An ENGLISH PROSODIA, To be Learned immediately after the Accidence, in order to the better Learning of Propria quae maribus, As in praesenti, and Quae genus. By J. T. A. B. Nec minimum meruere decus vestigia Graeca Ausi Deserere.— Hor. LONDON, Printed for the Author, and are to be had at Robert Whites in Trinity Court near Aldersgate, 1685. To my Much Honoured Master, Mr. Joseph Harvey, Master of the Free-School in Hereford. Honoured Sir, TO You are due these First-Fruits of my Learning; By whose Bounty and Care, (together with God's Blessing) I accomplished my Tyrocinium under You, in the space of half an Apprenticeship. And 'tis to You, Sir, that I must stand indebted for all those Superstructures, which either already are, or hereafter shall be built upon that good Foundation that You have laid. This is a Tract I at first Composed for a Kinsman, committed to my Care; upon whom I tried the Experiment, and found it to answer my utmost Expectation. And hoping it may prove Beneficial to the Public, I have ventured to Print it, From those I have discoursed about it, I have met with no Objections against it, but what seem to arise from an unwillingness to forsake the Old Way: But if the Gentlemen of our Faculty would but please to consider, That no one man knows all things: And that no Art is yet arrived to the height of its Perfection, they might, perhaps, allow me to spy out one thing, overlookt by our Wise Predecessors, without the imputation of Arrogance. Sir, I have made bold to prefix Your Name to it; without the least Intimation before hand; Because hereby You are no ways obliged to vindicate my Errors; Which if You please to let me know, by my Correcting of them, You shall find that I am still, Honoured Sir, Your Most Obedient Scholar James Thomas. Stoke-Newington, Dec. 7. 1684 The PREFACE. THE Broad High Way through the Accidence, Propria quae maribus, As in praesenti, Quae genus, Syntaxis and Figura, to Prosodia, is so frequented a road, and trodden by all Schoolmasters; that I never met with, or heard of above one, who attempted a better way. And therefore I, who now endeavour to alter the Path, may expect to meet with as many Discouragements, as did Columbus, although for the discovery of the Indies: But like him, I have met with one, upon whose Promise of Encouragement in his School, I have ventured my Reputation. The Reason of this my undertaking is, Propria quae maribus, As in praesenti, and Quae genus, are all made in Verse. And neither I nor my Friends can imagine, how a Child not understanding Verse, should sooner learn, or longer retain any Treatise so Composed. Children or Men, first learning Languages are taught to learn otherwise; Witness the Primar, Accidence, and all the Grammars of Foreign Languages. Their being made in Verse, seems to me a disadvantage, to a Child that understands not the reason of a Verse, by reason of the variety of Phrases for the same expression, as Faemineo generi tribuuntur, Faeminei generis, sunt Muliebre genus; Gaudent foemineis, all signifying the same: And the misplacing of words, as, Nomen 1, crescentis 9, penultima 6 si 5 genitivi 8, Syllaba 7 acuta 11 sonat 10, velut 12 haec 13 pietas 14 pietatis 15, Virtus 16 virtutis 17 monstrant 18, genus 4 est 2 muliebre 3. which should be placed as the Figures under them direct; Which two things very much confound the Child's understanding, and balk his Memory; Both which Inconveniences. will I think, be at least removed, if not turned to advantages, by learning the reason of a Verse, before they enter upon Propria quae maribus, As in praesenti and Quae genus: For knowing the quantities of such and such words, a Child may conclude, that this or that word will not stand in this or that place, because it will make the Verse faulty, which will be no small help to his Memory, which is much stronger, when the understanding keeps it company, than when 'tis alone. That Children may be taught, not only to pronounce those words rightly, which are either in Propria quae maribus, &c, or elsewhere; But also to get them perfectly without Book, though they understand not the Reasons of either Verse or Quantity. None can deny, without giving the lie to the general experience of Schools, all England over at least. But should that Cashier this Tract as needless, I think, by the same Reason, not only Lily, and all the Grammarians, but also all the Classical Roman and Greek Authors might be banished all Schools, if the Masters should but think it convenient to teach Children to speak Latin by rote, in their common Discourse. In this my Prosodia, I have wholly followed neither Lily nor Fabricius: And for my Warrant for deserting both, where Examples are wanting in Smetius, I have set them down of my own; But when they are to be had thence, I omit the Transcribing of them, unless in a point that I think may meet with more than common Opposition, as in the case of Polymnestor, Page 10. I expect to be opposed by three Figures, namely, Caesura, Systole and Diastole; which (they say) make Syllables short, that are long by Nature; and Syllables long, that are short by Nature. This Nature makes great noise among Grammarians, but I think to little purpose; for where is any such thing among the Poets, unless by it they mean their Authority. If they mean any thing else, what natural Reason can they give for the Quantities of Do and its Compounds? Why should the Characteristic Syllable of the first Conjugation be always short in them? And why should not (oer) in Pater and Mater be always long, seeing in Greek 'tis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with their long (e eta ') and a natural Reason I would fain have too, for all the Exceptions to Derivation, you may find Page 12, 13, 14, 15, If 'tis said that those are excepted from the General Rules: Then I'll say, these may be excected with as much Reason, without the Patronage of either of those Figures. And if 'tis said, the Poets bare Authority, may suffice for first and middle Syllables, but not for last; Because there are Rules given for all of them: I answer, either they made their Verses by our Rules, or else, our Rules were made by their Verses. The first can't be said, Qaintilian being the first Schoolmaster in Rome, long before whose time, there were Latin Verses. Nor is any spoken Language a slave to the Grammars, that are made of it: But the Grammars are to be revised, corrected, and enlarged ever now and then, according to the Pleasure of those that speak, and alter the Language. As may appear from this, that formerly we had no Neuter Gender in our English Tongue; but whatsoever was not of the Feminine Gender, as being the Female, was of the Masculine; He, Him and His, being applied to all other Nouns whatsoever, till now of late Years. If the second be granted, than the unavoidable consequence will be, that Grammar Rules are not so perfect and complete, as not to admit of Alterations or Additions, if any thing either thwarting, or not comprehended under them, be met with in Classical Authors. Nor have I rejected these Figures without the Authority of one Grammarian, as whosoever shall please to peruse Fabricius' Prosodia, bound up with Smetius, will find, tho' he gives no Reason for his so doing. Another Opposition is, that Children are not caepable of understanding Rules; That they are to spend their time in getting things without Book, (without understanding what they do); That the meaning of Rules will come of course, when they are arrived to a competent degree of Knowledge. To this I answer, children's Memory, I take to be their greatest advantage in this point; For thereby they are capable of retaining whatever Instructions or Documents are delivered to them by their Teachers, as well as the ordinary Rules. The Rules which are for Observation only, and not for Imitation, I have noted with an Asterisk. Most of which, if you please, you may call Vitia Poese●s, Blots in Poetry. For the avoiding of Parenthesis in the Treatise, I have, by way of Introduction, prefixed a short Advertisement of the Letters, etc. The Latin Letters are commonly reckoned to be Twenty Three, Viz. abcdefghijklmnopqrsstuuxyz. These Letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants. A Vowel is a Letter that makes a full and perfect sound of itself, as a; And 'tis so called from vox vocis a voice or sound, because without the help of another letter it makes a voice or sound. The Vowels are in number six, namely, aeiovy. Two of which are sometimes Consonants, namely j and v. Out of the Vowels are made Dipthongs. A Dipthong is the coming together of two Vowels, which make but one sound. From 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bis twice, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sono to sound, because in a Dipthong is as it were a double sound. There are five Dipthongs, namely, First, (ae) which are joined together thus (ae), and is pronounced like a single (e) as aeternus eternal, like eternus. Secondly, (au) as audio I hear. Thirdly, (oe) which are joined together thus (oe) and pronounced likewise like single (e), as coelum Heaven, like celum. Fourthly, (ei) pronounced like (i long,) as hei alas! like hi. Fifthly, (eu) pronounced as (u long), as euge well done, like uge. A Consonant is a Letter that makes no sound of itself, that is, without the help of a Vowel; as the letter (b) put alone, makes no sound. 'Tis called a Consonant from con with, and sono to sound, a letter that sounds with another. The Consonants are seventeen, namely, bcdfghklmnpqrstxz. This may be left unlearnt till the Child come to Position, and then the one will explain the other. The Consonants are divided into Mutes and half Vowels. A Mute is a Consonant that has no sound at all, without a Vowel; from mutus dumb, or that cannot speak, because without the help of a Vowel, it must be mute and silent. There are nine Mutes, namely, bcdfgkpqt. A half-Vowel is a Consonant that makes a kind of imperfect sound without the help of a Vowel. There are seven half-Vowels, namely, lmnrsxz. Of which five are Liquids, namely, lmnrs. A Liquid is a Consonant, that coming after a Mute does liquescere or melt, that is, it sometimes loses the power of making the foregoing Syllable long by Position. M and n, as the Oxford Grammar notes, are never Liquids but in Greek words. S was a Liquid amongst the Ancients, but 'tis not allowable to make it so now. X z and j Consonant, are double Consonants. K y and z are never used in pure Latin words. H is seldom reckoned, or has the force of a Letter. Out of Letters are made Syllables. A Syllable is the Pronouncing of one or more Letters at one breath, as Gram-ma-ti-ca hath four Syllables in it, being Pronounced at four several breaths, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comprehendo to comprehend, because it commonly comprehends more Letters than one. Prothesis is the putting of a Letter or Syllable to the beginning of a word, aes tetuli for tuli I have born; from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aunt before, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pono to put. Aphaeresis is the taking away of a Letter or Syllable from the beginning of a word, as temnere for contemnere to contemn; from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab from, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tollo to take. Epenthesis is the putting of a Letter or Syllable into the middle of a word, as relligio for religio Religion; from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pono to put. Syncope is the taking away of a Letter or Syllable out of the middle of a word, as amâsti for amavisiti, thou hast loved; from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 con with, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 scindo to cut. Paragoge is the putting of a Letter or Syllable to the end of a word, as dicier for dici to be said; from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 producere, to make long. Apocope is the taking of a Letter or Syllable from the end of a word, as ingeni for ingenii of a wit; from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab from, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 scindo to cut. PROSODIA, PRosodia is an Art that teaches the right pronunciation of words, according to their Proper Times or Quantities. Time or Quantity is the measure of a Syllable in pronouncing. Quantity is twofold, long and short. The long Quantity is noted thus (¯) as spēs'. The short Quantity is noted thus ˘, as brĕuĭs. Out of Syllables are made Feet. A Foot is the setting together of two or more Syllables, according to the observation of their Quantities. Feet are either Dissyllables, Trisyllables, or Tetrasyllables, that is, of two syllables, three syllables, or four syllables. Of each which, we shall at Present mention but one or two. A Spondee, is a foot, consisting of two long Syllables, as virtūs. A Dactyl is a foot, consisting of three syllables, the first long, the last two short, as scrībĕrĕ. * Which foot is sometimes put for a Dactyl. A Proceleusmatick is a foot consisting of four short syllables, as tenŭerăt. * Which is likewise sometimes put for a Dactyl. Out of feet are made Verses. A Verse is a speech, bound to a just and lawful number of Feet. The dividing of a Verse into its several Feet, is called scanning, as, Armă uĭrūmque cănō Trōjae quī prīmŭs ăb ōrīs. Virg. In scanning there be four things to be considered, viz. 1. Synaloepha, which is the cutting off of a Vowel or Dipthong at the end of a word, when the word following gins with a Vowel or Dipthong, as vita est, or vitae aeternae, will in scanning be vit' est, and vit' aeternae, (a) and (ae) being cut off by Synaloephas. * Sometimes, in imitation of the Greeks, Synaloepha is omitted, as, Fōntĕ Mĕd●seo & Hyānteā Agănīppe, Nūbĭbŭs esse solet, āut Pūrpŭrĕae Aūrōrae. Ovid. And then in imitation of them, the long Vowel or Dipthong that ends the word, may be made short, as Insŭae jonĭo īn magnō quās diră Cĕlenō Credĭmŭs? ān quĭ ămānt, īpsī sibi somnia fingunt. The Interjections, heu alas! and O, oh! are never cut off, as To Corydōn O Alēxĭ trăhīt sŭă quēmquĕ uŏlūptās. Virg. 2. Eclipse, which is i cutting off of (m) with the foregoing Vowel at the end of a word, when the word following gins with a Vowel or Dipthong, as, Monstrum horrendum inform, in scanning will be, Monstr' horrend' inform. * Eclipse is sometimes, but very rarely omitted, as Nam qūod flūuĭdŭm est e leuĭbŭs ātque rŏtundīs. Lucret. Circŭm ăgī qūendam uŏlŏ uīsĕrĕ nŏn tĭbĭ nōtūm. Mart. 3. Synoeresis, which is the contraction of two Syllables into one, as alvaria for alvearia, Beehives; under which those words, Dii, Diis, &c, ranked by Lily under Synaloephas, seem to me to be more regularly comprehended. * 4 Diaeresis, which is the dissolving of one Syllable into two, as evoluisse made to be a word of five syllables, instead of evolvisse so have unfolded, which has but four. We shall at present treat of but three sorts of Verses, namely, Hexameter, Pentameter and Hypermeter. An Hexameter (which is likewise called an Heroic or Long) Verse consists of six feet, Spondees and Dactyls. * But sometimes a Proceleusmatick is used instead of a Dactyl, and sometimes an Anapest, as Tityrĕ pāscentēs' ā flūmĭnĕ rĕjĭcĕ căpēllās. Flŭuĭōrūm Rex Erĭdănūs cāmpōsque pĕr ōmnēs'. Virg. The four first feet are either Spondees or Dactyls, or both, the fifth most commonly a Dactyl, the last always a Spondee, as, Tityrĕ tū pătŭlae rĕcŭbāns sūb tēgmĭnĕ fāgi. Virg. Cōnsederĕ dŭcēs', & uūlgī stāntĕ cŏrōnā. Perq, hyĕmes aestūsque & ĭnaequāles aūtūmnōs. Ovid. An Elegiac (called also a Pentameter or short) Verse consists of two Penthemimers. A Penthemimer consists of two feet and a long syllable. The feet of the first Penthemimer may be either Dactyls or Spondees, or both; Those of the last Penthemimer, are always Dactyls, as, Ad vădă Meāndri cōncĭnĭt ālbŭs olor. Ovid. Hibernae pretium sic mĕrŭērĕ rŏsae. Ut uĭdĕatŭr ăpis nectărĕ claūsa sŭō Cōmmūnis nōbrs lectis & ūnŭs ĕrāt. Mart. The last syllable of these Verses is always long. * An Hypermeter Verse, is a Verse having one syllable more than ordinary, which always endeth in a Vowel, Dipthong, or (m), which last syllable is drowned in the following Verse, which always gins with a Vowel or Dipthong, as Jāmque ĭtĕr ēmēnsi, tūrrēs' & tēctă Lătīnōrum Ardŭa ce●ebānt jŭvĕn●s, m●●ōqŭesŭbibant. Virg. where (〈◊〉) in Latinorum is out off, and drowned in (ar●●a) the first word of the following Verse. The Quantities of first and middle syllables of words are to be known ten ways, 1. By Position. 2. By a Vowel before a Vowel. 3. By Dipothong. 4. By Derivation. 5. By Composition. 6. By Preposition. 7. By Rule. 8. By Example or Authority. 9 By the increasing of the Genitive Case. 10. By the Analogy of the Conjugation. 1. Position is, when a Vowel comes before two Consonants, or a double one. Position makes a syllable long. Position is twofold, commonly used, and seldomly used. Position commonly used is fourfold, first, when a Vowel comes before two or more Consonants, as, ōmnis all, ādspuo to spit upon, secondly, before the same Consonant doubled, as āddo to add. Thirdly, Before a Consonant at the end of a word, the word following beginning with another Consonant, as, sic dixit, so he said, or lastly, before a double Consonant, as ējus of him, āxis an axletree, as, Intēndēnsque mānūs pāss is sŭrĭbūndă căpīllis Hic īntēr densas cŏrylōs mŏdŏ nāmque gĕmellōs Quām respōnsá Dĕūm Trōjānăque fātă rĕtexī. But in some compound words (j) is common, as rejicio to cast away, in others always short, as quadrĭjugus drawn with four horses. * The less usual Position is when a word endeth in a short Vowel, and the word following gins with two or more Consonants; which sometimes makes that syllable long, as, Fērtĕ cĭtī fērrūm, dătĕ tēlā, scāndĭtĕ mūrōs. Virg. Quīd glădĭūm dēmēns' Rōmānā strīngĭs ĭn ōrā? But most commonly 'tis not taken notice of, as, Rēddātūr si pūgnă trĭplex pāstōrĭs Ibērī. To Position's making syllables long, there are these exceptions. 1. If a Vowel come before a Mute, and a Liquid in the same word, it is sometimes common, (that is, either long or short,) as, ătlas, pătris of a Father; which syllable, if it be the last syllable save one, in a word of more than two syllables, is always pronounced short in Prose, as, arbĭtror I suppose. * 2. Sometimes the Latins in imitation of the Greeks, make (us) short at the end of a word, though the word following begin with a Consonant, as, Vicĭt Olympĭa nūnc senĭō cōnfectŭs quĭescit. 3 The antepenultima, or last syllable save two, of Polymnestor, is short, of Clytaemnestra common, and the penultima, or last syllable save one, of Smarăgdus an Emerald. Bistŏnĭis hăbĭtātă uĭrīs, Pŏlymnēstŏrĭs īllīc. Vādĭt ăd ārtĭficēm dirae Pōlymnēstŏră caedis Tē scĕlūs, ācceptō Thrāces Pŏlymnēstŏrĭs āurō. II. A Vowel before a Vowel in the same word, is short. I. Except in Greek words, where 'tis most commonly long, as, Cūm posŭit jūssam phoeboeīs ūrbēm. 2. Except Adjectives, ending in three Vowels, derived of Greek Proper Names, have the sirst of them always long, and the second always short, as, Tū quŏquĕ Iīttŏrĭbŭs nōstrīs Aenēĭă nūtrīx. 3. Except the Genitive and Dative Cases singular of Nouns of the fifth Declension, when (e) comes between two (we) as Genitivo facieī of a face, Dativo faciei to a face; But if there goes not (i) immediately before the (e), 'tis short. * Though Lucretius makes the (e) even in those words long too. as, fidei of or to faith. 4. Except in Hebrew, and other Foreign words, when one vowel comes before another, 'tis usually common, as, Isrăel, Jŏannes. 5. Except the last syllable save one, of the Genitive Cases Singular, of Nouns and Pronouns in (ius), which is common, as unius of one; (which Syllable is always pronounced long in Prose) But in alterĭus of one of the two, that syllable is always short; and in alius of another, 'tis always long, to distinguish it from the Nominative alĭus. 6. Except fi in fio to be made or done, which is always long, throughout all Moods and Tenses, unless when both (e) and (r) follow, as, Omnĭa jām fiēnt, fierī quae pōsse nĕgābām. 7. Except in the Interjections, Oh, hold! and eheu, alas! which are always long. * 8. Except in Dipthong dissolved, as in pictāi for pictae, terrāi for terrae of the earth, which are long, as, Dīuēs' ŏpūm, dīuēs' pīctāī vestĭs & āuri. III. All Dipthongs are long, except a Vowel follow, as, aūrum gold, praeeo to go before. iv Derivation. Derivatives retain the Quantities of their Primitives, as tĭmor fear, of tĭmeo. to fear. 1. Except some words which make those syllables long, which in their Primitives are short, as, Cēritus distracted. of Cĕres the Goddess of corn and tillage. Chīus belonging to Chios. Chĭos, an Isle, whence comes Malmsey, etc. Fēralis lamentable, together with its derivatives and compounds, Fĕrus wild. Fōmentum an assuagement, Fŏveo to cherish. Fōmes fuel, together with their derivatives and compounds. Frūges fruits, together with its derivatives and compounds. Frŭor to enjoy. Hūmanus humane, with its derivatives and compounds. Hŏmo a man. Imbecillis, Imbēcillus weak, with its derivatives and compounds. Băcillum a staff. Jūcundus pleasant. Jŭvo to delight or help. Jūmentum a labouring beast, with their derivatives and compounds, Jūnior younger Jŭvenis young. Jūpiter Saturn's Son Jŭvo to help. Lex legis a law, with its derivatives and compounds. Lĕgo to read. Māceries' a soaking in water, with its derivatives and compounds. Măcer lean. Mōbilis movable, with its derivatives and compounds, Mŏveo to move. Nōnus the ninth, with its derivatives and compounds. Nŏvem nine. Pēdor the stink of the feet, Pes pĕdis a foot. Pēnuria want, Pĕnus provision. Rex regis a King, with its derivatives and compounds, Rĕgo to Rule. Sēcius less, Sĕcus otherwise. Sēdes, sedile a seat, with their derivatives and compounds. Sĕdeo to sit. Vōmes uōmis a ploughshare. Vŏmo to cast up. Vox uōcis a word or voice, Vōcalis loud, Vōcula a little voice. Vŏco to call. Vōcifero to cry aloud, with its derivatives. 2. Except some words, which make those syllables short, which the Primitives make long, as, ārena sand, arista the beard of an ear of Corn, with their derivatives and compounds. of ăreo to be dry. Dĭcax talkative, with its derivatives and compounds. Dīco to speak. Dĭsertus eloquent, with its derivatives and compounds. Differo to discourse. Dux dŭcis a Captain, with its derivatives and compounds. Dūco to lead. Fatuus a fool, with its derivatives and compounds. Fāri to speak. Fides faith, with its derivatives and compounds; but infidus unfaithful, with its derivatives, are long. Fīo to be made. Frăgor a crash, frăgilis frail, with their derivatives and compounds. Frāngo to break. Gĕnui I have begotten, gĕnitum to beget, with their derivatives and compounds. Gīgno to beget. Lŭcerna a candle, with its derivatives. Lūceo to shine. Mŏlestus troublesome, with its derivatives and compounds. Mōles a troublesome business. Năto to swim often, with its derivatives and compounds. No, navi, nātum to swim. Nŏto to mark, with its derivatives and compounds. Nosco, nōtum to know. ŏdium hatred, with its derivatives and compounds. ōdi I hate. Pĕnitus throughly, Pēne almost Pŏsui I have put, pŏsitum to put, with their derivatives and compounds. Pōno to put. Pronŭba a bridemaid, with other derivatives and compounds, Nūbo to marry. Sagax quick of apprehension, with its derivatives and compounds, Sāgio to perceive quickly. Stăbilis stable, stătio a station, with their derivatives and compounds, Sto, stāre to stand. Sopor a sound sleep, with its derivatives and compounds, Sōpio to lay asleep Vĭtium a vice, with its derivatives and compounds. Vito to shun or avoid. 3. Except words which make those syllables common, which in the Primitives are either only long, or only short, as quŏtĭdie daily, of quōtō die? what day? viĕtum to bind, the Supine of vieo viēvi. Abstĕmius' abstinent, of tēmetum strong wine. V Composition. Compound words have the same quantity that the simple words have, as, clārus famous, praeclārus very famous. VI Preposition. These Prepositions á, de, é, pro, and these not used but in Composition, called inseparable Prepositions, because they are never used alone, or separately, di, co, se, unless a vowel follow, are long. 1. Except prŏ, which is common in these, Prŏcumbo to lie down flat. Prŏfessus that hath confessed openly. Prŏfluus which floweth continually. Prŏfugio to fly, or run away, Prŏsugus a vagabond. Prŏfundo to pour out in abundance. Prŏfundus deep. Prŏpago to propagate. Prŏpello to drive far away. Prŏpino to drink to. And short in these. Prĕcella a storm. Prŏfanus' profane. Prŏfari to speak out. Prŏfecto truly. Prŏfestus not holy. Prŏficiscor to go. Prŏfiteor to profess. Prŏnepos a Nephews Son. Prŏpago a stock. Prŏpero to make haste. Prŏph●ta a Prophet. Prŏpola a huckster. Prŏtervus saucy. And in all words written with the Greek short (o) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 2. Except (di) is short in dĭrimo to take away, and dĭsertus eloquent. All other Prepositions are short, if not hindered by Position. Except (re) in rĕficit he refresheth, and rĕperi I found by chance, which is common. VII Rule. 1. Every Preterperfect Tense of but two syllables, has the first long, as legi I have read, except in these six, Fĭdi I have cloven. Bĭbi drank. Dĕdi given. Scĭdi I have cut. Stĕti stood. Tŭli suffered. which are short, 2. Preterperfect Tenses, that increase a syllable at the beginning, make that syllable short, as spondeo to be surety for, spŏspondi: And if Position hinder not, they make the middle syllable short too, as pello to drive away, pepŭli: Except pepedi I have broken wind backward, and cecĭdi I have cut, to distinguish it from cecĭdi I have fallen; in which 'tis long. 3. Preterperfect Tenses ending in (vi) make the foregoing syllable long▪ as quaesivi I have sought for. 4. Supins of but two syllables, have the first syllable long, as mōtum to move. 1. Exc. Quĭtum to may or can. Sĭtum permit. Lĭtum dawb. Rŭtum rush. Rătum suppose. Datum give. Sătum sow. Cĭtum of cieo to trouble. ĭtum to go, wi●h its compounds, except ambitum to compass. Which are short. 2. Except Statum to stand, which is common. These Rules may be learned by Children before they enter upon the Moods and Tenses, or whilst they are in them. 5. In the Present and Preterimperfect Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood of both Voices, and in the Preterpluperfect Tense of the same Mood of the Active Voice, (a) and (e) before (m) or (t), or between two (r's), is long, as doceāmus, doceātis, legerēmus, legeretis, legātur, legeremur, legereris vel legerere. 6. In the first person Plural of the Indicative Mood of the Active voice (i) is short, as amauĭmus. 7. In the Praeterpluperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood of the Active voice, the Preterperfect and Future Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood, of the same voice, (e) before (r) is always short, as, amauĕram, amauĕrim, amauĕro. As also, in all Tenses of sum, and its compounds, as ĕram, fuĕram, ĕro, fuĕrim, fuĕro, adĕram I was present, adfuĕram, adĕro, adfuĕrim, adfuĕro. VIII Example or Authority, which is only the example or authority of good Writers, viz. of those Romans which were counted Authentic, when the Latin Tongue was spoken in Rome. IX. The increasing of the Genitive Case, which, as to common Nouns, may be had from Propria quae maribus; saving that some Monosyllables, which are reckoned to be under the second Special Rule, have the first Syllable in the obliqne Cases, short, as, Bos an Ox, Bull or Cow, Gen. Bŏvis. Crux a cross. Crŭcis. Dux a Captain, Dŭcis. Grex a flock, Grĕgis. Lar a household god. Lăris. Mas the Male-kind, Măris. Nux a nut, Nŭcis. Pes a foot, Pĕdis. Phryx a Phrygian, Phrygis. Pix pitch, Pĭcis. Sal salt, Sălis. Scobs' sandust, Scŏbis. Scrobs a ditch, Scrŏbis. Stips wages, Stĭpis. Vas a surety. Vădis. Vir a man, Vĭri. ŏpis from the obsolete Nominative Case. Ops help. Prĕcis Prex prayer. Vĭcem Vix a turn. And mulier a woman, in the obliqne cases is common. These Rules may likewise be learned by Children before they enter upon the Moods and Tenses, or whilst they are in them. X. The Analogy of the Conjugation. 1. In Verbs of the first Conjugation, (a) is long, as, amāmus, amābam, etc. except in do to give, together with those compounds of it, that are of the first Conjugation, as dăbo I will give, circumdăbo I will compass about. 2. In Verbs of the second Conjugation (e) is long, as docēmus. Except when a Vowel follows. as, docĕamus, it is short. 3. In verbs of the third Conjugation (i) and (e) are short, as, legĭmus, legĭtis, legĕrem; except in the Preterimperfect and Future Tenses of the Indicative Moods of both voices, where (e) is long, as legēbam, legēmus, legētur. 4. In verbs of the fourth Conjugation (i) is long, as audīmus, audītis. 1. Except when a Vowel follows, as, audĭam, for then 'tis short. 2. Except in the Supins of eo to go, and queo to be able, together with their derivatives and compounds, as ĭtum to go, adĭtum to go to, where 'tis short; but one compound of eo, viz. ambio to compass, makes ambītum long. Of all these ten ways, no one meddles with the last syllables, but Position, Dipthong and Preposition. The last Syllables we'll treat of according to their Alphabetical order. A. Words ending in (a) are long, 1. Except the Adverb pută to wit, ită so, quiă because, posteă afterwards, which are short. 2. Except contră against, which is common, 3. Except all cases in (a), as, problemă a hard question, temporă times, which are short. 1. Except the Ablative cases of the first Declension, as ab hâc musa from a song, which are long; but eădem the Ablative case of idem, the same is common. 2. Except the Vocative cases of Greek Nouns in (as) of the first Declension, as Vocativo Thomā O Thomas, which are sometimes long. 3. Except Nouns of number in (gintă) which are common. B, Latin words in (b) are short. Hebrew words in (b), as Jōb, are long; but Jacŏb is common. C. Words ending in (c) are long; 1. Except nĕc neither, donĕc as long as, which are short. 2. Except hĭc this, făc do thou, which are common. D. Words ending in (d) are short. E. Words ending in (e) are short. 1. Except the Ablative cases singular of the fifth Declension, as die in a day, together with those Adverbs that are thence derived, as hodiē to day, which are long. 2. Except the second person singular of the Imperative Mood, of the Active voice, of the second Conjugation, as doce teach, which are long; but cauĕ beware, and respondĕ answer, are common. Si q? āndō v●nĭ●t d●c●t, r●spōndĕ; Po●t●. Mart. 3. Except all Monosyllables, which are long; except n● whether or no? ve or, and que and, at the ends of other words, the two first of which are short, and the last common; and so is fere almost. 4. Except farm almost, together with Adverbs derived of Adjectives in (us), as avide greedily, which are long; but been well, and malĕ ill, are short. 5. Except the Nominative, Dative, Vocative and Ablative cases Singular, of Nouns of the Feminine Gender, of the first Declension, as Nominativo, Dativo, Vocativo, Ablativo Penelopē, which are long. H. Words ending in (h), if not cut off, are long, as, āh! alas! Joseph, Lōth, Melchisadech, but Judĭth is common. I. Words ending in (i) are long; 1. Except mihĭ to me, tibĭ to thee, sibĭ to himself, to herself, to itself, or to themselves, cuĭ to whom, quasĭ as though, ubĭ where, ibĭ there, which are common. 2. Except the Dative and Vocative cases singular of Greek Nouns ending in (os) in the Genitive, as Dativo Phyllidĭ, Vocativo Phyllĭ, of Phyllis Phyllidos; as also, nisĭ unless, which are short. L. Words ending in (l) are short. 1. Except nīl nothing, sāl salt, sōl the sun, which are long. 2. Except Foreign words, as Michael, which are long. M. * Words ending in (m), if the Eclipse be omitted, are short, as, Nām qūod flūuĭdŭm ēstē Iēuĭbŭs' ātquĕ rŏtūndīs. Lucret. Circŭm ăgī quēndām uŏlŏ uīsĕrĕ, nōn tĭbĭ nōtūm. Mart. N. Words ending in (n) are long; 1. Except forsăn perhaps, forsităn by chance, ăsn whether or no, tamĕn yet, attamĕn notwithstanding, veruntamĕn notwithstanding, which are short. 2. Except words ending in (in) compounded of the Preposition (in), as exĭn afterwards, which are short. 3. Except words that lose a letter by Apocope, as mĕn '! what me! which are sometimes short. 4. Except words of the third special Rule in (en) which make (ĭnis) in the Genitive Case, as carmĕn carmĭnis a Verse; which are short. 5. Except Greek Nouns in (on) written by their short (o), as Peliŏn, Caucason; which are short. 6. Except Greek Accusative cases in (in) by (i), as Alexĭn, which are short. 7. Except Greek Accusative cases in (yn) by (y), as Ityn, which are short. 8. Except Greek Accusative cases in (a) of Nominative cases in (a), as Aeginăn of Aegina; which are short. O. Words ending in (o) are common. 1. Except Obliqne cases in (o) as Dativo Magistrō, Ablativo Magistrō, which are always long; but eŏdem the Ablative case of idem the same, is common. 2. Except Adverbs derived of Adjectives, as falsō falsely, of falsus false, which are long; but sedulō carefully, mutuŏ mutually, crebrŏ often, serŏ too late, citŏ quickly, which are common. 3. Except all Monosyllables, as dō I give; which are long; to which add pondō a pound weight. 4. Except Greek words ending in their long (o omega), as Ddō, Herō, which are long. 5. Except modŏ so that, with its compounds, as dummodŏ so that, which are common. R. Words ending in (r) are short. 1. Except Far all manner of Corn, lār a household god, nār a river running into Tiber, uēr the spring, fūr a thief, cūr why? pār like, with its compounds, which are long. 2. Except Greek words ending in (oer), with their long (e, eta) as aethēr the sky, which are long; but matĕr a mother, is short, and patĕr a father, is common. 3. Exeept cŏr a heart, uĭr a man, amŏr love, paritĕr likewise, which are common. Omnia vincit amōr, & nos cedamus amori. Ostentans artem paritēr arcumque sonantem. S. As. Words ending in (as) are long. 1. Except Greek Nouns in (as), making their Genitive case Singular in (dis) or (dos) as Arcăs Arcadis, or Arcadoes, which are short. 2. Except Greek Accusative cases Plural of Nouns increasing in the Genitive case, as hos Heroăs, of Heros Herōis a Hero; which are short. Es. Words ending in (es) are long. 1. Except the Nominative and Vocative cases Singular of Nouns in (es) of the third special Rule, as milĕs, milĭtis a soldier, which are short; but aries a ram, abiēs' a firtree, pariēs' a wall, Cerēs' the Goddess of Corn, and the compounds of pes a foot, are long, except quadrupĕs that hath four feet, which is common. 2. Except ĕs the second person singular of sum I am, together with its compounds, as potĕs thou canst, which are short; to which add penĕs in the power. 3. Except Greek nouns of the Neuter gender, as cacoethĕs an ill custom, and Greek Nominative, Accusative and Vocative cases Plural, as Nominativo hae Naiadĕs, Accusativo has Naiadĕs, Vocativo o Naiadĕs, Nymphs of the Fountains, which are short. Is. Words ending in (is) are short. 1. Except obliqne cases Plural in (is) as Dativo musīs, Ablativo musīs, which are long. 2. Except Nouns in (is), increasing long in the Genitive case, as Simoīs Simoēntis a River by Troy, which are long; to which add forīs out of doors. 3. Except all Monosyllables, as glis a dormouse, which are long; but ĭs he, bĭs twice, and the Nominative case quĭs who, are short. 4. Except the second persons singular of Verbs, that make the last syllable save one of the second person Plural long, as audis auditis, in the future tense of the Subjunctive Mood, audiverīs audiverītis, which are long; but nescĭs thou knowest not, and possis thou canst, are common. 5. Except ignĭs' fire, sanguĭs blood, erĭs thou shalt be, operĭs of a work, which are common. Militia est operīs altera digna tui. Os. Words ending in (os) are long. 1. Except ŏs a bone, impŏs unable, exŏs without bones, which are short. 2. Except Greek nouns written with their short (o), as, chaŏs a confused heap, which are short. 3. Except compŏs that hath obtained, which is common. Us. Words ending in (us) are short. 1. Except Monosyllables, as thūs' frankincense, which are long. 2. Except all Greek Nouns ending in their Dipthong (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ous) as Panthūs, which are long. 3. Except all nouns of the second special Rule, as salŭs salūtis health, which are long; but palūs palūdis a marsh, is common. 4. Except all cases of the fourth Declension ending in (us), save the Nominative and Vocative case singular, as huj us manūs, hae manūs, has manūs, o manūs, which are long. 5. Except fultūs underpropped, fatigamūs we weary, pavidūs fearful, gravidūs great with child, dapibūs of dapĕs dainties, pectoribūs of pectus a breast, futilibūs of futilis inconsiderable, which are long. Auro non dapibūs oneratur mensa, ministri. Nunquam futilibūs excanduit ignibus aether. 6. Except genŭs a stock, and succŭs juice, which are common. Ys. Words ending in (is) are short. Except Tethys' the Goddess of the sea, which is common. T. Words ending in (t) are short. 1. Except words that lose a letter or syllable by Syncope, as petiĭt for petivit he sought for, which are long. 2. Except aberāt he was absent, perrupit he hath broken through, which are long. 3. Except nescĭt he knoweth not, timăt he is afraid, ĭf he goeth, solĕt he is wont, capŭt a head, which are common. Nubibus esse solet, aut purpureae Aurorae. Ovid. Nam tibi, Thymbre, capūt Evandrius abstulit ensis. Virg. U. Words ending in (u) are long. Y. Words ending in (y), as Moly the herb all heal, are short. FINIS. POSTSCRIPT. IF any Gentleman shall Please to be so Candidly Generous as to let me know my Mistakes, (for no Man is to plead exemption from fallibility) by leaving their Objections with Mr. Robert White; If I cannot give him good and reasonable Solutions to his Scruples: In the next Impression by my Thanks to my Friendly Monitor, and Correction of my Oversights, he shall find how much I hold myself obliged to Him for undeceiving me; And that I am not so wedded to my own Opinion, as to maintain it right or wrong.