AN ARGUMENT FOR Toleration and Indulgence, In Relation to DIFFERENCES IN OPINION: Both as it is the INTEREST OF STATES, And as a Common Duty of all Christians One to Another.  
By way of LETTER.  
By a Country Gentleman.  Gamaliel, Acts 5.38, 39 Refrain from these Men, and let them alone, (for if this Counsel, or this Work be of Men, it will come to nought; but if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it,) lest haply ye be sound even to fight against God. 
LONDON, Printed by T. 〈◊〉, for Benj. Al●sp, at the Angel and Bible in the Poultry, over against the Compter. 1681.   

Sir,  
I Know not whether the Discourse I held (the other day,) concerning Toleration and Liberty of Conscience, will answer the expectations you conceive of it; but I well know the Obligations I am under, to give you all the satisfaction I am capable of giving, which if you do not find in the Matter, in the Method, and in the Style and Expressions of the Relation I send, I am sure you cannot choose but find some in the proof I give of my Obedience in sending it. Be pleased therefore to receive the Narration (of what was then said) in the very words, in which, for mine own remembrance, (at my return home) I noted it; not indeed in the Interlocutory way, in which it passed, (and that to avoid Repetitions,) but by way of one continued Discourse, but so ordered, that you will certainly become informed (and perhaps with more advantage, than if a Notary had taken it,) in the substance of all that was offered on both sides.  
Being asked my Opinion concerning Liberty of Conscience; without entering into a formal and scholastical State of the Matter, hoping so to express myself, that nothing necessary to illustrate it, should be wanting in what I had to say; I presently answered, That to understand it, we must distinguish points of Faith from points of Opinion. By Points of Faith (said I) I mean all things clearly and plainly revealed in the Holy Scriptures, whether they be things to be believed only, or also to be done and practised: By Points of Opinion, I mean all things whatseover, not plainly and clearly revealed. Which said, I added, That we ought to bear with one another in respect of different Opinions, as God doth bear with us all; who, had he intended we should be all of one Opinion, as he did we should be all of one Faith, he could have made every thing as clear, and plain in the Holy Scripture, and as undoubted as any: But it is for the carrying on of his own most wise and righteous ends of Providence in the World, that he hath left some things less plain and clear, and less easy to be understood and determined, than others; as Matters both to exercise the reasonable faculties of good and pious men, and to afford them Subjects of mutual Charity and Forbearance, in their different sentiments and apprehensions about them. And if it hath pleased God (as it hath either for the mentioned, or other Reasons) to leave some matters in dispute, and doubtful, and in such a State, as we can only guests at them, and that they look with divers Aspects and Countenances, according to the divers Lights in which they are seen, and the divers stands and positions from which: Why should we presume to be wiser than God, and think to put (absolutely and universally) out of doubt, that which he hath not? These changeable Opinions may be as much for the Ornament of the Moral World, as changeable Colours are for the Ornament of the Natural. We must in them bear and indulge.  
But instead of Bearing and Ingulging, to compel a Person to serve the Deity, in a Way against the light and apprehensions he hath of what he ought to do, as to it, is the greatest Tyranny that can be: For it is to compel him to the doing of a thing, which, on pain of Damnation, he holds himself obliged not to do; for no Person can hold himself obliged to worship God, but in the way he believes that God himself would have him, the which only he is to do on the pain of damnation: so that if by forcible courses, he be induced to serve him otherwise, he is compelled to do a thing that on the pain of damnation he believes he ought not. And how Tirannical is this, to so Dilemma! and how dreadful to be so Dilemma'd! Either not to worship so, and be ruined now; or worship so, and be damned hereafter. A hard choice!  
Again, for any to comply with a way of Worship imposed on him by man, which he believeth not the true, required by God; It is not to obey and serve God, but man: For (by way of Illustration) let us make a supposal, That a Master biddeth three or four of his servants do such or such a thing, and that the servants differ about the sense and meaning of the Command, one understanding it one way, another another way, a third in this way, the fourth in that; all are servants, and consequently, equal in respect of the Master's command, and therefore none hath any right of imposing (a sense on the others.) In this case, should all the rest of the Servants act as one of them would have, who undertakes to tell them his private setiments, and what, in his thoughts, the Master doth mean, if the sense and meaning which he gives them (of the Master's Command) be all the while against the Judgement of their own discretion (about it;) for them to act so, is not to obey and serve their Master, but a fellow Servant. And this is our case; we all are equally servants, and obliged to no other rule of Obedience, but the Master's word of Command. Indeed some Servants are to bring that Word to others, but those to whom they bring it, are not bound to their sense of it, further than they are persuaded it is the Masters. Search the Scriptures; and Try the Spirits; We have but one Master, who is God.  
And God is so good a Master, that if a Servant do sincerely intent Obedience to him, and use his best endeavour to understand his Command, as he would have him, and yet after all mistake; I say God is so good a Master, that he will not accept according to what a Servant hath not, but according to what he hath; He will graciously consider the prompt, and ready Obedience, and good Intention of his Servant, and not severely reflect on the error or mistake of which he is guilty; which, being not willed, is benignly taken, and understood as more his Unhappiness and infelicity, than Sin and Fault: For, If our hearts condemn us not, we have confidence towards God. He principally regards the Heart, My Son give me thy Heart; so that if the Heart be upright, and the aim single, though the Hand miscarry, and the Foot slip, yet, in Divine Interpretation, the whole Body is full of Light: It Pleasing God in Infinite Goodness, to respect the Will, the Intention, the sincere Endeavour of his Servants; and for the rest, to put it upon humane Weakness and Infirmity, that Weakness and Infirmity which he will pardon. And if God himself have so much tenderness and Compassion for humane Weakness and Imperfection, shall men themselves have none for one another's?  
Further, to be rigid and severe to others in matters of Opinion, is not to comport with the Golden Rule of all our Actions prescribed by our blessed Saviour, which is to do as we would be done unto; wouldst thou be compelled thyself, that dost compel others? Nor is it to use such proper and convenient Methods as are necessary for the working of belief; the understanding being a faculty that cannot be forced, or constrained any more than the Will. Belief may be persuaded, but cannot be compelled. Arguments and Reasons (and not Capiases and Imprisonments, Fire and Faggot,) are proper means to effect it; thus the Ancient Fathers in all their Apologies to the Heathen, in defence of themselves, and the Christian Religion, ever pleaded. Besides, Forceable courses never answered their Ends; Persecution of a Doctrine doth but spread it: The Christian Religion had never extended so far in so short time as it did, but for the violence used toward it. The Blood of the Martyrs was the Seed of the Church.  
Nor is that a thing of small Moment (neither) which is insisted on by some, that where the understanding is not led by the light it hath to the Approbation of a Worship, all Conformity thereto is but Hypocrisy; that to compel the outward man unto a compliance against the Dictates of the inward, (which may be done, and is all that can be done by violent, and forcible courses) is but to make as many Hypocrites as Worshippers; and so instead of honouring God (which is the end of Worship,) to give him the greatest distaste, and to do him the greatest affront that can be. Such Differences! what man would lke them? and how shall God?  
I add, that Conscience as it is taken for the Principle that bindeth us to act in the things of God, and with immediate reference to him, is not under the Government and Power of the Magistrate; this inward man is of the Kingdom of Christ, and under his direction and conduct, by the Word and Spirit; The Kingdom of Heaven is within you. God hath not by his Son, our blessed Saviour, the only Prophet we are bid to hear, obliged Magistrates to superintend in Matters of his Worship, and to give directions about them, (except perhaps in some Circumsances) or to use their Magistratical, and coercive Power over their Subjects in relation to them: he would not trust any in matters so immediately concerning himself, and of such Importance; but hath reserved the regulating and directing of his Worship, and of all things properly pertaining to it, unto himself by his word; which all, both Magistrates and People are obliged to obey. And indeed this was the great Principle, on which the first Reformers proceeded (in the Reformation,) that nothing ought to be imposed upon Christians in matters of Faith, or of Practice in Life, or Worship, but what is plainly intimated in the Scriptures; or, that the Scrptures are the only Rule of Faith, Worship and Manners; a Principle that restored the Christian Liberty, long oppressed with the Tyranny of humane and Antichristian Impositions; and a Principle that duly settled and conformed to, will likely prove a remedy (and haply is the only true one) to all the Distractions, Schisms and Ruptures now among Christians. A Toleration, or Indulgence, according to this Principle, is the most hopeful Basis and Foundation of Settlement.  
But here it was urged on the contrary, That the Magistrates and Kings of Judah, were invested in a Power to coerce Blasphemers and Idolaters: They broke down the Images, destroyed the Groves, and put to death the Priests that ministered; and the Christian Magistrate should seem invested in the same Powers, in order to preserve the true Christian Religion, that the Jewish had for theirs; and consequently, that he hath a Power of coercing too.  
But as for the Powers of the Kings of Judah, though it be admitted, that they had a Power, in some cases, of coercing even to death in mats of Religion; yet it will not follow, that Christian Governors have (the same;) for the dispensation under which the former were, was a terrible dispensation, and went on other Maxims than the new doth, in which Christians are; that was the Dispensation of a Servant, this of a Son; that more accommodated to the Rules of Humane Wisdom, this of Divine; they had a worldly Sanctuary, and consequently used worldly Methods; but the Kingdom of Christ is not of this world, and the Weapons in it are not Carnal, but Spiritual.  
Besides, it may be said, That even than it was mainly in relation to Idolatry and Blasphemy, that the Jewish Magistrates were vested in that sanguinary Power; and Idolatry sets up a false God, and Blasphemy is so highly against the true, that This as well as That is treasonable: and therefore in a Kingdom which recognized God for Sovereign King, and in whose very Civils (may I so express it) their Religion was inlaid, (their Religion being the Basis and Foundation of their State, and their Civil and Religious Laws being all of one Sanction, and in one volume;) for them to punish in the Instances alleged, was but to punish High-Treason.  
And let it be observed, that I never did intent that Atheists, Blasphemers of the true God, and Enemies to natural Religion, (without which no Government or Commonwealth can stand) should be exempted from punishment; for not to punish these, is to be false and treacherous to Government itself; It as much importing that Atheists, Blasphemers, and Enemies to natural Religion, should be punished Capitally, as Enemies to all Government, (seeing without Religion there can be none) as that Treasons against this or that particular STate should be so.  
But I think the Magistrate is not invested by the Lord Christ, in any Powers of Coercion with relation to the Christian Religion, as it is Christian Religion, because, (as I said before) it is the Kingdom of Heaven, and not of this World, and therefore not to be set up or maintained in a worldly way; but as it was set up at first, so it must be continued still in heavenly Methods, by the Word of God, and by the holy Spirit accompanying it; the same being the only proper means of Continuation, and Preservation, that were of Inchoation, and Production; and let these (means) be used.  
Only, where the Christian Religion is inlaid with the State, and become a matter of civil Sanction, and Establishment by Law, there it ought to be maintained and preserved by the Magistrate, and that with the power of the Sword, and such Coercion as the State invests him in; but this is not simply as it is the Christian Religion, but on a civil account, and with respect to the State, as it is become a Stone in that Building, and hath a place in the Laws of it; and it is proper for Christian People to settle Christian Religion by Law.  
But still (as I said at first) Distinction must be made between Christian Religion, or points of Faith (contained, as to the things to be believed only, in the Creed, commonly called the Apostles, & styled by Ireneus the Catholic Faith) between that & matters of Opinion; it being unsafe for any Government to inlay in its Foundation any Opinion that is disputable, and doubtful. To build a Government upon an Opinion that is disputable and doubtful, is to build a House on the Sand, and to lay a weak Foundation; and a weak Foundation will deceive the Structure: whereas to build to on the true Religion, or that Christian and Catholic Faith, which is established & confirmed with uncontrollable reasons, and from Heaven with the Authority of Miracles, is to build on a Rock. To build on Opinion, is to weaken the State; for if the Opinion be shaken, the State totters. But the Christian Religion is a Foundation, that settles and keeps it steady, being as Mount Zion, not to be removed.  
But to return, lt is observable, and very much to purpose, That Jesus Christ, although in his time, there were diversities of Opinions, and some of very ill nature and aspect, even on all Religion; for besides the Pharisees, the Essenes', and the Herodians, there were the Saduces, that denied Angels, and Spirits, and a Resurrection; yet he never took occasion to intimate any Duty, as incumbent on the Magistrate, to take cognizance of them, and penally to animadvert upon them; nor doth he once reprove the Magistrate for not doing it, nor is there any intimation of such a duty in all the writings of the Apostles; which evidenceth what I said before, that the Magistrate (as so) is concerned but in Natural Religion, and not in the Christian, except as it becomes a Law of the State.  
The only Method that Jesus Christ and his apostles have obliged to even in case of Heresies, and have recommended both by their Examples and their Precepts, is to combat them with the Sword of the Spirit, that is, to reason against them from the Word of God; and, in case of obstinacy, to withdraw from the Communion of the Heretic. Indeed, in case of ill manners and of Blasphemy, (of the former the incestuous person, of the latter Hymeneus is an Exmaple;) I find them giving up to Satan, which, according to the sentiments of some, being an act of punitive and coercive Power, vested but in the Apostles, whilst there was no Christian Magistrate, doth seem to intimate, that where there is, he may (yes he must) in such cases, (cases of ill manners, and of Blasphemy) take Cognizance, and use coercive and penal Animadversions, and indeed this is the proper work of Magistrates.  
But for Matters of Opinion, not clearly and infallibly decidable from the word of God, in which men of good and upright Conscience may have different lights; Matters of no malignant Influence upon the State, (such as Popery hath) or on the Societies of Christians, in these (matters) I cannot find the Magistrate hath any thing to do, no, nor Ministers neither, but to endeavour to convince and persuade, and to rectify mistakes (if any be) in such a manner as may manifest the due regard & value, they have for upright and well meaning, though erring and mistaking Conscience. Let us walk together in things in which we agree; and for others, refer them to the day that will declare. We are all to stand before the Master, and he must Judge.  
And certainly it would much import to the healing of our Breaches, and to allay the Heats and Animosities that reign amongst us, if we more regarded the Conscience, they, who do descent from us, do make, and the good designs and ends they aim at, than the very Opinions and Practices themselves in which they descent; for in the former all good Christians agree, and in the latter will ever differ; we ought highly to value and honour tenderness of Conscience, and Intentions directed to the Glory of God, and the common good of the Church, and of the World, wherever we find them, though we never so much differ in the subject matters of that Conscience, and of those good Intentions.  
This was the Healing Principle, on which the Apostle proceeded, when he said, he that keepeth a day, keepeth it to the Lord, and he that keepeth not a day, keepeth it not to the Lord; thus, with a grain of Christian Moderation and good Temper, He, at that time, reconciled the most distant and contradictory Practices and Opinions; 'tis as if he had said, the former he believeth the Law of God given by Moses, that commandeth the observation of Days to be still in force, and therefore keepeth a day, because he believeth the Lord will have him: the latter better understanding the nature of the Gospel, and the true extent of Christian Liberty, that we are not under the Law, but under Grace, and redeemed hereunto by the precious Blood of the Lord Christ, he doth not keep the legal days; & it is in honour to the Lord Christ, & to the Redemption purchased by his Blood, that he doth not.  
And here, let us be think how far a Principle of this kind would go towards healing, in our present differences; They, who do Baptism Infants, do it to the Lord, they, who do it not, do it not to the Lord; the former believing that the Convenant of Abraham is the Convenant of Grace, are persuaded, that the Lord will have them do it; the latter believing that all things are become new, and that we stand not on the old Basis, are persuaded that he will not. So he that kneeleth in the Sacrament, doth it to the Lord, and he that kneeleth not, kneeleth not to the Lord; the one believeth that in the act of receiving, when Jesus Christ doth give himself, he cannot take that unspeakable Gift, from such a Hand, too reverently, too humbly, and therefore (He) expresses that Humility and Reverence with his Knee: the other believeth, that the Lord Christ inviting him unto his Table, obliges to the use of that gesture, which may intimate the friendship and familiarity (that) by such an Invitation he is taken into, and therefore he sits or uses a Table gesture, as Christ and his Disciples did. In a word, men of good and upright Consciences, think they may conform to the Worship as it is by Law established, because they think the Rites and Ceremonies in it, are no other than what are decent, and also think the Officers of the Church impowered by our Lord Christ, to institute and order in points of decency, and those that do so conform, conform to the Lord: But on the contrary, others persuaded that the Lord Christ, as being faithful in all his House, hath himself instituted all the necessary Officers, and made all the necessary Orders, and there being Officers and Orders in the Church, that they cannot find Example, or command for in the Scriptures, therefore they conform not; and as the former in conforming, do conform to the Lord, so the latter in not conforming, do not conform in regard to the Lord.  
As for Separations into several, and distinct conventions, which on the former Principles will unavoidably follow; for those of the same Opinion will unite and convene together, and so divide from others; Birds of one Feather will be flocking and associating: I see no cause of fearing any greater Inconvenience in them, to the Church, or to the State, if mutual Toleration and Indulgence be the received Principle, than is in so many several Clubs of friendship, or Companies of Trade; for however different, they may be from one another in other respects, in this they will all agree, to love one another, for that of God they see, & to maintain the public Liberty, the common Interest of all; and so, though they are as many Conventions, as you can imagine, (and the more the less dangerous, one will balance another) yet they are not factions.  
It is the belief of Infallibility, and the damning Principle of the several Opiniators (therefore to be condemned itself) that is the cause of all the hatred, heat, and animosity among them, and of the Designs they all nourish to exterminate one another; this turns Opinions into Factions, dangerous to Church and State; Mischiefs not to be avoided, even under State-Toleration, and Indulgence, as long as one Opinionator damns all others, which every one, who impropriates Salvation (a fault, yet too general) to his own Opinion and Method, doth by Implication do. Else, different Opinions would not create Trouble in a State, any more than different Garbs and Fashions; 'tis damning spoils all: But who art thou that judgest and condemnest another man's Servant? Judge not that ye be not judged. Yet on the other hand, there is, I think, no other way of preventing the inconveniences and dangers, that threaten a State, which settles on any one particular Opinion, without Indulging and Tolerating of others. but what is equally Hazardous and Tirannical, viz. To mop the Eyes of the Subject, and keep them in perpetual Darkness; either by obliging them to a blind submission to some (External or Internal) Authority, or by forbidding all Schools and Learning, all Preaching and Disputing, etc. It being Ignorance only that can be the Mother of such Devotion. A truth evinced both in the Tirannical Method of Turkey, and in that of the Papacy; and few but will think such Methods unsafe, because uneasy, and the darkness must be thick darkness too; for a Liberty but in Philosophy, will in the consequence draw on a Liberty of thinking in Divinity.  
In fine, it is worth the observing what befell Philip 2d. King of Spain, that rigid and inflexible assertor of Uniformity in Worship, who, to one of his Ministers of State, that represented to him the danger of losing all by severe, bloody Proceed in Flanders, and therefore advised him to some connivance and temper, alleging the Example of the neighbouring Countries of France and Germany, answered, That he would rather be without Kingdoms, than enjoy them with Heresy. And he was taken to his word; for this Inexorable, Lofty Prince, because he would not enjoy with Heresy, (as he called it) the Noble Provinces, now known by the name of United to all the World, became divested of them indeed; and he that would not keep them by Moderation and Temper, did deservedly lose them by (his) severity and Obstinacy.  
This is the sum of what I said in that Discourse, to which, because you have confined me. I will not offer now, what more I have to say concerning the Subject of it; Only you may please to take the Judgement of two of our wisest, and most celebrated Princes: Is't King James, in his Speech to the Lords and Commons at White-Hall, March 21. 1609. I never found that Blood and too much severity did good in matters of Religion: For besides that, it is a sure Rule in Divinity, that God never loves to plant his Church by violence and bloodshed. Natural Reason may oven persuade us, and daily experience proves it true, That when men are severely Persecuted for Regligion, the Gallantness of many men's Spirits, and the Wilfulness of their Humours, rather than the justness of their Cause, makes them to take a Pride, boldly to endure any torments, or death itself, to gain thereby the Reputation of Martyrdom, though but in a false shadow. 2d. King Charles 1. in his Declaration 1641. For differences amongst ourselves for matters indifferent in their own Nature concerning Religion, We shall in tenderness to any number of our loving Subjects, very willingly comply with the Advice of our Parliament, That some Law may be made for the Exemption of tender Consciences from punishment or prosecution for such ceremonies, and in such cases, which, by the Judgement of most men, are held to be matters indifferent, and of some to be absolutely unlawful.  
To which most illustrious suffrages I will add the Testimony of the learned Mr. Chillingworth, both in regard of the great Authority and Reputation he hath in the World, and also of the Reason and Moment of what he says. Require (saith he) of christian's, only to believe Christ, and to call no man Master, but him only; let those leave claiming of Infallibility, who have no right unto it, and let them that in their words disclaim it, disclaim it likewise in their actions. In a word, take away Tyranny, which is the Devil's Instrument to support Errors, and Superstitions, and Impiety in the several parts of the World, which could not otherwise withstand the Power of Truth, I say, take away Tyranny, and restore Christians to their just, and full Liberty of Captivating their understandings to the Scripture only. An universal Liberty thus moderated, may quickly reduce Christendom to truth and Unity.  
This is so smartly, so fully, so excellently penned by that great man, that I am persuaded the delight and pleasure you will take in reading this one Paragraph, in conjunction with what I have given you, as the sense of those great Princes, K. J. and K. C. will make sufficient compensation for the longsom exercise you had in all that preceded it; and therefore to leave you in the same good humour and pleasantness in which I found you, and that you may go off with a Relish, I think it time to write myself,  
SIR, Your Humble Servant.