite, one dram thereof taken in Hydromel, or honeyed water; it easeth the Gout, helpeth those that are troubled with Melancholy, and is good against pains and Swell of the Head: It is most properly insused in Whey or White Wine, which liquors make it work more effectually in opening obstructions and purging the Liver and Stomach. The oil wherein Rhubarb hath been boiled is good to anoint any bruised place, to dissolve the clotted Blood; and Rhubarb taken in powder with Mummy and Madder-roots in red Wine, healeth Burstings and broken parts as well inward as outward, and dissolveth clotted Blood in the Body, occasioned by any fall or bruise. Rhubarb steeped in white Wine, or any other convenient liquor, and strained, is good to heal Ulcers in the Eyes and Eyelids, and to assuage swell and inflammations; and being applied with Honey or boiled in Wine, it takes away all black and blue spots that happen therein. The seed of Bastard Rhubarb helpeth gripe knawing, and loathe of the Stomach. The roots help ruggedness of the nails, and being boiled in Wine it helps the King's Evil, and swell of the Kernels of the Ears; it also provokes Urine, helps such as are troubled with the Stone, and dimness of sight; it is effectually used with other things in opening and purging diet drinks to open the Liver, and cleanse and cool the blood. The root of Monk's Rhubarb also purgeth, but more weakly then either of the other; but the root thereof bindeth the Belly, and stayeth Lasks and the bloody Flux; and so doth the root of the true Rhubarb, if it be toasted and taken in Plantain water, red-Wine, or in conserve of Roses, or Marmalade of Quinces, as I have often found to my great comfort: the distilled water hereof is effectual to heal Scabs, and foul Sores, and to allay the inflammations of them; for which purpose also the juice of the leaves or roots, or the decoction thereof in Vinegar is an effectual remedy: some use Indian Spikenard with Rhubarb to correct it; yet it doth not much need any corrigent.  
☞ See further in The Art of Simpling: by W. Coles.   

Meadow Rue. Ruta Aquatica.  
THis Herb springeth up (from a yellow stringy root, Description. spreading much in the ground, and shooting forth new sprouts round about) with many green stalks about two foot high, crested all the length of them, set with joints here and there, and many large leaves on them, divided into smaller leaves, nicked or dented in the forepart of them, of a sad green colour on the upper side, and pale green underneath; toward the top of the stalk there shooteth forth many short branches, whereon stand three or four small round heads or buttons, which open and appear like a tust, of pale greenish yellow threads; after which there come small three cornered Cod, wherein is contained small long round seed: the whole plant hath a strong unpleasant scent.  
Names.] Ruta Aquatica, or Ruta Palustris may be the Latin names thereof.  
Places and Time.] It grows by Ditches sides, and in the borders of moist Meadows in many places of this Land.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Meadow Rue is doubtless under the influence of Mars, and is something of his temperature, hot and dry. Camcrarius reports that it is used in Italy and in Saxony, against the Plague. And Dioscorides saith, that the bruised herb being applied healeth old Sores; and the distilled water of the herb and flowers doth the same: some use it amongst other Potherbs to make the body solluble. The roots washed clean, and boiled in Ale and drunk, provoke to Stool gently; and being boiled in water, and the body bathed therewith warm, it destroyeth Lice.  
☞ See more of this in The Expert Doctors Dispensatory: by P. Morellus.   

Garden Rue, or Herbgrace. Ruta.  
THis herb is familiarly known; the Latin name is Ruta; in English Rue, Herb Grace, and Serving-mens' joy: it is planted in Gardens, and propagated by slips, seldom flowering with us, and therefore scarce ever bears any good seed.  
Nature and Virtues.] Rue is hot and dry in the latter end of the third degree, and of thin subtle parts, a Solar Herb; it preserves Chastity being eaten, it quickeneth the Sight, stirs up the Spirits, and sharpeneth the Wit; it provokes Urine and women's Courses, being taken either in meat or drink; it is an excellent antidote against poisons and infections; the very smell thereof is a preservative against the Plague in the time of infection, The seed thereof taken in Wine is a special Antidote against dangerous Medicines, or deadly Poisons. A decoction made thereof with some Dill-leaves and flowers, easeth pains and torments being drunk inwardly, and applied outwardly to the grieved place. The same decoction being drunk helps pains of the Chests and Sides, Coughs, difficulty of breathing, and inflammations of the Lungs, and easeth the Sciatica, and pains of the Joints, being applied thereto, or the parts anointed with an ointment made hereof; it helps also the shake of Agues, a draught of the decoction being drunk before the coming of the sit: an oil made of Rue by infusion or decoction, helps the wind Colic, hardness, windiness, and suffocation of the Mother, the share and parts about it being anointed therewith: A decoction thereof in Wine with a little Honey added to it, killeth and driveth forth Worms out of the Body. Mithridates' used a Counter-poison to preserve himself against infection, made thus; take twenty leaves of Rue, two Figs, two Walnuts, twenty Juniper berries, and a little Salt; which being beaten together into a Mass was his dese. appointed for every morning. There is another Electuary made of it, which is a remedy for pains or griefs of the Chest and Stomach, Spleen, Belly and Sides, Winde, Stitches, and, Obstructions of the Liver, Reins, and Bladder by stopping of Urine, and extenuates the grossness of fat corpulent Bodies. and is thus made: Take of Niter, Pepper, and Commin seed, each equal parts, leaves of Rue clean picked, as much in weight as all the other, beat them well together, and add as much Honey as will make thereof an Electuary; but first correct the Commin seed by steeping it twenty four hours in Vinegar, and then dry it in a hot Fireshovel, or in an Oven. The leaves of Rue boiled and kept in pickle are a good sauce to meat, to warm a cold Stomach, and quicken the Sight. A decoction of Rue easeth the Gout, being bathed therewith, and being bruised and put into the Nostrils, it stays bleeding at Nose. A decoction of Rue and Bay leaves helps swell of the Cod; it takes away Wheals and Pimples, being bruised with Myrtle leaves and made up with wax and applied; being boiled in Wine with some Pepper and Nitre, and the places rubbed therewith it taketh away Warts, and cureth the Morphew; and with Allome and Honey it helps the dry Scab, or any Tetter, or Ring-worm. The juice thereof warmed in a Pomegranate shell, helpeth pain of the Ears, being dropped therein. An ointment made of the juice of Rue, with Oil of Roses, Ceruse, and Vinegar, cures St. Anthony's fire, foul running Sores in the Head, and Ulcers in the Nose, and other parts, they being anointed therewith. The distilled water is very effectual for many of the said purposes.   

Rupture-wort. Herniaria.  
Description. THis plant shooteth up with many threddy branches, spread round upon the ground about a span long, divided into many other smaller parts, full of small joints, set thick together, whereat come forth two small leaves of a fresh green colour, as the branches are, whereat grow forth abundance of small yellowish flowers, but scarce discernible from the stalks and leaves, which turn into leaves as small as dust; the root is small and long, growing deep into the ground: the taste hereof is not perceivable at first, but after a little while there may be perceived a somewhat astringent taste, a little bitter and sharp withal, but without any manifest heat.  
Names.] This plant hath acquired several names, according to the various opinions of Authors, as Polygonum minus by Mathiolus, and Castor durantes, Herba Turca by Lobel; but the most usual and known Latin name is Herniaria, from Hernia a Rupture; and in English Rupture-worb.  
Place and Time.] It delights to grow in barren, sandy, and rocky grounds, as upon the dry chalky and sandy grounds in Kent, and elsewhere, and flowers and flourishes in the four Summer Months, which are spelled sine littera R.  
Nature and Virtues.] Rupture-wort is very drying, binding, closing, and fasting; Saturnine.  
It's name speaks its Virtues, that is, to cure the disease called the Rupture or Burstness, which is the falling down of the Guts into the Cod. A dram of the herb in powder taken in wine for many days together, or the decoction of the herb in Wine, or the juice or distilled water drunk in the same manner, marvellously helps that Disease; and being so taken it stays Fluxes, Vomiting, and the Gonorrhoea; it helps the Strangury, stopping of Urine, Stone, or Gravel in the Reins or Bladder, stitches in the Side, gripping pains in the Stomach or Belly, and obstructions of the Liver, and cures the yellow Jaundice, and killeth Worins in Children; it conglutinates Wound cheing outwardly applied, and helpeth to stay defluctions of Rheums from the head to the eyes, nose, and teeth, the temples and nape of the Neck being bathed with the decoction of the dried herb, or the green herb being bruised and bound thereto; it dries up the moisture of foul spreading and fistulous Ulcers, and is good to be bruised and applied to the place of a Rupture, having a Truss bound thereunto.   

Rice. Oriza.  
THis is an East-Indian grain, and groweth up there much like the stalk of Wheat; but in regard it groweth not with us, I shall describe it no further, but proceed to declare its virtues, we having it plentifully brought hither by industrious Merchants.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins following them call it Oryza.  
Nature and Virtues.] Rice is binding and drying, temperate, and not exceeding in heat or cold; the pottage made thereof with milk, and spiced with Sugar and Cinnamon, is pleasant and easy of digestion, and is reputed to increase seed; it is very useful to stay all Lasks or Fluxes, being so eaten, or beaten to powder, and mixed with yolks of Eggs, and fried with fresh Butter, and eat morning and evening; and being so taken, it helps the bloody Flux; it is good to put in Cataplasms to repeli humours, and being boiled in running Water, and the face bathed therewith, it takes away spots and pimples; it is an excellent and wholesome food, and in great estimation amongst the Indians, though not so much in repute with us. Perhaps, because it is too cheap for the wanton rich, and too dear for the pining poor, etc.   

Rye. Secale.  
THis Grain is well known in England, more for food than Physic; but the bread and leaven of it is good to ripen Imposthumes, and Boils, or other swell. Mathiolus saith, that water wherein the Ashes of Rye straw hath been infused four and twenty hours, heals chaps of the hands and feet, being washed therewith. Meal of Rye put between a double cloth and moistened with Vinegar, and heated in a pewter Dish over a Chafing dish of Coals, and applied hot to the head, easeth continual pains thereof. Rye is more digesting then Wheat, but it is windy and griping in the Bowels.    


Saffron. Crocus.  
THe Chives of the Flower commonly called Saffron are generally well known, so that a description is needless.  
Names.] It's Latin names are Crocus, and Crocum; it is also termed Filius ante patrem, because it putteth forth flowers before the leaves.  
Place and Time.] It is plentifully manured in Fields in Essex, and Cambridge-shire: Saffron-Walden takes her name from its growing there; it gins to flower in September, and presently after the leaves shoot forth and abide green all the Winter, dying again in April when it puts forth another Crop of Flowers, which must be gathered as soon as it is blown, or else it is lost; so that Jack Presbyter for covetousness of the profit can reach his Sabbatarian Conscience to gather it on Sunday; and so he can to do any thing else that redounds to his profit, though it destroy his Brother.  
Nature and Virtues.] Saffron is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first, of a little astringent quality; it is an Herb of the Sun, a great Cordial, and comforter of the spirits; it expels venom from the Heart, strengthens the Stomach, helps concoction, preserves the Entrails, and is very useful in the Plague, Pestilence, small Pox, and such contagious diseases; the Tincture thereof is profitable in fits of the Mother; it strengthens the Memory, Head, Stomach, Spleen, Bladder, animal, vital, and natural spirits, and helps cold diseases of the Brain and Nerves; it is profitable for the Lungs, Consumption, and shortness of Breath; it is best for eld phlegmatic, and melancholy persons; it is good against melancholy, and the Jaundice, and stops of the Liver and Gall, and is profitable for the Pleurisy, and provokes Urine, and Venus; take ten grains of Saffron, two ounces of Walnut Kernels, Figs two ounces, Mithridate one dram, and a few Sage leaves, stamp them into a mass, with a sufficient quantity of Pimpernel water, and keep it for use; twelve grains thereof taken fasting, is an excellent Antidote against the Plague, and expelleth it from those that are infected.  
Some writ that two or three drams hereof taken brings death; doubtless too great a quantity cannot do otherwise: it is not safe to be given to women with child.   

Sage. Salvia.  
TO avoid prolixity we proceed to its virtues: The Latin name of it is Salvia, and so wholesome an Herb reputed by Schola salerni, that they say,  
Cur moritur homo, dum Salvia crescit in horto?  
Nature and Virtues.] Sage is hot and dry in the third degree, an herb of Jupiter; it restores natural heat, and comforts the vital spirits, and helps the Memory, and quickens the senses; it is very healthful to be eaten in May with Butter, and also to be drunk in Ale; it is good for women that are apt to miscarry, or cannot conceive by reason of the overmuch moisture-or slipperiness of their Wombs: Sage, Rosemary Honey-suckles, and Plantain boiled in water, or wine, and some Honey and Allome added thereto, is a good gargoyle for Cankers, or Sores in the Mouth or Throat, and for sores in the privy parts of Man or Woman, and is good to be boiled with other comsortable and hot herbs to bathe the cold Sinews, and to warm the Joints, and help Palsies and Cramps, and to strengthen and comfort the parts; it is good against the Stitch, and pains of the Side, coming of Wind, the Place being fomented with the decoction thereof in Wine, and the boiled Sage afterwards applied hot thereunto; and the decoction thereof according to Dioscorides, provokes Urine, and women's Courses; The juice of Sage taken in warm water, helps a hoarseness, and the Cough. Rue is good to be planted amongst Sage, to prevent the poison which may be in it by Toads frequenting amongst it, to relieve themselves of their poison, as is supposed; but Rue being amongst it, they will not come near it.   

Wood Sage. Salvia sylvestris.  
Would Sage springeth up with square hoary stalks, Description. sometimes two foot high, having two leaves at every joint, much like other Sage, but smaller, softer, whiter, and rounder, and a little dented about the edges, smelling somewhat stronger; the flowers stand on a slender long spike on the tops of the stalks and branches, turning all one way when they blow, and are of a pale whitish colour, smaller than Sage, but hooded, and gaping like unto them: the seed is blackish and round, four usually in an husk together: the root is long, stringy, and fibrous, and abideth many years.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Salvia sylvestris.  
Place and Time.] It grows in Woods, and by Hedge sides, and High ways, and flowers about July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Wood Sage is hot and dry in the second degree, and attributed to Venus; the decoction thereof provokes the Terms and Urine, and provokes Sweat, digests humours, and dissolves swell and nodes in the flesh, and is therefore thought to be good against the French Pox. The decoction of the green Herb in Wine is good for those that have any Vein inwardly broken by a fall, bruise, or beating, to disperse the congealed blood, and consolidate the Vein; and it is also good for such as are bursten, the drink taken inwardly, and the herb applied outwardly: and in the same manner used it is also good for the Palsy. The juice thereof or the herb in powder is goods to dry moist Ulcers, and sores in the Legs, or other parts, thereby causing them to heal the more speedily, and is also effectual in green Wounds.   

Burnet Saxifrage, Pimpinella Saxifraga.  
IT hath great long roots like a Parsnip, Description. of a biting hot taste like Ginger: the stalk is hollow, and riseth up about three foot high with joints and knees, beset with large leaves, much like those of Smallage, or the Garden Parsnip: The Plant consisteth of many leaves growing upon one stem, cut about the edges like a Saw: the flowers grow in white round tufts at the top of the stalks. The seed is like Parsley seed, but hotter and biting upon the Tongue.  
There is a lesser kind, little differing from the greater, but that the stalks and veins of the leaves of the lesser are of a purplish colour, and the root hotter.  
Names. It is called Pimpinella major, Saxifragia major, and the lesser kind Saxifragia minor; in English great and small Saxifrage, and Burnet Saxifrage.  
Place and Time.] They grow plentifully in dry Pastures and Meadows, and flower from June to the end of August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The leaves, seeds, and roots of both kinds are hot and dry in the third degree, and of thin and subtle parts: The juice of the leaves cleanseth the face of Spots and Freckles, and causeth a good colour: The distilled water thereof mingled with some Vinegar in the distillation, dears the Sight, and helps the dimness thereof. The seed and root in powder drunk in wine, or the decoction thereof made in Wine provokes Urine, breaks the Stone, and is good against the Strangury and stops in the Kidneys, and Bladder.   

The Service Tree. Sorbus.  
THis grows to be a great Tree, delighting in Woods and Groves, and are also planted in Orchards; there doth grow of them in the Woods of Mr. Hind at Hedsor, and in Woods and by High way sides I have found them in Surrey and Kent: the Tree and fruit are both so well known, that a further description is needless.  
Names.] The Greeks call this Tree 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins Sorbus; and in English Service, and Sorb-Tree.  
Place and Time.] They flower in March, and the fruit is ripe in September, or the beginning of October.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Service berries are of temperature cold and binding, and more being hard then when they are rotten; yet then people usually eat them, but they yield no nourishment but what is gross and cold; therefore they are better for medicine then meat; and being gathered while they be hard, and cut and dried in the Sun, they may be kept all the year to stay bleedings of Wounds, Mouth, or Nose, Fluxes, and Vomiting, the decoction drunk, or outwardly applied.   

Solomon's Seal. Sagillum Solomonis.  
COmmon Solomon's Seal groweth with a round stalk about half a yard high, Description. with the top bending down, set with single leaves one above another, somewhat large, like the leaves of May Lilly, of a blueish green colour, with some Ribs therein, and a little yellowish underneath: at the foot of every leaf almost from the bottom it hath small, long, and white pendulous flowers, like those of May Lilly, but ending in five longer points, for the most part two together, at the end of a small foot stalk standing all on one side the stalk under the leaves, after which come round berries, green at first, but afterwards of blackish green, tending to blue, wherein is contained small white, hard, stony seed: The root is white and thick, full of knobs, or joints in some places, resembling the mark of a Seal; the taste thereof is sweet at first, but afterwards somewhat bitter and sharp.  
Names.] It's common Latin name is Sigillum Solomonis; and in English Solomon's Seal, and sometimes white Wort, or white Root, jacob's Ladder, and Scala Caeli in Latin.  
Place and Time.] It grows in divers places of this Land, as about Odiham in Hampshire, in a Wood within two miles of Canterbury, by Fish-pool Hill, and between Newington and Sittingbourn in Kent, and divers other places: it flowers about May, and the seed is ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] The roots of Solomon's Seal are hot, and dry, and astringent, a Saturnine Plant; the roots have great virtue in sealing or closing up the rim of the Belly when it is bursten, the decoction thereof taken in Wine, or the powder in broth or drink, and being outwardly applied to the place; it is likewise good for other hurts, wounds, or outward sores, to heal and close up green wounds, and to dry up and restrain the flux of humours into old sores: it also slays bleedings, vomitings, fluxes, the running of the reins in men, and the whites and reds in women; it mightily conglutinates and soders broken bones in man or beast, the bruised root applied to the place, and the decoction thereof or infusion in wine being strained out hard and drunk; it is likewise effectual for inward and outward bruises, falls, and blows, to disperse the congealed blood, and take away the pains, and black and blue marks that abide after the hurt: and the distilled water of the whole herb cleanseth the skin from Morphew, Freckles, and Spats, making it fair and smooth.   

Sampire. Feniculum marinum.  
ROck Sampire springeth up with a tender green stalk, Description. about half a yard high, or two foot at the most, branching forth almost from the bottom, set with many thick, almost round, and somewhat long leaves, of deep green colour, three together, and sometimes more on a stalk, full of sap, and of a pleasant hot or spicy taste: at the tops of the stalks and branches stand Umbels of white flowers, after which come large seed, somewhat like Fennel seed, but bigger: The root is great, white, and long, of a pleasant smell and taste, and abideth many years.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins, Feniculum Marinum, and in Shops Creta marina; in English Sampire, and Sea Fennel.  
Place and Time.] The Cliffts in the Isle of Wight abound with it, where it is incredibly dangerous to gather; yet many adventure it, though they buy their sauce with the price of their lives: It groweth also about the Rocky Cliffts upon the Sea coast in most parts of England. It flourisheth in May and June, and is fittest to be gathered in the beginning of August. It flowers and seeds in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Sampire is of a cleansing faculty, and is hot and dry about the second degree, and herb attributed to the influence of Jupiter. Pickled Sampire is an excellent sauce for digestion of meats; it breaks the Stone, and expels Gravel out of the Reins and Bladder, and provokes Urine, and women's Courses. The decoction of the leaves, seeds, and roots in wine being drunk, helps ill digestion, and opens obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and of the Entrails, which are the causes of most diseases: it is grateful both to the taste and sto●● 〈◊〉 and helps to whet a dull appetite, by the saltness and spiciness that is in it. The way to preserve it in pickle, is to boil it in water till it be tender, and then pickle it up in a Barrel with a liquor made of Vinegar, Water, and Salt,   

Saunders. Santalum.  
THere are three sorts of this plant brought unto us, 
Kinds and Names.  viz. Santalum Rubrum, Red Saunders; Santalum Album, or white Saunders; and Santalum Citrinum; or Flavum, yellow Saunders: they are all brought unto us from the East Indies, where they naturally grow about the River Ganges, and in the Isle of Timor, and provinces adjacent.  
Nature and Virtues.] Of all these three kinds of Saunders the yellow is the best, the next is the white, the red is least in use; they are Solar Plants, yet by temperature cold and dry in the second degree: the red is more cooling and binding; they open and cool the Liver, and ease pain of the Head, and are good to strengthen and revive the Spirits, for which purpose they are used in Jellies, Sauces, and Broths, etc. they are likewise good in hot burning diseases, as Fevers, and such like. The red Saunders applied to Maids, or women's great Breasts, mixed with the juice of Purslain, abateth their greatness, and represseth their growing too big; it is likewise effectual to staunch Blood at the Nose, or other place, being taken in red Wine, and is used to slay defluctions of thin Rheum from the head, and to cool and temper the heat in hot Agues, hot Gouts, and Insflammations: In cordial medicines the white and yellow Saunders are most effectual: by reason of their sweetness; they help faintings of the Heart, and weak Stomaches, caused by heat, they divert Melancholy, and procure Mirth, they stay the spermatical flux in man or woman: The powder taken in a rear Egg, or mixed with other things for that purpose, or being infused in red Wine all night in Balneo, or hot Embers, and the Wing strained and drunk morning and evening, for all inflammations it is very effectual, being mixed with the juice of Housleek, Nightshade or Purslain; outwardly they are good in Fomentations and Epithems against the intemperate heat of the Liver; and being applied with Rose water to the Temples, they ease pains of the Head, and stay the flowing of humours into the Eyes.   

Sanile. Sanicula.  
SAnicle springeth up with many leaves of a middle size, Description. deeply cut or divided into five or six parts, and some of them cut also sometimes, standing upon brownish foot stalks about a handful high, somewhat like the leaves of Crowfoot, or the broadest sort of Anemonies finely dented about the edges, smooth and of a dark green shining colour, and sometimes reddish about the brims; amongst which rise up small, round, green stalks, without any joint or leaf, but at the top, where it brancheth into flowers, having a leaf divided into three or four parts at that joint with the flowers, which are small and white, growing out of small, round, greenish, yellow heads, standing on a tuft together, which afterwards contains small round burry seeds, sticking unto any thing like the seeds of Cleavers. The root consists of many black strings, set together at a little long head, which abideth with the green leaves all the winter.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Sanicula, from its efficacy in healing Wounds, and by Lobel, Diapensia; in English Sanicle; There is a sort called Pinguicula Eboracensis, Butter-wort, and Butter-root, because of the oiliness of the leaf.  
Place and Time.] It grows in woody shadowy places, and under hedges in many places of this Land: it flowers in July, and the seed is ripe soon after.  
nature and Virtues.] Sanicle is hot and dry in the second degree, bitter in taste, and somewhat astringent: Culpepper ascribes it to Venus, but I judge Mercury hath the greater influence upon it; but the Sun most of all: It is an excellent herb for any infirmity of the Lungs, and is a singular good wound herb, speedily healing all green Wounds, and also Ulcers, Imposthumes, and bleeding inwardly, and it dissipateth and represseth Tumours in any part of the Body, if the decoction or juice be taken, or the powder in drink, and apply the juice outwardly. The decoction of the leaves and root, with a little honey added to it, heals putrid and malignant Ulcers in the Mouth, Throat, and Privities, by gargling and washing them therewith; it helps to stay women's Courses, and and all other Fluxes of blood and Lasks of the Belly, ulcerations of the Kidneys, pains in the Bowels, and the running of the Reins, being boiled in wine, or water, and drunk; it is effectual to heal Burstings or Ruptures either inwardly or outwardly, as well as any of the Consounds, or other vulnerary herb whatsoever: Of it also may be made an ointment good for obstructions of the Liver, and a syrup or conserve for the Lungs.   

Sauce alone, or Jack by the Hedge.  
THis herb as well as Woodsage is by some reckoned amongst the kinds of Scordium; Description. but I shall describe it, being different therefrom; it groweth up with round broad leaves pointed at the ends, and dented about the edges, somewhat like Nettle leaves, but of a fresher green colour, and not rough nor prickling, and are set singly one at a joint, the lower leaves being rounder than those that grow towards the top, at the tops of the stalks grow very small white flowers one above another, after which follow small, long, round pods, wherein is contained small, round, and somewhat blackish seed; the root is stringy and fibrous, perishing when it hath given seed, and riseth again of its own sowing. This Plant being bruised, smelleth strong like Garlic, but more pleasant, and tasteth hot and sharp almost like Rocket.  
Names.] It is called in English Poor man's Treacle, and English Treacle, and so is Scordium.  
Place and Time.] It grows in many places by pathways, and under Walls and hedges, and flowers in the Summer Months.  
Nature and Virtues.] Jack by the hedge warmeth the stomach, and causeth digestion; and therefore is a good sauce to salt Fish, to digest the crudities, and corrupt humours it engenders: the juice thereof boiled with honey, is good for the Cough, and to cut and expectorate tough Phlegm. The decoction of the seed in wine being drunk, is good to help the wind Colic, and the Stone, and for fits of the Mother, to drink the decoction, and apply the seeds warm in a cloth. The green leaves are accounted good to heal Ulcers in the Legs, and the leaves and seed boiled is good to be used in Glisters to ease pains of the Stone.   

Sarsa-parilla. Smilax-aspera.  
IT is called Smilax-aspera also in Latin; and in English Prickly Bindeweed: it grows in the West-Indies, as Peru, and Virginia.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is of thin parts, and provokes sweat, and of temperature hot and dry, near the second degree, Mars his herb surely, whereby he cures himself when Venus hath clapped him: The decoction being excellent for the French Pen, and likewise is good in Rheums, Gouts, and cold Diseases of the Read, and Stomach, and expelleth wind from the Stomach and Mother; it helpeth aches in the Sinews and Goynts, running sores in the Legs, cold swell, tetters, ring●●●●●s, sp●ts, and foulness in the skin, and helpeth Catarrhs, and salt distillations from the head, is good in Tumours, and the King's Evil: and a dram of the powder being taken in Ale or wine, with the the like qnantity of Tamarisk, is good for Tumours of the Spleen. Sarsa doth purge the body of humours by its dryness, and diaphoretical quality, and is a good antidote against poisons; but is not proper to be given to such as have Agues, or hot Livers.   

Sassafras, or Ague-Tree.  
THis plant was first discovered by the French about Florida, 
Place and Time.  where it groweth; as also in most parts of the West Indies, and is green all the year.  
Nature and Virtues.] The wood is hot and dry in the second degree, and the rind hot and dry in the third: it purgeth watery and phlegmatic humours, and therefore is good in the Dropsy: the decoction thereof being drunk morning and evening for certain days together, which decoction is thus made; take of Sassafras four ounces, steep it four and twenty hours in a Gallon and a half of fair water, then boil it to the consumption of half, and strain it: this decoction doth open obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and is good in cold diseases and Rheums which fall from the head upon the teeth, eyes, and Lungs, and is available in Coughs, and cold diseases of the Lungs, Breast, and Stomach, and procures a good appetite, and consumes windiness, and makes a sweet breath; it is likewise commended to provoke Urine, and women's Courses, and to expel Gravel and the Stone out of the Kidneys: it dries up overmuch moisture of the Womb, and causeth women to Conceive; it is good in Fevers, and tertian and quotidian Agues, and also for the French Disease, and other diseases coming of corrupt humours, to be used in diet drinks: it may be given in powder from a scruple to two scruples.  
☞ See further of this in Culpeppers School of Physic.   

Satyrion, or Orchis Testiculus Canis.  
SAtyrion riseth up with many large, Description. long, smooth, green leaves lying on the ground, somewhat spotted like Dragons, amongst which riseth up a round stalk with some such leaves on it, burr lesser; towards the top grows a large head of many purple flowers, and some are white, spotted with a deeper purple colour, each flower having a heel of the same colour behind it: They have all a double Root, whereof some kinds are flat and broad like unto hands, the other round like unto stones: These roots alter every year by course, when one waxeth full, the other perisheth and groweth lank; the full one will sink, and the other swim, if put into water.  
Names.] As there are many kinds of this Plant, so it hath many names: It is called Satyrion, and Orchis, Testiculus Canis, Testiculus Capri, Priests Ballocks, Fools stones, Dogs stones, Cullians, Fox stones, Standard-grass, and many other names, etc.  
Place and Time.] They grow in Pastures, Meadows, and moist grounds, as in Danmore Copse, and Danmore Mead at Holshot in Hampshire, and in Cobham Park in Kent it groweth so abundantly, that it may serve to pleasure Seamens wives in Rochester, for there they may be sure to find it in great plenty from the beginning of April to the latter end of August.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are hot and moist, (the full roots I mean) the lank ones are hot and dry, Venus claims all she can get of them: The full roots do powerfully provoke to Venery, but the lank ones are said to mortify Lust; being boiled in milk, and eaten with white Pepper, they nourish such as are in Consumptions, or have an Hectic fever: The flowers are likewise effectual to merease and stir up nature: The Roots boiled in wine and drunk, stop the Flux; and being applied green, they consume tumors, and cleanse rotten Sores and Ulcers, and the powder thereof stays the fretting and festering of devouring Ulcers, being put therein: The same Root being bruised and applied, is good against Inflammations and Swell: and being boiled in wine with a little honey, it helps Ulcers and Sores in the Mouth.   

Savory, and the sorts. Thymbra.  
I shall not need to say more in the Description, Description. but only that the common kinds are two, Winter and Summer Savory, which are both common in Gardens.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and it is also called Thymbra in Latin, and by some Satureia.  
Nature and Virtues.] Savory is hot and dry in the third degree, and openeth and maketh thin, being subject to the influence of Mercury: It provokes women's Courses, and expels Wind, being boiled in wine or water, and drunk; and it is commended for women with child to take it inwardly and smell often to it: it helps rising of the Mother, provokes Urine, and expels Wind: It takes away loathing of the Stomach, and procures a good appetite, it cuts tough Phlegm in the Chest and Lungs, and is good to season stewed meat or broths: The juice being snuffed up into the nostrils, quickens the dull spirits in the Lethargy, and being dropped into the eyes, it clears the sight which is dulled by thin humours distilling from the brain. The juice heated with a little Oil of Roses, helps deafness and noise in the ears, being dropped into them. It helpeth to ease the Sciatica, and members that have the Palsy, being applied pultisswise with Wheat-flower: It is good against the stingings of Wasps and Bees, and being laid in Chambers it killeth Fleas.   

Savin. Savina.  
IT is nursed up in Gardens, and abides green all the year, being so well known it needs no further description.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Sabina and Savina.  
Nature and Virtues.] The leaves of Savin are hot and dry in the third degree, and of subtle parts, under the Influence of Mars.  
The decoction of Savin is powerful to provoke women's Courses, and it also expels the Birth and Afterbirth, and causeth Abortion: It expelleth blood by Urine, and is good for the King's Evil; the powder thereof mixed with honey cleanseth filthy Ulcers and Fistula's, but is unapt to heal them; and being mixed with Cream, and children's heads anointed therewith which have scabs or running sores, it cleanseth and healeth them, and also St. Anthony's fire: a dram of Savine in powder mixed with three ounces of Nitre, and two of Honey, helps such as are shortwinded, as saith Mathiolus: It kill Worms in Children, being applied to the Navel, or the belly anointed with the Oil thereof: The powder of the leaves mixed with honey takes away spots and freckles in the face, or body, and helps blisters of the Yard, (gotten by a Lady of Pleasure) they being first bathed with the decoction of the leaves, and is good to heal Scabs and Itch, Tetters, and Ringworms, and to break Carbunckles and Plague-sores, being spread upon a piece of leather, and applied to the place: The distilled Water cleanseth the skin, and helpeth such as have the Worms.   

Saxifrage. Saxifragia.  
THere be accounted nine kinds of this Plant which grow in England, Description. I shall describe three of them as the most useful, viz. English Saxifrage, or Mead-Parsley, White Saxifrage, and Barnet Saxifrage.  
English or Meadow Saxifrage (called Mead-Parsley) groweth with many green winged leaves like Fennel but thicker and broader, amongst which rise up divers crested stalks of a Cubit high, having thereupon divers smaller stalks of winged leaves also finely cut, but harsh to the ceiling, bearing at the top Umbels of white Flowers tending a little to yellow, after which come seed much like Fennel-seed, but browner, and of a small taste: The Root is thick, black without and white within, and of a good savour.  
White Saxifrage hath many round, faint, yellowish green leaves, but grayish underneath, spread upon the ground, unevenly dented about the edges, and somewhat hairy, every one upon a little foot-stalk, from whence riseth up a round, brownish, hairy green stalk, about a foot high, with a few leaves like the former, but smaller, branched at the top, whereon stand pretty large white flowers of five leaves apiece, with some yellow threads in the middle, standing in a long crested brownish, green husk, after which ariseth sometimes a round hard head, biforked at the top, wherein s contained blackish small seed: The Root is composed of black strings or fibres, whereunto are fastened many reddish grains about the bigness of Pepper-corns, which are called by the Apothecary's white Saxifrage seed.  
Burnet Saxifrage springeth up with divers stalks, of winged leaves set one against another, each being somewhat broad, and a little dented about the edges, of a sad green colour; at the tops of the stalks come Umbels of white Flowers, and after them small blackish seed: The Root is long and whitish.  
Names.] Saxifraga, and Saxifragia are the Latin Names.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth commonly in Meadows and Pastures, and flowers from May till the end of August: The second grows in Fields and corners of Meadows, and in grassy, sandy places; and the third grows in moist Meadows, and flowers about July, and the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are all hot and dry in the third degree, and said to be herbs of the Moon, but I can find no reason for it; the decoction of the seeds or roots of Mead-Parsley made in white wine, helps the Strangury, provokes the Courses, and expels the secondine or dead Child, and breaks the Stone in the Bladder and Kidneys; half a dram or a dram of the root in powder taken with sugar, warmeth and comforteth the stomach, and easeth griping pains of the belly, and the Colic, and expelleth Wind; and outwardly it is good in somentations and baths to provoke Urine, and ease pains of the belly which proceed from Wind: The decoction of the seed or root of white Saxifrage, or the powder thereof drunk in wine, is good against the Stone, Strangury, and stops of the Kidneys and Bladder: The distilled water of the whole herb is good for the same purposes, and to cleanse the Stomach and Lungs from tough and thick Phlegm: The same water is given by Nurses to their Children for the frets and stopping of Urine: The Burnet Saxifrage hath the same properties as the other in expelling Urine, Wind, and helping the Colic, and to ease pains of the Mother, to procure women's Courses, to break the Stone in the Kidneys, and to digest cold and tough Phlegm in the stomach, and is a good remedy against venom: The dried roots are as hot as Pepper, and may be used for it, being more wholesome, as saith Tragus: The root and seeds in powder taken with Sugar, purgeth the brain, restoreth lost speech, and is good for Convulsions, Cramps, Apoplexies, and cold Fevers: The distilled Water when in Castore●● hath been boiled is good for the same, and also for the Palsy and other cold griefs: The same drunk with wine and vinegar is good in the Plague, and preserves from infection and corrupted air, being chewed in the mouth: The distilled water beautifieth the face, and cleanseth it from spots and freckles, and causeth a good colour, and is good for all the purposes aforesaid, being taken with sugar; the juice of the leaves doth the same, and being dropped into wounds in the head or any other place, it drieth up the moisture, and heals them quickly: The seeds being made into Comfits like Carraway seeds, are good for all the aforesaid purposes.   

Scabious, and the kinds. Scabiosa.  
THere are many kinds of this Plant mentioned by Authors, Description. I shall only name three, viz. Common Scabious, small common Scabious, Corn Scabious: The only difference between the two first, is that the leaves of one are bigger than those of the other; and the Corn Scabious is greater than the other, the flowers more purple, and the root doth not run deep into the ground as the first doth.  
The common Field Scabious riseth up with many hairy soft, whitish green leaves, some whereof are not at all jagged, or very little, others are much rend in the sides, and have films or small threads in them, which may be seen in the breaking them; among which rise up many round hairy green stalks, two or three foot high, with such like hairy green leaves on them, but more deeply and finely divided, and branched forth a little; at the tops of the stalks stand round heads of flowers, of a pale bluish colour, many set together in a knop, the outermost being largest, with many threads in the middle, and somewhat flat at the top; and so is the head with seed: The Root is great, white, and thick, and grows deep into the ground, abiding many years.  
Names.] Scabiosa is the Latin Appellation hereof.  
Place and Time.] The first groweth in Woods, Meadows, and Pastures plentifully almost every where; the other in dry Fields, Cornfields, and Fallow-Grounds; they flower in June and July, and so continue in some till the end of August, the seed ripening in the mean time.  
Nature and Virtues.] Scabious is hot and dry in the second degree, a Mercurial plant, and is of an opening, cleansing, and digesting quality; it is effectual for all Coughs and diseases of the breast and lungs; it ripens inward Ulcers, Imposthumes, and the Pleurisy, the decoction of the dry, or green herb made in Wine, and drunk often: the clarified juice taken in the morning fasting, to the quantity of four ounces, with a dram of Mithridate, or Venice Turpentine, defends the heart from infection of the Pestilence, the party sweeting two hours after it in his bed; and after the first time taking it again if need require: the same is good against the stinging of venomous Beasts. Mathiolus saith, that the decoction of the roots drunk forty days together, or a dram of the powder thereof taken at a time in Whey, helps such as are troubled with spreading Scabs, Tetters, or Ringworms, though they be effects of the French Pox, and the juice or decoction helps Scabs, or Itch, and an ointment made of the juice doth the same: The same juice or decoction, cleanseth and healeth inward Wounds. The green herb bruised, dissolves and breaks a Carbunckle or Plague sore being applied thereto, in three hours' space, and helps the stinging of any venomous beast, being so applied. The decoction of the herb and roots applied, helps cold tumours or swell in any part of the body, and any sinew or vein that is shrunk. The juice made up with the powder of Borax and Camphire, cleanseth the skin of Freckles, Pimples, Morphew, and the Lepry. The Tents which are dipped in the juice or water thereof are good to heal green Wounds, and old Sores and Ulcers: and the bruised herb being applied, doth loosen any Splinter, broken Bone, Arrow head, or such like thing lying in the flesh, so that it may easily be drawn out: The decoction used either alone, or with juice of Fennel, helps redness and spots in the Eyes; and the same decoction cleanseth the head from Dandruff, Scurff, Scabs, and Itch, the head being washed with it warm: A syrup made of the juice and sugar is effectual for all the inward purposes aforesaid; and so is the distilled water of the herb and flowers.   

Scordium, or Water Germander.  
IT shooteth forth divers weak, square, hairy branches from a small root full of white strings, Description. spreading and running about in the ground; the branches take root in divers places as they lie and spread, whereby it much increaseth: the leaves grow two at a joint, not so large as garden Germander leaves, of a darkish green colour, having thereon a show of hairiness and hoariness, somewhat soft, full of veins, and dented about the edges: The flowers are small, red, and gaping, standing at the joints with the leaves towards the tops of the branches. It is thought not to perfect its seed, but is propagated by the branches.  
Names] Scordium is the Latin name.  
Place and Time.] It grows in wet grounds, and by waters sides in many places of England, and flowers in June, July, and August: It is usually gathered to be kept dry before it flowers.  
Nature and Virtues.] Scordium in hot and dry, of a certain harsh, sharp, and bitter taste; it is a Solar herb, a great resister of Venom and Infection, and is the basis of that medicine called Diascordium; it is of excellent use to strengthen the heart, and procure sleep in Fevers; it provokes the Terms, hastens women's labour, helps their usual sickness, in lying in, and strengthens the Stomach: ten grains or a scruple at a time may safely be given to weak people, and a dram or more to them that are stronger: The decoction of the green or dry herb in wine is good against venomous bitings, and other deadly poisons, and griping pains of the stomach or sides, that come of cold, or obstructions, and for the bloody Flux; it is good against an old Cough, and to expectorate phlegm out of the Chest and Lungs, being made into an Electuary with Cresses, , and Honey, and is good for such as are bursten or troubled with the Cramp, it is a special Counter-poison in all pestilential Diseases, and Infections, and is often used with good success before the fits of Agues, to hinder the access, and drive them away: a little of the juice thereof, or the powder in drink taken fasting, kills worms in the stomach or belly: The decoction of the dried herb with two or three Tormentil roots, is available against the bloody Flux. The juice or a syrup made of the herb is profitable for many of the forenamed griefs. The green herb bruised and applied, healeth any green Wound; and the dried herb used with Honey, cleanseth foul Ulcers. A pultis or cerate made of the dried herb, helpeth to discuss Wens, and excrescences in the flesh; it easeth also pains of the Gout, being applied with vinegar or water.   

Scurvygrass. Cochlearia.  
OF this I shall mention two kinds, Description. common or Sea Scurvygrass, and Dutch or Garden Scurvygrass: The Sea Scurvygrass is well known; the Dutch, or Garden Scurvygrass hath divers fresh, green, and almost round leaves, not so thick as the common sort, a little hollowed in the middle, and round pointed, of a sad green colour, standing every one by itself upon a long foot talk, among which rise up divers long, slender, weak stalks, about a foot high, thick beset on each side, with small white flowers on the tops of them, which turn into small pods, with little brownish seeds: the root is white, small, and fibrous; the taste of it is somewhat bitterish.  
Names.] The Latins call it Cochlearia, the leaf being like a spoon; in English Scurvygrass, and Spoon-wort.  
Places and Time.] The Sea Scurvygrass groweth about the Sea Coasts, and both on the Essex and Kentish shores in the River of Thames, so far as the salt water cometh: the other groweth in the Marshes of Holland in Lincolnshire, as well as in the Low Countries; and likewise prospereth in Gardens where it is sown: they flower in April, and give their seed about the latter end of May.  
Nature and Virtues.] Scurvygrass is hot and dry, much in quality like the Garden Cresses; it is an herb of Jupiter: It is an excellent remedy for that Disease called the Scurvy, which often afflicts Seamen, and many persons by land besides. I have had it this Summer, after a Winter's Ague; but by drinking the juice of this herb every morning in Ale or white Wine have (by Cod's blessing) obtained a cure in a small time: it may likewise be taken in decoction, or in diet drink; being tunned up with new Ale or Beer, and some long Pepper, Grains, Anniseeds, and Liquorice added thereto, and at three days old the drink will be fit for your use; it opens obstructions, and evacuates cold, clammy, and phlegmatic humours from the Liver, seat of Blood, and the Spleen, wasting the swelling, and hardness thereof, and reduceth the body to a lively colour: the juice helps Ulcers and Sores in the mouth, it being gargled with it, and outwardly used, it cleanseth the skin from spot and scars: The conserve worketh the same effects as the juice or herb, and is a fine delicate medicine for weak stomaches.   

Of Sebesten. Myxa.  
THis is a certain Plum, Description. brought hither out of Assyria, and is called by them Sebestens; in Latin, Myxa, and Myxaria, from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is their name for the Tree.  
Nature and Virtues.] Sebestens are temperately cold and moist, of a thick clammy substance, they cleanse the throat of hoarseness, and roughness, caused by sharp humours, which descend from the head into the windpipe, and cause difficulty of breathing: they also cause phlegm to be avoided, and help the Cough; and Wheesing of the Lungs, and distillations upon them; they help the sharpness of Urine, proceeding from Choler, or salt Phlegm, and help such as are troubled with pains in their sides; they are good in hot Agues to cool the intemperate heat of the Stomach and Liver, and to purge Choler.   

. Prunella.  
IT is a low creeping herb, Description. having many small, and somewhat round leaves, a little pointed, of a sad green colour, without any dents on the edges; the stalks are square and hairy, about half a foot high, which sometimes are divided into branches, with small leaves thereon to the top, whereon stand brown spiked heads, consisting of many scaly leaves and flowers mingled together, gaping and commonly of a blueish purple colour, but sometimes of a pale blue, of a sweet smell in some, but in a few places: the root is small and threddy, and by taking hold of the ground by the fibres which grow out from its branches it is much increased.  
Names.] It is called generally in Latin Prunella, and of some Solidago minor, Consolida minor, and Consolida minima; in English , Hook-heal, and Carpenter's herb.  
Place and Time.] It grows commonly in most Fields, and flowers in May,  
Nature and Virtues.]  is moderately hot and dry, somewhat astringent, an herb of Venus; an excellent Wound Herb either for inward or outward hurts, ot be taken inwardly in syrup or decoction, and outwardly to be applied in Unguent or Plasters: of itself alone it will heal any green wound, being bruised and wrought with the point of a knife upon a trencher, like unto a Salve and applied, and it good to heal the sore Nipples of Nurses; it is good for those that have received hurt by bruises or falls: a decoction being made thereof with Sanicle, Bugle, and such other Wound Herbs, and is effectual to inject into outward Ulcers; and the inward taking thereof will help the sharpness of humours which follow any Sore, Ulcer, Inflammation, Swelling, or the like: the juice hereof mixed with oil of Roses, is good to anoint the Temples, and Forehead, for the Headache; and the same juice mixed with a little honey of Roses, cleanseth and healeth Ulcers, and Sores of the Mouth and Throat, and secret parts.   

Sena. Colutea.  
THe true Sena is said to grow in Arabia and Syria, Description. and is transported from Alexandria to us: there is a bastard Sena, which is kept in many Gardens with us, commonly called Colutea which is its Latin name.  
Nature and Virtues.] The leaves of Sena (which are only used) are hot near the first degree, and dry in the third it is of a purging faculty, and leaveth a binding quality after the purging; it openeth obstructions, and cleanseth and comforteth the Stomach, being corrected with some Auniseed, Carrawayseed, or Ginger; it purgeth Melancholy, choler, and Phlegm from the Head and Brain, Lungs, Heart, Liver, and Spleen, cleansing those parts of evil humours, a dram thereof taken in Wine, Ale, or Broth fasting; it strengthens the senses; and procureth mirth: it is also good in cronical Agues, whether Quartain, or Quotidian; it cleanseth and purifieth the blood, and causeth a fresh and lively habit of the body, and is a special ingredient in diet drinks, and to make purging Ale, to be taken to clarify and cleanse the blood: The bastard Sena purgeth vehemently both upwards and downwards, offending the Stomach and Bowels.   

Shepherd's purse. Bursa Pastoris.  
IT hath small long leaves, Description. of a pale green colour, deeply cut in on both sides; the stalk is small and round, parted into many branches, containing small leaves upon them up to the top; the flowers are white, and very small, after which come flat pouches which hold the seed, which are flat, in form of a heart, in each side whereof lieth a small brownish yellow seed: the root is small, and white, and perisheth every year.  
Names.] The Latins call it Bursa pastoris, and Pastoria Bursa; in English Shepherds purse, Poor man's Parmacity, Toywort, Pickpurse, and Caseweed.  
Place and Time.] It grows frequently almost in every Field, and Hedges side, and upon Banks about London: they flower and seed all the Summer, and some of them twice a year.  
Nature and Virtues.] Shepherd's purse is cold, dry, and binding, a Saturnine Plant; the decoction hereof stoppeth the Lask, spitting of Blood, pissing Blood, the Terms, and all other fluxes of Blood, howsoever it be taken, but especially with red Wine, or Plantain Water: the juice helpeth mattering and running Fars, being dropped therein. A good Salve may be made hereof for Wounds, especially in the head. The bruised herb pultiswise applied, helpeth Inflammations, St. Anthony's sire, and cures running Sores, Fistula's, Swell, hardness, new Wounds, Shingles, and rheumatic Sores. The juice being drunk, helpeth straitness of the Breath, the Strangury, and stoppage of Urine and stoppeth Phlegm, and is very prevalent against venomous bitings, being drunk with Wine, and prevents the fits of Agues, being taken an hour before the fit.   

Skirret. Sisarum.  
THey grow not naturally in England, but as they are planted in Gardens.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Sisarum, Siser, Chervillum, and Servilla; they are mistaken who take Siser to be a Parsnip.  
Nature and Virtues.] The roots of Skirrets, which are only in use, are moderately hot and moist: the roots are but of indifferent nourishment, yet they provoke Lust, being windy, and are easily concocted, whereby they yield a reasonable good juice; they are dressed much after the manner of Potatoes, either baked or boiled, and stewed uviht Pepper, Butter, and Salt, and so eaten: they may be eaten also cold with Vinegar and Oil, being first boiled: the juice of the roots drunk with Goat's milk, stoppeth the Lask, and being drunk in Wine, it is said to help windiness in the Stomach, gripe in the Belly, and the Hiccough; it doth somewhat provoke Urine, and is a little effectual to consume the Stone and Gravel in the Bladder and Kidneys.   

Smallage. Paludapium.  
IT is so well known I need not describe it.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Paludapium, and Apium palustre, and in Shops only Apium; in English Smallage, and Marsh-parsley.  
Places and Time.] It is found in Gardens, and sometimes in wet and moorish Grounds, whence it was first brought; it flourisheth when the Garden Parsley doth: the stalks coming up the second year, and then the seed is ripe in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Smallage is hot and dry in the end of the second degree, of a bitter taste, and opening quality, being an herb of Mercury; it opens obstructions of the Liver and Sleen, rarefies thick phlegm, and cleanseth the Blood, being used in pottage amongst other herbs, as Water-cresses, etc. It drives down the Courses, and is good for the Green Sickness; it provokes Urine, and is good against the yellow Jaundice: if a syrup be made of the juice, it is very useful in lasting Agues. The juice with honey of Roses, and Barley Water, cures Ulcers of the Mouth, and the almonds of the Throat, being bathed, or gargled therewith, and cleanseth other foul Ulcers and Wounds; being mixed with honey, and used, it preserves exulcerated Cancers from stinking, and putrefaction, and helps to heal them: the leaves boiled in Hog's grease like a pultis, helps Felons, and Whitloes on the fingers. The seed is good to break Wind, kill Worms, and help a stinking breath. The herb and root do warm the Stomach, and expel Wind, and help digestion. The root is to be sliced and eaten with oil and Vinegar. The root is stronger in operation then the herb for all the said purposes; but especially to open obstructions, and rid away an Ague, the juice thereof being taken in wine, or a decoction thereof made in Wine.   

Sorrel. Acetosa.  
THis is very well known plentifully to grow both in the Gardens and Fields, and needs no further describing.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Acetosa, and Acedula, from its sourness.  
Nature and Virtues.] Sorrel is cooling and drying in the second degree, and cutteth tough phlegm, by reason of its sourness; it is ascribed to the dominion of Venus: it is a pleasant sauce to many meats, grateful to hot Stomaches; it provokes appetite, tempers the heat of the Liver, and opens the stopping, and prevents the wasting thereof; it cools inflammations and heat in Agues and Fevers, and faintings arising from heat; it refresheth the spirits. A Sorrel posset is excellent to quench the thirst: the leaves taken fasting preserve from infection, but much more the Conserve, which is good for all the forementioned purposes: The seeds bruised and drunk in wine or water, are good against the fretting of the Guts, and the Colic, and stops hot Fluxes of the Terms, and of humours in the Bloody Flux, or flux of the Stomach: the leaves wrapped in a Colewort leaf, and roasted under the Embers, and applied, discusseth kernels in the Throat, and ripens and breaks any hard Imposthume, Tumour, Boyl, or Plague Sore; the juice used with Vinegar is good for Tetters, Ringworms, and the Itch. The distilled water kills worms, resists poison, and is good for all the said purposes. The roots either in powder or decoction, are good for many of the forementioned purposes, and helpeth the Jaundice, and Gravel, and Stone in the Kidneys. A decoction of the flowers made in Wine and drunk, helpeth the black Jaundice, and inward Ulcers.   

Woodsorrel. Alleluia.  
IT groweth low upon the ground without any stalk, Description. with a great many leaves coming from the root, made of three leaves, like Treefoil, every leaf somewhat resembling a heart, being broad at the ends, cut in the middle, and sharp towards the stalk, of a faint yellowish green colour, every one standing on a long red foot stalk, which at their first coming up are close folded together to the stalk, but opening themselves afterwards; they are of a fine sour taste, and yieldeth a juice which turneth red when it is clarified: amongst these leaves rise up weak, slender foot stalks, bearing every one of them a white flower at the top, consisting of five small pointed leaves, star fashion, and in some desht over with a small show of blush; after the flowers succeed small round heads, with yellowish seeds in them: the root consists of small strings, fastened to the end of a small long piece, of a yellowish colour, abiding with some leaves thereon all the Winter.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Trifolium Acetosum, and in Shops Alleluia, and Lujula; in English Woodsorrel, and Scab-wort.  
Place and Time.] It grows in moist Woods, and shadowy places, and upon the old stems of Withyes, Alders, and such Trees as delight to grow in wet and shadowy places: it flowers in April and May.  
Nature and Virtues.] Wood Sorrel is of temperature as the other, and under the Planetary Influence: This herb is singular good to defend the heart in all pestilential Diseases; and to cool the faintings thereof caused by heat in Agues, Fevers, and other diseases; it preserves the Blood from putrefaction, quencheth thirst, stayeth Vomiting, and procures a good stomach, a dram of the Conserve being taken in a morning, or oftener if need require; it is good in any contagious Disease: A syrup made of the juice is effectual for all the said distempers, and so is the distiled water: the juice is good to gargoyle the mouth for any Canker or Ulcer: it is good in Wounds and Scabs, to stay the bleeding, and to cleanse and heal the Wounds, and to stay hot defluctions and Catarrhs upon the Throat or Lungs. Sponges or linen  wet in the juice, and applied to hot tumours and inflammations doth cool and help them. A composition made with Mithridate, Sugar, and Wood Sorrel, hath been approved for those that are entering into a Fever.  
☞ See further in The Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Sowthistles. Sonchus.  
THey need no description.  
Names.] The Latins call them Sonchus, which is divided into Asperum and Levem; and in English we call them prickly and smooth Sowthistles, and sometimes Hare's Lettuce; they are called likewise Lactula Leporina, Palatium Leporis, and Leporum Cubile.  
Place and Time.] They grow in Gardens, and manured Grounds, commonly against the owners will, as also in Fields, upon old Walls, by Paths sides, and High ways.  
Nature and Virtues.] Sowthistles are cold and binding, and consisting of a watery and earthly substance, being under the influence of Venus: they are familiarly eaten beyond the Seas, while they are young and tender, especially the roots: the juice heated with a little Oil of bitter Almonds in a Pomegranate Pill, and dropped into the Ears, helps noise therein, and deafness, and other diseases of the Ears: the bruised herb or juice is good to apply to Inflammations of the eyes, or elsewhere, and to help Wheals and Blisters in the skin, and is good to help the heat and itchings of the Piles, and the heat and sharpness of humours in the privy parts of man or woman: the herb is eaten by some as a Salad in the Spring to cool a hot stomach, and ease the gnawing pains thereof. The decoction in Wine helps to stay the dissolutions of the Stomach: and the milk that comes from the stalk is good for such to drink as are short wound, and are troubled with Wheesing. Three spoonfuls of the juice taken in some Wine warmed, and a little Oil with it, causeth easy and speedy delivery; it is said to avoid the Gravel and Stone by Urine: and the juice taken in warm drink helps the Strangury. The decoction of the leaves given to Nurses, causeth abundance of Milk, and suffereth it not to curdle in their Breasts. The distilled water is effectual for all the diseases before named to be taken with Sugar inwardly and outwardly, by applying  or sponges wetted therein; and is good for women to wash their faces to clear the skin: The bruised herb or juice applied to Warts is said to take them away.   

Showbread. Panis Porcinus.  
I Cannot find that it is growing any any where naturally in England, but is brought to us from France and Italy, so that I shall not describe it.  
Names.] It is called in shops Cyclamen, Panis porcinus, and Artanita; in English Sow or Swine-bread, because the Swine love to feed on it in those Countries where it grows.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the beginning of the third degree, and cutteth, cleanseth, and digesteth; it is an herb of Mars: The distilled Water of the roots snuffed up into the Nostrils, stayeth bleeding at nose saith Mathiolus: and that six ounces of the water being drunk with one ounce of fine Sugar, it stayeth the blood that cometh from the breast, stomach, or liver, or a vein that is broken in them: It purgeth violently, and therefore is to be corrected with Mastic, Nutmeg, or a scruple of Rhubarb, and so it helps hardness and swelling of the Spleen, and easeth the Colic: The juice opens the Hemorrhoids and Piles, and strongly moveth to stool: The fresh root put into a cloth, and applied to the secret parts of a woman that is in long travel, procures and easy and speedy delivery, but if women with child meddle with it before their due time it causeth Abortion. The juice of Plantain, and the juice of Showbread, of each a like quantity mixed together with Aloes, Myrrh, and Olibanum, stoppeth the bleeding of the Nose, being applied to the nostrils and forehead: The juice mingled with vinegar helpeth the falling down of the Fundament, it being fomented therewith.  
☞ See further of this in Culpeppers School of Physic.   

Southernwood. Abrotanum mas.  
IT is generally known in Gardens, so that it needs no description.  
Names.] The Latins call it Abrotanum, adding the Epithet (mass) to it, to distinguish it from Abrotanum faemina, which some hold to be Lavender Cotton.  
Place and time.] The Gardens (as I told you) nourish it, the time of its flowering is in June and July, sometimes later.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Plant of Mercury, having a rarifying discussing quality, and is hot and dry in the end of the third degree: The tops of Southernwood stamped and drunk raw in water, provoketh the Courses, and is profitable for such as cannot breathe without holding their necks strait up, and for the Cramp, shrinking of sinews, and the Sciatica, and for stopping of Urine; which effects the seeds and flowers do most powerfully perform if they can be had. It destroyeth worms, and is good against poison and venom, being drunk in wine: The seed (if it can be had) digests and consumes cold humours and tough Phlegm which stop the Spleen, Kidneys, and Bladder: The tops boiled in wine or water, and a little honey or sugar added to it, helps difficulty of breathing being drunk three or four times a day, and is good for the Cough, Cardiack Passion, and other inward griefs. The ashes thereof mixed with Oil of Palma Christi, or old Oil Olive, restoreth lost hair, and causth the beard to come forth speedily if it be anointed therewith twice a day against the sun or the fire: The tops stamped with a roasted Quince, and applied to the eyes, helps the inflammations thereof. A Salve made of the leaves being boiled and stamped with Barley-meal, and Barrows-grease, dissolveth cold humours and swell, being applied upon a piece of cloth or leather. It helps also benumbed or bruised Limbs, being stamped with Oil and applied; and takes away the shivering fits of Agues, the backbone being anointed with it before the fit come. The bruised herb helps to draw forth splinters and thorns out of the flesh being applied thereunto, the ashes drieth up old sores and ulcers: The Oil of Southernwood is good in those Ointments that are used for the French Pox, and kills louse in the head: The distilled Water is said to help the Stone, and diseases of the Spleen and Mother: It is held more offensive to the stomach then Wormwood, being taken inwardly; but the dried herb being put in a linen bag, and applied to the stomach next the skin, comforteth a cold stomach: The herb boiled with Barley meal helps to take away pimples, bushes, and wheals in any part of the body.  
Speedwell, vide Fluellin.   

Spignell. Meum.  
COmmon Spignell springeth up with sundry long stalks of leaves, Description. cut very finely like unto hairs, smaller than Dill, set thick on both sides of the stalk, of a light or yellow green colour, and of a good scent, from amongst which rise up round stiff stalks with joints, having a few leaves at them, at the tops whereof grow an Umbel of white flowers, the edges whereof do sometimes give a show of radish or blush colour, especially before they be full blown; after which come little roundish seed of a brownish colour: The Roots are thick and long, in respect of the leaves growing out from one head, which is hairy at the top, of a blackish brown colour on the outside, and white within.  
Names,] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins Meum, and in English it is called of some Mew, Baldmoney, or Bearwort.  
Place and Time.] It grows in Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and other Northern Countries, flowers in June and July, and yields seed in August.  
Nature and Virtues.] The roots of Spignel are hot in the third degree, and dry in the second, and said to be under the influence of Venus, an Electuary made of the roots with honey consumes wind in the stomach and guts, and easeth gripe in the belly; and is good against Catarrhs, Rheums, and Aches of the Joints, and phlegmatic humours that fall upon the Lungs: The decoction in wine or water being drunk, opens stops in the Kidneys and Bladder, helps the Strangury, provokes Urine, and stirs up Lust. It also provokes the Terms, and helps griefs of the Mother; but too great a quantity thereof causeth the head-ache: The Roots which are only used in Physic are effectual against the stinging or biting of any venomous creature, and is an Ingredient in those main Antidotes, Venice Treacle and Mithridate.   

Spikenard. Nardus Indica.  
IT is naturally an Indian Plant, called Nardus Indica, therefore I shall proceed to declare its Virtues, not troubling you at all with its description.  
Nature and Virtues.] Spikenard is of a heating drying faculty, as saith Dioscorides; it is good to provoke urine, and easeth pains of the stone in the Reins and Kidneys, being drunk in cold water; it helps loathing, swelling or knawing in the stomach, the yellow Jaundice, and such as are livergrown: It is a good Ingredient in Mithridate and other Antidotes against poison; to women with child it is sorbidden, but a decoction thereof may be a good bathe for others to sit over that are troubled with Inflammations of the Mother: The Oil of Spikenard is good to warm cold places, and to digest crude and raw humours: It worketh powerfully on all cold griess of the Head and Brain, Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Reins, Bladder, and of the Mother: It purgeth the brain of Rheum being snuffed up into the nostrils; being infused certain days in wine, and then distilled in a hot , the Water is good inwardly and outwardly to be used for any coldness of the members: It comforts the brain, and helps cold pains of the head, and the shaking Palsy: Two or three spoonfuls thereof being taken helps passions of the heart, swoonings, and the Colic; being drunk with wine it is good against venomous bitings; and being made into Trochis with wine, it may be reserved for an Eye-medicine, which being aptly applied represseth obnoxious humours thereof.   

spinach. Spinachia.  
I Shall say but little of this, it being more used by the Cook than the Physician; for it is seldom used in physic, and I believe not very substantial food, (though some greedily eat it) some Latin Authors call it Spinachia, and some say, that the broth thereof makes the belly solluble, easeth pains of the back, clears the breast, and strengthens the stomach.   

Spleenwort, or Ceterach. Asplenium.  
SPleenwort beareth many leaves near a span long, Description. jagged on both sides almost to the middle rib, set in several orders not one against the other, but one besides another, being slippery, and green on the upper side, and of a dark yellowish roughness underneath, which is conceived to be the seeds; at its first coming up it rolleth and foldeth itself as Fern doth, with many hairs on the outside: The Root is small, black, and rough, much plaited or interlaced, having neither stalk nor flower.  
Names.] Caterach is the usual name of it in shops, yet it is called Asplenium and Splenium; in English Spleenwort, and Milt-waste, Place and Time.] It groweth upon stone walls and rocks, and in moist and shadowy places, in the West Country, on the Church of Beconsfield in Berkshire, and at Strewed in Kent and other places: It continues green all the year.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the first degree, of thin subtle parts, no way Saturnine, but rather Mercurial: It is profitable for all diseases and infirmities of the Spleen, especially such as cause it to grow too big, for it diminisheth it; it is effectual for the yellow Jaundice, stops of the Liver, and the Hiccough: It helps the Strangury and Stone in the Bladder; it helps the Running of the Reins, a dram of the dust scraped from the back side of the leaves, and taken with half a dram of Amber in powder in the juice of Plantain or Purslain. The decoction helps Melancholy Diseases, and such as arise from the French Pox; but if it be boiled over long, the strength will be lost. The distilled water is good for the Stone, and the lie made of the Ashes being drunk some time together, helps spleenatick persons, and so doth the herb being boiled a little and applied to the region of the Spleen. The use of this plant hinders Conception, and therefore women that desires Children must forbear it.   

Squinant, Sweet Rush, or Camel's Hay. Schaenanthos.  
SChaenanthos, or Juncus Odoratus are the Latin names hereof: it is an Arabian Plant.  
Nature and Virtues.] The whole Plant hath an astringent saculty; the roots do bind most, and the flowers are more hot; it gently cutteth humours, and digesteth them: The decoction of the flowers being drunk, stayeth spitting of Blood, and is conducible to diseases of the Scomach, Lungs, Liver, and Reins: The root is held effectual for the loathing of the Stomach, a dram thereof in powder with the like quantity of Pepper being taken fasting certain mornings together, and is a good remedy for the Dropsy, Convulsions, and Cramps; being boiled in the broth of a chicken, it is effectual for pains of the Womb, and pains after Child-bearing. Dioscorides saith it provoketh Urine, and women's Courses, discusseth Swell, and Wind, but troubles the head a little.   

Starwort. Bubonium.  
THere be many kinds of this Herb, Description. yet that which grows most naturally in England, is the Attic or yellow Starwort which groweth about a foot high, with three or more hairy stalks, with long, rough, hairy, brownish, dark, green leaves on them, divided into two or three branches; at the tops whereof stand a flat scaly head, compassed underneath with five or six long brown, rough, geeen leaves, like a Star; the flower standing in the middle consists of narrow, long, pale, yellow leaves, set with brownish yellow thrums; which turning into down, are carried away with the Wind: the root is fibrous, and of a binding sharp taste.  
Names.] This kind is called Aster Atticus, and Bubonium in Latin.  
Place and Time.] It is said to grow upon Hampsted Heath. One sort of Starwort or other is in flower from June to October.  
Nature and Virtues.] Starwort is said to be cooling and drying, and doth moderately waste and consume, an herb of Venus the leaves and flowers boiled in water, helps pains and sores in the Groin, and so doth an oil made by infusion thereof: the dried flowers being bound to the grieved place, taketh away Inflammations thereof; it helps the Quinzy, and Falling Sickness in Children: An ointment made of the green Herb and Hog's Grease, is good to anoint a hot Stomach and inflamed Eyes, to help falling down of the Fundament, and such as are bitten by a mad Dog; it consumes swell of the Throat; and the herb being burnt, driveth away Serpents.;   

Stone Crop, or Wall Pepper. Vermicularis.  
THis Plant is much like unto the lesser Housleek, Description. called also Sedum, and Prickmadam, and is by Gerrard and others ranked amongst the number of the Sedums, or Prickmadams; but because of its far different and contrary temperature, I have placed it alone: it is a low and little herb, the stalks whereof are slender and short, about which the leaves stand very thick, being small in growth, full bodied, sharp pointed, and full of juice. The flowers stand at the top, and are of a yellow colour, and of a sharp biting taste; the root is nothing but strings.  
Names] The Latin names are Vermicularis, and Illecebra, Minor Acris: The tertium Semper vivum of Dioscorides, which he saith the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Romans Illecebra.  
Place and Time.] Stonecrop grows in stony and dry places, in chinks and crannies of old Walls, and on the tops of tiled Houses; on the Church-house at Heckfield in Hampshire useth to grow abundance of it: it flowers in the Summer months, and is always green as the Sengreens are.  
Nature and Virtues.] Stonecrop is of a very hot temperature, sharp and biting; being outwardly applied it raiseth Blisters, as the Ranunculus, or Crowfoot will do, and at length exulcerateth: therefore such as have any occasion to use the cooling Prickmadams, aught to beware that they mistake not this for it. Dioscorides saith, that it wasteth away hard kernels of the King's Evil, if it be applied unto them with Hog's Grease; and boiled in Oil of Roses, and the sore Piles anointed therewith, it easeth their pains: The juice (as Gerrard saith) being extracted and drawn forth, and taken with Vinegar or some other liquor, procures Vomit, and brings up gross and phlegmatic humours, and also choleric, and doth thereby oftentimes cure the quartain Ague, and other Agues of long continuance: and being given in this manner, it is a remedy against poisons inwardly taken, but it is dangerous to be used; and there being many other safer medicines for the same purposes, I conceive it is better to be forborn then experimented.   

Strawberries. Fragraria.  
THey need no description: The Plant is called in Latin Fragraria, and the fruit Fraga. They grow both in Gardens, and wild in Fields and Woods.  
Nature and Virtues.] Let Venus have these sweet Berries, lest she lose her longing.  
The leaves of Strawberries are cooling in the first degree, and the root more drying and binding; the green berries are cold and dry, but when they are ripe they are cold and moist: the distilled water of the berries is good against faintings of the heart, and overflowing of the gall. The berries themselves refresh and comfort fainting spirits, ocol the Liver, Blood, and Spleen, and choleric Stomaches, and quench thirst; they are good for other Inflammations, but meddle not too much with them in Fevers, lest they putrify in the Stomach, and increase the Fits. A decoction of the leaves and roots in wine and water doth abate the heat and sharpness of Urine, cools the Liver and Blood, and assuages Inflammations in the Reins and Bladder, stays the bloody Flux, and the Terms, and helps the swell of the Spleen. The juice or the decoction of the herb and root cleanseth soul Ulcers, being washed therewith: the leaves and roots hereof serve to make lotions and gargles for sores in the Mouth, or privy Parts, and are good to fasten lose Teeth, and to heal foul Gums; it also helps to stay Catarrhs, or defluctions of Rheum into the Mouth, Throat, Teeth, or Eyes. The juice or water is good for red and inflamed Eyes, and also to help bushes and wheals in the face or other parts, and to make the skin clear and smooth. The water of Strawberries distilled in a glass after they have stood twelve or fourteen days in Horse dung, cureth the Leprosy and Morphew, if it be drunk.   

Succory, Dandelion, or Pissabeds. Cicorea.  
SUccory, Endive, and Dandelion differ not much in operation: the Garden Succory, and wild Dandelion, or Pissabeds, are all very well known; so that I shall not need to describe either.  
Names.] Succory is called Cicorea in Latin, and the Dandelion Dens Leonis from the jagged leaves resembling a Lion's Tooth.  
Nature and Virtues.] Succory and Endive are cold and dry in the second degree; the wild sorts are drier than the Garden kinds, and do cleanse and open most by reason of their bitterness; it is an herb of Jupiter.  
The leaves of the Garden kinds are used both for meat and medicine; they do both cool the Liver, and open the obstructions thereof, strengthening the same; and likewise helps burning Agues, lack of sleep, stopping of Urine, and the Gall, the yellow Jaundice, and great heat of the Stomach. A draught of the decoction of the herb or root in wine drunk fasting, helps the Dropsy, and drives forth choleric and phlegmatic Humours: the like decoction in wine is good against linger Agues, and a dram of the seed in powder taken in Wine before the fit, is available in Agues, and for faintings and passions of the heart: the herb outwardly applied is good to allay sharp humours in Ulcers, Tumours, and pestilential Sores, and helps inflammations of the Eyes, and clears the sight, and easeth pains of the Gout. The distilled water is effectual for the same purposes, and to drink morning and evening for 〈◊〉 in the Breast, and is good for women with Child, and the Headache in Children coming of heat; which water oo the juice of the leaves is good for Nurse's Breasts that abound with milk, allayeth swell, Inflammations, Pushes, Pimples, and St. Anthony's fire, and is good to wash filthy Sores, being used with Vinegar.  
Sun-flowers, i. e. Elecampane.    


Tobacco, English and Indian. Nicotiana.  
ENglish Tobacco riseth up with a thick round stalk, Description. about two foot high, whereon grow thick fat green leaves, not so large as the Indian, round pointed, and not dented about the edges; at the tops stand divers flowers in green husks, scarce standing above the brims of the husk, round pointed also, and of a greenish yellow colour: its seed is not very bright, but large, contained in great heads. The roots perish every Winter, but rise generally of its own sowing.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Petum, and Nicotiana.  
Place and Time.] English tobacco groweth much about Winscomb in Glocestershire, as delighting in a fruitful soil; the other which we smoke groweth best in Virginia, and is thence carried to some parts of Spain, and there made up and then brought to us, and named Spanish Tobacco; under which Title the Taverns and Ale drapers cheat the Smokers, who buy it greedily at three Pipes for two pence, as a great bargain, when it doth not stand the seller in a halfpenny.  
Nature and Virtues.] Tobacco is hot and dry in the second degree; it cleanseth and discusseth, and hath also a stupifying quality, and a power to resist poison.  
English Tobacco is good to expectorate tough Phlegm, the juice made into a syrup, or the distilled water drunk with Sugar, or the smoke taken fasting in a Pipe: it easeth gripe in the Bowels, pains in the Head, and expels Worms, and is profitable to provoke Urine, and expel the Stone and Gravel out of the Kidneys, to expel windiness, which causes strangling of the Mother: the seed is good to ease the , and the ashes of the Herb cleanseth the Gums and Teeth, and makes them white: the bruised herb is profitably applied to swell of the King's Evil: four or five ounces of the juice taken fasting, purges the body upwards and downwards, and is effectual for the Dropsy. The distilled water taken with Sugar before the fit of an Ague lessens the fit. The distilled faeces of the Herb having been bruised before the distillation, and not distilled dry, but set fourteen days in hot dung, and then hung up in a bag in a Wine Cellar, there will drop a liquor therefrom good for Cramps, Aches, the Gout, and Sciatica, and to heal Itches, Scabs, Cankers, and foul Sores: The juice is good to kill louse in children's Heads. The green herb bruised and applied is good to cure any fresh wound; and the juice put into old Sores, cleanseth and healeth them. There is an excellent Salve made of Tobacco, good for Imposthumes, hard Tumours, swell by blows and falls, old and new Sores, and is to be had at the Apothecaries by the name of Unguentum Nicotianum, or ointment of Tobacco.   

Tamarinds. Tamarindus.  
THis Tree groweth in Arabia, and the Indies, and the fruit is brought hither for Medicine, whose virtues follow.  
Nature and Virtues.] Tamarinds are cold and dry in the second degree, or in the beginning of the third, a plant of Venus: The pulp of Tamarinds open obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and taken with borage water, it quickens the spirits, and mitigates the fits of Frenzy and madness; it is good in acute Fevers, it purgeth Choler and adust humours, stayeth vomiting, and cools inflammations of the Liver, Stomach and Reins, and helps the running of the Reins; it is good against the Scab, Itch, and Leprosy, and salt humours breaking out in the skin; it is good in hot burning Agues, it quencheth thirst, and procures appetite, an ounce thereof being dissolved in fair water and taken with a little Sugar; it stays bleedings at nose arising from Choler, and women's Fluxes, and is good against the yellow Jaundice.   

Tamarisk. Tamarix.  
IT is well known in Gardens where it only grows, in England, so that a description is needless.  
Names.] Mytica, Tamarix, and Tamariscus are the Latin names; the Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; i.e. infinitus, from its abundance of leaves.  
Place and Time.] It groweth about Mompelier and Narbone in France, and is planted in Gardens with us: they flower about the end of May, or in June, and the seed is ripe and blown away in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Tamarisk is drying and astringent, having also a cutting and cleansing quality, a Saturnine Plant. The leaves or roots boiled in Wine drives forth Melancholy, helps spitting of blood, and stays the overflowing of the Terms, the bleeding of the Hemorrhoides, and other Fluxes, and is good against the Jaundice, and other diseases which are caused by obstructions. The roots sodden with Wine and drunk, cleanseth the milt, and thereby it helps the Lepry: the decoction of the root or young branches in Wine or Vinegar drunk, and outwardly applied, helps hardness of the Spleen. The decoction of the bark and leaves in Wine, helps the , the mouth and Teeth being gargled therewith; it also helpeth redness and watering of the Eyes, and easeth pains of the ears being dropped therein, and is good to wash those that are subject to Lice and Nits, and is good to stay gangrous and fretting Ulcers, being mixed with honey: it is good for spleenatick persons to drink out of Cups or Cans made of the Wood thereof. A good quantity of the leaves boiled in water is a good bath for women to sit over whose Matrix is in danger of coming down, it fasteneth the same: and the ashes of the Wood applied to the place stops the excessive flowing thereof. A Lie made of the Ashes is good for many of the said Diseases, and to help blisters raised by burning or scalding. The Egyptians use the Wood hereof to cure the French Disease, Leprosy, Scabs, Pushes, Ulcers, and the like; it is likewise good to help the Dropsy proceeding from hardness or stopping of the Spleen, and is available against Melancholy and the black Jaundice, the Bark with the Barks of Ash and Ivy being infused in Beer or Ale; some use Ling, or Heath (where Tamarisk is not to be had) instead thereof.   

Garden tansy. Tanacetum.  
THis needs no description.  
Names.] It is called both in Greek and Latin Athanasia, and also in Latin Tanacetum; the French call it Tanaisie, and our English tansy.  
Place and Time.] It is nourished in Gardens, sendeth forth green leaves in March and April, and flowers in June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is said to be hot in the second degree and dry in the third, attributed to the particular influence of Venus: The decoction of tansy, or the juice thereof drunk in Wine or Beer, doth dissolve and expel Wind in the Stomach or Bowels: The eating of it in Spring time purgeth the Body of moist and phlegmatic humours, engendered in the foregoing Winter, and by eating Fish in Lent, before it became superstition to our gluttonous Religion-pretenders, whose lustful guts cannot forbear the fleshpots on fridays: the decoction before mentioned provokes Urine, helps the Strangury, expels Wind out of the Matrix, and procures women's Courses, and is good for those that have weak Reins and Kidneys; it is profitable for such women as are apt to miscarry, being bruised and often smelled unto, and applied to the lower part of the Belly; it is used against the Stone in the Reins, especially to men: being boiled in Oil it is good against the Cramp, and shrinking of Sinews, if applied to the affected part; it avoideth Phlegm, drieth the Sinews, and therefore is good for the Palsy.   

Wild tansy, or Silver Weed. Argentina.  
IT is much like unto the ordinary Garden tansy a little also resembling the leaves of Agrimony: Description. it creeps upon the ground taking root at the joints, so that it will quickly spread a great deal of ground: the leaves are of a fair green colour on the upper side, and a silver colour underneath; it beareth no stalks, but the flowers stand singly upon a short foot stalk, which are yellow, much like those of Cinque fo●l.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Argentina, Agrimonia sylvestris, and Tanacetum sylvestre; in English Wild tansy, and Silver weed.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in moist grounds, near High Ways sides, at the foot of Hills, and such like places: it flowers in June and July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Wild tansy, especially the root, is dry near the third degree, without much manifest heat, having also an astringent quality, and said to be a Plant of Venus: The decoction of the herb in Wine being drunk, easeth pains of the Bowels, and is good for the Sciatica and Joint Aches: The bruised herb applied to the hand-wrists, and soles of the feet, cooleth the violent hot fits of Agues. The distilled water dropped into the Eyes, or a Cloth wet therein, and applied, takes away heat and Inflammations thereof: The said water or the leaves steeped in Wine, Butter milk, or strong white Wine Vinegar, cleanseth the skin and face from Morphew, Sun-burning, Freckles, Pimples, and the like. Wild tansy boiled in Vinegar with Honey and Allome, and the mouth gargled therewith, easeth the , fasteneth lose Teeth, helpeth sore Gums, and reduceth the  of the Mouth to its place when it is fallen down; it also cleanseth and healeth Ulcers in the mouth, or secret parts, and is good for inward Wounds, and to close the lips of green Wounds, and to heal old running corrupt sores in the Legs, or elsewhere: being boiled in Wine and drunk, it stops the Lask, bloody Flux, and all other fluxes of Blood; the green herb only worn in the shoes, stops the Terms, and its possible the Whites; but the powder of the herb will certainly do it, being taken in some of the distilled water, with a little Coral and Ivory in powder added to it; it also stays spitting or vomiting of Blood, and is good for Children that are bursten, or have a Rupture, being boiled in water and salt, and applied.   

Tarragon. Draco Herba.  
THe Salad Herb called Tarragon, Description. shooteth forth long and narrow leaves, of a deep green colour, greater and longer than those of common Hyssop, having slender, brittle, round stalks about two foot high; about the branches hang little round flowers, which do never perfectly open; they are of a blackish yellow colour, like those of common Wormwood, and yields no seed, but a chaffy matter which is carried away with the wind, but is propagated by the root, which is long and fibrous, creeping under the ground like unto Couch-grass, shooting forth in divers places, by which it increaseth.  
Names.] The Latins call it Draco herba, and Dracunculus Hortensis; and in French Dragon: in English Tarragon.  
Place, and Time.] It is cherished only in Gardens with us, and as I said is increased by the young shoots.  
Nature and Virtues.] Tarragon is hot and dry in the third degree, à good Salad Herb to be eaten with Lettuce, Purslain, and other cool herbs, it is grateful and comfortable to the Stomach, and tempers their coldness; but to be eaten alone it is too hot: The root held between the Teeth draweth down Rheum, and easeth the ,   

Thistles. Carduus.  
THough there be many kinds they are all well known.  
Names.] The general Latin name of a Thistle is Carduus.  
Place and Time.] They grow frequently almost every where, and flower in July and August, the seed ripening soon after.  
Nature and Virtues.] Common Thistles are of Temperature hot, and of a drying quality.  
They are held good to provoke Urine, and remedy the stinking smell thereof, and the rank smell of the Armpits, and whole body, being boiled in Wine and drunk; and they are said to be good to help a stinking Breath, and to strengthen the Stomach, though I believe it hath been seldom proved: The juice restores lost hair, the place being bathed therewith, as Pliny reporteth.   

Our Lady's Thistle. Carduus Mariae.  
LAdies Thistle hath divers large leaves lying on the ground, Description. cut in and crumpled, somewhat hairy on the edges, of a white green shining colour, having many streaks of a milky colour, and set with sharp prickles round about: the stalk is strog, round, and prickly, set full of like leaves; at the top of every branch cometh forth a prickly head with brigh purple thrums in the middle; after which comes flattish brown shining seed lying in the said heads in soft white Down. The root is great, spreading in the ground with many fibres fastened thereunto: the whole plant is biter in taste.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Carduus Lacteus, and Carduus Mariae; in English, Striped milky Thistle, and Lady's Thistle.  
Place and Time.] It is frequent upon Banks of be Fields about London; about such places it delight to grow: they flower and seed in June till August, as other Thistles do.  
Nature and Virtues.] Our Lady's Thistle is hot and dry in the second degree, and somewhat binding, especially the root; an herb of Jupiter: the decoction thereof, or the herb taken in powder, is good for Stitches, and other diseases in the Sides, for Agues, and to prevent infection; it opens obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and is good against the Jaundice; The tender leaves having the prickles taken off, are a good Salad in Spring to cleanse the Blood: the young stalks dressed are also good meat, especially for Nurses to increase their Milk: the root is good for the Lask and bloody Flux; it stayeth Bleedings, wasteth away cold swell, and easeth pain of the Teeth, if they be washed with the decoction thereof. The decoction of the herb is good to provoke Urine, and breaketh and expelleth the Stone, and is good for the Dropsy. The seed is as effectual, if not better for the same purposes, and also for the Cramp, and so is the distilled water, which is also used inwardly to drink, and outwardly to cool distempers of the Liver, Swoonings, and passions of the Heart, being applied with Sponges or wet  to the region thereof.   

Thorow-wax. Perfoliata.  
THorow-wax riseth up with one straight round stalk, Description. about half a yard high or more having leaves of a blueish green colour, the lower leave being smaller and narrower than those that grow highr, standing close thereto, but not quite compassing it, butts they grow higher, they do more and more encompass the stalk, until they close so together, that it passeth almst through the middle of them, branching towards the top into many parts, where the leaves grow smaller again, sanding every one singly: The flowers are very small and yellow, standing in tufts at the tops of the branches; the seed is small and blackish, many of them thrust together: The Root is small, long, and woody, perishing every year after it hath perfected its seed; and the seed which it sheds riseth again the next year.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Perfoliata; in English Thorow-wax, and Thorow-leaf.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in Corn fields and Pastures in many places of this Land, flowers about July, and the seed is ripe in August, or soon after.  
Nature and Virtues.] Thorow-wax is hot and dry, somewhat bitter and astringent, and I judge rather Martial than Saturnine: It is a good remedy against Ruptures and Bursting in Children, especially before it grow too old; the decoction of the Herb, or the herb in powder taken inwardly, and the green leaves bruised and outwardly applied: It is a good remedy for Children that have their Navels sticking out, being applied thereunto with a little Honey and Wax; it draweth up the Bowels, and keepeth them in their natural place, and helpeth them when they are too much windy or swollen: It is good for Bruises and Wounds, old Sores and Ulcers either inward or outward. The decoction of the Herb in Wine or Water being drunk, and the places washed therewith, or an Ointment may be made of the Herb with Oil or Hogs-grease to keep all the year for the same purposes: But an excellent Salve may be made of the green Herb with Wax, Oil, , and Turpentine, to incarnate and bring up flesh in deep Wounds, and to heal old Sores. The Herb and the distilled Water thereof is good against St. Anthony's fire, and the Shingles.   

Teasel, or Fuller's Thistle. Carduus Fullonum.  
THe Garden or mannured Teasel, being planted by Cloath-workers for their use, and the wild Teasel are both so common, they need no description.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Carduus Fullonum, Fuller's Thistle, and Pecten Veneris, Dipsacus Silvestris, and Virga Pastoris, Shepherd's Rod is a Species thereof.  
Place and Time.] The Cloathworkers (as I said before) manure one kind for their use, the other is to be found by most Highways, Banks and Ditches sides: They flower in June and July, and the seed is ripe in August. It perisheth annually, and riseth again of its own sowing.  
Nature and Virtues.] Teasel is drying in the second degree, according to Galen, having also a cleansing faculty, and reputed to be subject to the influence of Venus. The roots being bruised in wine till they come to the Consistence of a Salve, and then kept in a brazen or copper box, and afterwards applied plasterwise to the Fundament, heals Chaps, Cankers, and Fistula's thereof, (saith Dioscorides) and takes away Warts and Wens; so also is the Water said to do which is contained in the hollowness of the leaves; and is also commended against redness of the eyes, and spots of the face: The juice dropped into the ears, killeth worms in them; the leaves applied to the Forehead and Temples, qualifieth frenzy fits: The distilled water takes away redness of the eyes, and such mists as darken the sight, and helps creeping Sores Shingles, and Pimples, preserves Beauty, taking away redness, inflammations, and other discolourings; and is also said to be effectual to cure the Scurvy: The roots stamped with Danewort, and boiled in wine and drunk helpeth the Dropsy; and being boiled in red wine, and drunk morning and evening for nine days together, it helpeth the Gout: The powder thereof drunk in wine stops fluxes, and helps excoriations of the belly and other parts: The same powder the quantity of two drams at a time drunk in Pease broth, stops the overflowing of women's Courses; and so doth the Herb being bruised and boiled in Vinegar, and applied under the Navel, and helps moist Wounds that are hard to heal, and Cankers of the Yard.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Coles.   

Three-leaved Grass, or Trefoil. Trifolium.  
THere is near twenty kinds of this Plant, Description. as Meadow Trefoil, Heart Trefoil, Pearl Trefoil, white and red Honey-suckles, or three-leaved grass, cum multis aliis, etc. Meadow Trefoil shooteth up stalks a handful long or more, round and somewhat hairy, and for the most part leaning towards the ground, having thereon three leaves joined together, one standing a little from another, having for the most part in the midst a white spot like a half moon, amongst which rise up stalks of flowers somewhat longer than the leaves, bearing a tuft of many deep purple crimson flowers, which turneth into little cod with small seed in them: The Root spreadeth much, and endureth long.  
Names.] Trifolium it is called in Latin, and of some Menyanthe and Asphaltion; in English Trefoil, three-leaved Grass, and Honey-suckles.  
Place and Time.] They are common in most Meadows and Pastures, they flower and flourish from May till August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Both Leaves and Flowers of Meadow Trefoil are cooling and binding, of which temperature the other kinds do in some sort partake; they are under the influence of Venus: The decoction of the whole Plant of Meadow Trefoil is good to stay the Whites and overflowing of women's Courses, and having some Honey added thereto, and used for a Glister, it helps gripe and frettings of the Guts: A Pultiss made of the leaves with Barrows-grease, helps hot Swell and Inflammations. The juice especially of the Pearl Trefoil mixed with a little Honey and applied, is good to take away the pin and web of the eyes, and to ease pains and inflammations of them: An Ointment made of the herb with Hogs-grease is good for the biting of an Adder; and the decoction of the Herb to wash the place, and the juice to drink: The Herb bruised and heated between two tiles, and applied to the share, helps stopping of water; and is likewise good for wounds and scars: The seed is good to cleanse the Liver, and for Coughs and pains of the Breast. The Heart Trefoil is a great strengthner of the heart and vital spirits, helps swoundings, and resists the Pestilence, and defends the heart against the noisome vapours of the Spleen: The leaves of it do perfectly resemble the heart of a man, and are of a flesh colour like the heart.   

Garden Time, and wild Time, or Mother of Time. Thymus.  
THese Plants both mannured and wild are commonly known, being like one another.  
Names.] Thymus and Thymum is both Greek and Latin Names for both, yet the Mother of Time is called in Latin Serpillum, à serpendo, because of its creeping upon the ground.  
Place and Time.] One is nourished in Gardens, the other found in dry Pastures, almost on every Hillock; they flower about July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Time is hot and dry in the third degree, working the same effects as Savory in women's diseases, and therefore is particularly ascribed to Venus, which in part it may: The decoction thereof in water and honey provokes the Terms, helps hard labour, and expels the Secondine and dead Child; it strengtheneth the Lungs, helps the Cough and shortness of Breath, provokes Urine, dissolves congealed Blood, and killeth Worms: An Electuary made thereof with honey, expectorates tough phlegm, quickens the sight, warms and comforts the stomach, and so doth the herb used in broths: It is good against the Colic, iliack Passion, Melancholy and stops of the Matrix; four drams of Time in powder taken fasting in syrup of Vinegar purgeth Choler and sharp humours, and easeth the Gout: And one dram taken fasting in Mead dissolves hard swell of the Belly, and is profitable for pains in the Loins and Hips, and swell in the Sides: The decoction dissolves tumors and Swell, they being bathed therewith: The juice used with vinegar takes away Warts, and being applied with wine and meal, it helps the Sciatica and swollen Cod. Baths made thereof are good to expel Wind, and help the Joynt-Gout; the wild Time is more powerful than the other for most of the said purposes, especially to provoke the Terms, being decocted in wine and drunk: It aeseth the Strangury, stays the Hiccough, and vomiting of Blood, helps gripe in the belly, Cramps, the Lethargy, and Inflammations of the Liver, and is comfortable to the head, stomach, and Reins, and helps to expel Wind being taken in decoction, or in an Electuary with Honey, Liquorice, and Anniseeds.   

Tormentil. Tormentilla.  
IT springeth up with many radish, Description. slender, weak branches from the root, leaning or lying on the ground, having many short leaves that stand closer to the stalks as Cinquefoil doth, with the foot-stalks encompassing the branches in several places; they which grow next the ground are set upon longer foot-stalks much like Cinquefoil leaves, but longer and lesser, dented about the edges, having five, six, or seven divisions and sometimes eight; at the tops of the branches stand yellow flowers, consisting of five leaves like Cinquefoil, but smaller: The Root is smaller than Bistort, somewhat tuberous, thick, and knobby, blackish without and reddish within, sometimes a little crooked, having many blackish fibres.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Tormentilla, because it easeth torments of the Guts, and Heptaphyllum or Septifolium, and Stellaria; in English Tormentil, Setfoil, or Seven-leaves.  
Place and time.] Tormentil groweth in Woods and shadowy places, and also in Pastures and Closes; as in Pray Wood near St. Alban, in Cobham Park in Kent, and in the Fields and Common near Horsham in Sussex, and many other places.  
Nature and Virtues.] Tormentil roots are dry in the third degree, not very hot, but of a binding quality, under the Solar Influence: It is effectual to stay all fluxes of blood or humours in man or woman, either in wound or elsewhere; it resists poison, provokes sweat, and is good to cure wounds: It is good in the Pestilence, Small Pox, spotted Fevers, and other contagious Diseases, especially if the Patient have a flux of the belly withal. It is a special Ingredient in Antidotes and Counterpoisons, and excellent in Dyet-drinks against the French Disease, and to dry up Rheums and Catarrhs: The distilled Water taken fasting is good against Venom and Infection: Two or three ounces thereof taken both morning and evening, cures inward Ulcers and Fluxes of the belly, especially the Disentery or bloody Flux. The best way to distil it, is to steep the herb all night in wine, and then distilled it in Balneo Mariae, which water taken with some Venice Treacle, and the party sweeting after it, will expel any venomous poison, the Plague, and other contagious Diseases: Cakes made with the powder of the dried root, and the white of an Egg, and baked upon a hot tile, stays Fluxes, restrains Choleric Belchings, Vomiting, and loathe in the Stomach: The leaves and roots bruised and applied, dissolves knots and kernels of the King's Evil, and hardness about the Ears, Throat, and Jaws, and easeth pains of the Sciatica: The juice of the leaves and roots used with vinegar, is effectual for the Piles and Hemorrhoids, Sores of the head or other parts, Scabs or Itch, being washed therewith, or with the distilled Water of the herb or roots. A little prepared Tutia or white Amber used with the distilled water hereof, is helpful to dry up sharp Rheums that distil from the Head into the Eyes, causing redness, pain, waterings, or itchings therein.   

Turnsole. Heliotropium.  
IT's natural Soil is in Italy, Spain, and France, yet may be found in England in some curious Gardens, but more plentifully at the Druggist's shops.  
Names.] It is called Heliotropium in Latin, and herba Cancri, because it flowers about the time when the Sun enters Cancer.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is of temperature hot and dry, and of a binding faculty, a Solar Herb: A handful thereof boiled in water and drunk, purgeth Choler and Phlegm, as saith Dioscorides; and the decoction thereof with Commin, breaks the Stone in the Reins, Kidneys, or Bladder, provokes Urine and the Terms, and causeth speedy delivery in Child-bearing: The seed and juice of the leaves rubbed with salt upon Warts, Wens, and other hard kernels in the face, eyelids, or other parts of the body, will take them away by often using it: The bruised leaves easeth pains of the Gout, or places that have been out of joint, and are newly set, and are full of pain, being appled thereto.   

Turpentine. Terebinthina.  
THere is a Turpentine which drops out of the Fire Tree; Description and Names. but this I speak of is a liquid substance, issuing from the Larch Tree, called in Latin Larix; from whence also proceeds a tuberous excrescence called Agaricus, or Agarick, of which we have treated of: The Turpentine in Latin is Terebinthina,  
Place and Time.] It grows about Trent in Italy; and the Turpentine is to be gathered in the hottest part of Summer.  
Nature and Virtues.] Turpentine is moist, and without sharpness, of a cleansing quality; an ounce thereof taken will gently open the Belly, provoke Urine, and cleanseth the Reins, Kidneys, and Bladder; being taken with Honey it expectorates tough Phlegm, and is good for an old Cough, the Ptisick, and Consumption of the Lungs; it is an excellent ingredient in Salves for Ulcers, or green Wounds: The chemical oil of Turpentine is singular good in Wounds, and to warm and ease cold pains in the Joints and Sinews: take Turpentine and wash it in Plantain Water, and then make Pills thereof with the powder of white Amber, red Coral, Mastic, and a little Camphire, they will purge and cleanse the Reins, and stay their running.   

Turmerick. Curcuma.  
THis Plant groweth in the East Indies, and is called by some Crocus Indicus, but the common Latin Name is Curcuma.  
Nature and Virtues.] Turmerick is hot and dry in the second or near the third degree; it is excellent for the yellow Jaundice, and obstructions of the Gall, and for the Dropsy, and Greeen Sickness, to open stops of the Stomach, Womb, and Bladder, and to bring down women's Courses; it is useful in old Diseases, and the ill habit of the body; it is good likewise in Medicines for the Itch, and Scabs, used with juice of Oranges. The Indians use it to colour meats and broths instead of Saffron, and we to colour Wooden Dishes, and Cups.   

Turnips. Rapum.  
THese need no description; they are called in Latin Rapum, and Rapa.  
Nature and Virtues.] Turnips are cold, moist, and windy, but being boiled, they are hardly perceived to cool: The decoction of Turnips taken with Sugar, is good to clear the Voice. A syrup made of the juice when they are baked, mixed with Honey, or honey of Roses, and a spoonful thereof taken at night, helpeth a Cough, and Hoarseness, opens the Breast, and is good for those that have a Vein broken. Oil of Roses boiled in a hollow Turnip, under hot Embers, cures kibed Heels. The young Turnip tops boiled and eaten, are a good Salad to provoke Urine. The seed mixed with Treacle and drunk, is good against poison. Turnips being baked engender less wind than when they are boiled; but howsoever dressed they provoke Urine, increase seed, and milk in women's Breast.  
☞ See further in The Art of Simpling: written by W. Coles.   

Tutsan, or Park leaves. Siciliana.  
TUtsan groweth up with brownish, Description. shining, round stalks, crested, hard, and woody, about two foot high, branching out from the bottom, having divers joints, and two fair large leaves at every joint, of a dark blueish green colour on the upper side, and yellowish underneath, turning reddish toward the Autumn, and abiding on the branches all the Winter; at the tops whereof stand large yellow flowers, after which come heads of seed, at first greenish, then reddish, and last of a darkish purple colour, wherein are contained a small brownish seed, and also a reddish juice, like unto blood, of a reasonable scent, and a harsh styptic taste, like as the leaves and flowers are, though in a lower degree. The root is brownish, great, hard, and woody, spreading in the ground, and continueth a long time.  
Names.] The Latins call it Androsaemum, and some call it Dionysia, and Siciliana; in English it is called Park-leaves, because it familiarly grows in Woods and Parks; and Tutsan from the French word Toutsaine, it being a good Wound Herb.  
Place and Time.] It delights to grow in Woods, and woody Grounds, Parks, and Forests; flowers in July and August, and the berries are ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Tutsan is moderately hot and dry, yet abstersive, a Saturnine Plant: The leaves and flowers of Tutsan abate lust, and venerial motions, being taken in drink, or otherwise, and the seeds more powerfully being toasted, and then eat or drunk. Castory boiled in the juice of Tutsan and drunk helps the Gonorrhoea. The Green herb bruised and applied, helps burn by fire, and the same, or the powder of the dry herb, stays bleeding of Wounds; it is a sovereign Wound herb, for any Wound either inwardly or outwardly; it may be used in drinks, lotions, balms, or ointments, for any green Wound, or old Sores, or Ulcers. Two drams of the seed in powder taken in the morning, or after supper, in Mead, Wine, or fair water, purgeth choleric Humours, and helpeth the Sciatica, or Hip-Gout.   

Throat-wort. Trachelium.  
THroat-wort groweth with many large hairy leaves, Description. somewhat rough, a little dented about the edges, and of an overworn green colour; the stalk is also hairy, about half a yard high, whereon stand leaves from the bottom almost to the top, after the fashion of Nettles: towards the top on a short foot stalk, come forth hollow flowers, bell fashion, of a blueish purple colour, and hairy within: the root is white, thick, and endureth long.  
Names.] The Latins call it Trachelium, Cervicaria, and Wularia; some likewise call them, Campanula, the flowers being like Bells; in English Throat-wort, Canterbury-bells, and Haskwort.  
Place and Time.] It groweth in Stow Wood by Oxford, and doubtless in many other places in England, though Germany and Italy be their more natural places: they flower in June and July, scarce perfecting their seed, but increase by the root.  
Nature and Virtues.] This Plant is cold and dry, and so are most Bell Flowers; the roots are sweet, and therefore eaten in Salads as Rampions are: they have an astringent quality, and are effectual for all Ulcers in the Mouth and Throat, and also for the Wula, or  of the Mouth, being swollen, or fallen down, and also for all Sores in the privy parts of man or woman, or elsewhere, to be used in a decoction with Honey, Wine, and Allome; and likewise to close up the lips of Cuts and green Wounds.    


Valerian. Phu majus.  
VAlerian hath a thick short grayish root, Description. lying for the most part above ground, shooting out such like roots on all sides, having long strings or fibres under them in the ground, which nourish them; from these roots spring up many green leaves, which at first are somewhat broad and long, without any dent or division in them; but those that come after are more and more divided on each side, some to the middle rib being winged as made of many leaves together on a stalk, and those upon the stalk are more divided, but smaller towards the top then below, the stalk riseth to be two or three foot high, sometimes branched at the top, with many small whitish flowers, sometimes dashed over at the edges, with a pale purplish colour, of a small scent; after which followeth small brownish white seed, which is carried away with the wind: the root smelleth more strong than either leaf or flower, and is of more use in Physic.  
Names.] The ordinary sort is called Phu majus, and Valeriana major hortensis, and of some Herba Benedicta, and Theriacaria, it being an ingredient in Treacle.  
Place and Time.] It is nourished and kept in our Gardens: it flowers in June and July, and so continueth till the Frosts destroy it.  
Nature and Virtues.] Valerian hath little heat while it is green, but the dried roots are hot and dry near unto the second degree; it is a Mercurial plant: The Garden Valerian is used in Antidotes; and being dried and taken in drink, it helps pains in the Sides, provokes Urine, helps the Strangury, procures women's Terms, helps choke or strangling in any part, caused by pains in the Chest or Sides, and the decoction thereof doth the same: the root taken in wine is good against venomous bitings, the Plague, and expelleth Wind. The decoction of the root with Liquorice, Raisins and Anniseeds, helps such as are short wound, and have the Cough, opens the Breast, and expectorates Phlegm. The green Herb is excellent to heal any inward Sore or Wound, and to draw any Thorn or Splinter out of the Flesh. The green herb and root bruised, taketh away pains and prickings of the Head being applied thereunto, and stayeth rheums and distillations; and being boiled in white Wine, and a drop thereof put into the Eye, takes away any Pin, Haw, or Web therein, and helps dimness of the Sight. The decoction thereof in Wine is profitable to assuage swelling of the Cod caused of cold or Wind. The distilled water of the Herb and root made in May is singular good for all the aforesaid purposes, and is good in time of the Plague; it killeth Worms in the Belly, and is good to wash green Wounds, or old Ulcers. The decoction of the leers is good to gargoyle a sore mouth or Gums.   

Vervain. Verbena.  
COmmon Vervain hath divers leaves towards the bottom, Description. of a middle size, deeply gashed at the bottom, and the other part deeply dented about the edges, and some only dented and cut all alike, somewhat like an Oak leaf, and of a dark green colour on the upper side, and grayish underneath: The stalk is square, and branched into divers parts, and rises abour half a yard high, having a spike of flowers at the top, set on all sides thereof one above another, and sometimes two or three together, being small, and gaping, of a whitish colour, intermixed with some blue and purple: The seed being small and round is contained in somewhat long heads. The root is small and long, and of no use.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is Herba Sacra, because they used it about their Sacrifices to Jupiter. The common Latin name is Verbena; it is called in English by some Holy Herb, Juno's Tears, and Pigeons Grass, because it is supposed Pigeons eat thereof to clear their sight.  
Place and Time.] It groweth plentifully throughout the Land, by hedges and ways sides; as in the way between Gravesend and Rochester: It flowers in July and August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Vervain is hot and dry, bitter and astringent; it opens obstructions, cleanseth and healeth, and is said to be an Herb of Venus, because it strengthens the Womb, and helps cold griefs thereof: The distilled water cleanseth and cleareth the sight, and strengtheneth the optic Nerves: the herb stamped and applied with the white of an Egg, at night going to Bed, will cure a blood-shotten Eye. The decoction of the herb helps infirmities of the Reins and Lungs, the yellow Jaundice, Dropsy, Gout, and all inward pains of the body, and is good against Tertian and Quartain Agues, Worms in the Belly, the Plague, and biting of venomous Beasts; it strengthens the Liver and Spleen, and corrects Diseases thereof, and also helps Diseases of the Stomach, and Lungs, as Cough and shortness of Breath: and being drunk with some peony seeds bruised is good for the Dropsy; it is effectual to cleanse the Reins and bladder of those humours that engender the Stone; it heals Wounds both inward and outward, and stayeth Bleedings; and being used with Honey, it heals old Ulcers and Fistula's, and Ulcers in the Mouth; and used with Hog's Grease, it helps swell and pains in the secret parts; being applied to the Temples with oil of Roses and Vinegar; it easeth pains in the head, and is good for those that are Frantic: the bruised leaves mixed with Vinegar, takes away Morphew, Freckles, Fistula's, Inflammations, and other deformities of the skin, and so doth the distilled water, which is powerful in inward and outward Discases, green Wounds, and corrdoing Sores: It is said to be used by Witches to do mischief, and so may all other herbs if by wicked Astrologers used to accomplish their wretched ends: But do not hereby think I count all Astrologers wicked, though too many are.   

Velvet Flower, or Flower Gentle. Amaranthus, sive Blitum majus.  
FLower Gentle is a kind of Blite, Description. yet Blites is not a kind of flower Gentle; this last being better known, and of more efficacy, and groweth up with a stalk about half a yard high, sometimes higher streaked along towards the top, but towards the root very smooth, and reddish, being divided towards the top into many small branches, about which stand the leaves which are long, broad, slippery, soft, and sharp pointed, of a green colour tending to reddish; the flowers are long spiky tufts of hairs growing many together steeple fashion, beautiful to look upon, but having no scent; yet being bruised, they yield a juice almost of the same colour that the flower is of, which is red: The seed is small, black and glittering, and lieth scattered in the aforesaid tufts. The root is short and stringy, and dyeth every Winter.  
Names.] The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latines the same, because the red Flowers thereof will endure a long time after they are gathered, without decaying; it's also called Flos Amoris, from its beautiful aspect, Fleur Amor, Flower Gentle, flower Velure, and Velvet flower from its softness.  
Places and Time.] It is a Garden flower altogether in England, having been extracted both from the Eastern and Western Countries, and flourisheth in August and September.  
Nature and Virtues.] Flower Gentle is cold and dry, of a binding faculty, partaking of the friendly influence of Venus, and stoppeth both the extraordinary Flux of the Terms, and also of the Whites in women; the dried flowers being beaten to powder and boiled in Wine, and Honey, and so drunk; and being so used it is effectual in all Fluxes of Blood, continual pain in the Belly, Scouring, spitting of Blood, and bleeding at the Nose: the same flower boiled in Wine, and the decoction drunk, is profitable against venomous bitings, the Stiatica Ruptures, and the distilling of Urine: the Fundament being fomented with the same decoction easeth the pain of the Piles, restrains their bleedings, and stayeth the often going to Stool, the herb being applied to the place. The herb being boiled and applied helps any bruised place, and being dried and laid amongst clothes, keeps them from Moths and Worms. The root held in the Mouth, easeth pains of the Teeth; and being stamped and make into an Ointment with May Butter, it assuageth all Inflammations. The white kind called Blitum majus, or white great Blites, stoppeth the Whites in Women, and the running of the Reins in Men; which faculties it speaks in its signature.   

The Vine. Vitis.  
OF Fines there are divers kinds, which have also divers properties: they are manured in England, and well known both for their pleasant shade, and for their fruit; yet many kinds seldom bring their fruit to perfection here.  
Names.] The Vine Tree is called in Latin Vitis, the ripe Grapes dried in the Sun, Wae passae, and Passulae Solis; in English Raisins. The ripe juice pressed out is called Vinum, Wine.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Vine hath differing properties, as I said before, which may be caused by the Climate where they grow, some are cold, some hot, some sweet, some sour, some moist, others dry: the tender strings of the Vine and the leaves do cool and bind; sour Grapes be cold and moist, and sweet Grapes hot and moist; Raisins be hot in the first degree, and moist in the second; being beaten with the stones they bind, but being stoned and eaten, they open the Breast and Liver, and loosen the Belly. Vines, especially the sweet ones are certainly under the Solar influence. A decoction made of Raisins, with Liquorice, Maidenhair, and Coltsfoot, etc. helps Coughs, and hoarseness of the Throat, opens the Liver, Spleen, and Bladder, and taken by themselves they nourish much, concoct raw humours, and withstand putrefaction; being mixed with Comminseed in powder and oil of white Lilies it assuages swell of the Cod. White Wine being drunk before meat, preserveth the body, and quickly pierceth into the Bladder; but being drunk upon a full Stomach, it causeth stops, and driveth down the meat undigested. Claret Wine doth nourish and warm the body, and is good for such as are phlegmatic. Red Wine stoppeth the Belly, and corrupteth the Blood, and breeds the Stone; it is useful only in Lasks, or the Bloody Flux. The juice of the green leaves and tendrels of the Vine, or the tears called Vine Blood sweetened with Sugar and drunk, is good for such as vomit and spit Blood, for the bloody Flux, and Women with Child that vomit much, and to stay their unnatural Long. Sack, Muscadine, and such sweet Wines do comfort a cold weak Stomach; but all wines taken immoderately, relaxeth the Sinews, causeth the Palsy, Fevers, and consumes the Liver and inward parts.   

Violets. Viola.  
BOth the Garden kinds and wild Violets are generally known.  
Names.] Viola is the common Latin name for a Violet, and Herba Violaria: There is also a kind called Viola tricolor, having three colours in the flower; which in English is called Hearts-ease, Pansies, and three faces under a hood. They begin to flower in March, and the beginning of April, and are then in prime: The Pansies flower till the end of July.  
Nature and Virtues.] Both Garden and wild kinds while they are fresh and green are cold and moist, under the mild influence of Venus: the flowers are accounted one of the chief cordial Flowers, and are much used in cooling Cordials, and so is the syrup; they are good to cool any heat, or distemper of the body, either inward or outward, as inflammations of the Eyes, falling down or pain of the Womb or Fundament, Imposthumes, and hot Swell: To drink the decoction of the leaves and flowers made in water and Wine, or to apply them pultiswise to the grieved place; it also easeth pains of the Head, which are caused by want of sleep: The powder of the flowers drunk with water, is said to help the Quinzy, and Falling Sickness in Children, if taken in the beginning of the Disease. A dram of the dried flowers taken in Wine, or other drink, doth purge the Body of choleric humours, and assuageth heat. The flowers of the white Violets ripen and dissolve swell. The seed resists poison of the Scorpion. The green or dry herb and flowers are effectual to abate the heat and sharpness of Urine, and hot Rheums, to ease pains of the Back, Reins, and Bladder, and to help the pleurisy, and other diseases of the Lungs, and hoarseness of the Throat. The syrup is good for the Liver and Jaundice, and in hot Agues to cool the heat, and quench thirst; being taken in some convenient liquor, and a little juice or syrup of Lemons added to it, or a few drops of oil of Vitriol put therein, it doth more powerfully cool the heat and quench thirst: they are more cooling being made up with Sugar, and with Honey more cleansing.  
☞ See further in Adam in Eden: written by Will. Coles.   

Viper's Bugloss. Echium.  
COmmon Viper's Bugloss hath many long rough leaves lying upon the Ground, Description. amongst which rise up divers round stalks, very rough, as if they were set with prickles or hairs, having many black spots on them like a Viper's skin, whereon are set such long, rough, hairy, or prickly sad green leaves, somewhat narrow, the middle rib for the most part being white: The flowers stand at the tops of the stalks branched forth into many spiked leaves of flowers bowing or turning like the Turnsole, all of them opening for the most part on the one side, which are long and hollow, turning up the brims a little, of a purplish violet colour in those that are full blown, but more reddish while they are in the Bud, but in some places of a paler purple colour, with a long pointel in the middle, feathered or pointed at the top; after the flowers come blackish cornered and pointed seed, somewhat like the head of a Viper, enclosed in round heads: the root is somewhat great, blackish, and woody, and perisheth in Winter.  
Names.] It is called by most Authors in Latin Echium, and of some Buglossum sylvestre Viperinum.  
Place and Time.] It groweth wild on Hills and dry Grounds almost every where; that with white flowers about the Castle Walls at Lewes in Sussex, and the other about Rochester Castle, and elsewhere: they flower and seed in the Summer Months.  
Nature and Virtues.] Viper's Bugloss is cold and dry in temperature, a Solar Herb: the roots and seeds are a good Cordial to comfort the Heart, and to expel Sadness and Melancholy; it tempers the Blood, and mitigates hot sits of Agues: The seed drunk in Wine procures Milk in women's Breasts, easeth pains in the Loins, Back and Kidneys, and is a special remedy against the bitings of Vipers, and venomous Beasts, and against poison and poisonous herbs, Dioscorides saith, that whosoever shall take of the herb or root before they be bitten, shall not be hurt by the poison of any Serpent. There is a syrup made thereof after this manner: Take of the clarified juice of Viper's Bugloss four pound, of the infusion of the flowers one pound, fine Sugar three pound, boil it to a syrup, which is effectual to comfort the Heart and expel sadness and Melancholy. The distilled water made of the herb and flower when it is in its full strength, is effectaul for all the griefs aforesaid inwardly or outwardly applied.    


Wall Flowers, or Winter Gillowflowers. Viola lutea.  
BOth those which are planted in Gardens, and those which grow wild upon old Walls are very well known.  
Names.] They are called in Latin Viola lutea, in Spanish Violetta's Amarillas, and in French Violieres des murailles, from their growing on Walls.  
Place and Time.] They grow wild, as I said, upon old stone Walls, mighty plentiful upon the Castle Walls of Rochester, and the double kinds are planted in Gardens: they flower very early in the Spring.  
Nature and Virtues.] They are Lunar, and of temperature meanly hot, of thin parts, and of a cleansing faculty: the yellow Wall Flowers, according to Galen, are of most use in Physic; it cleanseth the Blood, and opens obstructions of the Liver and Reins, helps hardness and pains of the Mother and Spleen, comforts and strengthens any part that is weak or out of joint, and stayeth Inflammations and Swell; it is a good remedy for the Gout, and Aches and Pains in the Joints; it clears the Eyes from Films and Mistiness, and cleanseth Ulcers in the Mouth, or other parts, and provokes the Terms, and expels the secondine, or dead Child; and a Conserve of the Flowers is good for the Apoplexy and Palsy.   

The Walnut Tree. Juglans.  
THis Tree is very well known; the Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Jovis glans; and the Latins Juglans: they blossom early before the leaves shoot forth, and the fruit is ripe in September.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is a Solar Plant. Dodoneus saith, the fresh Nuts are cold and moist; but others say (and that's most likely) that they are drying and heating; the Bark doth dry and bind very much, and the leaves are much of the same nature; the old Nuts are hot and dry in the second degree, and of harder digestion than the fresh. The kernels of Walnuts do comfort the brain, and resist poison; or being bruised with the quintessence of Wine, and applied to the Crown of the Head, they comfort the Head and Brain. The peels being taken off, they comfort the Stomach, and are said to kill broad Worms in the Belly, being old they offend the Stomach, and increase Choler. King Mithridates medicine against poison, was to take in the morning two dry Walnuts, as many Figs, twenty leaves of Rue, and two or three corns of Salt beaten and bruised together: the distilled water cools and resists the Pestilence, two or three ounces of it being drunk. The water of the outer husks being distilled in September is good against the Plague, to be used with a little Vinegar. The juice thereof boiled with Honey is good for sore Mouths, Heat, and Inflammations in the Mouth, Throat, and Stomach. The old kernels mixed with Figs and Rue, cures old Ulcers of the Breast, and cold Imposthumes, and are used to heal Wounds of the Sinews, Gangrenes, and Carbuncles; and mixed with Rue and Oil, they are good to be laid to the Quinzy. A piece of the green husk put into a hollow tooth, easeth the pain thereof: The leaves or green husks used with Bores-grease, stayeth the hair from falling: The Oil of walnuts made as Oil of Almonds is, maketh the hands and face smooth, and takes away scales, scurf, and black and blue marks that come of blows and bruises; and being inwardly taken, it expels wind, and helps the Colic: The young green nuts before they be half ripe preserved whole in Sugar, do strengthen weak stomaches, and help defluxions thereon: The bark of the root (having the upper skin scraped off) being made into powder, and tempered with vinegar, and then strained two or three times till it be thin and clear, and drunk liberally, cleanseth the body very much, and cureth the Ague: The kernels being burned and taken in red wine, doth stop Lasks and women's Courses: The Catkins taken before they fall, and dried, and a dram thereof taken in powder in white wine, helpeth those that are troubled with rising of the Mother.   

Wold, Weld, or Dyers Weed. Lutea.  
IT groweth with many long narrow bushing leaves, Description. flat upon the ground, of a dark blueish green colour, somewhat like Woad, but not so large, a little crumpled and round-pointed, abiding so the first year; and the next Spring amongst them rise up divers round stalks, two or three foot high, having many such like leaves thereon, but smaller, and shouting forth some branches, at the tops whereof and of the stalks stand small yellow flowers in spiked heads, after which cometh small black seed, enclosed in heads, divided at the tops into four parts: The Root is long, white, and thick, abiding all the year. The whole Plant becometh yellow after it hath been a while in flower.  
Names.] It is called by Pliny, Lutea, and so by Virgil; of Mathiolus Pseudostruthium; and of Tragus, Antirrhinum.  
Place and Time.] It groweth commonly by ways sides both in moist and dry grounds, in corners of fields and by-lanes, and sometimes all over the fields: It flowers about June.  
Nature and Virtues.] The temperature of it is hot and dry in the third degree; some people use to bruise the Herb, and lay it to Cuts and Wounds in the Hands and Legs to heal them: It is commended against the bitings of venomous Creatures, to be taken inwardly, and outwardly applied to the place: The Root (as saith Mathiolus) cuiteth and digesteth tough and raw Phlegm, rarifieth gross humours, openeth obstructions, and dissolveth hard tumors.   

Wheat. Triticum.  
THere are many kinds hereof, which are all well known for food, I shall therefore set down the Medicinal Uses hereof.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Triticum.  
Nature and Virtues.] Wheat is hot in the first degree, and drying, as saith Pliny; but Galen saith it neither drieth nor moisteneth evidently; Venus hath particular Influence over it, as saith Culpeper: I rather believe it to be Solar: Bread made of Wheat taken hot out of the oven, and applied to the throat, helpeth kernels of the King's Evil, and applied to the ear it is good to draw out an Imposthume of the head; being stolen and steeped in red Rose-water, and applied to hot, red, inflamed, or bloodshot Eyes, it helpeth them: Wheat flower mixed with the white of an Egg, Honey, and Turpentine, doth draw, cleanse and heal any Boil, Plaguesore, or foul Ulcers: The flower mixed with the juice of Henbane, and applied to the Joints, stayeth the flux of humours thereto: The Meal boiled in Vinegar helps shrinking of the Sinews, and being boiled with Vinegar and Honey, it helps Spots and Pimples in the Face: The Corns of green Wheat being eaten hurt the stomach, and breed worms, but cures the biting of a mad dog, being chewed and applied to it, (as saith Dioscorides.) The Bran of Wheat-meal being boiled in the decoction of a Sheepshead, is good in Glisters to cleanse and open the body, and ease griping pains of the Bowels: The decoction of the Bran is good to bathe such places as are broken by a Rupture; and being boiled in Vinegar, and applied, it stayeth Inflammations in swollen Breasts: It helpeth the bitings of venomous Creatures: The said Bran steeped in Vinegar, and bound in a linen cloth, and rubbed on the Morphew, Scurf, Scab, or Leprosy, will take them away, the body being also well purged: Starch which is made of one kind of Wheat, moistened in Rosewater and laid to the Cod, takes away their itching: Wafers made of the fine flower being put into wait and drunk, stay the Lask and bloody Flux, and is good for the Rupture in Children; and boiled with Roses, dry Figs and Jujubes, it makes a good Lotion to wash sore mouths and throats: The same boiled in water unto a thick Jelly, stays spitting of blood, being taken and boiled with Mynts, and butter it, helps Hoarseness: Wheat-corns parched upon an iron pan, and eaten, are good for those that are chilled with cold, (saith Pliny.) The Oil pressed from Wheat between two hot plates of iron or copper, and used warm, heals Tetters and Ringworms; and Mathiolus commendeth the same Oil to heal hollow Ulcers and Chaps in the Hands and Feet, and to make the skin smooth: The leaven of Wheat-meal is very drawing, it rarifieth hard skin in the hands or feet, warts and hard knots in the flesh, being applied with some salt.   

Whitlow-Grass, or Nailwort. Paronychia.  
THis is a very little Plant, Description. having small leaves growing in little tufts, somewhat like those of Chickweed, amongst which riseth up a small stalk about eight or nine inches long, at the top whereof come very little white flowers growing one above another; after which come in their place small flat pouches consisting of three films, which when they are ripe, the two outsides fall away, the middle part remaining a long time after, which is like white Satin, wherein is the seed, which is very small, and of a sharp taste: The Root is only a few strings.  
Names.] The Grecians call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, by the same name it's known in Latin; and in English Nailwort, and Whitlow-grass.  
Place and Time.] It grows upon brick and stone walls, and old tiled houses, such as have good store of Moss upon them, and upon shadow and dry muddy walls; flowers in January and February, and vanisheth away at the approach of hot weather.  
Nature and Virtues,] No other properties have been found hereof, save only it hath been accounted very good for those Imposthumes in the Nails and Joints, called Felons and Whitlows; from the essectual curing of which, it took its Name.   

The Willow Tree. Salix.  
THe several kinds hereof are very well known, save only in their Physical Uses.  
Names.] Salix is the Latin Name; in English Sallow, Willow, Withy, and Osier.  
Nature and Virtues.] The Plant is Lunar, of temperature cold and dry in the second degree and astringent; both the leaves, bark and catkins are used to stay bleeding of wounds, and at the mouth and nose, spitting of blood, and other Fluxes, and to stay vomiting, and the desire thereunto, if the decoction of them in wine be drunk: It also helps to stay thin, sharp, hot and salted distillations from the head upon the Lungs, which cause a Consumption: The leaves bruised with Pepper, and drunk in wine, do help the Wind Colic: The leaves or catkins (which we in Hampshire call Goss-chicken, I suppose because they bud forth at such time when Geese have young) bruised and boiled in wine and drunk often, doth abate the heat of lust, and by much usage doth extinguish it either in man or woman: If you slit the bark of a Willow, so that you may fit a vessel to it, to receive a water that will flow or issue from it, at the time when it flowereth, the same water is good to clear the sight, and take away redness of the Eyes, and Films that begin to grow over them, and to stay Rheums that fall into them, to clear the face and skin from spots, and to provoke Urine: The flowers boiled in white wine and drunk, dry up humours, and so doth the bark: the ashes of the bark mixed with Vinegar, takes away warts and corns, and callous stesh in the hands and feet, or other parts: The decoction of the bark and leers in wine is good to bathe the sinews and places pained with the Gout, to cleanse the head of scurf and dandruff: The juice of the leaves and barks mingled with Rosewater, and heated in a Pomegranate shell, is good to drop into the ears to help Deafness; a bathe made of the decoction of the leaves and bark; doth strengthen, restore, and nourish withered and dead members.  
Woad. Glastum.  
IT groweth up with many large long smooth, Description. greenish leaves, amongst which riseth up a stalk two or three foot high, having diverse smaller leaves thereon; it brancheth at the top, whereon appear small yellow flowers, after which come long and somewhat flat husks wherein the seed is contained, black and hanging downwards: The seed (being a little chewed) gives an Azure Colour: The Root is white and long.  
Names,] Mannured Woad is called Glastum sativum, and wild Woad Glastum silvestre, and Isatis, Glaslum Indicum, Indigo, or Indian Woad.  
Place and Time.] It is planted in Fields and Gardens for the benefit of it, being used by Dsers; it yields three Crops a year, and a stinking scent after it is gathered before it is made up for use: It flowers about June, if it be suffered to run up to flower.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is cold and dry, an astringent Saturnine Plant, so drying and binding, that it is not fit to be used in any inward medicine; but an Ointment made thereof stauncheth bleeding, and a Plaster thereof takes away hardness and swelling of the Spleen, being applied to the Region thereof: The said Ointment is good to dry moist Ulcers, to take away fretting and corroding humours, to cool Inflammations, St. Anthony's fire, and stay defluxions of blood to any part of the body: It is affirmed to, be destructive to Bees, to prevent which, if it grow near any Bees, the way is to set urine by them, putting it in a vessel with slices of Cork therein, that thereon they may save themselves from drowning.  
Woodbine, vide Honey-suckles.   

Wormwood. Absynthium.  
THere are three kinds usual with us, Common Wormwood, Sea Wormwood, and Roman Wormwood.  
Names.] Common Wormwood is called in Latin Absynthium, and the Sea Wormwood Seryphium, and Santonicum.  
Place and Time.] They are all well enough known; the Roman Wormwood is planted in Gardens, the Sea Wormwood groweth by the Seacoasts, and the common Wormwood groweth wild in all Countries in England, and generally near Smith's Forges: They all flower about August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Common Wormwood is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, of a cleansing, binding, and strengthening quality; it is subjected to the Influence of Mars: It strengthens the Stomach like Aloes, drawing from the Stomach and Intestines Choler and Phlegm, whether it be taken in powder or decoction, or the juice by itself, or the infusion in wine or beer; but it offends the head, causing drowsiness and sleepiness, and that drink called Pearl offends the head of some, causing it to ache. It is not good for hot Stomaches, nor for those that are subject to the Consumption of the Lungs, Falling-Sickness, Apoplexy, Lethargy, and continual Fevers: I have known many receive much hurt by drinking Wormwood Beer and Ale, therefore it ought to be used cautiously and moderately, and given to bodies fitting for it; and so being discreetly used it purgeth Choler from the Reins and Bladder by Urine: It is good in the Green Sickness, Jaundice, and Dropsy, helps Obstructions in the Liver and Stomach, the Colic and gripe of the Belly; it preserves the Blood from putrefaction, resists Drunkenness, helps vomiting at Sea, and killeth Worms: It cleanseth the Womb and Vterine parts, drives away the Hiccough, procures a good appetite, expels Wind, helps Crudities, and prevails in intermitting Agues and Obstructions of the Entrails: Vinegar wherein Wormwood hath been boiled helps a stinking breath proceeding from the teeth or stomach, and provokes women's Courses, and helps such as have hurt themselves by eating Toad-stools, being but steeped in vinegar and drunk; Wormwood-wine is good for all the forementioned purposes, except for such as have Fevers: Being outwardly applied it kills worms in the belly or stomach; the juice with honey helpeth dim Eyes, and mixed with Nitre it helps the Quinsy, being anointed therewith; and likewise mingled with Honey, and anointed, it takes away black and blue spots in the skin: The decoction thereof received by a Funnel, helpeth sore and running Ears, and the , and the Temples bathed therewith it helps the Headache proceeding from a cold cause; being bruised and applied with Rose-water to the stomach, it comforts such as have been long sick: Being used with Figs, Vinegar, and Darnel-meal, it helps hardness of the Spleen, and a hot sharp water running between the flesh and the skin; if the skin be rubbed with the juice or oil of Wormwood, it keepeth away Fleas and Knats; and the Herb laid in Presses or Chests amongst Clothes, preserves them from Moths and Worms.    


Xylo Aloe.  
THis Indian Tree is called by the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin also Xylo aloes, and Lignum Aloes; In English, Wood of the Aloe-tree, Lign Alice, and Wood Aloes: It groweth in Malana and Sumatra, places in the East Indies very dangerous, being mach haunted by Tigers.  
Temperature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the second, and according to the judgement of some in the third degree, of subtle parts, a little astringent and bitter: This wood is used as a main Ingredient in those Powders and Electuries which are used to strengthen the heart and inward parts, to resist saintings and cold diseases of the heart, and corroborate the spirits, for which it is very essectual: It is also useful in the Apoplexy, Palsy, Lethargy, and left Memory, by strengthening and drying the brain, and stopping rheumatic defluxions which cause those Diseases: It helps faint Swetings, Dysenteries, Lasks, and Pleurisies, expels Wind, drieth up Crudities, fortisies a weaks Stomach, and resists Putrefaction; for which it is used in drivers Cordials and Antidotes: The Extract thereof it good for the forementioned Diseases: It is used outwardly in sumigations to dry up Rheum, and in Quilts for that purpose, it helps also cold diseases of the Womb: The fumigation thereof is said also to provoke the Terms, it helps told diseases of the Womb, and killeth Worms by reason of its bitterness; as much of the powder thereof as will lie upon a groat being taken three mornings together either in broth or wine, is profitable in diseases of the Liver and Spleen, openeth their obstructions, and strengtheneth them.    


Yarrow. Millefolium.  
IT hath many long leaves lying upon the ground, Description. which are divided or finely cut into many small parts, finer than tansy, a little jagged about the edges, amongst which rise up two stalks round and green, with such leaves, but smaller and finer the nearer the tops, where stand many small white flowers upon a tuft or umbel, each flower having five leaves, with a yellowish thrum in the middle, somewhat strong in scent, but not unpleasant: The Root is deep and spreading, consisting of many white fibres.  
Names.] It is called in Latin Millefolium, and of some Supercilium Veneris; in English Millefoil, Yarrow, Nose-bleed, and thousand leaf.  
Place and Time.] There are very few Pasture-grounds free from it: they flower in July and August.  
Nature and Virtues.] Yarrow is meanly cold and dry, and somewhat astringent, an Herb of Venus, and is excellent good for Ulcers and Inflammations of the Privities, and for inward Excoriations of the Yard, the juice being injected with a Seringe. Mathiolus commends it against pissing of blood, an ounce of the powder of the herb and flowers, with a dram of fine Bolearmonick being taken three days together fasting in a draught of milk: The same powder taken in Comphrey or Plantain-water, is excellent to staqy inward bleading; and stayeth the bleeding of fresh wounds being strewed thereon, and being put into the nostrils stayeth bleeding at rose: The juice put into the Eyes, cleareth them of blood and redness; and the rox or green leaves chewed in the mouth, easeth the Tooth-aches The juice of the herb and flow, 〈◊〉 taken in Goat's milk, or the distilled water, stayeth the running of the Reins in men, especially if taken with a little powder of Coral, Amber, and Ivory: The decoction of Yarrow in white wine being drunk, stoppeth women's Courses, and the bloody Flux; and a good quantity thereof boiled in water, and made into a , and sat over, performeth the same: It is good to close up the stomaches of those in whom the Retentive Faculty is so weak, that they disgorge or vomit up whatsoever they eat: It is a good Medicine for an Ague, a draught thereof being drunk before the fit come, and used for two or three fits together: An Ointment made of the herb is good for green wounds, and also for Ulcers and Fistula's, especially such as abound with moisture: The said Ointment or Oil is good to stay the shedding of hair, the head bieng anointed therewith.   

Yew Tree. Taxus.  
THis Tree is well known for hard timber, and good to make strong Bows; the Latin name thereof is Taxas: but it is not mentioned by me for any medicinal Virtue that is in it, though the bark thereof is by some used instead of that of Tamarisk, I say not how judiciously.  
Nature and Virtues.] Yew is hot and dry in the third degree, and hath such an attractive quality, that if it be set in a place subject to poisonous vapours, the very branches will draw and imbibe them: Hence it is conceived, that the judicious in former times planted it in Churchyards on the West side, because those places being fuller of putrefaction and gross oleaginous Vapours exhaled out of the Graves by the setting Sun, and sometimes drawn into those Meteors called Ignes fatui, divers have been frighted, supposing some dead bodies to walk; others have been blasted, etc. not that it is able to drive away Devils, as some superstitious Monks have imagined; nor yet that it was ever used to sprinkle Holy-Water as some quarrel some Presbyters, altogether as ignorant of natural Causes, as the signification of Emblems and useful Ornaments, have fond conceived. Wheresoever it grows, it is dangerous and deadly both to man and beast, according to most Authors, how much more than if it be encompassed with Graves, into which the lesser Roots will run and suck nourishment, (poisonous man's flesh being the rankest poison that can be) yet a certain Vicar unwilling to own the effects thereof upon his Cows would fain deny it to be so: Other Creatures as Rabbits have been poisoned with it, and the very lying under the shadow hath been found hurtful: Yet the growing of it in a Churchyard is useful, and therefore it ought not to be cut down upon what pitiful pretence soever.    


Zedoary. Zedoaria.  
IT is a Root growing in the East Indies, Description. called in Latin Zedoaria, growing much like unto Ginger.  
Nature and Virtues.] It is hot and dry in the second degree: It stops Lasks, and is good against venomous bitings, stops and pains of the Stomach: It stays vomiting, helps the Colic, amends a stinking Breath, and is a very good Antidote against the Plague, and other contagious Diseases.    
FINIS.   

An Alphabetical Table of all the Herbs and Plants contained in this Book, with their several Latin Appellations, directed to their several Pages.  

A.  
Adder's Tongue. Ophioglossum. Page 1  
Adders-grass, idem. Page 1  
Agrimony. Eupatoria. Page 2  
Water-Agrimony. Eupatorium. Page 3  
Agarick. Agaricus, Larix. Page 172  
Ague tree. Sassafras. Page 295  
Agnus castus, Chaste tree Page 4  
Alecoast. Costus hortorum. Page 5  
Alehoof. Hedera terrestris. Page 6  
All-heal. Panax Herculeum. Page 7  
Alexander's. Hipposelinum. Page 8  
Black Alder-tree. Alnus nigra. Ibid.  
Alleluia. Page 311  
Almond-tree. Amigdalum. Page 9  
Alkekengi. Page 10  
Angelica. Page 11  
Appletree. Pomus. Page 12  
Apricock-tree. Malus Armeniaca. Page 13  
Archangel. Lamium. Ibid.  
Aron. Page 92  
Arrach. Atriplex. Page 14  
Arsmart. Persicaria. Page 15  
Alkanet. Fucus Herba. Page 16  
Amara dulcis. Page 41  
Amaranthus. Page 346  
Anemonies. Herba venti. Page 18  
Artechokes. Cinara. Page 19  
Assarabacca. Asarum. Page 20  
Asparagus. Corruda. Ibid.  
Ash-tree. Fraxinus. Page 21  
Asp, or Poplar-tree. Populus. Page 22  
Avens. Garyophillata. Page 23  
Assa foetida. Page 186   

B.  
BAlm. Melissa. Page 24  
Barberry-tree. Oxyacantha. Page 25  
Barley. Hordeum. Page 26  
Basil. Basilicum. Page 27  
Bay-tree. Laurus. Page 28  
Beans. Faba. Page 29  
French Beans. Phaseolus. Page 30  
Bears foot. Page 149, 150  
Ladies Bedstraw. Gallium. Page 31  
Beets. Sicula. Page 33  
Beech-tree. Fagus. Page 34  
Water-Betony. Betonica Aquatica. Page 35  
Wood-Betony. Betonica. Page 36  
Bilberries. Vaccinia. Page 37  
Bifoil. Bifolium. Page 38  
Blue-bottle. Cyanus. Page 39  
Brank Vrsine. Acanthus. Ib.  
Bear's breech, idem.  
Bindeweed. Campanella. Page 40  
Bitter-sweet. Amara dulcis. Page 41  
Birch-tree. Betula, Page 43  
Birth-wort. Aristolochia. Page 44  
Bishopsweed. Ammi. Page 45  
Bistort. Bistorta. Page 46  
Black-thorn. Spinus. Page 47  
Blites. Blitus. Page 48  
Bloodwort. Lapathum sanguineum. Page 102  
borage. Borrago. Page 49  
Bramble-bush. Rubus. Ibid.  
Bryony. Bryonia. Page 50  
Brookelime. Becabunga. Page 51  
Butchers-broom. Bruscus. Page 52  
Broom, and Broomrape. Genista. Page 53  
Becks. horn Plantain. Herba stella. Page 54  
Bugle. Consolida media. Page 55  
Bugloss. Buglossum. Page 56  
Vipers Bugloss. Echium. Ibid.  
Burnet. Pimpinella. Page 57  
Burdock. Bardana. Ibid.  
Butter-burre. Petastites. Page 58  
Baldmoney. Gentiana. Page 128  
Banck-cress. Exysimum. Page 147   

C.  
COst-mary. Page 5  
Cabbage and Coleworts. Caulis. Page 58  
Calamint. Calamintha. Page 59  
Calamus Aromaticus. Page 60  
Camphire. Camphora. Ibid.  
Camock. Resta bovis. Ibid.  
Cammomile. Cammomilla. Page 61  
Cheese-runnet. Gallinus. Page 31  
Capers. Caparis. Page 61  
Cardamomes. Cardamomum. Page 62  
Carrots. Pastinaca. Ibid.  
Cassia Fistula. Page 63  
Corn-flower. Cyanus. Page 39  
Celandine. Chelidonia. Ibid.  
Centory. Centaurium. Page 64  
Ceterach. Asplenium. Page 318  
Cherrytree. Cerasus. Page 65  
Chervil. Cerefolium. Ibid.  
Chesnut-tree. Castanea. Page 66  
Chickweed. Alsine. Page 67  
Sweet Cicely. Myrrhis. Page 68  
Cinquefoil. Pentaphyllum. Page 69  
Cinnamon. Cynamomum. Ib.  
Cyves. Porrum. Page 175  
Clarey. Horminum. Page 70  
Cleavers. Aparine. Ibid.  
Cloves. Caryophillus. Page 71  
Clove-Gilly-Flowers. Caryophilleus flos. Ibid.  
Clown's Woundwort. Sideritis. Page 72  
Columbines. Aqualina. Page 73  
Coloquintida. Ibid.  
Colts-foot. Tussilago. Page 74  
Comfrey. Consolida. Page 75  
caltrop's. Tribulus aquaticus. Page 76  
Campions, wild Lychnis. Page 77  
Carduus Benedictus. Page 155  
Caraways. Carui. Page 77  
Earth Chest-nuts. Nucula terrestris. Page 78  
Cich-pease, or Cicers. Cicer. Page 79  
Cocks-head. Onobrychis. Page 80  
Coral. Corallium. Page 81  
Coralwort. Dentaria. Page 104  
Crabs claws. Sedum aquatile. Page 83  
Cucumbers. cucumber. Page 84  
Wild Cucumbers. Elaterium. Ibidem.  
Saracens confound. Solidago. Page 85  
Coriander. Coriandrum. Page 86  
Cudweed. Gnaphalium. Page 87  
Cowslips. Arthriticae. Page 88  
Cowslips of Jerusalem .. Pulmonalis. Ibid.  
Couch-grass. Gramen Caninum. Page 89  
Water-Cresses. Nasturtium aquaticum. Page 90  
Sciatica Cresses. Iberis. Ib.  
Crosswort. Cruciata. Page 91  
Crowfoot. Ranunculus. Page 92  
Cuckow-pintle. Arum. Ibid.  
Cummin: Cuminum. Page 93  
Curran-tree. Ribs. Page 94  
Contra Yerva. Page 275  
Cyress tree. Cupressis. Page 94  
Cranesbill. Geranium. Page 105  
Canterbury-bells. Uuularia. Page 343  
Cuckow-flowers. Cardamine. Page 184   

D.  
DAisies. Consolida minor Page 95  
Dandelion ibid.  
Danewort. Ebulus. Page 98  
Darnel. Lolium Page 96  
Dates. Dactyli Page 96  
Devils bit. Morsus Diaboli Page 97  
Dead Nettles. Lamium Page 13  
Dogwood. Alnus nigra Page 8  
Dogs. Grass. Gramen Caninum Page 89  
Down or Cotton Thistle. Acanthium Page 98  
Dwarf-Elder. Ebulus ibid.  
Dill. Anethum. Page 100  
Dittander. Lepidium. Page 101  
Docks. Rumex. Page 102  
Dodder. Epythimum. ibid.  
Dogtoothed violet Dentaria Page 104  
Doves foot. Geranium. Page 105  
Ducks meat. Aquae lenticula Page 106  
Dragons. Serpentaria Page 106  
Dropwort. Filipendula Page 107   

E.  
EArth nuts. Nucula terrestris. Page 78  
Elder. Sambucus. Page 108  
Elecampane Enula Page 109  
Elmetree. Ulnus Page 110  
Endive. Endivia Page 111  
Eringo. Eringium ibid.  
Eye-bright. Euphrasia Page 113   

F.  
FEarn. Filix Page 114  
Feathersew. Parthenium ibid.  
Felwort. Gentiana. Page 128  
Fennel. Feniculus Page 115  
Fennel Giant. Ferulago Page 116  
Sow Fennel. Pencedanum Page 117  
Flax. Linum Page 118  
Figtree. Ficus ibid.  
filberts. Nux avellana Page 144  
Fistich Nuts. Pistacia Page 119  
Flea-wort. Psyllium Page 120  
Flixweed. Thalictrum Page 121  
Sweet Flag. Calamus aromaticus Page 60  
Red Fitchling. Onobrychis Page 80  
Wall-fern. Osmunda Page 100  
Figwort. Trachelium Page 342  
Fluellin. Veronica mas Page 122  
Fox-gloves. Digitalis Page 124  
Fumitory. Fumaria. Page 125  
Furshush. Genista spinosa Page 126  
Forget me not. Thus terrae Page 134  
Flower de Luce. Iris Page 237  
Waterflag. Iris palustris lutea Page 238   

G.  
GAlanga Page 126  
Garlic. Allium Page 127  
Gentian. Gentiana Page 128  
Germander. Chamaedris Page 129  
Ginger. Zinziber Page 130  
Golden rod. Aurea virga ibid.  
Gooseberry-Bush. Grossularia Page 131  
Gromel. Milium solis Page 132  
Ground Ivy. Hedera terrestris Page 6  
Gill-goe by ground ibid.  
Goosegrass Page 70  
Goss. Genista aculeata Page 126  
Winter green. Pyrola Page 133  
Ground-pine. Chamepytis' Page 134  
Groundsel. Senecio Page 135  
Guiacum Page 136  
Stinking Gladwin. Spatula foetida Page 137  
Goutwort. Herba Gerrardi Page 138  
Glasswort. Salicornia Page 139  
Goats Thorn, or Gum Dragon. Tragacantha Page 141   

H.  
HAyho. Hedera terrestris Page 6  
Herb Gerrard Page 138  
Hearts-ease. Herba trinitatis Page 142  
Harts-Tongue. Scolopendria Page 143  
Hazel Nut-Tree. Nux tenuis Page 144  
Hawk-weed. Hieracium Page 145  
Haw-thorn. Spina Page 146  
Hedge-mustard. Erisimum Page 147  
Water-Hemp. Eupatorum Page 3  
Herb William Page 45  
Hellebore. Helleborus albus niger Page 148, 149  
Hemlock. Cicuta Page 150  
Hemp. Cannabis Page 151  
Henbane. Jusquianus Page 152  
Hogs fennel. Pencedanum Page 117  
Hagtaper. Thapsus Page 216  
Hyssop. Hysopus Page 153  
Holly. Aquifolium Page 154  
Holy Thistle. Carduus Benedictus Page 155  
Honey-suckles. Peryclymenum Page 156  
Hops. Lupulus Page 157  
Horebound. Prassium Page 157  
Horse-tail. Cauda equina Page 158  
Hounds-Tongue. Cynoglossum Page 159  
Housleek. Barba Jovis Page 160  
Hedge-Hysop. Gratiola Page 161  
Herb-Robert. Geranium Robertianum Page 162  
Herb True love. Herba paris Page 229   

I.  
ST. John's wort. Hypericum Page 163  
Jack by the hedge Page 293  
Ivy. Hedera. Page 164  
Juniper. Juniperus Page 165  
Jujubes. Ziziphe Page 166  
Jalop. Jalapium Page 197  
Jupiter's staff. Candela Regia. Page 216   

K.  
KNeeholm. Bruscus Page 52  
Kipper Nuts. Nuculus terrestris Page 79  
Kidney leaves. Phaseolus' Page 30  
Kidney wort, Cotyledon Page 167  
Knotgrass, Poligonum Page 168  
Knapweed. Jacea nigra Page 169  
St. Katharmes flower. Nigella Page 223  
Kiss me twice before I rise. Idem. ibid.   

L.  
LAdies Mantle. Alchimilla Page 170  
Larch Tree. Larix. Page 172  
Lavender. Lavendula ibid.  
Lavender Cotten. Chamaecyparissus' Page 173  
Spurge Laurel. Laureola Page 174  
Leeks. Porrum Page 175  
Lettuce. Lactuca ibid.  
Liquorice, Liqueritia Page 176  
Lemon Tree. Malus limonia Page 177  
Lily Convally. Lilium convallium Page 178  
Water Lilly. Nymphea Page 179  
Liverwort. Lichen Page 180  
Loosestrise. Lysimachia Page 181  
Lovage. Levisticum Page 182  
Lungwort. Pulmonaria Page 183  
Lupins. Lupinus' ibid.  
Lady Smocks. Cardamine Page 184  
White Lilies. lilium Page 185  
Laserwort. Laserpitium Page 186  
Lignum Aloes. V Xylo aloe   

M.  
MAudlin. Costus hortorum Page 5  
Maid's hair. Gallium Page 31  
White Maidenhair. Ruta muraria Page 187  
Dogs Mercury. Cynocrambe ibid.  
Madder. Rubia tinctorum Page 188  
Maidenhair. Capillus veneris Page 189  
Mallows. Malva Page 192  
Marsh Mallows. Page 193  
Maple Tree. Acer Page 193  
Marjoram. Marjorana ib.  
Marigolds. Calendula Page 194  
Masterwort. Imperatoria Page 195  
Mastic Tree. Lentiscus Page 196  
Mechoacan Page 197  
Meadsweet. Regina prati Page 263  
Medlar Tree. Mespilus Page 197  
Melilot. Corona regia Page 189  
Mercury. Mercurialis Page 200, 201  
Mill-Mountain. Linum sylvestre Page 202  
Mynts. Mentha Page 203  
Myrtles. Myrtilli Page 205  
Myrobalanes ibid.  
Misleto. Viscum Page 206  
Money wort. Nummularia Page 207  
Moonwort. Lunaria Page 208  
Moss. Muscus Page 209  
Motherwort. Cardiaca Page 210  
Mousear Page 212  
Mugwort. Artemisia Page 213  
Mulberries. Morus Page 215  
Mulleyn. Candelaria Page 216  
Mustard. Sinapis Page 218   

N.  
NEp or Catmint. Nepeta Page 219  
Nettles. Urtica Page 220  
Nigella Page 222  
Nightshade. Solanum Page 223  
Nutmegs. Nux moscata Page 225   

O.  
OPopanax Page ●7  
Osmund royal. Osmanda Page 100  
The Oak. Quercus Page 227  
Oats. Avena Page 228  
Olive Tree. Olea Sativa ib.  
One berry. Herba paris Page 229  
Orchis, Vide Satyrion  
Onions, Cepa Page 231  
Orange Tree. Aurantia Page 232  
Orplue. Telephium Page 233  
Oneblade. Unifolium Page 234  
Orris. Irris alba Page 235   

P.  
PAnsies. Herba Trinitatis Page 142  
Parsley. Apium hortense Page 239  
Parsley pert, or Break stone. Calculum frangens Page 240  
Parsnip. Pastinaca Page 241  
Cow-Parsnip. Spondylium ib.  
Pepperwort. Lepidium Page 101  
Pignuts. Nucula terrestris Page 78  
Poplar Tree. Populus Page 22  
Pockweed Page 136  
Peach Tree. Nux Persica Page 242  
Pear-Tree. Pyrus Page 243  
Pease. Pisum Page 244  
Pellitory of Spain. Pyrethrum Page 245  
Pellitory of the Wall. Herba muralis. ibid.  
Pennyroyal. Palegium Regale Page 247  
Peony. Pionia Page 248  
Pepper. Piper Page 249  
Periwinkle. Vinca pervinca. Page 250  
St. Peter's wort. Page 251  
Pimpernel. Anagallis. Ibid.  
Pine tree. Pinus. Page 252  
Plantain. Plantago. Page 253  
Plum tree. Prunus. Page 254  
Poley-mountain. Polium montanum. Page 255  
Polipody of the oak. Polipodium. Ibid.  
Pomecitron tree. Malus Citria. Page 257  
Pomegranate tree. Malus granata. Page 258  
Poplar, vide Aspen tree.  
Poppey. Papaver. Page 259  
Purslain. Portulaca. Page 261  
Potatoes. Battata. Page 262  
Primrose. Primulae veris. Page 263  
Privet. Ligustrum. Ibid.  
Prickley bindeweed. Smilax aspera. Page 294  
Park leaves. Siciliana. Page 341   

Q.  
QVeen of the Meadows. Regina prati. Page 263  
Quince tree. Malus Cydonia. Page 265   

R.  
RAdish. Raphanus. Page 266  
Horseradish. Raphanus rusticus. Ibid.  
Ragwort. Jacobea Senecio. Page 268  
Restharrow, vide Camock.  
Red-rattle grass. Pedicularis. Page 269  
Rocket. Eruca. Page 270  
Roses. Rosa. Page 271, 272, 273  
Ros solis. Page 274  
Root of Peru. Radix Peruviana. Page 275  
Rosemary. Rosmarinus. Ibid.  
Rhabarb. Rhabarbarum. Page 277  
Meadow Rue. Ruta aquatica. Page 279  
Garden Rue. Ruta. Page 280  
Rupturewort. Herniaria. Page 281  
Rice. Oriza. Page 283  
Rye. Secale. Ibid.   

S.  
SAltwort. Salicornia. Page 139  
Saffron. Crocus. Page 284  
Sage. Salvia. Page 285  
Woodsage. Salvia silvestris. Page 286  
Burnet Saxifrage. Pimpinella Saxifraga. Page 287  
Sea-holly. Eringium. Page 111  
Servingmens Joy. Ruta. Page 280  
Service tree. Sorbus. Page 288  
Solomon's Seal. Sigillum Solomonis. Ibid.  
Sampire. Feniculum marinum Page 290  
Saunders. Santalum Page 291  
Sanicle. Sanicula Page 292  
Sauce alone. Alliaria Page 293  
Savin. Savina Page 298  
Saxifrage. Saxifragia ibid.  
Scabious. Scabiosa Page 301  
Singreen. Barba Jovis Page 160  
Sloe-bush. Spinus Page 47  
Snakeweed. Bistorta Page 46  
Sarsaparilla Page 294  
Sassafras Page 295  
Satyrion. Testiculus canis Page 296  
Savory. Thymbra Page 297  
Scordium Page 303  
Scurvygrass. Cochlearia Page 304  
Sebesten. Myxa Page 305  
. Prunella Page 306  
Sena Page 307  
Shepherds purse. Bursa Pastoris Page 308  
Skirret. Sisarum Page 309  
Smallage. Paludapium ibid.  
Sorrel. Acetosa Page 310  
Wood sorrel. Alleluia Page 311  
Scabwort ibid.  
Sowthistles. Sonchus Page 313  
Showbread. Cyclamen Page 314  
Southernwood. Abrotanum mas Page 315  
Speedwell. Vide Flu●llin  
Spignel. Meum Page 316  
Spikenard. Nardus Indica Page 317  
spinach. Spinachia Page 318  
Spleenwort. Asplenium ib.  
Squinant. Schaenanthos' Page 319  
Starwort. Bubonium Page 320  
Stonecrop. Vermicularis Page 321  
Strawberries. Fragraria Page 322  
Succory. Cichorea Page 323  
Sun-flower. Vide Elecampane  
Sundew. Ros Solis Page 274  
Silverweed. Argentina Page 328  
Set foil. Tormentilla Page 337   

T.  
TObacco. Nicotiana Page 324  
Tamarinds. Tamarindus' Page 325  
Tamarisk. Tamarix Page 326  
Garden tansy. Tanacetum Page 327  
Wild tansy. Argentina Page 328  
Tarragon. Draco herba Page 329  
Thistles. Carduus Page 330  
Lady's Thistle. Carduus Mariae Page 331  
Twayblade. Bifolium Page 38  
Thorowwax. Perfoliata Page 332  
Teasel. Carduus fullonum Page 333  
Tresoil. Trifolium Page 334  
Time. Thymus Page 325  
Tormentil. Tormentilla Page 337  
Turnsole. Heliotropium Page 338  
Turpentine. Terebinthina Page 339  
Turmerick. Curcuma Page 340  
Turnips. Rapa Page 340  
Tutsan. Siciliana Page 341  
Throatwort. Uuularia Page 342   

V.  
Venus' navelwort. Cotyledon Page 167  
Valerian. Phu majus Page 343  
Vervain. Verbena Page 344  
Velvet flower. Amaranthus Page 346  
Vine. Vitis Page 347  
Violets. Viola Page 348  
Vipers Bugloss. Echium Page 350   

W.  
WAke Robin. Arum Page 92  
Wall Rue. Ruta muraria Page 187  
Water Germander. Scordium Page 303  
Wall Pepper. Vermicularis Page 321  
Winter Gillyflowers. Viola lutea Page 351  
Walnut Tree. Juglans' Page 352  
Winter Cherries Page 10  
Willow herb. Lysimachia Page 181  
Wold, or Weld. Lutea Page 353  
Wheat. Triticum Page 354  
Whitlow-grass. Paronychia Page 355  
Whynns. Genista spinosa Page 126  
Whorts. Vaccinia Page 37  
woodbind. Peryclimenum Page 156  
Wild Water-cresses. Cardamine Page 184  
Wood sorrel. Lujula Page 312  
Willow Tree. Salix Page 356  
Woad. Glastum Page 357  
woodbind. vide Honey-suckles  
Wormwood. Absynthium Page 358   

X.  
XYlo Aloe. Lignum Aloes Page 360   

Y.  
YArrow. Millefolium Page 361  
Yew Tree. Taxus Page 362   

Z.  
ZEdoary. Zedoaria Page 363    

A Table of Diseases, and the Plants appropriated to their Cures, directed to the Pages wherein their Faculties are treated of.  

A.  
ABortion to hinder. Bistort 47 Medlars 198. Pome-Cieron seeds 257. Sage 285, 319 Abortion to cause. Dragons 107. Garlic 127, 129, 134. Gladwin 138, 140, 164, 189, 214, 236, 248, 298, 314  
Adders, vide Venomous bitings.  
Afterbirth Bay berries 28. Birth tree 43, 44, 51, 68, 70, 129, 134, 158, 185, 189, 195, 201, 214  
Agues. Apples 12. Arch angel 14. Alkanet 18. Assarabacca. Barberries 26. Barley 26. Betony 37. Bilberries 38. Bitter sweet 43. Birthwort 44. Bucks horn 37, 38, 43, 44 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 71, 75, 82, 94, 97, 103, 111, 112, 125, 132, 148, 155, 162, 166, 167, 172, 180, 186, 206, 213, 218, 223, 250, 256, 265, 275, 295, 308, 310, 345, 350  
Appetite. Barberries, Bayberries 28, Capers 62, 131. Mustard 218, 242, 255, 261, 266, 326  
Apostumes. Pellitory 297  
Apoplexy, Coloquintida 74. Lavender 173. Lilly Convally 178, 194, 199, 207, 245, 360  
St Anthony's si●e. Crab claws 83. Fleawort 121, 132. Hawkweed 146, 150, 160, 168, 169 Myrtles 205, 225, 247, 260, 262, 272, 298, 308, 324, 332, 333, 353  
Almonds of the Throat, Vide Sore Throat.  
Astmah's. Fennel Giant 116  
Arteries. Groundsel 136  
Aches. Bays 28 Camomile 61, 88, 137 hedge mustard 147, 192, 220 Spignel 317. Wild tansy 328  
Adust Choler. Mirabolans 205, 206, 149, Schesten 306  
Adust melancholy. Mirabolans 205, 206, Tamarisk 327. Fumitory 125  
Arm pits ill scent. Rocket 271 Thistles 330  
Arteries. Burdock 58  
Air corrupt. Marigolds 195. Orange's 232. Vide Infection   

B.  
Balsam for Wounds. Adder's Tongue 2 St. John's wort 163  
Back to cool. Buckshorn 55  
Back to strengthen 54. Comfrey 75. Knotgrass 169, 349, 350  
Belly to loosen. Bindeweed 41. Cherries 65, 214, 242, 244  
Belly ache. Bay berries 28 Carrot seeds 63, 137, 172, 182, 192, 194, 231, 347  
Barrenness caused. Rue 280. Ceterach 319  
Barrenness helped. Potatoes 262 Rocket 271  
Blood to staunch. Medlar leaves 198. Money wort 208, 209. Services 288, 289, 345  
Bladder. All heal 7. Briony 51. Brocklime 52, 53, 54. Calamus 60, 104, 107, 118, 123, 126, 132, 146, 175, 187, 193, 197, 217, 226, 241, 253, 281, 285, 289. 300, 309, 315, 339  
Blood e●●●sed. Water Agrimony 3 Berrage 49 Brookelime 52 63. 67. 90 102. 113 116 167. 192. 214. 220 249 351. 359  
Blood congealed. Bugle 55. Crane's bill 105. 126. 227. 336  
Blood spitting to help. Avens 24 water Betony 36. 40. Cowslips of Jerusalem 89. 95. 226. 227. 277. 348  
Blisters. Beech leaves 34. Liverwort 131  
Breast infirmities help●. Alccoast 5. Asparagus 21, Bay-berries 28. 36. 37. 44 65. 67. 68 70. 74. 93. 109. 118. 141. 143. 153. 209. 218. 250. 262. 295. 334. 335. 344. 348  
women's Breasts swollen to help. 29. 67. 135. 136 148 150 162. 163. 170 171. 262  
Bleedings inward. Ladics Bedstraw 23. Bistort 46. 131. Mouscar 213. 345  
Breath stinking. Balm 25. Myrtles 205. Orange's 232. Smallage 310. Zedoary 363  
Breath short to help French beans 30 43 Calamint 59 Coltsfoot 74. 89. 93. 127. 129. 145. 166. 172. 197. 220. 223. 262. 275. 285. 308. 336  
Belchings to help. Barberries 26. Burnet 57 Tormentil 338  
Boils Bean flower 29. Lovage 183  
Brain strengthened. Dill 101 Eye-bright 113. 130. 166. 178. 206. 285. 307 317  
Swimmings of the Brain. Beets 34 43. 44  
Bones out of joint. Bittersweet 43  
Botches. Carduus Benedictus 155. 157. 183. White Lilies 185. Mullcyn 217  
Bruises. Agrimony 3. Alkanet 18. Beans 29. Bittersweet 43. 45. 55. Crosswort 91. 100 114. 131. 163. 171. 186. Marshmallows 192. 218. 220. 240 332. 353  
Burning. Lady's Bedstraw 32. Water Betony 35. 58. Marsh. Mallows 193. Mulberry 215. 229. 231. 262 263  
Bloody Fluxes, Bilberries 38. Sloes 47. 55. 57 Flixweed 122. 123. 127. Madder 189. 227. 239. 264 270. 277. 348  
Burstings. Bifoil 39 Sage of Jerusalem 89. 91. 144. 174. 220. 234. 293. 332   

C.  
CAnker. Columbines 73. 273. 312. 333  
Cancers Knotgrass 169. 209. 236. 239. 269  
Catarrh Dragons 107. Elder 109. 154. 201. 205. 317. 323. 338  
Colic. Avens 24 Bayberries 28. Bindeweed 40. 55. 60. 61. 63 64 70. 74. 78. 87. 93. 110. 114. 118. 127. 141. 146. 162. 164. 166. 174. 175. 176. 178. 204. 226 228. 230 236. 248. 250. 256. 264. 266. 267. 274. 280. 294. 300. 306. 307. 31●. 314 318. 326. 336. 253. 359  
Choler to purge. Alocoast 5. Alehoof 6. Assarabacca 20. Ariflolochia 44. Cassia 63. 64. 94. 95. 103. 108. 121. 125. 137. 157. 164. 167. 180. 183. 192. 193. 197. 204. 205. 258. 265. 273. 277 307. 322. 339. 359  
Costiveness. Centory 64  
Carbuncles. Savin 298. 350  
Cod swelled to help. Agnus Castus 4. Bean flower 29. 94. 95. 152. 168. 193. 205. 225. 230. 236. 336 344  
Consumptions. Agrimony 3. Bay-berries 28. 37. Bugloss 56. 68 96. 120. 127. 166. 172. 176. 245. 253. 256. 258. 260 275. 276. 285. 296. 339. 356  
Conception 63. Spleenwort 319. 127. 295  
Convulsions. Betony 37. 44 Centory 65. 88, 107, 129. 137. 143. 146. 150. 156. 166. 173. 174. 192. 211. 235. 238. 300. 320  
Colds. Betony 37. Nep. 220. 228  
Chincough. Moneywort 208. 210  
Coughs. Betony 37. 38. Calamint 59, 65, 67, 69, 74, 75, 78, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 110, 117, 119, 123, 127, 130, 137, 141. 144, 145, 151, 154, 160, 166, 167, 176, 186, 187, 192, 197, 205, 212, 216, 217, 220, 228, 232, 236, 238, 240. 243, 245, 246, 250, 253, 256, 260, 266, 271, 275, 276, 280, 285, 294, 302, 304. 306, 315, 335, 339, 340, 344, 345, 348.  
Crude humours, Avens. 24  
Chillblains. Kidneywort. 168  
Cramps. Bayberries. 28. Bears-breech 40. Calamint 59, 60, 65. Coral 82, 88, 107, 109, 110, 117, 129, 134, 137, 142, 146. 150 156. 166. 173, 174. 192. 211. 214. 216, 217. 220. 235. 238. 248. 251. 277. 285. 300. 304. 315. 320. 325. 328. 331. 336.  
Courses. vide Terms.  
Corns. Fennel giant 116. House-leek. 160   

D.  
Dandruff. Elm. 110. Mallows 193. Scabious 303. Willow 357.  
Deafness. Betony 36. 67, Hog-fennel 117. 253. Sowthistles 313. 357.  
Dead Birth. Alkanet. 17. Briony 51. Brooklime 52. 68 Ground-pine 134. 140, 164 184 196. 352  
Delivery easy. Basil 28. Bayberries 28. Betony 37. 44 82. 102. 123. 313.  
Digestion to help. Avens, Balm 24, 25. Betony 37. 78. 130. 182 184. 196 204 262. 272 339.  
Dreams terrible. Polipody 257.  
Drowsy evil. Mustard 218  
Dropsy. Agnus Castus 4. Assarabacca 20. Ashc 22 Betony 37. Briony 51 Brooklime 52, 53, 54, 61. Centory 65. 74 80. 85. 95 99 105. 107, 108. 115 117 134, 137. 140. 146. 153. 162. 166. 168. 174. 185, 186. 189. 196. 206. 210 213 226. 226, 237 239. 248. 266 320. 323. 325. 327. 331. 359.  
Drunkenness. Wormwood 359.  
Mad Dogs. Balm 25. Danewort. 99 117. 129. 158, 159. 188, 193, 204  
Dumb. Peony 249. Rosemary 276  
Dugs greatness to abate. Hemlock 151.   

E.  
EArworms. Fennel 116. 151.  
Ears pained. Poplar 23. Beets 33. 112. 117. 121. 169. 201. 204 207. 225. 240. 272. 338. 359  
Noise in the ears. Beets 33. Marjoram 194.  
Eyes sight to help. Alehoof 6. Assarabacca 20 Wood Betony 37. 59 63 70 83. 93. 107. 113. 116. 129. 130. 141 145. 182, 183. 195. 250 252, 253. 264. 269. 272 276. 278. 280. 292. 303. 318. 334, 335. 344. 351. 359. 361.  
Eyes inflamed to cure. Anemonies 19 borage 49 55. 68 84. 109. 113. 141. 152. 169. 178. 193. 210. 262. 315. 323. 333. 338. 349.  
Eye lids. Barley 27, 113, 126. 142. 278.  
Eyes watery to help. Beans 30. Sloes 48, 92, 113, 122, 130, 136 160. 196. 201. 263. 323. 326. 338.   

F.  
FAce freckled. Agnus Castue 4. Avens 24. Bean-water 29 Briony 51, 54, 180, 183, 184, 185, 189, 228, 219, 223, 246, 247, 271, 287, 289, 302, 329, 345, 353.  
Facered. Lilies 185, 246, 247, 333, 353.  
Ferons'. Beans 29. Bittersweet 42  
Fevers. Barley 26 Cassia 63, 227 194, 195, 272, 273, 284, 295, 300, 306, 312, 326, 337, 359.  
Fluxes helped. Agrimony 3. Avens 24. Sloes 48. Bramble 50. 67. 69. 82. 183. 209, 213, 216, 217 251, 258, 260, 261, 272, 276, 282, 283, 293, 296.  
Fever Hectic. Marigolds 194. Barley 26. Cassia 63. 227, 258, 296  
Fever old and putrid. Borage 49; Marigolds 194, 227, 276, 284.  
Fistula's. 225, 236, 221, 246, 247, 298, 308, 345, 362.  
Falling sickness. Asparagus 21. Poplar 23. Betony 37. 51 61. 65. 69 82. 166. 193. 239. 196 207. 210. 218. 242. 245. 248. 249. 253. 261. 349.  
Feet surbated. Lady's bedstraw. 32  
Frenzy. Agnus Castus 5. Wood betony 37. Poppy 260, 261.  
Fleghm. Alecost 5. Anemonies 19 Bindeweed 41. Birthwort 44. 61. Capers 61. 211. 221 261. 265. 277. 297. 306. 310. 328. 339  
Fleas and Flies, vide Noisome creatures to drive away.  
Fundament. Beech 34. 206. 216. 217, 220  
French Pox. Cassia 63. Dodder 103. 109 125. 136. 155. 197. 273. 286. 294. 295. 302. 303. 316. 338   

G.  
GAlls infirmities helped. Alehoof 6. Bittersweet 42. 59 64. 86. 90. 103. 111. 116. 189. 249. 285. 323. 340  
Gangrenes, Darnel 96. Nettles 221. 352  
Giddiness, Woodbetony 37. 149. 173. 220  
Gout, Alehoof 6. Balm 25. Burdock 58 76 99 121. 134. 138. 148. 166. 173. 232 235. 196. 197 217. 219. 222. 248. 253. 260. 278. 281. 291. 294. 304. 324. 336. 351  
Gonorihea. Artechokes 19 Barley 26. 59 Purslain 261. 272. 277. 282. 341. 347  
Green Sickness. Assarabacca 20. Broom 54. 277. 310. 340. 359.  
Gravel. Cherry Gum 65. 77. 102. 104. 105. 120 132. 136 157 226. 196. 204. 221. 241. 246. 282. 290. 311  
Gripe in the Guts. Sloes 47. 141. 147 192. 229. 234. 236. 249. 317  
Gums. Bugle 55, 76, 204, 229, 248, 255, 272   

H.  
HAir falling to hinder. Beets 34, 78. Laserwort 186, 247, 266, 362  
Hair to take away. Bindeweed 41  
Hearing to help. Vide Deafness. Heads Scald. Ash 22. Beets 34. Beech mast 35. 125. 127  
Humours gross purged. Water Agrimony 3, 62  
Hemorrhoides. Water Betony 36. Camock 61 Comfrey 75, 109, 121, 139, 160, 168. 205, 232, 238, 252, 314.  
Hiccough Fennel 116, 156, 210, 226, 277, 309, 319  
Heart to comfort. Avens 24. Viper's Bugloss 56. Burnet 57 70, 71, 127, 177, 178, 180, 195 205, 〈◊〉, 21●, 226, 232, 257, 272, 331  
Headache. Basil 28 Beets 34. Wood Betony 37, 48, 127, 153, 172, 176, 196, 197, 199, 210, 223, 235, 242, 252, 260, 276, 292, 307, 324, 325  
Hip-gout, Vide Sciatica.  
hypocondriac passions. Dodder 103. Melilot 199  
Hoarseness. Cabbage 59 Cherries 65, 69, 96, 109, 121, 141, 145, 147, 253   

I.  
Jaundice Yellow. Alehoof 6. Alkanet 17. Assarabacca 20, Ash 22. Barberries 26 42, 59 61. Camomile 61, 64, 67, 69. 71, 80, 86, 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 125, 130, 135, 157, 180, 201. 239, 249. 254, 255, 276, 282, 285, 310, 323, 326, 331, 359  
Jaundice Black. Bittersweet 42. Broom 54, 67, 71, 112, 125 135, 144, 147, 173, 195, 213, 214, 226, 244, 255, 276, 285, 311, 326, 331. 359  
Joints. Balm 25, 65. Dittander 102, 121, 129, 135, 136, 137, 173, 218, 267, 285, 294, 328, 336, 329  
Itch. Alehoof 7. Becch 34. Water Betony 35. Celandine 64, 103, 110, 125, 126, 138, 148, 174, 221, 228, 248, 311  
Inflammations. Poplar 23. Beets 34. Coltsfoot 75, 83, 121, 146, 150, 152, 168, 169. 178, 179, 180, 199, 201, 210, 225, 230. 234, 247, 260. 297, 307, 311, 322, 347, 358  
Imposthumes. Barley 27. Diel 101, 112, 121, 185, 204, 20●, 228, 232, 〈…〉 253, 302, 31● 319, 〈◊〉  
iliack passions. Vide Colic.  
Infections 165, 177, 223, 252, 257, 258, 279, 280, 284, 302, 334, 335, 344, 352, 360, 363   

K.  
KIdneys infirmities. Agrimony 3. Alecoast 5. Alkanet 18. 30. 54 Buckshorn 55, 56 63 77, 83 103. 131, 132, 133. 168. 174. 177. 187. 198. 204. 227 235 242, 249. 252. 277. 288, 293. 300, 309. 315. 350  
Kernels. Eringo 112 136, 278  
Kings Evil. Barley, Briony 51. Broom 54 Cleavers 71. 77 81 109. 129. 144. 182. 197. 238. 250. 269, 278 298  
Kibes. Beets 34. Burdock 58. Kidneywort 168, Onions 232. Turnips 340.  
Knobs. Bludeweed 41. 81. 355  
Knees pains. Broom 54. 59   

L.  
LAsk. Alkanet 18. Bilberries 38. Sloes 47. Hemp 151. 159 164. 208. 215, 216. 226. 273. 277. 283. 309 331. 348. 353  
Lameness. Elder 109  
Looseness. Sloes 47. Cinnamon 70. 97. Dill 101. 264. 360 363  
Lethargy. Agnus Castus 5. Anemonies 19 Basil 28. 218 221. 241. 245. 248. 297. 336. 359. 360  
Leprosy. Alkinet 18. Anemonies 19 Ash 28. 51. 96. 103. 110, 126. 218. 221. 228. 248. 255. 302. 323. 355  
Lice. Alecost 6. Meadow Rue 279. Henhane 153. Tobacco 324, 325  
Leanness to procure. Ash 22  
Liver obstructed. Agrimony 3. Assarabacca 20 Beets 34. Bitter-sweet 42. 59 62 64. 102. 116. 125 134 144. 193. 197. 214. 226 249 266. 278 282. 290. 293. 331. 348  
Liver to strengthen. Agrimony 3. Alecost 5. 30 Betony 37. Calamus Aromat 60 94. 97. 102, 103 110. 112. 153, 157, 193, 197, 204 205, 234, 236, 246, 254 257, 258 267, 272, 276, 277, 305, 517, 319. 322, 349  
Liver to cool Barberries 26. Cassia 63, 95, 102, Kidneywort 168, 178, 180, 192, 227, 261, 278, 291, 326, 331, 336  
Livergrown. Penntroyal 248  
Legs swelled. Cabbage 59, Woodsage 287  
Loins. vide Back.  
Lungs ulcerated. Alehoof 6. Bill-berries 38, Burdock 58, 68, 182, 205, 208, 234, 275, 306  
Lungs infirmities. Wood Betony 37, 65, 75, 89, 93, 105, 107, 109, 110, 119, 138, 141, 143, 153 156, 167, 176, 182, 183, 192, 193, 196, 201, 216, 221, 236, 248, 253 257, 268, 293, 295, 300, 302, 303 319, 336, 339, 345, 349, 359  
Lust to stir up. Ariechokes 19 Asparagus 21, French Beans 30, 63, 87, 101, 112, 175, 218, 252, 262, 271, 296, 309, 317  
Lust to abate. Hawkweed 146 Hemlock 150, Hemp 151, Lettuce 176, Water Lilly 179, Rue 280,   

M.  
MAtrix 34. Beech 46 47. Burdock 58, 99, 151, 180, 185, 258, 328, 336  
Megrim. Wood Betony 37  
Madness. Dodder 103. Elder 109, 148, 149, 253  
Memory to help. Assarabacca 20, 123, Sweet Margerum 193, Melilot 199, 226, 284, 360  
Members benumbed. Agnus Castus 4  
Measles. Alkanet 18, Bistort 47 109, Marigolds 194  
Melancholy. Basil 28, Borage 49, 56, 62, 63, 82, 103, 109, 115 148, 149, 206, 211, 241, 256, 257 273, 285, 307, 319, 326, 327, 336  
Milk to increase in Nurses. Anemonies 19, Viper's Bugloss 56, 101, 223, 251, 313, 331  
Milk to dry up. Asp 23 Basil 27  
Milt, vide Spleen  
Mother helped. Agnus Castus 4. Asparagus 21, 37, 51, 58, 78, 97, 108, 115, 157, 173, 186, 211, 214, 226, 241, 280, 284, 294, 297, 300, 317, 325, 353  
Mouth sore. Birch tree 44. Bramble 50, 55, 109, 176, 177, 204, 215, 219, 227, 253, 258, 264, 269, 285, 288, 293, 297 307, 310, 323, 342, 352  
Morphew. Briony 51, Celandine 64, 74, 84, 96, 102, 107, 110, 119, 123, 126, 127, 146, 189, 221, 289, 323, 345  
Mumps 87  
Murrain, Motherwort 202  
Muscles to strengthen. Pepper 250   

N.  
NOse sore. 45 46. Snakeweed 93, Orris 235, 257.  
Nails sore. Pomegranate 258  
Nose bleeding Water Betony 36. 37, 55, 221, 244, 288, 3●6, 361.  
Neck drawn awry. Mustard 218  
Crick in the neck. 262.  
Numbness. Bear's breech 40 Pine 253.  
Nipples sore.  307  
Nerves. Birthwort 44. Elder 109. 250. 269. 285  
Nightmare 249  
Nodes. Medick-fitch 81. Woodsage 286  
Navels of children sticking out Thorow-wax 332  
Noisome creatures to drive away Glasswort 140. Lavender Cotton 174. Nigella 223. Poley mountain, Starwort 321. wormwood 359, 360   

O.  
OBstructions. Elder 109. 125. 127. Hops 157. Maple 193, 217. 221. 281, 282. 290. 295. 340. 359. 361   

P.  
Palsy. Cowslips 88 95. 117 130 134 156 164. 166, 194, 206 219 253. 285. 287. 297. 300. 318 328. 348. 360  
Pestilence, vide Plague and Infection.  
Poisons. Avens 24. Balm 25. Bayberries 28. Viper's Bugloss 56 62, 63. 98. 119. 166. 172. 196. 229. 234. 255. 257. 280. 284. 325. 351.  
Pissing blood. Agrimony 3. Betony 37. 77. 79  
Pissing a bed. Bistort 47, 48. 96  
Plague, Alehoof 6. Avens 24. Balm 25. 47. 58 71. 92. 98. 107. 109 119, 120. 129. 155. 165 177 223. 252. 279. 285. 298. 323. 334 337 343. 344, 345. 352. 363  
Pox small. Alkanet 18. Bistort 47. 109. 194, 271, 337  
Privy parts inflamed helped. Agnus Castus 4. Yarrow 361. vide Cod swelled  
Ulcerated privities. Alehoof 7. Bramble 50, Bugle 55. 95. 185. 293. 307. 223. 342. 361  
Polipus. Birthwort 45. 93. 95. 107, 186. 221  
Piles. Water Betony 36 Restharrow 61. 68 75, 108. 121, 160. 206. 215. 217. 220. 238. 347.  
Prisick. Bear's breech 40. 68 109 154. 172. 176 213, 245. 256 276  
Pushes. Poplar 23. 34, 35. Broom 54, 59 68 111. 316. 324. 334. 354  
Purples. Snakewood 47  
Pleurisy. Chervil 66. Cummin 94. 186. 193. 221 260 349 360  
Priapism. Water Lilly 180   

Q.  
QUinzy, Columbins' 73. cinquefoil 69. Figs 119. Hyssop 153 Loose-strife 182. Lovage 183 Violets 349. 352. 359  
Qualms, vide. Heart and stomach   

R.  
RUnning of the Reins, Bistort 47. 55 58. Camphire 60. 169. 173 177. 179. 272. 277. 282. 291 293, 319. 326. 339. 341. 362.  
Reins pained to help, Asparagus 21. 50. 54, 56 Cassia 63 65. 77. 83. 90. 115. 119, 120 134. 176, 177. 192. 219. 246. 317. 319. 328. 336. 347. 349. 351  
Rickets, Alecoast 6. Capers 62. Fern 114. Melilot 199  
Reds to stop. Red Blites 48. 189.  
Ringworms. Alkanet 18. Celandine 64. Horse-tail 159. 181. 201. 255. 281. 298 302. 311 355  
Rheums, Briony 51 Bucks-born 55 Camock 6●, 74 82 87 121 130 137 154 160 167 194 196 210 223 261 263 269 272 275 282 291 295 309 317 338  
Ruptures. Avens 24 Bifoil 39 Bears breech 40 43. 44 59 61 73 89 91 95 105 106 110 118 159 166 171 187 192 213 282 329 333 355   

S.  
SCabs. Alehoof 7 Ash 22 74 Caraway 78 102 123 125, 126 137, 138 158 166 177 184 193 201 219 227 278 302  
Scaldings. Danewort 99 Elm 110 Hounds-tongue 159 229 232  
Sciatica. Alehoof 6 Water Betony 35. Broom 54 91 95 96 100 109 117 137, 138 168 186 189 235 267 269 277 280 297 342 347  
Secondine, vide After birth Seed to increase. Artechokes 19 burdock's 58 79 112  
Scouring, vide Flux and Lask  
Spleen. Agnus Castus 4 Alecost 5 Alehoof 6 Alkanet 18 Assarabacca 20 Ash 22 Bayberries 28 34 44, 45 51 61, 62 64 82 90 97 103 110 112 114 116, 117 123 125 126 146 149 156 183 199 207 238 247, 248 255, 256 267 276 290 294 310 314, 315 317 323 325 331 335 351 358  
Sides pained. Ash 22 Sloes 47 Calamus Aromaticus 60, 61, 62 66 Marsh Mallows 193 218 221 227 236 280 336 339 343  
Spasme. 98 218  
Scurvy. Brooklime 52, 53 Elder 109 Mechoacan 197 Horseradish 267 334  
Splinters to draw out, vide Thorns  
Shrew Mouse biting 127 271  
Shingles. Shepherds purse 309 333, 334.  
Sinews, Balm 25. 58. Camomile 61 88 114 164 174 185 194 214 222 265 269 276 285 328 352 354  
Smelling lost to restore, Beets 33. Nigella 223  
Sneezing to procure, Bazil 28. Clary 70  
Sleep to cause, Chervil 66. Dill 101, Endive 111, 146, Water Lilly 179, 260, 261  
Snakes stinging, Vide Venomous bitings  
Scurffs, Elm 110 125 126 127 186 192 193 355  
Stomach to heat. Cynomon 70. Marjoram 194. Masterwort 196, 218. Mace. 226. 232, 257. 267. 319. 330. 336. 345. 348  
Stomach to cool. Barley 26. Bilberries 38. Cassia 63. Golden rod 131, 144. 146. 168, 169. 176. 306. 322. 326  
Stomach to strengthen. Alecoast 6. Artechokes 19, Avens 24 Balm 25. Betony 37, 60. Cardamomes 62. 66. 82. 102 109 111. 115. 116. 120. 122. 125. 127. 130. 144. 184 204. 205. 208. 244. 265. 272 291. 303. 317. 363  
Stitches. Betony 37. Burdock 58. Commyn 94 118, 227, 228. 256. 286, 330  
Strangury. Asparagus 21, Brooklime. 52 Butcher's broom 53, 65. 82 95 107 134 178 204 244 267 282 288 300 309 313 319 336 343  
Stone to expel, Asparagus 21 Ash 22 29 30 32 44 50 55 61 65 66 77 82 88 90 109 112 116 131 132 146 187 196 198 221 243 247 274 290 294 309 311 317 330 339  
Sunburning, Water Betony 35, Celandine 64 84 88 107 156 329 Stones swelled, Cypress tree 95, 148 Surfeits, Barley 27 Poppy 260 261  
Speech lost to restore, Lavender 173 Peony 249 276 300  
Sores. Water Betony 35 36. Bugle 55 59 105 107 111 119 123 129 131 169 171 196 214 221 254 255 278 281 333 338 345  
Staggers, Ragwort 269  
Swoonings to help, Balm 25. borage 49. Clove Gillyflowers 72 73 109 331  
Sweat to procure. Camomile 61. Centory 64 275  
Sweeting immoderate to restrain. Quinces 265 266  
Swell. Camomile 61. Clary 70 75 83 110 111 184 201 230 254 286 297 315 320 335 336 349   

T.  
Tooth. Aristolochia 44 61 64 69 82 105 109 110 119 131 150 164 173 186 195 216 217 228 230 245 252 259 260 272 326 329 330 331 347 359 361  
Teeth lose to fasten. Barberries 26  
Terms to provoke. Alecoast 5. Alehoof 6. Anemonies 19 Balm 25. Bafil 28 37 43 45 52 53 57 58 59 62 63 65 66 70 90 93 95 102 107 108 110 126 129 136  
Terms to stop. Barberries 26 Beech leaves 34. Bistort 47 50 75 83 88 96 97 123 133 144  
Tetters. Alkanet 18. Celandine 64. Caraway 76  
Testicles swelled. Hedge mustard 148. Vide Stones and Cod swelled. Sore Throats. Alehoof 7. Sloes 48 Bramble 50. 65. 97 112. 118. 131  
Thorns to draw out. Chervil 66 Clary 112. 118, 147. 158  
Tumours. Barley 27. Clary 70. 95 118. 150. 199. 216, 244 311. 312.   

V  
VErtigo, Coloquintida 74, Galanga 127  
Venom, Alehoof 6, Clovegilflowers 72 338  
Venomous bitings 318 342 351  
Venomous Beasts. Agnus Castus 4, Balm 25, Bayberries 28, Beets 33 45 46 50 51 54 56 58 63 77 78 80 95 98 107 108 112  
Venery to provoke, Artechokes 119, Clary 70 90 96 106 127  
Venery to abate, Vide Lust.  
Ulcers. Agrimony 3. Alehoof 7. Alkanet 18. Anemonies 19 34 44 45. Bugle 55. 60. 61 72, 75. 80, 84. 86. 88 93 105, 106, 111. 114, 118, 120, 123, 129, 130, 131, 133, 140,  
Vomiting to stay. Alecoast 6. Ash 22. Bilberries 38. Snakeweed 46. 90. 97. 161 171 183. 196. 204. 206.  
Vomiting to cause Assarabacca 20, Bindeweed 41. White Hellebore 148. 174. 261. 322  
Urine to provoke. Agnus Castus 4. Alecoast 5. Alehoof 6. Asparagus 21. Ash 22. Basil 28. Bay-berries 28. 30. 33 40. 45. 51 52. 53. 54. 58. 59 63. 66, 77 78 79 80. 82. 84 87 90. 102. 103. 110. 112. 114.  
Urine to cool. Barley 27 Lettuce 176. Liquorice 177. 179. 306 322   

W.  
Watery humours. anemonies 19  
Wasps Vide Noisome Creatures and venomous Beasts.  
Warts. Poplar 23. Mercury 201 217. 314 333 339,  
Weariness. Lady's Bedstraw 32. 37. Gentian 210. 229  
Wheesing Liquorice 177. Lungwort 183. 176. 177. 221. 247. 275  
Whitlows. Nailwort 356  
Wind. Ash 22. Bayberries 28 44 45. Cardamomes 62 63 101 103 107 112 116 132 146 151 197 214 220 221 223 226 228 230 232 236 240 246 276 280 286 295 310 320 327 336 337 342 356 359 360  
Wheals. Poplar 23, Beets 34 35 59, fumitory 126, 142 177, 313, 317  
Green Wounds, Adder's tongue 2, Alkanet 18, Avens 24 43 71 72 88 106 114 118 123 129 133 134 163 168 171 181 208 209 227 234 236 282 287 288 293 304 308 312 332 337 339 341 344 345 354 362  
Wounds inward, Avens 24, Bugle 55 75 86 100 142 144. 208 213 302 332 341  
Wounds outward, Avens 24, Bugle 55 144 213, see green wounds Womb, birch tree 43. galanga 127  
Worms to kill, Alecoast 6, Barberries 26, Betony 37 41 51 64 87 90 109 122 129 130 151 175 177 216 258 261 267 274. 276 282 298 310 360  
Whites, Blitum alba 48, Burnet 57, Burdock 58, Camphire 60 69 75 158 171 173 179 208 209 213 264 272 276 289 291 326 335  
Wens, Cleavers 71. Melilot 199 333 339   

Y.  
YArd, Water Lilly 180, Althaea 192 199 258 334 361   
FINIS.