CICERO REDIVIVUS; OR THE Art of Oratory REFINED: BEING Two ESSAYS of ELEGANCY. The FIRST, Containing Plain and Easy RULES for SCHOLARS to make Eloquent Latin. The SECOND, Useful Directions for Young Gentlemen and Students to Adorn their Discourse and Writings with a Refined and Genteel Style. By JOHN TWELLS, Schoolmaster. Aliud est Grammaticè, aliud Latinè loqui. J. C. Scaliger. LONDON, Printed for Benjamin Crayle, at the Peacock and Bible at the West-end of St. Paul's. 1688. DOCTISSIMO, EXPERIENTISSIMO, CLARISSIMO, REI MEDICAE Cùm GALENICAE tum CHYMICAE, VIRO, D no. Johanni Yarborough, M. D. Morborum ferè omnium, quà Acutorum qua Chronicorum, ANIMOSO HOSTI, AGGRESSORI, EXPUGNATORI, FELICISSIMO, Periclitantis hujusce (innumeras inter alias) Vitae, ANNUENTE DEO, SAEPIUS RESTAURATORF, Tentamina haec Elegantiarum, Votivam quasi Tabulam, AMORIS, HONORIS, GRATITUDINIS, ERGO, HUMILLIME, PIENTISSIME, SUSPENDIT JOHANNES TWELLS, SCHOLAE PUBLICAE NOVARCENSIS MAGISTER. Anno Domini M. DC.LXXX.V. De Libelli hujus Utilitate ad Eloquentiae Studiosum Dactylicum Heroicum cum jambico Dimetro. SI te vera juvat Romanae gloria Linguae, Et ejus Elegantia; Si cupis Eloquii flumen, gazásque Parentis Totius Eloquentiae: Huc tua mens adsit, modicum tua lumina lustrent Hanc diligenter codicem, Qui Ciceronis opes paucis brevibúsque decenter Comprendit omnes paginis. Multa dabit multos, largo cum foenore, fructus Illius ardens lectio. Barbara formabit per se tibi protinus ora Purè loquendi formulis. Incertúmque reget calamum vestigia cautè Servantis ejus jugiter. Nec sinit ut similis sibi prorsus in omnibus exstet, Et moveat aliis nauseam. Pluribus ecquid opus? Quod Agro sunt Lilia, quódque Est culta vestis corpori, Arboribúsque comae quod sunt auróque Lapilli, Et quod cibis Aromata: Hoc linguae scriptísque tuis omnino Libelli Sunt hujus Elegantiae. Quippe quod, his fastiditis, nihil amplius insit Orationi gratiae. The Author to the Bookseller. Mr. Crayle, THat I may in some measure satisfy your frequent importunities, and yet safely and modestly consult as well your Advantage, as my own Repute, I have thought fit, instead of the Two whole Books (which indeed are quite finished, and ready for the Press) to send you at present for a New-years-Gift, only a Specimen of each, viz. The two first Parts of the Examination of the Elegant Grammar, out of Nine; and the Two and Twenty first Chapters of Scholastic Prolusions, out of Three hundred. Let these first try their Fortunes in the World for a Term or two, and, according to the Reception I find it gives them, I will take my future measures, either of publishing, or for ever concealing the Remainder. However, Sir, believe me always to be Your assured Friend, J. T. Newark, January 1. 1685/ 6. Plutarch de Liberis educandis. p. 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Plutarch of the breeding of Children. ANd yet many Fathers there are, that so love their Money, and hate their Children, that lest it should cost them more than they are willing to spare, to hire a good Schoolmaster for them, rather choose such persons to instruct their Children, as are of no worth; thereby beating down the Market, that they may purchase a cheap Ignorance. A GENERAL EXAMINATION OF THE Elegant Grammar. Senec. 3. Contr. Magna & varia res est Eloquentia, nec adhuc ulli sic indulsit, ut tota contingeret. Satis felix est, qui in aliquam ejus partem receptus est. A. WHat is the Elegant Grammar? B. The Elegant Grammar is the Art of speaking elegantly. A. What mean you by speaking elegantly? B. To speak elegantly, is to express the sense of our minds otherwise than the rules of the native way of speaking require; and yet to be understood with more delight, than we should be, should we follow the natural current of Speech. To speak elegantly according to art, is to have in readiness the ways of garnishing Speech; and to be able to give an account why a Sentence must be changed so or so. A. Wherein doth the elegancy of a sentence consist? B. The elegancy of a sentence consists generally in the transformation of the same, from its native, into another aspect, the sense remaining unaltered. A. How many ways may this transformation be performed? B. Nine: For the same thing may be expressed otherwise, three manners of ways generally: the first of which is subdivided into two, the second into three, the third into four ways. For Example: The same otherwise placed, by Perspicuity. 1. Transposition. 2. The same thing may be expressed by words Other more Latin, by Idiotism. 3 simply equipollent, by Transmutat. 4 allegorically equipoll. by Transnomination. 5. The same, or other, yet expressed after another manner, viz. By more than the matter requires, by Dilatation. 6 By fewer than ordinary, by Contraction. 7 With an unusual affection, by Figures. 8 Bound up, by Verse. 9 A. How many therefore are the parts of the Elegant Grammar? B. Nine. I. Exposition, clarification, perspicuity. II. Idiotism. III. Transposition iv Transmutation. V Transnomination. VI Dilatation. VII. Contraction. VIII. Figuration. IX. Versification. A. Illustrate what you have said by an example; propose a sentence. B. Magister meus docet exemplis perpetuis. A. How many ways may this sentence be adorned? B. These nine ways. 1. If there be any thing obscure or ambiguous, (or at least may seem such) by explaining and limiting it by some addition, or mutation into another, not ambiguous, word, so that nothing else can be understood, but what I design. A. Is there any obscure or ambiguous word in the sentence you proposed? B. Yes. Magister is an ambiguous word; for the Masters of divers Arts and Handicrafts, the Masters of the Horse to Persons of Honour, and the rest, may be styled Magistri: as, Magister Artis, Magister Tabernae, Officinae, Magister Equitum, etc. A. What must a Scholar do in this case? B. In this case the Scholar must either add some other words, to restrain the generality of the word Magister; as, Magister studiorum meorum: or change it for another synonimous word, which is not ambiguous; as, Ludimagister, or Praeceptor meus. So if any one should be said cepisse labracem, the sentence will be obscure, because there are few that understand the word, tho' it be extant in Pliny and Plautus. And again, if a man be said cepisse Lupum, it will be ambiguous, because it may be understood that he hath caught either a fourfooted Beast, or a Fish, so called. Therefore, if you would have the latter understood, say, Lupum piscem; or change it for a synonymous word signifying nothing else, and say, Lucium cepit. A. What do you call such an Explanation of Speech? B. I call it Perspicuity. A. What is Perspicuity? B. Perspicuity is the easiness of a Sentence, as to the matter to be understood. A. What is the virtue of Perspicuity? B. The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, so great a plainness of Speech, as that the things seem to be set before the eyes. A. What are the vices contrary to this virtue? B. The vices contrary to Perspicuity, are Obscurity and Ambiguity. A. When may a Sentence be said to be obscure? B. When it can scarce be understood: as, that of Varro, Omnia dapatilia comîsse Jani cusiones; for, Omnia opipara comedisse Jani Curiones. A. Whence ariseth this obscurity? B. This obscurity proceeds from words unknown to the People. A. What Sentence may be said to be ambiguous? B. That which admits of a various interpretation: as, if a man should say, Peto jus; he may mean either jusculum, or justitiam. A. Whence ariseth this ambiguity? B. It ariseth from equivocal or homonymous words. Therefore a word that is obscure, homonymous, or too general, is, like a Rock, to be avoided by him that has a mind to speak perspicuously. For this reason in our familiar discourse we say not, Clepta, or Directarius, but Fur; nor jus, but jusculum; nor rem inveni, but hoc, or illud. Or, if such a word should thrust itself in, let another word more common, distinct, & special, be immediately subjoined, to enlighten & limit the former; or let some explicatory, discretive, or determinative epithet be added: as, Clepta, quod Latinis furem sonat. Jus seu jusculum. Rem perdidit, nempe bona sua: Or, Clepta furax. Jus coctum. Rem possessam perdidit. Words, that by chance light into the same termination, may sometimes be changed into another, free from ambiguity; as, if you should say, Tu canis; 'twill be uncertain whether you call any one a Dog, or mean he sings. If the first, you will speak more clearly by an Adjective, Tu impure Canis; or, Tu latras ut Canis. If the latter, you had better say, Tu cantas, etc. Or they are to be discriminated by an accent (if possible) either pronounced or marked: as, venit in the present tense, from uênit in the preterperfect tense. Moreover, he that desires to acquire this great Ornament, must studiously avoid Amphibolie, that is, such a placing of the words as may render the sense doubtful. Such is that in Terence: Adeò uno animo omnes Socrus oderunt Nurus; for one would be at a stand, scarcely discerning, whether Socrus was the Nominative Plural, and Nurus the Accusative; or contrariwise. It is supposed the Poet so placed the words, with a design to set out the reciprocal odium between Mothers-in-law and Daughters-in-law; which, if so, 'twas artificially done. A. Must then words that are obscure, homonymous, of a more general signification, and amphibolous, be for ever interdicted a studied clarity? B. To your question I answer distinctly, thus: 1. An obscure word appositely used, and in its right place, is commendable: as, if there be any thing you would not have all men indifferently understand, but some one only, that is privy to your counsels and purposes, or some few of the more sagacious. With these did Cicero fill his Epistles to Atticus, a wise man, and his intimate friend. 2. An homonymous word, in its proper place, ceaseth to be such; because words are understood according to the subject matter. For example: A Cook speaks not ambiguously, that says, Jus piscinum; or an Astronomer, that says, Sol in piscibus. An homonymous word set on purpose for the ambiguity of the sense, is a pleasant elegancy. As when Tully said, that Octavius was laudandum & tollendum, for he might be understood either tollendum esse laudibus, or tollendum de vitâ. 3. Words of a very general signification are happily homonymous; for they augment the treasure of the Language with variety of Elegancies. Such are these Latin Nouns, Res, Vis, Locus, Natura, Substantia, Genus, Species; and the Verbs, Sum, Habeo, Facio, Do, Gero, etc. 4. Words of a doubtful meaning fitly disposed in the same Sentence, increase the Elegancy; as, Jura te velle servare jura. And Lingua puerorum facilè discit diversas linguas. Hence the Distich so much celebrated. Quid facies, facies Veneris si veneris ante? Ne sedeas, sed eas; ne pereas per eas. A word so placed betwixt two, that it matters not to which it is referred, is an Elegancy; as, Opus caeptum urgeas vehementer oro. For here it is a question whether I mean the work is to be mightily hastened, or that I mightily desire it: And yet, which way so ever you take it, it will not be amiss; and more full if you understand it both ways. But if yet you have a mind to speak it very perspicuously, you may do it by a Comma, or a Repetition, thus: Ut opus urgeas vehementer, oro. Ut opus urgeas, vehementer oro. Ut opus vehementer urgeas, vehementer oro. A. Proceed to the second part. B. Secondly, by putting, instead of the usual speech, and common language, Idiotical, and proper only to the Latin tongue; as if, instead of Magister studiorum meorum, one should say more latinely, Meus à studiis. A. What do you call this Ornament? B. This second part is called Idiotism, and in specie Latinism, Graecism, Hebraism, etc. when this Language, or that, hath an elegancy unknown to others. A. What is Idiotism? B. Idiotism is an emphatical custom of speaking, proper and peculiar to some one tongue: Or thus, Idiotism, or Idiom, is a propriety, phrase, or form of speaking, peculiar to its own tongue, which cannot be rendered word for word into any other language, but with much barbarity and baldness of expression. A. How many fold is Idiotism? B. Idiotism is two fold, or there are two sorts of Idiotism, i. e. Lexical and Grammatical: Of the first in Latin this may be an example, Potiri rerum, to reign; of the latter this, Potiente rerum Augusto, when Augustus reigned. A. What mean you by Lexical Idiotisms? B. By Lexical Idiotisms, I mean such as cannot be translated out of Latin into English, Greek, etc. word for word, or iisdem verbis; as, Audire bene, Dare verba, etc. A. What mean you by Grammatical Idiotisms? B: By Grammatical, I mean such as cannot be translated by the same Case, Person, Tense, etc. as, Sole orto, etc. Of Lexical Idiotisms see a plentiful Harvest in Mr. Walker's Idiomatical Dictionary; of Grammatical here. A. How many are the general subjects of Grammatical Idiotisms? B. The general subjects of Grammatical Idiotisms are two. A. Which are they? B. 1. Single words. 2. Phrases. A. In what heads of single words are Grammatical Idiotisms found? B. 1. In Substantives. 2. In Adjectives. 3. In Pronouns. 4. In Verbs. 5. In Participles. 6. In Adverbs. A. How many Rules do you observe in delivering the Idiotisms of Substantives? B. Four. A. Which is the first Rule? B. It is an Elegancy, instead of the Substantive or Abstract, to use the Adjective or concrete, in the neuter Gender, either singular or plural; as, Verum, falsum, bonum, multum, etc. (or vera, falsa, etc.) for veritas, falsitas, bonitas, multitudo, etc. A. Which is the second? B. To circumscribe the names of Offices by a Noun which denotes the Subject or Object, with ab or ad, is the peculiar of the Latins: For the say, For Secretarius, à secretis. Scriba, à manu, or ad manum. Consiliarius, à consiliis, or ad consilia. This form of speaking requires a Dative case of the person to whom this duty or service is performed: as, Est mihi à manu; Domino suo à pedibus, etc. unless you speak by a Personal Adjective, as Cicero did, when he said, Servus meus à pedibus. A. Which is the third? B. Any Noun assuming Res, and being turned into the Genitive case, or into an Adjective, makes an elegant Idiotism: For Plautus says, Res voluptatum, for voluptas; res cibi, for cibus: and Cicero, Res bellica, militaris, nummaria, etc. for bellum, militia, nummus or pecunia, etc. So also Vis: as, Vis flammae, or flammea, for flamma; magna canum vis, for multi canes, etc. A. Which is the fourth? B. The Latins do elegantly compare Nouns Substantive by the Adverb magis: as Plautus, Hominem magis asinum nunquam vidi. In imitation of which, why may not one say, Magis Homo, Rex, Doctor, Miles, etc. magis vinum, & c? that is veriùs, more truly; or meliùs, better. But that jocular comparison of Nouns, which the same Author used, O patrue mi patruissime! and, Nullus me est hodie punus punior, we ought not to imitate, except, as he did it, for sport. A. How many Rules are to be observed for the Idiotisms of Adjectives? B. Four. A. Which is the first? B. A local Adjective is changed into its Substantive with the Preposition De, or A: as, Aper Sylvestris, or de Syluâ; Homo aulicus, de aulâ; Scholasticus, de scholâ, etc. So Cicero's Poeta de papulo, that is; popularis; Ovid's Alice ab Indis, for Indica. Observation. Nay the Preposition is sometimes understood, especially in Poets; as Sallust, Taeda pice & sulphur, for è pice & sulphur, or pieca & sulphurea. Aere Clypeus Virg. Syracusis soleae, for è Syracusis, Syracusanae, etc. Therefore we speak most latinely, Vinum Cretâ, Hispaniâ, Hungariâ, etc. for è Cretâ or Cretense, etc. A. Which is the second Rule? B. A Local or temporal Adjective is changed for on Adverb: as Plaut. Tu intus pateram proferto foras, for pateram intraneam, or quae est intus. Virg. Apparet domus intus, i. e. interior. Ter. Hinc civis, i. e. hujus loci. Idem. Interea tempus, for interjectum tempus, etc. Plaut. Nunc copia, for praesens copia. A. Is this elegancy common? B. No. Very rare, yet worth knowing. A. Which is the third Rule? B. Adjectives of quality are changed into their abstract Nouns with the Verb sapit, olet, or the like; for we say, instead of novus, novitaters sapit; barbarus, barbariem olet, redolet; rusticus, rus refert, etc. A. Which is the fourth Rule? B. Partitive Adjectives are elegantly changed into the Noun Genus, or else join themselves to it: as, Quidam homines, quoddam genus hominum. Omnes homines, omne genus hominum. Nulli homines, nullum genus hominum. Quod genus hominum, i. e. quales. Id genus hominum, i. e. tales homines, etc. A. How many Rules are there for the Idiotisms of Pronouns? B. Six. A. Which is the first? B. In lieu of the Interrogative quis, the Latins use quid with a Genitive case, elegantly: as, Quid homo, or quid hominis? Quae res, or quid rei? The same happens in the Redditive: as, id hominis, id rei, etc. for is homo, ea res, etc. A. Which is the second? B. When any one speaks of his own affairs, he useth hoc; when of his, whom he speaks to, istud; when of the affairs of some third man, and one who is absent, illud: as, Per caput hoc juro, says the Deity in Virgil, pointing to its own. Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic or a gerebat. Id. A. Which is the third? B. Ille and ipse demonstrate some person or thing with honour, iste with content for the most part. A. Which is the fourth? B. When two things are to be expressed by Pronouns, hic is spoken of the nearer, ille of the more remote: But when three, hic signifies the nearest, iste the more remote, ille the farthest off. And yet Valerius Maximus, tho' a superstitious observer of this elegancy, once neglected it: as, Brutus, inquit, par gloriâ Romulo: quia ille urbem, hic libertatem Romanam condidit. A. Which is the fifth? B. Idem qui, and idem ac, and idem illi, are said most Latinely: but idem cum illo wants the authority of the middle-age: as, Hesperus eadem stella Quae Phosophorus. Ac Phosphorus. Cum Phosphoro. Phosphoro in the Dative is Poetical. A. Which is the fixth? B. These Pronoun Primitives, Ego, tu, sui, do emphatically double their Accusatives; as, meme, for me; tete, for te; seize, for see. A. How many Rules are to be observed for the Idiotisms of Verbs? B. Seven. A. Which is the first? B. The Latins very elegantly use some active Verbs, instead of passives: as, Terra movet, for movetur. Cic. Venti posuêre, for posuêrunt se. And Tempestas sedavit, for sedata est. Virg. Cum mare turbat, Varro. Moor's Populi Romani mutârunt, for mutati sunt. Liv. Praecipitat nox. Virg. Olim volventibus annis, Idem. Non qui volvunt, sed qui volvuntur. Decollat spes, i. e. decollatur. Vehens curru; not the Charioteer, but the Passenger, etc. N. B. In all these the Pronoun se seems to be ellipted. See the 1 Sylvula Verborum in the Oxford Grammar. A. Which is the second? B. On the contrary, they use some absolute Verbs actively: as, Spirare odorem; olere hircum; sapere rem suam. Plaut. Celerare iter; penetrare se aliquo; ruere se, etc. See more of this sort in the second Sylvula Verborum. A. Which is the third? B. The Latins elegantly signify passion by Deponent Verbs, i. e. such as indeed were once Commons, but even in Tully's age had either altogether, or almost, laid down their passive signification: as, Adipiscor, auxilior, complector, meditor, polliceor, testor, etc. For, says Flautus, Non aetate, sed ingenio, adipiscitur sapientia. Lucil. Auxiliatus est à me. Cic. Uno maleficio scelera omnia complexa esse videntur. Ter. Meditata mihi sunt omnia. Metellus, Aliis statuae pollicebantur. Cic. Publicis literis testata sunt omnia, etc. See the fourth Sylvula Verborum. But these are as it were Laxical; let us come to Grammatical. A. Which is the fourth? B. Any one speaking of himself in Latin, may elegantly speak in the plural number; as, Cic. Nos valemus, i. e ego valeo. OBS. Modern Languages do the same in the second person, by way of compliment: but for that reason to speak so in Latin, ineptire est, says Comenius B. Which is the fifth? B. The Imperative Mood by the help of the Indicative of the same Verb, Simo coming between, commands more urgently; as, Plautus, Bibe, si bibis. In imitation whereof you may rightly say, fac, si facis; scribe, si scribis; perge, si pergis; by the figure Antanaclasis. A. Which is the sixth? B. Perfect time, whether past or to come, is very Latinely expressed by a Participle of the preter or future tense, with the Verbs do, reddo, volo, curo, rogo: as, Dabo tibi hoc effectum, for efficiam; curabo efficiendum; volo te rogatum, etc. A. Which is the seventh Rule? B. An action perfectly passed is elegantly expressed by a Neuter Participle of that tense, with the Verb habeo: And therefore a man may say instead of feci, habeo factum, scripsi, habeo scriptum; Solvi, habeo solutum. One would take it for a mere Anglicism, Germanism, or Italism; but it flows from the nature of things. And this construction is meat with the English and Germans, and sauce with the Latins. A. How many Rules do you give for the Idiotism of Participles? B. One only. A. What is it? B. A Participle of the present tense, coming with a Verb of the preter tense, or future, takes to itself the signification of that tense: as, that of Martial, Vilior haec nobis alio mittente fuisset, i. e. si alius misisset. Caesar. 1. Civil. Quos ab urbe discedens Pompeius erat adhortatus, i. e. quum discessit. Plaut. Menaechmei A. 2. sc. 3. Herus emit me dicto audientem, non imperantem sibi, i. e. qui futurus essem dicto audience. See Franciscus Sanctius, lib. 1. cap. 4. Vossius de Analogiâ pag. 233. A. How many Rules do you give for the Idiotisms of Adverbs? B. Four. A. Which is the first? B. Adverbs of place, time, and plenty, have elegantly a Genitive case after them: as, Ubi locorum? Ubique terrarum, nusquam Gentium, intereà loci, Nunc temporis, olim seculorum, etc. Satis verborum, Ter. Abunde fraudis, Virg. Largiter mercedis indipiscar, Plaut. A. Which is the second? B. By a Grecism also Adverbs of plenty admit of an Accusative case: as, Cic. Satis tempus habet. Si satis consilium haberem. Ovid. fortunam habuit satis. Apul. Vinum affatim habemus, etc. A. Which is the third? B. To change an Adverb into an Adjective of the Neuter Gender, either singular or plural, is a pleasant hellenism: as, in the singular, Turbidum laetari, Hor. Sursum ferri. Lucr. magnum clamare, Plaut. indoctum canere, Hor. In the plural, Multa gemens; insueta rudentem; terram crebra ferit, for crebrò, Virg. A Which is the fourth? B. 'Tis no less pleasant to leave that Adjective in the Gender of the person, whether masculine or feminine: as, Virg. Nec minus Aeneas se matutinus agebat, for mané. Idem. Gregibus nocturnus obambulat. Hor. Serus in coelum redeas. Idem. Delicta majorum. Immeritus lues. Impar congressus Achilli, Virg. 1 Aen. v. 479. for impariter. A. In how many Rules do you lay down the Doctrine of Idiotical Phrases? B. In Fifteen. A. Which is the first? B. A proper name being put by Apposition (as the modern Grammarians, or Epexegesis, as the ancient call it) to a common name, may be turned into the Genitive case, or changed into an Adjective: as, we say grammatically, Urbs Romae, arbour ficus, etc. but more latinely, Urbs Romae, or Romana. Arbour fici, Cic. or ficulnea, Appuleius. So Livy, Arboris abietis. For (says J. C. Scaliger) it is one thing to speak Grammatically, another to speak Latinely. A. Which is the second Rule? B. It is a Grecism, when Nouns betokening divers things are put in the same case, as if they belonged to the same thing: as, we say grammatically, Terra Galliae, Regio Thessaliae, etc. but more latinely, Terra Gallia, Regio Thessalia, etc. Thus Livy and Appuleius use to speak. A. Which is the third Rule? B. A Noun Substantive is most latinely changed into an Adjective, and put into the Neuter Gender: as, we say grammatically, Generosa honestas; mordax veritas; quanta inanitas; major serenitas, etc. And yet Persius said more latinely, Generosum honestum; mordaci radere vero auriculas. Quantum est in rebus inane! And Statius also, Majus serenum, etc. By the same Rule. It is a Grecism, but most grateful, to Latine-ears, for the Adjective to be changed into the Neuter Gender, and the Substantive to be put in the Genitive case: as, we say grammatically, Secretus locus. Lubrica juventus: Ultima seditio. Ardui montes. Serenum coelum. Vanus rumour; or inanis fama, etc. But Tacitus and others have said more latinely, Secretum loci. Lubricum juventae. Ultimum seditionis. Ardua montium. Serena coeli. Vana rumoris; inania famae, etc. It is also a Grecism to change the Adjective into an Adverb, and the Substantive into the Genitive case: as, when Plautus, for larga merces, said largiter mercedis. But it is an Hebraism to change the Adjective into the Genitive case of the abstract Substantive: as when for vir iracundus, is said vir irae. Jac. 1.20. for spiritus lenis, is said, spiritus lenitatis. Gal. 6.1. And for Mammona iniquus Mammona iviquitatis. Luc. 16.9. And so often in Scripture. A. Which is the fourth Rule? B. An Adjective of fitness is elegantly omitted, and instead of the Dative case, is used a Gerund in do: as we say grammatically, Esne par oneri ferendo? Non sum sufficiens debito solvendo. Semen idoneum sationi. Charta apta scriptioni, etc. Latinely, Esne ferendo? Non sum solvendo. Semen exoletum non est ferendo, Plin. Charta emporeutica non est scribendo, etc. A. Which is the fifth Rule? B. It is a Grecism to put the part affected after Verbs, Participles, and Adjectives in the Accusative case: as we say grammatically, Clarus genere. Hirsutus pedibus. Similis voce, colore, crinibus, etc. Tacitus more latinely, Clari genus. Virg. Hirsutus crura. Mercurio similis vocémque colorêmque & flavos crines, etc. In the Accusatives, quod ad, quantum attinet are ellipted. According to the same Rule. Adjectives of plenty, knowledge, care, study, and their contraries, require in a Latin construction an Ablative, in a Greek a Genitive case: as one may say grammatically, Cantharus plenus aquâ, vacuus vino; vir praestans animo, invictus labour, eruditus artibus, plenus vitiis, etc. But more latinely, Plenus aquae, vacuus vini. Arabes frugum pauperes, odorum divites, Apul. Sociorum inops, Tac. Rudis artium. Peritus rerum, ignarus omnium. Praestans animi. Invictuslaboris. Integer vitae scelerisque purus. Hor. Yet in all these Genitives there is a defect of some Ablative, which governs them. As, Arabes pauperes [proventu] frugum. Inops [à comitatu] sociorum. Rudis [cognition] artium. Purus [à crimine] sceleris, etc. By the same. Adjectives of power, in imitation of the Greeks, change an Ablative case for an Infinitive Mood. A man may say grammatically, Dignus amore. Difficilis fiexu. Largus donis. Audax subeundis passionibus. Bonus inflandis calamis, & dicendis versibus etc. And yet more sweetly by an Infinitive Mood, Dignus amari. Difficilis flecti. Largus donare, Horat. Audaxomnia perpeti, Idem. Boni convenimus ambo, tu calamos inflare, ego dicere versus, Virg. A. Which is the sixth Rule? B. To express the Accusative case of the Pronoun me, te, se, before an Infinitive Mood, after a Verb of a Finite Mood, signifying desire, is an insolent, rare, and yet pleasant Latinism. Grammatically, Facere studeo. Faciam, ut tu cupias facere sumtum. Quisque studet praestare caeteris. Plautus more latinely, Ego me id facere studeo. Faciam, tu ut te cupias facere sumtum. Omnes homines, qui sese student praestare caeteris, Sallust. A. Which is the seventh Rule? B. To Verbs of disagreeing, keeping off, contending with, and some signifying motion is joined a Dative case, in imitation of the Greeks. Grammatically, Dissidere ab aliquo. Differre ab alio. Arcere lupos à grege. Comitari aliquem, etc. Latinely, Discordat parcus avaro, Hor. Differt sermoni sermo, Idem. Virg. Solus tibicertet Amyntas. Idem, Arcebis gravido pecori. Idem, Solstitium pecori defendite. Plaut. Voluptati comes maerer sequitur, &c: A. Which is the eighth Rule? B. The Latins have a custom of putting many Verbs Actives Absolute, that is of concealing their Accusative cases. As you may say grammatically, Abstinere se à placitis. Degere alicubi vitam. Solvere navim è portu. Fallere hostem-Occupare animum, etc. Latinely, Abstinere placitis. Degere alicubi, for habitare. Solvere è portu, for egredi. Non fefellerunt insidiae, Liv. Opinio falsa occupavit, for obtinuit, Agellius. A. Which is the ninth Rule? B. There are four ranks of Verbs, that instead of an Ablative case, elegantly assume a Genitive; but by an ellipsis of some Ablative, viz. 1. Verbs of being thoughtful, doubtful, and pensive. 2. Verbs of plenty or scarceness. 3. Verbs of prising, and buying. 4. Verbs of accusing, condemning, or assoiling. 1. We say grammatically, pendere animo, and excruciari animo. Defipere ment. Falli spe, etc. But Latinists had rather say, Pendere animi [supple, cogitation.] Excruciarianimi [sc. sollicitudine.] Desipere mentis [sc. errore.] Falli spei [sc. opinion or expectatione, or some such Ablative.] 2. Grammatically, Abundare divitiis, egere consilio, implere vino, career pecuniâ, etc. More latinely, Quarum abundemus rerum, & quarum indigeamus, Lucilius [sc. copiâ] Cic. egere consilii [sc. , rc.] Virg. Implere vini [sc. liquore.] Ter. carendem erat tui [sc. praesentiâ.] 3. Grammatically, Aestimare magno, Cic. Vendere plurimo, Idem. Valere minimo, Ulpian. Data magno aestimas, accepta parvo, Sen. Yet the selfsame good Authors have spoken more latinely by a Genitive. Aestimare magni, vel parvi. Flocci facere. Nihili pendere. Nauci habere, etc. Quanti vendidisti? Tanti, pluris, minoris, etc. To complete the sense thus supply the ellipsis, Aestimare [rem] magni [pretii;] or thus, [pro] magni [aeris pretio.] Facere [rem] flecci; or [pro re] flocci. Quanti [aeris pretio] hoc emisti, aut vendidisti? 4. Cicero said grammatically, Accusare [aliquem] de veneficio; and again in another place elliptically, Condemnare crimine [supple De.] But again elsewhere more latinely by a Genitive, Postulare flagitii; Absolvere criminis, condemnare capitis; tenere furti, etc. That you may the better apprehend these elegancies, note that accusare de veneficio is entire, but that the Genitive after these Verbs depends on some of these Ablatives, either expressed, or suppressed, sc. Crimine, scelere, peccato, actione, causâ, paena. So that a man may be said accusari, and afterward condemnari, or absolvi de crimine veneficii, [which is complete.] But for brevity and elegancy (the general causes of ellipsis' in all Languages) [De] was first omitted. So Martial, Arguitur lentae crimine pigritiae. At length the Ablative itself became concealed, and the Genitive only was expressed: as, Arguere pigritiae. Accusare veneficii. Damnare sceleris, etc. A. Which is the tenth Rule? B. That which a Latin Grammarian speaks by Gerunds and Supines: Ibo visum, or ad visendum. Misit quaesitum, etc. an imitator of Grecism expresses by an Infinitive Mood: as, Ter. It visere ad eam. Plaut. Parasitum misi petere argentum. Hor. Persequar frangere. Virg. Non venimus populare penates, etc. A. Which is the eleventh Rule? B. The common Grammar saith, Cum hoc & hoc fieret, or sub, ab hoc; inter haec; postquam, etc. Which are most latinely expressed by two Ablatives, the one a Noun, the other a Particiciple, which the Latin Grammarians commonly call Ablativus consequentiae, and the English the Ablative case Absolute: as, Pompeio pugnante, that is, cum pugnaret, in ipsâ pugnâ. Pompeio victo; postquam esset victus: Or thus, [sub] Pompeio pugnante. [à] Pompeio victo. Obs. 1. You may also find two Nouns so put, by an ellipsis of the Participle: as, Cicerone Consul, sc. Res gerente. Me puero, sc. Existente. Navigare vento secundo, sc. aspirante; vento adverso, sc. obsistente. Vento nullo, sc. afflante, etc. Obs. 2. Again you may find a Participle of the Preter tense used alone so, as it may betoken a consequence; yet the Ablative case of some other Substantive is tacitly employed: as, Caesar, audito, sc. rumore. Nondum comperto, sc. Nuntio, etc. A. Which is the twelfth Rule? B. Instead of a Participle you may use a Verbal Substantive most latinely: as, Agellius says, Homo fabulator. Virgil, Populum late regem, i. e. regnantem. A. Which is the thirteenth Rule? B. A Grammarian to the Verb joins its Adverb, but a Latinist had rather have an Adjective in the Neuter Gender, nay sometimes in the Masculine or Feminine, either singular or Plural. See the third and fourth Rules for the Idiotisms of Adverbs. By a Hebraism also, not grating to Latine-ears, a Gerund noting the certainty of the action may be joined to a Verb: as, Videndo videre, etc. A. Which is the fourteenth Rule? B. The Latins have a strong inclination to the ellipsis of Prepositions, especially in Nouns, 1 of Time, 2 of Place, 3 of Measure, 4 of the Cause. 1. Of Time. Anno hoc, (i.e. in anno hoc.) Mense Maio [in.] Die quinta [in.] Colloquebamur tres horas, [i. e. per] or tribus horis, [in.] 2. Of place. Unde venis? Ex Italiâ, Venetiis, Mediolano, Româ. [i.e. ex Venetiis, è Mediolano, etc. Quo ibis? In Italiam, Venetias, Mediolanum, Romam, [i.e. in Venetias, etc.] Ubi est ille? In Italiâ. Venetiis, [i. e. in] Mediolani. Roma. Here the Candidate of Eloquence must observe three things. 1. That Names of Cities and Towns are very commonly used elliptically: the Names of whole Countries and Islands very seldom: as, Navigare Cyprum, for in Cyprum, said Livy. And Ter. Proficisci Aegyptum, [i. e. in Aegyptum.] 2. That the Names of Cities of the first and second Declension, and the singular number, are put in the Genitive case instead of the Ablative, by a double ellipsis. So, Ubi? Romae [in urbe Remae.] Mediolani [sc. in urbe Mediolani.] 3. That this ellipsis is imitated by five Nounsubstantives common, viz. Domus, humus, rus, bellum, militia: and yet not in every thing; for we say only, Ubiest? Domi, humi, rure, or ruri, belli, militiae. Unde redis? Domo, rure. Tolle humo. Quo ibis? Domum, rus. 3. Of Measure. The Preposition is understood in Nouns of Measure: as, Capua distat Româ Iter tridui [per iter tridui.] Itinere tridui [ab itinere tridui. 4. Of the Cause, Whence, or why, any thing is, or is said, may also be put elliptically in the Ablative case: as, Est puer aetate, [i. e. ab aetate.] Sapientiâ senex, [i. e. à.] Est mater nomine [à nomine.] Noverca re, etc. The same Latins put two Prepositions together, one of their casual words being understood. Cicero often, In ante Calendas [in Diem ante Cal.] Ex ante diem nonarum [ex termino, qui fuit ante—] Liv. Ex templo è circa Praetorem missi ad civitates nuntii [ex hominibus, qui erant circa Praetorem.] So Seneca in de irâ [in libro de irâ,] etc. A. Which is the fifteenth Rule? B. It is a delicacy amongst the Latins to join together two Conjunctions, or Adverbs of the same signification: as, 1. Copulatives, Que &; Etiam &; Etiam quoque Quoque etiam: for says Cicero, Apertâque & clarà voce dicere. Macrobius, Existimo nonnihil ad consuetudinem veterum, etiam & Praetoris, accedere. Plaut. Et hoc quoque etiam. Lucret. Est etiam queque ubi proprio cum lumine possit, etc. 2. Concessives, Etsi quamvis non fueris suasor, approbator certè fuisti, Cic. Quanquam etsi magnum me dixisset, Apul. 3. Ordinatives, Pòst deinde, Ter. Deinceps inde, Liv. Deinde postea, Ulp. Tandem denique Apul. 4. Illatives, Ergo igitur, Apul. Itaque ergò; Ter. A. Are Idioms always confined to some one language only? B. Idioms, strictly so called, are so peculiar to one Language, that others cannot imitate them, whether they lie in single words: as the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which the Romans themselves are fain to circumlocute thus, Vis rerum viva, motuum principium; and the Latin, Parentare, i. e. Personis funeratis aut funerandis, ceremoniarum apparatu, honorem (veluti Parentibus) exhibere: Or in Sentences: as, Post homines natos, Since the creation of man, which no modern Language can translate ad verbum, no nor the Greek neither. These are termed Idiotismi stricti. Others are not so the monopoly of any one tongue, but that they may be common to two or more Languages. Such are all pure Latin words used by Classic Authors, and many Sentences: as that of Plautus, Nescio quid habeo in mundo; Anglicè, I know not what in the world I have. So habeo scriptum, solutum, may idiomatically be translated verbum de verbo into the English, Germane, and Italian Tongues. Quantum est in rebus inane? for quanta est in rebus inanitas? is common to Latin and Greek: So inania famae, lubricum juventae, for inanis fama, lubrica juventus, etc. Vir irae, spiritus lenitatis, mammona iniquitatis, are common Idioms to the Hebrew, Latin, and English Languages. These therefore are styled Idiotismi laxi. A. Wherein lies the Virtue of Idiotism? B. The Virtue of this Ornament lies in the Emphasis that is in the validity of the signification, which other tongues cannot attain to even with a Periphrasis; such are many expressions of the Greeks, Latins, English, etc. inimitable in equal nervositie by other Languages. A. How many Vices are contrary to this Virtue? B. The Vices which stand in opposition to this Virtue are Three, sc. Barbarism, Solecism, Xenism, or Peregrinity. A. What it Barbarism? B. Barbarism is defined by Diogenes in his seventh Book thus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. By Suidas thus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In English thus, Barbarism is a word used contrary to the custom of approved Authors. Again, Comenius defines it thus, Barbarism is, when in a Latin Sentence a word is made use of, which either is not Latin, as avisare for certiorem facere, or praemonere, or not conformable, in some circumstance or other to the practice of pure writers, as filie for fili. Sciopius thus, Barbarism is a sin against the Rules of Orthoepia, Prosodia, Etymologia: such Rules, I mean, as are built upon the Writers of Tully's Age. 1. Against Orthoepia: as, Maecenas for Maecenas, Expecto for exspecto, doctus for doctus, etc. 2. Prosodia: as, Compétitor for Competítor, Oporínus for Opórinus. 3. Analogia: as, Gratitudo and ingratitudo for animus gratus and ingratus, or gratum and ingratum, certitudo and incertitudo for certum and incertum, adversitas for res adversae, turbidae, gravis fortuna, etc. A. What is the true signification of the Adjective barbarus, a, 'em? B. Barbarus is synonymous to extraneus, peregrinus, one of another Country, from דב extra, foras. A. What is Solecism? B. Suidas defines Solecism thus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Vox incongruè constructa, the Latins call it Stribligo. Sciopius thus, It is (saith he) a sin against the Rules and Figures of Construction. Comenius thus, It is a Solecism when Latin words are joined together unlatinely, that is, after a manner unusual to the Latins: as if one should say, Facere damnum for dare, or dare jacturam for facere. Milites viligant in monte for milites speculantur de monte, in these the words are Latin, but coupled unlatinely. So if one should say, Magna fur, or misera homo, it would be Solecism, no less than pugio mea, profectus Londini, penes Romanis, or suchlike. A. What is Xenism or Pereginity? B. Peregrinity or Xenism is when we in Latin, or Greek, etc. unelegantly imitate an Idiotism, elegant in another Language. Sciopius defines it thus, Peregrinitas est verborum Latinorum usus ad idiomata aliarum linguarum consuetudinem conformatus: as, Non me latet is an unelegant imitation of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. So superior illius is a Peregrinity in imitation of the Greeks, who use a Genitive case after a Comparative degree, by an ellipsis of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which really governs the case, instead of illo, which is governed of prae understood. So the verbal translations of our English Idioms into Latin is mostly Xenism: as, Let us take our heels and run away: Capiamus nostros calces & fugiamus: for which Terence saith elegantly, Nos in pedes conjiciamus, etc. Caesar, Nos fugae mandemus. He doth the clean contrary: Politum oppositum facit, for which Tully saith, Ab illo contra fit. I stand in great need of Learning: Sto in magno opere doctrinae: for which Cicero said, Doctrinam magnopere desidero, and suchlike. A. Methinks no man should ever happen upon such uncouth expressione, but having consulted his Grammar and Dictionary, should without any more to de, say with Terence, Nos in pedes conjiciamus, or with Caesar, etc. B. You think so, because you have already gone through Terence and Plautus, Caesar and Cicero, and by long use and custom have been so enured to this & no other Phrases upon this subject, that all other seem uncouth to you: but to convince you that it is far otherwise than you imagine, do but consult the Vulgars' translated last night by one of the lower Forms, or rather those yourself translated three or four years ago. And again, Tell me this, seeing every thing may be expressed so many several ways (I have heard our Master say at least an hundred) in a quaint and elegant stile, and seeing some few of the ways are only proper in a plain and familiar stile, which we are now speaking of, because they only are idiotical, and in use: do you think that all Nations have made choice of the same forms and expressions to be in common use, and agreed together which should be rejected? A. It were impossible that they should: for how should we that speal English know what Phrases they have made use of to be in common use in France, Italy, or Spain; or what are the common Phrases in Germane, Turkish, or Persian Languages? And as impossible it would be for them to know what ours are: B. So that you must now confess, that if One of any of these Nations should come to learn our Language, or One of our Country to learn theirs, and know the significations of all words in their respective Tongues, yet he might fall upon as uncouth Phrases as those I propounded. A. I am now convinced that he may: for how shall we Englishment know that these are in use more than any other in their Languages, having one perhaps clear differing from theirs in our own Mother Tongue; and probably Theirs will seem as strange to Us, as Ours do to Them. B. No question but it will; but this, which you rightly apprehend, will be more clear by an instance or two. Suppose Latin was now spoke in Italy, as once it was; here comes one of that Country into England, and English is the Language, he hath a desire upon occasion to speak the same in effect with this piece of his Mother Tongue, Rogo te, amice, mihi Virgilium tuum ad horam unam aut alteram utendum des, & cum tibi reddam integrum: How do you think he would express himself? A. I fancy that he (not knowing the Idiom of our Language, and observing the manner of speech in use in his own tongue) would be apt to say thus: I entreat thee, my Friend, that thou mayst give to me, to be used, thy Virgil, to one hour or another, and I shall render him to you entire. Nor indeed can I well conceive how he should speak any otherwise, being ignorant of our usual manner of speech, in this particular; but surely we should count it very strange English. B. If a French man should come, he would have some other kind, which yet would differ as much from our English, and seem as strange, the same you may understand of an Italian, of a Spaniard of a Dutchman, or any other whatever. All would be different, and all uncouth: A. How would a Frenchman speak in this case? B. My master, I pray you of lending me your Virgil for an hour or two, etc. A. How a Dutchman? B. Do me though (i. e. amabo) your Virgil an hour, two, three, and I will give you it back again unhurt. A. How an Englishman that can speak pure, i. e. proper, good English? B. Sir, I would desire you to lend me your Virgil for an hour or two, and I will send it safe back. This is Idiotical; the other Peregrinity. A. How would a Latinist (for want of skill in the propriety of the English tongue) at the first meeting salute you? B. Be safe, Friend. A. Why do you suppose he would choose that form of expressing himself? B. Because it is an Idiom in Latin, Salve amice. A. How would a Frenchman speak upon the same occasion, and for the same reason? B. Good day, my Master, how do you bear yourself? A. An Italian how? B. How stands your Lordship? or, how stand you? A. How a Dutchman? B. Good day, my Master, how goes it with your health? A. What should they say, if they would speak proper English? How do you do, Sir? I am glad to see you well: for the other are Xenisms in imitation of their own familiar expressions; but this is our Idiom. A. Are these three all the vices opposite to the virtue of Idiotism? B. To these you may add one more, tho' some comprise it under Xenism. A. What is that? B. It is called Archaïsm. A. What is Archaïm? B. Scioppius answers for me thus, Archaîsmus est usus verborum, quae intelligebantur quidem Ciceronis aetate, sed tamen in usu esse desiêrunt. Archaîsm is the use of words, which truly were understood in the Age wherein Tully lived, but yet had ceased to be in use: as, Senati for Senatüs, Plebes for Plebs, Satias for Satietas, Secus virile for Sexus virilis, Locus hostibus ignarus for ignotus, Bellum Punicum posterior for posterius. Such are Naevius' words, who gins his first Punic War thus, Queiterrai Latiai (vel Latiei) hemones tuserint. Virésque frudésque Poinicas fabor; for Qui terrae Latiae homines tuderint (vel fregerint) vires fraudésque Punicas fabor. FINIS. Scholastic Prolusions TO THE ART OF ORATORY. J.A. Comenius de finibus Latinae Scholae. PVram requirimus Latinitatem, ad inescandum obleetandúmque Ingenia: Quia impurae, qualis sordida illa vulgaris, variss variarum Gentium Barbarismis & Solaecismis inquinata Latinitas, gratiae inessenihil petest: nausea potiùs & fastidium, etiam ad elegantes Authores, perinelegantem illam viam translatis. ergò Latina quaevis Schola purum putum referat Latium, danda est omninò opera. Idem de Eleganti Elegantiae studio: OMnium hominum nemo est, qui pulchro aliquo Terrae tractu, amoeno camporum & montium conspectu, pulchrísque hortis & vineis, & speciosis animalium formis, & concinnis aedificiorum structuris, & decorâ veste, & bene conditis cibis, & suaviter modulante Musicâ, etc. non capiatur. Et cur ergo non magis illis, per quae Homines magis sumus, afficiamur & oblectemur, Cogitationum & Linguae Elegantiis? Ah quàm pulchrum est sapere! ment sciticet ad quidvis pulchrum pulchrè excogitandum pollere-Quam pulchreon linguâ esse politum! ad quidvis pulchrum pulchrè eloquendum, animísque persuadendum, potentem. Ibidem. QVin & Deo ipsinos per verbum suum alloquenti, seimonis artificia adhibere placuit omnia, plusquem ullus Demosthenes aut Cicero imitariposset. Ad divinorum itaque Eloquiorum intelligentiam facit Elegantiae sermonis non ignorare Artes. Hinc summi Theologi antiqui & recentes, Tertullianus imprimis, & Lactantius, Hieronymus, Ambrose, Augustinus, Gregorius, nupérque Joh. Calvinus, Sermenis elegantium cum Rerum majestate ita copulârunt ut non sapientiae tantùm divinae doctores, sed & Esoquentiae Romanae, tersissimíque stili agnoscantur ab ipsismet Criticis duces. mhil, sit cur Who, Theologiae studiosi, purioris Latinitatis studium à vobis putetis alienum. Vobis prae omnibus, qui homines humanâ alloqui necesse habetis linguà, hoc incumbit, ut cum pro Deo, Deíque leco, Vebis conveniat loqui, lequi annitamini Deo dignè, h. e. Linguâ erudit● (Jes. 50.4.) Scholastic Prolusions TO THE Art of ORATORY. CHAP. I. What means we are to use, to make a Sentence Elegant. I Have always been of an Opinion, that whatever is to be exploded in Manners, aught to be hissed off the Stage in Speech. For as the Manners of the rude Mobile are not much approved, so Speech is little graced by the gibberish of the half-learned Vulgar. Language, if it be not ordinary and trite, attracts the minds of the Hearers, and with a kind of Majesty offers itself to be adored with admiration. Wherefore we conclude it ought to be of another make than that of the common people. By the Language of the Vulgar, Note. I mean not that which is Latin, Learned, and Elegant, tho' the common sort use it: for 'tis impossible but that the People should retain to themselves some things, of what they have received from the more learned, pure, and unprofaned. Precept 1 First therefore, do not use rustic, barbarous, and improper words, the too frequent admission whereof makes a Language rough and boisterous. Precept 2: Observe, secondly, a quite different Order in placing words one among another. Precept 3 Thirdly, a witty and ingenious invention of expressions of Fancy, which we commonly call Phrases, and such as stand at a great distance from the sense of the Vulgar, will leave the Sentence more graceful. Of the first of these I design only to advertise you here, reserving the particulars for Chap. 22. where I intent a most exquisite and curious account of all those impurities that slain and soil the native complexion of the Latin Tongue. Of the second there will all over occur many both Precepts and Submonitions. Of the third I shall speak somewhat in this place, and therefore do thus exemplify. Whereas in English the ignorant Many are used to write thus, I have not received a Letter from you this Twelvemonth: A lover of quaintness and elegancy will raise himself above the common level, and express himself on this, or some suchlike manner; You writ Letters to me, as Astrologers to Almanacs, once a Year. This is now the second August, since I saw your hand at a Letter. The Sun hath once completed his yearly circuit, since you graced me with a Letter. The Sun hath made his annual progress through all his Celestial Houses, since I broke up the seal of one of your Letters. The Sun hath run through all the Lines in the Zodiac, since I saw one from you. And whereas our common form of Speech used to be, Sir, I shall make bold to come and see you by and by: The more polite and genteel make use of this, as a more elegant and civil expression, Sir, I shall take the boldness to wait upon you. Again the proletarious and homely Phrase creeps thus upon the ground, I do verily believe such or such a thing: But they, that by a liberal and more generous Education are become Sons of Art, distinguish themselves, as by their Manners, so by their Language, from these Plebeians, and say, I do verily persuade myself, I am very confident, I do assure myself of such or such a thing; and so a thousand ways, according as every man's Fancy leads him. So in Latin, Amicitiae nostrae integritas nos delectat maximé. Nondum Saturni revolutionem absolvit. For which the illiterate swarm would have said, Multum gaudemus, quia boni sumus Amici. Nondum complevit annos triginta. Magnitudo amoris in te mei officium linguae vel expeditissimae superat. Virtus tua me tibi amicum fecit. Vivite felices, memores & vivite nostri, Tibullus: Sive erimus, seu nos fata fuisse velint. Horatius. Porcis haec comedenda relinquis. Hoc animo scito omnes sanos, M. Cicero. ut mortem servituti anteponant. Hiems adhuc rem geri prohibuerat. Idem. Nec verò Aristotelem in Philosophiâ deteruit à scribendo amplitudo Platonis. Idem. Orat. 5. Queniam me loqui voluistis, Ibidem. aliquid de vestris vitiis audiatis. Haec quum Crassus dixisset, 3. de Ora: 141. parumper & ipse conticuit, & à caeteris silentium fuit. Namque haec duo, Ibid. 172. Musici qui erant quondam iidem Poetae, machinati ad voluptatem sunt versum atque cantum, ut verborum numero & vocum modo, delectatione vincerent aurium satietatem. Sic omnibus in rebus, Ibid. 9● voluptatibus maximis fastidium finitum est. CHAP. II. How the Obscurity of a Sentence is to be avoided. WHen Nature first gave Mankind the use of Speech, it was passed all doubt, to the intent that what we had conceived in our minds, we might utter in our words. For this reason 'tis one of the principal virtues of Speech, to be dilucid. For he that speaks obscurely, had almost as good hold his peace, and say nothing. And there is nothing that worketh more effectually the obscurity of a Sentence, than a vulgar Persuasion, that between the Adjective and Substantive, between the Supposite [i. e. the Nominative Case] and its Verb, between the word governing and the word governed, and such other like, something ought to be inserted. Precept. Now, that we may avoid all danger of Obscurity arising from this artificial order of the words, let us so place them, that the Adjective may stand near its Substantive, the Supposite near its Verb, the governed near its governor, the Antecedent Case of the Substantive near its Relative; And if any thing do come betwixt, let it be short, and have (as far as the nature of the thing will bear) a respect to both, or at least one of those words between which it is placed: as in that Verse of the Poet, Calliope princeps sapientipsallerat ore. Bassus. Such is that of Cicero, (nor indeed can the like be easily found in him again. Bonâ adolescentibus indole praeditis sapientes senes delectantur. CHAP. III. That the Comparative and Superlative Degrees are very elegantly set after their Substantives. Precept. YOu will perceive a greater Elegancy, and, I fancy, more taking to the ears, if you place a Comparative or Superlative after its Substantive; tho' some others, of whom Valerius Maximis is one, do not very religiously observe it: as, Plato, Qui sanâ ment est, cui rei adhibeat diligentiam majorem non novi, quàm ut filium reddat optimum. Idem, Nullius injuriae qui sibi ipse conscius est, ei jucunda spes senectutis nutrix optima semper adest. Nunc est ille dies, Ennius. quum gloria maxima seize. Nobis ostendat, sive vivimus sive morimur. Fortissimi viri & milites strenuissimi ex agricolis gignuntur. Plinius. Hypocrates divinà vir scientiâ de coïtu Venereoita existimabat, Aul. Gellius, or rather Agellius. partem esse quandam morbi teterrimi: quem nostri comitialem dixerunt. In Theodoro quoque viro gravissimo Hieronymus tyrannus tortorum manus frustra fagitavit. Valerius Maximus. Nunc isti pretia maxima ob tacendum accipiunt. C. Gracchus Imperatorem liberalissimum, M. Cicero, Epist. lib. 7. ep. 7. aetatem opportunissimam, commendationem certè singularem habes. Cultura animi Philosophia, Idem 2 Tusc. 13. quae extrahit vitia radicitus; & praeparat animos ad satus accipiendos; eáque mandat iis, &, ut ita dicam, serit, quae adulta fructus uberrimos ferant. CHAP. IU. That Numerals, or those Nouns which signify Number, are set after their Substantives. Precept. THus much you may learn by the first Example, that those Nouns that signify Number (be they Cardinals, Ordinals, or Distributives) are elegantly set after their Substantives, which in ordinary discourse use to be set before them; as, Aristoteles. Babylon [Ninus] capta quum est ab hoste, ferunt partem aliquam civitatis ejus die tertia nondum quicquam sensisse. Zeno Citticus adolescentulo inepta loquenti plurima, duas, inquit, aures ideo habemus, & os unum, ut audiamus multa, pauca loquamur. Teneros laedunt juga prima juvencos; Ovid. Fraenaque vix patitur de grege captus equus. Pluris est testis oculatus unus, Plautus▪ quàm auriti decem. Qui audiunt audita dicunt: qui vident planè sciunt. Prima vitae tempora, media patriae, Plonius junior. extrema nobis impertire debemus, ut ipsae leges monent, quae majorem annis sexaginta otio reddunt. Homini non ante diem septimum lethalis inedia. Plinius. Demosthenes melius, Quintilianus. qui se in locum ex quo nulla ex audiri vox, nihilque prospici posset, recondebat: ne alind agere mentem cogerent oculi. Ideóque lucubrantes silentium noctis, & clusum cubiculum, & lumen unum maximè teneat. Herodotus homo fabulator, Agellius. in primo historiarum, inventum esse sub terrâscripsit Oresti corpus, cubita longitudinis habens septem: quae faciunt pedes duodecim & quadrantem. Si cujus legati violati essent, M. Varro. qui id fecissent, quamvis nobiles essent, ut dederentur civitati, statuerunt faeciales viginti, qui de his rebus cognoscerent, judicarent, & statuerent, & constituerent. Quem laborem nobis Attici nostri levavit labor, M. Cicero. Orat. 120. qui conservatis notatísque temporibus, nihil quum illustre praetermitteret, annorum septingentorum memoriam uno libro colligavit. CHAP. V That dissyllable Adjectives are to be postponed to plurisyllable Substantives. Precept. GReat is the Elegancy of a Sentence then, when an Adjective of two syllables is put after a Substantive, that consists of more; as, Animus aequus optimum est aerumn●e condimentum. Socrates saltabat saepius, eámque exercitationem valetudini bonae non parum conferre putabat. Plato, Amicum bonum habere malim, quàm pretiosissimam coturnicem, aut Gallum, aut per Jovem potiùs quàm equum & canem ac medius fidius potius quàm Darii aurum adipisci, aut Darium ipsum capere. Concilium bonum gratiâ parvi faciatur. [faciatur prisce dictum.] Titinnius. — Cineri gloria sera venit. Martialis: Casta placent superis, Tibullus. purà cum veste venite Et manibus puris sumite fontis aquam. Pub. Cornelius Rufinus manu quidem strennuus, & bellator bonus, Agellius. militaríque disciplinâ peritus admodum fuit: sed furax homo & avaritiâ acri erat. Avaritia pecuniae studium habet, salustius. quam nemo sapiens concupivit: ea quasi venenis malis imbuta, corpus animúmque virilem effoeminat: semper infinita insatiabilísque est, neque copiâ, neque inopiâ rerum minuitur. Pythagoreis' interdictum putatur, Cicero de divin. lib. 1.62. ne faba vescerentur, quae res habet inflationem magnam. Tho' you may not find this always observed by great Authors, Submonition. yet you will perceive it to have a great deal of fineness, if you take your measures from the judgement of the ear. Grandes materias ingenia parva non sufferunt, Divus Hieronymus. & in ipso conatu ultra vires ausa succumbunt. CHAP. VI That the word Omnis loves to be placed after its Substantive. Precept. EVery Sentence almost uses to be more venust, wherein the word Omnis is set after its Substantive; as, Aristoteles, Animantium omnium homo corporis habitâ proportione, cerebri habet plurimum. Plato, Oleum arboribus omnibus herbísque prodest maximè, pilis autem animantium omnium nisi hominum necet plurimum. Idem, Peccatis multis oneratam animam ad inferos descendere malorum omnium extremum est. Plutarch, Viro bono diem omnem festum esse Diogenes dicebat. Ut te Dii omnes infelicitent, Caecilius. cum malè monita memoria. Gnato ordinem omnem ut dederit, Pacuvius. enodat patri. Rugosi passíque senes eadem omnia quaerunt. Laecilius. Scriptorum cherus omnis amat nemus & fugit urbes. Horatius. Matres omnes filiis in peccato adjutrices, Terentius. & auxilio in paternâ injuriâ solent esse. Quadrupes animal omne, Cornelius Celsus. si lactans est, minus alimenti praestat. Hordeum frugum omnium nobilissimum est. Plinius. Frustra mala omnium ad crimen fortunae relegamus. Quintilianus. Virtutis laus omnis in actione consistit: Cicero 2 Offic. 19 à quâ tamen scepe fit intermissio. Ut deos esse natura opinamur, Id. 1 Tusc. 56. qualésque sunt ratione cognoscimus, sic permanere animos arbitramur consensu nationum omnium. And yet Tully 1 Offic. 57 says, Submonition. Chari sunt parentes, chari liberi, propinqui, familiares: sed omnes omnium, charitates patria una complexa est. And Domitius Afer. Mulier rerum omnium merita, in omnibus rebus infelix. CHAP. VII. That Nullus uses not unelegantly to be placed after the Substantive it agrees with. Precept. THere is almost no manner of speaking, disagreeable to ordinary speech, but hath something of Elegancy: And such is the Noun Nullus, which therefore is more ornately postponed its Substantive, because in common Language it usually precedes it. Aristoteles, Lacedaemoniorum Lege, qui hestem nullum interfeeisset, capistro cingebature. Idem, Apud Scythas epulo selenni pateram circumlatam accipere non licebat ei, qui hostem nullum occidisset. Plato, Si quis falsò iterum dixisse testimonium convictus sit, ter●● lege nulla testari agatur: Sin autem tertiò, ratione nulla et postea testimonium dicere liceat. Namque Catullus. ego ab indignis praemia nulla peto. Fabula nulla tuas de nobis concitet aures. Propertius. Cognatos affinesque nullos ferme tam esse objequibiles ait, Agellius. ut laborem ad capessendum nihil cunctentur, & statim dicto obedient. Bellum nullum nisi pium geri putabant M. Varro. Illud magis mihi selet esse molestum, M. Cicero Epist. lib. 12. ep. 30. tantis me impedire occupationibus: ut ad te scribendi meo arbitratu facultas nulla detur. Majus mihi dare beneficium nullum potes. Idem l. 15. ep. 8. CHAP. VIII. That Alienum, Aliud, Alterum, Utrumque, Solum, Ullum, Tale, Singula, and other suchlike Adjectives, are to be put after their Substantives. Precept. HE that in reading of good currant Authors, does strictly examine the situation of each word, will find more than once or twice the Adnouns, alienum, aliud, alterum, utrumque, solum, ullum, tale, and it there be any more of the same kind, placed after their Substantives: as, Aristoteles, Advenarum quorundam legibus alienis educatorum uti consuetudine creditum est inutile esse ad rectam civitatis disciplinam. Plato, Principium operis totius dimidium esse proverbio dicitur: eúmque qui bene caepit laudamus. Cui cepe edendo oculus alter profluit. Naevius. Illud ediscendo scribendóque commune est, Quintilianus. utrique plurimum conferre bonam valetudinem, digestum cibum, animum cogitationibus aliis liberum. Nunc autem plerique, inquit, Agellius. partis utriusque amici, quasi probè faciant, duos litigantes destituunt, & relinquunt, dedúntque advocatis malevolis aut avaris, qui lites animósque eorum inflamment aut odii study, aut lucri. Multam nos queque apud veteres scriptores locutionum talium copiam offendimus. Idem. Quid de nostris ambitionibus? M. Cicero 2 Tusc. 62. quid de cupiditate bonorum loquar? que flamma est, per quam non cucurrerint two, qui haec olim punctis singulis colligebant? To these add quodvis, Note. quodlibet, totum, caetera, reliqua, and such others that signify multitude, commonly called Collectives. However, Submonition. Tully, pro Dei 24. hath, Said in eo etiamsi accidisset, culpam regis fuisse nullam arbitrarer, alieni autem à te animî fuit. CHAP. IX. When Tale and Aliud are set before. MY mind runs upon nothing else, but how I may most profit all the Scholars committed to my charge, by laying out my utmost care and pains to breed them up unto Religion as well as unto Learning: For, alas! where there is One without the Other, namely Learning without Religion, it serves many times but to make men the more desperately debauched, and the more mischievously wicked. But at present 'tis You, my young Candidates of more polite Eloquence, whom I address in these my Labours, and therefore it is that I bring such unheardof, in a manner unusual, (I fear) ways of speaking out of darkness (as it were) into open light: Of which sort this is one. Precept. After the Adjective Tale, we elegantly place these words: Nihil, nemo, nullus, and Pronouns of the Primitive species, which is the selfsame; as also, quicquam and ullum we in like manner set after Aliud, nay in different cases: as, Tale nihil de amico unquam putâssem. Alium nemo vidit. Alias quasdam accepi literas. Nec nobis praeter me alius quisquam servus Sosia. Plautus. Tale nihil de te, crede mihi, Ang. Politianus. homines existimant. Si alium, inquit tribunus, Agellius. neminem reperies, me licet ad hoc periculum utare. Alius quidam veterum poetarum cujus nomen nunc mihi memoriae non est, Idem. veritatem temporis filiam esse dixit. His verò temporibus habemus aliud nihil, M Cicero, Epist. l. 4. ep. 3. Id. l. 2. de Leg. Id. Tusc. lib. 5: 31. in quo acquiescamus. Is enim Magistratus in nostro municipio, nec alius ullus creari solet. Humanus autem animus decerptus ex ment divinâ, cum alio nullo nisi cum ipso Deo, si hoc fas est dictu, comparari potest. Necesse est homini tale aliquid accidere. Idem. Quod si tales nos Natura genuisset; Idem 3. Tusc. 2. ut eam ipsam intueri & prospicere, eademque optimâ duce cursum vitae conficere possemus: hand erat sanè, quid quisquam rationem ac doctrinam requireret, quum Natura satisfaceret. Tales nos esse putamus, Idem. ut jure laudemur. For, These Pronoun Primitives are very elegantly set after such Adjectives, Note. as otherwise would be placed after their Substantives: as, Unum id. Omne id. Quicquid praeter spem evenit, Terentius: omne id deputato esse in lucro. Edepol senectus, Caecilius. si nihil apportestecum quum advenis, unum id satis est. Here would Quintilian have said, Id unum. For says he, Discipulos id unum moneo, Quintilian ut Praeceptores suos non minùs quàm ipsa studia ament: & Parents esse non quidem Corporum sed Mentium credant. Multum haec pietas confert study. CHAP. X. That a Pronoun Adjective may be put after its Substantive. Precept. THis is a Precept great in vogue, and much in use, viz. That before the Pronoun Adjective may be set his Substantive: as, Bion Borysthenites ad eum qui agros suos voraverat: terra, inquit, Amphiaraum absorbuit, tu verò terram. Plato, Necessitati neque dii ipsi repugnant. Si quisquam hodie praeter hanc, Titinnius. posticum nostrum pepulerit, patibulo hoc ei caput defringam. Noli ex stultitiâ multarum credere esse animum meum. Afranius. Is demum miser est qui aerumnam suam nequit occultare. Ceciline. Domina nostra privignum suum amat efflictim. Laberius. Ecquis est, Turpilius. qui interrumpit sermoneus meum obitu suo. Dicere labora, Lucilius. ne res ipsa, ac ratio ipsa refellat. Munus nostrum ornato verbis, Terentius. quoad poteris. Homo hic ebrius est, Plautus. ut opinior. Res eadem magis alit jurulenta quàm assa, Cor. Celsut. magis assa quàm frixa. Oleum ipsum sale vindicatur à pinguedinis vitio. Plinius. Nec interest discentium quibus quidque nominibus appelletur, Quintilian dum res ipsa manifesta sit. Ea demum tuta potentia est, Val. Max. qui viribus suis modum imponit. Dum te pudet Mani, M. Varro. quod domi tuae vides commilitonum tuorum cohortes servis tuis ministrare coementa. Dotes filiabus suis non daunt. M. Cato. C. Caesar apud Sallustium. M. Cicero, 3 Tusc. 2. Neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur. Sunt ingeniis nostris semina innata virtutum, quae si adolescere liceret, ipsa nos ad beatam vitam natura perduceret. Hic est ille vultus semper idem, Id. 3 Tusc. quem dicitur Xantippe praedicare solita in viro suo fuisse Socrate, eodem vultu semper se vidisse exeuntem illum domo & revertentem. But lest you should think that this Submonition. Precept requires your perpetual regard, observe these under-written Examples. Unum etiam vos oro, Terentius. ut me in vestrum gregem recipiatis. Ita versatus sum in provinciâ, C. Gracchus ut nemo posset verè dicere, assem aut eo plus in muneribus me accipisse, aut meà operâ quempiam sumtum fecisse. Priscian, Note. & other not ignoble Grammarians, allow the Relative Qui, quae, quod, no room among the Pronouns, and indeed their number is very uncertain among the Grammarians; Vossius, lib. 1. de Analogia, and some others, adding to those commonly received, Quis, cujus, cujas; as also, Unus, ullus, nullus, solus, totus, uter, alter, neuter, aliquis, alius, reliquus, caeterus, omnis, quisque, nemo, quidam, ambo, uterque: However it be, this is certain, that both Qui and its compounds share this kind of Elegancy with the rest of the Vice-Nouns: for we read in Urbem quam statuo vestraest. Virgilius. Eunuchum quem dedisti nobis, Terentius. quas turbas dedit? Naucratem quem convenire volui, Plautus. in navi non erat. In animis omnium ferè est naturä, M. Cicero, 2 Tusc. 47. molle quiddam, demissum, humile, enervatum quodammodo & languidum, senile. Sed aliud nihil est in homine deformius. Somnum denique Id. 5 de finibus bonorum: 54. nisi requietem corpor is & medicinam quandam laboris afferret, contra naturam putaremus datum: aufert enim sensus, actionemque tollit omnem. Graves enim dominae cogitationum libidines infinita quaedam cogunt, Idem in Fragm. de Repub. l. 6. atque imperant: quae quia expleri, ac satiari nullo modo possunt, ad omne facinus impellunt eos, qui illecebris suis alliciuntur. CHAP. XI. That a Pronoun Adjective is to be placed between the Noun Adjective and its Substantive. Precept. BY this graceful way of speaking, one may make a Sentence more composed: If there be two Adjectives, the one nominal, and the other pronominal, which do belong to one Substantive, set the nominal first, betwixt which and the Substantive place the pronominal: as Plato, Mare civitati proximum quotidianâ quadam delectatione eam afficit. Idem. Spartani quoties bonum quendam virum commendare volunt. Hic vir, inquiunt, divinus est. Mollis illa educatio, Quintilian quam indulgentiam vocamus, nervos emnes & mentis & corporis frangit. M. Cicero. 1 the leg. l. 19 Subcisiva quaedam tempora incurrunt, quae ego perire non patior, Leviora sunt ea, Id. Offic. 127. quae repentino aliquo motu accidunt, quàm ea quae meditata, quae praeparata inferuntur. Commendo vobis parvum meum filium. Idem. Memini in hoc genere gloriari solitum esse familiarem nostrum Hortensium, Id. Epist. l. 2. ep. 16. quòd nunquam bello civili interfuisset. If you can intersert any thing betwixt the Pronoun Adjective and the Substantive, 1 Note. that may respect both, or either of them, you will be sensible of a certain greater Elegancy: as, Morituro Socrati Apollodorus pretiosum quoddam, in quo moreretur, pallium obtulit; cui Socrates: Nunquid moriturus mihi, inquit, non conveniet hoc, quod viventi convenit? Dii tibi dent propria [i. e. Afraniut. perpetua] quaecunque exoptes bona. Qualem fuisse accepimus ferum quendam in ludo Caesaris gladiatorem: Agellius. qui cum vulnera ejus à medico execabantur, ridere solitus fuit. In omnibus meis epistolis, M. Cicero, Epist. l. 7. ep. 6. quas ad Caesarem aut ad Balbum mitto, legitima quaedam est accessio commendationis tuae. Auditis oratoribus Graecis, Id. 1 de Orat. 14. cognitísque eorum literis adhibitísque doctoribus, incredibili quodam nostri homines dicendi studio flagrârunt. If in this kind of Speech two Noun Adjective be joined by a copulative Particle, 2 Note. let the pronominal Adjectives be set between both, just before the Conjunction: as, Libero tuo & admirabili ingenio dilector. In nobis egregiam quandam ac praeclaram indolem ad dicendum esse cognovi. M. Cicero, 1 de Orat. 131. CHAP. XII. The place of Omne, Nullum, and numeral Adjectives, in company with other Adjectives. THe Latin Tongue, as Servius well remarks, permits not two full Adjectives to be joined to one Substantive without a Conjunction: And that is the reason why we style Pronouns, Omne and Nullum, and Nouns that signify number, not full Adjectives: for one may find them adjoined to Substantives, together with other Adjectives. Of the Pronoun we have already spoken, of thers we are now to speak. Precept. Omne therefore, Nullum, and the numeral Adjective, being in combination with another Adjective also not full, linked to one Substantive, do indifferently claim to themselves with equal elegancy every place in the Sentence, and to be set before or after either the Substantive or Adjective: as, Omnis mea felicitas; or, Mea omnis felicitas; or, Felicitas omnis mea. Thus Omnis nostra vis in animo & corpore sita est. Animi imperio, salustius. Animi imperio, corporis servitute magis utimur. Alterum nobis cum diis, alterum commune cum belluis est. Quicquid enim à sapiente proficiscitur, M. Cicero. 3de fin. 32. id continuò debet expletum esse omnibus suis partibus. O mearum voluptatum omnium inventor, inceptor, perfector! Terentius. In me planè dii potestatem suam omnem Idem. ostendêre: cui tam subitò tot contigerunt commoda. Libros tres reliquos mercatur. Agellius. Illum, Terentius. liquet mihi dejerare, his mensibus sex vel septem prorsus non vidisse proximis. Unless when the other Adjective is full; Submonition. for then these Adjectives less full, the full ones being set first, are placed before the Substantive very sweetly: as, Bona omnis valetudo. Tace tu, Terentius. quem esse infra infimos puto homines. Nunc videre est Philosophos ultro currere, Agellius. ut doceant, ad fores juvenum divitum: eósque ibi sedere atque opperiri prope ad meridiem: donec discipuli nocturnum omne vinum edormiant. Ludósque Valerius. & lectisterina continuis tribus noctibus, quia totidem filii periculo liberati erant, fecit. Pro Academiâ autem quae dicenda erant, M. Cicero, Tusc. lib. 2.4. satis accurate in Academicis quatuor libris explicata arbitramur. But that this neither is unexceptionable, Except. the ensuing instances do demonstrate. Adolescens mori sic mihi videtur: M. Cic. de Senect. 71. ut quum aquae multitudine vis flammae opprimitur: Senes autem sicut suâ sponte, nullâ adhibitâ vi, consumtus ignis extinguitur. Omnium magnarum artium sicut arborum altitudo nos delectat, Id. 1 Offic. 147: radices stirpésque non item: sed esse illa sine his non potest. Neque ego quenquam hominum esse ararbitror, Terentius. cui magis bonae felicitates omnes adversae sient. Spes nulla reliquain te siet tibi. Idem. Eorum consilio saepe aut non suscepta aut confecta bella sunt, M. Cic. 1. Offic. 79. nonnunquam autem illata: ut M. Catonis, bellum tertium Punicum, in quo etiam mortui valuit Autoritas. CHAP. XIII. That if any thing interpose between the Adjective and Substantive, 'tis no matter whether be set first, but that the Substantive does more frequently lead the way. Precept. I Have already informed you by some Precepts, that the Adnoun is very elegantly placed after its Noun; Nevertheless if any thing intervene betwixt both, tho', what I advised, you will for the most part find hold; yet I have often observed the contrary position: as, Omnium natura est animantium, or Animantium natura est omnium: for both may be said in a manner indifferently for matter of Elegancy. So, Pietas in Parents tua, tua in Parents pietas. Anno aetatis quarto, quarto aetatis anno. As He in Aristotle, Quem populus celebrant, omnino famâ perire nullâ potest. Plato, Nullus in civitate nostrâ mendicus sit. Idem, Majorem certè virtutem Religione Pietatéque in Deum nullam in hominum genere inveniri quisquam sibi persuadeat. Idem, Oleum externis corporis nostri partibus optimum, interioribus pessimum est: qua propter aegrotantibus olei usum Medici prohibent. Idem, Qui in foro vendit. venalis suae rei pretia duo nunquam dicar, sed quum unum dixerit precium, si non vendiderit, referat iterum: nec eodem die majus minúsve pretium petat. Malo hercle suo magno convivant [pro convivantur] sine modo. Ennius. Amorem intercapedine ipse lenivit dies. Turpilius. Longa dies meum incertat animum. Plautus. Sela Gallia monstra non habuit: Divus Hieronymus. sed viris semper fortibus, & eloquentissimis abundavit. Temporantiâ quoque Agellius. Socratem fuisse tanta traditum est: ut omnia ferè vitae suae tempora valetudine inoffensâ vixerit. Caesar Augustus duodecim natus annos aviam pro rostris laudaverit. Quintilianus. Unde autem faciliùs, M. Cicero, in Hort. quàm ex annalium monumentis, aut bellicae res, aut omnis Reipub. disciplina cognoscitur? Quid enim videatur ei magnum in rebus humanis, cui aeternitas omnis, Id. 4 Tuse. 37. totiúsque mundi nota sit magnitudo. Sed quoniam Grammaticus es, Id. add Attic. l. 7. ep. 3. si hoc mihi setêma persolveris, magnâ me molestiâ liberabis. CHAP. XIV. That to other Adjectives their Substantives are often postponed. Precept. BY the assiduous reading of Orators about the placing of other Adjectives, whether they are to be set before or after, you can find nothing certain: and yet one may observe they are generally set first; as, Magna ossa lacertíque apparent homini: Ennius: Magna penus parvo spatio consumta peribit. Lucilius. Ea oblectat spes aerumnosum hospitem, Actius. dum hic quòd miser est, clam esse censet alteros. In steriles campos nolunt juga ferre juvenci. Pingue solum lassat, sed juvat ipse labour. Assiduae multis odium peperere querelae, Propertius Frangitur in tacito femina saepe viro. Pauperibus sacros vilia thura damus. Idem. Quintilianus. Natura tenacissimi sumus eorum, quae rudibus annis percepimus. Neque ingenium sine disciplinâ, Vitruvius. aut disciplina sine ingenio perfectum artificem potest efficere. Aliter enim ampla domus dedecori domino saepe fit, M. Cicero, 1 Offic. 133 si est in eâ solitudo, & maximè sialiquando alio dominosolita est frequentari. CHAP. XV. That Nouns of Measure and Weight ought to be put in the Accusative case, or in the Genitive. Precept. THat Nouns signifying the Meet and Balance, instruments we measure and weigh by, are wont to be put in the Ablative, the meanest Grammarian sure is not ignorant: as, Jugerum fune dimensus sum. Romani Brenno aurum bilance appendunt. But Nouns that denote the measure of Length, breadth, height, depth, or thickness of any thing, the space between place and place, or the weight of any thing, are very often wont to be placed by the Learned in the Genitive Case, or Accusative, seldom in the Ablative: as, Puteus altus ulnarum decem, latus pedes quinq,, longus cubitorum centum. Haec autem basis erat long a pedes duodecim, lat a pedes octo, alta pedes sex. Vitruvius. Jugerum vocabatur, Plinius. quòd uno jugo boum in die exarari potuisset. Actus, in quo boves agerentur, quum aratur uno impetu justo. Hic erat centum viginti pedum, duplicatúsque in longitudinem jugerum faciebat In morem horti areas latas pedum denûm, Columella. longas pedum quinquagenûm facito. Tres pateat coeli spatium non amplius ulnas. Virgilius. Sulmo mihi patria est, Ovid. claris uberrimus undis, Millia qui novies distat ab urbe decem. Is locus est citra Leucadem stadia centum viginti. M. Cicero Epist. l. 16. ep. 2. Id. add Attic. Plinius junior. Cum in castra proficisceretur, à quibus aberam bidui. Decem & septem milibus passuum ab urbe secessit. Tam multa ille meo divisa est millia lecto, Propertius Quantum Hypanis Veneto dissidet Eridano. A quo mons aberat ferme millia passuum triginti. salustius. In Creta terrae motu rupto monte inventum est corpus stans quadraginta sex cubitorum: Plinius. quod alii Orionis, alii Etionis fuisse tradunt. Babylon Chaldaicarum gentium caput diu summam claritatem obtinuit in tot orbe; Idem propter quam reliqua pars Mesopotamiaes Assyriaeque Babylonia appellata est, sexagenta millia passuum, emplexa muris ducentos pedes altis. By these you may take notice that learned men speak by mille much more usually than by milliare, Submonition. or milliarium; and yet if any man upon other reasons and authorities will defend the use of either, or both, I shall not contend with him about it. CHAP. XVI. That Nouns signifying Time are put very venustly in the Accusative, and when in that signification they are to be put in the Ablative. Precept. HE that for many days hath been exercised in attentive and sedulous reading of the finest Authors, will own that it is not foreign to their almost daily usage, for Nouns importing Time to be put in the Accusative Case: as, Plato, Ad literas pueri decennes proficiscantur; ibíque triennium insistant. Vix unumpotes infelix requiescere mensem. Propertius Tu faciem illius noctem amplius unam Falle dolo. Virgilius. Sum totos dies cum eo, M. Cicero filius. noctísque saepe numero partem. Nemo est tam senex, M. Cic. de Senectute. qui se annum non putet posse vivere. Quae potest in vitâ esse jucunditas, Ibidem. quum dies & noctes cogitandum sit jamjamque esse moriendum. Nonius Marcellus, Note. I know, makes a distinction. As often, says he, as we express years or days by the Accusative, we mean whole years and days together; and as often as we use the Ablative, we intent them by intervals, some years or days interposing. And truly Mr. Lillie does not much ablude from him in his Rules for Construction, where he tells the young Fry, that Nouns that betoken continual term of Time, without ceasing or intermission, be commonly used in the Accusative Case. Now to this hypercritical distinction, I declare, I cannot assent. For Nouns that betoken a term of Time, whether continued and without intermission, or discontinued and by intervals, if they answer to the question, How long? are so more usually, as more elegantly, put in the Accusative Case, than in the Ablative. But then indeed we use the Ablative Case, when we speak of part of Time, such as answers to the question, When? As, for example, if I was any part of the night sick, I may say, Valetudo mihi nocte familiaris non fuit. Ad te visam anno proximo. Non amplius quum plurimum, Suetonins de Divo Augusto. quàm septem horas dormiebat, ac ne eas quidem continuas. And yet, Submonition. lest you should take this for a Precept of perpetual force, you may sometimes, let me tell you, find a Noun of continual Time in the Ablative Case: as, Nihil salutare est, Plinius. nisi quod toto anno salubre. Quem ego hedie toto non vidi die. Terentius: Biennio continuo post adeptum imperium pedem portâ non extulit. Sneton. de Divo Tiberio. CHAP. XVII. That Nouns signifying Time, conjoined with some Nouns that signify Number, are to be used in the Accusative Case; with others, in the Ablative: Precept. THose Nouns that signify time, if they be conjoined to cardinal Numerals, such as Unum, duo, tria, and the like, are more usually and elegantly put in the Accusative, but & if they comfort with Ordinals, such as Primum, secundum, tertium, than they delight more in the Ablative Case: as, Annos viginti Platonem Aristoteles audivit. Urbem Romam Senones Galli octo menses vastavere. Regis Alexandri equus Bucephalus vixit annos triginta. Post eversam Trojam anno centesimo sexagesimo, & annts totidem ante conditam Urbem Romam natus est Homerus. Plato anno aetatis suae octogesimo primo mortuus est. Anno post Urbem è Gallorum manibus recuperatam septimo natus est Aristoteles. Horarum nomen non minùs annos trec●ntos Romae ignoratum esse credibile est. Sensorinus Duodequadriginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum fuit Dionysius, M. Cic. Tusc. 57 quum quinque & vigintinatus annos dominatum occupâsset. Postquam mulieris uterus conceperit semen, Agellius. gigni hominem septimo mense rarenter, nunquam octavo, saepe nono, saepenumero decimo mense. Plato, Cicero de Senect. uno & octogesimo anno scribens, est mortuus. Quapropter tum primum ex plebe alter Bos. Agellius. l. 5. c. 4. factus est duo & vigesimo anno postquam Galli Romam ceperunt. Cicero indeed lib. 8. ep. 26. Submonition. expresseth duration of Time in the Accusative case by an Ordinal, thus: Quum decimum jam diemgraviter ex intestinis laborarem. One may find [in] the ellipted proposition, sometimes, Note. though seldom, expressed: as, Hoc venisse usu Romae comperi, Agellius, feminam bonis atque honestis moribus, non ambiguâ pudicitia, in undecimo mense post mariti mortem peperisse. Decem virt in decimo mense gigni hominem, non in undecimo scripserunt. Idem, CHAP. XVIII. In what Case Nouns signifying Time are to be put, when the Particles Ant and Post do precede, succeed, or intervene betwixt the Substantive and Adjective. Precept. IS not this too frequent with Orators? viz. That Nouns signifying Time, if the Particles Post or Ant do stand before them, be put in the Accusative Case, as being governed thereof; if behind them, in the Ablative, the casual word depending on the Prepositions being suppressed; if between the Adjective and Substantive, as they are sometimes put in the Accusative, governed of the said Particles Post or Ante, so often in the Ablative, the casual word influenced by the Prepositions being ellipted: as, Post diem quartum quàm est in Britanniam ventum. Caesar. Post dies quadraginta, Sallust Jug. Cicero ad Attic. quàm eo ventum est. Horâ post Gabinium condemnaverunt. Hither refer Tanto post, Aliquanto post, Paulo post, Haudita multo post, etc. Annum post quintum decimum creati consuls. Livius: Alter triumphum patris funere suo quartum ante diem praecessit: Val. Max. altar in triumphali curru conspectus post diem tertium expiravit. Quo gaudio elatus non temperavit, Suetonius. quin paucos post dies frequenti curiâ jactaret, invitis & gementibus adversariis, adeptum se quae concupîsset. Annibal tertio post die, quàm venit, Livius de 3. l. 5. copias in aciem eduxit. Quae si hoc tempore non suum diem obiisset, Servius Sulpitius: paucis post annis tamen ei moriendum fuit, quia homo nata fuerat. Paucis ante mensibus quàm ad te scriberem, excessit è vitâ. Aldus Manutius. Themistocles aliquot ante annis, Cicero: quum in epulis recusâsset lyram, est habitus indoctior. CHAP. XIX. The Division and Use of Numerals. Precept 1 IN cardinal Numerals from the Unit to Ten we use one single word: as, Tria, Quinque, Novem, Decem. After Ten till Sixteen we use a compound word, wherein the lesser number precedes: for we say Undecim, Duodecim, Tredecim, Quatuordecim, Quindecim, Sexdecim. After this number, even to Twenty, Priscian [in his Book de Numeris, Nummis, & Ponderibus] charges us to set the greater number first, and then bring in the copulative with the lesser number, thus: Decem & septem, Decem & octo, Decem & novem. So, Decem & septem millibus passuum ab urbe secessit. Plinius. Tho, M. Cicero said, Ille egit septem & decem annos. Object. But either our most classic Authors are corrupted, or else, that which Priscian is silent in, one may authentically say, Septendecim, Octodecim, Novendecim; for in Cicero's Orations against Verres, and Suetonius' Nero, you may read Septendecim, as also Octodecim and Novendecim in Eutropius' Breviary. And therefore Dr. Linacer thinks it lawful to speak both ways. Elias Vinetus (a vere great Critic) is of opinion, Solution. that because Priscian is silent therein, the Ancients did not speak so, but that Cicero, Suetonius, and Eutropius, used these Ciphers, XVII, XVIII, XIX, which the Transcribers expressed in whole words, but unlatine; especially because in the old Codices it is more frequently read Priscian's way. Precept 2 In Ordinals after the twelfth the Copulative is omitted, if the lesser number precede: as, Tertiusdecimus, Quartusdecimus, Quintusdecimus, Sextusdecimus, Septimusdecimus, Octavusdecimus; otherwise, ducdevigesimus, novusdecimus; otherwise, Undervigesimus, thus; Namque octavodecimo die excludunt, Plinius lib. 10. cap. 58. statímque concipiunt. Tho' in these also the number uses oftener to be expressed by numeral notes, than in words at length. But if the greater number lead, Priscian advises to clap in the Copulative: as, Decimus & septimus, Decimus & octavus; and yet in the common Prints you may read Decimustertius, Decimusquartus, and so forward without the Copulative. But here too 'tis the judgement of Vinetus that we may more safely follow Priscian, in whose days Books were more uncorrupt than they are in ours. Precept 3 From Twenty to a Hundred, if the greater number precede, the Conjunction is let alone: as, Viginti octo, not Viginti & octo; Trigesimus octavus, not trigesimus & octavus. Ex feminis Livia Rutilii nonaginta septem annos excessit. Plinius lib. 7. cap. 47. And elsewhere, Quinquagesimo quarto, Sexagesimo quinto, and the like. But the lesser number is set before the greater, if any Conjunction do interpose: as, Primus & vicesimus, or also unus & vicesimus; secundus & quinquagesimus, or also duo & quinquagesimus. Plato uno & octogesimo anno scribens est mortuus. Cicero de Senect. Duo & vigesimo anno postquam Galli Romam ceperunt. Agellius lib. 5. cap. 7. Marcus Cicero tertio & sexagesimo aetatis anno obtruncatus est. Annus tertius aetatis & sexagesimus Aristoteli atque Demostheni vitam eodem prope tempore ademit. In like manner in Distributives we may say without a Conjunction, Viceni, singuli, Triceni bini, sexageni quaterni; but with a Copulative singuli & viceni, bini & triceni, quaterni & sexageni. Sometime the greater number is set before in the purest writers: as, Submonition. Equidem haud sum natus annos praeter quinquaginta & quatuor. Plautus. Fero annos octoginta & quatuor. Idem. Funeratus tricesimo & octavo aetatis anno, & nonagesimo & quinto Imperii die. Suetonius: Quum aetas tua quinquagesimum & sextum, annum compleverit, M. Cicero. quae summa tibi fatalis erat, spes quidem salutis publicae te videbit. Venerunt post diem quadrage simum & sextum, quàm à nobis discesserant. M. Cicero Filius. The former way of speaking is more usual, tho' this spoken very sparingly, Note. may, I think, pass: As there is no fault neither in placing the lesser number first without a Conjunction, so it be done mighty warily: as, Periit cum fratre & filio anno vitae septimo quinquagesimo. Suetonius. Sine ullâ molestiâ sumtúve sociorum septimo quinquagesimo die rem confeci. M. Cicero. Precept 4 After a hundred the greater number uses to lead, the lesser to follow, with a Conjunction in the middle. Illa praeclara institutio Romuli, M Cicero, de Repub. quum ducentos annos & triginta fere firma mansisset. Leontinus Gorgias centum & septem implevit annos. Idem de Senect. 13. Fuit, Ibid. 68 ut scriptum video, Argantonius Gadibus, qui octoginta regnavit annos, centum & viginti vixit. Nondum centum & decem anni sunt, Id. 2 Offic. 65. quum de pecuniis repetundis à L. Pisone lata est lex. And yet the Copulative is more elegantly, I know not how, omitted. Epigenes centum duos annos impleri negavit posse: Plinius lib. 7. cap. 49. M ad Attic. lib. 6. ep. 1. Id. Offic. lib. 1. Berosus centum septendecim Post Leutricam pugnam die septingesimo sexagesimo quinto. Ut ille, qui quum centum triginta dierum essent cum hoste pactae induciae, noctu populabatur agros, quod dierum essent pactae non noctium induciae. Is locus est citra Leucadem stadia centum viginti. Id. Epist. l. 16. ep. 2. But that the lesser number may in this case precede, that of Valerius Maximus is proof enough. Repudium inter uxorem & virum à conditâ Urbe usque ad vicesimum & quingentesimum annum nullum intercessit. Valerius Maximus Legis, M. Caelius. inquit, quae unum & centesimum caput legit, in quo ita erat: quod eorum judicium major pars judicârit, id jus judicatumq, esto. Ut tamen in septimum & quinquagesimum atque centesimum duraret annum. Plinius lib. 7. cap. 17. de Epimenide. CHAP. XX. That Nouns of Number are divided by Poets, compounded by Orators. ANd forasmuch as Poets too have their Elegancies in speaking, we shall now consider what the Poets and what the Orators are wont to observe in Nouns of Number. Precept. Poets do put asunder those Numerals that Orators put together; for these use to say, Decem, duodecim, quindecim, viginti, triginta, etc. Those, Bis quinque, bis sex, ter quinque, bis decem, ter decem, etc. Tempus ad hoc lustris mihi jam bis quinque peractis. Ovid. Omne fuit Musae carmen inerne meae. Bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant. Virgilius. Idem. Bis denis Phrygium conscendi navibus aequor. Hic jam tercentum totos regnabitur annos. Idem: The unskilful commonly say, Note. Quater viginti, which I had rather they would exchange for Octoginta, Ducenti & Trecenti, and suchlike others, are in Prose much more usual. But as Virgil spoke by a compound number, Submonition. Trigin ama●nos volvendis mensibus orbs; Virgilius. So did Pliny by a divided one, Homo crescit in longitudinem ad annos ter septenos, Plinius. tum deinde ad plenitudinem. CHAP. XXI. That Mille and Sexcenta use to be spoken, one by Orators, the other by Poets. THere are a thousand testimonies of this Precept, both in Writers of former times, and especially in those to whose lot it hath fallen to live in this age of ours: And it hes thus; Precept. When you have occasion to speak some great uncertain number, in Prose say Sexcenta, in Verse Mille: as, Gaudia mille feres me si laudabis amicum. Sexcentas amicitiae nostrae testes literas ultro citroque missiculavimus. In vulgaribus hominum amicitiis sexcentos invenias, qui neglectâ amicorum utilitate, suam diligenter exquirant. Tu mille nummûm potes uno quaerere centum. Lucilius. Non anni domuere decem, non mille carinae. Virgilius. Ecquis non causas mille doloris habet. Ovid. Plus millies jam audivi. Terentius. Bartolomaeus Scala. Ex eodem videntur genere error, marra, susurri, barri, horror, ferrum & hujusmodi sexcenta. Testes sunt Schol astici sexcenti. Beroaldus. Politianus. M. Cicero, Epist. lib. 7. ep. 1. Submonition. Possum tibi verò proffer sexcentoes. Quid enim delectationis habent sexcenti muli in Clytaemnestra. Yet Agellius sometimes, and Quintilian very often, use Mille, as also Cicero elsewhere Millies, in this sense. Ajax quo animo traditur millies oppetere mortem, M. Cicero, 1 Offic. 113. quàm illam perpeti ab alio maluisse. CHAP. XXII. That some Words and Phrases have been polluted by the use of the ignorant and unlearned. Precept. WE must needs confess that it fares with the use of the Latin Tongue much after the same manner as it doth with Manners; now for the good to be changed for the worse, and for our Youth itself to copy out the bad with more ease than the good, this is nothing strange or incredible: Let us therefore (that our Youngmen may not be wholly immersed in the filth and offscouring as it were of the Latin Tongue, when they have occasion (as they daily have) for speaking and writing that Language) specify a few of those impure barbarous Words and Phrases which have been foisted in, whilst those that are Latin and pure have been carelessly neglected, and set aside. In the first place therefore, I do impeach Sallust laesae Linguae Romanae, for barbarously using Soluit, for solitus est; and Paritas opes for partas. And Joseph Scaliger for using juvarunt and adjuvarunt. Aures erroribus personantur. Valeant, qui bonis obtrectantur. Hoc me injusso factum est. Materia ictibus resistendis apta. Canes mundiora loca immingunt. Justus Lipsius, for Canis illum permingit. Frigidis imprime juvor. Mihi abunde satisfacitur. Isaac Causabon, for Tota palmis, tot lauribus. Lana pectita. Strigil est supellex. Omnes mortales omnium aevorum. Mensura cujus fundum sit collisum. Jacobus Thuanus, for saying Substraxit, Substractus, Aboletus, Coliturus, Perculsit. And Paulus Jovius, for saying Prosternentes se, for Prostrantes. Burdo-Scaliger makes a most notorious Solecism in the Preface to his conjectanea upon M. T. Varro De Linguâ Latinâ (for the use of which excellent book I am indebted to the most learned Dr. White, the Reverend Archdeacon of Notinghamshire, since Lord Bp. of Peterborough;) which he thus gins: Non dubito quin haec Conjectanea in M. Varronem maturiùs edenda erant, quod à quibusdam, etc. So doth Lipsius, in saying Sol meridies erat. Vereor ut milites non pellant. Non ambigo quin peregrinationem laudabis. And Cazabon, Multa quorum interpretibus ne suboluisse quidem videbamus. Jussit me Rex ut tibi significarem. Thuanus, Castellum aggrediuntur, sed irrito successu, qui intro erant, gnaviter se defendentibus. Tantum terroris oppidanis injecit, ut tandem positis armis deditionem faciunt. Incommodare aliquem. Maffeius, Amiculam breviorem tunicae superinduunt. And Famianus Strada, Nos monitore necesse non habemus, for moneri necesse non habemus. Pecuniam mutuo dare, for mutuam. Paulus Jovius, Henricus Stephanus, and Jos. Scaliger. Putant se occisos iri: which deserves a lash. Lipsius, an exact imitator of the faults, i. e. of the Archaisms, of Varro, Sallust, and Sisenna, how insolently and obsoletly does he speak! Volupe mihi auditu est. Hilum non ego deterior. Vale mioculissime. Non magis propritim expresseris. In civitatibus est confluges vitiorum. Nay he began one of his Epistles in the first Edition of his first Century thus: Aio Locutio tu lita: ego fidei strenué. Guess what the man means. Durst I presume to be this enigmatical Gentleman's OEdipus, I would unriddle him thus: Tu noli silere diutius, sed scribe, ut Deum illum, qui ab aiendo & loquendo nomen sortitus est, habeas propitium; sicut ego fidem habeo propitiam, quam servavi, scribendo scilicet, sicut acturum me promiseram. And indeed this Sentence is rather obscure than antique: So is that of Hen. Stephanus, conceived on the nonce to puzzle Boys with. Rebare te fari scio, fabare nescio. Of Salust's Archaisms these are a Specimen; Famae, famarum, famas. Magnas vis, for vires. Armis decoribus, for decoris. Senatis, for Senatûs. Plebis, for plebs. Satias, for Satietas. Sallere, for Sallire. Secus virile, for sexus virilis. Calui, for Decipi. Claudere, for claudicare. Egere aliquam rem. Supplicium, for Supplicatio. Locus hostibus ignarus, for ignotus. Nay even Erasmus himself, a Writer of yesterday, is not without expressions which were accounted Archaical or old-fashioned by Caesar and Cicero: for what else are those in the end of a Colloquy entitled Male valere? Goe Ciendus est alvus, movendus est alvus. Li. Imò sistendus est magis, for cienda, movenda, sistenda. It smells old, says Angelius Politianus, to say totiens quotiens, quinquiens, deciens, viciens, triciens, vicensimum, tricensimum, for toties quoties, etc. Adrian the Emperor, cited by Charisius, lib. 2. taxes Augustus himself of Innovation, for using the word obiter instead of per viam, (for which very expression, i. e. per viam, Augustus reprehends Tiberius Claudius: Scribis enim (says he) per viam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 obiter) used by Plautus Cistell. or in viâ used by Ter. Hec. 5.3. or in itinere used by Cicero at Artic. l. 9 And lest you should stand in amaze at this, I do assure you, that in the latter-end of Augustus' reign the face of the Latin Tongue was so innovated, that shortly after Seneca says that the men of his Age do not speak Latin. His very words are these, Ep. 39 Vide ne plus profectura sit oratio ordinaria, quàm haec quae nunc vulgo Breviarium dicitur, olim cum Latinè loqueremur, Summarium vecabatur. Of this Impurity called Neoterism, are they guilty, saith Quintil. lib. 9 cap. 3. and l. 8. c. 3. who say Huic rei invidere, and not with Cicero and others hanc rem. Incumbere illi, and not in illum. Plenum vino, and not vini. So was Muretus, for saying Figmenta Poetarum. Ne optimi quidem jaculatores semper collimant [aim] for collineant [hit the mark.] Juxta praeceptum Hesiodi. Martialis Silio Italico coaevus fuit. Quorsum necesse est? Hoc tibi imputabis. Syllabae modus impedire mutationi videtur. Ad Episcopi munus promoveri. How severe was Tully upon Antony for innovating the signification of one word, viz. Contumeliam facere, for pati. Nun melius est (says he) mutum esse, quàm quod nemo intelligat, dicere? How much more then, think you, had he been alive, would he have stormed at Paulus Manutius, who, tho' otherwise a most fine Writer, innovates both significations and Phrases; such are, Ingratitudo, Speculatio, Contrarietas. Damnum pati. Dissuadere aliquem ab aliquâ re, for dehortari. Adhibere fidem alicui, for habere fidem, or credere. Such also are these of Maffeius, Mercimonio dare operam, for Mercaturae. Locus exercendo mercimonio idoneus. Fluvios, quamvis ad jugulum usque aqua pertingeret, transibat, for pertineret: For pertingere was not used in this sense in the Golden Age of the Latin Tongue, altho' it be found in one corrupt place of Sallust and Cicero. So quae Arabes de Angelorum corporibus turpiter astruunt, for affirmant. Ut minimum, for minimum, or ad minimum. Spiritum mortificationis spiritui speculationis praeferre. Hactenus de toto vitae cursu, nunc praecipua de dictis ac moribus per species exsequemur, for distinctè or singulatim. Toto ditionis suae imperio, for regni or provinciae. Cujus bonitatem supplices exoramus, ut nos ad caelestia regna pervenire patiatur, for oramus, imploramus. Aliquot Collegia in eâ Urbe fundavit, for condidit, constituit; for fundare is as much as stabilire. Proprium Navarrae gentis est conversio Ethnicorum. Compenset Deus hanc ejus in nos voluntatem. Virgo à Meacensi quodam procere expetita; for Magnate. Christianae doctrinae fundamenta memoriter hauserat, for memoriae mandârat. Meminisse and Recitare memoriter is Latin, but not discere memoriter. Totum illud bellum circiter annum viguit, for tenuit: Vigere is averred by Festus not to belong to warlike affairs. Secùs mare; secùs aream (which Charisius says are both fatuum and sordidum dictu) for juxta, secundum. Talarem tunicam in caligas infundunt, for in Braccas or femoralia; for calige are Soldiers shoes. Detrimentum passus est. Homini voluptuoso jucunda proponere, for voluptuario, as Cicero, Plautus, and Terence speak. Pliny the younger makes voluptuosus adequate to voluptate plenus, but Maffeius unskilfully uses it for one that hunts after pleasure. These, and suchlike new-fangled words and phrases, do extremely muddy Maffeius' Latin, and argue that he took more pains than reason or science to write that Language. Now Lipsius' upstart novities would amount to a complete Volume, I shall there give you a taste, and away. He useth Septimana sustantively for dierum hebdomas, which is spoken not only nouè, but also sordid, saith the greatest of Critics. Saltem, for tantummodo. In Consistorio decretum est. Vide ne seducat te affectus, for auferat, in errorem inducat. Gratitudo. Ut quid, for quare. In locis dissitis, for longè remotis. Juramentum, for jusjurandum, sacramentum. o'er ad os aliquem alloqui. Nepos ex fratre. In ditione Leodicensi subsistam. Ubi leonina pellis non pertingit, vulpinam asserere oportet, for quo non pertinet. Meus amanuensis. Dio asserit aliter vixisie Senecam, quàm scripserit, for affirmat. Rerum circumstantiae, for attributiones. Lenocinium circumponere dolori, for delinimentum. Te volo meum amicum & crebrum invisorem esse, for visitatorem. Quid agas, fac me scitiorem, for scientem, certiorem. Ex cord, ex pectore dico, for verò, seriò. Invalentia mea causam sustinet, for invaletudo. Aequitas ipsa sententiam à me donet. There are a great number too of Causabon's Neoterisms: as, Complices conjurationis, for affines, participes, populares, conscii. Consequentias elicere. Carentia, for orbatio, detractio, caritas. Rebus sic stantibus, for his rebus, quomodo nunc est. Tenetur nuptias cogitare, for debet. Mutuò rogare pecuniam, for mutuam. Tu unus à multis retro seculis extitisti. Tuas laudes attaminare. Errand in observantiâ hujus reì. Risum alicujus tollere, for movere alicui. Turpis & defaedus mos. Conciliare duas lectiones diversas, for in concordiam vel consensum redigere. Libri manuales, for manu descripti. Multum sibi in barbaris dictionibus permiserunt, for vocabulis. Versus penultimus, & antepenultimus. Cibi aliis indicti & innominati. Error memorialis. Multoties, for Saepiùs. Judiciosissimus. Balbutie laborare. Monstruositas. Thuanus' novities are almost innumerable; such are, Nullatenus, for nihil penitus, omnino non, nullo modo. Juxta veterem sententiam. Nostra & retrò seculorum memoria, which, tho' Schottus the Jesuit boasts for Ciceronian, yet is no more worthy of Tully than Congruè loqui, which being swallowed up by the Monks, he makes use of. Pejerare in Deum. Impar contra tantam multitudinem. Vir nupsit puellae. Literae fiduciariae, for Authoritates, commonly called Credentiales. Caligae, for Braccae. Improperare alicui, for exprobrare, since Varro used it for intro properare. Obiter notandum. Dejerementa in Deum. Ad mortem damnare aliqi 'em, for capitis. Ne ipsorum dignitati tractu temporis praejudicetur, for ne in posterum fraudi sit. Dietim, for in singulos dies. Ultroneus, spontaneus. De rerum statu optimè instructus. Per trasennam appellare. Nay the so much admired Barclays novel words and phrases would fill a good large Volume, I shall therefore pass them by in silence: for to endeavour to purge away the filth of his writings, would be a matter of as great loathsomeness and difficulty as to cleanse Augeas' Stable; and if this required a River of Water, that would ask a Sea of Ink. It is a vulgar modern error to write to speak octuaginta, or quatuor viginti, octuagesimus and octuagenarius, for octoginta, octogesimus, octogenarius. Nonies, for novies. Vigesies, trigesies, quadragesies, septuagesies, octogesies, nonagesies, centesies, millesies, for vieys, tricies, quadragies, sezagies, septagies, octogies, nonagies, centies, millies. Indignor, quandóque bonus dormitat Homerus. I am grieved that the incomparably learned, great and good, Gerard John Vossius should be now and then caught napping in his (tho', to give the old Gentleman his due, he apologises for fear of the worst) in his excellent Books de Vitiis sermonum; where he says, Desitâ Romae sermonis puritate, & nondum collapsâ Romanae linguae puritate. Acceptum Aegyptiis ferimus Zythum, for referimus. Decerptum for discerptum. Animus mihi est ita tractare literas, ut neminem depretiem. Ab iis oris longe dissiti erant Daci. In terras longinquas, dissitásque for remoti & remotas. Hodiéque for hodie quoque. Juxta Stoïcos, for secundum Stoîcos, de Stoîcorum sententiâ. Collaterales sunt, quorum alter alterius latus claudit; for which Horace said tegit, Catullus adhaeret. Muto sumere est mutuari, for mutuam. Non vero, for non autem. Nuspiam clathrus legitur. Nuspiam aequè peccatum. Hoc nuspiam extat, for nusquam. Ex Hispaniâ Paenos petituri obiter visemus Sardoes, for pretereuntes; or in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In transitu, in trancursu, per viam. Primum universè aliqua praemittam de longè vetustissimis Aeuropae linguis, tum particulatim dicam de linguae Latinae natalibus, for separatim, seorsum. Passivus est error, for vulgaris, by his own confession. Praeclara eorum reperta; sine quibus esset, defraudaremur magnâ doctrinarum parte, for absque quibus esset, etc. But certainly there is nothing can make Latin so impure, and debase it so much, as Xenism, or Peregrinity; Which is the usage of Latin words in conformity to the Idiotisms, or proper custom of other Languages. And this Vice, this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Greeks call it, this foolish affectation, began so early to taint the Latin Tongue, that Sallust himself cannot plead not guilty, when charged by Quintilian for saying Amat fieri, in imitation of the Greek Idiom 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for the Latin solet. Muretus' also, among other learned men, must pardon my boldness, if I call him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for saying, Non me latet, because forsooth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, whence lateo seems to be form, is construed with an Accusative Case; whereas Latet me is no more Latin than Patet me. Nor indeed did ever Lucretius, Plautus, or Cicero use other than latet mihi. For why? Because forsooth the Greek is a Language of great elegancy, will it be therefore praiseworthy always to use Latin words after the Greek way? Why then let us even say with Vitruvius, Nummus ex auri, & Poculum ex ligni, for Nummus ex auro, & Poculum ex ligno, and studium in Juris, for studium in Jure; because a Writer of Augustus' age thought good thus to Grecissate. And in no wise less is Tacitus' evil-affectation, who in the beginning of the 5th. Book of his Annals writes thus: Titus, ut superior sui jam crederetur, decorum se, promtúmque in armis ostendebat. Here our Historian indiscreetly imitates the Greek custom, saying superior sui for superiorse; which Lipsius, not discerning, and yet well knowing it was not right sterling Latin, did what Critics commonly do, viz. go about to correct what they do not understand, and so endeavoured ridiculously to amend, and set it to rights thus; Titus ut super fortunam crederetur, etc. Moreover, if we consult Reason (which Cicero adviseth all learned men to use as a Test, or Touchstone, to try, refine, and purify the corrupt custom of speaking) we shall find that 'tis absurdly done of him who after the Greek custom dares say Superior illius: for in the Greek there is suppressed the Preposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which governs the Genitive Case; but in the Latin prae is ellipted, which ever governs an Ablative Case. In Greek therefore by regular Syntax we say, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; but figuratively and usually, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In Latin according to Rule, Major prae his charitas; by a Figure, Major his. If you say Major horum, why then you grecissate, and are cacozélous, laying aside both your Reason and Judgement: But more intolerable are they, that foist upon the Latin Tongue the Idioms of living Languages, as the most learned Jesuit Johannes Mariana did in that; Rex sumtus istos excusare debet, for compendifacere, ponere ad compendium, sumtibus supersedere; because in the Spanish Idiom it is said, Escusar los gastos. So Lipsius, Orientales Imperatores in specie, gestu & cultu magis curiosi aut affectati, for ista talia magis ducupantur, venantur, nimio studio persequuntur, sunt putidi & nimii in talibus; because indeed the Italian Idiom bears it: sc. E troppo affettato in questo. So Thuanus, Rex Episcopum aliquando deponere potest; for Episcopatu abigere, exuere, movere, removere, dimovere, depellere, detrudere, desicere, abire, cogere, or Episcopatum alicui abolere, or abrogare. His also is this, Viginti ad minus dies; because, you must know, the French say, Au moins; the Italians, Al meno ò manco; the Spaniards, A lo menos; which the Latins express thus, Minimùm, quod minimum est, minimè and sometimes saltem, duntaxat, certè, at, vel. And this reminds me of a novel expression that Dr. Busbey, after Pasor upon the Verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, uses, viz. ut plurimùm [most an end] I know not by what authority: Pasor, says he, in Lexico N. T. ad verbum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ut plurimùm dicit resumi 1, quae in indefinito primô abjicitur. Gr. Gram. Rud. p. 298. There are some of our own Countrymen too, that being deceived by the Idiom of our Mother-Tongue, stick not to say, Fidem dare alicui, for credere; because we commonly say, to give credit, or trust, to any one, or any thing. Nay Dr. Robinson in his Phrase-book commonly called Winchester-Phrases, appoints it Children for a Phrase. Phr. 186. Title, To believe or credit. Whereas Fidem dare alicui is to promise, or pass one's word to any body. Nempe (saith Scioppius) cum fidem tibi dedi, i. e. promisi, ac veluti fidem meam apud te deposui, tu mihi fidem habes, sive est mihi apud te fides; hoc est, Tu mihi credis. Instead of which, Ausonius, Manutius, Scaliger, alias Burdo, and Dr. Robinson in the forecited place, say newly and barbarously, Tu mihi fidem adhibes, whenas adhibere fidem is afferre fidem ad rem aliquàm, uti fide, even as adhibere diligentiam. And here give me leave to observe to you, that Lucretius innovated in saying Fidem dare, for persuadere, facere ut res habeat fidem, or credatur. l: 5. Dictis dabit ipsa fidem res forsitan— which he presently interprets thus; Hoc ratio potius quam res persuadeat ipsa. But note, Fidem habeo signifies one while credere, other whiles credi, or credibile esse. Certainly Mr. Merryweather showed himself to be more skilful in foreign and ancient customs, than in the vernacular practice and usage of the Language of his own Country, when in his Latin Translation of Religio Medici he turns this passage of the Author, Yet have I not so shaken hands with those desperate resolver's, [roman-catholics] as to stand in diameter & at swords point with them, we have reform from them, not against them; thus: Nec tamen in vecordem illum pertinacium hominem gregem memet adjungo, ita ut iisdem ex diametro repugnent; ab illis, non contra illos reformationem instituimus.— Neither Latin, nor Sense! for, Nec tamen vecordi illi pertinacium hominum gregi ita valedixi, ut iisdem ex diametro repugnem, etc. Nay, what is stranger still, a witty and ingenious Physician has had the misfortune in divers places of his Book to write neither Concord nor Government true. A Paradox! Well, take down Dr. Tho. Skinner's Motus compostti, turn to pag. 111. Dum Aurangii authoritatem apud Ordines imminutam iret, cuncta ipse administravit solus; for imminutum. To pag. 113. Vnam interim [navim] immensis opibus refertam, & pulrimis fatiscentem ictibus voracior pelagus hausit, for voracius. To pag. 140. Cernere erat rutilantium hîc flammarum fulgor, illie ruentium prope tectorum fragor; for fulgorem, fragorem. Oh! jam satis est, Oh! If your spleen be not ready to crack, I could furnish you with more such as these be, not only Xenisms, but even Barbarisms and Solecisms, (collected out of English Authors, Latin Treatises) which I have in store lying by me, as finding them matter of almost every tormenting observation. — Pudet haec opprobria nobis Et dici potuisse, & non potuisse refelli. There is yet one offence more, which unskilful men do often unwarily commit against the purity of the Latin Tongue, whereby, tho' the words of a sentence be neither barbarous, antique, nor novel, and the Construction nor false, nor cacozélous, the Language suffers extremely. You'll say, what can this be? Why, I answer, 'tis mala junctura, 'tis an unlawful joining of words together, never warranted by the practice of the purest Age. Of this Crime are those Onocrotali, those Latin-bablers most notoriously guilty, who value themselves highly upon their prating, where they chance to come, Latin unlatinly & rudely to the listening & all-admiring Semidocti. How oft have I blushed to hear these Asses bray out Vigilant milites in monte, for speculantur de monte. Janizarit tentant frangere aciem Polonorum, for conantur aciem perrumpere. Dimisit suos milites Rex Gallicus, for dimisit copias or exercitum: Impedivit commeatum Dux Lotharus, for interclusit. Triduum victu carebant Christiani, for re frumentariâ. Duxit vineas, for egit. Primi in consilio, for consilii principes. Reportârunt praedas, for egerunt. Milites monuit, for hortatus est. Signum fecit, for signum dedit. Renovavit praelium, for restituit, or redintegravit. Aciem ordinavit, for instruxit. Tutò redierunt Christiani, for receperunt se. Misit ad succurrendum, for misit subsidio. Fecerunt vim, for impetum fecerunt. Magnis viis contendit, for magnis itineribus. Perdidit opportunitatem, for amisit occasionem. Facere orationem, for habere. Agere verba, for facere. Facere gratias, for agere. Damnum pati or facere, for dare. Jacturam pati or dare, for facere. Contumeliam facere or dare, for pati; and suchlike. And now, my young Sailors in the wide & perilous Ocean of the Latin Tongue, I have discharged the duty of a faithful Pilot, I have pointed out to you all those Quicsands, Shelves, and Rocks, upon which others, not altogether unskilful Mariners, both of the last and present Age, have, and do yet daily split: It is yours to advert diligently to my directions, to launch forth your Vessels cautiously, lest after a heedless and temerarious Wrack, you fall a Sacrifice to those gaping Sea-monsters, unlamented because forewarned, and unpitied. FINIS.