VIRGINIA'S Discovery of silkworms, with their benefit.  
AND The Implanting of MULBERRY TREES.  
Also The dressing and keeping of Vines, for the rich Trade of making Wines there.  
Together with The making of the Saw-mill, very useful in Virginia, for cutting of Timber and Clapbord, to build withal, and its conversion to other as profitable Uses.  
LONDON, Printed by T. H. for John S●ephenson, at the sign of the Sun, below Ludgate. 1650.   

To all the VIRGINIA Merchants, Adventurers, and Planters.  
Gentlemen:  
THE unhappiness to be amongst the lowest of men, for parts and fortune, cannot hinder me from the satisfaction which I receive in myself, that none is possessed with a more eager passion of contributing towards the advancing Virginia to that degree of felicity which the bounty of nature, richness of soil, and temperature of Climate designed her to: and were my power but of as strong a Wing as my inclinations and desires, that above-example country should be placed in such a Zenith of stability, wealth, and glory, that it should behold all the other national happinesses of the World in a Sphere beneath her; and her merchant's Adventurers and Planters, like so many Load-starres to conduct mankind into an innocent Ocean of unfathomed wealth of unrocky prosperity.  
No country under the sun is less ingrateful than Virginia, if she be but justly courted, but to compliment a Virgin for her affection by breathing smoke in her nostrils, to express our Civilities by vapour; and for all that vast Dowry of spaciousness, wealth, bounty of air, and plenty of provisions, to proffer her a jointure of Tobacco, is a compliment indistinguishable from incivill rudeness.  
What Riches may not the silkworm, Vine, Olive, and Almond afford us? By these noble undertakings we contract China two thousand Leagues nearer to us, and are not troubled though Spain and Italy were removed five thousand more distant from us: and if we could not satisfy the implacable curiosity of our Senses without the Eastern Spices, it i● without dispute, that what every Orient hath of aromatic, ●ould grow without any deterioration in this incomparable country.  
Yet if, by some occult propriety of nature, these Spices, and gums should not prosper with that success in the country ●o which they are only adoptive, as where they are natural: The South Sea flowing upon the skirts of this gloriously appa●relled Virgin, would not only furnish us, but (through our means) all the Western Worl● with whatever the Philippines and China have in ●heir brow, or bosom: which that it may be discovered, a public encouragement from the Merchan●s here, and the Colony ●here, would awaken all spirits which have any scintillation of Honour, or industry, to undertake the employment, effect it undertaken, and by the effect raise an unperishable structure for their own glory, perpetuated by the public felicity.  
The grea●est defect that Colony can with consent complain of, is their want of shipping, and the greatest with which others find ●hemselves perplexed, is the want of industry to build them. If Virginia had not as stately Timber as any other Region wha●soe●er: is it had no● a soil naturally inviting them to improve her in Iron for guns, Anchors, and other conveniences; in hemp for Cordage, Flax for canvas, and Pine trees for Mast: this defect might be allowed for real: but where all these concentre, it is as unreasonable to complain, as for a man seated at a Table covered with excellent provision, to accuse his fortune for suffering him to perish wi●h hunger, because his meat is not digested in his stomach, wi●hout putting his hands and teeth to labour.  
I could cordially wish that there were such quantity of cleared ground in Virginia, that every one at his fi●st arrival might ●ix upon the Plough, that the so much discoursed of S●aples of Wheat and Rye, might be brought to an absolute ripeness of per●ection: But to imagin● so many millions of trees of a facile removal, or that old Planters knowing the benefit thence arising, should part with them to o●hers, and seek new uncleared grounds for themselves, were merely to dream of impossibilities.  
But the Vine, Almond, and Olive, may be set where the tree is only barked about to hinder it from leaving; besides if ●here were a necessi●y to have absolutely cleared grounds, (●hich reason itself cannot imagine,) yet four Acres of ground so cleared ●or the Vine, will re●urne (by much) more profi●, and l●sse trouble, than twenty Acres of Wheat, at such ra●es as they are prized in the common estimation.  
But since ●his profi● reverts to the Purse wi●hout the toil of ●radica●ing trees, as great em●lument, as if the ground were al●oge●her treel●sse, to what purpose should we court sweat and affl●ction? or increase our miseries wi●hout any addition to ou● happin●sse?  
Gen●lemen, he happiness o● this N●tion depends upon your co●stancy and prosperi●y, i● you seriously erect these staples, we shall be free ●rom the imperious usurpations of foreign Princes upon your estates, and shipping, from the rapine of Pirates upon your lives or liberties. The decayed number of our shipping may be resupplied by encouragement of Carpenters of all Nations, to make use of those materials which the inimitable liberality of this country gratefully presents you with: all Staples (diffusively spread in other Regions) will meet here united, and we shall arrive to that degree of happiness, to make our intrade by much exceed our exportations: for the completing of which, if such an inconsiderable, and lost thing as myself, could be any way instrumental, I should as cheerfully hazard my life in the employment, as I now subscribe myself,  
Your ready, faithful, and most humble servant, ED. WILLIAMS.   

The Discovery of silkworms; with their benefit, and implanting of Mulberry trees.  
THE Mulberry tree, yielding the sole food of this excellent worm, must first be provided for, whereof there are Myriads dispers● in the wide Continent of Virginia, which may be collected by transplanting, grafting, or nursering.  
For transplantation there are infinite advantages both of well-grown and springing Mulberry trees, which may with much facility be removed, and with great felicity thrive upon such a removal, of which experience can afford frequent examples.  
The Grafts must be chosen from excellent good Plants which express a large fertility, and be something large of themselves, by which election there will be a greater certainty of the goodness●, and a more speedy expectation of g●owth in those Grafts, which thrive better when grafted one upon another, then upon the chestnut, appletree, elm, White ●ople●, or any other, which if they are not mortally opposite, are however praeternatural to the Silke●worme.  
The Nu●series have so much of tediousness and difficulty, that I shall hardly advise to put it in practic●; yet to those who have a stronger ●●●dulity than my reason ca● persuade me to● I shall offer the ●ol●●xpedient of effecting it, if that may be ca●led aptly an exp●●●●●●, which hath so little of expedi●ion in it.  
Let ●h● 〈…〉 to make a Nursery, observe, and gather such 〈…〉 will suit with his necessity● of the ripest Fruit growing upon those Trees which bear the fairest and roundest leaves: These thus gathered, you must wash in two or three waters, pressing them with your hands, by which means you shall fi●de the expressed seed in the botto●e of the water: I ●cced● more to the sowing of the Mulberries whole without such expression, how ever, either the Mulberry entire, or the seed may be sowed after the manner following.  
A b●d of fa● earth being digged, husbanded, and the Mo●ld brought into a small Powder● must have straight rows or Lines in Furrowes● all ha●fe a foot equally distant every Furrow two inches deep, and f●u●e broad, this distance may be something larger that an in●ervall may be made to the Weeder in the weeding of such things ●s may hinder the Mulberries growth by participating in its aliment.  
A great care must be had to water it often for the first year, i● the weather b● dry, the succeeding year you may pull up and transplant your Mulberry trees int● another ground more at large, viz. at two or three f●●● distance, which must be not retransplanted till the growth arise to some six inches in the circumference● at which bigness you m●y remove them to the ground designed for their constant fixation, leaving betwixt each Tree a distance of sixteen or twenty foot, that the too muc●●i●inity may not make the extending branches mutually inconvenience either by exclusion of a full sun, or wound themselves by intertangence of one another● In such warm Countries as that of Virginia, the Root must be preserved cool and moy●t, by a deeper implantation than is usual in colder Regions.  
For the election of your Plants or Sciens you may take notice of two Families, or Races, of Mulberry trees, the black, and the white, discordant in Wood, leaf, and Fruit; only having this in common to spring later than other trees, as never emitti●g their leaves till all apprehension of cold is vanished, the black Mulberry is not subdivided into any other species having the wood solid and strong, the leaf large, and rud● in the handling, the fruit black, great● and acceptable to the Palate: B●t there are three app●rently di●ferent species in the white, distinguishe● only by the colour of the fr●it, namely, white, black, and red: Yet is this fruit by much less grateful to the palate then that of the black Mulberry. No other distinction besides, the colour of the fruit discerns them one from the other, the Leaves of all three being of the same mean greatness of the same smooth feeling, the wood of the same internal yellowness, almost as firm as that of the black Mulberry.  
But the silk taking his quality from the leaf make us lay a●ide the black Mulberry tree, since the bottoms from thence are too gross and heavy, whereas the white Mulberry makes silk fine and light, to temper which many feed the worms with two ●orts of meats by dictinction of times, viz● at the beginning with white leaves, that the silk may be fine, in the closing, with black to fortify it, and make it weigh: Yet this though it have an appearance of reason ●t the first inspection, rarely answers the expectation, the very alteration of the meat as from that which is more delicate, to that which is more gross, being disagreeable to the nature of the worm, who must show that diminution in the quality of his silks which he feels in the impairing of his n●triment. Others make a contrary application of leaves by a more (imaginative solid foundation●) which is to begin their dieting with black, and conclude with white; which cannot succeed better, for the black having disposed the matter of the silk, the white leaves after administered have no power to alter that seminal disposition.  
We shall therefore fix upon it as a Principle of Nature, not to vary the nourishment of this industrio●s Creature. If we begin with the black Mulberry, the continuance of it will be necessary. If the Ground you possess be already planted with black Mulberries, it is so much loss of time and expenses to replant white: But if we are to commence a thing de Novo, every man's reason leading him to choose the most profitable, and common exp●rience telling us that the white antecede the black ones so incredibly in the point of Maturation, that six years of growth advance not so much the latter as two the first; it were an act declaring Bethlem for Dic●ator, not to prefer the most speedy and profitable before the tedious and improper commodity. Besides which Em●lument the Branches which by that speedy shoot they bring forth will be useful for propagation of that tree to infinite Numbers.  
There is yet experimental election amongst the white Mulberries. Some affirming that the Leaves of those trees which emit the white fruit are fittest to be assigned for this nourishment, which they fortify by this reason; That Pullen and Swine do most delight in the white, and never eat the red and black but by constraint, a conjecture not altog●ther irrefragable; for why may it not be controverted that Pullen and Swine being a greedy Generation, may rather balance that which is most gross and fulsome, as b●st adapted for their Palate, then that which is nice, and subtle, and best according to the delicate tenderness of this Creature? Others who have their own experience to fortify their ass●rtion, commend the white Mulberry bearing the black fruit, the colour demonstrating a better concoction in the fruit, and consequently in the leaf than the others.  
But (which we must be extremely curious in) we must expel from our yard all Muberry trees bearing leaves too much indented, which, besides that it is an apparent sign of small subsistence and ●ncompleated nature, is more defective in quantity and quality of nourishment, then that which is less interruptedly circular: Yet this may easily be remedied● if you inoculate such tr●es in the Bud, or Eseuch●on, having need of such freedom; the profit thence arising being very con●iderable for this kind of nourishment: For by this course that inconsiderable quantity of worthless and famelick leaves receives a happy melioration into an abundant plenty of substantial and nutritive nature. Nor is this transmutation improper, for any other Orchard Plants which will succeed to yo●r most advantageous expectation, and all indomestick and wild trees may by this be made capable of a most happy cultivation. This infranchizing may be practised to the answer of your desires in Mulb●rries of all Ages: In the older, on their new shoots of the antecedent year then lopped; in the younger upon the smallest trees of the Nursery. But to graft these trees in the first season, th●t their growth will permit it● is most opportune and profitable● for by this means your Groves of Mulberry will be in●irely delivered from all apprehension of jejune sterility, or insub●tantiall deficiency● Nor can ever you fear a want of supply, if you constantly maintain a Nursery of such Graf●s, not f●om the seed, but from the shoots and branches of your best trees thus propagated to an unperishable infinity by couching them in the ground, and the trees increasing by their reimplanting are constantly furnished with Leaves of an excellent sweetness and greatness, exquisitely abundant in nourishment, and consequently exempt from all the inconveniencies which walk hand in hand with ●n ingrateful wildness. Having described what Trees, Grafts, and Nurseries are best conducent to our mystery; let us next dilate of their most proper soil, and best order in planting.  

The best soil and order for planting the Mulberry.  
FOr the soil it must be chosen in particular much like that of the Vines, inclining rather to dry then moist, light then heavy, sandy then ●layie; for those which opinionate themselves that a f●t ground is inconvenient t● Mulberries● as supplying leaves of too gross and unsubtile aliment; The Objection is pretty, but under pardon scarcely solid, neither am I capable of any reason to the contrary, why a rich soil should not emit the growing Tree● with a greater maturation and bigness, than a lean Plantation, where the tender Plants are even starved with the spareness of distributive moisture and aliment: Yet to prevent the too gross substance of the leaf after the tree by the advantage of a rich nourishment, hath arrived to a competent greatness; the order which we shall prescribe in their planting will admit the Plough amongst them, where cultivation will easily take off the soil from all exuberancy of fullsome rankness. The soil which is full of Springs, Lakes, Rivers, or (which is worst of all) Marshes, is particularly to be avoided.  
The manner of implanting them would require a distance of four fathoms or more, which in Virginia where we labour not under a penury of ground, may be something more spaciously enlarged● the Reasons why this extent of distance are: First, the intermixture of spreading Branches, where by their contingency they violate and mutually wound themselves will be avoided. Next, the sun hath a more unimpeached immi●●ion and distrib●tion 〈◊〉 his beams, with which this tree is most particularly delighted. Lastly, this largeness of intervals permits a free passage for the Plough, to take off all luxuriancy of rankness, which t●o much inspissate● the leaves, which must feed this admirable Creature.  
But of such grains as may with least impairment be sown under the Mulberry trees, Oats and Pease are the most proper, which during the collection of the leaves may with very small detriment be trodden upon (the season commonly falling in April and May, when their blades are backward) nay the very compressure of the Earth makes them afterwards arise more strongly.  
I approve much more of interplanting the Vine; but (which I conceive the most convenient for Virginia i●) the setting of the Indian Potato hath the most inestimable benefit; the Potato having such a happy multiplica●ion of and in itself, that whilst there is but a string of the Root left behind in the earth, the species will be renewed. Besides the excellency of the food, whether for man, or (where such a vast abundance may soon introduce a satiety) Cattle will bring alone with it an inestimable advantage; whereas corn may too strongly impoverish a Ground, and the Vine itself when it comes to its ripest excellency, will want the complete comfort of the sun beams to give fruit a well concocted maturity, the Mulberry like an Ambitio●s Grandee, e●grossing all that favour to himself by his prevalency of height and greatness.  
Nor should we be too curious to plant the trees one over against the other exactly opposite; but still observing for beauties ●ake to set them in a right line) rather one against the interval of the other, that so the sun may have no interposition from any Angle, to warm, comfort, and enrich this tree, which aids the production of so many incomprehensible Miracles.   

The order for collection of the Leaves.  
THe order to be observed for collecting the leaves should be precisely insisted upon, that the trees may be of longer and flourishing duration, and the food of a more curious and unsoyled nourishment: It is a truth not to be denied, that the disleaving of trees is extremely prejudicial, and in some irrecoverably deadly; the reason is their extraordinary scorching, by being left without any shade of protection: But the Mulberry being (as it were) destined to this work which it naturally supporteth, more inprejudicially endures this temper of disleaving then any other trees whatsoever. But for the obviation of this inconvenience, it will be absolutely necessary for our Master of the silkworm, to have such a proportionable number of trees, that the half may alternately repose unplucked every second year. This diligently put into practice will make your trees continue verdant and vigorous for many Generations.  
To gather them with both hands leaf after leaf, is confessedly the most proper, but yet withal the most expenseful; for the multitude of hands which such a circumstantial labour would exact.  
The other way of gathering them with stripping them from the branches, is without doubt extremely n●cent to the tree, and worm: to the tree by unbarking, wounding, and perishing its branches. Nor is it less detrimental to the worm seeing this disorderly collection corrupts and sullies the leaves, which this delicate nice Creature perceiving, either rejects them, or sickens upon their reception by bruising the leaves, and expressing that which is the life of its substance, the juice, and this commonly with unwashed hands, which leave the ill odour unremovable upon them.  
The removal of these inconveniences is easily effected by following the course they practice in some parts of Spain, which is by clipping the leaves from the branches with a sharp instrument, like a tailor's shears; by this way you disleave many stalks at once, which falling into a clean sheet spread under that tree for the purpose, separating afterwards the leaves also, such as are sound from unsound, such as peradventure have much of the stalk, from those which are nothing but leaf, (the stalk being hurtful to this tender Creature) and administered to them the Sunny side of the leaf upward is the most commendable practice of gathering and feeding that hath hitherto been delivered.  
The leaves of the old Mulberry are to be much preferred before those which are not come to an absolute perfection; the age of perfection in the Mulberry, we reckon to be accomplished in seven or eight years, as to soundness of nourishment; not that they grow not after, but by that time it is grown powerful to conc●ct such succulency as might before over master it.  
The trees disleaved must by a diligent hand be pruned immediately after the last collection; what ever is broken, wounded, or made unprofitable must be carefully cut off. The extremes of all the branches must be top'd a little with a sharp pruning knife, which is an invitation to nature to send forth the next year more vigorously. But whether it be in gathering the leaves, or pruning the trees, it must be our principal care that they be entirely beared● the omission of which, by not taking all the leaves off, turns back the liberality of the repeating Spring. This observation hath been grounded upon practice, made so successful by experience, that it hath been found, that trees after such culture and disleaving, have within a month attired themselves with such a new border of leaves, that the former imbalding them hath been imperceptible.  
Which induces me to believe a former assertion, that it is possible to have a second silk harvest by this means, and why not equal with the first, I know not, since the seed is more youthful and vigorous then that of the year preceding grown feeble by its continuance.  
The reins if they fall about the time this noble creature draws unto her perfection and period, is by much more strangely prejudicial, then when they are in the greatest of their feeding, the wet leaves occasioning them many desperate diseases: the usual way of prevention is to have a provision of leaves before hand, when there is any jealousy of rainy weather; but this provision must be laid in a clean dry place which is fresh aired, and th●t w● may remove all dangers of contracting too much heat, to be turned o●ten, which course, although the rain should not oppr●sse us, yet is it of great conveniency, not so much out of apprehension ●o be necessitated● as for the quality of the food, it being much better after fourteen or fifteen hours resting in a place clean and dry, than when fresh from the tree. But if you are surprised by an unexpected season of wet, take those Mulberries which you intend to ●op the next year, (and the Mulberry would be lop'd every ten or twelve year, which revives and strengthens the tree with a new youth) and ●ut their branches which hung up in a dry corner, either of your house or barn, or any other coverture in airy places, will soon have their leaves dry, better conditioned, and of more efficacy than any leaves set to a fire, which is too sudden, or to winnowing by a wind artificial and unnatural.  
The Mulberries chief profit consisting in the leaf, we must be careful to lose nothing of this revenue; which considered, we should delay the disheading or lopping of them till the worms have done feeding, which would be about the latter end of May, or the beginning of Iune● and alt●ough by the disbranching of them in such a season, we cannot expect such l●rge returning shoots as those which were cut in February or March, the distance of time being material in their growth, yet the profit of the leaves being double, very well answer such in●quality. The Mulberry being of so ●ranke and pliable a disposition● that notwithstanding its amp●●ation in unseasonable moon and w●ather, no injuries shall hinder him from Regermination.  
Yet are not these advantag●s (no necessity obstructing them) to be omitted by any which are not enemies to their own profit. The Mulberries in the increase of the moon pou●ed, or lopped, bring forth their young shoots long without spread●ng Bra●ches; in the Wane short, with many little Branches crossi●g the principal. To reco●cile this (the election of the time being i● our power) the Mulberries seated in lean grou●ds, are ●ost properly disheaded in the new moon: those whic● are pl●nted in ●ich ground, in the last quarter; so will those in the lean soil emit shoots as long as the barrenn●ss● of the place will afford them: and those of the fa●●er, th●ough the benefit of thei● seat, co●veniently ●●gaine that which they would not easi●y have done, cu● in the inc●●ase● Fo● those aspi●ing branches, we●e they not r●st●ai●●d by the counte● shoots who participate with them in nou●●●hme●t would by reason of thei● unwieldy length, be fo●ced to b●nd downew●●ds to the deforming of the tree f●om the shape of a Muiberry into that of a palmtree, which is not to be feared in the rest, by reason of the leanness of the ground, forbidding all abundance of shooting: we have provided for the feeding of this little and great Artificer, let us now express an equal care in his lodging.   

The lodging of the silk worms.  
'tIS a vanity to expect emolument from this mysterious Creature, if we sort him not with a lodging proper and agreeable to his nature, who c●n with no less disprofit be ill accommodated in his habitation, then in his nourishment; who to show a particular affinity with the noblest of Creatures, Man, makes his affection of habitation equal to his. Spaciousness, pleasure, healthfu●lness, distance from off●nsive vapours, damps and humidities, warmth in the extremes ●f colds, coolness in the extremes of warmth. Wh●t ever we naturally desire and abhor, does this Creature by the prosperity or i●f●licity of his labou●● show a most experimental r●s●ntment ●f  
His ●tation there●ore ●ust be i● the mean twixt the top and bottom● of a foundation, the first being too much obnoxious to h●ats or wi●des, the second to colds and D●mps. The platform ther●fore of your building his station must be so contrived, as to have his Basis three or four foot above the g●ound, nor ascending within an e●●●ll distanc● of the Til●s. A Fab●ick (saith De Serres) of seven fathom in length, three in breadth, and two in height, will entertain with ease the Worm●s enlivened from ten ounces of seed: this pr●portion may be raised acco●ding to your seed. In VIRGIN●A these may be of very sudden erection; Nature hath furni●h●d ●hat excellent country with materials, to invite all who have the desire to attempt it.  
Th●t the air a●d wind (if cool and dry) may have free passage to refresh these laborious spinners, who near upon the perfection of their work are upo● the point of stifling● (the season, and th●●bund●●ce of 〈◊〉 silk wherewith they are filled, both coop●rating ther●u●to) W●e must h●ve windows opening to all Angles to receive u●susp●●ted inf●igi●●tions in extreamiti●s of heat, and wa●m●ng transpiratio●s in immod●●ate colds; Y●t with this Proviso, that these windows be fit not only to receive any favourable air, but to expel all noxious vapou●s; and because this Creature loveth any thing that is white and luminous, it will sort excellently well with his disposition and safety, to p●rget or plaster the inside of the house very well and smooth, bo●h to satisfy the eye and preserve him from the danger of Rats, which cannot climb up such a wall, though a principal care ought to be used that the several stations on which they are lodged, be remote from all fixures to walls, which might give Rats and Mice advantage.  
To build the S●affolds containing these worms: Many pillars of Carpenters work di●ectly squared, shall be pe●pendicularly erected, from the ground to the ceiling, to support the Tables which crossing the pillars upon little joints sixteen inches di●tant one from the other (exc●pt that from the g●ound which must be 36 inches.) Upon these Tables do we l●y our Wormes● but their boards must not be equal in breadth, ev●ry table as it exceeds in height, being to be narrower than the next below by four inches, and the highest approaching the ●eeling to be narrowest of all. This pyramidical form is of most beau●y and safety to the worms; when wandering upon the Edges from one end of the Scaffold to another, seeking a fit place ●o ●omi● their ●ilke, they fall in such a precipice from the higher scaffold to the ground, that they break themselves in pieces: But by this means fal●ing but from one scaffold to another, the smallness of the distance contributes to their preservation. The breadth of the most low●st table shall be limited even to this proportion, that easily of one side a man with his hand may reach the middle to a●tend the worms; as for the ascending scaffolds their continual diminution makes the serving of them of greater easiness.  
A room of any capacity will admit several of these scaffolds (distinct from the wall for reason before recited of Rats) and also that the attender may come on either side of the scaffold, such space being always to be left between their position.  
These scaffo●ds must be made of an unsuspected firmness, to prev●nt the falling down of a●y ●art of it, or the whole either by the ladder which the Keeper ascends, or the weight of the Worms themselves, when once grown great and hea●y.  
To ascend these sc●ffolds, some make boards about the●, ●s it were by Galleries● others have their getting up to them by little stairs appropriated to this; others by forms. I approve of none more co●venient than a light ladder which fits all, and poss●sses but one place.  
The timber fitt●st to employ in the tablure of this scaffolding is usually fir or such light wood: In VIRGINIA● I apprehend none fitter than Cedar or cypress, because o● their delicious odours.  
We h●ve already spoken of such means as may refresh the overheated worm; r●sts now to d●liver an experiment to wa●me the air, this Creature b●ing no l●s●e Enemy to cold in the beginning of his apprentissage, then to hea●e when ●ee is ready to go out ●f this W●●ld M●st●r workman.  
Aft●r ●aving built your house for worm●; let there be a hole pierced through your wall, where you must make an Oven, the mou●h whereof must be on the o●● side of the hous● Then before you make it off, take pots like flower pots, but such a● will endure the fire● and lay them with the mouth side of these pots tending inwards towards the house● and the bottom within the Oven, lay these ●●u● sidelong at an equal distance● and work● up the Oven with the po●● incorporate ther●unto. This done you may make a fire in the Oven, which by the benefit of the pots conv●y●s a●l the heat to you without any inconvenience of smoke. To make this heat the more agreeable to the Wo●mes, and to keep the house in a temperate and inoffensive warmth, you may put into these 〈◊〉 branches of Rosemary, Time, Roses, iuniper, &c.  
This Figure ●heweth the order for ●●nking the T●bl●s on ●●e Se●ffolds, to lay the L●aves on, for feeding the worms.  
This Figure showeth how to place the Rods, between the Tables, for the worms to climb up, and spin their silk.  
This Figure representeth the Engine, to wind off the silk from the cod, w●●h Furnaces and Cawlderns necessary thereto.  
T●●● F●●ure ●our●ra●●s the cod, with the Butterflie● come forth of them, ●o l●y ●heir E●g● upon black S●●g●, Chamlet, ●ammy, or such like ●●●ffe, as in this Treatise is showed.   

The election and use of the seed of the silkworm.  
THere is a great deal of Reason, that we should be curious in the election of ou●●eed; and 'tis not more poetic than philosophic, that of HORACE: 
Est in juvencis est in equis patrum,  
Virsu● nec imbellem feroces  
Progenerant aquilam columbae.   
What can we expect of generosity in that which has a disposition to degenerate before produced: of all the seeds proper for the vivifying this animal, there is none more exc●llent, as yet a●rived to our knowledge, then that of Spain: this De Serres●ffirmeth, though he seem to be in a kind of hesitation, whether that of Calabria march not in a higher degree of reputation, as yielding more abundance, and of equal hardn●sse with the Cod of Spain; yet this is certain in nature and reason, that seed transported into other colder Regions, can no way lay claim to a parity of ●hriving with that continued in its own Climate; and I doubt not but if the South of VIRGINIA, where the silkworm is a●o●iginally native, were duly inquired after, the Seed of that would have a particular excellency, to which all the European Na●ions must give the glory, the right hand of pre-eminence.  
But leaving this to the scrutiny which shall be made by time, and experience, we must grant the prim● opinion to the Sp●nish, which however it thrive in France for four yeares● yet afterwa●ds it degenerates extremely, so that it must every four years be renewed, for within that circle it suffe●s a m●nif●st d●clension in goodness. Coming from Spain it is of a dark taw●y colour, after certain generations, grey.  
To prove whether the seed b● dead or not, you must expe●iment it upon your nail, that which breaks in cr●cking, casting forth ●umor and moisture, you may ●ssuredly ●steem for good, the other is to be rejected. The smalln●s●● of the Sp●nish se●d incr●as●s the number of worms, for which it deserves ● p●rticular p●ae●ation.  
No seed of above a year old is any fu●ther profitable, till you put them to Ha●ch, you may preserve them in Boxes thrust amongst wo●llen cl●athes in a trunk or Chest, and let the Chamber where such trunks or Chests are, be now and then aired with a fire, to the intent they being rather warm then cold, may be praedisposed for a hasty production when the season of the year shall invite you to put into practice.  
To imbibe or steep the seed of silkworms in the most generous Wine you can procure, is an experiment that hath always answered with a happy success; for this not only discriminates betwixt the good and bad, (the good always subsiding, and the other floating) but adds legitimation and strength to the approved ones, making them come forth free and fortified, and causeth them to hatch almost all at one time. After the good are taken out, they must be set to dry in the sun, or before the fire, laid upon very clean paper, covered with white linen, or smooth paper, lest the ●eat might bring it prejudice.   

The vivification of the Seed.  
THE Spring being come, and the Mulberries budding, it will be seasonable to put them to hatching, which (all other ways ●mitted, as the keeping them in a box, in one's pocket, between a woman's Brea●●s, &c.) sorts b●● with Reason and convenience, performed thus, viz. That the seed removed from its first vessel, shall b● committed into a Box lined with Cotton, over which you must put a white paper, which must separate the seed from the Cotton, then cover the seeds (being not above half an inch thick) with a little bed of sow, over which Tow you are to lay a paper pierced very thick with small holes, much about the bignes●e of the tag of a point; over this paper you shall lay some Mulberry leaves. And this is the preparative to hatch them.  
To bring them forth, lay your box so prepared between two pillows, which moderately warmed with a Pan every two hours, and after the first three and four days visiting the Box at every such warming, to the end to separate such as you shall see hatched, who will not fail to creep through the Tow, and pierced paper to the Mulberry leaves, to which they will cleave: which to remove, you must draw them out of the box by taking hold of the Mulberry leaves with a needle, and removing them and the worms adherent into a bigger box or si●ve; with paper at the bottoms, distinguish those of a hasty production from those of a more slow, that the work may arise more equal. These thus brought forth must by gradations be accustomed to endure the coolness of the Spring, diminishing daily something from his accidental warmness: the first four days let them in the sieve covered with clean linen continue upon the bed, the curtains closely drawn, then removed into a warm chamber, close from all penetrations, laid upon ranks close together, that they may give and receive mutual warmth, allowing them a larger proportion of room, as they increase in bo●y.  
But the most assured way to preserve the worms until their second change in warmth and security from vermin, dust, or other hostilities of nature, is by a great press or cupboard made with many stages, pargetted or pasted for the agreeableness of the odout with ox dung, made of fir, or mats, and to draw out at will seperately, equally distant four inches, compassed round about with linen tacked to the doors, with paper w●ndowes on the sides and foremost door, to admit or exclude air after the exigency of the occa●ion; and h●ere vacant places being left at first to enlarge them, as they increase in growth may they be distinguished according to the Dates of their first appearance upon the Mulberry, rejecting all that seed, which is not enlivened before the fifth day● as unprofitable for working by confu●ion of times, and useless by their weakness.  
Four times doth this excellent Artist change his skin, which is the cause of his so many sicknesses. The first sickness arriving within eight days from the beginning of his life, is known by these symptoms; the head grows big and white, and he ●●des himself under the leaves: To administer any food were needless; but that they are not all sick at one instant, so that some must be given to nourish th●m which have not arrived to, or past over their sickness, which you shall know by their change of colour and creeping upon fresh leaves.  
The second sickness arising within eight days, or thereabouts, ●rom thence is known by the same accidentals, and must have the s●me appl●cations, only now they would be removed into new, clean, and more spacious places: The third is in all like the two o●her, though something more dangerous; here you must carefully prevent the accession of all cold airs whatsoever: It may happen that some of these worms may grow yellow, which is almost incurable in themselves, and deadly contagious to all the rest; th●se must be carefully selected from the rest and ejected. Remove, enlarge & cleanse as before. Eight or ten days after appears the 4. change or sicknes● & now the recovered Wor●● being increased to their full growth, must be removed, enlarged, & cleansed, as before.  
At appointed hours morning and evening must this worm be f●d from their hatching to their fi●st change or sickness●; from the second chang● to the third or fourth, they must be fed three times the day at the l●●st, taking this for an assured max●me, that after the recovery from their last sickness, The very cloying of them with leaves even to the satiety of their ●ppetite, accelerates th●● to the perfection of their task; for these curious V●ssells will the sooner discharge themselves of their precious enclosed substance, by how much they are the sooner replenished. Nor is there any p●odigall improvidence in this; for it hath been observed that Worm●s have eaten near as much in eight days when more sparingly distributed, as in four when liberally handed to them; so that by such wary disp●nsa●ion they save no leaves, and lose four days in point of time.  
But a particular eye of care must be had to the quality of the leav●s you feed with. No goodn●sse of a selected tree being capable to secure itself against ●ccidentall diseases arising from the unnaturalness of se●sons, whe●ein by extremes of drought or moisture mildews, heat drops, and other distempers, all the leaves oftentimes becoming yellowish, spotted, or speckled, declare the nature of that food highly unwholesome and pernicicus: Such as grow out of the ●unne in the interior umbragious parts of thick trees are almost as dangerous: Nor are the leaves of the second Spring which shoot afresh on trees already disleaved of less guilt, through the inequality of their Ages. One banquet of those gives the last repast that your worms shall have need of, a ●iuxe thence arising killing them, and easing you of further trouble, if you ●●count it so to be vigilant over your own● pro●it.  
The most agreeable to all worms is to be fed with leaves of their own age, and by this the feeble Creatur● shall meet with tender leaves, then grown strong with leaves, fu●l grown correspondent to bo●h their complexions. The fault of the wet leaves may be corrected by patience, attending the serener season; but of dry leaves you ought at no time (if you regard your own profi● with a sober p●ovidence) to be unprovided, and the way how to prep●re hath been already delivered in this Treatise.  
T●●s● preciou● creatures exact no great expense or laborious care during the first three or four weeks, being satisfied with little, as most agreeable to the tendern●ss● and smalln●●s● of bodies, and are very w●ll entertained with the leaves of the ●uccours or other branches, from whence for the profit of the tree one should n●c●s●●rily cu● th●m. At the beginning we go to gather leaves with H●nkerchiefs, then with little baskets, la●tly with sacks & mands, as growing to a bigness to require it, and a p●rfection to discern it.  
That the Gathere●s of these leav●s sho●ld handle them with pure and washed hands, we have already decla●ed absolutely necessary: But the governor of these chaste and magnificent ●reatures must be Master of an exact purity. The smell of Tobacco is deadly to them: Let his observance forbear it: Let him have a watchful eye, that none of an offensive smell approach them; all ill breathings upon them● whether contracted by fu●some food or nature make this innocently noble Creature express her resentment by her own death, or sickness Let him pu●ifie the rankn●sse of his own breath (when fasting) with good Wine ere he approach them, with the odour whereof the worm is highly cherish●d. Let the Lodging be swept ev●ry day, and pr●served so by sp●inkling the flou●e with vinegar, and afterwards strewing it with Lav●nder, Spike, Rosemary, Time, and such like of well comforting Odours. To these we may sometimes add a perfume composed of Frankincense, benjoin, Storax, and other quickening aromatics burned in the lodging.  
Let the Tables be often made clean and shifted, by often, I mean eve●y ●●●rd o● fourth day at the furth●st, at which time the litter begins to be offensive to this curio●s natured Creature; especially with the increase of the heat, let his diligence increase, that no uncleanness (at that time more than ordinary malign) cut him from the benefit of his labours.  
The litter must not be taken away by degrees to the trouble of our curious Creature, but all at once; which may be effected, if you leave at the end of each Scaffold an empty station to place the adjoining worms on, whose left station being made clean is fitted for the next neighbourhood, and thus may all be removed and shifted by degrees, and a vacant table at the other end of the scaffold r●maines to begin again (as afore) within two, three, or four days at the longest. And thus without carrying far, the worms shall be removed with ease and security, not once laying the finger upon their tender bodies; for giving them fres● leaves at the time of their replacing, the worm will fasten to the leaf, and the leaf may be removed with his precious burden, with no less safety than convenience.  
It will be requisite to dispose the tables in such a fashion that they may be seperately taken from the scaffold like tills out of drawers; for this the easiest and less nocent way of cleansing, as preventing the falling of any stench upon the lower tables● and by which they are more suddenly discharged of their filth and ordure, merely by striking them gently on the floor, which done, let them be swept and brushed perfectly well; Let the tables on which you put your worms after their first sickness be sprinkled with Vinegar or Wine, then rubbed over with sweet herbs to delight and encourage them to labour. Some have made trial, which hath succe●ded happily of the smell of garlic and Onions to refresh them; I dare not absolutely assent to this experiment; but it is clear as sunshine, that the worm not only rejoices in agreeable odours, but is succoured thereby in his greatest maladies: of which we now intend to discourse.   

The causes of extraordinary maladies in worms, and their c●re.  
THe extremes of colds and heats, the too sparing, or too abundant administration of victuals in their several ages, and a malign disposition of the leaves are the principle causes of all extraordinary maladies which afflict this Creature. If the inclemency of Cold hath benumbed or diseased this innocent Artist, the stove or oven formerly mentioned will recover it (the stopping of all windows, and other admi●sories of air cooperating:) To the greater compliment of the cure, let the lodging be perfumed with redolent gums, with Wine, strong Vinegar, or Aqua vitae● If on the contrary, the torrid violence of heat have wasted the strength of this sudden and excellent spinner: The fresh air admitted at the doors and windows some brave artificial fans or Ventalls to raise this breath, if too little, or at the last the exposing them upon their t●bles out of their lodgings to enjoy an uncontrolled and liberal communion of the air, some half an hour before S●nne rising are the proper means of their recovery. Those which by a wasteful liberality of their keeper in the tenderness of their age have injured themselves with over feeding, must be cured by a two days' abstin●nce, and for some two succeeding days di●ted with a moderation. Those who famished by the negligence of their keeper are almost languishing to death, must be restored by giving them meat in slender proportion, but frequently repeated, by such a diet regaining their forfeited appetite. Those which by having fed on yellow spotted, or too young leav●s have contracted a flux, and f●om thence a jaundice and spotted colour, accompanied with black bruisings, must upon the first inspection be immediately removed into separate chambers, that the change of air and diet may labour for their almost desperate cure, and to prevent a contagion, which from thence would universally domineer. But s●ch worms which as ●n accession to this last disease you should behold bathed on the belly by a certain humour flowing in that part of their bodies, are as incurable, good for nothing but to repast your Poultry.  
Indeed excepting this last inexpugnable malady perfumes and change of chambers are generally conducing to overcome all diseases and to res●ore a new health and vigour. But this noble Creature is by nature sufficiently privileged from these diseases, if the unskilfulness or negligence of the keeper did not violate this privilege, and by that violation increase his own trouble.  
Nor is this care of the keeper to be only limited to the day, the night too must require a part of his vigilance; Mice and Rats than take advantage, and grieved that any Creature should labour for man without their participation or obstruction devour them by Troop●s, and the Cat herself enters into a league with these her usual prey● to prey upon these poor things, whose in●ocency and excellency makes them the more obnoxious to their cruel avarice. To remedy this, the house must not be without contin●all lamps, Bells, and other vain terr●u●s to aff●ight them: The keeper himself also, or his Depu●y must frequently walk round about his little Army. And le●t the oil (which occasions divers indispositions, if it fall ●ut in a drop upon these nice Artists) might be p●ejudiciall, the Lamp●s should be aff●●●d on the wall, and the portable lig●ts with which he visits his curious charge of wax, Tallow, fir tree, or any other of innoxious, but illuminative substance.  
These things well observed, within se●ven or eight days at the most, succeeding their four●h and last exuviall sickness●; The worms dispose themselves to pay the exp●nce of their Diet. T● make prepa●ation for them, there must be accommodations of ●ods necessary for these worms ●o c●me up to vomit their silk, and fasten their W●bs by. To ass●mble these worms (the term assigned to this work) the most proper matters are Rosemary, cutting of Vines sho●ts, of Chestn●ts, O●es Osiers, Sallow●s, elms Ashes, and in general of all flexible shrubs, not having a●y disagreeing od●ur. The feet of these rods ●v●n●d for the better fixure shall be joined at 15 inches distant to the table below, and the tops of them ●rched together at that above. W●ich Epitomall amphitheatre is Maste● of as much beauty a● those of the CAESARS in the great●●t volume of their lustre and magnificence; the ●pper part of the Arch must be plenti●ully interwoven with sprigs of Lavender, Spike, Thyme, and shrubs delectable to the smell. By this intermixture the worms shall have ample satisfaction to their restless curio●ity, where firmly to fasten their rich matter, having an election of such delectation of Perfumes, & variety of shoots: But these twigs must by no means be green, the moisture extremely offending the cattle, and not suddenly withering, if the air be moist.  
The worms being removed to these Amphitheatrall Trophies, you may easily discover their grateful inclination to spin, by their bigness of body, brightn●sse, and clearness of belly and neck, neglect of meat, and irregular wandering through the troop; and a little after to fulfil these promises they ascend their branche● to vomit, or rather spin out their silky substance. Here you must diminish their Ordinary, daily, for they will in short time have united themselves to those shoots or twigs, quite forsaking the table. Those worms which climb not before the others union to the branches, are of a latter hatching; and to prevent all ●nseasonable intertextures in general, to the retarding and perishing of the whole work, must be assembled two other tables arched as these, that they may work together at one time.  
The knowledge (when these worms have perfected their Cod● or bottoms) may be obtained by an ear that is but the leastwaies curious, these creatures making both a pleasant humming in feeding and continuing it in fashioning their bottoms, give that noise and their completed work over both together. That which falls next is the propagation of the seed to be preserved till the next Harvest.   

The Propagation of the silkworm seed.  
HAppy creature, which livest only to do mankind service, and diest when thou hast accomplished it! Miracle of N●ture! a worm shut up in his own monument, breaks through his silky grave, transformed into a butterfly! employs ten days to erect himself a sepulchre, and an equal proportion of time to leave it! disimprisoning himself from his own interment, by perforation of his bottom, he returns to the view of mankind in the figure of a butterfly, with wings, as if he had already triumphed over his Mortality; which done, he and his cotriumphall Females, coupling together perpetuate their species by dissolution of their bodies; and that which completes the miracle, may arise from the long abstinence of this living three and twenty days imprisoned without any sustenance or fruition of that which he takes a particular delight in, day light.  
Removing your branches from the Tables, and your silke-balls or bottoms from the Branches 5 days after the work is perfected, the Balls are then to be made election of, for such seed as you will preserve for the year following. Bono●ill, & De Serres do both agree that there should be proportioned 200 Balls for one ounce of seed, he Balls Male and Female (the description of which hereafter.) But whereas Bon●●ill is of opinion that a hundred double or treble bottoms which two or three worms have spun and made up in common, will produce so many worms as Bottom●: I demand his pardon if I accede rather to the judgement of De Serres: for from every double or triple bottom there come● forth but one butterfly, though it hath more within: the Reason is, it being not probable that they should be all ripe together, that which is most mature by perforation of the Balls, exposes the other to the assault of the air, which giving them cold, they die imperfect.   

To distinguish the sexes.  
THE Male of the worm, when grown great, is known from the Female, by a wrinkled head, and a great appearance of eyes; the Female hath the head round without any such appearance. In the bottoms of Balls the Male is known, as having worked himself into a bottom, long, slender, and by much sharper at one end then the other: the bottoms of the Female are bigger, softer, round at one end, half pointed at the other.  
The Sex in those butterflies is thus distinguished: the Male is lesser of body than the Female, stirring the wings more often and more strongly.  
Selecting then two hundred bottoms (male & female included in the number) you must pass a thread through the first and outward down, called the sleeve of the Ball (using a wary hand that you pierce not into the silk, lest the cold getting in you should quite abortive your worms) of which you must make several connexions composed of an equal number of both Sexes; these (to prevent Rats and Mice) must be hanged upon some hook in a chamber of middle temper, but something inclining to coolness, yet however not subject to moisture, that the butterflies may come out with the more facility,  
Having pierced through their confinement, though nature herself infuses in them disposed applications to find out their opposite Sexes, it will be necessary to couple such as yet are disjoined: all which, after you shall perceive them in conjuncture, must be set either upon Say, Piropus, Tammey, Chamlet, the Backside of old Velvet, (in general upon any stuff which has no woolly down, wherein the grain may be lost, or where it may get between the threads, as is linen) hanged upon the wall close by their Balls, or in defect of such stuff, take Walnut-tree leaves one handful, or more as you shall see occasion, tie them by dozens backsides together, hang them at several nails or pins, and set the coupled Buterflies thereon. Take the Chamlet, or other stuffs, receiving the seed, and rub it gently between your hands, and the seed will come out with great facility.  
The principal time of the butterflies issuing out from the Cod, is in the morning about eight of the Clock: the seed collected must be put into a box very clean pasted with paper, to exclude all air or dust, kept in a Chest in a dry temperate place where it may be preserved till the Spring following, avoiding to make any continual fires in such Chambers, lest the warmth untimely hatch the worms, which being brought forth at such a season must perish for want of food.  
The Spaniard takes commonly the double and triple Balls for seed, not that he conceits every double Ball should produce two butterflies, or which is a conceit of more fondness, Male and Female; but because the multiplicity of creatures spinning their silk in common, make the work so confused that they cannot well wind it off, which makes them be put in the rank of the pierced ones for sleeve, and I must ingeniously acknowledge myself to accede to his opinion; for these double and triple balls are not unapt for this purpose, since they commonly, as De Serres observes, come rather from a lustiness and suppleness of the worm, than any natural debility: Which sure are so much fitter to be culled out, that the best balls may be made into silk, which will easily wind, and the seed of these which is fully as proper for seed, but less apt for silk: neither do I know why they should not be preferred, since the Spanish seed proceeding from these double and triple Balls carries a particular pre-eminence above the rest; which if we shall make use of, the use is the same with others, except that they must be clipped at the smaller end with the point of a pair of scissors, with a regard that you cut not clean through the bottom, which would by admission of wind destroy the Worm, and this they do that the Butterflies, if more than one, may find an easy passage; the best bottoms (if you will preserve them) for grain, are great, hard, weighty, and of carnation or flesh colour.  
The balls preserved for seed being made choice of, the next thing we are to fall upon is, how to wind off the bottoms designed for silk: Which would be of much more advantage for purity and plenty of silk, and facility of labour, if they could immediately be wound off. The silk so freshly taken unwinding without any loss or violence: But this delayed, the gum, by which the worm fastens her threads becoming dry, doth so harden the bottom, that without difficulty and loss, the winding cannot be accomplished.  
This expeditious winding prevents the enclosed worm of her full metamorphose into a butterfly, and the bottom from perforation: But then where shall we find so many workmen if the design were general, as could in seven or eight days' wind off so many millions of bottoms? Not excluding therefore such as can have that conveniency, the next best course to kill the butterflies in those bottoms which we cannot wind off, is by exposing and laying them in the sun, the heat of which in its own work stifles this Creature: But let this be two or three days successively (not all at one exposure, lest your silk be burned instead of stifling its spinner) two hours before, and two hours' afternoon each day respectively. Let the bottoms, spread upon sheets, be turned often, that the heat may destroy equally, no one excepted from this sharp insolation; but this must not be done with a rude hand, which instead of turning them may bruise the worm, the slimy matter of whose body, being thus bruised, is very prejudicial both for staining the silk, and gluing it so together, that no Artist can ever unwind them.  
Removing them ther●fore oftentimes during such sunning with a gentle hand, wrap them thus warmed in sheets, and let them lie in a fr●sh dry chamber.  
But if the sun should fail, an Oven of such moderate heat a● is usual after two hours drawing the bread, or heated to such a degree of wa●mth (laying it over with boards, and the bottoms in sacks upon those boards, there remaining each time an hour and a half, repeating it till your experience by opening the most suspected bottom find the enclosed worm consumed) will be of equal operation.  
But that which is the best and least practised course is this: Take your bottoms, and fill such a Furnace or Copper as your brewer's use, half full of Water: Within three finger's breadth of this boiling water, lay a lid or plank or board within the Copper, bored through as thick with holes as a Cullender, and so fit to the side of the Furnace, that it by no means may sink into the water: Upon this cover lay a thin Carpet of Darnix or the like, and upon the Carpet the silk bottoms, which must be often stirred, with care not to use too much violence. The mouth of the Copper, except when you stir the bottoms, must be constantly covered, that the heat may smother the Wo●mes: Your worms being dead, lay your bottoms in some room, where there is air to dry their moisture. This is an assured (though not vulgar) experiment, and by it your silk becomes as easy in the winding, and as pure in colour and substance, as if it had been spun the same moment the worm had given it perfection.   

To wind●●ff the silk fr●m the Cod, or B●ttome.  
THe winding off the ●ilke from the Cod or bottom, is thus effected: fill a cauldron full of very fair water● and s●t it upon a Furnace, heat it to such a degree that the wate● becomes bubbled, as though there were small pearls in the middle, being ready to seethe; then cast in your cod' or bottoms, still stirring them up and down with broom● or other small bushes, if yo● shall see that the heat is not capable to make your bottoms wind, augment your fire, otherwise abate it.  
The bottoms winding the threads will take hold of the broom or brushes; draw those threads so affixed the length of half a yard and more out with your fingers, till all the grossness of the bottom be wound off, which cutting off and laying aside, take all the threads of your bottoms united into one and according to the bigness of thread you intend to make (as whether sowing or stitching) chose the number, not letting the other threads fall into the water again, which must be reserved to succeed) which you must run through an wire Ring, appointed for to rank the threads which (as you shall see in the draught or Picture,) must be fastened upon the fore part of a piece of wood set directly upon a form before the round or circle, which we call a Bobin, in the top of which piece in a little space that there is, are fastened two Bobin●, distant from one another two fingers; from this wire ●ing the thread must be drawn and crossed upon the bobins, whose only use there is to twist the silk through a ring which is fastened in the midst of a staff; above the Bobins you must continue the draught of your thread; this staff which moves with the wheel is called a Lincet set a cross beneath the wheels, from that Ring you must fasten your thread upon the wheel itself, which must be still turned till the skeyne of silk be wound up, the Representation see in the next figure.  
Observe, when any thread disconti●ues, his bottom being wound off, to repair your number from another bottom, this you shall perceive when your full number of bottoms stir not altogether.  
Be sure that you artificially cut the knots which will be in your threads, that your silk may be more pure and uniform.  
Those which cast gum Arabic in the water under pretence to make the silk wind more p●re and glossey, are but impostors, it being a mere cheat to make the silk weigh the heavier.  
Basins, or Caldrons, wherein you p●t your bottoms to wind, if of Lead re●tore the silk more pure than those of Copper, this mettle being subject to a rubiginous quality, from which Lead is wh●ly exe●pt. Let the wheels be large for the better speeding of the work, that two skeins may be wound off together. That the fire of the Furnace may be pure, and without smoke, let it be made of charcoal.  
The difficulty of their winding may be mollified by soap, put in the Basin or cauldron; the old cod or bottoms hardened by time, will have the natural gum which glues their threads dissolved, and the silk come off much more easy.  
Those bottoms of silk preserved for seed, and pierced by the butterflies, may be made of good use, if washing them in water you throw them into a cauldron ready to boil, with soap in it, which must be dissolved before the bottoms are cast in: thus let them boil a quarter of an hour, or thereabouts, which done, take them out, wash them in clean water and d●ye them● being died you must beat them with a round st●ffe of a good bigness upon a stone or some block which is better, which will make them become white, and smooth as wool. The way to spin them after is this.  
They must with the fingers be pulled one from one another, and opened as wool uses to be in such preparations, let it then be put on a distaff and spun as small as you can, or please.   

Treatise of the Vine.  
THat the use of the Vine is really intended by nature for VIRGINIA, those infinite s●ore of Grapes which crown the forehead of that happy Country are so many speaking testimonies: But what fate hath hitheto diverted our English there inhabiting from the public undertaking a Commodity of so inestimable benefit, I do not say for a public Staple (though it would be as rich as any other one species of traffic whatsoever) but even from private Vineyards, where they might sit under their own Vine, drink of their own Grapes, satisfy even the most irregular desire of their, voluptuous appetites, and all this de suo, without entering into the Merchants book●s for Wines, peradventure adulterate, without paying the sweat of their brows for the exudation of the Grape, I dare not determinately judge, lest I might be forced to ascribe it either to a strange nonchalency or sluggishness to their own prof●●, or which is worse an inveterate contempt of all other ways of improvement (of what ever return) in comparison of Fume of Tobacco.  
But that they may not be ignorant of the profit of the Vine, they will be pleased to know that the Vine requires (once planted) little more labour than the Hoppe. To attend upon four acres of Hops is the ordinary undertaking of one man in ENGLAND, who besides this, neglects not many other labours. If one man in VIRGINIA be not sufficient to do as much as another in ENGLAND, ● shall either imagine him to be lame or idle; nor let them o●j●ct to me the heat of the country; if the middays be hotter, the mornings are much colder, and the Labourer in VIRGINIA hath this advantage of being full of bread to ●atie●y, whereas oftentimes the Hireling in ENGLAND having a family to feed, and sometimes no employment, comes to work with a famished body, and courage, lives merely de die in diem, with as little hopes of ever changing the copy of his fortune, as renewing the lease of his Cottage with his Landlord: those are but lean encouragements. In VIRGINIA the meanest servant (if he have any spirit) is still in expectation of improving his condition, and without any presumption may cherish his hopes, which promise him (his time expired) a present happiness and future possibility of a Fortune equal, if not outgoing his Master, the encouragement being greater, the care less, and his provisional subsistence by much better: why the labourer in VIRGINIA should not ●e (I do not say superior) but equal in strength of body and resolution of mind, to the miserable day-Hireling in ENGLAND, needs an OEDIPUS to unriddle.  
By this I hope it granted, that the VIRGINIAN may without any extraordinary efforts of sweat and spirits, labour equally with those of ENGLAND, and upon this account I shall assign a Vignard of four Acres to his tillage, an easy task; let us compute the profit with the labour, and see what may be the proceed of this ●●●portion well husbanded.  
That an acre of Vines in VIRGINIA (when once grown to perfection) will yield an equal increase to a common Acre of Vines in FRANCE, there being as great a difference between the soils as the Acres, and much greater) will I believe be denied by none, who pretend to modes●y or reason: yet the Acre of Vines in FRANCE, one with another, very few excepted, will yield yearly ten or twelve Muyds of Wine, a measure containing seventy two gallons (a very famous Frenchman LIEBAULT, is my Author:) what the common Acre, or Arpent, is in FRANCE, the same man informs us: an Arpent (the common Arpent or Acre of FRANCE) is 100 Pole in the square, the Pole being longer than ours by eighteen inches; so that one French Acre yields three Tun of Wine and upwards; Our Acre being near upon 50 Pole more, we doubt not of profit equal.  
The excellent VIRGINIA will pardon me, if for dilucidation of an argument, I make her pure and unexhausted brows descend to wear a garland of fertility equal to that laborious and over-teeming Mother, the French kingdom, nay to her common Vineyards: yet let us compute the profit arising from the four acres, being but one man's labour, we shall find the product even by that estimate, to be twelve tun of Wine, as the recompense of his particular toil: let us imagine this but at ten pounds the tun, and the profits of this single person amounts to 120 pounds per annum.  
Here they will object the dearness or difficulty of cask; but this objection must be made by those who know not VIRGINIA, where there is such an excellent convenience, and abundance of peculiarly proper Timber, that the Winter will afford the other Labourers together with our Vigneron leisure, to cleave pipestaves sufficient for private use of cask, and to sell to the public; one man (during that little season) being easily able to make four thousand.  
But our acre being a third part bigger, the soil ½ better, why we may not promise to ou● selves this profit, is an incredulity in ENGLAND, w●rth a b●and of misunderstanding, in Spain would deserve the Inquisition,   

What soil is most proper for the Vine.  
He which will go to p●ant the Vine without the twin co●sideration of the qualyty of the soil, and the disposition of the air, hath much affinity with him who goes to Sea without Lead or compass: the one seldom attains his Port, nor the other his Harvest.  
The quality of the ground whereon the Vine thrives best, is a fine small Mo●ld, of a subsistence rather inclining to a gentle lightness, than a churlish stubborness: they which would not have it to be very fat, are ignorant that while the Vine is young, the soil where you plant may be employed to other tillage, and by such expense of its native richness, reduced to that which they commend so highly, mediocrity. But if the fitness of the ground transmit a rich and never-failing sap into the nascent Vine, making it grow speedy and strongly, if the Vine participate of this fatness, which it may be they call grossness, as desiring to have it more subtle, there is small question to be made, but that this Wine so embodied and Fortified by nature, must have extraordinary spirits to preserve it, and that age will have resined all that grossness into more pure and noble spirits; that if transported, the Sea will contribute to its melioration: whereas this Wine which they call subtle and delicate spirits, if either preserved long or transported far, will with so much applauded subtlety and delicacy lose all his spirits by age and evaporation.  
Scruple therefore at the richness of your ground no more than at the rankness of your purse; 'tis in your power to correct either if there were necessity: let it have the qualities of gentle, easy, fine and light, to be stirred, seated (if possible) on the decline of a Hill, not near to any Marish ground, nor having any springs gliding through it; these Marish grounds you must avoid as you would do level in a Valley. And the reason is, that the Vine growing in these parts has a crude and ●ndige●ted blood, quickly sours, and has neither strength to commend or preserve it, and the Frosts in the winter time sinking to his ro●ts, by the moist passage of his situation, kills it; the Grapes plump and break, and when as an additional judgement to your inj●dicious election, a Rainy year comes to afflict, the kernels break out, the true juice of the Grape accompanying it, and though it fall out that the Grape swell again, yet let not your expectation swell upon it, for instead of good Wine proceeding from thence, you will receive nothing but Viny water.  
The gentle, easy, fine, and light ground being the best, does not so wholly arrogate all excellency, as to deny an accession, a neighbourhood of goodness to other soils. The gravelly ground yieldeth Wine of a great delicacy, but a small quantity; besides the infant Plants are in danger of being washed away in any extraordinary surfeit of reins, such grounds being not able to give them a deep rooting. The like may be said of sandy ground which notwithstanding in some places especially where it is of a nitrous substance, will not yield the palm to any ground o● whatever richness; other grounds may have an enforced richness, but because usually all such enfatning compost consists of Dung and Urine, which spoil the purity of the Vine: If my advice were of any weight, they should never be used for Vintage, till necessity commanded my obedience.  
For the disposition of the air, as particularly whether inclining to a Meridian, or Oblique to the South, southeast, or South-West; If we contemplate the nature of the Vine, that it by instinct, prefers places rather hot then cold, dry then moist; that it ●areth storms and tempests, it affecteth a gentle breathing wind, or a serene calm; we may presently collect that it is neither to be placed open to the North, North-East● nor (in VIRGINIA especially) to that Nursery of storms, the North-West quarters, nor up●n the tops of Hills, where it lies equally assailable to all: the dear place then for the Vines embraces, is a Descent, towards, not in a Valley (except never subject to inundation●) that being sheltered f●om the more blustering domineerers in the air, it lie open to the South, South-West, southeast, or any part of the East and West, within the South quarter, for such a grateful mansion, and acceptable soil assigned him, doubt not, but he will return you a rent which shall s●tisfie your most unbounded wishes.  
But le●t the eye in the option of your Vineyard, may impose upon you, considering that every gr●und hath some arcane quali●y which the sight is not able to discover: to make a most certain experiment, let me propose this way of Examen. Make a pit in the ground (where your intentions are to plant) two foot deep, take a clod of the earth so cast up, powder it, and infuse it in a glass full of clear rainwater, do your best to incorporate it with the water by frequent agitation and mixture: let it repose till the subsided earth have made his perfect residence and settlement in the bottom, and the water recovered her native clearness; taste the water, and arrest your judgement upon this, that such a taste as the water delivers to your palate, will that earth transmit to your wine: if of an inoff●nsive or acceptable relish, you may confidently promise yourself a Wine pure, and consequently (if the soil be rich very noble, nor is a salt taste an ill argument: but if it be a bitter aluminous, or su●hury gust, this place is not fit for your planting, you lose your Wine and your labour.  
But VIRGINIA has a more certain assurance; God and nature have pointed them a soil ou● with their own finger; let them therefore fix their eyes upon those places where either the Vine or Mulberry grow conjoined, or separate, and let them assure themselves of the excellency of the soil, a diffi●ence in this being an affront to Nature: yet this caution is to be used that though valleys are Marshy places● may sometime have them by nature, yet their florescence would be much more excellent and healthful if removed to such a ground as formerly we have made choice of.   

To make election of Plants.  
CUriosity about the choice of your Vine Plants will commend your Husbandry; let the Vine therefore from whence you take your Plant be of as little Pith as may be, such unpithy Vines being both fruitful and fortified by nature, bearing a remarkable abundance of substantial Grapes and strongly resists the violence of the weather, and of this fertility and firmness will your Plant also participate. Let not the Vine you mean to plant from, be above the middle of his strength, or age, and observe ab●ut September th●se which are most laden with Grapes, fullest of eyes in their branches, and have been least wounded by the unseasonableness of Weather. Take not a Vine growing on a South side to transplant him to a Northern: and set this down for a principle in Nature, that all plants removed to a better situation and soil, answer your largest hopes, by their fruitfulness: but transplanted to a worse, assure yourself that without an extraordinary cultivation, there cannot be the least probability of its thriving.  
Let your Plant (if you may with conveniency) immediately be planted after its separation from its original; for while it yet retains any vital vigour, it will the sooner apply itself to the desire of life and nourishment. If your necessity will not admit of this festination, wrap it tenderly in its own earth; and when your leisure will permit you to plant it, let it soak some four or five days in water, and (if possible) running water: this immerging is a very strong preparative to its sudden taking root.  
If you apprehend a necessity of keeping him long or transporting him, (imagine it the Cyprian or Portuguese Grape thus to be transportable into Virginia,) put him into a close barrel filled up with earth; and that no air may mortify him, let both ends of the Plant be put into Onions or garlic, or (which is better) made up with wax, and now and then watered, but not more than to keep the earth from resolving into a dry dust; for too much moisture might (instead of preserving him) make him fructify, and your Plant would become all root.  
We have already spoken how we must choose, but not what we must make choice of: Let your Plants therefore be of those which grow between the highest and lowest, (the lowest having too much of earthy juice, and the high●st too little) let them be round, smooth, and firme● having many eyes, and about one foot and a half of old wood cut off with the new.   

The manner, and way to ●lan● Vines.  
HUman curiosity plungeth us in so many unnecessary toils, that it would almost take a person off from necessary labour: Look into Columella, the country farm, the Du●ch Husbandry and all those supercilious Writer●, and you shall see them stand upon such impertinent puntilloes; one while the dependence upon stars benights a man, another while the ground which should produce this or that, must be cast after this form, or else it will be barren in spite of the bounty of the Divine Providence.  
Not enumerating therefore all their ways of Planting, I dare lay my life that if the Vine were but set on foot in VIRGINIA, the ground prepared for it as they do their Tobacco there, by a right line, holes made instead of their Hillocks, but larger, deeper, and at greater distance, that there might something grow betwixt them which might be inoffensive to it by nature, and clear it from being choked with weeds, or something drawing a contrary juice, (peradventure Onions and garlic) or something requiring small nourishment, (as Lupins) which turned into the earth again (distance of five foot being left for a Plough, with caution not to come too near the Roots, which must be bared with a stowe, the Plough running first the length, and then the traverse of those rows, which therefore must be lineally straight) would both fatten the earth, and cultivate the Vine all at one moment. Yet submitting myself to judgements of greater experience than my modesty or natu●e can ever hope for, I shall deliver the several way of planting the Vine, with as much brevity as the matter, and my first resolution rather to contract then enlarge, will permit me.  
The first preparing of the earth to receive the Vine must be done in Spring or Summer, where the ground you dig or cast must be cleansed from all manner of superfluities whatsoever; n●mely, Roots, weeds, Stones, &c. this digging must be several times repeated, that the earth by alternate changing its place of top and bottom may be throughly tempered, the dry refreshed, and the moist qualified: Thus cleansed, cast in into many ●urrowes (the sides whereof the French call Chevaliers or Guides, because it should guide you in the planting) the depth of eighteen inch●s or more; let the mould cast up above, be so disposed, that ●t may answer to the depth below.  
Note that these furrows in a sandy, 〈◊〉, or wet ground must not be so hollow as in that which is rough and crabbed: In the bottom of the first you may put stones about the bignes●e of an ordinary brick (but round) not bigger, which in the heat of Summer refreshes, in violence of rain opens a passage to the water, that it dwell not at the root to rot it.  
The best season for planting of Vines is in October, the moon increasing, the furrows must be made in August, that the exposed earth may have time of digestive preparation.  
If your plant have Roots, you must when you plant it cut them of● all, except it be newly gathered, if it be a slip or cut, which though it be not so swift of growth the first year, yet is of much longer continuance, you must soak it in water, if it be possible in running water five or six days.  
He which plants the Vine, the ground thus prepared, and having a line with him, that he may observe a just evenness and straightness, both in the Row, and to the opposite Plant, that so every four may make a regular quadrangle, must bow his plant, the bigger end forward one foot into the earth of the Ditch, letting first some of the Mould from the sides fall into it; let him tread upon the Mould the better to fix the plant, and with his hand (the foot still pressing upon that part of the plant which is inearthed) gently raise or bow the top of the plant that it may grow erect: this done, let him cast some more Mould on it, to the thickness of six inches, and cut the top of the Plant, so as not to leave above three knots or joints above the earth: Let him proceed in planting of the rest, observing the prescribed order: some set two plants together in this order, that if one shou●d fail, the other might recompense the default.  
If you will have your Vine to grow without stakes or props, cut it so, that you let it no: increase above two or three joints in the year, which will make it to stand firm against all storms, i● but naturally violent.  
It will be extreme ill husbandry to plant Vines of different kinds or qualities together, such diversity there is in their season of ripeness; some preventing your expectation by the suddenness of their maturity, others deceiving it by their late ripeness. We have spoken of the planting, let us now handle the culture and dress of it, that his fertility may in some measure requi●e the labour of his impl●nting.   

The manner of dressing the Vine.  
MId May will be a season which will best inform you, whether your Plants have taken so good root, that it expresses a verdure and germination in his Branches; when therefore the shoot is able to endure dressing, let it be cut within two or three knots of the old Wood, and if any other slips spring from the Root, cut them away (with care however that it wound not the Root, or the main stock, which are wonderfully offended by the too near approach of any tool that is edged) that the whole strength of the Vine may unite into one common stock or pillar, to support and convey the sap into the permitted branches, of which you may not let any flourish the first year of its growth. It is observed, that to cut the Vine in the decrease of the moon, makes the fleshy part of the Grape of a more substantial grossness and feeding, and is a peculiar remedy for those Vines which are given to be over-rank with wood: Let it be the care of the Vigneron to remove all obstructions of weeds which uninvited participate of the Vines nourishment: the surest way to kill which, is, to turn them in towards the earth, which is not only a destruction to the thief of its moisture, but a r●stitution of the robbery● for the weeds so inverted enrich the ground to the great encouragement of the Vine, and the no less profit of the Vine dressers. Let your knife with which you cut your Vine be very sharp, and let your Vine be cut sloping at one cut, if possible, and not far from the old Wood, that the growth of the Vine may the more speedily cover the wound.  
The Vines must be dressed or husbanded ●hree times the year, the first culture of it must be in March, at which time you are to dig about the Root three quarters of a foot deep, or thereabouts: The next season must be in April, wherein you must dig about the root, within a third of the former depth, than you must also prune it by cutting all the branches, and leaving some three knobs or joints of the new wood in your Vine of the first years growth, and cutting off all dead or superfluous branch●s of the old, whose permitted branches must also be pruned, lest they should spend that aliment decreed for the Grape in elongation of the branches, all succours also must be plucked away. In August the like course is to be used in the Wine of the precedent autumn leaving two or three joints or knobs of new wood: again the old ones may be only digged, if at that time, and at all other times you perceive any dead or wounded branches, you must cut them off something further than the mortification or hurt extends; and in all prunings let no Vine be cut in the knob or joint, but in the space betwixt; there following usually nothing but absolute and irremediable decaying, where they are cut in the articula● knitting● If in April's dressing, the Vine h●ve no branched but only budded, which is most usual (but more especially in March) you must nip the bud off with your fingers, to the end that the juice which would ascend to hasten the germination, may be stopped to strengthen and engross the store.  
The third year the Vine will bear you Grapes in these Countries, but I am confident that in VIRGINIA it wou●d bear at the second; and this my confidence is grounded upon the hasty perfection all things receive in VIRGINIA● by much prec●ding all our neighbour Countries. The P●ac●tree arrives not to that viri●ity of growth in eight years, in th●s● r●gions, which it obtains at four there. The like is verified in Apples and Cherries: and if it be que●tioned how such men which peradventure b●ing in a necessity, are not able to attend two yea●es for a retu●ne, shall in the mean while subsist: it is easi●y answered● that the intervals betwixt the dressings of the Vines will ●fford space enough for a reasonable Crop of Tobacco; and ther● is much mo●e labour in looking to 5000. Plants of Tobacco than the like number of Vines, especially if the intersp●ces be pl●ughed, and ●ow●d with Turnips or lupins, which both add● to the fatness and unwilding of the ground, and choke up all weeds and grass which might afflict it. Contrariwise, Tobacco will admit nothing in the Vacant s●aces, and must be perpetually weeded. Further, though other Vine-Masters prescribe the digging about the roots of their Plant in August● which is the busy s●●son of inning the Tobacco, yet I am driven by divers reasons to wish such culture om●tted at that time of the year, since it lays the root by so much the nearer to a violently torrid Su● which is so far from cherishing of it, that it burns it; by whic● means his C●op of Tobacco need not at all to be neglected: but these Vines steal into such perfection by that time ●hey are arrived at fou●e years growth, that twenty thousand Plants of Tobacco, though sold at 6 pence per pound, (a great rate in VIRGINIA) will not return you a like profit, which though it m●y be something sp●ringly believed, yet may be made apparent. For admitting our Vines by th●t time of 4 foot high, by their so often cutting of the shoots, nourished u●to a stock strong enough to support itself; of B●anch●s, by the like tillage, equal in vigour, yield but a gallon of Wine per pi●ce, yet here is 20 Tun of Wine yearly, for 30 years together, (so long will the Vine thus husband●d, last fruitful, and vigorous, if Planted with the slip rather than the Root) without any interruption but that which sets bounds and limit to all things, the divine providence in his dispensation of seasons.   

Of the D●seases of Vines, and their Remedy.  
BEfore we can justify our expectations of a good Harvest, we must providently foresee and prevent (as much as in us lies) such casualties as may make our hope abortive; let us therefore cast our eye upon such Diseases which m●y make the Vine unfruitful, or after the fruit produced, destroy its desired fertility.  
To prevent the Frost from benumbing, or absolutely destroying your Vines, let there be laid up in divers places heaps of dry du●g, with an i●term●xture of ch●ff● and straw, and when you conjecture the appro●ch of the Fro●t, set this combustible stuff on fire, and the smoke arising from thence will so temper and qu●lifie the air that your Vine for that season will be secured from D●m●n●ge: yet if (before you have applied this preventive remedy) the fruit of your Vine be destroyed, cut it off very short, and the strength continuing in the rem●inder will so fortify it, that the next year it will recompense you double in the quantity of your fruit; for what it hath been robbed of by the present.  
To provide against the blasting of your Vine: When you perceive it upon the point of budding, cut it as late as may be; for this late cutting it will make your Vine something later● and by consequence, bloss●me or flower at such time as the sun is ascended to his greatest degree of heat and fervour.  
To break off such Mists and Fogs as are already gathered in the air, and give probable menaces to fall upon your Vines, you must apply yourself to this remedy: let a smoke round about your Vineyard be made with Go●ts du●g, kindled and set on fire. Such fogs as have outstripped your care and already fallen upon, and endamaged your V●nes, must have the malignity of their vapours taken off, or at least assuaged by irrigation of Vines, with the water in which the leaves or roots of wild Cucumbers, or Coloquintida have been laid some time to infuse: this must be applied immediately after the mists. Some are of an opinion that Bay-trees (which by the way are dangerously sociable to the Vine) planted round, but not too near the Vineyard, will privilege the Vine from this di●taster, by attracting all the ill disposed malice of those Fogs ●nto itself. This till experimented will hardly be worthy belief.  
It is an opinion no way contradicted, that fertility is restored to a Vine become barren, if human Urine kept a long while stale, to make it the more salt and rank, be dropped by degrees upon the Vine stock, which must immediately after be laid about with dung and earth mixed together: the season for the application of this Cure must be in autumn. Another way I should conceive to be altogether as effectual, namely, to leave it nothing but the stock, bare the roots, and lay there either acorns, chestnuts, or rotted straw; and if the bigness of the root will permit it, to cleave it a little way, and to thrust into the ●issure a piece of Vine wood, cut small for the purpose; it being certain that trees themselves sometimes groan under the sickness of being hidebound: Vines are perceived to want moisture, when their leaves turn of a deep red colour: this Disease is cured by watering them with Sea-water, or stale Urine.   

The Bleeding of the Vine.  
THE Vine sometimes is troubled with an extraordinary Efflux, or emanation of its juice; some call it the weeping, others the ble●ding of the Vine, and this Disease is commonly so violent, that if not stopped it leaves the Vine without blood and life. the remedy is to break the bark of the Vine upon the body thereof, and to anoint the wound with oil boiled to the half, or else with the Lees of Wine not salted; this done, let it be watered with Vinegar, which by how much the stronger it may be, is so much more effect●all.   

The scattering Vine.  
THE Vine sometimes is oppressed with an unretentive scattering dis●ase, as unable to maintain the fruit sh●e hath produced, which she therefore discharges, and let● fall from her; the symptoms by which you are to judge of this disease, are an unnatural palenes●e and dryness of the leaves, the branch itself l●nguid, broad, and of a more pithy softn●sse then usual. The cure to this, is to rub Ashes beaten and mixed with strong Vinegar abou● the foot of the Vine, and to water all tha● is round about the stock: Quaer●, whether fissures in the bark made with a sharp knife some fix inches long may not be an additional receipt to the former prescription. The tree peradventure having contracted this malady by too close imprisonment in the bark, being in a manner hide bound●; how ever the foregoing Medicine cannot in this case but sort to better effect, if the tree and bark jointly be rubbed over then the bark only, unless this Medicine could give a relaxation to the bark, which I have no faith in.   

The Vine too full of branches, or luxur●ant.  
THE V●ne expending itself too wastefully in overmany branches, must be cut very short. If this overcome not that luxury, the usual remedy is, let it be bared at the Roots, and River gravel laid round about the stock, together with a few Ashes or else some stones. The reason I apprehend not, except it be to check its fertility● which I conceive may more prosperously be effected, if only the branches being cut, and the stock low, you suffer that exubrancy to waste itself in adding more corpulency to the stock, which will of itself be a sufficient spender to restrain and confine the former liberality of juice.   

The withering Vine.  
IF the Grapes languish and dry away as they hang upon the Vine, before you apply a remedy you must cast away all that are already affected with this contagion; then water the rest with Vinegar, in which Ashes of Vine branches have been infused● The most assured remedy is to water the Root of the Vine, from whence the disease cometh with the stalest Urine; the former Remedy being something irregular, as if it were easily feasible to remove a malady by application to the effects, without considering the efficient.   

The rotting of Grapes upon the Vine.  
THere are of Vines whose fruit putrify upon the Branches before they come to maturity: this disease is remedied by laying old Ashes to their Root, or gravel, or Barley meal mixed with the seed of Purcellane about the body; Quaere, whether this disease proceed from a plethoric rankn●sse or em●ciate debility: if from rankness all application of ashes hurt it: the symptoms of rankness are, when a tree lavishes his moisture into too many branches, which may make him neglect to feed the fruit, as unable to maintain two spenders; and I am confident the natural remedy for this is to bare him (as much as possible) of wood, that it may divert the nourishment to the Grape; if from debility, which you shall perceive by a flaccid paleness in the leaves, the same remedy which we prescribed to the withering Vine, vi●. to water the Root with Urine of a long staleness, will be the most proper.   

The biting of the Cow or ox.  
Indeed the best way to prevent this disease, is to have your ground either well paled or quicksetted, or both: But that the biting or breathing of Kine may not endamage the Vine (which ●●rdly recovers after such wound or infection) water the f●●t stock of your Vine with such water as the Tanners have used in dressing and mollifying their raw Hides, and you may promise yourself to be secured from them, they as mortally hating such scents, as the Vine abhors their bite or breathing.   

Against Caterpillars.  
THe opinion is● that Caterpillars and other noisome, though little vermin, will not molest the bud or leaf of the Vine, if the hook or hedgebill wherewith you prune and cut off the superfluous branches of the Vine be anointed over with the blood of a Male Goat, or the fat of an ass, or of a bear; or with the oil wherein caterpillars or brayed garlic have been boiled, or if you anoint and rub them with the purse or sheath of a Badgers stones, after your hook has been ground: These are curious rather then apparently approved Medicines, and for their reason I must demur to give it, Quaere, whether the oil wherein caterpillars or brayed garlic have been boiled well, rubbed about the stock of the Tree, may not make those Reptilia ab●or the a●cending, or whether the ●uce of rue so applied, have not the like virtue.  
The driving Locu●ts from the Vine is done by fumigation, as either fi●ing of old ox dung, Galbanum, old shoe soles, Harts-●orne, womens' hair; but that which they propose las●, I conceive to be the best, namely, to plant peony near them.   

To prevent Pismires.  
PIsmires, who divers times fret in sunder the wood of the Vine, even to the very marrow, will not at all approach it, if you anoint and rub the flock with the dung of Kine, or grease of Asses.  
The Bay-tree, hazel-tree, and Col●worts bear a particular enmity to t●e Vine, and express it by effects when pl●nted near; this I cannot believe to be out of any magical Antipathy, but rather that these (as the Plum-tree) are great and strong succours of juice, and happily drawing of the same, by which the Vine is more particularly nourished, of which being cheated, it is no wonder if she express a decadency.   

The manner of the Vintage.  
AND now we are come to that which is most acceptable to mankind, the successful fruit of his labours reaped in his Vintage, which we must not of a natural greediness precipitate, till the Grapes be of such a kindly ripeness● of age, that to let them continue on the Vine longer were to lose them; this ripeness is visibly understood by a mutation in the Branch and Grape; in the Branch you shall perceive a manifest mutation by an incline to redness in the Grape; if it be white it altars towards a yellow, if red towards a black colour; nor are the ta●te and touch les●e discerners of such full maturity; for if they be sweet in taste, and the liquour of a glutinous substance, cleaving to the finger; we may conclude that both they, and the time to gather them are of full ripeness. There are also other signs, if the kernel expressed out of the grape between your fingers, come out clean, and altogether separate from the flesh or pulp of the Vine, if after such expression (gently performed) the Grape diminish nothing from his bigness, &c. These all, or the most of them concurring, prepare for your Harvest.  
Yet in VIRGINIA, where the Harvest is more abundant than the Labourers, to prevent a glut of work flowing upon few hands, and consequently not possible to be throughly equalled: It will no● be amiss to use both anticipation by accelerating nature with artificial means in some, and retardation by arresting the speed of growth in others, to accelerate Ashes laid to the foot of Vines, and those Vines planted to something more advantage of an am●rous sun, will make them antecede the others, at the least by their advance of foureteen● d●yes; the other in their natural course following that spice after, and the others more particularly retarded (which may be easily effected by the pruning of them later than the rest just upon their prep●rative to b●d; which arresting the sap m●kes it afterwards (though later) return with a greater abundance) staying fourteen days later, there will be● completely six weeks' time 〈…〉 gathering in of your Vintage. And by this means you 〈…〉 Vineyard tilled or manured every third year all over, which 〈…〉 no ingrateful accession to its duration in fertility and 〈◊〉: Those of the most forward ripeness this year, being retarded the next, and those of the natural maturation husbanded in that manner, the next Winter.  
The fittest season to gather them must be in a serene unclouded sky (the Grapes having any rain or Dew upon them when gathered, losing much of their perfect strength and goodn●sse;) for the Wine made of Grapes throughly dried in their collection, hath a greater privilege of force and continuance: But before this collection be attempted, all things fitting to receive y●u● Vintage must be prepared in cleanliness and order, viz. Baskets, cask, and fats strongly hooped, Tubs great and small, Stands, Pre●●es, &c. and all scoured, washed, and furnished with their necessary instruments and conveniencies.  
The Grape gatherer must distinguish and separate the lean, green, sour, withered, or rotten Grapes, from those which are of absolute ripeness and soundness. That the Wine by such an uncomely confusion or mixture may not be less pure, sprightly, and healthful, than it was intended by nature, such inconfiderate Gatherers are said to be of the devils sending, to spoil God's provisions. Nor should they con●usedly mix good with good, if of different quality, as to mingle that which is strong and rich, with which is small, but delicate. They prescribe that the Grapes so gathered should be left in the ground at least a day or two, and that ●ncovered, provided it rain not, by which means, say they, they will become much better, since the sun, dew, and earth, by this exposure taking from them what ever they have of bad unprofitable moisture, refine and purify them. A cou●se as far as my span of reason can extend, so far from this promise of refining and purifying, that it absolutely tends to their corruption. Have they wanted the sun and Dew when upon the stalk? Could not the same sun and Dew which enripened them, refine and purify them there? As for the earth's meliorating them, if melioration be understood by putr●faction, 'tis easily granted; Apples that lie on the ground are so meliorated, that is to say rotted, and shall the Grape a more delicate and tender fruit avoid it? This is by way of digression, but it is necessary● for without this caution a modest man which re●des with an obedient judgement any booke● of these men, taking the author for an {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, subscribes to it, observes the prescription, and gains a doctrine of future providence, by the loss of his present Vintage.  
But after the Grapes have rema●ned a day or two in the house, it will be time to put them into the F●tt to be trodden out equally. Those which tread the Grapes should before they go into the fat have their feet and legs washed extremely, and themselves covered with a shirt as well ●s drawers, that their sweat may not mix with the Wine, and that nothing in the act of eating fall from their mouths into it, they must be punctual in abstaining from eating of the Grapes, while they are at this their labour.  
Surely this way of treading the Grape is derived from some abstenious man, who devised this stratagem under a pretence of expediting the work; but indeed to deter men from drinking that which is so uncomely prepared. I know they will allege that by tre●ding it flows more naturally, and withal more pure forth, then that which is pressed; but withal give me leave, say that the very press itself if it be not too violently and greedily laboured, makes it glide forth altogether as naturally and purely, and which is more with greater equality; for in the press, all the Grapes feel the impultion at once, and if the Owner be not too covetous to bring the dross and gros●e parts of the Grape to a second squeezing● and mixing with the fi●st● without dispute the Wine so expressed is altogether as good and strong as that which is trodden, but I am certain much mor● clea●ly.  
The Wine (however● being expressed must be poured, dross, husks, and all, into a Fat to work or boil in, which it must do for the space of four and twenty hours at the least, if you will h●ve it fine, delicate, and subtle; but if you desire to have it strong and noble, let it work in the Fat four or five days, with a Covering over it, that so the vapour thereof may not exhale, or his force waste itself.  
The Fat, or Tub prepared, must have immediately before his reception of the Wine, a little bunch of Vine branches laid before the Tap-hole, which (that it may not heave up with the Wine) must be kept down with a clean stone or Brick, or which is better and l●s●e off●nsive, a ring of Lead wound about it: this when you draw the Wine will hinder the husks or Grapes from coming out with the liquour. Your Fat must not be full by half a foot or more, that the Wine may have the more space to boil or work in.  
Your Wine in vesseled must not be filled up to the Bung, nor the Bung closed, that the Wine may have the greater liberty of despumation, and rejecting whatever it finds reluctant to its own nature.  
Every day you must fill up what is expurged, and something more, till you ●inde the Wine throughly appea●ed, and discharged of whatever might be obstructive to its generosity: nor must this cask be in the Cellar, but either in the open air, or in some B●rne where it has a liberal respiration; besides the defects in cask cannot be so easily discovered when the Wine is in the Cell●r, ●s in open places. When it is so throughly settled, that it hath given over all appetite or sign of boiling, you may have it committed to your Cellar, which should stand upon the North here, (in VIRGINIA upon the northwest as the coolest and driest Angle) paved wit● gravel or dry earth, which is less subject to moisture or ex●dations than Brick, or especially stone, absolutely remote and unmo●ested by any ill odours of Stables, Sinkes, baths, Marshy places, &c. neither should it have any thing shut up or kept in it, which have any sent of acrimony or harshness, as Cheese, garlic, Onions, oils, (Trane, Neatsfoot, Linseed, and others, not the salad-oil) it being observed, that nothing is more open or obnoxious to contagion then Wine, especially when new.  
Your vessels must be so ranked in order that they touch not one another, by this means to leave a liberty of sight to foresee a misfortune, or prevent it when happened. They must be so close stopped in the Bung with Clay, that not the least irreption of air may be capable to taint it, to which it is very subject.  
To cause new wine to be quickly purged, put (after this proportion in the rest:) to 15 quarts of new Wine, half a pint of strong Vinegar, and within the space of three days it will be fined.  
To preserve Must or new Wine all the year, take that Vine which voluntary distilleth from the Grape; before is suffer the press, and put it into a vessel pitched within and without the same day: let the vessel be half full, and very well stopped with plaster above; and thus the new Wine will continue a long while in his sweetness. But to add to this experiment and the continuance of the Wine, you must hinder it from working, which you may well do, if you put the vessel into some Well or River, there to remain thirty days; for not having boiled it will continue always sweet, and is preserved by the heat of the Pitch. Others prefer the burying of this vessel in moist gravel: and (which in my opinion is the best) others cover the vessel first with the dross of the Wine press, then heap upon it moist gravel; by which means, something interposing betwixt the extraordinary moisture and cold of the gravel, which might have some influx upon the Wine, your Must preserved in an excellent mean of temper.   

To know if there be any water in the Wine.  
THE Malice of servants sometimes swallowing down their Master's Wine, and fearing to be discovered if the quantity be diminished, or the baseness of the Dealer to impose upon the Merchant, makes both of them adulterate it with water, which not being discernible to the eye, may be made familiar to your knowledge by this experiment: Take a withered Rush, immerge it in the Wine; after a small space draw it out again: if the Wine have been thus bastarded, you shall perceive the water cleaving to it. Otherwise, take raw and wild pears, cutting, and cleansing them in the midst, or in lieu of them, Mulberries, cast them into the Wine, if they float, the Wine is neat and clear from such sophistication; if they subside there is water in it. Some do anoint a Reed, a piece of wood, or paper, hay, or some other little bundle of herbs, or straws with oil, which if they dry, put into the Wine● and after draw them out, if the Wine have been embased with water, drops thereof will gather unto the Oyl●. Another sure trial is to cast un●laked Lime into the Wine; if there be any adulteration, the Lime dissolves, if the Wine be undevirginated, the Lime collects thereby a harder cementation. Others take of the Wine, and inject it into a Frying-pan wherein there is boiling oil, and the Wine (if depured) declares it with a loud noise, and frequent Bubbles. To make another trial, lay an egg into the Wine, the egg descending, manifests the abuse, not descending, the Wine is as the Grape bled it.   

To separate Wine from Water.  
BUT as the miserable man in the pit desir●d his friend not to question how he fell in, but to advise how he should get out: We will not be satisfied that there is water in the Wine, but how it may be sepe●ated from it; which if we may believe the deliverers of it, who have published it to the World in their names, you must put into the vessel of Wine melted alum, then stop the mouth of the vessel with a sponge drenched in oil, which done, turn the mouth of the vessel so stopped, downwards, and the water only will come forth, leaving the Wine pure: the reason of this I cannot give, and have only read (not seen) the expeririment.   

The way to correct ●ver much waterishness in Wine.  
IF gluts of rain have made the year so unseasonable, that the Grape hath contracted a watery quality to the diminution of his Winy goodness: or if it fall ou● that after the time of gathering them, there fall such store of rain, that the Grapes instead of dews are too much wetted; (such is the profit of exposing the gathered clusters into the open air for 48 hours) the remedy is to tread them quickly, and finding the Wine weak, by tasting it after it hath been put into the vessel, and begun to boil there, it must presently be changed, and drawn out into another vessel, for so the watr● parts that are in it will stay behind in the bottom, yet the Wine standing still charged, will be totally corrected, if you put to every fifteen quarts of Wine, a pint and a half of Salt.   

To make Wine of an acceptable odour.  
IF you will perfume your Wine with a grateful odour, by which the brain may be strengthened, as well as the heart exalted: take a few Myrtle-berries dry, bray them, and put them into a little barrel of Wine; let it so rest, close stopped, ten days afterwards use it at pleasure. The like effect will follow, if you take the blossoms of the Grapes (those especially which grow upon the shrubby Vines) when the Vine is in flower, and cast them into the Wine, the brims of the wine-vessel being rubbed over with the leaves of the Pine and cypress tree, and this will give it a fragrancy delightfully odorate: Or which is of equal facility, you may hang an Orange, or Pomecitron, (being of a convenient greatness) and prick it full of Cloaves, and that in such sort as it may not touch the Wine, shut up in all these Applications, the vessel very close. If this like you not, take the simples of such matter as you would have your Wine to smell of, infuse them in Aqua vitae, the infusion may be repeated by percolation of the old herbs, and addition of new, till it have gotten a full and absolute perfection of th●se odours you desire, then pour the Aqua vitae (the herbs ●trained from it) into the vessel of Wine.   

To make Cute.  
YOU may make the boiled Wine called Cute, if you boil new Wine that is good, lovely, and very sweet until the third part thereof be consumed; when it is grown cold put it into a vessel and use it. But to make this Cute, that it may continue all the year, gather your Grapes whole, and let them lie spread three days in the sun, on the fourth about noon tread them. The liquor or sweet Wine which shall run out into the fat before the dro●●ey substance come under the press, must be boiled one third as before; then to every nineteen quarts of Wine add an ounce of Irees or corn flag well brayed, strain this Wine without the Lees, which being done, it will continue sweet, firm, and wholesome.   

To cause troubled Wines to settle.  
TO cause troubled Wines, and such as are full of Lees to settle, pour into thirty quarts of Wine, half a pint of the Lees of oil boiled, till the third part be wasted, and the Wines will immedi●tely return to their former settlement. Otherwise, which is better and more easy, cast into the wine-vessel the whites of six or seven eggs, and stir them together very well with a stick.   

To know whether the Wine will keep long.  
THE knowledge whether the Wine will continue long or not in a good condition, is thus made apparent: When your Wine is tunned up, you must within some time after change it into another vessel, leaving the Lees behind in the first; which you must diligently stop from taking any vent whatsoever; after some time you may look into the Lees with careful animad version, whether they change or contract any ill sent or not, or whether they breed any Gnats, or other such Creatures; if you espy none of these mutations or corrupt generation, repose yourself with all confidence that your Wine will continue pure to the longest: But t●●se symptoms discovered, will be so many admonitions to dispose of that Wine with the soonest, which is already by nature inclined to ●urne bad and corrupt; others take a pipe of Elder, or such other wood as may be hollowed through, with which they receive the sent of the Lees, and by them inform themselves how the Wine is conditioned.  
A good palate will divine of Wines by the taste, namely that if the new Wine be sharp and quick, they repose confidence in its goodness and continuance; but if flat and heavy, than they expect nothing but the contrary to good qualities: again, if the new Wine (when put into the vessels) be fat and gl●wy, the sign is prosperous; but if contrariwise, it be thin and weak, it is ●n argument that it will easily be turned,   

To keep Wine at all times.  
TO effect this, you may cast Roch-Allum (very finely powdered) into the, vessel which you mean to put your new Wine in, or bay Salt very finely powdered: or pebble stones, and little flints taken out of some brook, or which will retain the spirits of the Wine from evaporating; more certainly Salade oil, so much as will cover the superficies of the Wine.   

To make that Wine sh●l not flower.  
Wine will have no Flower, if you put into it the Flowers of the Vine, gathered, and dried, or the meal of Fetches, changing the Wine into another Vess●ll, when the meal or Flowers are settled down to the bottom.   

To prepare physical Wines.  
NEither is this digression impertinent; physicians are not so frequent in VIRGINIA, as in PADUA, or LONDON, and were there more, yet the vast space of ground, those people take up in their scattered dwellings, makes the addresses to them very difficult: that therefore they may (in absence of the physician) have some common remedies for common diseases; I have thought fit to give them this account of medicinal Wines out of LIE●AULT, all of them of excellent Virtues, and easy preparations: the first shall be   

To make Wines of wormwood.  
TO which effect, take of sea-wormwood, or in default of that, common wormwood, especially that which hath the small stalk, and short leaves, eight drams; stamp them, and bind them in a cloth which is not woven too thick, cast it into the vessel, pouring new Wine upon it, making this account, that to every three pints of Wine there must be eight drams of wormwood; continue this proportion in the filling of your vessel, which you must leave with the vent open, that the Wine fall not a new to boiling. The use of this Wine is good for the pain of the stomach and liver, and to kill worms.   

To make Wine of Horehound.  
THis Wine being very sovereign for the Cough, must be made in the time of Vintage, to which purpose you must gather of the Crops and tender stalks of Horehound, of that ●specially which grows in lean untilled places; afterwards cause them to be dried in the sun, make them up into bundles, tying them with a Ru●h, sink them in the vessel to 65 quarts of new Wine; you must put eight pound of Horehound to boil therewith, after the Wine is settled the Horehound must be taken out, and the Wine stopped very diligently.  
The Wine of Anise and Dill very good against the difficulty of the Urine: The Wine of pears against the flux of the belly; the Wine of bays against the ache and wringings of the belly; the Wine of Asarum Bace●●r against the J●undise, Dropsies, and Tertian Agues; the Wine of Sage against p●ines and weakness of the sinews, are all made as the Wine of wormwood.   

To make Wine of Betony.  
TAke Betony, the Leaves and seeds about one pound, put it into twenty quarts of Wine, and at the expi●atio● of the seven month, change the Wine into new vessels. This most excellent Wine assuageth the pain of the reins, breaketh the stone, and healeth the jaundice.   

To make the Wine of hyssop.  
TAke the leaves of hyssop well stamped, tie them fast in a very fine cloth, and cast about one pound of them into twenty quarts of new Wine; this Wine is peculiarly excellent against the diseases of the lungs, an old Cough, and shortness of breath.  
Wine of pomegranates, made of pomegranates that are scarce ripe, being throughly bruised, and put into a vessel of thick red Wine, serveth of singular use against the flux of the belly: to which end also serve the Wines made of Services, Mulberries, and Quinces.  
The Ancients had a very high opinion of Treacle Wine, from consideration of its extraordinary virtue in assuaging and healing the bitings of Serpents, and other venomous Beasts. Nor had the Vine solely this virtue in its Grape, but in the leaves also stamped and applied unto the grieved part. This Vine is thus prepared: cleave three or four fingers breadth of the Plant you intend to set, take out the pith, and replenish the vacant part with Treacle, afterwards set the cloven part covered and wrapped in paper. Thus Vines may be made soporiferous, if you prepare them in the same manner with Opium, as before with Treacle, laxative by preparing it with some soluble purge. By this means you may have Wine to taste like the Greek Portuguese Frontignac, or any other noble for its excellency; if the Lees purified and preserved be inserted into the pith of the branch, aromatic, if to these Lees you add compounds of cinnamon Cassia, Cloves, o● what ever shall be most agreeable to the nostril and palate.   

To remedy Wines inclining to corrupt; and first of Wine beginning to sour:  
IF you perceive Wine beginning to wax sour, put into the bottom of your vessel a pot of water well stopped, close the vessel, yet so as at a vent hole to receive and transmit a little air: the third day draw out the pot, and you shall s●e a noble experiment of attraction, for the water will be stinking● and the Wine sound & neat.   

At what time, and by what accidents Wine is most apt to corrupt, with its remedy.  
THE season when Wines are subject to turn or be troubled, is about the Summer sol●tice, viz. the 11. of June, at the same time that the Vine emits her blossom; nor then alone, but sometimes about the Dog-dayes● by reason of the variety of heats: generally the Wine is in some sort of commotion, when a constant S●uth wind disturbs the air, whether it be in Winter or Summer, in great and continued reins also, and winds in Earthquakes or mighty Thunders. To keep them f●om turning is by the injection of pan salt, when they boil or work, or else o● the seed of smallage, Barley-bran, the leaves of Bay-trees, or of Fennell seed brayed with the Ashes of the Vine brayed. The like effect have Almonds cast into the wine● or the Ashes of the Oake● the meal of the ●hite Fetch both defends the wine from turning, and keepeth it in his soundness. Alum broken in pieces the same, the worst application is of Brimstone, Lime, plaster, &c. To r●cover the wine when turned, must be effected either by changing the vessel, by beaten pepper; or take whites of eggs, beat them very well, and take the froth from thence arising of them, pour them into the vessel, which you must immediately roll after its infusion: Or else take twelve kernels of old Walnuts (the Virginian Walnut I conceive exceeding proper) roast them under the Ashes, and while they ●re yet hot, draw a thread through them, hang them in t●● wine, where they must be till the wine (which will not fail) recover its former colour.  
If the wine become troubled, either the Kernels of Pine Apples, or Peaches, or the whites of eggs, and a little salt will not fail to clear and refine it: Others take half a pound of alum, as much Sugar, make a very small powder thereof, and cast it into the vessel.   

To help Wine that begins to wast and die.  
IF you by manifest symptoms apprehend your wine suddenly inclining to degenerate and corrupt, this course is prescribed: If it be Clarre●, take the Yelke of an egg, if white, the white add to it three ounces of clear bright stones taken out of a running River, make them into a small powder, together with two ounces of Salt, mingle all together, and (the wine shifted into another vessel neat and clean, not tainted with any smell beforehand) cast in this Compound; mingle it with the wine five or six times the day, until three or four days be past. This remedy is not prescribed when wine is absolutely spoy●ed, for than it would be applied to no purpose; but that the careful Master should by his observation of it to such a disposition, prevent it by this experiment.   

To restore Wine grown musty, unto his former purity.  
CAst into the vessel Cowes milk salted● Some (but to the infinite unhealthfulness of him that drinks it) attempt this restauration with alum, Lime, and Brimstone, a more undangerous way is to infuse in it Juniper-berries, and Irees Roots: Yet if the wine should continue this ill scenting qu●lity, by having taken wind: Let it be rolled too and again to awaken the spirits thereof, that they may the better disperse the strength of its infu●ion: afterwards set it again upon his cantling, replenish the Vessel and shut it close to prevent wind for the future.  
To preserve Wines from souring, may be performed by your disposing of your vessel in a place that is very cool and dry (the Vessels being very well filled and well stopped) to prevent as well the emission of the spirits, by which the Wine continues vigorous, as the admission of air. But in regard all men are not the masters of such opportune conveniencies, being fo●ced sometimes to make uses of places obnoxious to heat, and drawing one vessel a long time, cannot hinder the secret invasions of air; yet if you perceive in time that your Vine begins to harbour an acid or sour quality, you shall preserve it from falling into a full degree of sourness; if you take a good piece of L●rd, wrap it well in a linen cloth, tie it to a small cord, and let it down by the Bunghole into the middle of the Wine, still letting it lower as the Wine decreaseth. Some advice, and not without a great appearance of reason, to put into the vessel, oil Olive, or Salade, in such quantity, that it may only cover the sup●rficies of the Wine: Which oil when the Wine is drawn off from the Lees, may be separated from them, and preserved.  
To take away the waterishness and crude moisture of the wine, put into the vessel the leaves of the Pomgranate-tree, though in my opinion such Wine being easily known in the fat, when first trodden, should be corrected by boiling, as afore.  
The remedy against venomous Beasts falling into the Wine, as Adders● Rats, &c. is, so soon as the dead body is found, to burn it and cast the Ashes into the same vessel, s●irring it about with a wooden stick: Others give advice to put hot bread into the Vessel which will attract all the venomous qualities to itself, and clear the Wine.   

Of the Olive.  
THE Vine and Olive being such delightful associates as to express a mutual emulation for the Glory of fertility when planted together. This Treatise shall not divide them, they are both exhilaratives, the Vine rejoices the heart, the Olive glads the countenance; and that VIRGINIA may express the delight she affords to mankind by being reinforced with this second Sister of laughter, the Olive; this discourse particularly designed to her improvement, shows its planting and culture when planted.  
The Olive tree, though it delight in a rich fat ground; yet if he have a warm air, and a South, or southeast wind to refresh him, will in all places testify a bounteous gratitude for its situation in an almost unlaboured for fertility: Yet to prepare a place for this rich plant to prosper on, his prosperity being no small part of your own, you must dig the pits where you intend to plant them, a year before such implanting; in this pit burn some straw, or which is better castings of Vine or Brambles (but no part of oak, there being such a particular enmity betwixt this tree, and the oak, that the Olive not only refuses its neighbourhood, but dies if planted in the place where the oak has been rooted up) or you may leave it to the sun and rain, which will without such adustion exhale and purify all infectious vapours: The place being provided to plant upon, we must next select our Plant.  
Select your Plants from the Shoots or Branches of those Olive trees which are young, fair, and fertile: Let them be in thickness the circumference of an ordinary wr●st, in length eighteen inches; plant it the bigger end downwards into the earth, prepared as before, and ram the Mould, mingled with Dung and Ashes close about it: Let it be digged every year in autumn. The time to plant it is in April or May, it must not be transplanted for the first five years, nor the Boughs cut or pruned till it have attained eight. Graft it not but upon itself, so will it bear fruit better in the species and number; in its transplantation you must take up as much of the soil with its roots, as you can possible, and when you reset it, give it the like scitu●tion for Coast and Quarter that it had before.  
Olives are intended for two uses when gathered; either to be● served up at the table in collation, or to make oil of the largest sort of Olive, is most proper for the table, the lesser more particularly convenient for oil: They must be gathered with the least offence to the tree that may be, the bruising of the branches with Poles as some use it in striking down the fruit, makes the tree barren: The best way therefore is to ascend the tree by a Ladder, in fair weather (not so much for conveniency of the Gatherer; as for the profit coming from the Olive, which is not to be taken from the tree, but when it is exceeding dry) and pulling them with your hand put them into a Wicker Basket, which you shall have carried up with you to that purpose. Those Olives you inten● to preserve or pickle, must not have that full ripeness which is requisite for those you purpose to make oil of. The Olive● whic● you keep for Banquets must be full of flesh, firm, fast, large, and oval; if you will pickle them, put them into an earthen pot, and cover them with salt brine or verjuice, or else with Honey, Vinegar, oil and Salt smally beaten. If you intend to keep them long, by changing your salt brine constantly every two or three months, you may effect it.  
For the Olives whereof you are to express your oil, you must gather no more at one time then what may be made into oil that day, and the day following: before you bring them to the press let them be spread upon hurdles, well picked, and culled; let the hurdles not be too thick set with twigs, that the Lees and watery humour of the Olive (which if ●xpressed with oil would make it extreme full of feculency, and corrupts it both in the nostril and Palate) may expend, waste itself, and drop through; some therefore that this malignant humour may have a full defluxion before they bring the fruit to the press, make a high and well-raised floor, with provision of partitions to keep every days gathering separate; (which is, if your abundance be such that your press is not able to discharge you of them daily) the bottom of these partitions must be paved with a decline descent, that the moistness of the Olives may flow away, and be received into gutters or little channels there provided for their transfluxe.  
The Olives being thus prepared for the press, and the press readily provided of all things necessary, viz. of Fats, V●ssels to receive your several oils, scoops to draw, and empty out the oil, Covers great and small, sponges, pots to carry out the oil, tied about by bands or Cords of Hemp, or broom-bark; the millstones, Oyle-mills, Pressers, and all other instruments serving thereunto being very well cleansed, and the air having been before as well heated by a plentiful fire; (if it be not warm enough by its natural situation) for the assistance of heat makes all oily liquours resolve and run more gently and freely, whereas cold astringes, and detains it. This press-house therefore should be so seated, that it may enjoy a full admission and benefit of the South sun, that we may stand in need of very little fire, if any at all, such heat being no more assistant to the expression, then accessary to the corruption of the oil.  
Carry your Olives thus cleansed to the press, under which put them whole in new willow baskets (the willow adding a beauteous and innocent colour to the oil;) the Willow also something staving off the rude strokes of the press, that the Olives may be bruised with as little violence, and as much leisure as possible: Nor would it be inconvenient if their skin and flesh were a little broken at the first with a millstone, so set, that it should not break the Kernels, which would utterly spoil the Olive, taking them from the Mill thus prepared: let them be stronglier bruised in the press, and put four pound of Salt to every bushel of Olives. The oil which comes first is by much the best, and the●efore called Virgin oil: the second which comes with more violent expression is fitter for Liniments then the Table: but the last, which is extorted from the dross, and stones, is of no use but for lamps; or such sordid employment.  
The Tuns and Vessels wherein the oil is to be put, must be well dressed with pitch and gum, made very clean with warm Lees, and carefully dried with a sponge, into which you may pour your oil within thirty days after the expression of it, so much time being necessarily allowed for the settling the Lees, which by that will have grounded upon the bottom. The Cellars where the Vess●ls of oil are to be conse●ved, must be in a place of constant dryness and coldness, heat and moisture being corrupters of the oil; provide ther●fore a Cellar on the North coast of your house: and for the better and more neat preservation of your liquour, pour it ●ather into glass Vessels or earthen pots, which (if they be made capacio●s) are far more convenient than the pitched retainers we formerly spoke of.   

Accidents befalling Oyle● with their Remedies: and first to rec●ver frozen oil.  
IF (in the time of Winter) oil doth freeze together with his Lees, you must put into it twice boiled salt, which dissolves and clears your oil from all further apprehension of danger; nor need you entertain a jealousy that it will be salt, since unctuous matters (and especially oil) have seldom any relish of it.   

To keep oil from becommimg rank.  
When the oil begins to change from his first purity of taste to a disposed rankness; the r●medy is to melt an equal proportion of wax and oil together, to which you are to mingle salt fried in oil before; this you must pour into the Vessel, which composition above the prevention of it, when beginning to grow rank, effects an entire restitution to its simple pureness, when already affected. Anniseeds cast into the vessel by a particular attraction, perform the same operation.   

To purify troubled oil.  
SOme are of advice, that the applying it to the fire or Sun recleares it. Others, if the vessel be strong, ca●t into it boiling water: how these remedies agree with their former assertions, (wherein they declare heat so unnatural to oil) is beyond my reconciling: I for my part, should rather make an experiment of vinegar, which being cast into the oil by degrees, hath such a penetrating and inquirent faculty over all the parts, that it would without doubt recompose it.   

To recover oil corrupted in the Sent.  
TO perform this, take green Olives, pound them, free them from their stones, and cast them into the oil: or else cast the crumbs of Barley bread mixed with corn salt: otherwise, infuse in your oil the flowers of Melilot: or else hang in the vessel a handful of the herb Coriander, and if you find the putrifying quality yet unexpelled, cast in divers times of the same herb, and which is better, change his vessel; this ill odour others drive away thus: They take Grapes, pick out their kernels, stamp them, and with Salt make them into a lump or lumps, which you must cast into the vessel, and after ten days fail not to change it: Which must necessarily be done after the application of any remedy to oil grown rank and putrified, the vessel still impairing what the remedy recovers.  
We have done with the oil Olive, after the manner of whose expression may be extorted any unctuous matter of fruits, plants, or seeds● namely, Wal●uts, filberts, Almonds (both sweet and bitter) Nutmegs, the kernels of Peaches, Pine-Apples, Abricots, Cherries, Plums, Pistach●s, the seed of Line, Rape, Cole, Mustard, hemp, Poppy, Henbane, the seeds or Pipins of Apples, Pears, Cucumbers, Gourds, Melons, and other such like: But that we may give the Reader a more clear dilucidation of the manner of preparation, we shall briefly discover the method used in the expression of oil from Almond and Nutmegs, which will easily make him apprehend all the rest; the particu●ar reason which persuades me to introduce the example of Almonds, is b●caus● I have purposed b●fo●e I finish this concluding Treatise, to discou●se particularly of the pla●●●ng the Almond. Whose oil i●●o be taken inwa●ds, is to be thus expressed.  
Pill the Almonds after they have steeped some time in warm water, pound them in a Mortar of Stone or Marble with a wooden pestle, make them up in little lumps or Loaves, which you may kne●d with your hands against the vapour of warm water, or put them in a glass ves●ell of a large content● for some four or five hours: (let the seat and glass be so contrived, that it may rather be above the water to receive the vapour on its sides and bottom, then in it) the Almond being thus mollified by the disposition of the moisture, must be put into a hair cloth or hempen bag, and laid in a press, whose bottom must be well heated, hollow, and bending downwards to give the better delabency for the oil thus expressed, you may bake the drossy part of the Almonds under the Ashes, which in time of necessity will serve for bread, of plenty for a dainty and fattening food to your Poultry. This oil is of sovereign, excellency to mitigate and remove the throws and gripes of women newly delivered, and to assuage the pains of the Colli●k or reins, taking it in two ounces of white Wine, or one of Aqua vit●; the Line, Cole, Rape● walnut, and other need not these curiou● preparations, and their Cakes are of unmatchable nourishment to fatten Kine and other Cattle.   

Oil of Nutmegs.  
Oil of Nutmeg (which in the South part of VIRGINIA not subject to any inconveniences of cold would undoubtedly flourish) is thus made: bray them with a wooden stamper, afterwards press them out, the planks being very well heated; to extract it more rich, divide them into little heaps, and steep them three da●es in very good Wine, after dry them in the shadow of the sun two whole days, than heat them reasonably in a frying pan upon the fire, sprinkling them with Rose-wa●er, and presently press them. This I judge conveniently sufficient for oils: Let us descend to the planting of the Almond-tree, which as it hath a peculiar excellency, so without dispute returns as ample profit.   

Of the Almond tree.  
THough the Almond tree delight particularly in gravelly places, of which VIRGINIA is too rich to afford a conveniency; yet there is no dispute, but if the Mould wherein you plant them be mingled with yster-shells, or ●●ch like, of which there is to be found inexhaustible Quantities, they will have a greater virtue than gravel to the quickening and ingerminating of this tree; having the perplexed hardne●●e of gravel and unctuousness of marvel united. The soil thus prescribed; let the seat of your Almond be in a hot place fully exposed to the South or South-West, and it will not only flourish to your expectation, but its fruit will be excellently qualified, and in vast abundance: it groweth very well of the stone, which because it cannot be procured new should be kept close in a vessel of earth; to be transported, set i● as you would your Peach; it thrives very well too of the branch o● scien, which must be cut from the top of the tree, and planted as the Olive, the earth rammed very hard about it, and prepared as before, both the stone and the scien should be steeped for the space of twelve or four and twenty hours in homed w●ter; the best season to set or plant it in VIRGINIA, is in October and November. This tree will be of admirable use there, in regard that both that and the Olive will hinder no undergrowing corn; let neither this tree nor your Olive grow above ten foot in the stock, and in this as in Olives, if you see any branch aspiring higher than his neighbours, repress such ambition by cutting him off, o●herwise he will divert all the sap of the tree into his own body● an● leave his fellows in a starving and perishing condition; amongst which if you maintain equality, they will altogether consent in gratitude to return you a plentiful Harvest.  
The barren Almond tree will become fruitful if you lay o●en his Roots in Winter, or else if you pierce some part of the stock close to the earth, and put through the hole a wedge of oak, watering it about with stale Urine.  
The bitter Almond will be capable of bul●oration, if you lay round about his bared Root swine dung tempered with Urine, casting afterwards much mould upon it, this must be practised yearly, till he be perfectly reclaimed, you will find the same effect if you bore a hole in the stock of the tree, and put therein a wedge wrapped about with cloth dipped in honey. Beasts by brousing and cropping of the first and tender branches, change the nature of sweet Almonds into bitter Almonds, are gathered when their husks through the heat of the sun begin to divide; (I should therefore advise that those made choice of to set, may be taken before such exact ripeness, that the heat of the sun may not exhale their generating vigour) if when you have beaten them down you shell them altogether, and wash them in brine, they will become white, and be preserved a long time; cautionarily that you dry them in the sun; their repository or granaries must have good open admissories for an unmoist air, and lie upon that Coast that is most open to the North-West, being the driest wind in that Country.  
The medicinal excellency of Almonds, is, that they are good for those which are troubled with a clammy phlegm in their throat, with weak lungs, and such as are subject to the gravel in the reins or difficulty of Urine, they are great restorers to nature, and fortify the parts tending to generation; nor is it only beneficial in its fruit, for the gum also of the Almond tree arrests the spitting of blood.   

Of the Fig tree.  
THE Fig tree groweth with an unusual celerity, as beginning to bear the second year from his planting, and is of that nature, that during a month or five weeks when Grapes are ripe and good to eat, the fig also is at that season daily mature, and fit for the palate, it may be planted as the Vine, and effects the same soil; such as have roots grow sooner, but without doubt the branches continue longer; the order you observe in planting the Vine adhere too in this, and it will prosper. The fittest season to plant it is in October, and the succeeding month to the 15. or twentieth: You shall cause them in planting the better to take root, if you loosen the barque, or which is better bruise it gently at the nether end of the stem about half a foot. To cause them to be fertile, and bring forth fruits remarkable for fullness and verdure, put to his root rich Mould beaten and tempered with the settlings of oil Olive, and man's dung, or which I like better than this stercoration if it have already a benine soil, crop the tops and ends of the branches when they first spring.  
To reclaim a wild figtree, water him at the roots with Wine and oil mixed together.  
If you make a composition of an equal quantity of salt brine and water bestow this irrigation in a small trench round about the body of the tree, your figs are prevented from unripe fallings.  
To have ea●ly Figs, water the tree with oil and pigeons dung, if your ambition be not only to have the earliest, but the latest, take away the fi●st Buds, when they are about the bigne●se of a bean.  
To keep or preserve them, lay them in a pot of Honey full and well stopped, but so that they neither touch the sides of the pot, nor one another. Or take an ●arthen pot (the Figs being put in) stop it close, and immerge this Vess●ll to another full of Wine, no taint or corruption will possess your figs so enclosed, while the Wine retains his goodn●sse.  
The plant steeped in brine, or the end thrust into a Sea Onion, becomes much more fruitful when planted.  
This fruit is of great virtue in making the belly soluble in abundance of nourishment and provocation of sweat, dried and mingled with the flower of Linseed or Fenugreeke, it resolveth and killeth all Impostumes, and hard tumors, in decoctions it assists much in driving away of the Co●gh, and difficulty of breath, which last virtue the fruit also expresseth very happily, if steeped in Aqua vitae, the night precedent, and taken every morning during the dominion of this disease after you, the milk of the figtree dropped into the ear killeth the worms in it, the Leaves of the figtree rubbed do provoke the hemorrhoids: the juice of Figs is of equal felicity in opening them, which to increase his excellency amends all roughness, ill conditioned scabs small pocks, purples, freckles, ringworms, and other ●ye●sad blemishes of the face or body therewith anointed, being first tempered with the flower of parched Barley, a little Cotten wool dipped in this juice, and laid upon the aching tooth assuageth the pain.   

Of the Pomeganate tree.  
THE Pomegranate tree, which may be planted either from the Branch or succour, is one of the most absolute encouragers of an idle person in the world; provided, it be exempt from the intemperate operation of the cold, neither the torrid heat of the Sun, nor the barrenness of the soil, shall make him forgo his glorious Rubies; no culture or dressing is required by it: yet if it be set in a rich soil, it will be sure to make an advantage of it to his own flourishing, and your profit: the wine thereof (for it affordeth Wine as well as excellency of fruit) may be made after this manner●  
Take the ripe kernels, freed and cleansed from their skins, put them into the press, and exact the Wine, keep it in Vess●ls till it is fully fined from all working, which finished, distribute such a quantity of oil as may float over all the top of the Vessel, and this preserves it from souring or corruption.  
The Pomegranate apple put in a pot of new earth, well covered, and Luted with clay, and set into an Oven so long, till the Fruit may be resolved into powder, is of very Princely virtue; for (taking the weight of half a crown thereof in red Wine) it miraculously stops the bloody flux. It is also good in divers diseases of women, which (because they are more arcanely peculiar to that Sex) I shall forbear to speak of.   

Of the Quince tree.  
THE Quince tree groweth much sooner from the Root than Branches: it delighteth in a soil of a moist and cold nature, and would therefore be planted towards the more umbragious and cool corners of your Garden. The Garden, or reclaimed Quince, beareth two sorts of fruits, to which curiosity hath assigned Sexes, and they are called the Quince and quincess; the Male, which is the Quince, is of a more wrinkled, dry, redolent F●uit, and golden colour then the quincess. If you graft the Male upon the Female, or E convers●, the Quinces thence proceeding will be tender, and may be eaten raw, which without such an hermaphroditism must of necessity have been prepared, to which nature, rather than to eat it, crude hath de●igned it. The use of Marmalade, and its preparation is so publicly known, that it is unnecessary to repeat it.  
It is not enough to enjoy the delight of these fruits for the Summer only: The Winter too in reason should claim a part of our Summer contentments, which cannot be better expedited then by ●●ying such f●uits as are capable of a refaction, and agreeable when dried, the principal whereof are the Vine or G●ape, the Fig, the Peach, and apricot.   

How to dry Grapes, that they may be kept.  
YOur Grapes being at their just ripeness, select the fairest out of your Vineyard, for such quantity as you shall use, let them lie thin spread while you prepare a lie for them, made of fair water and Ashes, proceeding only from the cuttings of the Vine without any other mixture of wood whatsoever: seeth this lie till you have made a strong and clea●e liquour, then taking or straining away the Ashes, put the liquour into a clean cauldron, set it again over the fire till it be ready to seethe; then tying the stalks of your Grapes with thread, and fastening the thread to such sticks and in such order bunch by bunch, as chandler's use to dip their Candles, which dip them into this lie four or five several times: Which done, let them dry in the sun, either so hanging on their sticks, o● which is better upon Lattices or Hurdles of Rods, or the like, until they be conveniently dry; then barrel them, pressing them very hard and flat in the vessel, others dry them upon such Lattices or Hurdles without steeping them even as they come from the Vine, and peradventure more successfully.   

How to dry ●igges.  
LET them (as the Grape) be gathered very ripe; then lay and spread them upon Hurdles or Lattices of Reeds or Osier joined together, with rifts or vacancies betwixt the covering of those Osiers, that the air transpiring through those void spaces may assist the sun in the drying them; but you must be cautious that during their exposure to the open air no rain or Dew incommodate them: When they are dry barrel with the same poise of pressure used to the Grapes. Others take a big Reed or Cane of two or three foot in length, boring little holes all the length of it, through which they put little sticks of two foot extent, being the small and ●harpe upon which they thread the Figs, till they are very full of them, and so hang the Cane in the sun, which dried they barrel up using the same course as before.   

How to dry Peaches a●d Abricots of all sorts.  
When they are very ripe, pare off the upper skin, cleave them into four quarters, dry them as you did your Figs, barrel them and keep them for the Winter.  
The manner how you shall prepare them to eat is this; provide an earthen pot, and after you have washed your Peaches in fair water, put them into the pot with as much Wine as will cover the Peaches, then seeth them half a quarter of an hour. They may be● made ready without boiling thus; let them infuse three or fo●re days in Wine, (which way they are much better) put to them beaten cinnamon, and thus they will last a month in the Wine, eaten every morning they are very wholesome, and provoke a good appetite.   

The fittest seasons for sowing of seeds.  
TO prescribe Rules according to our Climate, to tha● of VIRGINIA, may have much of affection, but without all peradventures, little of wisdom. We must therefore seek for a nearer correspondence in parallels. Having therefore seen some letters of an ancient date written by Frenchmen, then employed in VIRGINIA● to their Intrusters', wherein they conf●ss● that of all the Provinces of FRANCE: None came so near to that noble country, as LANG●EDOCK and PROVENC●, two of the Eyes of that Kin●dome, abounding withal the d●lights and delicacy that ITALY can pretend to, or Spain boast of; I could not but apprehend that their times of sation and insition, of planting and replanting, might in some measure correspond with that place where the English are now seated, and having seen a regular di●tribution of the months and seasons in the year for sowing, grafting● and other offices belonging to the industrious Lovers of Agriculture; I should both unsatisfy my own conscience● and disoblige that country, and its Christian Inhabitants● if I did not publish it with the same resentment of affection I received it; not that any should be so pinioned to these Precepts, that neither weather, inconveniency, or want of opportunity should make him recede from the punctual observation of them: But I speak it out of a very strong confidence that the observations of the seasons according to these prescriptions will sort well with VIRGINIA in general, and the Planters in particular, to whom it is intended, and indeed it is as exact a Directory as any yet published.  
I am not ignorant that critics will laugh at this; much good do it them, and why so many months for the same seed? Why so many Repetitions? My Exceptionist forgets that we not only covet to have things early, but their continuance: Will it offend him that we have Artichokes in May? and July both? Because we may have Cabbage, lettuce in April, shall we be forbidden to have any in May: the principal scope of this directer was to show how long such and such seeds might be continued to be sown, and in what month and moon, if he apprehend it not; I can send him to no month, but that of June, nor moon, but that of midsummer.  
He that will sow seed, must know that, 

Some may be sown at all times of the month and moon, as, 

Asparagus,  
Colewort of all sorts,  
Spinach,  
lettuce,  
Parsnips,  
Reddis●.    
Other● would be sowed in a certain month and moon, as there must be sown in February, the moon being— 

New 

Spike  
Garlic  
Borage  
Buglo●se  
Cheruse  
Coriander  
Gourd●  
Water cre●ses  
M●jorane  
Palma Chri●●ī  
Flower gentl●  
White Poppy  
Pu●stane  
Radish  
Rocket  
Rosemary  
Sorrell  
Double Marigold  
Thyme.    
Full 

Anise  
Violet●  
Blites  
Skirworts  
White Succory  
Fennell  
Parsley.    
Old 

Holy Thistle  
Cole Cabbage  
White Cole  
Green Col●  
Cucumber●  
Harts-horn●  
Sampire  
Dyer's grain  
Spinach  
Cabbage-Lettu●●  
Melon●  
Onion●  
Larkes-heel●  
Burnet  
Le●kes●        
So● in March the moon being, 

New 

Garlic  
Borage  
Chervile  
Coriander  
Gourds  
M●jorane  
White Poppy  
Pursl●ine  
Radish  
Sorr●ll  
Double Marigold  
Th●me  
Violets.    
Full 

Anise  
Bleets  
Skirworts  
Succory  
●●nn●ll  
Apples of Love  
Marvellous Apples.    
Old 

Artichoke●  
Ba●il  
Thi●●le●  
Bl●ss●d This●le  
Cole Cab●age  
White Cole  
Greene Cole  
Ci●rons  
Cucumbers  
Hart● horn  
Sa●pire  
Dier● grain  
Spinach  
Gilly flower●  
●y●sop  
Ca●●age Let●use  
Melon●  
Onyon●  
Fl●wer 〈◊〉  
Burnet  
Leeke●  
Savory.      
So● in April the Moon being 

New 

Majoran●  
Flower ge●●●e  
Thyme  
Violet●.    
Full 

Apples of Love  
Marvellous Appl●s.    
Old 

Artichokes  
Cabbage Cole  
Citrons  
Harts-horn●  
Sampire  
Gilly flowers.      
In May in the old of the Moon Blessed Thi●●le●  
In June the moon 

New 

Go●rds  
Radishes.    
Old 

Melons  
Cucumbers.      
In July the moon 

●●ll White ●●cc●ry  
Old Cabbage Let●u●e.    
In August the moon being Full White S●●●ory●  
Herbs growing of seeds that are sown may be transplanted ●t all times, except Chervils, Arrage, spinach, and Persely, which are nothing worth when they are transplanted; ever observed that such transplantation be in a moist, rainy weather, otherwise they must be very diligently watered.  
You may take notice that the choice and age of seeds is double, in choosing them you are to regard that they be ripe, full, heavy, firm, gross, and of a good colour, not falling to powder through rottenness or bruises.  
Some grow better of new seeds, as Leeks, Cucumbers.  
Others grow better of old seeds, as Coriander, Persley, Savory, Beets, Origanum, Cre●ses, spinach, Poppey.  
Further observe, that you must preserve from cold, Lettuses, Artichokes, Basill, Cabbage Cole, dyer's grain, Melons, fifteen days after they put forth from the earth.  
Make account that seeds thrive and prosper much better, when they are sown upon such days as are between the extremes of cold and heat, then in hot, cold or dry days.  
Be pleased to remember, that seeds must be gathered in fair weather, in the Wane of the moon.  
They must be kept 

some in 

Boxes of wood, Dry, and not laid upon the ground, but kept very clean.  
Bags of Leather, Dry, and not laid upon the ground, but kept very clean.  
Ve●●els of Earth, Dry, and not laid upon the ground, but kept very clean.    
others, as 

Onions, In their husk.  
Chibols, In their husk.  
Leek●● In their husk.      
To do regularly, w● s●ould 

Plant in the last of the Moone●  
Gather Grafts in the last but one of the Moone●  
Graft two days after the change of the Moone●     

An Explication of the Saw-mill, an Engine, wherewith force of a wheel in the water, to cut Timber with great speed.  
THIS Engine is very common in Norway and mountains of Sweden, wherewith they cut great quantity of Deal-bords; which Engine is very necessary to be in a great town or forest, to cut Timber, whether into planks or otherwise. This here is not altogether like those of Norway: for they make the piece of Timber approach the saws on certain wheels with teeth; but because of reparations which those toothed wheels are often subject unto, I will omit that use: and in stead thereof, put two weights, about 2. or 300. pound weight a piece, whereof one is marked A. the other B. The Cords wherewith the said weights do hang, to be fastened at the end of the 2. pieces of moving wood, which slide on two other pieces of fixed wood, by the means of certain small pulleys, which should be within the house, and so the said weights should always draw the said pieces of moving wood, which advancing always towards the saws rising and falling, shall quickly be cut into 4. 5. or 6. pieces, as you shall please to put on Saws, and placed at what distance you will have for the thickness of the planks or boards ye will cut: and when a piece is cut, then let one with a Lever turn a roller, whereto shall be fastened a strong Co●d which shall bring back the said piece of wood, and lift again the weights: and after put aside the piece already cut, to take again the saws against another piece of wood. Which once done, the ingenious Artist may easily convert the same to an Instrument of threshing wheat, breaking of hemp or flax, and other as profitable uses.   
FINIS.