A Pleasant and Compendious HISTORY OF The first INVENTORS and INSTITUTERS of the most Famous Arts, Mysteries, Laws, Customs and Manners in the whole WORLD.  
TOGETHER, With many other Rarities and Remarkable things Rarely known, and never before made Public. To which is Added, Several Curious Inventions, peculiarly Attributed to England & Englishmen.  
The whole Work Alphabetically Digested, and very helpful to the Readers of History.  
Licenced October 29th 1685. R. L. S.  
LONDON, Printed for John Harris, at the Harrow against the Church in the Poultry, 1686.  
Price Bound One Shilling.   

The PREFACE TO THE READER.  
REader the Work I have undertaken is great, as it is useful, a Subject worthy the perusal of the Ingenious, and such a one as till now one Vollum Comprehended never: In this small Treatise you will find the Original of those Arts and Sciences which have not only made the memories, of their Inventors' grateful to Posterity, but enriched the World, and rendered Mankind more Aselebrate, such as may be termed the main distinguishment between us and Creatures Irrational; for as heat and moisture are the genuine products of things below; so Arts and Sciences are those that elevate our Souls and make them more refined; raise us above the common level to an improvement of that knowledge which the Divine Wisdom has implanted in us, nor were they found out and brought to perfection without a studious Industry extraordinary care and vigilence, not only of private men, but of Kings and Princes, who finding means to retire from the grand affairs of State, brought forth Births of Ingenuety worthy the Travels of their Royal Parents, nor have the greatest Men on Earth been less proud to own and Exercise them, whose names amongst those of other Famous Inventors, you will find Recorded in the following Pages, with the time and place; digested into the most taking Method, and Alphabetically disposed the readier to be found on all occasions. So that, as in a Mirror may be seen by whom, when, and through what Inducements all Sciences, Arts, Crafts or Trades of Manufacture etc. were brought out of the Gloomy recess of Un-original night, and exposed in their Perfection to the Sons of men; sure his Spirit must be mean who is not desirous to be satisfied from whence that Occupation was derived by which he does subsist, and how from thence it has been handed down, and much Improved to his advantage. Men are desirous greatly to know their Pedigree as far as Time's Record will let them See into the number of their Ancestors, and are apt to give him great applause whose Prudence and Industrey, laid the Foundation of an Estate, and why not the same in this case? for certain it is that every Judicial Inventor in the very moment he brought that Invention to Light, laid the Faundation especially of Earthly Felicity, whereon Millions have builded Estates and Competencies, nor as I have hinted, have they in their Grandeur been unwilling to own it, nor as great as they, declined to improve what has by such means been communicated ot them; wherefore hoping this Book will meet with as ready acceptance, as with willingness it was Written to accommodate the Ingenious of what Art, Science or Profession Soever.  
I Remain, Reader, yours to Serve You, J. H.   

An Alphabetical Table.  

A  
Arithmetic or Numbers. Page 2  
Art of Memory.  
Astrology. 3  
Alchimia or Alchemy. 5  
Authors of the first Names of Country's. 6  
Amphitheatres and theatres. 7  
Amber first found. 9   

B  
Bible, the Reading of it at Dinnertime. Books, by whom first Made, and where first Published. 10  
Building. 11  
Bells. Banquets and Delicate Dishes, where begun. Baths. 12  
Bondage or Slavery. Barber's to shave and round, by whom instituted. 13   

C  
Coin, the antiquity of it. The Carpenters Art. 14  
Commonwealths; the several ways of the administration of them. 15  
Councils. Charms, the first Teacher of them. 17  
Consuls. The Chattering of Birds, the first observer of it. Christ all. 18  
Crowns or Garlands. 19  
Cities. 21   

D  
Dictator, or Great Master in Rome, who was the first. The Decemviri, or the Rule of Ten men. 24  
Democracy, when it began. 25  
Divination, natural and artificial. 26  
Dreams, the first expounder of them. 27  
Dedication of Churches, the great antiquity of it. 27  
Divorcement. 28  
Dial's, when and by whom first found out. 29   

F  
Fire, the admirable way of first finding it out. 30  
Funerals, the various manners and rites of them among several Nations. 31   

G  
Grace, or the Hollowing of the Table and Meat. 35  
Godfathers' and Godmothers', by whom first Ordained. Good and bad Angels, their Offices. Grammar. 36  
Greek old Letters. 38  
Guns, when first invented. 39  
Geometry. Games, the several sorts of them. 40   

H  
Herbs, the wonderful use of them, and effects wrought by them; the first Inventor of such Medicines that were made with them. 44  
The Hebrew Letters. The Harp. the 2d. 35  
Husbandry, the first inventors of the Instruments of it. Of the Blow, and who first Yoakedoxens to draw it. Wine, and Wine-Taverns, where and by whom first set up. Ale. The way of Making Oil, Cheese and Honey, and by whom first found out. Histories. 2d. 36  
Hunting and Fishing. Warrens and Parks, by whom first made. 2d. 39   

I  
Iron and Brass. The Smith's Forge, by whom first found out. 2d. 40  
The Institution of the Anointing of Kings and Priests. 2d. 41   

L  
Of the Law, the three Kind's of Laws, viz. Natural, National and Civil. 2d. 42  
Lots, the Casting of them. Looking-glasses, the several sorts of them, and the strange way of first finding out Glass. 2d. 44.  
Lamps. 45  
Laws of Mourning, etc. 45  
Lead. Letting of Blood, of whom first learned. 47  
Linen or Flax; with the art of Weaving. 

Labyrinths or Mazes. 48    
Letters, the first inventors of them. 49  
Libraries. 52  
Legends of Saints. 54   

M  
Money. 55  
Marriage or Matrimony, the strange and different customs of several Nations observed in it. 55  
Mahomet's Sect, the first Rise, Growth, and Increase of it. 58.  
Music, the ancient use of it in Peace and War. 60  
Magic. 62  
Monks and Friars, etc. 63  
Martyrs, giving the Histories of the Ten great Persecutions, and of the Martyrdom of the Apostles. 64  
Of the four Monarchys of the World, their rise, growth, and period. 72  
Measures and Weights. 74  
Men Deified. 75  
Men first called Christians, when and where. Myrrh. 76   

N  
Necromancy. Pyromancy. Hieromancy. Hydromancy. Geomancy. Chyromancy. Palmisty, their Description and Authors of them. 77  
Naval Fights, etc. 78  
Nets, the first Inventor of them. 79  
Notaries, the first appointer of them. Nuns, etc. 80   

O  
The Oath called Jones Stone, which the ancients Swore by, etc. 81  
Orders of Chivalry or Knighthood, the several sorts. 1. Of the Garter. 2. Of the Anunciation. 3. Of the Golden Fleece. 4. Of St. Michael the arch Angel. 5. Of the Holy Ghost. 6. Of the Bath, the full description and History of them, with the first institutors thereof. 84  
Obilisci or Pyramids, by whom first instituted. 90  
Ointments, when first used. 92  
The Original of the Heathen Gods. 93  
The Opinions of the Philosophers concerning the Birth of Man. 94   

P  
Physic, the first inventor of it, etc. 96  
Painting, the first finder of it out. 98  
Paper, the first maker of it. Parchment. 

Printing, when, where, and by whom it was invented. 100    
Poetry, the antiquity of that curious art. 

Prose. Pope Joan. The Purple Colour. 106    
Pardons, the first proclaimer of them. 

Parishes, when, by whom, and where they were first appointed. 107    
Philosophy. 108  
Prayer, Preaching, who Preached the first Sermon. 111   

R  
Rhetoric, by whom invented. 113  
Relics, where and by whom first instituted. 115  
Ringing of Bells, by whom first ordained.  
Royal Ornaments of the Romans. 116  
Rome, the remarkable History of the taking of it, eight times, and by whom. 117   

S  
A satire, a Poem against Vice, the first inventor of it. 121  
Of the Twelve Sibyls, their Names, where and how wonderfully they Prophesied and Predicted the Birth of our Saviour, etc. with other curious things. 123  
Of Ships, the several sorts of them, and who made the first. 131  
Saluting with Kisses, the antiquity of the custom, etc. Silk, who first spined and woven it. 134  
The Septem Viri, or the seven Electors of the Emperor of Germany, their Names, etc. 135  
Of Sanctuaries, etc. 138  
Swaring, the first Ordainer of it. 139   

T  
Temples or Churches, when and by whom first Built. 140  
Triumphs, the first Enterer with them. 142  
Truce, the first institutor of it. 143  
Tragedies and Comedies, the first beginning of them. 144   

V  
Vermilion or Red-Lead, where and by whom first found. Vows, the custom of making of them. Voices, which were used to be given in Elections. 147   

W  
Writing, etc. The Winds, the first Observer of them. 150  
The seven Wise men of Greece, etc. Of the seven Wonders of the World. 151  
An Appendix. 155    

THE INTRODUCTION.  
Art's are the only helps towards Humane Perfection. Those therefore which are the helps towards the easiness, maturity, and perfection of Arts, deserve best of Mankind. Whence it is that God would not suffer the first devisers, so much as of Shepherds Tents, of Musical Instruments, of Iron Works, to be unknown to the World: The last whereof, even Heathen Antiquity hath in common judgement continued without much difference of Name, tell this day; although I cannot believe that any of the Heathen Gods were so ancient. Yea hence it is, that the Holy Ghost challengeth the faculty of manuary skill, to his own gift; as being too good for nature, and ●oo meritorious of men. That Bezalell and Aholial could work curiously in Gold and Silver, for the material Tabernacle is from God's spirit, and not theirs: How much more is this true in those sciences which are so Essential to the spiritual House of God. I subscribe therefore to the judgement of them, that think God was the first Author of Letters, whether by the hand of Moses, as Clement of Alexandria reports from Eupolemus, or rather of the ancient Progeny of Seth, in the first World, as Josephus. Wherefore we cannot but think them worthy, that have applied themselves wholly to adorn and garnish this mortal Life with their Inventions, and to accomplish the feeble indigence of our condition, by the diligence of their Provision: as they that have excogitated and imagined any Art whereby the Common Wealth of the World is preserved; or any other Mysteries or Crafts to the maintenance, and comfort of the Body. Howbeit they are worthy to have greater commendations, that by their subtle devices have found out the Liberal Sciences, whereby the Divine and Imperial part, called the Soul of Man, is beautified: yet we may not therefore forget Writers of meaner things, but are out of duty bound to make some worthy memorial of their benefits, declaring our kindness towards them; to the intent that others might be encouraged, to enterprise the achievement of like endeavours to the great aid and preferment of the Common wealth, considering that such devices shall be Registered to perpetual fame and renown, and to the profit of many, and ease of all men, it were therefore in my Opinion both a point of detestable unkindness, and a part of extreme inhumanity, to defraud them of their praise and perpetual memory, that were Authors of so great a benefit to the universal World. In consideration for the further completing of our English Youth, I was moved to take in hand, to draw into a brief and easy Alphabetical Table, what I have in my Reading found copiously gathered together, without any such method, in several Authors of the first inventors of such arts as are never to be forgotten.   

A Pleasant HISTORY OF The first Founders and Inventors of the Greatest ARTS and MYSTERIES in the WORLD, etc.  

A  
GOD when he had finished the World, did Create the first Man ADAM, of the Earth of the Field of Damascus. Thus Adam made by God, Marrying of his Wife Eve was Author and Beginner of the whole posterity and Lineage. The Beasts, after they were all Created in their kind, were Named by Adam, with the same Names. He made the first Leather-coats for himself and his Wife Eve, our old Mother.  
Arithmetic or Numbers, as some say, were invented by Pythagoras, others say by Mercury: Jovius supposed that Pallas form them. The manner of counting years in Greece, was by Olympiads, which contained the space of five years, as the Romans did Lustra, which contained the same Number of years: sometimes by Nails. For every year the Consul or chief Judge called Praetor, in the Ides of September, fastened a Nail in the Wall of Jupiter's Temple, next joining to the. Temple of Pallas, to signify the space of years. And we use to Write our Numbers with these seven Letters, C. I. D. L. M. V. X. or with these Figures, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9  
The Art of Memory was found by Simonides in Thessaly: For when he was invited to a Noble Man's House called Scopa, it chanced that he was sent to speak with two young men at the Gate, when immediately the Banqueting-House fell, and destroyed all the Guests. Then he, because he remembered in what order and place every one sat, delivered every one his Friend to be Buried, by which he perceived the order of the Art of Memory. Cyrus' King of Persia, excelled in Memory, who could call every Man in his Army by his Name. Cyrus' the Ambassador of Pyrrhus, the day after he came to Rome, saluted every order of Nobles by their proper Names. Mithridates could speak Twentytwo Languages. Julius Caesar could read, indite, and hear a Tale at the same time.  
Astrology, the occasion of the inventing of this Art was, that in it Learned men through their observation of the Celestial Bodies, wherein the whole movable course of the Heavens, the rising, going down, and order of the Planets might be comprehended. Some put the invention of this Art on the Egyptians, others on Mercury, but Josephus concludes, that Abraham instructed them and the Chiddees in it, and thence it came into Greece, as Phericides, Pythagoras, Thales acknowledges, that they were Disciples to the Egyptians. Pliny will have Atlas to be the first Founder or contriver of it, which occasioned the Poets to feign that he beareth Heaven upon his Back. Sernius would have Prometheus to find it out. Nevertheless all these (as I suppose) were the beginners of this faculty, every man in his own Country where he dwelled: for even from the beginning of the World, the Sons of Seth devised first the science of the Stars, and for as much as they feared lest their Art should perish, before it came to the Knowledge of men (for they had heard their Grandfather Adam say, that all things should be destroyed by the Universal Flood) they made two Pillars, one of Stone, the other of Brick, to the intent that if the Brick wasted with Water or Storms, yet the Stone should preserve the Letters whole and perfect, and in their Pillars they Graved all that concerned the Observation of the Stars. And therefore 'tis probable that the Egyptians and Caldees learned Astrology of the Hebrews, and so consequently, it spread itself amongst other Nations. Endymion was the first that found out the course of the Moon, the reason of her being Eclipsed, Pythagoras observed the course of Venus. Archimedes found the use of the Sphere.  
Alchimia or Alchemy, signifieth infusion or steeping; for Chimia in Greek, denotes Infused. There is a great controversy when Alchemy was invented: For neither Pliny (though he was otherwise a most diligent Author) nor any Greek or Latin Author make any mention of it, but I believe that it is very ancient; for Suidas writeth that the Art of Alchemy endured till the time of the Argonantes, when Jason went to take away the Golden Fleece; which was nothing else than a certain Book that taught to turn other Metals into Gold: for those that invented that story, conceating its name invented the Golden Fleece. The Egyptians professed this Art very much, in the Reign of the Emperor Dioclesian, who hating them because they made an insurrection, Burned their Writings concerning their destilling of Gold and Silver, lest (as he feared) they being made Rich by this Art, and having gotten good store of Wealth, they should Rebel again. The Emperor Dioclesian was Created in the year 287; so that this Art was rather renewed than new.  
The Authors of the first Names of Country's, were, some of the most eminent of them, as followeth, Arphaxad was the first Founder of the Arabians. Lud of the Lydians: of the Children of Cham were Chus, that named the Aethiopians; and Mesre the beginner of the Egyptians. Chanaan of whom the Canaanites had their name: The Lineage of Chus was Seba, whereof the Sebees came; and Evila of whom came the Evilites. And in the like manner we must believe, that of them came all other Nations and People of the World, which are now increased, that they can scarcely be numbered. Of or from the Air Anaximenes supposeth all things to have had their beginning. Metrodorus affirmeth the Universal World to be Eternal, without beginning or end. Epicurus one of Democritus Disciples, putteth two causes Atoms, or Motes, and vacuity and emptiness, of these he saith the four Elements come. These are the Opinions of the Philosophers that were men without the knowledge of God: But (as Moses and Josephus record) the Scripture concludeth, that in the beginning God made all things of nothing; as St. John saith, all things were made by him. And therefore (as Lactantius writeth) let no man be curious in searching, of what material God made these great and wonderful Works, for he Form them all of nothing, by the power of his mighty Word. Of the same Opnion is Plato in his Book called Timeus.  
Amphitheatres and Theatres, were certain places, as Scaffolds with Pentises, wherein the People of Athens stood to behold the Interludes that were showed: and they were made like half a Circle, with Benches one above another, that they might without any impediment see the Plays; Dionysius did first institute them in Athens: in the midst of the Scaffold or Theatre stood the Stage, wherein Comedies, Tragedies, with other Shows were exhebited to the common sort. Of whom the Romans took example, to make such Scaffolds. Caius Curio, at his Father's Burial, Builded two Theatres of Timber after such a fashion, that they might in time of Interludes stand one contrary to another; in such wise that neither Play should disturb one the other: And when it pleased him he turned them together, and made an Amphitheatre, which was a round Scaffold full of Benches of divers heights; wherein he set forth a Game of Sword Players. cain's Julius Colsar Builded the first Amphitheatre in the Field consecrated to Mars; In which were set forth shows of Wild Beasts, and Sword Players, for the custom was that such as were condemned to Die, or taken Prisoners in War, should be cast there to the wild Beasts to be devoured and slain. It was strewed with Sand, lest the Blood of those which were slain should defile them that fought, or discourage them: and therefore, there were certain appointed for to toss and strew about the Sand.  
Amber, as Diodorus witnesseth, was found in the Isle Basilea, which lieth against Scythia, above Galatia in the great Ocean, where it was first cut up, and was never found or seen in any place before.   

B  
BIBLE, the Reading of part of it at Dinner time, hath been of a long continuance, which did proceed from the Godly Doctrine which Christ instructed his Disciples in, at all times, but chiefly at his last Supper, wherein he Treated of the perfection of all the mysteries of Religion. And thus our Fathers, to keep in memory such an wholesome instituion, did bring in this manner of Reading the sacred Scripture before or after Meals.  
Books, which contain the monuments of ingenious Wits, and a Register of all valiant Prowefs, as Laertius expresses, were first published at Greece. Gellius saith is was Pisitratus that made the first Book, and exhibited it to be Read openly. But Josephus writes that it was the Hebrews and Priests of Egypt and Chaldee that first set them forth. The Athenians multiplied the number of Books, which Xerxes carried from thence into Persia; and Seleucus King of Macedony caused them (many years after) to be conveyed to Athens again, after that Ptolomeus King of Egypt collected together 700000. Books, which were all Burnt at the Battle of Alexandria.  
Tell Building, men at the first lived like wild Beasts, in Caves, and also Fed on Fruits and Roots of the Earth: but after they perceived the necessary use of Fire against the vehement extremity of cold: some began to edify Cottages of Boughs and Trees, and some digged Caves in the Mountains, and by often experiencing such means, they attained to a greater perfection in Building with Walls, that they did get up with long Props, and did wind them about with small Rods, and so daubed them: and to keep out the Storms, they covered them with Reeds, Boughs or Fen-sedges,. Thus in process of time they came to the Art of Building, which as Diodorus saith, is ascribed to Pallas: But we are rather to believe, that either Cain or Jubal, the Son of Lamech, found out this Art.  
Bells came first from the Hebrews, where the High Priest or Bishop had in the skirts of his uppermost Vestments little Bells to Ring, when he was in the Holy place within the Veil.  
Banquets and delicate Dishes, were begun in Jonia, and after that Gluttonous custom was taken up in other Country's; though that there were Laws made in Lacedemonia by Lycurgus, and in Rome by Faunius, for the abolishing of such excessive Feasting. But I could wish there were some good Law prescribed for good Hospitality: For I believe there was never so little as is in these times.  
Baths, of which those that were hot, were used first privately of all men, according to their degree and ability, for the preservation of their Health: but in process of time they builded common Baths and Hothouses for to Sweat in; and the Noble did Bath and Wash with the Common; and at last men and women were permitted most Laciviously to Bathe together. Most notable Baths were they that Agrippa, Nero & Titus Vespasian, with other Emporours' made, as Julius Capitolinus writeth, they were great, and most gorgeously dressed, with several places of Pleasure, to maintain excessive Riot for all sorts of people.  
Bondage or Slavery, I find that it began amongst the Hebrews, and had its Original proceeding of Canaan the Son of Cham; who, because he had Laughed his Father Noah to scorn, as he lay dissolately when he was Drunk, was punished in his Son Canaan with Bondage and Thraldom. The order of Manumission in old time was in this manner: The Lord or Master took the Bondman by the head, or some other part of his Body, saying, I will this Fellow befree, and so dismissed him. Pliny was of opinion, that Bondage began in Lacedemonia.  
Barthers, to shave and round, were instituted by the Abantoes, because their Enemies in War should have no occasion to pluck them by the Hair. P. Ticinius Mena brought them into Rome the 354th year after the Building of the City, before they were unshaven.   

C  
COIN, of what Mettle soever it was made (as appears by Josephus) is very ancient; and Cain the Son of Adam was very covetous in gathering together Money. Herodotus affirmeth that the Lydians first Coined Silver and Gold to buy and sell with. For before the Siege of Troy, as Homer sings, men used to change one Commodity for another. Yet in the time of Abraham there was Money currant, for he bougt the Cave to Bury his Wife Sarah of the Hittite, Ephron, for 40 Shekels of Silver which was before the Siege of Troy many years.  
The Carpenter's Art, as Pliny writeth, was first invented by Daedalus with these following Tools, the Saw, the Axe and Plumline, whereby the evenness of the squares are tried, the Augore or Wimble, the Square, the Line, the Shaving-Plain, the Pricker or Punch, were devised by Theodore a Samian; Ovid writeth, that Talus, Daedalus Sister's Son invented the Compass, and Fashioned the Saw in imitation of the Backbone of a Fish; but Daedalus envying that a Boy being his Apprentice, should excel his Master, cast him down out of a Tower (as Ovid writes) and slew him. Pythagoras a Samian, devised another manner of Rule then this that we commonly use, fit for all manner of Buildings, as Victrnuius declaireth in his 9th Book of Archetecture. Though in my judgement the invention of this Art ought rather to be referred either to the Hebrews which used such Arts before Daedalus time, and more especially in the curious Building of the Tabernacle; or else to the Tyrians who were reputed in this mystery to have excelled the Hebrews. For which cause Solomon wrote to the King of Tyre for Workmen to Build the Temple.  
The Commonwealth's administration, was after three several ways, as Plato divideth it; Monarchy, where one Ruleth. Aristocracy, where the most eminent Persons Govern. Democracy, or Popular State, where the common People have a stroke in Ruling of the Publick-weale. Principality or Regal Government was first begun by the Egyptians, who could not long subsist without a King or head Ruler: There Reigned first as Herodotus writes, Menes; and their manner was to choose him amongst the Priests of their Religion: and if it Fortuned that any stranger obtained the realm by conquest, he was compelled to be consecrated a Priest, and so was the Election Legitimate, when he was King and Priest. The Diadem which was the token of the Honour Royal had its first institution from Libes Bacchus. The Athenians ordained the state of a Commonwealth, that was Governed by the whole Commons as Pliny writes, although they also had Kings, whereof Decrops Diphyes which Reigned in Moses time, was the first. For as Justine writes, every City and Nation had at the first a King for their chief Governor; which attained to that dignity by no Ambition or Favour, but by his singular desert. As concerning the institution of the Commonwealth, where the Commons bear the sway; I suppose it began amongst the Hebrews, who were Ruled by a popular State many years before that Athens was Built.  
Councils, the custom of assembling of them, to take deliberation of things doubtful, or of serious Affairs, are of great Antiquity, as well amongst the Hebrews as other Nations: They either called for Humane or Divine Affairs, for the latter, by such a manner of Council Mathias surrogated and substituted in the Stead of Judas, into the number of the Apostles. And by Council holden at Jerusalem, the Apostiles discharged the Gentiles of Moses Law. Cornelius was the first, that called together any Council; and that was in Rome, of 600 Bishops and as many Priests, with a great multitude of Deacons.  
Charms, or the manner of the driving Evil Spirits out of Persons that were possessed with them, King Solomon taught, as Josephus witnesseth, and he saw it done by Eleazar in his time, before Vespation the then Emperor, writ the manner of Healing them.  
Consuls in Rome took their beginning from the Banishment of Tarqvinius, for the horrid Crime and notorious Rape of Lucretia, committed by his Son Junius Brutus, and Lucius Targuinius Collatinus were the two first that had the Name and Title of Consuls, of the consultation and the provision that they made for the Commonwealth. They ruled the Empire, conducted Armies; and by these Officers because they were annual, the year was counted.  
The Chattering of Birds, was first observed by Caras. The Divinations by looking on their Feeding, was devised by Theresius a Theban, and Pythagoras understood the mystery of their flights.  
Crystal is a stone that is congealed of pure Waters, not with cold but by a power of Divine heat, whereby it doth retain its hardness, and never giveth again or melteth, but receiveth divers colours, this is the opinion of Diodorus. But Pliny supposeth that it proceedeth from the Ice extremely frozen, who first found it out is unknown.  
Crowns or Garlands Moses made many of them, and he was many years before Bacchus, of whom Pliny writes that he did invent and wear the first Garland made of Ivy on his Head; and afterwards it grew to be a custom, that when they Sacrificed to any of their Gods, they were to be Crowned with a Garland, so was the oblation also. At the first the manner was in all Plays and Sacrifices, to make Garlands of Boughs of Trees. And after they were garnished with variety of flowers among the Siconians, by Pausias and Gliceria his Leman, not long after Winter Garlands, that he called Egyptian, which were made of Wood or Ivory, died with many colours, began to be worn. And in process of time they made Crowns of Brazen plates guilt or covered with Silver, called for their thinness, Garlands. Lastly, Croesus' the rich did first set forth in his Game shows, or Crowns with Silver or Golden Leaves, and consequently there were invented several sorts of Crowns, as the Triumphant Crown, that the Emperor or grand Commander ware in his Triumph; this was first made of Olive, and afterwards of Gold. The Mural and Wall Crown, that was given to him that first scaled the Walls. The Camp Crown, that was the reward of him that first adventured Valiantly into the Camp of his Enemies. The Naval or Sea Crown, that was set on his Head, that first Boarded his Enemies Ship. And all these were of Gold. The Obsidional Crown, that was worn of him that delivered a City Besieged, it was composed of Grass. There was also a Civil Crown, which was a Sovereignty which a Citizen gave to him, that had valiantly preserved him from his Enemies; this was made of Oaken Branches. And this manner of Crown the Athenians did first devise, and gave it to Pericles. There were moreover Crowns of Pearls, French Crowns, and Garlands composed of the Ears of Corn, which as Pliny writeth, were first in use amongst the Romans, Garlands made of Cinnamon, Woven and Embossed with Gold; Vespasian did first consecrate in the Capitol, in the Temple of Peace. In some space of time, the excess of Crowns grew to be such, that the Grecians in their Banquets, Crowned both their Heads and their Cups also, whereof the Jonians were Authors. Pliny writes that with one of these sorts of Crowns, Cleopatra empoisoned Antony. And Artaxerxes is also said to have used Crowns of Garlands in his Feasts.  
Cities, the occasion of Building of them is thus reported. For when men, as is said before, had gathered themselves into several Cottages, they lived in distinct Houses, which made them begin to think of gathering wealth for the support of their Families. But seeing themselves daily robed and spoiled by those that were stronger, they were forced to join themselves together in a Company, and to dwell within a certain compass of ground, which they either Walled, or Trenched about. Afterwards it is said that Cecrops built Athens, and by his own name called it Cecrepia. Phoroneus built Argos, though the Egyptians affirm that Diopspolis was long before. Trason first made Walls and Towers. But Josephus says that Cain was the first that built a City, and called it Enochia, after the name of his Son Enoch; and after the days of Noah by the advice of Nimrod, there were certain men that built a very high Tower, which was called Babel. Tents were invented by Jabal the Son of Lamech. Among the Phoenicians they were found out by Seculus. Houses of Clay were first invented by Doxins the Son of Gellius, who took his example from the Swallows Nests. Brick building was invented by Euryalus and Hyperbolus brethren at Athens, though others attribute it to Resta the Daughter of Saturn. Tile and Slate were the invention of Synarus of Agriopa in the Isle of Cyprus. Quarries were invented by Cadmus in Thebes: But the invention of such Arts is more fitly thought to be referred to Cain, or the posterity of Seth, who made two pillars, one of Brick, the other of Stone. Notwithstanding, 'tis not denied, but those aforesaid Persons began their inventions, in the Countries where they lived. Marble was used in building by the Nobility of Rome, for to show the costly magnificence: so that Scaurus being a public Officer in Rome, caused 360 Marble Pillars to be carried for the making of one Stage, whereon an Interlude was to be played. Lucius Crassus was the first that had Pillars of Marble. Lepidus made the Gates of his House of Numidian Marble. In Graving Marble, Dipoenus Scilus was the first that flourished, before the Reign of King Cyrus in Persia.   

D  
DICTATOR, or great Master in Rome, Largius was Created the first, which Office was of the highest in Authority: and as Dionysius believeth, it was taken out of the Greeks, amongst whom Elymnetae had the same power that the Dictator had in Rome. T. Livius referred the Original of them to the Albans: and the Carthaginians had also their Dictator's. This Magistrate was never used saving in great dangers of the Commonwealth, and it continued but six Months: during that power all other Magistrates were Abrogated, except the Tribunate or the Frovostship of the Commons. The Consul's duty was to name and proclaim him, and that no time but in the Night.  
The Decemviri or the Rule of ten men, endured amongst the Romans but for three years, by reason of the outrageous Lust of Appius Claudius against the Maid Virginea, they were deposed, and Consuls (whom we have formerly mentioned) supplied their room: in the 310 year of the City, in their place instead of Consuls were chosen Marshals or Provosts of Armies, whom they named Tribunus, Aulus Sempronius, Attacinus, L, Attilius Longus, and T. Cecilius Siculus.  
Democracie began in Rome, when the Authority of the Commons became daily more Seditious, and confedracies increased, in such a manner that C. Cunues so brought it about and ordered it, that the Commonality Married with the Nobility, and the Tribunes by their earnest instance and suit, caused that the high Officers were permitted to them of the common sort. At the year 355 of the building of the City, P. Licinus Caluus was made Tribune of the Army, the 389th year, L. Sextus Lateranus attained the Consulship the 399th year, cain's Marcus Lateranus was created Dictator. From this manner of Government it was by Sylla and Marius brought to one Ruler or Prince again; thus hath Rome had all kinds of Administration of the Commonwealth.  
Divination is reckoned to be of two sorts; the one Natural, the other Artificial, Natural, is that which is occasioned by a natural commotion or stirring of the mind, which happens sometimes to men when they are asleep; sometimes by a kind of fury or rapture of the mind, as it was with the Sibyls; of the same nature were the oracles of Apollo and Jupiter Hammon. Artificial those which proceed from conjectures, old considerations and observance of the entrails of Beasts, flying of Birds, casting of Lots, etc. The inspection of the Bowels of Beasts was invented by the Etrurians, which chanced thus. It happened that a man going to Blow, chanced to raise up a deeper Furrow than he was wont to do: One Tages upon a sudden arose out of the Earth, that taught them all the mysteries of Sooth-saying. Divination by looking on Birds was found out by Tiresias the Theban. Orpheus' added Divination by other Beasts. Numerius Suffusius was the first that invented the casting of Lots.  
Dreams, The first expounding of them, Pliny ascribes to Amphichon. But Trogus assigns it to Joseph Son to Jacob. Clement writes that the Telmesians were the first interpreters of it, 'tis no great matter who were; for the little credit that is to be given to them.  
Dedication of Churches is of great antiquity: For Moses did sanctify the Tabernacle; and Solomon consecrated the Temple that he builded at Jerusalem. And Esdrus after, when they returned from the captivity of Babylon, new hallowed the Temple again. From them we receive our Rite of dedicating of Churches. I cannot be so positive as to write certainly, where the first Church of the Christians was built, but by all conjectures, it was edified by the Apostles in Aethiopia, where St. Matthew Preached; or in the lower India, where St. Bartholomew taught; or in Scythia where St. Andrew Preached the Word of God, where they doubtless either caused new Churches to be edified, or else transposed the Idols of the Temples, abolishing superstition, and Planting the true Religion of Jesus Christ. Although it is not against reason to suppose there was a Temple or House of Prayer appointed by St. James at Jerusalem. In Rome the first that I Read of, was consecrated by Pius Bishop of Rome, in the Street called Patricius, at Novatus Baths, in honour of the Virgin Prudentia, at the request of Praredis her Sister. And after Calitus built a Temple to the Virgin. Marry, in a place beyond Tyberis, and instituted a Churchyard in Appius-Street.  
Dinorcement when it first began, Wedlock was not so sincerely and reverently observed of the Romans; which although it be an occasion that Women should more earnestly keep their chastity, yet our Religion doth scarcely permit it. One Spurius Servilius, the year after the City of Rome was Founded 522. (Marcus Pomponius, and Cain Papyrius being Consuls) first sued a divorce from his Wife, because she was Barren: For which Fact, although he affirmed openly before the Censors that he did it only because he would have issue, yet was he for it scandalised and evil spoken of, by the common People. This decree of divorcing was taken out of the Laws of Moses, which made the first constitution of that Statute; yet was there this difference. For by Moses it was only Lawful for the Husband to forsake his Wife; but the Romans decree gave them both like liberty.  
Dial's was first found out by a Milesian amongst the Lacedæmonians, which declaired the hours by the shadow of the Hand. It was a good while ere that they were used in Rome; but in the twelve Tables, there was only rehearsed the rising and going down of the Sun; and a few years after, Noon or Midday was found. And this was only on clear days, when they might perceive the course and altitude of the Sun. The first Dial was set up on a Pillar openly, which stood behind the common Pulpit, or Bar, called Rostra, at the charge of Valerius Messala, than Consul in the first Punic Battle. The water Dial was first used in Rome by Scipio Nasica, to divide the hours of the Day and Night, who were the inventors of Clocks, Sand-dyals' and Hour-Glasses is yet unknown.   

F  
FIRE was first struck out of a Flint by Pirodes. Prometheus taught first to keep it in Matches. Pliny writes how the spies in Armies and Camps, or else the Shepherds devised Fire by rubbing of two pieces of Wood together. Laurel and Ivy are best for that use. Bellows were found by Anacharsis, as Strabo writes. Candles the Egyptians invented. Fire and Water were given for Signs of the chastity of the Maids of Rome and Greece, before they came to Bed to their Husbands, which Elements as they have the power to purify and cleanse, signified thereby that they should be chaste and honest of their Bodies. Minerals, or the manner and rites of Burials in several Countries, were of sundry and various Fashions: as the Massegetes and Derbians, judged them that died in Sickness to have been very wretches; and therefore when their Parents and Kindred were Aged, they strangled them and Eat them, supposing that it was better that they should devour them than the Worms in the Earth. The Alban's that dwelled by the Mount Caucasus, took it for a mortal crime, once to name those that were departed. The Thracians kept solemnly the Funerals of the Dead Corpse of men, with great joy and solace, for that they were discharged by Death from humane miseries, and rest in eternal Felicity; and chose at the Birth of their Children they expressed great sorrow and lamentation, because of the calamities that they must sustain in this miserable Life. The Women in Judia, take it for a great honour and triumph to be Buried with their Husbands, which privilege is granted to her that loves him best. There are other divers manners of Burying amongst the Pagans and Heathens, which forasmuch as they exceed the bounds of humanity, and have in them no hope of a Resurrection, I shall here omit. The Romans, because the Dead Corpse that were killed in Battle, were after their burial digged out of the ground; instituted the manner of burning the carcases of men departed; which rite was Executed on Sylla, chief of all the House and Kindred of the Cornelians, who feared lest he should be served as he had used Marius. They had also in Rome a manner of defying or hollowing of their Emperor's bodies, after this manner: when the Emperor was dead, and his body reverently buried, with great exequys, they Form an Image of the Emperor, pale, as though he was sick, and laid it at the Gate of the Palace, in a bed of Ivory; and the Physicians resorted thither to the bed six days continually: the Lords of the Senate, and Noble Ladies and Matrons standing on every side of the bed. The seventh day the young Lords and Nobility, bore him on their Shoulders in the bed, first into the old place of Judgements, called Forum Vetus, and then into the Field, called Campus Martius, where they chose their Magistrates and high Officers, where they laid him in a Tent built for the same purpose, like a Tower, and filled it with dry Wood and sweet Ointments, and after they had finished the Rites and Ceremonies of their Law, he that should succeed in the Empire, put a Firebrand to the Tent, and then others did the like. And after all was burned they let fly an Eagle out of the top of the Turret, which, as they supposed carried the Soul of the Emperor to Heaven, and from thenceforth they honoured him as a God. Commendations to the honour of the dead bodies at Funerals, Valerius Publicolia first made in praise of Brutus, and that was long before the Greeks had any, notwithstanding Gellius writeth that Solon ordained that Law in Athens, in the time of Tarquivius Priscus. The Romans used to praise the Women at their Burials, because they were once contented to give their Golden Jewels to make a Bowl to send to Delphus, to the God Apollo. Horatius the Poet and Servius write, that the Romans used customably after a Burial, to renew the Sacrifices and Solemn Rites of the Funeral, which they named in Latin, Novem Diales. The Massilians in France passed and spent the day of their Burials, with private Oblations and Feast of their Kindred, without any manner of Lamentation or Sorrow. In Burials the old Rite was, that the dead Corpse was bourn before, and the People followed after, as one should say, we must all die, and follow after him, as their last words to the course did express. For they used to say, when it was Buried, these words, Farewell, we shall come after thee: and of the following of the multitude, they were called Exsequys. Although used at Kings and Nobleman's Funerals, to go before with Tapers and Torches, which custom we keep still.   

G  
GRACE., or the Hollowing of the Table and Meat is derived and was begun from the imitation of our Saviour Christ, when he used the same way of sanctifiing of the five Loaves in the Wilderness, and at Emaus also, where he did consecrate the Table in the presence of his Disciples: So was likewise he form of saying Grace after Supper, taken from that custom which Christ commonly kept at his Suppers. The manner to Read a part of the Bible before or after Dinner time or Supper, hath also been of a long continuance, and did proceed from the Godly Doctrine that Christ instructed his Disciples in, at all times, but chiefly at his last Supper, wherein he Treated of the Mysteries of our Religion. From whence our Fathers, to keep in memory such a wholesome institution, did introduce this manner of Reading the Scripture before or after Meat.  
Godfathers and Godmothers were ordained by Iginius' Bishop of Rome, for to be witnesses of the Sacrament of Baptism that it was received.  
Dood and bad Angels, according to the Ancient received opinion, are not only to every man, but also to every singular place and Family, were allotted two Angels, by some called the Bonus vel malus Genius; whereof the one went about to endamage Mortals, the other with all its endeavour, studied to do them good. These are said to invade particularly every Family, to convey themselves into humane Bodies, to embezzle and destroy their Health, to procure Diseases, to illude their Hearts with Pannical and Fantastical Visions and horrid Dreams.  
Grammar, next the invention of Letters ordinarily succeeds, both because it is the Foundation and Ground whereon all other Sciences rest, and for as much as it taketh the name of Letters; for Gramma in Greek signifieth a Letter in English. Grammar is an Art that doth consist in Speaking and Writing without Fault or Error, so that every Word have his due Letters, and as Quintilian determineth, is divided into two parts, the way to speak congruously, and declairing of Poets; as Tully writeth, there is required in a Grammarian the dedication of Poets, the knowledge of Histories, the exposition of Words, and a certain utterance of Pronounciaiton. Grammar took its beginning from marking and observing what was most fit and unfit in communication, which thing men counterfeiting in their speech, from thence this Art took its Rise, even as Rhetoric was perceived; For it is the duty both of the Grammarians and Orators to have a regard and respect how to speak. Hermipus saith that Epicurus first taught the Art of Grammar, and Plato espied and perceived first the commodity and profit of it. In Rome it was nothing esteemed till one Crates Malotes was sent by King Attalus to teach it between the second and third Battles of the Punicks, a little before the death of Eunius the Poet. It is of all other Sciences the most useful, for it showeth a way to attain all the rest of the liberal Sciences. Neither can any man come to attain to any eacellency in any Art, unless he have first his principles of Grammar, perfectly known, well digested and throughly perceived. Therefore in old time Grammarians were called Judges and allowers of all other writers, and for that cause they were called Critici. In this Art excellent Didymus, and Antonius Enipho, unto whose School Marcus Cicero resorted divers times after his affairs in the Law were ended: Nigidius, Figulus, Marcus Varro, Marcus Valerius Probus, and the arrogant Palemon, with many others of the Greeks, of which Aristarchus, Aristotle, and Theodoces were the chief.  
Greek old Letters, were the same that the Romans use now, as Pliny conjectureth by a certain Brass table that came from Delphos, which was dedicated and hanged up in a Library in the Temple of Minerva at Rome in his time. They were brought into Italy by Evander, and the Arcadians which came into Italy to Inhabit there; of the Grecians Xenophon, Thucidedes,, Herodotus, Theopompus, flourished most in writing Histories.  
Guns, which of all other Instruments of War have been most destructive to Mankind, were invented by a certain Almain, whose name is not known, he found them out after this manner: it chanced that he had in a Mortar, powder of Brimstone that he had beaten for a Medicine, and covered it with a stone, and as he struck Fire, it Fortuned that a spark fell into the powder: suddenly there arose a great flame out of the Mortar, and lifted up the stone wherewith it was covered, a great height: which he perceiving, he made a Pipe of Iron, and tempered the Powder, and so finished this deadly Devilish Engine, and taught the Venetians the use of it, when they Warred at Candius Dyke against the Genvates, which was in the year of our Lord 1380. For this invention he received this benefit, that his Name was never known, lest he might for this Abominable device, have been evil spoken off and cursed, whilst the World lasts.  
Geometry the Egyptians gloried to have first invented. This Art containeth the description of Lengths, Breadths, Shapes and Quantities. In this knowledge Strabo excelled, in the time of Tiberius and Ptolemy. In the time of Trajan and Antoninas Measures and Weights were found out by Sydonius, about that time Procus Reigned in Alba, Aza in Israel, and Jeroboam in Jerusalem.  
Games, the Principal of them amongst the Greeks were the Olympiads, which were kept every fifth year in the Mount Olympus, and instituted by Hercules in the honour of Jupiter. In this Game Corylus an Arcadian won the first prize; though others say Herculus was the first that won it: there was Wrestling, Running with Horses, and on Foot, Journeying, Leaping, Coursing with Chariots, the contention of Poets, Rhetoricians, disputations of Philosophers. The manner was there to proclaim Wars, and enter Leagues of Peace; the reward of the Victor was a Garland of Olives. The second Shows were those called Pythia, which were in honour of Apollo, in memorial of his vanquishing of the great Dragon Pytho, that was sent by Juno to persecute his Mother Latona. The third Game was the Isthiny, devised by Theseus in the worship of his Father Neptune, environed with a dark Wood of Birch Trees, they that won the Victory had a Garland of Pine Tree. The fourth was the Nemei, named of the Forest of Nemea: This Feast those of Argos kept solemnly in reverence of Hercules that slew the mighty Lion, whose Skin he wore for a Coat of Armour. Pyrrhus' Dance, was a Dance that the Lacedæmonians practised with Youth, as soon as they came to be five years of Age, as a prepairation to greater affairs in War. It was first instituted in Crect by one of the Sibyls Priests; they Danced in Armour, and with Weapons on Horseback. Naked Games were invented by Lycaon. Funeral Plays by Acastus, Wrestling by Merany, Dice, Tables, Tennis, and Cards were found out by the Lydians, a people in Asia, and began neither for Gain nor Pleasure, but for the good of the Commonwealth. For there being a very great Dearth and want of Provision in the Country, so that the people having not enough to supply their necessities, were forced one day to take their Meat moderately, and another day by course they applied themselves to such sports, to drive away the tediousness of the Famine Chess was invented in the year 3635, by a certain wise Man named Xerxes, to show to a Tyrant that Majesty and Authority without strength and assistance, without the help of Men and Subjects, was casual to many calamities. There is a Game also that is played with the Postem-bone of the hinder Foot of a Sheep, Goat, Fallow or a Red Dear, it hath four chances, the Ace-point, and he that cast that, laid down a Penny, or as much as was concluded by the Gamesters, the other side was called Vetus, and he that threw it won Six, or as much as was laid down before; the other two sides were called Chius and Senio, he that threw Chius was three, and he that threw Senior was four. Some ascribe the finding out of Cards and Chessa to Palamades.   

H  
HERBS, doubtless Nature, the Mother and Governess of all things (as saith a Learned Author) did produce Herbs, as may appear by many examples, partly for the delection, and partly for the health and preservations of Men's Bodies. Axanthus an Histiographer (as Pliny recordeth, writes how a Dragon revived his young Faun that was slain, by virtue of an Herb called Balin: and the Hechewall 'tis reported of her, if a Wedge be driven into the hole of her Nest, (for she maketh her Nest in the hollow or hole of a Tree, that she worketh with her Beak, till she makes it fall out, with an Herb that she getteth for that purpose: & 'tis not to be disputed but that some of the Indians at this day, live only by Herbs. Appianus writeth that the Parthians, which Anthony put to flight, constrained by extreme Famine; they chanced to eat a certain Herb, whose nature was to make them that eat it to forget all other things, and only to dig up stones, as if they would do some great matters; but after some extreme Labour they died. Though we acknowledge an inexpressible virtue to be in Herbs: not to discourse further of such strange or wonderful stories, we shall only express that most Authors agree that Chiron Son to Saturnus, was the first inventor of such Medicines, as were made with Herbs.  
The Hebrew Letters which are now in use, according to St. Hierom's opinion, were invented and devised by Esdras: For before that time the Hebrews and the Samant's used all one Characters.  
The Harp, It is said to have been found by Mercury; who as he walked by the River Nilus, after an Ebb, he found a Tortoise all withered, and nothing remaining but the Sinews; which as he fortuned to strike on them, made a certain sound: after the form of which, he fashioned a Harp, and according to the three times of the years, Summer, Winter, and Spring, he put to it three strings, a Treble, a Base, and a Mean. This Instrument he gave to Apollo, and Apollo delivered it to Orpheus: some think Amphion found it. I find that the Harp hath seven strings, to resemble the seven Daughters of Atlas; whereof Mara, Mercury his Mother, was one. And then after that, were the other two added to represent the nine Muses. Some refer the Original of the Harp and Pipe to Apollo, for his Image in Delos (as they write) had in the right Hand a Bow, & in the left the Goddesses of Favour, whereof one had a Harp, another a Shalume, the third a Pipe.  
Husbandry was invented amongst the Egyptians by Dionysias, amongst the Greeks by Triptolemus, In Italy by Saturn, though Virgil will have Ceres to be the first inventor of it; Pilulnus taught them to Bake and Grind, Triptolemus and Briges the Athenian, were the inventors of the Plough; and Dionysius was the first that Yoked Oxen to draw it. Instruments of Husbandry were first invented by Ceres. Wine was found out by Dionysius, for he is said first to perceive the Nature of the Wine, and that he taught men how to make use of it, and to press the Wine out of the Grape. Others say that Icarius the Father of Penelope found it out first in Athens, who was afterwards slain by the Husbandmen when they were Drunk. Dencalion first found out the Wine above Mount Aeina in Sicilic. Aruntus a Tyrant being Banished out of his Country by Lucimon, whom he had bred up of a Child, carried Wine first into France. Wine Taverns were first set up by the Lydians, a People of Asia. Stophilus was the first that informed men to mingle Wine with Water: Ale is said also to have been invented by Bacchus, who taught it to the Northern Nations, to supply the want of Wine. In Greece Pallas found out the Olive, and the way of making Oil. Aristeus gathered the Curds of Milk, and made Cheese: he found out the way also of making Honey. Cherry Trees were brought out of Pontus by Lucullus, the year of the City 680 Ziziphas and Tuberes, two kinds of Apple Trees St. Papinins conveyed out of Syria and Africa, into Italy in the time of Augustus.  
Histories of all other writings, are the most commendable, because they inform all sorts of People, with notable examples of living, and do excite those that are Noble to pursue such heroical enterprises, as they read to have been done by their Ancestors; and also they do discourage and Lame wicked Persons from attempting any heinous deeds or crime, knowing, that such acts shall be registered in perpetual memory, to the honour or infamy of the doers, according to the desert or undesert of their endeavours. Pliny says that Cadmus Milesius first writ Histories amongst the Grecians, which contain the Actions of Cyrus' King of Persia. Albeit Josephus supposeth it to be probable, that Histories were begun by the old writers of the Hebrews; as in the time of Moses, who wrote the Lives of many of the most ancient Hebrews, and the Creation of the World: or else to the Priests of Egypt and Babylon; For the Egyptians and Babylonians have been reputed of a long continuance the most diligent writers; in so much that their Priests were appointed for that purpose, to preserve things that were worthy to be had in memory.  
Hunting and Fishing, the Phenecians first found out. Warrens and Parks were made first by Fulvius Hirpinus, and now they are every where in use, I am sure too much in England, to the so great damage of Pastures, that might Feed other Cattle, more beneficial to the Commonwealth.   

I  
IRON and BRAS (as Strabo writes) a certain People named Thelchines first wrought on. The Smith's Forge some think the Calybians found, and some suppose they were the Cyclops Vulcan's Smugs, which first used the Smith's craft. Diodorus is of opinion, that the Iclei Dactyli and Vulcan were the first inventors of Iron, and of all Metals that are wrought with the Fire. Sothering of Iron Glaucus found. But as I take it, that all these before named, sound the use of such things in their own Countries. For 'tis not to be questioned but that the use of all such Metals was perceived in the beginning of the World by Tubalcain which was Son to Lamech, expert and exercised in the Smith's craft. Clement referreth the tempering of Iron to Delas.  
The institution of the Anointing of Kings and Priests, was to signify, that they were especially favoured of God, and like as Oil lieth aloft in the Water, or other Liquor, so the Office of a Priest, and Dignity of a Prince, surmounts all other degrees of Ministers, both in the active and also contemplative life. When Moses had builded the Tabernacle, he was commanded to make a confection of holy Ointment, wherewith both the work and vessels of Priests, and also of Kings, which were called to that Office or Dignity, aught to be Anointed: so that it came to pass, that the Anointing was the very token and difference, whereby Kings were known amongst the Hebrews, as the Emperors in Rome were known by their Purple Robes. Aaron and his Sons were the first Anointed Priests; and Samuel Anointed Saul first King over Israel, and so consequently it grew into a custom that Priests and Kings were Anointed.   

L  
THe Law is a constant and perpetual good thing, without which no House, no City, no Country, no Estates of Men, no Natural Creature, nor the World itself, can consist firm and stable: For it obeyeth God; and all other things, Air, Water, Land, and Men, are in obedience to it. Chrysippus calleth it a knowledge of all Divine and Humane Affairs, commanding equity, and expulsing wickedness and wrong. There are of Laws three kinds: one Natural, that is not only appropriated to man, but also it concerneth all other living things either in the Earth, Sea, or Air; as we perceive in all kinds of living Creatures, naturally a certain familiarity of Male and Female, procreation of Kind, and a proclinity to nourish the same; the which proceedeth from a Natural Law engrafted in them: Nature herself, that is God was the Author of this. The second is Named the Law which all men use generally throughout the World; as to show a man the way, to communicate to men the commodity of the Elements, Water and Aire; to this kind appertaineth the Law of Arms; and it is called in Latin Ius Gentium-Civil Law is of every Country or City, as of the Romans, Lacedæmonians, Athenians, etc. This consisteth in decrees of Princes, Statutes, and Proclamations. The chief and principal Laws were promulgate by God, confirmed after the most pure and perfect manner, stable, constant, and subject to no transmutation. After the example of these, Man hath invented Laws to defend and preserve good men, and to punish and keep wicked Persons in good Order. Such Laws Ceres made first, as Diodonus writes: but others suppose it to be Rhadamantus; and afterwards others in divers Country's devised and ordained Laws: as in Athens, Draco and Solon, in Egypt Mercury, in Crect Minos, in Lacedemonia curgus, in Tyre Tharandus, in Argos Phoroneus, in Rome Romulus, in Iltaly Pythagoras; or after the mind of Dionysius, the Arcadians that were under Evander as their Sovereign Lord and chief Captain. Notwithstanding the very true Author of Laws is God, which (as hath been said) first planted in us the Law of Nature; and when it was corrupted by Adam and his posterity, he gave the Written Law by Moses to reduce us again to our first state and true instinct of Nature, which was before all other, as Eusebius declaireth.  
Lots, the casting of them Numerius Suffusius devised first at Preneste.  
Looking-Glasses of Silver were invented by Praxiteles, in the time of Pompey the Great: there were also invented Looking-Glasses of Steel, Led, Christal-Glass, which one Sydon is reported to have been the first inventor of. Glass was found out in Phenicia, being engendered in the River which is called Belus; and it happened on this occasion: A Merchant's Ship being freighted with Salt-peter, came to that place, and as they were prepairing their Meat on the Sands, they could not find Stones to bear up their Vessels, so that they were fain to lay great pieces of Nitre under them, which being set on Fire, and mingling with the Sand, there appeared great flakes of melted Glass.  
Lamps and Hanging Lights began of the Candles, that Moses set up to burn in the Tabernacle.  
Laws of Mourning, of Obit's, Funeral Exequys that are performed over dead Bodies, were the institution of Polugius, although Isidore ascribeth the Original of it to the Apostles, and he himself did augment the Rites, that we use at this time. Ambrose supposeth that Mourning proceeded from the Custom of the Hebrews which Lamented Jacob Forty days, and Moses the space of Thirty days, for that time was but counted sufficient for the Wife to weep in. It was also the custom of the ancient Romans to mourn. For Numa Pompilius assigned Oblations to the Infernal Gods for the dead, and did inhibit that a Child under the age of three years should be bewailed, and that the elder sort should be mourned no more months than he had lived, if any were married within that space again it was counted for a great reproach: Wherefore Numa ordained that such as left of Mourning before the day limited should offer a Cow that was great with calf for expiation. If that Rite were used now adays, and namely in England, we should have small store of Veals, there be so many that Mary within the space of time prescribed. Plutarch writeth that the Women in their Mourning laid aside all Purple, Gold, and Sumptuous or rich Apparral, and were clothed both they and their kindred in White Apparel, like as at that time the dead body was wrapped in White clothes. The white colour was thought fittest for the dead, because it is Clear, Pure, Sincere, and least defiled, and when the time of their weeping was expired, they put on other Vestures. Of this Ceremony (as I take it) the French Queen's tool occasion, after the death of their Husbands the Kings to wear only white clothing, and when there was any such Widow, she was commonly called the White Queen. The Jews ended their Mourning after Thirty days. The Englishmen use altogether Black, which they use for the most part to wear a whole year, unless it be because of a general Triumph of a New Magistrate, or when they are towards Marriage. The Manner of washing the bodies of the dead especially of the Nobler sort and the anointing of them, was received from our Ancestors which used to wash the bodies of the dead, and it was the Office of them which were nearest of the Kindred, to do it.  
Led was brought by Miducritus out of the Islands against Spain, called, Cussitrides, as Strabo writes.  
Letting of Blood was Learned of the Water-horse in Nilus: For when he was weak and distempered, he used to seek by the River side for the sharpest stalks of Reeds, against which he struck a Veign of his Leg, with great violence and so eased his Body by that means of the corrupt and fuperfluous blood: and when he had so done he covered the wound with the Mud.  
Linen or Flax, as Pliny Writs; was invented by the beautiful Lady Arachne of Lydia, she taught also the way of Knitting Nets to take Beasts, Fish and Fouls. Minerva instructed the People of Athens in spinning and weaving of Wool: but in one place Pliny seemeth to ascribe the Art of Weaving to the Egyptians.  
Labyrinths, which we may call Mazes were certain intricate and winding Works, with many entries and doors, in such a manner, that if a Man were once entered, he could not sinned the way out, except he had a perfect guide, or else a clew of thread to be his conduct. There were four of them most notable, as it is reported: The first was in Egypt, and was called of some the Palace of the King Motherudes, of some the Sepulchre of Mexes: but there are others that say, it was builded in honour of the Sun, by King Petesucus, or Tethoes: Herodotus will have it, that it was the common Tomb of the Kings of Egypt; this stood a little from the Pool of Mirios. The Second was made in Crete, by Daedalus, at the Commandment of King Minos wherein Theseus of Athens slew the Minotaur. The Third was wrought in the Isle of Lemnos by Smilus Rhodus, and Theodorus, Carpenters of the same Country. The Fourth Porsena, King of the Hetrucians'; caused to be made and set up in Italy for his Sepulchre, It was all of Free Stone and Vaulted.  
Letters, concerning the first inventors of them; Authors are at some variance, Diodorus saith they were found by Mercury in Egypt, others say one Menon an Egyptian devised them. Instead of Letters the Egyptians used to declare and signify the intents and conceits of their minds by the Figures of Beasts, Fishes, Fowls, and Trees. Pliny saith that he thought that the Assyrians excogitated the Letters which Cadmus brought out of Phenicia into Greece, which were but sixteen in number. A b c d e g i l m n o p r s t u. To these Palumedes in the Battle of Troy added four more. Aristotle saith that there were 18. Hermolaus is supposed to have added the Letter y. Herodotus writeth how that the Phoenicians that came with Cadmus to inhabit Thebes, brought Letters into Greece, which were never seen there before. Some will have the Aethiopians to have invented them, and then to have taught them to the Egyptians, that were one of their Provinces. But Eumolphus writes very wisely, that the Original of Letters were from Moses, who was long before Cadmus' days, that he taught the Jews Letters, & that thence the Phoenicians received them, and the Greeks Leared of them, which thing is conformable to Pliny's opinion: For Jury is a part of Syria, and the Jews were Syrians. Nevertheless I have it from Josephus, that writing was before Noah's Flood, for the Sons of Seth (as we have expressed) wrote in two Pillars, one of Brick and another of Stone, the Science of Astronomy; whereof that of Stone in the time of Josephus remained in Syria. Philo ascribeth the inventions of them to Abraham. Numbers were used to be written with these seven Letters, C. I. D. L. M. U. X, or with these Figures, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9 which because they are so Familiarly used, we shall not need further to declare. Letters were first brought into Italy by Evander, and the Arcadians which came into Italy to Inhabit there, as Ovid writes in his Book de Fastis, the Etrurians also had a form of Letters by themselves, wherein the Youth of Rome were instructed, as well as in the Greek Letters, which one Demeratus a Corinthian taught the Hetrucians'. And like as the Grecians had enlarged the number of their Letters, so the Italians following their example, put to theirs, f. k. q. x. y. z. h. which h. is no Letter, but a sign of aspiration: f. they received of the Aeolians, which both amongst the Romans and Aeolians had the same sound and pronounciation, that p. with an inspiration hath, which we use in writing Greek words; And afterward Claudius Caesar as Quintilian writeth, appointed that it should be taken in the place of u. Consonant, as fulgus for vulgus, fixet for vixit; and even so our English men use to speak in Essex, for they say Finegar for Vinegar, Feal for Veal, and chose, a Vox for a Fox, Vour for Four: and in process of time it was used for ph. in Latin words k. was borrowed of the Greeks, but any eminent Author seldom useth it in writing Latin. q. was added because it hath a grosser sound then c. The Letter x. we had also out of Greece (although as Quintilian judgeth) we might well forbear it, forasmuch as that they either used for it c s. or g s. Likewise y. and z. were sent from the Grecians, and are used of us only to write Greek words. In Letters are contained the Treasure of Knowledge, by them the most notable things are preserved in fresh remembrance.  
Libraries, which are the Monuments of ingenuous Wits consist in Books, which were first published in Greece. Gellius saith it was Pisistratus that made the first Book, and exhibited it to be read openly. Josephus will have it otherwise, that the Hebrews and Priests of Chaldee set forth the first Books. The Athenians multiplied the number of them, which Xerxes carried from thence into Persia, and Seleveus King of Macedonia caused them many years after to be conveyed again to Athens. After that Ptolomeus King of Egypt collected 700000 Books, which were all burnt at the Battle of Alexandria. Nevertheless S●rabo recordeth that Aristotle did institute the first Library, and left it to Theophrastus' his Disciple, and taught the Kings of Egypt how they should order their Library: Theophrastus left it to Molus, and of him Scepsis received it. There was also a very ancient Library at Pergamus. In Rome Afinius Pollio had the first Library, which Employed the great Wits in study, to the ample furtherance and commodity of that Commonwealth. At this time the World flourisheth with Libraries to introduce ingenuous Persons to a more sudden perfection.  
Legends of Saints, were made in the year of our Lord 800. by Paulus Diaconius & Isuardus a Monk, at the desire of Charles the great. And for as much as the Persecutions were so great, that in the time of Dioclesian the Emperor, there were put to death 1700 Christians, within thirty days space they could not particularly write all their Lives, but made general Legends of Martyrs, Confessors, Virgins; which the Fathers commanded to be read in the Church on such Saints days.   

M  
MONEY was first Coined in Rome, 547 years after the City was Built, the first Coin was named a Ducat. Phedon began Silver Coin in the Isle of Aegina, which was Minted in Rome 454 after the City was Built, the print of it being a Chariot with two Horses. Janus caused Base Coin to be made, with a Face to the one side, and a Ship on the other, that he might gratify Saturn who arrived there in a Ship by perpetuating his memory to posterity. Serius Tullius Coined Brass with the Image of a Sheep and an Ox.  
Marriage or Matrimony, Antiquity reports that Cecrops King of Athens first ordained, and therefore the Poets feigned him to have two Faces. Notwithstanding the customs of Marriage were not alike in all Country's, nor kept after the same manner. For amongst the Indians, Numidians, Egyptians, Hebrews, Persians, Parthians, and almost all the Barbarians, every one Married according to the substance or riches which they enjoyed. The Seythians, Scots, and Athenians, at first used the Women in common publicly like Beasts: the Massagers Married their Wives, but they also used them in common. Amongst the Arabians, it was the custom that all the Kinsmen should have but one Wife, and he that came to meddle with her, should set his Staff at the Door. The Assyrians and Babylonians bought their Wives in the Market for a price, which custom still remains amongst the Arabians and Saracens. The Nazomons when they are first Married, use to suffer their Wives to be Layne withal the first Night by all their Guests, and after that, keep them entire to themselves. There were a certain People of Africa that were wont to offer such Maids that were to be Married to the King of their Religion, to deflower such as he pleased. It was also the custom amongst the Scots, that the Lord of the Manner was to Lie with the Bride the first Night, which custom remained till it was abolished by Malcolm the third. Marriage amongst the Romans was kept inviolable till divorcement began. The Rites of Marriage were various in Rome; and the manner was that two Children should Led the Bride, and a third bear before her a Torch of White-Thorn in honour of Ceres, which custom was also observed here in England, saving that in place of the Torch, there was carried before the Bride a Basin of Gold or Silver; a Garland also of Corn Ears was set upon her Head, or else she bore it on her Hand; or if that were omitted, Wheat was scattered over her Head in Token of Fruitfulness; also before she came to Bed to her Husband, Fire and Water were given her, which having power to purify and clease, signified that thereby she should be chaste and pure in her Body. Neither was she to step over the Threshold, but was to be bourn over, to signify that she lost her Virginity unwillingly, with many other superstitious Ceremonies, which are too long to rehearse. Marriage began first in Paradise, where God joined Adam and Eve together, before they knew Sin, that by the congression and company of these two Sexes and Kind's, their issue might be enlarged to replenish the World.  
Mahomet's Sect, questionless is one of the most Diabolical of all other, as well for the filthiness of all unlawful Lusts, as also for other outrageous naughtiness that it is so strangely possessed with, to the great mischief of Christendom, and increase of their own infidelity. Of this most superstitious Sect, Mahomet, Born in Arabia, or as some report in Persia was the Author: his Father was a Heathen Idolater, and his Mother an Ismaelite, which caused her to have the more insight into the Law of the Hebrews. This wicked Plant brought up and fostered under his Parents, and instructed like a Mongrel in either of their Laws, became expert, being of a quick and ready Wit: after the Death of his Father and Mother, he was a Servant to one Abdemonaples, an Ismaelite, who put him in trust with his Merchandise, and other Affairs; and after his death, he Married his Mistress. There he fell into acquaintance with the Monk Sergius an heretic of Nestorius' Sect that fled from Byzance into Arabia and by his Council and advice this Mahomet about the year of our Lord 520; and the twelfth year of the reign of the Emperor Heraclius, began in Arabia to found a new Sect, and by Seditious Sermons seduced many people in several Countries. He conquered through the assistance of the Arabians divers lands and subdued them as Tributaries, and compelled them to live after the Tradition of his Laws, that he gathered out of the New and Old Testamants, and divers Heresies of the Nicoluits, Manichees, and Subelians: He died in the 40 th' year of his age, his body was carried by the Saracens into a City of Persia called Mecha, and put into a Coffin of Iron which through the attraction of a Loadstone (to those that know not the Sympathy of Nature) makes it to seem as if it hung miraculously. This Sect increaseth more and more. partly through the discord of Christian Princes; and by reason of our greivious sins, which hath caused us Christians to feel the heavy hand of God upon us.  
Music by the Testimony of the Ancients is of great Antiquity for Orpheus and Linus being both of the Lineage of the Gods, were both of them incomparable Musicians. The Invention of Music some do ascribe to Amphion the Son of Jupiter by Antiope, others do ascribe the finding of it to Dionysius; others say that it was first brought out of Crete, and being perceived by the ringing and shrill sound of Brass, was brought at last to Number and Measure, others ascribe it to the Arcadians; but it is most generally affirmed that Mercury found out the Notes and Concord's of singing. He also as we have already mentioned was the first that invented the Harp. Shalms were at the first made of Cranes-legs afterwards of a great Reed. Dardanus Tezenius used first to play on them, Pan found out the Pipe of small Reed, to delight and please his Mistress, Syrinx Timarias was the first that played on the Harp and Lute with Ditties; and Amphion was the first that sung to the Lute. The Troglodytes, a People of Aethiopia, were the first that found out the Dulcimer. Pisceses, a Tyrrhen, or Tuscan found out the brazen Trumpet, and the Tuscans were the first that used it in War. Others say that it was Dyrcaeus an Athenian, who taught it the Lacedæmonians, who maintaining a long War against the Messenians, had this answer from the Oracle of Apollo, that if they would win the field, they must have a Captain of Athens. The Athenians in despite sent them Dyrcaeus; a lame fellow, with one eye, who notwithstanding did receive him and made use of his Counsel, who taught them to play on Trumpets, which were so dreadful to the Messenians, because of the strangeness of the noise, that they fled, and so the Lacedæmonians became immediately Victorious. The Arcadians were the first that brought Musical Instruments into Italy; and some do write that the Lacedæmonians in War did use Clarions, Shalms Rebecks, to the intent, that when they were ready to sight, they might be kept in better order. Halyalies' King of the Lydians, had in the battle against the Milesians, Pipers and Fiddlers playing together; the Cretians when they went to War had Lutes going before them to Moderate their pace.  
Magic took its beginning from Physic, and was the invention of Zoroaster King of the Bacthrians, who reigned eight hundred years after the Siege of Troy, The same time that Abraham and Ninus reigned, about three Thousand one Hundred Fourscore and five Years, after the Creation of the World. Lactantius and Eusebius think it was set forth amongst other devilish Sciences, by the evil Spirits, and Pliny calleth it of all the Arts the most deceitful. It is compacted of Physic, superstition, and the Mathematical Arts. The Thessalians were especially accused, with the frequent use of this practice, the first Writers of this Art were said to be Hosthunes, Pythagoras, Empedocles, Democritus, Plato, who with divers others Sailed into far Countries to learn it: Wherein Democritus was reported to have been the most famous, three hundred years after the City was builded, in which time, Hypocrates published the Art of Physic.  
The Monks those of Olivet, sprung up as a Fruit of disorder, the same year that the variance was amongst three Bishops, and were instituted by Barnardus Ptolomeus, the year of our Lord 1407. under Gregory the 12th: The faction of Grandimonsers, began by Steven of Anern, in Aquitane or Guienne, the year of our Lord 1076, under Alexander the Second, and had their Title of the Mountain where their Abbey stood. A little after the same time Robert Abbot of Molisme, in Cisterium a Forest in Burgundy, did insinuate the order of Cistercians; though some ascribe it to one Ordingus a Monk, that persuaded Robert to the same, about the year of our Lord 1098. under Urbane the Second; of this order was the great Clerk St. Bernard. The other orders of them as also of the Hieronymians, Canons, White-friar's, Crouch-Friers, to mention them as they are so numerous, would be too tedious.  
Martyrs, of them our Saviour Christ was the first Witness, and was incarnate, to be so for the Truth, he had for his Blessed and True Testimony, the envy of the Jews; insomuch, that they persecuted him to the vile Death of the Cross, for his most sacred record and report of the Truth; and they did no less pursue the Apostles and Messengers of the Truth: For when they following the Example of their Master, did openly declare the word of Truth, and namely Peter did sorely rebuke the wickedness of the Jews, for putting to Death our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, the Author of Life, advertising of them to repent and amend. The Jews were so furious, that they Murdered Stephen, as the Acts of the Apostles testifies, because he was a Fervent and Zealous Witness of the Truth. This Stephen did two years continually, after Christ's Death, dispute with all the Learned men of Alexandria, Cyrene, Cilicia, and Asia, and by Heavenly Wisdom confounded all their Worldly Reason and Humane Learning, for which they were so poisoned with Malice against him, that they violently Thrust him out of the City, and then cruelly stoned him to Death. Thus Stephen was the first open maintainer and defender of our Christian Religion. Afterwards St. Luke the Evangilist found such bitter and sharp persecutions did burst out against the Christians that were in Jerusalem, that they were enforced to stray abroad, and were scattered throughout all Jewry and Samaria, saving that the Apostles remained and Sojourned at Jerusalem. Notwithstanding this persecution was a great furtherance of the Gospel, by reason they ceased not, but Preached still the Word every where to the great advance, and augmentation of the number of the Faithful. Amongst the Heathen Nations Nero in the 13th year of his Reign, was the first that persecuted our Religion universally, and put St. Peter and St. Paul to Death, and consequently many other Innocents' were slain cruelly: For out of a Bloody mind he had, he could not spare his own Country; but either for displeasure of the ruinous Houses, which he was exasperated to behold, or else desirous to see a resemblance of the Burning of Troy, he set on fire the most part of the City of Rome, with so huge a flame, that it burned six Days and six Nights continually, to the Impoverishing of many Thousands of the Citizens. Then to mitigate that shameful and abominable Crime, he forged false Witnesses, that the Christians were guilty of that Enormous Fact; and so, Thousands of Innocents' for Religion were most cruelly put to Death for the Tyrant's pleasure; and to obdurate and harden himself in mischief, he proclaimed an open Persecution against all that professed the Name of Christ. Not long after, Domitian in the 12th year of his Reign renewed another Persecution; he caused St. John to be put into a Vessel of burning Oil, whereof he received no hurt. Trjan raised a third. The fourth Marcus Antonius. Lucius Anrelius Commodus stirred up. The fifth Persecution was under the Emperor Severus. Maximinius procured the sixth. Decius the seventh. The eighth Valerius. The ninth began under the Emperor Aurelianus. The tenth was by the Command of the Emperor Dioclesian and Maximianus Herculeus: this Persecution was far more cruel and general than any of the rest; insomuch, that Dioclesian in the occient, and Maximinian in the occident, destroyed all the Churches, and tormented the Christians with most horrid Cruelties. The Books of Scripture were Burned, Churches plucked down, Christian Magistrates that were in any Office were deposed, Soldiers were enforced to deny their Faith; or else to be deprived of their Estates, or lose their Lives. Neither were the three cruel Tyrants, Mezentius, Licinus and Maximinianus behind for their parts, but were as insatiate for Christian Blood. As concerning the Martyrdoms of the Twelve Apostles we shall relate as followeth. James the Son of Zebedee, called Major, for that he was chosen to be an Apostle, was sent to convert Spain, from whence by reason of the Obstinacy of the People, he returned shortly to Preach in Judea, where through the Malice of a Jewish Bishop called Abiathar, he was accused and Beheaded by the consent of Herod Agrippa. His Body was conveyed by his Disciples first to Jerusalem, and from thence to Spain, where it remaineth in Compostella, a Famous Pilgrimage. James the Son of Alpheus, called Minor, for that he was last chosen, he was Bishop of Jerusalem, and that for the space of Thirty years; and then as he was Preaching in the Temple, he was thrown down by the pharisees, and by them stoned to death; he was Buried by the Temple. Simon by our Saviour called Peter, through the indignation of Nero, because he was too hard for, and had overcome Simon Magus Sorcery, was Crucified with his Head downward. Saul, after his conversion called Paul, who, after that he had endured and escaped many dangers and torments, as being Whipped with Rods, put in the Stocks by Philipus, Stoned in Lystra, delivered to wild Beasts in Ephesus, Bound and Beaten in Jerusalem: at last he came to Rome, where by the commandment of Nero, he was Beheaded (for that he was a Roman Born) the same day that St. Peter was crucified. Philip after he had Preached throughout the whole Country of Scythia, and converted a great part thereof, in the space of twenty years, was at last in the City of Hierapolis (when he had there extirped the Heresy of the Hebaeonites) fastened to the Cross, and put to a cruel death. Bartholomew went to Preach in India, and afterwards came to Albania, a City of Armenia the greater, where he converted the King of that City, and destroyed the Idols. Wherefore by the Commandment of Astyages Brother to King Polimeus, whom he had converted, he was Flayed alive. His Body was afterwards brought to Italy, and is, as some say at Rome. Andrew Simon Peter's Brother went first to Preach in Achaia, and afterwards in Scythia: but Lastly he was taken at Patras a City of Achaia; by Egeas, Proconsul of that Province: Who because that he had Converted his Wife Maximilla, cast him in prison, where he was most Tyrannically beaten, stretched out, and bound upon a slope Cross, to augment his Torment and so he died. Thomas Preached the Gospel to the Parthians, Medes, Persians, Hyrcanians, Bragmans, and converted a great part of India. He was by the Infidels thrown into a burning Furnace, and is said to have come out unhurt. Finally, because he prayed to God to destroy the Idol of the Sun, which the Infidels would have compelled him to Worship, he was by them thrust through with Spears and Swords. Matthew after he had Preached much in Judea, he went into Aetheopia, and there converted the greatest part of the Country. As he had newly ended his Prayers and was lifting up his hands to Heaven by the Altar, by the Appointment of the King of that Country, certain Villains came behind him, and run him through with their Swords. Judas called Thaddeus after the Ascension of our Lord, was sent by Thomas to heal Albagar King of Edissa: Afterwards. he Preached in Pontus, and Mesopotamia, and converted many cruel and barbarous People. Lastly he came to Persia where for confounding of their Idols, he was suddenly run upon, and murdered by the Pagan Bishops of that Country. He was buried at Netre a City of Armenia. Simon, called Chananeus, Brother to Thaddeus, and James the less; after he had Preached in Egypt, returned to Jerusalem: Whereof by the consent of the Apostles, he was made Bishop after the death of his Brother James. As touching his Martyrdom some say, that he suffered with his Brother Judas Thaddeus in Persia, others that he was through the envy of the Heretics, accused before the Consul Atticus, and therefore Crucified as his Master was. Mathyas after the Ascension of our Blessed Lord and Saviour, was chosen by the Apostles to supply the room of Judas; he was born at Bethlem, and was descended of the Tribe of Juda. He Preached for the most part in Judea, where at last he was falsely accused of his enemies for Perjury, and was therefore condemned to be stoned to death by two men: after which torment one cut him with a Hatchet, which finished his Martyrdom.  
The Four Monarchies of the World, were in successive order as followeth, the First was of the Assyrians, by Ninus, about the year of the World, 2220. augmented by the Queen Semiramis, and afterwards it endured the Term of 1300 years, it was translated by Arbactus to the Medes: and there having endured 350 years, it was left by Astyages, and exterpated by Cyrus. The Second Monarchy was of the Persians, the year of the World, 3425 which after it had endured 191 years, was lost by Daryus, and extirpated by Alexander the Great. The Third Monarchy was of the Grecians, founded by Alexander the Great, in the year of the World 3634, and before Christ, 320 years, after whose death it was divided amongst the Prefects, which in his life time he had appointed in divers Countries: by which division Selenius King of Assyria, Ptolomeus King of Egypt, Antigonus King of Asia, Cassander of Macedonia and Greece: all which Countries were after subdu●●… by the Romans. The Fourth Monarchy or Empire was of the Romans, founded by Julius Caesar, in the year of the World 3914, after the building of Rome 706 years, and before Christ 47 years. This Monarchy flourished about the space of 470 years, till that after the death of Theodosius the Great, it was divided by his two Sons into two Empires: Arcadius was Emperor of Constantinople, which Empire endured (though afterwards much diminished by the Invasions of Barbarous Nations) until the year of our Lord 1453, and then was quite lost by Constantine and, conquered by Mahomet the second Emperor of the Turks. Honorious was Emperor of Rome, which Empire shortly after, in the year of our Lord, five hundred seventy-five, and about the ninth Month of the Reign of Augustus, was utterly ruinated by Othacar King of the Goths. And long after in the year of our Lord 801, it was restored by Charles the great, and by him united to the Crown of France, and by his successors Translated into Germony, 〈◊〉 here it yet remaineth as a shadow only, or representation of the Majesty of the Ancient Roman Empire.  
Measures and wright's were found out by Sidonius (as Entropius writes) The same time that Procus Reigned in Albany, Ahaz in Judah, and Jeroboam in Jerusalem. Some write that Mercury devised them in Greece; Pliny ascribeth it to Phidon of Argos; Gellius to Palamades; Strabo to one Phidon of Elis in Arcady. Diogenes saith, that Pythagoras taught the Greeks Weights and Measures, but Josephus affirms, that Cain first found them out.  
Men Deified, were such as from whom had been attained any special or singular commodity or favour, to the furtherance or advantage of the common Livelyhoods of others, such were Builders of Cities, or Ladies excelling for their Chastity, such as were puissiant in Arms, were more especially honoured for Gods; as the Egyptians had Isiis, the Assyrians Neptune, the Latins Faunus, the Romans Quirine, the Athens Pallas, the Delphians Apollo, the Grecians Jupiter, the Assyrians Belus, and many Country's had divers other Gods; and some, which is a shame to speak, Worshipped Brute Beasts, and took them for Gods; by reason whereof the Greeians had the opinion, that the Gods had their beginning of men. And thus, when men withdrew their fantasies from Images, to the Spirits invisible, they were persuaded that there were many Gods, and of no lesser number than mortal men: not to Discourse further of the Opinions of the Philosophers which were various and dangerous to be mentioned. I shall only set down what Plato saith, that there is but one God, he writes that this World was Created by him; and that he was called God because he is so merciful and bestoweth his Blessings so freely on men, from whom they receive all things good and profitable; God himself being the principal Fountain of all Goodness.  
Men were first called Christians when Philip Converted and Baptised the Samaritans, and a certain Euunuch of Candaces, Queen of Aethiopia; this Euunuch Converted the Queen with her Family, and a great part of that Country to the Faith of Christ. Afterwards in Antioch the Faithful named themselves Christians.  
Myrrh, which is an humour congealed and constipated together with heat, is brought out of the Eastern parts, and chiefly out of Carmania: Pompeius in his Triumph over the Pyrat's or Robbers of the Sea, brought it first into Rome.   

N  
NE-CROMANCY is said to be such a kind of Magic as is for the raising up of the Dead; as in Lucan one raised from Death, told the Adventures of the Battle of Pharsalia. Pyromancy is one part of it which predicted things by the Fire and Lightning; as Tenaquilla, the Wife of Tarqvinius Priscus, prophesied that Servius Tullius should be King of Rome, because he saw the Fire environ his Head. The finding of this Pliny referreth to Amphiaraus. Hieromancy, that is a kind of prophecieing by the Air, as by flying, feeding, singing of Birds, and strange Tempests of Wind and Hail. Hydromancy was a prophesying by Water, as Varro Write, ththat a Child did see in the Water the Image of Mercury; and in 150 Verses told all the success of War against Methridates' King of Pontus. Geomancy was a Divination, by opening of the Earth Chiromancy is a conjectureing by beholding the lines and Wrinkles of the hand, commonly called Palusistry. The Sages or Wise Men of Persia which in their Language were named Magis, being strangely addicted to the honouring of their false Gods, were so extremely foolish that they professed openly, that they could not only by the observation of the Stars know things to come, but also by the already mentioned pretended Arts, that they could bring to pass what they would, which illusions and false persuasions of theirs it becometh all true Christians for to eschew and abhor.  
Naval Fights Minos made the first for Honour and Profit, Merchandise being instituted to furnish Men with necessaries, by way of Exchange: but after Money was coined it was made use of more for private Wealth. The Naval or Sea Crown which was of Gold, was first set on his head which boarded his enemies Ship.  
Nets were first said to have been invented by Arachne of Lydia, she taught the way of Knitting them to take Beasts, Birds, Fish and Fowl, she also Invented Flax, and Linen as Pliny writes.  
Noah made the first Altar. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, did make their Offerings rather from their devotion, then from any Priestly Authority.  
Notaries, were appointed in Rome by Julius the first of that name, their Office was then to write the lives of Godly Martyrs and Confessors, to Register them for a perpetual example of constant and virtuous living. Though, I am of Opinion that it was the Invention and de●ice of Clement, who Ordained seven Notaries, to Enrol the notable Deeds of the Martyrs. And Antherius afterwards did more firmly rectify them. But this now amongst other Offices is perverted to other worldly affairs.  
Nuns, or the custom of Consecrating of Virgins, to make Vows of Chastity, was instituted by Pius the first, who also ordained that none should be made, before they were Twenty five years old; and that they might be Consecrated at no time but in the Epiphany or Twelfthday, Easter Even, and on the Feasts of the Apostles, unless it were when any professed, were in point of dying. And Sotherus caused that a Decree was made that no such processed should touch Cope or put Incense into the Censors the year of our Lord God 175. It seemeth to have taken its Original from the Apostles which is proved by St. Paul's words, where he saith let no Widow be chosen, before she be Threescore years of age, with divers of the like sayings.   

O  
THE Oath called Jones Stone, Which the Ancients swore by and Held so Sacred, was after this manner, he that swore was to hold in one hand a stone, and then to pronounce these Words, If Knowingly I deceive, Jupiter cast me from my Gods, from my Country, and from all happiness, as I cast away this Stone.  
The Orders of Chivalry, most whereof continue at this day amongst Princes are as followeth. The First and ancientest of these Orders of Chivalry or Knighthood, is the Order of the Garter, Instituted in the year of our Lord 1348 in Bordeaux, chief City of the Dukedom Guyne in France, by Edward the Third King of England, and then possessor of the Dukedom: which order he consecrated and dedicated to St. George: though the motive of the institution thereof, proceeded from the Loss of a Garter, which he supposed to have been the Countess of Salsburies'. And it happened in this manner: As one day he was entertaining her with pleasant Discourse, a Garter chanced to unloose and fall down, at the Kings endeavouring to take it up, the Noblemen were supprised with a sudden Laughter: At which the Countess Blushed, to perceive herself rendered so Ridiculous, and withal being displeased at some more than seemingly Familiarity that had passed, she said sharply to the King, and the rest, Honi soit qui maly pense: which in English, is, Evil to him that Evil thinketh. The King to pacific the Countess' displeasure, said, that before it were long, those Noblemen which had made a Jest, and Laughing at the Garter fallen down, should esteem themselves much honoured to wear it for a mark of Chivalry, and thereupon ordained the said Order, and consecrated it to St. George, and made thereof Twenty-six Knights, and ordained that they should wear their Cloaks of Violet-colour Velvet; their Hoods of Red Velvet, and under the left Knee a Blue Garter, Buckled with Gold, Garnished with precious Stones, and about it Wrought those words of the Countess of Salshuries; to this Splendour he added a collar of Gold, full of Red and White Roses, with the Image of St. George hanging thereon: and about those Roses were also Written the same words in the Garter. There are of this order (as hath been said) Twenty-six Knights, of which the Kings of England are Sovereign's: and it is so much esteemed for its Excellency, that Eight Emperors, Twentytwo Foreign Kings and Dukes, and divers other Noblemen have been of it. About their Necks these Knights wear a Blue Ribbon, at the end of which hangeth the Image of St. George, upon whose day the installation of the new Knights is commonly celebrated, being the Twenty-third of April. And although it was first ordained at Bourdeaux, yet King Edward determined the place of the solemnisation thereof to be at the Church of Windsor, here in England; where at the same time he Founded Cannons, or a Cannonry, for the better prosperity and greater flourishing of the Knights of the Order.  
The second Order of Antiquity, is of the mnnunciation, instituted Anno Dom. 1356, by Amid the sixth of that Name; Duke of Savoy Sur-named the Green Knight. The Knights of this Order wear a great Collar of Gold, made winding, with three Laces, wherein are interlaced these words, Fert, Fert, Fert, every Letter importing its Latin word, thus, F. Fortitudo, E. Eius, R. Rhodum, T. Tenuit: That is, his force hath Conquered Rhodes: At this Collar hangeth the Image of our Lady, and an Angel saluting her; from whence 'tis called the Order of the Annunciation. The Collar is Fifteen Links, to show the Fifteen Mysteries of the Virgin, each Link being Interwoven one with the other, in form of a True-Lovers-Knot. The number is Fourteen Knights, the Solemnity is held annually on our Lady Day, in the Castle of St. Peter in Turin. This Duke ordained this Order in Memory of Amid the great Duke of Savoy, who succoured the Knights of St. John, when they took the Isle of Rhodes from the Turks, in the year of our Lord 1310.  
The third in Antiquity, is the Order of the Golden Fleece, Founded upon the Table of the Golden Fleece, that jason with the other Argonants went to seek in the Isle of Colchos, which is as if we should say that he went to the Mine of Gold, or else in Analogy to gideon's Fleece, as some will have it. This Order was first instituted by Philip the Second, Surnamed the good Duke of Burgundy, in the year 1430: the complete number of which Order were at the first Twentyfive Knights, but raised afterwards by the said Philip to Thirtyone: and now there are as many as the King of Spain shall be pleased to invest with it. They wear a Collar of Gold, Interlaced with Iron, seeming to strike Fire out of a Flint, the word's ex ferro flamman, at the end hangs the Fleece, or Toisond'or: Their Cloaks and Hoods are of Scarlet, guarded with Embroidery like flames of Fire. Philip appointed for the celebrating of that Order on St. Andrews day, being the Thirtyeth of November. But the Emperor Charles the Fifth, (Heir of the House of Burgundy, and chief of that Order) changed their Apparel, and ordained that their Cloaks should be of crimson Velvet, and their Hoods of Violet coloured Velvet, and that underneath they should wear a Cassock of cloth of Silver.  
The fourth in Antiquity, is the Order of St. Michael the Arch Angel, instituted by Lewis the Eleventh of France, the first day of August, in the year 1469, and ordained that of that Order there should be Thirty-six Knights, which afterwards were augmented to Three-hundred Gentlemen of Name and Arms, of whom he himself was chief and Sovereign, and after him his successors Kings of France. the Brothers and Companions of this Order were bound at receiving of them, to forsake and leave all other orders, if they were of any, either of a Prince or any Company, only excepting Emperors, Kings and Dukes, which besides this Order, might wear that Order whereof they were chief, with the agreement and consent of the King and Brotherhood of the said Order of other Emperors, Kings and Dukes. And for the cognissance of this Order, and the Knights thereof, he gave to every one of them a Collar of Gold, wrought with Cockle-shells, Interlacing one another with a double pointing Ribbon of Silk, with Golden Tags; the word, Imensi Arenor Oceani, which King Francis the First, because of his Name, changed into a White-friar's, or Franciscans Girdle, made of a Twisted cord, and caused to be hanged on that collar a Tablet of St. Michael upon a Rock, conquering the Devil. Of the institution of this Order, is a Book made containing Ninty-eight Articles, wherein are set down the things whereunto the Knights of the Order are subject.  
The fifth Order, is that of the Holy Ghost, institutéd by Henry the Third, King of France, on Newyears-day, in the year 1579. It was called by the name of the Holy Ghost, because this Henry was on a whitsunday chosen King of Poland. Of this Order is written a Book, containing the Articles whereunto the Knights thereof were bound. Among which I have principally noted one, that is, to defend and sustain the Clergy: For that the King doth give to every one of them the Rent of certain Abbeys, Religious Houses, or other Spiritual Lands, whereof they shall allow a certain Stipend, to the entertaining of such a number of Religious persons in every Religious house under him, and for that benefit are sworn at the entering into the said Order, always to defend the Spirituality, and to maintain the Clergy in their privileges; but how they keep their Oath, it is easily to be discerned in every place of their spiritual possessions: with which I have been often times very much dissatisfied in, (for having oftentimes tried the courteous demeanour, that commonly Religious Men use to Strangers that come to visit their houses:) I have divers times been sufficiently informed by the Religious, how the King hath given the rents and Possessions of their Houses to the Knights of his Order, with the conditions already rehearsed, which Knights allow them such bare exhibition, that by reason it is not sufficient to entertain the fourth part of the number of them appointed, many of them are constrained to forsake their houses, and beg, or else they must starve. The Pope considering what dismembering of Church Lands arriseth from this Order in the Realm of France, would not grant the Confirmation thereof: but notwithstanding the Pope's mislike thereof 'tis still maintained. The Collar of this Order is of Flowers de Lys, and Flames of Gold with a Cross, and a Dove on it Pendant, representing the Holy Ghost, Wrought in Orange tawny Velvet, garnished about with Silver Beams, which the Knights of that Order wear upon their Cloaks, before their heart. Their Robe is a black Velvet Mantle, powdered with Lilies and Flames of Gold and Silver. None are admitted to this Order, who cannot prove their Nobility by three Descents at least.  
The Sixth Order, is of the Bath, brought first into England 1399 by Henry the Fourth; they are Created at the Coronation of Kings and Queens, and at the Installation of the Princes of Wales. Their Duty is to Defend true Religion, Widows, Maids, Orphans, and to maintain the King's Rights.  
Obelisci or Pyramids, which may be called long broochs or Spires, were great and huge stones in Egypt, made by Masons, from the bottom smaller and smaller, of a large length, they were consecrated to the Sun, because they were long much like to the beams of the Sun. The First of them was instituted by Mitres, who reigned in Heliopolis being commanded by avision to make it, and so it was recouded and written on the same. King Bochis set up four, that were every one of them 48 Cubits long: Ramesis (in whose time Troy was destroyed, reared up one, Forty cubits in length, and another of 819 Foot, and every side was four cubits broad. Ptolomeus Philadelphus made one at Alexandria of four cubits. And Pheron set up two in the Temple of the Sun, of a hundred cubit's length a piece, and four cubits broad, on this occasion it fortuned that this King, for a great crime that he had committed. was stricken blind, and continued so ten years, and after by Revelation at the City Bucis, it was told him that he should receive his sight, if he washed his Eyes with the water of a Woman, that was never defiled with any strange Man. but was always content with her Husband. First he tried his own Wife, and afterwards many others, till at last he received his sight, and Married her by whose Urine he was healed, and was recovered, and all the other with his first Wife he caused to be burnt. Afterwards for a remembrance he made his Oblation with the two aforesaid Pyramids in the Temple of the Sun. Augustus Caesar brought two of these Broaches or Spires to Rome, and set one in the great Tiltyard or Lists, called Circus. The other he set up in the field called Campus Martius.  
Ointments, Pliny is of opinion, that they were used long before the Battle of Troy; for Jacob sent to his Son Joseph in Egypt Ointments: and Moses that was three hundred and fifty years before the Siege of Troy, maketh mention of Ointments, concerning the Sanctification of the Tabernacle, and the Priests of the Old Testament. Pliny and Solinus report, that Alexander, when he conquered the Army of Darius, found amongst other Jewels, spoils and things of value a Casket of Ointments, that he highly esteemed of. But Herodotus affirms that they were frequently used long before Darius' time. For Cambyses Son to Cyrus sent Ambassadors to Aethiopus King of the Macrobians, with great presents, whereof a Box of Ointments was one. It is not certain when they first were used in Rome: but I find in Pliny, that the five hundred sixty fifth year of the City, Antiochus being Vanquished, P. Licinus Crassus, and Julius Cesar, than Censors, commanded that no Foreign or Strange confection of Ointments should be sold in the City.  
The Original of the Heathen Gods, as the Scripture hath it, Ephes. 6. was, When the Spirits of the air (the Rulers of this World) began to give Prophetical answers out of Images, made to resemble mortal men. and by their wicked Subtlety, did pretend themselves sometimes to be of the Number of good Spirits, sometimes Celestial Gods, sometimes the Souls of Valiant Lords: they brought Men into such error and perplexity, that in a short space they did alienate their hearts from the Religion and Reverence of the true God, and so deluded them as to make them to repair to them for help, and to inquire their Oracles and Answers; which of purpose had doubtful understandings, lest their Ignorance should be perceived. By these deceitful means they were by divers Nations Deified, and sundry people after divers manners chose them for Gods, and with great reverence Worshipped them. These spirits of the Air that gave such doubtful answers to them that euquired any question of them, were at the coming of our Saviour Christ all destroyed. For when he was carried into Egypt, which was a Country full of Superstition and Idolatry, all the Idols of that Nation were overthrown and Fell to the ground at his coming. And in the time of Adrian the Emperor, both their wicked Sacrifices were abolished, and also the Oracles of Apollo at Delphos, of Jupiter Hammon in Egypt, with the like vanities were subverted.  
The Opinions of the Philosophers, concerning the birth of Man, Were divers (Diodorus recordeth) that they spoke of two sundry manners of birth, and first stock of Mankind: for they which contend that the World was not generate and without any danger of Corruption, say also that Man hath been in a certain Perpetuity, without Beginning. Of this Opinion were Pythagoras, Xenocrates, and Aristotle, with other Peripatetics, affirming that all things in the Eternal World, which have been, or shall hereafte come to pass, are by Generation endless, and without Beginning, and have only a circuit or course of Generations, wherein both the Birth, and natural resolution of things may be perceived. Others suppose this World had both an Original cause of Being and shall also end by Putrefaction, they hold Opinion that Man had a time of his Generation.   

P  
PHYSICK, some refer the invention of it to Apollo, because the moderate heat of the Sun, seems to be the repeller of all Sickness. Others attribute the finding of it to the Egyptians; but the enlarging of it to Aesculapius, who, besides other more rare Experiments, found out the way of drawing of Teeth. In Rome, Archagathus of Peloponesus was the first Physician. In Egypt and Babylon they used no Physicians, but brought the Sick Persons into the Streets & Public places, that so the Passengers might tell them what manner of Medicine or Diet was good for them: neither was it Lawful for any Man to pass by, till that he had spoke with the Patient. Afterwards the Egyptians did so distribute the Art of Physic, that every Disease had a distinct Physician to look after it; one for the Head, another for the Eyes, others for other parts according as they excelled. Of Medicines made by Herbs, we have already in another place in part discoursed. Chiron the Son of Saturn as he was reported to have been so knowing in the virtue of Herbs, may be Accounted to have been one of the first inventors of Salves for Wounds and Sores: he found out the Herb called Centaurie, wherewith he cured the Wound that he had received from Herculeses Arrows falling on his Feet as he was handling of his Quiver. Mercury found out the use of Moly, and Achilles the virtue of Yarrow. Medicines made with Honey, were from Sol the Son of Oceanus: several Herbs also very necessary for Medicines; were discerned from those cures Beasts out of an instinct of Nature made on themselves. Dittany by the Hare, which being Wounded with an Arrow, by the sudden Eating of it, is said to drive it out of her Body. Celandine, which is an Herb which is much used for the cure of decayed Sight, was first perceived by the Swallow, that uses to Heal the Eyes of her Young-ones with it. The Boar in his Distemper cureth himself with Ivy. The Stork first taught men the use of Glisters, who finding herself very full, purgeth with her crooked Bill in her Fundament. The Weasel in combat with the Serpent preserveth itself with Rue, and the Stork with Origany; and in the same manner, Nature hath taught other Creatures particular Medicines for their Distempers.  
Painting, as Pliny expresses, Gyges' a Lydian did first invent, he devised Portraiture in Egypt. In Greece Pyrrhus' the Cousin of Dadolus, according to Aristotle's mind. But Theophrastus saith, that Polignotus an Athenian was the instituter of it: yet Pliny neither agreeth with Theophrastus' nor yet with himself; for in the Thirtyfifth Book he saith, that Polignotus a Thalian, did first Paint Women in single Apparel, and trimed their Heads with Calls of sundry colours. The Egyptians say that they had that Art Sixhundred years before it arrived at Greece: And the Greecians affirmeth that it was begun by the Siconians, and some of the Corinthians. Albeit, the most Authentic Authors affim it took its original from the drawing of a man with Lines, in the process of time it was made more glorious with colours. Drawing of Pictures with Lines and Shadows Philodes an Egyptian, or Cleanthes a Corinthian devised. Telephanes a Siconian, and Ardices of Corinthus found this Art first, without colours; and Cleophantes of the same Country invented colours: Appollodorus was highly esteemed for the Pencil. In the same expertness Timageras', Pythyas, Polignotus, Aglaophon, with others that Pliny reciteth in his Twelft Book excelled. And Baphael Sanctus, as also Vrbinate was very lively in expressing of the Face: since many others that stood on their Shoulders have perpetuated their Names.  
Paper, before the invention of it, men used to Write in Leaves of Date Trees, and sometimes on the Bark of Trees. Afterwards they Wrote their minds publicly on Plates or Sheets of Lead, and their private Affairs in Tables of Wax; for Tables as Homer expresses were before the Sige of Troy. Paper was first devised by King Alexander, as Varro saith, it was first made of Fenny Rushes, that grew in the Marsh ground of Egypt. But Pliny will have it that it was used in the time of King Numa that Reigned Three-hundred years before Alexander, and his Books which were found in a Chest of Stone in a Field, by L. Pitilius a Scribe, which were Written in Paper. In process of time, Paper that we now use, was invented; it was made of Linen-cloth, beaten together in Mills for that use.  
Parchment, as Varro Writes, was found in Pergamus, although the Jewish Historians (as Josephus expresses) used Parchment: they Wrote also in Goats and Sheep's Skins in former times as Herodotus declares.  
Printing, that rare Art and Mystery, which hath preserved the best Authors from the danger of corruption, was first found out in Germany at Mogunce, by one John Cuthenbergus a Knight; he invented also the Ink that PRINTERS Use, sixteen years after Printing, which was in the year of our Lord 1458. One Conradus an Almain first brought it into Rome: Nicholas Johnson a Frenchman, did very much polish it, and now it is dispersed through most parts of the World. This Noble Art was first to Print Letters in Tin, Led, and other mixed Mettle; 'tis a Divine and Heavenly invention: but it would have been more Marvellous if it had not been so common. It is strange and scarcely to be spoken, but 'tis as true as truth itself, that one Printer may Print so many Letters in one day, that the swiftest Scriuner or Writer is not able to do so much in a year. This Art was at the beginning in great Admiration, and of no less Lucre and Profit. It was first undertaken with more boldness and confidence than any certainty, and it was about Eeighteen years afterwards, before it was common in Italy. But by the industry of man's Wit, it grew to that perfection, that it is now arrived to. Truly it had gone ill with all good Discipline (if it were now to have its beginning, seeing that for the most part people are grown so effeminate, and such epicures, for here Learning is not Al-a-mode, many of our Gentry will scarce take up Books if they lay in the Highways, which in times past were valued more than if every Leaf had been in Beaten Gold, that the greatest sums of Money would have been given for them. If this Art had not been found out in a convenient and happy time, the Noble Acts of all Nations had never been so manifest to the Word: In like manner the memory of Ancient antiquity had not been so restored, and the Divine Wisdom of the Philosophers had been in danger of being lost, whatsoever hath lain obscure in a few written Copies these many Ages is now by this Art set forth to all immortality.  
Poetry is a most excellent Art, for it comprehends all other Sciences: This Art is only given of Nature by a Divine inspiration, without which Democritus affirmeth there could never be excellent Poets; for it proceedeth not so much from Art or Precepts, as from the Divine inspiration and Spiritual power; and therefore Ennius called Poets Holy, because they have a special prerogative. The beginning of this Art is very Ancient, and as Eusebius saith, it flourished first amongst the Hebrews, that were long before the Greeks. For Moses the great Captain of the Jews, at that time he led the Children of Israel out of Egypt into the Land of Promise, passing the Red-Sea, which by the power of God gave place to them, inspired by the Holy Ghost made a Song of Hexameter Verses, to render thanks to God for that deliverance. And David the Holy Prophet of God, after he was dispatched and freed from all his troublesome and dangerous affairs in War, and had escaped the Assaults and Conspiracies of Treason, living in happy and prosperous times of Peace, devised many pleasant Tuneable Hymns for the praise of God in sundry kinds of Meter. For as St. Hierome saith, the Psalter of David is in as good Number and Measure, as either the Greek Planudes, or the Latin Horace: sometimes in Alcens Numbers, sometimes in the Metre of Sapph, sometimes with half measures. What is more stately and high than the Song of Moses in Deutrinomy, and of Isaiah? more ancient than solomon's? more perfect than Job? we may more highly ascribe the invention of it to the Hebrews: 'tis nevertheless to be acknowledged that Orpheus and Linus, and after them Homer and Hesiod did publish and adorn this Art with all manner of rich Furniture. The Romans received it not till of latter times; for Livius Andronicus (as Tully writes) in the year 513, after the City was Builded (cain's Claudius Cento, and Marcus Tuditanus being Consuls) set forth the first Interlude or Fable, a year before Ennius was Born. Before those days it was so despicaple, that if one had professed himself to be a Poet, he was imagined to be as bad as a Murderer. The Author of Meter was Almighty God, who proportioned the World, with a certain order as it were a Meeter: For there is none (as Pythagoras taught) that can possibly doubt, but that there is in things Heavenly & Earthly, a kind of Harmony; & unless it were governed with a formal concord and described number, how could it so long continue? all other instruments that we poscess, are all fashioned by a manner of Measure. Diodorus assigneth the invention of Meter, which the Poets by a Spiritual influence used in their Works, to Jupiter, to the Almighty God. Of Metres there are divers kinds that have their Name either of the thing that is described therein, (as Heroical Meter is so called of the Wars of Noble men that are contained in it) wherein also Apollo gave his Oracles, therefore Pliny saith we have that Meeter of Pythius Oracle, or of the inventour as Aesclepiadicall, or of the quantity of Iambics, because it consisteth of a short and long, which Archilocus first invented, of the number of Feet as Hexameter and Pentameter, which is also called Elegaical. The Shepherds Song Daphus the Son of Mercury was first expert in: others in process of time made a further progress in this Art.  
Prose, as Pliny expresses, was first writ by Phiresides a Syrian, in the time of King Cyrus. For 'tis not to be questioned, but that he that write Histories, write also Pross first; and Pheresides was long after Moses, which was 688 years after Joatham King of the Jews. In whose time the Olympiads began; and this Pheresides (as Eusebius writes) was but in the first Olympiad.  
Pope Joan, she was after the time of Charles the Great, in the year from the Birth of Christ 154. She Governed the Apostolical Seat two years, some months and days, she held this for a Maxim. 
Nascitur indigne per quem non nascitur alter;  
Indign vinit per quem non vinit et alter.   
The Purple Colour was found as Pollux writeth upon this occasion: Herades being in Love with a Beautiful Lady named Tyro, as he walked by a Sea cliff, his Greyhound chanced to find a she'll called a Purple; and when he had cracked it with his strong Teeth, the orient colour of the Blood remained on his Snout: which flesh pleasant colour the Lady espying, threatened Hercules, that she would never admit him to enjoy her, untell he brought her a Cloth died with that precious colour. Hercules, willing to accomplish his Lady's desire, got the Purple Fish, and carried the Blood to his Sovereign Lady. And after this manner the Purple colour first began amongst the Tyrians. The Emperors of Rome were the first that wore the Purple Robes, which have since been so honoured by Princes, so as it is now accounted for the Royal colour.  
Pardons were first proclaimed by St. Gregory: This seed Sown by him, grew to a ripe Harvest in the time of Boniface the Ninth, who Reaped much Money for that Chaff.  
Parishes, after that the Priesthood was ordained, both least the care should be overgreat, and also that every man might know what his charge was, and how far his Office extended, Dionysius in the year of our Lord 267, devised both in Rome and other places, Churches, Church-Yards, and Parishes to Curates, and Dioceses to Bishops, and commanded that every one should be contented with his prescript bounds.  
Philosophy, which Tully calleth the study of Wisdom, the searcher of Virtue, and expulser of Vice, (according to divers opinions) was brought first out of Barbary into Greece, by Persia the Magis, for so they called their Wise men that excelled in Knowledge; in Asia the Chaldees; in India the Gymsophists; so called because they went Naked, of which Faction one Budas was chief. In France the Druider, in Phenice Ochus, in Thrace Xamolxis and Orpheus, in Libya Atlas. The Egyptians affirm that Vulcanus the Son of Nilus found the first principles of Philosophy. Lacertus Writes that Philosophy began in Greece, that Maseas and Linus were the first Learned men; but Eusebius will have it, that Philosophy, like all other Sciences, sprung amongst the Hebrews, and from them the Greek Philosophers, which were a Thousand years after Moses, which derived their Knowledge from them. Philosophy, the Name of it was not used amongst them till the time of Pythagoras, for he called himself a Philosopher, and the study of Wisdom Philosophy: whereas formerly it was named Wisdom, and they that professed it had the Title of Wise men. There are three parts of it, one called Natural, another Moral, and the faculty of disputing called Logic: The Natural is of the World and the contents thereof, which Arthelaus brought out of Jonia into Athens. Moral reformeth the Life and Manners of men; this part Socrates traduced from Heavenly things, to the use of Life, to discern good and bad. Logic inventeth reason on both parts; it was first said to have been found out by Zeno Eliates: others divide Philosophy into Five parts, Natural, Supernatural, Moral, Mathematical, and Logic.  
The Potter's Craft, that worketh things in Clay and Earth, Chotibus an Athenian is said first to have invented, as Pliny Writes in his seventh Book, but in his Thirtyfifth Book he ascribeth the Original of it to Dibutades at Corinth, whom he saith by the help of his Daughter invented this Art, who after she understood that her Lover was to depart into a strange Nation, for the tender Love that she bore to him, she drew his Image on a Wall after the form of his shadow by Candle-light, which her Father filled and Fashioned with Clay, and made it into a figure and resemblance of his Body, and dried it with the fire, and set it in the common Hothouse where the Maids and Women kept their Baths; and there it remained till Mummius destroyed Corinth. Demeratus Father to Tarqvinius Priscus, King of the Romans, first brought it into Italy. Lisistratus a Serenian, invented the making of Moulds, and found the way to work Images in them. The Potter's Wheel or Frame (as Ephorus writes) Anacharsis a Philosopher of the Country of Scythia invented. The chief Workmen in this Art were said to have been Demopholus, and Gorgosus.  
Prayer was from the Beginning, Abel, prayed, Noah, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, with other Patriarcks fought God by prayer in all their doubtful affairs, and gave thanks for the good achieving of them. Moses and Aaron with others, as Anna the Wife of Helcanah gave us an example of Prayer. But Christ is the first that showed us any special form of prayer; as appeareth in the Gospel of St. Matthew. There were devised by one Petrus Heremita of the City of Amiens, Beads to say the Lady's Psalters on, in the year of our Lord 1090. The same Peter the Hermit was the occasion that Pope Urbane stirred up the Christians to make a Voyage into Asia; at which time Jerusalem was recovered.  
Prreaching, or the first Sermon was by Moses when he had received the Ten Commandments, he then assembled the people together, and acquainted them with the will of God: St. John the Baptist preached in the Wilderness of Jury, and so did our Saviour himself, and gave Authority to the Apostles and Disciples by special Commandment to do the same.  
Prisons, Fetters, Stocks, 'Gins, Staves, with the like Instruments to punish Malefactors. Ancus Martius (as Livy saith) did first appoint them to keep men in Fear and good Order.   

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RHETORIC (Diodorus saith) was invented by Mercury: But Aristotle affirms that Epedocles was the first Author of the Oratorial Art. We may be sure, that not long after men were Form, they received from God the use of Speech, wherein, when they perceived some words to be profitable, and some to be hurtful in uttering of them; they appointed and compiled an Art of Speech or communication, called Rhetoric. Rome was the Seat of Eloquence, where it was never forbidden, but in process of time (as it was found to be profitable & honest) was had in such high estimation and so many partly for their defence, Glory and Ambition, employed their studies in it with such earnest endeavours, that very many of the Commonalty were promoted into the degree of Senators, and achieved much honour by it; Cornx and Thisias, being Sicilians, gave the first precepts in Writing of this Science, and their Counthey-man Leontinus Gorgias succeeded them: Demosthenes was the principal amongst the Grecians: amongst the Romans M. Tullius Cicero, who had no fellow. Now as touching the effect and property of it, there are in it (as Cicero writes) five parts; first to invent Matter to speak, then for him that is to deliver his speech, formally to order his devices, next to polish it and furnish it with Elegant terms and choice words, and to have his speech and oration in perfect memory; and last of all, to utter and express it with a comely gesture and posture, in such a manner as to delight; with the convenient and pleasant treatableness of it, which should as it were teach and plainly declare the things, and move the passions and affections of the Auditors and Judges, either to pity or favour; or if the cause permit or time require, to excite them either to mirth, or to a grave severity, as the occasion shall require. In terms of this faculty, we make this difference, we call him that defendeth matters, and pleadeth causes an orator. A Rhetorition, is he that teacheth and professeth to be a School master in that Art. A Declamater, he that is employed in feigned causes, either for his own exercise, or to instruct others therein.  
Relics were first instituted by Cletus and Anacletus, Bishops of Rome, who seriously went about to reverence those Martyrs, whose innocent Blood was spent for God's cause. To this purpose they appointed a place where the Martyrs should severally have their Sepulchers apart from the Lay People, and by decree he was denounced accursed and sacreligious, that by word or deed hindered men's devotions from visiting the Tombs of the Apostles. Upon this institution Calistus the first Builded a Church, beyond Tiber, a Church in honour of our Lady: and Constantine the Emperor edified to St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Laurence Temples. This matter was by Gregory the Saint set forward, to increase Devotion: for he appointed the Lettanies of Saints, with Ora pro nobis, to be sung with Masses on Solemn days in the chief Temples of the City, promising them that repaired thither at such Solemn Feasts, Remission of their Sins by his Pardon.  
Ringing of Bells, were first ordained by Sabinianus that the people might be assembled together to hear Divine Service at certain hours of the day: and John the 22d decreed, that Bells should be tolled every day three times Morning or Evening, that every one should say three times the Ave-Maria.  
Royal Ornaments of the Romans, were Fardels of Rods, the Axe, the Garland of Gold, the Chair of Ivory, the Kyrtil or Cope, Chariots, Trapped Horses, Mantles of State, Embroidered Gowns, with all other Royal Apparel, the Tuscans were very early in their choice of rich Habits, whom Tarqvinius Priscus subdued.  
Rome, hath been taken Eight times; First by the Gauls under the conduct of Captain Brennus, the year of the Foundation of the City 365, and the year of the World 4835 and the year before Christ 364. This Brennus is by the Britain and English Chronicles reported to have been a Britain, and Brother to Belinus, King of Britain; but neither the Chronicles of Rome nor of Gaul do express any such matter. Rome was the Second time taken by Alaricke, King of the Goths, after he had held his Siege before it for the space of two years: Which befell the year of the Foundation of the City 1164, the year of our Lord 412, and the 25 year of the Emperor Honorius. It is written in the Chronicles of Constantinople; and in other Histories, that as Alarick (being a Christian) Marched with his Host towards Rome, a certain Monk, of a Holy Life, came to him, who having Audience admonished and counselled him to break off that evil purpose, and to remember that he was a Christian. and that for God's sake he would moderate his Wrath, and that he would not take pleasure in the shedding of Christian Blood, since that Rome had not in the least respect offended him: unto whom Alricke answered, thou must understand, Man of God, that it proceedeth not of mine own will, that I go against Rome, but contrarily i'll assure thee that every day there cometh unto me a Man, which constraineth and importuneth me thereunto, saying unto me hasten thee, go against Rome, destroy it utterly, and make it desolate. At which words the Religious Man being astonished durst not reply, and so the King pursued his enterprise. Rome was Thirdly taken by Genserick, King of the Vandals, the year of the Foundation of the City 1208, the year of Christ 456, who Sacked and Burnt it in many places, this was in the Emperor Marcians time. Rome was Fourthly taken by Totila King of the Goths, who because he could not obtain peace of the Emperor Justinian, commanded the Citizens to avoid the City, and afterwards burnt, and sacked, all the whole City; defaced the Walls, and the Capitol, and rendered it almost desolate, insomuch that it could never since be repaired according to the first Form, although a while after, Bellisarius Peopled and repaired a Great part thereof. And recalling the old Inhabitants, very much Fortified and Strengthened the Walls. This desolation happened the year after the Foundation of the City 1300; after Christ 548, in the 21st year of the Emperer Justinian. Rome was the Fifth time taken by the same Totila King of the Goths; after that Belisarius had repeopled and repaired it. It was the Sixth time taken by the Moors and Saracens followers of Mahomet in his Law, which in great Multitudes came into Italy, and in the year of our Lord 333, Gregory the Fourth then fitting in Rome, and governing the Empire, Lewis the First besieged it, took and Sacked the City, profaning the Temple of St. Peter: Lading their Ships with Plunder and Prisoners. Rome was the Seventh time taken by Henry the Fourth of that name Emperor of Germany, Gregory the Seventh then sitting in the Chair: this time Rome was also most cruelly Destroyed, by reason that both the Armies of the Pope and the Emperor Skirmished, and Fought for a long time within the City, and the Capitol, which was then again repaired; this was in the year of our Lord 1082: Anthony writes that Rome was very much endamaged at this time also, by reason of the lamentable execution performed by the Normans on the Pope's side, and the Germans for the Emperor. Rome was last taken by Charles Duke of Bourboun: who being slain as he scaled the Walls at the first Assault, the Soldiers being without a head, in revenge, committed all manner of Enormities, and Barbarous cruelties, saving that they burned not the Churches, though they spoiled and robbed them without any consideration of their Holiness: For a great part of the Army were Germans, and most of the Germane Lutherians, this ruin happened in the year of our Saviour 1527, Clement the Seventh, then sitting in the Chair.   

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A SATYR, is a Poem that sharply rebuketh Vice, not regarding of any Persons. There are two kinds of Satyrs, the one which was both amongst the Greeks and Romans, in Ancient times used for the diversity of Metres much like a Comedy, but that it is more wanton. Demetrius of Tharsus and one Menipus a bondman, whom Marcus Varro did counterfeit, were expert in this way of writing. The Second manner of Writing of Satyrs was railing, only ordained to inveigh against Vice, they were devised of the Romans upon this occasion. When the Poets that wrote the old Comedies, used to handle for their Arguments not only feigned matters, but also things really done, which although at the first was tolerable, yet afterwards by reason that they were so sharp and bitter, against every one that they pleased to have a fling at, there was a Law made, that no man should afterwards reprehend any person by name. The Romans in the place of these Comedies, substituted such Satyrs, as they had newly invented: afterwards began the new Comedi, which concerns generally all men of mean estate; and hath less bitterness and railing, but is more pleasant and full of pastime for the Auditors. Of these Comedies Menander and Philemon were Authors, who abated of the tartness and crabbedness of the old writings, of them Caecilus, Nevius, Plautus and Terentius, learned to compile Comedies, although (as Quintilian will have it) they never arrived to the least proportion of their Patrons, because as he writes they never attained to the least proportion of their Patrons, because the Latin tongue is not so fit to receive the Ornaments of Eloquence, as the Greek tongue is. The Satyrs had the names of Barbarian Gods that were Rude, Lascivious, and Wanton in behaviour; In this form of writing Lucilius, Horatius, Persius, Juvanal, were the most eminent.  
The Twelve Sibyls, the First was of Persia named Samberta, or Persica, She amongst other Prophecies said, The Womb of the Virgin shall be the Salvation of the Gentiles. The Second was of Lybica; one of her Prophecies was, The day shall come that men shall see the King of all living things, and a Virgin Lady of the World shall hold him in her Lap. The Third was Themis surnamed Delphica, for that she was Born and Prophesied at Delphos: Her Predictions was, A Prophet shall be Born of a Virgin. The Fourth was, Cumaea, born at Cimeria a City of Campania in Italy, she Prophesied, that God should be Born of a Virgin, and converse amongst Sinners. The Eifth was Famous Erythrea, who had her Birth at Babylon: who more especially Prophesied a great part of our Christian Religion, in certain Verses recited by Eusebius, the first Letters of every of which Verses being put together; make the words, Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour. These Verses were Translated into Latin by St. Austin. Lib. 18. and the 23 in his Book de Cinitate Dei: the substance whereof followeth. The Earth shall sweat the signs of Judgement: From Heaven shall come a King which shall Reign for ever, that is to say, in humane Flesh, to the end, that by his presence he shall judge the World, so the unfaithful as well as the faithful shall see God with their eyes aloft amongst his Saints; and in the end of the World the Souls of Men with their Bodies shall appear; whom he shall judge when the roundness of the Earth untiled, shall be full of Clods of Earth and Grass; Men shall cast away their Idols, and all their precious Jewels, the World shall be consumed with fire, he shall pierce the inferior parts, and break the Gates of Hell; then to the flesh of Saints shall be given free and clear Light, and the evil shall be burned with Eternal fire: all Secrets shall be opened, and every one shall know the secret of his Neighbour, and God shall discover the Consciences and Hearts of all men: then shall there be Lamentation and gnashing of Teeth, the Sun and the Stars shall lose their Light, the Firmament shall be dissolved, and the Moon shall be darkened, the Mountains shall be thrown down, and the Valleys shall be made equal with them; there shall be nothing in the World higher than another, Mountains and Valleys shall be made plain, all things shall cease, and the Earth shall be dried unto powder and dust, the Fountains and Rivers shall be burned likewise: Then shall a Trumpet sound from Heaven. Divers other things were Prophesied by this Sibyl, and because they were obscure, and therefore not to be comprehended by the Gentiles before they came to pass; she said they shall think me a false and blind Prophetess, but when that they shall see these things accomplished, they will remember me, and call me not false Prophetess, but the Prophetess of the Almighty God. The sixth was Samia, Born in the Isle of Samos; she said, he being rich shall be Born of a poor Maid; the Creatures of the Earth shall adore him, and praise him for ever. The Seventh was called Cumana, because she prophesied at Cumas, a Town of Campania in Italy; her prophecy was, that he should come from Heaven, and reign here in poverty; he should Rule in silence, and be Born of a Virgin. She is affirmed to have Written nine Books of the Sibyls, they were all presented by an old Woman to Tarqvinius Superbus, but he not willing to pay so great a Sum of Money as was demanded, denied them: whereupon the old woman being vexed, Burned three of them, requiring as much Money for the other six, as for all: which being denied, she also Burned the other three, ask as much for the other three remaining as for the rest, which Superbus amazed, gave, and the old Trot vanished. The Books contained manifest prophecies of the Blessessed Kingdom of Christ, his Name, his Birth, and Death: they were burned by the Arch Traitor Stilico, so that those Prophecies which are now extant, are only such as are extracted out of other Writings. The Eight was Hellespontica, Born at Marmisea, in the Territory of Troy; her Prophecy was, that a Woman shall descend of the the Jews, called Mary, and of her shall be Born the Son of God, Named Jesus, and that without Carnal copulation; for she shall be a Virgin before and after his Birth, he shall be both God and Man, he shall fulfil the Laws of the Jews, and shall add his Law thereunto, and his Kingdom shall remain for ever. The ninth was of Phrygia, and Prophesied in the Town of Ancire: oneof her sayings were, The Highest shall come from Heaven, and shall confirm the Counsel in Heaven, and a Virgin shall be showed in the Valley of the Deserts. The tenth was Albunea, Surnamed Tyburtina, because she was Born at Tiber, Fifteen Miles from Rome; her Prophecies was that the invisible Word shall be Born of a Virgin; he shall converse amongst Sinners, and shall of them be despised. Lactantius Finuianus rehearsed divers of their Prophecies, without making any particular mention of them: it is the opinion of some that they are to be referred more especially to Sibylla Samberta, who Wrote Twenty-four Books in Verse, chiefly Treating of the coming, miracles and life of Christ, whereunto the sayings of all the other Sibyls are conformable. St. Austin likewise in his Twenty-third Chapter of his Book de Cinitate dei, reciteth these Prophecies as followeth: Then he shall be taken by the wicked hands of the Infidels, and they shall give him Buffets on his Face with their sacrelegious Hands, they shall Spit upon him with foul and accursed Mouths. He shall turn unto them his Shoulders, suffering them to be whipped; yea he shall hold his peace, not speaking one word, to the end, that none shall know from whence his Words proceed. He shall also be Crowned with Thorns; and they shall give him Gall to eat, and Vinegar to drink: Behold the Feast that they shall make him, insomuch that the ignorant and blind People shall nevertheless not know their God conversing amongst Men: But they shall Crown him with Thorns, mingling for him Gall and Vinegar: then the Veil of the Temple shall be rend, at Midday it shall be dark Night for the space of three hours. So the Just shall die the Death, and this Death or Sleep shall continue three days: and when he shall have been in the Bowels of the Earth, he shall rise again and return to Life. Lactantius, Lib. 4. Chap. 15. rehearseth these Prophecies of them: He shall raise the Dead, the Impotent and Lame shall walk and run nimbly, the Deaf shall hear, and the Blind shall see, the Dumb shall speak: and that with five Loaves and two Fishes, he should nourish in the Desert Five-thousand men, and the fragments thereof should be sufficient to satisfy many more. Many other things were foretold by these Sibyls, as well of the ruins of great States, as of what they predicted of Christ. The Eleventh they called Epyrotica: some were of opinion that she should be the same that Phrigia was, she came from Troas to Dodona, where she Prophesied, and was like the other denominated from the place: others write that she was called Phaenni, so writes Johannes Tsetses: she Prophesied that the true word should proceed from a Virgin, how he should willingly come down from Heaven, and seem poor to the World: yet should govern all things, whose Rule and Kingdom should never cease, and that he should be both God & Man, and that this his Kingdom should principally reside in the Souls of Men; whom he would govern and save to another life, thus Laelius Cleophassis, and others affirm. Colophonia Lampusia was the Twelfth, she came out of Greece, from Colophonia a City of Jonia, she Prophesied of the changes of Kingdoms, and Inundations, Earthquakes, and of Wars: she said that God was only to be adored, that he was angry at Vice, and punished it that he did delight in holy and upright men: She Prophesied also, that the whole World should be Burnt, and wished them to adore that God while they lived here, which could punish them so severely hereafter for their contempt.  
The First Ship. which was called the Ark, Noah made, wherein he preserved from the danger of the Water, all the Living Creatures that were to multiply the World, and that was the first Pattern that all others made their Ships after. Strabo Writes that Minos King of Crect had the first Rule of the Sea; but Diodorus affirms that Neptune had the Empire of it before him, for he invented the feat of Rowing in Boats, and gave directions as to the making of a Navy, and was made Admiral of it by his Father Saturn. Pliny reports that King Erichthr as first devised Boats, and Rowed in them in the Red-Sea: some Write that the Trojans used them first in the Narrow Seas, called Hellespontus: some imagine that they were invented in the English Sea, and covered with Leather and Hides of Beast. Danaus' was the first that used any Ship when he Sailed out of Egypt into Greece, as Pliny recordeth, although some suppose it to be the Samotracians, and some Atlas that found it. Jason made the first Galley, which Sesostrias' King of Egypt used after him, Aeytheus invented the Barge with two order of Oars on a side; Amocles of Corinth, that with three course of Oars on a side; the Carthaginians that with four Oars on a side; and Nesichthon of Salamis, that with five Oars on a side, which the Romans made in the first Punic Battle; Zinagoras a Syracissan devised that with six rows of Oars. Hippius a Tyrian conceived the making of the Lighter. The Cyrenians invented the Hoy or Gallion. The Phoenicians the Keel or Demy-Bark. The Rhodians the Brigantine. The Cyprians completed the Bark. The Germans the Boats of one piece. The Illyrians the Cockboat or Lighters. Rhudders were invented by the Copians, the broad Oars the Plateans devised. Sails Icarus found the use of, but Diodorus saith it was Aeolus. Daedalus invented the Mast, and the Cross-piece whereunto the Sail is fastened. Ferry-Boats the Athenians or the Salaminians are said to have found: Close Galleys were invented by the Thasians. The Tyrrhenes devised the Anchors, and Eupalamus made it with two points of Teeth; but some refer it to Anacharsis, who also invented the Tackle of a Ship. The Stern of a Ship Piseus devised. Tiphis found out more perfectly the use of the Stern after the example of the Kite, which in her flying turneth all her Body with the turning of her Tail. Minos Fought the first Battle on the Sea. Merchandise was first instituted to furnish men with Necessaries, by way of Exchange: but after when Money was Coined, it was made use of more for men's private Wealth, then for any common profit, and for that cause, Cicero calls it a Servile Craft: Although Plutarch writes that Thales, Solon, Hypocrates and Plato were occupied and employed in this Art. The Carthaginians as Pliny expresses in his seventh Book, were very early in it, but Diodorus will have Mercury to be the first that was cunning in it. Pliny in his tenth Book, saith that Liber otherwise called Dionysius, invented the Trade of Merchandise. And therefore it may be imagined that the Carthaginians Learned the Trade of Merchandise of Dionysius: But the Hebrews (as Josephus affirms) used Buying and Selling in the time of Noah; and Joseph was Sold to Merchants, and carried into Egypt.  
Saluting with Kisses, this custom is very Ancient, for it was the manner of the Hebrews to kiss strangers at their first meeting, as Jacob kissed Rachel, before he expressed that he was of her kindred; and Laban, after he knew him to be his Sister's Son, embraced him with his Arms and kissed him. The Romans custom was to kiss their kinsfolk, but afterwards it was extended to further familiarity, and is now too often used Laciviously; Although in Rome it was an Ordinance, that the women should kiss their kindred, 〈◊〉 that if she had drank any 〈…〉 to the Law made 〈…〉 drinking of Wine, by 〈…〉 might be discovered, and 〈…〉 her intemperance.  
〈…〉 proceedeth from Worms the Spinning and Weaving of it, Pamphila the Daughter of Platis, devised in the Isle of Coos.  
The Septemviri, or the Seven Electors of the Emperor of Germany, and of the Peers or Pairs of France, The Election of the Emperors of Germany is in the manner following, the Seven Prince's Electors called Septemviri, meet early about fix of the clock in the Romanco, there they Consult until nine, from thence they go in solemn order into St. bartholomew's: of them there are three Ecclesiastical, and and four Temporal; the three Ecclesiastical that is to say the Archbishop of Mentz called the Arch-Chancellor of High Germany, being the first; next the Archbishop of Collen, called the Arch-Chancellor of Italy: and then follows the Archbishop of Tryers, called the Arch Chancellor of France, all in their State befitting so great a Majesty: Then the four Temporal that is to say, the Marquis of Brandenburg, great Chamberlain of the Empire, with a Massy Key of Gould: then the Duke of Saxony Lord high Marshal, beareth the Sword before the Emperor, and is likewise Arch-Sewer in carring the Plate to the Table; then the Elector of Bohemia the Taster, or else Cupbearer to the Emperor for the Triumph. These are the only Electors of the Emperor, they afterwards descend from their seats, and there before the Audience take a Solemn Oath, one after another in these following words. I do Swear upon this Evangelist before me, that with all my Faith which I owe to God, my diligence and care which I owe to the Emperor, without former reward, or future hope of greater Honour, that I will choose with all my Faith and Truth a Just and fit Man for the Kingdom of Rome, as much as in me lieth, After these and many other ceremonies: they proclaim him King of the Romans, Heir of Augustus, and Emperor of Germany. In the Realm of France, to be a Peer is the greatest Dignity under the King, for that in many things they have almost equal Authority with Kings, for Peer in the French tongue signifieth equal. But because it will be too pro lixe a subject to discourse of all their Prerogatives, it shall suffice only to number them, and each of their Offices at the Sacring or Coronation of a new King. These ancient Peers are twelve in number, whereof 6 are of the Clergy, & six are Laymen: the 6 of the Clergy with their offices at the Coronation, are the Archbishop & Duke of Reins, who hath his accustomed charge to anoint and consecrate the King: the Bishop & Duke of Lacon, whose office is to bring the holy Ampoule, or divine Water, wherewith the King is anointed; the Bishop & Duke of Langres, whose office is to bring the Sceptre & the hand of Justice, the Bishop and Earl of Beanais, bringeth the King's Cloak, the Bishop & Earl of Chaalous, attendeth with the King's Ring; the Bishop & Earl of Noyon, waits with the King's Girdle. The six Temporal Peers with their Offices at the Coronation, are the Duke of Burgundy. Dean or chief of the rest; whose Office is to carry the King's Crown: the Duke of Guienne carries the 1st. square Banner; the Duke of Normandy brings the 2d. square Banner, the Earl of Tholouse carries the King's Spurs; the Earl of pane hath the mannagement of the Royal Banner, or the Standard of War: the Earl of Flanders bringeth the Kings Sword. And although the first five temporal Peerdoms are united to the Crown, and the sixth be united to another Prince, yet at the King's Coronation there are other Noble men appointed to supply their room and Offices. These are the twelve ancient Peers, although since their creation others have been made, which though they have like Authority to judge in the Court of Parliament, yet they want Offices at the Kings Coronatian, and bear not that Majesty that the other Peers do, for that they are not of so great Antiquity.  
A Sanctuary (as Statius writes) was made first by Hercules Nephews in Athens, and was called the Temple of Mercy. For than it was not lawful to take any man violently, that repaired thither for Assistance and Protection: Notwithstanding whatsoever is otherwise expressed by Profane Authors questionless Moses who was long before Hercules, did institute three Franchised Towns, whether it was permitted for them to go, that had done any Murder unawares; or by Chance-medley. Next after him Romulus ordained a Sanctuary in Rome, to increase his Citizens, and to have the greater number to build and people the City. There was a Sanctuary in the Isle Calvaria, dedicated to Neptune, and another in Egypt at Campus consecrated to Hercules; and another at Osiris. and in Syria, one hallowed to Apollo. There were many others in Christendom; King Henry the 8 th'. (amongst his other reformations) because of the great crimes and enormities that were committed concerning them, thought fit amongst his other devastations to put them down.  
Swearing, was first ordained by the Emperor Justinian, which was that men should swear by the Sacred Writ the Gospel: and now a days all that swear, lay their hand upon the Book and kiss it, saying, So help me God, etc. Because as the Gospel of our Religion and Faith, may for no cause be violated; so an Oath in no case may be broken.   

T  
TEMPLES or, as they were afterwards called Churches as Diogenes supposeth, were caused first to be built by Epimenides in Crete. But Victruvius affirmeth, that one Ptthius a Carpenter, made the first Temple in Prienc, in the Honour of Pallas. Herodotus saith the Egyptians Instituted Temple's first. In Rome, Romulus builded the first Temple, to the worship of Jupiter Feretrius. To Almighty God Solomon the King of the Hebrews, builded the first Temple 3102, years after the Creation of Adam in Jerusalem. Amongst other Temples that of Ephesus, built in a noble City so called was very famous. It was in the Country of Jonia, it was built in the 32d. year of the Reign of King David, by Androchus the Son of Codrus King of Athens. The Amazons and most part of Asia, did contribute to the Erection of it in honour of Diana; the like whereof was not in all the World; and therefore it was accounted amongst the seven wonders of the World: it was building 215 years. It was placed in a Miry ground for the better avoiding of Earthquakes: There were 127 Pillars in it, made of their Kings one by one, which were in height 60 Foot; whereof 36 were carried with most admirable workmanship. The length of the whole Church was 425 Foot, and the breadth 220. All that took this Church for Sanctuary had great immunities and privileges: there were also so many Gifts and Monuments given to this Church from all Natians and Cities, that none in all the World might be compared to it for Wealth. St. Paul Preached at Epesus three years, and Converted many to the Faith. St. John also, the Evangelist died in this City. But this sumptious building was destroyed and set on fire in the Reign of Galienus the Emperor, by one Erostratus, who having performed many noble Exploits in War, and otherwise, when that he perceived himself to have been deprived both of reward and fame, to leave a continual remembrance of his Name for one flagitious and horrible Act, did with great fires and monstrous flames consume this fair Church, and reduced it to Ashes, thinking thereby (as hath been said) to have been remembered to perpetuity; but he was mistaken, for there were general Edicts and Proclamations made, that no man should presume upon Pain of Death, so much as to put his Name in any Writing or Chronicle, to the intent that he might have been Buried with an everlasting Oblivion.  
Triumphs, the first of them was entered by Dionysius, when he was replenished with the spoils of many Countries, afterwards they were received of sundry Nations, as the Captains of Carthage upon their great successes, Triumphed. Romulus, after he had conquered Acron King of Ciniveus, was Crowned with Laurel and carried in a Chariot with four Horses, entered into the City of Rome Triumphantly, and dedicated his prey and spoils to Jupiter, as Dionysius writes. Although, Eutropius saith, that Tarqvinius Priscus first Triumphed after his conquest of the Sabines. Camillus was led in a solemn Triumph with white Horses in a Gilded Chariot, his Brows encircled with a Garland of Gold, all the Captains following the Chariot, with Chains and Fetters about their Necks; and the Senate going before into the Capitol of Jupiter's Temple, where they offered a white Bull, and then returned. It was Lawful for none to Triumph, but such as were Dictator, Consul, or Praetor. Although, Cneus Pompeius, (as Cicero writes) Triumphed, though he was but of the Order of Knights.  
Truce, which was called a covenant of Peace for a Season, was instituted by Lycaon; it was made sometimes for years, as the Romans made a Truce with the Veientes for Forty years; with the Cerites for a hundred: sometimes a Truce was made for hours, as Caius Pontius a Samnite, required of the Dictator of Rome a Truce for six hours. Leagues of Peeace Theseus is said to have ordained in Greece; Diodorus assigns them to Mercury; but the truth is, they were in frequent use long before that time in Assyria and Egypt, and namely amongst the Hebrews, for Jacob made a League with Laban; and Moses offered conditions of Peace to the Princes of the Countries, by whom he passed: and after him Joshua confirmed a Bond of Peace with the Gibeonites. The ceremonies and manner of the making and confirmation of the Leagues of sundry Nations, were diversified according to their several customs.  
Tragedies and Comedies, had their beginning of the oblations, as Diodorus writes, which in old time men devoutly offered for their fruits to Bacchus. For as the Altars were kindled with fire, and the Goat laid on it, the Choir in honour of Bacchus sung this Meeter called a Tragedy; it was named so, either because a Goat, which in Greek is called Tragos, was the reward appointed for him that was Author of the Song, or because a Goat is so noisome and hurtful to the Vines, whereof Bacchus was the first inventor, which Sacrificed to Liber; or of the Grounds or Dregs, which in Greek is called Tryx, with which the Stage-Players used to Paint their Faces, before that Aeschylus devised Vizards. But the first inventor of them after the mind of Horace, was Thespis-Quintilian saith, that Aescylus set forth the first public Tragedies, though he acknowledges that Sophocles and Euripidus did adorn and furnish them more gallantly. In Rome Livius Andronicus made the first Tragedy, wherein Accius, Paccunius, and Seneca excelled. The Comedies began at what time (the Athenians being not yet assembled into the City) the Youth of that Country, used to Sing solemn Verses at Feasts, abroad in the Villages and Highways, for to get Money: They were so named of the Greek word Comos', for a Banqueting, or Come a Street, and Ode a Song, yet it is uncertain amongst the Grecians who invented them first. In this kind of Writing, Aristophanus, Eupolis, and Cratinus were the most eminent; in a Tragedy, Noble Persons, as Emperors, Kings, Princes, Dukes, Lords, etc. are brought in with a high Style. In a Comedy, Amorous dalliances, Love affairs, Diversity, several Tunes, Cheats, etc. are most concerned.   

V  
VERMILION or Red-Lead, was first found in Ephesus, by Gallus a Athenian. This colour was in Rome esteemed for Holy, insomuch that on their Feastival days, they Painted the Face of Jupiter's Image with it, and the Bodies of them that Triumphed.  
Uows, the custom of making of them, was borrowed from the Hebrews, which used to make Vows to God; and divers other Countries of the Gentles more blindly used to make such Vows to their false Gods.  
voices, which were used to be given in great consultations, Judgements and Elections were first ordained by Palamedes.   

W  
WRITING, after the manner of the Egyptians, was instead of Letters, by Herogliphicks to make use of the Images of Beasts, Birds, &c, declaring their minds by the shapes and figures of them: As by the Bee they signified a King Ruling his Commons and Subjects with great moderation and gentleness; by the Goshauk, they meant a speedy performance of their affairs, and so for other things.  
Watches and Wardings, were first appointed by Palamedes. Watchwords were first used in the Battle of Troy; at the same time when Simon found out Beacons and Fires.  
Wine, which proceeds from the Vine (Diodorus writes) that Dionysius did first perceive the nature of it, and taught the Grecians to Plant it, and to press the Wine out of the Grape, as Saturn did in Italy. Some would have it to be Icarins the Father of Penelope, that found the virtue of the Grape in Athens; who is reported to have been slain by the Husbandmen when they were Drunk. Atheneus in one place writeth, that Orestus Son to Dencalion, first discovered the Vine about Mount Aetna in Sicily. In another place he says, that it was found in the City Plinthina in Egypt. Aruntes a Tirrhen, banished out of his Country by Lucinon, whom he brought up of a Child, carried the first Wine into France. But before all these, Noah was the first that either Tilled the Land, or Planted the Vineyard; and when that he had tasted too much of the Fruit of the Grape, he was Drunk. Wine Taverns were set up first by the Lydians, a people of Asia, which also found out and invented divers Games. Staphylus (as Pliny saith) was the first that allayed Wine. But for all these generally entertained Opinions the Poets will have Bacchus to be the first deviser and God of it, and that he taught those Countries how to make Ale of Barley which had no Grapes growing, into this Drink the Germans afterwards put Hops and called it Beer.  
The Winds were first observed by Aeolus, as 'tis reported from the prognostication of the Inhabitants of the Islands about Sicily, who by the smoke of the said Isles three days before, were said to know what Winds they should have. Aeolus for his great insight into the Nature of them, hath by the general consent of Poets, the Dominion over them attributed to him. The Winds as some divide them, are said to be four, according to the four principal Regions of the Air; those that are more curious in their search and inquiry of their Natures, will have them to be no less than eight. And especially one Andronicus Corestes, who Builded a Terret in Athens, and set on every side of it, the Images of the Winds graven, against the Rigion whence the Winds came, they were placed on Pillars of Marble, and in the middle he set a Brazen Image of Triton, which he had made so, that it would turn with a Gust and stand with its Face towards the Wind that blew, being so devised as to point with a Rod to the Image of the said Wind; which hath been since imitated and used in most Countries; for 'tis an usual custom to set up Weathercocks or Fans, to show out of what Quarter the Wind bloweth.  
The seven Wise Men of Greece, who lived (as one saith) when there was a scarcity of Wisdom, were as followeth, Bias he was born in the Haven Town of Prieane, in the Country of Jonia. Solon was of the Island of Salamine: Chilo was of Lacedemonia; Cleobolus had his birth at Lindus in the Isle of Rhodes: Pittacus was of Mitylene in the Isle of Lesbes: Thales received his first breath at Miletum in Greece: the last of them was Periander King of Corinth.  
The wonders of the World, were reputed seven of the same number of the Wise men of Greece. The first were of the Walls of Babylon built by Semeramis of stone joined together with a strange kind of slimy and gluish Mortar, which grew in the Mines of those Countries; and especially in the Lake, where stood in time past Sodom and Gomorrah, now called Asfatilda. These walls according to the Town, were built in a quadrangle, and contained in circuit (as saith Pliny in the 26th chapter of his sixth Book) 60 miles, so that every square was fifteen miles long, they were 200 foot high, and 15 foot thick. To build these walls were hired by Semiramis, out of divers Countries for a long space 300000 men. The Second was the Pillar of the Sun, offered by the Gentiles unto Jupiter. This Pillar stood in the Isle of Rhodes, and was made of Iron in the form of a man, of incredible greatness, insomuch that a man could scarce Fathom the great finger thereof. After it had stood 56 years, it fell down by reason of an Earthquake, and so lay till the Island was won by the Sultan of Egypt, who carried as much mettle away as loaded 900 Camels. The Third, were the Obelisci or the Pyramids of Egypt of which we have already discoursed. The Fourth was the Mansoleum of Mansolus King of Caria, Husband to Artimesia: this woman for the great love she had to his Memory, burnt his body, drunk his ashes beaten to a powder, thinging no Sepulchre so worthy of him as her own body, the remainder of the powder which she found it impossible for her to drink, she buried in his Famous Tomb. This Monument was of a most excellent kind of Marble, it was 411 feet in circute, and 25 cubits high, it was environed with 36 Pillars, most curiously carved. The Fifth was the Temple of Diana at Ephesus of which in ' its proper place we have also discoursed more at large. The sixth was the Image of Jupiter Olympus, in Achia all of Porphyry, an infinite number of little pieces being wonderfully joined together: this Statue or Image besides the excellency of the work, was more especially admired for the greatness thereof, and was the more Famous, by reason that the Games called the Olympiades' were there kept. The Seventh was the Tower Pharos, nigh to Alexandria in Egypt; built by Ptolomeus Philadelphus' King of Egypt, to direct the Passengers which way to approach the Haven thereabouts, by burning of pitch or other light materials: This Tower was of a marvellous height, and of singular Workmanship; the building whereof cost according to our Money 4800000 Crowns, some Authors set down for the Eight Wonders, the Gardens and Orchards upon the walls of Babylon.    

AN APPENDIX.  
Rare Inventions peculiarly attributed to England and Englishmen.  
MASONS Carving in Stone and erecting stately Piles with the like Materials. The Art of curious Painting and Glazing with Glass now in use, were First showed to the English by one Joanes A Benedictine in the year of Christ, 728. and since by Improvement brought to the perfection they are at present found to be in.  
The Famous Invention of Printing being found out in Germany was First brought into England by William Caxton a Mercer, who in the Reign of King Edward the Fourth kept a Printing-House in Westminster Abbey by the Permission of Simon Islip Abbot of that Place, and the First Book there Printed was Tully's Offices.  
Coaches were Invented by Monsieur Pedarus a Frenchman and brought into England in the year 1559. though Chariots are of a longer standing.  
Watches, were the Invention of a Germane, and the Invention brought into England Anno, 1580. The Famous Inventors and Improvers were Cornelius Van Dreble, and Janus Torrianellus, the first Clocks were brought into England, much about the same time.  
The Pendulum was Invented by Mr. Hook, Fellow of the Royal Society Famous in the Mathematics and Mechanical Improvement.  
All sorts of Optiek-Glasses and Tubes as the Telescope, the Invention of the Famous Galileo the Microscope, etc. were first brought to perfection in England by the aforesaid Mr. Hook.  
Antonio Bonele an Italian, first taught the English to Spin with a Destaffe, in the twentieth year of King Henery the seventh.  
Fine Spanish-Needles were first made in England, in the Reign of Queen Mary by a Negro in Cheapside, who refused to communicate his Art, but in the Eighth year of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, Elias Corous a Germane made it known to the English.  
The first English Coach-Maker is Recorded to be Walter Ripon, who in the year 1564 made a Coach for the Earl of Rutland, and a hollow turning Coach, in the year 1585. for Queen Elizabeth.  
In the Tenth year of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, Richard Dryer brought into England the Invention of making Earthen Fire-pots, Furnaces, transportable Ovens for baking Earthen ware, and had the first sole profit by Patent, in the year 1555.  
Making of Eopperas, was first practised in England by Cornelius de Voss, a Merchant, in the year 1587.  
William Saunders a Fishmonger was the first that brought our Celestial and Terestial Globes to perfection.  
William Mathews in the Fifth year of Queen Elizabeth, was the first English Artist, that made fine Knives and Hafts, marked with the Half Moon for the Propriety of which, he had the Queens Paten.  
About the same time, the way of making Pins, was found out by the English which before were brought in by Strangers, to the value of 60000 Pound a year.  
One Bourass made first the Engine, for Scale-Boards.  
One Ross, is reported to have made the First Bandore in England, and to this day that called the Ross Viol, is accounted the best.  
The Engine for Clock-Wheels is an English Invention of about one hundred years standing, as likewise that for the speedy cutting down Wheels for Watches.  
Chains for Watches, is said to be the Invention of one Mr. Tomackee.  
The First Inventor of Knitting of Worsted Stoekings in England, was William Rider a London Apprentice, who in the Reign of King James the First, presented a pair of his own Knitting to the Earl of Pembroke.  
The late serviceable Moddel of Shipping, is affirmed to be the Invention or Direction of the Famous Sir Walter Raleigh  
Other late Inventions there are, to whom as their Inventors, the English lay claim, as an Engine for raising Glass, an Engine for Spinning Glass, an Engine for Cutting Tobacco, the Rolling Press, the Art of Damasking Linen, and Watering of Silks, the way of separating Gold from Silver, and Brass. Bolting Mills, Making Cain Chairs, the curious Art of Colouring and Marbling of Books, making of Horn ware, and the Engine to Extinguish Fire, and the like.  
Thus Reader it appears that the Industry of our Predecessors was great, whereby they brought so many Rarities to perfection and left their further Improvement to Posterity.  
FINIS.   

Books Printed for, and Sold by John Harris, at the Harrow against the Church in the Poultry.  
[1] A Discourse of Divine Providence.  
1. In General: That there is a Providence exercised by God in the World.  
2. In Particular: How all God's Providences in the World, are in order to the good of his People.  
By the late Learned Divine Stephen Charnock, B. D. sometimes Fellow of New-Colledg in Oxon.  
Price Bound 3 s.  
[2] COme and Welcome to Jesus Christ, Or, a plain and profitable Discourse on John 6. Verse 37. Showing the Cause, Truth and manner of the coming of a Sinner to Jesus Christ; with his happy Reception, and blessed Entertainment.  
Prince Bound 1 s.  
[3] A Discourse upon the Pharisee and the Publican. Wherein several great and weighty things are handled: As the Nature of Prayer, and of Obedience to the Law, with how far it obliges Christians, and wherein it consists: Wherein is also shed the equally deplorable condition of the Pharisee, or Hypocritical & Self-righteous Man, and of the Publican, or Sinner that lives in Sin, and in open violation of the Divine Laws: Together with the Way and Method of God's Freegrace in Pardoning Penitent Sinners; proving that he justifies them by imputing Christ's Righteousness to them.  
Price Bound 1 s.  
[4] SIghs from Hell, Or, The Groans of a Damned Soul. Discovering, from the 16th of Luke, the Lamentable state of the Damned. And may fitly serve, as a Warning-Word to Sinners, both Old and Young, by Faith in Jesus Christ, to avoid the same place of Torment. With a Discovery of the Usefulness of the Scriptures, as our safe Conduct for avoiding the Torments of Hell. All three by John Bunyon, Author of the Pilgrim's Progress.  
Price Bound 1 s.  
[5] THe Saints Comfort, in all, but more especially in Evil Times. Drawn from Twelve several Texts of Scripture; which are briefly explained in this small Piece. By T. G. Minister of the Gospel.  
Price Bound 1 s.  
[6] THE True Fortune-Teller: Or, Guide to Knowledge. Discovering the whole Art of Chyromancy, Physiognomy, Metoposcopy, and Astrology. Containing, 1. A Description of the Planets, their power and influence over the Bodies of Men, Women, and Children. 2. Of the several Lines, Mounts, Marks, Angles, and sacred Characters in the Hand and Wrist; and by what Planets they are Governed as to good or bad Fortune. 3. Of Physiognomy. 4. Observations on the Eyes, Eyebrows, Nose, Ears, Chin, Neck, Hair, Beard, and Face. 5. Metoposcopy, or the signification of the Lines in the Face. 6. Of Moles and their significations. 7. Of Dreams and their Interpretations. 8. Of Nativities and their Calculation. 9 Of the Rod by which hidden Treasure is found. 10. Of Marriages, and at what time any Person shall be Married. 11. Rules to know the danger of Death. 12. Of good and bad Days. 13. The manner of Resolving doubtful Questions, as to Friends, Marriages, places of Abode, Health, Prosperity or Adversity, Love or Business. 14. Of Pythagoras his Wheel of Fortune. 15. Of the good and bad days in each Month relating to Health. To which is added, Aristoteles Observations of the Heavens, their motion. Of Fiery Meteors, Thunder, Lightning, Eclipses, Comets, Earthquakes, and Whirlwinds. Illustrated with several proper Figures.  
Price Bound 1 s.  
[7] A Directory for Midwives: or a guide for Women, in their Conception. Bearing and Suckling their Children. The first part contains, 1. The Anatomy of the vessels of Generation. 2. The Formation of the Child in the Womb. 3. What hinders conception and its remedies. 4. what furthers conception. 5. A guide for women in conception. 6. Of miscarriage in women. 7. A guide for women in their Labour. 8. A guide for women in their Lying in. 9 Of Nursing children. by Nicholas Culpepper.  
Price Bound 3 s.