THE LIVES Of the Illustrious ROMANS: Writ in LATIN by SEXTUS AURELIUS VICTOR, And TRANSLATED By several Young Gentlemen EDUCATED by Mr. MAIDWELL.  
Fingit equum tenera decilem cervice Magister  
Ire viam, quam monstret eques, Venaticus ex quo  
Tempore cervinam pellem latravit in aula,  
Militat in Silvis catulus: nunc adhibe puro  
‛ Pectore verba Puer, nunc te melioribus offer.  Horace. 
LONDON, Printed for S. Smith, and B. Walford; at the Prince's Arms in S. Paul's Churchyard, 1693.   

To the Right Honourable, JAMES Earl of Abingdon, etc.  
My LORD,  
SInce I have had the Honour of Educating Three of your Sons, I hope with no small Assurance of your Satisfaction, and one of them is amongst our Translators; it might be thought a Crime not to Dedicate our Endeavours to your Lordship, that others may perceive our Duty to so Honourable a Father, and so Noble a Friend. I must ever be a Faithful Witness, how Zealous and Obliging you are to promote the Advantage of Education; and that in all Points of Generous Breeding you have endeavoured to transmit those Ancient and Hereditary Virtues of your Illustrious Family to your Posterity. To whom then should Aurelius Victor Consecrate his Illustrious Romans but to your Lordship? In whom are united those great Names of Bertu and Norris; Names so Glorious in our Annals, that the Actions of Heroes cannot be remembered without them, for they both at Home and Abroad have highly Celebrated the True English Nobility and Virtue. 'Tis an Injury to name Particulars, where there are so many eminent Characters of both Sexes, who have Immortalised the former, and now Adorn the present Age. My Lord, your most Conspicuous House is like Virgil's Sacred Tree, where there never will be wanting a Golden Bough:  
— Primo avulso, non deficit alter  
Aureus, & simili frondescit Virga Metallo.  
I observed much of this Innate Worth from the Conversation of your Sons, who in the various Scenes of Youth ever discovered ex Traduce, a strong Bias to Sincerity and Honour. My Lord, I will stop my just Encomium, and not incur the Censure of a common Dedicator, though I need not fear such a Criticism from the vast Merits of my Cause; yet give me leave in Gratitude to declare, I am infinitely obliged to your Lordship for your constant Encouragement in my Scholastic Way of Life; for your Approbation of my general Method of a Learned Academy, where our English Youth might be instructed in all Exercises, and the several Parts of Solid Learning, without the Varnish of a Foreign Excursion; whence much Money is exported, without the Importation of any Staple Commodity: And at last it appears,  Coelum, non animum mutant, qui trans Mare currunt. 
I remember your Lordship once discoursing with me, mentioned your Recommendation to the Reverend Dr. Fell, that Excellent Bishop of Oxford, how beneficial it might prove to Young Gentlemen to have an Academy erected for their Service in that University: That Arts and Sciences ought to be united, and as formerly at Athens and Rome, cohabit in one place. I cannot tell what were the Objections or Impediments of so useful a Proposition, whether that Wise Governor thought the Design and Fatigue too great, considering the Lazy Temper of our Degenerate Youth, or the Fantastic Frugality of many Unhappy Parents, who are more Generous to a Foppish Dancing-Master, than a Worthy Tutor, preferring the Motions of their Sons Feet, to the Ideas of his Brain; and think the Bill of an Extravagant Tailor, more satisfactory than the Salary of his Industrious Preceptor.  
Hos inter sumptus, sestertia Quintiliano  
 multum duo sufficient, res nulla Minoris  
Constabit Patri, quam Filius.  
For my part, after some Years spent for the Public Good, I rest with pleasure, Conscious to myself, that I ever did my Duty, and have done considerable Service, as well present, as future to many Noble Families, that I have never been a Pedant, but made the Gentleman and Schoolmaster mix together, that I have designed amongst us a Schola Illustris, Comprehensive of inward and outward Accomplishments, and that I shall leave a Scheme for some more Worthy Undertaker, who may deserve a public Support, and Distinction, so much to our Detriment neglected in England, and so promoted in every eminent City of Europe. I confess the Satirist cries out,  Declamare doces, O ferrea pectora Vetti. 
The Life of a Schoolmaster is indeed very solicitous, though ever judged Honourarable by all Good Men, and the Cares of it intolerable, except the happy Genius of the Master, with good Circumstances, somewhat alleviates the trouble. Then since my Qualifications render me the more easy, I will change the Name, and not the Thing, and go on for some time in my former Course and Method without the Reflection.  
My Lord, Give me leave to publish on this Occasion, under your Patronage, my future Determination as to my Employment: I presume your Sentiments may agree with other Persons of Quality, to whom I have Communicated my Thoughts, with which I have laboured long ago, who have desired me not yet to be tired out, but to contract my Society to a less Number, to turn my Domestics into French, for a constant Obligation to facilitate the Language, to choose my Pupils, to admit young Gentlemen to have single Rooms with Servants, that we may live our Collegiate Life with more Profit and Pleasure, excluding forthwith all those of a violent and stubborn Temper.  
Dii Majorum umbris tenuem, & sine pondere terram,  
Spirantesque crocos, & in urna perpetuum ver,  
Qui Praeceptorem Sancti voluere Parentis.  
Esse loco.—  
This Resolution is much respected, and in the Opinion of many must produce the happy effect of Civility and Learning. To the promotion of which I have found nothing from experience more Charming to Youth than the Practice of Translation, and Reading of History with the assistance of Geography and Chronology, which like the three Graces ought Hand in Hand to perform their measures, and have always been the Rule of our Studies. Cicero signalised his Judgement when he said, That a Man without History is always a Child, and therefore for its value it is styled by him as Testis Temporum, Lux Veritatis, Vita Memoriae, Magistra Vitae; from hence with Livy we are by former Examples encouraged to Virtue, and deterred from Vice. Thus the great Polybius pronounces it,—  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 
But History is lovely to every Eye from its Natural Beauties, and wants not to be dressed with these ends of Gold and Silver: 'Tis no less evident that Translation fixes it, and emproves at once two Languages. I hasten to beg Your Lordship's Pardon for this Familiar Epistle, ask leave to introduce these Young Translators who without any trick appear in their Primitive Simplicity before you.  
My Lord, I conclude with my most profound Respects, and most humble Thanks for all Your Favours, for the access and ease of Your Conversation, for Your Kind Wishes, which Great and Good Qualities none Expresses and Extends more than Your Lordship; who, besides Your many Virtues, which in Reverence I shall not now mention being so well known, are by Your Condescension, so truly great and Noble. I hearty pray that all things may fortunately succeed according to Your desires to Yourself and Your Noble Relations, and that You would believe me to be,  
MY LORD, Your Lordship's most Obedient, and most Humble Servant, L. MAIDWELL.   

THE LIFE OF Sextus Aurelius Victor.  
SExtus Aurelius Victor was first published by the Learned Andrea's Schottus, and flourished under the Emperors Constantius and Julian; for in the Life of Marcus Antonius the Philosopher, He says, That Nicomedia in Bythinia was destroyed by an Earthquake in his time, in the Consulate of Cerealis, which was the next year after the Ninth Consulship of Constantius. And that in his Reign when Flavius Philippus was Consul, the Eleventh Century, contrary to Ancient Custom, was celebrated without and Solemnity. Hence without doubt he was the same Aurelius Victor, who was Consul with Valentinian Junior, A. U.C. 1121, and certainly the same Person, whom Ammianus Marcellinus mentions in his 21 Book, to be an Historian of great Reputation of his Sobriety, and of Consular Dignity, whom Constantius made Governor of Pannonia, and afterwards honoured with a Brazen Statue, and the Praefecture of Rome. In the Life of Severus he owns himself to be the Son of a mean illiterate Countryman, and to have advanced himself by his Virtue and Learning. 'Tis very probable he was a Pagan in his Religion, as many privately were in the time of Constantius, and openly, like good Courtiers, in the Reign of his Successor Julian the Apostate; this may be gathered from his approving of Adrian's Sacrifice to his beloved Antinous. with the Compliment of a Pious and Devout Action. Yet after all 'tis much disputed, whether this Victor, who writ the Lives of the Caesars, be the Author of the Illustrious Romans. For our Book, ' though it goes under his name, is of a far different stile, and gives you better Latin than that of the Emperors, which is harsh and unequal, yet sententious, and may recommend the Writers Judgement, though not his Phrase. Therefore some have rather ascribed these Lives to Cornelius Nepos, Pliny Junior, or Suetonius; Others will have it to be according to the Title, amongst whom is the Learned Vossius;  
— Si quid novisti rectius istis,  
Candidus imperti, si non, his utere mecum.   

THE LIVES Of the Illustrious ROMANS. Writ in Latin by SEXTUS AURELIUS VICTOR.  

TRANSLATED by Mr. JOHN AUSTEN, From the Building of Rome, to the Year 244.  

PROCA King of the Alban.  
PROCA King of the Alban had two Sons, Amulius and Numitor, 
Befo●● the Bir●● of Christ. 810.  to whom he left his Kingdom with the Condition of Reigning yearly by turns. Amulius, at the Expiration of his Term, refused to surrender the Kingdom to his Brother: and intending to deprive him of Issue, made Rhea Silvia his Daughter chief Priestess of Vesta, that she might always live a Maid. But she was got with Child by Mars, and brought forth Romulus and Remus. Which surprise provoked Amulius to imprison her, and throw her Children into the Tiber, but they being preserved by the Ebbing of the Water, and left upon the Shoar, their Cries invited a She-Wolf to hasten to their Relief, and give them suck. Some time after they were found by Faustulus, the King's Shepherd, and by him brought home to his Wife Acca Laurentia to take care of them. These young Princes, when grown up, slew Amulius, and restored their Grandfather Numitor to his Kingdom, and then by the help of the Shepherds, who in great numbers joined them, they built a City, which Romulus called Rome, he having had the better Fortune in Augury to see twelve Vultures, and his Brother but six. And that he might begin to secure his City by the Observation of Laws before he built Walls for its Defence, he gave order that none should presume to go over his Rampire, which Remus leaping in derision, is said to have been killed with a Mattock by Fabius Celer the Centurion.   

ROMULUS First King of the Romans.  

U. C. Or from Building of Rome, the first Year.  Romulus, to increase his People, set up an Asylum or Place of Refuge, for all Strangers, and of them composed a great Army. But considering the want of Wives, he sent Ambassadors to demand them of his Neighbours, 
Before Christ, 750.  which being denied, he pretended, in Honour of Neptune, the Celebration of Horseraces, called Consualia; and when a great Concourse of Men and Women came to see those Sports, he gave a certain Signal to the Romans to take away the Maids by force. One of which was so beautiful, that she moved the Spectators to inquire where they carried her; It was answered, to Captain Thalassius. Which Marriage proving very fortunate, it was ordained, they should invoke the Name of Thalassius in all future Nuptials. The first who made War for this Rape were the Caeninenses, against whom Romulus marched in person, and overcame them, killing Acro their General, in a single Combat, and consecrating his rich Spoils to Jupiter Feretrius in the Capitol. Then the Antemnates, Crustumini, Fidenates, Vejentes, with the Sabines, were Confederates against them on the same Account; who approaching nigh to Rome, seized the Virgin Tarpeja, as she went to the Tiber to draw Water for the Sacrifices. King Titus Tatius proffered her the choice of any Reward, if she would let his Army into the Capitol; To which she consenting, demanded all they wore on their Left Arms, meaning their Rings and Bracelets, which being promised with Equivocation, and the Gate left open, the Satins gained the Castle, and by Titus' Order pressed her to death, with the Shields, carried also on their Left Arms, Romulus drew out his Forces against Tatius, who had possessed himself of the Tarpejan Hill, and fought him in the place, now the Roman Forum where Hostus Hostilius, one of his best Officers fight valiantly was slain. By whose death the Romans were discouraged, and began to give ground; yet after that Disorder, upon Romulus' vowing to erect a Temple to Jupiter Stator, if he would stop his Army's Flight, the Soldiers made a stand, either by Accident, or some Divine Instinct. In this Juncture the Women came between both Armies, and mediating with their Fathers and Husbands, at last procured a Peace. Romulus then made a Solemn League with the Sabines, and received them into Rome, as Fellow Citizens; uniting the People by the common Title of Quirites, from Cures, a Town of the Sabines. He established an hundred Senators, who for Reverence were styled Fathers, and instituted three Centuries of Knights; the first were called Ramnenses, from his own Name; the second, Tatienses, from Titus Tatius; and the third, Luceres, from Lucumo. He divided the common People into thirty Companies, and distinguisted them by the Names of the principal Women; But after the Muster of his Army at the Lake Capra, he was never seen more. From which Accident a Dissension arising between the Senators, and the People, Julius Proculus, a Nobleman, came before them, and affirmed upon Oath, that he saw Romulus on the Hill Quirinalis, in a more splendid and august Form than heretofore, as a Proof of his being Deified, who commanded them to cease from Seditions, and to love Virtue; Thus they should become Lords of the World. The Romans believed him, as one of great Authority among them; therefore they built Romulus a Temple upon the Hill Quirinalis, and worshipped him as a God, by the Name of Quirinus.   

NUMA POMPILIUS, Second King of the Romans.  
After the Consecration of Romulus, the People growing mutinous from a long Interregnum, and the want of a Successor, Numa Pompilius, the Son of Pompo was sent for from Cures, a Town of the Sabines. He came to Rome with the assurance of good Omens: and that he might soften this fierce People with a Sense of Religion, he instituted many holy Rites; built a Temple to Vesta, and appointed the Vestal Nuns. He ordained the three Flamens for the particular Sacrifices of Jupiter, Mars, and Romulus, and constituted the twelve Salii Priests of Mars, the chief of which was called Praeful. He created the Highpriest, and built a Temple for Janus, (who was represented with two Faces) the Gates of which were shut in Peace, and open in War. He divided the Year into twelve Months, by adding January and February, and made many profitable Laws, pretending he did all those things by the Direction of his Wife the Nymph Egeria. None of his Neighbours made War upon him, out of the great respect they had of his Justice. He died a natural Death, and was buried in the Mount Janiculus; where many years after a certain Man, by Name, Terentius, as he was ploughing, found a Stone-Chest with fourteen Books in it, which containing many slight and frivolous Reasons about their Religious Ceremonies, were burnt in prudence by an Order of the Senate.   

TULLUS HOSTILIUS Third King of the Romans.  
Tullus Hostilius, for his good Service against the Sabines, 
U.C. 82.  was made King. 
Before Ch. 668.  He proclaimed War with the Alban, which was ended by a Combat of three Brothers on each side; the Horatij on the Romans, and the Curiatij on the Alban. He demolished Alba for the Treachery of Metius Fufetius, their General, and commanded the Inhabitants to remove to Rome. He built that Senate-House, from him called Hostilia, and added the Mount Caelius to the City. At last, as he imitated the Example of Numa Pompilius in his Sacrifices, he by mistaking the Ceremonies performed to Jupiter Elicius, so enraged the God, that he was struck dead with a Thunder-Bolt, and his Palace burnt with Lightning.   

The HORATIJ and the CURIATIJ.  

U. C. 86.  The Romans and the Albans having for a long time carried on a War under Hostilius and Fufetius, 
Before Ch. 664.  and finding their Forces daily to decrease, they resolved to determine it with the loss of a few. The Romans chose out three Brothers, called Horatij; and the Alban the three Curiatij, for this Combat, in which two of the Romans were presently slain, and the three Alban wounded. Now Horatius, who survived, perceiving this, and judging himself unable, though not wounded, to fight with three, feigned a Flight, and by this Stratagem killed them one by one, pursuing him as their Wounds would permit them. The Conqueror in his return, laden with the Spoils of his Enemies, met his Sister, who wept when she saw the Embroidered Coat of her slain Lover, one of the Curiatij. This Indiscretion provoked him in his rage to kill her, for which bloody Fact he was condemned by the Duumviri, two Judges appointed for that purpose. But apappealing to the People, with the assistance of his Father's Supplications and Tears, he obtained his Pardon, yet to expiate his Crime, he was forced to go under a Gibbet, which is to be seen at this day in the Highway, and called Sororium.   

METIUS FUFETIUS.  
Metius Fufetius, 
U. C. 88  the Alban General, observing himself much hated by his Citizens for putting an end to the War by the Combat of the Horatij and the Curiatij, 
Before Ch. 662.  to make amends, secretly stirred up the Vejentes and the Fidenates against the Romans. Now Tullus, upon account of the League between them, demanded Fufetius' Auxiliary Forces; who before the Fight drew his Army upon a Hill, expecting the Event of the Battle, with a design to fall in with the Conqueror. Tullus understanding his Design; gave public Notice that Metius was posted there by his Order; by which Artifice the Enemies were terrified, and easily overcome. And when Metius came the next day to congratulate him for his Victory, he was by King Tullus' Command tied to four Horses, and for his Treachery pulled in pieces.   

ANCUS MARCIUS Fourth King of the Romans.  
Ancus Marcius, 
U.C. 113.  Numa Pompilius' Grandson by his Daughter, was not unlike his Grandfather, 
Before Ch. 667.  either in his Justice, or Piety.  
He overcame the Latins; added the Hills Aventinus and Janiculus to Rome; new walled the City, and confiscated the timber of some Woods for public Shipping. He laid a Tax on Salt-Pits; was the first that built a Prison, and planted a Colony at Ostia, situate at the Mouth of the Tiber, very convenient for Trade. He also instituted the Office of Heralds, to assist Ambassadors in demanding satisfaction: which Custom was borrowed from the Aequiculi, a People of Latium, and reported to have been found out by Rhesus at the Siege of Troy. Thus having settled these things; in a very short time, he was taken away by an untimely Death, and by that Misfortune could not complete the Character of so great a King as his Subjects expected from him.   

LUCIUS' TARQVINIUS PRISCUS Fifth King of the Romans.  
Lucius Tarqvinius Priscus was Son of that Damaratus of Corinth, 
U.C. 137.  who flying from the, Tyrant Cypselus, 
Before Ch. 613.  settled in Etruria. He was first called Lucumo, and came to Rome from Tarquinii, a City of the Tusci. In his Journey thither an Eagle took off his Cap, and after a high Flight replaced it on his Head; Which Tanaquil his Wife observing, she from her great Skill in Augury, knew by that Omen, he should obtain the Kingdom. Tarqvinius by his Riches and Industry raised himself to great Honour, and became a particular Favourite to King Ancus, who dying, left him Guardian of his Children; but he governed in his own Name, and ruled with such Justice, as if he had been lawful Successor. He chose an hundred new Senators, whom he styled the Inferior Order, and doubled the Centuries of the Knights; but durst not alter their Names, being discouraged by Accius Navius the Augur, and fully convinced of his Art by the Experiment of the Whetstone cut ●n two by a Razor. He overthrew the Latins; built the Circus Maximus for public Shows, and instituted the great Roman Games for manly Exercises. He triumphed over the Sabines, and ● hose Latin's who were called Prisci. He fortified the City with a Wall of Stone, and rewarded the Valour of his Son, who at the Age of thirteen years wounded his Enemy in a Battle, giving him a Coat edged with Purple, and a Necklace with a Golden Bess, which were the Ornaments of gentlemen's Sons. At last he was trapan'd out of his Palace by a Plot of Ancus' Children, and murdered by their Appointment.   

SERVIUS TULLIUS Sixth King of the Romans.  
Servius Tullius was the Son of Publius Corniculanus, 
U.C. 175.  and the Captive Ocrisia. 
Before Ch. 575  He whilst he was brought up in Tarqvinius Priscus' Palace, a lambent Flame was seen to circled his Head. Queen Tanaquil upon her Observation judged it as a certain Prediction of his future Dignity: and thereupon persuaded her Husband to breed him up as he did his own Children. When he came to Man's Estate, Tarqvinius Priscus made him his Son-in-Law. And after the King was murdered, Tanaquil told the People from a Window, that her Husband had received a dangerous, though not a mortal Wound, and desired that till he was cured, they would submit to Servius Tullius. Thus he got the Kingdom precariously, yet governed it with great Justice. He often conquered the Etrusci, and added the Hills Quirinalis, Viminalis, and Esquilinus to Rome. He raised a Fortification with Trenches about the City; and divided the People into four Tribes, called Palatina, Esquilina, Suburrana, and Collina, allotting the poorer sort a proportion of Corn out of the public Granary. He settled Measures and Weights, with the Distinction of the Citizens into Classes and Hundreds, and was the first that made a Register of Estates, till then unknown in any Country. He persuaded the Latins to build a Temple to Diana on the Mount Aventinus, in imitation of that at Ephesus. After it was built, a certain Latin had a Cow-calf of a wonderful Bigness, and 'twas told him in a Dream, that that People should be Sovereign over the rest, whose Citizens should sacrifice that young Cow to Diana The Latin drove the Cow to Mount Aventine, and declared this Secret to a Roman Priest, who cunningly told him he ought first to purify his Hands in a clear running Stream, and whilst the simple Latin went down to the Tiber, the Priest sacrificed the Cow; by this prudent Trick procuring Glory to himself, and Empire to his People.   

TULLIA.  
Servius Tullius had two Daughters; one of a fierce, 
U.C. 216.  and the other of a mild Disposition; 
Before Ch. 534.  and from his Remark, that Tarqvinius Priscus had two Sons of the fame Temper, he married his fierce Daughter to Tarquinius' mild Son, and his mild Daughter to his fierce, that he might qualify their Minds by the Difference of their Natures. It happened both the good natured died, either a natural Death, or else by Poison. Upon which the ill natured married from, the similitude of their Humours. Soon after Tarqvinius Superbus, by the instigation of his Wife Tullia, having made a party, assembled the Senate, and began boldly to demand, as Lawful Heir, his Father's Kingdom. Of which when Servius was informed, he went to the Senate, where he was fling down slairs by Tarquinius' Order, and slain as he fled to his Palace. Tullia made haste to the Forum, and was the first that saluted her Husband King, who ordered her to retire from the Crowd. She going home beheld, without any Compassion, her Father's dead Body lie exposed in the Streets, and commanded her Coachman, abhorring the Cruelty, to drive over him. Whence that Street was called Sceleratus, or Wicked; and this bloody Tullia afterwards banished with her Husband Tarquin.   

TARQVINIUS SUPERBUS Seventh King of the Romans.  

U.C. 219.  Tarqvinius Superbus obtained his Surname 
Before Ch. 531.  name from his Pride. He traitorously usurped the Kingdom by murdering Servius Tullius: yet by his great Valour he conquered the Latins; and the Sabines; took from the Volsci their Capital City Suessa Pometia, and gained the Town Gabii, by the Policy of his Son Sextus, who pretended to revolt from him for his Cruelty. He was the first that instituted the Latin Feasts as public Marts for all the Neighbouring Cities. He built Galleries for the Spectators in the Circus, and made the great Common-Shoar, which Ditches were called Quiritium, because in that Work be had employed all the People▪ He in laying the Foundation of the Capitol, found the Head of one Tolus▪ whence 'twas predicted, that Rome▪ should become the Head of all Nations. He was banished Rome, together with his lascivious Son Sextus, fo● the Rape he committed, during the Siege of Aradea, upon the chaste Lucretia, and fled to Porsenna, King o● Etruria, by whose Assistance he endeavoured to regain his lost Kingdom; but after several Repulfes, he retired to Cumae, a City in Campania, finishing there the Remainder of his Life very ignominiously.    

Mr. HENRY EWER: From the Year 244. to 388. U. C.  

L. TARQVINIUS COLLATINUS and LUCRETIA his Wife.  
WHilst Tarqvinius Collatinus, 
U.C. 244.  who was Tarqvinius Superbus his Sister's Son, 
Before Ch. 506.  served under his Uncle, with others of his Relations, at the Siege of Ardea, an accidental Discourse falling out at a merry Entertainment between the young Princes, concerning the Excellencies of their Wives, they agreed to make Experiment of this Preference, and all take Horse for Rome; where the King's Sons surprise their Careless Wives, diverting themselves at a luxurious Banquet. Thence they go to Collatia, where Lucretia lived, and find her spinning among her Maids, for which, in all their Opinions, she was esteemed the most virtuous. But Sextus Tarqvinius falling in love with her, came back that night with a design upon her Honour; and by the privilege of a Kinsman being kindly entertained at Collatins his House, he broke into Lucretia's Chamber, and ravished her. She the next day sends for her Father and Husband from the Camp, and after the Discovery of the Rape, she stabs herself, with a Dagger secretly concealed under her Garment. This horrid Crime engaged them in a Conspiracy to ruin Tarquin's Family, and by their Banishment to revenge her Death.   

LUCIUS' JUNIUS BRUTUS' First Roman Consul.  
L. Junius Brutus, 
U.C. 245.  also Tarqvinius Superbus his Sister's Son, 
Before Ch. 505.  fearing the same Misfortune which his Brother had suffered, who for his great Riches and Wisdom was killed by his jealous Uncle, pretended himself a Fool, and from thence called Brutus. He once, for sport's sake, being admitted a Companion to the young Princes Titus and Aruns going to Delphi to consult the Oracle, he presented Apollo with a hollow Stick filled with Gold, and when 'twas answered by the Priestess, that he would be most powerful at Rome, who should first kiss his Mother, he immediately kissed the Earth, the common Parent of all things. Afterwards, in revenge of Lucretia's Rape, he combined with Tricipitinus, and Collatinus, to extirpate the Tarquins. Upon whose Banishment he was created the first Consul, and was so zealous for the good of the Commonwealth, that he spared not his own Sons and Nephews, who were plotting with the Vitellii, and the Aquillii, to restore the Tarquins, but brought them into the Forum, where he caused them first to be whipped, and then beheaded. At last, in a Battle against them, he and Aruns the King's Son fight together with implacable Hatred, killed one another. His Body was brought into the Forum, where his Colleague extolled him in a Funeral Oration, and the Roman Matrons mourned for his a whole year as the Defender of their Chastity.   

HORATIUS COCLES.  
When Porsenna, 
U.C. 245.  King of the Etrusci endeavoured to restore the Tarquins, 
Before Ch. 505.  and at his first Attempt had taken the Hill Janiculus, Horatius Cocles, so surnamed from the loss of his Eye in a former Battle, stood on the Wooden Bridge, and there singly maintained his Post against the Enemy, until the Bridge was broken behind him, with which he fell into the Tiber, and armed as he was, he swum safe to his own Party. For this Noble Action the Republic conferred on him as much Land as he could plough round in one day, and his Statue was set up in the place where they celebrated the Feasts of Vulcan.   

MUTIUS SCAEVOLA.  
Whilst Rome was besieged by King Porsenna, 
U.C. 245.  Mutius Cordus, 
Before Ch. 505.  a Man of true Roman Resolution, went to the Senate, promising to kill the King, if they would suffer him to go over to the Enemy as a Deserter. With their permission he went into Porsenna's Camp, and by Mistake killed a Nobleman in a Purple Habit in the stead of him For which being seized, and brought before the King, as he was sacrificing, Mutius thrust his Right Hand into the Fire, punishing it on this manner for killing the wrong person. When he was commanded to be taken from the Flames, by the Clemency of Porsenna, in return of his Kindness, he told him, that three hundred Men, as resolute as he, had obliged themselves by Oath to attempt the same thing. At which Porsenna was so terrified, that receiving Hostages he put an end to the War. The Senate, as a Reward for this, gave Mutius some Land beyond the Tiber, from him called the Mutian Fields, and erected a Statue in Honour of him.   

CLAELIA.  
Porsenna received, 
U.C. 245.  among the Roman Hostages, 
Before Ch. 505.  Claelia, a Virgin of a Noble Family, who by a Deceit put upon her Keeprs, escaped out of his Camp by night, and swum the Tiber with a Horse, which she accidenlly found. But the King demanded her back by his Ambassadors, and had her restored, yet was so great an Admirer of her Courage, that he gave her leave to return to Rome, with any other Hostages she should desire, she chose the young Men and Maids whom she knew were most exposed to the Violence of the Soldiers. For which brave Action, the Romans set up her Statue on Horseback in the Forum.   

The three hundred and six FABII.  

U.C. 274.  In the War between the Romans and the Veientes, 
Before Ch. 476.  the Fabian Family proposed to the Senate, the carrying it on by themselves at their proper Expense. They marched out three hundred and six, under the Command of Fabius the Consul, and after great Success in several Skirmishes, encamped at the River Cremera. But the Veientes who put their greatest Confidence in Stratagems, placed Cattle in View on the other side, which the Fabii going to seize, fell into an Ambush, and were all cut off. The day therefore whereon this happened was numbered in the Calendar amongst the Unfortunate, and the Gate at which they went out, called Scelerata, or Unhappy. One only of that Family, by reason of his Minority, was left at home; and from him the Name was continued to Fabius Maximus, who by his avoiding Battle, much weakened Hannibal's Army; for which by his Detractors he was named Cuncta or Delayer.   

PUBLIUS' VALERIUS POPLICOLA.  
Publius Valerius, the Son of Volusus, triumphed three times; 
U.C. 245.  first over the Veientes, 
Before Ch. 505.  then over the Sabines, and lastly over them both. But because he chose no Consul, in place of Brutus his Colleague, and dwelled in Velia a place of great strength in Rome, he was suspected to have aimed at the Government. At his knowledge hereof being much disturbed, he complained to the People for entertaining such ill thoughts of him, and to justify himself, he sent presently to have his House pulled down. He also ordered the carrying of Rods without Axes in the City, and laid them down as a Mark of Respect before a popular Assembly, making a Law for appealing from the Magistrates to the People; for which Popularity he was called Poplicola. And after four Consulships died so poor, that he was buried by public Collection, and mourned for one year by the Matrons, as Brutus his Colleague had been before him.   

AULUS POSTHUMIUS.  
King Tarquin after his Banishment fled to Mamilius, 
U.C. 257.  Lord of Tusculum his Son-in-Law, 
Before Ch. 493.  who with the Assistance of the Latins, engaged the Romans in great Difficulties. They chose therefore Aulus Posthumius Dictator, who fought the Enemy at the Lake Regillus, where when the Victory was doubtful, Cossus, the General of the Horse, used this Stratagem, he ordered them to unbridle their Horses, that it might be impossible in their Charge to stop their Carrier. By which rough shock they routed the Latins, and took their Camp. In this Action were observed, among them two young Men very remarkable for their Valour, mounted on white Horses, whom the Dictator, after a search for, that he might reward them according to their Merit, could not find, therefore supposing them to be Castor and Pollux, he consecrated a Temple to them both.   

L. QUINCTIUS CINCINNATUS.  

U.C. 292.  The Justice of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was very exemplary in disinheriting his undutiful Son Kaeso, 
Before Ch. 458.  who to revenge that, and the Scandal laid upon him by the Censors, fled to the Volsci, and the Sabines, then in War with the Romans, under the Command of Claelius Gracchus, by whom Q. Minutius the Consul, with his Army, was blocked up in Mount Algidus. But Quinctius being made Dictator, the Messengers that carried his Commission, found him ploughing without his , beyond the Tiber, where putting on his Robe he marched directly thither, and freed the Consul; for which he was presented by Minucius with a Crown called Obsidionalis, particular to those who had valiantly raised a Siege. He totally routed the Enemy, took their General Prisoner, and made him walk before his Triumphal Chariot. This War was so soon ended, that he laid down his Dictatorship the sixteenth day after he had received it, and returned again to his Affairs in the Country. In a second Dictatorship, twenty years after, he commanded Servilius Ahala, General of the Horse, to execute Spurius Maelius, who ambitiously aimed at the Subversion of the Government; and pulled down his House; From whence that place was called Aequimolium.   

MENENIUS AGRIPPA LANATUS.  
Menenius Agrippa, surnamed Lanatus, 
U.C. 259.  was chosen General against the Sabines, 
Before Ch. 491.  and triumphed for his Victory over them. In his time the People mutined against the Senators, and marched out of Rome to the Sacred Hill, not able any longer to endure the Burden of their Taxes, and the continual Services of the War, nor would be brought back to their Dwellings. Agrippa therefore told them this Fable; Once the parts of the Body supposing the Belly to he idle, and useless quarrelled, and denied it their assistance But when by this Folly they themselves began to grow weak, and understood that the Meat which the Belly received what disposed by its power through the other Members they were soon reconciled. Thus the Senate and the People; as one Body, b● Discord are ruined, but by Concord flourish By this Moral he reduced the stubborn Multitude, and created Tribunes o● the People to defend their Liberty, against the Haughtiness of the Nobility. This Menenius died so poor, that the People made a Collection for his Funeral, and the Senate set up a Monument for him at the public Charge.   

C. MARCIUS CORIOLANUS.  
Caius Marcius styled Coriolanus, 
U.C. 260.  from his taking Corioli, 
Before Ch. 490.  a City of the Volsci, when his General Posthumius offered him any Reward he would ask, for the brave Actions he performed in that War, he, an eminent Example of Valour, and Friendshep, only took a Horse, and a Friend of his, who was amongst the Captives. In his Consulship, when Provisions were scarce, Corn by his Order was brought out of Sicily, and sold to the People at a dear rate; that he might constrain them by this Severity to mind their Husbandry, and not promote Sedition. Upon an Accusation by Decius, Tribune of the People, he was banished, and flying to the Volsci, sided with them, under the Command of Attius Tullus, against the Romans, encamping within four Miles of the City: And would not be appeased by any Embassy from Rome; till at last, by the Intercession of his Mother Vetruria, and his Wife Volumnia, with a great number of Matrons in their Retinue; he put an end to the War, and was afterwards put to death as a Traitor, by the Volsci. For this there was a Temple built, Fortunae Muliebri, To Good Fortune procured by Women.   

C. LICINIUS STOLO.  
Fabius Ambustus had two Daughters, 
U.C. 388.  whom he married, 
Before Ch. ●62.  one to Licinius Stolo, a Plebeian, the other to Aulus Sulpitius, a Nobleman. The Wife of the Plebeian making a Visit to her Sister, whose Husband was Tribune of the Soldiers, at that time of equal Power with a Consul, discovered her ill Breeding by her Fright at the sight of the Rods and Axes placed by the Lictors at the Door, for which her Sister deriding her, she complained of the Affront to her Husband, who by the assistance of his Father-in-law, when he was made Tribune of the People, established a Law, that one of the Consuls should always be chosen out of the Commoners. This, although much opposed by Appius Claudius, took effect; and Licinius Stolo was first created Consul. He also made another Law, that no Plebeian should have above five hundred Acres of Land; and yet he having five hundred Acres in his own Right, enjoyed as much more in the Name of his Son, who was out of his Tuition, for which Violation, he was called to an Account; and was the first that suffered by his own Act.    

Mr. RICHARD TEMPLE. From the Year 302. to 434. U. C.  

LUCIUS' VIRGINIUS the Centurion.  

U.C. 104.  WHen the Roman People could no longer bear the Insolence of their Factious Tribunes, 
Before Ch. 446.  they set up the Decemviri, who by their Office drew up new Laws upon twelve Tables, collected from those which Solon gave the Athenians: and whilst these Ten Magistrates were designing by agreement to continue the Government amongst themselves, one of them, by Name Appius Claudius, fell passionately in Love with Virginia, the beautiful Daughter of Virginius the Centurion, then in the Service of the State at Algidum. Which Maid, when he could by no means debauch, he suborned his Client Marcus Claudius to demand her for his Slave, as born in his Family, but stolen away by Virginius. He thought his Point not hard to gain, since he himself was to be both Judge and Party. Her Father knowing this came to Rome on the very day of her Trial, where finding his Daughter cast, he desired leave to take his last Farewell of her; so going aside, as it were, for private Discourse, stabbed her, and throwing her Body on his Shoulders, fled to the Army; by that sad Spectacle animating the Soldiers to revenge that Crime. They first creating ten Military Tribunes, seized on Mount Aventinus, forced the Decemviri to abdicate their Power, and punished them all either by Death or Banishment, only Appius Claudius was found dead in Prison.   

The Image of AESCULAPIUS brought to Rome.  

U.C. 462.  The Romans afflicted with a grievous Pestilence, 
Before Ch. 288.  sent to consult the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, and being ordered to fetch the Image of Aesculapius from Epidaurum a City of Epirus, they immediately dispatched away ten Ambassadors, of whom Quintus Ogulnius was chief in the Commission. As soon as they entered the Temple, and were wondering at the Largeness of the Statue, a Snake crept from under the Pedestal, which rather moved Respect than Fear, and gliding through the middle of the Town, to the admiration of all, went into the Roman Galley, and rolled itself up in Ogulnius his Cabin. They came with the God as far as Antium, a Port in Italy, where the Sea being very rough, the Snake leapt over Board, and went directly to the Neighbouring Temple of Aesculapius: yet after some few days returned to the Galley, and as they rowed up the Tiber, it leaped into the little Island, that was formed of Tarquin's Palace, thrown into the River, where a Temple was built to Aesculapius, and the Plague suddenly stopped.   

FURIUS CAMILLUS.  

U.C. 358.  When Furius Camillus besieged the Falisci, 
Before Ch. 392.  the Schoolmaster of the Town, by a pretence of taking a Walk, came over to him with most of the chief Citizens Sons; but instead of being kindly received by Camillus, he was ordered for his Perfidiousness to be bound and whipped back into the Town by his Scholars: which obliged the Falisci, transported with such a remarkable Act of Justice, to yield up themselves, and their Town to him. He had the Honour of a Triumph for taking the City Veii after ten years' Siege, yet was accused for having had his Triumphal Chariot drawn with white Horses, an Honour only lawful in the procession of Jupiter, and the Sun; also that he had unequally divided the Plunder they tool at the Sacking of Veii: for which, cited to his Trial by Apuleius the Tribune of the People, he was found guilty, and banished to Ardea. About this time the Galli Senones forsaking their own Country for its Barrenness, came into Italy, and besieged Clusium, a Town in Etruria. Three Ambassadors were sent from Rome to advise them to desist from their Enterprise, and one of them, by name Quintus Fabius, in a Battle, contrary to the Law of Nations, killed the General of the Gauls; This so enraged them, that upon denial of surrendering the Ambassadors, according to their Command, they marched directly towards Rome, and beat the Romans on the sixteenth of the Kalends of August, at the River Alia, which Day was ever after reckoned in the Calendar amongst the Nefasti, or Unlucky, and called Aliensis. The conquering Gauls entered the City, and at first sight of the Senators, dressed in their Robes, and sitting in their Ivory Chairs, worship's them as the Tutelar Gods of the Place; but when they found them to be Men, they killed them with all imaginable Contempt. The Remainder of the Youth fled with Manlius to the Capitol, and there besieged by the Gauls, were freed by the singular Valour of Camillus, who in his absence was chosen Dictator, and having gathered the scattered Troops of of the Roman Army, surprising the Gauls by a sudden Onset, gained an absolute Victory over them: by his advice, the Romans rebuilt their  Houses, and were hindered from settling themselves at Veii. Thus he restored the City to her Citizens, and the Citizens to their City.   

MARCUS MANLIUS CAPITOLINUS.  
Manlius, 
U.C. 365.  for the Repulse he gave the Gauls at the Capitol, 
Before Ch. 385.  called Capitolinus served sixteen years as Volunteer in th● Army, he had seven and thirty Military Rewards given him, and thre● and thirty Honourable Scars on hi● Breast. It was he, when the City was taken, that advised the Remainder of the Romans to fly to the Capitol, and one night alarmed by the Gambling of a Goose, beat off the Enemy, scaling the Hill; for which Action he was styled Patron by his Citizens, who in Gratitude brought him a Donative of Corn out of their particular Allowance, though they were in great want of it themselves, and gave him a House, at the public Charge in the Capitol. These Honours so puffed him up, that he created himself many Enemies, and was accused by the Senate, for not having made a just Distribution of the Plunder, he had taken from the Gauls: also for paying out of his own Estate the Debts of those, who according to Law, had been turned over as Slaves to their Creditors: he was thrown into Prison, upon suspicion of aiming at the Crown, but set at Liberty by the unanimous Vote of the People: relapsing into the same Crime, and persevering in it, he was found guilty: yet upon his looking towards the Capitol, and the Remembrance of his good Service performed there, he was reprieved, but then condemned in another place, was thrown down the Tarpejan Rock. His House was demolished, his Goods confiscated, and the Manliis ever after obliged to renounce the Praenomen of Marcus.   

AULUS CORNELIUS COSSUS.  
The Fidenates, 
U.C. 318.  ancient Enemies of the Romans, that they might fight without any hope of Pardon, 
Before Ch. 432.  killed the Roman Ambassadors that were in Treaty with them, against whom Quinctus Cincinnatus was sent Dictator, with Cornelius Cossus, General of the Horse, who with his own hand killed King Lartes Tolumnius, and was the second from Romulus, that consecrated the Spoils of a slain General to Jupiter Feretrius.   

PUBLIUS' DECIUS' the Father.  

U.C. 417.  Publius Decius Must was Tribune of the Soldiers in the Samnite War, 
Before Ch. 333.  under Valerius Maximus, and Cornelius Cossus the Consuls. When they were blocked up by an Ambush of the Enemy, in the narrow Pass of the Mountain Gaurus in Campania, he with a Detachment granted him upon his request again'd an Hill, frightened the Enemy, and at Midnight escaped safe through their sleeping Guards. For which considerable Service, the Army presented him with an Oaken Crown, called Civica, the honourable Reward of such as saved the Life of a Citizen in Battle, and with another named Obsidionalis, for raising the Siege. In the Latin War he and his Colleague Manlius Torquatus encamped at the River Veseris, where both the Consuls dreamed, the same night, the Conquest would be theirs, whose General should fall in the Battle, comparing their Dreams, they agreed, that he, whose Wing happened to be worsted, should vow himself to the Infernal Gods, the Left Wing, which Decius commanded, giving way, he with great resolution repeating some Solemn Prayers after Valerius the Highpriest, devoted himself with his Enemies to the Infernal Gods, so rushing into the Battle, by his death, procured Victory to the Romans.   

P. DECIUS' the Son.  
Publius, 
U.C. 447.  the Son of the former Decius, 
Before Ch. 303.  in his first Consulship triumphed over the Samnites, and consecrated the best of their Spoils to Ceres: in his second and third Consulate he performed many noble Actions both at home and abroad. In his fourth with Fabius Maximus Rullianus, when the Gauls, the Samnites, the Umbri and the Tusci entered into a Confederacy against the Romans, their Army being drawn up in Battle, and in the Fight his Wing giving ground, he, encouraged by the great Example of his Father, sent for Marcus Livius the Pontifex, and leaning on his Spear, repeated after him the usual Form of Prayer, thus devoting himself together with the Enemy to the Infernal Gods, he rushed into the Battle, and bequeathed Victory to his Soldiers. His Body was magnificently interred, and he praised in a Funeral Oration by his Colleague.   

TITUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS.  
Titus Manlius Torquatus, 
U.C. 395.  for the Dulness of his Parts, and the Impediment of his Speech, 
Before Ch. 355.  was sent by his Father to live a private Life in the Country; upon Information that his Father was accused by Pompeius, the Tribune of the People, he came by night to Rome, and having got an opportunity to discourse the Tribune in private, with his drawn Sword, forced him in great fear to lay aside his Accusation. In his Tribuneship of the Soldiers, under Sulpicius the Dictator, he in a Duel killed the Gaul that challenged the Romans, and taking off his Chain, put it on his own Neck, whence he as called Terquatus. In his Consulship against the Latins, to maintain his Discipline, he beheaded his own Son, though victorious, for fight against his Order, and beat them at the River Veseris, where his Colleague Decius devoted himself to the Infernal Gods.   

MARCUS VALERIUS CORVINUS.  

U.C. 407.  Valerius was Tribune of the Soldiers under Camillus, 
Before Ch. 343.  in pursuing the dispersed Troops of the Gauls out of Italy; and with great Bravery fought the Gaul, who by a Challenge had terrified the whole Roman Army. A Crow from Break of Day sat upon his Helmet, and in the Fight assisted him by flapping his Wing in his Enemy's Eyes, which Victory honoured him with the additional Name of Corvinus. His Prudence was of great Consequence to the Commonwealth, when a great number of poor Debtors, not able to pay their Creditors, had attempted to seize Capua, and forced Quinctius to head them, in appeasing that Sedition by taking off the Debt.   

SPURIUS POSTHUMIUS.  

U.C. 433.  Titus Veturius and Spurius Posthumius in their Consulship warring with the Samnites, 
Before Ch. 317.  were drawn into an Ambuscade by their General Pontius Thelesinus, who sent out some pretended Deserters to tell the Romans, that Luceria, a City in Apulia, was besieged by the Samnites. Two Roads lead to this place, the one longer, but safer; the other shorter, yet more dangerous; the Romans; in great haste to raise the Siege, by taking the shorter way, fell into the Ambush: the place, where this Misfortune happened, was called Furculae Caudinae. Caius Pontius, when he had taken them, sent for his Father Herennius, to consult his Judgement in this matter, who answered, He would either have them all killed, to weaken their Forces beyond hopes of Recovery, or else sent away without Ransom, that they might be for ever obliged to him for such a generous Favour; but he rejecting both these Propositions, made them all Slaves, and entered into a League with dishonourable Conditions on their part, which the Romans so disliked, that Posthumius their General was delivered up to them to disannul the Articles, but not received upon that Account by them.   

LUCIUS' PAPIRIUS CURSOR.  
Lucius Papirius, from his swiftness called Cursor, 
U.C. 434.  was sent Dictator against the Samnites, 
Before Ch. 316.  perceiving the War to be undertaken with ill Omens, he returned to Rome to consult the Soothsayers for better Divination, and left the Command of the Army to Fabius Rullianus, with Orders not to fight upon any Occasion, yet he enticed by a fair Opportunity fought the Enemy, for which Papirius, at his return, would have beheaded him. For the safety of his life he escaped to Rome, where it was not in the Power of the Tribunes to defend him: nevertheless by his Father's Tears, and the People's Entreaty, he was at last pardoned, and Papirius triumphed over the Samnites. He was very pleasant in his Conversation, and a great Lover of Jests, as appeared one time, after having severely reprimanded the Praetor of Praeneste for his Cowardice, he ordered the Lictors to make ready their Axes; and when he saw him sufficiently terrified with the fear of Death, commanded them only to cut up the Roots that hindered their March.    

The HONOURABLE Mr. ROBERT BERTIE. From the Year 434. to 511. U.C.  

QUINCTUS FABIUS RULLIANUS.  

U.C. 434.  Q. Fabius Rullianus was the first of his Family, 
Before Ch. 316.  for his Valour called Maximus: when he was General of the Horse, under Papirius Cursor, he conquered the Samnites, but had like to have been beheaded by the Dictator, for fight without Order, in his absence. He first triumphed over the Apuli, and Lucerini, then over the Samnites; thirdly over the Gauls, the Umbri, the Marsi, and the Tusci. In his Censorship he distinguished the Libertini, in respect of their Votes, into four inferior Tribes, and would not be chose Censor a second time, declaring it was not for the good of the Commonwealth to have the same Men often Censors. He first instituted the Cavalcade of the Roman Knights on the Ideses of July from the Temple of Honour, upon white Horses to the Capitol. At his death so much Money was collected for him by public Contribution, that his Son made a public Feast, and gave a Dole of raw Flesh to the People.   

MANLIUS CURIUS DENTATUS.  

U.C. 404.  Manlius Curius Dentatus first triumphed over the Samnites, 
Before Ch. 446.  whom he conquered as far as the Adriatic Sea. At his return to Rome, he thus signalised the Greatness of his Victory in an Affembly of the People: I hvae taken so much Land, that it would turn a Desert, had I not taken so many Prisoners to inhabit it; and have taken so many Men, that they must perish with Hunger, had I not taken so much Ground for them to subsist on. He triumphed a second time over the Sabines, and thirdly entered the City with a less Triumph, called Ovation, for conquering the Lucanians. He drove Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, out of Italy. In the Division of the public Lands, he gave forty Acres a Man amongst the People, and reserved but forty for himself, professing, that none ought to be reckoned a Roman Citizen who could not be contented with it. He was so moderate in his Desires, that he answered the Samnite Ambassadors, proffering him a great Present of Gold, as he was at Dinner upon roasted Turnips; I had rather eat these Turnips in this Earthen Dish, and govern them that possess such Riches. When he was accused of converting to his own use the public Money, he produced for his Vindication a Wooden Cruet which he used at his Sacrifices, solemnly swearing, he never had any thing more of the Enemy's Spoils, in his House. He brought the Aqueducts of the River Anio into Rome, at the Expense of the same Plunder; and in his Tribuneship forced the Senate to make the Law from him, called Curia, by which Magistrates might be elected out of the Plebeians; for which many Obligations the Republic conferred upon him an House, and five hundred Acres of Land in Tiphata.   

APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS.  
Appius Claudius Caecus, 
U.C. 462.  in his Censorship, 
Before Ch. 288.  though he admitted the Libertini into the Senate, prohibited the Musicians from public Feasting, and playing on Pipes in Jupiter's Temple Two Families called the Potitii and the Pinarii had for many Ages been constituted to perform Sacrifices to Hercules, he bribed the Potitii to instruct the common Slaves in those Religious Ceremonies, for which Offence he was struck blind, and the Race of the Potitii utterly extinguished. He violently opposed the Communication of the Consulship to any Plebeian, and would not gratify the Ambition of Fabius Rullianus to have absolute Command without Decius Must in the War against the Samnites. He conquered the Sabines, Samnites, and Etrurians: and paved the way as far as Brundisium, whence it was called the Appian Road. He finished the Aqueduct which was brought into Rome from the River Anio, and was the only Man that kept the Censorship five years together. When a Peace was concluding with King Pyrrhus, and his Ambassador Cineas had corrupted many of the Senators, Appius, old and blind, was brought in his Litter into the Senate, and with a noble Speech broke off those base Propositions.   

PYRRHUS King of Epirus.  
Pyrrhus, 
U.C. 472.  King of Epirus, was by his Father descended from Achilles; 
Before Ch. 278.  by his Mother from Hercules; he ambitiously aimed at the Empire of the World, and perceiving the Romans very powerful, consulted the Delphic Oracle about the Fortune of the War, whom Apollo thus ambiguously answered: 
Aio te Aeacida Romanos vincere posse.  
O, Pyrrhus, you the Romans shall overcome.  He interpreting this to his own Fancy, made War with the Romans, by the help of the Tarentini: and disordered Laevinus the Consul's Army by the City Heraclea, with the strange sight of his Elephants; but after the Fight when he beheld the Roman Soldiers, slain only by honourable Wounds in their Breasts; he cried out, With such brave Men as these could I soon conquer the whole World: and answered his Friends, congratulating his Success, What do I gain by such a Victory as costs me the Flower of my Army. Then he marched on, and encamped twenty Miles from Rome, generously restoring the Captives to Fabricius, without Ransom, where seeing the new Army of Laevinus so suddenly recruited, he declared he underwent the same Difficulty against the Romans, as his Ancestor Hercules with the Serpent Hydra. He was routed by Fabricius and Curius, and fled to Tarentum, thence passed over into Sicily, yet once more to try his Fortune, he returned to Locri in Italy, and robbed Proserpine's Temple; but endeavouring to carry off the Treasure, his Fleet was driven back by a Storm, and wrecked upon the Shoar. Thence returning into Greece, as he besieged Argos, he was slain with a Tile thrown down on his Head. His Body was carried to Antigonus, King of Macedonia, and magnificently interred.   

FABRICIUS.  

U.C. 477.  The year after the victorious Romans had driven Pyrrhus to Tarentum Fabricius was sent General against 
Before Ch. 273.  him; he had been formerly Ambassador to Pyrrhus, and though he was proffered a fourth part of his Kingdom, would not be bribed from his Honesty. When he and the King encamped near one another, Pyrrhus' Physician came to him by night, promising to poison his Prince, if he would reward him accordingly; Fabricius, detesting the Fact, commanded him to be bound, and carried back, that his Lord might know what this Traitor had designed against his Life. In admiration of which generous Action the King is reported to have said; This is that Fabricius, whose Integrity 'tis harder to corrupt, than to turn the Sun from its Course.   

DECIUS' MUS.  
Volscinii, a noble City of Hetruria, 
U.C. 487.  was almost ruined by its Luxury; 
Before Ch. 263.  for very indiscreetly they had freed their Slaves, and admitted them into the Senate, who in return, by a Confederacy, became their Masters. After they had thus suffered many Indignities they secretly begged Aid of the Romans; Decius Must was presently sent to their Assistance, who overcame these insolent Freed Men, and either put them to Death in Prison, or delivered them again in subjection to their Lords.   

APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAUDEX.  
Appius Claudius, 
U.C. 488.  surnamed Caudex, was Brother to Appius Caecus, after the Settlement of the Volsinienses, 
Before Ch. 262.  he was sent Consul to free the Mamertini in Sicily, whose Castle Hiero, King of Syracuse, with the Carthaginians, had besieged. He first passed the straits of Sicily in a Fisherboat to view the Enemy, and the forced the Carthaginian General to withdraw his Forces out of the Citadel. Returning to Rhegium, he with his Infantry took a five Banked Galley of the Enemies, and with that Vessel transporting a Legion into Sicily, drove the Carthaginians from Messana. Hiero surrendered himself to him upon Terms, at the Battle of Syracuse, and was so terrified with the Danger of the War, that he desired the Friendship of the Romans, and proved ever after very faithful to them.   

CAIUS DUILIUS.  

U.C. 258.  Caius Duilius was Admiral in the first Punic War against the Carthaginians, 
Before Ch. 492.  and finding them very powerful at Sea, rigged out a strong Fleet: his Enemies laughed at his Invention of Grappling Irons, with which he took thirty, and sunk thirteen of their Ships. Hannibal, the Carthaginian Admiral, fled to Carthage, and pretended to demand Instructions of the Senate, as yet ignorant of his Misfortune. They unanimously voted he should fight the Enemy: I have fought, says he, and lost the Day. Thus he escaped Crucifixion; for among the Carthaginians, the General, that had the Misfortune fortune to be beaten, was so punished. Dailius had this perpetual Honour confened on him, to return in public from Supper with Flambeaux and Trumpeters before him.   

ATILIUS CALATINUS.  
Atilius Calatinus was sent General into Sicily against the Carthaginians, 
U.C. 494.  he forced the Enemy's Garrisons out of Enna, 
Before Ch. 256.  Drepanum, and Lilybaeum, their best and strongest Cities, and took Panormus. He ravaged the whole Island, and with a few Ships, beat the Enemies great Fleet, under the Command of Amilcar. But making haste to raise the Siege of Camerina, he was shut up in a narrow Pass by the Carthaginians, where Calpurnius Flamma, one of his Tribunes, drawing out three hundred Soldiers, gained a Hill, and by his Valour freed the Consul, though his whole Party was cut off, and he found half dead by the Consul: After this the Romans became a Terror to their Enemies, and Atilius obtained a Glorious Triumph.   

MARCUS ATILIUS REGULUS.  
M. Atilius Regulus in his Consulship 
U.C. 497.  triumphed for his Conquest over the Salentini: 
Before Ch. 253.  he was the first Roman General that passed over with a Navy into Africa: his Fleet suffered much by a Shipwreck: yet he took from Amilcar, the Carthaginian Admiral, sixty three Galleys, besides two hundred Towns, with two hundred thousand Captives. Whilst he commanded abroad, his Wife and Children, by reason of their Poverty, were kept at the Public Charge. The next year he was taken by the policy of Xanthippus, a Lacedaemonian Captain, who served the Carthaginians, and cast into Prison. He was sent Ambassador from thence to Rome, to treat about the Exchange of Prisoners, promising, upon his Oath, to return, if he could not obtain it; but he more consulting the Benefit of his Country, opposed it in the Senate, and not regarding the Prayers and Tears of his Wife and Family, returned to Carthage, where, in revenge, they put him into a Wooden Chest, stuck full of Nails, by which horrible Torture, and for want of Sleep he died.   

CAIUS LUTATIUS CATULUS.  
C. Lutatius Catulus, 
U.C. 511.  in the first Punic War commanded three hundred Sail against the Carthaginians, 
Before Ch. 239.  and in a Fight near the Island Aegates, between Sicily and Africa, took and and sunk six hundred of their Ships, laden with Provisions and other Necessaries, under their Admiral Anno, by which great Victory he put an end to the War; and at their Entreaty made a Peace with them on these Terms, that they should march out of Sicily, Sardinia, and the other Islands between Italy, and Africa; giving up all Provinces in Spain, as far as the River Iberus.    

Mr. BLAKWELL PARKYNS. From the Year 511. to 563. U.C.  

HANNIBAL the Carthaginian General.  
HAnnibal was Son to Hamilcar, 
U.C. 534.  General of the Carthaginians, 
Before Ch. 216.  in the first Punic War, who brought him, when but nine years old, before the Altar, solemnly to swear perpetual Hatred to Rome. From that time he served in those Wars under his Father, after whose Death he sought all Occasions of Breaking with the Romans. To which end, he, within six Months after, destroyed the City Saguntum in Spain, then in Confederacy with them. From whence making his Way over the Alps, he passed into Italy, and beat Publius Scipio at Ticinum; Sempronius Longus at Trebia; Flaminius at the Lake Trasimenus; also Paulus and Varro at Cannae. And might further have carried his Victories, by taking Rome itself, had he marched directly thither, and not turned aside into Campania, to enjoy the Pleasures of that rich Country. But after this, when he had encamped his Army within three Miles of the City, he was beat back by great Storms of Wind and Rain. His Troops were first weakened by Fabius Maximus; then repulsed by Valerius Flaccus; next put to flight by Gracchus and Marcellus; and being recalled into Africa, he was there totally routed by Scipio. From thence he fled to Antiochus, King of Syria, and incited him to make War against the Romans; after whose Overthrow, he was necessitated to retire to Prusias, King of Bythinia, to whom Titus Flaminius was sent on an Embassy to demand him; but he prevented his being delivered up by drinking a Poison, carried for such an Occasion, in the hollow of his Ring, and so died. At Lybissa, a Town of Bythinia he was put into a Stone Coffin, with this Inscription on it,  
Here lies HANNIBAL.   

Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS.  
Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator was called Verrucosus, 
U.C. 535.  from a Wart he had on his Lip; and Ovicula, 
Before Ch. 215.  from his mild Nature. In his Consulship he triumphed over the Ligures, and weakened Hannibal by his prudent Delaying to give him Battle. He suffered Minutius, General of his Horse, at his Request, to have equal Power in the Army with himself; yet after that Arrogance, refused not to relieve him, when he had brought his Troops by ill Conduct into great Danger. He shut up Hannibal in the Plains of Falernus, and kept Manlius Statilius from revolting to the Enemy, by his generous gift to him of a Horse and Arms; also obliged a brave Soldier of the Lucanian Squadron, who often left the Camp, and neglected his Duty, being transported with a violent Passion for a beautiful Woman, by buying and presenting her to him. He retook Tarentum from the Carthaginians, and the Statue of Hercules, which he brought from thence, he placed in the Capitol. And when the Senate would not approve of his Ratifying the Articles, made between him and the Enemy, about the Redemption of Prisoners, he sold his Estate for two hundred thousand Sesterces, with which he preserved his Honour, and performed his Contract.   

PUBLIUS' SCIPIO NASICA.  
Publius Scipio Nasica was a Man so eminent for his Virtue, that he had the Image of Cybele, Mother of the Gods, by order of the Senate, committed to his Care, to be kept in his House, till her Temple should be built. He was so superstitious, that when he understood himself to be chosen Consul by Gracchus with ill Omens, he abdicated his Office. In his Censorship he pulled down the Statues, which many, out of Ambition, had erected for themselves in the Forum. And in his Consulship took Delminium, chief City of the Calmatians. Out of Modesty he refused the Title of General, offered him by the Soldiers, as he did the Honour of a Triumph conferred on him by the Senate. He was so very eloquent, so well skilled in the Law, and so extremely wise in all his Affairs, that he was called Corculum, or The Prudent Man.   

M. CLAUDIUS' MARCELLUS.  
Marcus Marcellus slew Virdumarus, 
U.C. 530.  General of the Gauls, in a single Combat, 
Before Ch. 220.  and was the Third from Romulus that dedicated the rich Spoils of a slain General to Jupiter Feretrius. He first taught Soldiers to retreat without turning their Backs, and by taking Advantage of a narrow Pass at Nola, made Hannibal know, he was not invincible. Syracuse, a City in Sicily, was taken by him after three years' Siege, and when the Senate, upon some false Accusation denied him the Honour of a Triumph, he conscious of his just merit triumphed from his own Authority on Mount Alban. In his fifth Consulship he was unluckily drawn into an Ambuscade, by Hannibal, and slain. His Funeral was solemnised with great Pomp; but his Bones, as they were sent to Rome, were intercepted by Numidian Pirates, and lost.   

LIVIA CLAUDIA the Vestal Virgin.  
Whilst Hannibal wasted Italy, 
U. C 549.  the Romans consulting the Books of the Sibyls, 
Before Ch. 201.  sent for the Image of the Goddess Cybele from Pessinuns, a Town of Phrygia. And as they came up the Tiber against the Stream, the Ship on a sudden stopped in deep Water, from whence it could by no Means be moved, till by Direction in the same Books, they understood that it might be drawn up the River by the Hand of a very chaste Woman. Whereupon Claudia, a Vestal Virgin, unjustly suspected of Incontinency, entreated the Goddess, that if she knew her to be chaste, she would vouchsafe to follow her, then tying her Girdle to the Ship, she drew it up the Tiber. The Image of the Goddess, whilst her Temple was building, was placed in the House of Scipio Nasica, so honoured from the general Opinion of being the best Man in Rome.   

M. PORCIUS CATO CENSORIUS.  
M. Porcius Cato was born at Tusculum, 
U.C. 557.  but invited to fix at Rome, 
Before Ch. 193.  by Valerius Flaccus. He was Tribune of the Soldiers in Sicily; and behaved himself with great Valour whilst he was Questor under Scipio, as he did with great Justice, when Praetor. In that year of his Praetorship he conquered Sardinia, and was there instructed in the Greek Tongue by Ennius the Poet. In his Consulship he Hispania Tarraconensis; and to secure them from rebelling, he sent his Orders to all the Cities to demolish their Walls, which every one of them imagining as only sent to them in particular, readily obeyed. In the Syrian War against Antiochus, being Tribune of the Soldiers, under Marcus Acilius Glabrio, he gained the Pass of Thermopylae, at the straits of Mount Oeta, and by that prevention routed the Enemy. In his Censorship he turned Lucius Flammius, who formerly had been Consul, out of the Senate, because in his Government of Gaul, to please his Miss, he ordered a Captive to be brought out of Prison, and killed before her. He was the first that built a stately Piazza, calling it Porcia, after his own Name, and opposed the Luxury of the Roman Matrons, when they demanded the Privilege of wearing their rich Ornaments, taken from from them by the Oppian Law. He was so indefatigable a Prosecutor of ill Men, that in the fourscorth year of his Age he accused Galba for robbing the Lufitanians in his Praetorship, and was himself impeached four and forty times, but always honourably acquitted. In the Debates of the Senate, in the third Punic War, he was for demolishing Carthage; his natural Vigour lasted so long, that he had a Son at fourscore, whose Effigies was often brought out to honour a Funeral Solemnity.   

C. CLAUDIUS NERO, and ASDRUBAL HANNIBAL's Brother.  
Asdrubal, 
U.C. 545.  the Brother of Hannibal, passed into Italy with great Recruits, 
Before Ch. 205.  for the strengthening his Army, and the Roman Empire had then been utterly ruined, if he had once joined his Brother: But Claudius Nero, whose Camp was in Apulia near Hannibal, leaving part of his Forces behind him, drew out a large Detachment of his choicest Men, and marching directly against Asdrubal, joined M. Livius his Colleague, at a Town called Sena, by the River Metaurus in Calabria, where they two together beat Asdrubal. After this Victory Nero returned to his Camp with the same speed, and threw Asdrubal's Head before his Brother Hannibal's Trenches. At which sight Hannibal publicly declared, he was overcome by the ill Fortune of Carthage. For this good Service Marcus Livius entered Rome with a greater Triumph, and, Nero with a less, because the Action was not performed within his Province.   

P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO.  
Publius Scipio, called Africanus, 
U.C. 551.  for his Courage and Conduct in the Conquest of Africa, 
Before Ch. 199.  was supposed to be the Son of Jupiter, for before his Mother was with Child of him, a Serpent, supposed the Genius of Jupiter, was seen in her Bed, and in his Childhood a Snake twined about him without doing him any harm. The Dogs never barked at him, although he went into the Capitol at Midnight, nor did he ever undertake any Business, till he had sat meditating a good while, near the Image of Jupiter, as if he received Directions from that God. He but eighteen years of Age, by his singular Valour, saved his Father's Life at Ticinum; and so great Influence was the Authority of Scipio, that he put a stop to the young Noblemen, and hindered them from leaving Italy, and conducted the Remainder of the Army, after the Defeat of Cannae, through the Enemy's Camp to Canusium. At four and twenty he was sent Praetor into Spain, and took Carthago Nova, now Carthagena, the same day he came before it, when his Soldiers brought him a young Maid, whose Beauty attracted every one to be a Spectator, he out of Modesty would not see her, but gave order, that she should be restored to her Father, and betrothed Lover, a Prince of Cel●iberia. He beat Asdrubal and Mage, Hannibal's Brothers, out of Spain, made a League with Syphax, King of Mauritania, and received Massanissa into the Number of the Allies. Returning home after these Victories, he was made Consul before he was old enough, according to Law, and by the Consent of his Colleague passed over into Africa, and forced his way through Asdrubal's and Syphax's Camp in one night. He vanquished Hannibal after he was recalled out of Italy, and imposed new Laws upon the conquered Carthaginians, In the War against Antiochus he was his Brother's Lieutenant, and his Son that was taken Prisoner was returned without Ransom, in honour of the Father. Being accused of Extortion by the Petilii, and Naevius, Tribunes of the People, with great assurance, he tore his Book of Accounts in pieces, before the People, and said, This day I conquered Carthage; 'twas a good piece of Service to the Commonwealth, let us go to the Capitol, and return our public Thanks to the Gods. Then he left the ungrateful City, spending the rest of his Life in exile; and at his death begged of his Wife, that his Body should not be carried back to Rome.   

MARCUS LIVIUS SALINATOR.  
In his first Consulship triumphed over the Illyrians, yet sometime after was maliciously accused by all the Tribes, except the Metian, for embezelling the public Stock. In his second Consulship he was joined with his Enemy Claudius Nero, but rather than the Government should sustain any prejudice from their Variance, he was freely reconciled to him, and upon their Victory over Asdrubal, Hannibal's Brother, road in Triumph into the City. He was also chose with the same Nero in his Censorship, and set a Poll-Tax upon every Tribe, except the Metians, taking away their Pension, because they had either condemned very unjustly at first, or else had done very ill, in conferring so great Honours upon him, after a former suspicion.   

TITUS QUINCTIUS FLAMINIUS'.  
Was the Son of that Flaminius' who who was killed at Trasimenus. He was sent Consul into Macedonia, and guided by King Carops' Shepherds into the Province. He routed King Philip, and took his Camp, receiving from him his Son Demetrius for an Hostage, though afterwards he made him pay a great Ransom before he restored him to his Kingdom. He took also the Son of Nabis, King of Lacedaemon, as a Pledge for his Fidelity, and at last made Proclamation by the common Crier at the Nemaean Games with general Applause, that all the Grecians should enjoy their ancient Liberties. This was he that was sent to Prusias to demand Hannibal.   

MARCUS FULVIUS NOBILIOR,  
In his Praetorship conquered Spain, for which good Service he entered the City, with a less Triumph, called Ovation. The Aetolians and Ambracians were routed by him in several Battles, who in the Macedonian War had first sided with the Romans, but afterwards revolted to Antiochus, King of Syria. He drove them into their City Ambracia, and by a Blockade forced them to surrender, yet he plundered them of nothing but their Statues, and Pictures, which were carried before him in Triumph. His Friend Quintus Ennius wrote a noble Poem in commendation of this Victory, though it was sufficiently famous of itself, and needed not the Art of a Poet to set it off.    

Mr. HEARY MOLINS D'AVENANT. From the Year 563, to 660. U. C.  

L. SCIPIO ASIATICUS.  
SCipio Asiaticus, 
U.C. 563.  Brother to Scipio Africanus, 
Before Ch. 187.  was a Man of a weak Constitution, yet upon the Account of his Valour in Africa, was recommended by his Brother for Consul, and having him for his Lieutenant-General, beat Antiochus, King of Syria, at Mount Sipylus in Caria, where the Enemy's Bows, by reason of the excessive Rain, were made useless. He took from him part of his Hereditary Kingdom, and from his Success gained the Name of Asiaticus. Some time after he was accused for embezelling the Public Treasure; but Gracchus, Tribune of the People, satisfied of his Integrity, though his Adversary, stopped any farther Proceeding, yet Marcus Cato, the Censor, afterwards took from him his Horse as a particular Mark of Disgrace.   

ANTIOCHUS' King of Syria.  
Antiochus, 
U.C. 560.  King of Syria, trusting too much to his own Power, 
Before Ch. 190.  waged War with the Romans, under pretence of recovering the City of Lysimachia, built by his Ancestors in Thrace, and then in the possession of the Romans. In a short time he seized on all Greece, with the adjacent Islands, but ruined himself by Luxury in the Island Euboea. Upon the Approach of Acilius Glabrio, he drew up his Forces in the Straits of the Mount Oeta, called Thermopylae, and after their Defeat, by the Conduct of Marcus Cato fled into Asia. He had as bad Success with his Fleet, which under Hannibal, his Admiral, was beaten by Lucius Aemilius, Regillus, he thought to oblige Scipio Africanus, by releasing his Son, taken Prisoner at Sea, without any Ransom, whose Father, by way of Requital, advised him to make Peace with the Romans: but Antiochus despising his Counsel, ventured to fight L. Scipio at Mount Sipylus, where he was overcome, and chased beyond Mount Taurus. He was at last killed by one of his Nobles, whom he had affronted with a Blow in his Drink.   

CNAEUS MANLIUS VULSO.  
Cnaeus Manlius Vulso, 
U.C. 563.  as soon as he was chosen Consul, was sent to succeed Scipio Asiaticus, 
Before Ch. 187.  in his Government, and being too ambitious of a Triumph, made War upon the Pisidae and Gallograeci, Confederates with Antiochus, whom he very easily conquered. Amongst other Prisoners of War, the Wife of King Orgiagon was committed to the Charge of a certain Centurion, who ravished her, but she studying Revenge, concealed the Rape; and after some time having agreed for her Ransom, by an Artifice had this Adulterer delivered up to her Husband, by whom he was slain.   

L. PAULUS AEMILIUS MACEDONICUS.  

U.C. 584.  L. Paulus Aemilius was his Son who was slain at the Battle of Cannae. He in his first Consulship, 
Before Ch. 166.  which he got after a Repulse at three Elections, triumphed over the Ligures, and to magnify his Actions, exposed to public view a Picture, wherein all his Exploits were painted. In his second Consulship he took Perses, King of the Macedonians, Philips Son, at Samothracia, an Isle in the Aegean Sea, but with great Humanity pitied him whom he had conquered, and permitted him to sit down by him, though afterward he led him in Triumph. At which joyful Solemnity he lost two of his Sons, yet with the greatest moderation turning himself to the People, he made it his request to Fortune, that if any Disaster threatened the Commonwealth, it might be compounded for, by his private Afflictions. In reward of his Noble Actions he had the Privilege granted him by the People, and Senate, of wearing a Triumphal Robe at the Circensian Games. He was one that hated Avarice, and laid up so little Wealth, that after his Death, all his Estate was sold for the Payment of his Wife's Dowry.   

TIB. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS.  
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was descended of a Noble Family, 
U.C. 573.  and of so generous a Temper, 
Before Ch. 177.  that he would not suffer his Enemy Scipio Asiaticus to be cast into Prison. In his Praetorship he subdued Gaul, in his first Consulship Spain, and in his second he Conquered Sardinia, from whence he brought so many Prisoners, that the long Continuance of their Sale gave occasion for the Proverb, Sardi venales, Here are Sardinian Slaves to be Sold. When he was Censor he divided those Freemen, who belonged to the Country Tribes, into four City Tribes. Tho he secured himself by his own Interest, yet his Colleague Claudius was accused for this Innovation, but escaped after two Classes had found him Guilty, by the zealous Protestation of Tiberius, who vowed, if they condemned his Friend, to be banished with him. He was a rare Example of Conjugal Affection, when the two Snakes crawled out of his Bed, upon Consultation the Oracle answered, That if the Male was killed, Tiberius should die; if the Female, Cornelia. Nevertheless, he moved with a tender compassion for his Wife's Safety, ordered he Male to be slain.   

PUBLIUS' SCIPIO AEMILIANUS.  
P. Scipio Aemilianus was the Son of Paulus Macedonicus, 
U.C. 606.  but adopted by Scipio Africanus; 
Before Ch. 144.  he shown his Courage whilst he served under his. Father in the Macedonian War, upon the Defeat of King Perses, by pursuing the Chase so eagerly, that he did not return to the Camp till Midnight; and when he was Lucullus' Lieutenant in Spain, at the Town Intercatia he killed one, that challenged him, in a single Combat, and was the first that scaled the Walls of that City. He was Tribune under Marcus Manilius, in the first year of the third Punic War, and by his Conduct and Valour Relieved eight Cohorts, that were blocked up by the Enemy; for which good Service he was presented with an Obsidional Crown. When he stood only Candidate for the Aedileship, he was unanimously chosen Consul, though not of Age, as the Law requires, and within six Months, as it were, to confirm the good Opinion of the People, demolished Carthage. He was then sent into Spain, where having restored the Discipline of the Army, he forced Numantia to Surrender, for want of Provisions, and was from thence called Numantinus. He did nothing without his Friend Caius Laelius, and in many Embassies to several Princes, took none but him with the small Retinue of two Servants. His noble Exploits at last made him so haughty, that he disobliged the Commonwealth, by saying Gracchus was deservedly Murdered, and when many murmured at this severe Expression against his own Kinsman, he bade them be silent, for according to their Deserts, Italy was but their Stepmother, and they were all no better than his Slaves. In his Censorship he Affronted his Colleague Mummius, who was indeed a Man of heavy parts, by this arrogant Expression in the open Senate, I wish you had given me a Companion fit for Business, or none at all. Soon after his violent opposing the Party which promoted the Division of the Lands, he was found dead at his own House, and carried out to he buried with his Head covered, lest there should be any suspicion of a violent Death from the Blackness of his Face. His Estate was so small, that he left but Thirty two Pounds of Silver, and two and a half of Gold.   

CAIUS HOSTILIUS MANCINUS.  

U.C. 615.  Caius Hostilius Mancinus went Consul against the Numantines, 
Before Ch. 135.  though forewarned by the Augurs, and called upon by a strange Voice to stay at home, upon his Arrival at Numantia he designed to regulate the Army formerly commanded by Popilius, and for more Advantage decamped to a privater place. That day the Numantines, after an old Custom proffered their Daughters in public to be Married; it happened, that two young Men Courted the same pretty Woman, her Father told the Rivals, He only should marry her, who slew an Enemy, and brought him his Right Hand. Both of them going out to execute this Order, and observing the Romans to draw off in as much haste as if they fled, acquainted their own party with it, who presently sallying out with Four thousand, slew Twenty thousand of the Romans. Mancinus, by the advice of his Quaestor, Tiberius Gracchus made a League with the Enemy, upon their own Terms, which being disliked by the Senate, Mancinus was delivered up to the Numantines, but not received for satisfaction by them. This unfortunate General was degraded, and durst not return to the Camp, yet afterward by good Omens of the Soothsayers he was advanced to the Degree of Praetor.   

L. MUMMIUS ACHAICUS.  
L. Mummius was surnamed Achaicus, 
U.C. 606.  from Conquering Achaia: 
Before Ch. 144.  in his Consulship he was ordered to prosecute the War against the Corinthians, and and had the Honour of a Victory, which, in merit, was rather due to his Predecessor. For after Metellus Macedonicus had routed the Enemy at Heraclea, a City of Elis in the Peloponnese, and killed their General Critolaus, he hastened with his Sergeants, and a few Horse to Metellus' Camp to share the Good Fortune of the Battle, and with more ease defeated the Enemy at Leutopetra in the Isthmus of Corinth. Diaeus their Commander fled, in despair set his House on Fire, killed his Wife, threw her into the Flames, and then poisoned himself. Mummius plundered Corinth, and adorned Italy with their Pictures and Statues, yet so modente, as to carry none to his own Horse.   

Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS MACEDONICUS.  

U.C. 606.  Quinctus Caecilius Metelluss obtained the Title of Macedonicus, 
Before Ch. 144.  from subduing Macedonia. In his Praetorship he overcame the Impostor Andriscus, who assumed the Name of King Philip, he routed the Achaians twice, but Mummius intercepted the Glory of the Triumph. The People, to show their Hatred towards him for his Severity, with much Difficulty chose him Consul, after he had missed it at two Elections. He vanquished the Arbachi in Spai●, and with great Courage before the Town Contrebia, made those Cohorts which gave way to rally and regain their Post; he was so close and surprising in his Counsels, that he answered one of his Friends, enquiring into his Resolutions, He would burr his Coat, if he thought it knew his nind. He was the happy Father of four valiant Sons, who carried him to his Grave, three of whom he saw honoured with a Consulate, and the other with a Triumph.   

Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS NUMIDICUS.  

U.C. 643.  Q. Caecilius Metellus in his Consulship triumphed over Jugurtha, 
Before Ch. 107.  King of Numidia, and from thence called Numidicus; when he was Censor he signalised his Integrity by refusing to enrol in the public Register the Name of Quinctius, who scandalously pretended to be the Son of Tiberius Gracchus, and chose rather to be banished than agree to the Law which Apuleius by violence imposed upon them. He lived in Exile at Smyrna, and at last was recalled by Calidius, Tribune of the People. He always discovered a Constancy in his Temper, as appeared in the Theatre, by not reading the Letter which was brought him till the Show was over, and by not making a Funeral Oration in Commendation of Lucullus, his Sister Metella's Husband, who had been the only person wrought upon to recant his Vote against the Agrarian and Frumentarian Laws.   

Q. METELLUS PIUS.  
He was the Son of Metellus Numidicus, 
U.C. 660.  and honoured with the Cognomen of Pius for his Filial Duty, 
Before Ch. 90.  and continual Intercession with Tears to have his Father recalled from Banistment. He shown his Valour in the Social War, in which he commanded as Praetor, and killed Q. Popedius, General of the Marsi. He was sent Consul into Spain, where he defeated the Herculeii, Lieutenants to Sertorius, and forced him out of that Country. In his Youth, when he was Candidate for the Praetorship, and Pontificat, he was preferred to his Competitors of Consular Dignity.    

The HONOURABLE Mr. WASHINGTON SHIRLEY. From the Year 619, to 670 U. C.  

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS  
Tiberius Gracchus, 
U.C. 619.  Grandson to Scipio Africanus, by his Daughter Cornelia, 
Before Ch. 131.  was Quaestor under Mancinus in Spain, and consented to the making of that dishonourable League with the Numantini: but by his plausible Eloquence escaped being delivered up to them. When he was Tribune of the People he made two Laws, one that no person whatsoever should possess above Five hundred Acres of Land, the other that the Estate which Attalus King of Pergamus bequeathed to the Commonwealth, should be divided among the People. His Colleague Octavius zealously opposed the former; and was therefore turned out of his Office contrary to all Precedents. At the following Election, in hopes of continuing another year in his Office, he came into the Assembly, though the Predictions of Augurs were against him, and went directly towards the Capitol, putting his Hand to his Head, by which Gesture he desired the Protection of the People: but the Nobility thought that he then demanded the Crown: and Mucius the Consul being tardy in pursuing him, Scipio Nasica commanded all those that wished well to the Safety of; the Commonwealth to follow him, and seizing upon Gracchus in the Capitol slew him: Lucretius the Aedile took up his Body, and threw it into, the River Tiber, from whence he was nicknamed Vespillo. Nasica, that he might be out of the way; and secured from popular Odium, went under Colour of an Embassdor into Asia.   

CAIUS GRACCHUS.  

U.C. 629.  Caius Gracchus was made Quaestor of that unhealthsul Island of Sardinia, 
Before Ch. 131.  and at the expiration of his Year left the place, contrary to Law, before any one came to succeed him. He bore the Blame of the Revolt of Asculum and Fregellae. When he was Tribune of the People he set up the Laws about the Division of Lands, and Distribution of Corn among the People, and was for sending Colonies to. Capua and Tarentum. He made Fulvius Flaccus and C. Craslus Joint-Commissioners with himself for the Division of the Lands. Minucius Rufus, Tribune of the People, opposing his Actions as seditious, he went with his party for security into the Capitol, yet after he saw Atilius, one of Opimius, the Consul's Sergeants, killed by the Crowd, he came down into the Forum, and imprudently broke up the Assembly held there by Minucius Rufus, Tribune of the People; for which Misdemeanour he was summoned to appear before the Senate, but in defiance to them, he armed all his Servants▪ and possessed himself of Mount Aventine, where he was routed by Opimius, and leaping from the Temple of Diana for▪ fear of being taken Prisoner, sprained his Ankle: his Friend Pomponius stopping those that pursued him at the Gate called Trigemina, and Publius Laetorius detaining others at the Wooden Bridge, he made his Escape into the Goddess Furina's Wood, when he was killed, either by Euphorus his Servant, or by himself. 'Tis reported, that his Head was carried by Septimuleius his Friend, to Opimius the Consul, and sold for its Weight in Gold. And that through Covetousness he filled it with Lead, to make it the heavier.   

M. LUCIUS DRUSUS.  

U.C. 640.  Marcus Lucius Drusus descended of a Noble Family, 
Before Ch. 110.  was very eloquent, but ambitious and proud. In his Aedileship he gratified the People with a most magnificent Show, at which time Remmius his Colleague advising something for the Good of the Commonwealth, he answered him arrogantly, What have you to do with my Commonwealth? When he was Quaestor in Asia. he would not appear in public with the Badges of Honour, that nothing might be taken notice of, as greater than himself. When he was Tribune of the People he promised the Latins to make them free of the City, he divided Lands amongst the Common People, and by way of Exchange. granted the Roman Gentlemen the privilege of sitting in the Senate House, and the Senators the management of the Court of Judicature. He was so extravagantly liberal, that he declared, he had left no Magistrate for the future any thing to give away, but the Heavens and the Dirt of the Earth. Hence wanting Money, he did many things beneath his Honour. For Money he delivered up to King Bocchus, Magulsa, a Prince of Mauritania, who had left his Country for fear of the King's displeasure, and was devoured aftertwards by an Elephant: and also he concealed in his House Adherbal, Son to the King of Numidia, residing at Rome, as an Hostage in hopes of receiving a large Ransom from his Father. He was so haughty, that he threatened to throw his Adversary Servilius Caepio, headlong from the Tarpeian Rock, for opposing him. And when Philip the Consul would not consent to his Laws about the Division of Lands, he twisted his Neck before the People so violently, that a great quantity of Blood gushed out at his Nostrils, which he, to upbraid him for his Luxury, said, Was not Blood, but the Gravy of Thrushes. Are last he was hated, as much as he had been formerly beloved; for though some People were glad at their receiving of the Lands, yet others were vexed at their being turned out. Many of the Gentlemen were pleased with the Liberty of coming into the Senate, but they whose Names were omitted by the Censor, took it ill.  
The Senators were satisfied with the privilege of having power in the Courts of Judicature, but were displeased that the Gentlemen should be ranked with them. Whereupon Livius in great perplexity how to put off the Demands of the Latins who pressed to be made free of the City according to his promise, on a sudden fell down in the Street, either of an Epilepsy, or having drunk on purpose some Goat's Blood He Was carried home half dead, public Prayers were made for him over all Italy, and when the Latins designed to kill the Consul at the great Festival on Mount Alban, he gave Philip notice to take care of himself; for this he was afterwards accused in the Senate, and assassined in the Street one time as he was a going home, by Philip and Caepio, as 'twas generally suspected.   

C. MARIUS the Father.  
Caius Marius was seven times Conful, 
U.C. 650.  born of mean Parentage at Arpinum, 
Before Ch. 100  but by degrees advanced to the highest Places of Honor. Whilst he was Lieutenant under Metellus in Numidia he got the Consulship, by accusing him, and taking Jugurtha prisoner, led him in Triumph before his Chariot. He was chose Consul for the year ensuing, nemine contradicente, and triumphed for his Victory over the Teutones in Gaul at Aquae Sextiae, and the Cimbri in Italy in the Claudian Fields. In his sixth Consulate which he enjoyed six years successively, by a Decree of the Senate he put to Death Apuleius Saturninus, Tribune of the People, and Glaucias the Paetor, for raising a Sedition. When he would have supplanted Silvius by Sulpicius' Law, and been General in his stead in the War against Mithridates, he was driven out of Rome by his power, and forced to hid himself in a Marsh at Minturnae. Upon his Discovery he was cast into prison, and by his Majestic Look frightened the Gaul that was sent to execute him. Whence escaping in a small Vessel, he passed into afric, and lived there a long time in Banishment. But at last recalled by Cinna the Consul, he broke open all Work-houses, and mustered up an Army of Slaves, and glutting his Revenge by the Slaughter of his Enemies, in his seventh Consulship, some say, the killed himself.   

C. MARIUS the Son.  

U.C. 670.  Caius Marius the Younger invaded the Consulship at Five and twenty years of Age, 
Before Ch. 80.  which over early Honour, his Mother with Tears lamented; for he was as cruel as his Father, and beset the Senate-House, murdered his Enemies, and threw their Bodies into the River Tiber. In his Preparations for the War against Silvius, whilst he lay down in the open air to refresh himself, tired out with watching and labour at Sacriportus, his Forces were routed as he slept, and he came up to them only time enough to run away amongst them. He fled from thence to Praeneste, where Lucretius Offella blocked him up, and trying to make his escape through some subterraneous Passages, but finding them all secured he desired Pentius Gelesinus to kill him.   

LUCIUS' CORNELIUS CINNA.  

U.C. 665.  Lucius Cornelius Cinna was a very wicked Man, 
Before Ch. 85.  and by his unparallelled Cruelty almost ruined the Commonwealth. In his first Consulship he would have made a Law for recalling the Exiles, but was opposed by his Colleague Octavius, and turned out of his Office. Upon which he left the City, and making all the Slaves free, by their assistance vanquished his Enemies, killed Octavius, and got possession of Mount Janiculus. He made himself Consul a second, third and fourth time; and then as he was preparing for a War against Silvius, he was stoned to death by his Army at Ancona, for his insufferable Cruelty.   

C. FLAVIUS FIMBRIA.  
Caius Flavius Fimbria, 
U.C. 665.  one of the cruelest of Cinna's Officers, 
Before Ch. 85.  went Lieutenant under Valerius Flaccus the Consul into Asia, but was dismissed upon some private Grudge, and to revenge himself by his corrupt Practices he prevailed with the Army to revolt, and killed their General. Then seizing on the Insignia that belonged to the Consul, he took the Government upon himself, and beat Mithridates out of Pergamus, giving Orders that Ilium should be burnt because they did not open their Gates soon enough to him, and put all the Officers in the Garrison to the Sword, but Minerva's Temple received not the least Damage by the Flames, preserved in every one's Opinion by the Power of the Goddess. Soon after he was blocked up by Silvius at Pergamus, and seeing his Army desert him, slew himself.   

VIRIATHUS LUSITANUS.  
Viriathus a Lusitanian, 
U.C. 619.  by reason of his great Poverty was at first a Day-Labourer, 
Before Ch. 131.  then for his Activity a Huntsman, for his Boldness a Robber, and at last a great Commander. He waged War against the Romans, and beat first their General Claudius Unimanus, and afterwards Caius Nigidius. He was willing to make peace with the Romans while his Arms were successful; but after he was routed by them, and had yielded up all things else upon the seizure of their Arms he renewed the War. And Caepio finding that he could overcome him no other way, hired two of his Guards to kill him, as he lay drunk upon the Ground, but the Senate did not approve of this Victory, since it was bought by Treachery.    

The Honourable Mr. JAMES CAVENDISH. From the Year 642, to 689, U. C.  

MARCUS AEMILIUS SCAURUS.  
MArcus Aemilius Scaurus, 
U.C. 642.  was descended of a Noble Family, 
Before Ch. 108.  yet poor; for his Father, though a Senator's Son, was a Collier by Trade. He at first doubted with himself whether he should aim at great Employments in the Commonwealth, or get an Estate by turning Banker, but being very eloquent he soon grew famous. For his good Service in Spain he was made a Cornet of Horse, and served under Orestes the Consul in Sardinia. When he was Aedile he minded doing of Justice more than courting the People with public Shows: he was Lieutenant under Calpurnius in the African War against Jugurtha, whom he much opposed in the beginning, but at last was corrupted by him: when he was Consul he made a Law about regulating Expenses, and the Freed Men giving their Votes. He was so haughty, because that Publius Decius the Praetor did not rise up and salute him as he passed by, he commanded him to stand up, tore his Gown, and broke his Chair of State in pieces, and ordered that none should have any Causes tried before him. In his Consulship he conquered the Gantisci and Ligures, and triumphed over them. When he was Censor he paved the Aemilian Way, and made the Mulvian Bridge, he was a Man of such Credit and Interest, that upon his private Advice, Opimius took up Arms against Gracchus and Marius, against Glaucias and Saturninus. He would never look upon his Son for deserting his Post, which Disgrace made him kill himself. Growing old he was accused by Varius, Tribune of the People, for stirring up the Latins and the Allies to Rebellion. Whereupon he said to the People; Varius of Sucro says, That Aemilius Scaurus stirred up the Allies to take up Arms; but Scaurus denies it: Whether of the two think you more worthy of Credit?   

LUCIUS' APULEIUS SATURNINUS.  
Lucius Apuleius Saturninus, 
U.C. 658.  Tribune of the People, was a seditious Man, 
Before Ch. 92.  and to ingratiate himself with the Soldiers of Marius' party, made a Law, That an Hundred Acres of Land in Africa should be divided amongst the old Soldiers, and made his Colleague Baebius, that opposed this Law, fly for it, stirring up the People to stone him. To make himsel more popular, he broke in pieces Glaucias the Praetor's Chair, because he, by keeping a Court on the same day, that he held an Assembly about dividing the Land, had drawn away a great part of the People. He suborned a Freeman to pretend he was the Son of Tiberius Gracchus, and Sempronia, Gracchus' Sister was produced to justify it, but she would not be prevailed upon, either by Entreaty or Threats to bring such a scandal upon her Family. Saturninus, after Aulus Nonius, his Competitor was slain, was again chose Tribune of the People, and planted new Colonies in Sicily, Macedonia and Achaia, and brought Land with the Gold which Caepio had sacrilegiously taken from Tolosa in Gaul. He banished all them that would not consent to his Laws. And he told many Noble Men that opposed them whilst it accidentally thundered, that if they would not be quiet and submit, it should pour down a storm of Hail. However Metellus Numidicus chose rather to be banished than swear to them. When Saturninus was a third time Tribune of the People, that he might make his Companion Glaucias the Praetor-Consul, he cause Memmius, who opposed him, to be killed in the Campus Martius. Marius' taking Arms by virtue of an Order of the Senate, which required the Consuls to take care of the Commonwealth, pursued Saturninus and Glaucias into the Capitol, and there besieged them, and cutting the Water-Pipes, forced them to surrender. But he hide not keep his Word with them; for the ordered Glaucias to be strangled, and Apuleius flying into the Capitol, was Apuleius flying into the Capitol, was killed by the Stones and Tiles thrown at him. Rabirius, one of the Senators carried his Head into several Houses, to make sport with at their Entertainments.   

LUCIUS' LICINIUS LUCULLUS.  

U.C. 680.  Lucius Licinius Lucullus was of a Noble Family, 
Before Ch. 70.  eloquent and rich, and presented a very magnificent Show to the People in his Quaestorship. He reconciled Ptolemy, King of Alexandria to Silvius the Consul, and by Murena brought over to him Mithridate's Fleet, he administered Justice very impartially during his Praetorship in Africa. Being sent Consul against Mithridates, he relieved his Colleague Cotta, that was blocked up at Chalcedon, a City of Bythinia. He raised the Siege of Cyzicus, starved and cut off Mithridates' Forces, and drove him out of his Kingdom Pontus, and beat him a second time with great success, when Tigranus' King of Armenia had joined him with his auxiliary Forces. He was extravavagant in his , and delighted much in Statues and Pictures: afterwards when from a Disorder in his Head he began to dote, he was committed to the Guardianship of his Brother Marcus Lucullus.   

LUCIUS' CORNELIUS SULLA.  
L. Cornelius Silvius was surnamed Felix, 
U.C. 669.  from his good Fortune. 
Before Ch. 81.  When he was a little Child, and carried about in his Nurse's Arms, a Woman met him, and said, God bless thee, Child, thou wilt prove fortunate to thyself, and thy Country. But who that Woman was, no Body could tell, for she was never heard of afterwards. When he was Quaestor under Marius, Bocchus King of Mauritania delivered up Jugurtha to him. In the Cimbrian and Teutonick Wars he was chosen Lieutenant General to Marius, and did good service. He was first Praetor at Rome, and then sent Praetor into Cilicia. In the Social War against the Italian Confederates, he overcame the Samnites and the Irpini. He opposed Marius' taking down, out of Envy, the Pictures of Bocchus' delivering up Jugurtha to him: being Consul in Asia, he routed Mithridates at Orchomenum and Chaeronaea, and overcame his General Archelaus at Athens, and retook the Piraean Haven. He overcame the Dardani, and the Eneti, in his March: and after his Province was taken from him by the Sulpician Law, and given to Marius, returning upon this Affront into Italy, and corrupting his Adversaries Army, he made Carbo fly for it; he overcame Marius the younger at Sacriportus, and Telesinus at the Gate of Rome, called Collina. Upon these Defeats, and the Death of Marius at Praeneste, by a public Edict he surnamed himself Felix, or The Fortunate: he was the first that proposed the Tables of Proscription, and cut off Nine thousand that surrendered themselves in the Campus Martius: he augmented the number of Priests, and lessened the Power of the Tribunes. And after he had settled the Affairs of the Commonwealth, resigned his Dictatorship, and finding upon this, that he grew contemptible, he went to Puteoli, and there died of the lousy Disease called Phtiriasis.   

MITHRIDATES, King of Pontus.  
Mithridates, King of Pontus, 
U.C. 664.  descended from one of the seven Persian Heroes, 
Before Ch. 86.  that killed the Impostor set up by the Magis, could speak two and twenty Languages, and was so strong, that he could drive a Chariot and Six Horses. Whilst the Romans were quarrelling with the Allies, he beat Nicomedes out of Bythinia, Ariobarzanes out of Cappadocia, and sent Orders all over Asia, to have every Roman massacred that should be found there on a certain day, which was done accordingly. He seized on Greece, and all the Islands that belonged to the Romans, except Rhodes. But Silvius beat him in a pitched Battle, took his Fleet by the Treachery of Archelaus, and totally routed him at the City Orchomenus, and might have cut off his whole Army, had he not been in haste to go against Marius, and so was glad to make peace upon any Terms. Afterwards upon his making Head against the Romans at Cabira, he was overcome by Lucullus, and and at another time by Pompey, who gave him Battle by Night. Thence he fled into his own Kingdom, and upon the Rebellion of his Subjects, headed by his Son Pharnaces, finding the Tower beset, the place of his Retreat, he took a Dose of Poison, which having little effect, because he had formerly taken so many Antidotes, when Sithocus the Gaul was sent to execute him, and was startled at his Majestic Look, he bade him do his Office, and assisted his trembling Hand in the performance.   

CNAEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS.  

U.C. 689.  Cnaeus Pompeius the Great sided with Silvius in the Civil War, 
Before Ch. 61.  and behaved himself so well, that he was mightily beloved by him. He retook Sicily from the proscribed persons that fled thither, without any opposition, turned Hiarbas out of Numidia, and restored Massinissa, he road in Triumph into the City when he was but Six and twenty years old, and though he was but a private Man, forced Lepidus to leave Italy, for endeavouring to rescind Sulla's Laws of Proscription: when he was sent Praetor into Spain, instead of the Consuls, he conquered Sertorius, and not long after cleared the Sea of Pirates within Forty Days, he forced Tigranes to surrender, and Mithridates to poison himself. Then with great Fortune, and no less Expedition, he went first into the North against the Albani, the Colchi, the Heniochi, Caspii, Iberi, and in the East struck Terror into the Parthians, Arabians and Jews. He was the first Roman that went as far as the Hyrcanian or Caspian, the Red or Arabian Sea. Upon the Division of the Roman Empire, Crassus had the Government of Syria, Caesar of Gaul, and Pompey of Rome. After the Death of Crassus he commanded Caesar to disband his Army, but he refused to do it, and coming against Pompey, drove him out of the City, and beat him in Pharsalia, from whence he fled to Ptolemy, King of Alexandria, and was by his command killed by Achillas and Pothinus, two of his Lifeguard. Septimius, Captain of the Guard, stabbed him in the sight of his Wife and Children, and cut off his Head, which until that time had been looked upon as Sacred, his Body was thrown into the River Nile, but taken up by Servius Codrus, and buried with this Inscription upon his Tomb. Here lies Pompey the Great. His Head was wrapped up in a Cloth by Achillas, and presented with his Ring to Caesar, who could not forbear Tears at the sight of it, and gave order to have it burnt with many rich Perfumes.    

Mr. JAMES LLOYD. From the Year 670, to 722 U. C.  

JULIUS CAESAR.  
CAius Julius Caesar, 
U.C. 697.  in honour of his great Exploits, surnamed Divus, 
Before Ch. 53.  went Volunteer into Asia, in the Retinue of Thermus the Praetor, where, by conversing too often with Nicomedes, King of Bythinia, he was suspected of Incontinency. After this he applied himself to the Bar, and prosecuted Dolabella for Bribery, and had him condemned. In his Voyage to Rhodes, where he designed to study under Apollonius Molo, he was taken by Pirates, and paid a great Ransom, yet in revenge he soon after took the same Pirates, and crucified them. When he was chose Praetor he subdued Lusitania, and all Gaul on the other side of the Alps, and twice crossing the Ocean with his Fleet, conquered Britain. Upon Pompey's denying him a public Triumph, he drove him out of Rome by Force of Arms, and beat him at Pharsalia in Thessaly; yet when his Head was brought to him in Egypt by Achillas, he wept, and gave order to have it honourably buried: and took the occasion of King Ptolemy's Guards setting upon him, to expiate the Murder of Pompey upon them and their King. The Terror of his very Name put Pharnaces, the Son of Mithridates, to flight. He overcame Juba and Scipio in Africa, the two Pompey's in a Battle at Munda in Spain; and then forgiving his Enemies, laid down his Arms with all private Grudges, for he commanded, that only Lentulus, Afranius, and Faustus the Son of Sylla should be put to Death. He was made perpetual Dictator by the Senate, and assassined in the Senate House by some Conspirators headed by Brutus and Cassius, with Three and twenty Wounds. When his Body was laid before the Pulpit, where Marc Anthony made his Funeral Oration, some say, the Sun was Eclipsed.   

OCTAVIANUS CAESAR.  

U.C. 721.  Caesar Octavianus was adopted from the Octavian into the Julian Family: 
Before Ch. 29.  Julius Caesar made him his Heir, and to revenge his Murder, he conquered Brutus and Cassius in Macedonia, who were principally concerned in that Conspiracy; and at the straits of Sicily overcame Sextus Pompeius, the Son of Cneus Pompeius, when he endeavoured to recover his Father's Estate. Upon the Coast of Actium, near the Gulf of Ambracia, he totally routed the Fleet commanded by Marc Antony, who was deeply in love with Cleopatra, and governed Syria as Consul. The rest of the World was subdued by his Lieutenants. The Parthians, in honour to him, of their own accord, sent him the Standards which they had formerly taken from Crassus. The Indians, Scythians, Sarmatians and Dacians, althô he had not conquered them, sent him Presents. He shut the Gates of Two-faced Janus' Temple with his own Hand, never shut but twice before his time, once in Numa Pompilius' Reign, and a second time after the first Carthaginian War. The Senate made him perpetual Dictator, and styled him Divus Augustus for his noble Actions.   

CATO PRAETORIUS.  
Cato Praetorius, 
U.C. 689.  great Grandson to Cato the Censor, 
Before Ch. 61.  was ever so firm to his Principles, that in his youth whilst he was brought up in his Uncle Drusus' House, Quintus Popedius Silo, chief Magistrate of the Marsi could not persuade him either by Bribes or Threats to say, That he would side with the Allies. When he was Quaestor he was sent into Cyprus to fetch the Money that King Ptolemy's Estate was sold for, and brought it safe to Rome with great Integrity. He was so upright and just, that contrary to others, he voted the Death of the Catilinarian Conspirators. In the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, he sided with the latter, and after his Overthrow, marched the Army through the Deserts of Africa, where he delivered up his Command to Scipio that had been Consul, as superior to him, who was but a Praetor. When his party was beaten, he went to Utica, where advising his Son to submit to Caesar's Mercy, he killed himself, having first read over Plato's Book of the Souls Immortality, and Happiness after Death.   


U C. 〈…〉.  MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 
Before Ch. 61.   
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born at Arpinum, his Father was a Roman Knight, descended from King Titus Tatius. At Seven and twenty years of Age he shown his Eloquence and Boldness of Speech in the Cause between Roscius and Sulla's Party, and immediately after to secure himself, went to Athens to follow his Studies, and was a constant Auditor of Antiochus the Academic Philosopher, from thence to improve his Eloquence he went into Asia, and so to Rhodes, where Molo the Grecian, who was the greatest Master of Rhetoric in those Days, was his Tutor, and is said to have wept when he parted with him, because he thought the Grecians, then reputed the most eloquent Men in the World, would be outdone by him. He was Quaestor in Sicily, and in his Aedileship condemned Caius Verres for Extortion in his Government. He governed Cilicia under the Title of Praetor, and cleared it from the Robbers, who had long pestered the Country. In his Consulship he put to death all that were Confederates in Catilin's Conspiracy: afterwards he was banished by the Malice of Publius Clodius, at the instigation of Caesar and Pompey, whom he had lashed as severely as he formerly did Sulla's Party, upon suspicion of their aiming to get the Government into their Hands; Piso and Gabinius the Consuls were prevailed upon by Clodius to join in this Affair, and had for this Service the Provinces of Macedonia and Syria assigned them. Yet soon after Pompey himself asserting his Cause in the Senate, he was recalled, and in the Civil War sided with him; upon whose Overthrow Caesar freely pardoned him; after Caesar was murdered, he joined with Augustus: and declared Mark Antony an Enemy to the Commonwealth. When Caesar, Lepidus and Antony had made themselves Triumvirs, there was no likelihood of their Agreement till Tully was cut off by the Table of Proscription, Antony sent Executioners to kill him; and as he lay asleep at his House at Formiae, he had warning of his approaching danger by a Crow, which pulled him by his Cloak: they killed him in his Litter, as he was making his Escape, and brought his Head to Antony.   

MARCUS BRUTUS'.  
Marcus Brutus was in the Conduct of his Life like his Uncle Cato, 
U.C. 710.  he learned Philosophy at Athens, 
Before Ch. 40.  and Rhetoric at Rhodes. In his youth he was amorous; Antony, Gallus and he were in love with Cytheris the Actress. He would not go Quaestor into Gaul, being opposed by some good Men. He was in Cilicia with Appius Claudius: and when his Colleague was accused of Extortion by Dolabella, he himself had nothing laid to his Charge. In the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey he was sent for out of Cilicia by Cato, and sided with Pompey, however Caesar pardoned him, and sent him Proconsul into Gaul; yet notwithstanding all Caesar's kindness to him, he was one of the Conspirators that killed him in the Senate House. Hence being sent into Macedonia, because Caesar's old Soldiers were incensed against him, he was overcome by Augustus at Philippi, and so in despair desired his Friend Strato to kill him.   

CAIUS CASSIUS' LONGINUS.  

U.C. 710.  Caius Cassius Longinus was Quaestor in Syria under Crassus, 
Before Ch. 40.  and after he was slain, retreated into Syria with the Remainder of the Army. He beat Osaces, King Orodes' General, at the River Orontes in Syria. He was nicknamed Caryota, because he bought up the Dates in Syria, and sold them at an unreasonable rate. When he was Tribune of the People he opposed Caesar, and in the Civil War served under Pompey, as his Admiral. However Caesar pardoned him, though after all, he and Brutus were the chief of the Conspirators that assassined him, and cried out to one that was afraid to kill him, I would have you stab him even through me. Then having raised a great Army, and joined Brutus in Macedonia, was overcome by Antony at Philippi, where, thinking that Brutus suffered the same ill Fortune with himself, though he really had worsted Caesar, he bade his Freed Man Pandarus put an end to his unhappy Life. But some say that Antony cried out, I have overcome him, before he had notice of his Death.   

SEXTUS POMPEIUS.  
Sextus Pompeius, 
U.C. 714.  after his Overthrow at Munda in Spain, 
Before Ch. 36.  and his Brother Cnaeus' Death, got together the Remainder of the Army, and passed over into Sicily, where he broke open the Work-Houses, and arming the Slaves, blocked up the Sea, and plagued Italy, with want of Provision, by taking all the Ships that trafficked thither. This good Success at Sea so puffed him up, that he declared himself the Son of Neptune, and sacrificed to him Bulls, with gilt Horns, and a Horse. He was facetious in Conversation, for during the Peace when he treated on Shipboard Antony and Augustus Caesar, he is reported to have said, not improperly, Hae sunt meae Carinae: which might be taken in two Senses, These are my Ships; or, This is my House: which Antony had taken possession of in the Street at Rome called Carinae. But soon after Antony broke the League, and Sextus being beat at Sea by Agrippa, Augustus' Admiral, fled into Asia, and was killed by Antony's Soldiers.   

MARC ANTONY.  

U.C. 721.  Marc Antony was Julius Caesar's Companion in all his Expeditions, 
Before Ch. 29.  at the Feasts dedicated to Pan, kept on the Fifteenth of February, he offered to put a Diadem upon his Head; and when he was killed, made an Order that Divine Honours should be paid him: he dealt perfidiously with Augustus Caesar, but was beaten by him at Mutina, starved out of Perusium, and fled into Gaul, where he joined himself with Lepidus, and slew Decimus Brutus, having first corrupted his Army. Thus having recruited his Forces, he returned into Italy, and was in favour again with Caesar. When he was Triumvir his Uncle Lucius Caesar was the first Man that he proscribed. When he was sent Commander into Syria, he made War upon the Parthians, and was so beaten by them, that he scarce brought off with him a third part of 15 Legions into Egypt, where he fell in love with Cleopatra, and was routed by Augustus in a Sea-Fight on the Coast of Actium. Whence he returned to Alexandria, and sitting on his Throne in his Royal Robes, killed himself.   

CLEOPATRA Queen of Egypt.  
Cleopatra, 
U.C. 721.  the Daughter of Ptolemy, King of Egypt, 
Before Ch. 29.  being banished by Ptolemey who was both her Husband and Brother, for endeavouring to deprive him of his Kingdom; in the Civil Was presented herself to Caesar at Alexandria, and by her Beauty and Caresses prevailed upon him to kill Ptolemey, and settle the Kingdom upon her. She was so lewd, that she would often prostitute herself; and so beautiful, that many lost their Lives to possess her Love. After this she joined her Interest with Antony, and was beaten with him at Actium, and under pretenee of sacrificing to his Ghost at his Tomb, she put Serpents to her Breasts, and died.    
FINIS.