A SERMON Concerning the Wand'ring of the Mind IN God's Service, Preached before the QUEEN, AT WHITEHALL, FEBRUARY 15. 1690/ 1.  
By THO. TENISON, D. D. Chaplain in Ordinary to THEIR MAJESTY'S.  
LONDON, Printed for Ric. Chiswell, at the Rose and Crown in St. Paul's Churchyard, M DC XCI.   

A SERMON CONCERNING THE Wand'ring of the MIND IN GOD's SERVICE.  1 COR. seven. 35. 
— That you may attend upon the Lord without distraction.  
THESE Words spoke St. Paul in a time of Persecution, and he spoke them with special regard to it. During that season he recommended to Christians a single Estate. He recommended it, but did not enjoin it, nor make a matter of discretion, a necessary Duty. He gave not (therefore) this Counsel to all, but to those who could receive it. And upon this account it was that he then advised to that state of life▪ He considered that the Gospel was to be Preached in many Countries, with great Pains, and amidst equal Perils. And he well understood, that the less the Propagators of it were entangled in the Affairs of this Life, the more they would be at liberty to promote their holy Faith: The freer they would be from perplexity of Mind, and upon that account, the better disposed to Attend upon the [Service of the] Lord [Jesus] without distraction.  
Upon occasion of these Words I shall (by God's help)  
1 st. Inquire into the Nature of the Distraction, or wand'ring of the Mind. Next to that,  
2dly. May be considered the great Evil of it, especially where it is indulged; and more especially when it is affected in the Worship of God. That Consideration will fitly introduce (in the  
3 d Place) A Persuasive to Attention and fixedness of Thought in God's Service; that the Grace of God, which is, in itself, of so inestimable a Value, may not by us be received in vain.  
I. The General nature of the Wand'ring of the Mind, consisteth neither in its musing upon many things, which increaseth knowledge, nor in balancing one thing against another, which helpeth us to make a right judgement of them; nor yet in its passing from one matter to another, though the objects are at a great distance; for they may have a Connexion in reason, though they have it not in time or place; so it is (for example) with those great Objects, Moses and Christ, Canaan and Heaven.  
But then the Mind may be said to wander, when the Attention is removed from the matter which was properly before it, to something foreign, even then when the Meditation on that matter was fitly and usefully to be continued. So Pilate asked what was Truth? But he pursued not the Enquiry, neither stayed he for the Answer of our Saviour, who was the only Oracle that could have given him a Resolution which would have left no doubt behind it.  
This distraction of the Thought is sometimes a Natural Infirmity, and sometimes a wilful and affected Practice.  
Sometimes the temper of the Brain is either overhot and volatile, or cloudy, and heavy, and slow, in the Original frame of it; sometimes Afflictions and Diseases and throngs of Worldly Affairs shatter that Temper which was at first an apt instrument of Sobriety and composure of Mind. And generally the Mind is apt, instead of maintaining an orderly connexion of the Images of it, which requireth Pains and Judgement, to rove from one to another, by a kind of casual coherence. As, for Example, when there is mention made in Scripture of Christ and his Doctrine, as the true Bread which came down from Heaven; the Imagination of the Reader or Hearer who has not had his Senses orderly exercised and fixed, is very apt to wander from that Evangelical Food, to the thought of the Manna of the Israelites; and from the Manna, to the Wilderness in which it fell, and from thence to the Rock in the Desert, which God turned into a springing Well; and then peradventure he thinks of the Impatience of Thirst, and the refreshing of Water; and after that, the Fancy is led into as many windings and turnings of musing, as the Jews say there were in that River which followed them. Thus the Mind is carried to such a distance from the first thought, as not to be able to tell, of a sudden, where the Imagination began, and in what manner it was continued.  
We see and hear a great deal of this in the Digressions which are continually made both in Books and in Conversation; and may, to our great grief, feel the Bias of it in ourselves when we appear before God in his holy House; where there is little need of our interrupting of one another by late coming, by Talk, or by irreverent Gesture, seeing our own Minds give themselves too much diversion.  
The natural Infirmity which I have been speaking of, is, in some Persons carried on with such Indulgence, that it becomes a Presumption. Such way is given to it, such content is taken in it, that it is properly a Man's own Act.  
I shall not here discourse of all the kinds of this wilful Wand'ring; but only of the removing of the Attention, in part or in whole, from the Worship of God, and the carrying of it to something that is vain or wicked, or indifferent; or if good, as improper at that time, as would have been the practice of the Impotent man at Bethesday, if he had desired to have been carried afar off to a Physician, in that juncture when the Angel had been just moving the Waters, or when Christ himself was by the Porch.  
This is the manner of those who in God's House are present in body, and absent in spirit; who with cold Formality, repeat religious Words, not minding the important sense of them; who hear as if they heard not; who read with such Negligence, as not to understand, even where the matter is not beyond a Capacity which has not much depth; who see the Holy Elements, and think of common Tables, and wander with their Appetite, as well as their Thought: Who draw nigh to God with their lips, whilst their hearts are far from him; or possibly their Hearts are elsewhere so perfectly engaged, that they neither cause the lip to move, nor the knee to bow.  
But,  
2dly. The distemper of wand'ring, whether it be natural or acquired, is no small Evil, especially when we should draw nigh to God in Religious Assemblies.  
1. Even there where it is a natural infirmity, it is attended with great inconvenience.  
It hinders us in the search of such Truths, as depend upon any number of Consequences. Where there is not Attention, such Truths will not be found: It is from the same Root, that both Credulity and Scepticism spring. It is from want of closeness of Thought, that some believe any thing, and others nothing. Hence also is prevented Resolution of Will, so necessary in a good matter, and attained only by such a judgement, as, being fixed itself, fixeth the Purpose. And, for the utmost degree of Inconsistency of Thought, 'tis no other than Madness. From lower degrees of it, proceed great defects in a Man's Duty to God, his Neighbour, or himself, whilst the mind starts from that which is before it, and leaves it unfinished, reversing the Counsel of the wiseman, 
Eccl. 9.10.  Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might. So serviceable to all Business, Civil or Sacred, is the application of the mind.  
It is true, that very devout Persons are subject to the Infirmity of Wand'ring; it being difficult, amidst such a variety of Images in the head, to keep one certain line of them strait and continued; and our great Adversary, in the midst of our best Thoughts, is busy in darting in such Suggestions, as by their suddenness, their incoherence, their contrariety, both to our present Thoughts and Affections, and Prayers; their Black and Diabolical nature, show that they are of their Father the Devil.  
And though it is in Divinity as in the Civil Law, by which the Trees planted in another Man's Ground, are not, till they take root, judged the Property of the Owner of the Soil; though evil Suggestions, till by our consent they are rooted in our hearts, are not our proper thoughts, but either the Devil's Temptations, or natural Infirmities, which the Merciful God, who considers our Frame, will not impute to such in whom the spirit is willing, and the flesh weak; yet it is an unhappy and uncomfortable Circumstance which they ought to pray and strive against, and to the utmost of their Skill and Power abate, bearing with Patience the Weakness they cannot conquer, till God Almighty in his good time shall work the blessed Alteration in them.  
But then,  
2dly. When Men allow and indulge themselves in this roving of Imagination, and when they do so even in the Worship of God,  
Then 1 saint. Their sin is exceeding sinful. And,  
2 dly. Their Condition is very dangerous.  
1. Their sin is exceeding sinful, both in itself, and the Fountain whence it proceeds.  
1. This Practice flows from a corrupt heart, which wants the love of God. For where the Treasure is, there will the heart be also. If therefore the Heart valued God and Goodness, if it truly loved his Honour, and its own Salvation, it would not perpetually go astray from them, but be there fixed where true joys are to be found. The Israelites when they were out of Egypt with their Bodies, in their hearts they turned back again into Egypt; 
Acts 7.39.  its Idols pleasing their imaginations, and its fruits their Appetites; but the holy woman in the Gospel, who chose the good part, whose Affection was chiefly placed upon the One thing necessary, she sat, in the posture, and with the attention, 
Luke 10.39, 42.  of a Disciple at Jesus feet, and heard his word.  
2. The root of this practice, the want of the love of God, being so evil, the practice cannot but partake of the irreligious nature of it.  
Wilful Wand'ring in God's service is a kind of Contempt of God, and a coming into his Presence to slight him; to affront him to his face; and it gives him just occasion to complain, as in Jer. 23.11. In my House I have found wickedness. It is a preferring of our own ways and thoughts before his: nay, 'tis the preferring of the Injections of the Devil, to whom we give place, by receiving of them into the room of pious meditations.  
It is likewise a disobedient refusal of his call, when he says with Importunity as well as Authority, 
Prov. 23.26.  My son give me thine heart.  
It disappoints the Ends designed by God's wisdom in his Service, his own glory, and the edification of the Worshippers; for, by such hypocrisy which withdraws the best part of Man's Service (that which is inward, judicious, hearty) and substitutes that which is scarce a show of Devotion, God is rather mocked than honoured: and those who are present in his House with thoughts ranging in the world, can neither improve in Knowledge nor Faith, nor Devotion, nor Morality; seeing they attend not to the means and exercises of them: For our Spiritual is not like our Natural Stature, which grows up, whether we think or think not of it. Observable are the words of the Apostle. Consider what I say, and the Lord give you understanding in all things.  
Add to this, the great aggravation of ingratitude in Sinners of this kind, who stand in such need of the especial grace of God, and whom God's extraordinary Goodness hath obliged with the means of it; for after all this they despise his and their own mercies, and use the Grace of God (as they ought to do the World) with an indifferency, and as if they used it not.  
This undervaluing of the Riches of God's Love, instead of giving him thanks; this neglect of means, instead of embracing and using them for the improvement of our very imperfect nature; this spending of good hours to such ill purpose, is not only wicked, but  
2 dly. Exceeding perilous, as indeed all wickedness is; for how pleasant soever vain Thoughts are, and how charming soever this Paradise in which the Fool wanders, may for a season seem to him; yet the immediate consequence is evil, and the end of these things are shame and death.  
Distraction abateth the zeal of the Heart, as the scattering of the Rays does the heat of the Sun; and when Men are either cold or lukewarm in their duty, they are robbed of the Comfort of it: they cannot take delight in that which they mind not.  
The service of God is a weariness to those whose Thoughts and Affections are elsewhere entangled. So it was to the Israelites, who groaned even under their Privilege, 
Amos 8.5.  and said, When will the Sabbath be over that we may set forth wheat?  
And for Almighty God, how can we imagine that he will mind those Services of ours, which we ourselves do not; He cannot but observe them, but it is with the Animadversion of a Judge, and in order to punishment: and it is a fearful thing, (in such a manner, and in so ill a cause) to fall into the hands of the living God. He will make good his threatening in Jer. 6.19. I will bring upon this people the fruit of their thoughts.  
Now the Considerations of the Wickedness, and the Peril of wilful and affected wand'ring in the Service of God, do fitly prepare the way to the Third Part of this Discourse.  
3. A persuasive to Attention, without which we cannot be either innocent, or safe, or useful.  
Give, therefore, to God not a mechanical but a reasonable service. Let him have more than the bodily Engine, and the natural spring of it, by which the Eyes, and Hands, and Lips, and Knees, are moved. Consider that when all the Forces of Soul and Body are united, They are still an imperfect Oblation; how much more when they are divided and weakened by the Thoughts and Affections running in many and in crooked Channels.  
Offer, then, to him what is his due, and that which pleaseth him best, and that which becomes a Man, the Soul, the intention, the inward reverence; give him it with judgement; not repeating (for example sake) the Ministers proper parts, such as Absolution and Benediction, as the manner of some is. Give him it in its place and in its season; perform that sincerely which you come to do: If any other thing be then thought of, tho' in its general nature, indifferent, nay tho' good, it is improper, and takes us away from our particular duty at a time when we should solemnly perform it. He (for instance) does ill in God's Cause who reads the very Scriptures in the Time of the Prayers.  
He that is in Honour and hath understanding of it, he that considers how excellent a Creature Man is as God made him, such a one will not be easy in doing any thing unseasonably and impertinently; much less will he forgive himself for thinking with pleasure on God's Day only on his own six days Labours, 
Eccl. 2.14.  or (which are much worse) his Vanities and loosnesses of Life. 
Prov. 17.24.  The wise man's Eyes are in his Head, but a fools Eyes are at the ends of the Earth: Endeavour, therefore, to attend on the Lord; not as fools but as wise, saying in this sense, our hearts are fixed, O God, our hearts are fixed.  
Now because we are subject to the Infirmity of giddiness and misattention, and to an indulgence of infirm Nature; and, likewise to the Insults of that Adversary, who studies to give the greatest interruption to us when we are most religiously employed; a mere dissuasive from wand'ring is not sufficient for us, unless we also understand and use fit Helps against Distraction of thought.  
And for Helps, some are but pretended ones, and will deceive us.  
Others are real, and will, at least prevent much of our Distemper, if they cannot wholly cure it.  
First, Amongst the pretended Helps which will deceive us, I shall mention two.  
The First is that of the Romanists, who prescribe the use of an Image, as a proper Instrument for the fixing the Mind by the Assistance of Sense. Whereas, by this means the Eye draws down the Mind from the Prototype to the Type, from the Creator to the Creature; and the Image is turned into an Idol, and the Immediate Phantasm (which is made by the sight of it) is that which is most thought of and adored. So that this second Object distracts the Mind, instead of fixing it where it should be truly placed; and gives it a diversion by those Bodily Appearances which do not at all appertain to the most high God whom we worship, and whom only we should serve.  
A second pretended Help against wand'ring of Mind, is unpremeditated Prayer. For the Novelty of it will, they presume, engage the Attention, whilst that to which Men are accustomed will be formally repeated.  
To which it may be said, that such as come in good earnest to serve God, will attend much more to an ancient Service, which is judicious and grave, than to any new one which is raw and undigested.  
That those who officiate (being not inspired) unless great Ability and long Use have given them an extraordinary Talon, are distracted betwixt Invention and Elocution; they are forced not so much to mind what they say, as to study what they shall say: and those who hear are distracted also, betwixt Assenting and saying Amen, and considering, in a new Matter, whether they can say Amen to it or not.  
Nor can it be imagined that the Hearers should not rove if the Speakers do.  
Wherefore, not trusting to pretended Helps, let us (2dly) make use of those which are real. And they are many.  
Our Infirmity of thought is helped.  
By some Order in thinking, tho' it be not nice and Philosophical, but such as we may learn even from common Catechisms, and Sums of Christian Religion.  
By freeing ourselves, as much as may be, from worldly Encumbrance; and by banishing Care, which perplexeth the Mind, and choketh the good thoughts of it.  
By preserving the Temper from being broken with Adversity, through that evenness which proceedeth from Resignation to God.  
By keeping the Affairs of the other days of the Week from entrenching too much upon those of the first; so the Jews began their Sabbath about Midnight; and how (for Example sake) is it possible for those to be undistracted in God's Service, who come into a Church on the Lord's- Day, full of the Images of a Theatre frequented on the Eve of it?  
Further our Infirmity is helped, by a particular Application to God against wand'ring in his Service, when we are just entering upon it.  
By our immediate checking and recalling of our Thoughts, as soon as we perceive them to be stepping aside; and by taking a holy Revenge upon ourselves, especially in private, in repeating that to which we less attended, till we are satisfied in our attention to it.  
It is further assisted, by the consideration of the Majesty of him we worship; by laying to Heart the moment of the Service itself, and making it case of Life and Death eternal, which will almost force us to attend to it  
By the Time considered, as separated from common Use and servile Labour.  
By the Place, thought upon as dreadful, or as God's especial Presence.  
By the decency of the Place fitted for a Religious Assembly, without variety of superstitious Figures, such especially as we see in many Romish Churches, where they serve for Pomp, rather than Edification, and for the refreshing of those to whom the unedifying sound of an unknown Language would else be very tedious.  
Images, and suchlike Ornaments, amuse the Fancy, and draw away the Attention from the Service of God, which is the Business for which such Buildings are erected, and where it sufficeth if they be convenient, clean and decent.  
Furthermore, our Infirmity is helped by Scriptures and Services in a known Tongue; for how shall a Man attend to that which he does not understand?  
Also by the good Method and Order of that which is delivered; and by liturgical Words, well chosen, and ready prepared. For a Service, which is well weighed, and generally approved of, and at hand for use, leaves the Mind at more freedom for the exercise of its Devotion: It hath nothing then to do, but to add to good Words; religious fervour of Mind, which by the intenseness of it, will keep off Foreign Ideas; The Birds will not light upon the Sacrifice whilst it is flaming.  
Nor are those frequent breaks in Liturgy inconsiderable Helps to the common People, who are lost in a long-continued Service; whilst they are able to attend to that which is short, and after a small pause, to renew their Attention to a following Ejaculation or Collect: and to them those short Ejaculations, which the ignorant revile as shreds of Prayer, are real Helps of Devotion  
Last of all; God, by his Spirit, helps the Spirit of Man in the use of good Means, when, with profound Humility, and fervent Devotion, he prays for it.  
After all this, let no Man excuse himself upon the impossibility of perfect steadiness of Mind.  
The first Motions to wand'ring can scarcely be, at all times, prevented; but the continuance of them is our own Act and Choice. In Waters, a small Circle, made by any thing cast in, is enlarged into a greater, and so multiplied, till at last the whole Surface becomes uneven; but it needs not be so in the deep of the Heart which is a voluntary Agent. That which cannot be helped, shall not be answered for: but much may be helped; and if it be not, such distraction is beyond Apology. All vain, all wicked Thoughts which we delight in, are our own; and proceed not so much from the Frailty of Nature, as the Pollution of the Heart.  
And happier, much happier is the Condition of the Idiot, who cannot think with any tolerable consistence; or the sick Person, whose Fever rageth, and not himself, than a Man who has a good Capacity, and is a Master of Method; yet, when he is upon the great Business of saving his Soul, takes up all his thoughts with his Farms and his Oxen, his Trade and Merchandise, his Politics or secular Studies.  
And for those pious Worshippers, whose minds are weak, and memories frail, and by Age, or other Causes, past the recovery of the soundness of them, let them not be so discouraged as to forbear God's Worship, because they do it with such imperfection. The Paralitic must move on, tho' they shake every step, they make way, tho' slowly; and they will, at last finish their Course with joy. That which the Apostle saith of Charity, is true of Piety; If there be a willing mind it is accepted according to what a man has, and not according to what he has not.  
It is confessed, that one end of our coming together in Religious Assemblies, is the giving a public Sign of our Communion with God's Church, which is done by our presence, and our decent behaviour there. But there is something more required; the paying of our actual Homage to God, by the Dedication of Soul and Body to him, and the attending to the holy Offices, as means appointed by God for our instruction, reproof, encouragement, and comfort; and the conveying to us his especial Grace and Blessing.  
It is true, the Liturgy is a settled Form, and gives not daily new entertainment to men's Fancies; but it is such, as being often repeated, may yet please and benefit the Devout.  
The Scriptures are always the same, but they are a great deep of Divine Wisdom; and every time a Man attends to them, he may possibly find something instructive and useful, which before he observed not.  
It is certain that we cannot hear Moses and the Prophets in Person: But God's good Providence hath conveyed their writings down to us, and we must read and hear them.  
It is true, that Solomon, whose Wisdom drew Hearers from the Ends of the Earth, does not now speak himself, but his Works do.  
It is confessed, that Christ who spoke as never man spoke, is in the Heavens, but his written word is in his Church, and a mighty Power goes along with it wheresoever there is a teachable and attentive Disposition.  
It is also humbly acknowledged, that there are great Imperfections in the Ministers of the Church; yet Christ hath been pleased in earthen Vessels, to convey to the World the rich Treasure of his Gospel.  
Let us therefore receive the Gift without despising the meanness of the Messengers; and mind not so much who the Person is that speaks, as that which is said, and the Divine Authority, from whence he has Commission to preach the Doctrine of the Messiah.  
Finally, Let us make devout supplication to Almighty God, who hath caused all Holy Scriptures to be written for our Learning; praying him to grant, That we may in such wise read, hear, mark, learn, and inwardly digest them, that by patience and comfort of his Holy Word, we may embrace, and ever hold fast the blessed Hope of everlasting Life, which he hath given us in Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.  
FINIS.