VIRGINIA: More especially the South part thereof, Richly and truly valued: viz.  
The fertile Carolana, and no less excellent Isle of Roanoak, of Latitude from 31. to 37. Degr. relating the means of raising infinite profits to the Adventurers and Planters.  
The second Edition, with Addition of THE DISCOVERY OF SILKWORMS, with their benefit.  
And Implanting of Mulberry Trees.  
ALSO The Dressing of Vines, for the rich Trade of making Wines in VIRGINIA.  
Together with The making of the Saw-mill, very useful in Virginia, for cutting of Timber and Clapbord to build withal, and its Conversion to many as profitable Uses.  
By E. W. Gent.  
LONDON, Printed by T. H. for john Stephenson, at the Sign of the Sun below Ludgate. 1650.   

To the worthy Gentlemen, Adventurers and Planters in VIRGINIA.  
My loving Friends:  
I Thought it convenient here briefly to mind ●ou of those Necessaries, that if wanted there, would greatly prove your prejudice, and render you obnoxious to many evils, which are these.  

Necessaries for Planters.  
For Aparell: Provide each man 1. M●nm●uth Cap, 1. Wasecoat, 1. Suit of Canvas, B●nds, Shirts, Shoes, Stockings, Canvas to make sheets, with Bed and Bolster to till in Virginia, 1. Ruyg, and Blankets.  
For Arms: Provide 1. Suit of complete light Armour, and each man 1. Sword, 1. Musket or Fowling Piece, with Powder and Shot convenient.  
For Household stuff: Provide one gre●t Iron Pot, large and small Kettles, Skellets, Frying pans, Gridiron, Spit, Platters, Dishes, Spoons, Knives, Sugar, Spice, Fruit, ●nd Strong water at Sea for sick men.  
For Tools: Provide H●wes br●●d and narrow, Axes broad and narrow, Handsawes, two-hand-sawes, Whipsaws, Hammers, Shovels, Spades, Augors, Piercers, Gimlets, Hatchets, Hand-bills, Frowes to cleave pale, Pickaxes, Nails of all sorts, 1. Grindstone, Nets, Hooks, Lines, Ploughs: All which accommodation wherewith each to be well furnished, together with hi● Transportation, which is ordinarily 6l. a man, and 3l. a tun his goods, may amount unto 20l. a man, charges.   
Nor needs the careful Adventurer much doubt what Wares may prove his profit there. For any Commodities of this Country are good Merchandise transported thither. viz. Strong waters, Haberdashers wares, Ironmongers wares, Draper's wares, Stationer's wares, and many other wares which those sterile witted Americans do easily admire. But your judgements are sufficient. And likewise I have further discovered them in the ensuing Treatise of the Incomparable VIRGINIA. So wishing you all prosperous happiness and happy prosperity here, and i● the world to come eternal bliss, I rest  
Your faithful Servant, E. W.   

To the Supreme Authority of ●his Nation, The Parliament of ENGLAND.  
Right Honourable:  
THis Dedication in itself unworthy the honour of an address to your Grand●urs, and of a fo●●e too d●ad in shadow ●o approach near you● m●st vigorous lustre, reposes itself y●t upon a confidence's that in imitation of that God of whom you are in power the proper Representatives who vouchsafed graciously to accept a poor pair of Turtles from those whose abilities could not ascend to a more rich oblation, you will be pleased to cast a favourable aspect upon this humble offering, as proceeding from a grateful clear and sincere intentions whose desire being strongly passionate to present Your Honours with something more worthy the auspice of a beginning Year, is circumscribed by a narrowness of abilities and fortunes.  
And indeed my lowness had prompted me to have found out a more humble Patron for this Treatise; but since the Interest of that Nation you have so happily restored to its just and native liberty is the principal aim intended in it, since the public acknowledgement of the world unites in this common testimony, That God hath subscribed to all your Heroic and Christian undertake with his own broad se●l of Victory● with his own field word, Go on and prosper: led you through the red sea of blood into the Land of Canaan, into the Harvest and Vintage of Israel, since Pharaoh and his mighty ones have been swallowed up in the rapid current in the hideous cataracts of their ambitious opposition● and have by loud and convincing testimonies (testimonies attracting the admiration of your friends, and confounding the malice of your enemies) made it a blessed object of your consideration, that the preservation and fixure requires a bl●ssing no less sublime, and a virtue no less exalted, than the acquisition and tenure of conquests, made good in the eyes of Christendom by vindicating the English Honour upon the British Ocean with a puissant Navy, a formidable subject of amazement to the Foreign Enemies of your Zion, by a strong winged prosecution of the Irish Assass●nates, a spacious lettred ex●mple to teach English Mutineers what they may expect by the red sentence of justice upon Irish Rebels: All endeavours holding forth the way to improve the interest of this Nation, are improperly addressed to any other than yourselves, who as you have been the unexampled instruments of our unpini●nd liberty, aught to be the sole judges of whatsoever may relate to our future felicity.  
We should have suspected the sincerity of History in its delineation of the Majesty which sat upon that August, and venerable Roman Senates, after having made the Land tremble under the terror of their Armies, the sea to labour under the burden of their numerous Navies, after having delivered all power oppressing the universal liberty to the revenging beak of their victorious Eagles and minted the Governments of the world by the Rom●n Standard; had not the Concentricity of your undertake had not th● Homogeniousnesse of your actions and felicity, vindicated and asserted the honour of antiquity, and raised your rep●tations upon so high a wing of glory, that Posterity will be lost in the same mist of jealousy and incredulity of your own augustnesse, yet for ever want the revival of such examples the restauration of such precedents to confirm them.  
And to the end you may in all things either parallel or transcend that Roman greatness, of which you are the inimitable exemplary, who enriched the heart and strengthened the arms of their Dominions by dispersing Colonies in all Angles of their Empire, Your pious care hath already laid a most signal foundation by inviting encouragements to undertakers of that nature: In the pursuit whereof le● me beg the liberty in this Paper, under your Honour's Patronage to publish the many pressing and convincing reasons which have and may induce you to prosecute a design of such universal concernment.  

1. It will disburden this Nation of many indigent persons, who having formerly perhaps enjoyed a fullness of abused or forfeited plenty, & at the present reduced to an inequality of such subsistence, are commonly prompted to their own● and other me●s ruin by making the high ways (which should be as public and inviolable a sanctuary as the most sacred places) an ambuscado to innocent Travellers, by which interruption of passages, there is commonly occasioned a decay and disincouragement of commerce, and daily examples inform us, that Prisons at present are almost as full of criminal as indebted persons.  
2. It will take off all Parish charges, in providing for destitute Minors and Orphans, whereof there are at present a burdensome multitude, whereby the Parishes so freed, may with greater alacrity and ability, part with contributory moneys to maintains, recruite, and encourage your Armies and Navies.  
3. Those Orphans so provided for may by God's blessings upon their labours become happy and wealthy instruments, advantageous to the place of their nativity in particular, and their whole Nation in general. Whereas the condition of their birth and the usual way of exposing them, makes them capable of no more gainful calling then that of day-labourers, or which is more frequent hereditary beggars.  
4. The Republic in its present constitution abounding with so dangerous a number of male contents, who commonly like Shrubs under high and spreading cedar's, imagine the spacious height of others to be the cause of their own lowness, may by this means be honourably secured, and such men removing their discontents with their persons, will have a brave and ample theatre to make their merits and abilities emergent, and a large field to sow and reap the fruit of all their honest industrious and public intentions.  
5. It will to admiration increase the number of Ships and Seamen, (the brazen wall of this Nation) all materials to advance Navigation, being abundantly to be furnished out of those Countries, and the more ingenious Passengers by conference and disputation with the knowing Mariner, will take a great delight, satisfaction, and ambition, to attain to the Theory of that knowledge, while the less capable being accustomed and assigned to an usual part in the toil thereof, and instructed by the ordinary S●aman, will be brought to a good readiness therein and speedy perfection.  
6. All Materials for shipping, as Timber, Cordage, Sailes, Iron, Brass, Ordnance of both metals, and what ever else we are necessitated ●o supply our wants with out of the Eastern Countries, who make it not unusual to take advantages of their neighbour's necessity, and often times upon a pre●ence of difference or misintelligence betwixt us, embrace an occ●sion to over-rate or over-custome their commodities, or (a real quarrel widening) sell it to other Nations from whence we are forced to supply ourselves at a second or third Market.  
7. It will give us the liberty of storing a grea● part of Europe with a larger plenty of incomparably better fish, th●n the Holander hath found means to furnish it withal, and will make us in no long tract of time, if industriously prosecuted, equal, if not transcend him in that his most beneficial staple.  
8. It will be to this Common wealth a standing and plentiful Magazine of Wheat, Rice, Coleseed, Rapeseed, Flax, Cotton, Salt, Pot-ashes, Soap-ashes, Sugars, Wines, Silk, Olives, and what ever single is the staple of other Nations, shall be found in this jointly collected.  
9 It will furnish us with rich Furs, Buffs, Hides, Tallow, Beef, Po●k, etc. the growth and increase of cattle in this Nation, receiving a grand interruption and stop, by killing commonly very hopeful young breed to furnish our markets, or store our shipping, merely occasioned by want of ground to feed them, whereas those Provinces afford such a large proportion of rich ground, that neither the increase of this or the succeeding age can in any reasonable probability overfeed the Moiety.  
10. By it many of your Honour's Reformadoes and disbanded soldiers being dismissed with the payment of such part of their arrears as your own judgement (guided by the rule of your immense disbursements) shall think a convenient recompense, by transporting themselves thither may change their desperate fortunes into a happy certainty of condition, and a contented livelihood, which will be a means not only to disburden this Republic as before) but to remove all those clamours usualy disturbing your public consultations, and to win upon them by your bounty to invert all those fearful imprecations, with which they would (as much as in them lies) unblesse your proceedings, into a joyful and fervent concurrence of prayers to the Almighty to shower down blessings upon your heads, who, next under him, are the glorious and visible instruments of their increasing happiness.  
11. It will be a generous and moving encouragement to all industrious and public spirits, to employ those parts with which God and nature hath blessed them in the discovery of such happy inventions as m●y drive on hopeful designs with a lesser number of hands then is usually assigned to them, which issues of the brain are legitimate and genial to beginning Plantations, where the greatest want is that of people: but for our own or other popular Kingdoms where we are commonly overpressed with a greater multitude of labourers than employers, by much l●sse acceptable, since our indigent people look upon such Engines merely as Monoppolies to engross their livelihood  
12. It will add a very considerable increase to the Revenue of your Honours own Customs, and I shall assume the liberty in all humility to offer up to your more advised deliberation by way of supplement to your incomes, whether such malefactor's a● the letter of the law dooms to death, yet leaves a latitude for extent of mercy in the bosom of the Judges, whose release oftentimes proves not only ruinous to them so discharged, since not seldom they return to their vomit, but pernicious to the Commonwealth reinvaded by their insolences and disorders, might not be made instrumentally serviceable to the State, if (as it is frequent in other Country's, where they are condemned to the Galleys) by way of reparation for their crime, they were sentenced to serve a quantity of years according to the nature of their offences, which expired, they should enjoy all immunities with others, and by this course be reduced and accustomed to a regular course of life. Of these a thousand transported and employed by an understanding improver, would by their labour advance an income of forty thousand pounds sterling per annum, at the left, and so proportionably according to their number.   
That all these, and many inestimable benefits may have their rise, increase, and perfection from the South parts of Virginia, a Country unquestionably our own, devolved to us by a just title, and discovered by John Cabot at the English exp●nces● who found out and took seizure, together with the voluntary submission of the Natives to the English obedience of all that Continent from Cape Florida Northward, the excellent temper of the air, the large proportion of ground, the incredible richness of soil, the admirable abundance of Mineraels', vegetables, medicinal drugs, timber, situation, no less proper for all European commodities, than all those Staples which entitle China, Persia, and other the more opulent Provinces of the East to their wealth, reputation, and greatness (besides the most Christian of all improvements, the converting many thousands of the Natives) is agreed upon by all who have ever viewed the Country: To which the judgement of the most incomparable Ralegh may be a convincing assertion, whose preferring of that Country before either the North of Virginia or New-England, though it may sufficiently command my submission and acquiescence; yet for more particular satisfaction be pleased to accept these reasons for such prae●ation.  

1. The apparent danger all the Colonies may be in if this be not possessed by the English, to prevent the Spaniard, who already hath seated himself on the North of Florida, and on the back of Virginia in 34, where he is already possessed of rich silver Mines, and will no doubt vomit his fury and malice upon the neighbour Plantations, if a prehabitation anticipate not his intentions, which backed with your authority, he understands too much of your power, and is too sadly acquainted with your admirable successes and generous resolutions, not to sit down by any affronts offered to those under the wings of your protection, to attempt any thing against such who are immediately your own Colony, lest thereby he administers matter of a fire, to which his own fortunes in the Indies must be a fuel, and himself raked up in its ashes.  
2. But the South of Virginia having a contiguous Ledge of at the least one hundred Lands, and in the midst of those the incomparable Roanoak, the most of them at the same distance from the Continent that the ●le of Wight is from Hamp●hire, all of hazardous accerse to Foreigners, and affording a secure convenience from surprisal by the Natives, will if possessed and protected by your power, be as an inoffensive Nursery to receive an infant Colony, till by an occasion of strength and number, we may pour ourselves from thence upon the Mayneland, as our Ancestors the Saxons from the Isle of Tanet into Britain.  

3. It dispenses a moderate equality of heat and cold between the two violent extremes thereof in Barbad●●s and New England.  
It will admit of all things producible in any other part of the World, lying in the same Parallel with China, Persia, Japan, Cochinchina, Candia, Cyprus, Sicily, the Southern parts of Greece, Spain, Italy, and the opposite Regions of Africa.   
4. It hath besides all Timber for shipping, the best and reddest Cedars, and Cypress trees that may be found in any Country.  
5. And lastly, the planting of this Colony will open a most compendious passage to the discovery of those more opulent Kingdoms of China, Cochinchina, Cathaya, Japan, the Phillipines', Summatra, and all those beauteous and opulent Provinces of the East Indies, which beyond dispute lie open to those Seas which wash the South-West parts of Virginia, through whose bosom all those most precious commodities which enable the Chinesie, Cathayan, Persian, and Indostant Empires, may more conveniently, speedily, with more security and less expenses be transported thence from Spawhawn● or other remoter Provinces to Gombroon, by a long dangerous and expensive ●aravane, and from thence to Su●at, where when arrived the doubling of the Line, Calentures, Scurvies, with a long train of diseases and Famine attend its transportation into our own Country.  
6. Whereas by expandeing ourselves to both sides and Seas of Virginia, our commerce to those noble Nations lies open in short and pleasant voyages to the encouragement, enriching and delight of the Seamen, and personal adventurers, who will share in the delicacies and profits of those Kingdoms, without participating in the miseries attending our present voyages thither. The Cargason being easily conveyed, by much the greater part of the way, through Navigable Rivers, and from the Eastern shore of Virginia in a month, or at the largest six week's time into England.   
And by this means the Hollander, Spaniard, and Portugal, who (by the supine negligence of this Nation, and its Merchant Adventurers) do with insufferable insolence Lord over us in bo●h the Indies, when they shall to the unknitting of their joints perceive by your nursing care over the Infancy of your Colonies, that they are arrived under your auspice, to cover both the Seas with numerous Navies, and your Honour's eye of indulgence and providence waking to their security, will be content laying aside all other passions to wave future affronts and injuries, or fall a deserved sacrifice to your offended justice.  
And that this address may appear the more seasonable, I have (without any privity or relation to his person) taken leave to intimate to your Honours, that there is a Gentleman whom the public reputation and testimony of those who have the happiness to know him render of excellent abilities, integrity, and a never shaken affection to your cause in all its crisis and dangers through which God with a clew of success hath been your conduct) who hath already undertaken for the transportation of some men thither, and only waits for your Honour's approbation and authority, the world taking notice, hopes and encouragement from thence, that as this Colony is like to be the eldest of your legitimate daughter's ●n that nature, so by your indulgence she shall have the happiness not to be the youngest in your affection.  
May that God who hath begirt your house with a Grove of Laurel, continue the advance of those Victories till the whole Nation be crowned with Olives: May no sin, no ingratitude of ours divert his protecting hand from us, his assistant arm from you: May the generations to come in admiration of your virtue and gratitude for their by you● derived happiness, make every heart your monument, wherein to embalm your memory whilst the Histories of all Nations and times enrich their ●nnals with your names as the most serious and triumphant part of all examples and transactions. And lastly may your own thankfulness to him from whom these dispensations of mercy have distilled like the dew of Hermon upon your heads and borders, so continue in your bosoms, that when you shallbe ripe for translation, he whose instruments you are, may welcome you with the approbation of, Well done good and faithful servant, Which are the undisguised wishes of  
Your Honour's most humble, obedient, and faithful Servant. Ed. Williams.   

  

Virginia in General, but particularly CAROLANA, which comprehends Roanoak, and the Southern parts of Virginia richly valued.  
THE situation and Climate of Virginia is the Subject of every Map, to which I shall refer the curiosity of those who desire more particular information.  
Yet to show that Nature regards this Ornament of the new world with a more indulgent eye then she hath cast upon many other Countries, whatever China, Persia, japan, Cyprus, Canay, Sicily, Greece, the South of Italy, Spain, and the opposite parts of Africa, to all which she is parallel, may boast of, will be produced in this happy Country. The same bounty of Summer, the same mild remission of Winter, with a more virgin and unexhausted soil being material arguments to show that modesty and truth receive no diminution by the comparison.  
Nor is the present wildness of it without a particular beauty, being all over a natural Grove of Oakes● Pines, Cedars, Cypress, Mulberry, Chestnut, Laurel, Sassafras, Cherry, Plum-trees, and Vines, all of so delectable an aspect, that the melanchollyest eye in the Wo●ld cannot look upon it without contentment, nor content himself without admiration. No shrubs or underwoods' choke up your passage, and in its season your foot can hardly direct itself where it will not be died in the blood of large and delicious Strawberries: The Rivers which every way glide in deep and Navigable Channels, betwixt the breasts of this uberous Country, and contribute to its conveniency beauty and fertility, labour with the multitude of their fishy inhabitants in greater variety of species, and of a more incomparable delicacy in taste and sweetness then whatever the European Sea can boast of: Sturgeon of ten feet, Drums of six in length, Conger, Eeles, Trout, Salmon, Bret, Mullet, Cod, Herring, Perch, Lampreyes, and what ever else can be desired to the satisfaction of the most voluptuous wishes.  
Nor is the Land any less provided of native Flesh, Elkes bigger than Oxen, whose hide is admirable Buff, flesh excellent, and may be made, if kept domestic, as useful for draught and carriage, as Oxen Dear in a numerous abundance● and delicate Venison, Racoones● Hares, Coneys, Bevers, Squirrel, Bears, all of a delightful nourishment for foody and their Furs rich, warm, and convenient for clothing and Merchandise.  
That no part of this happy Country may be ungrateful to the Industrious, The air itself is often clouded with flights of Pigeons, Partridges, Blackbirds● Thrushes, Dotterels, Cranes, Hernes, Swans, Geese, Brants, Ducks, Widgeons, Oxeyes, infinites of wild Turkeyes, which have been known to weigh fifty pound weight, ordinarily forty.  
And the native Corn of the Country Maiz, is so grateful to the Planter, that it returneth him his entrusted seed with the increase of 2 or 3 hundred interest, so facilely planted, that one man in 48 hours may prepare as much ground, and set such a quantity of Corn, that he may be secure from want of Bread all the year following, though he should have never so large an appetite to consume it, and have nothing else to live upon. Nor is it above three, or at the most four months' interval betwixt the time of planting and gathering: Planted in March, April, or May, it is ready for the Barn in June, July, and August; and of this by a provident management, you may have yearly three or four Harvests. The stalk bruised yields a juice as big as Rice, pleasant as Sugar, and the green Ears boiled in such juice is comparable in agreeableness to the palates to what ever our Pease, Sparagus, or Artichoke, hath either for satisfaction or delicacy. Nor is the Corn difficult in preservation, for in six or seven years there is scarce any sensibility of its corruption.  
But lest our palates should have so much of curiosity as to dislike what ever is not native to our own Country, and wheat is justly esteemed more proper this happy soil, though at the first too rich to receive it, after it hath contributed to your wealth by diminution of its own richness, in three or four crops of Rice, Flax, Indian Corn, Coleseed, or Rapeseed, will receive the English wheat with a grateful retribution of thirty for one increase, every Acre sowed with wheat will produce six, seven, or eight Quarter of the grain entrusted. And though Mr. Bullocke be pleased to underrate at it half the crown the bushel, which in the Canaries will yield ten and twelve shillings, and in Spain eight, yet even in that proportion you are recompensed with six, seven, or eight pound the Acre, of which two men by a discreet division of their time, will plow, reap, and in at the least 60 Acres.  
Which though it may appear a matter of admiration, yet I shall easily make it apparent by the following Narration, in which such is the exactness of the Air in this Country, that you may have five successive Harvests of the same grain in different seasons. For though a man and a boy with much ease may plow an Acre every day, the ground being pliable of a rich black and tender mould, and no frost● or snows, no usual droughts or reins to hinder the going of the plough, yet I shall allow a month for the ploughing of twelve Acres, and thus ploughing in September, October, November, December● and January, you may have your several Harvests in June, July, August, and S●ptember, which may easily be inned by the same hands the labour not falling in a glut upon them, but the Corn ripening according to its several seasons.  
And thus by two men's labours only you have a grateful return of at the least three hundred and sixty Quarters of Wheat, which will at that under rate formerly mentioned, viz. 2s● 6d. yield so many pounds sterling: Nor is there such difficulty in the threshing, as may be at first sigh●t suspected, since it may easily be tread out with Oxen, as it is usual in Italy and other Countries.  
The first Wheat being reaped, if you desire a crop of Barley, the same L●nd ploughed in july, will return its ripe increase in September, so that from one and the same piece of ground you may have the benefit of two different Harvests.  
But the Rice (for production of which this Country is no less proper than those Lands which have the greatest reputation of fertility) sowed, yields a greater increase with ●he same labour 40 Acres of this ploughed if valued but at 7s. 6d. the Bushels will yield 600l. all done by two men and a Team of Oxen, who may by other labour in the interval betwixt the committing the seed to ground, and its ripening, fall upon ●ole●seed or Rape seed, infinitely rich Commodities with the same facility.  
The objection, that the Country is overgrown with Woods, and consequently not in many Years to be penetrable for the Plough, carries a great feebleness with it. For there are an immense quantity of Indian fields cleared already to our hand by the Natives, which till we grow over populous may every way be abundantly sufficient, but that the very clearing of ground carries an extraordinary benefit with it, I will make apparent by these following Reasons.  
1. If we consider the benefit of Pot-ashes grown from ten to fifty pound the Tun, within these twenty years, and in all probability likely to increase by reason of interdicting Trade betwixt us and the Muscovite, from whence we used to supply ourselves; We shall find the employment of that very Staple will raise a considerable sum of Money, and no man so employed can (if industrious) make his labour less than one hundred pound, per annum: For if we consider that those who labour ●bout this in England give twelve pence the bushel for Ashes, if we consider to how many several parts of the Country they are compelled to send man and horse before they can procure any quantity to fall to work upon; if we consider some of the thriftiest, and wise, and understanding men, fell Wood on purpose for this Commodity, and yet notwithstanding this Brigade of difficulties find their Adventures and Labours answered with a large return of profit, we who have all these things, already at our own door without cost, may with a confidence grounded upon reason's expect an advantage much greater, and a clearer profit.  
Nor can we admit in discretion, that a large quantity of those ●hould not find a speedy Market, since ●he decay of Timber is a de●ect grown universal in Europe, and the Commodity such a necessary Staple, that no civil Nation can be conveniently without it.  
Nor are Pipe●taves and Clapboard a despicable commodity, of which one man may with ease make fifteen thousand yearly, which in the country itself are sold for 4l. in the Canaries for twenty pound the thousand, and by this means the labour of one man will yield him 60l. per annum, at the lowest Market. If all this be not sufficient to remove the encumbrance of Woods, the Saw mill may be taken into consideration, which is in every respect highly beneficial by this Timber for building houses, and shipping may be more speedily prepared, and in greater quantity by the labour of two or three men, then by a hundred hands after the usual manner of sawing.  
The Planks of Walnut-trees for Tables or Cupboards, Cedar and Cypress, for Chests, Cabinets, and the adorning magnificent buildings, thus prepared will be easily transported into England, and sold at a very considerable value.  
But that in which there will be an extraordinary use of our Woods is the Iron mills, which if once erected will be an undecaying Staple, and of this forty servants will by their labour raise to the Adventurer four thousand pound yearly: Which may easily be apprehended if we consider the dearness of Wood in England, where notwithstanding this great clog of difficulty, the Master of the Mill gains so much yearly, that he cannot but reckon himself a provident Saviour.  
Neither does Virginia yield to any other Province whatsoever in excellency and plenty of this Oar: And I cannot promise to myself any other then extraordinary success and gain, if this noble and useful Staple be but vigorously followed.  
And indeed it had long ere this grown to a full perfection, if the treachery of the indians had not crushed it in the beginning, and the backwardness of the Virginia Merchants to reerect i●, hindered that Country from the benefit arising from that universal Staple.  
But to show something further, what use may be made of Woods besides the forementioned Wallnut Oil, at the least a fourth part of the Trees in Virginia being of that species, is an excellent Staple, and very gainful to t●e industrious Labourer.  
Nor is it a contemptible profit that may be made of Woods, if by boaring holes in divers trees, of whose virtues we are yet ignorant, and collecting the juce thereof, a scrutiny be made which are fit for Medicinal Liquor and Balsams; which ●or Gums, Perfumes, and Dies, and here I may justly take occasion to complain of our own sloth and indulgence, if compared to the laborious Spaniard, who by this very practice have found out many excellent Drugs, Paints, and Colours, merely by bruising and grinding Woods, probably convenient for such experiments: which if boiled, and a white piece of cloth steeped in the boiling liquor, will by its tincture discover what colour it is capable to give, and i● many should fail in the trial, yet does it not fall under the probability, but that divers noble an● useful mysteries of Nature may be discovered by some su●h perforations scrutinies. Nor are the many Berries commonly of an excellent colour and lustre unfit for such experiments; since the labour is little or nothing, and the issue if successful of remarkable advantage. And this the Spaniard hath experimented to the increase of gain and reputation; and above this is so signally curious and industrious, that he hath discovered many rare and delightful colours, not only by the means before mentioned, but by bruising and boiling divers Fish-shells, the brightness and variety of colours giving him a just reason to pursue such curious examen.  
The French relations of their Voyages to Canada, tell us, that the Indians and themselves falling into a contagious disease, of which Physicians could give no Reason or Remedy, they were all in a short space restored to their health merely by drinking water, in which Saxifrage was infused and boiled, which was then discovered to them by the Natives, and we justly entertain belief that many excellent Medicines either for conservation of Nature in her vigour or restauration in her decadence may be communicated unto us, if projection of this stamp be so much encouraged by hopes of reward or honour, as to be put in practice.  
By this Improvement of Woods, the Ground coming to be cleared, we have a soil fit to produce what ever is excellent in Nature, the Vine and Olive which Naturally sympathize together, will thrive beyond belief, nor need it be any interruption to Tillage, since the Vintage and Harvest always fall but in different Reasons.  
That wild Vines run naturally over Virginia, ocular experience d●clares who delighting in the Neighbourhood of their beloloved Mulberry-trees inseparable associates over all that Country, and of which in this their wildness Wines have been made, of these Wines if transplanted and cultivated, there can be made no doubt but a Rich and Generous Wine would be produced: But if we set the Greek Cyprian Candian or Portuguese Grape, those Countries lying parallel with this, there need not be made the smallest question● but it would be a Staple which would enrich this Country to the envy of France and Spain, and furnish the Northern parts of Europe, and China itself where they plant it not, (of which more hereafter) with the Noblest Wine in the World, and at no excessive prices.  
And from this Staple 'tis not unworthy of our most serious consideration, what an occasion of wealth would flow upon this Nation: Virginia when well peopled being able to match Spain in that his Sovereign Revenue, and the State by addition to their Customs for exportation thereof according to the mode of France and Spain, would in no short time be sensible of this most inestimable benefit: To which if we join the Profits of our Olives, we may (Gods favourable hand blessing our industry) be the happiest Nation in Europe.  
Nor need we be at that charge for Cask under which Spain labours, where ever we cast our eyes upon this Fortunate Country we may find Timber proper for it.  
For the advance of which noble Staple, I should propose that the Greek, and other Rich Vines, being procured from the Countries to which they are genial, every Planter in that Country might be enjoined to keep a constant Nursery, to the end when the ground is cleared, that they may be fit for removal, and the Vineyard speedily planted.  
Further that some Greek, and other Vignerous might be hired out of those Countries to instruct us in the labour, and lest their envy, pride, or jealousy of being laid aside when their mystery is discovered, may make them too reserved in communicating their knowledge, they may be assured, besides the continuance of their Pension of a share in the profits of every man's Vintage, which will the more easily persuade them to be liberal and faithful in their instructions, since the public advance of this design cannot miscarry without a sensible loss to their particular interest.  
That before their going over a general consultation may be had which them what ground is proper, what season fit, what prevention of casualties by bleeding or splitting, what way to preserve or restore Wine when vesseld, which species of Wine is fittest for transportation over, or retention in the Countrey● which for duration, which for present spending: It being in experience manifest that some Wines refine themselves by purge upon the Sea, others by the same means suffer an evaporation of their Spirits, join to this that some Wines collect strength and richness, others contract feebleness and sourness by seniority.  
These consultations drawn to a head by some able person, and published to be sent over in several Copies to Virginia, by the inspection of which people might arrive at such competent knowledge in the Mystery, that the reservation or jealousies of those Vignerons, could not but be presently perceived and prevented.  
But from hence no occasion should be derived to break or fall short of any contract made with those Vignerons, who are to be exactly dealt with in performance of Articles, every way made good unto them, with all just respects to win upon them, and the non-performance of this hath been the original cause why Virginia at this day doth not abound with that excellent commodity. Those contracted with as hired servants for that employment, by what miscarriage I know not, having promise broken with them, and compelled to labour in the quality of Slaves, could not but express their resentment of it, and had a good colour of justice to conceal their knowledge, in recompense of the hard measure offered them, which occasioned the laying aside of that noble Staple, the diligent prosecution whereof, had by this time brought Virginia to an absolute perfection in it, and to a great degree of happiness and wealth which would attend it.  
And had this been as happily followed as it was prudently intended● that excellent Country had not hung down its desolate head in so languishing a condition as the disrespect cast upon her, till of late years had reduced her to. Nor had the poor Planter (who usually spends all the profits of his labour in foreign Wines) been impoverished by the want of it: but with delight might have shaded himself under his vine, reaped the benefit of it in Autumn, and buried all the memory and sense of his past labours in a cheerful rejoicing by his own hearth with the issue of his own vineyard.  
And from hence might Barbadoes, St. Christopher's, and all our Islands in the Indies, have richer, better, and by much cheaper, wines transported to them from a place much nearer in distance than Spain or the Canaries) and which doubles the benefit such intercourse together, would draw them to an association in power as well as communication of Staples.  
Were this brought to a just perfection no other Nation could upon a quarrel betwixt Us, and Spain, and France, reap a benefit by selling us their Wine at a third Market. And what we vend now for it (that being made Native to us) might be returned in Bullion, to the apparent enriching of the Commonwealth, and the impoverishing of our Enemies, or at the least Friends deservedly suspected.  
All Authors of Agriculture unanimously consent that neither Arable Pasture, Meadow, or any other Grounds are so benign genuine, or proper for planting Vines in, as those cleared Lands are, wherein not Shrubs, but Tall Trees were standing. And we must want a parallel in any part of the World to compare with Virginia for tall and goodly Timber-trees cleared of all under Woods, to which when cleared your Vines may be removed (the very removeall of them, as indeed of all other, giving an addition to their perfection (the excellency of transplantation being more particularly insisted upon hereafter.) But in the clearing of these woods it will be a saving of labour, and a delight to the Vine, besides other profits following to leave the Mulberry trees standing there, being such a happy correspondence together such a mutual love engrafted in them by Nature, that we well may conclude with this Axioms that the same Nature joins all her excellencies together by an association of sympathies.  
Nor does she wave that her happy order in Incomparable Virginia, where the soil and climate that fits the one, is equally amiable to the other, their loves and hates happily according, what the one shuns, the other flies from, what the one affects, challenges the others embraces, and were not this soil and climate most genial and proper Nature herself (whose productions are never useless) would never have crowned the Virgin Brow of this unexampled Country, with such a universal plenty of them, or with such a voluntary League have united them every where together.  

VIRGINIA compared to PERSIA.  
BUT to illustrate this with another argument: Let us compare this felicity-teeming Virginia, as it is situated from 31 degrees of Latitude to 40. with other Countries, seated in the same degrees which opens us a method of observing what Commodities Natio●s so planted abound with, which found we shall discover in this excellent Virgin a disposition engrafted by Nature to be Mother of all those excellencies, and to be equal (if not superior) as well in all their noble Staples, as in nearness to their particular enricher the perpetually auspicious Sun. And this to whom Virginia owes the publication and portrait of her incomparable beauty; Mr. Harriot the noble Mathematician delivers us by a happy instance in finding out for her ● noble Sister of the same Latitude, the most glorious Persia, ennobled as much by this comparison as in her Empire. And those who have traveled and viewed Persia, unanimously relate wonders of her admirable fertility in all sorts of Grain and Fruits, with an unexpressible abundance of Silk and Wines: In which this her rich-bosomed Sister claims an equality in her plenty of Mulberries, Silk, and Gums, Vines, Maiz, Rice, and all sorts of Grain: only as a fuller-dowryed Sister she merits a priority in fertility, pleasure, health, and temperature, a Virgin Country, ●o preserved by Nature out of a desire to show mankind fallen into the Old age of the Creation, what a brow of fertility and beauty she was adorned with when the World was vigorous and youthful, and she herself was unwounded with the Ploughshares, and unweakened by her numerous future teeming.  
Another eyewitness of this Victorious Empire, delivers to memory that Covazan in a Province of that Countrey● is so incomparably fruitful, that Dearths are never known, nor Famine ever suspected in it, that in one only City called E●y, there is such an inestimable store of Silke● that there might be bought in one day in that City as much Silk as will load three thousand Camels. And he is little conversant with experience or History, who is ignorant that the abundance of Silk Native to that Country and Climate, is almost the sole Staple of that mighty Empire, by which never-to-be exhausted Treasure of Silks the sinews and vitals of the Persian Empire, the Sophy to the general good of Christendom, keeps both the horns of the Ottoman Moon from completing their ambitious Circle. And if the English East India Company of Merchants were not wrong-byassed by the factions and sinister ambition of some men in Authority amongst them, a great part of that wealthy Staple might be transported into England, and by that means dispersed over all parts of Europe to the enriching and honour of this Nation.  
The digression upon this Parallel hath diverted me from ampliation upon the public benefit, which may devolve into this republic by the Olive, which being genuine to the Vine, will by a happy consent of nature indisputably flourish in a vast abundance, and by a transportation into the warmer Regions, where the heat or scarcity of Cattle causeth a like indigence of Butter, will be a Staple of inestimable value, and of no smaller conducement to our own shipping, into those provinces near the Equinox, or in those voyages where the doubling of the Line either putrifies, or makes it of a taste little pleasing or agreeable to the palate.   

VIRGINIA compared to CHINA.  
BUt to leave Persia and descend to a more wealthy and powerful parallel, the richest and mightiest Empire in the World lies in the same latitude and climate with our fortunate Virginia; namely China, divided from it only by the Southsea, and (which will be a part of another discourse) not of any long distance from it, agreeing with it in multitude of Staples. China is stored with an infinite number of Mulberry trees to feed Silkworms with, and vends silk in such a vast proportion, that in one only City Lempo, which some call Liempo, the Portugeses, have with no small admiration, observed that one hundred and sixty thousand pound weight of silk hath been carried out in one Ship in the only space of three Months.  
Into Cambula the chief City of Tartary (as Authors of great repute and credit, and one who was personally there, reports) there comes ●very day from China, a thousand wagons laden with silk. Nor is China less happy in its multitude of navigable Rivers, in its wonderful fertility of all sorts of grain, Maiz, Rice, etc. of which it receiveth every year three or four most plentiful Harvests. Rivers stored with an incredible quantity of Fish and Fowl, enriched and ennobled with numerous Mines of Gold, Silver, Brass, Iron, and other Metals, Quicksilver, Nitre, Alum, Precious stones, Pearls, Musk, Cotton, Sugars, Rhubarb, China Root, vast proportions of Flax, Furs extraordinary rich. To this happiness of soil and situation, they associate an equal felicity of parts and industry, by which they pretermit not one span of ground which they assign not to particular and profitable uses, and by an ingenious division of the ground according to the quality of the soil, design the drier part for wheat and barley, That which is more visited with an improving moisture, to Rice and Sugar; As●ents and Mountains to groves of P●nes and Chestnuts, between which are planted Maiz pannicle, and all kind of Pulse. In other proper places are Mulberry Groves, Gardens, Orchards, Flax, and in a word no spot of ground misemployed from its proper advantage.  
And that Virginia is parallel in nearness of Staples, as well as neighbourhood to the sun, to that celebrated Empire, what multitudes of Fi●h to satisfy the most voluptuous of wishes, can China glory in which Virginia may not in justice boast of? What Fowls can she make ostentation of, in which Virginia can be esteemed inferior? Can China, insolent with her prosperity, solely lay claim to a more singular honour for her affluence in Maiz and other grain, for the maintenance and luxury of her plenty-wanton Inhabitants, without an open injury to her equal, to her Maiden sister, to our incomparable Virginia? Are her Mulberries springing from a voluntary bounty of Nature less numerous or useful than those to which China hath added all the assistance which could be expected from advantages of transplantation, or an industrious people? If China will descend to particulars, to compare Quantity and Quality of Fish and Fowl, Let her show us Turkeys of 50 pound weight, Let her instance an example of one hundred and fifty Fowl, to reward the labour of three charges of shot and powder, Let he● publish a precedent so worthy of admiration (and which will not admit belief in those bosoms where the eye cannot be witness of the action● of five thousand fish taken at one draught near Cape Charls ● at the entry into Chesapeak Bay, and which swells the wonder greater, not one fish under the measure of two feet in length. What Fleets come yearly upon the coasts of New found Land, and New England for Fish, with an incredible re●●rne? Yet 'tis a most assured truth, that if they would make experiment upon the South of Cape Cod, and from thence to the coast of this happy Country, they would find Fish of a greater delicacy, and as full handed plenty, which though Foreigners know not, yet if our own Planters would make use of it, would yield them a Revenue which cannot admit of any diminution, whilst there are Ebbs and Floods, Rivers feed and receive the Ocean, or Nature fails in (the Elemental Original of all things) Waters.  
There wants nothing but industrious spirits and encouragement, to make a rich Staple of this commodity; and would the Virginians but make Salt pits, in which they have a greater convenience of Tides (that part of the Universe by reason of a full influence of the Moon upon the almost limitless Atlantic causing the most spacious Fluxes and Refluxes, that any shore of the other divisions in the World is sensible of) to leave their pits full of Salt-water, and more friendly and warm Sunbeams to concoct it into Salt, than Rochel, or any parts of Europe. Yet notwithstanding these advantages which prefer Virginia before Rochel, the French King raises a large proportion of his Revenues out of that Staple yearly, with which he supplies a great part of Christendom.  
And if from this Staple the miserable French can procure a subsistence, some of them a comfortable livelihood, notwithstanding all the private oppressions of their grinding Landlords, the Public Tallies, Subsidies, Aides, Imposts, and other hard Titles of authorised Rapine. What shall we imagine the freeborn English in a Country where he owes no Rent to any but to God and Nature, where he has Land to satisfy his desires in its extent, his wishes in its fertility, where freequarter is a word only understood by Report, may expect of profit and content both in this Staple of Salt, in that of Wines made in those Countries, where either the Spanish insolence and exactions, the French extortions, or the Turkish Imperial Robberies, though in the highest degrees of exorbitance, are not of force so to disincourage the Inhabitants from attendance upon the Vineyard, which notwithstanding all those Horseleeches of Imposition, returns them such a profit a● make them keep a middle path between the ascent of Riches, and precipice of Poverty.  
Nor would it be such a long interval (Salt being first made) betwixt the undertaking of this Fishing, and the bringing it to perfection; for if every servant were enjoined to practise Rowing, to be taught to handle Sails, and trim a Vessel, a work easily practised, and suddenly learned, the pleasantness of Wether in fishing season, the delicacy of the Fish, of which they usually feed themselves with the best, the encouragement of some share in the profit, and their understanding what their own benefit may be when their freedom gives them an equality, will make them willing and able Fishermen and Seamen.  
To add further to this, if we consider the abundance, largeness, and peculiar excellency o● the S●urgeon in that Country, it will not fall into the least of scruples, but that one species will be of an invaluable profit to the buyer, or if we repeat to our thoughts the singular plenty of Herrings and Mackerell, in goodness and greatness much exceeding what ever of that kind these our Seas produce, a very ordinary understanding may at the first inspection perceive that it will be no great difficulty to out-labour and outvie the Hollander in that his almost only Staple: Which we may also sell at a cheaper Market then in common estimation● if we revolve the Salt to be our own, which they buy from France, or fetch from the Isle of May, and that the very freight of Passengers (of which alured by this improvement, and the public approbation, there will be constant multitudes) in our own Sh●ppes will at the least defray 3● fourth's of the charges.  
I should not unwillingly hear (though I despair ever to know it for a certainty) that China did exceed us in fishing; for were it granted, we should not imagine those watery Inhabitants so circumscribed and limited to one part of the Ocean especially the same Climate and Latitude, inviting them as not to visit our opposite shore of Southwest Virginia in as great variety and plenty.  
And to the more curious and able Persons I shall offer what singular object it were of variety and plenty, if they would take the advantage of some tides and seasons, when the resort of fish is greatest to stop the Return of them out of some Creek perpetually flowing with Salt by Sluices, or such other invention: here would those great ones generate and produce till even they laboured with their own Multitude, if permitted to increase two or three years, who might with very small charge be maintained, and yearly render to the proprietar an Ocean of Fish in a narrow confine of Water.  
Nor were it unworthy the labour to make an experiment whether the Sturgeon himself might not receive a kind of Domestication in that narrow circumscript on, especially if we let it descend into our thoughts, that (by small perforations in the sluices he perpetually admits a Renovation and change of salt Water) he may receive the s●me benefit of Liberty, namely variety of Water, which he delights in when unconfined, and admitting the Original Breeder not to thrive well by such imprisoning, yet Customs ascending as high as Nature in the Breed, would make that Familiar to them, which peradventure might have been offensive to the first Spawner, and should they delight (as in some seasons of the year Fishes do vary their Resorts) at any time in fresh water; A large Pond digged near having either Springs to feed it, or Reins to fill it, might by communication of a Sluice receive both them and Salmon, when they seek aft●r the Freshes.  
And that Fishes may be unwilded, and become Domestic, History will sufficiently inform us, wherein are delivered Reports of some who grown more particularly intelligent, were distinguished by names, a●d understood themselves so called: and Marshal in one of his Epigrams to Caesar, (I mean Domi●ian) tells the Prince speaking of Fishes so instructed, Quid quod nomen habe●t & ad Magistri Nomen quisque sui venit cita●●s? And further, Ma●●mque lambit, a thing, which though a Poet, and consequently bold, ev●n to untruths, yet he durst never have obtruded upon Caesar, whom himself makes a party in the experiment.  
And to add something to what hath formerly been delivered of Balsams and Colours, why from the Livers and most unctuous parts of those more delicate Fishes, may not curiosity find a means to extract an Oil, which (if it be not Medicinal, though I am inclined by several Reasons to believe the affirmative) may notwithstanding artificially distilled after its first extraction prove a delicacy for the Tables of Princes and Great Ones, especially for Sauces, and other Confections which Luxury hath found out for the irritation of dull and retreating appetites. But I cannot believe it to be deprived of its particular virtue in Physical operations, and the industrious conclusions of our Ancestors have by such probations discovered many rich Mysteries of Nature; whilst we either glutted with our own plenty of Receipts, or out of a too fond a Reverence we pay to antiquity acquiesce in their prescriptions, as in the ne plus ultra, the Hercules Pillars of Wisdom, beyond which there were no passage, or else fear every innovation brings inconveniences in his Train, which opinion if it had possessed those our Ancestors, the World had continued in ignorance, and must for ever have laid sick of an incurable folly in the Fool's Hospitals.  
For what concerns the Flax of China, that we may not lose the smallest circumstance of Parallel with Virginia, Nature herself hath enriched this her bosom Favourite with a voluntary plant● which by art, industry, and transplantation may be multiplied and improved to a degree of as plentiful, but more excellent Nature: Which because of its accession to the quality of Silk, we entitle Silk Grass: Of this Queen Eliz●beth had a substantial and rich piece of Grograine made and presented to Her. Of this Mr. Porey in his discovery of the great River Chamonoak, to the South of james River delivers a Relation of infinite Quantity, covering the Surface of a Vast Forest of Pinetrees, being 60. miles in length.  
It had been wished that the injunction given to every Planter to set so many thousand Plants of this kind had been effectually prosecuted: The intermission whereof hath been a prejudice not easily imaginable: Nor is it yet too late to effect it, and in all probability by transplantation it may thrive beyond comparison larger, and the skin of it grown more tender and delicate, may arrive to some equality with the labour of the Silkworm, if it be managed by such Rules of Nature best suit with its production.  
For Hemp there is a natural kind of Hemp, a species of Flagg in that Country, from which being boiled you may strip a long and fine skin, not only proper for Cordage, but the finer sort singularly useful for Linen; of this two hundred weight hath been sent into E●gland, of which hath been made excellent Cordage, and very good Linen. This, by observation of the soil it grows in, and transplanted into Grounds of like, but richer property, would together with that Silke-grasse make a Staple of admirable Return and Profit; Provided every Planter had an injunction for this, as well as the former to sow or set a convenient proportion, to which his own profit (quickened with the imposition of a mulct in case of neglect) would easily invite him. And by this means would Virginia not only furnish her own people, but supply other Nations with Stuffs and Linen.  
To the Brass of China, we shall oppose the Virginian Copper (or Gold, for yet it is doubtful) for by a concurrent Relation of all the Indians, justified to several English of Quality, particularly to the Earl of Southampton ● in Mr. Poryes Narrative● to Sir William B●rkely, all seconding Mr. Heriots' Report, that within ten day's West toward the setting of the Sun, the Natives of that Country gathered a kind of a Red Sand falling with a stream issuing from a Mountain, which being washed in a sive, and set upon the fire speedily, melts and becomes some Copper, which they show us, but as they say much softer. We shall only suppose it to be Copper, contrary to the opinion of divers knowing men, who apprehend it for a Richer Metal; but melting with such ease two parts in five turning to a Solid Metal, the other three parts being peradventure not any thing of the Oar, but only such Rubbish, as joined to the Oar in rolling, and this falling merely from the superficies of the Mountain, yet a Rich Copper; what eye enlightened with the smallest beam of Reason, will not conclude it for an extraordintry accession of Wealth to this Country? and why may not the entrails of this Mineral be Gold, since the skin and crust of it is Copper? Nature herself oftentimes dealing after the mode of divers great men, delighting to lay an unregarded outside over her Richest Linings.  
To proceed in continuation of our comparison with China, if it abound more in visible Silver (of which with our abundance of Staples may quickly put us into a condition of entering into completion with) yet cannot Virginia in all probability be destitute of that Metal: For besides divers conjectures grounded upon natural circumstances: Mr. Gage in his Relation of the Indies, assures us that the Spaniards have found out a rich Silver Mine on the back side of Florida Westward, in 34 degrees of Latitude, and the farther they extend their search Northward, the more Rich and Pure the Mines discovered improve themselves.  
Nor shall we plead inferiority in Pearls with China or Persia, since Mr. Heriot assure● us of a large quantity of Pearls found amongst the Natives, spoilt by their ignorance in boring of them, and defacing their oriental lustre, by exposing them to the fire. These were found amongst the Indians at Roanoak, and the Relations of the Natives on all hands unanimously concur that the South and West of this opulent Country was stored with such abundance and variety, that the Indians used to make and adorn Babies with them: And one of the English had collected a Bracelet of very oriental Pearl, to the number of five thousand, which were all lost in the Return to England.  
If China suppose a merit of precedency in Musk, Virginia may justly oppose them with her Mu●k Rat, or Muscassus, which in all probability cannot but be the same; for it is a tradition received into the Number of truhts, that the Confection of their Musk in that Country is bruising and burying a certain Creature to putrefaction, of which this Odour is effected, and it is very open to conjecture that this Musk-R●t or Musc●ssus, whose flesh and skin are extraordinary redolent ●nd durant, and of which there is an infinite plenty, by such order may be brought to the same perfection. Neither is it so improbable th●t this Odour should proceed from putrefaction, which is naturally an abhorrence to the Nostril: for if you apply too near to the substance of the Musk, there is an occult subolency of such a putrefactive original. Neither are all excretions of Nature in themselves offensive to the sense of smelling, for the Flux of the Civetcat is accounted amongst our most sov●raigne Perfumes: And this experimented will be a Staple of noble use, and no less benefit.  
Nor shall we yield the Laurel of preeminence in Richness of Furs to China, if the Furs of Beavers, Otters, Martin's, and above all Black Foxes (which are upon some part of this Continent) may pretend any title to Richness: And yet have we been hitherto so supinely negligent to permit the Dutch and the French to carry away most of this precious Commodity, to trade in our Rivers, under-sell us, and which discovers either an implacable malice or insatiable avarice, trade with those Indians (of whom we have no reason to nourish any great confidence) for Muskets and Powder.  
To conclude, what ever else China may presume to boast of: Whether Nitre, Alum, Quicksilver, Rhubarb, and China Root, of which some we have already discovered: If we consider the parallel in Latitude, the equality of temperate Climate, the parity in soil, and its fertility, the similitude in brave Navigable Rivers, the unanimous congruity and consent in divers known Commodities, we shall have an ample basis to ground conjectures upon, that what ever singularity of Nature that Nation may imagine herself Victorious over others● will be found equal in this Garden of the World, this emulous Rival of China, Virginia: And the Chineses may with as great justice deny the Europ●ans the benefit of both eyes, as boast that they precede in any thing except Antiquity of habitation and a long experienced industry, this great Luminary of the new World Virginia.  
What ever other commodities, the Novelty of inhabiting this amorous Virgin hath made it appear defective in as Sugar, indigo, Cotton, Ginger, and other advantageous Staples, we shall appeal to all who have seen this unexampled Country; (we mean Roanoak, and the more Southern parts, and those Cou●tries towards the fertile Mangoack) whether it be guilty of any contrariety, distemper, or extremity which might hinder their production. The Sun, which in other Countre●s makes his visit in Flames and Droughts, here casts his auspicious Beams, and by an innocent and complemental warmth, courts the bosom of this his particular favourite, hastening and disposing its womb for ripe productions, which salute him in an absolute perfection. Winter Snowes, Frosts, and other excesses, are here only remembered, never known. The purling Springs and wanton Rivers every where kissing the happy soil into a perpetual verdure, into an unwearied fertility: no obstructions in your expectations, attempt and hope them, prosecute and enjoy them.  
Nor have we in design to lay any imputation upon the Barbadoss, which already aboundeth to admiration, with the Staples last mentioned, yet it will become our charity to wish the Country as healthful, as it is fruitful; that it may answer the expectation and merit of its most industrious and public spirited Planters, who have given a brave example to all, by the effects of their industry and unwearied constancy. From a thing almost lost to memory, (at the least to reputation) they have raised the honour of that Island, to be a subject of admiration for wealth and Staple, and that so little a circumference of Ground should be able to vent the value of two hundred and fifty thousand pound yearly, as some Merchants have maintained, not only adds to the weight and measure of their just estimation, but increases the favourable wishes of all ●overs of industry, that they had a larger proportion of ground to improve upon.  
And if an invincible sloth doth not possess us in Virginia, (we mean the South) why should not we raise an equal or greater profit upon as fertile and convenient a soil? especially if we consider ●he populousness of the place, has so raised the price of Land there, which we have here gratis, where number of inhabitants do so little take from our abundance, that they add to our wealth, security and plenty, and the sole means to increase and improve upon Staples.  
We have made it apparent that what ever China hath of Staple or delicacy, is produced or producible in this above-example Virgin. But to show that even China herself must in some things give place to this more happy Maiden, T●rra sigillata, or Lemnia, (as peculiar an income to the Grand Signiors Treasury, as that of Salt is to the French Kings) and of which China can no way boast, is native to this Country; Vines are either not natural, neglected, or not understood by the Chineses● but in this incomparable soil the Grape presents itself every where to your delighted prospect. And what shadow can there be of scruple that Wines well cultivated, and issuing from a rich Grape, will not be as commodious a Staple to that voluptuous and gluttonous Nation, who wanton away their wealth in banqnets, as the Wines of France and Spain are to the more Northern and less abstenious Nations of Europe?  
There ●eeds no objection be made against this Staple; for the South-west part of Virginia being once discovered, the Sea laid open and that passage complete in all its numbers● the pleasure of the commerce, the richness of returns, and the extraordinary quickne● of the profit, will invite so many to come over and plant that commodious quarter of Virginia, that as we shall never labour with too numerous a multitude of inhabitants, so we shall not have any great occasion to complain of the paucity of Planters.  
Nor is Tobacco in those Indian seas (especially cured as in Virginia, and of that strength and excellency) a commodity of inconsiderable commerce, particularly if we call to mind what gain there is by the exchange for Indian commodities, so that any ordinary understanding may comprehend that although Tobacco should yield but three pence the pound in India, yet by way of barter with those Nations where the return quadruples the value in England, the gains gotten by it might be very considerable.  
But if we may believe Printed Relations (and the person delivering it so clearly, is, in my opinions worthy of all credit) Tobacco from Surat to Moco yield ten for one profit, returned in Eastridge feathers to England, you have six to one profit; but this is for those Planters who are so infected with that disease of the Country, that they cannot admit of any other Staple, though more gainful and less laborious. Yet is not Tobacco without its virtues: for the Spaniard hath found out, besides the use of it in smoke, (or the smoky use) that the juice thereof (when green) applied to any wound cut, sore, and without a●y distinction, whether green, festered, or cankered, will heal it speedily, and almost miraculously; the leaf bruised or stamped, and applied to any bite or sting of a venomous quality, to any wound made by a poisoned arrow, the green leaf heated in hot ashes, and laid upon any part of the body afflicted with aches, will work effects answerable to the most powerful operations of Nature.   

The Benefi● and part of the Silkworm mystery treated of.  
BUT to show to the World that we may equal the best of the Western Kingdoms in this noble mystery of Nature the Silkworm: That France and Italy are much below this Mignon of Glory and Profit, the universally advantageous Virginia, we shall ●pon those infallible demonstrations of Nature, make evident, having the clew of truth, reason, and modesty to direct us.  
It will not be denied by any, whose forehead is not too brazen, that no Country is so proper for adventitions as its own Native Commodities, the seeds of things suffer a deterioration by changing the propriety of that soil which was genial to them, and the exact order of Nature suffers a diminution, if we imagine any other Climate or Region more proper for the perfection of any thing, then where it is originally produced.  
Tellier affirms that this mystery of the Silkworm hath not been experimented in Europe above a thousand years being transmitted to our Climate out of the Asiatic World, in so much that Italy hath not been above 200 years enriched with this industrious Creature, France received it from Italy, and it is observed, that the warmer the Region, by so much larger and stronger increase and texture receive they from the labour of this admirable and natural Weaver. France being of a colder temper than Italy, their Worms are weaker, in the more Northern part of that Kingdom from one ounce of seed they profit five or six pound of Silk increase, worth at the least ●os. per pound, in Languedock, and the warmer Provinces the same quantity is increased to 7● 8, or 9l. but in Brescia, of Calabria seed, they use usually to make eleven or twelve pound of Silk from the same original proportion.  
The poor people in both those Kingdoms buy their Mulberry leaves to feed this profitable and industrious Spinner, and the very charge of those leaves amounts to a full half of all other their expenses.  
The Nobility of Italy and France (the Grand Duke of Tuscany himself, descending into a part of this profit) make up a considerable part of their Revenue from their Trees, the Leav●s of every one being valued according to their goodness and quality, from five shillings to twenty and upwards, so that divers make an income of three, four, five, sometimes a thousand pound, from the sole profit of their Mulberry trees.  
The Grand Duke from the sale of his, raises an income ●●mm●xibus a●nis of sixty thousand Ducats,  
Yet divers Gentlemen in Italy make a larger increase of profit, by setting out their Mulberry trees to necessitous people, fo● hal●e the gain arising from the worm so ●●d. Those poo●e contribute their seed, employ their labour, and are at all expenses in bringing the silk to perfection; yet notwithstanding when completed, the Gentleman who sets out his Trees, divides the moiety of the entire profit, for the hire of his Leaves only, yet are these people, maugre this difficulty, comfortable gainers.  
And the same Tellier is bold to affirm, that non obstante the disagreeablenesse of the Country to that worm, in the Kingdom of France from the sole revenue now of Silk, arises a greater intrade then from their Corn, Oil and Woad put together, which grow in that Kingdom in vast proportions. And another French Author affirmeth, that the benefit of the Silk worm, (of which France hath had no trial till within these fifty years) ariseth to four Millions per annum, sterling, and this he pretends to have all circumstances of truth and certainty, drawn from an exact computation to confirm it.  
If France (an almost improper Country for this improvement) can raise within the verge of fifty years, so large and numerous a revenue, what shall we imagine Italy (a warmer Region, and by much more convenient, although not altogether Native, for this enriching creature) may merely upon this Staple return in their Treasury, having besides the advantage of Climate, a hundred and fifty years' precedency in the mystery, and their seed more strong, better fed, and less subject to diseases and casualties?  
But Virginia a Country which Nature hath no less particularly assigned for the production, food, and perfection of this Creature than Persia or China, stored naturally with infinites of Mulberry-trees, some so large that the leaves thereof have by Frenchmen been esteemed worth 5l. in which the indigenall and natural Worm hath been found as big as walnuts; and the using in the South thereof in admirable plenty and excellence; if this mystery were but duly followed, and industriously promoved, might be a Magazine for all the Western World, and singly in herself outvie France, Spain, and Italy, in all their advantages collected.  
here the Leaves are only sold by nature, who requires no other satisfaction than industry to make use of her bounty. Timber to erect their Fabrics is provided, and costs no more than preparing a benevolent Sun, and a Serene Sky, contributing their indulgence to its perfection. No narrow assignation of Ground (richer than the most fertile France or Italy can pretend to, or boast of) to plant those Trees on, if not near enough to the settled Plantations; in brief, all the conveniences imaginable to assist and advance this to the Noblest Commerce in the World, if neglect and sloth make us not ingrateful to ourselves, and nature, by abusing ourselves, by not using her bounty.  
To further this happy design, let us descend into an unequal comparison: Let us compare our most incomparable Virginia, where the Mulberry and the Worm are aboriginall to Italy, where they are only adventitious: Let us imagine our own Worm of that strength and greatness only equal to those of Brescia and Italy, where the usual ofcome from six ounces of seed is 72, ot at least 60 pound weight of Silk, and adhering to this Parallel; let us see the apparency in the profit.  
A man and a boy, if their hands be not sleeping in their pockets, will feed as many Worms as come of six or eight ounces of seed till they be passed their four first sicknesses, and within some 14 days of spinning: Indeed the last 14 days require a more extraordinary diligence and attendance, a more frequent and careful feeding, because in that time they conceive, gather, and store up the disposing matter from whence the Silk comes, which by an incomprehensible mystery of Nature, they after as it were vomit out of their mouths, and spin out of their bowels. At this more particular season, there is a necessity of adding the labour of three or four helps more (to which Women or Children are as proper as Men) which is an inconsiderable accession considering the gain arising from it.  
That you may know the reason why Women, Children, lame and impotent persons are as fitting to attend the last fourteen days, as Men, will appear by their labour, which is nothing but to feed them within doors, cleanse, dry, and perfume their lodgings, with some strengthening but not overstrong odour.  
And as one skilful in this noble mystery is sufficient for the employing, overseeing, and directing hundreds under him, so (the skill being rather experimentally to be taught, then built upon long and ambiguous precepts) he may be able to perfect all those under him within the five or six weeekes' time of their employment in the full understanding the mystery. And the better to encourage both the teacher and learner of the mystery, the master should be invited by reward to be liberal in communicating his knowledge, and those under his instruction encouraged by arguments of honour and profit proposed to the best proficient, would disperse seeds of emulation and diligence, since every one would employ himself seriously to engross and appropriate to himself the reputation and advantage in the victory.  
And in boys and children, disputations frequently set on foot, with some slight distinction of merit, would make all that are ingeniously disposed, quicken their observation and diligence, to gain the credit of prelation. Though to take off all disincouragement or despair, from those less apprehensive and docible, in this noble and gainful Trade of Silk, there is no such absolute necessity laid upon them to be superstitiously and precisely curious in observing the Book Rules, and written Precepts, that upon the omission or unpunctuall observation of any of those Precepts in hatching, lodging, feeding, and tending of the Silkworms, we should imagine such minute deviations might occasion an improsperity or general failing: for we will admit something may be wanting either in materials, accommodation, or preciseness of knowledge; yet may the work (a higher and irresistible cause not interrupting it) prosper and succeed, notwithstanding such defect, to the great contentment and gain of them which keep them.  
Let us imagine it to be granted that the indigency of the person improving the incommodiousness of the place, or want of Houseroom, which the Books exactly tie us to, be in many things preterregular (though such a supposition may fall upon any other part of the World more justly than Virginia, where all materials and conveniency answer our exactest wishes) yet will daily examples confirm us, that in Languedoc, Provence, and other parts of France, and as many in Spain and Italy, amongst the common sort of that exaction tired people, that one poor low-rooft Cottage, and one Room in it is all the house extent they have to take their sleep in, dress their miserable diet, and serve themselves of for use and retirement; yet does this industrious Creature (such are the blessings with which God rewards the sweat of Industry) thrive as happily (and sometimes answer labour with a greater felicity) as those which the curiosity of Richer persons fit with all commodiousness of Chamber feeding, and attending, which is a speaking encouragement that no man should despair, but reposing a cheerful confidence in the blessing of the Almighty, with this Resolution, that what ever meanus, what ever curiosity, art, or precept, may contribute towards the preparing and facilitation of a work, yet the end, the event must depend on his eternal goodness to crown it, and all our labours projected with never so great a Talon of humane wisdom and experience, must conclude with this never failing truth: That except the Lord build the house their labour is but lost that build it: Except the Lord keep the City, the Watchman watches but in vain. We must therefore lift up our hearts and eyes with thankfulness u●to the Hills, unto the Mountain of Israel, and Rock of David, from whence those streams of blessings must acknowledge their sole, their original Fountain, which may serve as an admonition, that neither the whole, nor any part of the work● should be begun without applying our devotions to him: Let it therefore be the Morning Omen to the work, and the Evening auspice, Lord prosper the work of our hands, prosper g●o● Lord our handy works. After the Reposall of this confidence in God; let him apply himself with his greatest industry and ability, with this comfort and assurance, that he cannot but make a considerable return: Though we should be much injurious to Art (the noble right hand and Midwife to Nature) if we should deny a more promising probability of a riper and fuller gain the more curious and observant he is in following all the approved experiments, Rules, directions, and precepts thereunto belonging.  
But the chiefest aim and intention of those Rules are to illustrate the perfection of this Art, and to inform your knowledge, and better your future experience and preventional care, if any misadventure arrive, or miscarriage in the Silkworms, or if they prosper not equally this year with the last; for by inspection upon them you may understand the cause and reason of such misadventure, and with it the remedy; and this also takes away all despair or disincouragement for men, commonly men till they are convinced in the natural ca●se of a disaster or failing attribute, all such mischances to Nature, or else impu●e the non-thriving to their own misfortune by a ridiculous opinion that they are not ordained to be fortunate in this or that Mystery, so freequently does Fortune incur the blame of humane neglect or ignorance.  
Besides we are to imprint in our knowledge, that no Rules can have so much of generality and exactness, which will not admit of deviations arising from some particular and variable circumstances. We must not therefore conform the nature of the Climate to our Rules, but our Rules to it, in which we must resume to your deliberation how, and in what one Climate differs from another, how the constitution of this year varie● from the next, or the precedent, the immediocrities of heat, cold, drought, and moisture, serenity, or mists, etc. The manner of their lodgings, the quality of the wind to be admitted or excluded: To temper a season inclining to a preternatural coolness with an artificial heat, to refresh and infrigidate the Air in times of immoderate heat, by admitting the cooling Air and Windes proceeding from a cooler Quarter, and this to be observed with a more particular care; when they spin their Silk, that Creature then being very obnoxious to be stifled with too much heat.  
There must be likewise a providential regard in a moist season, that the Mulberry leaves be carefully dried after their gathering, before they be administered for food to the Silkworm: But if the season partake more of drought it will be wisdom to let the leaves lie and shade a little after their gathering, that they may have them cool and refreshing, and in seasons of temperature and continued droughts, it may be very requisite to water the Roots of the Mulberry-tree, which will be a refreshing to the leaves, and this is usually practised in Spain; especially if the Mulberry-tree be seated in a hot or dry ground, which otherwise must not be so prescribed without particular caution.  
Nor is it below our consideration to weigh the condition of the place in which the Mulberry is planted, if in a sour foul or wet soil to collect what inconvenience that food may bring unto your worm, and therefore if your necessity will admit it to avoid such wholly, if not to use them with such qualifications as may make them least offensive.  
After having regard to the nature of the ground your Tree receives its juce from, the quality of the season, in which you gather them; it falls next to your consideration to compare the kind and nature of the Tree, together with the kind and nature of their seed, worm, and silk, and directing yourself by an exact observation of particular circumstances, so to make exceptions, and to order every thing with judgement and discretion thereafter, that your Books and experience may by that means walk hand in hand together.  
But time and observations will afford you many experiments, out of which perhaps some more rules of Art may be framed, in divers particulars, more consenting to the Country and Climate of Virginia. Which finding, after good trial thereupon made, it will become the reputation of a good Patriot in general, and a good Master of a family in particular, to digest them into such a regular order and method, that the publication thereof may be a common benefit to all, and a private memorial to particulars.  
For since in Persia and China it does not fall under likelihood, that they can oblige themselves to observe all particulars in its strictest limitation, where such an infinite quantity of silk passeth through the hands of the people, it is very agreeable to reason that in a Climate of the same nature and parallel, namely Virginia, there may be rules found out of far l●sse brevity, and more pertinency, then have yet been considered or published.  
And yet where all these Rules are curiously observed, they make not only in Spain and Italy, but in the colder parts of France a far greater gain (the quantity of adventure and time considered) by thus chargeably feeding of Silk-wormes, then by any other commodity whatsoever.  
But to avoid that inconvenience of fetching leaves a far off, or attending the growth of your own Mulberries, or that necessity which makes the poorer sort of our own miserable people to lodge them in that Room which is their Kitchen, their Chamber, th●ir all. With what ease and conveniency may there be a house set up in the middle of a Grove of Mulberries, naturally growing, where the Silkworms, in a dry Cabinet of Boards, after the manner of Sicily, may be kept (described more largely in the Books which treat of this Silkworm, then can be expected in this paper) set up with stones in it, in case the Country and season require it, either to correct the ill scents, or (if so be they are seated in cold, moist, or shady places, of which your own sense and experience will quickly acquaint yo●) to give the air a temper and qualification, which if not prevented, may destroy your work by killing the Silkworm.  
And this Lodge built for them, the season of the year will invite yourself and family (I mean such part of your family as you assign to this work) to lodge there also, the time being at the most but six weeks, and for the first month, one third of your family will be sufficient to feed them, but the last 14. days; the other 2. thirds will be requisite that the worms may be more often and plentifully fed the well feeding at that time contributing much to their strength and perfection, and consequently to the improving your expected silk, both in quantity and quality.  
That all may be invited and courted to this undertaking, in this glorious Country, Nature hath left us destitute of no materials. To erect these slight silken lodgings, will be no more expenses, than your labour; nor is that any greater, then to cut out some posts and studs, fit them, and set them up, then to cleave and saw out small quarters, rafters, planks, pales, and boards, to make and set up the sides of the house, in stead of more substantial walls, and to cover the roof in stead of Tile. For the effecting of all which with the lesser trouble, that Country affords abundance of Woods, which will run out, slit, and cleave into long lengths and br●adths, which by the directness of the Ground will rive in a manner, as if they had been sawen for the work. All which must be so close laid, joined, and nailed together, the one still leapt over the other, that no Wind or Raine may penetrate therein to offend that laborious Creature, and this may easily be prevented, if such chinks and open places as you shall discover be stopped up with Lome, Day, and Lime, of which materials in those Countries you will find no want. And to this purpose the Indian Mats, and the like things may be made good use of in this way, which will be sure to keep out Wind and perhaps Rain: But to these things your own inventions, pro re nata, will abundantly furnish you with matter of preventing casualties: Nor will it be unseasonable to repeat the extraordinary convenience of Saw-mills, which in this case will be in a high degree serviceable to you, and of ●his the whole Colony will be beneficially sensible in boards, Planks, housing, Silk-worm-lodgings, Timber, shipping, and all particular kind of uses.  
And this once erected, with what speed may such a house be clapped up together, with a few nails one lopping over another, either long like a Bowling-Alley, that the functions of the Family may be distinct, and no offensive heat or sent disturb the Worm in his curious operations.  
Or being in doubt of surprisal, some Families going into the Woods together may equally join together, and those wooden houses (still observing that the Rooms where the worms are may be set end and end together, that so the Kitchens and their lodgings may be still the two extremes) may be cast into the form of a Fort which pall●sadoed, and your house sentinelled by half a dozen of good Dogs, willbe a sufficient defence against all the Natives of the Country.  
And this may be in case they work not in common, which if by compact they agree upon, the Lodging for the worms may be cast in the middle of such a circle, the Timber houses round about shading them from over much heat, wind or moisture, and the necessary fires there made, will throughly clear the air of all vapours and mists which may disorder this innocent Spinner. The Silk Harvest ready, and the increase brought to a just estimation: The Cohabitors may according to the agreement made betwixt them, return with their Dividends, and this removal into the Woods will have the same nature of content which the Citizens take in a time of vacation and City weariness (Citizens being never so weary as when they have no work) to visit the delights of the Country, though with different ends; since these in their Voyages of pleasure expend, the other both save and increase their stock and treasure. These Board's (the work ended) being taken down are serviceable for seven years together, and easily erected or renewed.  
I am not altogether of advice, that the Indians be hired to assist you in these Remoter Works, as sensible how apt they and the Devil their Tutor may be to embrace an occasion of being treacherous; but if they could be brought to work by Parties (well watched and Spies amongst themselves set over them) in the midst of our most populous Plantations, with their Wives and Children, who will easily run through this curious, but not heavy labour, and may be sufficient pawns for the Indian fidelity, if cunningly divided, they would be very serviceable in this kind for a small Reward, and peradventure might be made great use of for this work hereafter by undertaking it themselves, which may be manifested for these Reasons.  

1. First, the Indian is naturally curious and very ingenious, which they show in all their works and imitations: the only thing that frights them from bringing any work to perfection, is the labour attending it.  
2. But to feed his curiosity, there is nothing in the world more p 〈…〉 then this curious atom of Nature the Silkworm: to see th●●●●taught Artist spin out his transparent bowels, labour such a monument out of his own entrails, as may be the shame, the blush of Artists, such a Robe that Solomon in all his glory might contesse the meanness of his apparel, in relation to the workmen, cannot but bring them to admiration; and that thos● spi●i●s whose thought are of a higher wing then ordinary, may be convinced of a divine power of the hand of God in the Creation: which gained upon him, it will not be impossible to drive him to an acknowledgement of Redemption, if private ends or any other respect then that to God's glory, possess not those who should cover a multitude of sins, by winning a soul to his Creator, and forcing him from the jaws of his Destroyer.  
3. In this curiosity there is little or no labour (a thing which they abhor) their women and children will be sufficient to go through with it: and if they could but be brought to it, our Trade with them f●r silk would be of greater consequence, than all their Furs or other commodities put together.  
4. By this means it were possible to fasten Clo●●hs upon them, which if once it were effected, that which Mr. Bullocke excellent patly calls, The Universal not of Nature, Ambition would cement them to a more orderly course of life, and one still striving to outvie the other in bravery of habits: there would be no labour under Heaven like this, to reduce them to civility, the toil thereof being inconsiderable, and the profit great to him in respect of his now trifling Merchandise: and to us by trading with them, might be returned for 5●. the pound at the most in commodities.  
5. By this means would he be brought to plant great quantities of Mulberry trees round about his Plantation, which according to his constant inconstancy, evermore shifting, would necessarily, our ●wne numbers increasing, fall into our hands and possession, or if he should against the tide of his nature abide by them, yet a very inconsiderable tri●le would buy the propriety from him.  
6. The Silkworm harvest lighting at such a season of the year, wherein he by improvidence hath wasted all his Bread-corne, at which time he usually retires into the Woods to seek a thin subsistence, by the allurement of this great profit he would undoubtedly stay at his Plantation, and allow us a share in his increase of Silk, for such provision of Maiz as would maintain him, and ●his would be a large accession of profit to the English.  
7. Admitting Virginia in its whole extent from Cape Henry Southward (as a work so easily compassed, and such profit ensuing thereupon, especially to the Weroances or Reguli●, who have many Wives, Slaves, and Children, would hardly fail from being a universal labour) to contain in all thirty thousand people, of which the forth part or more men, if this Staple be followed by them, and our vigilance preventing any Traffic of other Nations with them, it will yield the Colony of course a trade with them worth clear a hundred thousand pound per annum.   
Neither do I comprehend a sufficient Reason why in so happy a Climate as that of Virginia; there may not be a double Silk Harvest: This I am sure of, that there are secrets in Nature of retardation as well as acceleration of Springs, and both being industriously brought to the experiment, the acceleration anteceeding the first Spring, and the retardation postvening the latter by three weeks, (which may easily be effected by election and distinction of ground to plant in) and at the latter end of the Harvest the seeds being disposed and ripened for production, will without doubt produce an effect answerable to the most inestimable profit intended by it.  
That the election of Ground may do this, we may see by frequent examples betwixt things well cultivated, and that which is never transplanted from its first wildness, and there are many precedents round about us, where in one and the same Town, one and the same fruit have oftentimes three Weeks distance of time betwixt their unequal maturity; the natural warmness or coldness of the Ground occasioning the advance or procrastination of fruits according to its several disposition.  
Nor can such a course be any interruption to Harvest or Vintage, both coming much after the season of the Silkworm, though I should (in submission to better judgement) conceive that with transplantation of trees (such as they would have come later than ordinary, for that purpose being loosed from the Ground near upon the ascent of their sap would spring for that season according to ●heir expectation later than is usual, and the next year its novelty of ground having made it wanton will come much earlier, and more improved than those whose fixure to the place of it● first pullulation keeps itself to its former constancy, and by this means the later Harvest would not be at the most three Weeks time a●ter the (usual) income of the first.  
And without doubt the Chineses and Persian could not vend such vast quantities of Silk, with which they fa●shion so huge a part of the World with one single Harvest, which though we are at present ignorant of, yet what should discourage us from delivering such conjectures to a trial, since the examen of it is not without probability, nor the discovery without an extraordinary certainty of profit?  
Those who will object that notwithstanding ●00 years' practice I●aly hath not discovered this mystery, or if discovered, found it destitute of success, may be pleased to receive this Answer: That there is an immense disproportion betwixt the happiest Region of Italy, and the South of the excellent Virginia. Italy (and that annually● is subject much to inclemency of Winters, in respect of our more temperate Maid●n, where Snows and black Swans are alike Prodigies; the cold th●re is rather like a Phletomy to tame the Plethoric abundance of Springs, then dead it: Nor are the Srpings of Italy so early as ours in that Climate, and the Mulberry shooting forth later than all other Trees by much, may by this means of transplantation and heat of soil, be equal with the first, and by that early appearance give daylight to this and other more abstruse Magnalia.  
I have insisted so much the longer upon this Mystery of the Silkworm, because (if it were handled by a better pen, judgement, and ability) it is every way noble and sublime, so much worthy the knowledge, not only for the benefit (which is extraordinary rich how ever) but for the admiration of Nature, who hath ab●eviated all the Volumes of her other Miracles into this her little, but exact Epitome, like that Artist who contracted the whole body of Iliads and Odysseys into a Nutshell.  
Besides what we have said of Silk we shall find the Indian profitable to himself, and as in the Staple of Win●s, of which when he has received ●he whole knowledge, we cannot make the l●●st tittle of doubt, but he will with all eagerness prosecute it: First, because it concerns his belly, to which no people under H●av●● are more indulgent; and secondly, his Wife and Children who plant his Corn may take the charge of the Vineyard with not much more labour. But that which turns to our advantage is, that the Indian communicating the knowledge of the Grape to his Neighbours, and they transmitting it all along as far as New Spain, will stir up the Spanish jealousy to interdict all Viti-culture amongst them, and as far as the extent of his power can fathom to prosecute severely all such Natives as shall make it a subject of their industry to the prejudice of Spain. This must of necessity make strong combinations and leagues against the Spanish Tyranny, which though they are not of themselves able to shake off, yet will the Spaniard fear to extend himself further (except in such strength as at present his condition denies him) knowing the Indians untingu●shable thirst of Revenge● and his laying hold of all opportunities to put it in execution, with all the powers of his understanding cruelty and malice.  
And thus shall the Spaniard in case he attempts our supplantation be constantly discovered by the siding Indian, and if there be a necessity to prevent his malice, by turning his design upon his own head, infinite occasion of intelligence may we have from the enraged Native, how to attaque him in his strongest security, where either the distance or impassability of the way will make him confident and careless.  
Further use may be made of the Native in fishing after Pearl, to which if we allure him by a constant Trade with him for them, his own profit will quickly enlighten his desire of more, and that desire quicken his industry.  
That Virginia affords multitude of Pearls, Mr. Lane is sufficient to give public information, where he tells us a Relation delivered to him of a W●roance, who had so great quantity of Pearl, and did so ordinarily take the same, as that not only his own skins that he weareth, and the better sort of his Gentlemen and Followers are set with the said Pearl; but also his beds and houses are garnished with them, and that he hat● such quantity of them that it is wonder to see: These are Mr. Lanes words exactly.  
Nor is there any difficulty in the discovery of this, or engrossing the Trade; especially since we are the Masters of the Country, and if any other Nation should attempt to partake in the benefit of our Trade, the strength of Virginia is at present such as may repel by violence, all Foreign encroachments upon their trade and livelihood.  
The Indians unanimously consent that twenty two mil●s beyond ●he Falls, is a Rock of Crystal, and this they evidence by their arrows very many whereof are headed with it. And that 3 day's journey from thence, is a Rock● or Hill of Silver Oare. Beyond which, over a ledge of Hills, by a concurrent Relation of all the Indians, is the Sea, which can be no other but that Sea which washes the shore of China, etc.  
That this report of a great Sea Southwest, beyond the Mountains, cannot have the least of fiction or confederacy, since all the Indians from Canada to Florida, do unjarringly agree in the Rela●ion, is obvious to the meanest apprehension.  
The discovery whereof, if we fall upon it by degrees, will be a work of no long time or difficulty, but the unexpressible profit and glory of the action, will raise the noble head of this above example Country to such a high Zenith of wealth, power, and lustre, that it will be reputed a very remarkable degree of felicity to any Nation which shall reach to such a Vertical point of glory, as to be reputed but our second in these most noble considerations.  
By this means what wealth can there be in those richest provinces of the World, in those Countries which Nature created for her Cabinets of excellency, which we shall not discover? What discover without a power of Appropriation? What opulency does China teem with which shall not be made our own by the Midwifery, by the Juno Lucina of this virtual passage? This by a happy transmigration● by an innocent Magic will convert that Country, (which by a swelling denomination, yet without no● some preten●e of Reason its Natives call by a Title signifying all under Heaven) into our Maid of admiration and envy Virginia. Her Silkworm shall spin for Carolana, her Cloth of Gold be weaved for Roanoak. The English name shall keep company with the Sun, and those Nations who owe him a particular adoration shall honour it as the next thing sacred. The Eastern Nations oppressed with the slavery of those illustrious horseleeches their princes, will come under our shadow, and by a thick repair to our most glorious and happy Maiden, live with us in that liberty, which Nature in their Creation intended to the noblest of his creatures Mankind. And by this recourse all those curiosities of Art, in which those Eastern Nations transcend Europe, will be conveyed to us with their persons. cattle and Horse in which they abound, will be sold to us for nothings for European trifles, whilst the more necessary Staples of this ou● Western World, will be sold at advantages not convenient to be mentioned. The voyage short, easy, rich, and pleasant. No doubling of the Line, no calentures, scurviest or other long-passage disease's, to affright or distaste the laborious Seaman: whereas now the enfeebling and destroying of Mariners is almost an unavoidable consequence of those long and dangerous, rather circumferences, than voyages.  
But lest we should sing a Paean before a Victory, it will not be unworthy our labour to discourse what means m●y be used in this Discovery. Which if it should miss in its prosecution, (for which failing there is not the least shadow of probability) yet might carry a vast profit to recompense all your pains and expenses.  
That it must not be attempted at the first heat, but must have more recourses than one to the fire of a Trial, will be made apparent by these reasons.  
First, the inconveniency or non feysibility of carrying so much provision as will serve the Discoverers, whose number, in my opinion, cannot be lower than two hundred, if we le● slide into our deliberation the many unknown Nations, through whose territories we are to make our passage, and which by common estimation, are much more numerous in the Inland, then Marine Countries.  
Next, admit we undertake and compass it with such a number, yet the discovery not being capable of secrecy amongst such a multitude of undertakers, the public resentment of such a felicity approaching, not suffering people to be silent: we should have this ar●ive to the Spaniards knowledge, who will roll all stones under Heaven to dispossess or prepossess, and indeed the danger his Peru, Chili and Philippines, by s●ch seating, may lie obnoxious to, will add spurs to his inclination to prevent us, which till we be in in a condition to resist, may be effected with our absolute ruin.  
The safest way therefore is, by degrees to steal upon the design, and take our way thither, by ceasing of places of advantage, very frequently found in that Country, which we may progressionaly fortify at every twenty or five and twenty miles' distance, and to these places we may constantly send supplies of victuals and ammunition, not only for the men there Garrisond, but for our own reception and maintenance in the Discovery: and these men standing continually upon their guard, may (I mean those most remote) by conference with the Indians, discover with much ease, of what distance, what access, what harbours, what frequentation, and by what people the neighbour Sea consists of; to take with them ex●mplars of all Minerals, Drugs, Dies, Colours, Birds and Beasts, drawn to the life in colours, which (by an invitation of reward) will be a surer means of discovery, (if any such be) then by multitudes of people, whose number commonly (as in the ex●mple of Fernando Soto in Florida) hastens no other discovery, but that of unavoidable famine, and being usually, either through necessity, or a disordered manner of living irregular and ungoverned, fright the inhabitants from all commerce and conference or else make them join in a confederacy to abuse and remove them by t●lling their unwelcome Company, golden lies, and miracles of Countries farther distant, where they are likely to find small satisfaction for their covetousness or hunger.  
Reason and experience will condemn us of folly, if we shoul● refuse to profit by commendable examples, though proceeding from Enemies or Friends suspected: It will be therefore an incitement irreproveable to commend to our own imitation the Custom which the industrious Spaniard practiseth in his design of discoveries: Every one of the associates carry a little horn about their necks in such journeys, by which meanus if the error of the night or thickness of the Woods occasion any separation betwixt them, or an Ambuscado of Enemies make the passage doubtful, by winding of that Horn, presently notice is given to the rest, who upon receiving the sound give the first window notice of their residence, to which they may repair, or testify their apprehension and readiness to prevent all hostile stratagems.  
The same indefatigable Nation in their passage over Rivers, presently make themselves light Canoas' after the Indian mode, with which entering themselves and swimming their Horses (whose heads they keep above water by a collar fastened to the Boat) they overcome difficulties of currents, which to any other but those seem● insuperable, and indeed their labour in this kind show them of admirable Resolution and Constancy.  
Though we may entertain grounds of hope and confidence, that this discovery of the South Sea may be m●de without any tedious Land-jou●ney, since it is certain that from the great confluence of Waters in the Gulf of S●. Laurence, four mighty Rivers receive their source, the first whereof pouring itself North into Canada, another running Eastward into the Sea called Hunsons' River, the third running Westward into the Main are already discovered, but the fourth upon which we have reason to fix high expectation bending Southward to Florida, washes all the backside of Virginia, and may in all probability discharge itself into the South Ocean, which if it suit with our conjectures, Virginia will have by that means a double accession of security and convenience.  
For our security it will be a natural bar betwixt us and the jealous Spaniard, who if he should injustly continue the possession of ou● Florida, which is indisputably English; yet thus dividided from us by a vast R●ver full of Islands, and places convenient to command the Channel fortified and maintained by our Nation, he is too full of providence and caution to attaque us, if once in so good a posture.  
For the conveniency which sufficiently speaks itself the ease of transportation by water, and all in our own Channel, the saving of Land charges, and probability of a more speedy passage, are prespicuous arguments to commend it.  
And to confirm the probabilities of this passage by the Lake the more strongly, the Indians of Canada confessed to james Cartier that i● is but a Months sailing, from thence to go to a Land where Cynanon and Cloves are gathered● Others told the same person, that from the place where they left their Pinnace, there is a River which goeth South-West, from whence there is a w●ole Months sailing to go to a certain Land, where there is neither Ice nor Snow seen, where the inhabitants do continually War one against the other, where there is great store of Oranges, Almonds, Nuts, and Apples, with many other sorts of Fruits. What ever belief other men bestow upon this Relation, I know not; but tru●ly in such a general concordance of Reports, whe●e there can be no room left for confederacy or design, to be persuaded of the truth therein, cannot have any vicious tincture of facility or credulity.  
But it is time to remit these high and noble achievements to the prosecution of those who have more power and ability● who may give such ● discovery the honour of their names, and transfer a perpetual illustrious memory to posterity, we shall only suppose it fai●ible and hope the effects will answer such supposition.  
Which if it should fail, why may not Virginia in her future felicity of silk be a new China and Persia to Europe? why may not all the spicery of the East flourish with an equal success in this our most justly tempered Climate? already can Virginia boast of Cinnamon, which if transplanted might not be inferior unto any? why may not the Cloves perfume Virginia with as aromatic redolency as the Philipine Gardens.  
Our air is more serene, better tempered than theirs, nor have we any more sense of Winter to hinder the ascent of sap than the Moluccians, if it be any thing more harsh in cold, yet is it but a check to a peradventure too forward Spring. What multitude of flowers have our lat● Gardens in England seen non native to this soil or Climate? Fruits thought solely proper to Italy and Spain flourish here to the envy of those Countties, who see often times the Colonies in a happier degree of prosperity than the Mother, for Fruit and Flowers.  
But these designments must be the Daughters of time, curiosity and industry, to whom away may be made passabl●, and easy, by that uncabinetting and deciphring of Nature, Garden Philosophy● what harsh disposition in the World will not be lenified and refined by these curious conclusions? Di●clesian could postpose the science of governing Mankind to the knowledge of managing his Scions, to see those Plants grow up, which his own laureld hand had set, watered and attended, and accordingly flourish, was in a manner the production of so many Children, who in this have the advantage, that their florescence is not subject to selfe-deprivation, give them but an acceptable ground● a bounteous Air, and an arriding Sun and ●hey answer the most exact d●sires of the Setter or Ingrafter; but Children, let them have all the Auxiliares of a full Fortune, warmth of education, and heat of encouragement, by some private disease of the genius, by some secret malignity in nature, or its right hand custom, seldom or never thrive according to the wishes of the Parent, they are either too rank with insolence, too much parched with rashness, or withered with infamy and luxury, that those which planted them instead of delight in that which they esteemed their Masterpiece, have nothing but a Spring of indignation, or an Autumn of Melancholy to answer their expectation, and are so far from contentment at their groweth that they would have reckoned it amongst the Smiles of their Fortunes, that no warmth of theirs had contributed to their production, no indulgence to their continuance and education.  
These allurements are for those whose delights only are interested and denoted to this reti●ed activity; but those who look further will find (that which is rarely or never contingent to other contentments) this pleasure to be attended with an inestimable profit, and one of the most certain returns in nature: But this fertility-labouring Country, especial●y in its Southern beauties, in its Roanoak excellencies, like to a Princess, all composed of Bounty, suffers no address to be made unsatisfied. Gentle Winters to court your seed, warm Springs to marry them to perfect Masculine ripeness, nothing but ingratitude and indiligence to delay or divert its liberality, hitherto (like those confined Virgins in a barbarous Seraglio) it hath suffered the imputation or injury of sterility by a non-complacency in i●s Savage Amourists, the abundance of perfection having put them into a satiety or incapacicy of enjoyment.  
The tru●h of this being abundantly manifest, an apparent profit and delight inviting the able and industrious; necessity must be the next Argument to those whose Poverty can plead no excuse for their indiligence; yet this laborious necessity is not so ingrateful as in England, and in other more thick-peopled Countries, what ever you sweat for in this bounteous Region, is crowned with a recompense amazing your expectation; such things as make poverty and life wearisome, contempt of, or impossibility of any melioration to their condition are things here never charged upon honest indigence, or denied to a commendable industry, nor can they palliate their sleep and sloth with a pretence of wanting materials to work upon, or plead that such things as should employ them must be first had out of England, since there is enough abundantly and naturally in that unpresidented Country to employ their industry, to enrich their labour.  
Though Silke-grasse is unquestionably a Staple which will be Neighbour to the profit of the Silkworm, though the natural Hempe-flagge may be a Merchandise in time equal to English Flax, though the Sar●aparilla be an extraordinary vendible Commodity, though Pipestaves be so beneficial, that with not many drops an extraordinary workman may make his labour worth sixty pounds per annum.  
Though he has fish there, and in such abundance that the attending diligently upon two seasons, only returns him a Reward of one hundred pound sterling in Sturgeon, Salmon, Herring, Mackerel: Pot-ashes a rich and never decaying Staple, etc. Yet since against this an objection may be made what course they may take for their provisional subsistence. Those who apprehend such doubts will be pleased to receive this answer, in which if they are sensible of Reason they cannot fail to receive satisfaction.  
There is no man will ever be denied the loan of Corn for his house-spending, and seed till the Harvest; if he be a single man he may prepare as much ground if cleared, and set as large quantity of Corn for his own spending and repayment of what borrowed, in two day's space as will abundantly suffice him twelve Months.  
Admit there be no cleared Ground, yet if he but unbarke the Trees one foot round after the Indian mode to prevent the shade occasioned by the leaves, which such unbarking quite destroys, the Corn (set betwixt those Trees) will thrive and prosper exceedingly, ●nd their ground thus prepared will last seven or more years successively, and this work cannot last him above five days at the longest.  
If he have a Family, his Wife and Children will be able to bear part in that labour, and many others.  
For Provision of flesh, if he can use his piece he may, even at his labour in the Woods, have opportunity of kill Venison, Hares, Wild-fowl (in their season innumerable) and Fish, of which the Rivers are all times plentifully furnished, and of great delicacy; if in all this abundance he is yet apprehensive of Famine, we shall refer him to the number of those who are afraid to be starved for meat in a Cook's shop.  
Besides what a small sum of money will buy your cattle, and Swine in Virginia? Whose feeding co●ts them nothing but thanks to God, who has spread that superficies of that noble Country with perpetual friut and verdure. Poultry in infinite variety and plenty, the forbearance of whose increase for a small term of years will make them so numerous, that they may always have a full table.  
The W●st Indie Potato (by much more delicate and large than what we have here growing) besides that it is a food excellently delicious and strongly nourishing, fixes himself wherever planted, with such an irradicable fertility● that being set it eternally grows: of this an extraordinary pleasing and strong drink may be composed.  
Nor is the M●iz less commendable for bread then malting, of both which in its use it affordeth a peculiar goodness and convenience: And I am much to learn how a poor man can in justice complain of want, when he is as it were besieged with such plenty: This for provision may abundantly satisfy, but if he can be content ●o forbear debauches and profuseness for t●e first three years he may by any of the means aforesaid arrive to such a condition of thriving, that he may allow himself a large latitude of expenses (that first three years once expired) without much impairing his fortunes.  
But since all men either by constitution of age, oppression of yeared, or different education, are unable or improper for the Fish-net or Hatchet, I shall offer them a way which may be less laborious and peradventure more gainful; yet before I descend to this, I must take leave by digression to enlarge something which I have already hinted on, namely the benefit of transplantation.  
The removing and transposition of Wild Plants, doth with an experimented happiness wonderfully mitigate and engentile their le●●e noble nature; w●ethe● (as an Author delivers it very elegantly) it be b● reason that the nature of Plants, as o● men, is desirous of Novelty and peregrination, or because that at their parting from their former grounds they leave there that rank wildness virulency and ill quality from the Forest, where is first rooted the grateful novelty and allurement of a well cultivated s●yle makes it ●●ceive a new by exiling it from the old savageness and in●omestication of its first seat and nature.  
Since then the removing of wild Plants adds so much to their improvement and melioration confirmed by natural Reason and unerring experience: Why may not the diligent labour by removeall and transposing this excellent Staple of Silk grass, make it thrive equally in greatness and goodness, there needs no more art to be used then th●t of comparing the soil (transplantations into worse grounds being naturally improsperous) and though there appear now somewhat of trouble (though nothing of labour) in peeling the silky skin of, yet that it may be broken as Flax or cleared by some Instrument (the Commodity richly rewarding the nobility of any invention) to this purpose; time and further experience will no doubt to the public enriching of the Colony and this Nation make apparent. In this any one which is not sworn ● servant to ease and sloth, may with a small toil reap a considerable profit.  
Next, what will not those Vines produce if well husbanded after their transplantation, and in this most delightful labour the gain is so apparent that almost the blindest judgement may perceive it.  
Oranges, Lemons, Pine-aples, Plantanes, Peaches, Apricocks● Pears, Apples, in a word all sort of excellent Fruits will grow there in full perfection; you may sleep whilst they are growing, after their setting or engrafting, there needs no more labour but your prayers, that they may prosper, and now and then an eye to prevent their casualties, wounds or diseases.  
Sugars, Indigos, Cotton, and Ginger, require a greater industry; but if we consider the difference betwixt the two Climates of Barbadoes and Virginia, the immoderate heat of the first and the exact temper of the other, the labour though it may require as frequent handling, yet is by much less toilsome.  
In a word, if a man be yet timorous of a thriving condition in this Country; I shall with his pardon believe him, distrustful of God's providence; or if he be so viciously disposed as to hope after a Land where he may enjoy an undisturbed plenty without the sweat of his brows, the Maps are so extremely deficient in the description of such a Country, that I must desire him to look for a new World and Kingdom, for such an easy accommodation.  
If any make an Objection why this Country stored with all these Riches, furnished with all these Staples, hath so long held down her head in the lowness of a desperate condition? Why being capable to crown her brows with Garlands of Roses and plenty, she sat desolate amongst the W●llowes of neglect and poverty? Let them but recall their Memory, how by the prevailency of Gon●amore the Corporation was dissolved, their patent canceled, to which if we add the cooperation of the Indian treachery in their first massacre, they will cease their wonder at its languishing condition. and convert it to a full admiration, how that Colony could ever raise her endangered head out of those Gulfs of distraction, in which the Gold of Spain, the disencouragement of the Court, the discontent of the better sort of Planters, and the desperate negligence of the more inconsiderable had in humane opinion irrecoverably involved her.  
But the incomparable Virgin hath rai●ed her dejected head, cleared her enclouded reputation, and now like the Eldest Daughter of Nature expresseth a priority in her Dowry; her brows encircled with opulency to be believed by no other trial but that of expeperience her unwounded womb full of all those Treasuries which endear Provinces to respect of glory, and may with as great justice as any Country the Sun honours with his eye-beams, entitle herself to an affinity with Eden, to an absolute perfection above all but Paradise.  
And this those Gentlemen to whom she vouchsafes the honour of her Embraces, when by the blessings of God upon their labours sated with the beauty of their Cornefield, they shall retire into their Groves chequered with Vines, Olives, Myrtles, from thence dilate themselves into their Walks covered in a manner, paved with Oranges and Lemons, whence surfeited with variety, they incline to repose in their Gardens upon nothing less perfumed than Rose● and Gillyflowers. When they shall see their numerous Herds wanton with the luxury of their Pasture, confess a narrowness in their B●rnes to receive their Corn, in bosoms to express fully their thankfulness to the Almighty Author of these blessings, will cheerfully confess: Whilst the Incomparable Ro●noak like a Queen of the Ocean, encircled with an hundred attendant Islands, and the most Majestic Carolana shall in such an ample and noble gratitude by her improvement repay her Adventurers and Creditors with an Interest so far transcending the Principal.   

A valuation of the Commodities growing and ●o be ha● in Virginia: valued in the year, 1621.  
And since those Times improved in all more or less, in some ⅓, in others ½, in many double, and in some treble.  
IRon, ten pounds the Tun.  
Silk Cod, two shillings six pence the pound.  
Raw silk, 13s. 4d. the pound, now at 25s. and 28. per pound.  
Silk grass to be used for Cordage, 6d. the pound: but we hope it will serve for many better uses, and so yield a far greater rate, whereof there can never be too much planted. Of this Q. Elizabeth had a silk Gown made.  
Hemp, from 10s. to 22s. the hundred,  
Flax, from 22s, to 30s. the hundred.  
Cordage, from 20s. to 24s. the hundred.  
Cotton wool, 8ds. the pound.  
Hard pitch, 5s. the hundred.  
Tar, 5s. the hundred.  
Turpentine, 12s. the hundred.  
resin, 5s. the hundred.  
Madde● crop, 40s. the hundred: course madder, 25s. the hundred.  
Woad, from 12s. to 20 the hundred.  
Anis seeds, 40s. the hundred.  
Powder Sugar, Panels, Muscavadoes and whites, 25s. 40. and 3l. the hundred.  
Sturgeon, and Caviar, 2s it is in goodness.  
Salt, 30s. the weight.  
Mastic, 3s. the pound.  
Salsa Perilla wild, 5 l. the hundred.  
Salsa Perilla domestic, 10l. the hundred.  
Red earth Allenagra, 3s. the hundred.  
Red Alum, called Carthagena Alum, 10s. the hundred.  
Roach Alum, called Romish Alum, 10s. the hundred.  
Berry grain, 2s. 6d the pound: the powder of grain, 9s. the pound: it groweth on trees like Holly berries.  
Masts for shipping, from 10s. to 3 l. a piece.  
Pot-ashes, from 12s. the hundred, to 14. now 40. and 35s. the hundred.  
Soap-ashes, from 6s. to 8s. the hundred.  
Clapboord watered, 30s. the hundred.  
Pipe staves, 4l. the thousand.  
Rape-seed oil, 10l. the tun, the cakes of it feed Kine fat in the Winter.  
Oil of Walnuts, 12 l. the tun.  
Linseed oil, 10l. the tun.  
Saffron, 20s. the pound.  
Honey, 2s. the gallon.  
Wax, 4l. the hundred.  
Shomacke, 7s. the hundred, whereof great plenty in Virginia, and good quantity will be vented in England.  
Fustick young, 8s. the hundred.  
Fustick old, 6s. the hundred, according to the sample.  
Sweet Gums, Roots, Woods, Berries for Die and Drugs, send of all sorts as much as you can, every sort by itself, there being great quantities of those things in Virginia, which after proof made, may be here valued to their worth. And particularly, we have great hope of the Pocoon root, that it will prove better then Madder.  
Sables, from 8s. the pair, to 20s. a pair.  
Otter skins, from 3s. to 5s. a piece.  
Luzernes, from 2s. to 10 a piece.  
Martin's the best, 4s. a piece.  
Wild Cats, ●8d. a piece.  
Fox skins, 6d. a piece.  
Musk Rats skins, 2s. a dozen: the cod of them will serve for good perfumes.  
Bever skins that are full grown, in season, are worth 7s. a piece.  
Bever skins, not in season, to allow two skins for one, and of the lesser, three for one.  
Old Beaver skins in Mantles, gloves or cap●, the more worn, the better, so they be full of fur, the pound weight is 6s.  
The new Bevers skins are not to be bought by the pound, because they are thick and heavy Leather, and not so good for use as the old.  
Pearls of all sorts that ye can find: Ambergris as much as you can get: Crystal Rock: send as much as you can, and any sort of Mineral stones, or earth that weighs very heavy.  
Preserve the Walnut trees to make oil of, & cut them not down: so also preserve your Mulberry and Chestnut trees very carefully.  
In the month of June, bore holes in divers sorts of Trees, whereby you shall see what gums they yield, and let them be well dried in the Sun every day, and send them home in very dry cask.   
FINIS.   

THE TABLE.  
THat Virginia is parallel with China, and the happiest Countries of the East and Western World in situation, and if not superior, equal to the best in exactness of temperature. 
Page 1.  That it is stored with all sorts of Timber for structure of Houses, building of shipping, and all other usest whether of necessity or ornament. 
Ibid.  That the native fruits of the Country are various and delicate. 
Ibid.  That the Virginia Sea affords Fishes for number and taste comparable to any other. 
p. 2.  That the Native Beasts of the Land are many, the Flesh of most excellent, the Hides of divers useful, and the Furs extraordinary rich. 
ibid.  That divers Harvests may be made of Corn in one year, with the means, and the general quality of the soil. 
p. 2.  That two men's labour in Virginia may be worth 360 l. per an. 
p. 3.4.  That Rice will there flourish with extraordinary increase. 
ibid.  That Pot-ashes, Pipe●taves, and Clapboard may be made there in great abundance and equal profit. 
p. 4. 5.  That the Iron Oar in Virginia is equal to the best of any other Nation, and that Iron Mils will be of great advantage & profit. 
p. 5.  That divers rich Dyes., Colours, and Drugs may be found out there, and the way which the Spaniard useth for this discovery. 
p. 5.  That Vin●s grow naturally all over the Country, which may make a rich Wine. 
p. 6.  That Virginia will admit and improve the most generous Grapes of any other Country, whether Greek, Italian, or Spanish, with the means to undertake and advance this Staple. 
p. 7.8.9.  That Virginia is comparable to Persia. 
p. 10.  That she is by Nature made capable of all those excellencies of China, to which she is compared● from 
p. 11. to p. 21.  That the art use, and excellency of the Silkworm is mor● convenient to be set on foot in Virginia, than any Country in Europe. 
p. 21.  That the Silkworm is as natural to Virginia, 〈◊〉 Persia, or China. 
p. 23.  That Mulberry-trees proper for this Mystery grow there by nature. 
p. 10.  That it may with much facility be set on foot, and with great felicity brought to perfection. 
p. 29.  That in this the Indians may easily be brought to be coadjutors. 
p. 31.  That Virginia may admit of a double Silk-harvest. 
p. 33.  That the Silk-grasse of Virginia may prove a Staple of incomparable richness. 
p. 16.  That th●re is a natural Hemp in Virginia excellent for Cordage and Linen. 
p. 16.17.  That there is a rich Copper (with great probability of a Golden) Min● in Virginia. 
ibid.  That there is great probability of rich Silver Mines. 
p. 18.  That Sugar, Cotton, Ginger, Indigo, and Pepper will grow in the South of Virginia wit● equal fertility, and much more conveniency then in Barbadoes. 
p. 19  That Musk and Civet may both be made in Virginia. 
p. 20.  That from the Terra Sigillata, equal in goodness to the best, will be yielded an incredible Revenue to the undertaker, and that it is there in vast abundance. 
p. 20.  That there is no exact necessity to observe all the prescribed rules written by Masters in the Silkworm mystery; that example and observation will diminish the number of these rules, and the conveniency of Virginia for that Creature may much abreviate them. 
p. 25.26.27.  That all the Spiceryes of the Philippines and other Countries may grow in Virginia in equal felicity, the place affording as happy, an air, and a soil fitting in its variety for their general production. 
p. 39  That the excellencies of transplantation to meliorate what ever transplanted may be with less charges and greater probability of thriving in Virginia, then else where made experiment of. 
p. 39  That ground may be prepared even in woody places for setting Corn, Vines, and Potatoes, without any eradication, or felling of trees, with great speed and little labour. 
p. 41.  That there is a Rock of Crystal in Virginia, already discovered, and the place where. 
p 35.  That if the English will but equal or imitate the industry of the Spaniard, what ever ha● been discovered in New Spain, Peru, and Chili may be (by means there set down) laid open to such their attempts. 
 That as the Indian may be invited to practise the Silkworm mystery, so with 〈◊〉 probable hopes of success he may be gained upon to plant the Vine and Olive. 
p. 34.  That his planting the Vine will cement him to the English to the disadvantage of the Spaniard. 
ibid.  That the South-west Passage may easily be found out by a constant intelligence and information of the Natives: from whence a trade and commerce may be driven with China and Cathaya. 
p. 38.  That a fishing trade may be driven in Virginia, which ●or excellency and plenty may be greater than that of Holland, and in conclusion to make the Staple of fish a rich, delightful, and unlaborious knowledge. 
p. 13. 14. 15.  That Salt in Virginia may be made in greater abundance and conveniency, then at Rochel. 
p. 13.  That so●e parts of Virginia abound with Pearl, and that the Indian may be serviceable in fishing for them, himself allowed a small share in the profit arising from so rich a Merchandise. 
 That who ever can but satisfy for his own transportation, need not trouble himself for any stock to set up with, since so many several ways are proposed for his enriching and maintenance. 
 Lastly, it may evidently appear through all the passages of the whole book, that Virginia duly considered for exactness of temperature, goodness of soil, variety of Staples, and capability of receiving what ever is produced in any other part of the World, gives the right hand of pre-eminence to no Province under Heaven. 
  

AS a Supplement to all which, since so many objections have been, and are daily made, lest a wilful silence might believe their scruples as authentic as reason itself; such as have been made to me have had this answer returned them, with which I desire to satisfy and communicate to all others who may have the same doubts.  
Why rather do we apply ourselves to the South of Virginia, than the North? Why to a new where in probability all things may be wanting, rather than an old Colony where already there is great abundance?  
To this may be returned, that the South of Virginia is more proper than the North, by reason of its fertility and aptness to produce all those Staples o● Sugar, Cotton, Ginger, which the colder air in the North will not permit to flourish: That the South is more proper, may appear by the large quantity of Palmetoes which have been found there, who cannot flourish in any Country in which there may be so much as an appearance of Winter.  
Neither need we so much flare a want or non-abundance in this new Colony, our nearness to Virginia and N●w England being able plentifully to furnish us with all sort of Cattle at a cheaper ●ate then in England, and the very reputation of this place once planted will quickly invite so many men as know by experience or information the excellence of the place, to remove what ever is theirs out of those more cold Countries to join issue with us in the better Sunbeamed Carolana.  
Another objection is, what security we may expect from the Natives, who look upon us as Intruders upon the Land of their Nativity, and seeing the South of Virginia in like manner to be possessed as the North, whether they will not in all probability attempt what ever rage, malice, and treachery can dictate to them to oppose the beginnings of such possession to our extirpation, to which they will be more enabled (say they) since we are at the first seating not likely to be so numerous, or so well fortified to resist them, as in the North of Virginia, where already they have committed two massacres notwithstanding the length of years to secure the implanters, and their large numbers.  
We should attribute too much of the Bugbear to the Indian arms, to believe that 10 of our men well appointed are not able to give law to their 100 aided with all the advantages of animosity and revenge, to which by nature I must confess them prone, but their cowardice is so great, that they never act any thing but upon the scor● of anticipation or security; a night's march and the dawn of the day are the only opportunities which they take to revenge former hostilities upon their sleeping enemies: he which considers the desperate security the English then lived in, the fatal intercourse to the admission of them into their houses, into the heart of all their plantations without any jealousy (I had almost said discretion) will rather admire they were not totally massacred, then but in part attempted; and yet to sh●w the invincible baseness and Cowardice of those Savages, then when in the heat of their revenge and height of blaud, fury, and success●●when all Cowards but themselves are irr●sistably desperate and ●ushing on th●ir fortune) one man that was master but of a hart and pitchfork, hath been known stave off and ●ffright ten of those as●assinates; nor were any that had the generosity to oppose, or the discretion to keep good their houses massacred by them.  
The baseness of these incomparable Poltrons considered, what cause should there be to fear them? yet to show how those which through ignorance or doubt of their attempts may be sufficiently secured, these remedies have been proposed and are resolved upon to remove all future attempts of tha● nature.  
Our first seating will be upon as pleasant Islands as eye may delight, into which all access must be by water. The Indian (first bought out of those Seas, which a most inconsiderable trifle will purchase and prohibited fishing there, with a severe punishment to all those who shall against such prohibition appear with their Canoas' upon the waters) cannot assemble upon the main to our prejudice, or gather together their Canoas' without our notice; besides a small thing will buy spies amongst themselves to discover all such practices; a knife or a hatchet will make them betray their neighbours, or which is more, their kindred.  
When our numbers (●y the blessing of God) shall enable us to grow upon the main, the same price which bought them out of Islands will purchase t●●m out of the continent (I mean such a part of it as will sufficiently serve 100000. Inhabitants) in the bounds whereof no Indian shall appear without an uncountrefaitable mark of permission, and spies used as before; we may make use of their intelligence concealing the Authors, which w●ll make those so discovered attribute to miracle what we receive by information● and peradventure enter into a superstitious belief of our prescience of their machinations● which will deter their attempting the like for the future.  
Another objection which is usually made, whether this part of Virginia may not be too hot as the North of that Continent is too cold, considering the constitution of the English not proper to endure it, the extremes of either being alike distasteful.  
Though it be certain that all over those Countries drawing near the Centre of the Sun a constant Brise arises and continues from 9 to 3. with a great mitigation during the violence and height of the Sun, and that during those intervals, servants are so indulged as not to labour without doors, yet it is certain that the violentest of heats in that Southern is not hotter than some days which we feel in England.  
And though ancient Philosophy may stumble at the doctrine (able to make reason herself almost blear-eyed) yet those no less signal experiencers of the modern will tell us, that the causes of moderation and habitability of those regions proceed from that which imposed upon our Patriarches of learning, who upon favourable conjecture that the (supposed dangerous) neighbourhood of the Sun, and the rapid transit of the celestial bodies, with the perpendicularnesse of direct rays could not but perpetually exile all cold and moisture as non-natural and foreign to their immediate residence. Neither had reason any allegations to the contrary, till experience opened its eye-lights by this demonstration, for moisture is never more violent in those (which we call torrid) regions then when the Sun is in his nearest visits; from hence arise winds and impetuous showers daily, from hence the Sun having (in a degree of debauch) caronsed too much in his spacious and sweaty journey, over the Ocean does there discharge it; whereas in his absence he receives no more of those moist vapours than he can temperately and healthfully concoct.  
Besides, these frequent showers do not only cool and refresh the otherwise parching earth, but add as much to its fatness and improvement, ●s the inundations of Nilus, Niger, and Zaire in Africa, and makes the earth invulnerable against the Sun's hostility & arrowy beams: and as in an Alembick a fire of heat and violence enlargeth the quantity of vapours, which stifled as it were and issueless are converted into waters, but the fire being but meanly eager, drinks up those vapours in their exhaustion; so the Sun ●n the greatness in the Giantism of his strength, only exhales (not digests) that quantity of vapours which he is enforced to disgorge in showers, which draughts of his are in his lesser heat in a more temperate quantity imbibed and concocted.  
Nor deserves it a le●se part of consideration, that in that part of the world in which there are so many unbounded Gulfs, such immense Rivers and inlets, the vapours and exhalations cannot but add coolness and moisture to the neighbouring Elements of earth and air: and which is an indisputable reason the almost equal length of days and nights dividing perpetually the time into equal portion● causeth a less heat then presented itself to the consideration-slumber of the ancients, which is confirmed by the Philosophic Poet in these Verses.  
Quodque die solis violento in canduit aest●●,  
Humida nox reficit paribusque refrigerat horis.  
Nights what e'er days burn with o'er heated powers,  
Cool and refresh by their length-equaled hours.  
Join to this the plentiful descent of Dews greater th●n unexperienced imagination can comprehend them, and in dispensation of moisture equal to petty showers behealth the days with coolness and freshness, which added to the neighbourhood of such an unfathomed depth, such an unembraceable greatness with their spacious fluxes resolve the heated air into a healthful moisture: But nearer the Poles the continuance of the Sun, the almost no nights, and long lived days make those parts more insufferably hot, then nearer an equal division of night and light, and this cause makes the Summer hotter in Russia then in England.  
I had not dwelled so long upon this discourse, but only to show that if the Centre and headquarters of the Sun perpetually assigned betwixt the Tropiques be capable of coolness and habitability: What shall Virginia a Region as fortunately and temperately seated as the noblest Countries under Heaven expect of moderate heats, and a by-these-infertiled surface?  
To those other Questions how people shall transport themselves if of fortunes? how the less able be transported? what conditions they are to expect? I shall not doubt but public bills will make manifest to them, and that speedily. For the other what means to live there? what way of improvement upon means? the book is referred unto for directions: But if that appear unsatisfactory (that and all things humane being subject to fa●lings) I owe too much to my own and that Country, not to give them further satisfaction to the best of my knowledge: And if they please to collect the Stationer's name and residence from the Frontispiece of the Book, I am confident he out of his humanity and good affection, will either signify to them where I may prefer my addresses to their information, or where I shall be to attend them, and withal contribute my best knowledge in what may be useful to them, or bring them to such of higher quality as may give them plenary satisfaction.  
It is my opinion (but the more ripe judgement of others) that this Country well husbanded, and peopled, will in regard of its variety of Staples, be such a constant intercourse of Traffic to our Merchant Adventurers, as to free them totally from all those dangers which they now groan under, either by open hostility of known, or under hand dealing of pr●v●te Enemies' Trade will be so secured among ourselves of all those Staples which France and Spain sell us with a hand full of exaction and causeless expostulations, that nothing but the casualties of the Sea will contribute to c●st down countenances upon the Exchange or making our Merchant's Bankrupt.  
And that this may want no poor contribution of mine: The R●●d●● will be pleased to take notice that a book fully discovering the whole mystery of the Silkworm, the whole art of the Vine, and the conversion of the Sawmill to infinite other as profitable uses, will shortly be published, in whic● the Author as in this will reckon it amongst his happinesses, if he can at all be available to private instruction, or the public benefit.   
FINIS.   

VIRGINIA'S Discovery of SILKWORMS, with their benefit.  
AND The Implanting of MULBERRY TREES.  
Also The dressing and keeping of Vines, for the rich Trade of making Wines there.  
Together with The making of the Saw-mill, very useful in Virginia, for cutting of Timber and Clapbord, to build withal, and its conversion to other as profitable Uses.  
LONDON, Printed by T. H. for john Stephenson, at the Sign of the Sun, below Ludgate. 1650.   

To all the VIRGINIA Merchants, Adventurers, and Planters.  
Gentlemen:  
THE unhappiness to be amongst the lowest of men, for parts and ●ortune, cannot hinder me from the satisfaction which I receive in myself, that none is possessed with a more eager passion of contributing towards the advancing Virginia to that degree of felicity which the bounty of nature, richness of soil, and temperature of Climate designed her to: and were my power but of as strong a Wing as my inclinations and desires, that above-example Country should be placed in such a Zenith of stability, wealth, and glory, that it should behold all the other national happinesses o●●he World in a Sphere beneath her; and her Merchant's Adventurers and Planters, like so many Load-starres to conduct Mankind into an innocent Ocean of unfathomed wealth of unrocky prosperity.  
No Country under the S●nne is less ingrateful than Virginia, if she be but justly courted, but to Compliment a Virgin for her affection by brea●hing smoke in her nostrils, to express our Civilities by vapour; and for all that vast Dowry of spaciousness, wealth, bounty of air, and plenty of provisions, to proffer her a jointure of Tobacco, is a Compliment indistinguishable from incivill rudeness.  
What Riches may not the Silkworm, Vine, Olive, and Almond afford us? By these noble undertake we contract China two thousand Leagues nearer to us, and are not troubled though Spain and Italy were removed five thousand more distant from us: and if we could not satisfy the implacable curiosity of our Senses without the Eastern Spices, it is without dispute, that what every Orient hath of Aromatic, would grow without any deterioration in this incomparable Country.  
Yet if, by some occult propriety of nature, these Spices, and Gums should not prosper with that success in the Country to which they are only adoptive, as where they are natural: The South Sea flowing upon the skirts of this gloriously apparelled Virgin, would not only furnish us, but (through our means) all the Western World with whatever the Philippines and China have in their brow, or bosom: which that it may be discovered, a Public encouragement from the Merchants here, and the Colony there, would awaken all spirits which have any scintillation of Honour, or industry, to undertake the employment, effect it undertaken, and by the effect raise an unperishable structure for their own glory, perpetuated by the public felicity.  
The greatest defect that Colony can with consent complain of, is their want of shipping, and the greatest with which others find themselves perplexed, is the want of industry to build them. If Virginia had not as stately Timber as any other Region whatsoever: if it had not a Soil naturally inviting them to improve her in Iron for Guns, Anchors, and other conveniences; in Hemp for Cordage, Flax for Canvas, and Pine trees for Mast: this defect might be allowed for real: but where all these concentre, it is as unreasonable to complain, as for a man seated at a Table covered with excellent provision, to accuse his fortune for suffering him to perish with hunger, because his meat is not digested in his stomach, without putting his hands and teeth to labour.  
I could cordially wish that there were such quantity of cleared ground in Virginia, that every one at his first arrival might fix upon the Plough, that the so much discoursed of Staples of Wheat and Rye, might be brought to an absolute ripeness of perfection: But to imagine so many millions of trees of a facile removal, or that old Planters knowing the benefit thence arising, should part with them to others, and seek new uncleared grounds for themselves, were merely to dream of impossibilities.  
But the Vine, Almond, and Olive, may be set where the tree is only barked about to hinder it from leaving; besides if there were a necessity to have absolutely cleared grounds, (which reason itself cannot imagine,) yet four Acres of ground so cleared for the Vine, will return (by much) more profit, and less trouble, than twenty Acres of Wheat, at such rates as they are prized in the common estimation.  
But since this profit reverts to the Purse without the toil of eradicating trees, as great emolument, as if the ground were altogether treelesse, to what purpose should we court sweat and affliction? or increase our miseries without any addition to our happiness?  
Gentlemen, the happiness of this Nation depends upon your constancy and prosperity, if you seriously erect these staples, we shall be free from the imperious usurpations of foreign Princes upon your estates, and shipping, from the rapine of Pirates upon your lives or liberties. The decayed number of our shipping may be resupplyed by encouragement of Carpenters of all Nations, to make use of those materials which the inimitable liberality of this Country gratefully presents you with: all S●aples (diffusively spread in o●her Regions) will meet here united, and we shall arrive to that degree of happiness, to make our intrade by much exceed our exportations: for the completing of which, if such an inconsiderable, and lost thing as myself, could be any way instrumental, I should as cheerfully hazard my life in the employment, as I now subscribe myself,  
Your ready, faithful, and most humble servant, ED. WILLIAMS.   

The Discovery of Silkworms; with their benefit, and implanting of Mulberry trees.  
THE Mulberry tree, yielding the sole food of this excellent Worm, must first be provided for, whereof there are Myriad dispersed in the wide Continent of Virginia, which may be collected by transplanting, grafting, or nursering.  
For transplantation there are infinite advantages both of well-grown and springing Mulberry trees, which may with much facility be removed, and with great felicity thrive upon such a removal, of which experience can afford frequent examples.  
The Grafts must be chosen from excellent good Plants which express a large fertility, and be something large of themselves, by which election there will be a greater certainty of the goodness, and a more speedy expectation of growth in those Grafts, which thrive better when grafted one upon another, then upon the Chestnut, Appletree, Elm, White Poplar, or any other, which if they are not mortally opposite, are however praeternatural to the Silkworm.  
The Nurseries have so much of tediousness and difficulty, that I shall hardly advise to put it in practice; yet to those who have a stronger credulity than my reason can persuade me to, I shall offer the sole expedient of effecting it, if that may be called aptly an expedient, which hath so little of expedition in it.  
Let the Person desirous to make a Nursery, observe, and gather such quantity as will suit with his necessity, of the ripest Fruit growing upon those Trees which bear the fairest and roundest leaves: These thus gathered, you must wash in too or three waters' pressing them with your hands, by which 〈◊〉 s you shall find the expressed seed in the bottom of the wa●●●: ● accede more to the sowing of the Mulberries whole without such expression, how ever, either the Mulberry entire, or the seed may be sowed after the manner following  
A bed of fat earth being digged, husbanded, and the Mould br●ught into a small Powder, must have straight Rows or Lines in Furrows, all half a foot equally distant every Furrow two inches deep, and fou●e broad, this distance may be something larger that an interval may be made to the Weeder in the weeding of such things as may hinder the Mulberries growth by participating in its aliment.  
A great care must be had to water it often for the first year, if the weather be dry, the succeeding year you may pull up and transplant your Mulberry trees into another ground more at large, viz. at two or three foot distance, which must be not retransplanted till the growth arise to some six inches in the circumference, at which bigness you may remove them to the ground designed for their constant fixation, leaving betwixt ●ach Tree a distance of sixteen or twenty foot, that the too much vicinity may not make the extending branches mutually inconvenience either by exclusion of a full Sun, or wound themselves by intertangence of one another: In such warm Countries as that of Virginia, the Root must be preserved cool and moist, by a deeper implantation than is usual in colder Regions.  
For the election of your Plants or Sciens you may take notice of two Families, or Races, of Mulberry trees, the black, and the white, discordant in Wood, leaf, and Fruit; only having this in common to spring later than other trees, as never emitting their leaves till all apprehension of cold is vanished, the black Mulberry is not subdivided into any other species having the wood solid and strong, the leaf large, and rude in the handling, the fruit black, great, and acceptable to the Palate: But there are three apparently different species in the white, distinguished only by the colour of the fruit, namely, white, black, and red: Yet is this fruit by much le●se grateful to the palate then that of the black Mulberry. No other distinction besides, the colour of the fruit discerns them one from the other, the Leaves of all three being of the same mean greatness of the same smooth feeling, the wood of the same internal yellowness, almost as firm as that of the black Mulberry.  
But the silk taking his quality from the leaf make us lay aside the black Mulberry tree, since the bottoms from thence are too gross and heavy, whereas the white Mulberry makes silk fine and light, to temper which many feed the Worms with two sorts of meats by dictinction of times, viz. at the beginning with white leaves, that the silk may be fine, in the closing, with black to fortify it, and make it weigh: Yet this though it have an appearance of reason at the first inspection, rarely answers the expectation, the very alteration of the meat as from that which is more delicate, to that which is more gross, being disagreeable to the nature of the Worm, who must show that diminution in the quality of his silks which he feels in the impairing of his nutriment. Others make a contrary application of leaves by a more (imaginative solid foundation) which is to begin their dieting with black, and conclu●e with white; which cannot succeed better, for the black having disposed the matte● of the silk, the white leaves after administered have no power to alter that seminal disposition.  
We shall therefore fix upon it as a Principle of Nature, not to vary the nourishment of this industrious Creature. If we begin with the black Mulberry, the continuance of it will be necessary. If the Ground you possess be already planted with black Mulberries, it is so much loss of time and expenses to replant white: But if we are to commence a thing de Novo, every man's reason leading him to choose the most profitable, and common experience telling us that the white antecede the black ones so incredibly in the point of Maturation, that six years of growth advance not so much the latter as two the first; it were an act declaring Bethlem for Dictator, not to prefer the most speedy and profitable before the tedious and improper commodity. Besides which Em●lument the Branches which by that speedy shoot they bring forth will be useful for propagation of that tree to infinite Numbers.  
There is yet experimental election amongst the white Mulberries. Some affirming that the Leaves of those trees which emit the white fruit are fittest to be assigned for this nourishment, which they fortify by this reason; That Pullen and Swine do most delight in the white, and never eat the red and black but by constraint●, a conjecture not altogether irrefragable; for why may it not be controverted that Pullen and Swine being a greedy Generation, may rather balance that which is most gross and fulsome, as best adapted for their Palate, then that which is nice, and subtle, and best according to the delicate tenderness of this Creature? Others who have their own experience to fortify their assertion, commend the white Mulberry bearing the black fruit, the colour demonstrating a better concoction in the fruit, and consequently in the leaf than the others.  
But (which we must be extremely curious in) we must expel from our yard all Muberry trees bea●ing leaves too much indented, which, besides that it is an apparent sign of small subsistence and uncompleted nature, is more defective in quantity and quality of nourishment, then that which is less interruptedly circular: Yet this may easily be remedied, if you inoculate such trees in the Bud● or Escutcheon, having need of such freedom; the profit thence arising being very considerable for this kind of nourishment: For by this course that inconsiderable quantity of worthless and famelick leaves receives a happy melioration into an abundant plenty of substantial and nutritive nature. Nor is this transmutation improper, for any other Orchard Plants which will succeed to your most advantageous expectation, and all indomestick and wild trees may by this be made capable of a most happy cultivation. This infranchizing may be practised to the answer of your desires in Mulberries of all Ages: In the older, on th●ir new shoot● of the antecedent year then lopped; in the younger upon the smallest trees of the Nursery. But to graft these trees in the first season, that their growth will permit it, is most opportune and profitable; for by this means your Groves of Mulberry will be entirely delivered from all apprehension of jejune sterility, or insubstantial deficiency: Nor can ever you fear a want of supply, if you constantly maintain a Nursery of such Grafts, not from the seed, but from the shoots and branches of your best trees thus propagated to an unperishable infinity by couching them in the ground, and the trees increasing by their reimplanting are constantly furnished with Leaves of an excellent sweetness and greatness, tightly abundant in nourishment, and consequently exempt from all the inconveniencies which walk hand in hand with an ingrateful wildness. Having described what Trees, Grafts, and Nurseries are best conducent to our mystery; let us next dilate of their most proper soil, and best order in planting.  

T●e best soil and order ●or planting the Mulberry.  
FOr the soil it must be chosen in particular much like that of the Vines, inclining rather to dry then moist, light then heavy, sandy then clayie; for those which opinionate themselves that a fat ground is inconvenient t● Mulberries● as supplying leaves of too gross and unsubtile aliment; The Objection is pretty, but under pardon scarcely solid, neither am I capable of any reason to the contrary, why a rich soil should not emit the growing Trees with a greater maturation and bigness, than a lean Plantation, where the tender Plants are even starved with the spareness of distributive moisture and aliment: Yet to prevent the too gross substance of the leaf after the tree by the advantage of a rich nourishment, hath arrived to a competent greatness; the order which we shall prescribe in their planting will admit the Plough amongst them, where cultivation will easily take off the soil from all exuberancy of fullsome rankness. The soil which is full of Springs, Lakes, Rivers, or (which i● worst of all) Marshes, is particularly to be avoided.  
The manner of implanting them would require a distance of ●oure fathoms or more, which in Virginia where we labour not under a penury of ground, may be something more spaciously enlarged; the Reasons why this extent of distance are: First, the intermixture of spreading Branches, where by their contingency they violate and mutually wound themselves will be avoided. Next, the Sun hath a more unimpeached immi●●ion and distribution of his Beams, with which this tree is most particularly delighted. Lastly, this largeness of intervals permits a free passage for the Plough● to take off all luxuriancy of rankness, which too much inspissates the leaves, which must feed this admirable Creature.  
But of such Grains as may with lea●t impairment be sown under the Mulberry trees, Oats and Pease are the most proper, which during the collection of the leaves may with very small detriment be trodden upon (the season commonly falling in April and May, when their blades are backward) nay the very compressure of the Earth makes them afterwards arise more strongly.  
I approve much more of interplanting the Vine; but (which I conceive the most convenient for Virginia is) the setting of the Indian Potato hath the most inestimable benefit; the Potato having such a happy multiplication of and in itself, that whilst there is but a string of the Root left behind in the earth, the species will be renewed. Besides the excellency of the food, whether for man, or (where such a vast abundance may soon introduce a satiety) Cattle will bring alone with it an inestimable advantage; whereas Corn may too strongly impoverish a Ground, and th● Vine itself when it comes to its ripest excellency, will want th● complete comfort of the Sun beams to give fruit a well concocted maturity, the Mulberry like an Ambitious Grandee, engrossing all that favour to himself by his prevalency of height and greatness.  
Nor should we be too curious to plant the trees one over against the other exactly opposite; but ● still observing for beauties ●ake to set them in a right line) rather one against the Interval of the other, that so the Sun may have no interposition from any A●gle, to warm, comfort, and enrich this tree, which aids the production of so many incomprehensible Miracles.   

The order for collection of the Leaves.  
THe order to be observed for collecting the leaves should be precisely insisted upon, that the trees may be of longer and flourishing duration, and the food of a more curious and unsoyled nourishment: It is a truth not to be denied, that the dis●eaving of trees is extremely prejudicial, and in some irrecoverably deadly; the reason is their extraordinary scorching, by being left without any shade of protection: But the Mulberry being (as it were) destined to this work which it naturally supporteth, more inprejudicially endures this ●emper of di●leaving then any other trees whatsoever. But for the obviation of this inconvenience, it will be absolutely necessary for our Master of the silkworms to have such a proportionable number of trees, that the half may alternately repose unplucked every second year. This diligently put into practice will make your trees contin●e verdant and vigorous for many Generations.  
To gather them with both hands leaf after leaf, i● confessedly the most proper, but yet withal the most expenseful; for the multitude of hands which such a circumstantial labour would exact.  
The other way of gathering them with stripping them from th● branches, is without doubt extremely nocent to the tree, and worm: to the tree by unbarking, wounding and perishing its branches. Nor is it less de●rimentall to the Worm seeing this disorderly collection corrupts and sullies the leaves, which this delicate nice Creature perceiving, either rejects them, or sickens upon their reception by bruising the leaves, and expressing that which is the life of i●s substance, the juice, and this commonly with unwashed hands, which leave the ill odour unremovable upon them.  
The removal of these inconveniences is easily effected by following the course they practice in some parts of Spain, which is by clipping the leaves from the branches with a sharp instrument, like a Tailor's shears; by this way you disleave many stalks at once, which falling into a clean sheet spread under that tree for the purpose, separating afterwards the leaves also● such as are ●ound from unsound, such as peradventure have much of the stalk, from those which are nothing but leaf, (the stalk being hurtful to this tender Creature) and administered to them the Sunny side of the leaf upward is the most commendable practice of gathering and feeding that hath hitherto been delivered.  
The leaves of the old Mulberry are to be much preferred before those which are not come to an absolute perfection; the age of perfection in the Mulberry, we reckon to be accomplished in seven or eight years, as to soundness of nourishment; not that they grow not after, but by that time it is grown powerful to concoct such succulency as might before over master it.  
The trees disleaved must by a diligent hand be pruned immediately after the last collection; what ever is broken, wounded, or made unprofitable must be carefully cut off. The extremes of all the branches must be topped a little with a sh●rpe pruning knife, which is an invitation to nature to send forth the next year more vigorously. But whether it be in gathering the leaves, or pruning the trees, it must be our principal care that they be entirely beared, the omission of which, by not taking all the leaves off, turns back the liberality of the repeating Spring. This observation hath been grounded upon practice, made so successful by experience, that it hath been found, that trees after such culture and disleaving, have within a month attired themselves with such a n●w border of leaves, that the former imbalding them hath been imperceptible.  
Which induces me to believe a former assertion, that it is possible to have a second silk harvest by this means, and why not equal with the first, I know not, since the seed is more youthful and vigorous then that of the year preceding grown feeble by its continuance.  
The reins if they fall about the time this noble creature draws unto her perfection and period, is by much more strangely prejudicial, then when they are in the greatest of their feeding, the wet leaves occasioning them many desperate diseases: the usual way of prevention is to have a provision of leaves before hand, when there is any jealousy of rainy weather; but this provision must be laid in a clean dry place which is fresh aired, and that we may remove all dangers of contracting too much heat, to be turned often, which course, although the Rain should not oppress us, yet is it of great conveniency, not so much out of apprehension to be necessitated as for the quality of the food, it being much better after fourteen or fifteen hours resting in a place clean and dry, then when fresh from the tree. But if you are surprised by an unexpected season of wet, take those Mulberries which you intent to lop the next year, (and the Mulberry would be lop'd every ten or twelve year, which revives and strengthens the tree with a new youth) and cut their branches which hung up in a dry corner, either of your house or barn, or any other coverture in airy places, will soon have their leaves dry, better conditioned, a●d of more efficacy than any leaves set to a fire, which is too sudden, or to winnowing by a wind artificial and unnatural.  
The Mulberries chief profit consisting in the leaf, we must be careful to lose nothing of this revenue; which considered● we should delay the disheading or lopping of them till the Worms have done feeding, which would be about the latter end of M●y, or the beginning of Iune ● and although by the disbranching of them in such a season, we cannot expect such large returning shoots as those which were cut in February or March, the distance of time being material in their growth, yet the profit of the leaves being double, very well answer such inequality. The Mulberry being of so frank and pliable a disposition, that notwithstanding its amputation in unseasonable Moon and weather, no injuries shall ●inder him from Regermination.  
Yet are not these advantages (no necessity obstructing them) to be omitted by any which are not enemies to their own profit. The Mulberries in the increase of the Moone● pouled, or lopped, bring forth their young shoo●s long without spreading Branches; in the Wa●e short, with many little Branches crossing the principal. To reconcile this (the election of the time being in our power) the Mulberries seated in lean grounds, are most properly disheaded in the new Moone● those which are planted in rich ground, in the last qua●ter; so will those in the lean soil ●●it shoots as long as the barrenness of the place will afford them: and those of the fatter, through the benefit of the● seat, conveniently regain that which they would not easily have done, cut in the increase; For those aspiring branches, were they not restrained by the counte● shoots who participate with them in nourishment wou●d by reason of their unwieldy length, be forced to bend downwards to the deforming of the tree from the shape of a Mulberry into that of a Palmtree, which is not to be feared in the rest, by reason of the leanness of the ground, forbidding all abundance of shooting: We have provided for the feeding of this little and great Artificer, let us now express an equal care in his lodging.   

The lodging of the Silk Worms.  
'tIS a vanity to expect emolument from this mysterious Creature, if we sort him not with a lodging proper and agreeable to his nature, who can with no less disprofit be ill accommodated in his habitation, then in his nourishment; who to show a particular affinity with the noblest of Creatures, Man, makes his affection of habitation equal to his. Spaciousness, pleasure, healthfullnesse, distance from offensive vapours, damps and humidities, warmth in the extremes of colds, coolness in the extremes of warmth. Wh●t ever we naturally desire and abhor, does this Creature by the prosperity or infelicity of his labours show a most experimental resentment of.  
His station therefore must be in the mean 'twixt the top and bottom of a foundation, the first being too much obnoxious to heats or winds, the second to colds and Damps. The Platform therefore of your building his station must be so contrived, as to have his Basis three or four foot above the ground, nor ascending within an equal distance of the Tiles. A Fabric (saith D● Serres) of seven fathom in length, three in breadth, and two in height, will entertain with ease the Worms enlivened from ten ounces of seed: this proportion may be raised according to your seed. In VIRGINIA these may be of very sudden erection; Nature hath furnished that excellent Country with materials, to invite all who have the desire to attempt it.  
That the air and wind (if cool and dry) may have free passage to refresh these laborious spinners, who near upon the perfection of their work are upon the point of stifling● (the season, and the abu●d●●ce of the silk wherewith th●y are filled, both cooperating thereunto) W●e must h●ve window's opening to all Angles to receive unsuspected inf●igidations in extremities of heat, and warming ●ranspirations in immoderate colds; Yet with this Proviso, that these windows be fit not only to receive any favourable air, but to expel all noxious vapours; and because this Creature loveth any thing that is white and luminous, it will sort excellently well with his disposition and safety, to parget or plaster the inside of the hous● very well and smooth, both to satisfy the eye and preserve him from the danger of Rats, which cannot climb ●p such a wall, though a principal care ought to be used that the several stations on which they are lodged, be remote from all fixures to walls, which might give Rats and Mice advantage.  
To build the Scaffolds containing these Worms: Many Pillars of Carpenters work directly squared, shall be perpendicularly erected, from the ground to the ceiling, to support the Tables which crossing the pillars upon little joints sixteen inches distant one from the other (except that from the ground which must be 36 inches.) Upon these Tables do we lay our Worms, but their boards must not be equal in breadth, every table as it exceeds in height, being to be narrower than the next below by four inches, and the highest approaching the ceiling to be narrowest of all. This pyramidical form is of most beauty and safety to the Worms; when wand'ring upon the Edges from one end of the Scaffold to another, seeking a fit place to vomit their silk, they fall in such a precipice from the higher scaffold to the ground● that they break themselves in pieces: But by this means fal●ing but from one scaffold to another, the smallness of the distance contributes to their preservation. The breadth of the most lowest ●able shall be limited even to this proportion, that easily of one side a ma● with his hand may reach the middle to attend the Worms; as for the ascending scaffolds their continual diminution makes the serving of them of greater easiness.  
A Room of any capacity will admit several of these scaffolds (distinct from the wall for reason before recited of R●ts) and also that the attender may come on either side of the scaffold, such space being always to be left between their positions  
●hese scaffolds must be made of an unsuspected firmness, to prevent the falling down of any part of it, or the whole either by 〈◊〉 ladder which the Keeper ascends, or the weight of the Worms themselves, when once grown great and h●●vy.  
To s●●nd these se●ffolds some m●ke board's ●bout them, ●s it were by Ga●leries● othe●s have their getting up to them by little stairs appropriated to this; others by formest I approve of none more convenient than a light ladder which finwall, and poss●sses but one place.  
The timber fittest to employ in the tablure of this scaffolding is usually fir or such light wood: In VIRGINIA I apprehend none fitter than Cedar or Cypress, because of their delicious odours.  
We have already spoken of such means as may refresh the overheated worm; rests now to deliver an experiment to warm the Air, this Creature b●ing no l●●●e Enemy to cold in the beginning of his apprentissage, then to heat when he is ready to go out ●f this World M●st●r workem●n.  
Aft●r having built your house for worms; let there be a hole pierced through your wall, where you must make an Oven, the mouth whereof must be on the out side of the house: Then before you make it off, take pots like flower pots, bu● such as will endure the fire, and lay them with the mouth side of these p●ts tending inwards towards the house, and the bottom within the Oven, lay these t●us sidelong at an equal distance and work up the Oven with the pots incorporate thereunto● This done you may make a fire in the Oven, which by the benefit of the p●ts conveys a●l the heat to you without any inconvenience of smoke. To make this heat the more agreeable to the Worm's, and to keep the house in a temperate and inoffensive warmth, you may put into these pot● branches of Rosemary, Time, Ros●s, ●uniper, etc.  
This Figure showeth the order for ●●●king ●h● T●bl●●●n ●●e Se●ffolds, to lay the Leaves on, for feeding t●e Worms.  
This Figure showeth how ●o plac● the Rods, between the Table●, for the Worms to climb up, and spin their silk.  
This Figure representeth the Engine, to wind off the silk from the Cod, with Furnaces and Cawlderns necessary thereto.  
This Figure pourtra●●● the Cod, with the Butter●lies come forth of them, to lay th●●● Eggs upon black Serge, Chamlet, Tammy, or such like stuff, as in this Treatise is showed.   

The elec●ion and use of the seed of the Silkworm.  
THere is a great deal of Reason, that we should be curious in the election of ou● seed; and 'tis not more Poetic than Philosophic, that of HORACE: 
Est in juv●n●i● est in equis patrum,  
Virtui nec imb●llem feroces  
Progenerant aquilam columbae.   
What can we expect of generosity in that which has a disposition to degenerate before produced: of all the seeds proper for the v●vifying this animal, there is none more excellent as yet arrived to our knowledge, then that of Spain: this De ●erres ●ffirmeth, though he seem to be in a kind of haesitation, whether that of Calabria march not in a higher degree of reputation, as yielding more abundance, and of equal hardness with the Cod of Spain; yet this is certain in nature and reason, that seed transported into other colder Regions, can no way lay claim to a parity of thriving with that continued in its own Climate; and I doubt not but if the South of VIRGINIA, where the Silkworm is aboriginally native, were duly inquired after, the Seed of that would hav● a particular excellency, to which all the European Nations must give the glory, the right hand of pre-eminence.  
But leaving this to the scrutiny wh●ch shall be made by time, and experience, we must grant the prime opinion to the Spanish, which however it thrive in France for four years, yet afterwards it degenerates extremely, so that it must ●very four years be renewed, for within that circle it s●●f●●s a manifest declension in goodness. Coming from Spain it is of a dark tawny colour, after centaine generations, grey.  
To prove whether the seed be dead or not, you must exp●●iment it upon your nail, that which breaks in cracking, c●sting ●orth ●umor and moisture, you may assuredly esteem for good, the other is to be rejected. The smallness of the Spanish se●d increases the number of Worms, for which it deserves a particular prae●●tion.  
No seed of above a year old is any further profitable, till you put them to Hatch, you may preserve them in Boxes thrust amongst woollen clo●thes in a Trunk or Chest, and let the Chamber where such Trunks or Chests are, be now and then aired with a fire, to the intent they being rather warm then cold, may be praedisposed for a hasty production when the season of the year shall invite you to put it into practice.  
To imbibe or steep the seed of Silkworms in the most generous Wine you can procure, is an experiment that hath always answered with a happy success; for this not only discriminates betwixt the good and bad, (the good always subsiding, and the other floating) but adds legitimation and strength to the approved ones, making them come forth free and fortified, and causeth them to hatch almost all at one time. After the good are taken out, they must be set to dry in the Sun, or before the fire, laid upon very clean paper, covered with white linen, or smooth paper, lest the ●eat might bring it prejudice.   

The vivification of the Seed.  
THE Spring being come, and the Mulberries budding, it will be seasonable to put them to hatching, which (all other ways omitted, as the keeping them in a Box, in ones pocket, between a woman's Breasts, etc.) sorts best with Reason and convenience, performed thuss viz. That the seed removed from its first vessel, shall be committed into a Box lined with Cotton, over which you must put a white paper, which must separate the seed from the Cotton, the● cover the seeds (being not above half an inch thick) with a little b●d of Tow, over which Tow you are to lay a paper pierced very thick with small holes, much about the bigness of the tag of a point; over this paper you shall lay some Mulberry leaves. And this is the preparative to hatch them.  
To bring them forth, lay your Box so prepared between two Pillows, which moderately warmed with a Pa● every two houres● and after the first three and four days visiting the Box at every such warming, to the end to separate such as you shall see hatched, who will not fail to creep through the Tow, and pierced paper to the Mulberry leaves, to which they will cleave: which to remove, you must draw them out of the Box by taking hold of the Mulberry leave● with a needle, and removing them and the Worms adherent into a bigger Box or sieve; with paper at the bottoms, distinguish those of a hasty production from those of a more slow, that the work may arise more equal. These thus brought forth must by gradations be accustomed to endure the coolness of the Spring, diminishing daily something from his accidental warmness: the first four days let them in the sieve covered with clean linen continue upon the bed, the curtains closely drawn, then removed into a warm chamber, close from all penetrations, laid upon ranks close together, that they may give and receive mutual warmth, allowing them a larger proportion of room, as they increase in body.  
But the most assured way to preserve the Worms until their second change in warmth and security from Vermin, dust, or other hostilities of nature, is by a great Press or Cupboard made with many stages, parget●ed or pasted for the agreeableness of the odour with Ox dung, made of fir, or mats, and to draw out at will separately, equally distant four inches, compassed round about with Linen tacked to the doors, with paper windows on the sides and foremost door, to admit or exclude air after the exigency of the occasion; and here vacant places being left at first to enlarge them, as they increase in growth may they be distinguished according to the Dates of their first appearance upon the Mulberry, rejecting all that seed, which is not enlivened before the fifth day, as unprofitable for working by confusion of times, and useless by their weakness.  
Four times doth this excellent Artist change his skin, which is the cause of his so many sicknesses. The first sickness arriving within ●ight days from the beginning of his life, is known by these symptoms; the head grows big and white, and he hides himself under the leaves: To administer any food were needless; but that they are not all sick at one instant, so that some must be giv●n to nourish them which have not arrived to, or passed over their sickness, which you shall know by their change of colour and creeping upon fresh leaves.  
The second sickness arising within eight days, or thereabouts, from thence is known by the sa●● accidentals, and must have the same applications, only now they would be removed into new, clean, and more spacious places: The third is in all like the two other, though something more dangerous; here you must carefully prevent the accession of all cold airs whatsoever: It may happen that some of these Worms may grow yellow, which is almost incurable in themselves, and deadly contagious to all the rest; these must be carefully selected from the rest and ejected. Remove, enlarge & cleanse as before. Eight or ten days after appears the 4. change or sickness, & now the recovered Worms being increased to their full growth, must be removed, enlarged, & cleansed, as before.  
At appointed hours morning and evening must this Worm be● fed from their hatching to their fi●st change or sickness; from the second change to the third or fourth, they must be fed three times the day at the least, taking this for an assured maxim, that after the recovery from their last sickness, The very cloying of them with leavest even to the satiety of their appetite, accelerates them to the perfection of their task; for these curious Vessels will the sooner discharge themselves of their precious enclosed substance, by how much they are the sooner replenished. Nor is there any prodigal improvidence in this; for it hath been observed that Worms have eaten near as much in eight days when more sparingly distributed, as in four when liberally handed to them; so that by such wary dispensation they save no leaves, and lose four days in point of time.  
But a particular eye of care must be had to the quality of the leaves you feed with. No goodness of a selected tree being capable to secure itself against accidental diseases arising from the unnaturalness of seasons, wherein by extremes of drought or moisture, mildews, heat drops, and other distempers, all the leaves oftentimes becoming yellowish, spotted, or speckled, declare the nature of that food highly unwholesome and pernicious: Such as grow out of the Sun in the interior umbragious parts of thick trees are almost as dangerous: No● are the leaves of the second Spring which shoot afresh on trees already disleaved of less guilt, through the inequality of their Agest One banquet of those gives the last repast that your Worms shall have need of, a flux thence arising killing them, and easing you of further trouble, if yo● account it so to be vigilant over your own profit.  
The m●st agreeable to all Worms is to be fed with leaves of their own age, and by this the feeble Creature shall meet with tender leaves, then grown strong with leaves, f●ll grown correspondent to both their complexions. The fault of the wet leaves may be corrected by patience, attending the serener season; but of dry leaves you ought at no time (if you regard your own profit with a sober providence) to be unprovided, and the way how to prepare hath been already delivered in this Treatise.  
Th●se precious creatures exact no great expense or laborious care during the first three or four weeks, b●ing satisfied with little, as most agreeable to the tenderness and smallness of bodies, and are very well entertained with the leaves of the succours or other branches, from whence for the profit of the tree on● should necessarily cut them. At the beginning we go to gather leaves with Handkerchiefs, then with little baskets, lastly with sacks & mands, as growing to a bigness to require it, and a perfection to discern it.  
That the Gatherers of these leaves should handle them with pure and washed hands, we have already declared absolutely necessary: But the Governor of these chaste and magnificent Creatures must be Master of an exact purity. The smell of Tobacco is deadly to them: Let his observance forbear it: Let him have a watchful eye, that none of an offensive smell approach them; all ill breathe upon them● whether contracted by fulsome food or nature make this innocently noble Creature express● her resentment by her own death, or sickness. Let him purify the rankness of his own breath (when fasting) with good Wine ere he approach them● with the odour whereof the worm is highly cherished. Let the Lodging be swept every day, and preserved so by sprinkling the flouke with vinegar, and afterwards strawing it wi●h Lavender, Sp●ke, Rosemary, Time, and such like of well comforting Odours. To these we may sometimes add a perfume composed of Frankincense, Benioin, Storax, and o●her quickening aromatics burned in the lodging.  
Let the Tables be often made clean and shifted, by often, I mean every ●●ird o● forth day a● the furthest, at which time the litter begins to be offensive to this curious natured Creature; especially with the increase of the heat, let his diligence increase, that no uncleanness (at that time more than ordinary malign) cut him from the benefit of his labours.  
The litter must not be taken away by degrees to the trouble of our curious Creature, but all at once; which may be ●ffected, if you leave at the end of each Scaffold an empty station to place the adjoining Worms on, whose left station being made clean is fitted for the next neighbourhood, and thus may all be removed and shifted by degrees, and a vacan● table at the other end of the scaffold r●maines to begin again (as afore) within two, three, or four days at the longest. And thus without carrying far, the Worms shall be removed with ease and security, not once laying the finger upon their tender bodies; for giving them fresh leaves at the time of their replacing, the Worm wil● fasten to the leaf, and the leaf may be removed with his precious burden, with no less safety than convenience.  
It will be requisite to dispose the tables in such a fashion that they may be separately taken from the scaffold like tills out of drawers; for this the easiest and less nocent way of cleansing, as preventing the falling of any stench upon the lower ●ables, and by which they are more suddenly discharged of their filth and ordure, merely by striking them gently on the floor, which done, let them be swept and brushed perfectly well; Let the tables on which you put your Worms after their first sickness be sprinkled with Vinegar or Wine, then rubbed over with sweet Herbs to delight and encourage them to labour. Some have made trials which hath succeeded happily of the smell of Garlic and Onions to refresh them; I dare not absolutely assent to this experiment; but it is clear as Sunshine, that the Worme not only rejoices in agreeable odours, but is succoured thereby in his greatest maladies: of which we now intent to discourse.   

The causes of extraordinary maladies in Worms, and their ●●re.  
THe extremes of colds and heats, the too sparing, or too abundant administration of victuals in their several ages, and a malign disposition of the leaves are the principle causes of all extraordinary maladies which afflict this Creature. If the inclemency of Cold hath benumbed or diseased this innocent Artist, the stove or oven formerly mentioned will recover it (the stopping of all windows, and other admissories of air cooperating●) To the greater compliment of the c●re, let the lodging be perfumed with redolent G●mmes, with Wine, strong Vinegar, or Aqua vitae: If on the contrary, the torrid violence of heat have wasted the strength of this sudden and excellent spinner: The fresh air admitted at the doo●es and windows some brave artificial Fans or Ventalls to raise this breath, if too little, or at the last the exposing them upon their tables out of their lodgings to enjoy an uncontrolled and liberal communion of the air, some half an hour before Sun rising are the proper means of their recovery. Those which by a wasteful liberality of their keeper in the tenderness of their age have injured themselves with over fe●ding, must be cured by a two day's abstinence, and for some two succeeding days dieted with a moderation. Those who famished by the negligence of their keeper are almost languishing to death, mus● be restored by giving them meat in slender proportion, but frequently repeated, by such a diet regaining their forfeited appetite. Those which by having fed on yellow spotted, or too young leaves have contracted a floxe, and from thence a jaundice and spotted colour, i● companied with black bruisings, must upon the first inspection be immediately removed into separate chambers, that the change of air and diet may labour for their almost desperate cure, and to prevent a contagion, which from thence would universally domineer. But such Worms which as an accession to this last disease you should behold bathed on the belly by a certain humour flowing in that part of their bodies, are as incurable, good for nothing but to repast your Poultry.  
Indeed excepting this last inexpugnable malady perfumes and change of chambers are generally conducing to overcome all diseases and to restore a new health and vigour. But this noble Creature is by nature sufficiently privileged from these diseases, if the unskilfulness or negligence of the keeper did not violate this privilege, and by that violation increase his own trouble.  
Nor is this care of the keeper to be only limited to the day, the night too must require a part of his vigilance; Mice and Rats than take advantage, and grieved that any Creature should labour for man without their participation or obstruction devour them by Troops, and the Cat herself enters in●o a league with these her usual preys to prey upon these poor things, whose innocency and excellency makes them the more obnoxious to their cruel avarice. To remedy this, the house must not be without continual Lamps, Bells, and other vain terrors to affright them: The keeper himself also, or his Deputy must frequently walk round about his little A●my. And left the Oil (which occasions divers indispositions, if it fall but in a drop upon these nice A●●●sts) might be prejudicial, the Lamp●s should be affixed on the wall, and the portable lights with which he visits his curious charge of Wax, Tallow, fir-tree, or any other of innoxious, but illuminative substance.  
These things well observed, within seven or eight da●es at the most, succeeding their fourth and l●st exuviall sickness; The W●rmes dispose themselves to pay the expense of their Diet. To make preparation for them, there must be accommodations of r●●● necessary for these Worms to 〈◊〉 up to vomit their silk, and fasten their Webs by. To assemble these Worms (the term assigned to this work) the most proper matters are Rosemary, cutting of Vines ●●oots, of Chestnuts, Okes, Osiers, Sallowes, Elms Ashes, and in general of all flexible shrubs, not having any disagreeing od●ur. The feet of these rods ●v●ned for the bet●●r fixure shall be joined at 15 inches distant to the table below, ●nd th● t●p● of them arched together at that aboven Which Epit●●●all Amphitheatre is Master of as much beauty as those of the CAESARS in the greatest volume of their lustre and magnificence; the upper part of the Arch must be plentifully interwoven with sprigs of Lavender, Spike, Thyme, and shrubs delectable to the smell. By this intermixture the Worms shall have ample satisfaction to their restless curiosity, where firmly to fasten their rich matter, having an election of such delectation of Perfumes, & variety of shoots: But these twigs must by no means be green, the moisture extremely offending the cattle, and not suddenly withering, if the air be moist.  
The Worms being removed to these Amphitheatrall Trophies, you may easily discover their grateful inclination to spin, by their bigness of body, brightness, and clearness of belly and neck, neglect of meat, and irregular wand'ring through the Troop; and a ●●ttle af●er to fulfil these promises they ascend their branches to vomit, or rather spin out their silky substance. Here you must diminish their Ordinary, daily, for they will in short time have united themselves to those shoots or twigs, quite forsaking the table. Those Worms which climb not before the others union to the branches are of a latter hatching; and to prevent all unseasonable intertextures in general, to the retarding and perishing of the whole work, must be assembled two other tables arched as these, that they may work together at one time.  
The knowledge (when these Worms have perfected their Cod● or bottoms) may be obtained by an ear that is but the leastwaies curious, these creatures making both a pleasant humming in feeding and continuing it in fashioning their bottoms, give that noise and their completed work over both together. That which falls next is the propagation of the seed to be preserved till the next Harvest.   

The Propagation of the Silk Worm seed.  
HAppy creature, which livest only to do mankind service● and diest when thou hast accomplished i●! Miracle of Nature! a Worm shut up in his own monument, breaks through his silky grave, transformed into a Butterflies employs ten days to erect himself a sepulchre, and an equal proportion of time to leave it● disimpri●oning himself from his own interment, by perforation of his bottom, he returns to the view of Mankind in the figure of a Butterfly, with wings, as if he had already triumphed over his Mortality; which done, he and his co-triumphall Females, coupling together perpetuate their species by dissolution of their bodies; and that which completes the miracle, may arise from the long abstinence of this living three and twenty days imprisoned without any sustenance or fruition of that which he takes a particular delight in, day light.  
Removing your branches from the Tables, and your silke-balls or bottoms from the Branches 5 days after the work is perfected, the B●lls are then to be made election of, for such seed as you will preserve for the year following. Bonoeill, & De Serres do both agree that there should be proportioned 200 Balls for one ounce of seed, the Balls M●le and Female (the description of which hereafter.) But whereas Bonoeill is of opinion that a hundred double or treble Bottoms which two or three Worms have spun and made up in common, will produce so many Worms as Bottoms: I demand his pardon if I accede rather to the judgement of D● Serres: for from every double or triple Bottom there comes forth but one Butterfly, though it hath more within: the Reason is, it being not probable that they should be all ripe together, that which is most mature by perforation of the Balls, ●xposes the other to the assault of the air, which giving them cold, they die imperfect.   

To distinguish the sexes.  
THE Male of the worm, when grown great, is known from the Female, by a wrinkled head● and a great appearance of eyes; the Female hath the head round without any such appearance. In the Bottoms o● Balls the M●le is known, as having worked himself into a Bottom, long slender, and by much sharper at one end then the other: the Bottoms of the Female are bigger, softer, ●ound at one end, half pointed at the other.  
The Sex in those Butterflies is thus distinguished: the Male is lesser of body than the Fem●le, stirring the wings more often and more strongly. Selecting then two hundred bottoms (male & female included in the number) you must pass a thread through the first and outward Down, called the Sleeve of the Ball (using a wary hand that you pierce not into the silk, lest the cold getting in you should quite abortive your Worms) of which you must make several connexion's composed of an equal number of both Sexes; these (to prevent Rats and Mice) must be hanged upon some hook in a chamber of ●iddle temper, but something inclining to coolness, yet however not subject to moisture, that the Butterflies may come out with the more facility,  
Having pierced through their confinement, though nature herself infu●es in them disposed applications to find out their opposite Sexes, it will be necessary to couple such as yet are disjoined: all which, after you shall perceive them in conjuncture, must be s●t either upon Say, Piropus, Tammey, Chamlet, the Backside of old Velvet, in general upon any stuff which has no woolly Down, wherein the grain may be lost, or where it may get between the threads, as is linen) hanged upon the wall close by their Balls, or in defect of such stuff, take Walnut-tree leaves one handful, or mo●e as you shall see occasion, tie them by dozen backsides together, ha●g them at several nails or pins, and set the coupled Buterflies thereon. Take the Chamlet, or other stuffs, receiving the seed, and rub it gently between your hands, and the seed will come out with great facility.  
The principal time of the Butterflies issuing out from the Cod, is in the morning about eight of the Clock: the seed collected must be put into a Box very clean pasted with paper, to exclude all air or dust, kept in a Chest in a dry temperate place where it may be preserved till the Spring following, avoiding to make any continual fires in such Chambers, lest the warmth untimely hatch the Worms, which being brought forth at such a season must perish for want of food.  
The Spaniard takes commonly the double and triple Balls for seed, not that he conceits every double Ball should produce two Butterflies, or which is a conceit of more fondness, Male and Female: but because the multiplicity of creatures spinning their silk in common, make the work so confused that they cannot well wind it off, which makes them be put in the rank of the pierced ones for sleaved and I must ingeniously acknowledge myself to a●●ede to his opinion; for these d●●●le and triple balls a●e not unapt ●or this purpose since they com●on●y, as D● Serres observes, come rather from a lustiness and suppleness of the Worme● then any natural debility: Which su●e are so much fitter to be culled out, that the best balls m●y be made into silk, which will easily wind and the seed of these which is fully as proper for seed● but less apt for silk: neither do I know why they should not be preferred, since the Spanish seed ●●oc●eding from these double and triple Balls carries a particular ●●●●eminence above the rest● which if we shall make ●se of, the us● is the same with others, except that they must be clipped at the smaller end with the point of a p●ire of scissors, with ● regard that you cut not clean through the bottom, which would by admission of wind destroy the Worm, and this they do that the Butte●flies● if more than one, may find an easy passage; the best bottoms (if you will preserve them) for Grain, are great, hard, weighty, and of carnation or flesh colour.  
The balls preserved for seed being made choice of, the next thing we are to fall upon is, how to wind off the bottoms designed for silk: Which would be of much more advantage for purity and plenty of silk, and facility of labour if they could immediately be wound off. The silk so freshly taken unwinding without any loss or violence: But this delayed, the Gum, by which the Worm fastens her threads becoming dry, doth so harden the bottom, that without difficulty and loss, the winding cannot be accomplished.  
This expeditious winding prevents the enclosed Worm of her full metamorphose into a Butterflies and the bottom from perforation: But then where shall we find so many workmen if the design were general, as could in seven or eight day's wind off so many millions of bottoms? Not excluding therefore such as can have that conveniency, the next best course to kill the Butterflies in those bottoms which we cannot wind off, is by exposing and laying them in the Sun, the heat of which in its own work stifles this Creature: But let this be two or three daye● successively (not all at one exposure, lest your silk be burned instead of stifling its spinner) two hours before, and two hours' afternoon each day respectively. Let the bottoms, spread upon sheets be turned often, that the heat may destroy equally, no one excepted from this sharp insolation; but this must not be done with a rude hand, which instead of turning them may bruise the Worm, the slimy matter of whose body, being thus bruised, is very prejudicial both for staining the silk, and gluing it so together, that no Artist can ever unwind them.  
Removing them therefore oftentimes during such sunning with a gentle hand, wrap them thus warmed in sheets, and let them lie in a fresh dry chamber.  
But if the Sun should fail, an Oven of such moderate heat as is usual after two hours drawing the bread, or heated to such a degree of warmth (laying it over with boards, and the bottoms in sacks upon those boards, there remaining each time an hour and a half, repeating it till your experience by opening the most suspected bottom find the enclosed Worm consumed) will be of equal operation.  
But that which is the best and least practised course is this: Take your bottoms, and fill such a Furnace or Copper as your Brewer's use, half full of Water: Within three fingers breadth of this boiling water, lay a lid or plank or board within the Copper, bored through as thick with holes as a Cullender, and so fit to the side of the Furnace, that it by no means may sink into the water: Upon this cover lay a thin Carpet of Darnix, or the like, and upon the Carpet the silk bottoms, which must be often stirred, with care not to use too much violence. The mouth of the Copper, except when you stir the bottoms, must be constantly covered, that the h●are may smother the Worms: Your Worms being dead, lay your bottoms in some room, where there is air to dry their moisture. This is an assured (though not vulgar) experiment, and by it your silk becomes as easy in the winding, and as pure in colour and substance, as if it had been spun the same moment the Worm had given it perfection.   

To wind off the Silk from the Cod or Bottom.  
THe winding off the silk from the Cod or bottom, is thus ●ffected: fill a Cauldron full of very fair water and set it upon a Furnace, heat it to such a degree that 〈◊〉 water becomes bubbled, as though there were small Pearls in the middle, being ready to seethe; then cast in your Cod or bottoms, still stirring them up and down with broom or other small bushes, if you shall see that the heat is not capable to make your bottoms wind, augment your fire, otherwise abate it.  
The bottoms winding the threads will take hold of the broom or brushes; draw those threads so affixed the length of half a yard and more out with your fingers, till all the grossness of the bottom b●e wound off, which cutting off and laying aside, take all the threads of your bottoms united into one and according to the bigness of thread you intent to make (as whether sowing or stitching) chose the number, not letting the other threads fall into the water again, which must be reserved to succeed) which you must run through an Wire Ring, apppointed for to rank the threads which (as you may see in the draught or Picture) must be fastened upon the fore part of a piece of wood set directly upon a form before the round or circle, which we call a Bobin, in the top of which piece in a little space that there is, are fastened two Bobins, distant from one another two fingers; from this wire ring the thread must be drawn and crossed upon the bobins, whose only use there is to twist the silk through a ring which is fastened in the midst of a staff; above the Bobins you must continue the draught of your thread; this staff which moves with the wheel is called a Lincet set a cross beneath the wheeless from that Ring you must fasten your thread upon the wheel itself, which must be still turned till the skeyne of silk be wound up, the Representation see in the next figure.  
Observe, when any thread discontinues, his bottom being wound off, to repair your number from another bottom, this you shall perceive when your full number of bottoms stir not altogether.  
Be sure that you artificially cut the knots which will be in your threads, that your silk may be more pure and uniform.  
Those which cast Gum Arabic in the water under pretence to make the silk wind more pure and glossey, are but impostors, it being a mere cheat to make the silk weigh the heavier.  
Basins, or Caldrons, wherein you put your bottoms to wind, if of Lead restore the silk more pure than those of Copper, this Mettle being subject to a rubiginous quality, from which Lead is wholly exempt. Let the wheels be large for the better speeding of the work that two skeines may be wound off together. That the fire of the Furnace may be pure, and without smoke, let it be made of Charcoal.  
The difficulty of their winding may be mollified by soap, put in the Basin or Cauldron; the old Cod or bottoms hardened by time, will have the natural Gum which glues their threads dissolved, and the silk come off much more easy.  
Those bottoms of silk preserved for seed, and pierced by the Butterflies, may be made of good use, if washing them in water you throw them into a Cauldron ready to boil, with soap in it, which must be dissolved before the bottoms are cast in: thus let them boil a quarter of an hour, or thereabouts, which done, take them out, wash them in clean water and d●ye them; being dried you must beat them with a round stuff of a good bigness upon a stone or some block which is better, which will make them become white, and smooth as wool. The way to spin them after is this.  
They must with the fingers be pulled one from one another, and opened as wool uses to be in such preparations, let it then be put on a Distaff and spun as small as you can, or please.   

Treatise of the Vine.  
THat the use of the Vine is really intended by nature for VIRGINIA, those infinite store of ●rap●s which clown the forehead of that happy Country are so m●ny sp●●king testimonies: But what fate hath hitheto diverted our English there inhabiting from the public undertaking a Commodity of so inestimable benefit, I do not say for a public Staple (though it would be as rich as any other one species of Traffic whatsoever) but even from private Vineyards, where they might sit under their own Vine, drink of their own Grapes, satisfy even the most irregular de●ire of their voluptuous appetites, and all this de suo, without entering into the Merchant's books for Wines, peradventure adulterate, without paying the sweat of their brows for the exudation of the Grape. I dare not determinately judge, lest I might be forced to ascribe it either to a strange nonchalency or sluggishness to their own profit, or which is worse an inveterate contempt of all other ways of improvement (of what ever return) in comparison of Fume of ●obacco●  
But that they may not be ignorant of the profit of the Vine, they will be pleased to know that the Vine requires (once planted) little more labour than the Hoppe. To attend upon four Acrees of Hops is the ordinary undertaking of one man in ENGLAND, who besides this, neglects not many other labours. If one man in VIRGINIA be not sufficient to do as much as another in ENGLAND, ● shall either imagine him to be lame or idle; nor let them object to me the heat of the Country; if the midday's be hotter, the mornings are much colder, and the Labourer in VIRGINIA hath this advantage of being full of bread to satiety, whereas oftentimes the Hireling in ENGLAND having a family to feed, and sometimes no employment, comes to work with a famished body● and courage, ●ives merely de die in diem, with as little hopes of ever changing the copy of his fortune, as renewing the lease of his Cottage with his Landlord: those are but lean encouragements. In VIRGINIA the meanest servant (if he have any spirit) is still in expectation of improving his condition, and without any presumption may cherish his hopes, which promise him (his time expired) a present happiness and future possibility of a Fortune equal, if not outgoing his Master, the encouragement being greater, the care less, and his provisional subsistence by much better: why the labourer in VIRGINI● should not be (I do not say superior) but equal in strength of body and resolution of mind, to the miserable day-Hireling in ENGLAND, needs an OEDIPUS to unriddle.  
By this I hope it granted, that the VIRGINIAN may without any extraordinary efforts of sweat and spirit●, ●abour equally with those of ENGLAND, and upon this account I shall assign a Vignard of four Acres to his tillage, an easy task; let us compute the profit with the labour, and see what may be the proceed of this proportion well husbanded.  
That an acre of Vines in VIRGINIA (when once grown to perfection) will yield an equal increase to a common Acre of Vines in FRANCE, there being as great a difference between the soils as the Acres, and much greater) will I believe be denied by none, who pretend to modesty or reason: yet the Acre of Vines in FRANCE, one with another, very few excepted, will yield y●arely ten or twelve Muyds of Wine, a measure containing seventy two gallons (a very famous Frenchman LIEBAULT, is my Author:) what the common Acre, or Arpent, is in FRANCE, the same man informs us: an Arpent (the common Arpent or Acre of FRANCE) is 100 Pole in the square, the Pole being longer than ours by eighteen inches; so that one French Acre yields three Tun of Wine and upwards; Our Acre being near upon 50 Pole more, we doubt not of profit equal.  
The excellent VIRGINIA will pardon me, if for dilucidation of an argument, I make her pure and unexhausted brows descend to wear a Garland of fertility equal to that laborious and over-teeming Mother, the French Kingdom, nay to her common Vineyards: yet let us compute the profit arising from the four acres, being but one man's labour, we shall find the product even by that estimate, to be twelve Tun of Wine, as the recompense of his particular toil: let us imagine this but at ten pounds the Tun, and the profits of this single person amounts to 120 pounds per annum.  
Here they will object the dearness or difficulty of Cask; but this objection must be made by those who know not VIRGINIA, where there is such an excellent convenience, and abundance of peculiarly proper Timber, that the Winter will afford the other Labourers together with our Vigneron leisure, to cleave Pipe-●taves sufficient for private use of Cask, and to sell to the public; one man (during that little season) being easily able to make four thousand.  
But our acre being a third part bigger, the soil ½ better, why we may not promise to ourselves this profit, is an incredulity in ENGLAND, worth a brand of misunderstanding, in SPAIN would deserve the Inquisition.   

What soil is most proper for the Vine.  
HE which will go to plant the Vine without the twin consideration of the qualyty of the soil, and the disposition of the air, hath much affinity with him who goes to Sea without Lead or Compass: the one seldom attains his Port, nor the other his Harvest.  
The quality of the ground whereon the Vine thrives best, is a fine small Mould, of a subsistence rather inclining to a gentle lightness, than a churlish stubborness: they which would not have it to be very fat, are ignorant that while the Vine is young, the soil wh●re you plant may be employed to other tillage, and by such expense of its native richness, reduced to that which they commend so highly, mediocrity: But if the fatness of the ground transmit a rich and neverfailing sap into the nascent Vine● making it grow speedy and strongly, if the Vine participate of this fatness, which it may be they call grossness, as desiring to have it more subtle, there is small question to be made, but that this Wine so embodied and fortified by nature, must have extraordinary spirits to preserve it, and that age will have refined all that grossness into more pure and noble spirits; that if transported, the Sea will contribute to its melioration: whereas this Wine which they call subtle and delicate spirits, if either preserved long or transported far, will with so much applauded subtlety and delicacy lose all his spirits by age and evaporation.  
Scruple therefore at the richness of your ground no more than at the rankness of your purse; 'tis in your power to correct either, if there were necessity: let it have the qualities of gentle, easy, ●ine, and light, to be stirred, seated (if possible) on the decline of a Hill, not near to any Marish ground, nor having any springs gliding through it; these Mari●h grounds you must avoid as you would do Level in a Valley. And the reason is, that the Vine growing in these parts has a crude and undigested blood, quickly sours, and has neither strength to commend or preserve it, and the Frosts in the winter time sinking to his roots, by the moist passage of his situation, kills it; the Grapes plump and break, and when as an additional judgement to your injudicious election, a Rainy year comes to afflict, the Kernels break out, the true juice of the Grape accompanying it, and though it fall out that the Grape swell again, yet let not your expectation swell upon it, for instead of good Wine proceeding from thence, you will receive nothing but Viny water.  
The gentle, easy, fine, and light ground being the best, does not so wholly arrogate all excellency, as to deny an accession, a neighbourhood of goodness to other soils. The gravelly ground yieldeth Wine of a great delicacy, but a small quantity; besides the infant Plants are in danger of being washed away in any extraordinary surfeit of reins, such grounds being not able to give them a deep rooting. The like may be said of sandy ground which notwithstanding in some places especially where it is of a nitrous substance, will not yield the Palm to any ground of whatever richness; other grounds may have an enforced richness, but because usually all such enfatning compost consists of Dung and Urine, which spoil the purity of the Vine: If my advice were of any weight, they should never be used for Vintage, till necessity commanded my obedience.  
For the disposition of th● air, as particularly whether inclining to a Meridian, or Oblique to the South● Southeast, or South-West; if we contemplate the nature of the Vine, th●t it by instinct, prefers places rather hot then cold, dry then moyet; that it hateth storms and tempests, it affecteth a gentle breathing wind, or a serene calm; we may presently collect that it is neither to be placed open to the North, North-East, nor (in VIRGINIA especially) to that Nursery of storms, the North● W●st quarters, nor up●n the tops of Hills, where it lies equally assailable to all: the dear place then for the Vines embraces, is a Descent, towards, not in ● Valley (except never subject to inundations) that being sheltered f●om the more blustering Domineerers in the aire● it lie open to th● South, South-West, Southeast, or any part of the East and West, within the South quarter, for such a grateful mansion, and acceptable soil assigned him, doubt not, but he will return you a rent which shall satisfy your most unbounded wishes.  
But le●t the eye in the option of your Vineyard, may impose upon you, considering that every ground hath some arcane quality which the sight is not able to discover: to make a most certain experiment, let me propose this way of Examen. Make a pit in the ground (where your intentions are to plant) two foot deep, take a clod of the earth so cast up● powder it, and infuse it in a glass full of clear Rainwater, do your best to incorporate it with the water by frequent agitation and mixture: let it repose till the subsided earth have made his perfect residence and settlement in the bottom, and the water recovered her native clearness; taste the water, and arrest your judgement upon this, that such a ●a●t as the water delivers to your palate, will that earth transmit to your wine: if of an inoffensive or acceptable relish, you may confidently promise yourself a Wine pure, and consequently (if the soil be rich) very noble, nor is a salt taste an ill argument: but if it be a bitter aluminous, or sulphury gust, this place is not fit for your planting, you lose your Wine and your labour.  
But VIRGINIA has a more certain assurance; God and nature have pointed them a soil out with their own finger; let them therefore fix their eyes upon those places where either the Vine or Mulberry grow conjoined, or separate, and let them assure themselves of the excellency of the soil, a diffidence in this being an affront to Nature: yet this caution is to be used that though Valleys are Marshy places, may sometime have them by nature, yet their florescence would be much more excellent and healthful if removed to such a ground as formerly we have made choice of.   

To make election of Plants.  
Curiosity's about the choice of your Vine Plants will commend your Husbandry; let the Vine therefore from whence you take your Plant be of as little Pith as may be, such unpithy Vines being both fruitful and fortified by nature, bearing a remarkable abundance of substantial Grapes, and strongly resists the violence of the weather, and of this fertility and firmness will your Plant also participate. Let not the Vine you mean to plant from, be above the middle of his strength, or age, and observe about September those which are most laden with Grapes, fullest of eyes in their branches, and have been least wounded by the unseasonableness of Wether. Take not a Vine growing on a South side, to transplant him to a Northern: and set this down for a principle in Nature, that all plants removed to a better situation and soil, answer your largest hopes, by their fruitfulness: but transplanted to a worse, assure your self that without an extraordinary cultivation, there cannot be the least probability of its thriving.  
Let your Plant (if you may with conveniency) immediately be planted after its separation from its original; for while it yet retains any vital vigour, it will the sooner apply itself to the desire of life and nourishment. If your necessity will not admit of this ●estination, wrap it tenderly in its own earth; and when your leisure will permit you to plant it, let it soak some four or five days in water, and (if possible) running water: this immerging is a very strong preparative to its sudden taking root.  
If you apprehend a necessity of keeping him long or transporting him, (imagine it the Cyprian or Portuguese Grape thus to be transportable into Virginia,) put him into a close Barrel filled up with earth; and that no air may mortify him, let both ends of the Plant be put into Onions or Garlic, or (which is better) made up with wax, and now and then watered, but not more than to keep the earth from resolving into a dry dust; for too much moisture might (instead of preserving him) make him fructify, and your Plant would become all root.  
We have already spoken how we must choose, but not what we must make choice of: Let your Plants therefore be of those which grow between the highest and lowest, (the lowest having too much of earthy juice, and the highest too little) let them be round, smooth, and firm, having many eyes, and about one foot and a half of old wood cut off with the new.   

The manner, and way to Plant Vines.  
HUman curiosity plungeth us in so many unnecessary toils, that it would almost take a person off from necessary labour: Look into Columella, the Country Farm, the Dutch Husbandry and all those supercilious Writers, and you shall see them stand upon such impertinent Puntilloes; one while the dependence upon stars benights a man, another while the ground which should produce this or that, must be cast after this form, or else it will be barren in spite of the bounty of the Divine Providence.  
Not enumerating therefore all their ways of Planting, I dare lay my life that if the Vine were but set on foot in VIRGINIA, the ground prepared for it as they do their Tobacco there, by a right line, holes made instead of their Hillocks, but larger, deeper, and at greater distance, that there might something grow betwixt them which might be inoffensive to it by nature, and clear it from being choked with weeds, or something drawing a contrary juice, (peradventure Onions and Garlic) or something requiring small nourishment, (as Lupins) which turned into the earth again (distance of five foot being left for a Plough, with caution not to come too near the Roots, which must be bared with a stowe, the Plough running first the length, and then the traverse of those rows, which therefore must be lineally strait) would both fatten the earth, and cultivate the Vine all at one moment. Yet submitting myself to judgements of greater experience than my modesty or na●u●e can ever hope for, I shall deliver the several way of planting the Vine, with as much brevity as the matter, and my first resolution rather to contract then enlarge, will permit me.  
The first preparing of the earth to receive the Vine must be done in Spring or Summer, where the ground you dig or cast mu●t be cleansed from all manner of superfluities whatsoever; namely, Roots, Weeds, Stones, etc. this digging must be several times repeated, that the earth by alternate changing its place of top and bottom may be throughly tempered, the dry refreshed, and the moist qualified: Thus cleansed, cast it into many furrows (the sides whereof the French call Chevaliers or Guides, because it should guide you in the planting) the depth of eighteen inches or more; let the mo●ld cast up above, be so disposed, that it may answer to the depth below.  
Note that these furrows in a sandy, flinty, or wet ground mu●t ●ot be so hollow as in that which is rough and crabbed● In the bottom of the first you may put stones about the bigness of an ordinary brick (but round) not bigger, which in the heat of Summer refreshes, in violence of Rain opens a passage to the water, that it dwell not at the Root to rot it.  
The best season for planting of Vines is in October, the Moon increasing, the Furrows must be made in August, that the exposed earth may have time of digestive preparation.  
If your plant have Roots, you must when you plant it cut them off all, except it be newly gathered, if it be a slip or cut, which though it be not so swift of growth the first year, yet is of much longer continuance, you must soak it in water, if it be possible in running water five or six days.  
He which plants the Vine, the ground thus prepared, and having a line with him, that he may observe a just evenness and straightness, both in the Row, and to the opposite Plant, that so every four may make a regular quadrangle, must bow his plant, the bigger end forward one foot into the earth of the Ditch, letting first some of the Mould from the ●ides fall into it; let him tread upon the Mould the better to fix the plant, and with his hand (the foot still pressing upon that part of the plant which is inearthed) gently raise or bow the top of the plant that it may grow erect: this done, let him cast some more Mould on it, to the thickness of six inches, and cut the top of the Plant, so as not to leave above three knots or joints above the earth: Let him proceed in planting of the rest, observing the prescribed order: some set two plants together in this order, that if one should fail, the other might recompense the default.  
If you will have your Vine to grow without stakes or props, cut it so, that you let it not increase above two or three joints in the year, which will make it to stand firm against all storms, if but naturally violent.  
It will be extreme ill husbandry to plant Vines of different kinds or qualities together, such diversity there is in their season of ripeness; some preventing your expectation by the suddenness of their maturity, others deceiving it by their late ripeness. We have spoken of the planting, let us now handle the culture and dress of it, that his fertility may in some measure require the labour of his implanting.   

The manner of dressing the Vine.  
MId May will be a season which will best inform you, whether your Plants have taken so good root, that it expresses a verdure and germination in his Branches; when therefore the shoot is able to endure dressing, let it be cut within two or three knots of the old Wood, and if any other slips spring from the Root, cut them away (with care however that it wound not the Root, or the main stock, which are wonderfully offended by the too near approach of any tool that is edged) that the whole strength of the Vine may unite into one common stock or pillar, to support and convey the sap into the permitted branches, of which you may not let any flourish the first year of its growth. It is observed, that to cut the Vine in the decrease of the Moon, makes the fleshy part of the Grape of a more substantial grossness and feeding, and is a peculiar remedy for those Vines which are given to be over-ranke with wood: Let it be the care of the V●gneron to remove all obstructions of Weeds which uninvited participate of the Vines nourishment: the surest way to kill which, is, to turn them in towards the earth, which is not only a destruction to the thie●e of its moisture, but a restitution of the robbery; for the Weeds so inverted enrich the ground to the great encouragement of the Vine, and the no less profit of the Vine dressers. Let your knife with which you cut your Vine be very sharp, and let your Vine be cut sloping at one cut, if possible, and not far from the old Wood, that the growth of the Vine may the more speedily cover the wound.  
The Vines must be dressed or husbanded ●hree times the year, the first culture of it must be in March, at which time you are to dig about the Root three quarters of a foot deep, or thereabouts: The next season must be in April, wherein you must dig about the Root, within a third of the former depth, than you must also prune it by cutting all the branches, and leaving some three knobs or joints of the new wood in your Vine of the first year's growth, and cutting off all dead or superfluous branch●s of the old, whose permitted branches must also be pruned, lest they should spend that aliment decreed for the Grape in elongation of the branches, all succours also must be plucked away. ●n August the like course is to be used in the Wine of the precedent Autumn leaving two or three joints or knobs of new wood: again the old ones may be only digged, if at that time, and at all other times you perceive any dead or wounded branches you must cut them off something further than the mortification or hurt extends; and in all prune let no Vine be cut in the knob or joint, but in the space betwixt; there following usually nothing but absolute and irremediable decaying, where th●y are cut in the articular knitting. If in Apri●s dressing, the Vine h●ve no branched but only budded, which is most usual (but more especially in March) you must nip the bud off with your fingers● to the end that the juice which would ascend to hasten the germination, may be stopped to strengthen and engross the store.  
The third year the Vine will b●a●e you ●rapes in these Countries, but I am confident that in VIRG●NIA it would bear at the s●cond; and this my confidence is grounded upon the hasty perfection all things receive in VIRG●NIA, by much preceding all our neighbour Countries. The Peachtree arrives not to that virility of growth in eight years, in these regions, which it obtains at four there. The like is verified in Apples and Cherries: and if it be questioned how such men which p●radventur● being in a necessity, are not able to attend two years for a ●●●urne, shall in the mean while subsist: it is easily answ●●ed● th●t the intervals betwixt the dress of the Vines will ●ff●rd space enough for a reasonable Crop of Tobacco; and there is much mo●e labour in looking to 5000. Plants of Tobacco than the like number of Vines, especially if the interspaces be ploughed, and sow●d with Turnips or Lupins, which both add to the fatness and unwilding of the ground, and choke up all weeds and gr●sse which might afflict it. Contrariwise, Tobacco will admit nothing in the Vacant sp●●●s, and must be perpetually weeded Further, though oth●● Vine-Masters prescribe the digging about the roots o● their Pla●t in August, which is the busy season of inning the Tobacco, yet I am driven by divers reasons to wish such c●●ture omitted at that time of the year, since it lays the root by so much the nearer to a violently torrid Sun which is so far from cherishing of it, that it burns it; by whic● means his C●op of Tobacco need not at all to be neglected: but these Vines steal into such perfection by that tim● they are arrived at fou●e years g●owth● that twenty thousand Plants of Tobacco though s●ld at 6 pence per pound, (a great rate in VIRGINIA) will not return you a like profit, which tho●ght it m●y be something sparingly believed, yet may be m●de apparent. For admitting ou● Vines by that time of 4 foot high, by their so often cutting of the shoo●s, nourished u●to a stock strong enough to support itself; of branches, by the like tillage, equal in v●gour, yield but a gallon of Wine per pi●ce, yet here is 20 Tun of Wine yearly, for 3● years together, (so long will the Vine thus husbanded, l●st fruitful, ●n● vigorous, if Planted with the slip rather than the Root) without any interruption but that which sets bou●ds and limit to all things, the divine providence in his dispensation of seasons.   

Of the Diseases of Vines, and their Remedy.  
BEfore we can justify our expectations of a good Harvest, we must providently foresee and prevent (as much as in us lies) such casualties as may m●ke our hope abortive; let us therefore cast our eye upon such Disease's which m●y make the Vine unfruitful, or after the fruit produced, destroy its desired fertility.  
To prevent the Frost from benumbing, or absolutely destroying your Vines, let there b● laid up in divers places heaps of dry dung, with an intermixture of chaff and straw, and when you conjecture the approach of the Fro●t, set this combustible stuff on fire, and the smoke arising from thence will so temper and qualify the air that your Vine for that season will be secured from D●m●●ge: yet if (before you have applied th●s preventive remedy) the fruit of your Vine be destroyed, cut it off very short, and the strength continuing in the remainder will so fortify it, that the next year it will recompense you double in the quantity of your fruit; for what it hath been robbed of by the present.  
To provide against the blasting of your Vine: When you perceive it upon the point of budding, cut it as late as may be; for this late cutting it will make your Vine something later, and by consequence, blossom or flower at such time as the Sun is ascended to his greatest degree of heat and fervour.  
To break off such Mists and Fogs as are already gathered in the air, and give probable menaces to fall upon your Vines, you must apply yourself to this remedy let a smoke round about your Vineyard be made with Go●ts dung, kindled an● set on fire. Such Fogs as have outstripped your care and already fallen upon, and endamaged your Vines, must have the malignity of their vapours taken off● or at least assuaged by irrigation of Vines, with the water in which the leaves or roots of wild Cucumbers, or Coloquintida have been laid some time to infuse: this must be applied immediately after the mists. Some are of an opinion that Bay-tre●s (which by the way are dangerously sociable to the Vine) planted round but not too near the Vineyard, will privilege the Vine from this disaster, by attracting all the ill disposed malice of those Fogs unto itself. This till experimented will hardly be worthy belief.  
It is an opinion no way contradicted, that fertility is restored to a Vine become barren, if humane Urine kept a long while stale, to make it the more salt and rank, be dropped by degrees upon the Vine stock, which must immediately after be laid about with dung and earth mixed together: the season for the application of this Cure mus● be in Autumn. Another way I should conceive to be altogether as effectual, namely, to leave it nothing but the stock, bore the roots, and lay there either Acorns, Chestnuts, or rotten straw; and if the bigness of the root will permit it, to cleave it a little way, and to thrust into the fissure a piece of Vine wood, cut small for the purpose; it being certain that trees themselves sometimes groan under the sickness of being hidebound: Vines are perceived to want moisture, when their leaves turn of a deep red colour: this Disease is cured by watering them with Sea-water, or stale Urine.   

The Bleeding of the Vine.  
THE Vine sometimes is troubled with an extraordinary Efflux, or emanation of its juice; some call it the weeping, others the bleeding of the Vine, and this Disease is commonly so violent, that if not stopped it leaves the Vine without blood and life. The remedy is to break the bark of the Vine upon the body thereof, and to anoint the wound with oil boiled to the half, or else with the Lees of Wine not salted; this done, let it be watered with Vinegar, which by how much the stronger it may be, is so much more effectual.   

The scattering Vine.  
THE Vine sometimes is oppressed with an unretentive scattering disease, as unable to maintain the fruit she hath produced, which sh●e therefore discharges, and le's f●ll from her; the symptoms by which you are to judge of this disease, are an unnatural paleness and dryness of the leaves, the branch itself languid, broad, and of a more pithy softness then usual. The cure to this, is to rub Ashes beaten and mixed with strong Vinegar about the foot of the Vine, a●d to water all tha● is round about the stock: Quaer●, whether ●is●u●es in the ●●●ke made with a sharp knife some fix inches long may not be an additional Receipt to the former prescription. The tree p●radven●u●e having contracted this malady by too close imprisonment in the bark, being in a manner hide bound; how ever the foregoing Medicine cannot in this case but sort to better effect if the tree and bark jointly be rubbed over then the bark one●y, unless this Medicine could give a relaxation to the bark, which I have no faith in.   

The Vine too full of branches, or luxuriant.  
THE V●n● expending itself too wastefully in overmany branches, ●u●t be 〈◊〉 v●●y short. If this overcome not that luxury, the usual remedy is, let it be bared at the Roots, and River gravel laid round ●bout the stock, together with a few Ashes or else som● stones. The reason I apprehend not, except it be to check its fertility which I conceive may more prosperously be effected, if only the branches being cut, and the stock low, you suffer that exubrancy ●o waste itself in adding more corpulency to the stock, which will of itself be a sufficient spender to restrain and confine the former liberality of juice.   

The withering Vine.  
IF the Grapes languish and dry away as they hang upon the Vine, before you apply a remedy you must cast away all that are already affected with this contagion; then water the rest with Vinegar, in which Ashes of Vine branches have been infused. The most as●u●ed remedy is to water the Root of the Vine, from whence the disuse cometh with the stolest Urine; the former Remedy being something irregular, as if it were easily feisible to remove a malady by application to the effects, without considering the efficient.   

The rotting of Grapes upon the Vine.  
THere are of Vines whose fruit putrify upon the Branches before they come to maturity: this disease is remedied by laying old Ashes to their Root, or Gravel, or B●rley meal mixed w●th the seed of Purcellane about the body; Quaere, whether this disease proceed from a Plethoric rankness or emaciate debility: if from rankness all application of ashes hurt it: the symptoms of rankness are, when a tree lavishes his moisture into too many branches, which may make him neglect to feed the fruit, as unable to maintain two spenders; and I am confident the natural remedy for this is to bare him (as much as possible) of wood, that it may divert the nourishment to the Grape; if from debility, which you shall perceive by a flaccid paleness in the leaves, the same remedy which we prescribed to the withering Vine, vi●. to water the Root with Urine of a long staleness, will be the most proper.   

The biting of the Cow or Ox.  
Indeed the best way to prevent this disease, is to have your ground either well p●led or quicksetted, or both: But that the biting or breathing of Kine may not endamage the Vine (which hardly recovers after such wound or infection) water the foot stock of your Vine with such water as the Tanners have used in dressing and mollifying their raw Hides, and you may promise's yourself to be secured from them, they as mortally hating such scents, as the Vine abhors their bite or breathing.   

Against Caterpillars.  
THe opinion is, that Caterpillars and other noisome, though little Vermin, will not molest the bud or leaf of the Vine, if the hook or hedgebill wherewith you prune and cut off the superfluous branches of the Vine be anointed over with th● blood of a Male Goat, or the fat of an Ass, or of a Bea●e; or with the Oil wherein Caterpillars or brayed Garl●ck have been boiled, or if you anoint and rub them with the purse or sheath of a Badgers stones, after your hook has been ground: These are curious rather then apparently approved Medicines, and for their reason I must demur to give it, Quaere, whether the Oil wherein Caterpillars or brayed Garlic have been boiled well, rubbed about the stock of the T●ee, may not make those Reptilia abhor the a●cending, or whether the juce of Rew so applied, have not the like virtue.  
The driving Locusts from the Vine is done by fumigation, as either fi●ing of old Ox dung, Galbanum ● old shoe soles● Hartshorn, women's hair; but that which they propose las●, I conceive to be the best, namely, to plant Pionie near them.   

To prevent Pismires.  
PIsmires, who divers times fret in sunder the wood of the Vine, even to the very marrow, will not at all approach it, if you anoint and rub the stock with the dung of Kine, or grease of Asses.  
The Bay-tree, Hasell-tree, and Coleworts bear a particular enmity to the Vine, and express it by effects when planted near; this I cannot believe to be out of any Magical Antipathy, but rather that these (as the Plum-tree) are great and strong succours of juice, and happily drawing of the same, by which the Vine is more particularly nourished, of which being cheated, it is no wonder if she express a decadency.   

The manner of the Vintage.  
AND now we are come to that which is most acceptable to mankind, the successful fruit of his labours reaped in his Vintage, which we must not of a natural greediness precipitate, till the G●apes be of such a kindly ripeness of age, that to let them continue on the Vine longer were to lose them; this ripeness is visibly understood by a mutation in the Branch and Grape; in the Branch you shall perceive a manifest mutation by an incline to redness in the Grape; if it be white it altars towards a yellow, if red towards a black colour; nor are the taste and touch les●● discerners of such full maturity; for if they be sweet in ta●te, and the liquor of a glutinous substance, cleaving to the finger; we may conclude that both they, and the time to gather them are of full ripeness. There are also other signs, if the kernel expressed out of the grape between your finger's, come out clean, an● altogether separate from the flesh or pulp of the Vine, if after such expression (gently performed) the Grape diminish nothing from his bigness, etc. These all, or the most of them concurring, prepare for your Harvest.  
Yet in VIRGINIA, where the Harvest is more abundant than the Labourers, to prevent a glut of work flowing upon few hands, and consequently not possible to be throughly equalled: It will not be amiss to use both anticipation by accelerating nature with artificial means in some, and retardation by arresting the speed of growth in others, to accelerate Ashes laid to the foot of Vines, and those Vines planted to something more advantage of an amorous Sun, will make them antecede the others, at the least by their advance of fourteen days; the other in their natural course following that sp●ce after, and the others more particularly retarded (which may be easily effected by the pruning of them later than the rest just upon their preparative to b●d; which arresting the sap makes it afterwards (though later) return with a greater abundance) staying fourteen days later, there will be completely six week's time for the gathering in of your Vintage. And by this means you have your Vineyard tilled or manured every third yea●e all over, which will be no ingrateful accession to its duration in fertility and strength: Those of the most forward ripeness this year, being retarded the next, and those of the natural maturation husbanded in that manner, the next Winter.  
The fittest season to gather them must be in a serene unclouded sky (the Grapes having any Rain or Dew upon them when gathered, losing much of their perfect strength and goodness;) for the Wine made of Grapes throughly dried in their collection, hath a greater privilege of force and continuance: But before this collection be attempted, all things fitting to receive your Vintage must be prepared in cleanliness and order, viz. Baskets, Cask, and Fat●s strongly hooped, Tubs great and small, Stands, Presses, etc. and all scoured, washed, and furnished with their necessary instruments and conveniencies.  
The Grape gatherer must distinguish and separate the lean, green, sour, withered, or rotten Grapes, from those which are of absolute ripeness and soundness. That the Wine by such an uncomely confusion or mixture m●y not be l●sse pure, sprightly, and healthful, than it was intended by nature, such inconsiderate Gatherers are said to be of the Devil's sending, to spoil God's provisions. Nor should they confusedly mix good with good, if of different quality, as to mingle that which is strong and ri●h, with which is small, but delicate. They prescribe that the Grapes so gathered should be left in the ground at least a day or two, and that uncovered, provided it rain not, by which means, say they, they will become much better, since the Sun dew, and earth, by this exposure taking from them what ever they have of bad unprofitable moisture, refine and purify them● A cou●se as far as my span of reason can extend, so far from this promise of refining and purifying, that it absolutely tends to their corruption. Have they wanted the Sun and Dew when upon the stalk●? Could not the same Sun and Dew which enripened them, refine and purify them there? As for the earth's meliorating them, if melioration be understood by putrefaction, 'tis easily granted; Apples that lie on the ground are so meliorated, that is to say rotten, and shall the Grape a more delicate and tender fruit avoid it? This is by way of digression, but it is necessary; for without this caution a modest man which reads with an obedient judgement any books of these men, taking the Author for an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, subscribes to it, observes the prescription, and gains a doctrine of future providence, by the loss of his present Vintage.  
But after the Grapes have remained a day or two in the house, it will be time to put them into the Fat to be trodden out equally. Those which tread the Grapes should before they go into the Fat have their feet and legs washed extremely, and themselves covered with a shirt as well as drawers, that their sweat may not mix with the Wine, and that nothing in the act of eating fall from their mouths into it, they must be punctual in abstaining from eating of the Grapes, while they are at this their labour.  
Surely this way of treading the Grape is derived from some abstenious man, who devised this stratagem under a pretence of expediting the work; but indeed to deter men from drinking that which is so uncomely prepared. I know they will allege that by treading it flows more naturally, and with all more pure forth, then that which is pressed; but withal give me leave, say that the very Press itself if it be not too violently and greedily laboured, makes it glide forth altogether as naturally and purely, and which is more with greater equality; for in the Press, all the Grapes feel the impultion at once, and if the Owner be not too covetous to bring the dross and gros●e parts of the Grape to a second squeezing, and mixing with the first; without dispute the Wine so expressed is altogether as good and strong as that which is trodden, but I am certain much more cleanly.  
The Wine (however) being expressed must be poured, dross, Husks, and all, into a Fat to work or boil in, which it must do for the space of four and twenty hours at the least, if you will have it fine● delicate, and subtle; but if you desire to have it strong and noble, let it work in the Fat four or five day's, with a Covering over it, that so the vapour thereof may not exhale, or his force waste itself.  
The Fat● or Tub prepared, must have immediately before his reception of the Wine, a little bunch of Vine branches laid before the Tap-hole, which (that it may not heave up with the Wine) must be kept down with a clean stone or Brick, or which is better and less offensive, a ring of Lead wound about it: this when you draw the Wine will hinder the Husks or Grapes from coming out with the liquor. Your Fat must not be full by half a foot or more, that the Wine may have the more space to boil or work in.  
Your Wine invesseled must not be filled up to the Bung, nor the Bung closed, that the Wine may have the greater liberty of despumation, and rejecting whatever it finds reluctant to its own nature.  
Every day you must fill up what is expurged, and something more, till you find the Wine throughly appeased, and discharged of whatever might be obstructive to its generosity: nor must this Cask be in the Cellar, but either in the open air, or in some Barn where it has a liberal respiration; besides the defects in Cask cannot be so easily discovered when the Wine is in the Cellar, as in open places. When it is so throughly settled, that it hath given over all appetite or sign of boiling, you may have it committed to your Cellar, which should stand upon the North here, (in VIRGINIA upon the Northwest as the coolest and driest Angle) paved with gravel or dry earth, which is less subject to moisture or exudations than Brick, or especially stone, absolutely remote and unmolested by any ill odours of Stables, Sinkes, Baths, Marshy places, etc. neither should it have any thing shut up or kept in it, which have any sent of acrimony or harshness, as Cheese, Garlic, Onions, Oils, (Trane, Neatsfoot, Linseed, and others, not the Salade-Oyle) it being observed, that nothing is more open or obnoxious to contagion then Wine, especially when new.  
Your Vessels must be so ranked in order that they touch not one another, by this means to leave a liberty of sight to foresee a misfortune, or prevent it when happened. They must be so close stopped in the Bung with Clay, that not the least irreption of air may be capable to taint it, to which it is very subject.  
To cause new wine to be quickly purged, put (after this proportion in the re●●:) to 15 quarts of new Wine, half a pint of strong Vinegar, and within the space of three days it will be fined.  
To preserve Mustor new Wine all the year, take that Vine which voluntary di●tilleth from the Grape, before it suffer the press, and put it into a Vessel pitched within and without the same day: let the Vessel b● half full, and very well stopped with plaster above; and thus the new Wine will continue a long while in his sweetness. But to add to this experiment and the continuance of the Wine, you must hinder it from working, which you may well do, if you put the Vessel into some Well or River, there to remain thirty days; for not having boiled it will continue always sweet, and is preserved by the heat of the Pitch. Others prefer the burying of this Vessel in moist gravel: and (which in my opinion is the best) others cover the Vessel first with the droste of the Wine press, then heap upon it moist gravel; by which meanes● something interposing betwixt the extraordinary moisture and cold of the gravel, which might have some influx upon the Wine, your Must preserved in an excellent means of temper.   

To know if there be any water in the Wine.  
THE Malice of servants sometimes swallowing down their Master's Wine, and fearing to be discovered if the quantity be diminished, or the baseness of the Dealer to impose upon the Merchant, makes both of them adulterate it with water, which not being discernible to the eye, may be made familiar to your knowledge by this experiment: Take a withered Rush, immerge it in the Wine, after a small space draw it out again: if the Wine have been thus bastarded, you shall perceive the water cleaving to it. Otherwise, take raw and wild Peares● cutting, and cleansing them in the midst, or in ●ieu of them, Mulberries, cast th●m into the Wine● if they float●●he Wine is neat and clear from such sophistication; if they subside there is water in it. Some do● anoint a Reed a pi●c● of wood, or paper, hay, or some other little bundle of herbs, or straws with Oil, which if they dry, put into the Wine, and after draw them out, if the Wine have been embased with water, drop● thereof will gather unto the Oyl●. Another sure trial is to cast uns●aked Lime into the Wine; if there be any adulteration, the Lime dissolves, if the Wine be undevirginated, the Lime collects thereby a harder cementation. Others take of the Wine, and inject it into a Frying-pan wherein there is boiling Oil, and the Wine (if depured) declares it with a loud noise, a●d frequent Bubbles. To make another trial, lay an Egg into the Wine, the Egg descending, manifests the abuse, not descending, the Wine is as the Grape bled it.   

To separate Wine from Water.  
BUT as the miserable man in the pit desired his friend not to question how he fell in, but to advise how he should get out: We will not be satisfied that there is water in the Wine, but how it may be separated from it; which if we may believe the deliverers of it, who have published it to the World in their names, you must put into the Vessel of Wine melted Alum, then stop the mo●th of the Vessel with a sponge drenched in Oil, which done, turn the mouth of the Vessel so stopped, downwards, and the water only will come forth, leaving the Wine pure: the reason of this I cannot give, and have only read (not seen) the expeririment.   

The way to correct over much wa●erishnesse in Wine.  
IF glut● of rain have made the year so unseasonable, that the Grape hath contracted a watery quality to the diminution of his Winy goodness: or if it fall ou● that after the time of gathering them, there fall such store of rain, that the Grapes instead of Dews are too much wetted, (such is the profit of exposing the gathered clusters into the open air for 48 hours) the remedy is to tread them quickly, and finding the Wine weak, by tasting it after it hath been put into the Vessel, and begun to boil ther●, it must presently be changed, and drawn out into another Vessel, for so the watr● part● that are in it will stay behind in the bottom, yet the Wine standing still charged, will be totally corrected, if you p●t to every fifteen quart● of Wine, a pint and a half of Salt.   

To make Wine of an acceptable odour.  
IF you will perfume your Wine with a grateful odour, by which the brain may be strengthened, as well as the heart exalted: take a few Myrtle-ber●ies dry, bray them, and put them into ● little B●rrell of Wine; let it so rest, close stopped, ten days afterwards use it at pleasure. The like effect will follow, if you take the blossoms of the Grapes (those especially which grow upon the shrubby V●nes) when the Vine is in flower, and cast them into the Wine, the brims of the Wine-vessell being rubbed over w●th the leaves of the Pine and Cypress tree, and this will give it a fragrancy delightfully odorate: Or which is of equal facility, you may hang an Orange, or Pomecitron, (being of a convenient greatness) and prick it full of Cloaves, and that in such sort as it may not touch the Wine, shut up in all these Applications, the Vessel very close. If this like you not, take the simples of such mat●er as you would have your Wine to smell of, infuse them in Aqua vitae, the infusion may be repeated by percolation of the old herbs, and addition of new, till it have gotten a full and absolute perfection of those odours you desire, then pour the Aqua vitae (the herbs strained from it) into the Vessel of Wine.   

To make Cute.  
YOU may make the boiled Wine called Cute, if you boil new Wine that is good, lovely, and very sweet until the third part thereof be consumed; when it is grown cold put it into a Vessel and use it. But to make this Cute, that it may continue all the year, gather your Grapes whole, and let them lie spread three days in the Sun, on the fourth about noon tread them. The liquor or sweet Wine which shall run out into the Fat before the dross●y substance come under the press, must be boiled one third as before; then to every nineteen quarts of Wine add an ounce of ●rees or Corn flag well brayed, strain this Wine without the Lees, which being done, it will continue sweet, firm, and wholesome.   

To cause troubled Wines to settle.  
TO cause troubled Wines, and such as are full of Lees to settle, pour into thirty quarts of Wine, half a pint of the Lees of Oil boiled, till the third part be wasted, and the Wines will immediately return to their former settlement. Otherwise, which is better and more easy, cast into the Wine-Vessell the whites of six or seven Eggs, and stir them together very well with a stick.   

To know whether the Wine will keep long.  
THE knowledge whether the Wine will continue long or not in a good condition● is thus made apparent: When your Wine is tunned up, you must within some time after change it into another Vessel, leaving the Lees behind in the first; which you must diligently stop from taking any vent whatsoever; after some time you may look into the Lees with careful animad version, whether they change or contract any ill sent or not, or whether they bre●d any Gnats, or other such Creatures; if you espy none of these mutations or corrupt generation, repose yourself with all confidence that your Wine will continue pure to the longest: But th●se symptoms discovered, will be so many admonitions to dispose of that Wine with the soon, which is already by nature inclined to turn bad and corrupt; others take a pipe of Elder, or such other wood as may be hollowed through, with which they receive the sent of the Lees, and by them inform themselves how the Wine is conditioned.  
A good palate will divine of Wines by the taste, namely th●● if the new Wine be sharp and quick, they repose confidence in its goodness and continuance; but if flat and heavy, than they expect nothing but the contrary to good qualities: again, if the new Wine (when put into the Vessels) be fat and glewy, the sign is prosperous; but if chose, it be thin and weak, it is an argument that it will easily be turned,   

To keep Wine at all times.  
TO effect this, you may cast Roch-Allum (very finely powdered) into the● Vessel which you mean to put your new Wine in, or bay Salt very finely powdered: or pebble stones, and little flints taken out of some Brook, or which will retain the spirits of the Wine from evaporating; more certainly Salade Oil, so much as will cover the superficies of the Wine.   

To make that Wine sh●l not Flower.  
Wine will have no Flower, if you put into it the Flowers of the Vine, gathered, and dried, or the meal of Fetches, cha●ging the Wine into another Vessel, when the meal or Flowers are settled down to the bottom.   

To prepare Physical Wines.  
NEither is this digression impertinent; Physicians are not so frequent in VIRGINIA, as in MILAN, or LONDON, and were there more, yet t●e vast space of ground, those people take up in their scattered dwellings, makes the addresses to them very difficult: that therefore they may (in absence of the Physician) have some common remedies for common diseases; I have thought fit to give them this account of Medicinal Wines out of LIE●AULT, all of them of excellent Virtues, and easy preparations● the first shall be   

To make Wines of Wormwood.  
TO which effect, take of Sea-Wormewood, or in default of that, common Wormwood, especially that which hath the small stalk, and short leaves, eight Drammes● stamp them● and bind them in a cloth which is not woven too thick, cast it into the Vessel, pouring new Wine upon it, making this account, that to every three pints of Wine there must be eight drams of Wormwood; continue this proportion in the filling of your Vessel, which you must leave with the vent open, that the Wine fall not a new to boiling. The use of this Wine is good for the pain of the stomach and liver, and to kill Worms.   

To make Wine of Horehound.  
THis Wine being very sovereign for the Cough, must be made in the time of Vintage, to which purpose you must gather of the Crops and tender stalks of Horehound, of that especially which grows in lean untilled places; afterwards ca●se them to be dried in the Sun, make them up into bundles, tying them with a Rush, sink them in the vessel to 65 quarts of new Wine; you must put eight pound of Horehound to boil therewith, after the Wine is settled the Horehound must be taken out, and the Wine stopped very diligently.  
The Wine of Anise and Dill very good against the difficulty of the Urine: The Wine of Pears against the flux of the b●lly; the Wine of Bays against the ache and wring of the belly; the Wine of Asarum Bacchar against the Jaundice, Dropsies, and Tertian Agues; the Wine of Sage against pains and weakness of the sinews, are all made as the Wine of Wormwood.   

To make Wine of Betony.  
TAke Betony● the Leaves and Seeds about one pound, put it into twenty quarts of Wine, and at the expiration of the seven month, change the Wine into new Vessels. This most excellent Wine assuageth the pain of the Reins, breaketh the stone, and healeth the Jaundice.   

To make the Wine of Hyssop.  
TAke the leaves of Hyssop well stamped, tie them fast in a very fi●e cloth, and cast about one pound of them into twenty quarts of new Wine; this Wine is peculiarly excellent against the diseases of the lungs, an old Cough, and shortness of breath.  
Wine of Pomegranates, made of Pomegranates that are scarce ripe, being throughly bruised, and put into a vessel of thick red Wine, serveth of singular use against the flux of the belly: to which end also serve the Wines made of Services, Mulberries, and Quinces.  
The Ancients had a very high opinion of Treacle Wine, from consideration of its extraordinary virtue in assuaging and healing the bitings of Serpents, and other venomous Beasts. Nor had the Vine solely this virtue in its Grape, but in the leaves also stamped and applied unto the grieved part. This Vine is thus prepared: cleave three or four finger's breadth of the Plant you intent to set, take out the pith, and replenish the vacant part with Treacle, afterwards set the cloven part covered and wrapped in paper. Thus Vines may be made soporiferous, if you prepare them in the same manner with Opium, as before with Treacle, laxative by preparing it with some soluble purge. By this means you may have Wine to taste like the Greek Calabriam Frontig●ac, or any other noble for its excellency; if the Lees purified and preserved be inserted into the pith of the branch, Aromatic, if to these Le●s you add compounds of Cynamon● Cas●ia, Cloves, or what ever shall be most agreeable to the nostril and palate.   

To remedy Wines inclining to corrupt; and first of Wine beginning ●o sour.  
IF you perceive Wine beginning to wax sour, put into the bottom of your Vessel a pot of water well stopped, close the Vessel, yet so as at a vent hole to receive and transmit a little air: the third day draw out the pot, and you shall see a noble experiment of attraction, for the water will be stinking and the Wine sound & neat.   

At what time, and by what accidents Wine is most apt ●o corrupt, with its remedy.  
THE season when Wines are subject to turn or be troubled, i● about the Summer solstice, viz. the 11. of June, at the same time that the Vine emits her blossom; nor then alone, but sometimes about the Dog-dayes● by reason of the variety of heats: generally the Wine is in some sort of commotion, when a constant South wind disturbs the air, whether it be in Winter or Summer, in great and continued reins also, and winds in Earthquakes or mighty Thunder●. To keep them f●om turning is by the injection of pan salt, when they boil or work, or else of the seed of smallage, Barley-bran, the leaves of Bay-trees, or of Fennell seed brayed with the Ashes of the Vine brayed. The like effect have Almonds cast into the wine, or the A●hes of the Oak; the Meal of the white Fetch both defends the wine from turning, and keepeth it in his soundness. Alum broken in pieces the same, the worst application is of Brimstone, Lime, Plaster, etc. To recover the wine when ●urned, must be effected either by changing the Vessel, by beaten pepper; or take whites of Eggs, beat them very well, and take the froth from thence arising of them, pour them into the Vessel, which you must immediately roll after its infusion: Or else take twelve Kernels of old Walnuts (the Virginian Walnut I conceive exceeding proper) roast them under the Ashes, and while they are yet hot, draw a thread through them, hang them in the wine, where they must be till the wine (which will not fail) recover its former colour.  
If the wine become troubled, either the Kernels of Pine Apples, or Peaches, or the whites of Eggs, and a little salt will not fail to clear and refine it: Others take half a pound of Alum, as much Sugar, make a very small powder thereof, and cast it into the ●e●sell.   

To help Wine that begins to waste and die.  
IF you by manifest Symptoms apprehend your wine suddenly inclining to degenerate and corrupt, this course is prescribed: If it be Claret, take the Yelke of an Egg, if white, the white; add to it three ounces of clear bright stones taken out of ● running River, make them into a small powder, together with two ounces of Salt, mingle all together, and (the wine shifted into another Vessel neat and clean, not tainted with any smell beforehand) cast in this Compound; mingle it with the wine five or six times the day, until three or four days be past. This remedy is not prescribed when wine is absolutely spoilt, for than it would be applied to no purpose; but that the careful Master should by his observation of it to such a disposition, prevent it by this experiment.   

To restore Wine grown musty, unto his former purity.  
CAst into the Vessel Cowes milk salted: Some (but to the infinite unhealthfullnesse of him that drinks it) attempt this restauration with Alum, Lime, and Brimstone, a more undangerous way is to infuse in it Juniper-berries, and Irees Roots: Yet if the wine should continue this ill scenting quality, by having taken wind: Let it be rolled too and again to awaken the spirits thereof, that they may the better disperse the strength of its infusion: afterwards set it again upon his cantling, replenish the Vessel and shut it close to prevent wind for the future.  
To preserve W●nes from souring, may be performed by your disposing of you● Vessel in a place that is very cool and dry (the Vessels being very well filled and well stopped) to prevent as well the emission of the spirits, by which the Wine continues vigorous, as the admission of air. But in regard all men are not the masters of such opportune conveniencies, being forced sometimes to make uses of places obnoxious to heat, and drawing one Vessel a long time, cannot hinder the secret invasions of air; y●t if you perceive in time that your Vine begins to harbour an acid or sour quality, you shall preserve it from falling into a full degree of sourness; if you take a good piece of Lard, wrap it well in a Linen cloth, tie it to a small cord● and let it down by the Bunghole into the middle of the Wine, still letting it lower as the Wine decreaseth. Some advise● and not without a great appearance of reason, to put into the Vessel, Oil Olive, or Salade, in such quantity, that it may only cover the superficies of the Wine: Which Oil when the Wine is drawn off from the Lee●, may be separated from them, and preserved.  
To take ●way the waterishne●se and crude moisture of the wine, put into the Vessel the leaves of the Pomgranate-tree, though in my opinion such Wine being easily known in the ●att, when first trodden, should be corrected by boiling, as afore.  
The remedy against venomous Beasts falling into the Wine, as Adder's Rats, etc. is, so soon as the dead body is found, to burn it and cast the Ashes into the same Vessel, s●irring it about with a wooden stick: Others give advice to put ●ot bread into the Vessel which will attract all the venomous qualities to itself, and clear the Wine.   

Of the Olive.  
THE Vine and Olive being such delightful associates as to express a mutual emulation for the Glory of fertility when planted together. This Treatise shall not divide them, they are both exhilaratives, the Vine rejoices the heart, the Olive glads the countenance; and that VIRGINIA may express the delight she affords to mankind by being reinforced with this second Sister of laughter, the Olive; this discourse particularly designed to her improvement, shows its planting and culture when planted.  
The Olive tree, though it delight in a rich fat ground; yet if he have a warm air, and a South, or Southeast wind to refresh him, will in all places testify a bounteous gratitude for its situation in an almost unlaboured for fertility: Yet to prepare a place for this rich plant to prosper on, his prosperity being no small part of your own, you must dig the pits where you intent to plant them, a year before such implanting; in this pit burn some straw, or which is better castings of Vine or Brambles (but no part of Oak, there being such a particular enmity betwixt this tree, and the Oak, that the Olive not only refuses its neighbourhood, but dies if planted in the place where the Oak has been rooted up) or you may leave it to the Sun and Rain, which will without such adustion exhale and purify all infectious vapours: The place being provided to plant upon, we must next select our Plant.  
Select your Plants from the Shoots or Branches of those Olive trees which are young, fair, and fertile: Let them be in thickness the circumference of an ordinary wrist, in length eighteen inches; plant it the bigger end downwards into the earth, prepared as before, and ram the Mould, mingled with Dung and Ashes close about it: Let it be digged every year in Autumn. The time to plant it is in April or May, it must not be transplanted for the first five years, nor the Bough● cut or pruned till it have attained eight. Graft it not but upon itself, so will it bear fruit better in the species and number; in its transplantation you must take up as much of the soil with its roots, as you can possible, and when you reset it, give it the like situation for Coast and Quarter that it had before.  
Olives are intended for two uses when gathered; either to be served up at the table in collation, or to make Oil of the largest sort of Olive, is most proper for the table, the lesser more particularly convenient for Oil: They must be gathered with the least offence to the tree that may be, the bruising of the branches with Poles as some use it in striking down the fruit, makes the tree barren: The best way therefore is to ascend the tree by a Ladder, in fair weather (not so much for conveniency of the Gatherer; as for the profit coming from the Olive, which is not to be taken from the tree, but when it is exceeding dry) and pulling them with your hand put them into a Wicker Basket, which you ●hall have carried up with you to that purpose. Those Olives you intent to preserve or pickle, must not have that full ripeness which is requisite for those you purpose to make Oil of. The Olives which you keep for Banquets must be full of flesh, firm, fast, large, and oval; if you will pickle them, put them into an earthen pot, and cover them with salt brine or verjuice, or else with Honey, Vinegar, Oil and Salt smally beaten. If you intent to keep them long, by changing your salt brine constantly every two or three Months, you may effect it.  
For the Olives whereof you are to express your Oil, you must gather no more at one time than what may be made into Oil that day, and the day following: before you bring them to the Press let them be spread upon hurdles, well picked, and culled; let the hurdles not be too thick set with twigs, that the Lees and watery humour of the Olive (which if expressed with Oil would make it extreme full of feculency, and corrupts it both in the nostr●ll and Palate) may expend, wa●te itself, and drop through; some therefore that this malignant humour may have a full defluxion before they bring the fruit to the Press, make a high and well-raised floor, with provision of partitions to keep every days gathering separate; (which is, if your abundance be such that your Press is not able to discharge you of them daily) the bottom of these partitions m●st be paved with a decline descent, that the moistness of the Olives may flow away, and be received into gutters or little channels there provided for their transfluxe.  
The Olives being thus prepared for the Press, and the Press readily provided of all things necessary, viz. of Fats, Vessels to receive your several Oils, scoops to draw, and empty out the Oil, Covers great and small, sponges, pots to carry out the Oil, tied about by bands or Cords of Hemp, or Broome-barke; the Millstones, Oyle-mills, Pressers, and all other instruments serving thereunto being very well cleansed, and the air having been before as well heated by a plentiful fire; (if it be not warm enough by its natural situation) for the assistance of heat makes all Oily Liquors resolve and run more gently and freely, whereas cold astringes, and detains it. This Presse-house therefore ●hould be so seated, that it may enjoy a full admission and benefit of the South Sun, that we may stand in need of very little fire, if any at all, such heat being no more assistant to the expression, then accessary to the corruption of the Oil.  
Carry your Olives thus cleansed to the Press, under which put the whole in new willow baskets (the willow adding a beauteous and innocent colour to the Oil;) the Willow also something staving off the rude strokes of the Press, that the Olives may be bruised with as little violence, and as much leisure as possible: Nor would it be inconvenient if their skin and fle●h were a little broken at the fir●t with a Millstone, so set, that it should not break the Kernels, which would utterly spoil the Olive, taking them from the Mill thus prepared: let them be stronglier bruised in the Press, and put four pound of Salt to every Bushel of Olives. The Oil which comes first is by much the best, and therefore called Virgin Oil: the second which comes with more violent expression is fitter for Liniments then the Table: but the last, which is extorted from the dross, and stones, is of no use but for Lamps; or such sordid employment.  
The Tuns and Vessels wherein the Oil is to be put, must be well dressed with pitch and gum, made very clean with warm Lees, and carefully dried with a sponge, into which you may pour your Oil within thirty days after the expression of it, so much time being necessarily allowed for the settling the Lees, which by that will have grounded upon the bottom. The Cellars where the Vessels of Oil are to be conserved, must be in a place of constant dryness and coldness, heat and moisture being corrupters of the Oil; provide therefore a Cellar on the North coast of your house: and fo● the better and more neat preservation of your liquor, pour it rather into glass Vessels or ●arthen pots, which (if they be made capacious) are far more convenient than the pitched retainers we formerly spoke of.   

Accidents befalling Oyle● with their Remedies: and first to recover frozen Oil.  
IF (in the time of Winter) Oil doth freeze together with his Lees, you must put into it twice boiled salt● which dissolves and clears your Oil from all further apprehension of danger; nor need you entertain a jealousy that it will be salt, since unctuous matters (and especially Oil) have seldom any relish of it.   

To keep Oil from becoming rank.  
When the Oil begins to change from his first purity of taste to a disposed rankness; the remedy is to melt an equal proportion of wax and Oil together, to which you are to mingle salt fried in Oil before; this you must pour into the Vessel, which composition above the prevention of it, when beginning to grow rank, effects an entire restitution to its simple pureness, when already affected. Anniseeds cast into the Vessel by a particular attraction perform the same operation.   

To purify troubled Oil.  
SOme are of advice, that the applying it to the fire or Sun recleares it. Others, if the Vessel be strong, cast into it boiling water: how these remedies agree with their former assertions, (wherein they declare heat so unnatural to Oil) is beyond my reconciling: I for my part, should rather make an experiment of Vinegar, which being cast into the Oil by degrees, hath such a penetrating and inquirent faculty over all the parts, that it would without doubt recompose it.   

To recover Oil corrupted in the Sent.  
TO perform this, take green Olives, pound them, free them from their stones, and cast them into the Oil: or else cast the crumbs of Barley bread mixed with corn salt: otherwise, infuse in your Oil the flowers of Melilot: or else hang in the Vessel a handful of the herb Coriander, and if you find the putrifying quality yet unexpelled, cast in divers times of the same herb, and which is better, change his Vessel; this ill odour others drive away thus: They take Grapes, pick out their Kernels, stamp them, and with Salt make them into a lump or lumps, which you must cast into the Vessel, and after ten days fail not to change it: Which must necessarily be done after the application of any remedy to Oil grown rank and putrified, the Vessel still impairing what the remedy recovers.  
We have done with the Oil Olive, after the manner of whose expression may be extorted any unctuous matter of fruits, plants, or seeds namely, Walnuts, filberts, Almonds (both sweet and bitter) Nutmegs, the Kernels of Peaches, Pine-Apples, Apricots, Cherries, Plums, Pistaches, the seed of Line, Rape, Cole, Mustard, Hemp, Poppy, Henbane, the seeds or Pipins of Apples, Pears, Cucumbers, Gourds, Melons, and other such like: But that we may give the Reader a more clear dilucidation of the manner of preparation, We shall briefly discover the method used in the expression of Oil from Almond and Nutmegs, which will easily make him apprehend all the rest● the particular reason which persuades me to introduce the example of Almonds, is because I have purposed before I finish this concluding Treatise, to discourse particularly o● the planting the Almond. Whose Oil if to be taken inwards, is to be thus expressed.  
Pill the Almonds after they have steeped some time in warm water, pound them in a Mortar of Stone or Marble with a wooden pestle, make them up in little Lumps or Loaves, which you may knead with you● hands against the vapour of warm water, or put them in a glass vessel of a large content, for some four or five hours: (let the seat and Glass be so contrived, that it may rather be above the water to receive the vapour on its sides and bottom, then in it) the Almond being thus mollified by the disposition of the moisture, m●st be put into a hair cloth or hempen bag, and laid in a press, whose bottom must be well heated, hollow, and bending downwards to give the better delabency for the Oyl● thus expressed, you may bake the drossy part of the Almonds under the Ashes, wh●ch in time of necessity will serve for bread, of plenty for a dainty and fattening food to your Poultry. This Oil is of sovereign excellency to mitigate and remove the throws and gripes of women newly delivered, and to assuage the pains of the Colic or Reins, taking it in two ounces of white Wine, or one of Aqua vita; the Line, Cole, Rape● Wallnut, and other need not these curious preparations, and their Cakes are of unmatchable nourishment to fatten Kine and other Cattle.   

Oil of Nutmegs.  
Oil of Nutmeg (which in the South part of VIRGINIA not subject to any inconveniences of cold would undoubtedly flourish) is thus made: bray them with a wooden stamper, afterwards press them out, the planks being very well heated; to extract it more rich, divide them into little heaps, and steep● them three days in very good Wine, after dry them in the shadow of the Sun two whole days, than heat them reasonably in a frying pan upon the fire, sprinkling them with Rose water, and presently press them. This I judge conveniently sufficient for Oyles● Let us descend to the planting of the Almond-tree, which as it hath a peculiar excellency, so without dispute returns a● ample profit.   

Of the Almond tree.  
THough the Almond tree delight particularly in gravelly places, of which VIRGINIA is too rich to afford a conveniency; yet there is no dispute, but if the Mould wherein you plant them be mingled with Oyster-shels, or such like, of which there is to be found inexhaustible Quantities, they will have a greater virtue than gravel to the quickening and ingerminating of this ●ree; having the perplexed hardness of gravel and unctuousness of marvel united. The soil thus prescribed; let the seat of your Almond be in a hot place fully exposed to the South or South-West, and it will not only flourish to your expectation, but its fruit will be excellently qualified, and in vast abundance: it groweth very well of the stone, which because it cannot be procured new should be kept close in a Vessel of earth; to be transported, set it as you would your Peach; it thrives very well too of the branch or scien, which must be cut from the top of the tree, and planted as the Olive, the earth rammed very hard about it, and prepared as before, both the stone and the scien should be steeped for the space of twelve or four and twenty hours in homed water; the best season to set or plant it in VIRGINIA, is in October and November. This tree will be of admirable use there, in regard that both that and the Olive will hinder no undergrowing Corn; let neither this tree nor your Olive grow above ten foot in the stock, and in this as in Olives, if you see any branch aspiring higher than his neighbours, repress such ambition by cutting him o●f, otherwise he will divert all the sap of the tree into his own body, and leave his fellows in a starving and perishing condition; amongst which if you maintain equality, they will altogether consent in gratitude to return you a plentiful Harvest.  
T●e barren Almond tree will become fruitful if you lay open his Roots in Winter, or else if you pierce some part of the stock close to the earth, and put through the hole a wedge of Oak, watering it about with stale Urine.  
The bitter Almond will be capable of bulcoration, if you lay round about his bared Root Swine's dung tempered with Urine, casting afterwards much mould upon it, this must be practised yearly, till he be perfectly reclaimed, you will find the same effect if you bore a hole in the stock of the tree, and put therein a wedge wrapped about with cloth dipped in Hony. Beasts by brousing and cropping of the first and tender branches, change the nature of sweet Almonds into bitter Almonds, are gathered when their Husks through the heat of the Sun begin to divide; (I should therefore advise that those made choice of to set, may be taken before such exact ripeness, that the heat of the Sun may not exhale their generating vigour) if when you have beaten them down you shell them altogether, and wash them in brine, they will become white, and be preserved a long time; cautionarily that you dry them in the Sun; their repository or granaries must have good open admissories for an unmoist air, and lie upon that Coast that is most open to the North-West, being the driest wind in that Country.  
The Medicinal excellency of Almonds, is, that they are good for those which are troubled with a clammy phlegm in their throat, with w●ake lungs, and such as are subject to the gravel in the Reins or difficulty of Urine, they are great restorers to nature, and fortify the parts tending to generation; nor is it only beneficial in its fruit, for the Gum also of the Almond tree arrests the spitting of blood.   

Of the Fig tree.  
THE Fig tree groweth with an unusual celerity, as beginning to bear the second year from his planting, and is of that nature, that during a month or five weeks when Grapes are ripe and good to eat, the Fig also is at that season daily mature, and fit for the palate, it may be planted as the Vine, and affects the same soil; such as have roots grow sooner, but without doubt the branches continue longer; the order you observe in planting the Vine adhere too in this, and it will prospero. The fittest season to plant it is in October, and the succeeding Month to the 15. or twentieth: You shall cause them in planting the be●ter to t●ke root, if you loosen the barque, or which is better bruise it gently at the nether end of the stem about half a foot. To cause them to be fertile, and bring forth fruits remarkable for fullness and verdure, put to his root rich Mould beaten and tempered with the settle of Oil Olive, and man's dung, or which I like better than this stercoration if it have already a benine soil, crop the tops and ends of the branches when they first spring.  
To reclaim a wild Figtree, water him at the roots with Win● and Oil mixed together.  
If you make á composition of an equal quantity of salt brine and water bestow this irrigation in a small trench round about the body of the tree, your Figs are prevented from unripe fall.  
To have ea●ly Figs, water the tree with Oil and Pigions-dung, if your ambition be not only to have the earliest, but the latest, take away the fi●st Buds, when they are about the bigness of a Bean.  
To keep or preserve them, lay them in a pot of Honey full and well stopped, but so that they neither touch the sides of the pot, nor one another. Or take an earthen pot (the Figs being put in) stop it close, and immerge this Vessel to another f●ll of Wine, no ●aint or corruption will possess your Figs so enclosed, while the Wine retains his goodness.  
The plant steeped in brine, or the end thrust into a Sea Onion, becomes much more fruitful when planted.  
This fruit is of great virtue in making the belly soluble in abundance of nourishment and provocation of sweat, dried and mingled with the flower of Linseed or Fenugreeke, it resolveth and killeth all Impos●umes, and hard tumors, in decoctions it assists much in driving away of the Cough, and difficulty of breath, which last virtue the fruit also expresseth very happily, if ste●ped in Aqua vitae, the night precedent, and taken every morning during the dominion of this disease after you, the Milk of the Figtree dropped into the ear killeth the Worms in it, the Leaves of the Figtree rubbed do provoke the Hemorrhoides; the juice of Figs is of equal felicity in opening them, which to increase his excellency amends all roughness, ill conditioned scabs● small pocks, purples, freckles, ringwormes, and other eye-sad blemishes of the face or body therewith anointed, being first tempered with the flower of parched Barley, a little Cotten wool dipped in this juice, and laid upon the aching tooth assuageth the pain.   

Of the Pomeganate tree.  
THE Pomegranate tree, which may be planted either from the Branch or succour, is one of the most absolute encouragers of an idle person in the world; provided, it be exempt from the intemperate operation of the cold, neither the torrid heat of the Sun, nor the barrenness of the Soil, shall make him forgo his glorious Rubies; no culture or dressing is required by it: yet if it be set in a rich soil, it will be sure to make an advantage of it to his own flourishing, and your profit: the wine thereof (for it affordeth Wine as well as excellency of fruit) may be made after this manner.  
Take the ripe kernels, freed and cleansed from their skins, put them into the Press, and exact the Wine, keep it in Vessels till it is fully fined from all working, which finished, distribute such a quantity if Oil as may float over all the top of the Vessel, and this preserves it from souring or corruption.  
The Pomegranate apple put in a pot of new earth, well covered, and Luted with clay, and set into an Oven so long, till the Fruit may be resolved into powder, is of very Princely virtue; for (taking the weight of half a crown thereof in red Wine) it miraculously stops the Bloody flux. It is also good in divers diseases of women, which (because they are more arcanely peculiar to that Sex) I shall forbear to speak of.   

Of the Quince tree.  
THE Quince tree groweth much sooner from the Root than Branches: it delighteth in a soil of a moist and cold nature, and would therefore be planted towards the more umbragious and cool corners of your Garden. The Garden, or reclaimed Quince, beareth two sorts of fruits, to which curiosity hath assigned Sexes, and they are called the Quince and Quincesse; the Male, which is the Quince, is of a more wrinkled, dry, redolent Fruit, and golden colour then the Quincesse. If you graft the Male upon the Female, or ●convers●, the Quinces thence proceeding will be tender, and may be eaten raw, which without such ●n Hermaphroditisme must of necessity have been prepared, to which nature, rather than to eat it crude hath designed it. The use of Marmalade, and its preparation is so publicly known, that it is unnecessary to repeat it.  
It is not enough to enjoy the delight of these fruits for the Summer only: The Winter too in reason should claim a part of our Summer contentments, which cannot be better expedited then by drying such fruits as are capable of are faction, and agreeable when dried, the principal whereof are the Vine or Grape, the Fig, the Peach, and Abricot.   

How to dry Grapes, that they may be kept.  
YOur Grapes being at their just ripeness, select the fairest out of you● Vineyard, for such quantity as you shall use, let them lie thin spread while you prepare a Lie for them, made of fair water and Ashes, proceeding only from the cuttings of the Vine without any other mixture of wood whatsoever: seeth this lie till you have made a strong and clear liquor, then taking or straining away the Ashes, put the liquor into a clean Cauldron, set it again over the fire till it be ready to seethe; then tying the stalks of your Grapes with thread, and fastening the thread to such sticks and in such order bunch by bunch, as Chandler's use to dip their Candles, which dip them into this lie four or five several times: Which done, let them dry in the Sunne● either so hanging on their sticks, of which is better upon Lattices or Hurdles of Rods, or the like, until they be conveniently dry; then barrel them, pressing them very hard and flat in the Vessel, others dry them upon such Lattices or Hurdles without steeping them even as they c●me from the Vine, and peradventure more successfully.   

How to dry Figs.  
LET them (as the Grape) be gathered very ripe; then lay and spread them upon Hurdles or Lattices of Reeds or Osier joined togethers with rifts or vacancies betwixt the covering of those Osiers, that the air transpiring through those void spaces may assist the Sun in the drying them; but you must be cautious that during their exposure to the open air no Rain or Dew incommodate them: When they are dry barrel with the same poise of pressure used to the Grapes. Others take a big Reed or Cane of two or three foot in length, boring little holes all the length of it, through which they put little sticks of two foot extent, being the small and sharp upon which they thread the Figs, till they are very full of them, and so hang the Cane in the Sun, which dried they barrel up using the same course as before.   

How to dry Peaches and Apricots of all sorts.  
WHen they are very ripe, pair off the upper skin, cleave them into four quarters, dry them as you did your Fig●● barrel them and keep them for the Winter.  
The manner how you shall prepare them to eat is this; provide an earthen pot, and after you have washe● your Peaches in fair water, put them into the pot with as much Wine as will cover the Peaches, then seeth them half a quarter of an hour. They may be made ready without boiling thus; let them infuse three or four days in Wine, (which way they are much better) put to them beaten Cinnamon, and thus they will last a Month in the Wine, eaten every morning they are very wholesome, and provoke a good appetite.   

The fittest seasons for sowing of seeds.  
TO prescribe Rules according to our Climate, to tha● of VIRGINIA, may have much of affection, but without all peradventures, little of Wisdom. We must therefore seek for a nearer correspondence in parallels. Having therefore seen some letters of an ancient date written by Frenchmen, then employed in VIRGINIA, to their Intrusters', wherein they confess that of all the Provinces of FRANCE: None came so near to that noble Country, as LANGUEDOCK and PROVENCE, two of the Eyes of that Kingdom, abounding withal the delights and delicacy that ITALY can pretend to, or SPAIN● boast of; I could not but apprehend that their times of sation and insition, of planting and replanting, might in some measure correspond with that place where the English are now s●ated, and having seen a regular distribution of the months and seasons in the year for sowing, grafting● and other offices belonging to the industrious Lovers of Agriculture; I should both unsatisfy my own conscience, and disoblige that Country, and its Christian Inhabitants, if I did not publish it with the same resentment of affection I received it; not that any should be so pinioned to these Precepts, that neither weather, inconveniency, or want of opportunity should make him recede from the punctual observation of them: But I speak it out of a very strong confidence that the observations of the seasons according to these prescriptions will sort well with V●RGINIA in general, and the Planters in particular, to whom it is intended, and indeed it is as exact ● Directory as any yet published.  
I am not ignorant that Critics will laugh at this; much good do it them● and why so many Months for the same seed? W●y so many Repetitions? My Exceptionist forgets that we not only covet to have things early, but their continuance: Will it offend him that we have Artichokes in May? and July both? Because we may have Cabbage, lettuce in April, shall we be forbidden to have any in May: the principal scope of this director was to show how long such and such seeds might be continued to be sown, and in what Month and Moon, if he apprehend it not; I can send him to no Month, but that of June, nor Moon, but that of Midsummer.  
He that will sow seed, must know that, 

Som● may 〈◊〉 ●owen at a●● times of the Month and Moon, as, 

Asparagus,  
Colewort of all sorts,  
spinach,  
lettuce,  
Parsnips,  
Reddish.    
Others would be sowed in a certain Month and Moone● as there must be sown in February, the Moon being— 

New  
Full 

Spike  
Garlic  
B●●age  
Bug●●sse  
Ch●●use  
Coriander  
Gourds  
W●ter ●●esses  
M●●●●●ne  
Pa●ma Christi  
Flower gentle  
W●ite Poppy  
Purslane  
Radish  
R●●ket  
Rosemary  
Sorrell  
Double Marigold  
Thyme.  
Anise  
Viole●●  
Baits  
Ski●worts  
Wh●te Succory  
F●n● 〈◊〉  
P●●●l●y.  
H●●y ●histle  
Cole Cabbage  
White Cole  
Green Cole  
Cucumbers  
Harts-horne  
Samp●●●  
D●●rs grain  
spinach  
Cabbage-Lettuce  
M●l●●●  
Onions  
La●ke●-he●le  
Burnet  
Leeks.    
Old      
Sow in March the Moon being, 

New  
Full 

Garlic  
Borage  
Cher●ile  
Coriander  
Gourds  
M●joran●  
White Poppy  
Pu●s●in●  
Radish  
Sorr●ll  
Double Marigold  
Thyme  
Violets.  
Anise  
Blee●s  
Skirwor●s  
Succory  
●en●●ll  
Apples of Love  
Marvellous Apples.  
Artichokes  
Basil  
Thistles  
Blessed Thi●●le  
Col● Cabbage  
White Cole  
Greene Cole  
Citron●  
Cucumbers  
Hartshorn  
Sampire  
Dyer's grain●  
spinach  
Galleys flowers  
Hyf●op  
Cabbage lettuce  
Melons  
Onions  
Flower gentle  
Burnet  
Leeke●  
Sav●●y.    
Old    
Sow in April the Moon being 

New 

Majorane  
Flower gentle  
Thyme  
Violet●●    
Full 

Apples of Love  
Marvellous Apples.    
Old 

Artichokes  
Cabbage Cole  
Citrons  
Hartshorn  
Sampire  
Gilly flower●.      
In May in the old of the Moon Blessed Thi●le.  
In June th● Moon 

New 

Gourds  
Radishes.    
Old 

Melons  
Cucumbers.      
In Jul● the Moon 

Full 

White Succory  
Cabbage Lettu●e.    
Old 

White Succory  
Cabbage Lettu●e.      
In August the Moon being Full White Succory.  
Herbs growing of seeds that are sown may be transplanted at all times, except Chervils, Arrage, spinach, and Persely, which are nothing worth when they are transplanted; ever observed that such transplantation be in a moist, rainy weather, otherwise they must be very diligently watered.  
You may take notice that the choice and age of seeds is double, in choosing them you are to regard that they be ripe, full, heavy, firm, gross, and of a good colour, not falling to powder through rottenness or bruises.  
Some grow better of new seeds, as Leeks, Cucumbers.  
Others grow better of old seeds, as Coriander, Persley, Savory, Beets, Origanum, Cresses, spinach, Poppey.  
Further observe, that you must preserve from cold, Lettuses, Artichokes, Basill, Cabbage Cole, Dyer's grain, Melons, fifteen days after they put forth from the earth.  
Make accounted that seeds thrive and prosper much better, when they are sown upon such days as are between the extremes of cold and heat, then in hot, cold or dry days.  
Be pleased to remember, that seeds must be gathered in fair weather, in the Wane of the Moon.  
They must be kept 

some in 

Boxes of wood, Dry, and not laid upon the ground, but kept very clean.  
Bags of Leather, Dry, and not laid upon the ground, but kept very clean.  
Vessels of Earth, Dry, and not laid upon the ground, but kept very clean.    
others, as 

Onions, In their Husk.  
Chibols, In their Husk.  
Leeks, In their Husk.    
●o do regularly, we should 

Plant in the la●● of the Moon.  
Gather Grafts in the la●t but one of the Moon.  
Graft two days after the change of the Moon.       

An Explication of the Saw-mill, an Engine, wherewith by force of a wheel in the water, to cut Timber with great speed.  
THIS Engine is very common in Norway and Mountains of Sweden, wherewith they cut gr●at quantity of Deal-bords; which Engine is very necessary to be in a great Town or Forrest, to cut Timber, whether into planks or otherwise. This here is not altogether like those of Norway: for they make the piece of Timber approach the Saws on certain wheels with teeth; but because of reparations which those toothed wheels are often subject unto, I will omit that use: and in stead thereof, put two weights, about 2. or 300. pound weight a piece, whereof one is marked A. the other B. The Cords wherewith the said weights do hang, to be fastened at the end of the 2. pieces of moving wood, which slide on two other pieces of fixed wood, by the means of certain small pulleys, which should be within the house, and so the said weights should always draw the said pieces of moving wood, which advancing always towards the Saws rising and falling, shall quickly be cut into 4. 5. or 6. pieces, as you shall please to put on Saws, and placed at what distance you will have for the thickness of the planks or boards ye will cut: and when a piece is cut, then let one with a Lever turn a Rowler, whereto shall be fastened a strong Cord which shall bring back the said piece of wood, an● lift again the weights: and after put aside the piece already cut, to take again the Saws against another piece of wood. Which once done, the ingenious Artist may easily convert the same to an Instrument of threshing wheat, breaking of hemp or flax, and other as profitable uses.   
FINIS.