The young horseman OR, The honest plain-dealing CAVALIER. Wherein is plainly demonstrated, by figures and otherwise, the Exercise and Discipline of the horse, very useful for all those that desire the knowledge of warlike horsemanship. By JOHN VERNON. PSAL. 20.7. Some trust in Chariots, and some in Horses, but we will remember the name of the Lord our God. PRO. 21.31. The horse is prepared against the day of battle, but safety is of the Lord. To the courteous Reader, AND Desirous Practitioner, OF martial Discipline. Fellow soldiers, THe Wars being a matter that concerns a soldier's life, it behooveth every soldier to arm himself with the best advantage that he can: You know what Job saith, skin for skin, and all that a man hath will he give for his life, and a man in some kind becomes his own murderer, if he doth not use the best means he can to preserve his own life, as well as when he commits the act of murder on himself. I have therefore thought fit (having some small experience of my own) to give thee these few directions both how to Accoutre and how to Annure thyself for the means of thy safety I have purposely omitted many things I could have inserted, because I would not prove tedious and write a tract larger than every ordinary soldier might easily purchase with his money 〈…〉 in his pocket to be his continual advisor, and prove no hindrance unto him in the expedyating of his service, to this end I have but briefly touched upon each particular that is material, & compared my own experience with the judgement of those that have lately written of this subject, and have in some places inserted the breviates of the notes in this tract. My request therefore unto thee is to make a favourable construction of this my endeavour. And I shall continue thine in what I am able, John Vernon. Now if thou be'st a man that dost intend to se● forth thyself for this good and warrantabl●CAUSE, which now invites thee to use the most of thy might, let these brief rules be thy direction. FIrst make choice of a nimble and able Horse of a convenient Stature, of 15 handfuls high, sac● coloured, as black, brown, cheasnut, dun, bay, socet, fox, Iron grey, Roe, and the like, for a white horse is not so necessary for thy use, nor so convenient for thy safety, as when thou shalt be commanded forth on a party, in a dark night thou wilt the easilier be discerned by the Enemy, so that if they chance to give fire on you, they will have the greater aim at thee, in regard thou wilt be so visible a mark unto them, it is not save for a sentinel to have a white Horse in a pitched field, a file leader being mounted on a white Horse is commonly aimed at by the enemy's Gunners or Musktiers, & so sometimes becomes the overthrow of himself and the rest of the file, some other reasons I could render, but I forbear, let not the neck of your spurs be overlong, if they be they are subject in your close order when you troop on, to ●atch hold on your next right or left hand man's stirrup, and so by that means be likely to unhorse you, or sprain your leg, let your sword be of a middle length, sharp pointed and stiff, for there is no great advantage in the length of swords on horseback, and a short sword 〈◊〉 a better command than a long, use a flask rather than a horn● or cartheages for your charge is quicker provided, and if you pro●●ed Cartheages, they are subject with the trotting of your Horse to lose ill the powder out of them, a Poll Axe is very nccessarie for a ●rooper, for if you should chance to encounter a Troop of curassiers where your sword can do no good but little execution, your ●oll axe may be an advantage unto you to offend your enemy, and 〈◊〉 by that means defend yourselves, provide for your Horse an iron or brass chain for false reins covered over with leather, for 〈◊〉 your other Reins should chance to be cut, those will then stand ●ou in good stead to gird your Horse withal, be always careful to ●eep thy Arms fixed and clean, for by that means thou Mayst chance ●o kill thy enemy; and so preserve thy own life, but if thy arms be ●ot fixed, and so thou missest firing thine enemy, may chance to kill thee before thou shalt be able to offend him, be always well provided of powder and shot, that so thou Mayst always be in a readiness either to pass upon duty, or go upon service, which is the Character of a good soldier, and this will work for thy honour and good report, let thy Horse be well kept and well provendred, that so he may be the abler instrumentally in time of danger to preserve thy life when thou art in the midst of thine Enemies skirmaging, or if thou shalt be forced to retreat to carry thee off courageously, when thou encountrest thy enemy in the field, if thou be'st furnished with one Ca●bine and two Pistols, fire thy Carbine, and one of thy Pistols at thine Enemies, but always reserve one of thy Pistols ready charged, primed, stand and cocked in thy houlster, so that if thou shouldst be fo●ced to retreat, and thine enemy pursue thee, thou Mayst be able to reward him with that Messenger in thy Houlster, and so thou Mayst haply kill him, and by that means save thine own life. Now to show you the ordering and disciplining of a Regiment of Horse, it behooves I should first acquaint you with the Commanders and Officers belonging unto a Regiment of Horse, and these particular parts properly belonging unto them: & first for the colonel who is appointed commander in Chief over his own Regiment, he ought to be a soldier of extraordinary experience, & valour, as having the command of a little army, sometimes singled from the greater; on him dependeth the good success of many brave designs & actions, therefore he must be well skilled in inbattailing of the cavalry for sometimes the good ordering of charging the enemy, causeth the victory, and the contrary sometime causeth the destruction of the whole body, he must take particular notice of all the Captains under his command, which are most usually five, and a sergeant Major, he is likewise to take care that the troop under his command be well accommodated with good Equipage, as good and serviceable Horse and arms, and all other necessaries requisite or belonging unto the cavalry, he is not to suffer his Captains to make Officers, nor to absent themselves from their Troops without his leave. In the March his own Troop marches first, and is first quartered, in time of fight his place is in the Battalia, if there be only his own Regiment, or if he command in chief, that so he may be able to give order and command upon all occasions, he should not resolve upon any enterprise, but first advise with one or more of his faithfullest and most experienced Captains. The second Commander belonging unto a Regiment of Horse is, the sergeant Major whose Experience and Valour had need be answerable unto his place, which is of great concernment, for he is most usually a man of the most practice in the Regiment, in marching he ought to be well acquainted with the ways. that so he may with best advantage encounter the Enemy, if it happeneth they met, if the Regiment marches in high ways. In the enemy's country or where the people do most affect their enemy: it is his duty in all places or fields convenient, to cause all the Regiment to be drawn up into Battalia, which will both annew the soldiers to this kind of Exercise, and cause them to be more Expert and ready at all times to Encounter these Enemies, at this time, and so at all other times in their marching, he should send forth Scouts before the body of the best and ablest Horse, with an able an expert Officer to discover, if haply they may, where the enemy is quartered, how the country stands affected, and if they can to take some of the enemy's Scouts or straggling soldiers, that so by fair promises of Reward or threatenings of great punishment you may get out of them, how strong your enemy is, how well provided of Ammunition, what enterprise he intends next, and the like, he must also if he can with secrecy procure to have Spies, not only in the enemy's army, but also upon their Frontiers, that so you may have continual notice of the Enemies moving, and which way and of all the designs in hand, and the like, he is likewise to take care that the captains do not wrong their soldiers, and that they keep the Troops in a good state and well armed, and that themselves and their Officers do frequently Exercise and Discipline their Troops, and cause them to observe good order, it is his duty likewise when he hath received the Word and Orders how the Guard shall be commanded that night from the colonel, the Corporals repairing unto him to give out these Orders and Word unto them, and they to acquaint the Pistolers captains therewith. The next Commander in a Regiment of Horse is a Captain, who should be a man of Wsdome and Policy, as being one of the colonel's counsel, and well exercised in Arms that so he may be the better able to discipline his own Troop, he hath need have good Experience and Valour, in regard that many times it happeneth, that being at a distance from the gross body with his troop, he must without order or counsel of others, sometimes when he shall see advantageable occasions, execute service of great consequence▪ ●e should always in all things show a good example to his soldiers, he must diligently and punctually observe these orders which shall either be given or sent him from his superior Officers, and be at the place at the appointed hour with his Troop, others under his command on all occasions, he must be first on horse back ●s a good example to his soldiers, he must be careful to keep his own troop find and complete, he must endeavour to know every one of his soldiers by their names, that so he may distinctly name them upon all occasions of employment, he must never be daunted whatsoever, disadvantage befall him for fear of discouraging his soldiers, he must cherish his well deserving soldiers, and cashier the contrary, it must be his care to have one or more of his soldiers well acquainted with the ways of that country he marches in, to serve him as Guides, to that end he must if he can get one or more of the Country inhabitants to enter themselves as soldiers under his command. The lieutenant of a Troop of horse ought to be a man of known experience, nursed and well educated in cavalry, it properly belongs unto his care and office to exercise and discipline the troop in the captain's absence, he commands the troop, his name signifieth so much in the French lieutenant, that is one which supplieth the place of another upon him, usually all difficulties do rest, because oft-times the Troops are given unto young Gentlemen which want experience, he must see that the soldiers keep their horse and arms well, he always marches in the rear, causing the soldiers to follow their captain and Colours; in time of fight his place is in the rear with his sword drawn in his hand, encouraging the soldiers, and killing any that shall offer to fly from their Colours or disband themselves, but if the Captain be absent, than he shall take that captain's place, appointing another able Officer in the rear, in the ordinary marching of the troop, the Lieutenant must not take the captain's place though he be absent, but the Cornet must lead the Troop, and the lieutenant must bring up the rear, he must be able to write and read, because he must keep a List of the Troopers names, and likewise be able himself to read those Orders and Letters that shall be sent him from his superior Officers, and not communicating it to others, he must take notice of the sufficiency of every soldier, and make use of them accordingly, when the Troop goeth to manage any Guard, the lieutenant is to go a little before unto that lieutenant he is to relieve, and by him to acquaint himself of the place for the Sentinels for day and night, and must himself place the Sentinels when the troop lodgeth in a Village, he must cause the Billits assigned to be distributed before the Cornets lodging, so that in case of an Alarm, the soldiers may know where to repair to their Colours, when the Troop is to march: he must be first on horseback, giving the soldiers a good example, he must endeavour to acquaint himself with the ways of the Country, because he is often sent forth upon exploits, when the Troop in marching is charged by the Enemy, he must keep some distance behind, with some of the best mounted soldiers for a reserve, that so the first having done their duty, they may second them, giving the other opportunity to resemble behind them, and time to make ready again. The Cornet must be a man of courage, who in the absence of the Captain and lieutenant commands the troop, in the ordinary marching of the Troop, he marches in the first division between the first and second squadron, the Colours are then carried by his man. In the first rank of the second squadron next the right hand man, but in fight the Cornet takes the Colours himself and marches in the middle of the Front, when the Lord general passes by he is to do oba●ience, by inclining the Cornet or Colours towards the ground. The Quartermaster must be a soldier of good experience, as being many times sent forth upon parties, and sometimes leads on the forlorn hope, he had need be well acquainted with the ways, because he always goeth before the Troop to provide quarter for them, he is to take two or more of the nimblest mounted Troopers along with him, and having provided quarter, sends them back to direct the Troop to their quarters, there is likewise much fidelity required of them that are Quartermasters, by reason that they distribute the word and the billi●s in the absence of the Cornet and superior Officers; he commands the troop, in the time of the troops ordinary marching, his place is in the second division, between the second and third squadron. The Corporals which are commonly three belonging unto a Troop of horse are very useful, it is requisite they should have good experience in the Cavalry, being commonly sent forth with a party of horse to scout, and scour the high ways before the body, and to guard some passages of danger, and to assist the lieutenant in placing the Sentinels when the particular squadrons are to perform that service; their places of marching is after this manner, the eldest corporal marches on the right hand of the Front, the second corporal marches on the right hand of the second squadron, the youngest corporal marches on the right hand of the last squadron. The Trumpeters which are usual too belonging unto a Troop of horse, aught to be men of a pregnant wit and very industrious, fit to deliver Embassages when they are sent, they are to observe if they can have so much liberty the enemy's works and guards, and what they can further gather or espy in the enemy's quarters, and so report it unto his commander in chief; he must prescisely at the time appointed him by his superiors, sound the Boutezselle, that is clap on your saddles, the next is the cheval, that is mount on horseback, the next sound of the Trumpet is the standard, that is repair to your standard; therefore it is requisite that the Troop be distinctly taught to know the several sounds of the Trumpet, as when to saddle, when to mount, when to repair to their standard; when to troop on, when to give the charge, when to retreat, when to attend the watch, and the like. All which they must punctually obey, as being the loud voice of the Commander, the Trumpeter must always have his Trumpet with him, because it being the more ready to sound an alarm when occasion shall require the same. It is requisite for a Trooper to be of a sound and active body, of a fitting age, as from twenty to forty years of age, of a resolute spirit, as befitting a horseman, who is to meet the enemy and not to stay his coming, he ought to be of an ingenious mind to learn the perfection of a soldier, to owe obedience to his superior Officers, one that loveth and knoweth what belongeth to a horse▪ he must be careful to keep his horse well, & his arms fixed upon, which many times dependeth the safety of his life, every horseman must wear a scarf of his general's Colours, and not leave it off neither in his quarters nor out of his quarters, it being an ornament unto him: besides it will cause him to forbear many unfitting actions, as being thereby distinguished from the vulgar or common soldier, it is likewise a good and visible mark in time of battle to know one another, but above all he must have the true fear of God before his eyes, which will direct him in all his actions to embrace virtue, and abhor vice. The next thing we are to treat of is, the arming of the cavalry which is of two sorts, chiefly defensive, and offensive. The arming of the Currasseer is chiefly defensive, as with a close cask or head-piece, gorget, breastplate, pistol proof, and placket to make it carbine-proof. Poulderons, and Vambraces, gauntlets, Tassets, Cassets, and Garderans, to arm him fitly down to the knee before, and so lo as the calves behind with a buff coat under his arms, a good sword stiff and sharp pointed, two good firelocks, Pistols, In hou●sters at his Saddle, with a good Poleaxe, a good strong horse of fifteen handfuls high, his Saddle and bit must be strong and useful, he must wear a scarf on his Headpiece, he must have false reins to his bridle made of an Iron or brass chain, covered over with leather, that if his other Reins should be cut, he may have them to guide his Horse with all as before. The Harquebuses and Carbines arming is chiefly offensive, his defensive Arms, as only an open cask or head-piece, a back and breast with buff coat under his arms; his offensive arms are a good Harquebus, a Carbine hanging on his right side in a belt by a sweble, a flask and Carthareg case, and spans, and good firelock pistols in holsters. At his saddle a good stiff sword sharp pointed, and a good pole-axe in his hand, a good tall horse of fifteen handfuls high, strong and nimble, with false reins to your bridle made of an Iron Chain as the former. The dragoons arming is only offensive, having a good fire and cock musket something, a wider bore, then ordinary hanging in a belt by a sweble at his side, with a good sword and ordinary horse, it being only to expediate his march, for he must perform his service on foot, the ordinary marching is usually ten a breast, and when they come in service, nine of them alight casting the bridle over the next sidemans' horse neck, and for one in ten serves to keep their horses, the rest perform the service; it is a good and special principle, to have our soldiers both horse and foot well chosen, well armed, and well disciplined. The next thing we have to treat on, is to teach the cavalry the use of the horse and arms, concerning your horse, you must be careful to observe these few following directions, that is to have him always ready at command, as to pace, trot, gallop, or run in full careers, also to advance, stop suddenly, retire and turn readily to either hand, to teach him to turn readily, you must use him often to ride the Ring, and the figure eight, first in the greater compass, and afterwards in a lesser, by degrees: first on his pace, then on his trot, and so to his gallop; and lastly, in full career, you may teach him this by using him unto your hand, leg, and voice, for the using him unto your hand you must observe not to move your arm at all, but your rist only; this is excellent for facings, as if you would have him turn to the left, a little motion of the left little finger on that rain, and a touch of the left leg not using the spur doth it, if you would have him face about to the left, you must use the same motion a little harder, for the use of the leg if you would have him trot, you must move both your legs a little forward if gallops move them more forward, and if you would have him run in full career, you must move them most of all forward, and your body a little forward with them, it were good after ever motion to keep him a little while in that motion, as when you bid him stand, to stand a while when you face to either hand to stand in that posture, a while giving him sometimes as a reward when he hath well done, a piece of bread or the like: for the voice you must use him to these words, as advance, hold, turn, stand, or the like, but it were far better to use him chiefly to the motions of the hand and legs, because the voice cannot always be heard as in the time of fight or the like, now to teach him to go side-ways which is very useful for closing of your Files, you must lay his provender at a distance from him in the Manger, keeping him from turning his head towards it, you must use him to the smell of Gunpowder, a sight of fire and armour, hearing of Drums and Trumpets, and shouting of Guns but by degrees, when he is eating of his Oats you may fire a little train of Gunpowder in the Manger, at a little distance from him, and so nearer by degrees. In like manner you may fire a pistol at a little distance from him in the stable, and so nearer by degrees, and so likewise a Drum, or Trumpet may be used to him in the stable, the Groom may sometimes dress him in armour, using him sometimes to eat his Oats on the Drum head, In the fields when you are on his back cause a musket and yourself to fire on each other at a convenient distance, thereupon riding up unto him with speed, making a sudden stand, also you may use to ride him up against a complete armour set on a stack a purpose, that he may overthrow it, and so trample it under his feet, so that by these means, the horse finding that he receiveth no harm, may become bold to approach any object; you must use him to ride one mountains and on even ways, and to be exercised to leap, swim, run, and stop suddenly, and the like. The next thing in order to teach the Cavalier is the use of the army, now, for brevity sake I shall purposely omit the postures of the horseman, it being of little use in service, and only acquaint you with those things that are material. Now if you use Cartrages, you shall find in your Crattreg case a turned wooden pin which you must take, having cut lengths of white paper something broader than the pin is in length, and roll the paper on the pin, then twist one end of the paper, and fill it almost full of powder, than put the bullet on the top of the powder, twisting that end also, then put it into your Carttreg case, now when you come to lade your Carbine or Pistols with these Cartreges, you must bite off that end of the paper where the powder is, pouring it into your Carbine or Pistol, then put in that bullet, and some of that paper will serve for a wad after it, and Ram home, but always observe that your bullet be not too big, but that it may roll home to the Powder, for if there be any distance between the bullet and the powder, it is likely to break the barrel of your Carbine or pistol: But if you use a flask, which, in my judgement, is far better than Carttreges, because that many times, the trotting of your horse in long march, shaketh out all the powder out of your Carttrages, and thereby causes you to be unprovided for the sudden charge of the enemy, you must gauge your flask, and so lade your Carbine or Pistol with powder and bullet as before, but never prime before you have spanned, and never span before you have just need, because many times the firelock pistols will nor go off if they have stood long spanned. Now the quantity of powder usually required, for the lading of either Carbine or Pistol is half the weight of the bullet, but to avoid the carriage of either Cartrage case or flask, there is a new invented spanner which contains some six charges with priming powder, which is more many times then is used in our skirmishes. The next thing in order is to show you the exercise of the horse, in their motions, wherein is to be understood the true distance between Horse and Horse, which is to be six foot at their open order, and three foot at their close order, the distance being taken from the head and tail of the Horses; in the File and the like distance, in rank now the Motions for the cavalry are of four kinds, as Facings, Doublings, Countermarchings, and Wheelings: the use of Facings is to make the Troop perfect, to be suddenly prepared for a Charge on either Flank or rear, Doublings of Ranks or by half Files, or by Bringers up, serveth to strengthen the Front, Doubling the Files serveth to strengthen the Flanks, Countermarching serveth to reduce the File-leaders into the place of the Bringers up, that so the best men may be ready to receive the charge of the Enemy in the rear: the use of Wheelings is to bring the Front which commonly consists of best and ablest men to receive the charge of the Enemy in the rear, the use of Wheelings is to bring the Front, which commonly consists of best and ablest men to receive the Charge of the Enemy on either Flank or rear, and also unexpected to Charge the Enemy on either flank or rear, these motions for the more easier apprehending of them as represented in Figures by a Troop of Horse consisting of 72 horsemen, the Fileleaders and Bringers up are distinguished by a different Letter, but because it may be profitable unto some, I shall first give you the proper words of Command together that belong unto the Excercising of a Troop of Horse, and afterward insert the Figures with the words of Command, and the Reasons of a very Motion. First, march into the field four in Rank when you come into the Field command to double their rank, which make eight in Ranke, then command to open to the right and left, as they they march to their open Order of six foot distance, then command to stand and silently harken unto the word of Command. 1 To the right hand face, To the left hand as you were. 2 To the left hand face, To the right hand as you were. Silence, and even your Ranks. 3 To the right hand about face, To the left hand about as you were. 4 To the left hand about face, To the right hand about as you were. Silence, and straighten your Files. 5 Ranks to the right hand double, Ranks to the left hand as you were. 6 Ranks to the left hand double, Ranks to the right hand as you were. Silence, and even your Ranks. 7 Files to the right hand double, Files to the left hand as you were. 8 Files to the left hand double, Files to the right hand as you were. Silence, and straighten your Files. 9 Files to right and left outward double, Files to right and left as you were. 10 Files to the right and left inward double, Files to the right and left as you were. 11 Half Files to the right hand double the Front Half Files to the left hand as you were. 12 Half Files to the left hand double the Front, Half Files to the right hand as you were. Gentlemen take notice of this Rule, Always observe your right hand man, And your leader. 13 Bringers up to the right hand double the Front, Bringers up to the right hand as you were. 14 Bringers up to the left hand double the Front, Bringers up to the right hand as you were. Silence, and even your Ranks. 15 Files to the right hand countermarch, Files to the left hand as you were. 16 Files to the left hand countermarch, Files to the right hand as you were. Silence, and straighten your Files. Gentlemen always in your countermarches observe this rule, to come up to your Leaders ground, before you wheel. Silence, and observe the word of command. 17 Files close to the right and left to your close order. 18 Ranks close forwards to your close order. 19 Half Files to the right and left double the Front by division. Half Files to the right and left as you were. 20 Half Files to the left hand, double the Front entire, Half Files to the right hand as you were. Silence. 21 Close your Files with your right knee fast locked, Under your right hand man's left ham. Silence. 22 To the right hand wheel close your Files to the Right hand men move easily, and let Your left hand men come about To the left hand wheel close your Files to the right, 23 Left hand men move easily, and let your Right hand men come about: Troop on and close your Files. 24 Ranks, File, Rank: as you were. March e●sily, Troop on, Stand. Now when the Troop lieth in Garrison or continueth long in any Town, it should be their constant course if neither they nor their horses, be overslipped with going forth upon parties to exercise twice a week at the least, I shall therefore now according to my promise, give you a plain demonstration by Figures, with the reasons of each motion, of the manner of exercising the Horse, as for the common marching of a Troop through a Town or high way, or straight passage or the like: the first Figure showeth how, the second Figure showeth the manner of their marching when they come into an open Field or Common, or the like convenient place, when the Troop is commanded forth to exercise marching into the field after that manner, as is demonstrated by the two former Figures, when they come into the field, the Officers are to march forth from between the Divisions, than they are to close the Divisions and stand at their open order of six foot distance as is represented by the third Figure. It is proper in all commands to begin with the right first, which is presented by this fourth Figure, the first command in Facings is to the right hand face, which serveth to receive the Charge of the Enemy coming on one the right Flank, the Command to Reduc● them is to the left hand as you were▪ Fig. 1. Fig. 2. If any shall seem to remain unsatisfied in the placing of my Officers, as it seemeth some already have, I shall presume to render them these reasons for it, submitting myself unto the judgement of the learned. 1 Each Officer in these figures, assumeth no other than their proper places of honour or dignity, peculiar unto each of them. 2 Each corporal is therefore appointed to march on the right of his particular Squadron, that they might with the more facility sometimes suffering the Troop to advance, discern any disorder or disproportion of the troops marching, and thereby the eas●ier cause them to march in good order. 3 It hath been the most ancient and modern custom of the Netherlands thus to place the Quartermaster as in this figure, during the time of his residing with the Troop, and then in his absence the youngest corporal assumeth the place as substitute. Fig 3 Fig 4. Fig. 5. The next command is to the left hand face which is here presented by this fift Figure, and differeth nothing from the 4 Figure, but by the hand being useful, as the former to reduce them, the command is to the right hand as you were. Fig. 6. Now if the enemy come on the rear, som●●thing inclining to the Right, you are to co●●mand to the right hand about face, or if the ●●nemie come on the rear, something inclini●● to the left, you are to command to the left 〈◊〉 about face, which is both demonstrated by the sixth figure, to reduce them, you are to command to the right or left as you were. Alway● note this, that when they perform any motio● to the right, you must reduce them by the lef● or to the left, you must reduce them by the right, reducing them always by the contrary hand they perfor●med that motion by. Fig. 7. Rank to the right hand double to perform this Motion, every ●n Rank passeth into the odd upon the right hand of his Leader, the second Rank into the first, and so all the rest successively, as ●his seventh Figure is plainly demonstrated to reduce them, the per word of Command is Ranks to the left hand as you were, 〈◊〉 may be done the best way for the Horse, by causing those 〈◊〉 that doubled to stand, and those that stood to advance to the ●●per place and distance: this Motion and likewise all the rest con●●●ning doubling of Ranks, doubling by half Files, and doubling Bringers up, is useful for the strengthening of the Front: now ●●cause this troop consists of 72 horsemen, which is an equal ●●mber to be divided into three equal Squadrons, of 24 men a 〈◊〉, there will remain in all these doublings of Ranks on odd 〈◊〉 in the rear, which always is to stand in their proper places, 〈◊〉 this Figure showeth; you may observe also the places from ●●ich, the way by which those Ranks that double, do advance by 〈◊〉 round oes, and small pricks. ●●g. 8. This Motion differeth nothing from the former, but by the do●●bling one the contrary hand, being commanded, Ranks to the 〈◊〉 hand double, and is useful as the former, the proper word of co●mand to reduce them is Ranks to the right hand as you were, the eighth Figure plainly showeth the manner how to perform it. Fig. 9 Doubling of Files is useful for the strengthening of the Flanks the first Command by way of Exercise, in doubling of Files 〈◊〉 Files to the right hand double, which is plainly demonstrated by this ninth Figure to reduce them: the Command is Files to the lef● hand as you were, note this that 〈◊〉 man that moves must giv● place to him that stands. ●ig. 10. This motion differeth nothing from the former, but by the doubling to the contrary hand, it being of the same use as the other, the proper word of Command is Files to the left hand Double: and to Reduce them, the Command is Files to the right hand as you were, and a plain description how to perform this Motion is seen by this tenth Figure, every even number passeth into the odd as the eighth into the seventh, the sixt into the fifth, and so all the rest successively. Fig. 11. This motion is very useful for the avoiding of Canon-shot, or sometimes for the suffering of the enemy, when he charges with full career to pass in between, and so h●ve you the greater advantage of the enemy, it is performed by commanding, files to the right and left outwards double, to reduce them the command is, files to the right and left as you were: The speculation of this 11 figure will show you the usefulness of this motion, and likewise how to perform it. Fig. 12. This motion is useful for the drawing of the troop into a closer sentor than the former, and is performed by commanding, files to the right and left inwards double; to reduce them, the command is, files to the right and left as you were, let this 12 figure be your guide, for the attaining of the usefulness and manner of performing of this motion. Fig. 13. This motion, as hath been formerly shown, is useful for the strengthening of the Front, but performed differently from the o●ther, the proper word of command is, half files to the ri●●t han● double the front, to reduce them, the command is, half files to the left hand as you were, The best way to perform it for the hor●● is, as hath been formerly shown, to command those half fil●● that stood to advance, and those that advanced to stand, this 〈◊〉 teenth figure will show you how to perform it. Fig. 14. The difference betwenne this and the former motion is only by advansing on the contrary hand, the command being half files to the left hand double the front, it being of the like use as the former: to reduce them, the word is, half files to the right hand as you were, all which is plainly shown by this 14 figure. Fig. 15. This motion is of the same use as the former, but performed differently from it, here the bringers up advance into the front, and the next rank after them, and so all the rest successively as the rear rank figure one, into the front rank, figure one, and so likewise all the rest, The command being, bringers up to the right hand double the front, reducing them as is formerly shown, this 15 figure plainly demonstrates the manner how to perform it. Fig. 16. This motion and the former is of one use, all the difference being, the advancing on the contrary hand, being commanded, bringers up to the left hand, double the Front, reduceing them as before, let this 16 figure be your guide, Fig. 17. The use of countermarching as hath been shown before is, 〈◊〉 the sudden reducing of the file-leaders, into the place of the bringers up, so that by that means, the best and ablest men, which ought to be frontiers, may be ready to receive the charge of the enemy in the rear, the proper command being files to the right hand countermarch, as is plainly demonstrated by this 17 figure, to reduce them, the command is, files to the left hand countermarch as you were. ●ig. 18. he difference of this motion from the former, as hath been shown in all, the left hand motions is only changing of hands, being of the same use as the former, the manner of performing it is described by this 18 figure, the command being files to the left hand countermarch, reducing them by the right, into their proper places as before. Fig. 19 This motion is useful for the drawing of the files into their close Order, every man's right knee being close locked under his right-hand-mans' left ham, the command is, files to the right and left close innards to your close Order, you may see the manner of performing it by this 19 figure. Fig. 20 This motion is useful for the drawing up of the ranks into their close Order, the command being, ranks close forward to your close Order, as is demonstrated by this 20 figure, Fig. 21. These two motions differ from any of the former, and is useful for the drawing up of the Troop into the lesser batalia of 16, for there is the battalia consisting of 24 and three deep, now when it shall fall out that this Troop shall be just in the midst between other two Troops, it may be useful to draw them up on either flank, as this 21 figure showeth; how, the command being, half files to the right and left, double the front by division, and it may be performed by commanding, rear half files to the right and left face outward, the● command, rear half files, march clear of either flank, than command, rear half files advance even with the front; to reduce them, command, Rear half files, to the right and left as you were. Fig. 22. This motion differeth from the former, but is of the same use: now if it shall fall out that this Troop shall be placed on the left wing of the gross body, or that there be a scarcity of ground on the right flank, it will be proper to command half files to the left hand double the front entire, the manner of performing it being plainly shown by this 22 figure, and it may be performed after the same manner as the former, you may reduce them the best way by commanding, front half files march off, and rear half files, fall into your places. Fig. 23. The use of wheeling, as hath been formerly shown▪ is for the speedy bringing of the front, which should always consist of the ablest soldiers to receive the charge of the enemy on either flank, or else suddenly to give the charge to the enemy on the rear, this motion is performed by commanding to the right hand wheel, and close your files to the left, right-hand-men move easily, and let your left-hand-men come about, all which is plainly demonstrated by this 23 figure. Fig. 24 Now if it shall happen that the enemy shall come on the left, it will be proper to command to the left hand wheel, and close your files to the right, left hand men move easily, and let your right hand men come about, this 24 figure showeth the manner how to perform it. The 〈◊〉 motion which may ●ometimes prove very useful, ●as the commander shall see fit occasion is to command Ranks, File; which is performed after this manner, when the Troop is wheeling, command to Troop on, then suddenly comma●d ranks file, that is▪ the right hand man of the troop marches off, his next left hand man marches after him, and so all the rest of the Troop successively, the whole troop making but one entire file, to reduce them command ranks as you were. This motion is useful to fire all at once on a company of foot, but it must be performed with much speed and agility. The last motion is ro draw up into batalia, now it is to be supposed that the Troop stands in its marching posture, with each Officer in his particular place, as in the first figure, and coming into a convenient field or place, you are to command them to double their ranks, which is answerable to figure 2, then command the second corporal to advance into the front with the second squadrens, which makes 16 in front, then command the youngest Cotporall to advance into the Front with the youngest squadrens, which makes a fair front in Batalia of 24 men and 3 deep, besides the Cornet and three Corporals, to reduce them the command is, March off eldest squadrens. Every Troop of horse must be furnished with a Captain, a lieutenant, a Cornet, a Quartermaster, three Corporals, two Trumpeters, a clerk, a sadler, a Chirurgeon, and a farrier. The next thing we are to treat of is, the order of a horse Regiments marching; which is after this manner, the colonel's Troop marches first, next them marches the eldest Captains Troop, and so all the rest of the Troops in their degree, the Serjetnt Major with his troop brings up the rear, The Harquebuier and Carabiner in their ordinary marching, is to carry their Carabines hanging at their backs, in a belt by their right side, as hath been shown before: but when the Troop marcheth through a Town or City, they must order their Carbines upon their right thigh. In the day marches there ought to be a convenient distance between Troop and Troop, but in the night, they ought to march near together, behaving themselves very silently (In all convenient places as they march) the sergeant Major ought to cause all the Troops to be drawn up into Battalia, and likewise at the same time, and at other times of there marching to send forth Scouts before the body, and those of the nimblest horse to discover if haply they may either the Enemies Quarters, the scituaion of the country and ways whether straight or open passages either over Bridges, or else thorough narrow Lanes, or the like, for the more convenient marching of the wagons or other baggage, which must be so little as may conveniently serve turn: the wagons must not march amongst the Troops, but in a convenient place by themselves, being always guarded with a Squadron of horse (if the enemy be on your Front, the wagons must march in the rear. It is likewise requisite to have good and able Guides that are well acquainted with the country wherein you march, which you may take up of that Country Inhabitants; and if you can entertain them into pay as soldiers under your command, if not for the better preventing of their running away, which they will oftentimes do, if they may have opportunity, are to ride between two Troopers of fidelity and trust, (when the body is to march over a Bridge or narrow passage, the first Troop being passed over is to make alto, that is stand, leaving a soldier on the Bridge or passage, that may give notice to the Commander and Leader in the Front, when the rear of the whole body is passed over. When the body is within some four or six miles of the place where they should be quartered that night all the Quartermasters of the Regiment are to march speedily before the body to provide Quarter for all there Regiment, each Quartermaster taking with him three or four of the nimblest horsed troopers in his own troop, who are to be sent back again when the Quarters are made, to conduct each troop to its Quarters. The colonel's troop ●s first to be provided of Quarter, than the sergeant Major next, and so all the rest of the Troops in their degrees. When the Troops come to the place where they should be quartered, the Quartermasters are to cause each troop to march alto, before their particular Cornets lodging, and there to deliver out to each corporal each Squadrons billets, so that the Troop may the better know if occasion happen of an Alarm, and the like whereto repaired to their Standard or Colours. It is likewise very requisite that the Quarters be very well and sufficiently guarded, and that the Sentinels be placed in the most convenient places or passages, the Officer shall think most advantageous for that purpose. Now because it may prove sometimes very advantageous to take some of the enemy's Scouts, or straggling soldiers for the better gaining Intelligence▪ a cunning stratagem might be very useful for this purpose, which may be performed after this manner or the like, an Officer of good experience may be sent forth with a p●r●i● of some twenty of the best and nimblest mounted soldier's wi●h one trumpeter, who are in the day time to repair unto some Wood near the enemy's Quarter, placing some Sentinels on Trees, and endeavour to take if haply they can some of the Enemies straggling or disbauded soldiers, & in the night to approach the enemy's sentinels surprising one or more of them (now because it may so fall out that after the taking of a sentinel or the like, the troop may be charged by the enemy, the Officer is to leave some four of these twenty with the trumpeter near the aforesaid Wood, who are to have the nimblest horses: giving them order, that when they shall, see the other sixteen coming charged by the Enemy, they show themselves to the enemy, and that the trumpeter shall then sound: now the Enemy preserving this usually will make a stand for fear of some Ambuscado, which will give the more opportunity for the sixteen to further their retreat, the other four with the trumpeter may afterwards safely retreat, either severally or together, by reason of the speed of their Horses. A Quartermaster usually performs this service after he hath provided Quarter, having well refreshed both themselves and there hor●es; that assist him in this stratagem. If the cavalry lodgeth or encampeth in the fields, there must be special care taken that it be in a convenient place for water, and under som● shelter, (for one cold or rainy night doth more hurt unto the horses than any other thing, and now if it so happen, (as it 〈◊〉 sometimes) that the cavalry come late to their Quarters, so that conv●●●ent places for the Sentinels cannot be made choice of some Commanders will cause the Boutezelle to be sounded at midnight, an● s●metimes make false alarms, as though the enemy 〈…〉 to keep their soldiers waking, but the often using of, 〈◊〉 ●●●●diers to this proves very evil (causing them to be secure an● careless) it were far better in such a case to cause all the troops after two or three hours' refreshment to go forth into the Champaig●e, every Trooper taking with him some oats and other refreshment both for himself and his horse, placing the corpse de Guard where it shall be thought fitting (but if the weather be rainy and tempestuous, which requires the cavalry to be under some shelter) every Officer by turns shall visit the houses where the troops are quartered, causing them to saddle their horses, calling and Knocking aloud: and so by that means keeping them waking and in readiness, if that the Enemy shall chance to give an Alarm. Sentinels are used for no other purpose but to give the rest of the body the more opportunity to provide themselves, when the enemy shall make any approach, and are usually placed two together, the one standing whilst the other goes and acquaints the corpses de Guard of all the Occurrences that they shall discern: the cavalry never performs this service, but when the whole body is in the field, and are for the most part placed at a great distance from the body, as the Officer shall think fit near the meeting of divers high ways, or the like. And in unwalled Towns when there is no infantry there, but if there be infantry there, they are to perform this service. In the day time, they are to be placed on high hills, that are most convenient to descry all the Country round: In the night they are to be placed in the valleys or lower ground, being convenient for the discerning of any approaches from the hills, they are not to stir from their places where they are set, although invited by any opportunity of advantage, as they may conjecture, which are sometimes stratagems of the enemy on purpose to surprise them, till the Officer that placed them come, or cause them to be relieved on pain of death, because that many times the suprizall of the Sentinels proves the defeat of the whole body, they are silently but vigilantly to observe all fires, or the more than ordinary barking of Dogs, or firing of pieces, or trampling of Horses, or hearing of voices or the like, all which they are to give speedy notice of unto the Commander in Chief, in the corpse de Guard, No sentinel is to alight off his Horse unless it be for natural necessity, and then but on at once. The Round aught to be gone four times in a night, who are to see that the Sentinels be vigilant and watchful, if the Sentinels be placed in the fields or Champagne: four of the Round ought to be sent twice so far beyond the Sentinels, as the Sentinels are from thee. corpse de Guard for to descry all Occurrences as before. If the body lie encamped or in Garrison, or near the enemy's Quarters, the placing of Sentinels will not be sufficient, but you must also send forth Scouts to the number of twelve or more, who are all to be very well horsed and commanded by an able soldier, they are very silently to advance towards the enemy's Quarters, some three or four hours march by several high ways four or five to a way as occasion shall require, they ought not to alight upon any occasion whatsoever, but to listen if they can hear any noise or rumour, or the trampling of horses, or the like, which if they can descry not being discerned themselves, shall send word s●cretly by one of the soldiers to their Quarters of the enemy's approach, afterward sending a second to confirm the mess●ge of the f●●st, and so by little and little retreating themselves, but if they be descried by the Enemy, and that the Enemy consists of a great body: the Officer that commands in chief shall cause some house to be set on fire near his Quarters, they of the Quarter knowing before the reason, that it is to give notice of the Enemies near approach and great number, and coming within hearing of Carbine shot, shall case some three or four Carbines to be discharged, to gi●e them in the Quarter, the more opportunity to provide for the Enemy, b●t if it fall out that your Scouts or discoveries abroad, or your Sentinels at home be so hard charged by the Enemy, that they have no opportunity to send word, but that the Enemy will enter the Quarter with them, the said Scouts and Sentinels shall enter the Quarters by unusual ways, which will give the Enemy occasion of suspense not knowing whether they may be drawn into some unexpected great danger, and by firing of their Carbines with loud cryings out arm, arm, cause the body to be the more active, and speedilie● to provide for the ch●rge of the Enemy. It is the policy of an enemy many times to give false alarms for two reasons, first, to weary out your men by continual night watches: and secondly, to cause your men by continual false alarms to grow secure and careless, that so by that means they may have the greater advantage by coming on them unawares, therefore it should be the wisdom of the Commanders to give the alarm secretly without noise from one to another, that so the Enemy may not boast of his putting you to trouble, but only weary out himself. The fittest place for the cavalry to lie in Garrison, is in the Frontier Towns towards the Enemy, that thereby the incursions of the Enemy may be hindered, and your own friend the better secured, besides it gives courage to brave soldiers to be thus quartered, it were very good to appoint them ordinary settled Garrisons, that so they may when occasion shall require, leave their baggage behind them, and go into the field with less encumbrance, and likewise be better acquainted with the country and ways therebouts, at the opening of the gates. Each morning it were fit that the horsemen should be sent forth to discover round about whether the Enemy hath planted any Embuscadoe near, and for the better securing of those Scouts that shall be sen● forth, some pieces of Ordnance ought always to be kept ready at the Gates or other places that may command round about. There ought none to be suffered to go forth of the gates till the Scouts shall return, sometimes the enemy in policy to invite you forth of your Garrison, having planted several Emb●shcadoes, or other the like disadvanageable stratagems, will send forth a party of horse near your Quarters to surprise ca●tail or the like, by that means to draw you forth to regain this boo●y▪ therefore there must be great and c●●tilus diligence used for this purpose, i● your scouts se●t forth and returned, having not met with any of the country people, it is a sign that the enemy hath planted some Emb●shcadoe not far off; but if the Scouts do not return at th' usual time, it is an argument that they are su●prised by the enemies ambushcadoe or the like. It is necssary for a politic Commander, for the better achieving of many worthy designs to accommodate himself with several trusty spies; who feigning discontent for want of pay or the like, are to enter themselves in the enemy's service of the cavalery, who for the most part are best acquainted with the sudden designs of the enemy, and to agree with these spies of the place under what tree or the like; where they may convey their letters of intelligence, giving them order when their advice is of greatest importance to come themselves, these spies ought to be trusty, witty, and well rewarded, which will cause them to expose themselves unto all hazards and dangers to give intelligence. The next thing considerable is the embatteling of a Regiment of horse, which is to be considered two ways, that is, first by way of offence to assail a Quarter, or to give the charge in fight: Secondly by way of defence, meeting the enemy in marching or the like ordering of the Troops in battalia by single combat, or else united in a gross body together. The best and most advantageable way for the surprising of a Quarter, is to be secretly and suddenly assailed, which may be performed after this manner, or the like. The Regiment of horse consisting for the most part of seven Troops, who are to be divided severally, the first Troop marching secretly without any forerunner, coming near the enemy's Quarters, and perceiving themselves to be discovered by the enemy's Sentinels shall suddenly without losing any time charge the Sentinels, and enter the Quarters with them immediately surprising the corpse de guard, the second Troop immediately following, shall possess themselves of the alarm place, the third Troop shall straight ways possess themselves of the Market place, the fourth Troop shall with speed run through each street, keeping the soldiers, in and thereby hinder them from mounting on horseback, or uniting of themselves together, the fist Troop being entered, and hearing where the greatest noise is, shall immediately repair thither and alight▪ entering the houses, either put to the sword or take prisoners all whom they shall find to be enemies. The rest of the body may place themselves in the most convenient places on either side of the Town, for the better surprising of those soldiers that shall endeavour to escape through the gardens or other back ways, by reason of the horses running through the Streets within the Town, hindering them either to mount on horseback, or unite themselves together. Now although your enemy consists of twice so much strength as yourselves, which sometimes will cause them to be the more secure and negligent in their watches, yet will they not be able by reason of this secret and sudden surprise to stand against you. The next thing considerable is, to charge the enemy in the field in a united or gross body, or else by single Troops, In fighting with the enemy in a pitched field, with all your Forces united into one entire body, these things are considerable, as the place, whether it be hilly or lev●l, as also that there be sufficient room behind you for a retreating place, so that you be not straightened of ground, which many times proves a great disadvantage, likewise you must always appoint troops of Reserve, which are not by any means to engage themselves in fight till the first Troops have given the charge, and are reasembled behind them to make ready again for the second charge, your Curriassers if you have any are fit for troops of reserve which gives a great deal of courage unto the other cavalry, this must always be observed either in gross bodies or in single Troops. In gross bodies if you have field room enough, all the Troops are to be drawn up into battalia, each being not above three deep, likewise each troop must be at least a hundred paces distance behind each other for the better avoiding of disorder, those troops that are to give the first charge being drawn up into battle as before, are to be at their close order, every left hand man's right knee must be close locked under his right hand man's left ha●●, as hath been shown before. In this order they are to advance toward the Enemy with an easy pace, firing their Carbines at a convenient distance, always aiming at their enemy's breast or lower, because that powder is of an elevating nature, then drawing near the Enemy, they are with their right hands to take forth one of their Pistols out of their holsters, and holding the lock up are most firing as before, always reserving on pistol ready charged, spanned and primed in your holsters, in case of a retreat as I have shown before, having thus fired the troops are to charge the Enemy in a full career, but in good order with their swords fastened with a ribbon or the like unto their wrists, for fear of losing out of their hand, if they should chance to miss their blow, placing the pomel● on their thigh, keeping still in their close order, close locked as before. Each single troop or party meeting an equal number of the Enemy, are to use the ●ame method and order as before, always appointing some of their horse for a party of Reserve for the use as before, but if the Enemy exceed in strength, and you also being not far from your gross body, it will ●e both save and honourable to retreat, but if it be a great distance from your gross body, you must then resolve to charge the enemy with good courage courageous actions being oftentimes seconded with good success. If one single Troop met another, your Enemy charging you in full career, you are suddenly to divide your Troop in the middle: on Flank from the other, and so the enemy being in his full career, must either pass through and effect little, or else stopping suddenly disorder his Troops, and thereby give you a fit occasion to wheel both your Flanks inward, to charge him in the rear. In full career, and then in all probability, you will utterly ●out him. If one sing●e Troop and the like are to encounter one Company of Foot, the p●ace of encounter is chiefly to be marked, that is, that it be champagne ground, clear of Trees, Hedges, Ditches or the like, and that there be room enough for the ●ncounter, or else the cavalry are by no means to encounter the infantry, now if the foot be drawn up into complete order, it will be very necessary for the Cavalry to have some pretty stratagem, in the charging of the foot: or else it will be very difficult rou●ing of the foot, which may be performed after this manner or the like, you are to divide your Troop or party into three Squadrons, each Squadron having an able soldier to lead them, who are to charge in full career all at one instant upon the Front rear and Flank of the Foot. The Officer that leads on the Squadron, that charges the Front; is to charge as the others in full career, till he comes close unto the Pikes heads, and then suddenly stopping is suddenly to command with an elevated voice, close your file or the like, which sudden command being loud will sometimes cause those Pikes that stand charged against the other two Squadrons, either in the Flank or rear, to extend their bodies towards the Front, which will give a fit advantage unto one of the Squadrons to slip in between, and so make way for the other two Squadrons to charge in, and utterly rout the Front, but you must always observe that this stratagem must always be p●rformed suddenly & altogether as at one entire motion. Thus having shown what an ordinary horseman needs to know, for I will not presume to instruct Commanders, though there be some that make great brags need instructions in martial Discipline, but I shall forbear to be larger for the Reasons I have already shown. FNIS. An Appendix. COurteous Friend, Whosoever thou art, unto whose view these my unpolished lines of young horsemanship shall come, let me beg this favour at thy hand, that thou make the most favourable construstruction of those things which thou shalt suppose, although weakly to be erroneous in this ensuing Tract, and if there be any that shall prove positive errors, impute it rather to the unskilfulness of me the unworthy author, then unto the unwillingness of him whose only aim for the public good hath invited, to set forth this ensuing Discourse of horsemanship. I am very unwilling to be of the judgement of those men, whose pri●ate positions themselves esteem to be infallible or unerring, but myself, shall rather desire to submit unto the judgement of the judicious, I have for the most part tendered a reason of each particular throughout the whole Tract if then they shall seem empty and of no value, unto them who have bee● more anciently educated or longer enured unto the Discipline of foreign States than myself. I shall presume also to entreat this favour at their hands, that they would in love as aiming at the public good, subscribe their contradictory Reasons, which if authentic, I shall be willing to acknowledge mine error, and crave their pardon, if not, let me friendly prevail withal men, who are inclinable to find faults, though very unwilling to amend what is amiss, to suspend their censure of him, who had rather be profitable to the State, then injurious to any. Thy loving Friend, John VERNON. THE author's apology. Kind Reader, I am forced to acquaint thee with one thing more, which is, that having passed the copy out of my hand, the Printer without my privity, caused the impressions of the several figures inserted, to be cut in wood, myself having no knowledge thereof, was thereby disenabled of the giving directions for their better, and more sircumspect cutting. In the curious survey of these figures, thou Mayst, find many mistakes, as in the 3, 4, 5, 6. figures, not placed at their open Orders as they should have been, in the doubling of ranks by half files, or by bringers up, the file leaders and bringers up should have been distinguished, by these two different letters. (h·●) or the like, as I have leneally inserted in the copy. In the 14 figure, the omitting of the figures on the right flank, as in figure the 13, the misplacing of the Rear piece in fig. 18. turning the heads of the ashes the contrary way (●) and some other mistakes both in the copy and figures, weich I was not able to correct, by reason that the whole number of shects were printed off before I had a view of them. All which mistakes, both in the copy and figures, I humbly entreat thee to correct with thy pen as thou shalt come at them, supplying each defect by thine own industry, and thou shalt always command me, to the utmost of my power, to serve thee in what I am able. Thine, John Vernon. ERRATA. To the Reader, line 22 for lately read largely l. 23 for the r. there. Pag. 1. l. 4. for socet, fox, roe, r. sorel, Rone. l. 14 for the, r. that, p. 2. l. 1. put in at. l. 6, put out no good. l, 8. for selves, r. self l. 11 for gird, r. guide. l. 16. for shot r. ball, l. 26· for stand, r spanned. l. 27. for foced, r. forced, l. 32 for behooves, r. behooveth, l. 33 for these r. their. p. 3. l, 1 for p●rts, r. places. l. 27 put in the. l. 31 for annew, r. annuer. l, 32 put in the, l. 33. for these r. there. p. 4. l. 18 for these r. those. l. 19 for the Pistolers, r. their particuiar. l. 29. for these r. those, l. 31 put in and. p. 5, l. 31 for conmmunicating r. communicate· p. 6 l. 1. for place r. places. l. 12. for resemble, r. reassemble. p. 7. l. 6. for the r. there. l. 26. for loud r. louder. l. 27. for it r. of its p. 8. l. 8. put in by. l. 16. for cassets r. cussets. l. 17. for calves r. 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