THE English-Grammar: OR, The Institution of LETTERS, SYLLABLES, and WORDS in the English-Tongue.  
Containing all Rules and Directions necessary to be known for the judicious Reading, Right-speaking, and Writing thereof.  
Very useful for all, that desire to be expert in the foresaid properties.  
More especially profitable for Scholars, immediately before their entrance into the Rudiments of the Latine-tongue.  
Likewise to strangers that desire to learn our Language, it will be the most certain Guide, that ever yet was exstant.  
Composed by Jer. Wharton, Mr of Arts.  SUETONIUS in libro de Illustribus Grammaticis. 
Cura artis Grammaticae ità increvit, ut nè clarissimi quidem viri abstinuerunt, quo minus & ipsi aliquid de eâ scriberent.  
LONDON, Printed by William Dugard for the Author, Anno Dom. 1654.   

TO THE VIRTUOUS AND Truly-Noble-Gentleman, JOHN COULSON Esquire.  
SIR!  
AS your solid judgement in consultation, singular courtesy in conversation, and other noble endowments, have made you deservedly honoured, and beloved of all that know you: so your particular bounty, favour and good will towards me, hath obliged me to you in very great thankfulness and respect; and having an earnest desire, but no means otherwise to express my acknowledgement thereof, I have presumed to present you with, this small Work; the rather for that I judged, you had a twofold right to it above any other; for at the first undertaking it was chief intended for the use and benefit of some of your hopeful Offspring; and also whilst it was doing, I was most encouraged by your constant and continued respect: if therefore upon trial it shall be found beneficial to the Education of Youth, or otherwise (as I strongly hope it may), Vouchsafe that it may live under the shelter of your  protection. But however it be esteemed, let your deserved good name and honour still encreas more and more; which is and shall be the constant Vote of, Sir,  
Your humbly-devoted servant J. WHARTON.   

TO THE Courteous READER.  
IT is the judgement of many learned, that in the Education of Youth, it should be the care of every Teacher, as well to accustom them to the exercise of good English, as of good Latin. And not without great reason: for our mother-tongue is likely in the practice to be most useful, and is as capable of any Scholarlike expressions, as any whatsoever. Besides the purity and Elegancy of our own Language is to be esteemed a chief part of the honour of our Nation, which we all aught to our utmost power, to advance. Lastly, because for one that is trained up in the Grammar-Schools, to any perfection, fit for the University, or any learned Profession, a hundred are taken away before; of whom the most, very shortly after, wholly in a manner, forget their Latin; so that if they be not bettered in the knowledge of their Native Language, their labour and cost is to little or no purpose. Upon this ground, and for these reasons, I have composed this ensuing Treatise, entitled, The English Grammar: By the use whereof, any one may be able 1. In the hardest English both to judge of other's Reading, whether it be true or falls, and also to justify his own, 2. To do the same in Writing. 3. In any English Subject, to distinguish every Part of Speech asunder; the knowledge whereof is of great use to young Scholars, for the judicious Construing, Parsing, and making of Latin. 4. From any Primitive or simple word to form all the Derivatives and Compounds that flow from it; and likewise to reduce any Derivative word to his Primitive; which property, as it will discover the elegancy of the English-tongue, together with the proper sens and use of almost all pure English words, so will it be a good model, so far as it extendeth, by which to learn any other exotic language. 5. Upon the sight of any Englished-Latine-word, pertaining to the rules of Derivation set down herein, he shall be able presently to turn it into Latin; though before he never saw or heard of it before. Which book therefore will be very useful for all that desire to be expert in the foresaid properties; more especially profitable for the youth of this Nation immediately before their Entrance into the Rudiments of the Latin tongue: because the knowledge of their mother-tongue is most necessary, both for the understanding of what they hear or read therein, as also the expressing of their conceit, in what they understand: And it is as commendable to give a warrantable rule or reason of their own, as of a foreign tongue. Besides they will more easily comprehend the Rules and Terms of Art in that tongue, wherein they have been accustomed from their infancy, then in the Latin, whereof they are altogether ignorant. Lastly, it will be a notable Preparative to the learning of the Latin, or any other Grammatized language; because the Rules in this, for the most part may be applied unto that. Moreover by them also, that are already entered into the Latine-tongue, it may profitably be learned upon the By, without any hindrance to their other proceed. Likewise to strangers that desire to learn our language, it will be a special help; which they shall find not to be barbarous, confused, and irregular, (as the common saying is) but familiar, orderly and easy, equal to the Greek, and beyond the Latin for Composition, yea happy above them both in this, not that it cannot be reduced to any: but that indeed it needeth little or no Grammar at all. For whereas in the Latine-tongue there are threescore Variations of the Terminations of Nouns, and six hundred of Verbs, and in the Greek that number almost doubled; in the English there is little or no variation at all; and therefore needeth not any Declensions of Nouns, any Conjugations of Verbs, any Rules of Concord or Construction, wherein the difficulty of any language doth consist, and which in the Latin and Greek cost much labour and toil. Now if any here object, What need a Grammar for that language which all speak of custom, especially for ours which is so easy: To this I answer, Even the same that made the noblest of the Romans, when their tongue was come to the highest pitch, to write something of the Grammar thereof, that by Rules and Precepts it may be made yet more elegant, certain and permanent. And for this cause Charles the Great caused to be set forth a Grammar for the Teutonick tongue, from which our English at first proceeded.  
In like manner many worthy men of our own Nation have in their several ages composed books of this nature, 
Mr Mulcaster. Mr Coot. Dr Gill. B. Johnson. Mr Butler.  from all which I acknowledge, more or less, I have received light and direction. What herein is performed more than formerly I leave to the judgement of others: not doubting, but that upon further consideration and practice therein, it may be reduced to a more perfect order then yet is done, which I shall endeavour to effect at the next going over; and in the mean time commend this, as it is, to thy courteous acceptance.   

THere is another book ready to come forth, called, The Illuminator of the English Tongue, which only waiteth to see what entertainment this shall have.   

The English Grammar consisting of Ten Chapters.  

CHap. 1. Of Letters and their force.  
Chap. 2. Of syllables and how to divide them.  
Chap. 3. Of e final and the uses thereof.  
Chap. 4. Of divers other letters not sounded.  
Chap. 5. Of words sounded otherwise then they are written.  
Chap. 6. Of Rules for reading and writing some words.  
Chap. 7. Of the Parts of Speech.  
Chap. 8. Of the Derivation of words.  
Chap. 9 Of the Composition of words.  
Chap. 10. Of Points to be observed in reading and writing.   
To which is annexed, A Collection of words Like and Unlike.  
The labour of this Grammar is but small,  
But the fruit great, which by it reap you shall.   

THE English-Grammar.  

Cap. 1. Of Letters.  
GRAMMAR is the Art of Writing, and Speaking well.  
This consisteth in the institution of Letters, Syllables, and Words.  
There be twentie-four Letters, which are written either with small characters; as, a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s s t u v w x y z; or with great, thus; A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V W X Y Z, which are called Capital letters.  
These Capitals are used, 1. In the beginning of any matter. 2. After a Period, or full point. 3. In the beginning of a vers. 4. In proper names of all sorts, whether they happen in the beginning, middle, or end. 5. In names of Arts, Offices or any other word of special note in a sentence, though it be not proper, but common. 6. In the personal Pronoun I. In other cases the small letters are to be used.  
The letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants.  
A Vowel is a letter which maketh a full and perfect sound of itself.  

Vowels.  There be five Vowels, a e i o u, besides the Greek Vowel y.  
Of these coming together are made Diphthongs.  

Diphth.  A Diphthong is one sound made of two vowels.  
Diphthongs are either proper or improper.  

Prop.  Proper, wherein both Vowels are fully sounded.  
Of proper Diphthongs there be eight, namely, ai ei oi, au eu ou, ee oo.  
Ay ey oy are Diphthongs, and have the same sound with ai ei oi, saving that these are commonly used in the beginning and middle of a word; those in the end, as in these examples, air, fair, either, heifer, oyster, cloister; but say, may, whey, prey, joy, annoy.  
Aw ewe owe are Diphthougs also, and have the same sound with au eu ou, saving that owe is sounded slat and soft; ou sharp and shrill: and they are all used indifferently in the beginning or middle of a word; but in the end awe ewe owe only; as, auger, awl, eunuch, ewer, out-gate, owner; so fraud, bawl, lewd, jewel, cloud, knowledge; but law, saw, brew, chew, know, blow, etc. except thou, you, adieu, and the words to be reform, vid. Cap. 5.  

Rule.  When any of these two Vowels come together in a word, they make a Diphthong, and must be sounded together; as in faith, neither, join, aul, eunuch, trout, seed, food.  

Except. 1.  Except in these words, laïtie, Mosaïck-work, deïtie, Atheïst, Stoïck, moïtie, doing, re-ënter, reëdifie, re-ëxtend, re-ïnform, reïterate, preëminence. 
Dier.   

Exc. 2.  Except likewise, for the most part in proper names throughout the Bible; as, 

ai in Laïsh, Jaïr, Ephraïm, Sepharvaïm.  
ei in Beth-bireï, Ceïlan, Edreï, Hakkoreïm.  
oi in Chamoïs', Loïs', Toï, Zeboïm.  
au in Arehelaüs, Emmaüs, Nicholaüs.  
eu in Alpheüs, Bartimeüs, Peülthaï.  
ee in Azreël, Be●rsheba, Bezaleël.  
oo in Boöz, C●ös, add Boötes, etc.    

Lim.  Yet in these proper names following, some of these two Vowels are sounded together like Diphthongs; as in Cain, Cainan, Theudas, Reuben, Eustace, Zaleuchus, Beelzebub.  

Diphth. Imp.  Improper Diphthongs are such, wherein one of the Vowels is but little, or not at all sounded: of which sort there be only three, ea oa ie.  
Examples of the two first, are these; earth, wealth, boat, woad. In both which Diphthongs a is not sounded; yet it serveth to draw the syllable long, which otherwise would be short, as in beast, best; bread, bred; goad, god; coast, cost; goat, got.  
And when either of these two Vowels come together in a word, they are not to be parted, but sounded together.  
Except in beätitude, creätor, creätion, reäl, theätre.  
Except likewise generally all proper names of men, women, cities and countries; as, ea in Eleäza, Apameä, Cesareä, Gibeäh; oa in Abinoäm, Bagoäs, Boänerges, Gilboäh.  
Examples of the Diphthong (ie) are these, wield, shield, field, chief, kerchief, brief, relief, grief, grieves, reliev's, cavalier, cashier, enterfier, siege, liege, shriev, Lieutenant, siev, at chiev, priest, friend, pierce, piece.  
In which words (i) is not sounded, yet serveth to draw the syllable long: and this Diphthong (ie) is sounded like (ee) Diphthong as friend, like friend, and grief, as grief.  
These vowels (ie) meeting together in other words whether proper or common, are usually parted as in Daniel. Ethiel, so in tied, espied, except they happen in the end of a word as, merry, charity, for than they are sounded together.  
A oe are Latin, but no English Diphthongs, & therefore the English for them, do both write and sound the single e, as in equity, Cesar, Egypt, female, Phoenix, tragedy; of aequitas, Caesar, Aegyptus, foemina, Phoenix, tragoedia.  

Note.  This was general: but now borrowed words of rare use, especially proper names, begin to resume these Diphthongs, for marks of their original; as, Aeneas, Aetna, Euboea, economy.  
The French have two Triphthongs eau and ieu, as in beau and lieu, but we make them Diphthongs by changing u vowel into v consonant, either single or double, as, Lieutenant, lieu, beauty.  

Consonant.  A consonant is a letter which maketh a sound by the help of a vowel.  
All letters besides the vowels are called consonants, some whereof are termed double, because they have the force of two consonants, as, z and x y z of d and s: x of c and s.  
To the consonants may be added j v and y when they are set before themselves or other vowels in the same syllable; as, 

I in James, Jericho, Jimnah, Joseph, Judas,  
V in Valentine, velome, viands, voluptuous, vulgar.  
Y in Yarmouth, yearly, yoke.    
Here note that j and v being consonants, have a different Character from the vowels, which in writing is diligently to be observed, as in these Examples, enjoin, jointure, injunction, so valour, venom, vulgar.  
Likewise j and y being consonants, differ in sound; as in jet, yet, jew, yew, jeer, year.  

Use of y Con. 1  Being vowels they have the same sound, and y being a Greek vowel, is rightly used every where in words originally Greek, as Crystal, Polypus, Apocrypha, Apocalypse. 
Use of y Con. 2  And common use hath allowed it in the end of other English words, insomuch that i and y are in that place used indifferently, as bounty or bounty.  

Use of y Con. 3  Also when two two come together that hath commonly the place of the former, as burying, saying, denying: and sometimes when e followeth, as marryeth, denyeth.  
Sometimes j doth so come betwixt two vowels, that it may be taken indifferently for a vowel or a consonant, as Benaiah, or Bena-jah, Micaiah, or Micajah, Jehoi-akim or Jehojakim, etc.  

Note.  Here is to be noted that some consonants have not always the same sound as c ch g p s t th'. 
C strong  C before a o oo u is sounded strong like k, as in cat, coat, coat, cut.  

C weak.  C before e i y and ee, is sounded weak like s, as in censer, cider, cypress, exceed.  

Ch.  Ch in all pure English words, hath a peculiar sound differing from other languages, both before the five vowels and after.  
Before them as in chance, cheap, chine, choke. churl.  
After them, as in ache, reach, rich, roch, such.  

So the Latin's sound Ch as in Charites, Chelys, Chiragra, Chorus, Chus, Chitus.  But generally in all words derived of the Hebrew or Greek, it hath the sound of k, in any part of the word.  
Examples hereof in the first syllable before the five vowels. 

Character, Chedorlaomer, Chios, Chorazin, Chushite    
Examples hereof in the second syllable. 

Achan, Archelaüs, Lachish, Anchor, Malchus.    
Examples in the last syllable after the five vowels. 

Berodach, Melcbisedech, _____ Antioch, Baruch.    
And in all other such like names or words contained in the Bible or elsewhere: except in these, Rachel, Cherubin, Tychicus, Archbishop, Archduke, Architect, arch-enemy, Archpirate.  

G  G Sometimes hath its own proper sound, sometimes the sound of j consonant.  

G hard.  Before a o oo and u it hath its proper sound, which is hard, as in gad, god, good, gug. And generally in English words before the other vowels e and i, as in get, target, bragget, geld, anger, hanger, conger, linger, ringer, finger, dagger, bragger, stagger, swagger, beggar, vinegar, hunger, cager, meager, monger, anger, beggar, gear, geese.  
So before i as in begin, biggin, giddy, gift, gig, giglot, gilled, gimlet, Ginnie-hen, gird, girdle, girl, girth, Girton, giv, Gibbon. And in the Derivatives of both sorts; so in hangeth, hanging, longeth, longing, belongeth, belonging, stringeth, stringing, swingeth, swinging, of the Primitives ending in g strong, viz. hang, long, belong, string, swing. Except in these few, jennet, jelly, gemow, gin, gibe gibbet. Except likewise in the deduced wotds of Primitives ending in g weak, as in, 

ages of age  
stages of stage  
cages of cage  
barges of barge  
argos of large  
charger of charge  
twinged of twinge  
fringed of fringe  
verger of verge.  
forger of forge.  
urging of urge.  
purging of purge.  
ranger of range.  
granges of grange.  
swinged of swinge.  
plunged of plunge, etc.    

G soft.  But before e and i in words derived of the Latin, g is sounded soft like j consonant, as in Agent, George, gentle, gentility, gem, gentile, generosity, generation, gender, genealogy, genitor, Genesis, Geometry, gesture. So giant, ginger, clergy, imagine, gipsy, etc. And in the Derivatives of all these.  

Phe.  Ph is used only in words derived of the Greek or Hebrew, and hath the sound of F, as in Pharisee, Philosophy, physic, triumph, Pharez, Epitaph.  

S  S hath two characters, one long s, to be used in the beginning and middle of words; another short s, which is commonly final, as in sisters, sessions. vid. Chap. 6. Rule 9  
S between two vowels is always sounded as z, as in easy, bosom, etc. so in as, was, is, his, phrase, glass, graze, and many more words: also in these eight following, being Verbs s is sounded as z, viz. to abuse, excuse, use, muse, refuse, present, leas, greas; but being Nouns, it is sounded weak according to its property, as an abuse; etc.  

Ti.  Ti, before a vowel soundeth si, as in Egyptian, patience, nation, etc.  

Exc. 1.  Except where it followeth s or x, as in question, combustion, bestial, mixtion.  

Exc. 2.  Or in the deduced, of words in ti, such as are, crafty, lofty, hearty, haughty, naughty, mighty, weighty, dainty, scanty, pity, etc. as, craftier, loftier, weightiest, pitieth, daintier, daintiest, etc.  

Th.  Th', is commonly sounded with a brisk air like the Greek Theta, and sometime with a more heavy and flat sound.  

This sound was anciently written with the Aspirat letter d.  In these words following, it hath a flat sound, that, the, them, then, thence, their, there, these, this, thine, thou, though, thus, fathom, father, furthest, thither, worthy, brothel, and generally in words of more than one syllable ending in there, thed, theth, thest, thing.  
In all other words, it hath a brisk air like the sound of a Greek Theta, as in thank, theft, third, thong, thumb.   

CHAP. 2. Of Syllables and the Rules to divide them.  
OF Vowels and Consonants are made Syllables.  
A syllable is the comprehension of one consonant or more with a vowel, pronounced with one breath, as, if, the, stiff, black, French, Knights, strength.  
Any of the five vowels make a perfect sound alone, and may be reckoned as a syllable, as in a-bate, every, ivy, opinion, usury.  
So most of the Diphthongs as anger, Eu-stace, owe, ai-der, ei-ther, oyster, ea-ten, oa-ten-meal.  

Note.  This particle es in the end of a word, sometimes is swallowed up in the sound of the precedent syllable: sometimes it makes a syllable of itself, and such words so ending are commonly either Nouns of the plural Number, or Verbs of the third person singular.  
In these following es is swallowed up.  
Nouns. Verbs. A hide hides he hide's himself. A drake drakes he bake's bread. A bile biles he piles up wood. A name names he name me. A bone bones he mone's and weeps. A rope ropes he copes with. A wire wires he tire's all men. A brute brutes he suit's well with it. A way ways he staie's for me. An eye eyes he lies in wait. A virtue virtues he argue's well.  
In these it maketh a Syllable.  
A grace graces he place's all things. A Church Churches he lurche's Coneys. A cage cages he wage's war. An hedge hedges he judge's none. A nose noses he pose's scholars. A fish fishes he refreshe's himself. A witness witnesses he oppresse's the poor. A box boxes he foxe's his guests. A size sizes he freeze's for cold.  
So also in all proper names as Macchabees, Phares, Moses, etc. except James, and in some common as aloës; Jubiles, Epitomes.  

Rules 5.  There be five rules for the dividing or spelling of any word, whereof the first is this:  

Rule 1.  1. If two Vowels come together in a word, both fully sounded, and no Diphthong, they must be divided; as in qui-et, mu-tu-al, triumph, coëternal, coëqual.  

Rule 2.  2. If the same Consonant be doubled in the middle of a word, they must be divided; as in Abba, accord, adder, affect, aggravate, etc.  
Except such Consonants as are needlessly doubled in words of the plural number; as in crabs, rods, cliffs, nags, crumbs, guns, crops, curs; for crabs, rods, cliffs, nags, crumbs, guns, crops, curs, cuts, and in all such like words; which needless doubling of the Consonant, either in the plural or singular number, is in our writing altogether to be omitted: for it is in vain to write a word with many letters, when it may be written with few.  

Lim. 1.  But s is sometimes necessarily doubled; namely, when the Vowel preceding fitteth hard upon it; otherwise not; as in these examples doth appear. Princes a Princess Princesses Purchase an ass asses Purpose a cross crosses Needles needless  Brews Brewess  fines fine-ness.  leans lean-ness.  promise bliss.  his hiss.  excuse discuss.   

Lim. 2.  So l is commonly doubled after a single Vowel in the end of a word, as in wall, well, still, roll, full; but not after a Diphthong, as in mail, foil, etc.  

Lim. 3.  Likewise I find in some very good Autors r doubled in the end of a word, where the sound resteth long upon it, as in abhor, deter, aver.  

Lim. 4.  Lastly the Consonant is doubled in these words folllowing; Anne, a can, Inn, add, peeled, pinned, demurred, enterre, to make a difference from words of the like sound; as, a, can in, ad, piled, pined, immured, enter. But in all other words, a single Consonant is sufficient in the end.  

Rule 3.  One Consonant between two Vowels, is joined to the later; as in a-vail, baboon, a-ma-zed, animaie, de-li-ver.  

Exc. 4.  There be four Exceptions from this rule.  

1. Of certain words ending in es.  
2. Of compounded words,  
3. Of derivative words.  
4. Of words wherein x is contained.   

Exc. 1.  There be certain words of the plural number ending in es, which termination is swallowed up in the sound of the precedent syllable, as before was showed, which follow not this rule; as, hides, drakes, biles, names, bones, ropes, wires, brutes: so in all other Nouns and Verbs of like sort and ending.  

Exc. 2.  A Compounded word is made of two simple words signifying something, wherein every simple word must retain its own letters, and the consonant go with its part; as, 

tradesman not tra-des-man.  
safeguard not safeguard.  
wherefore not wherefore.  
henceforth not henceforth.    


another not another.  
unarmed not unarmed.  
un-even not u-neven.  
dis-appoint not di-sappoint.    

Exc. 3.  A Derivative word is when the last part of a word is an addition only to the Primitive, and signifies nothing of itself, wherein the Primitive must be sounded by itself, and the Addition by itself; as, hope-less, lame-ness, friend-ly, entice-ment.  
Other Derivatives, whose Addition beginneth with a Vowel, commonly follow the general rule aforegoing, touching Primitives; And if the Primitive also end in e, then e is syncopated; as in, 

en-ti-cing of en-tice.  
en-di-ting of indite.  
repineth of repined.  
requires of re-quire.  
enquireth of inquire.  
abateth of a-bate.    

Exc. 4.  X in any word must be joined to the Vowel going before it, contrary to the general rule; as in Ox-en, ex-ercise: the reason is, because x hath the sound of two Consonants, c s, which cannot begin a syllable.  

Rule 4.  Two Consonants, which may be joined in the beginning of a word, are not to be separated in the middle; as, agreed, be-stow, re-frain, re-store.  
The two Consonants that may begin a word are thirty.  

Bls as in blame  
Br as in bread  
Ch as in chaff  
Cl as in cloud  
Cr as in creep  
Dr as in draw  
Dw as in dwell  
Fl as in flame  
Fr as in fret  
Gl as in glass  
Gn as in gnat  
Gr as in grace  
Kn as in know  
Pl as in play  
Pr as in prais  
Sc as in scant  
should as in shall  
Sk as in skin  
Sparke as in speed  
St as in stand  
Slightall as in stow  
Sm as in smart  
Sn as in Snuff  
Sq as in squib  
sweet as in sway  
Th' as in that  
Tr as in trap  
Tw as in twain  
Wh as in when  
Wr as in wroth   
Other Consonants are divided, as in godly, wisdom, wil-der-ness.  

Rule 5.  Three Consonants that may be joined in the beginning of a word, may not be separated in the middle; as in con-strain, en-thral, destruction.  
The three Consonants that may begin a word are nine.  

Sch as in school  
Scr as in scraps  
Shr as in shrink  
Skr as in screw  
Spl as in split  
Spr as in spring  
Str as in stroke  
Thr as in thrall  
Thw as in thwart   
Other Consonants are divided, as in employ, king-dom.  

Exc.  From these two last rules there is this Exception. In compounded words each simple word must retain its own letters, as in these examples, 

mistake not mi-stake  
mis-like not mi-slike  
misled not misled  
dislodg not dislodg  
dis-close not di-sclose  
dis-miss not di-smiss    
So trans-pose, not tra-nspose, nor tran-spose; cramp-ring, not cra-mpring, nor cram-pring.  
If these rules, for the dividing and spelling of words, seem too many, and too intricate; take this one general rule in stead of them all.  

☜  Syllables are so to be divided in spelling, as they are in speaking: and so consequently in writing at the line's end; as in all the forecited examples may appear.   

Cap. 3. Of e final, and the uses thereof.  

Rule  E Single, in the end of a word, is never sounded.  

Exc. 1.  Except, first in these Monosyllables, the me be he ye we.  

Exc. 2.  Secondly in some outlandish word; as Fez, Zanche, Congee, and the like.  

Exc. 3.  Thirdly in words derived of the Hebrew and Greek, as Jesse, jubilee, Mamre, Ninive, Abilene, Candace, Cloe, Daphne, Gethsemane, Penelope, Epitome, and all words of the like sort, except Eusiace, Bernice.  

In other words wherein e final is not sounded, E silent.  there be divers reasons and uses thereof.  

Use 1.  The first and chiefest is to draw the syllable long, which otherwise without it, must be sounded short, as in these examples following may be seen.  

To curs and ban, is child's bane.  
He lanced my bile with the point of his bill.  
Good boy let me by't of thine apple one bit.  
At Spring, I'll bathe myself in a bath.  
If I list I can break your pate with my cane.  
A scolding dame ducked in a Mill- dam.  
Meat that's fought far is Lady's fare.  
A branch of fir good for the fire.  
The Jailor will giv nothing but a cold give.  
To have one hop I am out of hope.  
With apples this lad I'll presently lad.  
He saith he will liv as long as he can see one alive.  
Some say a Cat lives full out nine lives.  
Bad usage hath made many a man mad.  
Command your man to cut my horse mane.  
It's full two mile to the next mill.  
Of debt, I will quit, and discharge you quite.  
That the way we may rid, apace let us ride.  
The poor will scrape up every scrap.  
Some men will stare all night on a Star.  
I got a tun of wine for the tune of a song.  
Oft-times one twin about th' other doth twine.  
A pint of good wine you do not win.  
A scratch with a whin, will make a boy whine.  
To him I will write about sending a writ.   
As in the examples afore, e after one consonant, draw's the syllable long: so after two divers consonants, it sometime effecteth the same, as in find, mind, wind, rind, bind, waste, paste, taste, writhe, tithe, child; which otherwise should be pronounced short.  
But these words following have a privilege and custom to be pronounced long without e in the end, as bold, cold, told, scold, bolt, colt, dolt, most, ghost, both, Ruth: but it were better for learner and teacher, if e were written after them.  

Use 2.  The second use of e final not sounded, is to change the sound of these two letters, e, g, First it softeneth the sound of c, as in ace, place, louse, truce, justice; whereas otherwise it soundeth strong like k, as in ac-cept accounted; and not only alone, but joined with another consonant, as in chance, scarce, etc.  
Further, it softeneth the sound of g, which otherwise would be strong, as ag, age, stag, stage, cag, cage, hug, huge, etc. also in range, grange, strange, twinge, swinge, fringe, plunge; whereas the like words without e, have a hard sound, as rang, swang, twang, long, string, swing.  

Note.  Note, that if g be hard with a long vowel, we is added, as plague, rogue, Prague, the Hague, catalogue, decalogue, prologue, epilogue, dialogue, Synagogue, collogue, league, prorogue, tongue.  
But if it be soft with a short vowel, it hath d prefixed, as badge, ledg, bridge, lodge, judge.  

Use 3.  The third use of e final, is for beauty (as they say) rather than necessity after i, o, and u; as in charity, mercy, virtue, argue, toe, foe, etc.  
But here it altereth not the sound at all, except that after i, it maketh it to sound more gently like the diphthong ee as charity, like charity.  
If e sinal be used in any word, without any of the foresaid reasons, it is superfluous and might better be omitted.   

CHAP. 4. Of divers other Letters not sounded, and the reason thereof.  

a  A is not sounded in Jaacob, Isaac, Caiaphas, Canaanite, Sabbaoth, Pharaob, being originally Hebrew.  

e  e, In George, deduced of Georgius.  

i  i, In adieu, juice, pursuit, bruit, fruit, suit, bruis, being originally French: yet in the five last it draw's the syllable long.  

o  o, Is not sounded in people, Yeoman, jeopardy, Feoffee.  

u  u, Is ever put after q, with another vowel, as in, quaf, queen, quick, quilt, etc. which is here judged superfluous and fit to be omitted, for that q, hath the sound of cu.  
u, Is also sometime added after g, with another vowel, yet never sounded, as in guide, guest, guile, etc. to strengthen it that it may sound hard, so in plague, etc. vid. pag. 18.  
u, Is not sounded in buy, build, conduit, circuit.  

b  b, In lamb, climb, comb, comb, tomb, womb, thumb, debt, debtor, doubt, bdellium; which is superfluous, except in the four last.  

k  k, Is not sounded in back, deck, sick, rock, suck, etc. and the Latins make the same sound with c alone, as lac, nec, dic, hoc, duc. And many of our best Autors begin to write words deduced of the Latin, with c alone, as, public, catholic, rhetoric ..  

g  g, Is not sounded in sign, resign, assign, design; reign, arraign, sovereign, disdeign, phlegm.  

h  h, In Christ, Christopher, Thomas, Crystal, Chrysostom, Chronicle, chronography, chronology, ghost, John, scholar, authority, Rhine, Rhenish, Rhetoric, schedule, schism.  

n  n Is not pronounced in solemn, hymn, autumn, column, condemn, yet it shows from whence they are deduced.  

s  s is not sounded in Isle.  

o  o is not sounded in righteous, glorious, frivolous, victorious, nor in any English word of the like writing.  

oh  u likewise is not sounded in labour, favour, honour, nor in any words of the like ending, being all derived of Latin words ending in or and now are so written by the best Autors.  

☞  Two reasons there be (besides what was said before) of this writing some letters not sounded.  

Reas. 1.  One is to show the Idiom of our English tongue, as when we writ virtuous and pronounce virtuus.  

Reas. 2.  Another is to show the derivation of a word, as b in debt, doubt, g in sign, reign. s in Isle, p. in psalm; because they come of debitum, dubium, signum, regnum, insula, psalmus; and where there is no reason for writing a letter not sounded, it is superfluous and to be omitted.   

Cap. 5. Of words sounded otherwise then they are written.  

Sort. 1.  1. We writ first, third, bird, dear, ear, hear, heard. Which vulgarly are sounded furst, thurd, bird, deer, eer, here, hard. Here this sound must be reform, and made agreeable to the writing.  

Sort. 2.  2. We writ he, be, me, ye, we, even, evil, devil, with e single: but sound them as written with ee Diphthong thus, he, be, me, ye, we, eeven, eevill, deevil: so always in the prepositive particle be as in begin, behold, beseech, it is written with e single, but sounded like ee Diphthong.  

Sort. 3.  3. We writ o single in these words following; but after the French manner sound it as oo Diphthong or u, 

afford is pronounced afford  
monday is pronounced moonday  
force is pronounced foerce  
wort is pronounced wort  
wert buy is pronounced worthy  
mother is pronounced mother  
brother is pronounced broother  
smother is pronounced smother  
some is pronounced soom  
come is pronounced coom  
dom is pronounced doom  
done is pronounced done  
do is pronounced do  
dost is pronounced dost  
doth is pronounced doth  
womb is pronounced woomb  
woman is pronounced woman  
wonder is pronounced wonder  
wont is pronounced wont  
son is pronounced soon  
month is pronounced moonth  
honey is pronounced hoonie  
money is pronounced moonie  
moved is pronounced moved  
to is pronounced too  
two is pronounced two  
word is pronounced word  
sword is pronounced sword  
hoard is pronounced hoard  
worm is pronounced woorm  
form is pronounced form  
work is pronounced work  
love is pronounced loove  
glove is pronounced gloove  
move is pronounced move  
worse is pronounced woors    

Sort 4.  4. We writ ou diphthong in these words following, but after the French manner sound it as oo diphthong, or u; as for flood, courage, flourish, would, could, should, we pronounce, blood, flood, courage, flourish, woold, cooled, should. So scourge, nourish, young, youth, double, trouble, we pronounce, scourge, nourish, young, yuth, double, trouble.  
In all which, whether our Writing should be reform, and made agreeable to the sound, I leave to the judgement of the Learned.  

Sort 5.  5 We writ a single before l, but pronounce it as au diphthong in all these words following; as, 

all we pronounce aul  
ball we pronounce bawl  
call we pronounce cawl  
fall we pronounce fault  
gall we pronounce gall  
hall we pronounce haul  
stall we pronounce staul  
tall we pronounce taul  
wall we pronounce waul  
shall we pronounce shaul  
admiral we pronounce admiraul  
several we pronounce severaul  
also we pronounce aulso  
palsy we pronounce palsy  
falls we pronounce fauls  
altar we pronounce altar  
alter we pronounce altar  
halter we pronounce halter  
salt we pronounce salt  
malt we pronounce malt  
bald we pronounce bald  
scald we pronounce scauld   

calf we pronounce calf  
half we pronounce half  
stalk we pronounce stauk  
salv we pronounce sauv  
calus we pronounce cavus  
halus we pronounce havus  
walk we pronounce waulk  
talk we pronounce tauk  
balk we pronounce bauk  
chalk we pronounce chauk  
calkin we pronounce caukin  
falcon we pronounce falcon  
falchon we pronounce falchion  
folk we pronounce fouk  
alms we pronounce aums  
almond we pronounce aumond  
balm we pronounce baum  
calm we pronounce caum  
palm we pronounce paum  
psalm we pronounce psaum  
shalm we pronounce shaum  
malmsey we pronounce maumsey  
qualm we pronounce quaum    

Note.  In the two last columns of which words, l is swallowed up.  
And this sound remaineth in the Compounds and derivatives of these words; as in Almighty, recall, downfall, almsdeeds, walking, talking, calmest, palmistry, talness, falleth, etc.  
Here our Writing need not be altered, because a before l being generally so sounded, it may pass for an Idiom of the English-tongue.  

Exc.  Except that in these few words following it hath a single sound; as in Ale, gale, gallant, scale, scaled, shalt, wale, wallet, mallet, fallow, hollow.  

Sort 6.  gh is written in many words, but little sounded; in these following it is sounded like f; and the diphthong in them looseth one of the vowels: as for laugh, cough, tough, enough, we commonly say, laf, cof, tuf, enuf: but in these, howsoëver they be pronounced, yet the writing is true, and to be continued.  

Sort 7.  We writ these words following with owe, but sound them sharp, as ou in thou; namely, mow, now, cow, sow, how, bow, vowel, flower, power, fowl, crown: again, on the other side we writ some with ou, and sound them flat; as owe in know; viz. four, soul, aught, drought, trough, etc. But for writing ou and owe this is the rule, if reason may take place of corrupt custom.  
Whensoëver the sound is soft and flat, in the beginning, middle, or end of a word, owe is to be used: but where it is sharp and shrill, ou; as, 

My father's bow I want strength to bou.  
The mowers will mow to fill the great mou.  
Some pease I'll sow to sat the sou.  
How can I pair the ground without a how.    
Here by this means the words are distinguished, which before, under one and the same manner of writing, had a double sound.   

Chap. 6. Of certain Rules for the better reading and writing of some words.  

Rules for Reading.  

Rule 1.  THese Dissyllables following, being both Nouns and Verbs, are written after the same manner, and distinguished in sound by the Accent only: the Verbs having it in the last, the Nouns in the fore-last syllable; as, 

If there be no áccent, how shall he accént.  
If my master be ábsent, myself I'll absént.  
I'll offer ábuse, if me you abúse.  
If he'll follow my advice, my brother I'll aduíse.  
To Newcastle with a Cónvoy, the Captain did us conuóy, or convey.  
Of simples is made a cómpound, by him, that can compoúnd.  
Hence every good cóllect I will quickly colléct.  
This makes a good Cónvert from naught to conuért.  
To make up our cónsort, we want a consórt.  
He should live in a désert if he had his desért.  
Without a cóntract, too cannot contráct.  
Some witty dévise, I'm about to deuíse.  
Much harm doth énvie, therefore do not enuíe.  
With some pretty éxcuse, myself I'll excúse.  
The wicked man's íncens, the Lord doth incéns.  
Against such an óbject, I have nothing to objéct.  
The prémiss, or prémisses, forget not to premíse.  
With some rich présent, my Lord I'll presént.  
Your gift is réfuse, therefore it I'll refúse.  
He is a rébel, against his Lord to rebél.  
Take heed of a rélaps, it's dangerous to reláps.    
With very great tórment, they did him tormént So these two Trissyllables.  

With a very great óverthrow, his enemies he did overthrów.  
With some small récompens, I will him recompéns.   

Rule 2.  These Monosyllables following, being both Nouns and Verbs, are written after the same manner, and distinguished in sound by the Accent only, the Nouns with a Grave, the Verbs with an Acute Accent, as, 

The great town- clòse, on every side clóse.  

Or givs.  The Jailor nought gìves, but cold iron gíves.  
I'll consult with my mùse, and no longer múse.  
Believ me in soòth, I love not to soóth.  
Get quickly out of hoùs, and the  hoús.  
If he take any ùse, his money I'll not úse.  

Or lives.  A Cat lìves nine líves, but a woman nine times nine.    

Rule 3.  These words following, being marked with the note of Apostrophes, are pronounced long, as, 

Advised, fined, immured, tuned, scaled, admired, fired, occupied, tired, undermined, chased, hired, pined, Tam's, bored, lined, perjured, through-paced, cased, mired, reposed, tried, espied, manured, stored, sowed, etc.    
These three, pinned, peeled, demurred, are written with a double consonant, and sound short, to make a difference from pined, piled, immured, which are long.   

Rules for true Writing.  

Rule 1.  A Short syllable in the middle, dubbleth the consonant, as in Abbot, accord, adder, chaffinch, follow, etc.  

Exc. 1.  But k is doubled by c, being a letter of the same force, as packet, not pakket.  

Exc. 2  G soft and ch are never doubled, but to shorten the syllable. d before g, and t before ch serveth in stead of a double consonant, as, bodger, patcheth.  

Rule 2.  K as well in force as in form, is like the Greek Kappa, which hath one and the same sound before all the Vowels. But because c hath the force of k before a, o, oo, and ou, and before l and r; therefore the use of k is only before the other Vowels, and before n, as in key, keep, kill, knit, knight. Wherefore we should write, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Calendar, Catherine, Catholic; not Calendar, Katherine, Katbolick, though the two last of these come of Greek words written with Kappa.  

Rule 3.  Sceva sci, ce ci, se si, are of like sound, and therefore in writing, are often mistaken the one for the other; for preventing whereof in the beginning of a word, Note, that very few words begin with sce sci, as these only, Sceptre, science, sciatica; to which may be added, schedule, schism, of the like sound.  
And because most of the other words of this sound are begun with s, I will here set down all those that begin with c, as, Cease, celebrate, celerity, celestial, cell, cellar, cement, censer, censor, censure, centre, centurion, ceremony, certain, certify ceruse, cess, cistern, cich, cider, cinque, cinnamon, cipher, circle, circuit, citron, cite, city, cittern, civet, civil, circumstance, cymbal, cypers, cypress, and in all the Derivatives and Compounds of these. The rest of this sound begin with s, as sea, senate, sick, sigh; etc.  

Rule 4.  These syllables si, ti, before on, in the end of a word, are of like sound, which kind of words are all originally Latin Verbals, derived of the Supine; which if it end in tum we writ tion; if in sum, sion, as in these examples.  

Ambition of Ambitum  
Apparition of Apparitum  
Attention of Attentum  
Benediction of Benedictum  
Declamation of Declamatum   

Allusion of Allusum  
Apprehension of Apprehensum  
Aversion of Aversum  
Confession of Confessum  
Effusion of Effusum   

Rule 5.  Words ending in ance, ence, ince, once, unce, ancie, encie, are usually written with c, not s, as in Countenance, prudence, quince, sconce, continency; not countenans, prudens, quins, scons, ouns, vigilansie, c●ntinensie.  

Exc. 1.  Except in the Compounds with the Preposition trans, as translate, translate, etc.  
Except likewise one Verbal in ens, as since.  

Rule 6.  Words ending in the sound ace, are for the most part written with c not s, as in face, grace, ace, mace, pace, space, Eustace; except in case, base, chase, or when s is sounded like z, as in amaze or amaze.  

Rule 7.  Some few English words are derived of Latin ending in licus or liquus: those are written with lick, these with lique, as public of publicus, catholic of catholicus, etc. But obliqne of obliquus, relic of reliquus, antique of antiquus: And fabric, traffic of the French.  

Rule 8.  These words following are commonly spoken shorter, then originally they are written; as, 

Aumner for Almoner  
Victuals for Victuals  
Surgeon for Chirurgeon  
Pothecary for Apothecary  
Ill for Evil.    


Spittle for Hospital.  
Medicine for Medicine.  
Purtenances for Appurtenances.  
Sumner for Summoner.  
Venturer for Adventurer.    
So, 

scape for escape  
special for especial  
spy for espy  
squire for esquire  
establish for establish  
State for estate.    
to espouse Verbs. to estrange spouse Nouns. strange  


sample for example.  
excuse for excuse.    
Whereas pag. 8 it was taught, that the long s is to be used in the beginning and middle of a word, and the short s in the end; 
Rule 9  Note here, that the long s is to be used even in the end of those words, that are any ways alterable; viz. Nouns singular into plural, or Verbs into another person, as vers verses, cause causes: so, disburse disbursest, disburseth, etc.  

Rule 10.  When you are to write any long hard word, mark how many sounds or syllables it hath, as if you were to write disdainfulness or universality or the like, before you writ it, say thus to yourself, dis-dain-ful-ness, universality, and you shall hardly miss in writing thereof.  

Rule 11.  Lastly, whereas there be many words, wherein the best Dictionaries and Autors differ more or less in writing of them; it were much to be wished, that they were all reduced to an uniformity, which in the learned languages (as a special grace and ornament) is precisely observed: for so certain is the Orthography of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, that all nations (though never so far distant in place and different in speech) do write them alike. Whereas many words in our language are written diversely, even at home, whereof these following be some.  

Air air, airi eri, awl aul, alley ally, bauble babble, liquorish licourise, battle battle, conie coney, burrow beri, bottle bottle, sepulker sepulchre, accessary accessory, frumenty, furmentie, corpse cors, key key, cess sess, cellar cellar, col-wort cole-wort, bittor bittern, acorn akorn, devil devil, jail gaol, jerk yerk, darling darling, bankrupt bankrupt, etc.     

Cap. 7. Hitherto of Letters, Syllables, and Words, as touching their Sound, and manner of Writing; now I shall speak of Words as they are parts of the English Speech.  
IN the English tongue (like as in the Latin) there be eight parts: Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle; Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection.  

Of a Noun.  
A Noun is a word that signifies a person or thing, as an author, a book, learned, gilded.  
It is either a Substantive, or an Adjective.  
A Substantive is a word that standeth by itself in signification, and signifies the person, or thing itself, as an Author, a Book.  
An Adjective is a word that signifi's a quality belonging to some Substantive, as learned, gilded.  
A Substantive commonly hath the Article a or the before it, as a book, the book.  

n needeth not where h is sounded, as a horse, a hideous beast.  But if it begin with a Vowel, or h, a taketh n to it; as an Author, an honour.  
Also a agreeth only to the singular, the to both numbers, the man, the men.  
An Adjective cannot have a or the before him without a Substantive, as, A good man, the wise man, the godly, the wicked; understand men.  
A Substantive is either Proper or Common.  
A Substantive Proper, is a name proper to the person or thing that it betokeneth, as Henry, England, Gabriel.  
A Substantive Common, is a name common to all things of the same kind, as a man, a land, an angel.   

Numbers.  
NUmbers be two, the Singular and the Plural.  
The Singular Number speaketh but of one, as an author, a book.  
The Plural Number speaketh of more than one, as Autors, books.  

Rule.  The Plural Number is made of the Singular generally, by adding to it s, as web webs, robe robes, rod rods, hid hides, tree trees, key keys, flie fly's, toe toes, virtue virtues, book books, buck bucks, bell bells, ram rams, game games, bone bones, bar bars, seal seals, care cares, siev sieus, dove doves, law laws, ewe ewes, bow bows, bough boughs, lath laths, moth moths, mill mills, mile miles, tun tuns, tune tunes, cur curs, cure cures, gag gags, gage gauges, ache aches, place places, close closes, whereof the four last encreas a syllable.  

Except. 1.  But if the singular number end in ch, tch, dg, s, should, ss, or x, the plural is made by adding es, which increaseth a syllable, as Church churches, match matches, hedge hedges, horse horses, fish fishes, cross crosses, witness witnesses, box boxes.  

Except. 2.  These singulars following being plurals, change f into v, as beef beeus, calf calus, knife knives, life lives, wife wives, loaf loaus, leaf leavs, sheaf sheaus, shelf shelus, Sheriff Sherives, staff staves, thief thiefs, turf turus, wolf wolus.  

Exc. 3.  These singulars are made plurals, by adding en; as, ox oxen, chick chicken, brother brothers contracted into brethren, child, r put between, children, man mannen contracted into men, house houses, hose hoses; to which may be added mous mice, lous louse, die dice, 
or sou cou.  sow swine, cow kine, penny pence, goose geese, tooth teeth, foot feet. These two sheep and mile are both singular and plural; as, one sheep, ten sheep; one mile, twenty mile or miles.   

Cases.  
There be six cases in either number in the Latin tongue: The Nominative, the Genitive, the Dative, the Accusative, the Vocative, and the Ablative.  

Note.  But in the English Tongue there is no variation of Nouns by Cases, but only by Number as above, and signs of the cases as followeth:  Singularly, Plurally, N. a book, books, G. of a book, of books, D. to a book, to books, A. the book, the books, V. o book, o books, Ab. in a book. in books.  
 Singularly, Plurally, N. an author, autors, G. of an author, of autors, D. to an author, to autors, A. the author, the autors, V. o author, o autors, Ab. in an author. in autors.  
An Example of a Substantive and Adjective.  Singularly, Plurally, N. a learned author, learned autors, G. of a learned author, of learned autors▪ D. to a learned author, to learned autors, A. the learned author, the learned autors, V. o learned author, o learned autors, Ab. in a learned author. in learned autors.  

Note 1.  Note that a is not always a sign of the Nominative case, or the of the Accusative, but that usually it is so, and there is no better way to distinguish them in declining.  

Note 2.  Note also, that it is an Idiom of the English tongue to set the Genitive case before the Substantive that governeth it; as, My father's house. i. the house of my father. My Master's son. i. The son of my Master. And it is the same in both Numbers with the Nominative plural: except the Nominative plural end in n: for then the Genitive plural is made by adding s to n; as, Child's bread i the bread of children: except also, when the plural hath changed some letter of the singular; as, a knif's edge, knive's edges.  

Note 3.  Note lastly, that an Adjective is not varied at all, either in number or case.   

Genders.  
GEnders of Nouns in Latin be seven; but the consideration of them in English is useless; but only to observe, that some words do signify Males; some females; and some neither; and that of the first we must say he; of the second she; of the third it: as,  
Esau could not obtain his father's blessing: though he sought it with tears.  
Jezabel was a wicked woman; for she slew the Lords Prophets.  
An Idol is no God; for it is made with hands.  
In the plural number they serveth for all genders; as, They, that is, Esau, Jezabel, and the Idol were all naught.   

Comparison of Adjectives.  
COmparison belongeth to Adjectives, whose signification may be increased or decreased.  
There be three degrees of comparison, the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative.  
The Positive setteth down the quality absolutely; as, hard.  
The Comparative raiseth the signification of the Positive in comparison of some other; as, harder.  
The Superlative exceedeth his Positive in the highest degree; as, hardest, or, most hard.  
The Comparative is form of the Positive, by putting to er, and explained by more.  
The Superlative by putting to est, and explained by most; as, 

hard, harder or more hard, hardest or most hard. soft, softer or more soft, softest or most soft. high, higher, highest. low, lower, lowest.     

Irregular comparison.  
From these general rules are excepted these that follow. 

good, better, best. ill, bad, naught worse worst. many, more or moe, most. little, less, least. nigh, nigher, nighest or next. near, nearer, nearest. far, farther or farther, farthest or farthest. So fur, further or further, furthest or furthest. inner, innermost and inmost. outer, outermost and outmost. utter, uttermost and utmost. upper, uppermost, and upmost. under, undermost. nether, nethermost. former, foremost and first. hinder, hindermost and hindmost.   Where those that end in er are positives (not comparatives derived of Adverbs in, out, up, under, beneath, behind: except former which is comparative, whose positive fore of before is found only in composition as the foreman, a forehors, the forehead, but commonly pronounced short foreman, etc.  
Besides this way of increasing the signification of the Positive by the Comparative and Superlative degrees; there is another way of decreasing it by the Diminutive & Privative degrees.  
The Diminutive decreaseth the signification of his Positive in part, in part retaining it.  
The Privative decreaseth it altogether.  

Diminutive.  The Diminutive is form of his Positive by putting to is, and explained by somewhat or a little; as of, white whitish, that is somewhat white, or a little white: so of black blackish, sweet sweetish, sour sowrish, etc.  

Privative.  The Privative is form of his Positive by putting to un, and explained by not or no whit; as of godly, is form ungodly, that is not godly, or no whit godly: so wise unwise, thrifty unthrifty, happy unhappy, etc. Likewise in compounded with Adjectives derived of the Latin hath the same sens with un; as of temperate intemperate; that is, not temperate, or no whit temperate: so impenitent, inexcusable, immortal, etc.  

Note.  Note here, that many Positives have neither of these decreasing degrees form of them, by the particles is or un: as glad, bold, nimble, etc. and sew do usually admit both, as pale palish, but not unpale: bitter bitterish, but not unbitter: so true untrue, but not truish: just unjust, but not justish.   

Of a Pronoun.  
A Pronoun is a part of Speech much like to a Noun, and always spoken of a Noun.  

A Pronoun is of three sorts,  
1 Personal,  
2 Demonstrative,  
3 Relative.   
Personals are three; I, Thou, He, which are varied with number and case, as followeth,  Singularly, Plurally, N. I. We. G. of me. of us. D. to me. to us. A. towards me. towards us. V is wanting. is wanting. A. from me. from us.  Singularly, Plurally, N. Thou. Ye. G. of thee. of you. D. to thee. to you. A. towards thee. towards you. V o thou. o ye. A. from thee. from you.  N. G. D. A. Ab. Sing. He. of him. to him. by him. with him. Shee. her. her. her. her. It. it. it. it. it. Plur. they of them to them by them with them.  

Note.  The Genitive case of the possessor is supplied by the Possessive; as, for the life of thee, thy life, so my house, his land.  

Possessives.  Of these three Personals are derived Possessives, which (like other Adjectives) have no variation either in number or case.  
Sing. 1 my Plur. our Sing. 2 thy Plur. your. Sing 3. his Plur their. her its.  
For my and thy are used mine and thine; and to those that end in r is added s, when they are put without Substantives; as, whose horse is this? it is mine, not thine: it is hers or ours, not yours nor theirs.  
Also mine and thine may be used before a Vowel, as my or mine arm, thy or thine arrow.  

Compounds.  These Personals and Possessives are sometime compounded with self.  
1 Sing. myself Plur. our selus. I myself we our selus. my own self. our own selus. 2 Sing. thyself Plur. your selus. thou thyself you your selus. thine own self. your own selus. 3 Sing. himself Plur. themselves. herself itself he himself Plur. they themselves. she herself his own self Plur. their own selves. her own self it's own self  

2 Demonstratives.  Pronouns Demonstratives are three.  
Sing. this Plur. these that those the same. the same.  
The last may be compounded with self, as the self same. the other two with same or selfsame. as this same, this self same, that same, that self same thing; these same, these self same, those same, those self same things.  

Note.  When this and that are referred to two preceding Substantives: this is referred to the last and nearest, that to the first and furthest off; as, Drunk'ness and Love are like: for both do blind, Th' eyes of the body that, this of the mind.  

3. Relatives.  Relatives are likewise three, who, which, and that.  
Who, is referred only to Persons (men and spirits.) which, and that, indifferently to any thing: as, the man, which spoke to me; the man, that spoke to me: the horse, which I saw; the horse, that I saw.  
Who, is varied thus, Who, of whom, to whom, towards whom, from whom: hence also the Possessive whose; as, Whose book is this?  
Which and that are not varied: And these all are used in both numbers.  
That sometime importeth as much as that which; as, I gave you, that you ask; for I gave you, that which you ask. And so is what used; as, I gave you, what you ask: hear, what I say.  
Where, with certain Prepositions following it; as, (about, at, by, in, of, unto, with.) is put for which, with the same going before it; as, wherein for in which: And so may here and there be used for this and that; as, herewith, therewith, for with this, with that.  

Interog.  Who, which, and what are also Interrogatives; as, Who cometh? which is the way? what do you say?   

Of a Verb.  
A Verb betokeneth the doing, suffering, or being of a thing with difference of time.  
There be three kinds of Verbs, Active, Passive, and Neuter.  
A Verb Active betokeneth doing; as, I love.  
A Verb Passive betokeneth suffering; as, I am loved.  
A Verb Neuter betokeneth Being; as, I am.   

Moods.  

Moods 4.  There are four Moods, or Manner of signifying in Verbs.  
The Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential, and the Insinitive.  
The Indicative declareth; as, Thou lovest: or else demandeth, or doubteth; as, Dost thou love?  
The Imperative commandeth, intreateth, exhorteth, or permitteth; as, Love thou, or let him love.  
The Potential mood signifieth a power, duty, or desire, and hath one of these signs, may, can, might, would, should; as, I may love.  
The Infinitive mood followeth another Verb, or an Adjective, and commonly hath this sign to; as, I desire to learn. Worthy to be praised.   


Tenses.  Tenses.  
There are five Tenses, or distinctions of time; the Present ten, the Preter-imperfect ten, the Preterperfect ten, the preterpluperfect ten, and the Future ten.  
The Present ten speaketh of the time that now is; as, I love or do love.  
The Preterimperfect ten speaketh of the time not perfectly passed; as, I loved, or did love.  
The Preterperfect ten speaketh of the time more than perfectly passed; as, I had loved.  
The Future ten speaketh of the time to come with these signs shall or will; as, I shall or will love.  
Signs of these five tenses in the Active voice be, Do, did, have, had, shall or will.  
Signs of the Passive voice be, 

Am, was, have been, had been, shall or will be.    

Note.  These signs of the five tenses in both voices, as likewise the signs of the Potential mood, when they are alone, be perfect verbs themselves; as are in Latin, ago, habeo, volo, debeo, sum, possum.   


Persons.  Persons.  
In Verbs there are three persons singular, and three persons plural, answering to the persons of the Pronouns, I, thou, he, Sing. we, ye, they, Plur.  

Active.  A Verb Active with his Moods, Tenses, Persons.  

Indicative mood.  Ten Present. I love or do love, plur. we love or do love. Thou lovest or dost love, ye love or do love. He loveth or doth love, they love or do love. Imperf. I loved or did love, plur we loved or did love. Thou lovedst or didst love, ye loved or did love. He loved or did love, they loved or did love. Perfect. I have loved, plur. we have loved. Thou hast loved, ye have loved. He hath loved, they have loved. Pluperf. I had loved, plur. we had loved. Thou hadst loved, ye had loved. He had loved, they had loved. Future. I shall or will, plur. we shall or will love. Thou shalt or wilt, ye shall or will love. He shall or will, they shall or will love.  

Imperative mood.  1. Let me love, plural, 1. Love we or let us love, 2. Love thou or do thou love, 2. Love ye or do ye love, 3. Love he or let him love, 3. Love they or let them love.  

Potential mood.  Ten Pres. I may or can love, plur. we may or can love. Thou mayst or canst love, ye may or can love. He may or can love, they may or can love. Imperf. I might love, etc.  I could love,  I would love,  I should love,  Perfect. I might have loved, etc.  I could have loved,  I would have loved,  I should have loved,  Future I may or can love hereafter, etc.   
The Preterpluperfect ten is wanting in this mood.  

Present, to love.  
Perfect, to have loved.  
Future, to love hereafter.   
There are besides belonging to the Infinitive mood three Gerunds; as, 

1. Of loving.  
2. In loving.  
3. To love.    
A Verb Neuter with his Moods, Tenses, and Persons.  

Indicative mood.  Present 
* Note that ●fter the Conjunctions if, though, although, unless: and words of wishing, as I pray God, God grant. for am, art, is, are used be, be'st, be.  I am plur. we are or be. Thou art ye are or be. He is they are or be. Imperf. 
† And after the same Conjunctions, or like Adverbs of wishing; as, I would, I wish, would to God, I had leifer. For was, waist, was, are used were, wert, were: As, if you be wise, I pray God you be good. I had leifer, you were honest, than rich.  I was,.,, plur. we were. Thou wast, ye were. He was. they were. Perfect. I have been. plur. we have been. Thou hast been. ye have been. He bathe been. they have been. Pluperf. I had been. plur. we had been. Thou hadst been. ye had been. He had been. they had been. Future. I shall or will plur. we shall or will be. Thou shalt or will't ye shall or will be. He shall or will they shall or will be.  

Imperative.  Let me be, plur. Let us be or be we, Be thou, Be ye, Let him be. Let them be or be they.  

Potential.  
Present, I may or can be, etc.  
Imperfect. I might could would should be, etc.  
Perfect. I might could would should have been, etc.  
Future. I may or can be hereafter. etc.   

Infinitive.  
Present, to be.  
Perfect, to have been.  
Future, to be hereafter.   

Passive.  A Verb Passive.  
A Verb Passive is the same throughout all Moods and Tenses with a Verb Neuter, with the Imperfect or perfect ten of the Active voice added thereunto; as,  

Indicative.  Present. I am loved. plur. We are loved, etc. Thou art loved. Ye are loved, etc. He is loved. They are loved, etc.  

Note.  Note, that in Verbs Active and Passive, there is generally but one variation of all the tenses from the Present; as of love, loved; and of these two, are made all the rest of the tenses, both Active and Passive, with addition of the signs of the tenses. Neither is there any variation of the Persons; but in the present ten singular; as, love, lovest, loveth. And in the preterimperfect ten singular; as, I loved, thou lovedst. But if the signs be added to the Verbs, there is no change at all; as, I do love, thou dost love, he doth love, so I did love, thou didst love.  

Rule.  The Imperfect ten, (whereof is made most of the tenses in the Active, and all of the Passive) is generally form of the Present ten by adding thereto ed, and some en; as, love loved, confess confessed, fall fallen: But sometime e is syncopated; as, loved, fallen, and then d after the single s is turned into t; as, confess't, blessed, dressed, oppress't; for confessed, blessed, dressed, oppressed.  
From this general rule many Verbs are excepted, for of 

make is form made  
lead is form led  
read is form red  
spread is form spread  
meet is form met  
sweat is form sweat  
leave is form left  
bereav is form 
* bereft 3  bereft  
bleed is form bled  
breed is form bred  
feed is form fed  
speed is form sped  
flee is form fled  
meet is form met  
feel is form felt  
spill is form spilt  
smell is form 
* smelled 2.  smelled  
keep is form kept  
creep is form crept  
weep is form wept  
sleep is form slept  
sweep is form swept  
bend is form bent  
lend is form lent  
rend is form rent  
send is form sent  
shend is form shent  
spend is form spent  
wend is form went  
lean is form lent  
mean is form meant  
sell is form sold  
tell is form told  
slide is form slid  
stride is form strid  
pitch is form 
* pitched 3  pitht  
catch is form caught  
teach is form taught  
fetch is form fought  
seek is form sought  
beseech is form besought  
bring is form brought  
think is form thought  
work is form wrought  
buy is form bought  
gird is form 
* girded 3.  girt  
miss is form mist  
kiss is form 
* kissed 3.  kissed  
wis is form witted  
bind is form bound  
find is form found  
grind is form ground  
wind is form wound  
stand is form stood  
sit is form sat  
hang is form hung  
sting is form stung  
string is form strung  
wring is form wrung  
lose is form 
* lost.  lose  
loose is form loosed  
 is form shod  
shoot is form shot.    

Except. 2.  Some Verbs have two or more Variations: one used only in the Imperfect; as I took, thou tookest, he took, and noted with 1. Another of the perfect ten, as he hath taken, he is taken and noted with 2. and some are used both ways, which are here therefore noted with 3. as in example.  

Expergesacio.  wake or waken. 1 waked or awoke. 2 wakened 
Expergiscor  wake or awake 1 awaked or awoke. 2 awaked. take 1 took 2 taken  shake 1 shakes 2 shaken  fall 1 fell 2 fallen  slay 1 slew 2 slain  dare 1 durst 2 dared  beat 1 beat 2 beat  eat 1 eaten 2 eaten  help 3 helped or helped 2 helped tread 3 trod 2 trodden  seethe 3 sod 2 sodden  shed 3 shod 2 shodden  break 1 brake 2 broken 3 broke speak 1 spoke 2 spoken 3 spoke steal 1 stale 2 stolen 3 stole heav 3 have 2 hoven 3 heaved weav 3 wove 2 woven 3 weaved wear 1 wore 2 worn  shear 1 shore 2 shorn  swear 1 swore 2 sworn 3 swore bear 1 bare 2 born 3 bore tear 1 tore 2 torn 3 tore cleav 1 clavae 2 cloven 3 cleft get 1 got 2 gotten 3 got beget 1 begat 2 begotten 3 begot forget 1 forgot 2 forgotten 3 forgot see 1 saw 2 seen  
Jaceo.  lie 1 lay 2 lain  
Mentior.  But lie lied is regular  fly 1 flew 2 flown  bid 1 bad 2 bidden 3 bid bide or abide 1 abode 2 bidden 3 bid chide 1 chod 2 chidden 3 chid hid 3 hid 2 hidden  by't 3 bit 2 bitten  smite 1 smote 2 smitten 3 smit writ 1 wrote 2 written 3 writ ride 1 road 2 ridden 3 rid rise 1 rose 2 risen  shine 1 shone 3 shined  strike 1 strake 3 stricken 3 struck spit or spit 1 spat 2 spit or spitten  giv 1 gave 2 given or given  drive 1 drove 2 driven 3 drove strive 1 strove 2 striven 3 strove thrive 1 throve 2 thriven 3 thrived drink 1 drank 3 drunk stink 1 stank 3 stunk  win 1 wan 3 won  spin 1 span 3 spun  swim 1 swum 3 swun  ring 1 rang 3 rung  sing 1 sang 3 sung  fling 1 flung 3 fling  sling 1 slang 3 slung  spring 1 sprang 3 sprung  swing 1 swang 3 swung  draw 1 drew 2 drawn  blow 1 blue 2 blown  crow 1 crew 2 crown  grow 1 grew 2 grown  know 1 knew 2 known  throw 1 threw 2 thrown  snow 1 snew 2 snown 3 snowed 
Sero 2.  sow 1 sew 2 swoon 3 sowed 
Suo 2.  sow sowed or sew sewed. mow 3 mowed 2 mown  do 1 did 2 done  come 1 came 2 come  
of Wend.  go 1 went 2 gone  run 1 ran 3 run  choos 1 chose 2 chosen   
In these Irregular Verbs, which have two or more Variations; the Tenses of the Passive voice are form of the Preter; not the imperfect ten, with the Verb Neuter premised.  

Except. 3.  Some also there are, which have no variation at all: but the present ten serveth for all, as cast, hurt, rid, fet, for fetch, let, set, hit, knit, slit, cut, put, shut.   

Of Defectives.  

Defectives  Unto these Irregular Verbs, you may add certain Defectives failing in Moods, and Tenses; as wis and wots, trow, quoth, must, height, hail, which are thus form, 

Wis & wots.  Present 


I wis or wots  
thou wottest  
he wots.  
we wots.  
ye wots.  
they wots.    Imperfect 


I witted.  
thou witted.  
he witted.  
we witted.  
ye witted.  
they witted.    Infinitive 


to wit.      

Trow.  I trow plur. we trow trowest thou trow ye he trow's they trow.  

Quoth.  Present. Quoth I plur. quoth we. he they.  

Must.  Present. I, thou, he, we, ye, they. Must.  

Hight.  Present. I height plur. we height. thou hightest ye height. he height they height.  

Hail.  Sing. & plur. hail i. e. salve salvete, health or hail be unto you. all hail  
Though hail be also an Adjective; as, a hail (that is, an healthful) body.   


Impersonals.  Of Impersonals.  
The third person singular of certain Verbs, with the Nominative it set before it, is used Impersonally: as, It rain's, it snow's, it lighten's, it thunder's; it chanceth, it becometh, it delighteth, it is said, it is certain, it is meet, etc. The which is form in all Moods and Tenses; as, it did rain, it hath reigned, it had reigned, it will rain, let it rain, it may rain: It doth become, it did become, etc.   


Participle  Of a Participle.  
A Participle is a word derived of a Verb, from which it hath signification of time present, past, or to come.  
There be four kinds of Participles.  

1 A Participle of the Present ten.  
2 A Participle of the Preter ten.  
3 A Participle of the First Future ten.  
4 A Participle of the Second Future ten.   
A Participle of the Present ten signifieth the time present, and endeth in ing; as, loving, teaching, reading, hearing.  
A Participle of the Preter ten signifies the time past, and always end's in d, t, or n; as, loved, taught, slain.  
A Participle of the First Future ten signi●●●'s the time to come, like the Infinitive Mood 〈…〉 as, about or ready to love.  
A Participle of the second Future ten signifies the time to come, like the Infinitive Mood Passive; as, to be loved, to be taught.   


Adverb.  Of an Adverb.  
AN Adverb is joined to a Verb, or a Noun, to express some circumstance or quality.  
There be many kinds of Adverbs according to their several significations.  
Some be of Time; as, Then, when, now, never, ever, always, to day, to morrow, yesterday, the other day, betimes, late, newly, lately, long-ago, out of hand, by and by, anon.  
Some be of Place; as, Here, there, where, hither, thither, whither, some where, no where, elsewhere, hence, thence, upwards, downwards, this way, that way.  
Some be of Number; as, Once, twice, thrice, four times, forty times, an hundred times, a thousand times.  
Some be of Order; as, Afterwards, furthermore, first of all, last of all, at length, secondly, thirdly.  
Some be of Ask; as, When, where, whence, why, wherefore, whether.  
Some be of Denying; as, No, not, not at all, in no wise, by no means.  
Some be of Affirming; as, Yes, yea, surely, truly, verity, in good sooth, in faith, in good truth.  
Some be of Exhorting; as, Well, go to.  
Some be of Wishing; as, Would to God, God grant, I pray God, O that, O if.  
Some be of Gathering together; as, Together, altogether, jointly, universally.  
Some be of Parting asunder; as, Asunder, severally, particularly, door by door.  
Some be of Diversity; as, Else, otherwise.  
Some be of Choosing; as, Rather, nay rather, yea rather.  
Some be of a thing not Finished; as, Well-nigh, almost, scarcely, hardly.  
Some be of Showing; as, Lo, see, behold, thus.  
Some be of Doubting; as, Haply, peradventure, perhaps.  
Some be of Chance; as, By chance, as it fell out, as it chanced.  
Some be of Likeness; as, So, even as, like as.  
Some be of Comparison: as, As well as, so, as, more, less, especially.  
Some be of Quantity; as, Much, little, most of all, least of all, very much, very little.  
Some be of Quality; as, Well, ill. And those that are made of Adjectives by adding ; as, learnedly, valiantly, happily, etc.  
Many Adverbs increasing the signification of their Positive are compared by Signs, or Termination. By Termination; as, Well, better, best. Ill badly, worse, worst. Little, less, least.  
By Termination, and Sign also; as Oft, often, or more oft, oftest; and often, oftener, or more often, oftenest or most often. Seldom, seldomer or more seldom, seldomest or most seldom. Soon, sooner, or more soon, soon. But the multitude of Adverbs in  are compared altogether by the Signs; as, Wisely, more wisely, most wisely. Learnedly, more learnedly, most learnedly. etc.   


Conjunct.  Of a Conjunction.  
A Conjunction is a part of speech joining words, and sentences together.  
Conjunctions are either single or double.  
Of single Conjunctions there be many kinds.  
Some be Copulatives; as, And, also, neither, both.  
Some be Disjunctives; as, Or, either.  
Some be Discretives; as, But.  
Some be Causals; as, For, because, since that, sigh that, seeing that, forasmuch as, inasmuch as, being that.  
Some be Conditionals; as, If, if that, so that, if so be that.  
Some be Interrogatives; as, Whether, whether or no.  
Some be Illatives; as, Wherefore, therefore.  
Some be Adversatives; as, Though, although, albeit.  
Some be Redditives; as, Notwithstanding, yet, nevertheless, for all that.  
Some be Electives; as, How, as, then.  
Some be Diminutives; as, At least.  
Double Conjunctions are, as follow, 

Both, and.  
Not only, but also.  
As well, as.  
Either, or.  
Neither, nor.  
Although, yet.  
Because, therefore.  
By how much the more, By so much the more.  
The more, the less.  
Where, there.  
When, then.  
If, than.  
More, rather.  
Sooner, than.    
Or any other Comparative.   


Preposit.  Of a Preposition.  
A Preposition is a part of speech set before other parts; either in Apposition, or Composition.  
Prepositions in Apposition are these: 

Above  
About  
After  
Against  
Amid or  
Amidst  
Among  
or  
Amongst  
Anent  
At  
Before  
behind  
beside or  
besides  
behether  
beyond  
between  
or  
betwixt  
beneath  
by  
concerning  
for  
from  
far-from  
in  
into  
maugre  
nigh or  
nigh to  
of  
on or upon  
on-this-side  
on-that-side  
to or unto  
touching  
toward or  
towards  
through  
thorough  
throughout  
under  
until  
with  
within  
without    
Prepositions in Composition are, 

A, as in apart.  
ad, as in ad-journ.  
above, as in above-board.  
after, as in afternoon.  
be, as in belie.  
de, as in de-fame.  
beyond, as in beyond-sea.  
dis, as in dis-grace.  
en, as in en-close.  
in, as in in-cline.  
enter, as in interline.  
inter, as in interpose.  
for, as in for-swear.  
fore, as in foretell.  
from, as in from-above.  
fro, as in fro-ward.  
mis, as in misfortune  
out, as in outlaw.  
over, as in overthrow  
per, as in per-use.  
re, as in re-turn.  
thorough, as in thoroughfare  
un, as in undone.  
under, as in underprop.  
up, as in up-lands.  
with, as in withstand.     


Interject.  Of An Interjection.  
AN Interjection is a part of Speech expressing some sudden passion of the mind.  
There be several sorts of Interjections, according to the soveral passions of the mind.  

Of Mirth; as, Heyda, o brave.  
Sorrow; as, Ab, alas.  
Crying out; as, Oh.  
marveling; as, O strange! o wonderful!  
Dread; as, Ha, out alas.  
Praising; as, Welldon.  
Shunning; as, Hence, bee-gon.  
Calling; as, Hó, hark, sirrah.  
Mocking; as, Ho.  
Laughing; as, Ha-ha-he.  
Scorning; as, Fob.  
Threatening; as, Wo.  
Commanding silence; as, Is't, or whist.   
Here should follow the Rules of Concord, and Construction: but because there is little, or no variation in the parts of the English tongue: they are altogether needless. Next therefore shall follow the Rules of Derivation, and Composition.    


Derivat.  Chap. 8. Of Derivation.  
IN respect of Derivation a word is said to be Primitive, or Derivative.  
A Primitive word is that, which floweth from no other; as, man.  
A Derivative is that, which floweth from its Primitive; as, manly.  

Subst. of Subst.  Of Primitive Substantives are form other Substantives three manner of ways.  
Of certain Substantives signifying the matter, by adding one of these particles er, yer, or star, are form other Substantives, denoting the Agent employed about that matter; as, of 

Hat Hatter,  
Glove Glover,  
Garden Gardener,  
Gun Gunner,  
Forest Forrester,  
Law Lawyer,  
Bow Bowyer,  
Game Gamester,  
Tap Tapster,  
Seam Seamster, etc.    

Rule 2.  Of certain Substantives signifying the person, by adding this particle ship are form other Substantives, which hath the force of dignity, or state, set before the Primitive; as, Apostle, Apostleship. i. the dignity of an Apostle; Apprentice, Apprenticeship, i. the state of an Apprentice: So Admiral, Captain, Lieutenant, Bailiff, Steward, Chancellor, Proctor, Doctor, Master, Fellow, Scholar, Tutor, Lord, Knight, Burgess, Elector, Constable, Friend, Surety etc.  
So this particle hood being added to some Substantives hath like signification; as, of Father Fatherhood, i. the dignity of a Father. Child Childhood, i. the state of a Child. So brotherhood, falsehood, manhood, womanwood etc.  

Rule 3.  Of certain Substantives are form Diminutives by adding one of these particles et, rel, lock, ling, kin, which have the force of little or petty set before the Primitive; as, of 

cushion, cushenet, i. a little cushion.  
cabin, cabinet, i. a petty cabin.   So cask casket, capon caponet, lanner lanneret, eagle eaglet, mall mallet, crown crownet, trump trumpet, pistol pistolet, oak oket, pack packet, poke pocket, ham hamlet, boul bullet.  
Of h●g, pike, cock, soar; hogrel, pikerel, cockrel, soarel.  
Of hill bull: hillock bullock.  
Of duck, goose, cat, pork, shield, stare: duckling, gosling, kitling, porkling, shilling, siarling: Although commonly ling being compounded with a word importing some Adjunct signifieth the Subject thereof: as, darling, wearling, fondling, hireling, shaveling, stripling, worldling, changeling, suckling, titling, knotling, yearling, youngling, grotling, shorling, fatling, starveling, underling, sapling etc. like as let joined to a word importing a Subject, signifieth an Adjunct thereof: as, corslet, chaplet, frontlet, bracelet, partlet, for attire or furniture of the body; of the head, the forehead, the arm, the neck (which is the parting of the head and body:) though sometime for better sounds sake l be omitted; as, gorget not gorgelet.  
Of lamb, dwarf, 
* in French a tabletloth.  nap: are form lamkin, dwarfkin, napkin.  

Adject. of Subst.  Substantives are ten ways made Adjectives according to the rules following.  

Rule 1.  These Substantives following are made Adjectives by adding this particle full, which importeth plenty of that which the Substantive doth signify; as, beauty beautiful, that is, full of beauty; so Bane, Behoof, Bounty, Deceit, Delight, Disdain, Distrust, Duty, Dole, Dread, Health, Man, Mind, Mistrust, Pain, Plenty, Power, Shame, Skill, Sloth, Sorrow, Spite, Sport, Success, Watch, Will.  

Rule 2.  These are made Adjectives by adding less, which importeth want of what the Substantive doth signify; as of Beard, beardless, that is, without a beard; so Blame, blood, boot, bottom, bound, brain, breath, cause, end, danger, father, fault, friend, God, ground, guilt, Heart, head, hap, match, money, name, number, penny, Peer, prais, question, remedy, rest, Sens, shape, speech, spot, tooth, troth, weapon, wit.  

Rule 3.  These are made Adjectives both ways, by adding full and less, as of bliss, blissful, blissless: so Care, cheer, faith, doubt, fear, fruit, grace, harm, heed, help, hope, hurt, joy, law, list, mercy, need, pity, ruth, shame, use. So of comfort, we say comfortless; but not comfortful, rather comfortable.  

Rule 4.  These are made Adjectives by adding ous, eous or ious, which addition may be explained by full; as of courage, courageous, that is, full of courage; so Adventure, clamour, cautel, court, danger, dolour, envy, fame, gorge, grace, grief, harmony, humour, lecher, malice, marvel, mischief, monster, outrage, plenty, poison, raven, right, rigour, riot, scandal, valour, venture, venom, virtue, vice, wonder, zeal: but adulterous of adultery, also heinous, hideous of Substantives unknown, or unused in the English tongue.  

Rule 5.  These are made Adjectives by adding , which addition may be explained by like; as of beast beastly; that is, like a beast: so of body, brother, cost, coward, day, earth, flesh, friend, 
* spirit  gast, God, heaven, home, king, life, love, niggard, order, Prince, priest, sloven, state, summer, time, traitor, year.  

Rule 6.  These are made Adjectives by adding y or i with e silent, which addition may be explained by having; as of blood bloody or bloody, that is, having blood; so clay, cloud, craft, crag, dirt, eas, filth, grass, greas, guilt, hair, band, hap, haste, head, heart, hunger, ice, loft, lous, luck, lust, mange, might, moss, mould, mud, naught, need, pith, purse, sand, sap, sauce, savour, slime, slipper, sore, stead, stone, storm, sweat, thrift, trust, weight, wind, wit, worth, leaf, fire, bawd. But merry of mirth.  

Rule 7.  These are made Adjectives by adding is, which may be explained by like as, of ague aguish, that is, like an ague. So Ape, Block, book, boy, brute, child, chuil, cloun, colt, devil, dolt, diegs, fool, heathen, hog, knave, licoris, lump, ram, salt, sot, water, where, woman. But this particle is, being added to Adjectives, diminisheth their signification; as before was taught in the comparison of Adjectives.  

Rule 8.  These are made Adjectives by adding some; as of burden burdensome; that is, having a burden: so cumber, game, hand, light, tooth, trouble, quarrel.  
So buxom, fulsome, wholesome, lonesom, loathsome, noisome, wearisome, of Substantives unused; but ransom a Subst. of itself.  

Rule 9  These are made Adjectives by adding able, which may be explained by fit for or worthy of, as of season seasonable, that is, fit for the season. blame , that is, worthy of blame. So Answer, approach, change, cure, favour, marriage, match, measure, medicine, memory, merchant, note, pardon, peace, profit, proportion, question, reason, sale, sail, search, service, suit, tune.  
These are made Adjectives by adding to them all, call, or icall, which addition is explained by, belonging to; as, of Rhetoric rhetorical, that is, belonging to Rhetoric; so, of Accident, allegory, angel, arithmetic, canon, geometry, history, logic, method, music, nature, person, prejudice, rustic, satire, scismatic, venery. But Grammar and Tyrant, form grammatical, tyrannical.  

Subst. of Adject.  Thus are Adjectives derived of Substantives: Now I shall show how Adjectives are again made Substantives too ways.  

Rule 1.  Most of the Derivative Adjectives aforementioned ending in full, less, ous, lie, y, or je, is, and some, are again made Substantives by adding to them ness: 

In full; as of beautiful, beautifulness, etc.  
In less; as of retchless, retchlessness, etc.  
In ous; as of righteous, righteousness, etc.  
In lie; as of friendly, friendliness, etc.  
In y or ie; as of crafty, craftiness, etc.  
In is; as of childish, childishness, etc.  
In some; as of lightsome, lightsomness, etc.    
In like manner all other Primitive Adjectives are made Substantives by adding to them ness; as of apt aptness, dull dulness, happy happiness, wretched wretchedness, etc.  

Rule 2.  These Adjectives following, being derived to us from the Latin by the French, are made Substantives by adding to them tie or itie after the French manner; as of casual casualty, certain certainty, chaste chastity, cruel cruelty, scarce scarcity.  
All the Adjectives , whether Primitive or Derivative, except some few, are made Adverbs, by adding this particle lie, as, careful carefully, careless carelessly, glorious gloriously, childish childishly, accidental accidentally, wretched wretchedly, cruel cruelly, etc.  
Except those Adjectives that end in , for they without any alteration will serve for Adverbs, as friendly.  
Here follow certain Examples of all the Derivations together: 

Duty dutiful dutifulness dutifully.  
Heart heartless heartlessly.  
Care careful carefulness carefully.  
Care careless carelessness carelessly.  
Right righteous righteousness righteously.  
Love lovely loveliness lovely.  
Thrift thrifty thriftiness thriftily.  
Fool foolish foolishness foolishly.  
Hand handsome handsonmesses handsomely.  
Peace peaceable peaceably.  
Rhetoric rhetorical rhetorically.  
Apt aptness aptly.  
Dull dulness dully.  
Casual casualty casually.    

Subst. of Verbs.  From most Verbs there are two Substantives ordinarily derived one of the Agent or doer: another of the Action or doing besides the two participle-adjectives: as, of To 

Love, a lover, a loving, loving, loved.  
Teach, a teacher, a teaching, teaching, taught.  
Read, a reader, a reading, reading, read.  
Hear, a hearer, a hearing, hearing, heard.    

Except. 1.  Yet some Substantives of the Agent so derived end in or not oer; as of To 

Abet, an abetttor, an abetting.  
Confess, a confessor, a confessing.  
Survey, a surveyor, a surveying.  
Govern, a governor, a governing. etc.    

Except. 2.  Again some Substantives of the Action or doing so derived in stead of ing, add meant, or ance after the French manner; as of To 

Amend, an amender, an amendment.  
Nourish, a nourisher, a nourishment.  
Allow, allower, an allowance  
Accept, an accepter, an acceptance.    

English Subst. of Lat.  Of Latin Substantives are many English Substantives derived several ways.  
1. English Substantives ending in ion are made of Latin ending in io; as, opinion, religion, question, solution; of opinio, religio, quaestio, solutio, etc.  
2. English Substantives ending in our are made of Latin in or; as, labour, honour, favour, coadjutour; of labour, honour, favour, coadjutor, etc. But now the best Autors writ this kind of words without u.  
3. English Substantives in tie or tie, are made of Latin in tas; as, Charity, liberality, nobility, purity; of charitas, liberalitas, nobilitas, purlias, etc.  
4. English Substantives in ance are made of Latin ending in antia; as, abundance, ignorance, temperance, observance; of abundantia, ignorantia, temperantia, observantia, etc.  
Yet some of this ending derived of Verbs in ance, after the French manner, as before was declared, are not answered in Latin by antia, as acceptance, etc.  
5. English Substantives in ence, are made of Latin in entia; as, Absence, patience, benevolence, confidence; of absentia, patientia, benevolentia, confidentia, etc.  
6. English Substantives in ancie, are made of Latin in antia; as, Constancy, infancy, arrogancy; of constantia, infantia, arrogantia, etc.  
7. English Substantives in encie, are made of Latin in entia; as, incontinency, indifferency, indigency; of incontinentia, indifferentia, indigentia, etc.  
8. English Substantives in tude are made of Latin in tudo; as, Multitude, gratitude, fortitude; of multitudo, gratitudo, fortitudo, etc.  
9 English Substantives in ture are made of Latin in tura; as, Stature, conjecture, fraciure; of statura, conjectura, fractura, etc.  
10. English Substantives in cian are made of Latin in cousin; as, Musician, Logician, Arithmetician; of Musicus, Logicus, Arithmeticus, etc.  
11. English Substantives in is't are made of Latin in ista; as, Alchemist, Evangelist, Baptist; of Alchymista, Evangelista, Baptista, etc.  
12. English Substantives in meant, are made of Latin by Elision of 'em; as, argument, instrument, monument; of argumentum, instrumentum, monumentum, etc.  
Yet some in meant derived of Verbs after the French manner, as before was declared, do not follow this Rule, as nourishment, etc.  
13. Many other English Substantives, which have no general termination are made of Latin by Elision. 1. of a, as planet, music, schism, history; of planeta, musica, schisma, historia. 2. of 'em, as abstract, Presbytery; of abstractum, Presbyterium. 3. of us; as, angel, orphan; of angelus, orphanus, etc.  
In like manner of Latin Adjectives are many English Adjectives derived several ways.  
1. English Adjectives ending in ant or enter are made of Latin in ans or ens; as, Constant, fragrant; of constant, fragrans: so absent, eloquent; of absens, eloquens.  
2. English Adjectives in ous are made of Latin in us or osus; as, prosperous, pious; of prosperus, pius: So curious, generous; of curiosus, generosus, etc. except some few of this ending, derived of English Substantives, as before pag. 63. Rule 4.  
3. English Adjectives in able or ible are made of Latin in abilis or ibilis: as, culpable, durable; of culpabilis, durabilis: so contemptible, docible; of contemptibilis, docibilis, etc.  
4. English Adjectives in call are made of Latin in cousin; as, comical, typical, canonical; of comicus, typicus, canonicus, etc.  
5. English Adjectives in all are made of Latin by Elision of is final; as, general, special, artificial; of generalis, specialis, artificialis, etc.  
6. English Particip. Adjectives in ed are made of Latin in us; as, accepted, addicted, abused, annexed; of acceptus, addictus, abusus, annexus: some few in shed of Verbs in is, turn shed into us; as, admonished of admonish, etc.  
7. English Adjectives in i've are made of Latin ending in ivus; as, attentive, active; of attentivus, activus. etc.  
8. Many other English Adjectives which have no general ending are made of Latin by Elision of us; as, just, honest, apt; of justus, honestus, aptus. etc.  
All these Adjectives derived of the Latin are made Adverbs by adding this particle lie; as Constant, constantly &c. except those that end in able and ible, for they only change e silent into y; as, honourable, honourably; contemptible contemptibly.  
Moreover of Latin Verbs are many English Verbs derived.  
1. English Verbs ending in ate are all made of Latin in oh as, recreate, abrogate, accommodate; of recreo, abrogo, accommodo, etc.  
2. Many other English Verbs which have no general termination are made of Latin by Elision of o; as, affirm, adopt, acquire, adore, of affirmo, adopto, acquiro, adoro, etc.  
These few rules of Derivation (from which there are not many words excepted) will prompt to a Learner some thousands of Latin words upon the first sight of their English, though before he never saw or heard of them in Latin.   

Chap. 9 Composition of words.  
IN respect of Composition, a word is said to be simple or compounded.  
A Simple word is that, which is not compounded; as, grace.  
A Compound word is that which is made of two simples; as, disgrace.  
In Composition, our English tongue is above all other, very hardy, and happy, joining together after a most cloquent manner sundry words of every kind of Speech; as, 


Comp. 1.  Two Substantives are compounded together; as, rain-how, ey-sore, handkerchief.  

Comp. 2.  Sometime three Substantives; as, a tenis-court-keeper, a foot-ball-player, a clovegilliflower.  

Comp. 3.  Sometime a Substantive and an Adjective; as, prais-worthy, blame-worthy.  

Comp. 4.  Sometime two Substantives with an Adjective in the middle; as, rose-finger'd-morn, heart-eating-grief, ey-pleasing-flower, taste-pleasing-fruit.  

Comp. 5.  Sometime an Adjective and Substantive; as, New-ton, handi-craft, twilight.  

Comp. 6.  Sometime two Adjectives only; as, None-such.  

Comp. 7.  Sometime a Pronoun, and a Substantive; as, self-love.  

Comp. 8.  Sometime a Pronoun and a verb; as, self-do, self-have.  

Comp. 9  Sometime a Substantive and a Verb; as, woodbine, backbite.  

Comp. 10.  Sometime a Verb and a Substantive; as, breakfast, draw-bridg, cut-purs.  

Comp. 11.  Sometime an Adverb, and a Substantive; as, down-fall, uprising, downlying.    
Besides all these ways, Prepositions are ordinarily compounded with Nouns and Verbs, as before was in part declared in a Preposition.  
But these Compositions following with con, counter, dis, en, enter, fore, over, pre, re, and sur, are most general and most remarkable.  

Con compounded with these words following signifying an acting of two or more persons, or things together; as,  

Conclude to shut up divers matters together.  
Concord the ageeement of two or more together.  
Concourse a running together.  
Concur to run together.  
Condole to griev together with others.  
Confection a mingling together of divers things.  
Confederate to join together by oath or promise.  
Cöfederate one so joined.  
Conser to talk together.  
Conference a parley together.  
Confluence a flowing together of waters into one place.  
Confound to mix together.  
Conglutinate to glue together.  
Congratulate to rejoice together with another for some good hap.  
Congregation a flocking together of people.  
Congress a joining together as of two armies.  
Conjoind joined together.  
Connection a knitting together.  
Conspire to breath as it were into one action.  
Contract to draw together.  
Contraction a shrinking together.  
Contribute to give together with others.  
Conventicle a little meeting together; used in the worst part.  
Cenvers to live together.  
Convocation a calling together.  
Convulsion a drawing together of the sinews, as in the cramp.  
Cooperate to work together.    

Counter.  
Words compounded with counter (if they be Nouns) signify something against the Names of the simple Word: (if they be Verbs to do something against the since of the simple Verb.  

1 Of Nouns.  
Counterhand one band against another.  
Counterchange a cross-exchange.  
Counterfeit a picture made by a sample, pattern or mould laid against it.  
Counterpane of a deed, in a pair of Indentures, one is the Counterpane to the other; and is produced against the other as occasion may be.  
Counterpoint is the back stitch or quilting stitch, where one point is opposite to another.  
Counterround when one round goeth one way, and another another way.  
Counterscarf a mount or bank cast up against the city wall for more safeguard.  
Countermure one wall built against another.   

2 So in Verbs.  
Counterbalance to weigh one thing against another.  
Countercheck to give one check for another.  
Counterfeit to frame or mould one's self in any thing like another though indeed he be not such.  
Countermine to make one Mine against another.  
Counterpois to weigh one thing against another.  
Countervail to be of equal valne against another thing.    

Dis.  
Dis in words compounded with it for the most part implie's either a Privation or Negation of the thing signified thereby; sometime a Separation of it.  

1 Privation.  
Disable to take away ability.  
Disannul to make nothing  
Disappoint to deceiv one of his expectation.  
Disarm to take away arms.  
Disarray to put out of array.  
Disburden to take of a burden.  
Disburse to be out of purse.  
Dischamp to remove the camp.  
Discharge to free from a charge.  
Discomfort to take away comfort.  
Discover a secret.  
Discredit to take away credit.  
Disease to take away eas.  
Disfavor to take away favour.  
Disfigure to take away the good shape or fi gure.  
Disfranchize to take away freedom.  
Disgorge to rid the stomach.  
Disgrace to take away grace.  
Disguis to alter the shape.  
Dishearten to take away the heart.  
Disinherit to take away an inheritance.  
Dishonour to deprive of honour.  
Dislodg to put out of lodging.  
Dismayed deprived of courage and spirit.  
Dismantle a foretress by pulling down the wall etc.  
Dismember to deprive of some member.  
Dismount to unhors.  
Disorder to put out of order.  
Disparage to disgrace any way.  
Dispark to break down the enclosure.  
Displace to put out of place.  
Dispossess to take away possession.  
Disprais to take away prais.  
Disprofit to take away profit.  
Disprove to take away proof.  
Dispute  
Disrank to put out of rank.  
Disquiet to take away quiet.  
Disunite to break union.   

2 Negation.  
Disaccustom not to accustom.  
Disadvantage no advantage, hindrance.  
Disagree not to agree.  
Disallow not to allow.  
Disappear not to appear.  
Disclaim to deny one's right to a thing.  
Discomfort no comfort.  
Disconsolate not comfortable. sad.  
Discontent not content.  
Discontinuance lack of use  
Discord no agreement.  
Disease no eas.  
Dishonest not honest.  
Dishonesty no honesty.  
Dishonour no honour.  
Dishonourable not honourable.  
Disobey not to obey.  
Disobedience no obedience.  
Displeas not to pleas.  
Disproportion no proportion.  
Dissension no concord,  
Dissuade to persuade from.  
Distaste no taste.  
Distempered not tempered.  
Distrust not to trust.  
Disuse not to use.   

Separation.  
Discard, to deal away the cards.  
Disjoin, to separate.  
Dislocate, to unplace.  
Disperses, to scatter abroad.  
Dissolve, to melt or pull asunder.  
Dismiss, to send away.    

En and Enter.  
Are French particles, answering the Latin in and inter, and are used in words borrowed of the French.  
En in composition with Verbs implieth an action done in a place, as,  

Enclose, to close in.  
Encourage, to courage in.  
Endure, to dure-in.  
Entrench, to trenchin.  
Emprison, to prison in, etc.   
Enter in composition implieth some thing done or put betwixt two other things; as,  

Interline to write a line betwixt two other.  
interlace to put a lace between.  
Enterprise to take between the hands, or undertake.  
Enterfier to smite between the heels. etc.   
But words immediately derived to us from the Latin keep in and inter; as,  

Include to shut in.  
Increase to grow in.  
Imply to bring in.  
Import the same.  
Interpose to put between.  
Intercede to go between two persons.  
An intercessor or mediator betwixt two, etc.    

Fore.  
Fore in composition signifieth the same with before, or beforehand; as,  

Forearm, to arm before.  
Forecast, to cast before hand.  
Fore-door, a door before the house.  
Foretokens, tokens before, etc.    

Mis.  
Mistress in Composition is interpreted by ill, as  

Misapply, to apply ill.  
Misadventure ill adventure.  
Mis-becometh it ill becometh.  
Misfortune ill fortune. etc.    

Over.  
Over in Composition for the most part implie's an excess, and may be interpreted by too much; as,  

Over-aw, to awe too much.  
Overbold too bold.  
Overcharge to charge too much.  
Overhasty too hasty.  
Over-burden to burden too much.  
Overheat to heat too much.  
Overlong too long.  
Overmuch too much.  
Over-seeth to seethe too much.  
Over-plus more then enough.  
Over-value to value too much.  
Over-ween to ween too much.   
Over in these three is interpreted by beyond; as,  

Over-live, to live beyond.  
Over-reach, to reach beyond, or cousin.  
Over-weigh, to weigh beyond.   
In other words it hath its proper signification; as,  

Overflow, to flow over.   
But Oversee is taken two ways.  

1. To see or take care over any person or thing,  
2. To overslip or omit any matter.    

Out.  
Out in Composition with these words is interpreted by beyond; as,  

Outbid, to bid beyond.  
Outgo, to go beyond.  
Out-learn, to learn beyond.  
Outlive, to live beyond.  
Outrageous, ragious beyond.   
In other words it hath its own proper signification; as in  

Out-cast, the casting out or refuse of a thing.  
Outcry, or a crying out etc.    

Pre.  
Pre in composition is usually interpreted by fore, or before; as,  

Preamble, a flourish, proffer, or voluntary played before the song begin.  
Precaution, a caveat before hand.  
Precede, to go before.  
Precedency, place before another.  
Precedent, a pattern or example going before.  
Precogitate, to forethink.  
Precontract, a former bargain.  
Predecessors, men that have gone before in place or office.  
Predestinate, to fore-appoint.  
Predestination, fore-appointment.  
Prediction, a foretelling.  
Predivine, to guests beforehand.  
Predominant, bearing sway before others.  
Preëminence, excellency, above or before others.  
Preface, a short speech before any matter.  
Prefer, to put one before another.  
Preferment.  
Prefigure, to represent before.  
Prefix, to appoint a time before.  
Prejudicated, to judge a cause before it be heard.  
Prejudice, a judging beforehand: otherwise to harm; and so prejudicial, harmful.  
A Prelate, a Clergyman in dignity above others.  
Premeditate, to think of a thing beforehand.  
Premeditation, a musing before.  
Premise, to send before.  
Premlsses, matters mentioned before.  
Premonish, to warn beforehand.  
Praemonition, a forewarning.  
Premonition, a fore-arming.  
Preoccupate, to seize before.  
Preoccupation, a taking before.  
Preordain, to order beforehand.  
Prepare, to make ready beforehand.  
preparatory, serving to prepare.  
Preparation a making ready before hand.  
Preposterous out of order, implying that to be last, which should be before.  
Prepositive set before.  
Prerogative a privilege before others,  
Presage to foretell.  
Presaging a foretelling.  
Precedent a govenor, who sitteth above or before others.  
Presume to take a thing for given and granted before it be so.  
Presumption Boldness.  
Presuppose to suppose before hand.  
Pretend, to hold before one, or make a show.  
Prevent, to be beforehand.    

Re.  
Re in composition is interpreted by back, or again.  

Reassume, to take again.  
Rebaptize, to baptise again.  
Rebel, to war again.  
Rebound, to bound back.  
Rebuild, to build again.  
Recall, to call back.  
Recant, to call back a saying.  
Recapitulate, to rehears again.  
Recharge, to charge again.  
Recite, to say again.  
Reclaim, to call back.  
Recoil, to go back.  
Recommence, to commence again.  
Recompense, to make amends again.  
Reconcile, to make friends again.  
Recover, to get goods again.  
Recollect, to gather again.  
Recours, a place to run back to.  
Redeem, to buy again.  
Redound, to return back  
Redubble, to double again.  
Redress, to help again.  
Reduce, to bring back.  
Reduction, a bringing back.  
Reëdifie, to build again  
Re-ëntrie, an entry again.  
Re-ëxtend, to extend again.  
Refection, a meal to refresh the spirit again.  
Refer, to carry back.  
Reference, a carrying back of one matter to another.  
Refiner, a finer again.  
Reflect, to bend back.  
Reform, to fashion again.  
Refrain, to hold back.  
Refresh, to renew again.  
Refrigerate, to cool again.  
Refuge, a place to flee back to for safety.  
Regard.  
Regenerate, to beget again.  
Regrater, one that buy's and sell's again in the same market.  
Regress, a going back.  
Reject, to cast back.  
Rejection, a casting back.  
Reinform, to inform again.  
Rejoin, to join again.  
Reïterate, to iterate again.  
Relapse, a falling back in sickness.  
Relation, a telling again of any matter.  
Release, to loose again.  
Remonstrance, a reason shown back again.  
Remedy, a means against a disease.  
Remove, to set back.  
Remunerate, to requite again.  
Remoüt, to mount again  
Reparation, a making new again.  
Repay, to pay again.  
Repeal, to call back a Law.  
Repeat, to say again.  
Repel, to put back.  
Repercussion, or beating back.  
Replenish, to fill again.  
Reply, to answer again.  
Repriev, to take back again.  
Repuls', a driving back, or a denial of a request.  
Resign, to yield up again.  
Resound, to sound again.  
Resty, drawing back.  
Restitution, a restoring back.  
Restore, to give back again.  
Restriction, a holding back.  
Result, to leap back.  
Resume, to take again.  
Resurrection, a rising again.  
Retaliate, to return like again.  
Retain, to hold back.  
Retire, to go back.  
Retort, to wrest back.  
Retract, to draw back.  
Retreat, a going back.  
Retribute, to give again.  
Retribution, a giving again.  
Retrieve, to find again.  
Retrogade, going back.  
Return, to turn back  
Reverberate, to beat back again.  
Revert, to turn again.  
Revest, to apparel again.  
Review, to look over again.  
Revise, the same.  
Revisit, to go to see again.  
Revive, to give life again.  
Revocation, a calling back.  
Revolt, to turn back from a side.  
Reunite, to unite again.  
Revolv, to turn often over again and again in the mind.  
Revolution, a turning back.    

Sur.  
Sur in Composition may for the most part be interpreted by Over or Upon; as,  

Surbating, an overheating.  
Surceas, to give over athing.  
Surcharge, to overcharge.  
Surcingle, a girdle over  
Surface, an upper part of any thing, as of a Table.  
A Surfeit, an over-eating or drinking.  
Surmise, to think upon a thing.  
Surmount, to excel over another.  
Surname, a name added over and above to the name of our parents and family for some memorable Act or otherwise.  
Supass to overpass or excel.  
Surplice an holy garment to be worn over other garments.  
Surplus surplusage or overplus.  
Surprise to come upon a place or person on a sudden.  
Surrender to give up or over a right in land.  
Surround to overflow.  
Survey to oversee. A Surveyor.  
Survive to overlive.  
Survivor one that overliveth.     

Chap. 10. Of Points to be observed in reading and writing.  
POints serving for the better distinguishing of Words are either primary, or secundary.  
primary Points which show the rising or falling, the straining or slacking and pauses of the voice are fix.  
1 A Comma noted thus , 2 A Colon : 3 A Period . 4 An Erotesis thus ? 5 An Ecphonesis ! 6 A Parenthesis ()  
A Comma is a note of imperfect sens, where the voice must be stayed: but the tenor of it still kept up.  
A Colon is a note of perfect sens: but not of perfect sencence, where the voice must be stayed some what longer, and the tenor of it let fall a little.  
Some hereunto add a Semi-colon, which differeth very little from a Colon; noted thus [;]  
A Period is a note of perfect sense and perfect sentence, where the voice must be stayed longest, and the tenor of it at the last word fall low.  
An Example of these points as, 4. Phil. v. 8. Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report: If there be any virtue, and if there be any prais, think: on these things.  
Another example out of the 1 Cor. 13. v. 1.2.3.  
Though I speak with the tongues of men and of Angels, and have not charity: I am become as sounding brasi, or a tinkling cymbal.  
And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge: and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains; and have no charity, I am nothing.  
And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor; and though I give my body to be burned: and have no charity; it profiteth me nothing.  
Erotests is a note 1. of Ask: as, Mat. 18.21. How oft shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? till seven times?  
2. Of Urging or instance in reprehension; as, Mark. 9.19. O faithless generation! how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you?  
3. Of earnest avouching the contrary; whether the Interrogation be affirmative or negative; as, Luk. 6.39. Can the blind lead the blind? shall they not both fall into the ditch? that is they cannot, they shall.  
Erotesis if it be pure raiseth the common Tone or tenor of the voice in the last word.  
But if it begin with a word Interrogative; as, who, what, how, where, when, why, &c, it falleth as a period, and raiseth the tone of the voice in the Interrogative; as, Luke 17.17. Were there not ten cleansed? But where are the nine.  
This point in the two last uses thereof, straineth the sound of the voice throwout the whole Interrogation.  
Ecphonesis is a note of exclamation; when some great passion of the mind is pathetically uttered, whether it be in Admiration, Lamentation, Commiseration; or the like.  
Ecphonesis falleth as a period, and raiseth the tone in the particle of Exclamation [o, oh, ah, alas,] or for want of such, in some Emphatical word; and always requireth a louder sound; and when it maketh perfect since, pauseth as a period; as, Rom. 11.33. O the depth of the riches, both of the wisdom and knowledge of God how unserchable are his judgements, and his ways past finding out!  
So Rom. 7.24. O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death.  
And Numbers 24.23. Alas! who shall live when God doth this!  
Parenthesis is two semicircles enclosing one or more words of perfect sens, in a sentence, for perfecting thereof: without which yet, the since is perfect; as, Ephes. 6.1. Children obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right: Honour thy father, and thy mother: (which is the first commandment with promise) that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayst live long on the earth.  
Parenthesis is wholly sounded with a lower voice, and always endeth as a Comma: unless the part precedent of the sentence be noted with some other simple point: for than it endeth according to that point.  

Of Secundary points.  
Secundary points are four.  

Apostrophes thus [']  
Diëresis thus [..]  
Eclipse thus [—]  
Hyphen thus [-]   
Apostrophes signifieth the Elision of a Letter in any part of a word, whereby two syllables are contracted into one. Sometime of a Vowel, as Th'almighty, learned'st, is't, it's. Sometime of a Consonant, as i'th' for in the. Sometime of a Consonant and Vowel together, as ne'er for never, o'er for over, I'll for I will.  
Eclipse signifieth the Elision of words in the beginning or ending of a Verse or Sentence, cited in our writing; as, 
Chaucer.  
— There Chaunticleer the fair  
Was wont, and eke his wife to repair.  

Gower.  My brother hath us sold  
To them of Rome.—   
Diëresis is a note of parting two Vowels, which otherwise might seem to make a Diphthong, as Laïs', Gileäd, Timotheüs, Bagoäs, Capernaüm.  
Hyphen is a note of joining two syllables in one word, which other wise might seem to be parted: namely, when the first is the sast of the former line; and the other is the first of the line following; as in example,— teaching.  
But if the word be compounded, whose parts may seem several words; then is hyphen always to be set between them; as a seaman, fish-monger, cartload, freeman.     
An End.  

A COLLECTION OF Certain words Like in Sound, but Unlike in Signification and manner of writing; which being brought together into one short Sentence, the difference betwixt them is more easily and certainly discerned, and consequently their true manner of Writing.  

ADAM'S sin did both abash, and abase him in the sight of GOD.  
Abel was not able to resist the violence of his brother Cain.  
Ai me, i.e. woe is me, might Cain then say, I am undone for ay, that is, for ever.  
Though you advise me to repent, I have not grace to follow your advice.  
A whole acre of ground this year, will not afford one acorn.  
My kinsman or ally, useth to allay his wine with sugar, when he is in the bowling- alley.  
Every faithful Christian must alter and change his revengeful mind, and be in charity with his brother, before he may come to the Altar of the LORD.  
He that hath a loud voice must not be allowed to speak aloud in the School.  
I will not assent or agree, that any of my Scholars shall climb the ascent or rising of that hill.  
My son assaie's or trie's to read over Mountain's exercises or essays.  
Some ill husbands of the Gentle-craft spent all in good ale, which they get with their awl.  
I would give an angel for an angle to angle in this angle or corner of the river.  
In March Ariës' the celestial sign useth to arise.  
My aunt to day was stung with an ant.  
The Acts and Monuments of the Church, written by Mr Fox, were cut in pieces with an Ax.   

B  
This fool doth babble of his babble, like to the bvilders of the Tower of Babble.  
I brought a Barberrie-tree, out of the land of Barbary, for my sister Barbara.  
My son hath caught five fishes called Barbels, but my cattle have got a disease called, the Barbles.  
At Christmas I had rather have my clothes well lined with Baiz, or fine freeze, than my windows with Bays or Laurel.  
Where any great battle is fought, there the ground a long time after becometh fruitful or battle.  
John Ball was hit on the ball of the eye with a Tennis- ball, which made him to bawl and cry like one of the Priests of Baal.  
Poor folks live barely, feeding ofttimes on barleybread.  
A Barrister or Counsellor at Law, did plead against a notorious Barrettor, as a Bar- troubler.  
A bearn or child is sometimes found left in a barn.  
Been or bees oft have been kept all Winter in a hutch or been.  
To fill his belly his father he will belie.  
A Bear once drunk beer out of my bare hand.  
It is uncertain whether Venerable Bede in his prayers ever used a bead.  
I have received a billet, scroll or little bill for the quartering of three soldiers; but have not one billot or shive of wood to make them a fire.  
A Bittor or Bittern is a fowl whose flesh is bitter, which fixing his beak in the marish ground utrereth the sound of a Bull.  
Whilst two maids the one black, the other bleak, did bleach or whiten their linen; the wind blew away both their blue Waistcoats.  
The blind can never blend or mingle things rightly.  
A Collier and a Fuller cannot dwell together, for the one doth blache, or make black, the other doth bleach or whiten.  
He is ready to breath out his last breath.  
A Brewer brew's good beer, a Cook makes good brewis, a Surgeon heal's a bruis well.  
I had rather study my book then hunt a Buck.  
 do sometimes brows on shrubs growing upon the brows of hills.  
There is a bruit or fame that Brute from Troy first in habited this Island, before whose time there was in it nothing but brute beasts.  
I eat good straw- berries at St Edmund's- bury.  
A wise child will buy nothing but by his father's appointment.  
With an awl you may boar the Boar through the snout.  
Boies I charge you let no hole be bored through this board.  
Maid bolt the door, and then boult the meal.  
This youth is of a good breed, and well bred; though he eateth little bread.  
I will go to the bourn, or spring of water to drink, because I burn with heat.   

C  
Calais a city of France; Cales of Spain.  
I can drink sack out of a cane as well as beer out of a cann.  
When cannons are roaring, canons or rules bear no sway.  
The letter- carrier, put his horse on a round pace or career.  
A wrangling caviller is not worthy to speak to a noble Cavalier.  
The censor or reformer of manners, gave censure or judgement upon one for letting fall the censer, wherein incens was burned.  
Sitting in a chair he eateth good cheer.  
When glasses you carry you had need be chary.  
I will play with you at chess for a Cheshire cheese.  
In winter a child may soon be chilled.  
I have often seen cypress; but seldom a cypress-tree.  
A cluster of grapes is more acceptable than a clyster or washing purgation.  
Some that pretend to be preachers, are more fit to be sent to a sheep- cote in a freeze- coat, then to quote Scripture.  
I had rather hear the claus of a sentence then feel the claws of a Lion.  
When I had got the Collier by the collar, I soon assuaged his choler.  
I will choos this sheep that now chewed her cud.  
I could not quite vanquish him, but I cooled his courage.  
It is a common thing for friends to commune or talk together.  
The cock crew when the crew of soldiers entered.  
These wicked crues have not left us a cruse to drink in.  
A carol is a Christmas song, but coral is a green shrub under water in the Sea which being taken out hardeneth and becometh red.  
Some had rather lie on a couch then ride in a coach.  
He that needeth counsel or advice, let him repair to the council house.  
Some cousin and beguile their neighbours under the show of a cousin.  
Currans or small raisins are very dear and cannot be bought without currant money.  
I had rather have a crick in my neck, then be in a creek or gulf of the Sea.   

D  
A fat Deer is a dear present, fit only for a dear friend.  
A demure shamefast man may sometime demur or paus in seemly purpose.  
Thanks is due to God for every sweet morning dew: but because they quickly bid the ground adieu.  
Without some rain all the dews at last will not be worth a deuce.  
The champion went away as much discomforted as discomfited.  
There hath been much dissension about Christ's descension into hell.  
This disease I fear will disseiss or throw my soul out of its tabernacle.  
Your cake will be dough or dough, if you do not set a swifter greyhound to run after the Do.  
The Surgeon will take away the dolour or pain of the wound for a dollar.  
The dor or drone-bee sitteth at the door but is no doer or gatherer of honey.  
My Dragoons all fought like dragons.  
Apollo pulls the busbandman by the ear and adviseth him not to ear his ground every year.  
Now the wind is East I have good store of yeast.  
He is a gentleman both elegant and fine in apparel and eloquent in speech.  
Eminent men of great note are now a days most subject to imminent dangers.  
I had rather have a wife endued with virtue wanting a portion, than one endowed with a portion wanting virtue.  
If the priest will entérr the corpse, I will énter the Church.  
The Parliament sent an errand or message to the Judges or Justices errand or itenerant, which rid the circuit concerning the trial of an arrant knave.  
The executioner or hangman for the most part is the prisoner's executor.  
Poor people earn their bread hardly with spinning of yarn.   

F  
Subtle men feign good will & give good words, which make fools glad or fain.  
I saw a falconer with a falcon on his fist, and a falchon, or short sword by his side.  
Those that are well feed, or take good fees may feed high.  
He that let's a fy at a feast deserveth to be buffeted with the fist, and sent away in a foist or pinnace.  
Men flee; but birds fly.  
When it beginneth first to freeze, then presently  
I cloth myself in freeze.  
Fiend and friend are alike in sound: but contrary in since: for fiend in the ancient Saxon-tongue signifies an enemy, and the Devil is called the fiend of hell, that is, the enemy of hell.  
That wheele-wright is a bungler which cannot make the felloes of a wheel fellows.  
My brother Philip gave me a fillip on the nose.  
If the Jailor find not the lost prisoner, he will be deeply fined.  
Fine flower is not fit to lie on a barn- floor.  
Let's pay the waterman his full fare, fraught, hire, because he hath carried us to a fair, where we had very good fare.  
In winter I would have my gown well lined with furs, and my heas well stored with furz.   

G  
The Arborist was vexed at the gall, because his chiefest tree received a gall or chafing by a sudden gale or blast of wind.  
If a Jew had been gentle he would not have called every man beside his own nation a Gentile. But a gentle is a maggot.  
I guess I shall have a guest to night.  
I will not presumptuously draw upon me the guilt of one sin for the gaining of ten gilt cups.  
Rhetoricians by proverbs and similitudes give a fine gloss to a speech: but cheater's gloze and flatter.  
As the stars in the firmament glister: so Kings-courts with rich hanging of Tapestry do glitter.  
In Greece upon a stair or grease I once found a pot of greas.  
The fox running over the green was caught in a grin.  
Cooks use to gild marchpane and other things against the Guild.   

H  
Seamen, when they are arrived safe in the haven, think themselves as it were in heaven.  
Hale this fellow out of the hall, and thrust him out of doors, though it hail.  
A haggard or untamed hawk is usually very untoward, and awk.  
Haply hereafter in Ireland, a man may live happily.  
We caught a dozen of coneys in a hey-net coming to feed on the hay-stack.  
My son and heir, as I hear, walking forth to take the air, by chance caught a hare with a gin of hair.  
My father heard me read two hard chapters, whilst I kept the herd: and here (if you pleas) you may again hear me.  
I will hire a horse, that shall be higher than yours.  
For one to hiss at his friend is uncivil.  
One host is not able to entertain a whole host or Army of soldiers.  
He is grown hoars since he road forth on his horse.  
Ho boy! you take no hoa, or care, how I shall get a how to pair the ground.  
Hore is not more pernicious to corn, than a whore to a man.  
We must pray that we may have a holy mind in a whole body, that so we may be wholly happy.  
Idle boys, when they should hollow the Lord's day, whoop and hollow in a holly-tree.  
Hugh was of a pale hue, when the hue and Cry overtook him.   

I  
Some hold that it is cheaper lying in an Inn, then in a Gentleman's house.  
It is an idle thing to regard any Idol.  
It is a pastime to hear witty jests, but it is more solid content to read of the gests and noble acts of Princes.  
A joice is a slight square piece, joined to the Summer, but juice is the sap of any thing.  
A jointer or long plane, which streighteth boards edges to make a close joint, differeth from a jointure, i.e. lands made over or joined to a woman in marriage, during her life.   

L  
I would give all my latten-mettal, so that I could speak pure Latin.  
A soldier cut the cable with his lance, that he might presently launch into the deep.  
It is reported of Aristaxenes Cyreneüs that he watered his lettuce or lettuce with Mede, to make them bigger and sweeter; and than lest they should be stolen, watched them through a lattice.  
He is a liquorish follow; for he loveth licoris.  
The Leper being cured, for joy became a leper.  
I have let a leas of my pastures or leaz for ten pounds and a leash of hounds yearly.  
Of evils choos the least, lest afterwards you repent it.  
If you loose or untie your purse you will soon lose your money.   

M  
Few men are able, in any good manner, to manure half the land belonging to their manor.  
Many of the meinie, or multitude.  
It is meet a Lord Marshal should be a martial man.  
One of a manual occupation, found my little book or manuel.  
The Majer of a Regiment hath more command than the Mayor of a Town.  
A wet mantle will be soon dry, if it be hanged on the mantle of the chimney.  
My sister Marie is very merry, for she is like to marry, as thinking that Marriage is a merriage.  
In this pleasant meadow or mead, let us drink off our sweet meed.  
It is very meet that a glutton's meat should be meet out to him.  
I have received a message from my Landlord about a mesuage or Tenement in our town.  
The widow's mite or two cast into the treasury, might haply be better accepted of, than all the great gifts of rich men; because they gave but of their superfluity, but she cast in all her substance.  
My man Maurice is a fine dancer of the morris.  
By the end of March the soldiers may well march over the marsh.  
A medlar is a pleasing kind of fruit; but a meddler or a busybody is to be avoided.  
Here lies More, and no more but he,  
More and no more, how can that be.  
In the moor there is not one moar to be found more.  
Most of the days of this week have been moist.  
In Northfolk the mother calls her young daughter modder.  
A moth that eateth garments is small: a mote in the sun smaller: yet either can fly over the moat.  
A mustar is of soldiers: mustard is a sauce. Some are fit to be mustard-makers, than mustermasters.  
In two great mows or mou's I found not one mous.   

N  
The nave is the middle of the cartwheel, as the navel is in the middle of the belly.  
None of the scholars were present at noon.  
Nay it is my horf that doth neigh.  
Every one that is wise will be willing to go on in learning the Grammar of his own mother-tongue.  
Oh! it is my grief that I owe any thing to any man but love.  
My husbandman hath laid the ordure or dung in very good order.  
Every hour is to be well spent, because our life is short.  
Let each man take an oar and fetch over the silver- ore.  
An Ordinance of Parliament is as Prevalent in time of peace, as the great Ordnance in time of War.  
I took an ounce of syrup of Violets at once.   

P  
Maids are seldom pale which use the milk- pail.  
I was in pain to see the pane of glass broken with a brass- pan.  
A Peer of the realm gave me a pair of gloves, to pair him one pear.  
Since I took this boy's part, he is very witty and pert.  
Meat parboiled, i. e. a little boiled, is hard of digestion: but perboiled, i.e. throughly boiled, it is easy even to the sick.  
An ill-favoured person is not fit to be a Parson: nor to have a Parsonage, except he have a personage answerable.  
A perch-fish is seldom taken with a perch.  
A patent for Tobacco is not worth a paten or wooden-shoo.  
I will rather paus here a while, then fall into the Lion's paws.  
I will give a bushel of pease, and a piece of cloth, to make my peace.  
I thrust up the palate of his mouth, as he lay upon a pallet.  
The Apostle Paul scarce ever wore a Bishop's pall.  
I can buy ten pens for two pence.  
Some that pretend to be pillars of the Commonwealth, are indeed cater-pillers thereof.  
I can easily pierce or boar through your book; but I cannot pars or examine it.  
Mr Pierce will pierce his rundle of sack for the Nobles or Peers.  
Petty things for the most part are pretty.  
We shall never catch any plais in this place.  
He that shows little pity to a man, hath less piety towards God.  
Scholars hold it a good plea for play, if it be fair.  
I will try my title if you pleas in the Court of Common- Pleas.  
Men of power and authority should pour in their alms into the laps of the poor.  
A thief hath more mind to his prey then to pray.  
A covetous man prey's more upon the poor than he prays unto God.  
There is a preas or throng of people every day at the Printer's press.  
Pride when it is pried into will soon have a fall.  
In running of a race he won a prize of very great price.  
A true Prophet to his Country bringeth much profit.  
Some great Ladies wear garments enirched of pearl and pearl.   

Q  
I shall never be quiet in mind until you quite and clean discharge or quit me of the debt.  
There was a quarrel about a quarrel of glass.   

R  
Let us run a race for a race of Ginger.  
The enemy will take and raze the city if we do not speedily raise the siege; for he is of a cruel race, stock, or lineage.  
That radish is best, which is reddish.  
Rey or Darnel is best picked out of Rye in a ray of the Sun.  
In the late King's reign there fell such a rain, that I was not able to rein my horse.  
A glutton will ravin like a raven.  
In the realm of England a ream of paper containeth twenty quires.  
A reason may be given why a raisin is better than a curran or current.  
If you can read this chapter well, I will give you my red cane or reed.  
As I went to Rome, lying in a damp room, a reum fell into my eyes.  
The rhyme, or frozen mist was so great, that the Poëtaster had no mind to rhyme.  
The price of Rice will rise.  
The rind wherein the brain lieth, differeth from the rind or bark of a tree, and from the river Rhine.  
The rood of land lying next the road or station for ships, I measured with a perch or rod.  
I saw a Roe running upon a rough way, by a row of trees.   

S  
Merchants sometimes have wares that are saleable, when the seas are not sailable,  
But they use to slight slighty wares, that are not wrought with sleight and cunning.  
This scion or graft came from Sion-hous.  
As soon as the storm upon the seas shall cease, I will seize upon the ship for the fine, that the State shall sess or cess.  
Great store of sedg is carried to the siege of Newcastle.  
The scars of my wounds are scarce seen.  
Scoul and frown upon your son, and he will run to school.  
Scholars willingly sever themselves from masters that are severe.  
A Cellar is very convenient for a seller of wine: not so a solar.  
We sear or cauterize flesh with a searing-yron.  
We cere the joints of woods with a cering-candle.  
It is not lawful to carry any sheep beyond Sea in a ship.  
I will shear all my sheep in Warwick- shire, whereof I hope to make for my own share an 100 l. in sheer gold.  
At the last Sise or assize I won a pair of shoes of a large size, with throwing a since.  
The heron being sore distressed by the goshawk did soar aloft.  
The site or placing of the house is pleasing to the sight  
Sparowgrass is sodden on a sudden.  
A Soldier sometimes for want of lead makes bullets of Solder or sodder.  
It is a sign he is guilty of sin, that is oft seen in bad company.  
I'll sow some oats to fat the sou: for the sou's ears will make good souse.  
There is no statute against making a statue of any stature.  
There is the sole of the foot, the - sole and the sole-fish, which three have some resemblance one of another: but the soul of man is invisible.  
It's too late in the spring, for birds to set a springe.  
To see a star climb up a staircase, would make one stare.  
There is no succour to be hoped for, from such a blood- sucker.  
I won a new suit of apparel at one shoot, whereat the people gave a great shout.  
Some gamesters play for a great sum of money.  
At the sound of a Canon many women are ready to swoon or swoon.  
My Son riseth soon after the sunrising.  
Bread gotten by sweat is very sweet.  
I new soled my boots, and then sold them.  
This gelding shall serve in stead of a great horse or steed.  
A ship sometime may sink in one of the cinque-ports.   

T  
I bought a teal without a tail for a tale of a tall woman.  
There is no tax or excise laid upon hooks and tacks.  
Tide and time is tied to no man.  
There was one of their acquaintance.  
There is many a tore in my wheat, which makes me tear my hair, and shed many a teer.  
They smote thee upon thy thigh.  
This tow is too tough to bind to your toe.  
The herb time is precious to bees, time more precious to men.  
The Sheriff's office in Corporations is committed to two men.  
A King sometime is thrown out of his throne.  
He gave a jewel called a Turkois for two turkeys.  
There is lately come forth a treatise concerning certain treaties of peace.   

V  
It is vain to let blood in a wrong vein.  
It is no disparagement to a maid in a veil to carry a joint of veal.  
The vate was so large, that it reached the vault or arched roof.  
I will give a vial of rose-water to hear one lesson on the viol.  
A valley is of greater value than the hills about it.  
The visage of the vizard was disguised with a vizard: But a viser is the sight of an helmet.   

W  
Mr Walter Devereux went by water.  
Waits in a city are better than falls weights in a shop.  
The wain or waggon came by in the wane of the moon.  
I will weigh my gold by the way.  
If you were careful, you would not so fast wear out your clothes.  
To day the Mayer will wait upon the bakers touching their weight of bread.  
These watch-candles have so small a wick, that they will last, while you be weak, though it be a whole week.  
With turning of the wheel I have a blister or wheal.  
The ferret brought the rabbit whole out of the hole.  
Whom will you have to go home with you.  
I know not whose hose this is.  
He can brandish or wield a sword: though he be wild.  
When men woe they are sometimes full of woe.  
Where wreak or revenge takes place all things go to wreck or ruin.  
A wort in my garden and wort in my tub is better than a wart on my hand.  
The Surgeon did wrest my wrist, since which time I had no rest.  
Mr Cart- wright will write to me concerning this rite or ceremony, whether it be right.  
All our bread is vinnowed, therefore I must have some more corn winnowed.  
You can now hardly get a bow made of yew, but easily an ewe sheep.  
In your communication, ye must only use yea and nay.  
Sir when you have brought your Scholar in ure to use this book, I will give you a Basin and Ewer.    
An End.