The high and Mighty Prince Charles by the providence of god king of England Scotland France and Ireland etc Forne Nove 29; 1600; began his range March 27: 1625 p 〈◊〉 excudit The Surgeons Mate or Military & Domestic Surgery. Discovering faithfully & plainly the method and order of the Surgeons chest, the uses of the Instruments, the virtues and Operations of the Medicines, with the exact Cures of wounds made by Gun-shott, and otherwise, as Namely: Wounds, Apostumes, Ulcers, Fistula's, Fractures, dislocations, with the the most easy & safest ways of Amputation or dismembering. The cures of the Scurvy, of the fluxes of the belly, of the Colic and Iliaca Passio, of Tenasmus and Exitus Any, and of the Calenture, with A Treatise of the cure of the Plague. Published for the service of his Ma. tie and of the come: wealth. By John Woodall Mr in Chirurgery. LONDON Printed by John Legate for Nicholas Bourne, and are to be sold at his Shop at the south entrance of the Royal Exchange. 1655. TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY, CHARLES, By the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. YOur poor Subject in all humility, hath hereby presumed to prostrate, as at the feet of your sacred Majesty (for protection) these his unworthy works in Surgery, which contain in them the method and scope of the Military Surgeon's Chest, with all the necessary appurtenances that are useful in Surgery for the Wars; which he tendereth, as a poor expression of his duty and zeal, for the use of your Majesty's service upon all Military occasions for Surgery either by Land or Sea; expressing therein the easiest and safest ways and means of healing the wounds and other great infirmities and diseases that war usually produceth, for the benefit, comfort, and better safety of your Majesty's valiant Captains, Soldiers, and hardy Seamen; The which his poor labours, if the Author may be so happy as from your most pious and unlimited benignity to find a gracious acceptance, he shall with a joyful heart esteem his endeavours to be highly dignified. Your Majesty's most humble subject and servant, John Woodall, Surgeon of your Highness' Hospital of St. Bartholomewes', and Surgeon general of the East-India Company. TO THE WORSHIPFUL THE MASTERS and GOVERNORS of the mystery of Barber Surgeons of London for the time being, viz. To William Clowes Esquire, Sergeant, Surgeon to his Majesty, and (at present) Master: M. William Lingham, Master George Dan, and Master Henry Watson, Wardens. To Richard Watson and Michael Andrew's, both Esquires▪ Surgeons in ordinary to his Majesty, and ancient Masters; together with the rest of the Assistants, Examiner's of Surgeons, the Livery, and whole fraternity of Surgeons of London. John Woodall, an ancient Master of that mystery, the Author of the ensuing Treatises, sendeth greeting in our Lord God everlasting▪ BEloved Brethren, public and private salutations are Christian duties imposed upon all men by the holy Apostle S. Paul, the time or frequency thereof unlimited: Wherefore myself, even now upon the putting forth of these my ensuing works, by that precept am taught, and do hereby send you a salutation, greeting you in the name of the Almighty, giving you thanks for the loving society I have found and respectively enjoyed amongst you, for forty years past and more, till this present. As also for your good like and well approving of my former works and editions yet extant with you; namely, my Surgeon's Mate and Viaticum, which now revised, I have here (with my other works) again published; which were by me penned in my love to you, for the use of the younger sort of Surgeons, your servants; who when they had received their first rudiments from you as Apprentices; yet nevertheless (as might be conceived) were wanting of some further helps for their proficiencies in Art, to the leading them on in knowledge; as namely, first to know the office and duties of a Surgeon's Mate, which myself first penned and published, for their instructions; and having therein proposed unto them the method of a Surgeon's Chest, and also opened to their view the composure and order of the first methodical Surgeons Chest, for their further encouragement in way of Art, I then gave them a help to the said Surgeon's Chest; namely, I published for them a Viaticum (a book so called) in Anno 1628. for their journeying, after which (as followeth) I have explained unto them such other documents as may be presumed that by their diligent endeavours and careful putting them in practice, they may in short time become good proficients in military and domestic Surgery; men fit and able for the service of his Majesty, and the Commonwealth, in their Science, upon all occasions, And moreover, for as much as that contagious and noisome disease of the Plague hath of late years spread itself into many parts of this Kingdom▪ which▪ though now ceased, may return at God's pleasure▪ none knoweth how soon; myself, as some of you know, having in my younger days lived in France, Germany, Polonia, and other foreign parts, for divers years together, where, for want of better and beneficial employments. I was forced for my maintenance to follow the practice of the cure of the Plague: and having emboldened myself thereby, ever as in an assured hope, that God who had called me to profess the mystery of healing, would surely protect me therein; I persisted in my endeavours, and having kept my Papers of receipts and experiments together, which I made in the cure of that dreadful disease, at my return for England I begun and practised in London the cure thereof; first, in the year of the great Plague at the first entrance of King James of blessed memory, and left not the City when the disease was at the highest; neither than did I omit to visit and cure any that desired my help, and ever since in some sort I have been helpful to the curing thereof: neither will I desist from affording my medicine to the diseased, whilst God spares me life and ability. And further, I have here for future public good, although by my own dear experience, searched into the supernatural and dreadful causes, symptoms, crisis, and cures thereof; the particulars of all which I have in one of the following Treatises published, to the help of my younger brethren; nothing doubting but that some of them will by their better educations and further experiences therein, furnish the following Ages with better documents than my slenderness can unfold: In the mean time, since that for this forty years' last passed, no Surgeon of our Nation hath published any book of the true practice of Surgery, to benefit the younger sort, these my mean Treatises only excepted, I desire you to accept of my good will instead of good deeds, at the least not to reject it, till better comes in place by succession of time. And so not omitting the continuance of my good affection to all my brethren, the sons and successors of Aesculapius professed Surgeons, I commend you to the tuition of the most Highest, resting still yours in brotherly affection, John Woodall. THE PREFACE. Benevolent Reader, CHriftian duty inciteth every man to extol Gods great mercies towards mankind, and namely, (which is the scope of this ensuing Treatise) for his blessing concerning the gift of healing, and for the original or first finders out of the Science. In the arguing whereof, many ancient and modern Writers have taken great pains in searching out and describing (for memories sake) unto posterity, who were the first discoverers of that noble Science or Mystery of the healing man's body; but not without several and different opinions, and strong contradictions: Yet, giving venerable and due respect unto all, I will crave leave for myself to think and believe that the original foundation of Medicine proceeded from God alone; being more than sufficiently explained so to be by Moses that divine Historiographer, in his sacred History of the first creation of heaven and earth: For he witnesseth that before man was created, all herbs and plants sprang out of the bowels of the earth, with their infinite varieties of flowers and seeds, with different odours, sapours, colours and forms, endued (no doubt) with many and great virtues, Solu● expraescientia Dei, only of the foreknowledge of God. Wherefore to attribute so great excellencies, so many ways in use for the health and well-being of mankind, to any other than to the divine bounty of God alone, would seem (in my apprehension) not much less than blasphemy; for it could never be, that humane reason could have found out the knowledge and virtues of these things, unless God himself by his secret prescience had showed them to man. For God, the Architector of the world, when in the beginning he created Adam, and inspired him with the spirit of life, made him not only a living creature, but also endued him with such understanding, that he knew the natures, the forces, the proper faculties, virtues, and dangerous effects of all things which the said universal world then contained or produced: so that the glory of the invention of the mystery of healing of man's body, came from God himself, and may not be so much undervalved as to be ascribed to humane ingenuity. Yet nevertheless (under favonr) we may so far venture to conceive, that the The gift of healing is no less than one of the gifts of the H. Ghost. same gift of God, namely the gift of healing, might by his holy Spirit be, and was transcendent successively on those whom he had preordained, and chosen unto the medicinal function, to the end that they might be the better enabled to search out and apply wholesome medicines in due season, according as they were inspired or taught; for all excellent knowledge cometh from above: and this opinion is also assented unto by holy Scriptures in sundry places. But withal, complying with our Ancestors as much as may be, touching the first general professors of this art of Medicine; The most Writers affirm the Grecians were the first that took upon them to profess the art of Medicine, and they likewise utter speeches to the same effect, affirming Apollo to be the first Inventor of Medicine; and by Apollo, it is suggested, that they either understood the Sun, which through the penetrating heat thereof, produceth, comforteth, tempereth and cherisheth all creatures as well animal, and vegetable, as mineral: Or they meant, under that name of Apollo, some Noble man, who was instigated thereunto through an excellent and divine power (no doubt by God's foreknowledge) and also endued with learning and diligence in that noble art of Medicine, who performed some excellent cures: alluding whereunto, Ovid speaketh thus of Apollo, Inventum medicinae meum est, opifexque per orbem, Dicta est herbarum subiecta potentia nobis. Medicines Inventor and Artist I Through the massy orb am styled to be: Fame this attributes to my Deity, That force of Plants are subject unto me. And after Apollo the succeeding Inventor is said to be Aesculapius, which ome Writers style to be his son, brought up in learning by him, who did somewhat more set forth and polish this Art, being as then rude and rustic, and therefore he was reputed as one of the gods. Not long after those times (as Writers report) did flourish Chiron, termed the Centaur, who also excelled in the knowledge of the medicinal plants. This Aesculapius (as other ancient Histories witness) had two sons, viz. Podalyrius and Machaon, who followed their Father's steps, and professed the art of Medicine, and cured the wounded soldiers in the Trojan Wars; and these chief practised that part of healing which is now called Surgery. After them the knowledge of the art of Medicine grealy increased, though for a time it was in a hereditary way left by them to their posterity; and through their study and diligence was that part called Physic which cureth inward diseases, also by a more prudent and diligent search found out. And further, author's witness, that out of this most learned Aesculapius his Stock, did spring Hypocrates, begot by Heraclida in the I'll of Ch●os, Prince of all the Physicians that ever were before him, who perfected the art or mystery of Medicine or healing, and digested it into a method in the Greek tongue. And after him six hundred years followed Galen, a man not only exquisite in the knowledge of Medicines, but also in many other sciences. And what was left in the writings of Hypocrates obscure and intricate, Galen faithfully interpred and illustrated it, and put it into many Volumes, and established universal precepts, and methodical rules, and reduced the Science into a more perfect Art. And further, we read in Histories, in the infancy of this art, that it was a custom amongst the Babylonians and Assyrians, who then were very ignorant in the art of healing, to appoint the sick languishing people to be carried and laid in Porches and Galleries, or to carry them into the Market places and cross Streets, that passengers might counsel and exhort them to those things, by which they might eschew the like diseases, or had known some to be recovered: and it was not lawful for any one to pass by the sick with silence, but he must utter some words of comfort at the least. Strabo also (a Greek Writer) witnesseth, that it was of old a custom amongst the Grecians for the sick to betake themselves unto the Epidaurian Temple of Aesculapius, that sleeping there, they might be admonished by the gods in a dream what was good for their healths: and being freed from their diseases, they caused those remedies, by which they were recovered, to be written in Tables, and fastened to the posts of the Temple. Such was the zeal and superstitious blindness of the heathen people in former ages, and the ceremonies which they performed in a grateful remembrance for future times. Also Hypocrates is reported to have copied out all those things, and so from them first to have amended the medicinal art. And it is likewise by the ancients reported, that brute creatures have been much conducible to the first finding out of some particulars in this art: so that man not only from man, but also from brute beasts and birds, hath learned many good things, which by them have been demonstrated, as namely, the virtues of divers herbs, by which they did preserve themselves from diseases, through the mere instinct of nature, (as the blindness of the young Swallows is said to be removed by the herb Celedona, etc.) Seeing therefore so great and so many good helps have concurred together to the perfection of this excellent art of Medicine, for the health and well-being of mankind, who then needs to doubt thereof, or may say that it did not proceed, as from the beginning, de praescientia Dei? seeing that man, the most noble of all the creatures of God, and for whose sake all other earthly creatures were created, receiveth such unspeakable comforts thereby: which caused Herophilus heretofore to term the medicinal Science to be the hand of God: for (saith he) as we having got a fall, do with our stretched-out hand endeavour to free ourselves out of that dirt or pit we were fallen into; even so we, being at the point of death by the assaults of sickness, do succour ourselves by the salutiferous remedies of good Medicines, and do thereby, as it were, draw ourselves out of the jaws of death; so as Homer, the Prince of the Greek Poets, doth affirm in his verses, that one good man that can heal well, is more worth than divers other men ignorant in that art: for what person is, or can be more necessary, or more useful in any Commonwealth or place, than the expert Artist, skilful in the divine science of healing? which Science bringeth a man in favour with men of all degrees, yea, to be acceptable to Prince's Kings and Emperors, being both profitable and commodious every where to Prince and people for the preserving of health, and repelling of diseases from them and their subjects, which also gaineth to himself honour and riches: for, as Histories record, unto Hypocrates by King Abderas (for healing of Democritus his madness) was given an extraordinary great reward; and moreover the heathen nation, men, women and children, gathered themselves together, and in a triumphant manner proclaimed him (with aloud voice) to be the saving god, and honoured him with the name of Pater Patriae, the father of their Country. And the Athenians, because he had freed Athens from the pestilence, celebrated plays with triumphant pomp to his honour, placing on his head a crown of gold weighing a thousand crowns, and honoured him with the great magnificence of a King; and likewise built him a statue for a perpetual eternising of his wisdom and learning. It is also reported by ancient Writers, that one Erasistratus, Aristotle's nephew, received by a voluntary contriburion from King Ptolemy, an hundred talents of gold, as a reward, for that he reftored his son to health from a desperate disease: and likewise, that Augustus the Emperor appointed rich statues to be set up to the honour of Antonius Musa: and that one Quintus Stertinius received yearly for about 50. years together, out of the Emperor's treasury at Rome, twelve thousand crowns for his great skill in the mystery of healing: and that if any sick person of sort did call him out of the City for his advice, he did pay him 50. crowns a day for his skill. Moreover, it is said, that for curing Pope Honorius the third, he every month received four hundred crowns out of the Treasury of Rome. Ancient Histories make mention, that in former times the most noble and honourable personages (yea, Kings and Princes) were greatly delighted in the study thereof, esteeming themselves much graced and dignified thereby; and thereupon, being greedy of getting renown, have given plants denominations from their own names, as Gentian from Gentins King of the Assyrians; Lysimachia, an English water-willow, from Lysimachus King of the Macedonians; the composition of Mithridate from Mithridates' King of Pontus and Bythinia; the herb Achillea from Achilles; Centauri from Chiron the Centaur; Arthemasia from Caria Queen pf Arthemasia. And further, Writers do affirm, Attalus King of Pergamus, Solomon King of the Jews, Evax King of the Arabians, and juba King of the Moors, with infinite more (too long to recite) did as it were burn with a desire of learning the medicinal art, some in the herbal part, others in the searching the virtues of drugs, others of minerals, and did also write and compose whole volumes in that Mystery, for the benefit of posterity yet extant; wherein are contained infinite salutiferous Antidotes, by the mixture of many simples into one medicine. And whereas there hath been a question amongst some of the Ancients, by what name they may most properly call the Artist; the more learned sort are justly styled by the title of Physicians, and the more experienced sort are called Surgeons, or Surgeons; by means whereof, sometimes there hath grown difference and offence, which I do advise each discreet Surgeon to avoid, and that they give the Physician his due honour and precedence, comparisons being odious and unmannerly amongst good men. Also the Artist of old, before the art was distinguished, was called amongst the Grecians jatros, and amongst the Latins, Medicus, and in our country's ancient language, by report, he was termed a Leech: and all those denominations signify no other thing but one and the same, viz. A curer of diseases, sicknesses, wounds, apostmues, ulcers, etc. And whereas all men may judge such infirmities cannnt be cured without fit instruments, which are first and chief by the hand of man, (who doth make ready fit medicaments and applications) to be administered to the foresaid diseases in due order and time: The first instrumental part of Medicine was, and is, that which both the ancient and later writers term Chirurgia, or the Handy part of healing. The second is Dieta: a special instrument to cure, without which neither wounds, apostumes, ulcerations, nor tumours against nature (as Hypocrates and Galen do affirm) can well be cured; for that diet must be prescribed according to the temperature of the body, and nature of the wounded part: and Galen also prescribeth a diet for those that have ulcerations, whether cancrous or otherwise proceeding. Wherefore I conceive him to be no just and charitable Judge, that denieth this instrument, namely diet, to belong to a Chirurgeon as well as to a Physician: for that reason and experience both do allow and approve thereof, as an unlimitable instrument, fine quibus esse nequit. And whereas Galen saith, in lib. 3. De methodo medendi, all arts are grounded upon experience and reason: if any one can declare, either by experience or reason, a way how to cure ulcers, tumours, wounds, fistulas and other like diseases incident to man's body, as the French Pox, the Plague etc. the cures of which diseases by statute Laws are appointed to Surgeons, and to do it without the use of diet, and other both inward and outward helps, which these learned men (as Hypocrates and Galen) used, and have with no small labour found out by reason and experience, than I will easily yield, and be glad to learn, and will not only learn, but highly extol it: but if on the contrary, no man can show me any other way to heal the former recited diseases; then I see no just hindrance, but that each true Artist, being legally a Surgeon expert, may and ought freely to make use of diet to perform his cures. The third general instrument used in the curing of diseases, is Pharmacum, in Latin, Medicamentum, or Medicine, granted to be of several sorts. Each man will conceive that medicine is a principal part of healing and curing of sores, diseases and sicknesses: for who is he that can cure a wound, a tumour, an ulcer, yea, but an ague with his hand only, without fitting medicines? Surely no man: Then it must necessarily follow, that Chyrurgia, Dieta, & Pharmacum, viz. Surgery Diet and Medicines (I mean both outward and inward) are unseparable companions, and therefore all to be used in the● art of curing man's body; and that in the person of one man, and why not in the Surgeon that practiseth in military occasions, as in ships and camps more especially? where neither his Majesty nor the Merchant alloweth Physicians nor Apothecaries any place, and there the whole scope of healing the bodies of the bravest and most valiant warriors and hardy Seamen, are upon all occasions wholly referred to the skill of the Surgeon. Wherefore it were a very ungodly thing, and in reason most unjust, to forbid a Surgeon to learn all, or any thing that concerneth his calling: and all those that are of opinion to hinder a Surgeon from using outward and inward medicines, have quite misconstrued Hypocrates and Gale●, showing themselves enemies to art, reason, and true experience, for that it is manifest, each of these aforesaid three branches of healing, do mightily further the other, to make the Surgeons cures perfect; for by these three together, and not by any one of them simp lie of itself and alone, we may boldly conclude to have healed well and honestly, and as we should do. I have, I confess, too long insisted upon this argument, but the cause is, there be some at this day that do endeavour to sever the instruments of healing asunder, against the public good, for their own private lucre, and would have inward medicine practised only by themselves, and confine the Surgeon only to outward medicine, and outward healing, as one Tragus an ancient Writer maketh mention, affirming, that there were certain sorts of men in his days which did use the art of curing severally; namely, some by inward medicines only, and some by outward, and some by diet only, every one according to his education and profession of curing: all these three contending, and each one affirming his way the best; in conclusion, their errors were confuted by Hypocrates, who gave to each of them (as learned Writers affirm) a patiented to cure, whom all of them endeavouring to recover, failed in their performance: notwithstanding, afterward by the wisdom and skill of Hypocrates, they all were reconciled and united; for he, having well weighed and considered each of their weaknesses and errors, willed them apart to set down how long time he, or they would take, to cure his or their appointed diseased patients; whereupon he and the rest agreed on a set time; which being expired, Hypocrates found that although each Artist had showed his utmost skill, yet their patients were not accordingly cured. Hereupon he with much mildness and kind persuasions (as is recorded) so appeased and instructed them, that each of them by the very same means and medicines they formerly took, being all used together to each party, quickly and perfectly cured their several patients. Whereby also it is manifest, that it is not just nor safe for the Commonwealth, neither can it be approved, that the best of the ancient Fathers in Physic and Surgery did, or indeed could divide or separate these three parts of healing. But it may be that some will object that Valeriolus, Tagaultius, and some oth●rs say, that a Surgeon ought not to give inward medicines, without the counsel of a Physician. To clear this, I answer, first it is expedient and just▪ where learned counfell may be had, to make use of it, for that by much counsel there is safety: nevertheless, know, that it is uncharitable to forbid an expert Surgeon at any time, or in any place, the use of the instruments and medicines which are necessary to this art, for the curing of his patients: for certainly Tagbelt ius and V●leriolus meant it of them that practised the art of Surgery in those times, being Impostors, and illiterate, and such as did not understand the principles of their art, nor the differences of diseases; and those were justly to be inhibited, as in every well governed Commonwealth it is fit it should be. But as concerning worthy Artists, viz. Surgeons apprpoed by the Laws of the Realm, they ought to be free to exercise their art▪ and the same Author concludes with Mr. Gales comparison (who was a late good Writer in Surgery) which upon the like difference he then made of a Shipwright and a Carpenter, who were both of necessity to use one and the same instruments to perform their several works withal: even so must every honest Artist, legally bred in the art of medicine, be tolerated to practise, by what title soever you please to call him. Then, if so, he must by consequence have the free use of all such instruments and means as may best and with most ease perfect what he intends, to wit, the cure of man's body: for although the Carpenter may say unto the Shipwright, Thou art not to use the a●e, the adds, the saw, the hammer, nor the plain, etc. For that all these tools appertain, and are proper to me for my art, and I cannot build without them; even so might the other make a like fair answer, and say, They are also as proper for my Art, and without them I cannot build. In like manner might the Joiner and other Tradesmen say. And no less may it be said of the art of medicine: for whether he be called Physician, Surgeon or Le●ch, or what other name men please to impose upon him, if they admit, yea and appoint him to cure wounds, tumors against ua●ure, ulcers, erisipelaes, herpes, the French pox, the pestilence or whatsoever other disease is incident to man's body, it is but fitting that he be free to have the proper use of all medicines and instruments, most apt and meet to bring the same his intended scope to pass, yea, and that without offence of the Law, notwithstanding any by law made by any, for private lucre, to hinder the prosecution of the well-healing of the diseased people. For who is so fit, or to whom doth the whole use of all good medicines so justly appertain unto, as to the Surgeon that is expert, who by his Majesty is pressed, and thereby commanded, as well as by Christian duty tied, upon all occasions to heal wounded and other diseased p●rsons? Galen in his third and fourth books De meth●do medendi, doth name the Artist Medicus that doth cure ulcers and wounds, etc. and many ancient Writers call him Medicus Chirurgus: whereby it appeareth, that the Surgeon is Medicus à medendo, and retains the name Chirurg●s by performing the art of healing in a practic way, namely, by the hand; and therefore is rightly termed Medicus Chirurgus, and thereby is capable to use all medicines for healing. And if so, of necessity he must not be forbidden lawful practice, otherwise how shall he well perform his scope of healing, when he is either in Ship, in Camp, or but any where in the Country, where Physicians either are not at hand, or will not come, as when and where contagious diseases happen, namely, the small and great pox, or the pestilence, etc. Now here in all conscience the Surgeon is to be admitted to show his utmost skill for healing men's infirmities, without danger of any Law, if he be a man lawfully called as aforesaid, to the exercise thereof: otherwise it were very unreasonable that the Surgeon alone should be pressed out of the healing of his Majesty's subjects, where no Physician nor Apothecary is admitted to advise, assist or direct him, and yet to practise should be held unlawful for him, when he performeth his best in any action or part of healing for his patients good. But God be thanked, there are both ancient and modern good Laws, Orders and Ordinances, which do manifestly enable a Surgeon to exercise his science, and to breed up servants to be expert therein, for the better continuance of the art, and for the future increase of good and able Surgeons, for the service of his Majesty, and the Commonwealth. And to manifest the same, his Highness not only alloweth the use of inward and physical drugs and medicines to the Surgeons for his own service, but is further graciously pleased (out of his own Coffers) to pay for them, as elsewhere in this Treatise more at large will appear. Thus much in general by way of Preface. Now the Author in this following Treatise desires to excuse himself, by way of Apology, to the chirurgical Reader, for his over▪ forwardness in the unfolding to the vulgar what he hath hereafter done by his explaining of a Surgeon's Chest; which he never intended, until (nolens unlent) he was put upon it, who, having in his younger days spent divers years in travel in foreign nations▪ for the gaining of knowledge and experience in his calling, settled himself in London, where, according to the weak talon of his education, he endeavoured to obtain some answerable perfection therein, that so by doing good he might give the better account of the duty of his calling, by cursing of such as committed themselves to his weak skill; in which endeavours before he was (in his own opinion) worthy thereof, it pleased the honourable Society of Merchants trading to the East Indies, in the beginning of the Trade, to make choice of him, and to appoint him Surgeon general for all their employments, as well by Sea as Land; reposing in him also the credit and trust for ordering and appointing fit and able Surgeons, and Surgeons Mates for their ships and services, as also the fitting and furnishing their Surgery Chests with medicines, instruments, and other appurtenances thereunto. Which credit and weighty charge, so nearly concerning the lives of their servants reposed in him, instigated him to employ all his endeavours to answer their so great trust imposed on him: For the effecting whereof, he had no way better to recompense them, then by reducing their Surgeon's Chests, with all the particulars thereof, into an order and method, which was never undertaken before by any, although very requisite: but being once done▪ it would not only benefit them, but also be a perpetual good for the service of his Majesty, and the Commonwealth: ●or by want hereof the said East India Company, and many of their servants, as also many other public actions abroad of great consequence, have suffered much; and namel●, by unworthy impostors under the names of Surgeons, (to the dishonour of God, and scandal of the true professors of the art of Surgery, by many mis●ries undergone both by the hardy Seaman, and valiant Soldier▪) For remedy whereof, and in want of some more learned and expert than himself, he undertook the work; the said honourable Company being ever most willing, without limitation or grudging, to bear the reasonable charge thereof▪ and to give approbation of the Authors weak endeavours, (which otherwise could never have been done) who (through God's mercy and their favourable acceptance thereof) hath performed the said charge, and continued their servant (to their contents) for full twenty four years already: Yet notwithstanding, his duty (by reason of the trust reposed in him by his said honourable Masters) wa● not therein fulfilled; for he was (if he would fabricate a new invented Surgeons ●he●t) also tied in Conscience to instruct all and every Surgeon (that was to make use thereof in their services) in the knowledge and us● of all such medicines and new inventions as were of his production and induction. And although it well might be conceived divers of them in knowledge otherwise exceeded him, yet nevertheless in the true use of new medicine, how good soever, which he had intruded upon them, not being within their own former breeding and practice, he was obliged also to instruct them in the uses and dangers incident by mistakes, (fit to be foreseen) and that by writing. As also he was further tied (for his own reputation sake) to perform the same in some methodical and plain way. And because until that time no Writer (that he could possibly find out) had ever handled or written any thing worthy of note of that subject, namely, of the methodical composure of a military Surgeon's Chest; he was put upon the toil and study of new inventions, for the fit composure of medicines and instruments, and that without the help of Authors, yea, and without the help of the Surgeons themselves, that were to use the said Chests, who (especially the more ignorant sort of them) for their own private ends, and in part to cover their imperfections and absurdities, forcibly withstood him. Yet notwithstanding all such discouragements, after he perceived in himself any hope or ability of effecting the work, he proceeded on with courage, being confident of the goodness and usefulness thereof, for the preserving of men's lives and limbs; and would also in time to come prove profitable both ●or the service of his Majesty, and the whole Commonwealth, as at this day is manifest. For this Work hath already turned the whole composure of the Surgeon's Chest into its own form and method, both plain and easy, being free from all exceptions of absurd fraud or collusion, and also free from the former obscure, imperfect and ridiculous errors, and impertinent intrusions, whereby every unworthy ignorant impostor (as under a vizard of hidden skill▪ made use of the art of Surgery, and thereby put up whatsoever they pleased into their Chests, under pretence of extraordinary skill, great secrets, unvaluable, unsearchable, and not to be prized treasures, (which long time they had concealed) but being searched into, appeared for the most part faulty, fraudulent, and full of poor blind ignorance: whereby, as is said, divers unskilful persons intruded themselves, not only to be entertained into the Merchant's best ships, but also into his Majesty's service, yea, and that into his best ships, as great Surgeons, without either judgement, sound medicines, or once viewing of any their provisions, and without examining any their abilities in their callings; making their abettors believe that those which sought to view their Surgeon's Chests, came but to learn some of their (no) skill, or for some of their (less) money at the fairest. Finally, though the worst might seem never so commodious, yet not only to such as before are rehearsed, but even to Sea-Surgeons in general, it seemed harsh and unreasonable; and namely (wherein in part they were to be excused) for that their exceptions had a good show of reason, in that they held it not fit that one Surgeon should make ready a Chest for another Surgeon, and the absent Surgeon not versed in the practice of the things made and appointed for his use: and this was held not only unjust, but ridiculous; and that justly, had not instructions, namely, the Surgeon's Mate been written. And it hath since been observed (the instructions being put forth) that the same absent Surgeons, after better informing themselves (by the Author's direction set forth in Print) of the integrity and innocent way thereof, with the fairness of the Work also, and the utility of the said Treatise, have commended it, and approved thereof: so that by a few year's practice of the younger sort of Surgeons, it is now brought into common use and general good liking; so that it hath gotten credit, and it is with all Surgeons common in use, yea, even in his Majesty's service, being first made use of in the Rochel Expedition, and the Author then having the charge of pressing, furnishing, and ordering of his Highness' whole Navic and Land services, with Surgeons, and Surgeons Mates, with all their provisions. This present Work, being now the third Edition, as it were of the method of the Surgeon's Chest, the Author entreats (as the former hath had) may receive a charitable Construction upon the egress thereof▪ and albeit the benevolent Reader no doubt) may see and apprehend divers errors and mean passages therein, (discovering thereby the Authors many weaknesses) yet that he of his clemency would either amend them, or in love cover them, considering that Facilius est inventis addere, quam nova invenire. And further, if any Reader of his own calling, condemn or contemn him, for so fare explaining the hidden mysteries of the art to the Vulgar, saying, By your rules every young youth may proceed, not only to furnish, but also to make some use of a Surgeon's Chest, though he never truly served for it; The which the Author will confess to be an error and weakness in him, and therefore craveth pardon; but withal (for his defence) allegeth, That he had an earnest desire by such an error to do a public good, not only for the benefit of every worthy young Surgeon but chief, and indeed for the Common-weal, and safety of the lives and limbs of many of his Majesty's loving subjects: Quia non nobis solum nati sumus: Nascitur indignè per quem non nascitur alter. Now, unless the Surgeon's Chest had been reduced into a method, could one Surgeon at sea well have succeeded another in the use of a practice unknown unto him? For by death all men's thoughts perish, and so doth every man's private inventions and practices; and by consequence, his death might have produced much damage upon (otherwise) a hopeful design, the want whereof many a worthy and valiant seaman, by lamentable experience hath felt, before the Surgeon's Chest was thus digested; because then every unworthy Surgeon (how weak, as is said, or deficient soever) had power, if he pleased, to practise, to the dishonour of God, the scandal of that most laudable Mystery of healing, and the great danger of men's lives, procured by their ignorance and error: for things known may be judged of, but unknown things stand by hazard and chance: Cognita judicio constant, incognita casu. Likewise the explaining thereof hath not only much enriched the Profession of the Apothecaries, by undertaking the making, selling at their Shops, and transporting beyond the Seas, of many Surgeons Chests, for persons (unknown to them) inhabiting in foreign parts; but also enabled them at their pleasures to have for sale, and for his Majesty's services, complete, (or in part) Surgeons Chests ever ready: unto all which faithful Apothecaries, the Author wisheth prosperity and happiness. And lastly, it hath divers ways brought advantage and good to the whole Society of Surgeons; in so much that his Majesty, by the Lords of his Highness' most Honourable Privy Council, hath taken notice thereof, and, observing the utility that it produceth to the Commonwealth for the saving of the lives and limbs of his Highness' subjects in time of War, hath been graciously pleased to allow a free benevolence, out of his Coffers, towards the same, for all ships employed in his service: which allowance was never granted before by any of his Highness' noble progenitors, the Kings or Queens of England: the particulars and order of which allowances, more at large appear in the Preface of the Authors Viaticum herewith imprinted, unto which for brevity, he referreth the Reader; hoping these his endeavours will be well accepted of the judicious and better disposed sort of Readers. As for the rest he regardeth not: and the rather, for that he is hasting to the grave, where envy hath no power: And on the other side, he is not ignorant, that a large brood of pregnant wits, fraughted with Jeers, (and good ones as they term them, such as these times afford) will snarl, though themselves either cannot, or (be it spoken in the best sense) will not spare time from their pleasures or profits to advantage others; yet are they so sharp of wit, and can so well dispute, and so wisely reason, that they will easily make Candida de nigris, & the candentibu● atra. Their words seeming as Oracles to their own applauders, in whose Opinion they only have the keys of Art at their girdles. But to any such, I say as one of the learned lately did to the like; Cum tua non edas, carpis mea carmina Leli: Carpere vel noli nostra, vel ede tua. Sloth sits and censures what the industrious teach: Foxes dispraise the grapes they cannot reach. Some have already accused the Author to have lost time in writing of the Cures of divers diseases, fare better written of by others. Which although he cannot deny, but that the accusation is Just, yet answereth, That if each Surgeon's Mate had experience, with a Library, and judgement to use it, his labours were then in vain and idle: and to such as have these helps, or that perfection, the Author intends not these his labours; and to that party in particular, he answereth, That if one wise man in former ages hath commended and well approved of another in writing both of one and the same subject, he conceiveth it is as easy for one fool in this age to wink at another's faults and weaknesses, especially in such fools as have neither wit nor will to write better. As for wise men they will judge like themselves: but who can satisfy a fool? And so he concludes, with these following verses, taken out of a Germane Writer, as a loving answer to all such as shall hereafter find fault with his Book: Wems g'libt, gefelt, vnd nutz sein wird, Demselvig'n say es preparirt: Were aber unwill hat darvon, Der b'halt sein gelt, vnd lasz es stan. In English thus. Who likes, approves, and useful deems This work, for him 'tis wrought: But he that light thereof esteems May leave the book unbought. THE OFFICE AND DUTY OF THE SURGEONS MATE. HAving an intent to set down Instructions for Surgeons Mates, out of my love to them, I thought it meet in a word or two to put them in mind also of their duties. The office & duty of a Surgeon's Mate, may (in my opinion) well be divided into three parts, whereof the first concerneth his duty to God, who seethe not as man seethe, and who is the searcher of the heart, and knoweth men's thoughts long before, whom if he and I have the grace to honour with our whole hearts and fear, he will direct our ways aright. The second duty of the Surgeon's Mate, is concerning the chief Surgeon, towards whom he must be careful to behave himself wisely, lovingly and diligently: and in many respects he is obliged to his▪ Mate as the wife to her husband; for he ought to be to him in every point ready to obey his reasonable will, I mean only in things concerning his calling, dutiful, diligent, willing, careful, secret, and loving, yea, and to show his love in covering his Mates weakness: he ought also to be gentle, and kind in speech and actions towards all: pitiful to them that are diseased, and diligent in ministering to them such fitting remedies as he shall receive, or be directed to give from his Mate; but none without his order, for that his Mates order, I mean the Surgeon's order, is his discharge or warrant, whatever happen: yet let him privately lend his best advice to his Mate, the prime Surgeon, upon every needful occasion, kindly, submissively and lovingly, ever as under correction; for if comparisons or opposition take place betwixt them, it is not only dangerous to all the ships company, but also a disgrace to themselves, and a great scandal to their calling: for avoiding which, it is fit that the younger obey the elder, and beware of the contrary, lest it be repent too late. S. Paul adviseth servants to obey froward Masters, so I advise Surgeon's Mates to do the like to froward Surgeons: for it showeth no excellent thing in a young man to please an honest quiet man, but to live in love with an ambitious, or otherwise a froward vicious man, sheweth wisdom in the sufferer. I would not so stand upon this point, but that my experience hath known too much the great harm that hath ensued by the dissension of the Surgeon and his Mate in jong voyages, the which with discretion and love might have been prevented, if but one of them both had been wise. The Surgeon's Mate ought also daily to visit the Cabins of men, to see who hath any sickness or imperfection: also to have ready against occasion lint made, Plasters spread, splints armed, Needles prepared for stitching wounds, Rulers and Bolsters, Dorsels, Tents, Buttons, Caps, Pledgents, Tape, rolling needles, and thread prepared, and each other needful thing for his calling, ready in their convenient places, fitted against occasion be. Likewise his care must be to keep all the instruments of the Chest, and of his own Box, clean from rusting, and to set his Lancets and Razors as oft as need is. It may be he will say to himself, it is a base office, belonging to mere Barbers and Grinders, I never gave any mind to it, etc. But let me friendly tell the Surgeon's Mate, it is the credit of a young Artist to take a vein smoothly and neatly, as also to shave well is praiseworthy: wherefore I wish him to practise to do it, and to be ever learning; for I am sure he shall never know half he ought to know, though he do his best. Thirdly, if he enter into consideration wherefore he goeth to Sea, and hazzardeth his life. I suppose it is to gain, or he is unwise: if to gain, the chief gain he can intent, being a Mate, is knowledge in his calling. Then let him consider wisely how he may best apply himself to effect such gains, namely by observing the whole passages of the diseased people, considering both when they began to be sick, as near as he can, the causes thereof, what hath been applied either inwardly or outwardly, what operation the medicine had, and so of every diseased person, and every medicine given; and to keep a Journal in writing of the daily passages of the voyage in that kind, and that as well of the unsuccessive applications, as of the successive, he shall find great benefit in both: Likewise what alterations of operations he findeth in each medicine, and what medicines keep their force longest, and what perish soon; also what variety the climate causeth, of the Doses as well of the laxative as opiate Medicines: I hearty wish each Surgeon's Mate were careful in these points. Another good way for him to learn is, to read much, I mean in Chirurgery and Physic, and well to consider and bear in mind what he reads, that as he hath need of the help of his Books, he may again find the thing he once read, which will turn much to his profit: for otherwise what use hath a man of reading, if he forget it presently? If a Surgeon's Mate spend his time wisely in the premises, he may do good service to God, his Country, and himself, and the benefit will be his, namely, God's favour, preferment, credit and reputation in the world will be gained thereby, which will bring abundance of good things with it, which God grant for his mercy sake. And were it not that I have intended this plain Treatise wholly to the Surgeon's Mate, I would in a word or two put the young Sea-Surgeon himself in mind of his charge, by admonishing him of some errors too gross, which I have observed to have been committed by some, that he might avoid the like in himself. The first error some young Surgeons are possessed with, from which infinite others grow, is the want of the service of God, the example whereof to their Mates is very infectious; and this bringeth with it a blaspheming the name of the Almighty, a general deboist and base kind of habit on them, ready for all unprofitable, idle, and unseemly actions, and unapt for to prosecute any good thing, either in their callings, or otherwise: and if they seem to be any thing, it is in boasting and brave phrases, censuring other men in many things, but not perceiving their own wretchedness at all. Being given and dedicated to the Pot and tobacco-pipe in such an unreasonable measure, that thereby they become in themselves base, despising virtue and commending vice; and to their Mates they show themselves most unkind, keeping that little knowledge they have from them, not instructing them at all in their Science, and holding them in more base subjection than their masters ever did in their apprenticeship. Also of a proud lazy disposition commanding them (without due instructions) to do the whole business, when indeed themselves ought to put their hands even to those parts of Surgery which they esteem basest; for the most lamentable diseases of poor men require the most care of the Surgeon, as for example, the ulcerations and slidings downof Any or the Ars-gut, which some in disdaining to do their office of fomenting, comforting and restoring thereof to the due place, most inhumanely have cut it off, when with as good a conscience they might have cut their Patients his throat: and the same I say to him that is negligent, and suffereth such to perish in their infirmities, without doing his utmost diligence. I could name some of the parties who have much disgraced themselves and the noble Science: but I will be charitable, hoping they will amend; and conclude with an old Grammar verse, worthy the remembrance of all men; Foelix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum. Thine J. W. TO THE CHIRURGICALL READER. Loving Brethren, IF you please to take notice thereof, within this Volume, you may easily discover the Surgeon's Chest three times to be repeated; or rather three several proportions or explaining of a Surgeon's Chest, or of Surgery provisions for Military uses: The first whereof puts the Reader only in mind, by way of inference, of particular Medicines, Instruments, and other materials and needful additaments, useful for a Surgeon's Chest, for Sea or Land, to be provided with▪ as also such necessaries as by the ship Barbers are fit to be had in readiness. In the second view of the Surgery Chest, is described (and as it were set open to be viewed) a Chest fitted for a great Ship upon a long Voyage for Sea service; as suppose for an East India Voyage. And wherein this second is not sufficiently explained, the first (if you please to repair unto it) shall give you further satisfaction. As for the third proportion, it is a Surgeon's Chest epitomised, or a sparing proportion, as suppose chief ordained for the curing of wounds either with Gun-shot or other casualties, and accidents in his Majesty's service for a Voyage on a sudden, to serve upon or near our own Coast, where additions (if occasion be) cannot be wanting in every Port Town. Unto all which proportions as each occasion of use shall urge, relation may be had, in regard each one of them differ in many and divers respects from the other. In which my endeavours, if any of the more sharp witted sparks of the time, I mean any of my younger brethren, shall show his greater skill, and say, I can yet add many more needful particulars, which the Author hath in his nescience omitted; as an acute verbal youth did not long since in my hearing, he not knowing me to be the Author: to whom I made a short, though it may be not a respective answer, that a fool could do as much. For who that hath wit, and is expert in Surgery, can be ignorant, that all medicines that Art hath ever devised or invented from the beginning of times for the health of mankind, or can any way be produced for the healing of the bodies of men, the same may be found useful in a Surgeon's Chest; whether the medicine be composed by a Chemical, Methodical, or Empirical Surgeon, and whether made of an Animal, Vegetable, or a Mineral substance, the Artist may doubtless make good use thereof for Sea or Land service in his Chest: but nevertheless, the Author by way of introduction held it fittest for him to express partem pro toto, a part for the whole, (Nam verbum sat sapienti) leaving just liberty, with room sufficient, for succeeding times to show their inventions and excellencies, as alluding to the wise saying of Hypocrates in his first and second Aphorisms, Vita brevis est: Man's life is short, Ars long● est, Art is long. In which regard the discreet young Artist, that hath time enough before him, is hereby desired to forbear his censure of the weak endeavours of the Author, until he have effected a better of his own, and more useful in Surgery, for the Commonwealth. A note of particular ingrediences for a Surgeon's Chest, and of other necessary Appendices serving for chirurgical uses, whereof these next recited may be placed on the lidd of the Chest to open view, to manifest he hath them, if the Surgeon will have it so, or he that is to pay for them desire to seethem in vie w. INcision knives. Dismembering knives. Catlings. Rasours. Trapans. Trafine. Lavatories. Head saws. Dismembering saws. Dismembering Nippers. Mallet and chizel. Speculum Oris. Speculum Oris with a screw. Speculum Linguae. Speculum Ani. Cauterizing irons. Storks bills. Raven's bills. Crow's bills. Terebellum. Incision shears. Probes or flamules. Spatulaes' great and small Spatulum Mondani. For teeth. Paces. Pullicans'. Forcers or punches. Crow's bills. Flegmes. Gravers, Small files. One bundle of small Germane instruments. Glister sirings. Small sirings. Cathetor. Wax Lights. These for the lidd of the Surgeon's Chest, till the Surgeon see cause to remove them. The rest that follow are no less necessary than the former for their particular uses: namely. The salvatory furnished with such Unguents as hereafter in their places are named. The Plaster box furnished with the due instruments and medicines thereunto belonging. The instruments for the Plaster box are as followeth ordinarily. Scissors. Forceps. Spatula. A capital instrument. Probe. Stitching quill ●nd needles. Lancet. Burras pipe. Lavatory. Wula spoon, etc. Cupping glasses. Brass basin. Blood porringers. Diet pot. Skillet. Chafing-dish. Glister pot. Funnel. Cups to give potions in. One board to spread plasters. Morter and pestle. Weights and scales. Sieves. Searces. Strainers. Splints. Juncks. Tape. Tow. Sponges. Clouts. Rulers. Grey paper. White paper. Empty pots. Glasses. Thread and needles. Wax lights. Lantern. Tinderbox furnished. Ink and quills. 1 Close stool. 1 Bed stool and a brass pail. Bricks to heat upon occasion. Pipkins. Empty bags. Skins of leather. The particulars of such Emplasters as are most common in use by Sea-Surgeons. Emplastrum Stipt. Paracelfi. Diachilum cum gummis. Diachilum simplex. Diacalcitheos'. Oxicrocium. Mellilotum pro spleen. Mellilotum simplex. De lapide Calaminari. De Minio. Calidum or spiced plaster Unguents most in use in the Surgeon's Chest. Vnguentum Basilicon. Apostolorum. Aureum. Aegyptiacu●. Album Camphoratum. Diapompholigos. Pectorale. Rosarum. Nutritum. Populeon. De Melle & Sapo. Contraignem. Contra Scorbutuns. Dialthea composita. Dialthea simplex. Potabile. Mercurii. Linamentum arcei. Arragon. Martiatum. Axungiae porcinae. Axungiae Cervi. Mel simplex. Waters or liquors fitting a Surgeon's Chest. Aqua Composita ex spiritu vini. Coelestis. D. Stevens. Rosa solis. Cinnamon. Limoniorum. Rosemary. Sassafras. Aniseed. Absinthii. Mellissae. Angelicae. Minthae. Cardui sancti. Theriacalis. Rosae Damaski. Rosa Rub. Odoriferae. Plantaginis. Simple. Falopii. Viridis. Aqua fortis. Lotion. Compounded. Lixivium forte, & Commune. Acetum Rosarum. Acetum Vini. Verjuice. Spiritus Vini. Vitrioli. Terebinthinae. Caustick liquid. Sal Absinthii. Gemmae. Nitrae. Lapidis infernalis. Oleum Rosarum. Anethinum. Chamomell. Lumbricorum Liliorum. Hipericonis simplex. Hipericonis cum gummis. Balmi Artificialis. Sambucorum. Ol. Lini. Ovorum. Laurini. Absinthii. Papaveris. Petroleum. Scorpionis. Amigdalarum dull. Amigda: amara: Balsami naturalis. Chemical Oils. Vitrioli. Sulphuris per campanum. Gariophilorum. Cinamome. Maci. Philosophorum. A●nisae. Terebinthae. Juniperri. Spic. Antimonii. Succini. Absinthii. Origani. Syrups. Syrrupus. Absinthii. Limoniorum. Papaveris. Cinamomi. Rosarum simplex. Solutium. Violarum. Oximell simplex. Mel Rosarum. Diamorum. Raphanae silvest. Prunellorum. Conserva Rosarum. Anthos. Berberorum. Citoniorum. Luiulae. Prunellorum. Electuariae Extract. catholicon purgance. Extract. rudii. Diacatholicon. Diaphenicon, Diaprunum. Conf. Hameck. De succo ●●●●rum. Diatrion piperion. Theriacei Londini. Conf. Alkermes. De Ovo. Mithridatum damo. The. Andromace. The. Diatessaron. Diaphoreticon Aurum vitae. Opiates. Laudanum Paracelsi. Diascordium. Diacodium. Philomum Romanum. Persicum. Tarsensi. Aurie Alexandrine. Succus. Absinthae. Acatie. Licorice. Limoni. Pulpa Tamarindarum. Pil. Agaricum. Aurea. Chochiae. De Euphorbio. De Cambogia. Ruffi●. Pulvis laxativus. Sanctus Arthreticus. Trochiscus. Absinthia. Alhandall. De Spodio. De Minio. Simples. Foliorum sena. Rhabarbarae. Agaricum. Scamoniae. Aloes. Hermodactilis. Polipodium. Dens Elephantis. Cor●u cervi. Euphorbii. Turbith. Mirabulanor 'em. Cambogia. Cassia fistulae. Certain other Simples. Crocus. Opium. Chinae. Sarssaparillae. Sassafras. Guaicum. Cortex guaiacae. Cortex granatorum. Licorice. Hordia come. Hordia gallic. Scmen anisae. Feniculi dulces. Geniculi common. Carraway. Cumini. Petrocelini. Lini. Fenigrece. Anethae. Papaveris. Plantaginis. Sem. quatuor frigid. Majoris. Minoris. Saccarum. Amigdalarum. Uva passa. Amillum. Spices, viz. Cinamomium. Macis. Piper. Cloves. Nuces Muscatae. Gums. Guaicum. Opoponax. Bdellium. Amoniacum. Sagapenum. Galbanum. Myrrah. Masticbe. Laudanum. Storaxcalaminthae. Liquida. Beniamen. Tragagantum Pix navalis. Resina. Succinum. Other needful Simples of divers kinds. Cera citrina. Mummia. Sperma ceti. Sanguis Draconis. Lupinis. Cantharideses. Camphora. Spodium. Sumech. Galls. Bolus vera. Bolus communis. Minerals. Antimonium Stibium. Sulphur. Alumen rochae & ustum. Vitriolum commune. Vitriolum album. Vitriolum ustum. Lapis prunellae. Cerusa venetiae. Lythargyrum auri. Viride aes. Tutia. Bacci Juniperi. Lauri. Ferina Tritici. Fabarum. Hordei. Furfuris. Volatilis. Ammille. Herbs most fit to be carried. Herbae Rosmari●us. Majoranus. Mentha. Melilotum. Salvia. Thymum. Absinthium. Carduus Benedictus. Mellissa. Sabina. Scordium. Radices Althaea. Raphani silvestres. Peritrum. Angelica. Consolida. Album Grecum. If the Surgeon's Mate cannot trim men, then by due consequence there is to be a Barber to the Ships Company, and he ought not to be wanting of these following necessaries. One Barbours' ease, containing, Rasours four. Scissors two pair. Combs three. Comb-brush one. Earepicker one. Curling instruments. Turning instruments and sponges. Mullet one. Gravers two. Phlegm one. Paring knives two. Loaking glass one. Aprons three. Shaving towels twelve. Waterpot one. Sweet water one▪ Washing balls less or more. Hone one. Whetstone one. Basins two. And what else is necessary to the Barber's profession, as the expert Barber better knoweth. Certain brief remembrances touching the particular instruments for the Surgeon's Chest, and the uses of the same. And first of the Incision knife. THe uses of the Incision knife are many: namely, to enter the cutis or skin upon very just cause; wherein Great care be had in Incision. I advise the Surgeon's Mate not to be too forward, or too rash, but to take good advice, namely, if the Patient may by any better way receive health, that he forbear incision, if not, let him proceed in the name of God. But note well, that this instrument is far less used amongst discreet Artists of our time, Incision by caustick medicines. than it was in former ages: for it was ever accustomed to be at hand for the opening of any Apostume suppurated, many of which now are fare more conveniently done by caustick medicines. For in truth it is a gross error in the Surgeon, and painful to the Patient (ordinarily as some do) to open Tumours by incision, and put tents into Tumours not to be Incised. Evils attending Tumours I●c sed. the orifice, by which occasion in short time the Artist is enforced either to new incision, or to dilate the orifice with a Sponge, or Elder or Gentian roots, thereby also including the peccant matter within the apostumated part, from one opening to another, which ought to have continual passage, whereas the caustick medicine saveth all that labour, with great honour to the Artist, and no small profit and convenience to the diseased. But as touching small apostumes in the mouth, Apostumes in the mouth to be Incised rather with a Launcet, then with a knife. throat, and gums, incision is best: in which case I hold a fine launcet is most comely, and much fit than a larger incision knife: and note that in all incisions whatsoever are to be made in any part of the body, it behoveth the Surgeon to regard if he incise deep, that he do it as near as he can according to the length of the Muscles; and also it is commendable in an artist to be very careful to hid his sharp instruments (as much as is possible) from the sight of the Patient, for many Cautions in Incision to be observed. reasons too long to recite. Only in conclusion note, that it is very Two Incision knives needful. fit and needful for the Surgeon to have at the least two incision knives, one greater, one less, and that he keep them sharp and clean; but let them not be so thin ground in the edge as the Razor, for than they will deceive the workman, when he hath most use of them. Thus much at this time of the incision knife. Of the dismembering knife, and of the Catling. Their use. THese two instruments are to be used in dismembering; as namely, they are to amputate, or to take off any offensive member or part The Incision knife required in disrumbring. of man's body: I mean all the fleshy part, or whatsoever may be incised even to the bone: And also in dismembering of the leg or arm below the knee or elbow, you shall have occasion to use the incision knife to cut asunder betwixt the bones or else where, whatsoever the Catling or dismembering knife cannot come at by reason of their greatness or unfitness; and then proceed to the saw. To conclude, one of each kind may serve for one Chest, so they be sharp and fitly ground, and not too thin edged. They are both very needful instruments to be at hand upon all occasions in the Surgeon's Chest. Of the Razor. The use of a razor. THere needeth little to be spoken of the use of this instrument, for that all men know well the use thereof, which is chief to shave away hair where need requireth: only let me put the Surgeon's A hoane and a whetstone is very necessary. Mate in mind, that if he forget to take in his Chest a good Hoane, as also a good Whetstone, he may easily lack the necessary use of a good Razor, when he hath most need of it at Sea; yea, though he German Surgeons praiseworthy for Rasours and Lanncets. Instruments kept clean is commendable withal. carry ten Rasours with him. In Germany it is a principal proof-piece of Mastership in Surgery, for a young man to take a base and ordinary knife, and to fit it to shave a beard; and also to make a Launcet himself which will enter smoothly: and it is a very great commendation in a young Artist to have sharp and clean instruments of all sorts, and to keep them so, and chief Rasours and Launcets; and it is as great a grace to young Artists to have good Rasours and Launcets, and the contrary may do great hurt. Wherefore I advise each young Artist to be practising often with the worst of his knives and Launcets, till he be able to make them serviceable. Negligence blame-worthy. But I find that pride and slothfulness hath taken such hold of many young Artists, that they disdain and neglect the meanest parts of their calling, as things of too base account for them, which indeed are as behooveful often times as those which seem of more consequence. I shall never for my part account him a fit Sea-Surgeon, which cannot, or will not amend his Launcets and Rasours, which I hold to be an especial credit to him, and no less advantage to his Patient. Thus much at this time of the use of the Razor. Of the Trapan. The use. THe Trapan is an instrument of great consequence, where there is just occasion of the use thereof; but it is seldom well used, and it only attendeth the Fractures of the Cranium, and yet scarce one in ten have just occasion of the use thereof. For we see daily many grievous Fractures healed without it, and many more would be if no such instruments were; since the perfect use thereof is not every man's work, neither in every Fracture (as I have said) needful to be used, because of many dangers attending the unskilful or untimely use An advertisement whether the Trapan i● necessary to be used● thereof. I advise the younger Surgeons to consider well afore they set the Trapan, whether it may not be forborn: but if a Fracture happen in the Cranium, with contusion and depression of both the Tables thereof, so that by other conjoined and apparent accidents, as want of some of the senses, great vomiting, with contraction of sinews, convulsions, or the like just reasons appear, thou be enforced to use the Trapan proceed warily as followeth. 1 If it be requisite observe first the instrument itself. First, be sure the instrument of itself be good, and of the best making, and that it be clean from rust, and perfect without faults; for those Trapans which are brought from Germany are not to be used, nor yet to be tolerated. 2 The place where▪ it is to be applied. Great care required in the use of the instrument. Further, of the place where it is to be used or placed upon. It is not always directly where the blow lighteth, but sometimes a Fracture is found a great distance off: wherefore this work requireth no small discretion in the attempting thereof. Your direction therefore, the skin being not broken, must be according to the apparent indication of the part, the due consideration of the complaint of the Patient, together with your own feeling with your fingers well respected. The place therefore found where the Fracture is, it than followeth that the hair must be first shaved away, or at least (which is not so good) cut close 3 The hair must be shaved off. for a good distance about the grief, 4 fingers broad or more; which done, have ready your medicines to bind up the wound again, as namely, your sponge, your ligature, with hot water, and each other 4 Have all medicines in a readinisse. 5 Observe the flux. things necessary for a dressing fit, which in another place I intent to set down. And if so be that the flux hinder not, use wine and honey to foment the grieved part after the incision be made, it will do well if it be in the ship to make also a restrictive ready, namely of bowl with water and vinegar, if an egg be not to be had; but an egg in the restrictive will make it the better. And further, if that the flux will not be ftaied by an ordinary kind of restrictive, then take the stronger restrictive powder which in due place is to be mentioned. And for present applications unto the wound, you have good choice of 2 sorts; namely, Oil of Roses, and Mel Rosarum mixed warm, or the Linamentum Arcei, which in speaking of wounds of the head, I will touch God willing) more largely. 6 Care of the Patient in dressing needful. 7 Incision must be. All things therefore in readiness, and the Patient placed close and warm from the air, and having two appointed to stay his head, the incision is either to be made directly cross, or in the form of a Roman T. and when the cutis is divided, together with membranacarnosa, or 8. The Pericranium remove. fleshly membrane, the Pericranium or pannicle, covering the scull, is also to be taken away, that the fractured part be bare; then set the Trapan The setting of the Trapan. thereon, but the pin thereof is always to be set on the whole part of the Cranium, whereby the most part of the Trapan (by consequence) standeth on the whole bone, but so that almost half may stand on the fractured part of the bone. This being thus warily set, The piercing with the Trapan. begin easily to turn about the instrument, till all the teeth have taken good hold round, then take up your Trapan again, and take out the pin in the midst, and set on the other part again as before, piercing and turning still, till you have pierced through both Tables, which is easily to be felt by the piecer: then gently take out the piece which commonly cometh away in the midst of the instrument, not regarding that all the fractured part be taken out, or all coming away: Neither shall it always be needful that the depressed part be presently elevated, except it may very safely and easily be done, for nature Nature much helpeth in this work. will admirably bring to pass the elevating and scaling of the rest of fractured or depressed bone in due time, if thou follow only a good method of applying comforting and convenient medicines to the wound, with apt Ligature. Neither strive in setting the Trapan, A caution in setting the Trapan. without good reason, to use the greatest head of the Trapan, which hath commonly three or four heads: for if nature only have a breathing, it will wonderfully help itself by purging the contused blood through the orifice, by way of matter or excrement. Many worthy Artists there are at this day living, which have performed great cures in fractures of the Cranium, and yet never knew the worthy use of this instrument. I have myself with a short carving knife twice made as good a shift as if I had had a Trapan ready, and thereby cured two dangerous fractures, by cutting as much of the Cranium away, as that the contused blood had only vent. The German Surgeons use no Trapan, that ever I could see in my eight years living among them, though they both speak and write of it. But forasmuch as it is apparent, the work of a Trapan is very good, I therefore would advise a young Artist to make some experience first upon a calf's head, or a sheep's head, till he can well and easily take Special skill required in the operation. out a piece of the bone; so shall he the more safely do it to a man without error when occasion is. Note also, that where a fracture is accompanied with a wound, it Note. shall not be needful to enlarge further than will serve to set the Trapan; for, as too little breathing is dangerous, so are too great wounds; making the Artist to be esteemed Butcherlike and hateful, and is often also very dangerous and deadly. Further note, the good success of the curing of the fractures in the Note wherein curation of Fractures consists. Cranium, as also in all other Fractures, standeth very much in good Ligature and easy medicines, which I wish each young learner with diligence to practise. Thus much of the Trapan. Of the lavatory. THe Lavatory is a necessary instrument to elevate the depressed Cranium, The use. in which work, as I have written in the former Chapter of the use of the Trapan, I advise no young Artist to be too curious Cautions to be observed. or hasty to force the depressed bone too much, where there is no evil symptoms: for a depressed bone will oftimes help itself, by rising It is very necessary. and scaling, admirably; and yet it is many times of very necessary use, and a fit instrument in the Surgeon's Chest. Of the Headsaw. The Use. THe Headsaw is an instrument with which a vent may be given sometimes through the Cranium, and thereby the use of the Trapan may be happily forborn: and for that reason this instrument may have a place in the Surgeon's Chest: sometimes also a small ragged piece of the Cranium may so hang, that this instrument may be used to saw it away. But I wish young Artists not to be overbusy in Good heed required in sawing. sawing, plucking away, or raising the fractured Cranium, as is said, more than of mere necessity they are argued unto, lest fearful and sudden accidents follow, not to be avoided not stayed: If ought be merely lose, and in sight, take that away; if not, forbear to pluck much at first, for nature is exceeding beneficial in eiecting unnatural things in that part, and very froward if thou use force whilst she is weak herself. Of the dismembering saw. Instruments must be ready at hand and kept clean. THis great and terrible instrument, only ordained for amputation or dismembering, is fitting to be always ready and clean kept in the Surgeon's Chest, with two blades thereunto, though one good blade well used will serve an Artist for his whole life: but forasmuch as it is only appointed, as is said, for the work of dismembering, I refer the Reader to a subsequent Chapter of dismembering, where I shall at large recite the use thereof, and (having small leisure) will now haste to the next. Of the dismembering Nippers, and of the Mallet and Chizel for dismembering. THese instruments having coherence with the precedent, namely, the Saw, are merely invented, as the former, for amputation The Use. chief, and are appointed to the fingers and toes, as the other is to the legs and arms. I need say no more, of them in this place, but that they are good necessaries upon occasions in the Surgeon's Chest, being kept well. Nevertheless, in want of such at Sea, the Ship-Carpenter No great n●●d of them. for a need can always furnish the Surgeon in a short warning; and therefore they may as well be forborn as any other I know in the Chest, if allowance grow scant. Of the Speculum oris plain. The use. THis Speculum oris is that which taketh hold on the tongue and under the chin at once, and is very necessary to hold open the mouth for the better applying medicines to the throat: and this instrument This is very necessary. is of no other use at all in the Surgeon's Chest; yet because the work is frequent at Sea, there is much need of such an instrument in the Surgeon's Chest. Of the Speculum oris with a screw Frequent in use, and very profitable. THis Speculum serveth to screw open the mouth, which is often very need full at Sea, as well in the cure of Lethargy and Scurvy, as in many other dangerous cases; and namely, sometime for conveying nourishment into the mouth of the Patient: sometime also for the bringing in medicines of several kinds, too long to write of; wherefore it may not well be missing in the Surgeon's Chest. Of the Speculum Linguae. The form of Speculum linguae. The use thereof. THis Speculum Linguae. is a small instrument which may be carried in a plaster box: it is form like a splatter or spatula at one end, only it is hollow and cut through, and the other being form for scraping the tongue, is very fitting in Fevers, and furring of the tongue. The broad end is used to hold down the tongue at some times as you desire, either to inject any liquor into the throat, or to apply any other medicine to the mouth or throat; though some use in place thereof a splatter, yet this instrument is far steddier, better, and The Commendation of it. cleaner and being through hollow, as is said, the tongue is not apt to slip or slide from under it any way. Of the Speculum Ani. THe Speculum Any declareth his use by his name, belonging only The use. to an● or the fundament, to open the same as occasion shall be offered, upon every grief or disease happening thereunto, and cannot Reasons for the necessity of it. well be forborn in the Surgeon's chest. For if there happen in the orifice of the fundament any excoriation or exulceration, then can nothing better be brought to the grieved place, then by this Speculum: neither can the grief be seen without it: the manner of the opening of the fundament therewith needs not to be described. For I hold none so witless which cannot make use thereof, when they once see but the instrument; and yet let not the young artist be too busy in using An advertisement for the right use of the instrument. Note 1. of this instrument without good reason. For if by injection, without it he can cure the Patient, it is much better so to do, and much easier to the Patient then to use the instrument. One principal reason is, the Patient hath not always power to help himself by giving way to the safe use of this instrument, for the Sphingtures or gathering muscles of the fundament, will not of themselves▪ without resistance be opened, but often will against the Patiented his own will make such unexpected resistance, that if the artist which dilateth give not back, he may bruise the said muscles, and thereby make new work: for it ought well to be had in mind how dangerous it is to the life or health of the Patient to use needless force in that part. Of the cauterizing Irons. THe ancient Surgeons of former ages used these instruments far more than in these our times: The necessary use of them in many cures is now forborn, by reason the terror thereof to the Patient is The use. great, yet the use of them is very needful, as namely, to cauterize any vein or Artery in strong fluxes of blood, which cannot otherwise be stayed. And in the Epilepsy or falling sickness they are often used with When & where the use is required. good success: also they are good to make a funtanel or Issue in the hinder part of the head, or in the neck; so likewise in the cure of the Lethargy or Apoplexy, if upon learned and good advice there be held just cause so to do. But they have been used commonly by the ancient Surgeons of former ages for the opening of Apostumes; and surely they are better in my judgement for the good of the Patient in many Apostumes than the Launcet: yet I confess I make no use of them my The benefit of the instrument, fear and scandal hindereth. self in that kind, because of the fear they put the Patient into, and for speech of people, who are ready to scandalise an Arti●● upon each light occasion. These instruments have likewise been commonly used by the ancients in dismembering, namely, to cauterize sometimes the whole end of the stump, and sometimes only veins and arteries, and doubtless with good warrant they may yet be so used; but in that case they are wholly now forborn, for reasons aforesaid, and for that a more pleasant course is known both for the Patient and the Artist; yet I conclude it is very fit the Surgeon's Chest be furnished with divers sorts of them, if the allowance of the Surgeon will admit it. Of Storks bills, Ravens bills, Crows bills, Goose bills, and the Terebellum. The use. THese last recited instruments have their several uses, to draw out bullets arrow-heads, broken bones, or whatsoever else of unnatural things are gotten into any part of man's body. In the use of each of Care in their use is to be had for divers reasons. them great care and respect is to be had, not to use extreme violence on the sudden to draw out the offending thing, for it is not always necessary to draw it forth by the way of the first wound, but perhaps it may with far less danger be thrust quite through the member, and taken out on the other side. Sometime also the offending thing, as a bullet, may be so fixed in a bone, or otherwise betwixt bones, that it is far better not to move it, then to offend the part where it is fixed or seated: sometimes also Nature will better cast it out then thou canst by Art devise to do, and over-forwardnesse doth often as much hurt as good. It happeneth also sometimes, that the orifice of the wound is to be dilated, or enlarged to draw out a lose bone, or other thing, In such a case if it The drawing out of a lose bone. be merely lose, it is best to take it out the first dressing; but if it be lose at one end only and fast at the other, except thou without flux of blood or danger of the member canst remove it, forbear and give nature leave to do her office, and have patience. For otherwise young Artists which are forward to tear, cut, and search too boldly, do often that harm which is unrecoverable. To conclude, since experience and God and man are to be sought unto for knowledge. reason make an Art, if thou have reason be careful to ask counsel both of God and man, that thou mayst answer thy deeds both here and in the world to come. For the subject of thy Art is the most precious of God's creatures. Thus much for the use of the aforesaid instruments at this time. Of Incision shears. THere is in every Art or Science a due respect to observe the having Incision shears are rather for form then necessary use. of some things for form and order sake; and if any instruments in the Surgeon's Chest may be termed for form sake to be placed there, the Incision shears are of that kind: for they are generally desired, The seldom use of the Instrument. but scarce once in a man's like worth the usage. For admit there were an occasion to dilate or enlarge a wound; it is far better done with the Incision knife, which justly will obey the Artist his will, without An Incision knife will excuse the want of the shears. more or less doing then need requireth: and this instrument is no way so justly to be limited. Wherefore though I have here nominated it, I forbear any persuasive words to urge the use of it, but leave the Artist to his will therein. Of the use of Probes of several seizes. THe use of a Probe, can no way be forborn in the Surgeon's Chest: Probes very needful. for no Chirurgical work is well and artificially effected, without some occasion of the use thereof, more or less; as namely, oftentimes it The divers manner of their use. is to be armed with dry soft lint, to cleanse a wound: sometimes again, as is aforesaid, armed with dry lint and dipped into some lotion, oil, or liquor, therewith to mundify, corrode, or heal the grief, according The ends of their use. to the due occasion thereof, and will of the Artist: sometime to inquire the depth of a wound, ulcer, or fistula; in which work many times great wrong is done by unconscionable or ignorant Surgeons, to their Great danger in the ill use of the Probe. Patients, by forcing too far the Probe, thereby to make the grief appear deeper, which I advise young Surgeons to make a conscience of: for by such abuse, the Patient is many times greatly endangered of his The use of a long Probe. life. Further, some use the longer sort of Probes, with eyes like needles, in wounds that penetrate through a member▪ yea, some are so hardy To draw the Probe therow the body wounded, is evil. they will put them through the Trunk of the body, the Patient being wounded through the body; all which I hold to be very idle; for certainly it must be both very painful, fearful, & dangerous to the Patient & the custom of such artists is to draw lawn or a fine linen cloth, being put into the eye of the Probe, (or stamule as some term it) and dipped in some artificial balm, thorough the member; yea, and some are so wise in their own conceits, that they leave the said laun or linen cloth in the wound from one dressing to another, which for my part I utterly mislike, for I know in all wounds nature striveth to make unition of the parts divided, & whoso keepeth asunder the parts by such courses, it shall repent him, except he be graceless. Myself have had reasonable experience in piercing wounds, both through the trunk of the body, and through the outward members, and have ever contented myself, in putting in to each orifice a short and easy tent, which I commonly make of emplastrum stipticum Paracelsi, or some other good plaster spread on a clout, and rolled gently tentwise, and so applied dipped in Balm, the tent being but of half an inch or an inch long at the most: of which I never yet repent me, except a broken bone be to come out, and then I altar my intention according as the occasion enforceth, with other answering and methodical courses due to healing being observed: which in their places (as time will permit) shall be touched God willing. No more at this time of the use of Probes. Of Spatulaes' great and small. Spatulaes' or splatters, as they commonly term them, are most needful instruments to spread unguent, and emplasters withal, and also Their use. to stir about, and the better to compound any medicine on the fire; Splatters of wood as well as of Iron necessary. and to this latter work the Artist may make wooden splatters, which will be far fit and cleaner than those of Iron: The Surgeon's Chest cannot well be without both sorts, and variety will do well; wherefore they cannot be forborn in the Chest. Spathula mundani. THis instrument is newly devised by myself, to serve upon any occasion A new instrument. of extreme costiveness, which often happeneth to sea men, so that no purging medicine neither upward nor downward administered or taken, will work; which myself have more than once seen, in which The use. case the fundament, with the speculum ani aforesaid, if occasion urge, is to be opened, and the spoon end of this instrument put in, & the hard excrements there with drawn out; which in some bodies are so dry that they may be powdered. This disease killeth many, and may by Costiveness dangerous. the diligent Artist be easily cured as aforesaid. This recited instrument may be easily forced into the fundament without the speculum ani to conduct it, being anointed or greased, and first warmed a little. This grief cometh now and then to men which have the scurvy, and it often so inflameth, and excoriateth; yea, and sometime putrefieth the Arsegut or Longanum, that the party either dyeth thereof, or the sharp humidity proceeding by reason of the inflammation and excoriation thence mentioned, maketh passage for the aforesaid hard excrement, after which followeth a most extreme and painful flux of blood, which for the most part killeth them: and yet is it often seen, that the party being in time diligently attended (by God his mercy) Great care to be had in the cure of this disease. may have comfort and remedy for it. These hard excrements taken away, the body returneth to the natural former habit again, etc. Pacis, Pullicans', Punches or Forcers, Crows bills, Phlegmes, Gravers and Files for teeth. ALl these recited instruments, and each of them are needful in the The use. Surgeon's Chest, and cannot be well forborn for the drawing of teeth, forasmuch as the cleansing of the teeth and gums, and the letting of the gums blood are often no small things for keeping men in health at Sea, and sometimes do save the lives of men both at Sea and Land: For we see that from an Apostume begun under a rotten or hollow tooth, for want of drawing the same, sometimes proceedeth Skill in drawing of teeth required. great swell in the face, or in the amygdals and throat, and the party is suffocated and dyeth: Likewise by indiscreet drawing of a tooth, either the jaw is broken, or some other had accident is provoked. Wherefore I hold none worthy to go for a Surgeons Mateto sea, who is ignorant of tooth drawing; and I esteem him an unworthy Surgeon (how high soever he bears his head) that can draw a tooth well, and will upon need at Sea scorn or deny to do it. The manner how how to draw a tooth aright. For drawing of teeth, the true manner is, first well to divide the gum from the tooth; in which work if you be wary, you need not launch or cut the gum at all, but only with the round sharp pointed end of the The use of a Phlegm. phlegm, to compass the tooth close, piercing by little and little still somewhat deeper, but ever keeping round and close to the tooth till you feel your phlegm be as low as the jaw bone, in which time you may do well then to consider what kind of instrument you wiltake to draw it, and if it be the furthest tooth of the jaw either above or below▪ The use of the Pullican. or that it be a stump except it be of the foremost teeth, the Pullicans' are the fittest instruments to draw with; if it be any other of the great grinders, and that there be reasonable hold on the inner side, be it on The use of the Pacis. the upper or lower jaw, it is best done with the pacis, but you must be wary you draw not a large tooth with a narrow pacis, for so you hazard the breaking thereof; wherefore 2. sorts of pacis at lea●● are needful in a Chest, & the like of pullicans', & punches or forcers, for you must The use of the Forcers and Punches. fit a large tooth with a large instrument. Concerning the foremost teeth and the eye teeth they are safest done with the Forcers, or punch, provided that they be upon the upper jaw, and for them of the lower jaw being strong, with narrow pacis. Note further, that as well the eye-teeths, as also the foreteeth are very apt to break in drawing, for that they always are deep, wherefore there is great care to be had in Respect in placing the Instrument to be had. the placing your instrument, of what sort soever it be, and you must in raising the tooth be very careful for fear of breaking the same, or offending the jaw. Wherefore for one general rule ere you draw a How to place this instrument. tooth, forget not to thrust down your instrument as low as you can possible towards the root of the tooth, and that you gripe it steady and fast, that as you seem somewhat to wrench your hand, you may more intent to pluck the tooth upward, according to the situation of the tooth, for saving the jaw. Also when your instrument hath hold on the one side of the jaw, you must with your other hand take hold and stay the jaw. Beware also you be not too sudden or rash in raising the tooth, but that you feel as it were the form of the situation thereof in your plucking out of the same; for some great teeth, being far wider in the lower end than elsewhere, if you be too rash in raising them from their place, you are sure either to break them or to damnify the jaw bone. And in truth in that I have often wondered at the goodness of God, when I have viewed a tooth with three large straddling roots or fangs, forced out at a round narrow hole; which God's mercy in working that which Art cannot. fangs are no way flexible: so that it must follow of necessity the ●aw bone hath opened itself (though by force) to let them out; and yet without to harm to the Patient, or help of Art, closed again, and in three days perfectly whole. Concerning the metal your instrument The metal of the Instruments ought to be respected. ought to be made of, the forcers or punches, are best to be made of the hardest steel; the pacis & pullicans' of steel softened, that they may not pinch too sharp: Myself have (to my pain) proved experience in A reason drawn from experience. What fit to be done after the teeth be drawn. my own head twice; namely, the harm of steeled hard pacis: which pinched off the heads of two of my own teeth, and left the roots behind; which maketh me the more to commiserate others in that behalf. After the drawing of teeth some put vinegar, and some put other liquours into the mouth, but vinegar I utterly mislike: I never use other thing but salt betwixt my fingers, thrust into the place where the tooth stood, and then with my fingers close again the gum easily together: For in my opinion vinegar is hurtful in such cases; but if sometimes the party be not in ease presently▪ then I use to heat a little of my ordinary lotion, and give it the party to keep hot in his or her mouth, holding it on that side where the grief is, which for the most part bringeth present ease. The use of the Crow's bills. Concerning the Crow's bills, they are only used to take hold of any snag of a tooth or bone lose in the jaw, or elsewhere in the body where occasion may urge. Another use of Phlegmes. Phlegmes have not only their uses in teeth drawing, but also to launch and cut the gums to let them blood, or to cut oftentimes the superfluous flesh of the gums away, it being too rank, as in cases of the scurvy, the cure whereof (God willing) shall in another place be spoken of. And for Gravers they are used to take scales off, being a hard The use of Gravers. substance which use to fix themselves to the teeth, causing them to become lose and stink, or be black in the mouth; or to help to scrape or cleanse a bone in any other part of the body, as just occasion is offered. The small Files are used either to file a small snag of a tooth, The use of Files. which offendeth the tongue or lips, or to abate any end of a bone elsewhere in the body which is fractured. One Bundle of small Instruments usually brought from Germany containing divers kinds, as Mullets, Forceps, Hamules, or Hooks, Ear-pickers, Sikes, Small spatulas, etc. FOrasmuch as the unexpected casualties that happeneth to a man are innumerable, I see not how the Surgeon can by his wit devise instruments or remedies for all. The use of the German instruments. Wherefore for that hair or a mote in the eye, a stone in the ear or nostrils, a pin or a bone in the throat, a spill in the finger, and divers like casualties unfortunately happen on the sudden, it is very necessary for the Surgeon to be furnished with such like needful instruments, as are commonly contained in the Bundle mentioned: for this Bundle containeth at the least 20. small instruments of strange forms, at first devised (no doubt) by learned and diligent Artists, and do well garnish and set out the Surgeon's Chest, and are many ways very needful for any the occasions mentioned. Of the large Syringe containing one wine pint, commonly called the Glister Syringe. THis worthy and well devised instrument so needful in the Surgeon's The necessity of this Syringe. Chest, I wish each Surgeon's Mate were perfect in the use thereof: for it is so necessary and so comfortable an instrument to him that hath need thereof, & so ready, neat, & easy for the workman, as surely no instrument in the Surgeon's Chest, in my opinion, is like to it. For there are two principal and capital evils, which chief hasten the ends of many of our loving Countrymen at sea, not only in the East Indies, but also in all hot Countries: the first and principal is extreme The use thereof. looseness and weakness of the stomach, and entrails, causing a flux of the belly; the other is extreme costiveness: in both which this instrument is most necessary. Provide therefore that you be sure to have one The manner of keeping the Syringe. at hand, and that it be always ready: also that you have several pipes thereto; that you arm it well with good tow; that when you have used it, you wipe it clean, and hang it up in your Cabin in two parts being drawn out, namely, the staff and the barrel each by itself; for if it be kept close, it will be musty and the tow rotten. There is also More pipes them one with a crooked neck needful. to be had in readiness a crooked neck much like an elbow, belonging to the same instrument, that how crooked soever the Patiented lie, the medicine may be administered to him: and therewith also any man may give himself a Glister very easily, without the help of another. Necessary rules First of the tow in the Syringe. The principal things to be observed in fitting the instrument, is that the tow, within the staff mentioned, be even and full and close put on, that no drop of liquor can come out behind at the staff's end; which is 2. Of the Glister pot. as easy to do as in a small Syringe. And you must also have a Glister pot of pewter, but one of brass were better, for fear of melting. Your glister pot should be made with a snout or lip, and containing one pint and a half, the better to deliver in the liquor at the narrow hole of the 4. Of putting in the Glister into the Syringe. Syringe without a funnel. When you would put in your medicine, you must draw down your staff as low as you can, that there may be the 4. Of stopping the Syringe filled. whole room to contain the substance which you have ready, namely, your Glister, which put in, have ready a cork to stop the hole you put 5. Put on the pipe. it in by, then may you lay down your instrument till you be ready to use it. There is no other thing in the delivering it into the body to be 6. Anoint it with oil or Axungia. observed, save that you put on the pipe, anointing the end of it with some fat thing, or dipping it into the oil swimming in the Siring. And when you are ready, having some tow about the head of the said pipe, 7 Put tow about the Pipe wring it hard in, thrust it to the head, laying the Syringe in an even 8 Concerning the delivery of the Glister into the body. position if it may be, and then put it from you till all be in the gut: then let the party turn himself on his back, forcing himself by all possible means to retain the medicine given him for one hour if he can. Sometimes it falleth out, that by means of the hardness of the excrement in the gut, the holes of the Syringe pipe is like to be choked Extrement sometimes stoppeth the passage and hindered from delivering of the medicine; in such a case (the said excrement being only clammy and not fully hardened) put upon the end of your Syringe pipe that first entereth the gut over the holes of the Note. same pipe, a thin oily clout that may cover all the holes, and so put it in, clout and all, thrusting the same up to the head or thick part of the Pipe; then a very little (as it were) draw back your hand, and deliver your Glister with some reasonable good force, thrusting the Pipe in the delivery close up to the body▪ that nothing come back; the Syringe being drawn out let it be washed, wiped, and drawn out of the barrel, as I have said, & so in two parts hung up to be ready for the next occasion. But if you find such resistance in the gut, that your medicine by the The use of Spatula Mundana required if the Glister cannot have passage. What to be done if the body through weakness cannot keep the Glister. aforesaid means will not enter, then with the aforementioned Spatula mundana, draw out part of the hard excrements which hinder, and then proceed as beforesaid to give a Glister. Moreover, many are very weak and unfit to hold in their bodies any such medicine, except you with some tow, clout, or the like, will hold it in, they can take no benefit by a Glister: wherefore in such a case, you must be full of humanity and Christian commiseration; not to be fine fingered, squeamish, or disdainful, but consider your brother by yourself. Concerning the substance of a Glister, the quantity to be given, and other necessary observations, of that kind, in the Chapters of the cure of the flux and Scurvy I have written; to which place I refer the well disposed Surgeons Mate: & look what for brevity's sake I have omitted, the young practitioner must as I have done before him, either by reading, enquiring, or practising, and sometimes even by erring find it out: and if he know more than myself, thank God for it, and let him impart some to others, and not scorn this; for to such I writ it not, but to the young and willing learner. Some may marvel, I multiply so many words concerning the Glister Syringe, and forget to mention the Glister bag and Pipe, so This Syringe is preferred before the Glister B●g and Pipe. good and ancient a work, & so long in use before the other. To which I answer; this work is cleanlier for the Surgeon, easier for the Patient, and may be delivered with greater of lesser force, as the Artist pleaseth; and this instrument will last when the other will stink and putrify: and yet I deny not the other to be good, but not to be trusted to at Sea. Thus much of the Glister Syringe. Of the small Syringe. IT might seem a thing vain to mention instructions herein: for what Barbers boy is not practised in the use of the small Syringe? Truly few, and yet many Masters to my knowledge err grossly in the true uses thereof divers ways, all which were frivolous in these brief notes Instructions for the use of the small Syringe. to touch. First therefore observe that when you use a Syringe, let it be clean; that it be smooth at the end for galling; that it be even armed with tow; that it go not by jumps nor too stiff; & that you carry a steady & even hand in delivering it, & force it not over strongly, except upon great reason. And if the grief be in the passage of the yard, as in case of Gonorrea, oftentimes there are excoriations, then in the putting in the Syringe it is needful to rest thy arms in the delivery thereof on the Patiented his thighs, he sitting somewhat high, or standing bowing forwards, and How to use this Syringe in the yard. strive not to fill the Syringe too full at once, for than thou canst not easily and steadily reach it to deliver it: and the first time thou presentest it thou mayest if thou please make short work, and deliver it betwixt glans and praeputium, that is, betwixt the skin and the head of the yard, holding the forepart of the praeputium close together, if it may be held together, which serveth only to wash without the passage. The second time How to deliver an Injection. deliver into the passage so far as well thou canst reach; namely, to the end of the Pipe, if without great pain thou canst effect it, resting thy arms, at it is said, and holding with the one hand the yard (as it were) in the midst thereof or behind the former part of the pipe of the Siring; namely, not merely to the head of the yard, nor straining nor pressing thy hand too hard, only that the water injected may be kept in; for by that holding of the left hand close, the water being artificially put in, will come to the neck of the bladder; which done keep it so in till thy Syringe being drawn out, can be filled once again, and deliver it as the other was, without removing the hand that holdeth; & that second time, the water will come into a bladder; and observing duly this form of injection, thou shalt cast in as much water as thou please into the bladder Errors in injecting manifested. without pain, with only an ordinary Syringe; whereas casting it in and holding the praeputium close as is usual, assure thyself the water will never come at the neck of the bladder, nor further than the pipe is put in; whereas often the defect is in the neck of the bladder, and thy medicine cometh not there. Also, let not thy medicine be too hot which thou injectest, for that is dangerous, and cold is also bad; so hot as piss is Mercurial injections to be rejected. the true temper, or a little warmer. Beware also of Mercurial lotions, I mean any which have Mercury sublimate, precipitate, or otherwise prepared in them, for though they have good qualities, yet they are (upon The evils the case. my knowledge and experience) dangerous, used by way of injection into the yard; for they will utterly alter and overthrow the natural faculty of the yard, and will offend the erection of Virga, and so calcine the same, that it shall become impotent to his natural work, I know it, and yet they may be with good success used in curing malignant ulcers twixt glans & praeputium, or elsewhere upon the yard, as daily use of them declareth. Concerning Lotions or Injections, they shall, God willing, in another place be mentioned. Also, concerning the general uses of Injections not proper only to the yard. The necessity of the Syringe. the Syringe, they are not alone limited to Virga or the yard, nor to venereal causes only; but they are also of especial good use in wounds, ulcers & fistulas; as also for griefs in the mouth and throat, and may not therefore be omitted in the Surgeon's Chest: wherefore I advise at the least two if not three, each with three pipes, to be ready in the Chest upon any occasion. Of the Catheter, together with wax lights to search the conduit of the bladder. The use. THe Catheter may well be numbered one amongst the needful instruments in the Surgeon's Chest; for if obstructions happen, either in the passage of the urine, or neck of the bladder, through slime, gravel, the stone, or like accident, which by the artificial use of a syringe cannot be removed, then is this needful instrument to be used, as also to make search for the stone in the bladder. How to use it. If therefore there be occasion to use it, put it in gently as followeth, namely with the crooked or dependent part thereof downward, so fare as it will be put in, being first anointed with a little oil of Almonds, or some fresh grease, or oil for want of the first rehearsed; and being put in as fare as you can without much force, then feel by the root of the yard near the fundament with thy fore finger, anointed with butter or oil (or the middle finger of the other hand) where the end of the Catheter resteth or beareth out, then put in the Catheter yet further towards the fundament, pressing or bearing down, as it were, a little the lower part of the said instrument with thy upper hand which stayeth the Catheter, than (together with the help of the lower finger of the other hand) turn the Catheter upwards, putting it also withal forward a little, and it will slip into the bladder; then draw out the inner wire, and the urine will come forth, still keeping the instrument carefully within the bladder till all be run out that gently will come without forcing. Moreover, you may by putting in the first or longest finger into ●no or the fundament, the Catheter being in the bladder, and the water drawn out, feel easily if any stone be in the bladder, the party grieved standing and bending his body likewise forward. Of the searching candle. The use. THe searching candle is chief to be used when there is a caruncle or ulceration in the neck of the bladder, or passage of the urine, and then it is used both to find out the place where the said grief is, and also to bring apt medicines to the place grieved; but that work requireth good deliberation well to effect it: for an expert workman may easily err herein, except he take good regard. Wherefore when by the candle you have The right end of the candle is to find out the grieved place, and right passage thereunto. found the certain place of the grief, which is commonly done by the stops or stays which the said candle findeth in the passage, be careful to observe the just length to the further end of the said stop or place aggrieved, and there if you mark your candle well, you shall by the same perceive the full length and breadth of the disease: then upon the said light or candle, fasten your medicine which you intent to heal the The time when the medicine is to be applied. grief with; as namely, if the disease be a kind of spongy flesh, as often The right manner of applying medicines. it is a very little allumen ustum, or vitriolum ustum, will be fitting medicines, or what else you know best for such occasions, and print it according to the depressed part of the wax into the wax candle, and convey it warily to the place, and let the wax light remain for a short time in the yard, then having a care you keep it not till the wax melt too much, drawing it out, and do so again; and altar your medicine upon the searching candle, as you see cause and forget not to use good injections also, which help much. Thus much for this time concerning the Catheter and searching candles. These former recited instruments may be placed on the Chest-lid, except the Glister pot. Their necessary uses being briefly touched, it rests now to speak next of certain other chirurgical instruments and necessaries pertaining to chirurgery. The Salvatorie and the necessary appurtenances. Six divers unguents at the least in a Salvatorie requisite. THe Salvatorie if it contain six several Unguents, it is sufficient for any present use, so that they be such are found and good, and most in common use: such are Unguentum Basilicon. Apostolorum. Linament of Arceus. Aureum. Diapompholigos. Dialthea Light rooms in a Salvatorie not amiss. But if the Salvatorie have eight rooms, than two more as necessary as the former may be added; as namely, unguentum Populeon, and unguentum Album; concerning the several uses of these unguents, in their places somewhat shall be spoken, God willing. Of the Plaister-box, and what belongeth thereto: And first of the Emplasters. THe Plaister-box ought to contain, at the least, three kinds of several Emplasters: as namely, What Emplasters the Plaister-box should have at all times ready. Emplast. Stipticum Paracelsi. Diachalcitheos'. De lapide calaminari. For want of Diachalcitheos', Emplast. De minio may serve. The uses of the Instruments due to the Plaister-box follow next, and are these, Speculum linguae. Phlegm. One capital instrument. A directory for enlarging a strict orifice. Scissors. Forceps. Spatula. Probes. Stitching needles and quill. Launcet. Barras pipe. Lavatory. Uuula spoon. There belongeth to the Surgeon's Mate a careful and especial respect to be had concerning Scissors; namely, that he have at the least two pair of good Scissors for to cut hair, that they be well ground, and kept Surgeon's ignorant of the true use and keeping Scissors and plaister-box, unworthy name and place. clean; as also in his plaister-box one pair, and that they be at all times kept well. The manner of using them were lost labour to be taught any Surgeon's Mate: for if he be therein unskilful, he is unworthy of his place. Wherefore I only recite them for remembrance sake, and likewise for order, having already spoken somewhat of the several uses of each one of the recited instruments. Of the Forceps. The use, THe Forceps are only used to take off medicines from diseases, or sometimes to take out a spill, a hair, or a lose bone, or aught else which is offensive, from a wound, or to draw out aught that may by chance come into the ear, nostrils, the mouth, or throat, to the danger of the Patient. Wherefore it is an instrument of continual use, and hath many offices in Chirurgery. Of the Spatula. THe use or abuse of the Spatula, as it hath his office to take out an unguent and spread it on lint, can do no offence to the Patient greatly. Wherefore I will pretermit to lose time in declaring aught thereof. Of the Probe. The use. THe Probe hath already been mentioned in another place; but the small Probe, being a necessary merely belonging to the plaster box, serveth not only for the aforesaid uses, but also to cleanse wounds, ulcers, fistulas, etc. and is a very necessary instrument which cannot well The abuse of this Instrument. be miss: but there is much abuse of this instrument oftentimes by making probation (as the phrase is;) for some, to show a wound deep, having gotten once within the cutis, will, by thrusting it sometimes betwixt the coats of the muscles, sometimes otherwise, ignorantly either endanger Note. the part, and thereby occasion evil accidents to follow, or otherwise break the coat of a vein or artery, to the overthrow of the patiented, or his great hazard. Of the stitching quill, and stitching needles. THe stitching quill, and stitching needles, have their due place in the plaster box: wherefore that they may be the more ready on a sudden, as occasion is offered, forget not to have at the least three ready How many needles needful Of what seizes. Instructions for stitching. needles well armed and pointed of several seizes, I mean threaded with strong coloured silk, well waxed: and when you stitch, beware you draw not the orifice awry, obliqne or deformed, but that you have great respect to the true beauty and former comeliness of the wounded part, neither let your stitches be too near one unto another, neither tie your silk too close, which will occasion the stitches to break before their time; for nature will not be forced. Also when you would stitch a wound, let the hole of your stitching quill not be forgotten to be set to the one side of the lips or sides of the wound which you intent to pierce, so that it may give a stay to the part when it is to be pierced through with the needle; and it must be just so placed, that the needle piercing through the wound, may also come within the said hole; which drawn through, take away your quill, and set it so to the other side. Sometimes also it happeneth in stitching the sides, that the sides of the wound lie so near each to the other, that both sides may at one time be taken up without drawing out the needle at all: in such a case the stitcing quill mentioned is not to be removed from▪ the first place. A double coloured silk is best to stitch with, being waxed, next that, thread will serve. It is also convenient to wax the thread or silk, or to use some emplaster to rub it with in place of wax. Note also, that rolling needles be put into the said stitching quill to be ready: also thread to sow rolls together for making the readier and more convenient Ligature in wounds and ulcers, as occasion is. There is also a form of dry stitching of new wounds, which at this time I omit for brevity's sake. Thus much of the stitching quill, and stitching needles. Of the Launcet. ALthough at the first it might be imagined that little were to be spoken to the Surgeon's Mate concerning the Launcet, for without question each Surgeon's Mate knoweth a Launcet as well as myself; yet when I consider the weakness of young men concerning the true use, and the abuses of the same, and that I call to mind how many good men daily hazard, if not lose their lives by the undiscreet use thereof▪ I am at a pause with myself, to consider in these few lines I have to write, what I might say for to furnish the Surgeon's Mate with best and most needful Instructions concerning the Launcet. admonitions in fewest words. First therefore, methinks, it is not amiss to advise him, that he carry with him at the least six of the best sort, besides six more common ones, for an east Indie voyage: that he oil them, or anoint then with Axungie, and so wrap them in oily clouts, that they rust not: and that he only bring forth into the air one at once. Also that he have ready convenient bands to tie the arm; a band made of worsted gartering is the best, or of a strong fine list; for all Concerning blood-letting necessary admonitions. bands made of silk or linen, will slide back. Let him remember also that he tie not two knots upon the band, for that requireth too much trouble in giving the vein vent: if he use a woollen band, one sliding boe-knot will serve, which is easy to be loosened or fastened, where you would cause it to bleed more or less. Note also, that the band be turned twice about the arm ere you tie it: also that this knot lie aloft on the top of the arm, and on the outside of the elbow, and not too near the joint or the place where the vein is to be opened: that he never open a vein but first he have ready a band and bolster to make it up again: that Of the Lance's points. Of the vein opened. his launcets be not too spear pointed, I mean small pointed: for the broadest pointed Launcets make the best work: likewise that orifice be large, not deep, yet not overlarge, for it is overlarge when the blood tumbleth out without a stream, for that spendeth too much the spirits, and it is also too narrow when the stream is small, and the vein is puffed up with wind. Note also, that if your Patient incline to faintness Of faintnisse in blood-letting with a remedy. or swooning, you cause him betimes to thrust his longest finger of the other hand into his throat, and a little provoke himself to casting, it helpeth presently; let him reiterate the same work if occasion be. But if he chance on a sudden, as oft it happeneth, to be gone in a swound, beware you lay him not on his back with his head too low, as it is usual Of sweunding in blood letting the remedy approved. with some to do, for so you may chance to lose him. I have seen the like once done by an ignorant blood-letter: wherefore remember it, but rather bend him with one arm forewards, and with your other hand stop very close his mouth and nostrils, and in very short time you shall perceive wind to come, and it will gather to his mouth, and he will strive for breath, then let go your hand, and all is well; and as often as he fainteth do so. This is a safe course, which with good success I have used from my youth to this day. The quantity of blood to be taken away at sea. Further note, that at sea, especially where fresh food or good nourishment is not at hand, it is good to be sparing in the quantity of blood to be taken away, and rather often take blood away, then too much at once, except blood abound too much; which is not easily judged by every young Artist. For sometimes the party is idle-headed by distemper of the blood, which by cooling broths and julips ought rather to be tempered; providing also, that he have the benefit of nature, I mean a lose body, Remedies for idleness in the head through distemperature of blood. Phlebotomy not ealwayes to be used. or be provoked thereto by art; and by this means rather seek to cure, then by rash Pplebotomy; for you must consider that in the blood consisteth the life of man: wherefore, be not rash in that work; and as is said, hold ever this rule, that if the Patient neither on the day thou wouldst open a vain, nor on the day before we have had a stool, that thou attempt not to let him blood before first he hath had one stool procured Observe well. Of the veins to be opened. him at the least, if not more; which is soon and safest done by a suppository: the next safest and better way is by a glister. The veins commonly opened are six in number; namely, one in the forehead, one under the tongue, three in the arm, and one in the foot: The three in the arm are most in use, whose names are Cephalica the uppermost, or head vain, so called of the Greek word Cephale, which signifieth a head, and is commonly opened in all griefs of the head where it can be taken, in want whereof, it is almost as good to take the middle vein. The next is the median or the middle vein, it is the second principal vein, which is generally taken as indifferent for the whole body. Aspecial observation concerning the liver vein. The third is the Basilica, or the liver vein, being the lowest in the arm, and more respecteth the liver than the two former. But hold this general rule, that if thou intent the opening of a vein to help the liver, and that the liver vein will not be well taken, then take the median vein; for thou must know that all veins have their original in the liver. Some arms have but one fair vein appearing; than it followeth of necessity, thou must take that: for many learned Physicians are of opinion, that generally the fullest vein in the arm is best and fittest to be taken, except some special cause alter their minds: for their words are often quae majus turget, majus urget, which may be englished, the vein which showeth most, is most faulty. Causes of b●ood letting in the forehead. Under the tongue. In the saphane vein. The vein in the forehead is also often taken for pains in the head, as rheums, distillations of humours, and the like. The veins under the tongue in the squinancy or angine, imflammations, and swell of the Amygdals of the throat, or of the root of the tongue, the liver vein called saphane, chief is taken for woman's sicknesses, not often seen at sea, though some necessary occasions chance of the taking thereof in men at sea, for diverting and sometimes for curing of some special diseases, which for brevity, having spent my limited time, I omit. Incision knife. THis Instrument is mentioned in the beginning of the uses of Instruments under the title, Incision knife. The Burras Pipe. From whence it hath its original. The use of the Burras Pipe. THis Instrument thus named, doubtless was by a Surgeon borrowed at first from some Gold or Silver-smith, and never paid him again; for the Gold smiths use it daily, and cannot perform their works without a Burras Pipe, but the Surgeons make other use thereof, (namely, for the most part) to retain corroding powders in, as Vitriol, burnt Allom praecipitate; and such other caustick medicines, which well used perform very much in healing; So also their abuse bringeth The danger of the abuse of it. shame to the Artist, and often unrecoverable damage to the Patient. For it is common with many Artists, in the healing of new wounds to mix praecipitate either with a digestive Unguent, or with Basilic●n, and Dorsell or plegents laid on tents, according to the form of the wound, and An error in healing of a new wound observed. to put it in, as they say, either to enlarge the wound, or to help digestion, to take away proud flesh, to mundify, and the like; and if not praecipitate, then must they be busy with Vitriol or Allom burned, or with Directions for the cure of a new wound. some caustick medicine in that kind. But I would advise the Surgeon's Mate not to use any corroding medicine at all in new or fresh wounds, but let the flesh grow as proud as it will, the ground being clear from whence it groweth, namely, if it be from a wound wherein is no putrified bones, and if so be that the wound be full of flesh, and then will not cicatrize, a little burned Allom or Vitriol, will do well, and then to your former dressing again, remembering that each third or fourth dressing be merely dry lint, you shall find good therein; and if you only take lint and wet it in a Coperas water, and let it dry again, and lay that lint dry upon the proud flesh, sometimes for a dressing or two, and then again to your former method, doubt not but it will without pain very well cicatrize any new wound: I writ this, for that by the unskilfulness, yea, Surgeon's wilfulness as well as unskilfulness blame-worthy. and sometimes by the idleness of evil minded and base Empirics, I have seen men lamed by the needless use of caustick medicines, even in slight wounds; to which, if an old wife had openly applied her one salve for all sores, no such thing had happened: yet I am not so simple to deny the just use of such noble medicines in wounds, ulcers, and fistulas, or otherwise where need is; but I only here advise the young Artist, Note. that he may not be too rash in the use of them, and likewise do advise him, that having used them once, he first pause again at the least eight days, namely, till the first Esker be fallen, and certain days after, ere he use any caustick powder again; for with the use of corroding medicines, Two evils to be avoided. one immediately after another, many Ulcers are made more painful and rebellious than they were, and the bones sometimes made foul which were otherwise clean; which fault is too frequent now adays: and amongst many gross faults daily committed by unexpert Empirics, this one is to be lamented, namely, the use of keeping open penetrating wounds too forcibly and too long by the use of hard tents, armed with caustick powders, whereby nature can make no true unition, but is forced into much disorder; which I wish young men to make a conscience of, and to be careful not to err in that kind. The lavatory. This Instrument is set down else where. Of the Uuula spoon. THis Instrument is made to put pepper and salt in, or fine bowl, pepper, or salt, or some other the like medicine, and to hold the same right under the Uuula, which is for to blow up into the concavity behind the same; and no other great or especial use I know it hath in Surgery, except it may be used to warm a medicine in. Thus much of those necessaries which properly deserve the names of instruments in the Surgeon's Chest. Now a word or two of such other Appendices, which in their kind are as necessary as the former. The Cupping-glasses or Ventoses. The use is divers. THere are many necessary works in Surgery performed by Cupping-glasses, namely, sometimes they are used to set upon a Bubo or botch to bring it forward, and therein they are very good. Sometimes also to set in the nodell, and on the upper part of the shoulderblades, to draw back humours which oppress the head, the eyes, or teeth: or against Lethargy, or on the thighs against aches or pains there; or for the cure of the Sciatica, they are very good; or sometimes to draw blood and spirits to The end why they are set without scarifying. Why with scarifying. a member withered or benumbed: in all these and divers more griefs the Cupping-glasses are very needful. Sometimes also they are set without scarifying only to attract humours to the place. Another time (it may be) in other cases they are used with scarifying, to take away blood and choler, which offendeth the part▪ Some set them on with The divers setting of them. The best manner of setting them. tow, some with a small wax light set under them; some only with the flame of a great candle, which myself use, and is not offensive nor painful at all: whereas the other ways the flame excoriateth often the part, and maketh new unseemly work: for the better doing whereof, I use to place my candle close to the place where the Cups should be set, the place being first wet and rubbed well with hot water and a sponge, and Note. the Cupping-glasses also wet. Hold your Cupping-glasses over the flame a little, and then clap it quickly on the place whilst yet the steam of the light is in it, and it will be fast, and draw hard; but you must have your Cups fit, and not too wide for the place you would set them on, or else they will not take any hold. Further, when you perceive they have drawn well, which by the blackness and rising of the skin you may sasily Scarification must be light, and sudden, and with a Lanncet. see, than (if you hold it fitting) you may lightly and quickly scarify it with a fine Launcet, which truly is the best and profitablest instrument for that use; and then wetting your Cupping-glasses again, with the flame only of the candle, set them on where they stood before, setting When to take the cupping-glasses away. What to be done after they be taken away. Deep scarifying evil. as many cups, and drawing as much blood as you see good: and when no more blood will come, and that you think it time to take them away, which is known by a yellow water which cometh at the last; then (I say) it is time to wash the places with fair water where the cups stood, and dry them with a sponge or cloth, and only anoint them with Ung. Album once, and they will be whole. The overdeep scarifying it, is not only dangerous, but also painful, and not art-like: for if you note well the cutis, it hath many capillar veins in it; yea, and some great veins, and is porous, so that the Artist may by force draw humidity sufficient from fare, if so occasion be to use their utmost force. Large and with cups are fittest on the thighs, lesser on the arms, and the least for the hands or feet. Of though Brass Bason. Friend, learn good by ill. I Have nothing to write concerning it, but that at the least the Surgeon's Mate have one if not two; and if he find no use for it, let him sell it for good liquor at Bantham, as a Surgeon's Mate lately did one of mine. Of the Blood Poringers. The quantity of blood. Imitation with out discretion is idle. Blood poringers necessary. BLood Poringers are necessary at Sea, to be the more certain of the quantity of blood which is let; for since the blood of man is so precious, it is to be well weighed what quantity is taken. And although the Germane Surgeons, do ever let blood into a basin, yet I hold it not good for the Surgeon's Mate to imitate first, except he be of good judgement indeed, to judge of the quantity. The blood Poringers, which are made for that purpose being full, hold just three ounces, and The constitution of the body is to be regarded in Phlebotomy. somewhat more▪ For my own practice I hold this course; if one chance to come to me of himself, or by advice of a Physician to be let blood, though he have a strong body, I never take from him more than two poringers, and a half at the most, but often less. If the party be not strong, except it be in case of a Pleurisy, or some like urgent cause, I take less. For in that work except my reason give me good satisfaction to do the contrary, I will rather offeud in too little, then in too much Too little rather then too much blood is to be taken away. taking of blood away; for I have seen much hurt to have ensued by great quantity of blood taken away at one time: 7. or 8. ounces I hold a strong body may bear to lose, having good nourishment to recover it again, and that without harm: but if you grow to ten ounces, you may many ways do harm in the body, except your warrant be good. I speak not this to discourage young Surgeons from a work so behooveful, but admonish them to wariness in a point so dangerous. Of the Diet Pot. The use. THe Diet Pot is not alone to be used in cases of diet drink, seething for the pox, and not otherwise; for as a learned Doctor upon occasion lately reasoned, there is difference betwixt the Diet and a Diet, though in both kinds there is even. Quot homines, tot sententiae, so many men, so many minds. Wherefore concerning descriptions, of several Diet drinks for the pox, I will refer the Surgeon's Mate to other Authors: for in truth I must defer that point till fit opportunity; I mean till I writ touching the cure of that disease. And yet (methinks) to speak somewhat A docoction for the Calenture. of a drink is the case of the Calenture, or any other unnatural hot fever, to be made at Sea to qualify the heat of the blood, were not amiss; which may be done as followeth. ℞. French barley ℥ iiij. Fresh water 2. gallons. Licorice ℥ i. Cloves nᵒ. 12. In want of Licorice, taken juice of Licorice half an ounce. In want of french barley take other barley, or for a need, wheat flower; boil this gently to 4. or 5. quarts, then clear it, and if it may be, keep it not in How to keep it. The composition of this drink if the heat be over great, causeth headache. The colour and taste of the drink is to be observed. the brass pot, but in some earthen or glass vessel; and if the party his heat be great, and have pain in his head, add thereto so many drops of oil or spirit of Vitriol as will a little change the taste and make it sowerish, but not too tart in any wise; and if into all his drink, you put of Rose-water, of wine-vinegar, or Rose vinegar, and Cinamon-water, of each only one spoonful, if you have it, it will do well to mend the taste; if not, the matter is not great: let the Patient drink often hereof. Further you The drink composed for a Laske. may, if you think good, add surrupe or juice of Lemons ʒ 4. If it be for one which is lose in his belly, you may infuse of your succus Acatiae herein some 2. or 3. ʒ, and (being cleared) let him drink of the drink plentifully as he hath thirst; but you must cut your Acatiae first, and dissolve it in a little of the drink warmed, and so put it into the rest. Also, in want of Acatia, if you put therein Galls in powder a little, it will do well. Of other necessaries. THe next instruments, in order to be remembered, are these following, viz. Skillet. Chafing dish. Glister pot. Funnel. Cups to give potions in. One Board & knife to spread plasters. Morter and pestle. Weights and Scales. Sives. Searces. strainers. Splents. Junks. Tape. Tow. Sponges. Clouts. Rulers. Grey paper. White paper. Empty pots and glasses. Thread and Needles. Wax Candles. Lantern. Tinder box furnished. Ink and quills. One close-stool. One bed pan. One brass pail. 20 Well burned bricks. Pipkins. Empty bags. I shall not need to spend much time, to set down the uses of all these necessary implements, only two or three of the most needful to be noted, I will remember, and then to the uses of the medicines within the Chest. Of Weight and Scales. Weights and Scales are necessary things, often times lightly regarded, and yet how many men's lives hang in the balance, it is plain enough. For Sea-Surgeons familiarly give Stibium by the grain, The use is divers. namely, from 4. to 8. grains, yea and to 12. grains by your leave, when in truth few of them have weights and Scales which can weigh one grain. A great fault in weights and scales. It is a dangerous thing for a Surgeon at Sea, to be unprovided of neat weights and Scales which will turn with half a grain: for how can they give either Laudanum Paracelsi, Stibium, or other Chemical medicines safely, or almost any medicine inward without small weights and Scales? Wherefore two pair of weights and Scales, are very needful for the Surgeon's Chest; namely one for ounces, and another for grains; for larger Scales the ship is furnished. It is also to be understood here, for instruction of children in Art, that xuj. ounces, make a A direction i● weights. pound; each ounce 8. drams, each dram 3. scruples, each scruple 20. grains: for the grain, a full barley corn will well serve, or a good wheat corn, though a large wheat corn be somewhat too big: an ordinary pepper corn will also serve for a grain. Of the Close-stool, with the Pail of Brass, and the Bricks. ALthough I know before hand, that I am to undergo many witty and Eloquent flouts from young gallants of my own profession, for mentioning so base an instrument to belong to the Surgeon's charge, as this last mentioned Close-stool, with his appurtenances, yet let them Mean things sometimes are of great moment. know, that neither can my book blush; neither shall myself, I hope, have cause; for I nothing doubt to yield each honest young Artist a sufficient reason for to satisfy him herein: and (in a word) my reason for appointing to each ship, bound for the East-Indies, at the least one of these, is because the bloody, or other flixes, are so dangerous diseases, and so deadly amongst our men, that I hold it my duty to advise even the good None worthy to be reputed ●rtists who disdain the meanest office of their profession. use of a Close-stool: and I have caused the stool to have one door on the one side, that thereby either things to foment, fumigate, or otherwise to comfort the weak part, might be the better applied, the Patient sitting at his ease thereon. The use of the Close-stool. The need of it is great. Also one especial reason, why I have appointed it, is, that a poor weak man in his extremities, should not continually go to the shrouds, or beak-head to ease himself; nor by noisome to his fellows, but might by the help of his Mate through this mean instrument find comfort in his most pitiful distress; whose miseries I hearty compassionate. Wherefore, I admonish the Surgeon's Mate in general, in the fear of God, not to be fine fingered, slothful, scornful to use every kind of good manual Observe this, thou hast acone science. and other help, to save men's bloods in this fearful disease; for the omitting of their duties in helping men thus distressed, bringeth the bloods of those men without doubt upon their heads; and though peradventure they may carry it away for a while with men, yet the Almighty, who seethe not as men see, will surely find them out. The brass pail The pail of brass, under the stool chief appointed for neatness, cleanliness, strength, and other good uses it hath, was always to belong thereto, and not to any other use: It may also sometimes be whelmed down, and on the top thereof a hot brick be set, or the brick (if you find it too near) may stand lower, or be put into the pail; with hot The use of bricks. brick with wine and vinegar or any other like fitting medicine of experience, may be sprinkled to comfort the part aggrieved withal; for it is found by experience that the steem of wine-vineger, sprinkled on a hot brick doth much avail in the cure of the flux, & that simple remedy alone The cure of the flux. hath cured many; but when the Patient riseth from the said fume, if then a cloth be well heated over the said fume or over a fire, and put close to the part, it availeth much; and if you then likewise lay the Patient to rest, giving him three or four grains of Laudanum, you shall do the better, and by God's help, with other answerable good regiment of diet, make a quick and perfect cure of his disease. But I am not ignorant, that there is use for twenty closestools at once, in some one ship, which work the Cooper and Carpenter should take care of. The conclusion. Thus having briefly run over the most necessary uses of the particular Instruments, and other necessary appendices to the Surgeon's Chest; it followeth next to begin with medicines Physical and Chirurgical, aswell simple as compound, within the Chest; namely, somewhat, though very briefly, to touch their most common uses and virtues, for the help of young Practitioners. ENEMA FUMOSUM, OR A FUMOUS GLISTER. BEing a new found Art of giving a Glister of smoke, wind, any dry powder whatsoever in substance, into any man's body, very convenient in many occasions, experimented, to be not only safe; but also most comfortable, pleasant, profitable, and easy to be perceived in; being a most profitable Instrument, and Art for the way of curing many grievous infirmities, which although in all occasions either Domestic or Military, it may be very useful and good; yet, it may be esteemed most necessary and expedient for the Military Surgeon. Explained Dialogue wise, betwixt the Author and a Military Surgeon; and in that it is a by-part of Surgery not common, the Author hath thought fit to unfold it by a medicinal riddle. The Author to his brother, A military Surgeon. Brother Surgeon, being here so well met, I esteem it will not be time, ill spent, that I explain unto thee for thy experience, a riddle of an old new medicine, that for sundry occasions may fall fitting; thy practice in Camp, Ship or else where; and it is made of strange, not strange material, immaterial, extramarine, domestic substance, or subject common to be found, and almost every where ready at hand amongst good fellows, serving, and useful in Surgery and Physic, commended highly for worthiness, and for unworthin esse, as much blamed; being as pleasant as hateful to many, the substance whereof being a vegetable plant, apt to grow upon any warm ground, although a S●ercorarium that is well fortified with soil, being a subject disposed of, and easily dispersed by every motion of wind; yea, and so from Nation to Nation, of a vagrant, not fragrant, olent, not reddolent smell, being a volatile uncertain airy substance; no sooner taken into the body, but cast out in a fuming manner yet as an Idol, magnified by not a few, taken for health, solace, ease, pleasure, profit, comfort, wantonness, and good fellowship; being esteemed fit for all societies, as also received in for alement, nutriment; yea, and for especial food in scarcity. used every way, and any way received into the body (to wit) inwardly, outwardly, upward, downward, backward, forward, without limitation of time, or advice of the learned, being also approved of by very many of other noble great and marvellous virtues, as for the enriching, impoverishing, supporting, endowing, undoing, maintaining, overthrowing, and raising again of innumerable persons and whole Families at home and abroad, as well of traders as other occupiers by Sea and Land: likewise, for the uses and abuses thereof, exposed and transported to each City, Town-Corporate, Hamlet, Village, Inn, Tavern, Tippling-house, Goaile, and where not beloved, or abhorred, but here I desire to conclude, fearing to be held overtedious, if I should further proceed in arrogating or derogating, amplifying, or eclipsing of that undoubted, excellent medicinal subject, of heathen production and extramarine importation, and first birth, becomes native with us, and therefore should not be obnoxious, wherefore here my riddle is put forth, and is at an end And perceiving that you my brother Surgeon expect with desire, that I should unfold this my riddle to you, we will for the purpose step afide in private, where we may accommadate ourselves with a small Gallon of Sack, and a pipe of the best smoke, and there we will further discourse of our occasions, and I will unfold the riddle. The Military Surgeon. SIr, I like well your motion, and here at the sign of the mouth you may be accommodated, for I long to come to the opening of the riddle, with also your imparting to me your collections, experiences, and instructions, arising thereby in military service according to your formerstruposition. The Author. BRother Surgeon, I am ready to answer your desire, and that as brief as possible; for we are come to the period, here you see the choice materials, before us the wine and the Tobacco the latter, of which unfold the riddle, if you desire the pipe of Tobacco, take it as your share and the subject of the riddle; the operative part whereof is but smoke, and therefore smoke it to the purpose, and I will answer you in the good liquor which finisheth the first end of our meeting: namely, for the unfolding of the riddle being finished: Now I do intent to fall upon a brief declaring to you, of some medicinal uses of the so long spoken of pipe of good smoke, by setting forth the giving of it Glisterwife in a fume to a Patient reversed in the Iliaca passio, wherein it excelleth, as also for many other obstructions, gripe, tortions, Iliacal, and other distempers of the bowels. And first for the time and manner of the giving thereof, it is best to be given if occasion be by tortions, after a former ordinary Glister hath been given; that hath emptied the great gut called Intestinum rectum, for so it may have the freer place by inflation, to force up the fume thereof, for the opening the obstructed parts, for the better effecting whereof, if the Artist that administereth the fumous Glister put the pipe prepared into the fundament as far as it will or can go, with the first short pipe screwed to it, and depending thereon; remembering ere he put the pipe into the patient's body, he put a thin piece of a wet bladder, or oiled paper, or a fine rag only on over the head, I mean or over the holes of the said Glister pipe, the which pipe being so armed put into the body to the utmost, that it may be passed in without offence, the Artist being first ready with his pipe, prepared either of smoke lighted, or of powder put into the socket or appointe●●lace, within the Instrument, let him that is to administer the fumous or other medicine, withdraw the pipe that is placed within the body a little back, some half an inch, that the small piece of bladder or paper, that covers the pipe, may be thereby put aside, that so the Glister fumous may by inflation be the better forced up for to perform the duty required of it; namely, to discharge it all within the body. The Glister Instrument, fit for the exact giving of a vaporous, fumous, or dry Glister, aught to confist of seven parts, in order to be put together (hereafter explained) which in their order and places effected, the fumous medicine by inflation is to be driven up to the aggrieved part if possible, but howsoever it ought to be put up and to be discharged into the Intestinum rectum; which is a safe and beneficial course, especially when the infirmity is in that gut (as is said:) This excellent instrument hath a double scope in his office of healing, the one way in the delivering into the body by inflation, any torrified or dry powdered medicaments in their powders, the other in delivering thereinto any vaporous medicaments as is said, and namely, the vapours of Tobacco, of Nutmegs, Aniseed, Colts-foot, Bay-berries, Mi●rha, Aloes, or what else Art or experience can produce in the one form or in the other, by way of inflation to be cast into man's body for ease or cure thereof. But the Artist must in this manner of curing observe some general rules, with also some caveats in the administering of Glisters by inflation, whether they be fumous or material substances; namely, first note, that if they be intended for dry medicines or fumes, that they be given into the body, where looseness of the belly by a flux or otherwise hath proceeded; whereby the Intestinum rectum, may be hoped to be empty, the better to receive with effect the dry or vaporative medicine, that it be not impediated by hard excrements, but suppose it be, and that there be no other preventions ready then as aforesaid, the use of an oiled paper or wet bladder will do well, which so put up, and the instrument somewhat drawback, and then by inflation or blowing it in with fitting continued force, it will effect thy desire. Much more might be added of the facility, pleasure, and benefit, of this infasive device if time would give leave, but the whole work of my Treatises, being almost printed off before I had resolved to explain this inflatious piece of Art, forceth me to use all brevity therein, where I had intended the prosecution thereof further, namely, by some device of Art to have ordered the parts of the Instruments, so that a man might have given himself a Glister in that was, which I will not question, one or another will find out; and no doubt will add to this invention: yea, and questionless will invent other good offices that it may be fit for, although perhaps will not willingly publish it, which I leave to the time unfolder, finisher and the consumer of all things. Concerning the parts of this instrument, as well in their particulars as also in their composure, or ready, being put together and fitted to be used in one as followeth. The inflative instrument, for the giving of a fumous medicine, or other medicines within the capacity thereof. Impri. The stopples thereof accounted as parts, the devidable parts in all are seven in number, viz. 1 The first is the Glister pipe which ought to be in length ordinary, or according to Art, a greater and a lesser as the present occasion may urge. 2 The second is the stopple to be s●rewed upon the head thereof, viz. of Glister pipe. 3 The third is the elbow piece screwed into the one side of the upper part of the glister pipe, standing Bias, or a scant, being framed so to stand, and that part ought to be in length two inches and a half, or near three inches, but not full three. 4 The fourth is a strait pipe of eight inches long in all; all consisting of four particular parts, if divided or devidable; namely, the long or fistula. 5 The fourth of the seven is a piece of Ivory screwed and fixed into that lower fistula or pipe, that containeth the silver or other metaline part thereof. 6 The next is the silver bowl or cup within the said Ivory head, and containeth the fumous medicine, being to be accounted the sixth part. 7 And the seventh part is the cover screwed on the head thereof, being full of holes for the better inflation of the smoke, all which rightly conjoined, maketh one entire instrument, which may justly be named fistula fumosum. Unto which so coniunct instrument, as coherent parts thereunto are to be at hand the matter effectual and subiunct; namely, the substance for the fume, be it any of the aforesaid materials, as also a pair of fit forceps, holding fire with a Tobacco stopper, usual to order it in kindling; and lastly, which should have been first mentioned, is the ingenious Artist, for the due administration thereof in time and place convenient Thus much of Enema Fumosum; and I conclude, only thus I say in due commendations thereof. ARtificiosissimum hoc instrumenti genus ultissimum, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, mulierumque praegnantium morbis secretis, aliisque uteri languoribus uvamen affert multifarium, praesertim in muliebribus obstructionibus, haemorroicis, fluxibus, abortionibus, tortionibus, aliisque id genus infirmitatibus, sicut ratio & experientia sine omni dubio manifestum faciet in futuro. To his very worthy and entirely respected friend and Brother, Master John Woodall, in due commendation and attestation of his work and worth. ALthough that Proverb hath for current past, Let not the Cobbler go beyond his Last; And that it may to some seem somewhat strange That I should thus out of my station range, And of a Surgeon act a Poet's part, And seem to stray from my more proper Art; Yet seriously considering in my mind, That in this task which I myself assigned, The subject whereunto my thoughts I bend Was wholly versed in mine own element, Chyrurgery's most ancient noble Art; I could not chu●e but show my ready heart To sound (dear friend) thy high deserved praise In these few Pan-like, plain Poetic lays: And therein to the world to demonstrate, What too long silence once did inhumate. And bury in Oblivion's gloomy grave, Thy parts (I mean) in Arts and valour brave, Who forty eight years since, or there about In those renowned battles bravely fought, By Francis, Fourth King Henry; Surgeon went Under Lord Willowbies' stout Regiment. Forty years since lived in Polonia A Traveller, his practice to display; After that lived at Stoad in Germany: In the English Merchants sweet society; And by them highly honoured for his Art And well experienced stout heroisk heart, Employed also (whiles he abroad abode) By some Ambassadors sent o●e to Stoad, By Queen Elisabeth, then to assist As their interpreter, acute linguist I' th' German language. And returned again After that blessed Queen's death. And in the r●ign Of late King James was to Polonia sent, There to negotiate business of moment Touching the Commonwealth; And for the space Of four and twenty years enjoyed the place Of Surgeon General to the East Indies, And Hospital of Bartholomew likewise: Was also Master of his Company: And lastly to his dateless dignity Hath learnedly composed and set forth. This his Surgeons Mate, a work of worth And high esteem, Of which I well may say, He hath so skilfully shown the right way To all young Tyroes of this noble Art, And so exactly doth to them impart The proper use of our Surgeons Chest, How all their Patients must be duly dressed With Instruments of curious variations Plasters and platforms for fit applications Of potions, medicines for each malady, For each health hindering (known) infirmity As ulcers, wounds, fractures, the fistula, Apostumes, fluxes, passio-lliaca, Exitus Any, and the Calenture, Tenasmus, and the Scorbue's careful cure The Colic and all various dislocations; The easiest safest ways of amputations, Or joint dismembering, yea the Pestilence All these with such approved experience, That he deserves Practitioners high praise, And to be Crowned with never-withering bays. And since the heavens have so much honoured him With all these forerecited Trophies trim Of dign tie, at home, in foreign parts, I could not choose, hut sound thy high deserts Fair friend, and brother, and thine honour brave, On this my plain Pyramidis engrave▪ And (thus) to leave unto posterity This Monument of the sirme amity. Yours G Dunn. Eodem Amico. HE that a long-lived, streight-limbed, work intends to frame, Must livelong first, Must have a judgement sound, not lame. Our lasting solid Perman's Autumn's fruit, We see That Summer's early Birth's, soon ripe, soon rotten be. There where Experience, with a settled judgement greets, With these a happy Third, Perfection, ever meets. A rare Concurrence 'tis, yet with all Three, you're blest As they know well, and do know most, and know You's best. O thus▪ who view your leaves, and taste your pleasing fruit Must say, the Tree is good, that Good is absolute. A Tree of Knowledge, Wood-all of Life, and yet more Whose very Leaves do Cures▪ so fare as Sea or shore. Y'ave made your Chest, an Ark of Preservation, Both to your own, and to each foreign Nation. Both th' England's, Old and New, both th' Indies East and West, Both World's, both seek and find Health, flowing from your Chest. Without that Chest of Yours, What ship so strong to hold Exotic Wares, Sack, Sugar, Silk, Pearl, Silver, Gold? All these and more to you Great Britain's Island ow'th. Then say, How greats their debt, who wear this Kingdom's Cloth? Truth 'tis, both we and they, and this whole Globe did want Your Surgeons matchless Mate. 'Tis said, 'i'll not recant. If man whilst that he stood, entire stood need ou's Mate, Needs must the World want Yours, in Fallen and Broken state. Well Sir Y'ave Done. And I, there's but one line remains, He that dares Check your Mate, wants either Brow or Brains G. Dun An exact maker of this Instrument is one john Watson, dwelling at the south door of St Bartholmes Hospital. Electuarium Diatrion piperion. Pulvis restring. minus. Ung. contra ignem. Unguentum Martiatum. Theriaca Diatess. Vnguentum Dialtheae. Axungia Cervi. Vnguentum Aegyptiacum. Theriaca Lond. Vnguentum Album. Axungia Porcina. Vnguentum Potabile. Terebinth. Venetiae. Vnguentum Populeon. Vnguentum Arragon. Vnguentum Pectorale. Vng. Diapompholigos. Elect. Diascordium. Mel Dupuratum. ● Vng. Aureum. Conser Rosarum. Rhabarb. elect. Linum. Arcei. Conser. Barbar. Conser Prunellorum. Oleum Lauri. Conser. Cidonio. Pulpa Tamarindorum. Mel Saponis. Confect. Hamech. Acatiae. Caustik 〈◊〉. The lowest part of the Chest. The present appearance of the Chest with the order of every Medicine as they are placed, is here demonstrated. Aqu●c●● 〈◊〉 Lapis infernalis Ag. Rosar. Damas'. Pul. A●●hr●ticu●. Ol. A●igdalama●. Pull Alchymistions. Ol. Amidal●dule. Lapis medicament. Oleum vitriol Cocus Marti● Oleum spica Lixivium capitale. Syrupus Rosarum. Balsamum artific. Oleum Liliorum. Oleum Limoni. Mel Rosarum. Acetum Rosarum. Oleum Terebint. Ol. Lumbricorum. Oleum Scorpio. Syrupus Absinthii Diamoron. Oleum Petreoli. Oleumi Vitrioli. Oleum Succini. Oximel. Acetum Rosarum. Aqua Absinthii. Aqua Rosaerum rub. Oleum chamonili. Oleum Rosarum. Aqua Angelica. Aqua Plantagina Oleum ambuci. Oleum Anethi. Aqua Lymoniorum. Aqua Cardui bened. Oleum Absinthii. Aqua Cinamomi. Succus Lymoniorum. Aqua Menthae. Vnguentum Basilicon. Vnguentum Apostolorum. Vnguentum Aureum. Vnguentum Al. Camph. Vnguentum nutritum. Vnguentum Dialtheae. Vnguentum Populeon. Vnguentum cont. ignem. Vnguentum Pectorale. Vnguentum Potabile. Vnguentum Arragon. Vnguentum Martiatum. Linamentum Arcei. Mel Saponis. Vnguen●um Aegyptaci. Syr. Rosarum. Syr. Violarum. Mel Rosarum. Mithridat. Diascordium. Conf. Hamech. Crocus Mart. Pilulae Cochiae. Pilulae cambogiae. Note that the particulars mentioned on each side this place, are usually to be found in the upper part of the Chest. The middle part, which cannot be here expressed, I leave to the Surgeons experimental ordering and view. Rhabarba. Agaricum. Mum mia. Aloes Myr rha. Mastich. Camphora. Troch. Alhandal. Hul. Liqueritiae. Vuguentum Diapompholigos. Axungia Porci. Syr. Papaveris. Syr. Liqueritiae. Mel Rosarum. Theriaca Ven. Theriaca Londi. Diaphenicon. Conf. Alkermes. Pilulae Agreg. Pilulae Ruffi. Cambogia. Scamonium. Sperma Coeti. Terra Sigillata. Merc. Sublimat. Praecipit. Eu phorbium. Pul. Benedictus. Argentum vivum. Axungia cervi. Syr. Limonum. Syr. Prunel. Syr. Diana. Elect. de ovo. Laud. opiate Prac. Diacatholicon. Elect. Diatr. Pipe. Pillu. Eupho. Pilulae Aureae Stibium. Opium Crocus. Bolus verus. Cinabrium. Hierapicra. Sal Nitri. Sal Absinthii. Tutia. T. T. Vng. count scorbutum. Species Diarion Piperion. Species Diatesseron. Terebinth: Clara. Conserva Rosarum. Conserva Anthos. Conserva Barberorum. Conserva Prunellorum. Conserv. Cidoniorum. Pul. Restrin gens major. Pulvis arthreticus. Pulpa Tamarind. Succus Liqueritiae. Mithridat. Loving Reader, this explanation is more for putting the Artist in memory of what may be, then of what must be in his Chest; for although there may seem many particulars, yet there wanteth at the least forty more, that may not in true method be omitted in a due proportion; as namely, all the instruments for manual uses and operations, all the most useful of which are expressed in an Index following the Preface in the beginning of the Book. Place this Chest, betwixt Fol. 26. and 27. AN ABRIDGEMENT OF The virtues of certain EMPLASTERS mentioned, which are most usual in the SURGEON'S Chest. Emplastrum stipticum Paracelsi. THis composition, devised by the famous Philosophers Philippus, Theophrastus, and Paracelsus, excelleth in the cure of piercing wounds and stabs; as also in the cure of all dangerous wounds whatsoever: it hath the precedence as well for contused as incised wounds; for it assuageth pain, defendeth from accidents, discusseth, mollifieth, attracteth, incarneth, digesteth, and consolidates, and is also good for an old ache proceeding of a cold cause. It is further especially good for ulcers on the legs, or elsewhere in any part of the body: it is of temperament warm, and very comfortable. For approbation whereof you may see Paracelsus his own words, which I have here inserted. Hoc Emplastrum est magis vertutis divinae quam humanae. Valet ad omnes plagas, novas & antiquas. Abstergit, mundificat, carnem bonam generat, consolidat ex fundo plus una septimana, quam ali●d quodcunque in mense, nec permittit fieri aliquam putrefactionem & corruptionem, nec malam carnem generat. Valet omnibus nervis incisis, ut conquassatis & musculis. Valet omnibus inflaturis, abstrabit ferrum & lignum, & plumbum de plaga, eidem suppositum. Valet contra omnes morsuras cujuscunque morsurae bestiae venenosae, & puncturas Serpentis; maturat, sanat omne generatum cujuscunque Apostumatis, superpositum. Valet in membris generationis si ibi fuerit corruptio. Valet contra Cancrum, fistulas, contra ignem persicum; sedat dolores cujuscunque plagae. Haec theophra Bombast. Diachilon magnum cum gummis. THis Emplaster dissolveth, maturateth, and mollifieth hardnesses, and is principally good in Apostumes: it is of temperament warm, and moist. It was first devised by a certain Artist named Serapis. Avicenna (as some think) invented it; but others judge that Mesues was the inventor thereof. Diachilon parvum. THis Emplaster is very good to dissolve schirras, tumors of the liver, spleen, reins, belly, or elsewhere; it is wholly composed of mollifying and discussing ingredients; it serveth generally for hot or cold causes, but chief for hot: For I hold it to be of temperament cold, the rather, by reason of the much lethargy in it, which, if a mineral may be called▪ either hot or cold lethargy, cold it is without question. It was devised by Mesues. Diacalcitheos'. THis Emplaster mitigateth pain; it is a good defensative against all venomous humours, and will very well induce a cicatrice in wounds and ulcers: also it hath an especial good quality to assuage the pain in the small of the back, proceeding from distempered kidneys, by hot causes, aswell concerning the stone, and gravel, as in the Gonorrea: and dissolved or relented with oil of roses or elders, or of linseed, it is a very good medicine to heal burn, and scaldings. It was devised first by Galenus: of temperament it is cooling and drying. Empl. Oxicr●ceum. THis is a very ancient composition, but ascribed chief to Nicolaus an ancient Writer as Author thereof: it is of quality anodine, attracting, mollifying, and comforting; assuageth pains in the gout proceeding of a cold cause, and is good in cold Aches, and by that attracting virtue it hath, it draweth out vapours per por os cutis, or the sweat vents in the skin, whereby it often unladeth the body of vicious and noisome humours, which otherwise might endanger the Patient: of temperament it is hot and moist, etc. Empl. Melilotum per splen. THis Emplaster mollifieth all hardness of the liver, spleen, and ventricle; dissolveth windiness, ceaseth vehement pains provoked by wind; as namely., in the disease called flatus hypocrondriacus, which is a flatuous or windy pain gathered near unto the Spleen: it is also generally good against the gathering together of any congealed cold substance in the stomach or liver: of temperament it is warm, and comforting exceedingly: It was devised by Menues an ancient writer. Empl. Melilotum simplex. THis is good in green wounds, for it draweth and healeth well: also ●t attracteth and bringeth forward a cold Apostume, and is an especial secret, and the best thing I ever knew in curing kibed heels and chilblains: it is of temperament hot and moist, and was devised by Mesues. Emplastrum de lapide calaminari, or Grisium. THis Emplaster (I may speak of my own experience) is a good healer of ulcers which are hard to be cicatrized, and hath an especial virtue in curing of buboes, as well venereal as pestilential: It is also the best incarnative of all the Plasters that ever I used. Emplastrum de Minio. THis Minium-plaster is a good discusser of hot humours, a good swager of pains, mollifieth well, repelleth somewhat, and is very commodiously used upon wounds and ulcers, to further good healing: it induceth also a good cicatrice. In the tumour of scr●tum, or rather of the Testicles, called Hernia humoralis, commonly following the sudden stopping of Gonorrae, it is a very convenient anodine and discussing Plaster. This Emplaster likewise is very good to assuage pain, in any case, where safely an anodine Emplaster is required; as namely, in contused or distorted joints: only note, that this Emplastrum de Minio is meant of the composition set down by that reverend Master Gall in his Dispensatory, for I make mine according to his description. Emplastrum calidum. THis Emplastrum stomachi or calidum, is a composition described by Johannes Jacobus Weckerus, under that name, pag. 953. of his Dispensatory: it is only used where a comforting Emplaster of a very warm temperament is required: it is a needful Emplaster of a very warm temperament is required: it is a needful Emplaster in the Surgeon's Chest; for it comforteth much the liver or stomach debilitated by cold humours, and helpeth well digestion; yet in want thereof Paracelsus Plaster, though not so fitly, may serve. AN ABRIDGEMENT OF The virtues of certain Unguents, most usual in the SURGEON'S Chest. Vnguentum Basilicon. THis unguent doth digest and incarn wounds and ulcers; and will also prepare and bring to suppuration an Apostume either hot or cold, being somewhat thick spread on tow or leather and applied thereto: it also mitigateth the pain and pulsation thereof, and is likewise very fitly mixed either with praecipitate, Unguentum Egyptiacum, or the like medicine, the more easily and better to mundify and cleanse an ulcer: this unguent is of temperament warm, and it is ascribed to have been devised by Galen: it is also good for burn and scaldings. Vnguentum Apostolorum. THis unguent serveth well to cleanse and scour ulcers and fistulas, and to make a good ground to healing: it is of temperament hot and dry: it was devised by Avicen; named Apostolorum, for that it consisteth of twelve several ingredients joined into one body. Vnguentum Aureum. THis unguent serveth well to incarn wounds and ulcers, being first well mundified: it is also to be used as a balm to them to heal them, and is a good healer of burn and scaldings, the fire first taken out. The composition which I do make, is of the practice of Josephus Quer●itanus, whose good use I have made trial of. Vnguentum Egyptiacum. THis unguent serveth to scour; it mundifieth all rotten foul ulcers, and is best to be put into the grief scalding hot, for then the usual pain and corrosion it procureth will be quickly past: in like manner it is to be used in any venomous wounds, made either with poisoned shot, or bitten with mad dogs, or any other venomous creature, or great contused wounds, wherein, for preventing them from fear of a Gangreen, it excelleth. It serveth also well to be used alone, or mixed with any lotion for ulcers of the mouth and throat, especially in the scurvy. This unguent drieth vehemently, and is abstersive: it is of temperament hot and dry, and was devised by Mesues. Vnguentum album Camphoratum. THis unguent is very good to cool and heal any hot moist pustles: it cureth excoriations of the skin in any place, but chief in the yard betwixt glans and praeputium: it also healeth burn and scaldings very well, and is good to be applied to any painful ulcer; for it assuageth pain, and healeth well. It was invented by Avicen: it is of temperament cold, anodine, mollificative, and attractive, and therefore of very good consequence in the Surgeon's Chest. Vnguentum Diapompholigos. THis unguent is good to heal painful ulcers in any part of the body, especially of the yard, or betwixt glans and praeputium, as also any fretting or painful ulcers of the legs, or elsewhere. I have found it good before all other unguents in ulcers of the yard; indeed against virulent, painful and corrosive ulcers, scarce a better composition is known: in Noli me tangere in the face, I have had good experience of it; and in many other occasions I have found it a very useful unguent: of temperament it is cold and dry. Nicolaus Alexandrinus was the Author of it. Vnguentum Pectorale. IT suageth the pains and stitches of the breast and sides, easeth the cough, helpeth expectoration: as also to digest gross humours, and to attenuate them: it warmeth and comforteth a cold stomach. This composition is set down in the Dispensatory of Augustanus. Vnguentum Rosatum. THis is used against inflammations, Ignem sacrum, and all hot pains of the head: it assuageth the pains of the liver, kidneys, and belly, proceeding of heat, and hath virtue to corroborate. It was invented by Mesues. Vnguentum Tripharmacon, or Nutritum. THis serveth well to cure an Erysipilas, excoriation or bladdering of the skin; such also as are termed the Shingles: it is also good for to take the fire out of burn and scaldings; and for any moist humour flowing to any ulcers in any part of the body, being spread upon cap-paper thin, and laid over the whole distempered part: also against any sleight scabbiness or itching humour, whence soever it is: it ●●●an especial good defensative against any scalding or vicious humour, flowing to any ulcer. Of temperament this unguent is cold and dry: it is subject to divide itself, namely, the Oil, lethargy, and Vinegar asunder; which if it be wrought together again will be as good as at the first: and if it be over dry, add vinegar and oil thereto, and it will be as good as ever. Unguentum Populeum. THis serveth well to assuage the pains of the Sourvy; by anointing the parts grieved there with. I may justly say, upon the experience of divers skilful Surgeons, and my own also, that as well in hot as in cold countries, it hath been found so exceeding comfortable and behoveful, that scarce any composition of an Unguent in the Surgeon's Chest may compare with it: which some may think is a very absurd affirmation in reason, but that experience will have it so. It is good also to anoint the Temples, to provoke rest in hot fevers; as also the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is likewise good to be applied for swaging of pain in any part of the body, and being applied cold upon a Plegent where you have laid any corrosive, it easeth the dolour of the caustick medicine. Of temperament it is cold and moist; it was devised by Nicolaus. Mel Saponis. MEl Saponis is honey and soap mixed ana, parts aequales, and is a medicine appointed to be first applied (upon a burning or scalding) to take the fire out. It is a linament of ancient use amongst our country Surgeons, and good: but I find it not mentioned in ancient Writers; in want whereof use Tripharmacon, or an infusion of Vinegar and lethargy: namely, ℞ lethargy of gold in powder ℥ 4. wine Vinegar lib i. mix them well, and boil them very gently a little on the fire, and the Vinegar will become sweet as sugar, and very anodine: foment the grief therewith, and you shall find present ease to the party. Or take Populeum and unguentum album mixed, and apply it on soft cap-paper, first being well rubbed with your hand to make it so: or take Diacalcithios or Minium plaster, and mix it with linseed-oil, or oil of Elders, till it be a gentle unguent, and so apply it: or Tripharmacon alone will do well: also Honey alone is a good medicine. Unguentum contra ignem. THis composition used that purpose, you shall find in Johann●s Weckerus his Dispensatory, pag. 1174. I have found it very good against burn and scaldings, as also against burn with Gunpowder. Where I writ the compositions of my medicines in general, that also shall be expressed. In want of this composition, the Vng. album, either alone, or mixed with Tripharmacon, will do very well; which if it be too hard or dry, you may mix oil of Roses or Linseed with it: and for want of this, you may take Diacalcithios or Minium mixed or relented with any of the said oils, or any other fitting oil, as oil olive simple: also unguentum Basilicon is very good in burn and scaldings. Unguentum contra scorbutum. THe composition of this Unguent is recited in the cure of the Scurvy. I have had the practice thereof, and found it very good to attenuate gross tumours of the Scurvy, to asswge the pains of them, and by the use thereof to dissolve such tumours. I use this Unguent in cold causes, and in want thereof, ung: Martiatum, or Oleum Laurini, or Dialthea: but in hot griefs and very painful I use Populeum. Unguentum Dialthea compositum. THis Unguent Nicolas an ancient writer seemeth to be the Author of. It is profitable against pains of the breast proceeding of a cold cause, and against the Pleurisy: it warmeth, mollifieth, and comforteth all the parts of the body, which are evil disposed through cold infirmities: it is also good against stiffness and pains of the joints in the Scurvy. Dialthea simplex. THIs hath the properties of the former, but the former is better. Unguentum potabile. THis unguent is a sure Balsam for wounds of any sort, or in any part of the body, either penetrating or not penetrating; in wounds penetrating either inject it warm, or pour it into the wound. Also upon any occasion, it is to be drunk ʒ i. or two. at once, or for a dose. It healeth wounds within the body. Also it healeth burn and scaldings without any scar. And further it cureth the wind-chollick drunk with sack: the dose is to be ℥ i. without ●ear: but I give usually but one dram or ʒ two. Vnguentum de Mercurio. I Have elsewhere said, and it is too much apparent, that for healing and killing, Mercury hath no fellow; and where I recite Mercury in any of my instructions, you must understand me Quicksilver, for so it is truly styled by the Learned, and not without good reason. This Unguent, join with it what other ingredients you please, yet if Mercury be one, it will show his valour in despite of the rest, though it have 20. for one odds against it; so puissant is that volatile and excellent spirit of his, which (I may boldly say) could truly never be tamed: and yet many worthy medicines are made thereof, which in their several places I mean to explain as I shall have time, God willing. You may make this Unguent of Dialthea, oleum Laurini. ana lib. ss. Mercurius vivus, or quicksilver ℥ two. oleum spice or Tereb. If you have them, ana ℥ ss. and if you see cause in very cold bodies you may add of Euphorbium in powder ʒ two. This unguent is good to provoke a flux. You may make it of one of these unguents alone for need. But I wish not the Surgeon to carry any of this unguent ready made to the East-Indies; for the Quicksilver (it is to be feared) will fall to the bottom: but if he will needs have it ready made, let him add to the composition, wax, a sufficient quantity; but it must be made as followeth. The wax and unguent must be melted together, which being yet warm, ℞ Terebinthinae clarae ℥ i. being put into the bottom of the wooden bowl, or brass basin, not a pewter basin; and stirring it so long till all the Quicksilver be clean lost, and turned into a blue salve, no more to be seen; then by little and little mix it with the former, and being almost coagulated (I mean almost clean cold, neither liquid through heat, nor altogether cold) work the Terebinthinae with the Mercury altogether strongly till it be cold. You must use it cold, and neither let the Patient himself chafe it in till it be warm, or (which is better) let the Patient stand before the fire and chafe it in. But note, he which anointeth other therewith, if he use it too often, let him put a bladder on his hands; for the often use thereof causeth many evils. This unguent hath as many virtues as vices, and as many vices as virtues: a whole week may be easily spent, with good profit to the Reader, in waiting of Mercury: I hearty wish some learned and worthy man would take in hand truly to anatomize that subject: I am persuaded, yea, and know well, he might thereby save the lives of many an innocent soul, who with great infamy perish through the inordinate use of this unguent; notwithstanding the medicine is good. But I refer the Surgeon's Mate, for the use of this unguent, to Mr. Clowes his book of Surgery. But concerning the ordinary uses thereof, if you anoint the joints therewith, it killeth the itch; but if you anoint too plentifully it provoketh a flux, sometimes upward, sometimes downward. If you anoint the seams of his shirt which is lousy therewith, it driveth away all the louse: the same it doth to the louse of the eyebrows and secret parts, wherewith many are troubled. Also for the pills it is a very good medicine; I use it in that case, first to purge the Patient, and after to anoint him with Vnguentum album, wherein Quicksilver is mixed; namely, of the unguentum ℥ i. of Mercuryʒ i. misce, and anoint therewith daily three times, and keep the place very warm. Linamentum Arcei. I Cannot but reverence the Author of this precious plain Linament; whose desert is highly to be esteemed of by the Commonwealth: for it is as sufficient a Balm for new wounds, especially in the head, as that a better can scarce be found out by art. It doth all the intentions of healing a wound in the head merely of itself, the flux being stayed: For it digesteth, mundifieth, incarneth, and cicatrizeth, it defendeth from accidents, and is very anodine: it may also fitly be applied to painful ulcers and fistulas upon occasion. The Author or manifester of this Linament was Franciscus Arceus, as is manifest by a small treatise of his, translated by Mr. John Read a Surgeon: It is of temperament hot and moist. Vnguentum Arragon. THis unguent is numbered amongst the four hot unguents. It profiteth generally against all cold affects of the outward parts of the body: it much warmeth and comforreth the sinews: it is good against convulsions and cramps: it is good to anoint the ridg-bone of the back, and the parts near the kidneys against the pains thereof: and also to anoint the stomach and belly upon any cold grief: it is good to anoint the body of them which have the quartane fever, the falling sickness, the pains of the joints: and also it is good to be used as a Morbus ointment (according to the common phrase) adding the due quantity of Mercury thereto; which I account to be of Quicksilver ℥ two. to the unguent lib. i. But I find it will not retain his virtues above one year, as witnesseth Johannes Jacobus Weckerus: wherefore I forbear this composition in the Surgeon's Chest. Vnguentum Martiatum. THis unguent, as it is composed of many ingredients, so it is said to be effectual for many griefs: for (saith the Author) it discusseth cold causes in the head, sinews, and joints: it removeth pain from the breast and stomach proceeding from colds: it prevaileth against convulsions: it helpeth the resolution of the sinews, dead palsy, and them that are troubled with the Sciatica or hip-gout, the gout in the hands, feet, and other joints of the body: it mollifieth hard puscles and tumours in the flesh: it assuageth the hard swell of the liver and spleen; easeth the pain in the small guts; it cureth the ache in the reins. It hath his name (as Salaritanus saith) of Martianus; or as Ma●lius (which is more probable) saith, of Martiatus, a most skilful Physician, supposed to be the inventor thereof: and it is described in the Dispensatory by Nicolaus Alexandrinus; who also describeth the virtues thereof, in effect as is here set down. Axungia Porcina. IT is called Axungia, of anointing the Axletree, to make the wheels turn easier about, for which cause many use it to this day. It is liquid, flowing like oil with warmeth: it hath a lenifying and anodine quality, and therefore it is not unprofitably used for mitigation of sharp humours, assuaging of pain, healing of burn with fire, and very fitly mixed with Cataplasms appointed for those effects. Axungia Cervi. THis Axungia is of a hot nature, doth assuage aches, resolveth and mollifieth hard tumors in any part of the body. And by experience is found very good, administered in Glisters, to heal the excoriations of the Intestinum rectum; for it is anodine and very sanative. The manner to use it, is somewhat touched in some other my instructions elsewhere. Mel simplex. ENglish honey being yellow, the favour and odour pleasant, sharp, pure, sincere, clear, fast or stiff, yielding little spume in decocting, is good and very profitable for those that are costive, also for the stomach if one drink it with water: it helpeth the bladder and reins: it is good for the eyes: mundifieth, openeth, and healeth. As for burn and scaldings, it cureth them without scar, and is very good to heal ulcers of the ears; and (saith Dioscorides) drunk with water is wholesome for the belly and stomach (it helpeth such as are pained in the kidneys and bladder. It is also good to anoint the eyes with, to clear the dimness of sight in them: it hath an abstergent or cleansing force: it openeth the mouths of veins, whereby it also draweth out fordid matter or qui●tur from fetide ulcers. But the best honey of all other, is that which is gathered in Lituania, a Province of Polonia. where the Bees breed only in high trees, and gather their honey from a certain flower growing on trees, called in Latin Flos Tiliae or Tili, in the German tongue Lind●n holt. This honey is white, hard, and very fragrant or odoriferous. Of the virtues and uses of sundry Cordial waters. FOrasmuch as compound cordial waters, truly made of the Spirit of wine, with the addition of divers especial costly and medicinal spices, drugs, and other precious additaments now much in use, have been found very available and comfortable by many experiences, not only at Sea, and in the very remotest parts of the earth, either hot or cold, to our nation, and others in their travels; but also here at home, upon many occasions, have ministered great help and comfort, both in preserving the body in health from diseases, and also in curing many great infirmities, especially when they have proceeded of cold causes; I thought it a thing not unnecessary, briefly to set down the virtues and uses of some of the principal of them, for the benefit of young Surgeons. Aqua Caelestis. MAthiolus in his Commentaries upon Dioscorides, setteth down this excellent water, as a principal Antidote or preservative against all poisons, or poisoned and infectious airs whatsoever, for that either received into the body, or but only smelled unto, it helpeth very much against infections, and that it doth very admirably restore again one fallen either of the dead palsy, or falling sickness,; and is also good either in the Colic or any gripe of the guts as also in any the weaknesses of the stomach, and against any cold fluxes of the guts or belly, two spoonfuls thereof given in a glister, and hath many more especial good uses and virtues there set down, which for brevity I must pass over. Dr. Steevens his water. THis Water needeth no man to describe his virtues, being a thing so common and ancient in use, composed by that learned Physician of worthy memory so named. Experience hath found it to be a notable cordial water for comforting the head and heart, yea, and all the principal faculties of the body, both animal, vital, and natural, if it be truly prepared: and of this there needeth no question, if you will but believe the seller thereof. Rosa solis. THis Rosa solis, or rather Rossolis, taketh his name of an herb so called; which herb is very medicinable; as namely, against consumptions, it hath been often approved and found a certain remedy. But the Rosa Solis composition being without deceit made, is far more precious; for it comforteth the stomach and brain, helpeth digestion, strengtheneth the appetite, openeth obstructions, is good against the palsy and falling sickness, and hath many other virtues. Cinnamon Water. THis Water doth comfort and strengthen the stomach, the liver, the milt, the lungs, the heart, the brain and the sinews; sharpeneth the sight, is good against venoms, as also the stingings and bite of venomous beasts; helpeth a bad or evil savouring breath; is good against loathing of the stomach: and where you desire to warm, to open, to attenuate, digest, or corroborate, in all such cases this precious liquor excelleth: witness Johannes Jacobus Weekerus, alleging Mathiolus; yea and divers other famous Writers, beside experience itself. Limon Water THis is the tincture and chief essence (drawn by the spirit of wine, from the rinds of Lemons) which is a great restorative to man's nature, and a precious Cordial, which not only aromatizeth the stomach, but much strengtheneth the feebled spirits, and is as an healing balsam to all the inward parts of the body, and doth open obstructions and break the wind in the stomach exceedingly. Juice of Lemons is touched elsewhere in the cure of Scurvy. Rosemary Water. THis is a great comforter of the brain, sharpeneth the sight, helpeth the weakness of the stomach, preserveth from vomiting, is very good against the disease Dysentery, or the bloody flix (the cause proceeding of cold) either drunk, or three spoonfuls taken in a Glister, when you are ready to administer the same. It hath very many other good properties too long here to recite. Sassafras Water. THe spirit of this precious root is a great opener, of all obstructions or stops in the body; namely, of the liver, the lungs, the kidneys, and of the spleen: and thereby it is found by many experiences excellent against the Scurvy, the French disease, and the yellow jaundice; it is an approved remedy also against cold fevers, and the dropsy, or for those which are inclining thereto; for it provoketh urine and sweat, in a very mild and natural manner, and driveth out many diseases by the pores of the skin. It hath infinite more virtues ascribed unto it: the best of these roots grow in Virginia. You may read Monardus of the virtues of this root more at large in his Treatise of New Spain. Aniseed-water. THis water, as the former, and also those which follow, have all their substances from the Spirit of wine, and must therefore, being truly so made, retain the manifold good virtues thereof: and besides, having therein the whole virtues of the Aniseeds, it is found very excellent against wind in the stomach or elsewhere in the body, and against Asma, the Tisick and shortness of breath: it also breaketh phlegm, and warmeth the stomach. Worm wood Water. NO water whatsoever more grateful to the stomach, then is Wormwood water truly composed; for it is as balsam thereto. It consumeth and breaketh wind mightily, killeth the worms, whereunto our Nation are subject in the East-Indies, hindereth vomiting, provoketh appetite, is very good against pains in the head proceeding of a cold cause, and is very Cordial Balm Water. THis water hath a great respect to the heart, for of all other but the former, no herb is esteemed more Cordial than this, and is of a grateful smell and taste; yet I hold it more proper to women than men, for it much respecteth the infirmities of the Mother, and is, in the times of their pains, very comfortable to take a little of it for the safer and sooner provoking of speedy delivery. Angelica water. ANgelica water, may serve well in stead of Treacle or Mithridate, for a preservative against the Plague or any infectious air, for there is no one thing more commended by ancient and modern Writers in that kind, than Angelica is, whereof there is good experience: it is also very stomachical and cordial, and being truly made, will retain his strength and virtues forty years and more Mint Water. AQua Menthae doth warm and strengthen the stomach, liver, spleen or milt, helpeth concoction, stayeth vomit, and is very Cordial. Aqua Cardui Benedicti. CArd●●s Benedictus Water, doth ease the pain of the head, confirmeth the memory, cureth a quartane, provoketh sweat, and comforteth the vital spirits. The Conclusion. ALL these waters and spirits rehearsed, though in themselves they be good, yet if any of the best of them be abused, and immoderately taken, they may as soon do harm as profit: I advise therefore no man to make a common use of them, or any of them, which hath a young able body, and may have a good diet at his pleasure: for they are chief to be used at sea, where men's bodies (by variety of the venomous vapours and evil dispositions of the air, or unkind diet) are in hazard; or where there is a weak stomach, evil digestion, with a loathing disposition to meat, evil appetite, and too much looseness of the belly; also where by extreme heat and sweat, the spirits of the body are exhausted and spent, or where (through the extreme cold of the same) the body is much annoyed and endangered: In all these, and infinite more evils incident to men's bodies abroad and at home these precious liquors minister present comfort. They also are very behoveful to aged people after their meats to help digestion, or them which have weak stomaches, or that are of sad and melancholy dispositions; for it must not be denied, that wine comforteth the heart of man; and these waters having their original and whole force from the spirit or life of the wine, do thereby exhilarate man's heart, and give him courage, as well as cure his infirmities. If therefore these waters be truly made, they ought also to be strong of the spirit of wine, otherwise they will not keep long good, neither are they profitable nor wholesome, and being good, one spoonful at one time is sufficient, or two spoonfuls at the most, for the preserving of health: they are best to be taken fasting, one hour or two after dinner, and last at night, either alone, or with beer or wine; some make a toast fasting, and drop the same full of cordial water and so eat it, and that is very good. In gripe of the guts, colic or flixes of the belly, proceeding of cold causes or much crudity, three spoonfuls or four may be used at once in a Glifter; but you must not boil it therein, only put it in when it is ready to be administered; for if you do otherwise, the spirit will evaporate and be of no force. Aqua Rosarum Da●ascenarum. DAmask Rose-water doth refrigerate and comfort the heart, is good against swooning, and causeth sleep. Aqua Rosarum Rubrarum. Read Rose-water doth refrigerate, bind and corroborate the vital and animal faculties, benefiteth the head, easeth the pained ears and eyes, and doth good in inflammations, and is profitable in medicines against Dysentery. Aqua Odorifera. SWeet water is very necessary and profitable to aromatize the body, and refresh the senses; it sweeteneth the garments, taking all offensive savours away, and doth much exhilarate the spirits, being well composed of true Aromatic Ingredients. Aqua Plantaginis. Plantain water, is astringent and sanative, good to them that are in a consumption of the lungs, in a dropsy or that have the bloody flix, good also against the quartane ague: it cureth the ulcers of the reins, bladder, and excoriations of the passage of the yard, and being drunk, helpeth against ardent urine, or the sharpness of the water. Aqua Falopii. FOr this water, if you desire the composition thereof, I refer you to the Author; namely, Gabrielus Falopius, in his Treatise De Morbo Gallico: but hereafter I mean to set down some several compositions thereof; for the Author hath divers. It is a water proper, and is made chief of Mercury sublimed, I say chief, for that though the other things for quantity be ten for one, yet sublimed Mercury will carry no cools, but will ever show his valour in healing or spoiling: I put not this composition ready made into any Surgeon's Chest, but rather leave the ingredients, and let the discreet Surgeon make it to please himself; for if I myself should find such a composition made by any, I should much fear to use of it, and so I wish the Surgeon's Mate to do in all Mercurial Lotions; but rather let him use such other good Lotions, as are set down in the cure of the Scurvy; unto any of which he may add sublimate, and term it if he please, Aqu● Falopii: but I say, let him well understand himself both in the composition, and administration of any such medicines, or let him crave advice, or rather forbear them, and use other safer medicines, though their virtues or vices perhaps be fewer. Aqua viridis. THis Green water (which is held a maxim by some Surgeons) hath his tincture from Viridi or Aeris, and likewise his astringent taste and virtue. His chief use is concerning the cures of Opthalmiae in the eyes, and also against divers rheums, or distillations of humours troubling the eyes, guttatim or drop-wise administered; for the description whereof, I refer the Reader to the rest of my compositions, where they shall be found together; but I use in place thereof Lapis medicamentos●s, which in his place also shall be spoken of. Aqua fortis. AQua fortis or strong water, I have to satisfy some Surgeons, put into their Chests; but for myself, I see no reason for it, nor do I know any Chirurgical use it hath, which is not much better performed by oil of vitri●l; whereunto I refer you rather, for that it is a far sweeter and surer medicine, as at large shall be spoken of in his place. Verjuice. VErvise or Verjuice, made of the juice of Crabs, is a good cooling medicine to be given in drinks against burning fevers; it helps digestion, causeth appetite, relisheth well meats and drinks, and is cordial, familiar, and pleasing to the taste; but it will not live above one year in good force at Sea, yet I give way to the putting it into the Chest, for that it is often desired by Surgeons. Lotion. THis word Lotion, is a general phrase with many Surgeons, as if there were no difference in Lotions, whereas their differences are infinite: but here I will use it as the vulgar sort do. A Lotion compounded of vulnerary herbs gathered in their prime, and decocted with allumen and mel in aqua pura, I confess may retain a name general as wellas any one outward medicine I know; for if well prepared, good use may be made thereof; as namely, it is all in all to be used as an injection generally for griefs of the yard, aswell within the passage as also 'twixt glans and praeputium, and in Gonorrea; which though it cannot cure the disease, yet it healeth the excoriations thereof, and strengtheneth well the parts; and so doth it in all exulceratious of the same, remembering, that if you use it within the passage of the yard, if you find it be too tart of the Allom, you mix it with Plaintane-water if you have it, or for want thereof with fair water. Note that the first time you begin injection, it be very gently done, than you may fortify it as you see cause; namely, give it of itself, or with the addition of a little well dulcified Mercury where occasion is, but that warily; namely, seldom or never within the passage, ' but twixt glans and praeputium daily (if you will) upon just occasion; and administer no Lotion within the passage of Virga cold, but warm ever. Further it hath the prime place, for a Catholic medicine in exulcerations and excoriations of the mouth and throat, both in Town and Country, and is become in such cases every old wife's medicine: I have touched it in the cure of the Scurvy, wherefore here for brevity's sake, I crave pardon: Only, let me tell the Surgeon's Mate, that in want of such a Lotion, though it be not in all points answerable thereto, yet he may make a good Lotion at sea of fresh water, Allome, and Honey, provided he be wary not to be too plentiful of the Allome. Lixivium forte. THis is to be understood of capital lees, a very necessary medicine to be at hand in the Surgeon's Chest, to mollify the liquid or white caustick when it groweth dry, and also if need be, by decoction pierce to make up a lapis infernalis, as some term it, or a hard caustick stone: the liquid caustick is made only of unslaked lime and strong Capital lees, by decoction together to the thickness of an unguent, and when occasion of application thereof is, lay on the grief a Minium, or some other cleaving Emplaster, with a hole cut therein, so big as there shall be occasion to make an orifice, and spread thick the white caustick thereon, and so let it remain at the least two hours, having a care to defend the same, that it do not spread any further at all. The caustick stone if you boil it to a just consistence, and having put it out (being yet warm) smooth it over with an iron splatter, and then with a knife cut it into pieces, so you shall have it ready to make incision after your own will; for any caustick laid on an Apostume may spread further and broader than you will, to the damage of the Patient, but this kind of caustick you may hold in your hand wrapped in some clout or piece of plaster spread, and so you may rule it at your own desire, and yet it maketh greater speed with less pain than the other. Somewhat of this manner of incision I have mentioned in the cure of Apostumes, and elsewhere, to which I refer you. Lixivium common. FOr this medicine I refer you to the Treatise of Salt in general. Acetum Rosarum. Understand that vinegar of Roses is, or aught to be vinegar of wine first, and then by the insusion of choice read rose-leaves, it becomes the more fragrant and cordial, so that it is the better to aromatize the stomach, and to refresh nature weakened, and against the fainting and great weakness of the spirits, wherein the tincture of roses hath a great virtue comfortative. Yet let not the Surgeon's Mate be discouraged though he have not Acetum rosarum, for acetum vini, or wine vinegar, will serve well in place thereof; and yet 'tis better if you have Rose-water to infuse therein upon occasion of using the odour thereof; or for to be applied to the stomach against vomiting, or imbecility of the same. In other cases the one may stand for the other very well, as also for those griefs. Acetum vini. Wine Vinegar helpeth the unnatural swell of the belly, as also cureth the fluxes of the stomach, the parts grieved being fomented therewith: it stayeth the inordinate menstrual fluxes, the region of the liver or the bearing parts fomented therewith warm; namely with stupes wet therein. It is good against vomiting, the stomach outwardly fomented with warm stupes wet therein: It also discusseth and dissipateth violent hot tumours in their beginnings; yea, even those which are named Panaritiae, or, as some term them, felons. Good wine-vinegar excelleth, used in Cataplasms, as also in somentations, where anodine Medicines are to be used, provided the place be not excoriated; as namely, in Hernia humorali. With bean-meal, and oil of Roses, it is a present help being well applied, with apt trussings, and good care had. In the falling down of the fundament it is approved good, sometimes with wine used warm to foment the part withal; as also to be cast on bricks to receive the fume thereof. In the hot Gout, and in all inflammations, as the Rose, or Ignis sacer, or (as some call it) Saint Antony's fire, by way of fomentation with wine vinegar, it is a precious help; as also made into a syrup with honey, than termed Oximel; or with Sugar, than termed Oxisaccatum; it is very convenient to a weak stomach; for it causeth appetite, and is a help to digestion, given ℥ i. or ℥ two. at once, for it cutteth away phlegm and refresheth nature, and corroborateth the stomach; also by way of a Gar gerisme, it is an approved remedy against Squinantia anginae, or any of the sudden inflammations of Collumelle, or the Amygdales of the throat; and if Roses be put therein, it is good for all the aforesaid uses, yet more, better, and maketh the vinegar much more Cordial: It is very questionable, whether wine vinegar be of temperament hot or cold, considering the different effects thereof, for I should not doubt to give reasonable content to any unpartial Artist, that it doth both the effects of a hot and cold medicine, proving it both by authority and practice to be hot and cold; yea, even by Galen himself, Tesie cap. 6. lib. prim. simple: med. & cap. 20. ejusdem lib. Spiritus vini. SPirit of wine of all vegetables is the most precious thing; it is the truest of all Cordials: the particular virtues whereof, to be duly handled, would fill a great Volume; It is called, as is said, Spiritus vini, quasi Spiritus vitae; and the sacred Scriptures testify that wine makes glad the heart of man, wherefore there needs no further argument to express it to be a true Cordial. It is odoriferous and of a pleasant taste: It extracteth out Tinctures from every medicinal subject, It preserveth the body from putrefaction, and in every cold oppression of Nature it is a true helper; for the cough, and all distillations of rheums and fluxes, it is a perfect help: It comforteth the stomach, and provoketh appetite. It helpeth those which are thick of hearing, one drop daily put into the ear. It preserveth a man in health, if every morning and evening he take certain drops thereof; and defendeth the body that taketh it, from the oppression of infectious airs, and (being sick) almost in any disease, it may safely be given as a true restorative medicine. All sorts of the Cordial strong waters recited, for so much as they contain of spirit of wine in them, as is said, become thereby (if not otherwise Cordial indeed; for take from them the spirit of wine they contain, and the remainder is not worth the room in a glass. Much might here to good purpose be taught of the true use of the Spirit of wine for the cure of wounds, ulcers, fistulas, and many other infirmities, if time would serve, which for brevity's sake, I purposely pretermit at this time. Spirit of Vitriol. FOr this medicine I refer the Reader to the general Treatise of Salt, and to that part which mentioneth Oil of Vitriol, where he shall be satisfied. Spirit of Terebinthine. THis spirit of Terebinthine is a subtle, volatile, pure, and a Crystalline spirit exttacted from Terebinthina, which how much the more noble the subject is, so much the more excellent will the spirit be. It hath many precious virtues medicinable contained in it; for it is wholly combustible, penetrative, of a warming and comforting faculty: it is a good menstrum to draw Tinctures by, either from vegetable or mineral medicines, and chief it is to extract the Tincture from Sulphur, which Tincture is a singular good medicine many ways, as in his proper place I mean to touch. This said spirit is a true balsam in the cure of all new wounds, especially of the sinews. It comforteth all the sinewy parts of the body afflicted with any cold impression, as convulsions, the Scurvy, or the like. It provoketh urine very well if 10. or 12. drops be taken in wine fasting, and drives out gravel and the stone. It is also good to consolidate any inward wound penetrating into the body, a few drops thereof daily drunk. It is a fit addition for any Unguent serving for a cold disease to amend the warming force thereof, and to cause it to penetrate the better. It hath many other singular good uses, which for brevity I must pass over. The white Caustick. THis kind of Caustick taketh his virtue from the vegetable salt it contains, and may well be carried in the Chest, for that it will last well an East-India Voyage, with (some times) the addition of a little capital lees, as need shall require; namely, when it groweth too hard. It is altogether as safe and sure as the Caustick stone, but not so swift in working, neither so well to be ruled; for it will often spread three times as wide as it is intended, if it be not warily prevented: which thing is dangerous to the Patient, and disgraceful to the Artist. Wherefore if I had capital lees I would rather boil up the Caustick stone; but then again, except the Surgeon's Mate know the true height of boiling it, and can cut it into pieces one half inch long (as is said) and with one of the said pieces held in his one hand can perforate the apostume, otherwise it is all one with the former white Caustics for being laid on, it will become liquid as the other. It is not sufficiently safe to cut a hole, (as the use is) in a spread emplaster, of the bigness he would have his orifice, and so lay it on, and cover it with a like emplaster; for that this course cannot hinder the spreading thereof; but if he will work surely after that fashion, I mean with any potential caustick medicine, let him cut from a roll of some soft emplaster that will cleave well, a piece of one ounce in weight, or thereabout, and make of it two long rolls, laying one on each side the place of the apostume appointed to be pierced, bringing them at each end together, for the ends of a caustick incision ought to be narrow, and the midst broad, if it be artificial; at least twice as long as broad is a good form, and rather more. Regard also that your incision be made (as near as may be) according to the length of the fibres and muscles, and always that it be so made, that one end be more dependent than the other: But in Bubo's of the emunctories, it will seldom fall out so, for that you are constrained to follow the form of the tumour, which commonly lieth thwart, chief in venereal Bubo's in inguine, or the groin. Likewise if the tumour be full, and the Patient in great pain, you shall do him great ease by piercing the Esker in the midst, so soon as it is made, to discharge some of the matter. But note this as a general rule, never press out the matter too forcibly, nor take too much at once out. For howsoever you may justly allege and conceive, it is putrid and offensive matter; yet know, it containeth natural colour, and some spirits, and any sudden evacuation thereof will weaken and perhaps overthrow your Patient. Wherefore except some extraordinary cause urge you thereto, force not much matter from a suppurated Apostume, but leave that work to nature only, and hinder not the due course thereof, by the foolish use of stopping the orifice with a tent; for so thou shalt become an enemy to thy Patient, and not only hinder his natural help (far above thy artificial help) but also uncharitably thou wilt choke him up in his own excrements; which beware of. And for the furthering the fall of an Esker in an Apostume, where nature hath a breathing, it is mere folly, as I have said in other place. The longer it lieth on, the better I like the work, and if you would use all the art you can, you cannot keep on an Esker at your will: wherefore forget that work till it be done to thy hand. I have much (in my good will) to write of this subject, namely, of the manner of preparation, keeping, and sundry sorts of application of the same caustick, and divers other necessary instructions of the several uses of the same medicine in divers parts of Chirurgery, as well as in the opening of tumors, but my haste calleth me to the next: Wherefore at this time I crave pardon. Sal Absinthii, Ge●●●ae & Nitri. What my leisure hath not here permitted me to speak of them or any Salt else, I have rehearsed in my Treatise general of Salt in their particular places, to which I refer the friendly Reader. The Index will guide him thereto. Oleum Rosarum. Oil of Roses is anodine, and doth refrigerate and corroborate, and therefore is good against hot diseases, as Erysipelas. Also with Mel Rosarum it is a good Balm for new wounds of the head, and elsewhere; and hath divers other worthy uses in Chirurgery. Oleum Anetheninum. Oil of Dill is anodine and comforting, it concocteth crude tumours, causeth sleep, mitigateth the headache, refresheth the wearied members, strengtheneth the sinews, discusseth wind, is profitable for convulsions, and assuageth aches, easeth pains, and hath many other good uses. Oleum Chamomelinum. Oil of Chamomil resolveth moderately and calefieth, by anointing the parts grieved: is good for the Colic, stone, weariness, and for aches, fevers, and for all other things with the former. It is also very convenient in Glisters for all gripe and tortians of the guts, and yields great comfort to the entrails by the good odour and warmth thereof. Oleum Lumbricorum. Oil of Earthworms helpeth the aches of the joints in any part of the body, and doth strengthen and comfort well the sinews weakened and pained, and is good against convulsions and cramps; it is also a good Balm for sinews wounded. Oleum Liliorum. Oil of Lilies doth moderately warm and resolve, assuageth pain, mollifieth hard tumors, doth much mitigate the violence of diseases, and is very effectual against pains of the breast and stomach, and allayeth the inordinate heat of the reins and bladder. Oleum Hipericonis simplex. Oil of St. John's wort simple is of a thin essence: it is of temperament dry and anodine, healing sinews pricked or wounded. Also it is very profitable to them that have the Sciatica to anoint them against the swell in the Temples, Belly, and Legs through Melancholy: and it is of very good use for cold aches and convulsions, cramps burn, scaldings and good to cure new wounds. Oleum Hipericonis compositum, Oleum Aparici, or, Balm Artificial. THese three several names of oils, or different medicines, according to that Intent in the Surgeon's Chest, are but one and the same medicine. A better balm than which, to heal new wounds, the Surgeon's Mate need not desire to learn or know. Some Writers call it by the name of Oleum Hipericonis cum gummis, some, Oleum Aparici, some, Balm Artificial. The composition whereof (with the rest) shall follow. It is best to be used in wounds, as hot as the Patient can endure it, and for the first time rather hotter. It is a sure medicine for all venomous wounds, all bitings of mad dogs, or of venomous worms, very hot applied, and the parts about anointed therewith warm; remembering in all venomous griefs a Cordial is also requisite. In my own practice it is almost all the unctuous medicine I ever use, for the curing of wounds and contusions; and I never repent myself of the use thereof. In piercing wounds and stabs it is a medicine a Surgeon may well rely on; it will not disgrace him. It is a very comfortable medicine against all pains, aches, and witherings of the outward limbs proceeding of cold causes, using it warm with good friction, and a plaster of Burgundy pitch spread on leather and applied thereon; or rather Empl. Stipticum Paracelsi. I speak this of practice, and I could say much more of my own experience, touching the praise of this worthy medicine, if time would serve: but for this present accept of this abridgement. Oleum Sambucinum. Oil of Elder-flowers doth lenify and purge the skin, is good for the obstructions of the liver, helpful for the joints and nerves pained, the parts grieved being anointed therewith: given in glisters, it procureth stools, healeth the yellow Jaundice, amendeth belly-ach, and easeth the griping pains thereof. Oleum Lini. Oil of Linseed is anodine, cureth convulsions, mitigateth the hardness of the arteries, muscles, and nerves, assuageth the pain of the Hemorrhoides: and helpeth the unnatural clefts, chaps, and fissures of the fundament. Oleum Ovorum. Oil of Eggs cleanseth the skin, taketh away the filthiness, and all the sears thereof, occasioned by cuts or bitings, or at the least much diminisheth them, so that they can hardly be seen: it cureth burn, killeth ringworms, healeth excoriations, and is prevalent against any ulcer, chaps, or ill matter arising out of the flesh, either in the hands, feet, arms, legs, or in any other part of the body. Oleum Laurinum. Oil of Bayes is a medicine calefying, mollifying, opening and discussing; it doth much mitigate the Colic, delivered into the body by glister; it is a present remedy against cold griefs of the brain, nerves, arteries and loins, the parts anointed therewith; it represseth the violence of a fever, the spina dorsi, or region of the back bone anointed therewith; it is good for the Palfie, Sciatica, the hardness and pains of the spleen, and is much used, as well to cure the scab and ring-worm, as the Scurvy. Oleum Absinthii. Oil of wormwood doth calefie and corroborate, especially the stomach, raiseth an appetite, concoeteth crude humours, dissipateth and disperseth wind, killeth worms, and taketh away obstructions proceeding from a cold cause, the parts grieved being anointed therewith; and likewise it is good in glisters for the like occasions. Oleum Papaverum. Oil of Poppies cureth the intemperature of heat in the reins and fevers, and procureth sleep being anointed on the nose, temples, or ears; maketh lubric, and lenifieth the sharpness thereof. Oleum Petreoli. Oil of Peter is hot and dry, and by the tenuity of the essence thereof, doth penetrate and digest all excremental matter: it is used with profit for the falling sickness, palsy, giddiness of the head; and is good for many other griefs arising from cold causes. Oleum Scorpionum. Oil of Scorpions is of especial use to break the stone in the reins and bladder; and Manardus commendeth it against the pestilence, all contagion and fevers, but chief in expelling poison. It is likewise good to assuage the pains of the back, proceeding by distempered kidneys. Oleum Amygdalarum dulcium. Oil of sweet Almonds doth lenify the roughness of the breast and throat, as also the hardness & dryness of the joints, is good against the consumption of the lungs: it is also of good use to be drunk in the hectic fevers: it stayeth the cough, assuageth the heat of urine, healeth ulcers by injection, is very good in Colica or Iliaca Passio, to be drunk and administered in glisters. Oleum Amygdalarum amararum. Oil of bitter Almonds doth open obstructions, discusseth wind and vapours; but chief it healeth deafness, the hissing and pain of the ears, lenifieth the hardness of the sinews, and maketh the face and hands fair, etc. Balsamum Naturale. NAtural Balsamum or Opobalsamum, is very good for them that are short wound, for the obstructions of the liver, and for griefs of the stomach; it helpeth the consumption of the lungs, and causeth an appetite: besides the excellent virtue sanative it hath, both inwardly and outwardly in the cure of wounds, it hath also many other good virtues. Oleum Vitrioli. Oil of Vitrial is exceeding hot and cold, mixed in waters, decoctions, sirrupes or conserveses, maketh them in taste, tart or sowrish; and in colour, purple-like, delighting them that are sick of fevers; freeth obstructions, recreateth the bowels, and is very effectual in the pestilence, falling sickness, palsy, and stopping of urine. See more hereof in the treatise of Salt. Oleum sulphuris per Campanam. Oil of Sulphur, made from the humid vapours thereof, is good to make the teeth white, to take away the morphew, cureth venereal ulcers, expelleth diseases arising from wind or cold, is good against the falling sickness, shortness of breath, evil affections of the lungs, easeth the toothache, and is, being well prepared, a true cordial medicine. Oleum Garyophilorum. Oil of Cloves not unlike to Opobalsamum in strength, doth sweeten the breath, driveth away putrede humours, discusseth wind, openeth the pores of the liver, digesteth cold humours, dissipateth the melancholic humours, healeth old and new ulcers, stayeth the putrefaction of the bones, and assuageth the pain of the teeth proceeding from a cold cause. Oleum Macis. Oil of Mace doth calefie and digest cold humours, roborate the stomach, helpeth concoction, raiseth an appetite, and procureth many other benefits to him that useth it. Oleum Philosophorum. Oil of Philosophers, or of tile-stones or brickbats, the eldest is the best: very like it is to Oleum Petreoleum: in virtue it doth attenuate and penetrate upward, digesteth and consumeth all excremental matter, and is profitable for cold affections of the spleen, reins, bladder, nerves, womb and joints; for the Lethargy, Apoplexy, and falling sickness, and many other the like griefs. Oleum Anisi. Oil of Aniseeds prevaileth against the colic arising from wind and cold, against the Tympany, inflation, and crudity of the stomach, against the gripe and the crying of the intestines, etc. Oleum Terebinthinae. Oil of Turpentine is taken inwardly for shortness of breath, the ptysick, against the stone, the colic, cold and windy affections of the breast: it is outwardly used for to heal sinews wounded, or troubled with any intemperature; also to fill ulcers with flesh, and knit them up, leaving no cicatrice in them. Oleum Juniperiunm. Oil of Juniper is commended for the cure of the morphew of the skin, it provoketh urine, and agreeth with the cure of diseases of the reins; it is good to be taken certain drops thereof against any pestilential vapours; for the stone it is also good, and to be drunk certain drops against penetrating wounds. Oleum Spicae. Oil of Spike doth calefie, attenuate, discuss, and is very profitable to them that have the Gout proceeding of a cold cause, or to comfort any member benumbed: also it is good against the falling sickness and convulsions, the temples & nape of the neck, yea and the whole head to be anointed therewith, is very profitable. Oleum Antimonii. Oil of Antimony or Stibium, is good for them that have convulsions, or any astonishing disease, and other evil affections of the brain, four grains thereof drunk, it assuageth the pain of the gout and colic, cureth fevers, helpeth the bladder ulcerated, and wonderfully helpeth the Canker, Fistula phagedena, the fretting or eating pocks, the wolf, and all other sorts of ulcers. Oleum Succini Chimice. Oil of Amber helpeth the pain in the head, resolution of the sinews and falling evil, if one dop or two be taken with water of Betony or Lavender, or in fair water: it preserveth also from poison, and (mixed with parsley water or Malmsey) is a singular remedy in discussing diseases of the reins and bladder, bringing forth the stone, and opening the passages of the urine; it profiteth in the colic and strangullion. Four drops put into a little Angelica water, and so given to a woman in travel, refresheth all the weak faculties of the body, confirmeth and openeth the brain. Oleum Absinthii Chimice. Oil of wormwood is good for the stomach, to strengthen it, to stay vomiting, to kill worms, assuageth the pain of the teeth, and is used in agues Oleum Origani. Oil of Origanum cureth melancholy, helpeth the dropsy, and cureth the cough, the quartane fever, and the tooth▪ ache. Syrupus Absinthii. Syrup of wormwood is said to corroborate the stomach, help concoction, cause an appetite, discuss wind, open the veins, and to move urine, kill worms, etc. Syrupus Limonum. Syrup of Lemons is Cordial and refrigerating, and I may say calefying too; it doth please and profit the appetite, and comforteth all that are sick of the pestilence, continual and contagious fevers, as also all diseases on which exceeding great heat attendeth; cheereth up the heavy heart, and dispelleth sorrow therefrom, and against all obstructions of the spleen it is a good help, and also well approved in the cure of the Scurvy. Syrupus Papaverum. Syrup of white Poppies hath an astringent quality; it procureth fleep, helpeth the cough, hindereth the humours which distil from the head into the throat tickling, and is of precious use against the Palsy, if it be used in the beginning thereof. Syrupus Cinamomi Syrup of Cinnamon is commended to be very good to old men that are cold and weak, and to them whose vigour, humidity, and natural heat diminisheth: it nourisheth much, begetteth blood, and quickeneth all the vital parts. Syrupus Rosarum simplex. Syrup of Roses simple doth quench thirst, especially in fevers, mitigateth their heat, refrigerateth the stomach and liver being very hot. Syrupus Rosarum solutivarum. Syrup of Roses solutive, is used as a gentle and safe purge both to old and young, when they are molested either with burning or pestilent fevers, or any hot distemperature of the body. Syrupus Violarum. Syrup of Violets doth break the acrimony of melancholy, tempereth the heat of the bowels, bringeth down the belly by purging it, helpeth the diseases of the throat, as hoarseness and the dry cough, and is a chief aid to the curing inflammations of the breast, against the pleurisic, and quencheth thirst in fevers, and is cordial. Oximel simplex. OXimel simple is in great use for the cure of inflammations of the lungs and throat, helpeth expectoration and difficult breathing, cutteth and attenuateth thick and slimy humours, purgeth the entrails without trouble, and is good both in cold an hot affections. Mel Rosarum. OR Honey of Roses, strengtheneth and cleanseth the stomach, purgeth clammy humours, helpeth concoction with the temperate heat thereof, allayeth and stoppeth hot fluxes, the phlegmon of the mouth gums and jaws, is singular good with oil of Roses for wounds in the head: These two (with Aqua vitae) are very good to cure wounds in joints, where the joint▪ water gleeteth out. Diamoron simplex. OR Diamoron simplex, not unlike Mel Rosarum, is profitable in Gargarisms, against the eating ulcers of the mouth, as aforesaid, cutteth away phlegm, and cleanseth the mouth and throat; and by reason of the pleasing taste thereof is the more comfortable to the diseased. Syrupus raphani sylvestris. OR Syrup of wild Radish, breaketh the stone, mundifieth the reins, provoketh urine, is profitable for the Kings-evil, and is an approved medicine for the Scurvy to be drunk daily. Syrupus Prunellorum. OR Syrup of Sloes, doth refrigerate and comfort the stomach, stoppeth fluxes, healeth the excoriations of the entrails. The dose may be ℥ two. at once. Cons. Rosarum Rubrarum. OR Conserve of Red-roses is good for the heart and head, strengthening and comforting both; as also the bowels, mitigating their heat, and stoppeth fluxions, and is much the more profitable in any grief if a few drops of oil of vitriol be mixed therewith, but beware of too much. Conser: Anthos. OR Conserve of Anthos, or Rosemary flowers is of much use in physic, because of the force it hath in comforting the brain, and corroborating the sinews, and is given with good success for the falling sickness, Apoplexy, lethargy, dead and shaking Palsy, but it will not keep long at Sea in hot Countries. Rob. Berberies. OR Conserve of Berberies doth refrigerate, and is astringent, it quencheth thirst, and the heat of the stomach, and bowels, it causeth appetite, removeth the waterish humour of choler, cureth the bloody flix, the flux of the liver, the often gnawing and wring of the guts caused by choler, healeth the small pox, and resisteth drunkenness. Rob. Citoniorum. OR Conserve of Quinces doth bind, comfort the stomach, is good for choler, stoppeth all kind of bloody fluxes and helpeth digestion. Conser: Luiule. OR Conserve of woodsorrel doth recreate and comfort the heart, removeth putrid humours, refrigerateth and profiteth much in continual and contagious fevers, being very cordial; but will perish in hot Countries: great store of this herb is found in Soldanie at the Cape of Good-hope as I am informed. Conser: Prunellorum. OR Conserve of Sloes is of a comforting styptic force, very profitable to comfort a weak stomach oppressed with crudities, good against all fluxes of the belly, and also good to heal all inflammations or excoriations occasioned by the same, either taken on a knife in form of a Bolus, or given in Glisters. Electuarium Diacatholicon. THis Electuary Diacatholicon doth purge gently all humours, it is conveniently used in fevers, and other diseases which arise from a certain evil disposition of the spleen and liver: the dose is ℥ i. Electuarium Diaphenicon. DIaphenicon purgeth easily and safely phlegm and melancholy: it helpeth the belly-ache, colic, continual burn fevers, and all evils proceeding of choler and phlegm: the dose is ℥ i. Diaprunum simplex. DIaprunum simplex is commended for a gentle laxative, not only against continual and hot intermitting fevers, but also against all hot diseases, and against the vices of the lungs, throat, reins and bladder: the dose is ℥ i. Confectio Hamech. COnfectio Hamech purgeth choler, melancholy, and salt phlegm; and is therefore with great benefit used against diseases arising from the same, the Canker, Leprosy, or dry Scurf, Madness, Ringworm, Itching, Scabs and the like: the dose ʒ vi. Electuarium de succo Rosarum THe Electuary of juice of Roses is powerful in purging of yellow choler: the dose is ℥ i. Extract. Catholicon purgans. THis extract is a laxative medicine (being drawn from the most excellent of vegetable laxative ingredients) fitting to be ever ready at hand in a Surgeon's Chest, or else where in Surgery. The dose is small, namely, 15. grains at the most: the taste pleasant, not nauseous nor bitter at all; neither causing tortions, nor gripe in the bowels: It is a medicine that will keep good for seven years without putrefaction, the virtues whereof have been by the Author (for many years well experienced) both at Sea and Land approved of. Now for that it is the honour of every expert Artist, Cito, tutè, & jucundè sanare; that is, quickly, safely, and pleasantly to perform his scope in the comforting and curing of his patient, I have therefore thought fit to recommend the use hereof to the Surgeon, to be practised by him, as well in military, as Domestic occasions. And this medicine that here I commend to the reader, answereth fitly those fornamed attributes, by reason of his gentle and easy operation in safe purging per secessum, or downward; It exceedeth other purgatives therein, the dose being duly observed; for it purgeth the head, the stomach, the belly and liver of all gross offending humours, either phlegmatic, choleric, or melancholy; also it purgeth watty and slimy humours, and taketh away the colic or gripe of the bowels; and withal, it comforteth the stomach; yea, any child, or woman with child, may safely take hereof. It is best to be taken fasting in a morning, and to eat in three hours after the receipt thereof, only the party may take drink, or rather (which were best) warm broth, or in want thereof posset drink, or beer for a need somewhat warmed; and the party that taketh it; were best he keep within his Chamber, and not to sleep in the time of the working of the medicines; but if he goeth out, urged by his necessities, being careful to keep himself warm he is in no danger thereby, although I confess to keep in were better. And whereas Paracelsus saith, that every good laxative medicine, aught to contain in general three operations or faculties as proper to it; namely, First, that it purge nature without offence of danger; Secondly, that it strengthen nature being debilitated or weakened; Thirdly, that it do comfort nature; yet the said Author is of opinion, and that justly, that the excellency of purgative medicines is not always to be judged of by the numbers of stools it provoketh, but much more for the Artanum thereof, or hidden specifical power it hath in the curing and rooting out of diseases, although they be inveterate. And moreover this medicine is very safe to be given in cases of the plague, or small pox, where, and when, by advice a purge is fitting to be given. Diatrion Pipereon. DIatrion Pipereon doth help the stomach, and is good against belching, quartans, cold, and all flatious diseases, or wounds: of the species thereof you may ℞ ℥ i. honey ℥ v; put them together being well mixed, and keep the same to give upon occasion to a weak stomach fasting, or at any time, it will warm and comfort him much: when men feel their stomaches oppressed with obstructions by reason of cold, now and then a little thereof given them will much comfort them, and preserve them well from fluxes of the belly. Theriaca Londini. THis conposition was heretofore appointed by the Doctors of the Physicians College in London, as a thing very requisite, for that the price should be reasonable for the poorer sort, the ingredients thereof being nevertheless Cordial, and yet such as are easy to get. It may be used well in place of Mithridate: and in truth I had rather put myself upon it, as a good Cordial, being fresh made, then upon the Mithridate we buy from beyond the Seas; for it is by the Hollanders so uncharitably sophisticated that a man may fear to take it in his need: myself chanced in Holland into the house of a Boar (as they term him) to lodge, who lived by making of Mithridate and Treakel, he confessed to me, his Mithridate had but nine simples in it: he had also pewter boxes marked so artificially as no man could discover them to be other then right Venice one's. I have appointed to the Surgeon's Chest some of the Species of the London Treakel ready powdered and dry, that the diligent Surgeon at his will may compose a London Treakel at Sea; namely, by taking honey ℥ iii. and of this powder ℥ i. and heat them together, stirring them well till all be incorporated, and give it as need shall require. Confectio Alkermis. COnfectio Alkermis preserveth from Apoplexies arising from cold and melancholy humours, doth very much comfort the brain and heart, and is sometimes used very profitably for them that languish away through long sickness, and are subject to swoundings. Electuarium deovo. Electuarium de ovo is very much commended for prevention, and cure of the plague, and all pestilential diseases, in expelling the infection from the heart. Mithridatum Damocratis. MIthridate of Damocratis is in quality and virtue like to Treakel, but more hot and forcible against the poison of Serpents, mad Dogs, wild Beasts, creeping things, being used as a plaster or drunk; it cureth all the cold affections of the head, helpeth the melancholic, or those that are fearful of waters, them also that have the falling sickness, Megrim, pain in the bowels, ears, toothache, and weeping eyes, healeth the evils of the mouth and jaws being plasterwise laid to the temples; by discussion giveth ease to the troubled with the Squinancy, Apoplexy, cough, spitting of blood, Impostumes, or inflammations of the lungs, or any griefs within the body, and is good against the bloody flix, flux of the stomach, obstruction of the guts, and against wring and tortions in them, being taken with aqua vitae and the decoction of baulastians, it remedieth convulsions and palsy, helpeth the midriff flatus, Hypocondria, the pains of the reins and bladder, breaketh the stone, provoketh urine and monthly flowers, expelleth other vices of the matrix, yields a singular benefit for the Gout, profiteth not a little in quotidians and quartanes, or a quantity drunk in wine being first warmed, and then taken an hour before the fit. Theriaca Andromachi. ANdromachus Treakel doth the effects of Mithridatum Damocratis, and is also good against the hoarseness of the voice, against the Jaundice, Dropsy, for wounds of the intestines, to bring forth the young birth dead, to expel and take away the Leprosy, and measles, to revive every decayed sense, to confirm wounds healed, to kill all kinds of worms, to dissipate wind, to comfort the heart and stomach, and to keep the body uncorrupt and sound. Theriaca Diatesseron Mesuis. THis Diatesseron is an ancient composition devised by the ancient Grecians, and had beginning from Avicen, and Mesues. or one of them; and according to the Greek word so named, for that it is made of four simples, viz. Gentian roots, Bay-berries, Myrrah, and Aristolachia rotanda, four precious and very Cordial simples, full of medicinable virtues. And for that I would have it kept in time of need, I have thought meet to have ready powdered the said 4. simples together to be composed into a Treakel as occasion shall move thee. Only note this, that to one ounce of the said species ℥ 3. of honey is to be added, and well mixed on the fire, and so it is ready for use. By some Writers this composition is called Theriaca ad pauperem, the poor man's Treakel. The virtues of Diatesseron are said to be as follow. It is good against poison drunken, and against the bitings of venomous beasts or worms. It is also good against all the cold affects of the brain, as convulsions, resolutions of the sinews, morbum Comitialem, the Spasme or Cramp, the inflation of the ventricle or stomach, against defect of concoction therein, and against venomous wounds both inwardly drunk, and outwardly applied. Also it openeth the obstructions of the liver and spleen, thereby preserveth the body from the disease called Cachexia or stomacace, which is the Scurvy. Teste Pharmacopoeia Augustana, & aliis. Dentes Elephantini. DEns Elephantinus, or Elephant's tooth hath an astringent force, healeth felons, and is good for white fluxes of women, the Icteritia Flava or the yellow Jaundice, Morbus Regius, worms, and continual obstructions. Laudanum Paracelsi Opiatum. IN the Treatise of the fluxes of the belly, it is handled at large, to which I refer the friendly Reader. Diascordium. DIascordium is helpful in fevers, as well contagious, as penstilential: good for the headache, and universal plague, whose dose is from half a dram, to one dram and a half, according to the occasion or strength of the Patient. Diacodion. DIacodion removeth subtle Catarrhs, which distil from the head to the breast, helpeth the cough, and procureth rest, the dose is from ℈ i. to ʒ i. Pbilonium Romanum. PHilonium Rom. magnum is given for the Pleurisy, Colic, and any internal pain or grief; it causeth sleep, stayeth Haimorraea or the flux of blood in the inward parts, and sneesing, allayeth the griefs of the belly, spleen, liver, and reins, caused by cold, wind, and crude humours, and taketh away the hicket: the quantity of ℈ i. is the usual dose, and it is augmented or decreased as the years and strength of the Patient is. Philonium Persicum. PHilonium Persicum is invented against the abundance of blood of women's monthly terms, of the hemorrhoides, and for the overmuch flux of their courses, the flux of the belly, against vomiting and spitting of blood: it doth also consolidate ulcers and veins. Philonium Tarsense. PHilonium Tarsense is of the same faculty as Pbilonium Romanum. Aurea Alexandrina. AUrea Alexandrina is effectual against the cold defluxions of the head: good for weeping eyes, the toothache, and headache, consumption, colic, cough, and spitting of blood: it easeth the pain in the reins, and profiteth intermitting fevers. But the cause why I have not appointed this good composion, nor any of the three last mentioned Philoniums to the Surgeon's Chest (though I know them to be good medicines) is, because they will not keep an East-India voyage; and Laudanum opiale Paracelsi is sufficient for aught the other can do: Wherefore I rest satisfied therewith. Succus Absintbii. SUccus Absinthii, juice of wormwood is good for digestion, killeth the worms, benefiteth the stomach, and differeth much from the virtues of the herb; this being astringent, the other abstersive. Succus Acatiae. SUccus Acatiae is a foreign medicine, for which we use the juice of Sloes: it doth refrigerate, bind, and repel: it stayeth all fluxes of the belly, healeth excoriations of the entrails, strengtheneth much the stomach; helpeth appetite, healeth ulcerations in the entrails, either used in Glisters, or eaten in agelly. The dose whereof may safely be ℥ i. at one time, or 2. ℥ cannot offend: but I hold the infusion thereof, or the decoction of it, to be the aptest medicine, because of the grossness of the sustance thereof. Succus Glycirrhizae. SUccus Glycirrhizae, or juice of Licorice in all his qualities is temperate, but exceeding in heat: somewhat it doth lenify the throat, and mitigate the asperities of the arteries: cleanseth the bladder, and is good for the cough: moveth expectoration, and is very profitable against all vices of the lungs and throat. Succus Limonum. SUccus Limonum, or juice of Lemons expelling and refrigerating, cleareth the skin of morphew, killeth handworms; and is of special use to bridle the heat of melancholy: to help sharp and contagious fevers: is good to cause a pleasant taste in potions, etc. and Cordials. It is very cordial of itself, and the most precious help that ever was discovered against the Scurvy to be drunk at all times; for it mightily openeth all obstructions, and refresheth and restoreth nature. Pulpa Tamarindorum. PUlpa Tamarindorum, the pulp or juice of Tamarinds is a medicament excellent and well approved of against Scurvy, as well for opening the obstructions of the liver and spleen, as for comforting and refreshing the blood and spirits decayed or stopped. Also, it purgeth choler: allayeth the heat and fury of blood: cureth sharp fevers, and the King's evil: extinguisheth thirst, and all heat of the stomach and liver: stoppeth vomiting, and is good for the Colic. Pilulae Aggregativae. PIlulae Aggregativae, so called either from the Agaricum or the aggregation of many virtues that are said to be therein: for they are profitable for many affections of the head, stomach, and liver: they purge phlegm, choler, and melancholy; and therefore are of very good use against continual fevers, and inveterate diseases. It is described by Mesues; whose dose is from two scruples to a dram and a half. But beware of the use of these pills where the flux reigneth; for Agaricum in such bodies as are incident thereto, is a dangerous medicine. I speakthis of experience, wherefore remember it. Pilulae Aureae. PIlulae Aureae, or golden pills, being in colour like aurum, or gold, because of the saffron in them, they are cholagogall, attracting choler, yea, and phlegm too, from the inferior and superior venture; and therefore purge the head, senses and eyes, and restore the eye sight. They were first made known by Nicolaus Myrepsus, who was the first inventor of them; their dose is like that of the pills Aggregative. Pilulae Cochiae. PIlulae Cochiae deriving their name from a Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a grain (pills being form small and round like grains of Cicers) do purge both choler and phlegm from the head, the liver, and from all other parts wherein such humours are contained, and are found described, first, by Dr. Rhasis, who is their supposed Author. The dose is divers as before, sometimes great, sometimes small, but ʒ i. is the ordinary dose. Pilulae de Euporbio. PIlulae de Euphorbio, pills of Euphorbium (receiving Mesues for their Patron) are virtuous against the dropsy and Scurvy, for they calefie the stomach and entrails, purge water abundantly, prevail also in removing the cause of tumors, and bring aid for the pain of the loins and gout, proceeding from too much humidity: they are effectual in the quantity of one scruple, or half a dram, and may be mixed with Pilulae Cochiae. Pilulae Cambogiae. Pills of Cambogia, are good to cleanse the head and refresh the sight, to purge choler, phlegm or melancholy from the stomach or spleen, they open obstructions, and thereby profit well in the cure of the dropsy and scurvy, and for the cure of Icteritia flava or the yellow Jaundice, they are very good. This Cambogia is much used in Holland and Germany: and Doctor Harvey of St. Bartholomews' Hospital, calleth it purging saffron, and giveth it in pills per se, in which manner given, it purgeth both ways forcibly; but the pills here mentioned, purge only downwards very gently, their dose is ʒ ss. their composition shall be mentioned in his due place. Pilulae Ruffi. PIlulae Ruffi or Pestilentiales Ruffi (subscribing to Ruffus' their inventor, a famous Physician, and fitting for the pestilence and plague) do rather prevent infection, then cure the infected: for by reason of the aloes the body is freed from excrements, by myrrha from putrefaction, and by Saffron the vital faculties are quickened; but infection once possessed, is not always by such light cordials and gentle laxatives removed: their dose agreeth with that of Pilulae Aureae, they are very stomachal, for they refresh much the stomach, and in any oppressions of the stomach where gentle purging is required, they excel. Benedicta laxativa BEnedicta laxativa, or the blessed laxative, doth mightily open obstructions, purgeth choler, phlegm, and all clammy humours from the joints, reins, and bladder: and is termed Benedicta, because it benignly looseth the belly. The dose is ʒ two. Pulvis Arthriticus Paracelsi. THis is a laxative powder, made only of four vegetables, and one Animal simplex, with the addition of sugar, to give it the more grateful taste: the dose is to ʒ i. at the utmost, besides the sugar: I can speak of the pleasure and profit I have had by this mean purging powder; I say pleasure, for that it is so pleasant and easy to be taken; and profit to me many ways; for it is my general purging medicine, when I would purge downwards upon any repletion of the body, or general cause of evacuation downwards; and I find it indifferent in purging any offending humour, according to the commendations the Author giveth of it; I can no more miss this plain and harmless ready purge, than I can miss my Salvatory. Oswaldus Crollius, a most learned late Writer, hath set down this only purge for the cure of the Podagra, giving it this brief commendation. It purgeth safely and gently all podagrical defluctions: and in truth, whosoever shall have occasion of the use thereof, will have cause to commend it, and knowing it, will find small need of Pulvis Hollandicus or Pulvis sanctus, whose dose at sea must be at the least two drams, being nauseous and unsavoury, whereas ʒ ss. of this will do as much with great facility, and without tortions or gripe of the guts, which other compositions cause. I use to give it to strong bodies in white wine, to weaker in sack; but at sea for a need it may be given in fair water, and some syrup to help the taste thereof, which neverethelesse is not ungrateful of itself. Trochiscus de Absinthio. TRochiscus de Absinthio, or of wormwood (saith Mesues) taketh away the obstructions of the stomach and liver, and intermitting or chronical fevers sprung thereof, strengtheneth the bowels, and causeth an appetite. Trochiscus de Alhandal. TRochisci Colocynthidos, or Alhandal (as the Arabians speak) do bring away thick phlegm, and all glutinous juices from the brain, nerves, and other more remote parts, they help the colic proceeding from a glassy tough phlegm, the Apoplexy, Squinancy, falling-sickness, short breathing, cold and gouty diseases, which scarce give way to common medicaments, and is described by Mesues; the dose is gra. 4. Trochisci de Spodio. TRochisci de Spodio, saith Mesues, have their use in bilious fevers, which bring also a flux of the belly, they alloy the inflammation of the stomach, liver, and continual thirst. Trochisci de Minio. TRochisci de Minio, or the Trochisks of Minium, consume pruod flesh, mundify sordid ulcers, as also callous or hard flesh, and wonderfully cure fistulas▪ look more thereof in Johannes de Vigo. Folia Senae. FOlia Senae are hot and dry in nature, they are an excellent medicament for purging the belly; it scoureth away phlegmatic, tough, and melancholy humours from the brain, lungs, spleen, liver, stomach and bowels, as also cleanseth the body from a dust and salt humour. Rhabarbarum. RHabarbarum or Ruberbe, is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second, of an astringent nature, and is good for the stomach and liver, and against the bloody flix, purgeth downward choleric humours, and therefore very profitably used against hot fevers, inflammations, and stops of the liver, etc. ʒ i. is the full dose. Agaricum. AGaricum or Agarick, is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second, purgeth phlegm, freeth from obstructions, attenuateth, cleanseth, and dissipateth wind, and helpeth all diseases which spring from gross, cold, and raw humours: the dose is ʒ i. But beware of the use thereof in the curing any fluxes of the belly. Scammonium SCammonium is hot and dry in the second degree, purgeth downward in vehement manner choleric humours, and therefore is good against diseases arising from the same, but if it be taken either too much in quantity, out of time, place, or unprepared, it is very dangerous, excoriating the guts, provoking bloodly excrements, procuring Dysenteria, causing wind, offending the stomach, and distempering the heart and liver: the dose is eight grains. Aloes Cicotrinae. ALoes the best is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third degree, removeth cold, phlegmatic and choleric humours, by purging, digesting, and driving them out: it is a sovereign medicine for the stomach. Hermodactili. HErmodactils are hot and dry in the second degree, they do effectually draw away phlegm, and other slimy humours from the Joints, and therefore are very profitable for the Gout in the hands and feet, and the Sciatica. Polypodium. POlypodium is dry in the second degree; openeth the body, and bringeth away black choler and phlegm, helpeth the colic and the griping of the belly, and also the obstructions of the spleen. Cornu Cervi. Hartshorn is to be numbered among Cordial simples in the highest place, it is given in want of Unicorns horn, and not unfitly; it comforteth the heart, is good against poison, provoketh urine, openeth obstructions, easeth the colic, disperseth wind, killeth worms in the body, is good against pains of the reins, or bladder, and being taken upon each occasion in liquors proper to the former griefs, it is much the better in force: Thus much is meant of Hartshorn unburned; And being burned, the powder thereof is very good against the bloody, or any other fluxes of the belly. Euphorbium. EUphorbium is hot and dry almost in the fourth degree; and besides his extreme heat and notable acrimony, it hath a certain faculty of purging, whereby tough and cold phlegm, with choler and water are taken away. Turpethum Cathapsaris. TUrbith is hot in the third degree, is good to purge phlegm, choleric and thick humours from the stomach, breast, joints, and other remote parts, and helpeth the colic and cold aches. Mirabolanes. MIrabolanes (whereof there are five kinds, the Citrine, Indian, Bellerick, Chebule, and Emblick) have peculiar virtues: some purge choler, others melancholy, others phlegm; but as they purge, so they bind again, comforting and strengthening the heart, stomach, and liver, and therefore are fit purgers of the body in dysentery upon any occasion: their dose is ʒ two. Cambogiae, or Guttigambe. CAmbogiae is a purging medicine, newly found out in the East-Indies, and thence brought, to us; it is not much unlike Stibium in working: it is already in use by divers reverend Physicians, amongst which, Dr. Harvy useth it in Saint Bartholomews Hospital, and calleth it Crocus purgans. I find by my practice it purgeth well the head, and that it is good to open obstructions, that it is also good against the yellow Jaundice: It openeth well the spleen and liver, and purgeth more downwards than Stibium doth: the do●e is 12. grains. The recited Doctor giveth it in pills: myself, for that I see it purgeth the head, have mixed it with pills for the head; and I so give it, and it worketh gently downward only. Cassia fistula. CAmbogiae fistula is hot and moist in the first degree, tempereth immoderate heat, purgeth gently choleric humours, and is good for the reins and kidneys, driving forth gravel and the stone. Crocus. CRocus, or Saffron, is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first, is good for the brain, quickeneth the senses, cheereth the heart, causeth digestion, helpeth the diseases of the breast, lungs, and liver, it mollifieth all hardnesses, and ripeneth all tumors. Opium OPium is cold and dry in the fourth degree, assuageth inward pains, causeth sleep, stoppeth the flux, and requireth care in the use thereof, for otherwise it is a deadly poison. Radix China. RAdix China, Chyne-roots, prevail much in the cure of Lues venerea, and are good for the giddiness of the head, taketh away the pain of the stomach, and obstructions, and are profitable for the dropsy, colic, and gripe of the belly, moveth urine, causeth sweat, and are helpful against convulsions, the palsy, and pains of the joints, and a singular remedy against a consumption. Sarsaparilla. SArsaparilla is of a hot quality, causeth sweat, especially extinguisheth the heat of venereous poison, and is good for the articular diseases, ulcers, and phlegmatic humours, and principally it is good against the French pocks. Sassafras. SAssafras is of a hot and dry temperament in the second degree, commended in taking away obstructions, corroborating the inward parts, helping the Asthmatick and Nephretik, cleansing the reins from gravel, discussing wind, good for women's diseases; and against any kind of fluxion, and in the Morbus Gallicus or French pox, it is a good medicine. Gnaiacum. LIgnum Gnaiacum doth exsiccate, attenuate, open, purge, move sweat, resisteth contagion and infection, and doth wonderfully cure the morbus Gallicus, old ulcers, scabs, and ringworms; the best use thereof is by decoction in fair water. Cortex Gnaiaci. COrtex Gnaiaci hath the same virtue as the Lignum Gnaiacum hath, but exsiccateth much more. Cortex Granatorum. COrtex Granatorum, seu malicorium, is astringent, stoppeth the laske, and bloody flux, healeth the gums moist and weak, fasteneth the teeth lose, stoppeth the bleeding of green wounds, and helpeth the corruption of the stomach▪ bowels▪ and the bursting or falling down of the guts. Liquiritia. LIquiritia is in all qualities temperate, yet inclining more to heat, it is agreeable to the lungs and breast, rotteth phlegm, moveth expectoration, cureth the cough, helpeth breathing, and is profitable for the reins, taking away the sharpness of urine, dissolveth the stone, and healeth the sores of the kidneys and bladder. Hordeum. HOrdeum commune (in English said to be Barley) is cold and dry in the first degree, digesteth, softeneth, and ripeneth all hard swell, is good for inflammations, excelleth against the soreness of the throat, refrigerateth, comforteth, strengtheneth, is abstersive, and provoketh urine. Hordeum Gallicum. HOrdeum Gallicum, more used inwardly then the hordeum commune by the Physicians in medicaments, is of the same nature and virtue as the other is. Semen Anisi. SEmen Anisi or Anise-seed, is hot and dry in the third degree, doth discuss the windiness of the stomach and bowels, stoppeth the bloody flix, laske of the belly, moveth urine and monthly terms, breaketh and bringeth away the stone, helpeth obstructions of the liver, amendeth the breath, and is good for the falling sickness. Semen foeniculi. SEmen foeniculi or fennel seed, is hot in the third degree, dry in the first, corroborateth the stomach, openeth the obstructions of the lungs, liver, and kidneys, and causeth abundance of milk in women's breasts. Semen Cari. SEmen Cariola or Caraway seed, is of the same nature and virtue as Semen Anisi aforesaid. Semen Cumini. SEmen Cumini or Cummin seed, is hot and dry in the third degree, attenuateth, digesteth, resolveth, discusseth wind, dissipateth phlegmatic tumors, and is good against the colic and tympany. Semen Petroselini. SSemen Petroselini or Parsley seed, is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, is given to them that have the stone or Jaundice, as also to provoke urine. Semen Lini. SEmen Lini or Linseed, is hot in the first degree, temperate in moisture and dryness, softeneth all cold tumors, ripeneth and breaketh Impostumes, draweth out thorns sticking in the body, expelleth wind, and gripe of the belly, and cleanseth the flesh from spots. Semen Fenigraeci. SEmen fenigraeci or Fenigrece, is hot in the second, and dry in the third degree, doth mollify, discuss, and mundify: helpeth cold, hard swell, impostumes, and gout in the feet: wasteth and lenifieth the hardness of the milt, mitigateth heat, is profitable for the matrix in women, and cleanseth the skin from many evils; as, itch, scurf, pimples, wheals, and the like. Semen Anethi. SEmen Anethi or Dill-seed, are hot and dry in the second degree, provoketh urine, prevail against the gripe of the belly, and inflations thereof, take away the Hicket, increase milk, attenuate, resolve, and digest humours. Semen papaveris albi. SEmen papaveris albi or white Poppy seeds, are cold and dry in the fourth degree, provoke sleep, take away subtle humours, catarrhs, rheums distilling from the brains upon the lungs, and help the cough. Semen plantaginis. SEmen plantaginis or Plantain seeds, are cold and dry in the second degree, stop the flux of the belly, and any flux of blood, are good also for catarrhs, old and new ulcers, either of the body or mouth. Semina quatuor frigida majora. THe four cold seeds, named Semina quatuor frigida majora (viz. Cucurbitae, Cucumeris, Citrulli, Melonis) are cold and moist in the second degree. The first whereof extinguisheth the fervour or heat of blood, choler, and fevers. The two following are profitable to the stomach, move urine, help the ulcers of the reins and bladder, extinguish thirst and choler. The fourth and last hath all the virtues of the former. Semina quatuor frigida minora. SEmina quatuor frigida minora or the four cold feeds, (viz. Lactuc●; Portulacae, Cichorii, Endivae) the first whereof is dry and cold in the third degree, refrigerateth the head, liver, spleen, reins, bladder, and limbs, prevaileth against the Gonorrea, and heat of Venery, moisteneth, lenifieth, slaketh thirst, and and causeth sleep, Ren. Wick. Saccharum. SAccharum, Sugar is hot in the first degree, looseth the belly, is convenient to the stomach, doth cleanse, digest, take away the asperity or roughness of the tougne, and siccity, thirst, or drought in fevers, helpeth the reins and bladder, and is profitable for eyes dim of sight. Amygdalae amarae. A Mygdalae amarae or bitter Almonds, are hot in the first degree, dry in the second, they are abstersive more than sweet ones: they do open and purge the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and passages of the reins, and bowels, and are good against spitting of blood. Amygdalae dulces. AMygdalae dulces or sweet Almonds, are hot and moist in the first degree, do extenuate, purge, and cleanse the bowels, draw spittle from the breast and lungs, are good for the cold and dry stomach, clear the skin from spots, pimples, and lentiles, stop spitting of blood, and engender choler. Uvae passae. Vuae passae seu Corinthinae, or Currants, are hot in the first degree, or rather of a temperate quality; and by a special faculty they have, they prevail against the vices of the breast and liver, move and purge the belly, strengthen the stomach, purge the head, lenify and cleanse the breast and lungs. Amylum. AMylum or white starch, is moderately hot, levigateth the parts exafperated, it is effectual against the defluxions of humours into the eyes, against pustles and hollow ulcers, it filleth with flesh, stoppeth spitting of blood, helpeth the roughness and soreness of the breast and throat, and easeth the cough: It is very good in the fluxes of the belly to be given in glisters, against inflammations and excoriations in the entrails. Cinamomum. CInamomum or Cinnamon, is hot in the second degree, warmeth, comforteth, concocteth, mollifieth, and wonderfully cheereth up the heart, and all the faculties of the body, as well animal, as vital and natural. It is very good against the fluxes of the belly. Macis. MAcis or mace, is hot and dry in the second degree, strengtheneth the stomach, helpeth concoction, discusseth wind, and comforteth the heart. Piper nigrum. PIper nigrum or black pepper, is hot and dry in the third degree, expelleth wind, is good against all cold griefs of the breast and lungs, against poison, agues, and squinancy, dissolveth and wasteth hard tumors, causeth digestion, and aromatizeth meatsr. Cariophilli CAriophilli or Cloves, are hot and dry in the second degree, and are Aromatical, and beneficial to the heart and brain, help the liver, and stomach, make the breath sweet, good for digestion, quicken the sight, stir up just, and take away obstructions. Nux Muschata. NUx Muschata, or Nutmegs are of the same complexion with Macis: helpeth the stops of the liver, milt, stomach, windiness of the belly, laske, weakness of the kidneys, and stopping of the urine: comforteth the heart, and aromatizeth the stomach. Zinziber. ZInziber, or Ginger is hot in the third degree, helpeth concoction, strengtheneth a cold and weak stomach, breaketh wind, and preventeth sour eructation. Gummi Guaici. Gummi Guaici, the gum of the Guacum hath the same virtue as the wood and bark aforesaid called Lignum Guaicum, and drunk in powder is approved a good remedy in Gonorraea. Opoponax. OPoponax, is a gum hot in the third degree, and dry in the second (if bitter, white within or yellow, fat, tender, easily dissolving, and of a strong smell, it is good) it doth mollify, digest, attenuate or assuage, dissipate or disperse wind, and is laxative. Of Bdellium. BDellium doth warm and mollify hard tumours in the throat, and discusseth Hernia's in their beginnings, provoketh urine, and is good against the cough. Amoniacum. AMoniacum (a gum so called) is hot in the third degree, hath the force of mollifying so effectual, that it dissolveth Tophoes' or hard stones grown in the flesh, easily discusseth other pustles, healeth the spleen hardened, and being given in drink, taketh away many obstructions, provoketh the monthly courses and urine, driveth out the stone, dissolveth the Kings-evil, is very profitable for aches occasioned by cold: that which is pure thereof is form like Thus, and in taste like Castoreum. Sagapenum. SAgapenum, or Serapinum is hot in the third degree, dry in the second, bringeth down women's courses, is profitable against the suffocation of the Matrix, resolveth, attenuateth, dissipateth, moveth, dissolveth, and purgeth (though slowly) thick phlegm, and clammy humours: it is esteemed excellent, if clear, yellow in colour without, but white within, quick in taste, light in substance, and easy in dissolving. Galbanum. GAlbanum is hot in the second degree: it is good if it be full of drops pure like frankincense, fat, not full of sticks, strong in smell, neither moist nor dry in substance: it extracteth, discusseth, bringeth away the courses stopped, and the birth, takes away biles, hard kernels, and knots in the body, and helpeth the cough, short breathing, convulsions, and ruptures. Myrrah. MYrrha, chosen, fragil or brittle, light, spendent, of little drops, bitter, sharp, which smelleth sweet, full of whitish veins being broken, is hot and dry in the second degree: It openeth the womb, procureth the courses, bringeth forth speedily the birth, and is good for the cough, stitch, flux, and bloody flix: it killeth worms, amendeth the breath▪ closeth up wounds, confirmeth the teeth lose, and stayeth the hair from shedding. Mastic. MAstick sweet in smell, white, spendent, brittle, old, and very dry, brought from the Isle Chio, is hot in the second degree: It helpeth concoction, stoppeth vomiting, confirmeth the power of retaining sustenance, is abstersive: it is profitable also to them that spit blood, or that are troubled with a cough, it attracteth phlegm from the brain, and is good for the breath. Gum. Laudanum. Laudanum is hot and dry in the second degree, doth calefie, and mollify: it opens the pores of the veins, keepeth the hair from falling off the head, stoppeth the laske, provokes urine: it is used seldom in the Surgeon's Chest, except in making a grateful odour, as when a fume of Cinabrium is to be prepared, for the cure of the pox. Styrax. STyrax, Calamita & liquidus are both hot in the second degree, do mollify, concoct, cure the cough, distillations, hoarseness, pose or stuffing of the head, matrix stopped, are good to procure the monthly courses of women, cordial, exhilarating, oppose to poison, and do discuss hard cold tumors the knots of the sinews, and the struma. The best cometh from Gyprus, Sidon, and Pisidia: the Calamita Styrax is yellow, fast, rosin like in glistering fragments, continuing its smell; though old; and (being dissolved) of a hony-like colour, if commendable. Belzoin. BElzoin, called vulgarly Benjamen, is hot in the fourth degree, comforteth the heart, and all the faculties thereof, and hath the same power as Styrax Calamita aforesaid: the reddish, clear, full of white drops like frankincense, and of a sweat smell as Xiloaloes burned, is chosen. Tragacanthum. TRagacanthum, a temperament hot gum, is good for the cough, roughness of the Artery or windpipe, hoarseness and defluxions, being taken with honey, or with Sugar, and is commended to be good for the eyes; also it is good to be swallowed down whole, or eaten in powder against the flux. Pix Burgundiae, of some Pix Graeca and Colophoniae COlophonia or Pix Graeca, is all one thing, and is a kind of Rosin of the Pine tree: it is hot and dry, cleansing and healing new wounds, mollifying hard tumors or swell, and is very profitable against aches of the limbs, proceeding of a cold cause. Pix. PIx Navalis, or stone pitch, is hot and dry in the second degree: it discusseth, conglutinateth, mollifieth, maturateth, suppleth the hardness of the matrix, and hard tumors, cureth ulcers, filleth them that are hollow up with good flesh, and helpeth cold aches. Resina. REsina is hot, mollifying, discussing and cleansing, and (being taken inwardly) is good against the cough, mendeth the breast, provoketh urine, concocteth crude matters, looseth the belly, expelleth them stone and gravel, and is excellent for the cure of green and fresh wounds. Succinum. AMbra citrina seu succinum is hot and dry, prevalent against the white flux of the womb, flux of blood, running of the kidneys, distillations of the head, stopping of the matrix, monthly terms, difculty of urine; being powdered and drunk, helpeth immoderate cough, and strengtheneth the intestines, and is good to be cast on coals to receive the fume thereof, to comfort the Arsegut fallen, as also to fume a ship or house in time of infectious airs, as the plague, or when general fluxes are to be feared. Cera Citrina. CEra Citrina, or yellow wax, doth mollify and heat, moisteneth temperately: it is good to amend the milk in the nurse's breasts coagulated, it assuageth pain, healeth wounds and ulcers, and hath commonly a place in all good unguents and plasters: It is a good medicine to be drunk or eaten, and so swallowed down for to cure the exulcerations of that stomach or entrails in fluxes, where inward exulcerations are to be feared. Mummia. MUmmia is astringent, helpeth fluxes of blood, the bladder ulcerated, and the inward distempers of the yard; as also it provoketh urine, and is very good to be drunk in powder against great contusions or coagulated blood within the body. Sperma Ceti. SPerma Ceti, or Spuma maris, or the spawn of the Whales, is sour in taste, spongy and white in show, unsavoury in smell, and weighty, having a sharp quality: It is of a cold faculty, cleanseth, and digesteth, and is sometimes used of women to clear the skin from spots and morphew: It is good also against bruises inwardly, taken with the former, namely, Mummia, and also outwardly warm, to anoint the parts contused therewith, and a Paracelsus emplaster, or of Pix Grecum put thereon. Sanguis Draconis. SAnguis Draconis is cold and dry in the first degree, it is of an astringent quality: it closeth up wounds, and confirmeth the weak parts, and stayeth the fluxes of outward wounds. Lupins. Lupins are hot and dry in the second degree, digest, make subtle and cleanse, kill worms, drive away the freckles and spots like lentils in the face, assuageth impostumations and swelling, the sciatica pain; digest consume, and dissolve Morbum Regium; ripen and open wens, botches, biles and pestilential sores. Cantharideses. Cantharideses are used outwardly to cause a blifter, and sometimes inwardly to move urine; but so they are most dangerous, for they will bring the disease Priapismus upon the Patient in a violent manner: I once knew it given, but it killed the party the third day. Camphura. CAmphura or Camphora of a mixed quality, refrigerateth and calefieth, assuageth the pain of the head, inflammations of ulcers, wounds, cureth Erysipelas or St. Anthony's fire, is effectual against the Govorraea, the white flowers of women, bleeding of the nose: it is also good against venoms and poisons, it preserveth the body from putrefaction, and is commended for many other virtues, for brevity here omitted. Spodium. SPodium an astringent simple, is cordial and good for fainting or swooning, inflammatious of the stomach, trembling, melancholy, and other affections arising thence. Sumach. SUmach is wonderfully astringent, dry in the third degree, and cold in the second: it is good for the Dysentery, all bloody fluxes, and women's fluxes, especially the white, and the Hemorrhoides, preserveth also ulcers from inflammations and exulceration. Gallae. GAllae or Galls are cold in the second degree, and dry in the third; they cure fluxions of the gums, help the ulcerations of the mouth, stay the fluxes menstrual, and help the mother falling down, make the hair black, consume proud flesh in wounds and ulcers, and induce a good healing to them. Bolus verus. BOlus Armeniae vel Orientalis verus is very dry, and astringent: it is a good medicine in resisting the fluxes of blood, helping the Catarrh, Dysentery, and ulcers of the mouth, prevailing against pestilence, and all other like infections. Bolus Communis. BOlus communis, common Bole, hath the same effects as the former Bolus. Stibium. ANtimonium, seu Stibium, used in due time and place, produeeth very good effects, wrestling well with many kinds of strong diseases: commonly it is given in a Tertian, as also to the troubled with colic pain, it purgeth upward and downward forcibly, and causeth sweat, it is a good medicine, given with careful respect; but it killeth many by the violence thereof, unadvisedly administered: I lament to call to mind what fearful accidents I have seen follow the use thereof; wherefore I advise the Surgeon's Mate to administer it with great care. The dose (being five grains) is best taken by infusion. It cureth fevers, is good against pestilential fevers in their beginning: For it cureth such at once taking; and in any other fevers it may be given, the body being strong. Sulphur. SUlphur or Brimstone is hot, concocting and resolving, it profiteth the asthmatical, cough, colic, grief, and resolution of the members: taketh away itch, breaking out of all the body, cureth tetters or ringworms, and the scurf, and cureth rheums and distillations: Seek further hereof in Sal, Sulphur and Mercury. Allumen. ALlumen, or Alum, is astringent and yet purging, mendeth putrefied ulcers, drieth the moist, consumeth proud superfluous flesh, taketh away the itch, and cureth the scab, and is very profitable in lotions for ulcerations of the mouth, throat, or elsewhere. Vitriolum. VItriolum seu Calcanthum, or Coperas, is hot, astringent and dry, killeth the worms of the belly, helpeth against poison, keepeth the flesh moist and from putritude, consumeth, contracteth and and purgeth ulcers. Seek more of this subject in the Treatise of Salt. Vitriolum Album. SEek in the Treatise of Salt, in the end of Vitriolum for white Coperas. Cerusa. CErusa or Venice seruse, refrigerateth, drieth, bindeth, extenuateth, gently represseth excrescences, and bringeth deep wounds to a scar or ciccatrice, and is very good to be mixed a small quantity at once with Plantain water, against the heat and excoriations of the yard, I mean within the passage of the yard. Plumbum Album. PLumbum Album, or white lead, is cold in the second degree, it is an excellent remedy against inflammations, stiff and hard ulcers, cankers and fluxions of the articles. Minium. PLumbago, or red lead, hath the force of binding, mollifying, filling up hollow ulcers with flesh, bringing down proud flesh, refrigerateth, closeth up wounds, and induceth a cicatrice. Plumbum ustum. IS astringent, filleth up wounds, eateth away their excrescences, stayeth the rheum of the eyes, and is profitable against the ulcers of the fundament, hemorthoides, and their inflammations. Lithargyrum. LIthargyrus, or Litharg●rum auri & argenti, & plumbi, lethargy either of gold, silver, or lead, do all refrigerate, bind, repress, stop, fill up hollow places, cleanse, induce a cicatrice or little scar, and prevail against the galling of the thighs. The lethargy of gold, of silver and of lead, are all but one thing though they are of several names. colours and differences of operations, by reason of their different preparations: they are as Minium is, all the sons of Saturn, and are even lead and no other thing. Aes Viride. AES viride, or verdigreace, hath a sharp quality, digesting, attracting, extenuating, corroding and is abstersive, stoppeth fretting and spreading sores, and eateh the callous hard flesh of fistulas, good in ulcers and Ophthalmies of the eyes. It is the rust either of copper or brass. Tutia. TUtia is a gentle drier, good against the distillations of the eyes, astringent, cooling, cleansing, stopping, and filling up. It is the scum of brass in boiling. Arsenicum. White and yellow Arsenicum, called Arsenicum album & Citrinum, are enemies to the life of man or beast: Taken into the body, this mineral killeth any living creature, and is of a corroding quality, outwardly applied, it causeth a hard crusted scab with vehement burning, eateth away superfluous flesh, and taketh away hairs. It cureeth the morphew, the skin anointed with water of the infusion thereof. Argentum vivum. ARgentum vivum doth corrode, kill the itch and louse, woundeth the intestines, suppresseth urine, swelleth the body, hurts the stomach and belly, resolveth, penetrateth and purgeth. But of this see more in the particular, Treatise of Mercury. Mercurius sublimatus. MErcurius sublimatus, made of Argentum vivum, is excellent against the Morbus Gallicus. This medicine truly perpared, is a laxative, a Diaphoretice, a Diauretice, a vomitive, and the best and worst corrasive medicine that can be devised. Quaere the Treatise of Mercury. Mercurius Praecipitatus MErcurius Praecipitatus, is very good to further digestion in ulcers evil disposed, and to dispose them to better healing, by cleansing and digesting them; and because it is Mercury or Quicksilver, I have no time for it in this place, but must refer you to my Treatise of Mercury. Cinabrium. CInnabaris is astringent, hot, extenuating, and hath the virtues or vices of Mercurius or Argentum vivum. It is of two kinds, either natural, which few know, or artificial, and then it is compounded of Quicksilver and Brimstone, and so is that we buy in the shops. Flores Anthos. FLores Anthos, or Rosemary flowers, are hot and dry in the second degree, comfort the brain, heart and memory, and other senses, amend the speech, help digestion, mollify, cleanse, and cut away phlegm. Flores Balaustiarum. FLores Balaustiarum, or flowers of Pomgranats, are cold and dry in the third degree, they are also astringent; close up, and stop, they cure the bloody flix, bleeding of green wounds, they are good in lotions for moist and weak gums, kill worms, and fasten lose teeth. Rosae rubrae. Risen rubrae or Red-roses are cold and dry in the first degree, refrigerate, and are astringent, they purge choleric humours downward, open, strengthen, and cleanse the liver from obstructions, comfort the head, stomach, and heart, help against consumptions, and inflammations, cause sleep, and stop spitting of blood. Flores chamomillae. FLores chamomillae Camomile flowers are hot and dry in the first degree, provoke the monthly terms, and urine, are good against windiness, the colic, gravel, stone, aches, fevers proceeding from obstructions, cure wearied parts, also they open, lose, mollify the hard-swollen and stopped parts of the entrails. Flores Melliloti. FLores Milliloti or flowers of Mellilote, are of a dry and hot quality, digest, consume, dissolve, and maturate, prevail against all hot swell, provoke urine, break the stone, assuage the pain of the kidneys, bladder, and belly, ripen phlegm, and clear the eyesight. Flores Centaurii. FLores Centaurii or flowers of Centory, are of a hot and dry complexion in the second degree, purge choler and gross humours downward, open the obstructions of the liver, kill worms, cause the course of flowers, are good against the Jaundice, hardness of the spleen, griefs of the sinews, clear the eyes, heal wounds, and drive forth young fruit. Flores Hyperici. FLores Hyperici or flowers of Saint John's wort, are hot and dry in the third degree, break the stone, provoke urine, bring down women's flowers, stop the laske, drive away fevers, are good for burn, and cure old and fistulated sores. Flores Sambuci. FLores Sambuci or flowers of Elders, are hot and dry in the third degree, open the belly, purge slimy slegme, and choleric humours, and are good for hot swell and tumors, and for the asswaging the pain of the gout. Baccae Juniperi. BAccae Juniperi or Juniper berries, are hot in the third degree, dry in the first, and astringent, are good for the stomach, cough, windiness, gripe of the belly, venomous bitings, infection, contagion of the air, help the lungs, liver, kidneys, and bladder, and provoke urine. Baccae Lauri. BAccae Lauri or Bay-berries, are hot and dry in the second degree, they resist poison, help deafness, contracted and wearied parts, and the pain of the breast, cut of phlegm, and take away the scurf. Farina Tritici. FArina Tritici or Wheat flower, is hot in the first degree, stoppeth spitting of blood, distillations of subtle humours, helpeth the cough, roughness of the sharp artery, dissolveth tumors, and cleanseth the face from lentils and spots, appeaseth hunger and thirst, and is the principal natural upholder of the life and health of man. Farina Fabarum. FArina fabarum or Bean meal, is cold and moist, dissolveth all swell, is very good for ulcers, evils, and blast of the genitories, and taketh away inflammations of women's paps. Farina Hordei. FArina Hordeacea or Barley meal, is cold and dry in the first degree, dissolveth hot and cold tumors, digesteth, softeneth, and ripeneth hard swell, stoppeth the laske, and humours falling into the joints, discusseth wind, is good against the scurf and leprosy, and allaieth the inflammations of the Gouts. Furfur Tritici. FUrfur or Wheat bran, is good against the scurf, itch, and spreading scab, dissolveth the beginnings of hot swell, doth slake and suage the hard swell of women's breasts, and the decoction thereof is singular good to cure the painful exulcerations in the entrails, given by glisters, as is montioned in the cure of Dysenteria. Farina Volatilis. FArina volatilis or Mill dust, is used in compositions to stay fluxes of bleeding wounds. Rosemary. ROsemary is hot and dry in the second degree, cureth the Jaundice, and the Regius morbus or Kings-evil, comforteth the brain, memory, and inward senses, and restoreth the speech lost or broken. Menthae. MEnthae or Mints, are hot and dry, do profit the stomach, appease the hickok, stop vomiting, cure choleric passions, griping pain of the belly, and the inordinate course of menstrual issue, ease women in their travel of childbearing, soften breasts swollen with milk, and keep the milk from curdding therein. Millilotus. MEllilotus or Mellilote, is hot and astringent, it doth assuage and mollify hot swell of the eyes, matrix, fundament, and genitories, healeth the scurf, and putrified ulcers, dissolveth apostumes of the stomach, is good for the headache, provoketh urine, breaketh the stone, helpeth the pain of the kidneys, bladder, and belly, and taketh away the web and pearl of the eye. Salvia. SAlvia or Sage is hot and dry in the third degree, and somewhat astringent, stoppeth the bleeding of wounds and bloody flix, openeth the stops of the liver, cureth the cough, breaketh the stone, provoketh urine, comforteth the heart, assuageth the headache, and pain in the side. Thymum. THymum or Thyme, is hot and dry in the third degree, is good to cleanse the breast, ripen flgme, and for the Asthma, purgeth choleric humours, corrupt blood, bringeth to women their natural terms, expelleth the secondine, provoke urine, discusseth wind, extenuateth cold swell, and helpeth the cure of the falling sickness. Absinthium. ABsinthium or Wormwood is hot in the first degree, and dry in the third; it is bitter, sharp, and astringent, cleansing, purging, and comforting, excellent to purge the stomach, liver, and reins from the choleric humours, and to stay the weak stomach from vomiting, cureth the Jaundice, resisteth pestilent infection, helpeth the dropsy and splenetic, and killeth worms in the body. Carduus benedictus. CArduus benedictus or the blessed Thistle is very bitter, and hot, comforteth the heart and vital parts, moveth sweat, resisteth poison, is of much use in pestilent diseases, mitigateth the pain of the reins and sides, killeth the worms of the belly, and prevaileth against bitings of Serpents. Melissa. MElissa or Balm, this herb is hot in the second, and dry in the first degree, doth bring down women's terms, helpeth against venom● of scorpions, spiders and dogs, comforteth the head, increaseth the memory, and refresheth the vital faculties. Sabina. SAbina or Savin, is hot and dry in the third degree, provoketh urine with blood, moveth the flowers, driveth forth the secondine, living and dead birth, cureth ulcers and eating sores, and cleanseth the skin of lentils. Radices Altheae. RAdix altheae or Hollihock roots, are hot and dry in the first degree, they are profitable for the gravel, stone, bloody flix, toothache, Sciatica, and cough: they cure new wounds, dissolve cold tumors, wens, hard kernels, impostumes, sores of the mother, and chaps of the fundament, are good for cramps, burstings, & trembling of the members. Radices raphani sylvestris. RAdices Raphani sylvestris or Horse-redish roots, are hot in the third degree, dry in the second, are good for the stomach eaten before meat, cause wind, and desire to vomit; but after meat, digest, purge phlegm, provoke urine, break the stone, help the dropsy, liver, sickness, old congh, stopping of the reins, lethargy, colic, and hardness of the spleen, stay fretting, and festering ulcers, cause hair to grow, and cleanse the face from spots. Radices Pyrethri. RAdices pyrethri or Pellitory roots, are hot and dry in the third degree, good for cold diseases of the head and brain, falling sickness, and apoplexy, mitigate the toothache chewed, bring forth much waterish phlegm, help the resolution of the sinews, and cause salivation or a flux of spitting Radices Angeilcae. RAdices Angelicae or Angelica roots, are hot and dry in the second degree, they do open, attenuate, digest, cut and discuss gross humours, they are adversary to poison, help pestilent diseases, cause the flowers, comfort the heart and vital powers. Radices consolidae majoris. RAdix symphiti magni, seu Consolidae majoris, or Comfry roots, are hot and dry in the second degree, they do help spitting of blood, the breast and lungs, cure inward wounds and ruptures, are glutinative, mitigate hot tumors, and heal fresh wounds. Calx viva. CAlx viva or unslak'd lime, is hot and dry in the fourth degree, having a fiery, sharp, and burning force: it concocteth, mollifieth, dissipateth, and cureth corrupt stinking ulcers, very hard to be cured, and bringeth them to a cicatrice or scar. Album Graecum. STercus caninum, seu Album Graecum, is hot and astringent, stayeth the laske, cureth the Squinancy, helpeth the Dysenteria, and driveth away fevers that come by course, and is very good to strew the fundament fallen withal, for it cureth the slipperiness thereof, and causeth it being gently put up to stay up; and being mixed and boiled with sallatoyl to the thickness of an unguent, is very good to cure the painful Hemorrhoides. The Conclusion, touching what hath been spoken of the virtues of Medicines, Simple or Compound, for the Surgeon's Chest. THe virtues, uses, and doses of all the precedent medicines here noted, have been gathered from such Authors as either were the Inventors of them, or formerly have taken them upon them; to whose works I refer the Reader: which thing if any well disposed Artist upon good ground shall question, I doubt not to satisfy him. The Authors I have used herein, are these following; Galenus. Mesues. Avicenna. Tagaltius. Vigo. Paracelsus. Josephus Quercitanus. Renodeus. Johannes Jacobus Weckerus. Dodoneus. Valerius Cordus. Riolanus. Rulandus. Oswoldus Crollius. Dorncrellius. Augustanus. Montanus. Matheolus. Fernelius. Dioscorides. Franciscus Arceus. Monardus. Nicolaus Alexandrinus. Serapius. And some others, whose names sometimes I have remembered and noted, sometimes for haste pretermitted: wherein I confess I have done them hard measure, like him which in haste sleighteth his good friends; a fault too common. OF WOUNDS. A Wound is a recent solution of a continuity; or a division of that which was knit together, without putrefaction; and Definition of a wound. is common as well to the soft and organic parts, as also to the harder: it may (though seldom it doth) arise from an internal cause, as the malice of bad humours; but more commonly it comes from an external cause, namely, by the violence of some instrument. For which cause a wound is said to differ in his denomination: for sometimes it is called a thrust or punction, which is made by stabbing with any thing sharp pointed, as a Dagger, Rapier, or the The divers appellations of wounds. like: sometimes it is named a Contusion, when by a weighty thing offending (as timber) falling down, or violently cast down (as a stone) the flesh is bruised and broken: sometimes also it hath the appellation of Incision, or incised wound, for that it is done by an edged instrument, as a knife or sword. And these wounds are either simple or compound: the simple are only in the upper skin or flesh, without detriment or loss of substance, which also have their several species or kinds, because of their divers forms; some being greater or smaller, profound or superficial, long or little, straight, round or crooked, of a facile cure, of difficile, or mortal. And for the sounder judgement and better cure of all wounds, (which are either external, or internal and penetrating) there are several signs (of ancient tradition) with much diligence to be had in remembrance, which daily practice also verifieth. The several differences of all external wounds are discerned by sight or handling. The places of internal wounds. Those which are termed internal and penetrating wounds, are either in the head, breast, or inferior venture, and are discovered likewise by sight, by feeling, or by searching with an instrument into them. The hurt or ruption of the membranes or brain is accompanied with sneesing, vomiting, bleeding at the nose or ears▪ raving and the like: but if the substance of the brain be hurt, those signs are increased, and a bilious or sharp vomiting is seen; also a fever, dull understanding, with alteration of favour and countenance do ensue; stupidity also and dumbness signify the brain contused. The breast is observed to be wounded and penetrated, when air cometh forth of the wound, or when the person sick hath in his mouth a sense of the things applied to his grief. It appeareth that the lungs are hurt, if the respiration be difficult, a a rattling sound in breathing be heard, and the excrement which is voided from the mouth be spumous, pale, and crude. The Pericranium hurt hath sometimes sudden and often swooning for a sign, though some nevertheless having the Penicranium wounded or contused, have no evil symptoms extraordinary to other mean wounds of other parts. The Heart wounded hath the refrigeration of all the parts, extinction of natural heat, and death attending thereon. If the great Veins and Arteries in the breast be offended, and immoderate flux of blood, defection of virtue in all the faculties, a cold and an unsavoury sweat doth ensue, and death within a few hours. The solution of continuity in the sinewy parts of the Diaphragma, causeth convulsion, difficile respiration, an acute fever, raving, and death: but if the fleshy part only be aggrieved, it is capable of remedies, and suffereth not such dangerous symptoms. If the recurrent Nerves be wounded, there followeth loss of speech immediate motion and sense also is suppressed, and that without recovery. In the wounds of the Liver appear vomiting, bloody dejections, much pain, a continual fever; and if they be deep, fainting, resolution of the spirits, cold sweat and death follow, The Spleen offended is as the Liver affected, save that the symptoms are in the right side, the other in the left. The Ventricle is demonstrated to be wounded by the voiding of chylus, frequent vomiting, swooning, fainting, and death. When the excrements are retained in the belly, and issue out of the wound very unsavoury and putrefied, and hot by the natural place, it is plain that the intestines are hurt, The sign of the Reins or Kidneys wounded, is the suppression of urine which causeth a sore pain in the groin and testicles, with inflation or swelling even to death. The accidents of the Bladder offended are one with the reins, unless the sinewy parts thereof be grieved, and then distension of the belly, pissing of blood, vomiting, voiding of urine at the wound, suppression of the faculties, doting, and death follow. When Spinae Medulla, or the Marrow of the back bone is hurt, there followeth the resolution of the sinews (which hindereth the function of the sense and motion) voluntary evacuation of excrements appear, and for the most part death is the immediate conclusion. The solution of a Vein is known by blood of red colour and thick substance. The testimony of an Artery hurt, is blood somewhat yellow, subtie, thin, hot, beating and leaping, or violently issuing, and as it were by jumps. The Tendons, Membranes, and Ligaments wounded or incised, bring the same symptoms as the Nerves do. The Cure. Wherein the cure of wounds in general doth consist. THe Cure of wounds is either by the help of nature or medicine: if by nature, the strife is at an end, the Artist may save a labour: if by medicine their cure consisteth both in the reduction of parts disjoined and dislocated to union, and in consolidation and true conglutination of them: therefore it shall be necessary to consider, that if any thing hinder consolidation it be removed: that reduct on be rightly and skilfully wrought, lest the parts adjoined fall into relapse, and that the substance of the part with his natural temperament be conserved: and lastly, that the symptoms be prevented, and carefully cured as they arise. The first intention in curing of wounds is to take away whatsoever is besides nature, as Iron, wood, lead, or aught else with fit instruments, and that without pain (if it may be) to the diseased, that consolidation may the better be effected. In wounds▪ of the head, to take away the hair, or what else might seem to hinder the good application of medicines to the grief, is the first part. Strive also to set well the veins and nerves displaced, that the beauty and due office of the member be not diminished, and that it may conglutinate the easier, and being united, keep them so by Ligature, future, and other due and artificial means. It is requisite also that the natural temperament of the part be carefully preserved: and that is done by a certain careful regiment of the body, which is universal or particular. The universal regiment consisteth in purging medicines, as Potions, Glisters, a sober and frugal diet, abstinence from wine, venery, and all kinds of meats which may move or attenuate humours, and moderate use of good nourishing sustenance, all which helps the poor Seaman is not capable of in long voyages. The particular Regiment is in remedies which confirm and strengthen the natural heat of the member debilitated, and which hinder and avert fluxion: such are Unguentum Nutritum diapalma, I mean Diacalsithios dissolved in Oil of Roses, Ceratum Refrigerans, Rosat. Messue. Ungu. de minio, or the like. The general accidents most to be feared that affect the wounded are Haim rrea, dolour, tumour intemperature, a fever, faintness of the heart, convulsions, specially where a sinew is wounded. The cure of Ha' morrea. Haimorrea, or flux of blood is stayed by medicaments astringent, fitted and applied with convenient future or ligature; and sometimes by medicines caustik, either actual or potential, touched in the Treatise of amputation or dismembering. A Tumour is an unnatural increase, exceeding the natural state in the body, and inducing an offence of the actions of the same, the cure whereof is touched elsewhere. Intemperature is either over much heat or cold, & his remedy is by opposites, as namely, to too hot imtemperature (apply a cold medicament etc. The intemperature of the Liver chief consisteth in oppilation or debility of the faculties thereof, and is helped chief by wholesome nutriment: the lamentable want whereof at Sea, is the cause of many the grievous obstructions, and other evil effects in Seamens bodies: so that ofttimes a good Artist shall not be able to heal a mean excoriation. The Accidents common to the wounded heart, as is said, are swooning, palpitation thereof, a hot burning fever, and many other. Syncope is a solution of the spirits which forsake the heart, whose remedy is Cordials, if God have appointed life. A Fever is a heat in the heart more than natural, infused and dispersed through the whole body, whose cure is by purging, bleeding, and good government. A convulsion is a dangerous disease of the brain, which oftentimes is a forerunner or a messenger of death. The diseases in the brain are either in the membranes, substance, or ventricles, and passages thereof; whose species and symptoms are many, and for the most part very dangerous, and of difficult cure: For if the substance of the brain be offended, the functions thereof are impedited, whence proceedeth doting, melancholy, foolishness, slothfulness, lethargy, frenzy, madness, loss of memory, deadish sleep, giddiness, apoplexy, Paralysis, and divers other like accidents formerly recited. And if the ventricles of the brain be wounded, than the motions and senses thereof be grieved. Wherefore for the better cure of these wounds in the brain, desiccation and cicatrisation in due time is needful, either by simple medicaments, (as Spiritus vini, b●l●s Armeniae, Terra sigillata, Lithargirum, Cerusa, Tutia, Adust lead, Burnt paper, Allom water, Burnt Vitriol) or by compound medicines, (as Vng: desiccans rub: Diapompholigos, & Diapalma.) Divers Accidents will have divers medicaments. And as you see the accidents of the wounded are divers, so the remedies are not all alike: but some are general, others more peculiar Those that are only in the skin or flesh have no difficile cure: for ofttimes Nature with some easy remedy, or a Ligature only doth help them: but those that are compound, offending many parts, need a methodical and convenient order of curation, which is divers, as is said, according to the diversity of the parts affected: for if contusion or ruption be only of the flesh under the skin, there is required consolidation by easy comfortation, and desiccation; and no suppuration, which is effected only by nourishing and preserving the natural heat or humidity of the member, as in other wounds. But a contused wound, if it be be great, requireth purging Glisters, potions, or pills, phelbotomie, a wholesome diet, perfect evacuation of the humour that cometh from the veins, and suppuration of the contused and livid flesh; which two last, are affected at the first by mean remedies; as oil of roses and myrtles, & sometimes by a Paracelsus plaster. It will desire also suppurating medicines, fitting the greatness and nature of the contusion. It may be healed in the manner of an apostume; and if putrefaction be feared, the use of a good Lixivium, of cupping Glasses, and light scarification, is most necessary, that the humour about to putrify may be evacuated, so shall the wound be better cured: but when the wound shall be with loss of substance, then let thy endeavour be (by renovation and regeneration of the substance diminished, or the intemperature Another note for the removing of that which is besides nature in a wound. carefully by convenient digestive medicines to produce laudable quitture, and that the part affected be kept in his natural temperament and faculty, for thereby it doth concoct & digest the matter flowing unto it; as also consider diligently the excrements of the wounds, their substance, quality▪ and quantity, these will show thee what is superfluous, not natural, and what hindereth the action and duty of nature, that it may be corrected and taken away by fit and convenient remedies. The medicaments incarnative, or for regeneration of the flesh, are the flower of Barley, Beans, Lupins, or Orobus, Myrrh, Aloes, with Aristolochia and Ireos, which are usedeither by themselves, or mixed with turpentine, Mel Rosarum, Syrup of dry Roses, the yolk of an egg, or the like: also Basilicum, Unguentum Incarnativum, are good incarnatives, the Emplastrum gratia Dei, made of juice of herbs, the Emplaster of Betony, dissolved with Axungia porcina: and follow the general rule, Let the dry be more humected, and the humid more desiccated. How to cure venomous wounds, which are either internal or external. The cure of wounds caused through the biting of venomous beasts (as mad dogs, scorpions, vipers, serpents, bees, fishes, wasps, hornets, swine, or other the like, is performed first by taking away that which is virulent, extracting, dissipating and consuming the poison; which work requireth internal as well as external medicaments. The internal must be such as comfort and confirm the parts diseased (as Theriaca, Aurum vitae, Confectio Alkermes, Bole Armenick, Conserve of Borage, bugloss, Rosemary flowers, and the like) that so the virulent vapour may be abolished, which otherwise will infect the whole body. The external must also intent to extinguish the venomous vapour (and such are cupping glasses and scarification, also all hot medicaments attracting, as Galbanum, Ammoniacum, Bdellium, Emplaistrum Diachilon and divinum, a fomentation made with the herb Dragon and Mugwort boiled in wine, treacle, Garlick, Onions, Fimus columbinus, and the like) which being done, the cure shall be after the manner of other wounds of the same magnitude: but in mine own practice, I heat Balm artificial feething het, and apply it for the first dressing, if I fear venom: and if I fear a Gangreen, I use Aegyptiacum as hot as may be, and over the wound I apply a Lixivium: slender and wholesome diet is also good, that may neither increase melancholy, nor heat much the blood; and abstain from bleeding, unless the noble parts be tainted, & then thou mayst not safely purge, but rather sweat, which is best known when the animal faculties are offended. The cure of wounds in the arteries. The wounds in the Veins and Arteries, bring with them commonly a flux of blood, which to stay is a special business, consisting chief of astringent remedies, good application, future, ligature of a vein or artery, if it may be done conveniently, and sometimes caustick medicaments; yea, incision, phlebotomy, the use of cupping glasses and ligature on the parts opposite; which three last are not always to be presumed upon as safe courses, but upon need, if so be the vein or artery wounded be great: many things are of force put in practice, which otherwise seem very harsh. The astringents simples to make compounds, are Bo●e Armenick, Terra sigillata, thus, Aloes, Mastic, Myrrh, Sanguis Draconis, Flower of wheat, barley, mil-dust, and divers sorts: likewise Alum, Vitriol, Precipitate, Man's blood dried, and sundry more, sometime to make a ligature upon the vein, wound, or artery, which is the binding of each end thereof, being first caught and holden with some fit instruments; and tied with a sure and strong silk thre●: but ofttimes it happeneth that the ends of the veins or arteries wounded cannot be found, in which case an actual caustick remedy, or a potential caustick medicament, which induceth an esker, and stoppeth and covereth the orifice of the vein, is convenient: some also lay their thumb on it so long, until it be somewhat of its self stayed, and then bind it up, which is good in mean fluxes: I have often prevailed so. Now after that the flux of blood is stayed, let the sick party be contained in a place neither too hot nor too cold, and dark, speaking little, that the cure may be accomplished with more ease to the patiented. The wounds made in the nerves, tendons and ligaments, whether by The cure of wounds in the nerves and ligaments. incision long or overthwart, a thrust profound or superficial or by contusion, great, little, or mean, require a good diet, such as is, meat easy of digestion, refrigerating and causing little blood; but the choice of such things at Sea must be forborn: also that the body be kept open by Glisters, moilifying and cleansing, and (if need be) by potions easy and gentle, that the humours be not too much stirred to inflammation: blood-letting is sometimes needful, likewise anodine medicines which resolve and extract corruption by the pores of the skin, strengthen the part affected, and have an infinite, or a certain property to comfort the sinews: such are Turpentine and the oil thereof, oil of Euphorbium, Rue, Worms, Yolkes of Eggs, Rosin, Pitch, as also a Cataplasm made of bread crumbs, milk, and a little Saffron, the like made of Althaea roots two ounces, Mallows and Sorrel of each an handful, flower of Beans, Lupins and Orobus, of each two ounces and an half, red Rose leaves powdered half an ounce, common honey two ounces, Chamomile oil one ounce, all made into a Cataplasm according to Art. But if pain and inflammation be in such wounds near to an article or joint, apply a cataplasm made of bread crumbs, with the juice of Hyoschyami, or cool herbs, or Ung. nutritum, populeon album, or some of those, that the burning heat may be extinguished; or of oatmeal sodden in water with a little oil: But if convulsion happen to a sinew wounded or pricked, cut off all the sinew, for if the nerve shall be wholly abscised, lesser symptoms, through impotency and deprivation of action ensue, then if the middle or any part be wounded: the cure (and note it) is not so safe to sew it up together, as some think, because his adunation is uncertain. The cure of a nerve contused. If a sinew be contused without any wound, let it be corroborated by medicaments strengthening and astringent. The cure of the wounds of the head is not always to be presumed upon, though small, nor yet despaired of, though great. Consider therefore diligently whether the brain itself be hurt or no; if the brain be offended, it is to be known partly by the inflammation, dolour, apostumation, retraction, convulsion or deprivation of the functions of the senses, and death also is suspected presently, or within a few days to follow: and if the palsy possess the opposite part, it being sound and whole, it is doubtful, and the sympathy of parts will cause ofttimes an abscess in the Liver and Messenterium, and an intemperature of the vital faculty, with a continual fever and death. It shall therefore be necessary for the wise artist to know the manner of the hurt, that he may wisely prognosticate the danger: for if only the Pericran. be hurt by incision, without any contusion, and far from the commissures or seams, it is not dangerous at all to be cured, and the cure to be wrought, is as in other wounds: but if it be much wounded by punction or contusion, and symptoms arise with a tumour in the head, than dilatation is needful, that the contused blood which is between the Cranium and the Pericranium may be extracted; and let it be quickly done, so shall the symptoms cease and the cure will be easy: but and if the offence of the Pericranium be in the suture or seam, it is more dangerous, because the brain doth sympathise with it. If the Fibres passing through the sutures of the Pericranium from Dura mater be wounded or contused, it exceeds the other in danger; therefore to resist putrefaction, let the wound be mundified: and if no fracture of the bone be (the wound appearing only in the flesh, without any offence of the Pericranium) the cure shall be as in other wounds. But if a fracture in Cranium chance, Special observation if the bones of the head be br●ken there is required great care, namely, let the form & magnitude thereof be well considered, observing also diligently what bone it is, and in what part it is hurt, and whether the fragments are great or little, or sharp, pricking the Membranes or not, which, of what sort soever they be, they are diligently to be drawn out with as much ease as may be to the Patient; and if they cannot, being broader within than without, let the trapan be carefully used; the use whereof is touched in the book of instruments, under the name trapan. Sometimes there is only a depression and then a levatory instrument will excuse the use of a trapan, and take away the spills and fragments which are upon the membrane & the blood also which shall issue out upon the same may by a sponge be taken away: keep it likewise from cold, and of a temperate heat, and the place hurt being well cleansed, pour mel rosarum warm into the wound, or 2 parts of honey, and one part of oil or syrup of dry roses, or common honey with turpentine, with the yolk of an egg, which are remedies mundifying, and grateful to the membranes, and aught to be applied warm, but above all others the linament of Arceus is the chiefest balsom for wounds in the head. The general remedies for wounds of the head must neither overmuch refrigerate, nor overmuch calefie, but be of a moderate or temperate calour. The general manner to proceed to the cure of the wounds in the head, is as followeth. First, let the hair be shaved away; the next, if any lose bons be, take them out; the next to be done, is, if a depression of Cranium be, strive with the elevatorie to raise it; the next is, to stay the flux of blood if any be, leaving of the grief undressed for two days, that the veins may knit; then inquire of the Patient if he have the benefit of nature, if not, procure him one, not many stools, and only see he have natural stools once a day, or in two days, not by potion nor pills, but rather by glister or suppository. At the second opening of the wound, if occasion serve, use the Trapan, or take out any spills or bones that seem to offend, if Instructions very needful in the bead wounded the second time opened. they be very lose, not else; force nothing out of the wound, except the Patient his great necessity force thee thereunto; for nature is kind, and ready to do wondrous help in the cure of the head. For the second application, have ready of the noble linament of Arceus, never sufficiently commended, and being somewhat hotter than the party would willingly bear it, anoint the wound therewith in each place, with a little soft lint on a Probes end, leaving the said lint therein, and with plegents of lint dry fill up the orifice, & after anointing about the edges of the grief, apply a plaster, either of Emplast. Betonicae, Stipticum Paracelsi, Minium, Mellilote. or Diacalsitheos'. In want of Arceus linament you may take oleum rosarum, and mel rosarum, which are not much inferior to the former, being warm applied; some use therewith also a digestive of Turpentine, and the yolk of an egg well mixed, ana alike quantity, wherewith they spread plegents, and then dip them in the warm mel and oil mentioned, and so apply them, which is very good and the most ancient practice in curing wounds of the head. In want of oil of Roses oil of Olive will do well, and common honey for mel rosarum, though not so well: and if cause be, some Artists mix spirit of wine, or good aqua vitae with the former medicine, and it comforteth well the brain, and very much furthereth good and speedy healing: good bowlstring, and ligatu re do much avail to the cure of the head: also it is good to keep the party lying and in a dark place, till the greatest danger of accidents be past, remembering withal that the overstrict keeping him in, may also be very offensive to the sick. Let good diet strictly be observed, if occasion be, and the use of Glisters likewise upon good reasons is also to be approved; and it is good to open the Cephalike vain if the brain have been long uncovered, or yield a spumous white and thick excrement, which seems to be a portion of the substance of the brain: likewise to purge the body, mundify the wound, and corroborate the brain with Cordials, and fomenttations fitting, the chiefest is good wine and honey to foment with; but I seldom use any Fomentations myself, having cured divers Fractures in the Cranium without any Fomentations at all; for the use of them at Sea, I know is troublesome and dangerous, except great Diligent observation of the accidents of a wound required. cause. Be careful also to observe the danger of thewound, according to the accidents thereof; for if it be little and superficial, it is cured as an other wound, but if it pierce the second table, it must not be passed lightly over; for if you be occasioned to use the Trapan, it is to be applied the third, fourth, or fifth day after the hurt at the farthest; but the choice of the day is not material, as some suppose, where there is apparent necessity, except on the day of the full of the Moon, and then there is danger more than at other times, but necessity hath no rules, The cure of wounds in the face, would if it were possible be done without a cicatrice, but that cannot be performed without a dry stitch with also a most artificial, & convenient binding the lips of the wound together with also a sure natural balm: wherefore I will not stand to teach the dry stitch here, for it is not proper at sea, it fits the land bettet. In the work of suture or stitching, take heed that the skin and flesh be not overthick which you take up with your needle, and let not your stitches be too close. A true ligature of the face is somewhat difficult to be performed, because of the cavities thereof, which are to be filled with linen clothes, or tow, or lint, the better to keep the ligature to the wound. Where ligature is needful. The Nose and Ear wounded require good and careful ligature, and Emplasters that will cleave fast to the grief. The wounds of the eyes are dangerous by reason of their affinity, as well with the Pericranium as the other Membranes of the brain, so that they are for the most part full of bitter pain, causing loss of sight: wherefore by Glisters, blood letting, cupping Glasses, Purgations, and sober diet, the accidents are to be stayed. The medicines outwardly which I have used ever with good success, are the artificial Balm with fine lint warm applied on the eye lids, and a Paracelsus plaster over that, and therewith I have done great cures in wounds of the eyes; but I never dropped any medicine into the eye itself. The wounds of the neck are healed as other are, unless the hinder part thereof be hurt, which hath like symptoms to the brain. If the shoulder be wounded, it is cured as other wounds, except the wound be in the joint-bone, ligaments, and nerves, which needeth a suture; and if it be overthwart, a convenient Fascia, or Ligature for the sustentation of the arm is to be carefully provided, for without good ligature those wounds do not well: For ought else their cures are common to other wounds. The cures of the arm are sometimes dangerous, chief if the bone, and ligaments, or the muscles with veins and nervs be incised thwart; let the remedies therefore be such, as are proper and agreeable to the nerves; as namely, the artificial Balm very warm applied, and a Paracelsus plaster with ligature fitting. But if the hands be wounded, and the tendous ligaments, and sinewy parts thereof offended, divers abscesses in many places, with Inflammations appear sometimes, and exceeding sore: Sometimes pains arise, which may occasion the use of purgations, blood-letting, anodine medicaments, and a spare wholesome diet. In these cures the artificial bearing up of the arm is a chief part of the cure thereof, and keeping the hand in one even position. The wounds of the Thorax external, suffer to be covered with flesh and to be healed as other wounds; but wounds that penetrate the inward patts are dangerous; namely, if any great quantity of blood lie in the capacity of the Thorax, which cannot be evacuated by the wound; but if it can be evacuated there is hope, otherwise it is desperate▪ Also, if the blood may be extracted, and no internal part seem hurt, heal up the wound and be careful the air get not into it; but if the external orifice be little, and the internal great, and wide, the Membrane being burst, and a rib uncovered, as it oft times falleth out, it is to be judged incurable, and a Fistula will remain their continually. And if the former part of the Thorax be struck thorough even to the latter, but not thorough both, if the wound be little and slender there is some hope of cure, otherwise not, but it is commonly past cure, yet neglect not thy duty, nor despair, for God is merciful: Let thy cure be attempted with good diet, as is said, cly sters bleeding, syrup of Violets, and Hyssop and the like, unguentum potabile drunk fasting ʒ two. or 3 for a dose, and such local Medicines as are mentioned; but if pain or the like accident shall be in any part of the Thorax, use anodine medicaments as well as sanative, lest pain hinder rest and overthrow all. The outward wounds of the belly do nothing differ from the general method of other wounds, touching local, Medicines, only in stitching they differ much, but the inward differ, as the parts offended may be divers: as namely, when the Omentum cometh out, with all hast put it into its place lest it corrupt, and the air alter it: if it shall be put in cold, it will putrify, and bring grievous Symptoms; it were better to make a Ligature about so much as is out, and cut it off, being careful of the guts: If the intestines pass out by a wound, the wound being very little they will hardly be reduced, unless they be pricked, for they will swell with wind: but if the substance of a gut be wounded, sow it together and consolidate, it; and if the liver, spleen, stomach, kidneys, or bladder be wounded, let nature work its part, for there is small hope by art to prevail. The wounds of the Scrotum are cured as other wounds of the sinewy parts. The cure of the hip wounded agreeth with that of the shoulder afore mentioned. The Knee wounds also are cured as▪ other sinewy parts wounded are. The ankle, foot, and sole thereof wounded are hard of cure, because there are many bones, ligaments, tendons, and finewie parts among them: they are also placed in the lowest part of the body, and therefore are subject to defluction of humours. Of Gun-shot wounds. Wounds made by Gunshot are always compound, never simple, and are the more difficult of cure by reason of a certain Wounds by Gunshot are compound. humour without the veins found near them, inclining to corruption; the quality thereof being changed by the sudden violence of the blow. The composition of which wounds for the most part consists of loss of substance, contusion, fraction of many sinewy fibres, veins, arteries, membranes and bones; yea, often shivered into divers pieces, being in The divers form ofwounds by Gunshot. form different, as some round, narrow, and wide, and in figure cuniculous, triangular, quadrangular, fistulous, etc. at the first bringing with them no Hemorrhea or flux of blood, although the veins be broken & open, the blood returning back through the fearful violence of the stroke. The first curative intention of these wounds is dilatation, where by the enemy to nature may by an open orifice be expelled. The symptoms of such wounds are Hemorrea, furtive, or a stealing flux of blood trickling out by little and little, Gangrene unawares assaulting the part: also apostumation, dolour, and the like. Wherefore as an entrance to the cure, let an universal regiment of the sick be carefully observed, namely, that as much as is possible he use wholesome aliments, such as resist putrefaction (as sour and tart things) and which are grateful to the vital faculties: and when he eateth, let it be sparing and often: let him drink very little wine. If you fear venomous vapours may be gathered, give him of good Mithridate, Venice Triacleʒ ss. or Diatesseronʒ ss. These rules at Sea are not so well to be observed as at Land; wherefore let the Sea-Surgeon therein do his best: let his ordinary drink be Ptisans, or Barley water: conceal from him the magnitude of his wound, keep him lose only with Glisters, or suppositories, let him blood if need be, and yet but a little, lest poison or venom settled in the outward parts, be thereby drawn in back into the more noble parts: and abstain to give him remedies calefying the humour, especially at the first. In these wounds often appear exudations of clammy humours, supposed by some to proceed from membranes, and sinewy Ligaments bruised and broken, being changed from sound to unnatural and vicious: those humours are to be evacuated, or their dangers prevented by good alterative remedies; namely, abstersive medicines, as a good Lixivium, or by suppurative, mundificative, and desiccative things having faculty of confirming and strengthening the parts affected. Therefore the fear of a Gangreen being taken away, suppuration must be intended in the flesh contused, but if in the parts contused there be a vicious humour, and the flesh about do putrify, in such cases it is convenient to help suppuration with all speed. But first of all let a good Alexipharmacon or Preservative against poison be given the sick, if you see cause; namely, a little Venice treacle other treacle on the point of as knife, if it be right and good: but if you do fear the virtue thereof to be doubtful, as often it is, give it dissolved in spirit of wine, Cinnamon water, or good aquavitae, whereunto add certain drops of Oil of Vitriol, for it exceedingly resisteth putrefaction. You may for a need give Mithridate, London treacle, or Diatesseron alone: or if the party be of a cold constitution, then give him Diatrion piperion (or good Rosa solis a little. And if he be strong, after he is dressed, you may lay him to bed to sweat, and procure: him thereto by a dose of Diaphoreticon given in treacle or Mithridate, regarding, as is said, that the sick have the benefit of a natural open body; yet not many laxative stools for fear of danger: Let care also be had of his diet, as is said, so much as the time and place can permit. Which effected, in the next place consider by the view, of the wound, what manner of local medicaments are most fit. And for the first intention of curing, it were fit the Surgeon at Sea were never wanting of a good Lixivium, to foment the parts percussed or contused; let it be such a Lixivium as I have described in the cure of Fractures, but somewhat sharper; to which for brevity I refer the Surgeon's Mate. Also have ready Ung. Aegyptiacum, and the Caustick stone, if it may be: also the Artificial Balm, Oil of Vitriol, a good Restrictive powder, good Ligatures of all sorts, stitching needles ready, with all other fit instruments not far off if occasion should be, as tents, splints, dorsels, sponges, clouts, rollers, tape, tow, lint, plasters ready spread, and the like, that when an occasion happeneth, he might be ready to perform his duty. The most notable differences I have ever observed betwixt wounds made with Gunshot, and other contused wounds, is only a furrive Hemorrage, and a dangerous disposition to a Gangreen; which two accidents warily prevented, the cure of such wounds differ nothing from ordinary wounds contused. In the curing of wounds of the head, as is said, Arceus Linament is the chiefest Balm: the next thereunto in common use, is Mel Rosarum & Oleum Rosarum mixed, than Honey and Mel mixed with good Sp. vini, if the party be not too hot of constitution, Unguentum Basilicon is a good healing Balm; also the Unguentum Incarnativum, or Unguentum aureum, is generally a good healing Balm; you shall find it no less. Ung. Necot●anum is also a good healer of new wounds; but the best is the Artificial Balm. For dangerous wounds, Oil of Terebinthine is very good; but Venice Terebinthine alone is much better; and common Terebinthine is not to be despised; and no more is the ordinary Digestive of Terebinthine and the yolk of an egg, of each a like quantity well mixed together. And yet I would not doubt at all without all these recited medicines, to find sufficient healing medicines in the Surgeon's Chest for double the occasion that can be imagined, which if time would permit me, I would write of. Directions how to prevent putrefaction to great wounds incident by ● Gunshot. And whereas putrefaction, as is mentioned, always attendeth great wounds made with Gunshot, all care in time is to be had to prevent the same. Let therefore your first local application, if you fear putrefaction be Unguentum Egyptiacum mixed with Wine or Sp. Vini, or alone; being also very hot injected into the wound, or applied on lint. And if you fear it will require yet more exsiccation or cauterization, add some bumt Vitriol, and foment somewhat the outward parts of the grief with a hot Lixivium, and apply a hot stupe wet in the Lixivium, and wrung out round about the member: but if the outward parts about the wound be altered in colour, or grow either stinking or insensible, make scarification and foment well with strong hot Lixivium, and inject thereof into the wound very hot; and after such fomentation, scarification, and injection used, as is said, then if you yet see cause, you may use the former mentioned Egyptiacum, with a hot stupe, and remove not that dressing without extraordinary cause, I mean the Egyptiacum, in less than 48. hours, but rather, if you have caused a good Esker. The next dressing after the Esker procured by the former dressing, it is likely you shall find digestion though imperfect, namely, dirty and foul, and the wound will also be very tender and sensible, and subject to alteration by the air, if care be not had. Wherefore all things for your next intention of application being first ready, ere the wound be opened make a very short dressing, and of as gentle medicines as may be. I have used an Arceus Linament warm, and with soft lint applied, and the edges or parts near the wound anointed therewith, and gently filled the wound with lint, then over that a Paracelsus plaster, and moreover a large hot stupe wet in a good Lixivium, and wrung out, with also convenient, soft, and warm Ligature, which is a great help to healing. The third dressing, I would leave Arceus Linament, and betake me to the Artificial Balm; which Balm I would apply warm, anointing the parts about therewith; applying also thereto some good emollient, discussing, anodine plaster; as namely, Paracelsus plaster I hold chief; next that I hold Emp. Betonica described by Arceus; then Diacalfithios, Minium, Gratia Dei, or Mellilote, any of which, as thy discretion and store affords, is proper. The rest of the Cure I refer to be proceeded in with balm and plasters, as is said, in ordinary form: and if any lose bones be, remove them: only force none out before their time without great cause: if no bones be imagined, strive not to keep the wound open, neither keep any hard tents wirhin the wound open. Many by a custom keep tents to the bo, ome of the grief so long, till they make the disease incurable: you need not be too vigilant in keeping new wounds too long open; for the fear of putrefaction being once put away, and digestion procured, and no bones to come out, the sooner you can heal, the safer. Many Surgeons also have a gross custom of arming tents, as they term it, with precipitated Mercury, or other the like Caustick medicines, and put them into wounds to mundify, and also the better to digest them, as they imagine; but I may boldly affirm, that (as is said) if neither fear of a Grangrene be, neither broken bones to be taken out, there is no cause of any Caustick medicines to applied for the curing of a new wound at no time. And I find by practice plain, that Caustick medicaments within ulcers or fistulas have no other use but to take away a callous substance commonly in them, to alter the viciousness of the humour, and dispose the grief to a good healing; which healing after followeth chief by the benefit of nature, together with gentle and sanative applications, for (subl●ta cansatollitur effectus) the cause removed, the effect ceaseth, and so foe wounds. An admonition to Surgeons. It is a shameful error of many foolish Empirics still to be too busy with Caustick medicines: for how apparent is it that thereby they lame many, through ignorance? They will not see a wound incarn and red, and good flesh to grow, but strait they slander it of pride, and call it proud flesh, like their own, and then must at the fairest Precipitate, or Vitriolburnt go to work; yea, though the Patient be lame for it, or at the least the grief put back again. Truly the abuse of good Caustick medicines, bringeth much slander to the Art of Surgery. In the cure of Ulcers and fistulas and else where, I have noted down my opinion of the true use of Caustick medicines, to which I refer the Reader. If therefore wounds happen with Gunshot, which give no cause to fear a Grangrene, then begin the first dressing with Balm Artificial very hot applied, the next dressing reasonable hot, and so to the end of the cure, using emplasters and Ligatures convenient. Of Burn. Of burning by Gunpowder. Necessary Rule● for the Cure. BUrning by Gunpowder (which wanteth no grievous accidents) oftentimes is incident in Arms to Soldiers and others; therefore be ready at all times with remedies fit and effectual to assuage them. And beginning thy work with Lotions, as namely, either a fomentation made with oly and water, or with a decoction of the seeds of Quinces, or of Mallows, March-mallowes, Violets, and a little Purslane seed; these and the like take away all the powder that sticketh in the flesh, for it hindereth the cure. And to assuage both the dolour thereof, and the vicious humours, Mel Saponis is an approved remedy, for it taketh the fire out: And to make it more easy for suppuration, use Anodine Medicaments (as Ceratum refrigerans Galeni, Poputeon mixed with a third part of Unguentum album, or a third part of Triapharmacon and oil of Roses, or Oil of Eggs, or of Roses mixed with the white of an egg, Axunglaporcina washed in the juice of Plantain, or the juice of Solanum, or in water; also the fat of rusty bacon washed in Rose-water, or the ●●ke. Also a decoction of wine vinegar lib. i. Litharge in powder ℥ s, and gently fomenting the part therewith, taketh away all pains. But to perfect the cure, let good sanative medicines be applied; as the Unguentum co●●●a ignem, set down in the Chest, whose composition shall be manifest hereafter. Observe also, if occasion be, that blood-letting be used, which is very requisite to avert fluxions, and to avoid putrefactions of humours. But abstain from purging potions, and the like at the first. With these recited helps, administered in their due time and place, with also a good diet, the Surgeon's Mate shall perform much in short time, to the praise of the Almighty and his own comfort. The Cure of Apostumes. First what an Apostume is. The Definition of an Apostume. AN Apostume is a tumour composed of three kinds of diseases, as Avieen affirmeth, namely, Intemperature, Incommoderation, and Solution of continuity, all gathered into one magnitude: and Tagaltius in his institutions affirmeth, every tumour against nature is an Apostume: The differences of tumors are many, and are by many learned Writers handled at large, of which my leisure will not permit me now to write. The times of an Apostume are four. The times of Apostumes are also at large handled learnedly by Mr. Gale, Johannes de Vigo, Ambrose à Paris, and divers other good Writers, and are noted to be in number four, as namely, Beginning, Augmentation, State, and Declination. What the beginning of an Apostume is. A good rule. The beginning of an Apostume is noted to be the first collection of humours, extraordinarily intruding into any one part of the body, at which time with the Surgeon's care, the proceeding of the disease is easily hindered, according to that old Poetical verse, Principiis ob●●a, etc. The next time of an Apostume is the Augmentation, when the disease hath taken root, and is not so well to be put back, neither is it always necessary nor safe to attempt it: for it may be nature hath determined to send it out, and this second decree or time of an Apostume is sometimes known by heat, and pulsation increaseth a distemper generally of the body, and an inclining to a fever, especially if the Apostume be hot, or have malignity therein: but the augmentation of cold Apostumes have often no other signs notable: but only an appearance of increase, without any other distemper of the body for a long time together. what the state of an Apostume is, and the signs thereof. The third time or degree, which is the state or ripeness of the grief is well to be known divers ways, as namely, the Apostume by this time is come to perfect maturity, and the pain is either wholly or partly assuaged, and the matter being near the skin, each child in Chirurgery may judge what is next in Art to follow, by the beating out and discolouring of the skin, for usually it is discoloured blacker, or is very soft, and if the Apostume lie deep by feeling, you shall also sensibly perceive whether there be perfection of maturation or no, also by depressing the cutis a little with your finger. When an Apostume will suppurate H●ppocrat. cap. 2. lib. 47. Mark also out of the words of the Ancients, to know when an Apostume will proceed to suppuration. Hypocrates lib. 47. cap. 2. hath these words, that whilst Pus is in making, pains and fevers do afflict: but Pus being made, pains and fevers do decline: And to Tagalt. Instit. confirm the former words, Tagaltius in his Institutions, cap. 3. hath these following verses. Duritia longa pulsus dolour & calor aucti Signant pus fieri: sed facto dicta remissa Sub digito undans albescens pars & acuta. The fourth time of an Apostume. The declination of Apostumes, I cannot stand to amplify, but I refer you, as before, to Mr. Galls Institution of a Chirurgeon, as also to Johannes Vigo, and other good writers, for a more ample doctrine in that point, only note that when the tumour or apostume is ripe, mine opinion is rather it be opened by a potential caustick medicine, then by actual incision, when it may be as conveniently effected, and that for many good reasons, and one sufficient reason in mine opinion is, if you use incision, you must needs put in tents dossels, or the like with medicines, to keep open the orifice, and also to enlarge it, which doing you stop the passage of nature's true evacuation twixt each dressing, offending the parts adjacent, and hinder the unition of the disjoined parts, against conscience, detracting good healing: yea, and thereby hazard divers evil accidents to follow, as fistulas, etc. from Caustick incision commended. all which by caustick incision you are freed, and fear not at all the application of a convenient potential caustick medicine in due time and place, especially the imposthume being ripe, and the skin thin, for you can pierce no further then thorough the cutis, though you would▪ for being only thorough the skin, the matter will choke your caustick or corrasive medicine; neither doubt at all, that your work shall succeed otherwise then well, for nature will provide remedy speedily, easily and safely to heal your patient: provided you be also careful to use your endeavour with good warm medicines duly applied, and with also the use of good ligature, which is one principal good help, good diet and other reasonable means likewise had, for I have ever observed in my practice, that a hot tumour in any outward part of the body, growing either by repletion, obstruction, fever, or by the evil disposition of the blood, for the most part: yea, even in pestilential and venomous Fevers in good bodies, not being pocky nor too too old, are easily healed by any understanding Artist, that can join reason and experience together, many several ways, namely for one, if you perceive a beginning, or 〈◊〉 of humours together in any part of the body, consider what might be the cause thereof as near as you can: if you find it to be fullness of the body, or costiveness, you have divers present remedies that way to fly unto, Laxative Medicines fitting. viz. at the first make the Patiented a suppository, then give him a clyster if need be, and a Laxative medicine, also according as you shall see cause, regarding the quality and quantity of the humour abounding: but remember where the body is costive, you were best to begin, as is said, with a suppository first, and that having caused one stool, proceed with a purge, if you see further cause, or a clyster, for often only one suppository doth what you require: also good fomentations that may by the pores of the skin help to breathe some part of the matter, will do well, and so the rest by discussing and mollifying medicines the easier be cured. If the grief begin in the head or throat you may use phlebotomy either under the tongue, on the forehead, or on the arm in the head vein, or median vein: but if you perceive that by emptying the body artificially, and cooling the blood with convenient medicines, as also answerable slender diet, and opening a vein, that the collected peccant humours will not be discussed nor put back, then may you proceed to attraction and suppuration as you see cause; for it were most gross to seek to detain that which Nature hath resolved to cast forth: wherefore if you see cause to bring forward any Apostume, you may then consider by the quality thereof what course to take, namely, by attractive, alterative or suppurative Medicines; as touching attractive medicines, good attractives at Sea to be had are Gum Elemni of itself, spread on leather, and 〈◊〉 applied; and Galbanum also is very good, provided it be dissolved in wine, and not in vinegar: melilot plaster will well bring forward an Apostume hot or cold, and helpeth suppuration: Commonpitch is a good attractive: Burgundy pitch is also good: Of these the discreet Surgeon's Mate may use the fittest in his discretion, and if he desire violent attraction of any slothful cold tumour, let him set a large cupping glass thereon. Maturatives, or alterative Medicines in the 〈◊〉 Chest and Ship to be had are very many, yea more than I can call to mind at this time, wherefore to be brief, Emplastrum Diachylon cum Gummis I put for the principal, for it is for that purpose only; Para●elsus Plasters applied thick spread, the place first anointed with oil of Lilies, will do well. But where time and place is convenient in my opinion, a mean Cataplasm warm and thick applied suppurateth best and easiest, viz. make a decoction of Althaea roots or Line seeds, and the cause being cold, add Fenigreek a little to this decoction, add Bean or Barley meal, oil of Camomile, Dill and Lilies of each a small quantity, Dialthaea a little, or Axungia porcina, and apply it warm, and shift it twice in 24 hours. Or ℞ flowers of Camomile, Mellilote and of Elders an a M. ss, Wormwood, M. ss, Althaea roots bruised ℥ ss, make a decoction thereof in fair water a sufficient quantity, adding of Bean meal, or Barley meal M. j and being boiled into a due form of a Cataplasm, add oil of Camomile or Dill ℥ iiij. Axungia porcina ℥ ij. In want of some one of these flowers another for need will serve, and if none of them were to be had, yet there is many other meaner helps to bring forward an Apostume, which time will not now permit me to rehearse. When you have an intent to bring any tumour to suppuration, you must neither purge nor bleed your Patient, neither appoint him a thin diet. When you would an Apostume should go back, if it be above the navel in the breast, back, or head, then let your purging Medicines be such as purge downward only, but if it be below the navel, or in the arms, or legs, vomitive Medicines do best, except some especial hindrances, as Asthma or the like: And to those uses none are so effectual as those which are of Mercury truly prepared, for that they do not only duly evacuate, but also divert and draw back the humours from the place offended which in truth is a great help to nature. Also blood letting where occasion is; may be used for diverting and mitigating a stubborn disease, but after the use of Mercurial purges it is held of many not to be good to open a vein, of which opinion I am, without extraordinary reason urge the contrary. And further if you intent to repel an Apostume you may make use of this following Cataplasm of Bean meal, or wheat meal boiled with water and vinegar a convenient quantity that it be not over sharp, adding a little Terebinthine and very warm apply it, with also good close ligature, and shift, renewing the medicine every sixth or eight hours, but observing as it is rehearsed, that to repel an Apostume slender diet with convenient evacuation of the belly, and Phlebotomy are as principals to be used. Also a safe Cataplasm to repel an Apostume in the beginning is, ℞ farina fabarum or Bean flower and castle soap, ana ℥ j wine vinegar as much as will suffice, boil these one quarter of an hour together, and you may mix a little water with the vinegar for fear it break the skin, and apply it warm. Note further, that to an Apostume broken by a caustic I commonly use no other thing then unguentum basilicon warm, from the first to the end of the cure, or my artificial balm which I much rather commend upon my long experience, except some dress now and then I apply to it only dry lint, and if nature be not beneficial to incarn and help healing to my desire, I use a gentle absterfive medicine, namely a little precipitate mixed with the said basilicon or else unguentum Aegytiacum very hot, but that only for one dressing & one time, and then to my former course again for certain days together, namely, till the Esker be fallen, and at the least three dress after, which if it give me not good content in hope of amendment, than I proceed further one degree, namely, I use for one dressing of oleum sulphuris per campanam, or oleum Vitrioli, with which I only touch the Ulcer within: I also give a purge, thereupon if the Patient be strong, and then to my old form again, till nawre be at rest, I mean as is said, till the Eskar be clean gone, and yet five or six days further: but if then I see it be still stubborn, I proceed to the next step or degree, and crave help from my honest old friend Mercury who if he fail me judiciously applied, than I confess I am almost to seek, but he seldom failed me performance, if my Patient were not the cause, the disease being by Art curable. The mercurial medicine I most use in such cases you shall find to be rehearsed in the cures of Fistulaes' and Ulcers. If an Apostume be opened by a caustick medicine the Apostume of itself being concavous, I mean having a great hollowness, going deep this way or that way, strive you not at all, either with tents, plegents, or dorssels to fill the said concavities, and to divide the parts asunder which desire unition, but only dress the outward or superficial part with warm basilicon, artificial Balm or the like convenient medicine, putting it a little within the entrance of the orifice of the Apostume upon a little lint on the end of thy Probe, until the first, second, and third dressing after the opening be past, and if thou have any of thy Cataplasm remaining with which thou didst ripen the Apostume, apply the same very warm, if not, apply some good Emplaster over it, anointing it with balm artificial, and tpplying daily thereto a good balm or basilicon warm, and fear not if thou make thy applications warm, and use good rolling and boulstring which is a principal part of the belly where thou seest cause, but thou shalt heal comforably, only forget not if occasion be, that sometime thou make injection into the concavity of the Apostume with some fitting mundificative or abstersive medicament, namely, with a fitting Lotion it will do well, but use it warm, and charge it not often with it, not at all except great cause, yet upon due occasion if an Apostume turn to a moist watery concavous Ulcer, thou mayst then add to thy Lotion Aegyptiacum, but be not too busy with such medicines. It may be also thou mayst think how shall a good healing follow where the sore is not searched, and with tents, and like medicines A Caution. healed first at the bottom: my loving Brother in that thou shalt behold the excellency of Nature in our bodies, which being once eased of the burden of that vicious and offending humour, which was the cause of the disease, it will at first seem admirable to thee being a divine work, for nature intends healing without thy help, first by little and little she avoideth the dregs of the disease, and ever as fast within by God's providence incarning new flesh as the quitture is outwardly avoided, not by means of thy incarnitives I must tell thee, whereon I advise thee not to trust, albeit they be never so good: experience will show thee that Abstersive medicines, namely, such as have virtue to scour and exiccate or dry, leaving a certain st●pticknesse behind them, do best incarn judiciously applied, yea and those medicines which are most caustick of all, are truly most incarnative, for I speak this upon my known experience, that upon the true and judicious use of them the Ulcer will soon incarn, only with the use of dry lint far more than with any unctuous Medicine whatsoever, yea though it be Unguentum aureum, for it is an infallible rule in An infallible rule. that divine mystery of healing, who so can dry well, can heal well: if thou with thy over many caustics following each other, or by keeping the parts too much asunder hinder it not, for too much exiccation or drying will make work, not heal, which beware of. Some Artists have in use long hard tents, this way, that way, or dorsels, or plegents for perpetual keeping open an Apostume, for say they; I will see a good ground, and a sound healing at the bottom ere I take out my tents, and then I will begin to shorten them: I say such are unworthy Surgeons, yet I deny not an Apostume or Ulcer may be in such a part of the body, as namely, in the corner of the eye, or in ano, which in no wise will safely suffer healing, till some caustick medicine have well searched, yea, and as it were seared the bottom, which once effected, go on, in the name of God, with your precedent courses of healing again, namely with all soft, gentle, and speedy healing means, as before said. For Natura naturans naturat omnia, and mark it, for by this reason an old wife oftentimes exceedeth a great Artist in healing, for she wrestleth not with Nature as great masters do, and Nature pleased An old wife's medicament better than an unwise Artists medicine. Errors in Surgeons worthy reproof. with her mild and simple means is appeased, and by divine providence the disease often easily made whole: for I know it for a truth, and by too much experience of my own, as an eye witness in other men's work I have seen as great harm done, and as gross faults committed by unworthy Surgeons for want of mature judgement in overdoing, as by old wives, or fools in underdoing. For many Surgeons never think they have played the workmen till indeed they have made work: Some by error for want of judgement, others for base lucre's sake, prolonging and aggravating with things not only contrary, but also dangerous to nature oftentimes, laying bare the bones, and by fouling them with their caustick medicines when there is no need, presaging wickedly before hand upon unperfect grounds, bones to be foul, when to their shames they have made them so themselves, as is said, either for want of honesty, or want of true judgement to consider: wanting charitable and Christian reasons, or not being capable what the benefit and force of Nature is able to effect▪ whereas if they would proceed mildly, and with sleight Medicines they might oftentimes effect far more than they do, or can. Nam natura paucis contenta, & sublatâ causâ tollitur effectus: Nature is content with small things, and the cause removed the accidents or effects cease. I wish rather a Chirurgeon should heal gently, yea though he should hazard the breaking out again of the grief, which will not easily be if he rationally follow the precedent method, rather than by keeping the the grief open long to give occasion of deformity, lameness, loss of limbs, fistulas or the like, which very many in the height of their great conceited skill procure; which were it but only the guilt of conscience, if they feared God, they should not dare to do. These and the like gross errors, unexcusable before God and man, have brought to the Art a scandal, and a sensible feeling of want upon many virtuous Professors hereof, so that the guilty and unguilty are censured both alike by the common sort, and the one smarteth for the others fault. But those which for gain or otherwise will prolong the health of those that commit their lives, or limbs to their mercy, or approve of it, the Lord pay them ten fold as much to their shame: and so for this time I conclude concerning Apostumes, only let me give thee this caveat concerning Precipitate Mercury, or of any kind of Turbith mineral, use them not much near any bare bones without very great judgement, for they will black the bones, neither use any of them in any new wounds, as is said, for if you do, they are very apt to procure lameness, or shrinking of the finewes. All swift healing in new wounds I esteem best, yea without any caustick medicines at all if it may be, which the Artist need not doubt of where neither bones broken, nor other just thing of like kind hindereth the work. Thus much concerning the general curing of tumors, to the praise of God. Of the Cure of Ulcers, and Fistulaes'. FOr, haste I have mixed Ulcers and Fistulaes' together, for that they are of affinity in show and cure: whose several definitions I also forbear for want of time, and enter into the Cure at the first. Wherefore note as followeth. If you chance to have in Cure an Apostume, that by the malignity of the humours, or other evil disposition of the body changeth itself into a rebellious Ulcer, concavous, fistulas, or into any the like height of malignity; or that such an Ulcer come to thy hand Ulcers Cures. from another Artist, be not out of hope to cure the same. For if nature be not utterly thy enemy, the member being not pierced thorough Prognostication. in the joint, and so the ligaments rotten, and perhaps the ends of the bones also, or some other apparent token of incurability, proceeding as followeth, thou shalt be able to cure the disease, by the help of God. First, therefore entering into due consideration of the age and strength of the Patient, with other reasonable respects had, give him a dose of ℈ ij. or ʒ j of pulvis Arthreticus, and 3 days after of Aurum vitae a dose, viz. grains 8. which he shall take whilst he is yet in bed, and cover him warm, and yet but ordinarily, and it will cause him gently to sweat some 2 or 3 hours: then let him wipe himself and rise, and after noon he will feel himself very much refreshed. Then the next day, or two days after, apply to the Ulcer a little Aqua benedicta, that it may come to the bottom, and into each part of the Ulcer, namely with a little lint on the end of a Probe wet only therein, and so leave the lint sticking in the mouth of the orifice for two days, dressing it only with oil of Roses till the Esker remove, with also a Minium plaster over it, this will cause some pain, and produce a strong Esker, which being fallen, fill the orifice full with dry lint, for the first and second dressing, putting the same very gently in; for it will be Second dressing. exceeding tender. I am of opinion that it is mere idleness to apply any medicine suddenly to provoke the fall of an Esker, as I have mentioned elsewhere. For I dare affirm it furthereth nothing good healing: for when the time of nature is come, it will fall without thy help, thou canst not keep it on. And I hold it as a hopeful sign of good healing, when the Esker is slow in removing. Wherefore the third Third dressing. dressing after the natural fall of the Esker, having for two dress, as is said, used only dry lint, take of the white Aquilla laxativa a little, I mean 3 or 4 grains, and mix with it Plantain or fair water, or an ordinary Lotion, only that it be as a very thin Unguent, and wet well the wound therewith warmed, and fill it with dry lint, and give the party in to drink of Aquilla vitae 4 grains upon the point of a knife. This will cause him to vomit, and make a strong diversion of the humours, and then proceed in the cure with drying ordinary medicines, namely dry lint only some 4 dress, and some one dressing now and then, with Fourth dressing. a little Aquilla Laxativa upon any lint, only to touch the Ulcer within: this causeth no pain at all, or little some dress. Also I apply Basilicon, either alone warm, or sometimes mixed with a little of the powder of Aquilla Laxativa strewed thereon. And when I use this dressing, I let the dressing remain for 24 hours at the least, and then to my dry lint again: and perhaps if I perceive the Ulcer or Fistula to have any other secret cavities, and see that it be not fully touched in the bottom, I use once more my Aqua benedicta, and give a second vomit of Aquilla vita. Other Rules for the finishing of the Cure. Also I observe it for good in the conclusion of each sure cure, to give such a vomit, where the strength of the Patient will bear it. Furthermore I prescribe the Patiented a strict drying diet, where I see good cause, not otherwise. But remember this principal rule, that what day he either taketh vomiting, purging, or sweeting medicine, that the same day he forbear his diet drink. Further beware that you prescribe not over slender diet to him which is already pinched with weak diet, either at Sea or Land: or whose diet is of bad nourshment, as too oftentimes it happeneth amongst poor Seafaring men in long Voyages. Thus using this afore prescribed medicine judiciously, you may cure any pocky Fistula, or inveterated Ulcer whatsoever, if they by Art are curable. And for any pocky Ulcer on the virga, I mean either upon glans, or praputium, or 'twixt both, only touch it but once with the aforesaid Aqus benedicta, and give the party one dose of the Aquilla vitae, and without question you shall cure it afterwards as if it were a green wound, but remember it will cause Virga to tumify sometimes much, but be not afraid, for by the use of Lotions mixed with Plantain or fair water daily warm, and cast it in twixt Glans and Praeputium, it will soon amend. It cureth also any warts of the virga by only touching them, and that if they be touched but very gently: for it is a strong medicine, and procureth some pain, but not in warts, yet honest it is and sure, for it will not fail: and if once you acquaint yourselves with the parts thereof, you will never afterward use Trosses of minium nor Mercury sublimate again; and yet let me speak my Conscience, both Trosses of minium and Mercury sublimate are worthy Medicines, their whole force and healing virtue being indeed only the quicksilver and spirits of salt, and no other thing, whose companion was never found out for healing and killing. I have often cured desperate Ulcers, yea and Fistulaes' with Trosses of Minium, as also sometimes with only a Tent made of Mercury sublimated, and put into the orifice. And how excellent it is inwardly given being truly prepared, I will for this time forbear to speak, till I writ of the preparation of such medicines, as I have here divulged under strange names. Thus much of Ulcers and Fistulaes' to God his glory, and the help of the weaker sort of young Practitioners. The Cure of Fractures. THE first Intention in the Cure of Fractures is performed by restoring the bones disjoined, and taking away any lose pieces or fragments of bones if any be. The second Intention is performed by keeping the parts together, namely, the ends of the bones formerly displaced and fractured by violence. The third Intention to be done, is the curing of the wounds or contusions incident to fractured bones. The fourth, to prevent or remove the accidents. The first part of this work, namely, the restoring, or rather bringing to their places, the fractured ends of the bones, is performed by extension, and a skilful and ready hand touching the extension: let it be done paulatim, by little and little, as the term is, with even hands, The first work. not by jumps or on the sudden, and yet with as much force as is requisite, namely, till the Artist standing by with his hands upon the grief, perceive he is able to set the ends of the bones into their place; which done, it is then required that they be kept so. The second curative intention of Fractures, is performed by keeping the ends of their bones placed in their right form and place. This part is chief done by good Ligature, wherein I am willing to impart to young Artists my practice in curing Fractures in the thighs and legs, and understand I use no rulers at all, but clouts, splints armed and tape, my reason is, it is a great disease and disquiet to my Patient, yea though I have two assistants to hold the member to come so oft about the member as to roll it, and endangereth much the disjointing of the bones again, and causeth pain. And it is manifest that in simple Fractures, the placing of the bones and keeping them so, is the most work of the Cure, and nothing cureth a fractured bone so much as rest: wherefore when a bone is newly placed, and shall be troubled much with lifting and rolling, it cannot but hinder unition, and procure some accidents offensive, my form of Ligatures in Fractures is to have next the member one four-double clout in length, I mean above and below the Fracture, so long that the ends of the splints I intent to use, may have a resting place on the clout. And if I intent to cure the Patient by a Lixivium, I apply it on this said clout, appointing the medicine ever to be next to the grief, than I have another like great cloth to come over that again under the splints, which being close and smooth brought about the member, I then put under the first splint of a good breadth and length well armed with tow, and under that I lay four or five strong tapes, than I tie one of the said tapes gently, and thirst all the rest of the splints under the same tape, namely so many as may compass the fractured member, lying close, but with some small distance, that they touch not one another, than I tie the rest of the tapes, drawing them close, till the party fensibly seel them to bear in all places, the splints I appoint commonly so long as the member can bear without galling or troubling the next joint: these things so done, if either the leg or thigh be fractured, I appoint him juncks, as some term them, namely bends rolled up in canvasse to come above his knee, and down to the foot, yea, though only the leg be fractured, it is fit these bundles of junckes be as thick, and thicker than the member fractured, for that they may defend it in bed from wrong, and they are gently to be bound to the member, that they may turn with it if occasion be; to these junckes also a cloth may be fastened, which may be brought under the foot to stay the same up, to his due position, which is a great ease to the patiented, and believe me, if once you be but perfect in this form of Ligature, you will never desire a rowler in the Cure of fracture: I used rulers till I saw the fufficiency of this form of binding, which now I desire not to change. The Cure. The third intention is the Cure, wherein the inward and outward course of the Cure is to be considered of. Touching the regiment of the body: concerning sustenance at Sea, the Patiented need to have it no thinner than the Sailor's ordinary, and touching medicine let him have the benefit of Nature, that is only every day, or the second day, a natural stool or an artificial help by suppositories or glisters, if there be great necessity not otherwise; and if a Fever happen, give him a barley water, with a little oil of Vitriol therein, and if that help vot, open a vein on the contrary side, and if you fear putrefaction of humours, give him a little Diatesseron, treacle or Mithridate, or the like, if he complain much of the pain, search the cause, namely, see that the ends of the bones lie right, and that the splints gall him not, also that there be no wrinkles in the clouts applied, The ingredients of a restrictive, the manner of composing it. and that it be not too hard or too soft bound, all these things duly considered. The Medicines I use are as followeth, either I use a restrictive stuff, which is as followeth. ℞ Bole ℥ iij. Aluminis. Thus ana. ℥ ss. Radix Consolidae in powder ℥ ij. Lapis Zabulosus ℥ i ss. These all made into fine powder, and mixed with the yolkes and whites of two eggs together, if they may be had, adding wine vinegar, and mixed as much as will serve to make this medicine into the form of a Cataplasm, and in want of eggs use water and vinegar only so much as is needful, also if Comfry roots be not to be had or Thus; they may be forborn, you may in their places for need, though not so very well use Bean-meal, I have done very well many times, only with Alum, Bole, Eggs, water and vinegar, though Bean flower is also very good or Wheat flower, and as for the medicine called Lapis Zabulosus here recited, it is a medicine found out in the Archduke of Brandenburg his Country, named in the German Tongue, Bc in broucke, which in our language is a broken bone, being in substance like chalk and in form like a bone, some pieces like ribs, other like fingers, others like legs or arms, bones of nature so growing. This medicine I know to excel many other in healing Fractures both outwardly applied in Cataplasms, and inwardly taken daily the quantity of ʒj in fine powder in wine, beer, or water, the patiented fasting for two hours after the taking thereof. In great Fractures the German Surgeons, prescribe this aforesaid medicine daily to be taken for twenty four days, if they see cause so long to use it: The other form of application to Fractures used and commendable, as I have said, and from which I am digressed is a good strong Lixivium made with fresh water and ashes till it be slippery, namely, let the water be made seething hot ere the ashes be put in, adding if th' eye be ready, or may be had in the Ship these herbs following: St. John's wort, Wormwood, Centaury, Rosemary, Sage, Camomile and Mellilote flowers, or at the least some of them, also you may add Lupins thereto: but howsoever though there be no herbs, add salt good store when it is cleared, but not before; and than though you have neither herbs nor lupins, it will be of good force, for it is the vegetable salt in the ashes, which is the best healer, the next best is the mineral or Sea-salt, wet the clouts rehearsed therein, and wring them out hard, and apply them smooth, close and hot about the member binding it so up: this second form is esteemed of most Artists the safer, for avoiding Gangrenes, which fractures are much incident unto by reason of great store of contused blood gathered, that can hardly be discussed on the instant, which thereby causeth obstructions, whereupon followeth inflammation and pain, and consequently a Gangrene, and surely the first is not inferior to this: for by the means of the Alum and the Vinegar it suageth pain, tempereth well the parts, and yet repelleth and discusseth the blood gathered, and being once baked to, it fortifieth mightily the member, by sticking close and hard to it, I have used it long without repcntance, and the other sometime: but for that it helpeth of itself to keep the member to his straightness, I the rather use it. Observation; for the cure of the great bone of the leg fractured. These things ready, I mean the one or the other form, suppose then the greater fossill or bone of the leg were fractured, make true extension (as is said) that both ends of the bones meet together, namely, let one strong man take the one end of the fractured limb, and another the other end, thyself standing free, and let them draw out the member, directly when thou art ready, and not before, neither by jumps, but leisurely and together: likewise if they bear their hands too high or too low in drawing, they cause great pain to the Patient, How to know when the ●●ds of the bones meet aright. and likewise cause the bone to lie unapt to thine hand to reduce it. It is known when the ends of the bones meet, for that not only the member is returned to his former beauty again: but also by it much of the pain is eased, for it is a sure rule, if the pain abate not, all is not well: The bone, I say, first well reduced, bring your stuff formerly rehearsed and put it under the leg, the parties that extended, not forsaking their hold, and lap it about smooth and close as you can, without wrinkles, lumps or seams, and that the ends may also fold smooth one over the other, wrapping it double and smooth over the shin bone▪ the cause why I use to fold it double on the shin bone, leaving it there to be opened, is that if it chance there be a wound it may be dressed the better without undoing all: but if no wound be, yet it fortifieth the bone the better, by the doubleness thereof being smooth, then lay your next cloth broader and longer than the first, over the first, being wet in water and vinegar if there be cause, and wrung out. Let the second cloth, I faith, as also the first, be longer than the splints, that the ends of the splints may rest thereon, and not on the bare leg, placing the splints in their order about the leg, till you have compassed the leg, laying them (as is said) not too close together, that they ride not one over another, neither touch each other, nor come upon the joints, remembering to put all your tapes under together, in number it were fit to have five or six, namely, two on each end, and two for the midst: Also if there be a wound, you must so order the matter, that you may daily apply to the wound necessary medicines, whereas otherwise if there be no great cause, namely, through much pain or the like, you may well forbear six days, or ten days, provided that you see the leg be strait and well laid in an even position or form; and that it may lie the safer, it were good to be provided with the afore esaid bundles of reeds or bents, as thick as the leg or thicker, to come from the foot, and one hand breadth over the knee, which should be wound and wrapped in canvasse, and bound to each side of the leg artificially with four long tapes, and at Sea you may take for a shift two billets bombasted with a little Ocum wrapped in an old piece of a sail. Further in Fractures with a wound, if you use unctions and liquid things, as oils; you hazard putrefaction of the bone and apostumation: herein also great care must be had, that the leg must be kept steady, for disquiet therein will bring apostumation, and mortification, and death also: beware likewise of over hard binding, for it bringeth astonishment and hazard of a sudden Gangrene and death, it is a general fault of divers young Surgeons, for many think they have never bound hard enough, and yet too lose is a fault, but easily may be amended, and I advise thee to look to thy Patient often, that his splints gale him not, for that bringeth▪ want of rest, and divers evil accidents depending thereupon, I speak this of my own experience, not to my praise: let him have no wine except he be weak, let him once in two days by Nature and Art have a stool, holding these rules with little trouble it is hard for him that will be careful to cure any Fracture: for indeed as is mentioned, the bone restored, rest is the chiefest medicine to cure a Fracture, yea, it will effect it almost without medicine, the member being only artificially bound, and splinted orderly; the inward medicines for Fractures I say need not to be many, only give him in beer daily, in wine or water, as thy discretion shall move thee, the mentioned Lapis Zabulosusʒj. for ten or fourteen days if you have it: sometimes if need so require, a lenitive clyster may be given: Also the best local medicine to wounds with Fractures in my opinion is good Basilicum or Arceus Lineament being warm applied thereto sometimes as you see cause; Also you may use an Abstersive or Corroding medicine, as Allumen Combustum: Aegyptiaeum, Vng. mixtum, or the like: but in these things reason must instruct the Artist more than precepts, but beware of the overuse of A special Ca●tion. sharp medicines near the bone, for thereby often a bone is made foul, which before was clear, this error is too frequent, both in young, yea, and many old Surgeons also, who apply sharp medicines often without true judgement, not only in Fractures, but also otherwise, and as for simple Fractures, I have cured them often with only a sear cloth made of wax ℥ iij. rosin and sheep's suet, of each ℥ j dipping a course canvas therein in form of a sparrowdrope, and so have wrapped it warm and close about the limb, that it might reach at the least three fingers above, and as much below the Fracture, with apt Ligature, as I have recited in the manner of the application of the Cataplasm: This in Fractures of the arms is as good as any, and A uec●sarie Rule for best or excoriation of the member fractured. from the first to the last this sercloth may be used. Remember also in any Fracture that if either by the galling of the splints or heat, or other distemperature of any medicine or itching humour excoriation or heat appear, that you apply next the grief for one dressing, ung. Triapharmacon spread upon paper, and your other usual medicine thereon, and it will become well with one only dressing, being taken ere it grow too fare. Thus much concerning Fractures, not writ from any man's authority, but truly and plainly as I have done the like in my practice, for which let God be praised, Amen Concerning the Cure of Dislocations. ALthough I have seen divers skilful men perform good works in Dislocations, and read somewhat, and for many years practised myself, yet know I not in this part of chirurgery by words to describe aught to the purpose, which might serve at all assays, or upon all occasions for the help of young men, for as much as so many unexpected observations and strange occurrents happen in and by Dislocations, as would ask much time to explain or but to touch all, yet in a word or two, I hold it not unfit to advise them somewhat concerning Luxations or Dislocations. First, therefore it is a general rule that you must use extension almost to every Dislocation, especially in the shoulder, in the huckle bone, in the knee, and in the ankle, for I may boldly say, where the Artist findeth a member longer than his due form, he shall hardly do good on it, namely if it proceed by evil disposition of nature, or that by the abundance of vicious or viscous humours it have extended itself, or that it have been over much extended and thereby is longer. Extension is therefore to be carefully made, Imean as I have said in the Cure of Fractures, not on the sudden, nor too forcible, but yet with strong and steady hands, for in the extension is exceeding great respect to be taken, and it is the principal work, yea, and much Charity is to be used therein, for too fare extending weakeneth much, if not overthroweth the true use of the member, even so too little extended, produceth not the effect intended, I mean it serveth not to restore the bone Dislocated; even so the extenders raising their hands too high, or putting them down too low, hinder the coming of the bone into his due place, and cause greater pain to the party: furthermore, it Certain Rules for the cure of Dislocations. were good when the Artist taketh view of a member Dislocated, that the other side were also uncovered, that thereby the true form and situation of the diseased limb, being well regarded, and compared together with the whole joint, the better judgement, and truer indication might be taken: I mean if one shoulder or elbow be out of joint, let the Artist make bare the other side also, for that there is often great difference in the natural proportion or situation of men's joints: having therefore first viewed, and then also sufficiently extended, and the form of the other side also, as is said, seen and kept in remembrance t than seek to reduce or place the bone by those means, which in thy own reason seem fittest considering and well weighing the natural form, and true situation of the Dislocated bone, as is said, which in truth is impossible in my opinion by letters to explain: this done, for the most part, yea, and in very great Dislocations, the work thou mayst account is done, and the fear at an end. Myself have set divers strong men's bones, I mean the shoulder bones chief, which have done labour the same day, nevertheless I deny not but it is good and very necessary to apply to the place things discussing, anodine, and mollificative as reason shall induce the Artist unto: you may therefore anoint the place with oil of Roses, Camomile, Dill, or Earthworms as you shall see fittest, and apply thereon a Plaster of diacolon diccalsiteos, Paracelsus plaster or the like and so roll and bind up the member artificially as shall be most fit, and let it have rest: if thou fear furrher accidents, thou mayst also give the party some laxative. The bone I have said is never truly restored, if the pain continue. Again, if there be a great tumour in the place dislocated, so that thou canst not therefore well reduce the bone, then mayst thou lay the party to rest, and the member also to as good rest as thou canst, and by things mollifying, and discussing seek to assuage the tumour, in which case a good Lixivium described in the Cure of Fractures were good to foment it withal, or a good Cataplasm made of Oatmeal and Linseeds boiled in beer or water, with a little oil of Elders would do very well, but take this for a rule that if thou be called to any dislocation where a tumour is, if it be but a tumour of one, or two, or three days gathering, attempt thy best to reduce the bone notwithstanding the tumour: for if by extension and pains taking thou canst get the bone into his place, thou needest not to fear the tumour, for it will quickly be gone: whereas on the other side if by thy other applications thou canst not in reasonable time dissolve the tumour, a callow or strange substance may be fixed in the place that thou shalt never be able to dissolve, also the Ligaments and heads of the Muscles will be grown hard and shrunk, and thou mayest fear a lameness and withering will The sooner extension is wrought the better. follow to that member: wherefore with a careful consideration seek to reduce any bone, the sooner the better. I use an instrument in dislocations which I learned the practice of in Polonia whilst I lived there, which I call by the name of a Commander, for that rightly placed and used it will surely command; and I have used that one self same instrument to the shoulder, wrist, Huckles bone knee, and ankle with good success. I may truly say I have set with it above 500 joints at times, and never once repent me of the use therefore: and to show thee how I use it mark a little my words, for I must be brief: If I see just cause of the use thereof and with my own hands and some others to help me I cannot without much pain to my patient bring the dislocated bone to his seat, if this dislocation, I say, be in his shoulder, I place the button of the instrument being somewhat flat on both sides, not round, just into the armpit, or hollow place, I mean under the upper round end of the adjutory bone, or betwixt the said bone and the body, and directly under the Os humeralis, or O● Scapula, as close as I can, the end of the recited button being well armed with tow bound on with a clout: which done, I put on the Iron gin which belongeth thereto at the lower end of the Commander, where are certain holes with one Iron pin for diversities of lengths of limbs to be extended, this gin having a resting place for to stay it to the pin recited, and another for to take hold of the end of a soft towel to be tied about the wrist of the dislocated arm, which wrist bound about, and the lower part of the towel, or some strong leather, band, or cord, fastened to the said towel, and also fastened to the upper part or teeth of the iron instrument, let then some garter also be gently tied about the party his arm betwixt the elbow and the wrist to stay the arm to the instrument. It were also good that the Instrument, I mean the wooden Commander, were just of height with the party, I mean from the place where it is to be placed to the ground, but because that cannot always be expected, let the party diseased stand in that order, or so under set the instrument that it may fall out so: and understand further, that the party forany bone of the arm dislocated must be standing whilst it is placing. And for the thigh, knee, or ankle lying. Having placed, tied, and fastened the parts together, as is said, let one for thee stop to turn the extending instrument, and turn it gently till all be reasonable stiff, the commander standing up right close by the Patiented his leg: and let some one strong man stand on the other side of the Patient, with his arms about the Patiented his neck to keep him upright to the business: these things ordered as is said, with thy own hands seek to reduce the bone: I have often found when I have extended but to a just length, the bone hath of itself returned to his place, thou wilt wonder at the facility thereof, if thou proceed orderly, I nor no man else can teach thee by written words half so well, as by practice, with once using it, thou wilt find it out. And when thou wilt use it to the huckle bone, note the button on the top must be taken off, and a cushion bound on the place thereof; the party must also be so placed lying, that his huckle bone, thigh and leg must hang over the bed's feet free from the bed, or so laid on a table, that all those parts may be free, and his leg below the knee must be gently bound to the Commander, as is said of the arm: In all this work neat ligature, true extension and a careful industrious hand must perform the business, and practice must be the mean; for myself I have no time to amplify further: this which is said is practise, for the which if thou find profit by it, give God the praise. Of Dismembering or Amputation. AMputation or Dismembering is the most lamentable part of Chirurgery, it were therefore the honour of a Surgeon never to use dismembering at all if it were possible for him to heal all he undertaketh; but necessity hath no law, the Patient will declare in his natural desire to live, the comfort that he hath by it. Since therefore it is of necessary use, let the discreet Surgeon be ever prepared for it, and to that end let the Dismembering saw be always in a readiness, well filled, and clean kept in oily clouts to save it from rust, let it also have two blades well filled ere you put it into your Chest, for that one tooth Certain Rules before thework to be practised of the Patient. in a Saw may break. If you be constrained to use your Saw, let first your Patient be well informed of the eminent danger of death by the use thereof; prescribe no certainty of life, and let the work be done with his own free will, and request; and not otherwise. Let him prepare his soul as a ready sacrifice to the Lord by earnest prayers, craving mercy and help unfeignedly: and forget thou not also thy duty in that kind, to crave mercy and help from the Almighty, Other Rules which concern the Surgeon his preparation for the work. and that hearty. For it is no small presumption to Dismember the Image of God. This done, have thy other Instruments ready, namely, a good Dismembring-knife, a small Incision-knife, two great square stitching needles armed with very strong thread waxed, which some use, but may also be forborn, and one needle also and thread of the ordinary sort to sow rulers: likewise have ready long clouts, lesser clouts plegents of tow greater and smaller, dorsels, and bu●to●s of tow, three broad strong rulers or four, of four yards long each, with also a form convenient for to place the Patient on, with a large boul and some ashes therein to receive the blood, let it be set under the end of the form, then wet your clouts, I mean your beds or bolsters in water and vinegar, and wring them out hard, which done, make ready your medicine, I mean your restrictive powders of both sorts: have also ready strong wine-veneger, or other good vinegar, and the white and yolk of an egg together mixed if it may well be had, or else vinegar only, spread your plegents' ready with the restrictive stuff or Cata● lasme following, have ready the stronger restrictive powder mentioned, namely, the ordinary restrictive ℥ j and of burned Alum ʒj. Vitriol burned and of Precipitate of each ʒi ss. all these mixed together: This mixture I have termed the strong▪ restrictive powder, for that it forcibly restraineth Fluxes, and maketh an Eskar: have ready also one plegent made no bigger than the end of the member; let it be spread with this recited strong restrictive, mixed with an egg and a little vinegar, which done, strew it thick with some of the said strong powder mentioned, having another plegent ready, broader than the former spread with the ordinary restrictive mentioned and mixed with an egg as the former: also, take of the buttons of row some four or five, wet them in the strong restrictive to be laid on the ends of the great veins and arteries when they are absized: This done and ready, place the Patient on the mentioned form with one strong man set behind him, and another to stand before him, bestriding his thigh close to his body, compassing strongly with both his hands the member which is to be taken off, and holding it exceeding fast some two fingers above the place where you intent to take it away, and let another hold up his foot. It were not amiss also to have ready a swine's bladder which hath been somewhat wet and dried off again: which after the stuffs the first bed and first long rowler is spent, draw on the Bladder, and proceed to roll again to the full end of the work, in the name of the Almighty, the sharp Instruments being as near as you can, ever hidden from the eyes of the Patient; the two ministers or helpers also being ready, and having hold on the member one above, another below, and also one sitting behind, as is said on whom the Patient may lean backward, and rest on: then take your dismembering knife, and with a steady hand and good speed, cut off flesh, sinews and all, to the bone round about the member, which done, take a smaller incision knife and divide the pannicle called the perioste●n, from the bone, it is a tough thin skin, covering all the bones of the body; also thrust your said incision knife betwixt the fossels or bones, cutting away whatsoever is to be found there with the like expedition: the party that holdeth the upper part of the leg with all his strength, gripping the members together to keep in the spirits and blood: It were also very good that the said party holding the member the flesh and sinews being cut ●asunder, should immediately draw or The use of the Saw. strip upward the flesh so much as he could, keeping his hold, that thereby the Saw may come so much the nearer, which would occasion a quicker and better healing, the flesh being thereby made longer than the end of the bone: then if you approve of that course of stitching, The manner of stitching the stump. as some good men do, take the two strong square needle & threads mentioned, & presently after the member is taken away, stitch the skin thorough on the one side, and just over on the other side, and with the other needle do likewise as it were cross over the member the other way, and draw the said threads so close as you think convenient, the better to stop and choke the great veins & arteries, then tie them fast and presently put buttons to the heads of the veins and arteries, then apply the restrictive Plegents together, the lesser spread with the strong restrictive lying on the brother, spread with the ordinary stuff: this brother plegent must come at the least three fingers over the stump, and a linen bed with them presently following, laying a flat hand close on the end of the stump, and holding it so till another standing by draw up the said plegents with the saidbed smooth & close; then let a third mango on with the rolling, till the first rowler be spent, then if you will, draw on a Swins bladder, which is no evil course, for being once dry, you need not fear any flux of blood, myself have used it and found it good, but your rolling must be very Artificial in such a case, or all will not serve, forsit exceedeth all medicines. And there is a second great care to be had in the holder, that he hold well▪ also remember ever in rolling to keep a hand to the end of the stump, thrusting up the medicines close, and keeping them so, excepting ever as the rowle● passeth by to make way warily for it, and stay it again, & ever where you see the blood springing out, there lay a slender dorsel of tow, and roll over it again, continuing rolling till the blood appear no more: The first dressing being ended, lay the party to bed with the stump high, and a pillow under it, appoint him a slender diet, namely, no flesh: let him have a comfortable Caudle for the first, if you see him weak, and afterwards Broths and Pannadons and light things, and in small quantity. It shall not be amiss to defer the second dressing until the fourth day and no longer, only visit the Patient daily and ease or take away some one towler, or as you shall see cause. Moreover, in dismem bring the leg, you are to understand that though the foot only be corrupted, it is best to take off the leg some four inches below the lower end of the rotule, or round bone of the knee, the pain is all one, and it is most profitable to the Patient, for a long stump were but troublesome. This work of dismembering is best to be done in the morning, do it not willingly the sign being in the place, neither the day o● the full Moon, never take off any member in the joint: yet A caution. Petrus Pig●rius a late learned Writer affirmeth it safe and good of his own Practice: and M. Richard Wood a worthy Father in Chirurgery confesseth the same in small joints to be good, but not in the knee. Note also it is convenient if the occasion of dismembering grow by reason of a Gangrene the body of the party and spirits not wasted before with long sickness, to let go some reasonable quantity of blood in dismembering, because it is supposed to be venomous, but in a spent weak body, who hath had a long pining disease, preserve his blood and spirits as careful as if they were thine own, and yet remembering this one rule, which all the London Hospital Surgeons hold, there is more hope in a weak spent body, then in a full body: note further, that if the leg be taken off above the knee, there is the more danger, also there is great care to be had to the great vein and artery, namely, that thou take them up, and pierce them thorough, and make strong ligature about them, which must be speedily done, if thou canst do it: but at first I fear thou wilt miss, yet be not discouraged, nor stand too long to seek them, but go on with like hope: Also if the occasion of dismembering proceed of a Gangrene, by reason of an inward cause, it were requisite to take the member off four fingers above the Gangrene at the Least, if the member will bear it, and let the Patient have some cordial potion: furthermore in dismembering, where there be two bones, as namely in the leg, it is not amiss to set the Saw first on the outward part of the leg, that both the bones might be cut at once, for the less thou shalt shake the member, the better and the more ease to the Patient: moreover concerning the second The composition of M. GallesVaguent, and the good use of it. dressing, M. Gall teacheth this unguent following, if occasion be, as a good remedy to suage pain and cause the Eskar to fall, but for my part, except pain did cause me, I should never respect the hasting of the Eskar to fall, for I am of opinion, as I have said in other places, that it is frivolous to hasten the fall of any Eskar whatsoever, which Eskar was forced by caustick medicines, and yet I deny not this or the like unguent may be found to be of good use, to suage pain, therefore I have set it down, and it is as followeth, ℞ Terebinthine ℥ ij. Butyrir●ce●tis ℥ iiij. Cera ℥ i ss. Ung. Populeon lib. ss. melt these together and it is made then being warmed, dip plegents therein, and apply them, but in want of this unguent a good digestive of T●●ebinthine and the yolk of an egg is as good, Erplastrum de minio mollified with a little oil of Roses, Ung. Basilicum or Arceus Lineament are likewise good remedies: the rest of the cure differeth little from the ordinary cure of ulcers, only a great care must be had that all your dress be warm, and keep the cold from the end of the stump as much as you can, and chiefly from the end of the bones, to which purpose warm oil of Roses daily applied to the ends thereof, will do well, further to foment it with a good Lixivium, wherein is strong wine, is good after some fourteen days, sometimes also it will do well to make one dressing with Aqua vi●●e, wherein a stup hot wrung out of the same, may be warm applied to the grief, and then warm clothes and convenient rollings, and sometimes also one dressing with dry lint, or of soft tow is likewise good, and sometimes unguentum mixtum, viz. Basilicum & Aegyptiacum ana. parts equal. The compositi●● of the Cataplasm. The defensative Cataplasm or stuff often mentioned, is made of the ordinary restrictive powder prescribed in the chest, mixed with the white of an egg and wine venegar: the strongest restrictive of all is already set down, but in ordinary fluxes in wounds Bole may serve very well. Thus much for this time touching dismembering, being according to mine own practice. Of the Scurvy called in Latin Scorbutum. The Preface. Mariner's most subject to the Scurvy. THis lamentable disease, which hath so long and so fiercely assailed Sailors and Seamen of all sorts more than Landmen; It is strange in so many ages past, that no one Chirurgeon of our country men, hath out of his experience taken in hand sincerely to set down to posterities, the true causes, signs and cure thereof, neither left any instructions, caveats or experiences for the prevention or cure of the same, yet it may be some may say the cure thereof is common, and we have in our own country here many excellent remedies generally known, as namely, Scurvygrasse, Horse-Reddish roots, Nasturtia Aquatica, Wormwood, Sorrel, and many other good means: the truth is we have so, but mark how far they extend only to the Cure of those which live at home, or else it may be said, they also help some Seamen returned from far, who by the natural disposition of the fresh air and amendment of diet, nature herself in effect doth the Cure without other helps, as daily it is seen. This thing therefore being so, what should I spend my time in teaching that Method, or those medicines to the Surgeon's Mate, which will not be had at Sea, neither if they could be had, will suffice for the Cure thereof, where the disease raingneth fiercely? This Treatise most concerneth Seamen. Having therefore very small time, I must constrain myself to go briefly to the business in hand, namely, to inform the Surgeon's Mate how he should demean himself to comfort his Patients at Sea in that most dangerous disease, neither will I here strive to give the curious Reader other content then this, that if he like it not, let him amend it himself, which I should hearty rejoice to see any good man do, knowing mine own weakness. A learned Treatise befits not my Pen, and to declare those good medicines, which cannot be had at Sea, is but time lost. What the Disease called the Scurvy is. Definition of the Scurvy, and the nature thereof. THE Scurvy is a disease of the spleen, whereby it is sometimes wholly stopped, sometimes only distempered, sometimes also appearing with hard Scyrros, swell, beginning and showing themselves in divers parts of the body, but more particularly on the thighs and legs, causing them to seem of a Leady colour, the sharpness of which infectious humour oft offendeth the mouth and gums of the diseased, and causeth the flesh thereof to rot and stink. The names of the Disease. The divers appellations thereof. THe Scurvy is called of some Cathexia universalis, of other Sceletyrbe, and of some Stomacacen, it is a Chronical disease, not simple but compound of many other diseases. The causes of the Disease. FIrst the Disease comes, as is said, by obstructions of the spleen, and by the thickness of the humour, not the multitude. Some judicious Writers do affirm this sickness to come by the multitude of Melancholic humours gathered in Vena Porta, by which it is said the Milt doth draw unto it Melancholy humours, and so transporteth it from the Milt into the Ventricle. But truly the causes of this disease are so infinite and unsearchable, as they far pass my capacity to search them all out; some men conceive this disease happeneth to Seamen only, through long being at Sea without touch at land, as it is seen in East India voyages; our men have it betwixt England, and the Cape de bon spera●ce, as they term it, and at their coming on the land there they presently grow Aire and fresh food helpeth well this disease in Seamen. strong again, and are by the very fresh air and fresh food cured without much other help; and likewise twixt the Cape and the Indies, they are touched with it again, and as aforesaid the fresh air of that land, the next they come on and good diet together, cureth them with small physical helps, and the same again homeward bound. The chief cause whereof is the continuance of salt diet, either fish or flesh, as pork and the like, which is not to be avoided at sea, as I suppose by the wit of man; another cause is want of sufficient nourishing food, and of sweet water, and also for want of Aqua vita, wine, beer, or other good water to comfort and warm their stomaches, which by contrary winds men are two much incident unto in long voyages, howsoever the Merchants are careful, provident, and bountiful in that point. An other cause of this disease to the ordinary sort of poor men, is want of fresh apparel to shift them with, which indeed amongst poor Sailors, especially a sort of them that are careless and lazy of disposition is too frequent, partly also by the not keeping their apparel sweet and dry, and the not cleansing and keeping their Cabins sweet, this also engendereth and increaseth the infection. Some charge Biscuit as a cause of the Scurvy, but I am not of their opinion: Some say inordinate watch are cause therseof: Some say extreme labour wanting due nourishment: Some also affirm cares and grief to be some cause thereof, others affirm the very heat of the 〈◊〉 resolving the spirits; but what shall I amplify further? for it is 〈◊〉 true that they which have all the helps which can be had for money, and take as much care as men can devise are even by the evil disposition of the air, and the course of nature, struck with a Scurvy, yea and die thereof at sea and land both: yet this giveth no warrant to the Surgeon, or his Mate to leave their duties unperformed, for the bloods of those men which either by their wilfulness or slothfulness perish under their charge will surely be required at their hands. But it is plain that this grief is a lazy foul disease with obstructions of the liver, or spleen, or of both; as also it appeareth that the head is much diseased, and that there is great obstructions in the brain, for that the eyes not only look evil coloured, but also the gums putrify, and the teeth grow lose, and all the sinewy parts of the body bear their part in the disease, for the shrinking and withering of the sinews with the great pains the party hath, declareth no less. Of the Scurvy or Scorbutum the signs. THe signs of the Scurvy are many, as namely, a general laziness and evil disposition of all the faculties and parts of the body, saving the stomach and the appetite, which oftentimes is greater than ordinary with them a long time. A discolouring of the skin as if it were fouler than ordinary, with spots darker coloured than the rest, and sometimes also darkish blue spots. A fever at sea commonly ends in the Scurvy, wherefore by the way beware of too large purging▪ or phlebotomy, which increase oft the grief, and make it incurable: I speak this because I have noted there is a fault in young Surgeons of forwardness in taking too much blood at Sea. Also itching or aching of the limbs are signs of the grief. Sometimes the legs falling away, and drying the calves of the legs growing hard and dry, as also immoderate swell of the legs: also the legs and thlghes discoloured into frekels, or spots of a dirty brown sad colour much like the colour of a gangrenated or mortified member. Stinking of the breath. Great obstructions of the liver, or spleen, or both, and in the exercising of the bodies, their limbs and their spirit failing them. Shortness and difficulty of breathing, especially when they move themselves, but lying still find little grief or pain. Their eyes of a leady colour, or like dark violets. Great swell in the face, legs, and over all the body; paleness, or a foul pale colour in the face. Swell of the gums, rottenness of the same, with the issuing of much filthy blood and other stinking corruption thence, looseness of the teeth: Also some are troubled with an extreme costiveness, that for 14. days together they go not to stool once, wherefore the Chirurgeon is constrained with an Instrument to take out the excrements to avoid death, after which extreme costiveness often followeth a great flux of blood, and a painful: also many have stops of the urine, or at least making less water in two days then the party drinketh in one day. A coldness and stiffness of the sinewy parts, chief of the legs. Some also have their Muscles, yea and sinews of their thighs, arms, and legs, so wasted away, that there seemeth to be left only the Certain signs of the Scurvy by the dead opened, discovered. skin covering the bones. Also it is manifest that divers of those which have been opened after death, have had their Livers utterly rotten. Others have had their Livers swollen to an exceeding greatness, some the Spleen extremely swollen, others have been full of water, others their Lungs putrified and stunk whilst they have lived, these and divers other signs, too many for to be mentioned here, do afflict poor Seamen, which often are past man's help, in such place and time as they happen, the Cure whereof resteth only in the hands of the Almighty. And yet to any man of judgement it may seem a wonder how a poor miserable man, coming on Land from a long Voyage even at the point of death, namely, swollen sometimes to an unreasonable greatness not able to lift a leg over a straw, nor scarce to breath by reason of strong obstruction, yet in a few days shall receive the fullness of former health, yea with little or no medicine at all. The Cure of this disease, as a famous Writer named Johannes Echthius in a Treatise De Scorbuto affirmeth, consisteth chief in four things, namely, in opening obstructions, evacuating the offending humours, in altering the property of them, and in comforting and corroborating the parts late diseased. Remedies touching the Scurvy. Johannes Vierius another famous writer ascribeth the whole cure of the Scurvy to the herb Spoon-wort. One Olivar as a Sweden writer, in his fifteenth book, and fifty one Chapter, entreating of this grief attributeth the whole cure thereof to be in Absinthi● or wormwood, namely, to drink much of the infusion thereof, and also of the salt of the fame: and one chief part of the cure of the Scurvy (saith he) consists in good diet, but the seamen are enjoined to that only the Ship affordeth, which the better and sounder their provisions of victuals are, the more their men stand to health; and the contrary not only bringeth many diseases, but maketh the diseases which happen very hard to be cured, therefore I may spare labour in writing what broths or herbs serve best where no fresh food can be The Surgeon's duty in this disease at Sea. gotten: the Surgeon and his Mate must therefore, seeing he is at sea deprived of one principal help in that cure, namely, fresh meat and good drink, be diligent to call for such for comfortable things as are by the great care and bounty of the Merchants provided for sick men, or those which incline thereunto, whereof in each Ship is a good I mean in the King's service, or of the East India Company. proportion both of wine, sugar, spices and other comfortable things, and to see they have it in due time and measure: and likewise to complain to the Governors if they be withheld from the same, or if any man abuse himself by mis-dyet: yea and the Chirurgeon ought morning and evening to seek for weak and poor men in their Cabins, or so soon as they are missing at their messes to inquire for them, and to see their Cabins be sweet, and their provisions according, or to move and entreat the Master, or Governor of the Ship for redress in such cases, for fear of a general infection. And whereas the first part of this Cure is in the opening of obstructions, it is therefore fit in the beginning of the grief to give a lenitive clyster, than the next day if the party be strong open a vein, but beware, as is said, of taking too much blood away at once, especially where the Liver is weak or stopped, and where men want good nutriment, for many evils ensue thereby. The next day following his bleeding if he can bear it, and if that his disease be with a swelling or fullness, give him a doss of the pills of Euphorbium or otherwise of pibula ruffis, or of Cambogia, and make him some comfortable spoon meat, such as you can make at sea; namely, an Oatmeal caudle would not be amiss of a little beer or wine, with the yolk of an egg, and a little Sugar made warm and given him to drink, or any comfortable broth made with Currants and other fruit, or Spices moderately taken▪ or with Sugar, or as the Ship can afford, a Barley water for his ordinary drink were not amiss, with some few drops of Cinnamon water therein, and also some juice or Syrup of Lemons therein, or a few drops of oil of Vitriol, and some Sugar, and give him in his drink by way of infusion, dried Wormwood good store, for it is very wholesome. Further the Chirurgeon or his Mate must not fail to persuade the Governor or Purser in all places where they touch in the Indies and may have it, to provide themselves of juice of Oranges, limbs, or lemons, and at Banthame of Tamarinds: Also sometime though a man be well, a comfortable caudle made with some Wine, Spices, Sugar, and the yolk of an egg were very good; for these are helps in that case as well to prevent the disease, as also to help it when it comes. The excellency of the juice of Lemons, Limbs, Oranges, and Tamarinds. And further experience teacheth which I have oft found true, that where a disease most reigneth, even there God hath appointed the best remedies for the same grief, if it be his will they should be discovered and used: and note for substance, the Lemons, Limbs, Tamarinds, Oranges, and other choice of good helps in the Indies which you shall find there do fare exceed any that can be carried thither from England, and yet there is a good quantity of juice of Lemons sent in each ship out of England by the great care of the Merchants, and The Merchant's care for Seamen. intended only for the relief of every poor man in his need, which is an admirable comfort to poor men in that disease: also I find we have manygood things that heal the Scurvy well at land, but the Sea Land medicines for the Scurvy ●●ad sea medicines. Chirurgeon shall do little good at Sea with them, neither will they endure. The use of the juice of Lemmons is a precious medicine and well tried, being sound and good, let it have the chief place, for it will deserve it, the use whereof is: It is to be taken each morning, two or three spoonfuls, and fast after it two hours, and if you add one spoonful of Aqua vitae thereto to a cold stomach, it is the better. Also if you take a little thereof at night it is good to mix therewith some sugar, or to take of the syrup thereof is not amiss. Further note it is good to be put into each purge you give in that disease. Some Surgeons also give of this juice daily to the men in health as a preservative, The ivice of Lemons a good preservative. which course is good if they have store, or otherwise it were best to keep it for need. I dare not write how good a sauce it is at meat, lest the chief in the ships waste it in their great Cabins to save vinegar. In want whereof use of the juice of Limbs, Oranges, or Citrons, or the pulp of Tamarinds: and in want of all these use oil of Vitriol as many drops as may make a cup of beer, water, or rather wine if it may be had, only a very little as it were sour, to which you may also add sugar if you please, or some syrups, according to your store and the necessity of that disease, for of my experience I can affirm that good oil of Vitriol is an especial good medicine in the cure of the Scurvy, as also in many other griefs▪ the which in another place is noted. Further a decoction of Biscuit, and therein Almonds ground, adding Cinnamon and Rose-water a little, and some sugar, were very comfortable now and then to be taken to refresh the stomach. And as touching the Tamarinds brought from the Indies they are to be eaten of themselves as the substance of them is, namely, to eat them as you would prunes, and being made into conserveses, eat them as other conserveses, on the point of a knife sucking out the substance, and putting forth the stalks or stones thereof; some dissolve them in wine or water, and work out the substance of them therein, and cast away the rest, taking only that which is pure: one may use this medicine so oft as he please without danger or harm, only if he fear a flux of the belly, or have a weakness in the reins, let him not eat too much of the Tamarinds. Also the Tamarinds must be used sparingly if a flux be feared. Elect. Diatr●onpiperion. Electuary Diatrionpiperion given each morning a little on the point of a knife fasting, and last, namely at the party his going to bed, is a great preservative; for it doth warm and corroborate the stomach, and preserveth from the Scurvy, and is very comfortable to be given to any one that is diseased with the same, or subject thereto And the Theriaca Diatesseron is yet better, for it hath an especial virtue in curing that disease. Also Venice Treacle, Mithridate, and London Treacle preserve well from this disease daily taken fasting, and so doth conserve of Roses and Berberies mixed with a little oil of Vitriol, and given on the point of a knife. Green Ginger is also very good to comfort the stomach, and so are all sorts of Myrabolans Condite, and also all sorts of strong Cordial waters, but chief good Rosa-solis and good Wormwood water, yea, and very good Aqua vitae helpeth well, Currants and Raisins of the Sun are likewise very good. Also all kinds of Spices moderately taken are good, and so is good wine a very good preserver of the body from this disease, with also the continuance of fresh diet, which is hard to be gotten at sea, the excess of which good things is as dangerous. The principal Laxative medicine which I would advise in this case is pills of Euphorbium wherewith the body being swollen and watery, you may at your pleasure make evacuation thereof: these purge also by urine very well the doss being ʒ ss, or at the most ℈ ij. These are the fit for that disease, because they purge not alone water, but also by their great warmth, they comfort and warm the stomach and entrails. A caveat for the dose. These I advise the Surgeon's Mate to use, as it is said, where the body aboundeth with overmuch cold and crude humidity, but let your doss always respect the strength of the patiented, for any strong purging is not good in the Scurvy: all sudden and strong evacuations are to be avoided. Also Aquilla Laxative is a very good purge in this case, namely eight or ten grains thereof taken in a cup of wine. It cureth also all worms of the body, and killeth them wheresoever they be. But if the stomach only be oppressed with the grief in this disease, I first give a dose of pills called Pillule Ruffi, namely ʒj. you shall find them to be very good. Note further, that if any dose or any whole mass of pills in the Chest, such time as you would administer them be grown too hard, than you may dissolve them with any syrup you have, or with good honey a very little, namely one only drop will serve to dissolve one How to compose them in a fit consistence if they be over-soft. dose at once, if the mass prove too liquid, you may roll it in some of the Pulvis Arthreticus till it be hard enough. Also the moderate use of Verjuice, Vinegar, or Oxymel hath been found very good in this case. Furthermore, if you see cause, certain days after you have given of any your former Laxatives, you may give a sweat to the patiented in his To sweat is an other singular remedy. Means to procure sweat. bed, namely you may give him a scruple of Mithridate, Venice Treacle, or London treacle, or Diatesseron, and mix therewith if you have it eight grains of the Aurum vitae Diaphoretice, and being but ordinarily covered, he shall sweat sufficiently if he stir not too much. Also the sweeting in moist baths I confess to be good medicines in this case, though not well to be performed at Sea for the ordinary men. And whereas one accident dangerous in this disease is extreme costiveness as is mentioned, with also stopping of Urine: the remedies for the costiveness, is first that you attempt to move the belly by a lenitive clyster as is said, made rather of a slimy decoction or medicine which might leave no sharp Astringent or desiccative quality behind it, yea though it purge not much, for the sharp Purgers after their working cause often a more costiveness than was before, or by their violence cause a weakness in the stomach and entrails, whence followeth a flux, wherefore for glisters at Sea in great costiveness, where the Apothecary's shop and Cheapside is not at hand, make a slimy decoction of Altheae roots, or Comfery roots, or in want thereof, How to make a clyster in case of necessity for the Scurvy. of Linseeds and Fenogreek bruised, of each ℥ ss. in want thereof, of Bean ℥ ij. to the decoction being strained, add of species Hiera Pigra, ʒij. of salt half a spoonful, of honey as much, of oil two spoonfuls: all these put together, let the decoction mentioned be so fitted that all may be but one wine pint, and administer it with the Siring, being of a just temper in warmth, but if you intent it not to have it purge much, leave out the species Hiera Pigra, and it will give 2. or 3. stools. You may for an ordinary glister well also take one quart of the broth from the beef kettle, adding thereto of Linseed ʒij. Comfry roots and March mallow roots if they may be had, a small quantity of Aniseed and Fennelseed, Anaʒij. boil these half an hour, then add honey and common oil of each a spoonful, and give one wine pint of this for a glister: but if you see it work not but come away without excrement, the former recited will do well, or make another stronger, namely, ad colaquintidaʒij. in the beginning of the decoction to the aforesaid decoction, provided there be no inflammation in Longanum, or intestinum, nor any excoriation, which by the Patiented his complaint is known: this decoction being boiled, and ready to be administered, you may yet add of the species Hieraʒij. thereto, or of the A special observation in giving these aforesaid glisters. Pulvis Arthreticusʒj. rather, for it inflameth not, it were best in my opinion to strive in this disease by glisters to give but one or two stools at one time, for sharp glisters offend much. Therefore though I show what you may do, yet be well advised in doing of it. Also of pills of Euphorbium, have a care you give them not where there is an inflammation or inward heat in the guts, in such a case, the Aquilla For heat in the Intestines use. Aquilla Laxativa. Laxativa will be a better medicine, which will both temper the inward heat and help to heal the entrails, and yet will purge him well, and doth not bind him again presently, and provoketh also urine very well, for Aquilla Laxativa will often cause natural looseness, certain days after the taking thereof, and will purge water very much both by stool and urine: and because as is said, extreme costivenes is great hurt to the body, the Chirurgeon must by his best care to the Patient, seek to prevent it, both by teaching him to do his best for his own health, and to amend the same by observing good customs and diet: by customs, namely that he fail not daily▪ once a day at the least to offer himself to stool, and do his best to urge some excrement to come, and somewhat to force his body thereunto if occasion be, and to keep one and the same hour daily as near as he can: I know by proof it helpeth much, and for diet to use also as near as he can those things which he findeth procure an inward slipperines and looseness in the guts, pease, oatmeal, and rice do somewhat thereunto, provided A caution. they be very well boiled, and the adding currants thereto is the better, and oil and butter are good helps, but at land where The third rule ceaseth, the Mariner, ●● shore. it may be had, all kinds of fresh diet almost are good in that case, for by the leaving only Sea diet, the body refresheth itself suddenly through benefit of nature and the fresh Air, and easily becometh naturally lose, and then the difficulty is ended. The eating of East India Tamarinds is likewise a good thing in that case. What I have written here plainly, touching mean and simple glisters; I would not be mistaken, as if I did it out of ignorance or disdain of better medicines, for I were worse than foolish if I would reject, detract or dissuade from the good use of decoctions of herbs, seeds▪ etc. with the additions of Electuaries, Laxative Syrups and the like which I have in daily use at home upon each just occasion: yet many of the ancient Artists of worthy memory which I could rehearse, have in former ages used for glisters only water and salt with oil, and some other have added honey, and it is manifest that new milk alone is a good comfortable glister with the yolk of an egg, and a little course sugar added. And you may also many times save a labour in giving a gli●ter by a suppository, which is either to be made of a long piece of Alum scraped smooth, or of a candle's end, or of a piece of hard soap, or of honey and salt sodden till it be so hard that it will break being cold, which being yet hot may be rolled and made up of the greatness of a finger, and administered: of any of these, I say you may make a suppository as long and big as a finger or less, and thrust it up into Ano, and let the party keep this medicine one hour at the least in his body (if he possibly can.) Further note this general rule concerning glisters, The quantity of a glister to be regarded. let a clyster never exceed the quantity of one wine pint, let it rather want one quarter, especially when you give it to a costive body, or a full body, he shall be much the abler and the willinger to keep it the The true temper if the glister to be administered. just time. Further, beware it be not too hot nor too cold, for the guts are tender parts, so hot as piss new made, or a very little rather warmer is the true temper. But if you perceive the Intestinum rectum or Arsegut, to be excoriated or inflamed, in such a case use no salt, nor salt broths, nor strong Laxatives, as Euphorbium Agaricum, Hiera, Pigra, Col●quintida, or the like. If you find the Longanum or Arsegut How to deliver a glister of the Long●num be stopped. to be clung, or hard stopped with excrement, you may put a small greasy or oily clout on the end of your glister-pipe only over the holes thereof, when you put it into the body, and thrust it into the head of the pipe, then draw back a little your hand and deliver in your medicine, and if you see cause, and that it will not easily deliver, force it somewhat. Also when your medicine is all in, and that you would draw out your instrument again, do it quickly, and let the party turn him on his back, and he shall keep the medicine in the better. In cases of excoriations or inflammations of the entrails, in glisters use A glister for inflammation and excoriation in the guts. Dear suet ℥ ij. for one glister, and in want thereof Axungia ovini vel porcini, I mean sheep or swine's fat, and let the decoction whereof the glister is made, be only of bran, and without any other addition, and give now and then such a glister, I mean once a day, for two or three days, after you may add thereto some sm●ll astringent medicines, as Succus Acatiae ℥ j or Gales ʒij. or Balustians ℥ ss. or Myrabolans, ʒiij. even as you see cause, for these help to heal the guts well. Of Lotions. COncerning Lotions to the mouth and throat of the diseased, they must be sharp and very astringent, I mean them especially which concern the cure of the gums in the Scurvy; if the gums therefore be swollen, that they hang over the teeth, stink, or be putrified, they must be very well lanced or scarified, and after hard rubbed with a The cure of the gums mu●h swollen, stinking and putrified. linen or woollen cloth, wrapped about the fore finger, and wet in some strong restringent or Styptic Lotion very hot, as is the ordinary Lotion of Alum, Honey and Herbs, adding thereto a double quantity of Alum, and a little Salt▪ peter, or gunpowder for a need is good, and if it be not sufficiently strong, make a stronger decoction of coperas in water, adding Saltpetre with a little honey, if you have it, or Mel Rosarum, with also a little strong vinegar, you may also put oil of Vitriol a little thereto, but that it hath one evil quality in hurting and softening the teeth, wherefore beware of it, and if you use it, do but only touch the gums with it once and no more, and it will do much good: and if you please, also Aqua Fallopie is good, but because it is made with sublimed Mercury, it is not without danger, and is also a loathsome taste to smell, and offendeth the stomach very much, but I know it to be held by many for a great secret, but as for myself for reasons rehearsed, I us● it not, but advise rather that which is strong either of the Coperas, Alum, or Saltpetre, for they hurt not the teeth at all as doth the oil of Vitriol, and so doth Aq●a fortis very much, or you may make a Lotion thus: ℞ Coperas, white, green or blue ℥ ij. water one pound or there about, Honey one spoonful, boil these to the consumption of one third or half, then take of Lapis Medicamentosus, or Salt-peter ℥ ss, and if you have no Honey, take Sugar, or juice of Licorice, or Licorice boiled therein for to make it pleasant in taste, or without for a need you may well use it, or the Lapis Medicamentosus dissolved into fair water, maketh an excellent Lotion for the putrified gums. Outward remedies for the Scurvy in gen●rall. Touching good outward remedies for the cure of this grief, baths, Fomentations, with also good oils and unguents, cerates, cataplasms, or emplasters, are each necessary in their due times, provided they be of comfortable ingredients, namely those which minister warmth and nourishment to the diseased parts, and open the pores obstructed, all such, I say, are most fit, provided they be always applied very warm, and the party be laid and kept warm upon it. Further, if it be If swelling grow in any part a Lixivium is good. Of what the Lixivium is made. a swollen member, than this following bath to ●oment the member, will be good, namel●, a Lixivium made of fresh water and ashes, and being only but reasonable sharp, (for too sharp of the ashes will over heat, yea, and excoriate) this done and cleared, boil some hot herbs, flowers and seeds fitting therein, such are Cammomile, Mellilote, Dill, Wormwood, Balm, Rosemary, Thyme, Sage, Bay-leaves, Bay-berries, Juniper▪ berries, Annis-seed, Fennel, Co●iander, Carraway, Dill seeds, or the like: these ingredients, or those of them which may be had use, and let them be boiled a little therein, and either stupes of woollen or linen clothes wet therein or put the ingredients into bags after the decoction is made with them, and the place well fomented therewith, and so laid to sweat with some of the herbs in the same bags well wrung out and hot applied, till the next dressing. But if the disease proceed with stiffness and hardness of the sinews, then forbear the Lixivium, I mean put no ashes thereto, and make the decoction of the mentioned ingredients, boiled in the broth of the beef-kettle, in wine, beer, or water for a need, adding some salt; and likewise, if you have it, Linseed oil, neats-foot oil, sheepsfoot oil, or oil of Almonds, oil of Camomile, Dill or earthworms, of Bays, of Lilies, or some one of them. A bath of blood very good. Also where you can have it, a good bath of the blood of beasts, either cows, horses, asses, goats, or sheep's blood is exceeding good, The manner how to bathe in this bath of blood. namely, to put the legs of the Patient, yea and his body too, if it may be, into a tub made fitting, and the blood kept warm, part thereof being still kept hot on the fire, and renew therewith the bath still, as it cooleth with the warm blood, for some reasonable time, this restoreth A bath of milk and comforteth mightily the decayed spirits. Milk of itself is also good to be used in that kind where it may be had. Of Oils thereto. Oils good outward helps, and what they be. Oils good to anoint, which are Oleum Chamamillae, Laurini, Anethi or Lumbricorum, with à little Spike oil, oil of Turpentine, oil of Nutmegs pressed out, oil of Peter, oil of Exitor, or oil of Juniper, Much & hard frication very beneficial. or one of the same mixed with them, or some good Aqua vitae, and to use strong frication with warm soft hands long continued, helpeth much. Unguents. What Unguents are herein helpful. GOod Unguents to help these griefs, in my opinion, are every warm and comforting unguent in use in the Surgeon's chest, but I have had especial trial of an Unguent, the composition whereof Two principal Unguents of sovereign virtue against the Scurvy. shall be hereafter described, which is named Contra Scorbutum, as also of the Vnguentum Populeon, I mean the same composition Valerius Cordus hath described, for I find it to be very good: but you may well say, how doth he contradict himself, which even now adviseth warming Unguents, and presently reciteth Populeon for one, which is known to be cold, but though I have haste, let me I pray thee answer for myself in that one point, which I know to be a principal Arcanum in Many medicines 〈◊〉 show that which in effect they are not. healing not looked into: many a medicine hath a seeming show to be cold, and yet doth contrary effects, witness Quicksilver, juice of Lemons, Vitriol, oil of Vitriol, Saltpetre, Alum, Sorrel, and divers others which I could recite, all which may easily be proved, either hot or cold, by their several strong operations and effects which they perform: as for example, to begin with Quicksilver, it is affirmed What Quicksilver is in show and in effect. to be extreme cold of infinite Writers, and his repercussive quality showeth the same, as also in repelling and cooleth hot tumors: with also the variety of cold diseases and contractions Podagrical and chirurgical, procured thereby to divers Artificers which work much therewith, as namely to Guilders, Foilers of looking-glasses, and the like Tradesmen, which showeth the same to be cold. It also showeth itself to be hot diversely, as namely in that it is so extreme subtle and penetrative, so invisible to enter the body (per poros cutis) and being in the body, so volatile and busy, so caustick and corrosive, so extreme Laxative, so diaphoretic, so diaveritick, so mundificative, so incarnative and so sigillative or siccatrizing, as the like medicine by the art or wit of man was never found out: juice of Lemmons was ever reputed a cold medicine, prescribed and given daily by the Physicians The different virtue of the juice of Lemmons. in burning and pestilential fevers, and that with good reason, and good success even to this day, and yet to that notable, and cold, and terrible disease of the Scurvy, how excellent hath it been approved, how then in these two recited medicines holds the old Axiom, Similia conservantur similibus & contraria contrariorum remedia sunt? even as true as vox populi vox Dei, or pepper is hot in the mouth and cold in the maw; if I would desire truly to cool and temper the boiling of the blood inwardly, which I myself would take, yea were it upon the safeguard of my own life, I would take five or six drops of good oil A singular and approved good medicine to temper the boiling of blood of Vitriol in a draught of fair water with a little sugar, a drop or two of Rose-water and as much wine vinegar, mark well my words, if thou knowest not these medicines they are worth knowing, or ʒj. of saltniter, which is also called Lapis prunella, in the like liquor, and for want of the sugar, Rose-water or vinegar of itself, or with the water only for a need: I have often proved them so true coolers that they have stayed the Hemoragie or bleeding at the nose, the latter whereof shall To stop bleeding at nose good rules. seldom fail, if you by outward means proceed rationally by applying to the forehead cold and astringent things, as also to the nape of the neck: also a large sponge wet in cold water and applied to his secret parts is good, or let him hold or put his members into a boul of cold water, also binding hard the arms and legs is very good to stay bleeding at the nose; and one of the surest remedies, but last to be attempted in Hemoragie or bleeding at the nose, is to open a vein in the arm on the same side. Thus it may plainly appear that two of the recited medicines are cold: now to prove those two hot, I will not spend many words, call to mind that of Vitriol and Saltpetre Aqua fortis is made, which by his heat and penetrating force, What opposite virtue's Vitriol, Saltpetre, and aqua fortis have. teareth to pieces and dissolveth the strongest metals presently, devoureth and utterly destroyeth clothes woollen and linen, or put but good oil of Vitriol into an Ulcer, or to the whole skin, and tell me half an hour after what a cold Fever the Patient had: or put fire to The like in Salt-piter. crude salt niter alone and mark the conclusion, namely, it will prove itself wholly combustible, and therefore hot: as I suppose likewise the herb Sorrel, it is a cold herb esteemed at least in the first if not in the second degree, and yet consider well if you seek quickly to ripen and bring to suppuration an Apostume; you shall As also like different operation in Sorrel find it a most excellent speedy remedy: I conceive therefore that it is not by his coldness it doth that effect, for that is not common, nor rational, and therefore to conclude my digression as A saying of Oswaldus Crollius Ozwaldus Crollius, a late learned Writer saith in his Preface admonitory to his Book called Bazillica Chymica, Simplicium qualitates non semper considerandae sed earum arcana, The simple and apparent qualities of Medicines are not always alone to be respected, but rather their mysteries or hidden virtues. God's providence to be observed in Physics operation. Thus much in difference of the temperament of some private Medicines working strange and several effects, wherein the mysteries of our God in his divine providence far do excel whatsoever things else, showing man's wisdom mere foolishness, wherefore to him for evermore be praise, Amen. Where the unguents are to be applied. The warm Unguents are to be used where you see apparent need by reason of the coldness of the part, the Populeon where there is pain though no manifest sign of a hot disease appear, and doubtless it will work good effect to your comfort, yea though you think the disease be not cold, and therefore need a more warming Medicine, Vnguentum Dialthea is one of the best Unguents, and Mariatum is another, Oleum laurini is also good, and if you list to add some more califying oils, take of oil of Speek, of Terbinthine, or Petreolum, but good warm application and strong frication is the means, and warm keeping. Of medicines to be applied to the Spleen, Liver, or stomach outwardly, the unguent pectorale described is very good What outward medicines the liver and stomach require. warm to anoint those parts, whose description with the rest you shall find, and to lay also over the whole part aggrieved the Emplastrum millilote pro spleen, whose description is expressed in the Dispensatory, for want of which plaster Emplastrum cumini is good. Also the well anointing with oil of Nutmegs, or Mace, adding a few drops of oil of Cloves Chemical doth ●much comfort, keeping the grieved part extraordinary warm. Of Ulcers in those that have the Scurvy. THe Ulcers which happen to them which have this disease are many ways different from the general forms and differences of ordinary Ulcers in bodies not touched with this disease, the several definitions of all which I have here no time to Two strange effects the Scurvy ●●useeth, the first an Hydropical inflation of the whole body. amplify. But because this disease hath two general and principal differences of appearance, namely, some men diseased with the Scurvy are swollen exceedingly, even as in the Dropsy: and others have their outward limbs withered, comsumed, and dried up, their sinews shrunk and grown hard, though the Ulcers in the one and the other should be like in show, yet doubtless the healing of the▪ Ulcers will be found very A second is consumption of the body. much different, wherefore for one general note remember that the Ulcers in the full and hydropical bodies will require more desiccative medicines, as namely the Vnguentum Diapompholigos, de minio. Vnguentum album Camphoratum and the like: And the other kind the Vnguentum basilicon incarnativum, and the Arceus lineament and the like to those. Some Sea-Chirurgions have commended to me of Experience the best praiser. their practice the use of Vesicatory medicines; namely, Cantharideses in painful swollen limbs, which I leave to the practice of others further to commend the same, myself having received it as a great secret from a Chirurgeon my friend, but made no such experiences thereof myself. Obstructions of the Liver must be removed before the Ulcers can be cured. And further touching the Cure of Ulcers in this disease until the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen be removed, those Ulcers give no place to good healing; wherefore since notwithstanding they must be carefully attended for conscience sake, I advise that all sharp and violent medicines be shunned, and all soft and anodine things applied that you know or can learn, provided they be warrantable medicines, for otherwise they not only strive against a stream, but A Caveat. put your Patient to needless disquiet, and thereby increase this disease. I have here in part shown the Surgeon's Mate my opinion concerning the cure of the Scurvy, to which he may join his own and other men's experiences, where he can gain instructions worth following, together with his own daily practice, which if he be wise, he may likewise set down, only let me advise the young practitioner that How to help the body extremely bound through the Scurvy. sometimes (as myself have experienced) the Scurvy produceth such extreme costiveness, as neither suppository, glister, or any Laxative medicine whatsoever will avail, but that the excrements must be drawn out of the Longanum, or the Intestinum rectum with an instrument, for they will be like dry lumps of clay, or hard Sheep's treckles, as they term them, the which instrument I have invented, and is an easy and a fit instrument, called by me Spatula Mundani, which instrument being a little warmed, is then to be anointed with oil, and so gently put into Ano to draw out the excrements, and to make way for the glister-pipe, which, when it hath cleansed some four inches, or five inches, you may assay by a glister again. Furthermore, it sometime happeneth, that by the long remaining of the excrements in the Longanum, the gut is either excoriated, or at the least inflamed. In such a case you may take notice that you forbear Salt, as is said, and all sharp heating things in your glisters, as Coloquintida, Hiera pigra, Scammony, Agaricum, Euphorbium, and the like; and content yourself to What must be done for the cure thereof. A clyster. administer for the first, a glister made only of a decoction of Bran alone, or of Mallows, or of Comfry roots small cut, or Lintseeds bruised with ℥ ij. of Dear suet, Vnguentum Diapompholigos, or as much Aquilla Laxativa. Populeon or Vnguentum album, as is said, and rather if you find that help not, give a dose of Aquilla Laxativa which will purge easily without any offence at all, and help to heal the gut, and this course is better than by sharp glisters to purge, which will offend the gut, and after the said purge it will not be amiss if you see occasion, to give a like The aforesaid glister repeated glister again as before, and note that if in the glister some of the ingredients should be wanting, you may nevertheless proceed with the rest with good profit, provided if you have better you use them, neither do I here intent strictly to enjoin the Surgeon's Mate to my rule, but if he have better, let him use it, and forget mine in the Name of God. Moreover, if the Patiented his disease be in the form of a Consumption▪ The cure if the body be consumed by the Scurvy. the body being dried up as it were, or with shrinking of the Sinews: then if you intent to purge the party, give him pills called Pillulae▪ Ruffi for the first remedy, but if he complain much of pains in his joints, than a dose of Pulvis Arthretieus will do best, or purge him wherein the virtue of Aquilla ●axativa consists. with Aquilla Laxativa, it is also a general good purge at all times, and almost in all cases, though best in the French Pox and Dropsy. And though I have formerly touched the forms of some Cataplasms, yet for that there hath been much good found in the application of this Cataplasms excellent in this case. How to make the Cataplasm Cataplasm made, being of warming, comforting and anodine medicines, I thought good to note it, which is as followeth ℞ the flowers of Camomile, melilot flowers, Worm wood, also Hypericon and Balm, of each M. j Bran M. j ij. Linseed, Fenigreek, of each ℥ ss. Comfrey and Mallow roots, of each ℥ ss, Barley meal ℥ ij. bruise the herbs, and boil these in milk, beer, or water, then add of oil of Camomile, Dialthae, oil of Dill, of each ℥ ij, Axungiae ℥ ij. apply it warm: note likewise, that where you have not all these recited ingredients, yet that you take so many of them as you have, and try their force, for if a few will do the business, as sometimes it will, it were vain and waste to use many. Sometimes for a need you may make good use of a decoction of Biscuit in Wine or Beer, which warm applied will wonderfully comfort a weak limb, and assuage the pain, for sometimes the very good warmth with good ligature availeth much: fatty things must be forborn in some cases; namely, when the pain is sharp and quick, lest Sour things better than fatty in this disease. you cause putrefaction and suppuration of humours against your will, yea and rather use Acetosous medicines, and Anodine sometime, also musslagy medicines are to be forborn, for like reasons: in all which cases, confer with other Writers: ask counsel of thy Elders, and keep ever in writing thy own good observations from time to time. A word or two to conclude for the young Surgeons concerning the cure of this disease, when they come upon a coast where they may have some helps, let them use some one of these following, they shall find them good upon trial. Counsel directing what to be done if means may be had. ℞. Absinthiae, Juniper Berries of each M. j Goats milk, lib. 4. boil this together, the herbs and berries well bruised till a third part be consumed, then strain it, and add of Saffron in powder ʒj. stir it on the fire till it have boiled a very little, and set it to clear, and give the sick thereof three times a day at the least, viz. morning, noon and night, this drink hath cured many in great distress: if you have no Goats milk, Sheep's milk, or for a need, Cow's milk will serve. Another. Another good drink. ℞. Water Cresses, Sorrel, and Wormwood, of each one handful, bruise them well, and boil them in three quarts of Whey or new Milk, and add thereto a little Sugar and Saffron, and let the sick drink thereof as often as he will. Whey sodden with divers herbs very profitable. Whey drunken of itself is very good, but better if the juices of Scurvygrasse, Sorrel, Coclaria, Wormwood, Watercresses, the greater or lesser sort, Brooklime, Scordium, Spoonwort, water Jermander, or of some of them be mixed therewith, for that they are all approved good medicines, and doubtless some of them are to be found in other Countries and Coasts, as well as in England. Also an infusion or gentle decoction of the roots of the herb Rhaphanae silvestris, or horse-reddish in vinegar, or mixed with beer and drunk, is exceeding good, or eaten of itself with bread. Eay-berries also and Juniper-berries are good. Bay-berries, and juniper-berries are also wholesome boiled in Whey against this disease, for they open obstructions: likewise from these former herbs may many other good compound medicines be made. And generally note, that bitter and sour medicines prevail most to the cure of this grief, amongst which sour medicines you have Sour medicines very good that are approved good thereto, these that follow as chief, juice of Lemons, of Limbs, Citrons, and Oranges. Oil of Vitriol, oil of Sulphur, spirit of Salt, vinegar of Wine, and the spirit thereof: also the Syrups thereof, so many as are in use, and the rather, for that they cut away the rough and gross phlegm, and have power also to open obstructions. In like manner, the juice or pulp of Tamarinds hath a great acetositie, and is found a precious remedy against this disease, the use whereof is noted already. An observation. Also note further that there are few diseases at Sea happeneth to Seamen, but the Scurvy hath a part in them, the Fluxes which happen chief proceed from the Scurvy, and I suppose if Seamen could be preserved from that disease, few other diseases would endanger them. The Conclusion. THese recited medicines for Christian charity, I thought not amiss to publish, admonishing young men to be wise and careful to make right use of them, and as near as they can, to respect in the use what is bad in a Chirurgeon and aught to be avoided. thereof, Time, Place, Age, quantity, quality, temperament, strength, climate, cause, and what else is fitting to be regarded for the good of the sick, and credit of themselves, and let them avoid slothfulness, avarice, envy, fear, pride, or what else may hinder these duties, that God may give a blessing to their labours, and then the praise and comfort shall return to themselves, which God grant. And for the elder sort of grave Artists, I crave their charitable censures of my weak or undigested instructions, which I no way mean to them, but to babes in Chirurgery, and so I conclude to the honour of the Almighty, concerning the Scurvy for this time. Concerning the Fluxes of the Belly. THe principal Fluxes of the belly by a common consent of divers ancient Writers, are chief referred to three kinds, namely: Leienteria. Diarrhoea. Dysenteria. What Leienteria is. Leientaria is distinguished to be that Flux which either passeth the sustenance taken, wholly digested, and that without any blood at all, and without great pain, or as it were half digested. The true causes of Leienteria proceed chief through imbecility and weakness of The causes of Leienteria. the stomach, which may be occasioned many ways, whereby the virtue retentive is weakened; yea and sometimes the stomach by some Crudity a cause Apostumation is either wholly weakened, and cold or broken, or otherwise by crude humidities is oppressed, and must be strengthened, both inwardly and outwardly, by things that corroborate and warm the same, as is Syrup de absinthio, or olean● absinthii; Chimice 3 or 4 drops thereof in wine, or beer for need, and I have found it good to a strong body, at first, namely, in the beginning of the disease to give him a vomit of the infusion of stibium, or rather of A vomit at first. Salvitrioli, ten grains if it may be had, or of Aquila vitae four grains, or of Cambogia twelve grains, and so the medicine having done working, To corroborate. let him presently sleep fasting, if he can; if not, give him a little Cinamon-water, or a little sanguis prunellorum, if you have it, or a draught of good Aligant, or conserve of Sloes, or Quinces; and shortly after, namely three hours, if he cannot take his rest, give him An opiate. three grains of Laudanum in a pill, and so appoint him to rest; but if you conceive, or fear the disease to proceed of Apostumation in the stomach, then beware of giving any vomit before perfect suppuration of the same, for it is deanly, but outwardly you may apply then Stomach comforted. to the stomach, a bag with Wormwood, Mints, or sweet Majoram, and warm being sprinkled with Rose water and Vinegar, or else a Biscuit bedued well with Rose water and Vinegar, being steeped, must Pecteral unguent. be applied to the stomach; or anoint the stomach with unguentum pectorale, or with oil of Nutmegs made by expression: also Theriaca andromachi, or theriaca Londiniʒi ss. is very good given him upon the Co●●●als. point of a knife, or Marmalade of Quinces is also good: Mithridate is very fit and approved, or grated Nutmegs is very good, and Cinnamon in powder taken in meats or drinks is good likewise, if these things answer not thy desire, thou mayst proceed to medicines more astringent, Astringent medicines. such as follow in the cure of dysentery, one very familiar and good Medicine is sanguis prunellorum aforesaid, the dose is ℥ j or ℥ ij. with Mint or Wormwood, or Carduus water, taken going to rest, or taken of itself. But your mentioned Laudanum in all Fluxes judiciously Cordial water▪ administered is the only sure help, nevertheless in this grief try other good things: first all Aromatized strong waters are convenient in this case, moderately used as well to avoid further fluxes, as also in these fluxes to comfort the stomach, stiptike wines serve well for it: likewise, Theriace diatesseron ℥ j now and then, also electuarium diatrion piperion ℥ ss. on a knife's point given is very good, for it mightily Diatrion piperion. warmeth and strengtheneth the stomach. But sometimes it happeneth that not only the meat passeth away by stool, but also other undigested matter with it, in which case Petrus Bayrus in his Veni mecum, folio 273. adviseth to use things sour with meat, as Verjuice or the juice of sour Pomgranats and the like, in want whereof the juice of Lemmons is good, or rather syrup of Lemons, or syrup de Agrestis, or oil, or spirit of Vitriol taken in some fitting drink, as Card●us water, or fair water, wine, or Barley water, the oil of Vitriol. 3. Syrup of Lemons. Oil of Vitriol. drops taken with conserve of Roses is also good in this disease; also keep warm the region of the stomach and Liver, and inwardly as is said, it is good to use all good comfortable helps that warm. Of Diarrhoea. DIarrhoea is a flux of the belly which is either merely waterish, or with humours and with slime mixed, for the signs of the disease are manifest, the causes too many for my leisure to note unto you, concerning the cure of Diarrhoea if you see that the Patient be strong, there is no great haste of stopping this disease, for that it is many times a benefit of Nature, whereby she avoideth superfluous, or venomous, or Stop not at the first. otherwise vicious and offensive humours: but when you shall perceive that it hath continued certain days, and that the party is weakened thereby, then begin the cure as followeth: First give him ℈ ij, of Rhubarb dried as they use to dry Tobacco, and powdered either in wine or Carduus, or fair water, or the infusion thereof without the substance, A purge and after the working thereof, a gentle glister will do well, which may likewise leave a styptic quality in the guts, but not too strong, such as hereafter shall be mentioned, and let the party be laid to rest very warm covered, and warm clothes applied to the belly and fundament of the party; and if that helpeth not, you may give him Warmth is very good. within three hours three or four grains of Laudanum, and let him again incline himself to rest, and by God's help he shall be cured: but if he have a Fever give him an opiate first, I mean the Laudanum. Good helps to the cure of this disease and all Fluxes of the belly, are Laudanum. these following, first to refrain and resist as much as is possible the motions of going to stool, not to strain or force the body being at stool, not to sit long being at stool, in rising to remember to put up worth the observing. the fundament with a clout, and that if it may be with a warm soft clout: to sit as hot as the party can, namely if it may be often to sit upon an oaken board hot is very good, hot trenches, or pieces of boards heated and applied to the belly are very good, and to take the fume of wine vinegar sprinkled on a hot brick, or iron, and sit over it on a close stool is approved very good, and to sit over the fume of frankincense Manual help. or Amber with a chafing dish, and a few coals in a close stool is likewise very good: this disease in our climate for the most part by skilful Physicians and Surgeons is well and speedily cured, but in the Indies it is very hardly cured, in so much that many have To sit 〈◊〉 died of it▪ partly by the great wilfulness and disorder of the Patient, and by your leave also by the ignorance of the Surgeon being a thing they had not been warned of before, nor practised in, and by not having good remedies and instruments fit at hand to give men help, wherefore let young Artists have a care to these afore mentioned rules and medicines, not scorning them. A fume. And among other needful instruments for poor Seamen in fluxes, never be unfurnished in the ship of one or two close stools with doors to them, and Brass pails, that poor miserable men in their weakness may be eased thereon; and not to be constrained to go to either the beak-head, or shrouds (as they term it) for that not only increaseth the disease, but also causeth the falling down of the care to be bad. Ano or Arsegut, a fearful accident, except the Surgeon be very careful, diligent, and ready handed, in which cases all niceness, laziness, and disdainfulness (too much cleaving to some young men) must be laid aside, for the very omitting of his duty, in reducing the gut fallen A dangerous accident may easily be the death of the Patient; whose blood will cry to God for revenge. Wherefore young Artists that profess to fear the Almighty, aught to be compassionate to the meanest creature in this disease, as they would others should do to them in the like case, and not even otherwise. Petrus Bayerius an ancient learned Writer, alleging Galen in his second book, de locis affectis, defineth this disease as followeth: It is, saith he, termed Dysenterium, whereas variety of substances are sent out with the excrement, producing excoriation with dolour and pain, as if somewhat were shaved from the small guts, and that shaved, saith Admonition to young Artists. he, proceedeth from the choler and turneth to ulceration of the guts and is complete in two weeks, or proceedeth of a glassy coloured substance, and hath its termination in four weeks: or proceedeth of a Melancholy humour, and is in perfection in forty days: first beginneth the flux, then followeth the excoriation, etc. But to trouble the Reader much, or myself with long definitions, either of the causes or signs of this disease, my leisure will not permit me, and the rather will I not insist thereon, for that in reading I find divers learned and reverend Writers that have entered into long discourses of the signs and causes of this grief, prescribing divers methodical rules; and yet Ambiguity impertinent. they conclude of the cure of Dysentery, for the most part of them with a kind of Emperical form of curing, namely, some reciting one, some another medicine for the general cure of this disease: many of them ending without any rational, or methodical form at all, which argueth in my opinion that it is impossible either to find out all the causes thereof, or to prescribe any one true form for the general cure of the same, but the discreet Chirurgeon must be armed with judgement in these following principles; namely, that if he perceive it to proceed by fullness of blood or humours, to seek the health of the Patient by sundry the most rational and fittest evacuations; as namely, Advise to the Artist. bleeding, purging, and slenderness of diet: then also, to proceed to medicines which take away the acrimony, and heal the inward parts, then to those which are Anodine, and do cause rest. A learned French Chirurgeon named Guillemeau, writing a Treatise of this Guillimeau his opinion. disease, in his conclusion saith as followeth: The Empirical Medicaments which the methodical Physicians so disdain and esteem of little worth, are those which we through our experience, and through the diuturnal use of them, have found to be most excellent, which being used with judgement, are not to be disdained, seeing that Galen Ground of Arts. himself testifieth, that the Physician must be established on two foundations, to wit, reason and experience, whereof reason is as it were the soul of the same, which measureth and pondereth all things, and experience the body as a provident Tutor and Schoolmaster; Rhubarb pray said. wherefore seeing that experience teacheth us that Rhubarb in what manner soever we administer the same, (but especially the infusion thereof) is very commodious and profitable in this disease, as likewise is Spiritus Vitrioli with Rose-water, and Plantane-water, and also being administered with Cinnamon▪ water, saith Guillemeau, there is a sugarlike dulcor or sweetness extracted out of Lead, which never deceived thehope of the right reverend Master Duion a very learned Physician, where of I have attained the best of these discourses: the tincture of Coral and of yellow Amber, extracted with Aqua vitae, is in operation admirable, also Crocus Martis, or flos Surphur is being in season administered with the Conserves of Roses, Marmalet, Citron rinds, Saccbaram, Sa●●●i. with other such like things are very commodious, because among natural things I know nothing exsiccateth more, and opposeth itself more against all corruptions. To conclude, there are innumerable sorts of remedies which we must so compound, that they may have one similitude, or one Analogy with the disease: finally, we must in extreme Dysentery for the last remedy endeavour t●●●itigate the pain with narcotical things, as is the Oleum Jusqui●●● mandragorae, the cold seeds, the Philonium requies Nicolai, and many other such like compositions which are unto this disease used, and which may not be administered except great judgement and advice had thereon. Thus much what people most sub●ect t● this disease, and where. out of Guillimeau. This disease chief afflicteth Soldiers in Wars, and Seamen in long Voyages, and namely in hot countries, chief when after short and hard allowances they shall happen on the sudden to get great store of raw fruit, fresh meat, flesh or fish, or any other great change of pleasant diet, in which cases reason and judgement, as the principal helps are to be used, as for instance, this disease is incident much to such as change the place of their abode for a fare hotter or a far colder Country, but chief into hotter, witness the mortality through that disease which hath often befallen our Soldiers in the wars in France, etc. As also now at Bantham, how much doth it afflict them that live there. Moreover, as is said, if it proceed of repletion, evacuation, and thin diet, is the mean to proceed in the beginning of the cure thereof: if it proceed of an acrimonious fretting humour, than one of your first helps must be a present purge, if strength will bear it, namely of Rhubarb, as is said in the cure of Diarrhoea, or a Decoction of myrabulans and also a good Barleywater; the second good help is a Glister, which may be proper against sharp If the Patiented want rest, give him a Glister. humours: and after to conclude the cure with a dose of Laudanum Paracelsi, but if the party be in great weakness and want of rest, give him some comfortable glister first, next that an Opiate, I mean the Landanum one dose: you may begin in weak bodies first with Opiate medicines, in that there is most need of ease, and if you find after rest it help not, use a Glister or a purge as you see cause, for though the Laudanum at first cure not, yet it giveth rest, whereby the party afterwards, it is likely, will be the stronger to endure cure by other reasosonable The oft repeating of Laudanum requires this caution. medicines, which done, if that answer not thy desire, thou mayst return to Laudanum again and again, always remembering, as is said, there be four hours at the least distance, betwixt each dose, and if the disease proceed of heat, seek to cool the blood by a decoction of Plantain and cold herbs or seeds if they be to be had, or at Sea with such medicines as are used to quench heat, and are not merely sharp, and yet Oil of Vitriol is much commended to be taken certain days together in any kind of distilled waters, either Plantain, Sorrell, Strawberries or the like, whilst the said waters are good and sweet, or with Aqua Sparnolae, if it be at hand, also a Barley water with a little Alum or Galls in powder is singular good, so is Bole, but the finer the Bowl is the better, and Terra Sigillata, Syrup of Quinces is good also in that case, and so are all the medicines Laudanum laude dignum. made of sloes, after some due evacuation, as in thy discretion thou shalt see reasonable; but to conclude, a dose of Laudanum Opiate, is best to finish the work, for that goeth before, or rather exceedeth all other medicines in fluxes, for that suageth all pains and causeth quiet sleep which often even alone is the true perfection of the How to restore the patiented very weak by Disentery. cure. And further, if it 〈◊〉 appear, that this disease have so gotten the upper hand that the 〈◊〉 is grown very feeble, his blood being wasted, appoint him 〈◊〉 that may warm and comfort the stomach, namely, at land if it may be had, Broths of chickens or the like, with some Spices therein, and Eggs and Sugar, and a little Rose water, but not Honey, for that increaseth gripe, and caudles with eggs, wine and spices, according to good discretion will do well, if they may be A glister against excoriation. had, and give him, if thou see cause, a glister, if there be fear of excoriations in the guts, namely, a decoction of Barley or Bran, or of Bran only with Dear suet ℥ ij. let not your decoction be too slimy of the Bran, and add if you can get it, the yolk of one egg, for eggs comfort much and suage pain, the yolk of the egg must be well beaten with the decoction by little and little, so taken very warm, or if the party have gripe in his guts, make this clyster following, and for want of Bran take a little wheat flower, and with camomile, Centaury Wormwood, St. John's wort, or some of these, make a decoction adding A clyster for gripping through Dysentery. also Aniseed, Fennel, Dill ●or Cumin-seeds, or the like, or some of these at the least, adding after the boiling, some two or three spoonfuls of Rosa-solis or good Aquavitae, or some strong cordial waters, if you see there be cause to comfort and warm, and adding also, as is said Dear suet ℥ two. with wax ℥ ss. Another clyster. Also glisters of milk and eggs only are very good to suage gripe and pains, where they may be had; also as is said, warm clothes to the belly and fundament applied are very good, and note still that rest procured is a principal help in curing all fluxes. Another clyster. For excoriations of the guts, make a clyster with a decoction of dry Centaury, Hypericon, Wormwood or Balm, with barley, adding of Dear suet ℥ ij. and a little dried Galls in powder, or cut in slices, or succus acatiae or Cortices granatorum or dried red roses, if you have them, or Balausties, which are flowers of Pomegranates: Note what powders so ever you give in glisters, let them be exceeding finely powdered, otherwise they are very dangerous, & fear not to administer an opiate, as I have said, provided that there be four or five hours' distance of time twixt each dose: also you may give a dose of Rhubarb, namely, ℈ two. or ʒ ss. parched and powdered fine, for so it doth best, taken either alone, or with Sanguis prunellorum one small spoonful in wine, and a little Cinnamon water, or in any other convenient drink, as the present state of the sick shall cause thee, or for want of wine, beer or water, you may give the sick also conserve of roses or quinces, after which, if cause be to give the Laudanum again, you may safely do it. Furthermore in this case, as also in all kind of fluxes, fumigations are very good medicines, namely, sitting over a close stool, provided the sick be very warm kept, and not too hot, to which purpose a well burned brick heat very hot and put under the stool, laying two cold bricks under it, for burning the stool, and then sprinkle often the hot brick with vinegar if the disease be hot, or with vinegar and Aqua vitae mixed if it be cold, and for want of bricks some great pieces of old iron will serve, as it is already rehearsed, also a decoction of cinnamon or cloves, or both together, or nutmegs set under the stool, that the warm steam of the spices may come up into the body of the patiented, is very good. Note further, that where you fear a flux of the belly may follow, that you purge not the party with Coloquintida, Trochis de Alhandal, Agaricum, nor Diagredion. And remember ever when you give Rhubarb, that you give cinnamon, or ginger, or anniseeds, a little there with, which correcteth the flatuous disposition thereof. If this disease of the flux shall show itself to proceed of any contagiousness of the air, as sometimes it doth, this is certainly the All diseases proceed from God. most fearful of the rest, for although all diseases have their original from the hand of the Almighty, yet than we have all reason to call to our remembrances, the words which the Prophet David speaketh God must be sought unto▪ in the Psalms, whither shall I fly from thee O my God? when therefore the air which we are forced to receive into our bodies shall threaten us, then if ever, it is high time for Chirurgeon and patiented to cry unto God for his help and mercy, and yet not to mistrust, but to use all artificial means, referring the success to the Almighty. Wherefore in this case I hold nothing better than a good purge of Rhubarb, and then to take three or four grains of Laudanum Paracelsi, then after The cure of a flux through the contagion of the air. there may be given him one scruple of the best Treacle or Mithridate, or London Treacle, or merely Laudanum alone. You may give the party also a little Cinnamon water, or Aqua Theriaculis or Carduus water laying him to rest: It were also to be considered whether the body standeth in need of bleeding, purging, or a clyster: but when as the disease proceeds from contagious and venomous air, and is fierce, I hold it the safest course to forbear bleeding or purging, for If the flux be fierce and, sudden what to be done. fear of drawing back the venom to the principal parts, and rather to fly to Alexipharmacons or Preservatives, as Venice Treacle, Mithridate, Diatesseron, London Treacle, or the like: And presently after, or immediately with it, as is said give a dose of Laudanum, which of itself is a perfect cordial, and a good preservative. Many learned writers are of opinion that this disease is infectious, The flux through the air is infectious. and that the breath and excrements of the sick man may easily infect a sound man, affirming also that from putrified and diseased bowels, infections vapours do ascend and descend, and partly the rather by a kind of sympathy our bodies have each with other, but lest that opinion of mine uttered may perhaps offend the courage of young Artists, Infection should not daunt Surgeons called lawsully to the cure of any disease whatsoever. whom I seek by all possible means to embolden, let them take this rule from me, in the fear of God, I hold no disease infectious to me, in that I have a lawful calling, and I am therefore bound to visit the diseased, which who so neglecteth, God will find him out with that disease or a worse. Now a word or two of such medicines as are belonging to the chest found in the ship, or at the utmost may be found in the East-Indies, or that are likely to be found there, I intent to set forth some instructions for the Surgeon's Mate: and first The cure of Dysentery at sea, & of Lientery. note, I have cured many, both in Dysentery and Lientery, with burned Hartshorn, or in want hereof, I have found that only the hard bones of Beef or Pork calcined or merely burned till they be white, for so they must be, and it may easily be done in any wood or coal-fire, being not a fire of sea-coal, and then being powdered fine, and given continually in the ordinary drinks, during the time of the sickness it helpeth much, and you may assure yourself, that if you take much or little of it, it can do no harm to be taken, and with some few drops of Cinnamon water, if it may be had, it is the better, or a little Nutmeg and Cinnamon in powder therein, also I have givenit sometime with Rosa-solis and fair water mixed, of each two spoonfuls and ʒj. of the powder of bones. Another secret which hath cured many of the flux. ℞ Wheat flower, and thrust it veryclose together into an end ofa clout, and so bind it up hard, and close like a bullet, and put it into boiling water, and boil it three hours or more, and you shall find it will be very dry and hard as chalk, and powder it, and give of this powder ʒij. or more in any liquid substance fitting, and it is a very good midicine for any flux of the belly, either white or red: this medicine hath been often proved, and found sure at sea and land, yet it helpeth the virtue of the medicine well, if the vehicle or menstrum you give it in be also good, namely, if you give it with some liquid medicine proper to the grief, also Crocus Martis ℈ i. given in red wine, Aligant or French wine, or with beer or water for a need, adding certain drops of Cinnamon water, it is a very good medicine. The same also is given with Venice Treacle, or London Treacle, or good Mithridate is likewise very good, but to a weak person give it alone with Sugar, it will please his taste better than with other strong medicines. The cure, if the disease proceed of worms. But if you perceive the disease proceeds of worms as often it doth, then give the patiented a clyster of a decoction of Althaea roots, with a little wormwood, adding Coloquintidaʒij. where there is no great acrimonious A clyster. pains in the guts, but where there is great dolour in the guts, rather put some Bay-berries, namely ʒ ss. in your decoction; which decoction you may alsomake merely of the brain, if you please, and make it not too slimy, I mean, put not too much bran or roots therein, then add, if you have it, of Aquilla Laxativa, 12. grains, Dear suet ℥ two. or three ounces, and give it stirring well the powder therein, The means to kill worms. this Aquilla Laxativa, certainly will kill any worms, and give present ease: also almost all bitter things kill worms, as Aloes, Agaricum, Coloquintida, Wormwood, and the like, but principally Aquilla Laxativa doth it sure, and is safe to be given, the dose by way of clyster is to 10. grains. Mr. Edward's his medicine for the flux. ℞. red-rose water ij. spoons full, Cinnamon ℥ ij. Almonds of balance ℥ iiij. unblanched, the Cinnamon is to be bruised and boiled in iij. pounds of water till two. pounds be consumed, then reserve that decoction, and add three pounds more of fair water to the former Cinnamon and boil it as afore, reserve both the waters together, then beat or rather grind well your Almonds, and being well ground and beaten add thereto some little quantity of the water mentioned, grinding the Almonds therewith: and again beat the said Almonds and so often beat and strain them with more of the said liquor or water till all the substance of them be in the decoction which will be in the form of an Almond milk, then add rose water ij. spoonfuls, and as much sugar as to sweeten the said drink, give the Patient thereof to drink so oft as he please. Gluttony a cause of the Flux. Let such as fear the flix not overgorge themselves, for the evercharging & straining of the stomach of● bringeth this sickness, chief when the body is weak, as also if the food taken be crude or not well boiled or roasted, and merely fresh without any Salt. Also the use of eating tamarinds brought from Bantham if you use them overmuch by their acrimony may easily cause a flux, although their virtues in preserving from the Scurvy, are unreprovable and very good indeed. The signs of the places affected with the Flux. The higher towards the stomach the disease hath his beginning the more dangerous it may be adjudged. By the complaint of the sick you shall know partly in what part of the body the disease is, though not always: if the small guts be in the fault there is always great pain about the navel, but if it be in the gut Duodenum colon, or rectum, than the chief pain is in the lower parts of the belly, according to their places. The causes of the Flux with the signs of death. This disease proceedeth sometimes by Apostumation of the small guts, and then it is exceeding painful before it come to a Flux, neither can any anodine clyster prevail at all to give ease till the full suppuration of the guts be perfected, and that the Apostume be br●ken. If this disease proceed from a former great obstruction either of the liver, of the lungs, or the speen, there is small hope of life to be had. Also when convulsions of the sinews, singultas, and vomiting, or any one of these signs, especially the two first appear, then commonly death is at hand. One learned Writer rehearsing Hypocrates for his Author, saith, that usually before death in this disease a black or bluish spot will appear behind the left ear of the sick, which I also have seen observing it of late: you shall find Plantain water to be a very good liquor to give any dry medicine in for the flux, especially where there is any complaint of Plantain water, and seeds, and roots, are very good for the flux. heat, or excoriation, Plantain seeds are also good, and so is a decoction of the roots of Plantain very good for that use, or for glisters where it may be had. The purging medicines which are called Diauretick, or that provoke urine are also praised by Writers: but I leave them to be done with great judgement, only if you use any medicine to cause urine, the powder of yellow Amber is a sure one, and without any manifest hot or offensive quality, so is the powder of the Sea-horse peezel and the morse tooth, of any of which if you give ʒj. for one dose you may safely do it, but ℈ is sufficient at once Oil of Terbinthine and of Amber are good diau●●tick medicines, and much more fotceable than the former, but not so fit in this disease but rather good to drive gravel from the kidneys, and serve well touching the The giving of vomits require great care and a good judgement. cure of many cold and slothful diseases, as the Dropsy, Scurvy, Lethargy, and the like. A vomitive medicine is not amiss in Fluxes whilst the party hath strength, but the young Artist may easily make an error, small in show, which notwithstanding may quickly cost a man his life, wherefore if he attempt in such eases to cause vomit; as one principle let him have care to the true dose of his medicines; but first let us have good consideration, whether it be convenient to use any such medicine, or no, for where easier medicines will cure, never attempt greater; but mistake me not, I speak these things of love only to children in Art, and not to grave Artists, from whom I would gladly learn myself. Further, I advise the younger Artists not to strive to stay a Flux, as is said in a full body, till nature be first unburthened, partly by the disease, and partly by medicines fit. But as concerning Phlebotomy rehearsed as necessary in the cure of this disease, do it not without great discretion, and judgement; for the Patient weakened formerly with so terrible a sickness, and his spirits spent bleeding by a vein, not advisedly done may suddenly overthrow and kill him, yet again I must confess that rule holdeth not generally. CERTAIN SIGNS, PROGNOstications, and instructions which I hope will not be unprofitable for YOUTH concerning Fluxes The signs preceding the flux. THe Signs of the disease are always manifest of themselves, the signs, afore-running or demonstrating of the instant disease are these following: Pain and torture of the intestines, or ventricle. Galen testifieth cap. 2. locorum affectorum, in the very beginning of a Flux, saith he, sharp choler is sent forth, wring, and as it were offscouring, or off-shaving of the intestines appear, then after there followeth a little blood, and then beginneth the disease Dysentery, and by the relation of the Patient it will often appear if the pain be above or below the Navel. A painful slow expulsion of the excrements of the belly with small fragments bloody and fatty do argue the higher intestines to be affected, but if the grief be lower, a pain below the The excrements in fragments and fat therewith. Navel shall torment the Patient, than you shall see much fatness with fragments, and those fragments of the lower intestines will be more gross and less mingled with the excrements. A Dysentery slaying popularly and killing many, may be adjudged contagious, and is thought to follow a pestilential constitution, and if in the times of a general infection by the disease Dysentery, or Lientery, a white Flux called Diarrhaea with Tenasmus appear in the Patient, that party a little after shall be afflicted with the Dysentery. The Ulcers of of the small intestines are more dangerous than the ulcers of the greater. Difficulty of the intestines, if it proceed from a black choler is held mortal: Aph. 24. Sect. 4. Mortal signs in the Dysentery. Long difficulties of the intestines, hunger and weariness are evil signs, and it is so much the worse if it be with a fever: ●ph. 3. Sect. 6. Every Flux especially if it be Dysenterial, happening after a long sickness is mortal, but chief if it be sudden, because it argueth a sudden corruption of humours and great debility. A Flux drawing to a languishing dropfie is mortal. If in a Dysenteria a blue blue spot appear behind the ear, the Patient shall die, The Fluxes that are from the beginning waterish, and afterwards like an unguent, are evil. In all Fluxes of the belly, and in all other diseases, of weakness of the appetite, inconstancy of the mind, heaviness in sleep, imbecility of the legs, a hoarse and barking voice, a weak pulse, beating often, pains over the whole body, chief about the belly, blackness of the face, or of a deadly or leady colour, and coldness in all the extreme parts: theseafore-said signs foretell evil, but the signs contrary to these aforesaid are healthful. The Hicket after an immoderate flux of the belly is mortal. A good sign. Belching following a Flux of the belly is good, because it is a sign that nature hath received, or again begun concoction. A bad sign. A flux of the belly which is not appeased by fit remedies, is pernicious. A pestilent flux of the belly beginning with lienteria Dearrheae, or Tenasmus is worse in children then in ancient men, as experience teacheth. If that by the difficulty of the Intestines, the excrements come forth like pieces of flesh, it is a deadly sign, Aph. 26. Sect. 4. Another good sign. In fluxes of the belly, changes of the excrements is a principal good sign, unless the change be made worse, Aph. 14. Sect. 2. In perturbations of the belly and voluntary vomiting, if such things are purged thereby that aught to be purged, it is good: but otherwise the contrary, Aph. 25. Sect. Aph. 3, Sect. 4. A Dysentery which proceeds from yellow choler is not altogether mortal, as Galen affirmeth in his second book of natural faculties that General rules for the cure of the flux. many are cured of it. Lientery after Dysentery is mortal: these Canons following belong to the particular cure of any flux of the belly. No flux of the belly before the fourth day if the Patient be strong, is to be restrained. The ulcers of the higher intestines are to be cured with medicines taken at the mouth, but those of the lower with Glisters chief: and if ulcers be in both, then are they to be cured both ways. To such as cure a Dysentery, let astringent things be given before other meats, that they may the better be retained. Hot styptic things are good in fluxes proceeding of a cold cause: And on the contrary, if the concocting faculty shall be weak, the use of hot things is likewise good. If there be a cough with flux of the belly, the Patient shall abstain from all sharp styptic things. Sweeting medicines and frications with oil of Camomile and Dill, by opening the pores, and plucking back the matter to the opposite part are good in fluxes. Cupping-glasses saith Avicene applied four hours to the belly stay the fluxes of the belly. All styptic fruits by the counsel of Avicene are to be avoided in fluxes of the belly, notwithstanding Chestnuts hurt not, as the same Author affirmeth. Sleep among other things is good for a flux, and so is any quietness and rest good unless the flux proceed from some Catarrh or rheum. Touching the particular cure, if the disease come of a hot cause, let there be a lentive clyster administered before the fourth day, which is this. ℞ Aqua hordei ℥ xij. Mellis rosati ℥ ij. mingle it, and let it be made a clyster, twice reiterating it afterwards, let the choleric matter be purged thus: ℞. Rosarum ru●earum violarum, ●. ●. ℥ ●. let them boil A glyste only one walm, and in the straining, infuse them the space of six hours, then add these things: ℞. Cortexes mirabal: cit. ℥ j tragac. ʒij. A Purge. strain the medicine, and let it be so given: notwithstanding warily, for indeed many of our ancients did abstain altogether from purging medicines in fluxes: whereupon Avicene 41, capite 3. saith, that it is dangerous to lose the belly upon a former looseness. If the matter be sanguine, and the sick of reasonable strength, you may let the lower vein be opened, to repress the acrimony of the humour, to pluck back and cool the boiling of the liver, witness Avicena 4 ●rimi chap. 20. Phlebotomy doth bind the belly very much, and amongst many is held for a great secret: for a certain man of 70. years of age labouring with the dysentery the space of a month, when no other means would help, him he was cured by letting of blood, yet I confess myself should not easily do the like. If the excrements begin to grow thicker, and the gripe begin to cease, the token is good: if in the excrements scraping as it were of the guts seem to appear, it is no token of death. I read that the ancients used caustick Glisters of Arsenicum, aes vestum, Alumen & Calx vivum, but these later Pysitians use rather astringent and narcotick medicines as these, Cortices Th●ris, Masti●ts Boli Armeniae Sarcocollae, and the like. The'ulcers of the small guts are worse to receive healing then those of the great guts, for the greater are fleshy, and therefore they receive consolidation so much the easier. The ulcers of Jejunum, or the hungry gut are of all the worst, because it is smaller than the other, and because sharp choler doth suddenly happen into it, i● hath more veins in it then the rest, and is next to that noble part the liver, and further one reason of doubt is, for that medicines taken to bind and consolidate, cannot long remain therein. In the Dysentery what must be refused. In the Tenasmus and the Dysentery coming after it, the patient must abstain from all sharp, salt, and bitter things; because by using of such things, the excrements become sharp, and cause excoriation. Hot things restrain the flux of the belly because they, make the meat digest, penetrate, cause urine, and provoke sweat, which is found in the drinking moderately of pure wine, as Avic●ne witnesseth, besides that, it provokes sleep and helps digestion, notwithstanding it is to be abstained from in fevers, and when the flux proceeds from hot and choleric humours. A Dysentery proceeding from obstructions will never be cured with Astringent medicines, but rather with penetrating medicines, by adding a little vinegar which openeth more forcibly than wine, and mollisieth obstructions: for if Astringent medicines be mingled with de●icatives, they increase the obstruction. Although some say that in the Lienteria the meat taken in doth come forth in the same colour and quantity as it was when it was taken in: this notwithstanding is to be understood that the form and colour of it is of necessity changed, but it doth not wholly alter it, for they are altered somewhat according to the majus & minus, because it is an impossible thing that the nourishment being conveyed thorough so many intestines, should come forth without any alteration at all. There are some also which judge the Dysenteria and the Tenasmus by motion of the pulse, that the patiented hath a fever if the pulse be moved swift; yet it seems to me the contrary, although there is an over heating or boiling in the blood by reason of the hot humours, the great motion of the body, want of sleep and abstinence: yet with the flux only stayed, the fever hath an end. It is formerly said that the ulcers of the great intestines are to be cured with Glisters, and the ulcers of the small intestines to be cured with medicines taken at the mouth: notwithstanding it profiteth to take fit medicines at the mouth for ulcers of the great intestines, and Remedies for Vices in the intestines. in ulcers of the small guts to inject glisters, which sometimes ascend to both the ventricles, as experience teacheth: and so also are ulcers in the great guts sometimes cured by medicines taken at the mouth; wherefore let no convenient helps be omitted in case of necessity. And though Avicena saith, it is dangerous to purge the belly upon a looseness thereof, yet the same Avicena, Gerardus, Cremo, Serapio, Jordanus, de Turra and other later Physicians of ●ound judgement prescribe in the cure of fluxes Purgative medicines; therefore they appoint things according to the patient's strength, when a Dysenteria Galen s rule if the Dysenteria proceed from humours. proceeds of mavy humours; or having and ill quality, the cure as Galen witnesseth, hath one chief and most common intention, to that which is contrary to the disposition to be taken away; Therefore let there be given Myrabolans, which in this case are most excellent, for they correct the acrimony of the humours, and strengthen the ventricle, and the intestines; in want whereof Rhubarb may be as well given, being dried a little. But if the flux be pestilential, let the matter be purged presently by sweeting, as is said, not respecting the concoction of humours. Of Laudanum, Opiate Paracelsi, and the Virtues thereof. THere are many diseases which can hardly be cured without Anodine medicines, therefore in the Cure of such diseases, I mean where want of rest through extreme pain or other, the great disquiet of nature doth foretell an imminent danger of death, if rest be not speedily procured, in all such cases Anodine medicines may doubtless with great reason and good warrant be inwardly given. To procure therefore safe and quiet rest, sheweth great skill in the Artist, and to the Patient is more precious in his grievous infirmity then much treasure, but in no one infirmity have such medicine more showed their admirable virtues, than that noble medicine The chief virtue of Laudanum. called Laudanum Opiate Paracelsi hath done in the cure of that lamentable disease called dysentery, or the bloody Flux, as witnesseth divers of our Nation coming from the East Indies upon good proof, as also being no less approved of, not only by ancient and modern Writers, but by every expert Chirurgeon coming from those countries of their own, too many experiences thereof have been made. The virtues of this precious Anodine to be, I mean here recited, as they are noted and set down very learnedly by that famous Writer Oswaldus Crollius, late Physician to Mathias the third Emperor of Ozwaldus' 〈◊〉 Crossi●e 〈◊〉 of the virtues of Laudanum. Germany in his book called Bazilica Chymica, and not by him only, but also by divers good Authors of credit, which have written of the same medicine before, which virtues being very many, may seem almost incredible, though many of them myself am witness of to be true, out of my daily practice only; they are meant by the true composition, according as Theophrastus Paracelsus hath prescribed it, and is the same composition which the said Writer mentioneth. Touching the virtues of the Medicine. Ozwaldus concerning Laudanum. THis Laudable medicine (saith Ozwaldus Crollius) deserveth rightly his name, although thou call it Laudanum, for in all sharp pains whatsoever hot or cold within the body or without the body, yea, even when through extremity of pain, the parties are at death's door, or almost mad with the vehemency of the same, this precious medicine giveth ease presently, yea and quiet sleep, and that Laudanum more efficacious if the body be soluble. safely, but much better the body being first soluble, either by nature or Art, and you may give it safely, provoking first only one stool● by a suppository, or a glister were better: in the colic with Mint-water, it easeth the gripe forthwith. In the pains and gravel of the kidneys, likewise it giveth present ease. In the pleurisy it presently and safely giveth ease. In pains of the joints it is very good. In the staying of rheums, as toothache and other like defluxions in the beginnings, it is a singular good medicine, as namely in the toothache, dissolve four grains thereof in Plantain water, and put it into the ear on the aching side, and take three grains into the body, and lie to rest, it is a sure help. In all fluxes of the belly, whether they proceed of sharp or slippery humours, or whatsoever else offending cause taken with mastic, Terra Sigillata, fine Bole, or with any other appropriate good medicine, it is exceeding sure, for it fortifieth the other medicines, and doubleth their forces, adding his own also thereto. In extreme watch and want of rest, either inwardly or outwardly taken, it is profitable if outwardly you would use it, take four or six grains, with three drops of oil of Nutmegs, which is pressed out mixed together, and bind it in two little clouts, and put it into the nostrils, it will marvellously assuage pains in the head, and cause quiet rest. In the extreme bleedings of the nose called Hemoragie, it is an approved secret, that sixteen grains thereof divided into two pills, and thrust up into the nostrils, into each nostril one part, helpeth the same. In all kinds of Fevers it is good to be given with water of Wormwood, or pill-wise alone, and if the heat remain after six hours, you may give it the second time, and after that again in like time safely, not exceeding the dose: yet let your own experience lead you, that where you see three grains will not cause rest, in the next potion you give one grain more, and so increase paulatim, but increase not but upon good deliberation. In burning Fevers it assuageth thirst, and provoketh sleep chief in those Fevers, in which the party seemeth to have some show of rest, with tedious dreams and slumberings mixed. In the disease called Asthma, and in the Tysick, if it be used in water of Hyssop, it will preserve the diseased Patient a long time. It conserveth the natural heat, strengtheneth the spirits, repaireth strength lost: It is also effectual to be given to melancholy people which are void of reason, and are troubled with the passions of the heart. It is likewise used with good effect against vomiting, and the Hickcock proceeding of wind, faintness, or debility of the Ventricle. In the superfluous defluxions of the excremental or menstrual blood, it is an excellent remedy with Crocus Martis, or red coral. In frenzies and madness, both inwardly and outwardly it is good mixed with Aqua vitae, and the temples anointed therewith. In the falling sickness with spirit of Vitriol, or the quintessence of Camphire, with also oil of Almonds, it is usually taken. The dose of this opiate medicine, is two, or three, or four grains, if there be looseness of the belly, as is rehearsed, it worketh much the better. Note that in some parts of the world this medicine in the mentioned dose will do no ease, wherefore when you find that by experience, in the next Patient give more, but not to the same Patient without great reason. It is best given in any occasion accompanied with waters or The best way to administer it. other medicines which are most appropriate to the diseases, land parts diseased, and yet may very well be given alone in a pill, which I willingly do, for that the Patient than is least troubled with the taste thereof. A caution remarkable. But beware you use not this medicine to any, which are feeble through a great cough being oppressed with tough phlegm and shortness of breath, for there it is not good: if the disease be violent, as I have said, one dose may be given after another, with six hours at the least distance, very safely, but Ozwaldus Crollius saith, within four hours, as is said in the Cure of Dysentery. The cause of this description of Laudanum. In a word this Laudanum passeth all other medicines in the cure of Dysentery, for which cause I have published it to the benefit of the younger fort of Surgeons, which adventure their lives toward the East Indies; I know it is presumption in myself and deserves blame, that I should handle medicines of this nature so copiously, for which I crave pardon from that grave and learned Society of Physicians of London, whom of right I ought to reverence and do: excusing myself that I have done it merely for the benefit of young Sea-Chirurgions in the remote parts of the world, where they otherwise have used Opium in common, without understanding the danger or dose thereof, to the loss of many men's lives. It behoveth young men to be careful to carry with them such balance, as the beam will turn at one half of a grain, with weights and grains fitting, and to keep them warily and always ready at hand for all occasions, for he is an unworthy Chirurgeon, which is at any▪ time unready with such needful instruments. This Laudanum I esteem so sufficient a medicine truly Not●▪ prepared in all causes, where an opiate medicine is required, that if I were upon my life to morrow to undertake a Voyage to the East-Indies in any great Ship, I would renounce all other compositions of that kind whatsoever, rather than miss it: yet am I not ignorant of divers other good compositions of Opiate medicines in daily use, as namely Philonium Persicum Romanum, nit. & mes Roman sen Tarcenci, Athanasicamagna, Aurea ●lexandrina, Trifera magna nic. Diacodion, Diascordion Laudanum excelleth all other Opiates. and many more: before all which I only would take the true Laudanum Opiate Paracelsi, for when the rest had fully fermented at Sea, and were void of all their supposed virtues, which their preparers had challenged them to have had, yea and had been turned to crawling Animals▪ even then and twenty years after their deaths, may any man rely upon the foresaid Laudanum, as a true medicine, which medicine notwithstanding, I know it is impossible for the Surgeon's Because of his duration. Mate to prepare at Sea, yet for that he should be the better satisfied, when he hath occasion to use it, I thought it not a miss to set down the ingredients, with also the true form of the preparation thereof, his verbis out of Ozwaldus Crollius being one of the best I ever found or read. Laudanum Paracelsi Laudatissimum, and the true preparation thereof. ℞. Opii Thebaici uncias i●es. Succi Hyoscyami debito tempore collecti, & in Sole prius inspissati unciam unam & sem specierum Diambrae & Diamos●hi, fideliter dispensatarum ana uncias duaes cum dimidio mummiae transmarinae & selectae unciam sem. Salis perlarum. Gorallorum ana drachm. iij. Liquoris Succini Albi per Alcohol Vini extracti. Ossis de corde Cervi ana drachmam j. Lapidis B●zoartici. Unicorni animalis vel mineralis drachmam unam. Moschi. Ambrae ana scrupulum J. In defectu genuini auri potabilis nullis corrosivis inquinati addantur, Oleorum Anisi. Carui. Arantiorum. Citrorum. Nu●istae. Cariophyllorum. Cinamomi. Succini ana guttae 12. Fiat ex his secundum artem Chymicam, massa, sen extractum, ex que a● necessarios usus, possint pillulae efformari. Observations in the preparation of this Medicine. The time of gathering them ℞ The roots and rinds of the younger Hemlock, casting away the inward woody part thereof: the time of the gathering thereof is the Summer, the Moon being in the sign Aries or Libra, and before the full of the Moon, and if it might be done it were best to be gathered in the very hour the Moon is entered into one of the said signs: The preparing of the juice expressed. this observed, let the juice thereof be pressed out, and filtered, and coagulated, then set in the Sun to harden, which done, extract the tincture thereof per spiritum vini: the Opium ought o be purged in some distilled water, as of Hyssop or the like, as Aloes is used to be purged, and after, the tincture thereof to be extracted per spiritum The preparation of the Species Diambrae. vini, the tincture of the Species Diambrae is to be extracted also per spiritum vini. The juice of Hioscyami, or Henbane with the extract of Opium mingled, together with the spirit of wine, whereinto they are extracted before, is to be evaporated from them ere that they be mixed with the rest of the ingrediences. Also the opium and juice of Henbane must be digested in Chemical manner for a month at the least, that thereby their sulphurous, venomous, and dangerous vapours they have may be well corrected, which vapours have a yellowish froth or scum seen in the superficial parts of them, and are very obnoxious and dangerous, which I thought not amiss to advise the studious and industrious Chemist of. A special observation. Let all the extractions be done in the true spirit of wine well rectified, and then the longer the extract remaineth in the digestion, the better will be your medicine. He that intendeth any part of this composition for women, must forbear the musk and ambergris, and use with it rather four grains of good castoreum, I mean in that one dose he intends to give A digression. the women; but in this I digress from my scope of the Sea practise, where women in long voyages are rare creatures. Wherefore to the business in hand: the feces of the opium hioscyami, specierum ambrae, etc. after their tinctures are extracted from them, are to be calcined and Extraction. brought into salt, namely by infusion in some fitting liquor, after calcination, with all due filteration, evaporation, and coagulation with Calcination. Cohobs convenient, and add to the rest of the composition. And concerning the tinctures mentioned to be extracted in spiritu vini, after one month digestions the spiritus vini is by balneum mariae to be evaporated till the residence be almost of the thickness of honey: Evaperation. which done and gathered clean into one convenient glass, porringer, or the like instrument, then add the salt corallorum, perlarum Mummia beaten fine, and also the Bezoar, and the cornu cervi, muscus and ambra, The ma●ner to fivish the composition. all in fine powder, and well mixed with the said extracts, then add the aforelaid salts of the recited feces, and also the former recited oils, all of them first mixed together with the Liquorice and Succini shaken well together in a glasse-violl with a few drops of spiritus vini, for that the said spirit of wine causeth the recited oils well to incorporate, which done, and that they are mixed all in one and added to the former, the Laudanum is ready, only if you could forbear your Medicine so long that it might afterwards stand in a small Alimbeck of glass, with a blind head one month, it would be much the better. To compose this Opiate aright is b●rd to a Bungler. This Medicine though it would put many that profess much knowledge in the Art of the Apothecary to their trumps truly to prepare it, yet to an artist which is a true preparer of Medicines it is plain and pleasant to be done, and once done, it is for his whole life a sure medicine, and will do the workmaster credit that useth it. I have the rather explained this medicine for that so many gross and dangerous compositions are daily hatched up, and uttered abroad for currant under the name of Laudanum Paracelsi opiati, to the extreme hazard of the lives of very many, and to the great prejudice of the Commonwealth, from the danger whereof God deliver each honest Christian. And for that the younger sort of Artists should not easily be deceived with false compositions, though I confess it is Marks to discern the false from the true Laudanum. not possible to espy some cunning deceits which may pass in fare plainer compositions than this is, yet take these few notes following when you would buy it, for remembrances. First note, that the medicine is falls, if it be uneven, I mean if it have any course or gross thing in it, so that it will not all clearly dissolve as a juice of Liquorice well made will. Notes of the true Laudanum. For this is an infallible rule, extracts are the pure parts of things, and will wholly dissolve, or be dissolved. Further note, that if either honey or sugar be found in the medicine, it is false. Also if it be more liquid than the ordinary balls of Liquorice made up in London, it is false or foolishly made, and will not keep. Also if it retain the loathsome smell of Opium, it is not to be trusted. Also if it be not merely of one colour, so that you see nothing of the ingredients appear at all, it cannot be good. For assure thyself this composition truly made must be smooth, and well smelling, of such an indifferent hardness, that without additions you may roll it into pills, and is not greatly ponderous or heavy, but it is of an unpleasant taste, I must tell thee, and therefore I use to give it, as I have said, in a pill, except necessity by weakness of the Patient when he cannot swallow a pill, urge the contrary, or that I use it in outward griefs, as to othache, etc. Iliaca Passio. ILion, or Iliaca Passio is a most painful disease, proceeding from an A fearful visitation. obstruction of the small guts, which suffering nothing to pass downwards causeth a great wring and pain, so that many which are oppressed with this dis●ase do perish, and die a very miserable death, ending their days, with their feces, or their own excrements issuing out at their mouths, and it is many times noted for a disease infectious. Iliaca and Colica differ in place. This woeful kind of belly-ache or Iliaca Passio, differeth from the Colic in the situation, in that it hath his place and being in the small guts, and the colic only in the great guts, so that a vomit sometimes giveth ease herein; but glisters seldom or never give any help, for that seldom any thing will be brought forth downwards though the glisters, be never so strong: but herein the help that is to be hoped for by glisters is fare better effected by the glister Syringe, then by the glister bag, for one may deliver it with that Instrument with as great force as you please. Causes. THe causes of this disease are almost one with the Colic, both which are obstructions in the small or great guts, and proceed chief of three causes, as saith Dominic●● L●●▪ namely 1 The dryness of the ordure, or excrements. 2 Abscessus, or a b●le, or a botch in the guts. 3 Thick and dry humours. Also this disease sometimes cometh by distemperature of the air being very cold, also by a blow or bruise upon the gut ●lion, the inward causes may be very many, namely by drinking of poison, or cold water, meats of hard digestion, binding of the belly, and such like. Signs or tokens. THe signs or tokens whereby this disease is known, are as Galen affirmeth, 7. Aphoris. 19 is an intolerable pain and wring in the upper part of the guts, and no excrements descending downward. Sometimes it moveth heavy and sore vomits, so that the very feces are vomited upward, of which disease or grief scarce any in that kind do escape, as Galen witnesseth, lib. 6. cap. 2. I have seen the like in a A fearful vomiting. Rupture by reason of a part of the gut Ilium that was fallen through the Peritoneum into Scrotum that could not be reduced, the sick vomited his excrements, and died the second day. Also much watching sometimes causeth great pain in the small guts or Ilium, unrest, strong Note. Convulsions, cold in the extreme parts, and if any feces be gotten forth of the fundament by any means they being put into water will swim aloft. Item if this grief come of poison drunk, than the Patient will suffer Tremor Cordis, soundings, debility of the faculties of the body and vomit, do commonly go before the pangs, and all these aforesaid signs are usually more vehement and stronger than in the Colic. Prognostica. When the Iliack cometh with distilling or dropping of urine, the party dieth within seven days, Galen aphoris. 44. except an Ague happen, so that in the mean time sufficient quantity of urine do come. Item, vomit, the Hicket, foolishness or idle convulsions are evils signs, Avicen upon the 7. aphor. 10. A deadly sign. The vomiting upward of the excrements, deadly, yet young folks escape in this disease sooner than old folks. A good sign. The Ilium, where the pain doth change from place to place, is of least danger: because it dependeth or proceedeth of wind, which is easily rosolved. Another. The breaking of wind upwards or downwards, and stinking much is evil and deadly: as also the excrements much stinking is the like. Cure. Promise n● cure. IN the cure of this disease no Physician or Chirurgeon, respecting his credit, will take upon him absolutely the cure thereof, especially if the Scurvy be confirmed in the patiented, but with protestation of death if the Patient do vomit the feces or excrements upward, but if the Promise no cure. Scurvy be not yet confirmed in the Patient, than the cure of this disease differeth little from the cure of the Colic, and may be indifferently used, and is all one, but that only the stronger medicines, and greater diligence is to be used in the Iliack, then in the Colic: which if it were on shore or land, much more good might be expected, Observations. where air, diet, place, and many other helps, observations, and considerations according to the quality of the disease, with advice also of the learned Physicians observed, all which the Sea affordeth not. Certain brief and speedy notes for the Surgeon's Mate at his need, when neither Doctor, Chirurgeon, nor Apothecary is to be had. Iliaca of poison. FIrst, if the disease come of poison exhausted, a vomit with warm water and then warm oil, or some fat broth is to be administered, and after a day or two some good treacle to be used. If the cause come of crude meats remaining in the stomach, or that the disease come of crude and raw meats, a vomit is to be used. But if there be no crude meats yet remaining in the stomach, than all means must be used to disperse the wind, and to draw the excrements Of potions and glisters. downward, either by potions, glisters or such like: and first with glisters to supple the guts, and to evacuate the obstructions of the lower parts: make therefore a glister of common oil, or Linseed oil, and give him, or a decoction of March-mallow roots, Comfrey roots, Linseeds and Fenigreek, adding Bay-berries and oil of Dill, and Pulvis Arthreticus, or species Hierae Pigrae ℥ j, give this glister with the great Syringe, and put it up with good force, remembering to add salt, one small spoonful thereto. Also you may use Suppositories and all other helps which are proper in the cure of the Colic, or a mixture of honey and salt Peter, or Niter to anoint the fundament therewith, and use foments with sponges, etc. as in the Fomentations. Colic. Also Phlebotomy may be used, especially in young men, and that in Summer, or warm Countries, and namely, where the disease cometh of an Apostume, or botch: Purging potions are also good, as Pulvis Arthreticusʒj, in wine or beer, or Aquilla Laxativa 12. grains in a pill or in beer dissolved. Moreover, Resolution of the matter is to be made with foments, with cloth or woollen stupes wet in oil, wherein Dill, Camomile, Rew, Hollyhocks, etc. have been boiled, and applied very warm. Also Cataplasms made of Barley-meal, Cummin, Rew, Linseed, Fenigreek, Dillseeds, Anniseeds, Fennel-seeds, Bayberries, and the like, are very convenient. Cataplasmes. Also the Patient is to sit in a Bath made of oil and water, wherein are boiled Camomile, melilot, Dill, Althaea, or Holy-hock, Rew, Bayberries and the like, all these are good helps. A strange medicine. Nota S●ercus L●pinum is a remedy in the Iliaca passio, even as album Gracum is in the angina. Also old Treacle and Mithridate are good helps for those which cannot hold their meat, and you must give them to drink the powder of Thus or Frankincense, and Cumminseeds in warm oxymel. To conclude these brief notes, I wish the young artist in this miserable disease, to try by strong glisters and purges and every other good means which is warrantable, and not strictly to rest upon these short instructions, in cases difficult and dangerous. Collica passio. The pain described. COllica passio is called in English the Colic, and it is called a passion, because the pain therefore is so great and vehement, that many times the patiented desireth rather to die then to live in that vehement pain. This disease hath his name of a gut called Colon, and happeneth very often when the excrements are retained beyond their natural times and customs. How it happeneth. This infirmity is engendered of ventorsitie, or wind in the gut Colon, and cannot get out, sometimes it proceedeth of colerick humours, and untemperate heat which drieth up excrements, and hindereth the due evacuation: also it cometh sometimes of cold and dry distemperatures with increase of fatness, making strict the passages of evacuation of the excrements, and weakeneth the expulsive faculties. Also this pain proceedeth sometimes from the humours of the stomach, gathering wind from the liver and milt, sometimes from the reins of such as have the stone. Also from an Apostume in the womb, and sometimes it proceedeth from all the parts of the whole body of man, as in fevers, where the humours are expelled from the veins to the guts, and proceedeth of hot and dry, or cold and dry distemperatures but never of moist, as saith Dom. Leo. Signs. Vomiting a sign. THe signs or tokens of this passion are both general and special. General signs are vomiting, loathing of meats, great pain, retention of the excrements, unrest, grief or pain in the forepart of costiveness a sign. the belly, constipation so great, that it will go neither upward nor downward. The special or proper accidents that do always accompany the Colic are continual thirst, vomiting of choler, watch, by lose Continual thirst. or choleric, excrements, a straining or wring pain, though not long enduring, and young persons in the Summer are most subject to a lose colic: but the tokens or signs of the state of a cold body in old age, are slothfulness and laziness, much desire after gross and cold meats, rawness Nausea, or quesinesse of the stomach, ready to cast, but cannot, Pituositie or slimy vomits, little thirst, the pain more remiss but longer continuing. Rumbling of the belly, desiring Beware of cold drink. to drink cold water, or small drink. Longing after all manner of fruits, and white meats. The pain changing from place to place, and the feces to swim being put in water and very many such like signs too tedious to trouble the Surgeon's mate withal at Authority. this time. Avicenna saith, that amongst outward signs of this disease, if the patiented sick of the Colic have certain small whelks or bushes arising upon his belly, about the bigness of a bean, ulcerating and continuing above two days, it is a sign the patient will die of the disease: Also when the Colic doth not give place to Glisters, Foments, Motions Cataplasms, and such like good remedies: you 2. Authority. may then with Galen 12. Methodi Medendi, judge that biting humours do possess the tunicles of the guts, but if the disease yield or give way thereto, than the matter of the disease is contained in the cavity or hollowness of the guts. The Colic still continuing with vomiting, cold sweats, often sobbing or the hicket, and not giving way to remedies administered, is deadly. A pestilential Colic, or contagious Colic, doth almost always kill. A Colic with feces voiding slimy substances, though an Apostume be in the greatest guts, yet it is curable. The Colic proceeding of wind is easily cured. An easy or good breathing, or taking breath is a good sign in the patiented that he may be cured, but difficult breathing showeth the contrary. The Cure. Method of the cure. THe manner of curing the Colic is effected by renewing and taking away the cause, and then the pain vanisheth: But to remove the cause, many things are to be put in practice; as preparing the humours by evacuation, remission and resolution, all which require some long time, and therefore other means are first to be used to take away the pain, or at least to mitigate the same with anodynes first. Anodine medicines, and the due application of convenient helps of warm and moist temperatures, which not helping, you must again Necrotical medicines if need. have recourse to Necroticall and Stupifying things, which indeed are not to be used, but in great extremities to give the patiented some present ease. Anodine medicines are to be administered so well inwardly as outwardly; as first inwardly, namely in glisters consisting of moist and fat substance, as the decoction of Camomile, Dill, Linseed, melilot, Mallows, Hollihock, Fenigreek, Bayberies', or some of these, with one ounce of the new extract of Cassia, and some sugar, with Linseed oil and butter administered. Outwardly, these are to be applied, either Unctions, Cataplasms, Fomentations, Baths, or some such like convenient medicines, as time and place best fitteth. But if these should not help, then in great extremities, you are to fly yet again to Necroticall or stupifying medicines, as namely Landanum Paracelsi, which exceedeth all Necroticis: or Philonium Romanum is also a good medicine; these are only to be used in causes proceeding of heat, and never of cold causes; for in cold causes that were rather to confirm the disease, and yet in the judging whether the cause be hot or cold, sometimes a good Artist deceives himself. If the Colic come of wind, than you must apply warm resolving medicines, I mean dissolving and dispersing medicines. Notes to be considered of by the Chirurgeon in the beginning tf the Cure of the Colic. FIrst, whilst the meat is yet in the crude gut, I mean before it be digested A caveat. and turned into excrement, no losing medicines are to be administered, but rather a small and spare diet, and in the beginning to begin with mollifying glisters, and then afterwards to proceed with more sharp and stronger. But before all things, if the Patient have a full stomach, and withal queasy, after a clyster, than a vomit is principally Glisters and vomits. to be administered. Secondly, Repletion or overfulnesse, as well as too much fasting is to be avoided. Thirdly, no Agarick is to be used in any of your medicines for the Colic, because that cleaveth to the guts, and most bringeth terrible pain and tortions, yet Stokinus a learned German Writer, doth Beware of Agaricum. highly extol the same to be put in Glisters to give it present ease. Fourthly, you must by cordials have a care to preserve the Liver, Heart, and Head, lest they be hurt or offended by the vapours, and A caveat. overmuch heat of the ointments, cataplasms, and fomentations which are usually applied to the parts aggrieved. Fifthly, in the beginning over vehement warmings are to be avoided, A second caveat. especially, if the Colic proceed of the dry feces; for thereby they be the more dried▪ Sixthly, cold water is to be avoided, and not any ways to be permitted to be used to quench thirst withal, but rather let the patiented use some stewed prunes, Julip of Violets, conserveses, and such like; or a barley water, with a few drops of oil of Vitriol and some liquorice are good. Specifical remedies. Specifical things that cure the colic are very many, as horse-dung drunk in wine, hares-dung or hen-dung drunk in Oxicratium, where such may be had. Also the powder of Hartshorn, coral, cockel-shels burnt, or swine's hoofs burnt or Calcined till they be white, and such like, according to the diversity of the causes. Further in the particular cures of this disease, there are very many things observed by the learned Physicians, according to the diversity of the causes, which were too much to trouble the Surgeon's Mate withal at this present as the air, diet, and divers other good helps to the cure of this grief, which cannot be observed at sea, only fish and water-fouls are to be avoided as much as may be. The Cure. To cure the Colic which cometh by means of the feces remaining, and being dried up, which happeneth most commonly at the sea in long voyages, and especially in hot countries: there are three sundry intentions to be observed. The first, to mollify the feces, and supple the guts. Secondly, in Evacuating, to discharge the belly. Thirdly, to remove or take away the cause of exsiccation, or drying up of the feces or excrements. The first is performed with glisters made of common oil or butter, with the decoction of Mallows, Violets, Beets, &c, and by drinking oil of sweet almonds, or a decoction of Polypodium. The second thing which doth bring forth the mollified feces or excrements is Cassia fistula or Manna, or Diaphenicon, or Hiera, or sharp glisters. The third intention curative, if it could be attained to at Sea, were to remove first the external causes of the disease; as over-warm air, over-salted dry meats, and small quantity of food, fasting, watching, melancholy, and the like, inwardly to help the weakness of the expulsive faculty, with Treacle, Mithridate, Conserva rosarum, or the like cordial helps, helping also the expulsive faculty with glisters and such like good things: For further inward remedies you may use the aforesaid glisters, or half a drachma or ʒj. of Sulphur vivum drunk in warm wine, and the belly well covered with warm clothes helpeth somewhat. Item, Carraway seeds made warm in wine, but not boiled therein, being drunk helpeth. Item, a clyster made of Soap and Honey is a present remedy. Item, a bag stuffed with bran, and made very warm sprinkled a little with vinegar, and applied to the belly is good. Item, Goat's milk, or other milk, boiled with honey, and applied to the belly with a sponge, or cloth warm, in manner of a foment, healeth the Colic, and driveth away worms, and ceaseth the pain. Item, the gall of a bullock, Salgem, Aloes, common oil, ana partes equales, mingle them and make an ointment thereof, wherewith anoint the fundament before the fire, that looseth the belly, and bringeth forth the hard feces. Tenasmus. The definition of Tenasmus. TEnasmus or Tenasmus, as Hypocrates calleth in his sixth Aphorism and in the seventh book, is a disease, of extension, or straining out of the right gut called intestinum rectum, being oppilate or stopped, and of some English writers it is called costiveness. This disease as Galen saith in his second book De methodo medendi, is when a man hath an extraordinary provocation, lust or desire, and a vehement straining to go to the stool, but cannot void any thing at all, except sometimes some small quantity of slimy matter, which now and then is mixed with blood or a bloody substance, and the extraordinary desire of emptying or going to the stool ceasing. The causes of Tenasmus outward and inward. Outward as Cold. Heat. Drought. A corrupt asire. Bathing in cold w●ter. Necrotical ointments. Inwardly as salt humours. This disease precedeth of divers causes and accidents, both outwardly, and inwardly. Outwardly by cold, coming accidentally to the hinder parts, arsegut, as the long sitting upon a cold stone, upon iron, a board, upon the cold ground, or any hard thing, whereby the Sphincture or round muscle compassing the strait gut is pressed or bruised. It cometh also by intemperate heat, and drought, and corruptness of the air and weather: sometimes by long bathing in cold water, and sometimes by much using narcotial ointments, and such like. Also inwardly this disease proceedeth of salt biting humours abounding throughout the whole body of man: also by means of some hot or cold imposthume, or after a Dysentery or Flux, whereas some choleric matter remaineth behind in the right-gut yet unevacuated. And sometimes too happeneth here in our Country, as some English Writers affirm, by little drinking of Beer or Ale, and sometimes it cometh by drinking Too much drinking of wine. Nature of Tenasmus. too much wine, and by eating of costive meats, and superabundance of choler adust. This disease is of the nature, or disposition of a Dysentery or Flux, but that the Dysentery paineth the Patient with grievous tortions through all the guts, but Tenasmus paineth the Patient usually in the right gut only, as appeareth by Galen in his third book De causis Symptomat. And Trajanus in his sixth Chapter, and Gal. de causis & sympt. lib. 3. Trajan. cap. 8. lib. 6. The signs of Tenasmus. eighth book, who affirmeth the same, saying, Tenasmus recti inte●tini est effectus, etc. The signs and tokens of this disease are chief to be known by the Patient's relation of the temperature of the body, slender diet, and egestions, whether it be hard or costive, or else thin or liquid. The pain described. In Tenasmus the pain doth not ascend so high as the navel, but is chief felt with heat, pricking, and burning with a desire of emptying in the end of the sphincture, the excrements being of a yellowish colour Another sign. in young men (like their starching now adays) but in old persons the excrements are of a more pituos, slimy and bloody substance. If the disease proceed of an Impostume, the Patient will feel a continual pain, and the more augmented and grievous when he goeth to the stool. Prognistica. Tenasmus after a Dysentery is most hard to be cured. Necessary observations. Tenasmus in a woman with child causeth oftentimes abortion, sobbing, vexing, or the hickoke, and is very pernicious, and betokeneth much dryness. Tenasmus long continuing, bringeth the Collica and Iliaca Passio: or Swoonding and diseases of the head. Tenasmus is not numbered amongst long nor sharp diseases, for that it is soon cured; and if the Patient do eat and drink well, there is no danger. The cure. How to cure Tenasmus proceeding from cold. Tenasmus is cured by taking away the causes thereof, from whence it doth proceed; as if it come by outward cold, then let there be applied to the Ose pecken, and hips warm, resolving fomentations and applications, as bags of millium with salt, being roasted or fried, or sacks with bran sodden in wine, or water, and so applied as hot as may be suffered, and the fundament and parts anointed with oils of Rew, Lilies, Bays, Vnguentum martiatum, and such like: Alexander in his sixth Chap. and eight book saith, Tenasmus is cured with foments of Fenigreek and the roots of Altheae, being boiled and injected into the belly, and also the Patients hinder parts well suffumigated with the same decoction, the Patient being compassed about close with clothes, and so set over it, and then the fundament afterward anointed with oil of Roses, fresh butter, or goose grease, with wax dissolved, Bears and Capons grease, and such like. Item, A fume of Frankincense and pitch, being cast upon burning coals, and the Patient set close over the fume, helpeth presently. Item, To give present ease to that pain, let two bags be filled with wheaten-bran, and steeped in boiling vinegar, and the Patient to sit thereon so hot as may be suffered, and to change them continually, as the one cooleth to take another. Note that in this disease of Tenasmus, no cold things are to be applied A special instruction in administering a clyster for Tenasmus. at all. Item, such glisters as are used in this disease should not exceed half a pound, and the glyster-pipe to be put into the gut not above two finger's breadth at the most in length within the gut. Concerning exitus, vel progressus, vel procidentia A●i, in English, the falling of the fundament. THis disease for the most part is accidental to our Nation in hot countries, and that chief after or in the time of a great flux of blood or humours, although it is manifest it also happeneth in all Children more subject to this disease then old people. countries and places, both to young and old, but chief to children upon divers several occasions, which I list not here to amplify, having no intent to set out my work in painted phrases, for I would only arm the Surgeon's Mate how to proceed in the cure thereof at Sea, and yet I know the same will take good effect also at land where that disease happeneth. The Causes. Causes of the falling of the fundament. THe causes of this grief are too many to be named, the sign thereof is manifest, that it is a resolution or a relaxation of the muscles of those parts: whereby the gut slippeth or slideth down lower than the natural place thereof, namely, out of the body. The cure of this grief is for the most part short, and likewise if the Patient at Sea be careful and go not out to the shrowds or Beak-head of the ship to stool, neither in going force the expulsive virtue of his body over much, it will not easily fall down again. The Cure. It is cured as followeth, namely, at the first going out, use no other remedy then a warm soft clout and thy hands, and gently return it into his due place, and let the party after it is reduced, sit on a hot board, or have a very hot napkin doubled and applied to his fundament, and another to his belly: but whereas this disease for the The cure if it proceed of the fluxes of the belly. most part proceedeth from the fluxes of the belly, in such cases you must proceed to the cure of such fluxes of the belly, and that effected you shall hear no more of this accident; but if it usually fall out, it is The cure if it useth often to fall down. the more dangerous, than you may proceed as followeth▪ set the party over a close stool, and fume the place as warm as he can suffer it, with a fume of Thus, Mastic, amber, rosin or pitch, or any one of these, and being fumed well and very warm, bestrew the gut fallen down with Album Gracum well powdered and fine, for this is precious, though a homely medicine, but therewith this disease is cured, and many other infirmities also; but there is a great care to be had to the powdering and well searsing of the same, for that it is often full of sharp pieces of bones very dangerous: I say therefore this being The putting of it up. carefully prepared, and applied with warm soft clouts and warmed The Patients help required. hands put it up, and let the party as it were endeavour to draw in his breath in the doing thereof, for it will with ease be brought up: and being thus put up, into his place, it falleth not easily out again; the same effect hath burned Heart's horn powdered, or any other hard bones burned into white powder, are very good, powder of Gall-apples or Galls is thereto a good medicine strewed on as the former; Pomegranate Pills powdered doth the like, and Balausties or Sumach is also good, being powdered and strewed thereon. Also a fomentation A Fomentation. very warm of styptic drying things are good, as for example. ℞ fresh water, heat and quench pieces of iron or steel often therein, if it can conveniently be done: if not, only fair water, a convenient quantity of about a quart, boil therein the quantity of one large Gall, put to it a little Alum about ʒij. a little Succus Acatiae some ʒ ss. or less, cinnamon if it may be had ℥ ss, or pomegranate rinds ʒ j if you have them, or Baulausties a little, and therewith foment well the part, and after fomentation let it be very gently put up to his place, but French wine or Aligant were better than water for the fomentation. Further, have a great care that whatsoever you use by way of fomenting A special caution. or otherwise, each thing be actually very warm you apply, or they will endanger him. It will likewise not be amiss, if you add a little good Aqua vitae or Rosa solis to your fomentation after it is boiled, especially if your decoction be water. Bean flower is also good to strew thereon, when you go to put it up, but Album Graecum is the best thing you can use, Mastic in powder is also a very good medicine to strew thereon, use as little force, as may be in putting it up, and have ever ready a Chaffendish with fire, when you go about that work, to warm clouts, and your hands also. And The Patients help very needful and profitable to himself. Let the Patient beware. if you find it difficult to be reduced, let the party be set on his head and hands, with his legs abroad and it will help somewhat, but beware he stand not so too long, but rather let him rest and begin again, or kneeling on his knees and elbows is also good, only let him remember that he draw in his breath, as I have said, for that availeth much, and let him not seek to close or draw together his fundament as little as he can, till the gut be reduced to his place. If upon occasion of the flux you be constrained to use confortative o● restringent How to prevent it in the time of the flix afflicting. glisters with also your Laudanum, you shall not need to fear but it will keep up: or if these things help nothing, I fear he is hardly to be cured, but they have never failed me; and so I conclude to the honour of the Almighty concerning this disease. Of the Calenture. THe Calenture by all my experience, or what I can gather from What the Calenture is. others is no other thing then a contagious fever, for the most part suddenly assaulting Seamen, sometimes it is with paroxysmes, The quality of it. sometimes continual, and hath fits hot and cold in some, and that very violent, even to the loss of senses and life also. The Causes: The causes thereof. THe causes thereof are divers, as namely the intemperature of the Climate, or degree of the world causing an evil habit in the bodies of men, when they come into such contagious airs, the evil nutriments the Sailors have at Sea, strong obstructions, the abuse of themselves in diet and customs, and divers other reasons too long to insist upon. The Signs. The signs. TO be brief, the signs are a strong fever, a general and sudden distemper oft times both of body and mind at one instant, or an inclination thereto, The Cure. THe Cure consisteth chief in Cordials, Alexipharmacons or preservatives; The curation wherein it consisteth. that the animal, vital, and natural parts may be defended from the venomous danger of the disease in evacuation, and in regiment of diet, all these being as suddenly put in practice as time will serve, the disease being sudden and fierce in itself. An excellent remedy thereunto is a dose of Aurum vitae, and sweat upon it also. Of Cordials. A Cordial potion for the Calenture. A Present Cordial medicine fitting to be given in the Calenture is Venice Treacle or Mithridate ℈ j London Treacle, or Diatesseron ʒ ss. with Syrup Limoniorum ℥ j Plantain water or fair water, ℥ iij. oil of Vitriol six drops, or so much as to make the drink tart, and one hour or two hours after give him another dose thereof, and forthwith also let him have a suppository or clyster given him and so soon as he hath had one stool therewith, let him blood reasonable largely if his strength will bear it, let him also have for his diet no other thing for two or three days but thin broths, pannadies or the like; and if it be thought fit to take it, after the suppository, a clyster were not amiss to be given him, namely, decoction of March Mallow roots in water, adding in the end of the decoction of Saltniter ℥ iiij. of Species Hieraeʒij. Oleum Sambucae ℥ ij these will cool him well and cleanse him. And if further need of purging be, give him a dose of Aquilla Laxativa, or Aquilla vitae, a dose, which in this disease hath been approved very good. The Aquilla Laxativa is usually given in ℥ iij. of Plantain or fair water with Syrup of Violets or Lemons ℥ j the Aquilla vitae with Conserva Rosarum, with Diatesseron Liquorice-powder or alone. If you see these courses reasonably put in practice, do not give content, I mean the body being open, then in the name of God give him a dose of Laudanum, you shall find it often to procure perfect health without His ordinary drink what it must be, and of what it is made. further help. For his drink let him have a decoction of French or commou Barley, whereunto so much Liquorice, or Succus Liquoricae may be added, as to make it of a grateful taste, as also for the smell, a small quantity of Rose or other vinegar, and Rose water a little, and thereto so much oil of Vitriol; as to give it a taste somewhat tart but not too much: Syrup or juice of Lemmons is also very fitting to be put thereto if it be to be had in any plenty. But let me advise the Surgeon's Mate in all the precedent courses, that he, Good Chirurgeon take notice. use good discretion and moderation, for over purging, bleeding, much thin diet will be very dangerous at Sea, and will surely turn Two principal observations. your Patient unto the Scurvy: for note this for a general rule, that almost every sickness at Sea ends in the Scurvy: and the Scurvy ofttimes unlades herself by a flux with death attending thereon, without God's mercy, and the Christian Commiseration, diligence By God's mercy miseries are prevented, and Art in curing blessed. and skilful hand of the Surgeon's Mate, which that he may the better be enabled in all difficult cases to practise and perform his duty, the God of all glory assist him with his grace. Amen. A Treatise of Salt in general: And first of the Antiquity thereof. Salt sure in vegetables. Salted was created with the world in the beginning, for that it is easy to be proved, that neither herb, bud, nor tree whatsoever groweth, which containeth not in itself a proper and peculiar Salt, which is easily and apparently by Art to be separated from the other substances thereof, and Health from salt by God's providence. through the wonderful providence of our Almighty Creator, each Salt hath some needful virtue contained in it for the benefit of his creatures. A further testimony of his Antiquity, the Sea which took his beginning, as Scriptures testify The Sea and all creatures contain salt. Scriptures testify, before mankind doth produce the substance thereof being wholly salt. And not only the Sea, but also all other creatures of God whatsoever under the whole heavens, whether they do consist of Animal, Vegetable or Mineral parts, cannot, nor ever did subsist without a natural inbred salt in them, whose nourishment and increase proceedeth from the earth, water, or air, where the said creature breedeth and groweth. Therefore since it challengeth a place with the most ancient and first creation of all things, I need use no more demonstrations, but conclude that the Antiquity thereof, is undeniable, and as clear, as the Sunshine is at midday: thus much of the Antiquity thereof. Of the kinds and differences of Salt. TO entreat of all the kinds and differences of Salt, is a work so difficult and long, that no man whatsoever in the whole time of Frivolous to write of all salts. this short life, can make sufficient relation thereof, wherefore to avoid tediousness, I will take a shorter course: namely, I mean to do something therein, and leave the rest for others of better capacity, that shall come after. Note therefore that there are three kinds of Three kinds of salt. Salts in general, to wit, animal Salt, Vegetable Salt, and mineral Salt and ere I digress or go any further, let me interpret myself in plain terms, to young practitioners in Art, whom alone I desire to benefit. The animal salt is understood to be that salt which proceedeth The three sals explained. from creatures that bear life, and have sense and feeling, or moving whatsoever, under which are comprehended all beasts, fish, fowl, and worm, etc. under the name of vegetable salts, are comprehended the salts of trees and herbs, and whatsoever else may grow by sowing or planting, or any other industry of man, as well the seed as the fruit or the plant itself, or any part thereof. And under the name of mineral salt is comprehended the salts of all metals, as of Saturn, Juter, Mars, Sol, Venus, Mercurius, or Luna: as also the salts of all stones, with also all earths and their juices and extractions, as likewise all other Mineral and Terrestrial salts whatsoever, without name. Thus much in brief for explaining the three principal kinds of Salts, each of which have a threefold several substance contained in them, viz. A volatile salt, a fixed salt, and a Caput mortuum, named also Terra Damnata, otherwise it may be termed to contain a Phlegm, a spirit, an oil which again is called, Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury, each dividable plainly and easily by Art: Some may here object, that they will draw more than three substances, each being a good medicine from any one subject, either Animal, Vegetable or Mineral, as for an instance from Mercury, you may extract infinite several medicines, inwardly, and outwardly serviceable, as namely you may have from Mercury Laxative, Vomitive, Diaphoretick Diaureticke, cordial, preservative, and sundry other needful medicines to be ministered with great safety and comfort to the diseased, as elsewhere of Mercury is noted: which speech may seem very strange to Answer. some that all these, yea and many more varieties and diversities are found in any one Mineral: but though one substance make many medicines, yet it confoundeth nothing the tria principia, for every medicine is not one principal, neither is there any principal tied to Salts good in meats, are of three sorts. to make but one medicine. But to return being digressed, I say the kinds of Mineral salts used at tables, and for seasoning meats, are to be esteemed three in number: one kind is the Bay or Sea salt, dried merely from salt Sea water by the heat of the Sun. The second sort is that salt which we have from the Sea cost, or from salt Springs at home, made by decoction. The third is the salt that groweth concrete, bard and pure in the bowels of the earthsuch is the Sal Gemmae, and this last is held the best, both in meat and medicine, it is in colour like Cheystal transparent and groweth in great quantity, in Polonia, near the City Cracovia, myself having gathered of it in the Mines there. Of the necessity of salt, and of the general utilities thereof. The necessity of salt in all things. NO one thing which the Almighty Creator hath made for man's use, excelleth Salt: as well for the sundry and most necessary uses it hath, as also for the abundant virtues thereof, without the which, nothing which is created under the Sun, as is said, could subsist in his kind, beauty or vigour: as for example, man the excellentest of God's creatures without salt presently putrefieth, or at the least falleth Example▪ into some extreme disease, yea a small distemper in the Animal salt of man is able to kill the strongest man, which the simplest may in his own reason comprehend and know. And who liveth which at some time or other hath not tasted his own blood, either from his How to discern salt in man. gums or his nose bleeding, or otherwise, whereby he is able o● affirm the same blood to be salt. I think none will deny it, but if any will be so simple or obstinate, then let him taste his own urine, and there questionless he need not doubt to find it salt: but without contradiction, the whole mass of man's body is full of salt: and if thou wilt not by all this reason be persuaded to believe it, then search artificially, and thou shalt find, yea two kinds of salt in man's blood, and so in all other creatures which bear life and have blood as well as man, namely, a Volative salt, and fixed salt, which salt I say wanting in the body, that living creature which wanteth, it presently putrefieth. Certain evils befalling man wanting salt. Some also we see that by a salt rheum in there eyes lose their sights, some by a sharp saltness in the urine, dangerous accidents ensue: some fall into the Scurvy, some have the Dropsy, some the Leprosy, with infinite other the like offences happening by the distemper or want of the Animal salt: the examples are very common, Nihil sale & sole corporibus hominum utilius, saith Paracelsus; nothing is more profitable Salt preserveth from putrefaction. for man's body, than the Sun and salt. It is the most precious Balsam for man's life in health, it maintaineth health and keepeth man's food from putrefaction in sickness, sores and aches, few medicines to be compared to it: Mineral salt being brought to an examen in the fire, first from it is by Art exhausted a thin Mineral Phlegma, called the Mercury or phlegm thereof: which passed, then there ariseth a most fragrant spirit which openeth Mineral bodies, and breaketh up gold and silver to make them potable, or otherwise according to the will of the discreet Artist, in which spirits is comprehended the chief medicine: the residence whereof containeth the fixed salt, and the feces thereof: the feces are merely good for no use at all, that I know, and therefore of Chemists are called Terra Damnata. Paracelsus speaking of the necessary uses of common Mineral salt affirmeth it to be the true Correcter of all kinds of meats, and saith further, that meat, though being of mean nutriment, yet if it be well salted nourisheth much: for he is of opinion, that whatsoever meat is either eaten without salt, or but meanly salted, turneth for the most part to the offence of man, and breedeth diseases, as the falling sickness Salt helpeth digestion, and comforteth. and other great griefs: for, saith he, salt mightily helpeth digestion, and concoction, and likewise comforteth all the faculties of man's body, it is the Balsam of the earth, whereby men's bodies are Salt the Palsamum of the earth. preserved alive, and so of all creatures which contain blood in them, yea and all insensible creatures also, as Vegetables and Minerals have their peculiar salt, which keepeth them in their vigour and strength from common putrefaction. Josephus Quercitanus affirmeth salt to be a spur to all medicines, both outward and inward, with which it is mixed, stining them up and quickening them, the better to perform their offices, and the longer to retain their virtues, by preserving them from outward putrefaction of the air. Temperature of Salt in general. The temperament of common Salt. COmmon salt by the most opinions of the learned writers is hot and dry, some affirm in the second degree, some in the third, this being spoken concerning common salt as it is used in meat and medicine without any further preparation: but let no man attribute to all salts one temperament, which I suppose none which is discreet will, because than he should mistake himself; for without all contradiction, Divers Salts diversely qualified. no temperature can be named, but some salt may easily be proved of the same temperature, wherefore it is said concerning ordinary salts for meat used, whether they come from sea, or from salt water by decoction, or from the ground without man's Art as salt Gemm doth, or from the salt springs within the land, as our Worcester-shire salt doth: yet all those have no manifest differences in their temperature, but may be said to be hot and dry, and yet according to the strength of them they may one exceed another more or less in degree. But salt Peter which is of excellent use for medicine, as also for very many needful occasions otherwise whose substance and quality The quality of Salt-Peeter. are wonderful being considered, yet it is apparent that the temperament thereof is cold by the effects, for it doth cool the violent boiling of the blood, no otherwise then if a man should cool fire with water, and yet his chiefest substance is spiritual, volatile, and The substance of Salt-Peeter. combustible, if it be pure: but in truth all minerals show themselves in operation to be specifical, and not truly to be distinguished by their heat or cold: and as for the spirit of common salt the medicinal effects thereof are cooling the blood, quenching thirst, corroborating and refreshing the stomach, etc. the taste thereof being almost like the oil of Vitriol, or rather like good juice of Lemmons Further, the salts of animal and vegetable creatures may very well be said to have their several temperaments and differences, each according to his one kind, as the salt of wormwood is esteemed hot and dry like the herb, and so of many other herbs in like manner may be understood. Somewhat of the healing virtues of common salt. COmmon sea-salt, boiled in the strongest beer to the consumption of three parts of the same beer, and being made salt as brine, is an excellent bath to ease the pains of the gout, as myself have proved Good for the Gout. often. It is also good to cure the Serpigo of the hands, Tetters of hard curation. Paracelsus speaking of the virtues of salt saith as followeth. Serpigo. Tetters. All those which are vexed with any disease, proceeding of gross crudity, or natural humidity, as rheums, itch, scurf ringworms, or the like noisome griefs: let them make a bath of common sea-salt, and strong bear boiled together to a third part, and as warm as they can possible endure it fit in it and sweat therein and after go to a warm bed and sweat again, and doing so sundry times they shall feel help thereby: I have had credit by it when diverse greater medicines have failed me, especially in the pains of the Gout & other aches, I have done much good with it; and further, it is so harmless a Good for cold Aches. thing that none need to fear the use thereof: whereas many other kinds of bathing although they be good in one kind, yet hurt in another but this is merely harmless to any, provided withal, before the The body to be purged before it be with a salt hath bathed. use of this bath, a due preparation and purgation of the body be thought upon. Moreover, there is an ordinary Lixivium, made by expert Surgeons, for the healing Ulcers, which is Mundificative, Abstersive, Discussive, and very Sanative, performing much in Chirurgery, the chief ingrediences whereof is vegetable and mineral salts made by decoction with vulnerary herbs in fair water to a just consistence: The virtues of this Lixivium. this Lixivium in Tumours, Ulcers, Fractures, Dislocations, as also in great Contusions, Obstructions, Gangrenes, and many other like infirmities, is a very good and ready medicine, the description whereof is set down in the cure of fractures. The Caustick stone is made of salt. Also the caustic stone, called commonly Lapis Infernalis, is no other thing, then merely a vegetable salt, the virtues and making whereof, is not proper in this place to be spoken of, but shall in another place be mentioned. Thus much at this time concerning common salt. Of Vitriol or Copperas in General: And first what is Vitriol. VItriol called in Latin, Calcanthum, in English Copperas or Vitriol, but more commonly called Copperas, is a mineral salt which for the worth and Virtues thereof doth fare excel many other kinds of salts, so that not without great reason, that worthy Theophrastus Puracelsus, who had truly anatomised that salt, affirmed and often repeated that the fourth part of Physic was contained in this Mineral salt, from whence the same author also, not unfitly, doth compare A comparison between Copperas and wood. it to wood, of which divers forms may be form, and divers instruments also may be made for divers operations and effects, for out of this salt many substances may be extracted and prepared, and many good medicines may be compounded, quite contrary in operation, and utterly disagreeing in effects from each other; as for example, out The divers virtues of Copperas both inward and outward. of this Mineral salt, medicines of great efficacy may be made, as well in purging as also sudoriferous or diaphoreticks, Cordials, anodynes, Narcotick, Stupefactive, Styptic, Corrosive, Abstersive, Repercussive, Mundificative, and Sanative medicines, as also against the Epilepsy, or falling sickness and suffocations of the Matrix, good medicines are to be prepared thereof, and how these or some of them may be made by Art, and of their virtues, as time shall serve, by God's help I have determined briefly to declare hereafter. But I confess I am not able to discover the fourth part of the great virtues of this worthy salt, for I daily meet with some new medicine therein worth the noting. Of the different kinds Of Vitriol. VItriol or Copperas we may have in England of six, or at the least of five kinds, namely Vitriolum veneris, or Copperas made of Copper, which in diseases of the head fare exceedeth others as writers affirm, and this kind may easily be prepared and cheap, as hereafter shall be set down. The next thereto in virtue is that kind of Copperas which grows in Hungaria, which to my knowledge we cannot well have in England, though some will affirm they have of it. The third sort of Copperas that is praised is the Roman Vitriol or Copperas, in a place whereof we do buy a kind of blue Copperas in London, which is not the true Roman Vitriol. The fourth kind is brought from Gosler, a Town in Germany near to the City of Brunswich. The fifth kind is commonly brought from Dansk and is somewhat yellowish. The sixth and last, or worst, is our own common English Copperas. These are all the sorts ordinarily to be bought. Copperas of divers Colours. Though indeed many ways, and of many colours copperess may be made, yea and of many substances, as well from mineral stones as earth's, which if time would serve, and that it were to the purpose should be further showed; but to be short the Copperas I would choose for my use, is that which cometh from Gosler in Germany, it is to be had in London, and is not dear, and sufficiently good to draw a spirit or oil from, or to make any medicine for inward uses, but for outward ordinary uses, the common sort of Copperas will serve well, and so it will do reasonable well for oil, but not yield so much. What Copperas for outward uses best. Note that the best Copperas as is said, is made of Copper, or of the Mineral of copper. Note further, that all copper and brass will wholly be converted into Copperas, yea and turn again into his own first substance, namely into copper or brass again, though with loss. Also iron and silver will make good Copperas, so will divers sorts of stones and earths be converted into good Copperas, and springs near copper mines, they do make Copperas of, much after the manner that saltpetre is made. The way to make Vitriolum Veneris or Copperas of Copper, is as follweth. ℞ THin plates, or rather filings of Copper, what quantity you please, and Brimstone of each a like quantity, powder the Brimstone, and mix it with the Copper, put these into an earthen pan unglazed, and place them in a charcoal fire in a Chimney, and let them gently heat together till the Brimstone take fire. Then with an iron stir it a little to and fro till all the Brimstone be consumed: then take it from the fire, and being cold cast it into a gallon or less quantity of fair water, and it will make the water green, and in taft like Copperas; pour off that green water, filter and keep it, and set the same Copper to be made dry again on the fire, which done, mix it with more Brimstone, and burn it, and quench it as before, continuing such work, till all the Copper be consumed and turned into a pleasant blue or green water: then mix and boil the waters till half or more be consumed, and set them to cool, and being cold, if it be A note of the true height of dection. sufficiently boiled, you shall find Copperas therein; if not boil it more, and the Copperas will appear: then take away the said Copperas which you find, and lay it to dry, and boil the remainder of the water again, and there will be more Copperas: take still the Copperas each time out, laying it to dry, and doing so till all be made into Copperas. This is the best kind of Copperas, it is in colour of a pleasant blue, and is easily to be made, and will yield a good quantity, namely, one pound of Copper, if it be artificially prepared, will make three pounds of Copperas. Of Phlegma Vitriol, or of the first water drawn from Copperas. The rules in this work. PHlegma Vitrioli is made as followeth: ℞. Copperas, put it into an Alimbecke and place it according to Art in the highest degree of B. M. namely, in a boiling water, drawing thereby from it all the humidity which by B. M. will be exhausted, provided you fill your Alimbeck but two third parts full of Copperas, when ye put it to distil. The virtues of Plegma Vitrioli. This liquor as Angelus Salus a late Italian writer affirmeth, is good against pains of the head, proceeding from heat, namely the dose being two drachmas taken fasting for certain days together. It suageth also the burning and boiling of the blood. It strengtheneth all the bowels. It confirmeth the brain weakened with superfluous heat by the daily use thereof in the Spring time, the stomach being purged a little before. Also it maketh a moist brain temperate This first medicine of Copperas was by the Ancients not known: myself I must confess have made no great use of this medicine, only I have used it as a cooling water against the heat of the stomach, and sometimes The Author his experience thereof. have found it good, as also to foment warm with it for any sudden inflammation in any outward part of the body due Evacuation first considered of. The said Author ascribeth many more virtues to this first Phelgma, or water of Copperas, which, for that I would be loath to waste time I will not trouble the Reader with. Of the preparation of the second water of Vitriol, commonly called Spirit of Vitriol. Rules in the work. THis first recited water being well rectified, separated, and kept apart: then take the glass, Alembeck mentioned, containing the Vitriol, from out of the B. M. and place it in Arena, or a furnace with sand according to Art, the Vitriol within being first made into fine powder, and distil it therein so long till all the rest of the Humidity shall be drawn from it which the B. M. had no force to exhale. This second water, you shall perceive to be a clear and odoriferous water, only remember that thou force not the water over strongly, but do it by a gentle fire. The effects. This liquor is good to purge the reins: it appeaseth inward fretting and gnawing pains, taking one drachma thereof in the morning fasting with flesh broth. It also causeth store of urine, and moderately provoketh sweat. It ceaseth the inflammations proceeding of blows or stripes taken in warm broth, and mitigateth the pain thereof, but if your fire be too strong, your liquor will come over so strong, that your dose must not exceed ℈ j at the most: wherefore be wary thereof, for a good A Cau●io●. medicine evil handled, may do much hurt, and so will this if you want judgement to use it. In times past they were wont to calcine Vitriol till it was red, whereby it was deprived, not only of the first, but also of this his second moist and most spiritual substance, but How the Ancients prepared this Vitriol for the spirit. that was used by them chief, when only they intended to prepare the sharpest spirit, or strongest oil of Vitriol, which strong oil of Vitriol hath all the virtues hereafter recited and many more. The virtues of the strongest oil of Vitriol. IT helpeth the infirmities of the Lights, with the water of Fennel or fumitory It cutteth away the melancholy humours from the stomach, with Balm water, and comforteth the stomach after a wonderful manner, and doth defend the whole body from inward Apostumes and inflammations, and therefore it is used with good success in the Pleurisy, as also in vulnerary drinks it is approved good, for it attenuateth the blood wondefully, and defendeth the parts grieved from fear of Gangrene or putrefaction of the blood: It conglutinateth ruptures as well of bones as veins, and doth exceedingly corroborate and comfort all the parts of man's body, and may well be numbered as a principal amongst cordial medicines. It is also a very good medicine not only in preventing the Scurvy taken inwardly, but also It helpeth the Scurvy. in the cure of the Scurvy many ways, both inwardly taken with any comfortable wine, or with beer for need, or to make a Beverage therewith, and daily to use it in small quantity, namely, four drops for a dose In the Calenture it excelleth all other medicines taken in Calenture. Plantain, Sorrel, or any other good cooling water, or only in fair water. Other convenient courses judiciously held, as namely, to A Caution. procure to the party by suppository, clyster or potion some looseness of body, with also phlebotomy in due season, and quantity according to judgement. And likewise observing that a dose of Landanum is in such cases a fit help, laying the party to rest: a looseness of the belly, I say, first had by nature or art. Moreover, for the overgrowing of the gums in the Scurvy, Vitriol or Coperas hath no fellow, namely, a strong decoction of Vitriol, with a little mel, or mel rosarum, and the gums The gums overgrown. after they are let blood well rubbed therewith very hot, helpeth well. Also if a stronger lotion be required, you may touch the rotten gums warily once with the oil itself, but beware you touch not the whole skin with the oil recited or strong spirit, for if you only but rub A Caution. the teeth therewith, it is hurtful, for it will offend and much decay them, although I confess it maketh them white, I have had the experience thereof, as well by making black teeth white, as also in lotions for the teeth: wherefore I know that the much use thereof consumeth ulcerations of the mouth and throat. the teeth, in ulcerations of the throat or mouth that resist ordinary cure, by other good lotions usual; touch the ulcerated part warily but once therewith, and the ulcerations will heal very fast A Caution. afterwards with any ordinary medicines and helps, remembering as cause shall require, to use due evacuations or Phlebotomy. Also this strong spirit is good for inflammations of the throat, namely, against Inflammations of the throat. Squinancy or Angina used certain drops in a fit Gargarism or Lotion, namely, to make it somewhat sour, and then gargarize warm therewith, for it mightily quencheth inflammations, and tempereth well the blood, and being likewise a little thereof given to drink, namely, six A Caution. drops in such a case, it is much the better, always remembering that all such diseases require looseness of the belly, and sometimes phlebotomy. Ulcers and fistula▪ s. Moreover in ulcers and fistulas scarce a better medicine is found, to enlarge a strict orifice, remove a callow, or truly to correct and prepare any inveterate Ulcer to good healing, only by touching it with lint on the end of a Probe, thereby putting the medicine to the Purging medicines. place where the cause is. This strong tart spirit or oil of Vitriol is almost generally in all purgative medicines, a notable corrective, and, as it were a good help to them to do their office, for it comforteth the whole body, and it giveth a grateful taste almost to any medicine. A bad appetite. It is also good to a weak stomach oppressed with phlegm or slime, and helpeth appetite taken in conserve of roses, it hath infinite other virtues, too long here to relate, and indeed above my reach to search out. Pestilential fevers. There is no medicine more precious in pestilential fevers, than this strong oil or spirit is, myself have often used it to others in that case, and taken it myself with good success. The true and utmost dose is only so much thereof, as may make the vehicle or medicine wherein you give it somewhat sour, but not too tart, for no man can say justly, give five, six, or seven drops, for that one sort is five times stronger than another: but when either your purge or other medicine is ready tobe administered, add certain drops thereof to alter only very little, the taste sour like, but in the Calenture, strong fevers, or pestilential fevers, a greater dose may well be taken, according to discretion and judgement; but take this caveat for a farewell in the use thereof: note that if you put it into a medicine liquid, it will sink down to the bottom, so that when you give it shake it, otherwise you may leave the most of it in the glass behind, and when you mix it with a quantity of Barley water or Julep, whereof you intent to make many doses, deceive not yourself, for if you never shake and stir it, the last dose will be unreasonable to be taken, and dangerous. Of white Coperas. W●ereo● and how it is made. White Coperas is easily made of other kinds of Copperas, it is generally called Vitriol, or white Vitriol in English, as if it were worthy a higher or more particular name, or respect, when in truth, as white wax is made of yellow wax, by the bleaking it in the air, and washing it oft: so is white Coperas made of green Coperas, White Copera▪ s weaker than green. and is thereby, in my conceit, the weaker, only the superfluous humidity is thereby evaporated, and it begetteth a new kind and shape, in all lotions it may serve in place of the other kinds of Coperas, but to draw spirits from, it is weaker than any other coperas that I know The virtues thereof, for the eyes excel any other medicine. . The chief uses I have made there of, is for Collyriums or lotions for the infirmities of the eyes, namely against itchings, achings, smartings, defluxions, and ophthalmia's of the eyes, wherein I find it to exceed either Lapis Calaminaris, Tutia, or Camphire. The salt thereof maketh also a singular vomitive medicine, which I first learned out of The Salt is unmitive. the daily practice of that worthy and famous Physician Dr. Peter Turner dwelling in St. Helen's, who highly commended it to me, and I have found it worthy his commendations in many great infirmities, the dose is from ℈ ss. to ℥ ss and ʒ jj. it is safely given. The effects of the Salt are fo● the falling sickness. Fevers. Stomach. It may very well be taken in Betony water with sugar, or in want thereof, in fair water with Rose-water, one spoonful. It is good against the falling sickness, and in divers occasions of purging the head, also in fevers proceeding of crude and undigested humours. It Provoketh appetite. One receipt of my experience for outward infirmities of the eyes, I will here bestow upon the Surgeon's Mate made of white Coperas, which is as followeth. ℞ Vitriolum Album in powder ʒ j one new laid egg, or sound egg, boil the egg hard, Arecti● for the eyes ill affected. shell it, and cleave it through, and take out the yolk, and in place thereof put the powder of coperas mentioned, and let it so remain closed together two hours or more, than put it into a clean soft rag, being still so closed together, and strain it hard, and a water will come out which is green in colour, keep it in a glass close stopped; and when occasion is, drop one drop or two at once into the grieved eye. It is good in many infirmities of the eyes, and it will keep seven years without putrifying. It cureth all itchings, smartings, immoderate rheums, the Ophthalmias in their beginnings, with many other infirmities happening to the eyes, and it strengtheneth well the fight. Thus much for this time of white Vitriol or Coperas. Of burnt Vitriol. THis is made as burnt alum is, ofany sort of coperas, and is of great use in Chirurgery, namely, to abate spongy flesh in Ulcers, The use of it▪ and also in all restrictive powder for staying of fluxes, and it helpeth well with other fitting simples to siccatrize, and also in Lotions and Gargarisms; as is said, it is of good use. Of Liquor, or rather Mel Vitrioli. THis Liquor, or rather honey prepared from Copperas, so called, because it is in thickness and colour not unlike honey; It is an The virtue. excellent remedy against any lacrimous or weeping ulcers, or fistulas, Whereof it is made. to stay defluxions of humours in them, for it is very astringent, and doth well fortify a weak member, it is made of calcined Vitriol infused in spirit of wine, and the tincture of the Copperas thereby Other effects. drawn out, and then spirit of wine evaporated per B M and so it is excellent for to cure rotten gums, or any putrid or corrasive ulcers of the throat or mouth, or elsewhere, and hath many other special virtues, which when I set down the preparation and use of my other chemical medicines shall be further handled. Of Colkethor or Dead-head. The kinds. FOr want of time I here come to the last medicine of Vitriol ere I have touched the fourth part. This Colkethor is of two different kinds, the one is from the feces of Aqua fortis, and the other from copperess, after the strong oil is extracted from it. The first is most in use amongst Surgeons, and indeed is most fotcible, because therein The force or effect of Colkethor. is a great part of the fixed salt of Saltpetre, and of Alum mixed with the Coperas; it is a medicine astringent by reason of the coperas and alum, and abstersive by reason of the Saltpetre, and therefore it is good for to prepare stubborn ulcers to a ciccatrize. Thus for this time I conclude of Coperas. Sal Absinthii. Salted of wormwood is a cordial medicine, and is very necessary in The dose for a pestilent fever. the Surgeon's chest. It is very good against the heat of a burning and contagious fever, ʒ ss. thereof taken in a decoction of Centaury best, or in Plantain, or fair water, to which for to amend the taste, you may add sugar a little: give the party at the least three doses of The dose for the Dropsy. the medicine at several times, and sweat thereon▪ you shall find it an excellent help also in the dropsy or swell of the Scurvy, ℈ j thereof given first and last on a piece of toasted bread for five days together. The quality. It is good and fit to add a few grains thereof into every cordial, for it is Diaphoretic, Diauretick and partly Laxative. It is a The dose for a Quotidian. Good for stopping of the urinal passages. very good medicine against a quotidian fever, ʒ j thereof taken in Centaury-water, or rather in a decoction of Centaury, and sweat thereon. In all stops of urine, it is a sure good medicine taken in wine. Thus much for this time for Sal Absinthii. Sal Gemmae. SEarch in the differences and kinds of common Salt for Sal Gemmae. Sal Nitri. The purity. IS the Crystalline salt purified from gross Saltpetre, known to be pure by that it doth contain no common salt therein, being also wholly combustible▪ of temperament, it is either hot or cold, as is The Nature. plainly seen by his office and virtue: do I say virtue? yea and vice; both I may say, for in truth for wounding and killing salt goeth beyond Mercury, this is the dangerous part of gunpowder, which giveth it the force of piercing to the heart, which God deliver all Christians from feeling it, and accursed be that hellish German Monk German Monk. Europs Doctors. Sal Nitriof two sorts. which taught it first in Europe. This Sal nitri is either animal or vegetable, or both, and may also not unfitly be termed mineral, growing in mines, and it is every where, for every creature living may be said to have a part thereof: man and beast, I am sure hath a great part The spacious kingdom of Sal Nitri. of it. It is a most medicinable subject as any is in the world, and no man can live without it, for our blood and urine hath it in it, yea, and our very excrements are mixed therewith, it is also in caves, in mountains and plains, and where not? The inward virtue of Sal Nitri. The dose for Hemoragie. But to leave such discourse, whereto I have not appointed this little time, I say, Sal nitri in the Surgeon's chest is a worthy medicine, and the purer it is, the better it is for all uses: Touching the inward uses thereof, it is good against Hemoragia, or bleeding of a vein, whether it be by the nose, or any inward vein of the body, taken ʒ j dissolved in plantain or fair water. Helpeth the Calenture. In the Calenture it is approved good to cool the boiling of the blood taken as aforefaid, the dose for a need, if the heat be great may be given every four hours, or the party may have a barley water rather made, wherein two drachmas or more may be dissolved to drink at will, it will not offend him, only if he take too great a The dose. dose at once, it may cause him to vomit, but it will not hurt him. It is the best thing I do know for the furring of the mouth and the throat in fevers, the place gently washed therewith dissolved in water, it presently bringeth away all the whiteness and furring without offence. Cleanseth the mouth furred, used in water. The mouth cleansed, a Lotion needful. It is not ungrateful of taste: but so soon as you have taken such furring away, I advise you that you have ready some gentle sanative lotion to inject, to take away the acrimony thereof, for it is abstergent, and yet without violence or danger; you may use therefore the ordinary lotion one part, fair water two parts, and so inject to cleanse the mouth after the use thereof. I have expressed other uses of Sal Nitri proper in the cure of the Scurvy, to which I refer the Reader. Certain plain Verses for the use of Young Surgeons by the Author gathered▪ in praise of SALT. Salted with the world did begin, whose end exceedeth time: In it lie hidden secrets rare, which no tongue can define. Our Saviour his disciples dear, to Salt did oft allude: Who by their blessed voices filled the earth with spiritual food. Salt many jewels far exceeds, salt guideth health and life: Salt Author is of all increase, 'gainst salt there is no strife. Salt and his force, his place, his time, his power in life and death, His choice, his change, his actions strange, admire we may on earth. What living creature can want salt? what plant or tree may grow? What metal perfect doth endure if salt it do forgo? His several kinds are infinite, his virtues without number: His quantity so large in all, as to man seems a wonder. The air, the earth, the Ocean deep, with salt are seasoned so: As wanting it, fowl, beast, nor fish, nor man could breathe I know. And for one instance, do but note, in blood what taste you find: Note urine eke how salt it is, if it digress not kind. Yea sweat and spittle though they be, but excrements indeed, Have store of salt, which thing we find by nature so decreed. The earth produceth salt in all her creatures more and less: Yet different each in some degree, exeperience doth confess. Both hot and cold, yea moist and dry, is salt in temperament: Yea volatile and fix also observing each intent. Some sour, some sweet, some sharp is sound, some bitter eke in taste: Yea liquid, solid, corrasive, and purging salt thou hast. All colours strange in salt are seen, true healing therein stands: And poison strong abounds in salt, salt loseth metals bands. The spirit of salt makes liquid Sol, and Luna at thy will: That potable they may be wrought, a work of worth and skill. By salt are cured many griefs, though hidden and profound, Yet the exceeding use thereof is certainly unfound. Salt doth preserve the food of men, that travel far by sea, And seasoneth well our meats at home, which else would soon decay. Of gain that doth thereby arise, all people have a part: It maketh barren land bear fruit, which cheers the Ploughman's heart. The Merchant is enriched thereby, and all that fish in lakes: Great store of food is gained by salt, all things it savoury makes. In Physic and Chirurgery, it hath the greatest part: It doth contain an essence true, which glads the fainting heart. It causeth appetite at need, it quencheth thirst at will: It ceaseth pain of raging gouts, it fevers hot doth still. Thereby are bleeding wounds made well, and that without delay: Yea, sordid Ulcers it makes sound, and tumors takes away. For meat and medicines there's not aught, with salt compared may be. Wherefore I'll cease to praise a thing above capacity. God grant we all may seasoned be, with salt devoid of strife, That while we live we may do good, and gain eternal life. Sal metallorum, est lapis Philosophorum. OF SULPHUR. Sulphur is taken in general three manner of ways SUlphur is generaly taken for every fatty, oily, or any way combustible part of any creature, whether it be Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral, namely, in animal it comprehends Adeps, Axungia, Pinguedo, and what else is combustible. In Vegetables it includes Rosine, Terebinthine, Gum, Oil, Wax, Vinum Arden's, or Aqua vitae. Touching Minerals or Metals, it includes all sorts of Bitumen, with also the oils of Metals, as of Gold, Silver, Iron, or any other, together with all sorts of Brimstone. Also it comprehends all sorts of Minral salts, I mean their oils, as the oil of Vitriol, of A special observation. Example. A general rule. Allom, or of common salt, etc. And further it is to be considered, that every Animal, vegetable, or Mineral substance whatsoever, is said to contain his own pec liar and different Sulphur, as for example in wine or beer, or any other liquid thing Vegetable, that spiritual part which is combustible, though it be liquid, is termed the Sulphur thereof, viz. Aqua vitae is the Sulphurous part of Wine, and so also of Beer is to be understood. Of Sulphur in particular. What it is. SVlphur in particular is that usual Sulphur or Brimstone which with us is common, of which Artists make divers excellent medicines, viz: Flos, Oleum, Lac, Arcanum, and Balsamum Sulphuris, as also Essentia Sulphuris, with many other profitable preparations. The divers appellations of Sulphur. This Sulphur or Brimstone is termed the Balsam of the Earth, of some others it is termed a Mineral Terbinthine, of other some a Rosin or Gum of the earth, and is plentiful in all the world, for if you The plenty of Sulphur. but note for one mean instance, the Sea-coles, as we term them, which we burn, even they are full of Brimstone, whereby they kindle so soon, and burn so noisome, that were they not burned in Chimneys, none could live and endure their Sulphurous fume. As also the Turfs in some places used for fuel, and generally all the earth is replenished with Brimstone. Moreover note, that there is no M ttal, whatsoever it be, as is said, but contains a natural Sulphur in it, oath rwise it were no Metal, for Sulphur that Father of Metals in truth many of the ancient Writers do affirm that Sulphur is the Father of all Metals, and notwithstanding all Metals contain a part of Brimstone or Sulphur in them; yet we see Sulphur or Brimstone also to be an ordinary substance of itself without the help of any Metal to it. Further it is apparent that Sulphur or brimstone is of many different kinds as is said, and thus much briefly of Sulphur or Brimstone. In praise of Sulphur or Brimstone. THis Sulphur from the Horrid deep, dame Nature did ordain, A fearful scourge for sin to be as Scripture doth explain. A taste whereof we may perceive, for his infernal fire Hath millions slain in town and field, by Mars his furious ire. Yet though it seem most merciless, our God will have it so, That from the selfsame subject shall great choice of medicines flow. Yea it one chief amongst three is held in all that live and breath, And Vegetables it maintains, yet burns in Caves beneath. A Father it is of Minerals, Philosophers say so, By help whereof they're made concreat, from Chaos whence they grow▪ The Sulphur that's in Animals, in fatness chiefly stands, Each odor be it good or bad, is linked in Sulphurs bands. The Vegent Sulph'urs many are, each answering to his kind, Some Gummy, oilily, watery and airy eke inclined. Yea Sulphur vini glads man's heart, his courage it doth whet, And many a strong man it pulls down, it can inebriate. I mean the sulphurous spirits of wine, Sir Barleycorn also Hath showed himself a man at Arms each ploughman that doth know. But to return being wide digressed from what I have in hand, The mineral Sulphur was my scope, well known at Sea and Land. Which Brimstone crude 'gainst itches tried, in country and in town, And to kill worms in man and beast is used of every clown. The oil of Sulphur well prepared, a jewel is of price: His Balsam precious is also, these are no new device. The quintessence thereof is pure, and cheers each vital part, Yea, being prepared faithfully, it doth revive the heart. The flowers serve 'gainst pestilence, 'gainst Asthma and the Murr, 'Gainst Fevers and 'gainst Pleurisies; to appetite a spur. Unto the Lungs a Balsam 'tis, the Colic it doth cure, From falling sickness it defends and is both safe and sure. In Physic and chirurgery great help it doth produce, To him that hath it well prepared, and rightly knows his use. But Chemic medicines are to fools like swords in mad men's hands, When they should aid, oft times do kill, such hazard in them stands. Let Surgeons Mates to whom I writ, be warned by me their friend, And not too rashly give a Dose, which then's too late to mend. For many a good man leaves his life, through errors of that kind, Which I wish young men would avoid and bear my words in mind. Though Sulphur, Sal, and Mercury, have healing medicines store, Yet know th' have poison and can kill, prepare them well therefore. MERCURIUS. ☿ My shape and habit strange you see, my actions best can witness me: About the world I take my way, with Sol in circuit once a day. From earth to sky with oft returns, from substance to a blast: From good to bad and good again, hence winged I fly in haste. OF MERCURY in General. Mercury commended and dispraised. MErcurie is generally taken by Chemists for one of the three principles whereof each complete creature is framed by nature, and it is also the first which forsaketh his fellows, being assailed by Vulcan; it is in truth a fugitive vagrant substance, which in the preparing of divers simple medicines, is scarce to be esteemed worth the glass which contains it, it being also the faintest and weakest part of the three, for performing any good thing itself, yet if you pass higher in Art then to a simple work, and that you would make a true essential medicine, in such a case it is worthy of equal respect with the rest: namely, either with the Salt, or Sulphurous part of the medicine. It is of some Artists termed a Phlegma, a water or a dew, as being the waterish part of a medicine, it is so easy to to be exhausted from his fellows, that the very warmth of the Sun will raise it, yea warm air without fire or other help in some simples is sufficient to dry their humidity, though not always wholly: but A special observation. note this that all the humidity, in medicines is not to be termed Mercurial or Mercury: for any humidity, though it be not oily, yet if it be combustible, it is termed Sulphurous, to wit, Aqua vit● as is said, even so much thereof as will burn is held Sulphur Vini. Thus much of Mercury in general. Of Mercury in particular. MErcury is a special name which wise Philosophers of ancient time have thought meet to grace Quicksilver withal, the reason whereof in my opinion was, for that Quicksilver is an unstable or Mercury taken for Quicksilver. Quicksilver. very medicinable. uncertain Metalline substance fugitive, and not well any way to be made fix or faithful, as trial will teach thee to know. And yet of Quicksilver is made many several sorts of medicines, each in their names and operations much differing, according to their virtues, several uses and effects which they perform: Sublimed Mercury is called Mercury sublimate white Mercury. Whereof it is made. only by the name of Mercury, and by the vulgar speech, some call it white Marcary and Markry. This corrosive medicine is made of Quicksilver, salt, and the Colcother of Vitriol only by sublimation or distilling them together with the Quicksilver, which Quicsilver flieth up to the top of the helm or head of the Still, together with the spirits of salt, leaving the substance of the salt, as also the Colcother in the The subtle quality of Quicksilver. bottom of the glass which is thereby said to be sublimed, yet nevertheless though it seem easily to be made, let none attempt to make this medicine without good direction or experience, for there is no small danger in the working thereof, and yet it is a good medicine well used, and hath much helped the Surgeon in the outward cures of desperate diseases, as namely fistulas and rebellious ulcers. Of Precipitate, How Precipitate is made. PRecipitate is also Quicksilver distilled in Aqua fortis, which by reason of the strong spirits contained in the violent and fierce vapours of the Aqua fortis or strong water, it is coloured red, or glistering, or yellowish, as experience showeth▪ the vapours proceeding from this kind of preparation are also dangerous, and so are the medicines made therewith being often without due respect adminnistred, yea ℥ j of Praecipitate one doss often Pil● wise by Empirics. And again some others which would be esteemed more excellent for invention have this medicine a little removed. And then they style it Tur●●th, mineral, attributing thereto the perfect cure of the Pox▪ persuading themselves none can do like wonders to themselves, but they are children in understanding, and know i● not, only they are opinionated and The subtlety of Mercury. bold, and more often kill or spoil▪ then heal, as their consciences know; for mercury is a fox, and will be too crafty for fools, yea and will oft leave them to their disgrace, wh●n they relying upon so uncertain a medicine, promise health, and in the stead of healing make their Patiented worsethens before. Of Sinabar. Whereof Sinabrium is made, and the use and abuse thereof. SInabar which is used in fumes for the Pox, is a deadly medicine made half of quicksilver, and half of Brimstone by Art of fire, I mean by distillation: I know the abuse of these three recited medicines hath done unspeakable harm in the Commonwealth of England, and daily doth more and more, working the utter infamy and destruction of many an innocent man, woman, and child, which I would my wits or dilingence knew to help, for every horseleech and bawd now upon each tri●●e will procure a Mercurial flux▪ yea many a pitiful one, whereby divers innocent people are dangerously deluded, yea perpetually defamed and ruinated both of their good names, goods, healths and lives, and that without remedy. Me thinks I could spend much time if I had it, even in setting down the good and bad things of quicksilver, and yet I confess I am too weak to to describe the tenth part of his wonders. In Laudem Mercurii: OR IN PRAISE OF Quicksilver or Mercury. Whereto shall I thy worth compare, whose actions so admired are? No medicine known is like to thee, in strength, in virtue and degree. Thou to each Artist wise art found, a secret rare, ye safe and sound, And valiantly thou play'st thy part, to cheerup many a doleful heart. Yet makest thy patient seem like death, with ugly 〈◊〉 with stinking breath: But thou to health him soon restores, although he have a thousand sores. The perfectest cure proceeds from thee, for Pox, for Gout, for Leprosy, For scabs, for itch, of any sort, These cures with thee are but a sport. Thou humours canst force to sublime, and them throw down when thou seest time. Yea from each end diseases fly, when thou art pressed thy force to try. Sweat to provoke, thou goest before, and urine thou canst move good store, To vomit for diversion best, in purging down thou guid'st the rest. Man's body dry thou canst humeckt performing it with respect, And being too moist thou makest it dry who can that secret cause descry. Quid non men term thee, wot's thou why? thou canst be faithful, yet wilt lie: Thy temperament unequal strange, is ever subject unto change. For thou art moist all men may see, and thou art dry in th' highest degree: thou'rt hot and cold even when thou please, and at thy will giv'st pain in ease. Yet thou hast faults, for I dare say, thou heal'st and kill'st mwn every day, For which I will not thee excuse, nor hold them wise that thee abuse. But for myself I do protest, as trusty friend within my breast, Thy secrets rare most safe to hold, esteeming them as finest gold. And why? thou art the Surgeon's friend, his work thou canst begin and end: For tumors cure, yea hot or cold, thou art the best, be it new or old. For recent wounds who knoweth thee, hath got a peerless mystery: A Caustick thou art strong and sure, what callous flesh can thee endure? In maturation where 'tis due, thou art the best I ever knew: For repercussion thou winnest praise, by dissolution thou giv'st ease. What's virulent thou dost defy, and sordid Ulcers dost descry: Yea fistulas profound and fell, thou searchest out and curest well. No ulcer can thy force endure, for in digestion thou art sure: Mundification comes from thee, and incarnation thou hast free. To sigillate thou dost not fail, and left strange symptoms should assail The grief late healed, thou canst convey, th' offending cause another way. The Alchemist by Vulcan sought, from volatile thee fixed t' have wrought: But thou defiest his trumpery, and changest him to beggary. Had I but all thy healing Art, it would so much advance my heart, I should not doubt equal to be In wealth to Lords of high degree. But from thy ve nemous vapours vile, thy corrosive sting that bones defile, Thy noisome savours full of pain, God give me grace free to remain. For when thou ragest, Bird, nor Tree, nor fish, nor fowl can withstand thee: What mineral so stout can say, she can withstand thy force one day? In Satur's breast thou seem'st to dwell, by Jupiter▪ foil thou dost excel, Thou Lion-like surprisest Mars, rich Sol thou makest as pale as ash. Thou Venus beauty canst allay, thou Hydrage dost Elipse Luna: And though thou seem'st to wrong all six, not one without thee can be fix. Thou art their Mother, so says Fame, which gives them cause t' adore thy name: Ready thou art as women be, to help poor men in misery. Humble; to dust, and ash at will water and oil from thee men still: Tost up and down in fire thou art, yet subtle Mercury plays her part: Meek as a Lamb, manly cake, soft as the Wool, Tiger like: Millions in one, one in a Million, Male and Female in thy pavilion. Thou Hermaphrodite as Fathers know, seeming solid, truly not so: Thou'lt be in all, none rests in thee, thy boldness brings Calamity. Thou Idol of the Chemists old, who shall thy secrets all unfold? Swift is thy wing, none can thee stay, when thou seem'st dead, thou'rt flown away. If thou be in all things as men say, daily produced and fled away, Up to sky, down to the grave, a wonder like thee, where shall men have? But mend thy faults or thou shalt hear, I'll blaze them out another year: For many a guiltless man thou hast lamed, and many a modest wight defamed. And yet 'tis sin to wrong a thief, th' Impostors fault therein was chief; For he that would be bold with thee, 'twere meet he knew Philosophy. For thou to such art known and true, but hatest fools that men undo, Handling thee without due cause, thou being not subject to their laws. Now to conclude, one boon grant me, I will requite it gratefully: If th' old wife kill thee with fasting spittle, survive to make her patiented cripple. For well I know it is in thee, to cause disgrace effectually: His throat and nose see thou defile, For thou thy Father canst beguile. Force out his teeth, close up his jaw, and leave scarce entrance for a straw: Yea deaf, or dumb see thou him make, with ache and woe, with palsy shake. Regard not thou though he should curse, whose griefs thoust changed from ill to worse. It's known by thee there's many sleep, for whom 'tis now too late to weep. I'll leave thee lest thy anger rise, thy favours let no man despise: For as sword drawn, I know thou'rt pressed, men to offend, or yield them rest. To any moved at these mean rhymes, I answer 'twas my idle times, And love to youths in Surgery, urged me t' unmask old Mercury. If Zoylus deem I stretch too wide, in praising thee what here's descried, I nothing doubt to prove each line, to him that quarrels, endue time. A word or two touching the four Elements. The four Elements are Fire, Aire, Water, and Earth. But the division which the Chemists of these times plead for touching the Elements, Josephus Quercitanus expresseth in these words following: saith he, The whole world is The whole world contained in two globes. What is comprehended in the superior Globe. What the inseriour containeth. divided into two Globes, to wit, into the superior Heaven, which is Etherial and Airy, and into the inferior Globe which containeth the Water, and the Earth. The superior Globe which is Etherial, hath in it fire, lightning, and brightness, and this fiery Heaven is one formal and essential Element; the water and earth are the other two Elements▪ so he concludes, there is but three, and with him all the Chemists of latter times subscribe, affirming that number most perfect which agreeth with the everlasting Trinity. Paracelsus in a Treatise of his, called Meteorum, cap. 1. mentioning the difference betwixt four and three Elements, hath these words. Touching fire; saith he, fire which is esteemed▪ one of the four Element, can stand with no reason so to be: but as touching the Earth, the Water, and the Air, they are truly Elements; for they give Element ●o man, but as touching fire, it giveth no Element, it hath no part in the breeding of mankind, for it is well possible for a man to be bred, and to live without fire; but neither without air, water, nor earth can man live, for in truth from the heavens, by help of the other two Elements doth proceed Summer and Winter, cold and heat, and all nourishment and increase whatsoever without the help of fire. Therefore are the heavens the fourth Element, yea and the first, for the sacred Word showeth us that in the beginning God made Heaven and Earth, showing that Heaven was the first made, and in the outward heavens are included the water and earth, which▪ saith Paracelsus, may be compared to wine contained in a vessel, for wine is not gathered and prepared without a vessel first had and ready, proving also many ways that the fire is included within the Element of Air, and is no Element of itself. To prove the like opinion, touching the four Elements, I could rehearse the names of many famous Writers if I had leisure, and that the occasion were worth it, but the question little concerneth the cure of diseases by young Surgeons, wherefore I will conclude this point myself, intending neither to quarrel for to prove three, nor four, let there be four or three, either of both shall contentme. Certain Fragments concerning chirurgery and Alchemy. To the chirurgical Reader. LOving Reader, I held it not altogether impertinent to acquaint thee as by the way with some customs which I have observed concerning Surgeons in foreign parts in my younger days travels, and chief in the German Empire, as touching their manner of allowing or approving of Surgeons in those parts, if by accident any young Artist should affect to make trial by travel thither for his better experience, as I myself have done, he may take notice hereby for his instruction. Imprimis, their orders there generally are, that every City, Town Corporte, or place privileged, hath a constant rule, as by ancient tradition of the allowing of only an usual accustomed number of Surgeons thereunto appertaining, so that for one instance if the City of Hamburge hath twelve Surgeons belonging thereto, although a thousand pound should be tendered in any way to produce a freedom for a thirteenth Chirurgeon, it could not prevail, nor would be taken there; as likewise generally it is so all over Germany, and each Chirurgeon is bred and must be a Barber, and so are all Barber Surgeons; and if any one die, his Office, Art, and place rests in the power or disposing of his wife, to the use of her and hers, so that who so marrieth her, or compoundeth with her, of what Nation or Country soever he be that shall exercise the place, it is alike provided he be brought in by the widow, as her husband or agent for her, he is capable of a place void, having first made his masterpiece, and performed some Manual exercises usual with them in his art of chirurgery, thereby to give a sufficient testimony to the world of his answerable skill in his Art or Science, as namely, either by grinding, and setting a delicate lancet, and therewith opening several veins smoothly, for the more manifest effecting whereof to the brethren of his calling, one will lend him his vein, namely, one on the thumb, one on the foot, and one on the arm, one other on the forehead, as also by the neat and exact making an artificial Emplaster, Unguent, or the like: which done, being by rest of the Masters of the City approved of, and some other rites and ceremonies answering to his calling by him performed, according to the custom of the place that he intendeth to reside in, he is then being esteemed a Regular person, and also having made the Brotherhood of the place and himself well drunk once, twice, or thrice, he is, I say, (ipso s●cto) admitted to be a brother, and freely to use his Function, and i● styled by the name and honour of a Master of his profession. Thus much of their custom. But our customs are different from theirs, and are far better, namely, our Company of Surgeons of the City of London, in the Hall of the Society, have a more commendable custom, for we not only examine Surgeons, and try their skills in that way, as being of ancient time used and practised amongst us, but also we have profitable, learned and experienced Lectures read amongst us, having two laudable ends and effects in them, the one in testifying their own, I mean the Readers sufficiencies; the other in seasoning and instructing of their auditors, namely, the younger sort of practitioners in the Art they profess: and yet they have a third good end, namely, they serve for the public good of the whole Commonwealth, by training up, and breeding of able Surgeons upon all occasions. No●● Medicos tantum facit experientia doctos: Qui facit artifices, usus ab arte venit. And of these our laudable customs and exercises in our Hall, myself have been both an eye and ear witness to divers worthy Artists at their Lectures there, that have showed themselves Masters indeed in their Arts to their due commendations (Virtus landatur ab illis) as also at the Lectures of divers learned Doctors in that place: but as for myself, although I have there as I may not deny exercises by public reading of Lectures in my turn and place, yet my ambition at the highest hath been openly to deliver myself to the world to the Surgeon's Mate, as aspiring to soar no higher, (Ne sutor ultra crepidam.) In which being, first I have explained to the world a Model of the Military Surgeon's chest, with the instruments and medicines fitting thereunto, as elsewhere is recited, thereby to intimate to the younger Surgeons in some sort how they may make use of them in all public services for the better performance of their duties in their callings, upon all military occasions, for the more speedy curing of such infirmities as Seamen and Soldiers are most incident unto, and having finished my intent therein, at the entreaty of some of my good friends, I thought it fit, though in brief, to write somewhat by way of addition to my former edition of Sal, Sulphur and Mercury, and, namely, how they are made the more known and useful unto us by the Chemic art, or the art of Alchemy which the Surgeons ought to be versed in, and which in brief is thus defined. De definitione Alchymiae. Alchymia est ars corpora naturalia mista solvendi, & soluta coagula●●● ad medicamenta gratiora, salubriora & tutiora concinnanda. The definition of Alchemy. Alchemy is an Art dissolving natural congealed substances, and again congealing substances dissolved, for the more grateful, wholesome, and safe preparing of medicines for man's body. Secunda definitio. Oswaldus Crollius Alchymia est ars perficiendi magisterii & essentias pur as & mistas, separato corpore extrahendi. A second definition thereof Alchemy is an Art which produceth magisterial, and essential medicines from mixed bodies. The parts of Alchemy. Libanius. The parts thereof by ancient Writers are accounted two, namely, Encheriae, Alchymiae. Encheriae is said to be that part which performeth the operative parts of the Art. Alchymiaes is termed the mixing and finishing part of the said Science. Of the antiquary, the first inventors, and worthiness of the excellent Art of Alchemy. IT is recorded by ancient Writers that the first inventor thereof was Tubal Cain, spoken of in the holy Scriptures, who as some Writers say, was called Vulcan, Is enim primus in metallurgia laborasse scribitur. That he did first of all men work in Metals, which is within the scope of Alchemy, and not the least part thereof. After him as Records witness, Hermes also called Mercurius Trismegistus, an Egyptian king, was a worthy Inventor or founder of Alchemy, being famous in his days for the transmutation of metals, whereby certain instrumental parts belonging to the hidden mystery of Alchemy bear their names, that is to say, Vas Hermetis, Pellicanus Hermetis, Sigillum Hermetis, etc. This Hermes as is said by Husius an ancient writer lived king of Egypt about the year of the world 2646. so also in the learned Mesues works is mentioned Pill. Hermat. Hiera Hermetis, etc. The Art of itself is also called Ars Hermetis, and for the transmutation of metals that is also understood with Gebreus Mauritanus to have proceeded from Hermes, the which in this work the Author intends not at all to handle, but only of the inventors of this Art: some writers say, the Arabians, and others the Persians, are thought to be the first that have prepared metals fit for medicines, and also have practised the distlling of Liquors: whence Avicen of Sansano is said to have studied Alchemy, and he maketh mention of Sublimation and precipitation. Also many other Princes and Philosophers moved thereunto no doubt de prescientia Dei, esteemed themselves exceedingly graced by the works they performed in that Art for the curing of many infirmities. Amongst which one of the most famous and so most truly worthy was that excellent Philosopher for art and experience Philippus Theofrastus Bombast, otherwise named Paracelsus, who descended from a princely family in high Germany, in the country or Province of Helvetia commonly called Switherland; upon whose monument, to his perpetual fame is engraven the verses following. Divinus tali est Paracelsus in art mon archa, Secula cui similem nulla tulere virum. And whose engraven Motto was: Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest. And Bazillius Valentinus seconded him, who having his lights from the former exceedingly beautified the Chemic Art, by composing medicines of unspeakable worth to future ages, far exceeding their worthy predecessors as is manifest; for what comparison can there be betwixt medicines made of vegetables, decocted, contunded or mixed how artificial soever, if compared with Elixirs, Quintessences, Tinctors, and like extracts of price, which are not only durable for many years without change, easy and pleasant to be received into man's body in his greatest weakness, but also they excel all Galenistical compositions for the eradicating inveterate maladies, as experience more than sufficiently manifesteth. For example, suppose a sweat provoking medicine were to be used of four, six, or eight grains, being a Diaphoretic of gold, or suppose but of Sulphur in or with a fitting vehicle given, as, namely, in a little Mithridate, Conserve of Roses, that by causing a gentle sweat would extinguish a pestilential fever: were it not far easier for the sick to receive into his body then a decoction made of sudorific herbs, as Carduus Angelica, or Centaury with Mithridate and syrups justly composed, as in that form is usual, or that an Extract being a Catholicon purgans ten or fifteen grains whereof being extracted from a vegetable, which without any offensive nauseous taste, or bitterness at all, doth work effectually to the desire of the Artist, suppose you it shall not be as much to the reputation of the Artist, and to the content and profit of the patiented, as if he had taken a dose of Diaphenicon, or confectio Hamech, with the usual additaments of decoctions or syrups thereunto as vehicles added. Or that a dose of a Panchiagagon of 20. grains be not far more grateful to a sick stomach, than an ounce of Diacatholicon de succ. Rosarum, Confectio Hamech, or the like, it being daily manifest that the very sight of large doses of medicines, although good, are nauseous, and abhorred of the weak stomach, yea that many Patients will endure the disease rather than the medicine; whereas on the contrary true prepared Chemic medicines are not only grateful to be received into the body, but also, as is said, far excel the others in virtue and potent operation: and whereas the Chirurgeon cannot at all times advise with the learned Physician, as fitting and most requisite he should in cases of Physic, where such may be had for the health of his patient, as namely, the Chirurgeon being at Sea, and upon long Voyages, or at land in the Camp or Country, where learned advice cannot readily be had, they have especial reason if they be men provident to be furnished with such medicines as are small of dose, and light of portage, being also such as do not putrify, nor in one year change their accustomed natures and virtues, no nor in any Voyage how long soever: all which Chemic medicaments do well perform, yea though they be carried in ships and pass the line more than once. Whereas few medicines made of Vegetables that are in common practice, though sound from the Apothecary's shops, will be found serviceable upon just occasion if they go but a six month's voyage, as daily experience showeth, and as the Reader may easily conceive: wherefore then how needful, precious, and how truly valuable such medicines be, let any indifferent person judge, that being truly made, duly administered, and their doses and uses observed and known. A further explanation of Alchemy containing a division of Nature's whole works into three parts, viz. Animal, Vegetable and Mineral. OSwaldus Crollius a learned writer, as also Beguinus, and divers others with him of that sort do affirm that tota natura inferior sub Sole in tres partes dividitur, viz. Animalia, Vegetabilia, & Mineralia. The whole inferior work of Nature under the Sun is divided into these three principles, viz. into Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral creatures. The Animal Creatures are termed or said to be all whatsoever containeth life: the Vegetable creatures are termed or meant to be all that which groweth. And under the Mineral part is included all metals, stones, minerals, and whatsoever it be that neither vegetateth, upon the upper face of the earth, nor liveth: and from each of these three, by learned Authors is taught, and by experience is found out, that there is again a threefold substance to be extracted, and perfectly to be made apparent in every of these creatures; and these threefold substances are called Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury: and beginning with the last first, their further definitions follow. A brief definition of Mercury. MErcury is a liquid substance sour, or sharp, volatile, penetrable, airy, and most pure, from which all nourishment proceedeth, as also all sense, motion, strength, and colour, and the keeping back old age from man, chief next the divine operations of God resteth therein, and it agreeth well with the elements of air and water; for to the former it is subject upon every offered occasion to vanish into the soft air: to the latter, in that it is very difficultly contained in any strait or certain bound, but easily in a vast or wide capacity. Likewise there are that define Mercury to be a liquid substance, that is Eager, Porous, always movable, often mutable, and easily penetrable, and a body that is most pure and heavenly, most subtle, and of a lively and spiritual substance, being the food of life, and yet a shape, that is also most mutable, concerning his several shapes of all other creatures; whereupon Phalopius termeth Mercury, Miraculum naturae mundo, The miracle of Nature in the world. In which definition, if the Reader may suppose I speak this of the vulgar Mercury, viz. Quicksilver, and the wonderful Imps of his production, he takes me off too short by figure. Wherefore I here conclude the definition of Mercury, and pass to Sulphur. A brief definition of Sulpur. SVlphur by the ancient Writers is said to be the balsam of Nature, it is sweet, oily, and clammy, preserving the natural heat of the body, being the instrumental cause of all strength, of all increasing or generation, of all transmutation, and the fountain and wellspring of all scents both sweet and stinking: and it is compared unto fire, by reason of the flame which it easily gathers, as other gummy and oily bodies do, and this one thing is proper to it, that it hath force of making fit and conglutinating the greatest contraries; and Beguinus a famous late writer, giveth an example thereof: For, saith he, thou can●t never make a fit clay with water and found, unless thou mingle Lyme or some other conglutinating body with it, so neither fleeting Mercury, nor fixed Sal, can by any means be forced into one substance, and framed into one body, but by a band and fetter of Sulphur, which participates through the clammy and viscous substance thereof with both the natures of Sal and Mercury, and so joineth them into one, to wit, it maketh a true accord betwixt the dryness of Sal and the moistness of Mercury, by the thickness and viscousnesse of Sulphur, and so conjoineth them both jointly into one body, neither may this Sulphur be taken to be merely Brimstone, but rather which in truth it is the fatty and combuftible parts of the body, or substance from which it is drawn, be it of what quality soever. A brief definition of Salt. Salted hath a body that is dry, savoury, and bitter, defending both the mixed and unmixed parts from putrefaction; it exceedeth in the faculties of dissolving, and discussing, coagulating, evacuating, and scouring; and yet from Salt is all the virtue of the two last recited principles borrowed, with their tastes, and infinite other excellent properties it have, so as the analogy of it answereth the earth, not because it is merely cold and dry, for in truth Minerals generally have no certain temperaments, nor can be confined truly under the attributes, hot, cold, dry, or moist, for that a Mineral is an elementary body that is of itself firm and fixed; and therefore for his operative excellency is unsearchable, specifical, and incomprehensible, not to be limited or subjugated to any one temperament, neither to be comprehended within humane capacity. This may seem unto the Reader but a strange Paradox, except by a plainer definition it be explained, as namely, whether that the Salt here mentioned is ●eally Salt, such as is commonly used for salting meat, and also to declare that Sulphur is really Brimstone, and that Mercury hath the name of Quick▪ silver generally: Unto all which I answer, They are; And yet as is said, they are not merely so, ●or that as concerning Salt, each creature hath his peculiar Salt, and each peculiar his appropriate and different faculty and virtue. And here I desire t● inform the younger men that are Chirugeons', by way of digression, for their better knowledge in avoiding of dangers, that they be exceeding cautelous and wary in the inward use of all Mineral medicines, whose preparations they are not truly versed in, but chief of that great and wonderful Idol Mercury, not in regard of the great good it daily doth by the judicious use thereof, for it is a gracious good thing; but rather I speak in respect of the great hurt and mischief it daily produceth by the abusive preparation and administration thereof: but for as much as Mineral medicines have their due denominations according to the seven Planets, it will not be impertinent for the younger sort of Surgeons, that in brief I writ somewhat of the seven prime Metals ascribed to the seven Planets. A brief Chemical Narration concerning the seven principle Metals, denominated according to the seven Planets. MAny of the prime Authors of the Chemic art have, and that not unfitly, ascribed the seven principle Metals into seven Planets▪ as namely, they have ascribed Gold unto S●l, ●ilver to Luna, Copper to Venus, Iron to Mars, Tin to Jupiter, Mercury to Quicksilver, and Saturn to Led, and have nominated them accordingly; and so in generalll explanations of all the learned Chemists, they stand to this day known by the aforesaid attributes. The ancient Philosopher's Chumists also have ascribed to each of these seven metals, or rather to the medicines made of them, a certain specifical or more peculiar operative power, or faculty in the curing of the diseases of some one part of man's body more than of another, and namely, unto Sol or Gold and his medicine, is ascribed a specifical faculty or hidden virtue, more exquisite in the cures of the disease of the heart, unto Luna or Silver, the cures of the infirmities of the head, and chief of the brain are ascribed; and to Jupiter or Tin, is referred the help of the diseases of the Lungs, unto Mercury, or Quicksilver, is ascribed an especial privilege in the cures of the disease of the Liver; unto Saturn or Led, is appointed the healing of the infirmities of the Spleen; Mars or Iron, is said to cure the grief of the Kidneys best, and unto Venus or Copper, is left to heal the defects of the Genitals, and this is not only so esteemed, but also practised accordingly, and that by Authority of many famous Writers ratified, as of Josephus Quercitanus, Tho. Muffetus, Jacobus Swinglerus, and very many other worthy Authors in that Art, the number of which it would be tedious to repeat, in regard that all and each of these Minerals have their several medicines proceeding, or made out of them, which although they all do n●t always bear the proper name of the Original Metal from whence they proceed, yet in some sort they do, and namely, from Sol or Gold proceedeth, Elixir vitae, Aurum Potabile, Aurum Tinctura. Aurum Solutivum, Aurum vitae Meum. Aurum vitae Theophrasti and many more. And from Saturn or Lead proceedeth Oleum Saturni, lac virgins, Saccarum Saturni. V●guentum Minii. Emplastrum de Minio. Lithergerie Auri Argenti & Plumbi Sacc●rum Saturni. Plumbum album. Ceruse, and many other good Sanative medicines. And the like of the rest of the seven Minerals in use, too long to repeat: and here as by the way you may take notice concerning Saturn or Led, that all sorts of Lithergie, they are no other thing then Led merely, and to be reduced into Lead again; even so Mercury or Quicksilver, which hath these following medicines, and many other profitable preparations descending from it, viz▪ Essentiade Mercurio. Turbith Minerale. Mercurius vitae, which is vomative. Balsamum Mercurii, a sanative. Mercurius Diaphoretic. provoking Sweat. Mercurius Diaureticus, provoking Urine. Mercurius Laxativus, purging per secessu●. Beazor Minerale, which is different two ways. viz. Laxance, Vomative. Mercurius Dulcis, Specifical in operation. Mercurius cum Jove, Lac Mercurii, Sublimatum, in itself Corrosive, desiccative, Pracipitatum, suspected to have been the death of many a man Aqua Mercurii ex Mercur: Sublimat: & ex prae●ipitat. Ablutio Mercurii vitae. Oleum Mercurial: Sinabrium: and divers other preparations. And yet to all these apparently in use may be added divers waters, oils, liquors, etc. proceeding from this wonder of nature, Mercury; and yet nevertheless there is scarce one of these medicines, but may be reduced or turned again in his prima substantia, that is to say, those that are really of Argent●m vivum into plain Quicksilver, in despite of the old wife that killed it with fa●ting spittle; And Sinabrium is a Dog of the same Mercurial kind, being made of Brimstone and Quicksilver sublimed together, and therefore a Coarse and far more dangerous medicine than the medicines of mere Quicksilver in my apprehension, for by the only once subliming thereof with ☿ Sulphur it begetteth a Corrosive or venomous quality, as all experienced Artists well know Mercurius sublimate doth, and that a fierce on●: therefore though some have counselled to themselves, that supposed safe but most pernicious medicine, that they have found as a rare devised secret by the mutation of Mercury into Sinabrium, let them know, be they old or young Artists, that it is a devilish, deadly, corpse medicine, no way safe nor fitting to enter in, or to be put into man's body. I fear I may trouble your patience in dwelling too long upon this false fellow Mercury, whom fully to discover with all his miraculous effects, especially if I should unfold all his perfidious clusions and treacheries against the poor Patients that are under his dominion, that only subject would fill a large Volume, and yet I must ever confess, as I have said elsewhere, I have found him my good friend many times at a pinch▪ yet let no Artist that truly feareth God be too bold with him: for that Mercury (under the Rose be it spoken) is a cruel Manslayer, and hath wounded, defamed, yea, and murdered thousands in corners, yea and doth play the Devil daily both in City and Country; and that under a vizard of virtue, yea and sometimes under the Rose doth it Cum privilegio Magistra●is, upon whose guiltless corpse so transferred into Abraham's bosom no earthly Jury passeth. For it is then too late to call to mind whether Art or Nature were too blame, or by which the error proceeded: for, under favour be it spoken, sometimes it is cast upon the knave Mercury▪ which then he ever retorts it upon the Imposer: and he the Impostor, like a juggler, blames poor Venus with the cause, but how true God knoweth▪ yet she, pretty poor shamefast soul, being amazed and abashed, knowing herself to be a sinner, yet conceiving it unmerciful that her sweet lover and friend should die by the cruel hand of a murderer Mercury, for a little sweet pleasure; she hath no wit to lay it where truly it should be, but plead Ignoramus, conceiving yet dares not say that some of the greater Planets, as Sol, or Luna, by their gliddering shows wrought with some body that perhaps ignorantly put that Idol Mercury by Vulcan's means, to play the Dragon. And so no more of that, Foelix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum, etc. leaving suggestions and conceits, and may be's. We will again to our intended scope, namely, to speak of better things, concerning the secrets of the Art, and leaving the errors of Impostors with all their base and dangerous elusions and abuses, and proceed to the information of the well disposed younger artists. And in this place considering that Mercury is appointed and appropriated, as formerly is expressed, to the cure of the diseases of the Liver. I cannot but put the Reader in mind to admire the exceeding deep wisdom Prov. 7. 6. to the end. of that most prudent King Solomon, as appeareth in the Proverbs, in his description of the whorish woman, who after his setting forth of her dangerous wiles and cunning enticements for the intrapping of the foolish young man, he thus concludes: The young man goeth after her as an Ox to the slaughter, or as a fool to the stocks, till a dart strike through his Liver; or as a bird hasteth to the snare, not knowing it is for his life: and concludes, her house is the way to hell, going down to the chambers of death. In which attributes of Mercuvie, as aforesaid, to the healing of the Liver, it seems to me Mercury is as it were by God and Nature's appointment prefigured and enjoined for the healing of the foolish young man that had the dart strucken through his Liver; for I am confident that dart was by Solomon meant the contagious disease of the French pox, which by coitu vel contact●, the poor fool gained by his folly from the whorish woman; for that the learned and expert artist, not only by the pulse and the urine, but by the complaint of the Patient, yea and by his very countenance may gather his disease, and that Solomon's Dart hath stricken his Liver even with the pox. For in the perfect cure whereof, the Liver is first to be rectified, for the which work I had almost said Mercury is beyond comparison, if he be well guided by the experienced artist: But if otherwise, Mercury is a Dragon, who for healing and killing hath no fellow, as I formerly have denoted more than once. And whereas it is vulgarly alleged that Chemic medicines prepared of Minerals, and namely of Mercury, are dangerous and deadly, it is not denied but that they are so, if that by art (purum ab impuro) the pure from the impure be not separated; but this advantage the true Chemist saith he hath, that in the preparing of his medicines he can take the pure from the impure. Whereas even by the books of Hypocrates, Galen, Diascorides, and very many of the most reverend ancient Writers it is manifest, witness Antidotarium Mirspitium, and many other works and dispensatories which testify that they themselves have not at all, so much as undertaken to separate purum ab impuro, but have made and administered many Mineral medicines being of crude and unpurified substances amongst the rest. Bondeletius used to give crude Mercury in pills to robust bodies to kill worms, and for the pox: and Crato a famous Physician to three Emperors, is said to have used to administer Zinabrium for the giddiness of the head. Julius Alexandrinus, Matthrolus and Gesnerus, these all used to give crude Copperas in Fluxes, as witness Beguinus, and Falopius used crude filings of Iron in menstruous obstructions, also in the Jaundice; and crude Sulphur in the effects of the Lungs. The premises therefore considered, judge then if the true prepared Chemic medicines given with judgement be not far more noble and worthy in themselves than they aforesaid, and the rather to be embraced, in that it is daily manifest, that the Galenistical preparations of vegetable medicaments fail much in their ascribed or prescribed virtues, especially with our Sea Surgeons, as is said in foreign parts, to the danger, yea and to the loss of many of their Patients; yet not in the least excusing of the abuses by false prepared Chemic medicines, and the harm they produce by their unskilful preparations, and the absurd administration of them, alluding whereunto divers worthy and famous Writers have mentioned caveats, and namely, Laurentius Hofmanes, a learned Germane Chemist in his book entitled De vero us● & sero abusu medic●mentorum Chymicorum: he useth these words following as an instance of the danger of a false Chemic medicine. An History. A false Chemic medicine prepared unduly, and so given (saith he) may not unfitly be compared to certain dangerous subtle Rats in India, which by nature do watch the Crocodile of those parts, which usually sleeps with his mouth wide open, and these Rats being smooth and soft in their entrance, do not awake the poor Crocodile at all, but go in at his mouth very smoothly, and easily without troubling him by taste, touch, or smell; yet nevertheless, after they are got quietly into his bowels, forthwith they with their devilish sharp small teeth, begin to by't the poor Crocodile, and in a small time they do so corrode his entrails, that they make their own way out at their pleasure, by the kill the poor creature, and that if not immediately, yet by a languishing deadly disease, they perform their devilish end by perforating his entrails, and so that improvident creature dyeth. The occasion of the aforesaid Author, his alleging this comparison, proceeded by reason such an Indian Rat, or rather in truth by a false Mineral medicine put into the body of a Brother of his, as he affirmed, which very smoothly went in at his mouth, but within a short time had cruelly effected the kill of the party. Also to the same purpose, one Forestus of Paris a learned Writer affirmeth upon his knowledge, that thousands of people in that city, have died by taking of dangerous, & not well prepared Mineral, & for the most part Mercurial medicines, and one Crato an ancient Writer also affirmeth, that he kept a note of above eighty persons, which to his knowledge had been killed absolutely in one year in the City where he dwelled, by one Impostor, and that by the only giving of Turbith Mineral, and yet of these but very few, but become or seemed for a month or two, to have been well cured of their diseases, and yet after a small time they languished away and died, some of Consumptions, others of more fearful accidents by that most pestiferous Indian Rat, be it for Sal, Sulphur, or Mercury, unduly prepared. And Cardanus, an ancient worthy Writer, reporteth of a woman sometime his Patient, who dying of a vehement pain in her head, after the receiving of divers Mercurial medicines, which being dead; himself took out ℥ ij. of crude Mercury, from within her scull. And he also relateth of another, who after a Mercurial unction taken, vomited up Argentum vivum in drops at the mouth and died thereof, and myself in Saint Bartholomews Hospital having been there a Chirurgeon 23. years, have observed very many, to have most pitifully been abused that way by Empirics, foolish women, and by base Impostors, who after in short time have died by bad Chemic medicines. It is reported of Cardanus, that in his time he would say, he was confident, that if he might have for every man, woman, and child, that precipitate had killed, the value of one shilling, he should be richer than any living man, in the City where he lived. And Andreas Libavius, doth report of a certain Medicaster of his time, which gave his Patient two pills of Mercury, of the first he fell into an Apoplexy, and of the second into a Lethargy, and so died immediately. He also speaketh of another, who had the wind Colic, unto whom a Barber gave three Mercurial pills, who purged thereby continually until he died. Also Adu●pius, a Physician of Strausburge reports of another Physician dwelling in Strauburge in upper Germany not far distant from him, who in one year was known to have killed 80. Patients, which had been under his Cure, by the use of Mercurial medicines. Also of medicines of Antimony evil prepared, and worse taken; infinite many have ended their days untimely: and here I cannot omit to deplore the unchristian audacious boldness of the wicked Impostors in these days, who without any fear of God, or compassion to mankind, do rashly rush upon the cure of any infirmity (how incurable soever) promising cure, taking money in hand, and thereby engaging themselves to the Patients to cure them; but yet when with the best ordinary means they know, they have not effected their desires, I will judge charitably so far, but then they boldly proceed further, and put the Indian Rat to work, which as aforesaid, goeth smoothly down into the stomach, but when it is in, than it gins to show what house it came of. Now a word or two touching the true preparing of excellent medicines by this art, wherein I admonish all men who have not convenience, I mean a convenient house and room convenient for the work with learning, Judgement, Leisure, wealth and other additaments fitting; as also an able body and a spirit to go through therewith that he or they refrain from the preparing of mineral medicines as also from their vapours for avoiding thr burdened of his soul with the guiltiness of blood▪ yea and perhaps of his own blood by evil vapours proceeding from Minerals in their preparations, but for the man that is fitly qualified▪ let him in the name of God go on, the work is good, unto which to encourage him I intent to show the producing of Sal, Sulphur, & Mercury from Animal, vegetable and Mineral creatures by a most plain and true Art, and that at easy rates. The way to draw Sal, Sulphur and Mercury from an Animal part. ℞. Cranium hominis alicujus Justificate ℥ xij. (more or less) rasp it small, put it into an Alembick of glass well luted S. A. with a receiver joined thereunto, place it in Arena (ut mos est) distil it first, lento igne, and there will be found in the receiver a pure water for the first which by Artists is called the flegma or mercurial part thereof, which when by a gentle distilling no more will be had, change the receiver, and increase the fire, and a fatty Oil, which the Artists term the Sulphur thereof, will appear; and when by fire no more fatness will come over, all things being first cold of themselves, take out that which is in the bottom of the Still, I mean the feces; and calcine them, and after inbibe and filtrate them, and having cleansed the salt thereof, evaporate the humidity, or phlegm there from, S. A. in Balnea, and you shall find in fundo a perfect salt, then rectify the Mercurial and Sulphurous parts, each per se▪ and put all the three medicines so purified together, & you have ready a perfect good medicine for the Epilepsia, and divers other infirmities: and by this infallible rule, you may make true and perfect medicines from any members or parts of an Animal creature, either of the flesh, the blood, or bones thereof. But if you fail in your art, and namely in the artificial proceeding, in the aforesaid process, then blame not him that showeth you a plain way, but begin again, and beware amongst the rest, of that misery which commonly attends the poor Alchemist, namely, that his glass breaks, le●t you lose the first labour, and be to begin anew. The way to draw Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury, from a Vegetable substance. ℞. Lignum Guaicum made into gross powder, or small chips, three pounds or thereabouts (more or less) put it into a retort of glass, likewise well Luted place it, S. A. in a furnace in Arena, then add a fitting receiver of glass, likewise well Luted to it as aforesaid, let it have a gentle fire, for some eight or ten hours, in which time an odoriferous clear flegma, or water will come over, being the most volatile part of that subject, which by Artists is termed the Mercurial part thereof; which being come off, change the receiver, and increase the fire, and a fatty oil will appear and come over, being wholly combustible, which is the Sulphurous part thereof, all which being drawn of, and the furnace and all being cold, take out the feces and calcine them a little, then put fair warm water thereto, and extract the salt per filtrum, the which salt water being purified, filtrated and evaporated, you shall have in fund● a perfect white salt, and if you then please to rectify the Mercurial, and the Sulphurous parts each per se, and join them all three together, you have a true good medicine in the cure of Morbus Gallicus, and divers other diseases. An example to take Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury, from a Mineral Body, and namely, from Salt itself, which may perhaps seem strange, though true. R. Sal, Communis, six pound more or less, the stronger the salt be the better, put it into an earthen pot made to endure strong fire, and let it have a narrow mouth, and be in capacity three quarts, or more, put in the salt and put a receiver, S. A. thereto, Lute them both together, place that in a strong reverberating Furnace, and put fire thereunder, first gently until all the Mercurial, volatile, and subtle parts thereof be drawn over, which done, change the receiver, and increase the fire gradation to the fourth degree as the Artists term it, but by order paulatim, and you shall draw over a strong oil, fatty in feeling, and forceible and fierce in operation, which is able to dissolve and open the purest, and most principle Mineral: even Sol or gold itself to make it potable, and after all the aforesaid strong spirits be drawn forth that will be forced out by the strength of the fire, withdraw or decline the fire, and all being cold, gather your first liquor by itself, than the spirit, or rather the Oleum salis into a second glass by itself, the which is a most excellent medicine, and in the bottom of the earthen Instrument, you shall find the true salt; of salt though but light in substance, and small in quantity, which having each part: then if you please to make use of these medicines, each per se not joined; for so it is the better, for that each of these particulars have different virtues in the Art of healing as experience will teach. And amongst the rest the spirit of Salt, will dissolve Gold to make it potable, it is also singular in Fevers, for the quenching of thirst, and refreshing the spirits, and for the curing of many other diseases. A PREFACE TO THE TREATISE OF THE CHARACTERS AND TERMS OF ART FOLLOWING. COurteous Reader, considering with myself that young men in long Voyages are full of leisure, I thought it not lost labour to add these Treatises to the former, for that they not only contain profitable instructions for youth, but by their novelty and varieties do partly refresh the mind of those Readers as delight themselves in that part of Practice. It was part of my glean in the time of eight years' travel by Land in foreign Regions. If the matter and form thereof be not worth the acceptance, yet I pray thee accept the good will of the Giver. I. W. CHARACTERS AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONS. And first of the seven Planets. Santurnus. Plumbum ♄. ♄ Led Cold, desiccative sweet, discussing, mollificative, anodine, sanative, laxative, mundificative, and yet full of deadly vapours. Jupiter Stannum ♃. ♃ Tin Diaphoretick, laxative, desiccative, sanative, etc. Mars Ferrum ♂. Iron or Steel. The greatest shedder of blood a sure medicine for fluxes of blood, and a great opener of obstructions. Sol. Aurum ☉. Gold A great and sure Cordial, for it comforteth the heavy hearted, and is reputed the best medicine. Venus Cuperum ♀. ♀ Copper Maketh sundry needful medicines for man's health, Physical and Chirurgical, viz: Oleum spiritus, & terra cum multis aliis. Mercurius. ☿. Quicksilver Is hot, cold, a friend, a foe, healing, kill, expelling, attracting, corroding, & quid non? Luna. Argentum ☾ ☽ Silver A medicine never too often taken, a good restorative, a comfortable, and an anodine medicine, etc. Other Characters Alphabetically. Acetum. . Vinegar of Beer Good against inflammation, discussive, defensative, comfortable, anodine, etc. Acetum Vini. . Wine Vinegar A discusser, a cooler, a heater, a piercer, anodine, a consumer, a caustick, and a vesicatory medicine, etc. Acetum Distillatum. . Distilled Vinegar. Is a vehicle that openeth mineral bodies and extracteth tinctures, etc. Aer. 🜁. ARE One of the 4 Elements Without the which no creature subsisteth. Alumen ○. ○ Alum Crude Desiccative, astringent, corrosive, mundificative sanative, refrigerative, etc. Alumen Combustum. . Alum Burnt An easy and a good corrosive medicine, which also induceth a good cicatrix. Alumen Plumosum. . Alum Plume A secret in restoring a withered member by a certain hidden specifical virtue it hath. Albumen Ovorum. . Whites of eggs Cold, defensative, mollificative, healing, and good in restraining fluxes, etc. Amalgama. . āāā A putting things together, or a term of Art for putting together, viz: fiat Almagama, but more particularly it is meant of Mercury, with any other metal. Antimonium. {antimony}. Antimony Vomitive, laxative, sanative, diaphoretic, diauretick, anodine, caustick, and full of deadly vapours, if it be not prevented, yet exceeding precious in healing, being discreetly used. Antimonii Vitrum. . Glass of Antimony or Stibium. A forbidden medicine, and yet in common used, and praiseworthy, if not abused. Antimonii Regulus. . Antimony Precipitate This is but half a medicine, which afterward is used to be converted to Flores, Tincture, or some other good medicine. Annus. . One year From March the 25. till the return of the same. Aqua. 🜄. ♒ Water One of the four elements of quality coldd and moist. Aqua Fortis. . Strong Water Made by Vulcan's Art of Coppperas, Allome, and Saltpetre, and diversely other ways. Aqua Regis. . A water to divide Gold. This is made as the former, adding common salt, or rather Shall Armoniacke. Aqua Vitae. . Aquavitae. of Wine. Aquavitae distilled out of Wine is of excellent use for healing, and the chief cordial in cheering the heart of man. Arsenicum. . Arsuick In taste not unpleasing, in trial deadly, yet a good outward healer many ways. Auripigmentum . Orpiment In taste deadly, yet used of some inwardly for the cough, by fume with amber mixed, and outwardly used in many medicines profitable. Autumnus. . Harvest Or as it were an entrance to the Winter quarter. Auriculum. . A chalk that contains gold. Also gold calcined into powder being an entrance to Aurum Potabile. Aurum Potabile. . Potable▪ Gold A Principal cordial medicine, but very often adulterated, which being true is precious. Aestas. . Summer This character is sometimes used for Summer and sometimes for heat. Aes. . Brass This is but Copper mixed with Lapis Calaminaris and prepared by Vulcan's Art. Balneum. Mariae. MB. BM Balnea Mariae. Is an Artificial distilling by a glass Still, set into a furnace in a Kettle of water, by the boiling of which, the subject contained in the glass is distilled. Bolus Armenus. . Fine bowl Is cordial, desiccative, restringent, sanative, refrigerative, etc. Borus Communis. . Common Bole. Imitating the former, but fare weaker. Borax Venetiae. . Borax This is a great opener of obstructions of young women, and is excellent to lute glasses▪ and as a second hand to goldsmiths. Calidus . Or rather W●rm▪ Neither hot nor cold, Calx . Lime Is abstersive, desiccative, caustick sanative. Calx Ovorum. . Lime of Eggesb●ls Is sometime used in strong restrictives, etc. Calx Vive . Vnstaked Lime Chief used in caustic medicines. Chalybs. . Steel The most valiant son of Mars, it openeth obstructions, and stayeth the fluxes, etc. Calor . Heat This Character serveth not only for fire, but also for great heat. Calcinare . To Calcine Sometimes to burn to powder, and sometimes to prepare by fire to a certain height and colour. Cementare To Cement Is by a mixture corrosive to add to any metal pure, as Gold or silver, a higher tincture, and also to purify the same yet further. Cerussa Venetiae. . Venice Ceruse. One of the offspring of Saturn, sanative, cooling, anodine, desiccative, etc. Cera Wax A blessed medicine outwards & inwards, of a temper neither exceedingly too hot, nor too cold, mollificative, sanative, etc. Cinnabrium . Cinnabar Found natural and also compounded of Sulphur and Quicksilver, and used in Fumes, it spoileth many, and healeth by chance some one in killing ten. Cineres Ligni . Ashes of Wood Hereof are prepared many different medicines of value, in Physic and Chirurgery, amongst which the caustick stone, the ordinary Lixivium, etc. Corallus Corallus Albus. . Coral white Is Cordial, cooling, drying, and being prepared Chemically, hath wonderful virtues confortative. Corallus Rubeus. . Red Coral This is as the former, but in virtues it fare exceedeth it. Paracelsus ascribeth virtues infinite and wonderful to red Coral, if it be perfectly red. Colcothar. . Burnt Vitriol, or Colcoth. A good caustic medicine, and also cooling, exsiccating, sanative, mundificative, etc. Crocus Martis. . Safron of Iron. Good against dysenterium, Gonorrer, Di●rrh●●, and generally all fluxes. Crocus Veneris. . Safron of Copper. Or refined Verdigrease, as some affirm, but more truly is refined Aes Ustum, it expelleth, drieth, mundifieth, and healeth. Decoctio. . Boiling Is the boiling or decocting any medicine. Digestio . Digesting Good digestion presageth good healing, but Chemical digestion, est gradus spagyricus similis ventriculo, per quem gradum materia coquitur melius ut puri ab impuro separatio fieri posset. Dies Et nox. . Day and Night. Containing 24. hours. Distillatio . Distilling Is the separation of the pure, from the unpure, performed by sublimation, and precipitation, but after many kinds and fashions. Elementa. . Not one of the four Elements But a pure medicine made by Chemical Art, out of any good thing either animal, vegetable, or mineral, Quere La●avii, lib. 2. Alchym. cap. 49. Filtrum. . A felt This filtering with a felt, is a kind of preparation of medicines liquid, to purge them from their terrestrial parts. Fimus. Equinus. . Horse-dung Chemist's use to set their medicines in Horsedung to putrify, and is an ancient and worthy work rightly used. Vicarius ejus est, BM. Balnia Maria. Fixatio. . Fixing, or perfecting This is that al● good Chymickes desire in their works, but few truly attain it, but in stead of fixatio, they find vexatio satis, & ultimo mendicatum ire. Flos Aeris. . Verdigreas' Called commonly viride ●s, and Verdigrease being the rust of Copper, it is a good astringent, disiccative, and corrosive medicament. Gradus. G1S. G2. G3 A degree first, second, or third, as you see them described with their several figures. Gummi. . Gum. Of any kind is so described, but the single Character is most used. Hiems. . Winter This Character is also used for cold by some Writers Ignis. 🜂. but the first is most in use. Fire. As well natural asartificiall, actual as potential Lapis Magnetis. . The Loadstone. A jewel precious for value far exceeding the Diamond, of the Tribe of Mars, in quality attractive and sanative. Lues Venerea . The venereal disease This is a Catholic plague containing almost all diseases in one, being seldom perfectly healed. Luna Crescens. . The Moon increasing▪ Or the first and second quarter of the Moon. Luna Decrescens. . The Moon decreasing Of the two last quarters of the Moon. Lapis Prunella. . A stone made of Salniter This is good against toothache and inflammations, and for sores of the mouth and throat, and also against ●ot fevers inwardly taken. Lapis Calaminaris. . Calamint Stone. Is a stone which changeth Copper into Brass, it is desiccative, and excelleth in Lotions for the eyes, etc. Lapis Hematices. Blood stone This stone is used to stench bleeding inwardly and outwardly, and hath many other virtues medicinable. Lapis Sabulosus. . This is a great secret in curing a fracture being daily given the party, ʒj. and also mixed with the outward medicine, and applied to the grief. Lapis Granutus. . The Granat Stone This is a Jewel precious in medicine, but not commonly used. Lateres. . Stones. Or Bricks for farnasis or otherways. Lateres Cribrati. . Powder of Bricks It is often used in preparing medicines as well to make good Lute, as also for divers other needful uses. Lucinium Lixivium. . Lie made of ashes. This is many ways used very profitable in healing outwardly and inwardly, and for caustick medicines it is the best. Limatura Martis. . Filings of Horn Used for the making of Crocus Martis. Lutum Sapientia . Lute used of the Philosophers Some suppose that the pinching of glasses together is it, but it is taken for a man, and so meant by divers learned men. Lutum Commune. . Lute. Common Made of good Clay, with flax of wool, and salt commonly, but there is as many several Lutes as Chemics. Lythagirus Auri. . Litharge of Gold One of the sons of Saturn, and is partly so termed, for that the tests that refine Gold through Lead, after are made into lethargy, I mean the Saturn into them. Lythagirus Argenti. . Litharge of Silver One of the sons of Saturn, supposed proceed of Luna to as aforesaid, but indeed these and the first are sent daily from Holland, made only of Lead. Lythargirus Plumbi. . Litharge of Led One other of the sons of Saturn, and is made by every Plumber out of that part of Saturn which wasteth to a hardness in melting. Marchasita. . Unprepared Minerals Of any kind, as we vulgarly say Silver oar, or Led Led oar, etc. Mercurius ☿. ☿ Quicksilver The hottest, the coldest, a true healer, a wicked murderer, a precious medicine, and a deadly poison, a friend that can flatter and lie. Mercurius Sublimatus . Quicksilver sublimed. This fellow hath deserved much praise and dispraise, as till more scope I omit, for he hath done me both credit and shame. Mercurius Praecipitatus. . Quicksilver precipitate. A worthy medicine, of true Artists with praise used, of Empirics shamefully abused, for healing and killing he is known. Mercurius Solis. ☿ ☉ ☿ ☉ Mercury of Gold Hic labour, ho opus: quod supra me nibil add me, true Philophers only are capable of this mystery. Mercurius Lunae. ☿ ☽. ☿ ☽ Mercury of Silver. This and the former have one way of preparation, or not greatly different, but are past my reach. Mercurius Veneris. ☿ ♀. ☿ ♀ Mercury of Copper I have heard many brags of this medicine, and to be precious, but I never could see it, etc. Mercurius Martis. ☿ ♂. ☿ ♂ Mercury of ●●on. It is said that with this medicine, the virtue of the Loadstone is strengthened above measure. Mercurius Jovis. ☿ ♃. ☿ ♃ Mercury of Tin. This is reported able to make of Lead, Tin; but I have not seen it. Mercurius Saturni. ☿ ♄. ☿ ♄ Mercury of Lead. This is easily drawn from Lead in a good quantity, per se, only by Art of fire, as Writers affirm. Mensis. . One month Containing 28. days, and 28. nights, or four whole weeks. Minium. Or red Lead Is one of the sons of Saturn, cooling, drying, repelling, healing, mollifying, discussing, etc. Minutum. . One Minute The sixtieth part of one hour. Mel. ML. ML Honey Honey is Laxative, mundificative, mollificative, sanative, etc. Oleum. . 🝆 Oil of any kind And sometimes taken for Sulphur, is as if you would say, take from Guaiacum his Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury, by his Sulphur you must understand his oily part, etc. Phlegma. . 🜄 A Plegma It is used for any distilled water which is void of Spirit, as Rose-water. Piger Henricus. Slow Hemick An instrument for distilling, so called, for his exceeding slowness. Plumbum Philosophorum . Philosopher's Led This preparation is mystical and above my reach, the same Character is also used for the Philosopher's stone. Pulvis. . Powder of any thing Any fine powder, and sometimes it is taken for subtle flores, and fine spirits of any medicine. Purificare. . To Purify Either by sublimation, or by precipation, or any kind of purifying or cleansing. Putrefactio. . Putrify Is dissolving or, opening of mixed Minerals bodies by a natural, warm, and moist putrefaction, namely, by fimus equinus, vel ejus Vicarius, M B. Quinta Essentia. . Quinta Essentia A permanent Essential well digested medicine without gross superfluities, drawn from any subsistence either Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral. Quinta Essentia vini. The Quintessence of Wine. This is also called Aquavitae, and Aqua Coelestis, and Alcole vini, and Aqua Arden's, with many other names. Realgar. . A kind of Ratsbane A thing seldom used in healing, though sometimes used in Alchemy. Reverberatio. . A preparation Chemical by fire. Retorta. . A retort of Glass Sublimare. · To sublime. Or to cause to ascend by fire or Art of distilling very many ways. Sulphur. 🜍. Brimstone. Discussive, sanative, desiccative, anodine, repercussive, etc. Sulphur Philosophorum. . Perfect Sulphur, vix c●gnitum A true essential, perfect, and unisal medicament out of Sol. Sal Communis. 🜔 · 🜔 Common Salt Discussive, mundificative, sanative, and most precious for the life of man. Sal Gemmae. . Precious salt like Crystal. A Chrystaline salt, naturally growing in mines in Polonia, near the City of Cracovia, etc. Sal Petrae. . 🜕 Salt-Peeter A Salt of a wonderful kind and breeding, with effects admirable both good and evil. Sal Amoniacum. 🜹 · 🜹 Salt Amoniack. Grows naturally in Turkey, but is commonly made of Sal Alkali, common Salt, Urine, etc. Teste Andrea libavio. Sal Alkali. . A Salt of an heard called Kali. A kind of vegetable Salt, but Paracelsus termeth every vegetable Salt Alkaly. Sal Colcotharis. . A salt out of Deadhead. A Salt drawn from the Caput mortuum, and commonly called Deadhead, which is exceeding astringent and drying. Sal Tartari. . A Salt of Argall The Salt of Tartar or wine Lees a medicine of many great virtues, both of itself, and also for making other medicines. Succinum Album. S Va · S Va White Amber Come from Prutia and is a Cordial medicine, diauretick, diaphoretic, laxative, and generally opening all obstructions. succinum Citrinum. S rc · S rc Yellow Amber Like the former, but not so good, yet from this is an excellent oil drawn, serving for many especial medicines inward and outward. Spiritus Vini. . Spirit of Wine. A pure and essential substance, cordial, and of infinite other virtues, Liquid, yet wholly combustible. Sapo Soap A good medicine attractive, mollificative, etc. Stratum Super Stratum. ssst. SSS Two medicines laid one upon another. A term of Art often used, viz. fiat stratum, super stratum, that is, first put in of the one, and then of the other till all be in. Solutio . Opening The opening of mineral bodies diversely by Vulcan's Art. Sigillum Hermetis. . Hermes his Seal A kind of Luting or sealing of Glasses by a more excellent manner. Terra. . 🜃 Earth Commonly taken for potter's earth to make Lute of. Tigillum. . A melting pot. A pot wherewith Goldsmiths and other Artists use to melt metals or medicines in, called also a Crucible. Talcum X. X Talk This mineral is scarce well known yet the oil thereof is much extolled for beautifying the skin. Tutia . Tutty A medicine commonly known, and is made of the scum of Gopper, or of Copper by combustion. Tartarus . Argall Is the Lees of wine dried, which makes many profitable medicines, artificially prepared. Tumores . Tumours And also any Apostume, or swelling, wheresoever in man's body. Turbith Mineral. . Turbith Mineral. This with some additaments artificial, well prepared, is precious in the cure of the French pox. Vlcus . An Ulcer This is the ancient Character for an Ulcer, and some authors, have used the same for a wound. Vitriolum 🜖. Copperas It is best which is made of Copper. Vitrum . Glass It is used for a Glass Still, and also for any other kind of Glass. Vrina. . Urine Man's urine or children's urine, it is commonly used in Alchemy, and some use it in fomentations, and otherwise in Chirurgery and Physic. Certain Chemical Verses, or Good Will to young Artists, from the Author. SOme Verses plain at vacant times, I framed and laid aside: Intending youths which leisure have, might view what I have tried. And as occasion them should lead, might search, yea find and know The principles which follow here, from which great treasures flow. Three principles the Chemists hold, each creature doth contain, And four the Methodists have taught, and learnedly maintain. Three must I needs confess I find, confirmed all by reason: And yet from four to vary aught, I doubt 'tis petty treason. Upon this Theme two scholars might well seven years good time spend: Continuing still in argument, until the time had end. Wherefore ambiguously to wade, within a sea of strife, I like it not for fear of knocks, I love a quiet life. All worthy Artists I adore, and duty binds me so: Yea thankfully I'll learn of each, the thing I do not know. And ere I'll seem once to contend, my will shall be so even: I know there's three, I yield there's four, to make the sum up seven. But will you know why Chemists call their principles but three? With heavenly number it agrees, from all Eternity. A Trinity in Deity, most sacred and mo&; st sure: All should confess in unity is, was, and shall endure. From which, as from a perfect guide, each man his work should frame, And in his conversation true, always respect the same. In honour of which Deity, true Chemists daily find A tripart substance for to be of all things following kind. Which in the earthly sphere are found, each one in his degree. And these by Artists styled are Sal, Sulphur, Mercury. Who calling unto reckoning all that Animals do seem, Of Vegetables in their kinds, they make no small esteem. Likewise from minerals each one, great medicines they derive: Which do root out inveterate griefs, and keep men long alive. The Mercury that's volatile, the Sulphur burns like fire: The Sal in fundo to remain, as Christal's their desire. Each of these three to three again, the Artist can produce, Which done and joined the medicines pure, and fit for each good use. Thus have I in one Period anatomised plain: True medicines how thou mayst prepare, if thou wilt take the pain. But if that any further seek, in true Philosophy: The Minerals fix and pure to make, that is no work for me. I to my Latchet will return, and rest me in a mean: Good medicines only to prepare, I hold sufficient gain. And unto young men that have mind, in Alchemy to venture: I'll show them to the Labyrinth, which who so list may enter. Foul hands and face he must not scorn, if aught good he would find: With coals and fime to be besmeer'd, it is the Chemist kind. The trowel, brick, with hammer oft, and shovel he must use, The cliffs, the tongs, and bellows eke, he no way may refuse. His grates of iron he must fit, his rings to cut his glass: With pots of iron, brass or clay, his furnace he must pass. The Retort and the Alembick safe, with lute he must defend: And vaprous ventils have in care, those must he often mend. And why, in vain he makes a fire, which cannot rule the same: For therein resteth all the Art, the pleasure, gain, and fame. Yet that's not all he ought to know, that would a Chemist be. A thousand things are yet behind, as he shall find and see. But he that takes delight in aught, regardeth not the pain: So he may have the thing he seeks, although it be but vain. A Chemist that would duly work, must readily define The characters, which he shall read, and spells of ancient time. Each Mineral he ought to know his malice, force, and might, Or he may soon beshrew himself, if he mistake the right. The twelve signs of the Zodiac, he ought to know by heart, Conjunction, Opposition too of Planets, though in part. The Sextile, Trine, and Quadrile eke, the Dragon's head and tail, The Planets orders how they reign, and where their force may fail. In terms of Art, which divers are, instructed he must be, Amalmagate, alcolizate, and cohobate must be. To calcine and for to cement, to circulate also, To colliquate, coagulate, and congelate, I trow. To colorate, to corrodate, conglutinate likewise: Coagmentate, coadunate, whereby to win the prize. Sometime digestion needful is, and deliquation too, Divaporation is a work, the Chemist wise must do. Where distillations do prevail, Distraction takes the head, Then by Elaboration, wise men may be misled. Election needful is in all, evaporation too, Expression and extraction are two things that he must do. In exhaltations he must strive, and Ebullitions make, His fermentation oftentimes will cause him to awake. His filterations many are, his fumigations eke, And most in his fixations, the good man is to seek. Gradations than are thought upon, and granalation more, Incorporation hath his time, Ignision pincheth sore. And Levigation hath his place, and Liquefaction use: Then to Lutation have a care, therein be no abuse. For all mortification can do, or else can say, I hope multiplication, the cost and pains will pay. He suffers Masaration, and Maturation both, Embracing putrefaction foul, which many a man would loath. Precipitation was forgot, purgation goeth before, And by projection he shall find, if he be rich or poor. But if his hopes yet chance to fail, Reduction thought upon, Restrinction, Reverberation, and Resolution strong. Then Repurgations often had, with Segregations fine, Some Sublimations duly used, may well become the time. Stratifigations in due place, Solutions eke in time. Subduction never wanting is, a Chemist to define. Of Torrefactions he hath store, Vivifications hope, But finds vitrification, or vani●●● all in smoke. What shall I say? this is not all, the Chemist must abide This Labyrinth out, his glass then breaks, his patience there is tried. Yet grant to this although 'twere more, there's no man ever knew, A work so slight and cheap as this, such rare effects to show. In gaining health to sick and sore, preserving men from woe: Yea sundry ways expelling griefs, which in man's body grow. By true Elixirs of much price, by Quintessenses high, And many famous medicines more, which I for haste pass by. Though once a Gallenist ill led, devised a slanderous rhyme, Which he in Latin verse put forth, I know not well the time. And this it was that followeth next, which if it prove a lie, I'll no way seem him to excuse, you have't as cheap as I. Alchymia est ars sine arte, cujus subjectum est pars cum parte, Proprium ejus probè mentiri, & ultimò mendicatum iri. But lest I should be deemed one, 'mongst birds that file their nest, I'll leave this doubtful verse as 'tis, and haste to end the rest. Common it is with Chemists true, their house-doves them withstand: Fearing all will be spent in smoke, time, goods, yea house and land. A noise domestic shrill I hear, and I dare stay no longer: Good friends adieu till further time, I must obey the stronger. You Chemists wise that wived are, be warned here by me, Search not into this mystery, except your female ' gree. For I have found to my great smart, when she list to contend, Then down goes pot, yea glass and all, and I vow to amend. And need says yield, there's fault in him, that stubbornly stands out, Till breech and jacket all be torn, by searching secrets out. Vale THE Terms of Art, Recited formerly in Verse, are here again repeated Alphabetically, and more plainly interpreted. ALbation is the abstraction of dust, moths, great, adhering to a thing with an Hare's foot, feather, spather, knife, or the like. Ablution is exaltation, cleansing unclean things by often infusion, reducing them to purity. Alcolis●us is an operation by calcination, ribellation, and other means, which reduceth a matter into Alcool, the finest powder that is. Amalgamation is the putting together, solution, or calcination of familiar metals, by Argentum vivum, etc. Ar●matization is an artificial manner of preparation, whereby medicaments are made more suaveolent and odoriferous for the oblectation and strength of the palate, and vital faculty. Attrition is a certain manner of preparation, like grinding on a convenient stone with some humidity, whereby Lapis Judaicus, Collyria, and the like are prepared. Buccellatio is dividing into gobbets, or by peece-meals. Calcination is solution of bodies into Calx or Alcool, by desiccation of the native humidity, by reverberate ignition, by Amalgamation, by Aqua fort is, the spirit of salt vitriol, Sulphur, or the like. Calfaction is a certain manner of preparing simple and compound medicaments, not by boiling or burning, but by the moderate heat of the Sun, fire, ●imus equinus, vel ejus vicarius. Cementation is gradation by cementing. Cementum is a mineral matter like lute, and penetrating, wherewith metals spread over are reverberated to cement. Ceratio is the mollification of an hard thing, until it be like wax at the fire. Cinefaction is ignition converting Vegetables and Animals by a very vehement heat into Cineres. Circulation is the exaltation of pure liquor, as spirit of Wine by circular solution, and coagulation in a Pelican, a moderate heat forcing it. Clarification is the expurgation of sordid gross matter from liquid medicaments. Coadunation (sometimes termed by the name of a more excellent species, Coagulation) is a perfect and skilful working, whereby disagreeing things are united, Coagmentation like to glutination, is by liquate things, to which dissolving powders are cast, and afterwards are made concrete by laying them in a cold place, or by evaporating their humidity. Coagulation is the coaction of things agreeing in nature from a thin and a fluid consistence into a solid mass, by the privation ●f moisture. Coction is the alteration or commutation of a thing to be boiled. Cohobation is frequent abstraction of liquor oftentimes a●●used upon a dead head or dry feces by distillation. collation is the transmission of that which is humid thorough a strainer, that the liquor may be had separated from the drier substance. Colliquation, or Colliquefaction, is the conjunction of many fusils or liquables to make one compound by eliquation on the fire. Coloration is, whereby the perfect colour of gold, silver, Philosophers Led, etc. obscured by any sulphurous vapour, is renovated and illustrated by maceration, frequent ablution, in sharp liquor, as Salt, Argal, spirit of wine, wine vinegar, or by an acute paste laid on the said metals. Combustion is ignition, converting bodies by burning them into Calx. Comminution is the reducing of any matter into such fine powder by dilution, filteration, exiccation, contusion, calcination, cribration, or any other means, that no roughness or corpulency be felt, as Alcool. Complexion is the nature of a part hot, cold, moyet, or dry. Composition is the codunation of divers things. Concretion is divaporation of humidity in fluid things, by gentle decoction on fire, Confriction is a certain light Attrition, by which pulverable things, with the rubbing of the fingers, or a more solid body, are quickly levigated, as Cerussa Amylum, etc. Confusion is properly a mixture of such liquid things as are fluid, and of one and the same nature (as of divers waters by themselves, and so of oils:) liquid things (as wax, rosin, pitch, etc.) may likewise be confused, but by Eliquation. Congelation is often performed by a precedent decoction of things to a certain height or just consistence, which after set into a Cellar or cold place, do congeal into a transparent substance, not unlike ice, as is seen in the making of Copperas, Salt▪ peter, or the like. Conglutination is the ferrumination or compaction of metals, jewels, glasses, etc. by gums, glue, whites of eggs, and the like, the nature of the conglutinated remaining, Contusion is the beating of gross bodies into smaller or very subtle parts. Corrosion is calcination, reducing things coagulated, by the corroding spirits of salt, sulphur, wine-vineger distilled, Aqua fortis, etc. into Calx. Cribration is the preparation of medicaments by a sieve or scarce. Deliquation is the preparation of things by melting on the fire. Deliquium is the liquation of a concrete (as salt, powder calcined, etc. set in an humid an frigid place (external humidity, resolving the siccity) that it flow, having a watery form, as is apparent in the preparation of salt of Tartar. Descension is when the essential juice dissolved from the matter to be distilled, is subducted and doth descend. Despumation is when spume or froth floating on the top, is taken away with a spoon, feather, or by collation. Distillation is, whereby an essence is extracted in the form of liquor, and being coagulated, is carried by the stillicidium translated out of the vessel of the matter, into the excipulium sublocated. Difflation is, wheu through heat, spirits arising, are with a kind of folles blown into the adverse camera, and there are found congulated. Digestion is simple maturation, whereby things uncocted in artificial digestory heat (as food by a natural heat in the stomach) is digested. Dissolution is a preparation of medicaments simple, and compounded by some convenient humidity to a certain consistence. Distraction is a certain divulsion or disunition of divers things before united and agreeing together (not respect of one existing or comprehended in an other had) every one remaining in its own nature. Divaporation is exhalation by fire of vapour, remaining in liquid substances, till all aquofity be consumed, or in more dry but fumed by torrefaction. Dulcification is the correction of mineral medicaments by ablutions, and the like. Duration is either when things mollified at the fire are set in a cold place to harden: or by boiling to an high consistence or admixtion of dry powder with them, do wax hard. Elaboration is a manual operation, whereby we extract from a substance the most excellent matter, the ignoble parts removed. Election is of simples according to time and season wherein they are gathered, and according to the region wherein they grow, that so the best may be had, and their vigour appear in use according to expectation. Elevation is▪ subtiliation, when spiritual parts from the corporal, subtle from the gross, the not fixed from the fixed, like smoke by the force of fire are elevated, and adhering to the cold concaves of the Alembeck, do thicken and convert into water. Elixation i● coction in humid by a moderate heat. Elution is the preparation of common Bowl, Tal●um, Crocus Martis, Terra Lemnia, etc. by pulverization, calcination, lotion, etc. Evaporation, See Divaporation. Exaltation is an operation, whereby a medicament changed in his affections by gentle dissolution, is produced to an higher ● dignity of substaance and virtue, and a greater degree of purity. Exhalation is, when the spirit of any matter solid, or in powder (being put into a platter, or any other convenient vessel set on coals) is elevated through heat, and vanisheth into the air. Expression is extraction by a press, wherein herbs, amygdales, etc. compressed, pour forth their substances (as juices and oil, into a liquid form. Extinction is the suffocation of a matter fiery and hot into some humidity. Extraction is a segregation of an essence from a corporeous concretion, by digestion in Balneo, his feces left in fundo, as Rhabarbarum in spirit of Wine infused, manifesteth. Fermentation is the exaltation of a massy substance, by the admission of Fermentum, which doth penetrate it wholly (his virtue distributed by a spirit) and inverteth it into his own nature. Ferrumination is the joining together of a fracture in one and the same Metal, or of divers Metals, by a Mineral flux. Filteration called percolation, by Filtrum a Chemical colum is subduction of thin aquosity in humid things, the thick and oily substances resisting. Fission, see Section. Fictation is the assuefaction of volatile and spiritual bodies to fire by calcination, gentle and continual decoction, frequent sublimation, solution, and coagulation often iterated, or by addition of a matter fixed, that so they may endure fire and not fly away. Fraction is the breaking of some matter with ones hand, or with an instrument. Frixion is the preparation of some medicaments, with oil, butter, wine, vinegar, etc. in a convenient vessel, for the correcting of bad qualities in them. Fulmination derived of fulmen a Latin word, signifying fire breaking out of the clouds, causing a sudden light great and bright, is a metallicall gradation, with excoction to an absolute perfection in Cinerition, whose purity is declared by an effulgent splendour. Fumigation is calcination of metals, by the sharp corroding vapour of Mercury, Philosophers Led, etc. boiling in a crucible, the metals cut into plates, and either laid over the Orificium of the crucible, or hanged over the fume. Fusion is liquation by heat violent or moderate, for the separation of the pure from the impure. Gradation is an exaltation of Metals in the degree of affections, where by weight, colour, and constancy they are brought to an excellent measure, but the substance unaltered: so Gold is rubified, fixed, and purified. Granulation proper to Metals, by infusion on fire, and effusion into water is their comminution into granula, or very small drops like Grana Paradisi. Humectation, see Irrigation. Ignition is calcination, the fire reducing violent bodies into Calx. Illiquation is the commistion of terrene bodies with Metalline (as of Lapis cadmia with cuprum) but so as each retains his own substance. Imbibition, a Philosophical operation is ablution, when liquor adjoined to a body is elevated, and not finding vent, doth fall back upon the same, and often washeth it with Humectations, so long as it being coagulated, can no more ascend, but remaineth wholly fixed. Imbution, see Infusion and maceration. Inceration is the mixture of humidity with that which is dry, by a gentle and not hasty combibition to the consistence of mollified wax. Incineration, see Cinefaction. Incorporation is a sudden addition of so much humidity to exiccate matters as is required in the true consistence of a mixed body, past, or a mass. Infusion is the preparation of medicaments, cut or bruised in some humidity convenient for the purpose, a lesser or longer time, whether it be an hour, one day or many, a week or a month, etc. Inhumation is the setting of two pots (the head of the uppermost being very well covered and luted, with his bottom boared full of little pin-holes, and sure fastened to that which is underneath in the ground, and burying them with earth to a certain depth, having a circular fire made for distillatory transudation per descensum. Insolation is the preparation of simple or compound things by the heat of Sun in the Summer, or a gentle fire in the Winter, or in Balneo, or in fimo equino. Irrigation not much unlike immersion, is an aspersion of humidity upon things that are to be dissolved, that so they may the more easily deliquate. Levigation is the reduction of any hard and ponderous matter by comminution, and diligent contusion into fine powder, like Alcool. Limation proper to Metals (as Steel, Iron, Brass, Led, etc.) is a preparation with a file, whereby they yield dust for divers uses. Liquation is when as that which shall be made into one body, is dissolved, that it can flow abroad like waves. Liquefaction is the dissolution of a Mineral body, by the force of a very gentle fire. Lotion is a preparation of medicaments by water, or some other liquor to remove some evil and hurtful thing, and to procure some good and profitable quality in them. Lutation, right worthy the name of Sapientia, is a medicine thin or thick according to the heat and continuance of the fire, which stoppeth most exactly the orificium of the vessel, that no vapour pass out. Maceration is preparation of things not unlike to Humectation in the manner of working, but in time, for some are infused three, four, or more months, and some a shorter space. Maturation is exaltation of a substance, rude and crude to that which is mature and perfect. Mistion is such a composition of bodies, as inceration, incorporation, colliquation, and contusion do declare. molition is the beginning of liquation, yet some things are mollified (as cornu cervi, Coral, Ivory, Ungulae, etc.) which cannot liquate. Multiplication by projection, is of a body amalgamated from 7. to 10. from 10. to 50. from 50. to 100 etc. according to the force and quantity of the tincture. Mundisication is the purgation of any matter by few or many operations from that which is sordid and vicious, that only the most excellent may be admitted to the work in hand. Nutrition is the permistion of humidity by little and little, for the alteration of the quality of the medicament. Precipitation is when bodies corroded by Aqua fortis, or Aqua Regia, and dissolved into water, Salt Armoniac or Mercury cast upon them, either by the abstraction of the corroding vapour, are reverberated into Calx, they are made perfect medicines. Probation is the examination of any matter, whereby we discern what is excellent and perfect, and what corrupt. Projection is an exaltation chief in Metals, by a medicine cast upon them, which will suddenly penetrate and transfigurate them, giving them another tincture. Prolectation is extraction by attenuation of subtle parts, so that by the inclination of their rarified nature, they may be altered from the more gross parts. Purgation like to separation, is the clarification of impure liquor, having a thick sedement and spume by decoction. Putrefaction is the resolution of a mixed body by a natural putritude in calido humido, or fimo equino, etc. whereby it may be made more excellent. Quartation is the separation of Gold and Silver mixed together, by four unequal parts. Quinta essentia is an absolute, pure and well-digested medicine drawn from any substance, either animal, vegetable, or mineral. Rasion is the scraping or paring of a thing, either for expurgation of that which is unprofitable, or for easier pulverization. Reduction common to many operations doth restore a thing changed to his former estate and condition. Repurgation is, whereby metals and other substances are purged from super fluities of another nature, adhering to them. Resolution (the way to most excellent operations of Alchemy, causing both elements and celestial essences to separate from their elementary composition) of things commixed, is when they part one with another. Restinction is a gradation, whereby metals or the like, candified by fire, are restinguished in liquor of exaltation, and thereby made more noble, by how much a more excellent tincture and gloss is set upon them. Reverberation is ignition reducing bodies (the fire quick reverberating and reflecting) into a very subtle Calk. Section is the cutting of things great into lesser parts, for the present occasion. Segregation is the solution of that which was whole and perfect into parts divided, which flow not together as colliquables dissolved. Separation is, whereby parts distracted are separated every one alike having his several being in himself. Siccation is the drying up of excremental humidity in bodies, before the fire, Sun, in the shade, or the like convenient place. Solution, a principal part of Chemical practice, whereby the incorporation of things coagulated, is dissolved and attenuated. Subduction is an abstraction of juices, oils, and other liquid matters downward by percolation, filteration, and the like. Sublimation is when that which is extracted is driven to the sublime part of the vessel, and there subsisteth, or when as between that which is sublimed, and the dead head an aery space doth intercede. Subtiliation is dissolution, separating the subtle parts from the gross. Stratification, or stratum superstratum well known to Chemists, and used in cementation, is strewing of corroding powder, or the like, upon plates of metal by course. Torrefaction like siccation, but more violent, is an operation drying speedily, parching and scorching that which is to be dried before, or over the fire. Transmutation is the mutation of a thing in substance, colour, or quality. Transudation is, when in descensory distillation, the essence provoked, sweateth through, and is carried guttatim into the receiver. Vitrification is Combustion, converting Calk and Cineres into transparent glass. Ustion is a preparation of things for easier pulverization, mutation of colour, faculty, etc. by burning them in a crucible, or in the fire. The Epilogue. Gentle Reader, I Had intended much more in my love to young men, to have written by way of instruction, namely, a Dispensatory touching the precedent particulars, with somewhat also concerning the Cure of the French Disease, with symptoms thereof, namely, the Gonorea, the Bubo venerea, the Hernia Humoralis, etc. But time hath overtaken me, so that now I am forced to conclude, having run through the cares of sixty nine years; old age being an enemy to study, for my sight being weakened, my memory much impaired, and my capacity utterly unable to perform so hard a task, which will ask both large time, and much study to fulfil, and other occasions best known to myself, and some special reasons elsewhere expressed in my precedent and subsequent work, to which I refer you, for the further satisfaction; I rest ready to do good so long as the Almighty pleaseth willing to be, Thine in the Lord, J. W. FINIS. VIATICUM, BEING THE PATHWAY TO THE Surgeon's Chest. Containing, Chirurgical Instructions for the younger sort of Surgeons, employed in the Service of his Majesty, or for the COMMONWEALTH upon any occasion whatsoever. Intended chiefly for the better curing of Wounds made by GUNSHOT. First published by Authority, Anno 1628., and now revised and enlarged by the Author, JOHN WOODAL Mr. in SURGERY. Omnia terrena per vices sunt aliena. LONDON. Printed by J. L. for Nicholas Bourne, 1653. The PREFACE. LOving Brethren, for as much as in times of war, as well as of peace, men of our calling should be ready Ad omne quare, for the service of their King and Country: We and our Country have been long happy in a blessed peace; and yet even now having rumours of war, it is not amiss to be prepared for the contrary: Wherefore from the wise heathen Philosopher, let us all learn as followeth (Jam tua res agitur, para cum proximus ardet:) Our neighbouring Nations are and have been long in combustion; it is therefore wisdom for us to be ready, and the rather we ought to take it into our better consideration, because at the first composing and writing hereof, namely in july, 1626. when as I published it, there were then, and now are rumours of Wars, and our Company of Barber Surgeons were then commanded by His Majesty's Authority forthwith to provide sixeteen of the best Surgeons as the than time afforded for his especial service by Land, such as were men most expert in the healing of wounds made with Gunne-shot; and generally for the most part, by reason of that long and happy peace that our Nation had enjoyed, many good Surgeons being put to it at the first, were likely to have been found somewhat to seek therein; how much more than our younger men? wherefore the charge of providing, preparing, and fitting His Majesty's whole service by land and sea, being by his Highness referred to our Corporation & our Company, having for that time made choice of myself, and deputed me to the work, I held myself in conscience and duty tied to do somewhat, although I confess it was little, to the better enabling and encouraging of younger men unto their duties in that point. But here under favour I must desire pardon for a little digression; namely, that before my entrance unto any further discourse, I acquaint the younger sort of Surgeons my Brethren with those especial favours, which it then pleased our most gracious King Charles, to bestow upon our Corporation in particular above and beyond his ever blessed Ancestors, for the good of his Soldiers and Seamen, and our encouragements thereby, to animate and enable us the more heartfully to serve him: And namely. First his Highness was graciously pleased, when also he increased the sea-mens' wages, to augment the monthly wages of each Surgeon and Surgeon's Mate in his service by sea and land, to above a third penny from former custom; namely from nineteen shillings four pence a month to thirty shillings. He hath also been graciously pleased to give a free benevolence to the Surgeons in all his sea services, which never was given them by any of the former Kings nor Queens of this land before as followeth, viz. To all Surgeons that serve in his Highness own ships, I mean towards the furnishing of their Surgeon's Chests with Physical drugs and medicaments, I say for each of them ten pounds; and to each Merchant's ship five pounds, and to each Newcastle-ship or Colliarsship serving in his Highness his affairs three pounds. And, nevertheless all the Surgeons in his Highness' service have as formerly by the head of all men that are in pay in any of his ships or land-service two pence of each man by the month: And for the surgeons in his Land service, he alloweth to the Surgeon Major of the whole Camp five shillings a day; and for his two Mates or servants four shillings a day. Also his Majesty alloweth to each Surgeon two shillings and six pence the day, which is three pounds and fifteen shillings the month, and to each Mate three pound a month, and more over allowed, and gave to each Surgeon appointed to 250. men, a surgery Chest of 17. pounds' value free of account: And moreover his Majesty alloweth to the Surgeon Major a store Chest or Magazeen Chest of 48. pounds' value, for a supply to furnish upon all wants and occasions: And His Highness was yet further well pleased to give authority unto the Masters and Governors of our Society, for to have the making, compounding, fitting, and ordering of all the medicines, as well Physical as chirurgical, together with all other provisions belonging to the Surgeon's chest. And further His Highness hath referred to the ancient Masters and the Governors of our Society, the pressing of all Surgeons and Surgeons Mates or servants to Surgeons and Barbers; with also the taking up of any instruments, chests, or ready made medicines in His Highness' name for his service, if occasion be not otherwise. These favours and privileges our Corporation have received from His Highness, together with a new Charter, wherein he hath likewise graciously been pleased to confirm all our privileges formerly granted unto us; and hath given us divers new privileges for the better subsistence of our said Corporation in future times; as also we had never been denied as formerly, to have moneys imprested before hand, for the providing a chest with surgery Instruments and salves. In regard whereof, and for that Surgeons should with the better courage be instigated faithfully to perform their duties; I have presumed in this Preface to explain His Highness former favours, as aforesaid, whereby our younger brothers may from age to age the better keep it in remembrance; and to that end I have also further under favour I hope without offence, presumed to set down the effect of the order of the then Lords of his Highness most honourable Privy Council, with the day and year in which some of the recited privileges were granted and ordered, as also in part the form and order how his Majesty's Officers of his Navy have interpreted, dispensed, and disposed of his Majesties said free gift, according to the several burdens, ranks and orders of the ships of His Highness his Navy respectively, which are as followeth. A List of the different rates of several of his Majesty's Ships, concerning His Highness' free gift and impressed, to each of them, namely, as they were heretofore rated by the Officers of His Highness' Navy, in the year, 1626. Great Ships of the first and second rank were rated all alike, viz. Mer. Honour Triumph Anne Royal Saint Andrew Saint George James Repulse Charles Defiance None-such Unicorn Victory Hen. Maria Vanguard Rainbow Swiftsure Red Lion Con. Reformation With the rest of the like. Free gift— 10. li.— 0— 0 Impressed— 7li— 10.— 0 In all— 17. li.— 10— 0 Ships of the third rank. Assurance Guardland Bonaventure Entrance Leopard Convertine And so of the rest of the List. Free gift— 7li.— 10— 0 Impressed— 5li.— 0— 0 Ships of the 4. rank. Adventure Mary Rose Blake George Free gift— 5li. 0— 0- Impressed— 3.— 10— 0 Great Merchant men in His Majesty's service at the rate of his Majesty's great ships, viz. 10 li. and 7 li. 10. s. ordinary Merchant men at the rate of his Majesty's ships of the fourth rank, aforesaid, namely 5 pound free gift and 3 pound 10 s. impressed. Ships of the 5. rank. Each Lion's Whelp viz. First Whelp Second Whelp Fourth Whelp Fifth Whelp Tenth Whelp Free gift— 3 li. 0-0 Impressed 3 li. 0-0 His Majesty's Pinnaces. Greyhond Roebuck Or any of like account. Free gift 3 li. 0— 0 Impressed 2 li.— 100L Newcastle Ships or Colliers, at the same rate with His Majesty's Pinnaces. The Preface. The day of the grants of the aforesaid order touching benevolences, was to my best remembrance the 10 of July, 1626. at Whitehall, by the Lords of h●s Majesties Privy Council, being then by them ordered to be paid unto the Masters and Wardens of the Surgeons, ever from time to time before hand, and upon all services for his Highness; and for the better performance thereof, the said Noble Lords were pleased to pray the Lord Treasurer to take knowledge thereof, and to cause the moneys accordingly to be forthwith issued as aforesaid, as for a supply for the providing of Physical drugs and medicaments. And further the said Honourable Lords were then pleased to order, that all such other moneys as usually had been allowed by way of impressed to any Surgeons in His Majesty's service, towards the providing and further fitting of their Surgery-Chests, should together with the former moneys be likewise paid into the hands of the said Masters and Wardens, ever for the time being in due time and before hand; who for the better effecting of the intents and service aforesaid, were ordered to see the said moneys faithfully and frugally bestowed, and should for the surer performance of it, orderly have the making, ordering, fitting, and compounding of all the medicines, as well physical as chirurgical; as also all other provisions belonging to a Surgeon's Chest; or to appoint such others for the effecting the work, as they should at their perils answer for their faithful performances: All which Chests and provisions whatsoever therein so fitted and provided as aforesaid, being ready, the Master and Wardens are by the said order commanded to see every of them to be safely delivered under lock and key, unto His Majesty's officers whom it may concern at Tower-wharf; that all things therein provided and enclosed might the safelier come on board the ships, for which they are designed: All which allowances, Injunctions, Privileges and Commands, were then by the said most Honourable Lords thought fit to be for ever hereafter continued to all ships or Fleets in his Highness' future services, as is more plainly manifest by the said order; the which no doubt is extant, and unto which if occasion require, relation may be had. Thus loving Brethren, having acquainted you with these his Majesty's favours unto our Corporation, it followeth in my duty that I should acquaint the younger sort of Surgeons with the use of the Surgeon's Chest, I mean the medicines in this Viaticum contained; in some methodical manner, according to the ensuing expressions of the following Treatise, were it not that time hastens me to an end, before I begin: Yet nevertheless I have shrained of time to lend the younger sort a word or two in this Viaticum, not to all as a Teacher, but as a loving remembrance to the elder, which I pray you to peruse as you have occasion. And so in God's name without painting of phrases or collecting of great Authors for my vouchers; my Method you know by the plainness of the stile; the which Method is no other than the old beaten Pathway of all Surgeons, wherein each Artist ought to be experienced. And If any Artist by forgetfulness err, desire to inform his memory: And as for the younger sort, I know it is Charity to show them, for they have need, and aught to-desire and seek knowledge, according to an old Doctrine of that sweet Lily, in his Grammatical instructions, videlicet. Qui dubitat, qui saepe rogat, mea dicta tenebit; Is qui nil dubitaet, nil capit inde boni. In English to this effect. Who doubts, inquires, and knowledge seeks, doth Lilies rules make good; Whilst he that's wise in his own conceit, puts on the Idiot's hood. And to conclude, I well knowing you could not always have the advice of the grave and learned Artists at hand, in military affairs, I therefore presumed to the utmost of my latchet, hereby to afford you my following helps, which I hope by the friendly Reader will, if he want better, be taken in friendly part. Vale in Christo An Epitome of a Surgeon's Chest, and of the Contents thereof, for his Majesty's service, by addition or omission of any the particulars, to be altered according to each several Ships proportion, time, or different occasion, upon any voyage. Composed and published by John Woodal, Master in Surgery, August the 11. 1628. Instruments. Dismembering Saw. Dismembering knife Incision knife. Head Saw. Tresine. Glister Pot. Pipes. Small sirings with pipes. Cathetor. Speculum oris. Cauterizing Buttons. Flamula. Forceps strait. Forceps crooked. Paces. Forcers or punches. Crow's bills. Spatulaes'. Weights and scales. Morter and Pestle. Strainers. Sponges. Skillet. Chafingdish. Pannikins. Mallet and Chezel. Blood Porringers. Cupping Glasses. Potion Cup. Spoon lrage. Tow. Funnels. Cap-paper. Leather skins. Splints and Tape. Skillet large. Clouts and Rulers. Emplastra. Stipticum Paracelsi. Diachalcitheos'. Oxycroceum. Deminio. Meliloti. Cumini. Unguenta. Basiliconis. Viride. Populeonis. Album. Triapharmacum. Dialtheae. Diapompholigos. Aegyptiaci. Linimentum Arcei. Digestive. Mel Saponis. Axungi Porcini. Costicum Liquidum. Olea. Cautulorum. Hipericonis cum gummi. Rosarum. Chamomillae. Anethi. Lilliorum. Lini. Pulvis Registringens majus. Defensat. Simplicia. Bolus verus. Mastic. Myrrh. Pix Greca. Lapis Calaminaris. Bolus. Praecipitatum. Sublimatum. Lupins. Cantharideses. Alumen Crude. Combust. Vitriolun Album. Viride. Combustum. Farina Fabarum. Hordei. Herbs. Wormwood. Mint. Rosemary. Time. Centaury. Hypericon. Scordium. Electuaria. De Ovo. Discordii. Mythridat. Phylonium pers. Theriaca Andromachi. Londinensis. Diatesseron. Confectio Hamech. Alkermes. Diatrion Pyperion. Diacatholiconis. Diaphaeniconis. Lohoch Sanum. Laudani. Aquilla vitae. Aurum vitae. Extract. Catholicon purgans. Succus Liqueritiae. Lymonum. Syrupi. Violarum. Limonum. Menthae. Rosarum salutivi. Dimoron. Oximel. Mel Rosarum. Conservae. Rosarum. Prunellorum. Barberorum. Cochleariae. Philula●▪ De Euphorbio. Ruffi. Cochiae. Aureae. Pulvis Sanotus: Arthreti●. Aquae. Caelestis. Cinamomi. Rosarum. Menthaesimplicis Cum Vino Card. Benedict. Plantaginis Aquaevitae Angelicae Lotion Spirit. vini Acetum vini Olea. Vitrioli Terebinthinae Origani Mel Depurat Simples. Aloes Succotrinae Senae elect. Rhabarb. elect. Colycintis Opii Cornu Cervi Rasura Combusta Cerussae Mu●●●●● Sperma Ceti Cortices granatorum Galla Radices Liquiricae Semen anisi. Faniculi Lini Cuminae Faenum Graecum Flores Comomillae Melilotae Baccae Lauri Juniperi Terebinth. Hordei excort. Com. Stibium Cambogium. Bladders Bags Pots Glasses The Chest A padlock Petty charges. WOODAL'S VIATICUM: A Help to the Surgeon's Chest. The first dressing of Wounds, made by Gunshot. AFTER extraction of unnatural things, forced into the wound with the Bullet, which ought with all circumspection, care, and possible ease to the patiented, to be effected for fear of hurting the offended Arteries, veins, and nerves, etc. And also all such fractured bones greater or less broken by force of the bullet, be taken out; I say of all Draw not fractured bones out at the first, without caution. such of them, as may without danger of Life or Limb be immediately removed for the first dressing; wherein note, that a fractured bone, though wholly divided from the greater fixed part thereof, is not as by a general rule always to be cut or forced out at the first dressing, except it doth apparently endanger a Gangrena, or other fearful accidents, by pricking of Nerves or the like; for by amoving it, a Flux may Tarry if you may while nature helps. be induced, or some other offence, but you should do well rather to forbear such bones for the first dressing at the least, and until nature, or other just reasons in the true Art of healing do compel, and to proceed to the dressing. In the more simple sort of Gun-shot wound, as followeth, I mean in wounds, where no Gangrena may be suspected, neither immediate Flux, nor furtive hemorrhage, dress the Patient either with Artificial Balm, or Oleum Hypericon: cum Gummis de Apericij, Oleum Cattulorum, Balm in the Chest. or Arceus Linament, or one of these, and apply it warm, and somewhat warmer than the Patient would willingly suffer it, and cover the wound with an Emp. of melilot stiptic: Paracelsi, Minium, or any other good Empl sitting. Emplaster, that is according to Art, and namely according to the temper of the grief, ever to make choice of hotter or colder Emplasters, not omittng convenient bandage, I mean due ligature, and so Order in cnring. proceed in God's name, as in all contused wounds is most convenient to the end of the work, that is to say, first to suppurate and digest, then to mundify, and then to incarn, and so on to sigillate, or siccatrize with due respect, if occasion be, by Laxative or other remedies, to temper and fit the body by good Regiment of diet, as by purging, Spirit of wine. bleeding, etc. And for one particular, observe that in Gun-shot wounds, almost in all dress, the spirit of wine doth well with some of the aforesaid balms, until the wound be well mundified at the least. But in wounds, where great danger of a Gangrena is to be feared, the Dressing of great Wounds. Surgeon hath nothing more safe, for the first dressing, than 〈◊〉 Aegyptiacum, and a little spirit of Wine, somewhat too warm, put it upon soft lint, or fine tow pledgents, or by a Syringe, to be carried in at first, into the bottom of the wound▪ which done, with some good astringent defensative medicine, and fit bandage, let it be bound up, and if the Surgeon be not forced thereunto, let not the wound be opened again until 48 hours be past, upon the first dressing, and so also upon every caustic application. Then at the next dressing, if Fluxes, hinder not, have ready,) if it may be (white wine and honey, for a fomentation, or fair water, and Mell for necessity, if better cannot be had, and with a little Aqua vitae added, if you think fit, with stupes, very warm, foment the wounded part a pretty space, then apply until full digestion one of the a forenamed Balms, warm, or with the ordinary digestive of Terebinth, vitellum ovorum etc. and cover it with an emplaster, and embrocate the part about, with Oleum Rosarum Camom. Aneth or the like, without urgent necessity, but fail not to Time of dressing. dress it once every day, and bind it up, and after dress the wound but once a day, and more, if the Surgeon see cause. But I hold it fit that the Surgeon leave off Oleum Hypericon Cum Gummis in time, for that it hath Oleum Terebinth: therein, and so may be too quick, and rather change from that, and use Vrceus Lineament, Oleum Catulorum, or some digestive of your own practice, until perfect digestion. And if accidents chance not, the Surgeon's Method may be to proceed as in all contused wounds, only as is said, I advise the Surgeon to make use of pure Aqua vitae, or rather spirit of Wine, with Aegyptiacum, where he findeth not a just cause to the contrary. Cautions, Advices, and Instructions for the Younger sort of Surgeons▪ in Wounds of Gun-shot. Conceal from the Patiented the great danger of the wound, except just cause urge thee to acquaint him with it. Fomentation. Fomentations are very good medicines in wounds with Gun-shot, but foment not at any time, except you can have convenient fire at hand, and let ever your Fomentations be very warm applied. Foment not too long at any one time, neither use it but upon urgent occasions. Embrocate often, if not Gangrena be at hand, whether you have fire or not. Embrocation. Let all your Vehicles for your Medicines, as tents, dorsels, plegents, etc. be soft and pleasing to your Patients, as much as in true Art may be, and cram not the wound too full at any time, especially Wounds incised for hindering unition of parts. Also, if you can conveniently come to the work, enlarge not, especially Enlarging of Wounds. in contused wounds, where danger may be feared, otherwise do it warily; observing that you do it not to thwart any member, neither any Vein, Artery, Nerve or Muscle, as near as you can possible. Gun-shot wounds over compound. No wound of Gun-shot can be said to be a simple wound, neither ever was there any Artist, that could truly say, that he healed any gunshot wound by the first intention of unition, without due suppuration, no nor any contused wound whatsoever; for the composition of Gun-shot wounds, are ever real and very substantial; witness the poor patient, where Fibres, Nerves, Membranes, Veins, Arteries, Bones, & quid non, suffer together so, that such wounds, in their recency they resemble Ulcers rather than wounds; and the differences of these from other contused wounds is, That other contused Difference of contused wounds. Wounds for the most part suffer but by way of contusion only, and these by contusion and dilaceration, if not fraction of bones etc. whereby all the whole member suffereth together, and also the parts adjacent, and that in a high degree. If discolouring blistering or other apparent shows of a Gangrena appear, give the patiented a Diaphoretic cordial, then scarify gently at the first, and deeply afterwards as cause shall urge, and have ready a Lixivium made of water and ashes, to the height of an ordinary Lee that women use to drive bucks with, and put a reasonable quantity of common Salt into it, and when it is cleared, if you have herbs, as Scordium, wormwood, Centaury, Hypericon, Camomile, Melilot, or the like or Lupnies, make use of them according to Art, it will be much the better, if not, use it without, and apply it very warm, with stupes, often shifted, and wrung out, and if that cannot be had, use salt water for a fomentation very warm, rather than want a medicine: Aqua vitae is also precious in all Lixiviums against Gangrenes, but you must boil the Aqua vitae without error, for the spirits will evaporate and the virtue resteth in them. Observe in great lacerated wounds, as followeth, viz. If you find by the wound, the one half of the member to be taken away, there is no hope to save on the rest, but you are rather to make present Amputation, Just cause of amputation. especially if the patiented upon information of his danger be willing, for that the rest is contused, and must therefore admit by consequent, some loss of substance, by suppuration ever in a contused wound, and then the remaining part can do no service to the body but will much endanger the life of the patiented, by the expense of blood and spirits in the striving to save it, and be but a hindrance: and I dare say, that if but half any member be taken away, with the fracture of the bone, it is impossible to save the rest of it on, to do any service▪ If you have haemorrage, I mean bleeding, or furtive bleeding, or weeping of veins or arteries, in your work, search for the vein or artery that bleedeth or gleeteth; and try if you can make ligature on it, if you cannot, make ligature, which seldom or never you can in Gunshot wounds, then apply to the end of the vein that weepeth an actual cautery, a small one will serve, but apply it like itself very hot, and apply it not all over the wound, only to that vein, if you can, that bleedeth, you may if the flux be not great, use burning hot Egyptiacum, upon a button of lint dipped, and quickly and neatly brought to the place, whilst it is hot, and then well bolstered. Actual Cautery. But a small actual cautery is the safer, and maketh better work, or the Surgeon may use restrictive powder, adding thereto burnt Vitriol Restrictive Powder. a little or burnt alum, and precipitate mixed which maketh a strong eskar, and often restraineth a great Flux, being applied thereon artificially, only precipitate will surely make bones soul in contused wounds, for which cause I affect it not. To take heed of an old error. But ever take heed to avoid the old received error of unwise practitioners, whose use is to cram the wounds, be they incised wounds or contused wounds, as is said, full of bowl or restringent powder, or some other stuff, and then thrust in pledgents or dorsels into each corner of the wound, yea sometimes forgetting to take all out at the next dressing, yet think they have done all workman like, and very artificially not considering the harm, that often ensueth thereby. I dare say, that in contused wounds of Gunshot, by such errors, they force and draw a Gangrena, if not death thereby, by hindering natural unition, by obstructing the parts, and grieving the patiented, in keeping the wounded parts from healing. It is a safe and fair way at the first dressing, ever to strive to join together the parts of all recent wounds, and unite the wounded parts if it may be with this caution, to order that fit breathing be left to evacuate the peccant humours, whereof there is small fear in lacerated wounds, and then to apply apt and fitting astringent medicaments outwardly over all, together with apt and due ligature; and by that course to stay a flux, but in contused and lacerated wounds of Gunshot, the Surgeon hath not that benefit, but must trust to other helps not so ready, namely, as is said in the lesser wounds, to very warm Balms, astringent defensatives, and good ligature, and in greater wounds, to caustick medicaments, Cauteries and forcible helps to repel fluxes, etc. But in the Surgeon his careful desire to restrain fluxes, let him ever A Caveat. beware of over hard ligature, as much as is possible, which is also a common dangerous error, and certainly draweth on evil accidents, as Plegmon Gangrena, etc. as daily experience telleth. Likewise one the other side, over-slack binding is also bad, due, comely and smooth ligature, with the due composing the parts wounded with soft and smooth boulstring, greatly honoureth the Artist and cureth the patiented almost as much as the medicines do. Observe also, that you put never one Caustick or Escarotick medicine after another too soon, namely, not until the first eskarre hath been gone at the least three days. If in a contused wound of Gunshot any slough or putrid part, as proceeding from the heads of the muskets, arteries, veins, or the like, appear in a contused wound which needeth an Escaroticke medicine, and the Surgeon do desire to cleanse that part, let him use an artificial Caustick medicine, namely, hot Egyptiacum, or an actual Cautery, if you can apply it only in that place, and not all over the wound, for in truth the use of them is very good in contused wounds made by Gunshot; and yet Over drying medicines dangerous. you are to consider, that as too much gleeting, weeping or experience of humidity from wounds of gunshot is dangerous many ways, so too much use of drying medicaments in wounds made with Gunshot, is no less dangerous by stopping the pores and repelling the peccant humours, by reason of the contused blood collected, being choked in the wound, aptly endangering a Gangrena, and other deadly accidents incident thereunto. Advise touching the general regiment of wounded men. Now a word or two in want of the grave Physician, how the young Surgeon may in part demean himself being put to it, for the more happy performance of the cures made with Gunshot, which are very much regulated by the government of the Patient, touching his diet, as also in the careful keeping his body in temper from much Diet. costiveness, and also to stay in ordinate fluxes, thereby to prevent accidents, as Fevers, etc. And further also to meet with an help to cure evil accidents when they happen, to the effecting whereof, good diet and other fitting helps are to be wished, might attend valiant men, which fight for their country's honour and defence, which failing, much with brave Soldiers, and valiant Seamen, at Camp and Ship, there the Surgeons must take it, as they can have it, and make use in necessity of what the Surgeon's chest affordeth viz. If the patiented before his wound had not a lose body, let the Surgeon give him a Suppository or clyster, and if he seem disposed to a fever, though he hath bled by his wound, yet if his strength be answerable, open a vein on the contrary side of Supposi●ory or clyster. his grief, but purge him not being wounded without very just cause, rather keep him by gentle means, to have the benefit of nature, either by clyster or Suppository, if once in two days he have not a stool; and further, if he be distempered with heat, make him a Fresh water oft wanting at Sea. Barleywater, viz. Water two gallons, Barley 6. ounces, Liquorish one ounce, or juice of Liquorish two drams, boil it gently a little, then cast away the first waters, if water be plentiful, else not, and boil it in fresh water, till one third part be spent, and being boiled and clarified to the said decoction, add some few drops of oil Vitriol, to make it some what sour in taste, but not too much, but if to this 6. grains of Confectio Alkermes, with one spoonful of Rose-water were added, the drink would be much the more grateful in taste, and more profitable. I conceive it will be needless to urge a course for a sparing diet for Soldiers, or Seamen at Sea, for I fear gluttony will not be their sin. But if fullness of body be a hindrance, the Surgeon hath means to evacuate, as for a vomit by Stibium, the infusion of 4 grains, if such a medicine be thought fitting, as in able bodies may be borne, or by laxatives, as Confectio Hamech, six drams for a dose, Diaphenicon or Diacatholicon, the dose to an able body is a full ounce. Pills. The Pills in the invoice in this Surgeon's chest; upon their several occasions▪ one dram is a dose of any sort of them. Also of Pulvis Sanctus may be given two drams, or Pulvis Arthriti●ns one dram; and if Cordials be required, the Surgeon hath in his chest to provoke rest in Fevers several ones, as more particular, there is Diascordium, which he may give to the full of two drams for a dose to a strong body either in wine or water, as he please, or in a Bolus or lump of itself. Use of Laudanum. Also he hath Laudanum, which he may give safely 3. or 4. grains to assuage pain in painful wounds; to give rest in Fevers, to stay fluxes, and in divers other cases being used with judgement, and provided, that the party which taketh it be not costive. Likewise in fluxes of the belly, accompanied with crude nauseousness of the stomach, as also against venomous or pestilential infection of the blood, there is in the chest Phylonium Persicum, of which the Patient may take from one scruple to half a dram, and to one dram safely in a reasonable body, and this is a safe medicine, which causeth rest and corroborateth the stomach, and mightily prevaileth to stay a flux of the belly, and doth also correct venomous and malign humours, and is therefore very fit to be used in fluxes that be contagious or pestilential, after some fitting evacuation if occasion be. What I here write, it is of mine own practice, you may take it on my word for truth, for you shall find it to be so, if with due caution you make use of them. These three Cordials, as is said, assuage pain (viz.) Diascordium, Laudanum, and Phylonium, or either of them also they serve well to cool or contemperate the blood. Cordials to suage pain. Of Cordials in general. The Surgeon's chest containeth also divers other Cordial medicines, which may be profitably administered, each upon due occasion. viz. Confectio Alkermes either given alone, or to aromatize any purgative or Cordial medicine, from 4. grains to a scruple for a dose. Aqua Caelestis, and Cinnamon water to refresh the spirits, half a spoonful or a spoonful for a dose, and so of Spirit of wine, and also Aqua vitae made of wine, which so much as containeth of the spirit of wine, is quasi spiritus vitae. Also the Surgeon's chest hath against contagion, and the Plague, Mithridate, Ther. Londinens. Diatessar. Elect. de Ovo, as also Diascord. Aurum vitae, and Laudanum mentioned, all these being proper for pestilential occasions, the uses and virtues of which I desire to touch, though but in a word. And for example, if the Surgeon desire a Cordial to be made to cause rest, it is made either of Laudanum to three grains, or to 4 grains as it is said, or Diascordium 2 drams, or Phylonium to one dram, mentioned. And note that Laudanum is best to be taken in a Pill, because No●e. of his ungrateful taste, and Phylonium in a Bolus or lump, for the like reason, and so also may Diascod. be used well, and especially in war, where neither the advice of the learned Physician, nor the help of the expert Apothecary is at hand, but if the Surgeon be occasioned, and that he would have Diascor. to be given in a potion, then let him take of Diascor. 1 dram, of white wine or fair water 3 ounces or four, of Syrup of Violets half an ounce, Confect. Alkermes eight grains; Oleum Vitrioli gut. quatuor, and let the Patient drink that potion and incline himself to rest. Cordials comfortive. And if a Cordial to comfort the spirits be required, than the aforesaid Cinnamon water, Aqua caelestis or Aqua vitae of wine is at hand, without mixture or addition, or with some addition, half a spoonful, or a spoonful for a dose. If against the malignity of the blood or any pestilential contagion be feared, then in such a case the Patient may take as followeth, R. Diatessar two drams, Mithrid one dram, Elect. de ovo one scruple, dissolve or mix them together and take it in white wine, claret, or sack, or in Carduus, or fair water for need, of any the aforesaid, to the quantity of four ounces, and sweat thereupon, and if the contagion be fierce, the Patient may reiterate such sweeting medicine each eight hours, safely for three times, or Aurum vitae gr. 8 These or any of these other Cordials, may be given in other waters, and other mixtures, according to the discretion of the Surgeon, the time, place, and different occasion considered, and for need, the aforesaid Cordials or any of them, may be taken in a Bolus or lump. Likewise Mithridate or Audromaches Treacle, a dram or two drams of either of them, in white wine, in Carduus water or in beer, or water for a need, may safely be taken for a Cordial, or in a Bolus, if the Patient like it so. For tortions or gripe of the stomach or bowels. Also Therica Diatessaro●, three drams for a dose may be taken, either as it is in a Bolus or lump to be swallowed down, and even so taken, it is an excellent Cordial to provoke sweat, to remove tortions, stitches or gripe of the stomach or lower belly, or against any pains therein, also it resisteth all putrefactions and pestilential vapours, and is the most ancient Treacle of all others, myself have had very much, true and good experience of it, and would trust my life upon it, though not before the two aforesaid Alexifarmiks, and London Treacle in like manner is to be used, and is a very good Cordial: Elect. de Ovo, is also of itself a sure good Cordial, a scruple I mean, twenty grains thereof in a Bolus or lump, or in wine given, it resisteth pestilential venom, and refresheth the spirits, and either A Cordial. alone, or as a foresaid mixed with other Cordials; Aurum vitae, as also a true Cordial, for it comforteth the heart, provoketh sweat, and by the pores of the skin expelleth poisonous vapours, I have had good proof thereof upon my one body, when I was strucken with the Plague. Conser. Rosarum, is used to refresh and strengthen the stomach, either alone, or if you intent to cool and contemperate the blood, A contemperative Cordial. to purpose, add a few drops of oil of Vitriol, to a little thereof, and i● to warm the stomach, mix a little Mithridate or Treacle, one part, and Conserve of Roses two parts, and give it so in a Bolus. Of cooling Juleps. Conser. Barberies may be profitably kept, either to mix with cooling Barley waters, or Juleps, to refresh the appetite and the feebled spirits in fevers, or sometimes to give little of it in a Bolus or lump, or to give a relish to the mouth, to cause appetite in Fevers, and to expel nauseous distempers. There is also in the chest Oxymel simplex, which I use in the Surgeon's chest, in want of syrup Diamor, as being nothing inferior thereunto, for Lotions in the mouth and throat orderly used, it ceaseth inflammations, as also for the other virtues it hath exceeded Diameron, as namely, in the swaging of tumors and pains, this is a singular medicine, and Cure of Hernia humeralis. also in Hernia humeralis, being tumors of the testicles and scrotum, it excelleth them, if it be mixed with a Cataplasm of Beane-meale boiled in beer, with a little oil of Elders or Roses, and a little wax, so that the whole quantity of the Cataplasm being by guess two pound, if so then, put about six, or seven, or eight ounces of Oximel thereunto, and boil it to a body, and it is an admirable good medicine, for it discusseth and safely repelleth such tumors in their increase, with the help of Phlebotomy and a vomit, where the patiented is strong, which tumors by the patiented his delaying of time, or by ●rrour of the Surgeon, will otherwise come to suppuration, and prove fistulas incurable, but he that will cure such tumors, must have an artificial sacke-trusse, and be sure that the grief be truly and easily borne up at all times of the whole cure, and Oximel inwardly administered, purgeth the stomach and entrails, openeth obstructions, and yet without any manifest sign of heat, and thereby helpeth much in fevers engendered of gross phlegm. Of Lotions generally used in the Surgeon's Chest, the most common is of Sanative herbs made in the Summer with water or wine or both, and honey, but at Sea if a laxative or washing lotion in need be Lotion at Sea for a need. required, fair water with as much Alum therein, as will make it tart, and so much honey as will give it a grateful taste, and there is a lotion for a shift, or if in the diseases of the Scurvy a lotion be required, then use Copperas instead of Alum, or sometimes Unguent. Egyptiacum, which is a most fit medicine for Ulcers of the mouth, or throat▪ the grieved part being touched very hot therewith, and being applied with a Probe armed with Lint. And to wash and cool the mouth in fevers, I often take fair water, four ounces, of Rose water half a spoonful, a little syrup of Violets, or Mell for a need, and a few drops of Wine Vinegar, or Oximel, or Oil of Vitriol a few drops only to make the Medicine tart, I mean the Lotion. I have been taxed that my proportion hath not sufficient medicines contained therein for wounds of Gunshot, but if any please to look into the particulars, and well consider them, he will find that the whole scope of the Surgeon's Chest, is of purpose contrived to that end, and that there is not any one Medicine therein, A true Idescription of a wound with Gun shot at the first view. but upon the main, or upon the by, tendeth that way: for a wound of Gunshot at the first view representeth a wound, an ulcer, a Fistula, yea and sometimes a fracture, and a dislocation, and by accidents calleth unto it a fever, an Apostume, a Gangrene, & quid non, yea without God's Mercy joined, and the great care of the discreet Surgeon, death followeth. Judge then if ought be in the Surgeon's Chest, which in such a wound upon some occasion may not be found useful. And for an instance, the Chest containeth for the first intention curative of burn with Gunpowder, Vng. populeon, Album triapharm●c. Dipomphol. Mel. Saponis, Oleum Lini, Cerusa, Meldep●ra●▪ being all directly fitting for the first intention, namely for taking out of the fire, and yet the Chest hath divers other helps; as for an example: a linament may be made of Minium Diacal●itheos, and Oils either of Linseed, or Roses, very profitable for that use, And for all the rest (as is said) of wounds of Gun-shot, so I say of Ulcers made by Gun-shot, the whole scope of all the Sanative Medicines in the Chest, according to their several intentions, and times, suit fitly to finish the cures. But say, some others, the proportions is very much wanting of restrictive or astringent Medicines, to stay Fluxes, or to amputate upon occasion; wherefore to satisfy the young benevolent Surgeon desirous to be informed; I answer first, that there is Pulvis restringens M●gis, a Astringent, restringent, or restrictive Medicine. sufficient proportion, also Bole, Wine Venegar, Myrrh, Alum, Crude Vitriol, Vitriol combust, Mercury Precipitate, sublimate, Bean and Barley Meal, Gauls, pomegranate Rinds, and whites of Eggs. Besides good Ligature and bolsters ready, all which with judgement, and discretion used, I dare say are sufficient; and for one instance namely, that three pound of the strong restrictive powder is sufficient, in quantity for a reasonable Sea-Chest. Upon the 24 of july 1628., I took off two members, being both legs, whereof one above the knee, with one ounce and a half of the powder to both, and had a fourth part to spare of the made medicine. There is also an astringent defensative powder, prepared and made ready for use, as hereafter followeth. And if all what is said, with also the help of Phlebotomy, ligature, actual and potential cauteries, will not suffice, than I am I confess mistaken. Common practice. Note in burn with Gunpowder, that if the face or hand be burned, I have found it best from the first to the last, namely, to the end of the cure, to use Vng. Album, either mixed with Populeon, or with A note in the cure of burn in the face. Linseed Oil, or Vng. Diapomphol. is fully as good made into a very thin linament, and warm, laid on the face with a feather and no clouts at all, nor ought else to cover the face, this healeth excoriation s or scorchings best▪ or that the Surgeon take Ceruse, growned in a mortar, with linseed oil, and apply it as the former, I have approved it to be very good. Tripharmac. is also very good so used. I speak but now of honey for burn, and who shall prove it shall find it safe to take out the fire, and after to heal the grief, but is somewhat more painful than some other medicines are, it is only once a day to be applied upon brown paper, the paper being first rubbed soft, and the Medicine spread thereon, and in that manner applied, it healeth without any scar very quickly. Also Mel Saponis and all other medicines appropriate may be applied upon paper at Sea, partly for sparing Linen. Of the knowledge of weights and measures. Moreover, I find a great weakness in younger Surgeons, that I have just occasion to question, in that their Masters that bred them have not taught them thetrue knowledge of our usual weights and measures, but chief they fail in their weights, which doth bring great danger to their poor patients, whose lives hang dangerously in the balance by a grain too much given, where the Surgeon knoweth not how many grains are in a scruple, or in a dram, no nor scarce, that there is a weight so called: wherefore young Surgeons note as followeth. The Physicians, Surgeons, and Apothecaries, have two sorts of weights in use, namely Troy-weights, which likewise are the Goldsmith's weights, and that containeth twelve ounces to the pound, and Haber-de pois weights, which containeth 16 ounces to the pound, and is that common weight which the Grocers and all other tradesmen use, and indeed which we most use, for though myself sometimes buy Musks, Civet, or Ambergris, and other forts of Drugs, by Troy-weight, yet I dispense and administer all by Haber-de pois, which is 16 ounces to the pound▪ so much I will only for brevity sake speak thereof. A pound of Haber-de pois weight hath 16 ounces, an ounce hath 8 Drams, a Dram hath three scruples, a scruple hath twenty grains, and by that account a dram hath two grains, and a full grain of Barley is a reasonable Grain, and a pepper Corn or wheat Corn may be used. And our measures agreeing with our weights most usual are as followeth, a wine Gallon of water containeth 8 pound, a pottle 4 pound, a quart 2 pound, a pint 1 pound, and of ordinary salad oils, 7 pound and a half is accounted a Gallon. Of Cataplasms. OF all other necessaries in the Surgeon's Chest, I confess my deficiency there in; for I ought to have had dried herbs of all sorts fitting, some store: but I pray you accept of my excuse. For at the Edition of this Ex temp●re, I had Surgeons Chests and parts of Chests, 60 at once to prepare, and had but ten day's respite admitted me to make and to fit them all; and yet notwithstanding, the said Chests contained herbs of divers sorts, as also Bean and Barly-meal, Linseed, Fenugreeke, Camomile flowers, Cuminseed, Fennel seed, and divers other things, that are helps that way. But what shall I say? To some foolish, contentious, vainglorious persons, my best things fall too short for them; but to benevolent understanding Artists, they can make and find many ways and helps of fitting things in a Ship, and not always charge the Surgeon's Chest. Viz. If myself were at Sea, and put to it, I would find waste crumbs of Biscuit, and I would boil them in Ship-Beer, and with some fat of the Beef Kettles, or of the Pork Kettle, I would make up a suppurative, Cataplasm; and if it had not a fit consistence or body, I would deal with the steward for a little Meal, or take some of my own stores, and according to my store, every that with other helps from the Chest: And if I need a discutient Cataplasm, and the Chest had not to help me to my will, being put to it, I would, as I said, make my ground of the Medicine to be of crumbs of Biscuit, or of soft bread decocted in Beer; adding, when it had well sod, Vinegar and honey, a fit quantity: these things, with other rational additions, according to several occasions, do much comfort the weak patiented, and also grace the Artist: Nam frustra fit per plura quod fieri potest per pauciora. And to put young Surgeons in mind, what other Suppurative Medicines are in the Surgeon's Chest, there are either Unguents, Oils, or Emplastic Medicaments divers, which my time will not admit me to inform you of, though I confess I should advise young men in their necessities. But to be short, they shall find Unguent Basilicon spread thick and applied to an Apostume, doth well help to suppurate; and the better, if the grief were first embrocated with some Oleum Lili●rum, Lini, or the like: and you shall find, that Arceus Linament is right good to suppurate a tumour, and likewise Empl. Meliloti: and who knoweth not, that Ship-pitch and a little fat mixed ripeneth a tumour, duly applied; or Pix Graeca, with fat or turpentine; and divers other the like good things may be found, where the discreet Surgeon is put to his shifts. But no more of that; for whereas Bees may suck Honey, even there Spiders will convert a plain stile into Poison and Gall. Non omnibus dormio. A ready defensative powder to be applied where Just cause is for a defensative, either for wounds with Gun-shot, or other Wounds, which I have made use of, and will impart the secret to young practitioners, and is as followeth. R. Terra sigillat. Alumin. Vitriol. Tartar. Cerus. ana 1 li. Bol. Armen. 2 li. Aquae. 1 li. ss. Take a new earthen pot of almost a Gallon and a half, put the water into the pot, and thereunto put the Allom and the Copperas, then powder the tartar, and put that in also, and then have ready the other ingrediences in powder, put them in by little and little, stirring them very well, until all be incorporated, and without seething keep the Medicine on the fire till it be hard, and if you cannot make it hard enough in that manner so that being cold, it will powder, than put it into some dreppin Pan, or the like, and into an oven, when the bread is drawn, and it will be hard, then being cold powder it and keep it to your use, for it will not decay, nor alter his Virtue in many years. And when you would use it for a defensative, take of this powder, about half an ounce of Posca, I mean water and Vinegar mixed, four ounces, put the powder therein which will almost melt, then dip clouts therein, and apply them. This medicine with moderation used, is a true and excellent defensative, and a very anodine. Also it healeth all itchings, smartings, gauling, or any Erisipelas or other excoriations speedily and safely, and drieth it mightily, preventeth from accidents, either in great wounds, or fractures and being in small quantity used with fair water to ulcers, it cleanseth them well and healeth them. And if you have whites of eggs, mixed with a Posca, it▪ were the better, or in fractures with yolkes and whites together it is very good, only let the care of the Surgeon be, that he apply it in his true nature, namely as a defensative in fit time and touching the rest of the uses thereof, he may presume he hath a very good Medicine, and so for this time I take my leave. Vale in Christo Jesus. A Description of the Trafine, and the necessary uses thereof, especially for Military occasions for young Surgeons. HAving had sufficient trials of the facility and of the Trafine, I have thought fit to commend it and the use thereof, for the future, to the younger Artist, upon some of their requests, not detracting aught from the worthiness, and due commendations of the Author of the Trapan, concerning that excellent invention, yet by way of addition to my former Edition, I thought fit here to describe the Trafine, it being an Instrument of my own composing, which experience will show, is more compendious, and of more facility in the use thereof, for young practitioners in Surgery then is the Trapan, the which Instrument, although it may be said to be derivative or Epitome of or from the Trapan; yet well observed, it performeth as much as the Trapan in every degree and more, and for that it was so fashioned, and first practised by myself, I thought fit to put the name of a Trafine upon it (a tribus finibus) from the three ends thereof, each being of several uses, and being as it may appear triangular or three cornered, each corner there of performing the part it seemeth to undertake, so that it fully supplieth and maketh good all the uses of a Trapan, with the one end, and that with more facility as is said, and safely then the Trapan doth, or can do, and it supplieth with the second end all the uses of a smooth Levatory, and supplieth the necessity of a Jagged or toothed Levatory, with the third end, the said Levatories being all necessary adjutors in helping to make and finish the Trafine or (tres finis (and who so shall please to make a judicial experience thereof, not being prejudicated, will find that it far exceedeth the Trapan in all his uses; in the compendious and safe performance of the works, as well of the two Levatories, as of a Trapan recited which the former can no way be said to be. Secondly, the Trapan cannot be well managed without both the hands of the Artist viz. the one for the work of erosion by the Artificial motion thereof in turning it ever round for the better penetrating of the Cranium, the other hand must be used to keep it steady upon the affected part, and yet the upper part of the Instrument, must nevertheless, as of necessity rest upon the Surgeon's breast, yea and the Surgeon must for that purpose order his body in a fit posture; and further yet, the Surgeon must have a second man for an assistant of necessity, that must be employed to stay the Patient's head, whereas with this Instrument (I mean the Trafine) the whole work is performed by the two hands of the Surgeon only, with fare more dexterity and quicker, then with the Trapan as is said, yea, and that with much more comfort, both to the patiented and to the Artist, as the practice therewith will plainly show: and again, there is no such danger attending that Instrumentas doth the Trapan; for the heads of the Trafine are made all taper, to wit, wider above then beneath, and also cut both ways, and cannot therefore easily be said to offend the (Dura Mater) by an error to be suggested, to happen in the use thereof, without stupid ignorance in the Artist. Thirdly, the Trapan of old had ever the heads as wide above as beneath, which heads were many ways both very dangerous and uncertain, especially when the Instrument by turning round, had clean pierced through the Cranium, and thereby after the same head had fully perforated the Cranium round, it was very apt on the sudden to slip down upon the (Dura Mater) by error and improvidence of the Artist, either upon oblivion or omission divers ways, as namely for one, if the Artist did not truly, equally, and strongly fasten the small screw, being an iron or rather a steel pin, that stayeth and fasteneth the said head of the Trapan, which the Artist pierceth with for the gauging thereof, either by haste, which though otherwise he might adjudged a careful Surgeon, yet upon his eager proceeding on his work, might unhappily be omitted, and even that small error might cause danger to the life of the Patient, and sometimes proved the irrecoverable cause of his death; whereas this Instrument, the Trafine, hath all the heads thereof made taper, as is said, namely wider above then below, piercing every way alike, and therefore there needeth no rule or gager, especially in the being performed without turning it round about, but is done by the only moving or agitating of the hand to and fro, yea with the only moving of the wrist of the hand, and which is another manifest benefit thereof, it can go no lower than it is, by agitating and extreme pressing urged, and when it hath penetrated through it, for the most part detaineth and bringeth forth the piece of the bone with it, and putteth the Patient to no pain nor danger thereby, no nor colour of danger or pain at all. Fourthly, by reason that the Trasines' taper heads are made and framed, to cut every way alike, as is said, the work is easier and sooner performed therewith, then with the Trapan, as by the proving it upon a Calf's head you easily shall make the experience, provided as is fitting in the time of piercing, you sometimes take out the Instrument, and wipe the teeth thereof that it fur not too much, and thereby hinder the due penetration: also thereby you easily may consider how fare you have penetrated, and what remaineth unpierced, that you may do what is just in the work of penetration and no more. Yet I will never deny, but do acknowledge that the Trapan hath deserved great praises from former ages, for that it hath been an Instrument that hath preserved many a man, woman and child's life, from the eminent danger of death, and whereby they have been restored to good and perfect health again, and if that any by omission or error in the use thereof have died, they are at rest by it; and if the younger Artist do by his experience, find that this my addition deserve aught, let God have the praise in his mercies to weak men, for the comfort they find thereby in their woeful distresses, and as for this my Addition of invention, I must confess is not much, only good will, for all men may well conceive, that it is more easy to add to another man's invention, then to invent a new thing of his own. The next observation considerable in the fitting of the Trafine duly to the work is, for the regulating the centre or point of this orb or circumference, I mean of this Trafine head, it is first to be well considered, that the pin thereunto belonging being placed truly in the centre be artificially made of good steel, and that it be triangular, also that it be sharp each way well pointed, and stand fast in the Instrument, and also that it stand no lower, but always somewhat higher than the circumferent teeth of the head of that Instrument do, for because the said pin in the centre guideth the circumferent tooth-head-saw, to the beginning of the work, and in the agitating and moving of the Trafine with the hand to and fro in this work, the said pin may first take hold, ere the teeth of the Instrument touch the scull, for that the said pin is not only appointed as a rule and guide, but also as the stay to the work, which done, namely, when the tooth head orb or saw, hath taken hold round, than the sooner the better the Artist is to take up the Instrument, to wipe and cleanse the teeth thereof, and draw out the said pin in the centre, the which he may no ways omit; which done he is by the agitation of his hand only to and fro to pierce, and having pierced as it were half through, he is again to take up his Instrument and cleanse it, and then again to proceed in piercing by the motion of the hand to and fro, until he have in all parts gone through the Cranium, which if he diligently regard in the tender observant motion of his own hands, I mean he that pierceth shall sensibly feel when the bone is penetrated through on each part, which considered, then drawing off his Instrument, he shall find the piece of the Cranium so removed, fixed within the head of his Instrument as is said. But note nevertheless, there is great care to be taken by the Artist in the manner of the piercing and taking out the piece of the fractured bone divers ways. And first let him be sure, ever to place the broding head of the Instrument that pierceth, so that the triangular pin in the centre thereof be set upon a firm part of the Cranium or scull, yet always provided it be near the fractured part thereof as may be. Secondly the Artist is to consider, that as he which pierceth the Cranium with a small straight head, such as the Trapans were accustomed to have as is said by the giving way of the small screw that fasteneth the head of the Trapan, the Patient's life may be endangered, namely if the Cranium being throughly pierced, the Instrument casually should slip down upon the (Dura Mater,) as myself to my grief once saw: even in like manner he that useth a ragged taper-head of a Trafine, how safe soever, may be guilty of endangering his Patient, if he be not careful in the manner of his piercing, namely, that after the Instrument hath taken hold round with the teeth, if he either leave the pin untaken out, the said pin being longer than the teeth of the Instrument, he may wound the pannicle (Dura Mater) before the piece intended to be taken out, be pierced through in each part, or that he do not at the least twice or thrice in the time of his piercing the Cranium, take up and cleanse the teeth of the Instrument with a clout thereby as it were to mistrust himself, as fearing whether it have in all parts pierced through or not, or how much, or in which part he is wanting for fear of going too deep, otherwise he may kill his patiented ere he doth find or perceive he is through, for a work so seldom used, and the errors thereof being of so dangerous a consequent, the Artist, although otherwise discreet, by omission, oblivion, or other improvidence be wanting in some observation, highly worthy of regard; wherefore it behoveth him to suspect himself and be cautious, for that a man can never be too wary in such a business; for although the piece every way may be pierced and removed out of his place, yea, and contained within the Trafine head, yea, and stick in the fame, yet the Artist may by his hand be mistaken, and think it not to be through, for that the Instrument sticketh as firmly, and as fast in the place, when the piece is out and within the Orb of the Trafine, as it did ere it was divided, and as if it had not gone through: hereby if the Artist observe not his intermissions, by forbearing now and then his piercing, as is said, and sometimes view his work, and cleanse the teeth of the Instrument ere it be through, he is subject to go too deep, and wound the (D●●● Mater) by the continued motion of his hand, notwithstanding the piece of the Cranium is completely removed, and res●eth within the head of the said Instrument: wherefore all these observations, as I conceive, under favour, are but necessary for the young Artist to have in regard, Nam nimis cautla non nocet: To be exceeding wary is not hurtful. And further, let the Artist be sure that his Trafine be truly made of good steel, I mean the head of the pin or centre, and the ends of the levatories, and that the pin stand fast on, and directly in the midst of the head thereof, namely in the true centre of the Instrument, and also that the Artist have three heads of several sizes in readiness by him is likewise very fitting, with also an Instrument called a Lenticular at hand, to cleanse away all small shivers and raspings of bones, justly proceeding in the operation of excision, as also for the removing whatsoever else may seem by consequence to offend the Dura Mater, or that way else might hinder healing. And further, I advise that every young Artist take some convenient time before hand, to make trial of his Trafine, as is said, upon a Calves-head, or the like subject, before he put it in practice upon a man, for a good Surgeon may err, even in a small omission in such a business to his grief and reproach, if he be not exceeding cautious; and for that cause I advise every young Surgeon (as is said) to suspect himself, and warily to consider that the precious life of man so dependeth upon the care, wisdom, and artificial skill of the Surgeon in his work, as that upon a small omission or error of forgetfulness, or but a very little mistake, a man is in a moment slain by art, for want of art, when it will be too late for the Artist within himself, to ruminate of the things that most conduced to the mischief; and upon all occasions, or omissions whatsoever befalling the Artist, let him ever be fearful and careful of entering too deep, for fear of wounding, or but scratching of the (Dura Mater) for those transgressions often produce fearful accidents and deadly. Again, as in speaking elsewhere of the use of the Trapan I have mentioned, let every Artist be very well advised and fully resolved of the just necessity of the use of the Trapan, and so of this Instrument, before he attempt to use it, and not lightly upon suggestions, or for vain ostentation sake, nor above all, for base lucre's sake, to put his patiented upon the use of either of them, for that it is apparent, many great concussions, depressions, yea and some fractures are cured without any such Instrument; I have sometimes also observed, that young Surgeons upon a rashness of their opinion, and now and then, for foolish vain glory and ostentation sake, have been overforward in that point, of putting themselves upon the work of piercing the Cranium, not attending the true time of nature, and by waiting to see what she can or will perform of herself, as in truth he ought to do, for that the Surgeon being nature's handmaid, not her guide, ought judiciously to attend her Crisis, and to proceed by the advises of ancient grave Artists, that are experienced Surgeons in those works; for sometimes there are dangerous symptoms that cease, without the use of the Trapan or Trafine, by making of a wound, or by the only competent enlarging of the wound, in which work it is good to be very sure in the making incision upon the head, that he do well divide the Pericranium so far as he intends to set his Trafine, at the least wheresoever there is cause of enlarging or incising any would of the head for the Trafine, or otherwise for the only dividing that Membrane, is in many cases sufficient, and serveth instead of the intended work of piercing the Cranium: and further touching incision observe, that as too small incision is not good, that the Surgeon ever have regard to preserve the beauty of nature as much as may be; as suppose it were in any part of the face, to make too large an incision there, especially when it falleth out to be near the temporal muscles, or on the forehead. Now a word or two more, and an end of that business, concerning the Trafine, and I will conclude, there is yet a necessary Instrument, which of a kind of necessity, aught to be at hand whensoever the Trafine is put to work, for that there may be unexpectedly use of it, and it is as formerly named a Lenticular, or a cleanser, which immediately after the eroding part of the Trafine, hath performed his fitting office and is removed: this Lenticular or smother, being a little warmed, is to be put into the wound, where the eroding part stood, and with a gentle sensible hand to be passed to and fro upon that most tender pannicle, I mean the (Dura Mater) thereby to bring away any small erosions, scrape, dust, spills of bones, or what else soever might be imagined, could give offence to that most sensible and noble pannicle. This, with the premises well had in regard, I leave the young Artist to God's blessing, and conclude this Chapter with a loving admonition to the younger sort of my brethren, for their imitations; that like as our blessed Saviour said to his Disciples, in his spiritual Discipline to them, when he sent them forth into the world, to preach the glad tidings of salvation, he admonished them, and no doubt infused power sufficient into them, to be wise as Serpents, and innocent or harmless as Doves, and withal, willed them to beware of men; and even the like premonition do I give to my Brechrens of the younger sort, concerning the great ttust of the precious lives and limbs of men, referred to their skill, trust, and care, and namely, that they with the utmost that in them is, and even as they would answer it before their living God, who seethe not as men see, that with innocent hearts, they without any sinister ends, truly and faithfully perform their charge, in healing those whom they take into cure, and charge, and that in the obedience, and in the fear of God, their innocence may appear before God, and be witnessed by their Works. A TREATISE Faithfully and plainly Declaring the way of preventing, preserving from, and curing of that most fearful and contagious Disease called the Plague. With the PESTILENTIAL FEVER, and other the fearful Symptoms and Accidents incident thereunto. According to the long Practice and Experience of John Woodal, Master in SURGERY. Surgeon of his Majesty's Hospital of S. Bartholomewes', and Surgeon General to the East-India Company: But under benedicite (namely) as imploring and ascribing all the Honour and Praise unto God alone, for his favour and mercies touching the salubrious effects thereof. Chirurgi peperere manus, Jovis acta salubres, ex cujus pendet nostra favore salus: Sin Deus auxilio morbis languentibus absit, frustratur medicus, deficit artis opus. LONDON, Printed by J. L. for Nicholas Bourn, 1653. THE PREFACE. Courteous Reader, Such is God's manifest miraculous hand in his various and unsearchable ways of afflicting Mankind in that most noisome disease of the Pestilence, that it is not only wonderful, but also impossible for the wit of any man, how wise or learned soever he may esteem himself, or by others be esteemed, to give a sufficient reason, with also a general and methodical Cure for that most contagious, noisome, and kill disease of the Pestilence, for that it is apparent it passeth man's wit to comprehend or to avoid the most subtle invasions and assaults thereof, as having in it (aliquid divinum) to be considered of, it being one of the three great and terrible Arrows of the Almighty, whereby according to his Divine Will he hath usually cut off sinners from off the Earth almost in all Ages, and in all Nations, as we may gather, and is at large read in holy Scriptures, and in the Writings of good men, and daily experience declares no less; all which, for brevity, I will omit here to repeat. And his most usual great and fearful Arrows declared, are Wars, Famine, and Peftilence; and the most merciful of these three, which the Prophet David chose, was the Pestilence: which, although his mighty, fearful, and terrible hand be in it; yet for as much as his mercy is exceeding great, yea, over all his works, and that he hath not forbidden, but given us leave, with understanding, and some judgement, to make use of all lawful means to preserve our frail bodies in health by all our best endeavour, so long as we trust chief on his mercy, in the use of the means. In regard whereof, I weighing with myself how just and needful a thing it is at all times, but chief in contagious times, for all men, especially for men of my calling, to show their endavours for the help not only of themselves, but also of their Christian Brethren, as well by directions as by preservative and curative Medicines; I esteemed it not amiss, by this following weak Treatise, to show forth the fruits of my many years experience, touching the general knowledge of this disease, as also the best means I had experienced both for the preventing and curing of the same, when and where occasion may be offered, either Domestic, Marine, or Military. And first, as by the way, take it into your consideration, that this disease holdeth not one certain rule, figure, nor order in seizing on man's body, no, nor in one and the same house or family; neither are men generally taken sick alike, no, nor directly, as in other times of the Plague they have been, but each time of Contagion hath different assaults, and difference in the symptoms. For in Anno 1625. we had many signs contrary to the Plagues in other times; yea, and many did die daily, without any signs or marks on their bodies at all: and also sometimes, as is too manifest, the Plague beginneth in Winter, and that as well with us as with our neighbour Nations, as namely, Germany, France, the Low-Countries, and other parts of the world it hath done: whereas for the most part, heretofore the Plague with us hath begun in Summer, and was commonly most fierce, predominate, and untractable to Medicines in the heat of Summer, and chief in Harvest, which is the unseasonable time that we do usually call the Canicular or Dog-days. But the sickness of the yea●, 1636. held not that rule, but increased in some Towns in Winter: wherefore since it is evident, that the Almighty hath the ordering thereof, and calleth us unto him, as is said, by extraordinary forms, when, where, and how he pleaseth; Let us with unfeigned humility of heart prostrate ourselves with true repentance and hearty prayers, showing lively fraits thereof in a Christian conversation; and then, without all question, his Rod will be taken away from us and our Land, and also I advise all such as it may or shall concern, to repair unto such good means and learned Counsel, as at the instant may be had, for the preserviug of their lives, and for the curing this fearful disease, and that without dangerous presumption, by delays, overmuch timorousness, or fearing, for in both these extremities we offend God and our neighbours. And know, that all flesh is subject to this disease, for it spareth no age, sex, nor degree of Mankind whatsoever. And amongst many evils, this one great misery attends it, and is incident to the vulgar people sick of this disease, that when the disease reigneth, the Learned and most skilful men, together with the best Divines and most able men of estate, which with their relief should comfort and administer unto them both spiritual and bodily comforts, as also many of their most near and chiefest friends, are wanting and fled, and in their places spring up unworthy, unskilful, impudent, yea, and vagrant wretches, as I may term some of them, that in such times usually take npon them impudently the charge of many good men's lives; who also then are incident to be committed to the hands of wicked and unskilful Nurses, and I had almost said merciless Keepers, which make their cases yet more lamentable: of which, myself have had full experience, when I had the disease. And for as much as in those times very many of the chiefest Traders of our Citizens of London, as also of other remote parts of the Country, fly from the City, which commonly set the poor on work, the case of the poorer sort is made yet more miserable: all which miseries, with many more attending this noisome disease, is no way to be diverted from mankind, but by the tender mercy of God: So that each man for himself and his neighbour, especially in such times, is justly obliged to call unto God, and say, Lord have mercy upon us: And so in brief, I conclude my Preface. DE PESTE, OR The Plague. And first what the Plague is. The definition of the Plague. THe Plague is a disease venomous and contagious, loathsome, noisome, fearful, and hateful to Mankind, yea, and deadly for the most part, being accompanied with variety of grievous sores, as Carbuncles, Botches, blains, and also producing spots and discolourings of the skin, by Ancient Writers called Pestities, and vulgarly with us, although unproperly, called God's token, for that the pestilential Bubo and Carbuncle are by far more manifest signs of the Plague then the spots are, for that the like spots are seen in fevers, which cannot truly be called pestilential. The Disease may fitly be called, (Flagellum Dei pro pe●catis mundi,) The rod of God for the sins of the world; and even the word, Plague, if derived from the Latin word Plaga, which is a wound, a stripe, a stroke or a hurt, is a just definition of this horrid disease, for who so hath this disease, he is wounded, he is plagued, he is strucken▪ yea, and that by the Almighty. In brief, it is a kill disease, fearful to Mankind, for that at unawares, it seizeth upon, invadeth and possesseth man's body, as well sleeping as waking, and being once entered in, it produceth divers fearful and deadly accidents, and that with great celerity: so as Theophrastus Paracelsus, amongst others a learned Writer, describing this disease, calleth it (Basiliscus elementorum) alluding it to that (Basiliscus The Plague compared to a Basilisk. Olymphi) who as the Latin Maxim hath it, Solo visu interficit hominem, only by his sight killeth mankind, but, faith he, with a limitation, as not simply done, Actualiter per se, & per speci●m visibilem, not by the act it self, and visible species of the creature, but by reason of the aqueous and humid substance thereof. Moreover, the body of the Creature, being as the Author affirmeth very porous and hollow; there are sent out of it such vapours, as infect the air, which infected air, so soon as it is drawn into man's body, it doth immediately kill him; in like manner, this Monster in mankind, the Plague, killeth those whom it breatheth upon, so that no man can account himself safe, the disease proceeding from the influence of the Heavens, as many of the most learned Writers testify it doth, so that by their great distemperatures, the air being poisoned and infected, which we are enforced to receive into the secret closerts of our bodies, which undoubtedly hath its original, De Praescientia Dei. What safety have we then, or what can be a more fearful enemy to mankind then l▪ estilential Vapours, which seize upon mankind as a Thief, and invade him at unawares, which lurk in every corner of the house, yea in his most secret chambers, threatening to take away his life when he lest mistrusts, yea when he is in his quiet sleep, as is said? such is this horrid disease, from the which God of his infinite Mercy deliver us and our land. Of the parts of Man's body, that this Disease chief invadeth. Of the parts of man most subject to infection. The parts of the body of man that this Disease chief delighteth to invade or seize upon, are the three principal and most noble parts of man, viz, the Animal, vital, and the natural faculties which have their Three parts especially. several seats in the brain, the heart, and the liver, upon one or all these principal parts, this infection useth to take hold, and being on entered therein, as it were in a moment of time, it surpriseth, subjugateth, captivateth, yea and triumpheth over the whole body of man, and over all the faculties thereof, to his utter ruin and destruction, if God be not the more merciful unto him in his preservation; and howsoever, as it is said, that the disease chief doth seize upon the three principal parts of man's body aforenamed, yet having first so done, it feareth not to show his subtle fury all over the body, and sets its mark every where, without order or control. Whether the Plague may be called a Fever or not. There hath been much dispute amongst ancient Writers, whether the Plague be a Fever or no, by reason of the subtlety and unequality thereof, but for what I can gather by my experience, I am out of doubt, The Plague a Fever. that he which hath the plague is not without a Fever▪ neither is he ever freed from the danger of that Fever, until one, or more than one Crisis happen, for until either Botch, Carbuncle, Blayne or Spots, called pestities, do manifest themselves, no just indication can be had what will become of the patiented, but that he is always in expectation of Death, the distemper continuing. But if upon production of any the former Symptoms, a digestion in nature follow (as is said) namely the Fever cease, the sick person take moderate rest, a Botch come to good suppuration a Carbuncle to separation, or a Blayne to yield his usual ●nindigested quitture, Symtones of recovery. with mitigation of the dolour, or that the blains drying and withering by God's mercy, through cordial Diaphoreticks or the like, that a cheerfulness in the sick appear, or but some one of these good signs showing itself in a favourable manner, there is great hope, and the fear is almost past. And let no man so much flatter himself, in his own coneir, in the time of contagion, when he perceiveth the air to be manifestly infected, the disease being popular, as to think with himself that because the Disease perhaps at the first, beginneth slowly, and the distemper yet dull and not much outwardly apparent upon the patiented, that he hath no fever nor danger, and that he may take time till the next day to consider whether he will use remedies or no, let no wise man so presume, for I have seen very many strucken even at the heart, when the disease could not be adjudged dangerous, neither by the pulse, urine, nor any other certain indicateon, save only by the complaint of the patiented, who under favour in that disease, is not always sensible of his own danger; and again, how many have at the very first, an apparent fierce Fever, which can no way be removed, but by some of the former ways of digestion, or by Death, whereby it is manifest, the Plague is never without a Fever, and so all men will adjudge it, that either have had it, or that have followed the cure thereof in others. Of the supernatural causes of this Disease. The first cause Six. The material causes thereof, as is already declared, are in part, and in the prime place esteemed to be our sins, which draw God's wrath upon us, as witness the Prophet Amos, where he saith, Shall there be evil in a City, and the Lord hath not done it? etc. Whereby we may justly gather, that when the Almighty will show himself in his fury, against dust and ashes, he can put the Host of Heaven in his order to fight against us, in which case we have no way to escape his judgement, but by Prayer, or unfeigned Repentance, and as for all other natural or efficient causes, they have as their subordinated dependences and effects from the former, and are constellated, put on, and put off by Divine Providence, viz. ex Praescientia Dei By the foreknowledge of God. Nam astraregunt homines, regit & astra Deus. As the Poets say; and the very Heathens conclude no less, that the stars govern man's body, and God governs the stars; and also experience tells us, that when any of the four seasons of the year prove unnatural, men's bodies accordingly become unnatural, as sometimes by pestilential diseases▪ wherefore to multiply words further of the primitive causes of this disease, were but to detract good time, and the truth thereof is manifest to all men, in that this furious disease as it were disdains any general Method or order of cure, after man's intention as it is said, when it is in Rage. Quicquid facimus mortale genus, Quicquid patimur, venit ab alt●. Which may be thus Englished. That whatsoever man doth, or whatsoever man suffereth, all proceedeth from above. Of the natural causes of the Plagues by the judgement of the most ancient and modern Writers. The terrestrial causes thereof, are by common consent of most writers, as followeth: Venomous and stinking vapours arising from Fens, The causes of the Plague. standing ponds or pools, Ditches, Lakes, Dunghills, Sinks, Channels, Vaults, or the like, as also unclean slaughter-houses of Beasts, dead carcases of men, as in time of War, and of stinking fish, fowl, or any thing that hath contained life, and is putrid, as also more particularly in great Cities, as in London, the unclean keeping of houses, Lanes, Allies, and streets, from those recited and the like infectious venomous vapours, by warmth of the Sun exhaled, are apt and able to infect the living bodies of men, and thereby to produce the Plague, which once produced, is too apt by infection to spread itself, The corruption of the Air a cause. and become popular, as experiene too much showeth: and as by corrupt meats and drinks, men's bodies are corrupted and infected, even so by corrupt air (as I have said) which we can no way avoid, to draw into the secretest parts of our bodies; the spirits are likewise infected and poisoned, to the production both of sickness and death (if God be not the more merciful unto us) for where the disease once beginneth, there are many unhappy evils incident, as causes conducing to Want of food a cause. the increase thereof; besides Vapours, and one not of the least is, it bringeth scarcity of food with it, and that brings emptiness of the belly, and where emptiness is, there evil air is not wanting, and that aboundeth too much with the poorer sort; and also where food is wanting, all kinds of food, how infectious or pernicious soever, is used in necessity, namely all raw fruits, as plums, peaches, yea musty Corn, and many things of far wilder condition, and so by consequent, lack of food, is a great cause of the increase of the Plague, so that in the Unwholesome food a cause. sickness time, it is by experience daily found, that far more of the poorer fort usually have died, then of the richer; for where emptiness and unwholesome food is in use, as is repeated, there the corrupt air doth the most harm. And likewise genreally observe, that where war is for the most part, there is famine, and those two conclude to make up a third evil, namely the pestilence which God be praised we have been long freed from the two first. Thus much in brief of the Terrestrial causes of the Plague. Of the precedent and accidental signs of the Plague. The precedent and accidential fignes notable in the Disease of the Plague, are various and uncertain, because in truth they are seldom in any one person as in another, but to speak, as of the most general first appearance of the Plague, it beginneth cold, and with pain in the head and stomach, and sometimes in the back, and if so, than it is commonly taken for an Ague, and therefore at first little feared. Again, some begin to complain of pain in the back, and such kinds of beginning, are more generally hopeful of healing then, when it beginneth hot (in my opinion) in some also it beginneth hot, with pain and giddiness of the head, and pain in the stomach: others at the first stroke or touch, find a general discouragement and weakness over all the whole body, others at the first being taken in the head, their senses are stupefied and dulled: in others it beginneth with a raging and fierce fever, so that their countenance is changed, their speech failing, or fainting, their eyes strangely turning to and fro, in a fearful manner. Again, others complain of an extraordinary pain, with extreme heat inward in the stomach and entrails, when the outward parts are chill and cold, and ready to shake: again, some in the beginning complain of great thirst; others complain of shortness of breath, and pain in breathing; others swelling and soreness of their throats which being sought into, no cause appeareth: Others have the Almonds or Glandules of their throat much swelled and inflamed. Also many are taken with great desire to sleep, and with frequent yawnings, and it is unsafe, in my judgement, to permit such to sleep before a Diaphoretic or sweeting Medicine have by the patiented been taken, and that it hath breathed out some of the venomous vapours by sweat, with keeping them waking, till the medicine have wrought his effect. Others are subject to great watchfulness, and commonly those are in their slumbers oppressed with grievous and fearful dreams and fantasies. Others it beginneth with sweatings, with pain of the back, and a stinking of the breath, and such are ever of very doubtful cure, and in my opinion such have inward Carbuncles. Others have swell in the breast, some also have loss of appetite, evil digestion, and faintness, and some are troubled with deep hickcoks and hollow belchings. Others from the beginning to the end of their sickness, and till death, have neither swelling sores nor spots▪ also upon some at first there appear divers spots of a duskish colour, their countenance of an unequal aspect, the one cheek red the other pale: Others with sweat drops on their noses, a fierce countenance with grinding of the teeth. And to be brief, touching signs, and accidents in this most fearful disease, I persuade myself, that no man can speak of any No symptom of any disease, but is incident to the infected of the Plague. terrible symptom, sign, or indication of any disease whatsoever, that hath befallen any man, but that the like hath been seen and observed in some one person, or more sick of the Plague: for the fierceness thereof in some persons, forceth Hemorrhage both from the greater and lesser veins; and some it afflicteth with a Dissenteria, Diarraea, Lienteria, all these from the belly; and from the head, it produceth Apoplexia, Paralysis, Lythergi, Vertigo Mania, with divers other symptoms also from the throat, Squinancia, Angina, etc. Also obstructions of the bowels, retention of Urine, Colica and Iliaca Passio Singultus, Gangrena, Convulsions, Contractions of Nerves and what not, this fierce disease produceth to devour poor mankind by: and surely, for that cause I am persuaded it is vulgarly called the sickness, as comprehending and including all other sickness in itself. Accidental signs, which in this disease commonly presage death to the party, are these that follow. Signs that presage death. Namely, when the Patient is possessed with sounding and faintings, with cold and clammy sweats, often changing of the countenance, vomiting of slimy, sharp, and ill-coloured phlegm, either greenish, yellowish, blackish, or bloud-coloured sanies; or avoiding of Excrements disordered, and discoloured, either fatty, blackish, unctuous, or unnaturally, stinking, Convulsions, Contractions, of the Nerves, gravelling and piddling with the fingers, plucking up the Bed-clothes; a sudden flux of the belly of stinking matter, of rusty or greenish colour; a sudden going back of an Apostume, Carbuncle, or Bubo; also when the Patient is insensible of the departure of his Urine, and Excrements. And yet to God's glory I here affirm, that notwithstanding the aforesaid signs, or some one of them, I have seen, I say, some one or more of the afore-named symptoms appear, and that the sick hath even in man's judgement been as at the point of death; and yet nevertheless, by breathing of a Vein, or giving of a good Diaphoretick Cordial, the party hath been recovered, and lived. Wherefore I would advise the discreet Surgeon, that dare adventure his person in such cases, not to leave doing of good to his Patient by all rational administrations and applications, so long as life appeareth. The convenience of thė cure. And one comfort is to the Patient and Surgeon in this disease before and beyond all others, that having once overcome the Fever so that the blessing of health but appeareth, by appetite and competent rest, or the like cheerful fignes: no sores heal faster than Pestilential Sores do. And yet per contra, I have also had too much experience in the curing of the diseased of the Plague, that it is generally the ungratefulness recompensed of all other diseases, to the poor and hardy Surgeon: Namely, for that he when he hath recovered his Patient, for the most part is loathed, shunned, and avoided, not only of his Friends and Patients, but for his hazard, cost, and care, is so undervalved, that sometime, but for presuming The inconvenience. to tell his Patients, after he hath recovered them, that they had the Plague, he hazardeth the future loss of their favours, yea, and sometimes, under favour, hath his own house shut up, to make him amends withal. Wherefore such ungratefulness hath made me, in my old age, to call to mind the motto of Paracelsus, that most famous Artist, formerly repeated. Alterius non sit, qui suus est potest; Let him not be another's, that can be his own. And yet I confess, I neither can nor will refrain in one good way, or another, to be doing good in my calling, by Medicines or Advice, both in general and particular, in that or any other disease, so long as God doth give me life and health, with strength thereunto, maugre the ingratitude of the unworthiest sort of them. Quia nos non nobis nati sumus; Because we were not bome for ourselves. And it is just and laudable for every worthy Surgeon to be known, by walking fairly and blameless in his Calling, and namely, by doing good at all seasons, although with some personal hazard now and then, for that he is therefore ordained by the Almighty to be ever ready, ad omne quare, upon every occasion; which who so truly observeth, shall be blessed. For to this end every Artist, yea and every Christian man is ordained, and also commanded by the holy Apostle S. Paul, in these words, to do good, and distribute; Forget not, for with such sacrifice the Lord is well pleased: and S. james saith, that it is true Religion, to visit the Fatherless and widow in their adversities, etc. And even the excellency of the Calling of Surgeons should incite them to zeal where they can, as well without reward as for reward, where poverty is, and need requireth. Of the three chief and most principal outward signs or indications of this Disease, vulgarly called the Plague: and of a fourth. THere are only but three most notable certain external Three certain signs of the Plague. signs of the Plague apparent to all, and those fail not to testify the truth of the disease: and by those, each old Wife by her experience, may maintain her report of the disease, as amply and well as the skilfullest Doctor, in times of contagion; and they are as followeth. Of the first outward sign of the Plague. IMprimis, the Bubo Pestilentialis; which, as I may ever justly affirm The ●i●st sign Bubo. of mine own experience, was to me the happy Botch, sent upon my own body by God's mercy, and was the sparing of my life; for I had it twice, namely, at two several Plague-times, in my Groin. These Buboes, Boyles▪ or Pestilential Botches commonly happen The first place where the Plague shows itself. in the Emunctories, sinks, or cleansing parts of the body, as the Artist terms them, and seldom elsewhere (if they be pestilential) namely, they come in the glandulous parts, under or behind the The Brain. care, if the Brain be oppressed, which is the place by which the Brain, if Nature be able, driveth out and dischargeth herself of the Venom or poisoned Infection, which otherwise would kill the animal spirits, and by that, the whole body also. The second place. Or it cometh sub axillis, under the armholes, as it is usually called, where also are certain small Glandules, or Kernels; and to that The Heart. part the heart sendeth out the venomous vapours, or offending matter, either by force of Nature, or Art which suddenly groweth there to an Impostume, Botch, or Boil. The third place. The third and last place, where commonly a Pestilential Bubo cometh, is in the Groin, which the Artist calleth Inguen; where, The Liver. when the Liver is oppressed, and Nature strong, she sendeth forth the disease or Botch thither, and that is the third part where the Botch appeareth: And, as by the way, to the Artists of the younger sort a word two of my practical observations, by way of distinguishing the difference betwixt the Venereal and Pestilential Bubo; wherein a young Artist may be mistaken, to his prejudice. Wherefore let the Artist observe, as common practice showeth, that the Venereal Bubo, although it ever appear in the Groin, it is slower in his progress then the pestilential Bubo is, for the Pestilential cometh for the most part with a Fever: and although the Venereal sometimes in his augmentation in younger persons hath a ●mal fever for a day or two, when it is almost at state, it being always thwart upon the dependant part of the Belly, called Imus venture, or the lower belly, namely in Inguen upon or over Os pubis; But the Pestilential Bubo or boil cometh ever furiously on, and as in a rage of a Fever, and as being in haste, sometimes it lighteth on or near Inguen thwart, but more often lower upon the thigh, pointing downward with one end, the upper and towards the belly, being commonly the biggest or the fullest part of the Bubo, the whole thigh being also inflamed, which if it doth not hold, ever to come right in the place where the venereal Botch doth as is said, but as near the Emunctories as it may, yet Howsoever by the fury and uncertain seat thereof, the pestilential is ever to be known from the venereal, and the more certain by his furious coming, or when the Plague reigneth, and it happeneth to children, which cannot be said to be venereal, and yet nevertheless, even in contagious times, a venereal Bubo is not to be forbidden by any Surgeon to happen, if his Patient please to have it so. But to conclude this point, the discreet Surgeon at the first sight, the other forenamed circumstances well weighed, may easily know to make a true distinction sufficiently, if he be a man of judgement: and thus much of the first outward sign of the Plague, viz. The Bubo, Botch, or pestilential boil. Of the second outward sign of the Plague. THe second outward sign in the Disease, is the most fierce burning Carbuncle called Anthrax, or the burning coal, which happeneth his & ubique, namely in every part of man's body, without order, rule, or control, within the body, as well as without, The second sign Anthrax. and at the first appearance thereof (if visible) it doth appear commonly inflamed and hard, and 〈◊〉 the midst thereof, with a burning pain afflicting the sick, like to burning fire, yea and will sometimes blister even with the ardent Fervour thereof, and in others The effcte of it. it will itch very much, which if it be scratched, there will come forth a sharp reddish yellowish, or sometimes a dusky coloured Ichor. The description of it. And to some again, the pain is so fierce and great, that the Patient will grow to to be mad with extremity thereof. The description of it. The shape or figure of this Disease is most commonly somewhat round▪ and the colour uncertain, according to the predomination of the humour infected or infecting, or sometimes it is pale, though the party be in a fever, sometimes reddish, sometmies black or purple, or greenish, and the two last colours are most fearful, and this disease▪ is seldom healed, without so much loss of the musculous flesh and skin, as it taketh first hold of, in what part soever it happen, except by sweeting medicines in the beginning of the disease, the fury thereof be changed; but it is a very good sign of life when it separateth itself so, that the Fever cease, for the Carbuncle cometh seldom or never to suppuration as doth the Bubo: But it will admit separation, and come to a kind of unperfect digestion many times, and after will come to fall out as a gangrenated part doth, where Nature is strong, and it usually will separate and come away in one entire piece from the sound, but if it grow black and separate not, nor any circular digestion be, and the Fever abate not, than it may befeared Death is at hand, for little hope of recovery is in the Patient. The danger of it. And again if it appear greenish, the party commonly dyeth; also you shall see some Carbuncles smooth as glass, and of a black shining colour, not unlike pitch, with intolerable pain, and the member whereon they are fixed, will be ponderous and unwieldy to move to and fro, and seeming to the patiented, as if it were heavily overburthened, or as though it suffered by hard ligature, and I have seen Patients that have had Carbuncles within the body, whereof one hath been within the stomach, and some have it in their liver, and there principal parts, but such live not many days. I have taken out the whole eye from one, by a Carbuncle seated therein, who recovered, and from another the half nose, from another the half of the beard, with also the lip whereon it grew, which of itself fell off by separation, and from the third, one of his testicles, I mean one of his stones, with the purse and all, and that man was with the half of his Scrotum, living at the writing hereof, as in my other Treatise elsewhere is mentioned. Thus much of the second principal sign or apparent Demonstration of the Plague, namely the Carbuncle. Of the Blaine. The third sign a Pestilential Blain. THe third manifest and demonstrative sign of this Disease is the Pestilential Blain, whereof some infected have many, and divers have not one: and this Disease is a painful angry push, somewhat like the small pock, but yet in colour more red or The descripion of it. cloudy, seldom transparent, as a small pock usually is, but fare more painful: some have them somewhat less, some bigger, with a small head, of an angry blue or reddish colour, sometimes of a lead colour, and somewhat hard or fleshy, and as it were growing upon a large root, or stool, this Disease is found in every part of the body, but this Blain seldom killeth, or hindereth the cure of the diseased, but it rather serves for a demonstrative sign of the Disease, than otherwise, and helpeth to breathe out the venom, as I gather. For if by virtue from above, or of good Medicines, or by strength of nature, the fever The cause of it. be overcome, the Blain drieth away, and requireth no other cure: For, as I conceive, it only proceeds (ex ebullitione Sanguinis Venenosi) of the ebullition or boiling of venomous blood, which being thrust out, either by the immediate work of God, or Art, or Nature, health easily followeth, and the blains vanish, unless by nature's weakness, or through the undue use or want of Phlebotomy, or of purging medicines, or for want of following the cure, by Diaphoretick medicaments in season, the venom be repelled from the superficies to the centre, as too oft in the cure of that disease it happeneth, and in such a case, eminent death is to be feared: And so I conclude of the third notable sign, the Blayn. Of the Marks, or spots, commonly, though neither properly, nor always truly called, God's Tokens. The fourth sign, God's tokens. The fourth apparent outward sign of the plague, is the marks or spots appearing upon the skin, usually called Gods tokens, but not as being ever certain tokens of the pestilence, and so of death to the patiented, as vulgarly they are taken to be, by ignorant people Of the ignorantly mistaking them. in their unexpert conjectures and opinions, for that it is daily manifest, many have spots of several forms and colours, when venomous fevers reign, and yet have not the Plague: and again, many have suspicious and fearful spots, which the vulgar term God's tokens, and recover, and live many years after▪ myself have cured not a few in that kind▪ that are now, to God's glory, living; these spots are upon some bodies like Flea-bite, in others larger, in some again as big as a penny. Of the several colours. In some bodies there are very many, and sometimes they are like freckles, and they are most commonly found upon the breast, and sometimes upon the back, arms, and legs of the patients; they are in some of a colour bluish, or of a sad red, and some are like lead-colour, and others purple, some are of a pale-blew, and these spots are ever without pain: but the very appearance of any spots, to any in the Plague, cause sudden fear to the Patient; which, though the marks be insensible, yet through sudden fear, they produce faintings, Their effects caused by fear. swoundings, trembling of the heart, and death following thereupon, although neither the Patient feel pain, as is said, neither always the Artist can judge, by reason he seethe just cause of sudden death to his Patient, the reason being secret with God, as inwardly afflicting maukind, de Praescientia Dei, namely of the foreknowledge of God: So much of the marks, spots, or tokens, in some appearing, in the Disease of the Plague. Certain Caveats by way of Advice, for the preventing of the Sickness. AMongst which Citò, Longè, Tardè, are by many good Writers prescribed and much insisted upon, as in the first place, and Flight an uncertain remedy. their meanings are, that people fly quickly, fly fare, and tarry long from the danger of the infected air, where it reigneth. And I deny not but they are good rules; but even they, daily experience showeth, are also most uncertain, Quia Deus ubique est, for our God is every where, and returneth some home (I will not say with a vengeance) neither can all men make use of those rules, how good soever, neither is it fit that all men should flee, for many reasons too long to be insisted upon. And let him that flieth, for the first, wheresoever he lives, beware of provoking God, by surfeiting, either by fullness of eating or drinking, even in the best air, how good soever the Meat or Drink be; for fullness in contagious times menaceth danger. Omne nimium verti●ur in vitium. Every fullness is uneasy for nature to digest, and therefore may Divers meats to be avoided. prove vicious: Also, in contagious times let him beware of raw Fruits, of Oysters, Muscles, new Wines, or the like novelties, as Melons, Musk-Melons, but chief avoid the excess of them. Seasonable times to be observed. Also beware of being abroad too early or too late, in times of contagion, and observe a good custom with your own body: do not suffer your body to be too costive, or overmuch bound; neither is it How to order the body in time of infection. safe, to keep a man's body daily in purging, no, nor in daily looseness, for extreme looseness is not good, nor safe, in contagious times: neither bleed but by good advice (if it may be had,) neither before nor after the time of the Sickness, for that fearful dangers ensue often by unadvised bleeding or purging in contagious times; for thereby, in seeking to avoid danger, contagious and venomous vapours are often drawn from the superficies, or outward parts of the body, to the Centre; and namely, to the Liver, Heart, or Brain, or to one of them. Also if any purge or bleed by advice, let the blood be removed, and put away instantly, and likewise his close-stool have cold water therein, and not to be kept in the room, wherein the patiented lodgeth, longer than necessity constraineth. Beware also that no man that hath any Pestilential tumour or rising, be it Botch, Carbuncle, or Blain, do open a vein without very sound advice, nor purge, and if he do want such advice, then let the vein be opened on that side he most complaineth of, and not otherwise, as he tendereth the patient's life: it is also good not to be thin clad in contagious times, for that the sickness, with the most beginneth cold, neither to lie too cold in bed, sweeting is far safer for any man in health, for preventing diseases, than quakings. Also beware of too violent exercises in such times, for taking of sudden cold, and beware of all provocations to the extremity of fear, care, anger, grief, watching, extremity of Venus' lust, or extremity of heat or cold, and also of delaying of help in due time, which hath cost many a man dear, as elsewhere hath been certified. Preservatives for corecting the Air in Houses. PReservatives are put before curative Midicines in the Disease of the Plague, by most good Writers: the reason I take it, is as well concerning the sick, as also their friends and attendants, wherefore I hold it not amiss to begin with those things which are fittest to preserve from the infection, and one is as much as may be to correct the evil disposition of the air in houses, as namely for one cheap remedy. Receipts of preservatives, by purging the ay●. Take Bayberries grossly beaten, and laid upon a hot fireshovel, and carried up and down each room of the house, is very good and steeped also in wine Vinegar, being strewed upon Embers in a chafingdish, and carried to and fro in rooms: or take Franckinsence, or pitch, or tar, or Rodion wood, Cedar, or Juniper, and do in like manner, so used, I mean the waist of such as is used for beads, and knife hafts, is very good against any infectious air, and most particularly against the Plague, also Juniper or the berries thereof, or bay leaves, Lavender, Sage, Rosemary, or any one of these dried, and laid upon a hot fireshovel, and carried to and fro in a Room: Also let the houses be kept clean, where the sick are, and no less where the whole are, to preserve them in health: Also wine Vinegar, wherein Roses, Rue, Angelica or wormwood, or one of them hath been steeped, or wine Vinegar with Rosewater therein, taken and sprinkled upon a hot fireshovel, and carried up and down the rooms of the house, all these or any of them are very profitable to correct the evil air, and where it may be done, let the casement or windows of houses, opening to the South or West, but chief the South light be kept shut or for the most part, and rather open the North and East lights, for they bring in the purer and safer air. Other receipts of Fumes. Also for the wealthier sort, to make a Fume of Storax Labdanum, Mastic, Benjamin, Cloves, Cinnamon, Myrrh, or of Lignum Aloes, all or any one or more of these together, are very good for those that will go to the price thereof, and are cordial smells, and do resist putrefaction, and the evil disposition of the Air, and thereby prevent from the Plague. A cheaper, and yet a very good Fume, to fume rooms in contagious times TAke small coals dried, and powdered, three ounces, Storax, Calamint, two ounces, Benjamin, one ounce, Cloves in powder half an ounce, rub or beat the Gums, and make the rest into powder and mix altogether, and with Gumwater make it up like paste, then divide it and make it up into small, but long pieces, that will stand alone, and dry it, and when you will take occasion to fume your houses, kindle one of these pieces at the upper end, and it will burn of itself, and last near one hour; and the composition will burn the better, if you add thereto of small coals in powder, one ounce. Preservatives for the fuming of apparel. FOr fuming of appparel to them that are of means, and will go to the price of it, there is is no better Fume, then as is said, the Fume of Lignum Aloes, Cloves, Storax, Benjamin, Labdanum, Myrrh, Mastic, Cinnamon, Amber, or some one or more of these, for they are all good and yery fitting, and correct the air well, and resist venomous Vapours, and thereby they prevent the infection of the Plague, also the Fume of the sawdust, or chips of Ceder-wood, which are in London to be had, and are cheap and singular good for the fuming of rooms, or of apparel. A good composition for fuming Bedding, Apparel, or the like, and the whole House if they please; and is not very dear. TAke Bayberries, Juniper-berries, of each ℥. 4. course Myrrh and course Aloes of each ℥. j▪ of the Turner's chips, or shave of Lign. vitae, Juniper, or Cedar, and of white Saunders, of each ℥. j fe. Frankincense, storax, Calamint, Time, Labdanum, of each ʒ. ij. make all these into gross powder, and lay thereof upon the embers, and fume with them. A Caveat concerning fuming of Houses, Chambers, or Garments, with Brimstone. THis one Caveat I desire the Reader to take notice of, and to be warned, touching a gross Error by many used in their Fumes for Houses or Apparel, which I have often observed; namely by the burning of Brimstone to fume Houses and Apparel with; which, in my opinion, as well they might prescribe the fuming with Cinaber, Mercury, Arsenic, Rialger, or Antimony; for I am sure, and can maintain it, that the vapours are all venomous and deadly the one as well as the other. The Fume of Brimstone dangerous. And I can speak it of practice and proof, that I myself have seen killed Cocks, Hens, and divers other Birds and living creatures, as Bees, Gnats, Flies, etc. with the only smoke of Brimstone; and upon good grounds, I will not let to show any man the practice for his learning: and that it most artificially killeth Fleas, Flies, Lice, Gnats, and Bees, I need not prove. Wherefore beware of it, for the fume of Brimstone is venomous and deadly, I know it; and that it is an enemy to the Brain and will quickly confound the animal faculties. Myself have been from my youth delighted in Alchemy, and have opened the bodies of divers Minerals and farmiliarly of Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury, to my no small cost, and now and then some danger; and therefore I wish all wise men to beware of them: But if any one will teach his Neighbour the practice of fuming his House with Brimstone, let him first fume his own Bedchamber well with it certain nights together, and shut his door, the Room being filled with fume, and go to bed; or any small Room that is close, where he would have the true force of the fume, then brag how he likes it, it perhaps may cost him too dear. And for his apparel, if it be either of wool, or Silk, or of Linen, it will surely do hurt to it, as well by rotting them, as by staining them. There are some parts of the world, where there are great Ours and mighty Mountains of brimstone perpetually burning: and it is affirmed, and for truth observed, that no Man, Beast, Bird, nor other living creature can live near them, nor within the compass of the vapour of them. Therefore I believe the author of the invention of fuming with Brimstone, can never be able to make it good; that the vapours of Brimstone are safe, nor so much as friendly to the life of man: witness all the workers in like sulphurous Metals, whose very countenance will witness, that though the substances of Metals, are most serviceble to be used, yet their sulphurous, Mercurial, and Arsenical vapours of them are often proved to be most deadly; yet will I not deny, but that Brimstone is many ways medicinable, and so is Quicksilver, to be taken into man's body, duly administered and prepared artificially; but not their crude vapours, by way of fuming. Thus much of Brimstone, by way of fuming Houses or Apparel. Preservatives to be carried about a man in his pocket, or in his hand. TAke an Ivory or Wooden Box, with holes in it, and fit a Sponge into it, wet in Wine or Rose Vinegar, wherein some cordial herbs or spirits have been first infused or steeped; as Angelica, Rosemary, Sage, Rue, Wormwood, Balm, or at the least, some one or more of these; and when the wine Vinegar in the Sponge waxeth dry, wet it in the same Liquor, and put it into the Box again, weakly renewing the aforesaid Liquor. Or if a Lemon stuck with Cloves alone be carried in the pocket or hand of a man or woman, it is very good to preserve from contagious air. It is fit to have something cordial and preservative in a man's hand or in his pocket, to smell unto, for the refreshing of his spirits and his smelling senses, or at the least in the corner of an handkerchief; as namely Myrrh, Angelica Roots, Enula Campan. Roots, Oil of white or yellow Amber, Zedoary Roots, Calam. Armat. Wormwood, Rosemary, Time, Balm, Germander, Rue, or any of these things, is good against the venomous disposition of the Air. A good Pomander to be ●orn, to preserve from Pestilential vapours, for men of ability. Preservatives from the infectious air. ℞. Storax, Calamint, Laudanum, Benjamin, Irios, Calam. Aromat. Zedoary. of each ℥. ij. make this into powder, then take Camphir and Storax liquid, of each ℥, j and mix these well together, adding in the end Musk and Ambergris, of each 4. gr. and with Rosewater and Gum Aarabick, or Dragag. as much as is fitting, make it into Balls; and if you please, put it into a Box with holes, to smell unto it: Also a good Civil Orange stuck with Cloves, and worn about a man or woman, is a good Cordial to be smelled unto. An excellent preparation of wine Vinegar, to prevent from infectious Ayr. ℞. Myrrh and Aloes, of each ℥. j se. Card. Benedict. Margerum, Zedoary, Cinnamon, Calam. Aromat. Penny-ryall, wild Time, Rose leaves, of each three handfuls, white Saunders ℥. j se. Juniper berries see. lib. Camph. ℥. se. Let all these be beaten into gross powder, and steeped in about three gallons of Wine Vinegar, and the same made warm twice a day for three days, then use it, to wet the face and nostrils sometimes, and carry thereof in a Sponge in some Box, to smell unto often. Also the smelling unto Oil of Amber is very good; I mean not Ambergris, for that were too dear for the meaner sort, and not so well warranted by authority, for that use: But of that Amber which in Latin is called Succinum, and is that whereof Beads are made, and is gathered in the Seas, in Prussia, in the East Countries; I say, the Oil of such Amber, whereof some is white, some is yellow: But that of the white is more excellent, and precious. If a Sponge, or any The virtue of the Oil of white Amber. other fit thing be wet in Vinegar, and certain drops of the said Oil added; or only a dry Sponge, and certain drops of this Oil dropped into the Sponge, and put into a Box, and smelled unto it, it preserveth from any infectious air, and comforteth the animal faculties of the body exceedingly, and is likewise good against Apoplexies, and other Cephalick diseases. It being held one of the most precious remedies against the Plague of all other, and is not dear to be bought: And the same Oil, one, two, or three drops taken fasting, either in white Wine, or Beer, is a very excellent Preservative against the Plague. Of Cordial and preservative Medicines inwardly to be taken. THe several Medicines in this Treatise to be taken into the body for preservatives, are also Cordials, being indeed such Cordials as have virtue to open the pores of the body, and by sweeting to give breathing to nature, and thereby to defend man's body from Contagion, being such also as heretofore have been prescribed to be taken by men of the best judgements in Physic, for the defending, curing, and driving out the disease from the principal parts Sweeting Medicines the best. by sweat: for without all doubt, no Medicine can be generally so safe, for the first intention and entrance upon this cure of the plague, as is a true Diaphoretic or sweat-provoking Cordial Medicine, whether it be taken by way of a Preservative, or as a curative Medicine, as ancient Writers testify. Galen's Opinion of Diaphoretick Medicines. And namely, Galen, the Prince of Physicians, attributeth unto Antidotes the whole Cure of the disease of the Plague; and by Antidotes, he meaneth Medicines Cordial and Preservatives, such as by opening the pores, provoke sweat. But as there is no general rule, but may admit an exception; even so this excellent course may not be always safe and warrantable at the first, in respect of the wonderful varieties this fearful disease produceth, as well in the beginning, as in the progress thereof. Sweeting sometime to be ●●itted. For it may upon occasion, as of fullness, or of obstructions of the body, so come to pass, that evacuation general or particular must as in due course precede, either by Blood-letting, Vomit, Purging, Glister, or Suppository, or some one or more of these; I say, where just cause is, they may as of necessity precede: for which cause, it will ever be safe to use expert advice, if such may be had; only remember by the way, what is said of purging Medicines, and their danger, if first taken, in the Cure of the Plague. Here following, I mean to set down several sorts of the chief of the compound Cordial Medicines mentioned in this Treatise following, or otherwise in frequent use, which are inwardly to be taken into the body, to prevent the coming of the disease; or being received by sweeting, best for the expelling of the Venom so received into the body, with the dose orquantity reasonable of each of them to be taken by way of preservative, to pray vent the disease before it cometh; as also what quantity may be fitly taken for the safe provoking of sweat, when any one feeleth himself evil disposed, and vehemently suspecteth himself to be fallen▪ or entering into the disease, by any of the symptoms or signs before expressed, or otherwise. The chief Cordials in general use, are these that follow. Cordials against the Plague. THeriac. Andromach. or the true Venice Treacle, and not inferior to it is Mithridate, Democrat. both of which are now truly made in London. Also London Treacle is a very good Antidote or preservative well approved, and Electuar. d● Ovo, or the Electuary of the Egg is also a very sure good Cordial: also Theria●. Diatessar. by the ancient Writers, called the poor man's Treacle, by myself much experienced, and approved to be good, all these and every of them in their natures, either mixed, or given each pierce, or by itself, are very good, being Diaphoreticks, or Medicines provoking sweat, more or less, and thereby opening obstructions, and by evaporation expurging venom, and refreshing nature, and so by consequent, curing the Plague. Purgatives useful. Hereunto may also be well added, some appropriate purgatives to be taken, both as preservatives, and as curatives, where just occasion is, namely, Pilul. Pestilentiales R●ffi. & Pil. Praeservan t Joh. Bahini, one dram of any one of them, for a purge, is a just quantity for an able body, and he or she may safely take it any time, either at night or morning, when there is just reason; and for the dose or quantity, by way of preservative to be taken at one time, is one pill about the bigness of a Pease, or in weight about 12. or 14. grains, or at the most 20. gr. which is termed a scruple, once in a day, or once in two or three days, either at evening, or in the morning, but I conceive it is best to bedward; and he or she who taketh it, aught to observe, that if it make him or her have but one lose stool, it is sufficient. Much laxity unsafe. For it is not safe for any person to keep his body lose always, in times of general infection or contagion, for that that is recited elsewhere; for where emptiness is, evil vapours have place of entrance▪ Also, as touching the first of the forenamed Cordials, one dram for a Dose, and namely, of Andremach. Treacle, or Venice Treacle, and a like Dose of any the other three specified Preservatives, to be taken by way of a Curative course, but by way of a Preservative, at any one time, for a strong body, 20 grains may suffice, and may be taken without offence, which is one scruple; or a less quantity to a weaker body: and to a strong body infected, to provoke him to sweat, ʒ. j and se. or ʒ. ij. by a strong man, of any of them, either in Cordial waters, or Wine, as is said, may be safely received into the body. Except of the Electuary of the Egg, the Dose whereof is one Drach. at the utmost. And whereas divers Writers prescribe such Antidotes to be taken in distilled waters, as of Carduus, Angelica, Dragon-water, or the like, which in time of contagion are not only scarce, but fraudulent, and seldom, or by few truly made: But yet I must say, being truly How to administer preservatives. made, they do excel many other Liquors. Yet for reasons aforesaid, in their wants, I hold it safe to administer Mithridate, London Treacle, or Diatessaro●, or any such Medicine, in good French Wine, and sometimes in Spanish Wine, if the disease begin cold▪ or in posset-drink, made with wine, or without wine, as reason shall guide. And note, that it would ever be fittest to give these Medicines, or any of them, in the most cordial Liquors that may be had: but if the sick will as willingly take them in a Bolus, I mean, in a lump, namely, as it is of itself, he may safely do it; yet if the stomach of the sick will not so admit of it, than it may not be amiss, to give him a draught of warm posset drink, made with Carduus Benedictus, Borage, or bugloss, or Sorrel water, and a little Sugar boiled therein, or in want of those herbs, a plain posset, and three spoonfuls of Spanish wine added thereto, where the Artist shall see it so necessary; which may time enough be added, when the Posset is taken from the fire, if the Patient be taken cold, as is said: but if the Disease begin burning, then let Sorrel, or Violet leaves, or Strawberry leaves, or some other cordial roots, Herbs, or Flowers, as is already rehearsed, be put into the posset, and some fitting syrup, as of Sorrel, or Woodsorrel, or three or four drops of Oil of Vitriol, if it may be had, be added thereunto, in such a case being very Cordial, and good▪ and in want thereof, plain posset drink alone, reasonable warm, will do well, where the recited are not; and for a need give it in white Wine, as is said, or in Beer to the poorer sort: or if the party take this Medicine alone, being in haste, in want of means, it will do well, by God's Mercy, if he be not too much doubtful. And for the discreet Artist, or the attenders of the sick, let them take what they have ready presently, and let the sick be laid down to sweat; and where you can have learned counsel, refuse it not, as is said, and delay not; for by want of advice now and then, able men die, to save charges, which is a lamentable folly. AN Approved Cordial Medicine against the Plague, of the Practice of Doctor Burgis, Verbatim, or in the very words as be writ it in his Book; with also his addition in the commendation thereof. Medicine of Dr. Burgis, against the Plague. TAke three pints of Muskadine, and boil therein a handful of Sage, ●and a handful of Rue, till a pint be wasted, then strain it, and set it over the fire again, then put thereto a pennyworth of long Pepper, half an ounce of Ginger, a quarter of an ounce of Nutmegs, all beaten together, and let it boil a little more, than put thereto two pennyworth of Treacle, four pennyworth of Mithridate, and a quarter of a pint of the best Angelica-water you can get. Keep this as your life, above all worldly treasure, take of it always warm, both morning and evening a spoonful or two, if you be already infected, and sweat thereupon; if not, a spoonful a day is sufficient, half a spoonful in the morning, and half a spoonful at night, all the Plague time: under God trust to this, for there was never man, woman, nor child, that this deceived. This is not only for the common Plague, which is called the Sickness, but for the small Pox, Measles, and Surfeits, and divers other diseases. This Medicine, as you may read, is praised to the full, and no doubt may well deserve praise; and yet were I to put my life upon a medicine, I would not choose the aforesaid Medicine for many reasons. First, that the composition thereof is uncertain, namely by pennyworths, and the Angelica water doubtful whether it be of itself simple, or drawn of Wine, the Treacle not declared whether common or no: and further, in my judgement, take it in the best sense, the composition is rude, and too hot, fit rather to inflame, than cure. But yet I leave it for them that have tried it, or that list to try it, to make it up, and use it in the Name of God, who giveth his blessings beyond measure to mean things. A Composition of an Electuary De Ovo, of mine own long experience and practice, which I know to be very good, and is not dear. The Composition of Elect. De Ovo. TAke Saffron ʒ 5. and a Scruple undried; then tease it, I mean, pull the parts thereof asunder: then take one reasonable small newlaid Egg, and make a small hole in the top of it, and let the white run out; then fill up the Egg with the said Saffron, putting it in by little and little, till it be almost full, ever gently mixing the yolk with the Saffron; and in that manner of doing, one reasonable Egg will contain all the prescribed Saffron: This done, with part of the white of the Egg mix a little Wheat flower, to make a paste▪ then break another larger Egg only for the shell, which you may use as followeth. First, strike off the top as whole as you can, to cover the hole in the top of the former mentioned smaller Egg, and with the paste aforesaid paste up the hole, and set it near the fire, only to dry; and after that, spread a fine rag with some of the said paste, and again, cover the hole and the piece of the shell lying thereon, and dry it before the fire; then put this Egg into a wider Eggshell, namely, that which was emptied before, and so set it up to the top in an Earthen Pot filled with Sand on a gentle fire, till the sand be so hot, that the Saffron in the Egg smell; then for fear of burning it, take the Pot or Pipkin from the fire, and take the Egg out of the hot sand, and put it to cool; if you find▪ it be but reasonable dry, and not burned, then need it not be put any more to the fire, for it will easily burn, without great care had: then being well roasted, take all that pasted away, and take all the substance contained therein; bear it, and work it so long together, until no part of the Saffron appear, but be all into one body; then weigh what the whole substance weigheth, which will be about one ounce: Which done, take of Diptam. Alb. of the roots of Tormentil, of Butter-burre, called Petacitis, of Angelica and Zedoary roots, of each ʒ. j of My●●he and Juniper-berries, of each ʒ. ij. all these being made into fine powder before, and ready; then take of Mithridate of the best, ℥ two of the finest purified Honey, ℥. ij. make this up, According to Art, into a stiff Electuary▪ which is done by strong and stiff beating and working of it altogether, at the least three or four hours: And if there want humidity to work it up into a just consistence, add Syrup. Limoniorum, qua. sa. est. The Dose of this, is at the most ʒ. j se. But for that it hath an unpleasing taste unto some delicate palates, when I have it ready, I use to take thereof ʒ. se. and of Ther. Diatessaron, or London Treacle, or good Mithridate, of any one of these, ʒ. j se. and mix them in white wine, with also a few drops of Oil of Vitriol, namely, four or five drops at most, with also one ounce of some Cordial Syrup: as of bugloss, or Sorrel, of Citrons, or Lemons, or Woodsorrel, when it is not to be appointed to delicate personsr And all that I give at once to a man or a woman, and lay the party to sweat gently at the least for three hours. Or in want thereof, I put only a quarter of a pint of white Wine, with a little Sugar to it, either mixed as is said, or ʒ. j▪ se. of the said Electuary alone in a bowl or lump to some, for it needeth no other mixture for the adding virtue thereto, for it is a most excellent Cordial alone. And I would advise those which cannot have all the ingrediency of this composition, as namely in the Country, that they make ready the Egg and Saffron (as is said) and take only a double weight of good Mustardseed thereto, and with about one ounce of good Honey work it well into an Electuary, and use thereof ʒ. j se. at a time, in Posset-drink, or Wine, according as the sickness taketh men: if it take them cold, I hold it better given in Wine, or Posset-drink made with Wine, if it may be had, then with the usual Cordial Waters, which is but a mere Fl●gma distilled from the bar herb at the best, and often not truly so good: for I well know, that Wine is a true Cordial. and gladdeth the heart of man; which I must believe to be so, for that the Book of God doth so testify of it. And I know also it resisteth putrefaction, in the very nature thereof. Wherefore, in my opinion, if it were not in some who apparently have a fervent burning Fever, where reason itself would advise me to forbear Wine, I would use Wine before either Angelica, Carduus, Dragon-Water, or any of the like kinds, in the case of the Plague, as I have divers times elsewhere recited. The Dose of Elect. de Ovo. This Medicine either taken alone, a Drach. or four scruples, to a strong person diseased, is excellent, if it be taken with Syrup of Citrons, ʒ. j White or Claret Wine, ℥. iij. or iiij. ℥. and four drops of Oil of Vitrol, and the diseased laid to sweat upon it, being orderly attended, it is a most precious Medicine, by myself very often tried; I having often made the aforesaid Receipt, and used it out with good success. Another Composition of Electuarium De Ovo, being plain, cheap, and good. ELectuarium de Ovo, or the Electuary of the Egg, as it was made and prescribed for public use in Germany, by the Physicians of the Emperor Maximilian, in the time of a great Plague there, in A●●● Domini 1600. being a most excellent Preservative against the disease, and also a good curative medicine, as followeth. Take a new Egg, and make a hole in the ●oppe, put out the white, and fill the place with Saffron undried only teased, and the flakes opened asunder, mingle it in the shell that it be like a paste, the yolk of the egg and the saffron together, and stop the hole being filled, and boil or stew it, or rather bake it gently in the embers, till it may almost be brought into powder, but without burning of it; then add unto it of the roots of Tormentil, Morsus Diab. Angelica, Pimpernel, and Zedoary, of each ʒ ij. make this into powder, then take ℥ ij. of old Venice treacle, and in want thereof so much Mithridate, and with water of Scabious, make it into an Electuary, and give at one time for the largest dose or quantity, one Drach. and a half to a strong body to provoke him to sweat, if he have the sickness. It will provoke sweat plentifully, but if it be by way of a preservative to prevent sickness, then give him but the weight of 3 d. or 4 d. or 6 d. at the most at one time, and let the Patient upon the receipt thereof be laid to sweat for three or four hours, and it will produce an admirable effect of health, if it be with good order and discretion administered. The Composition of the ancient Treacle, Theriac. Diatessar. or the poor man's Treacle. TAke chosen Myrrh, good Bay-berries, hulled well, Aristolochia roots, and Gentian roots * of each 1. ℥. dissolve the Myrrh in Sack, and gently evaporate some of the Sack away, and make the other ingrediences into fine powder, then take ℥ xij. of pure honey, and according to Air, incorporate it, and mix all the aforesaid things with it, make it boil a little gently, and make an Electuary thereof, and give a ʒ j s. or two ʒ ij. of this Electu. at a time to a strong body, yea, a strong person may safely take ʒ iij. The dose of Ther. Diatess. And lay the party to sweat; you may give it in white wine or claret or sack, if the disease begin cold, or in Beer, Ale, or posset drink, and I have found by much practice, that it is a sure good Cordial, and Children may take it. This medicine I myself would take upon the defence of my own life, as soon as one of the greatest and dearest compositions in the Apothecary's shop. And I further well know, that the Apothecary may honestly afford The price of Ther. Diat●ss. this kind of Diatessar. truly made for 4▪ d▪ an ounce, and that an ounce thereof may be sufficient at several times, given to cure a man diseased of the Plague, God giving his blessing to the means, and by way of preservatives given, it may defend many from it; But I confess it is some what a bitter Medicine, and so (as I have said) are most all good Medicines in practice for that disease; wherefore whosoever m●s●keth a good Medicine for the bitterness by his nice refusal, may find his disease fare more bitter. Nam dulcia non meruit, qui non gustavit amara. The virtue of it for other diseases. This medicine is also excellent good against pains and gripe of the stomach or belly, taking the quantity aforesaid, or less, and for the disease of the Colic, or any windy pains or gripe of the small guts, it is the best medicine that ever I knew. A Caveat for administering of Ther. Diatess. But beware it be not given to women with child, for to such it is not grateful, nor very safe, because of the Myrrh, but to any woman which wants the due sickness of her seasons, it is an excellent medicine; and otherwise, for any person diseased with the Plague. A Cordial Confection or Preservative for women with child, children, infants and tender people. The receipt. TAke chosen roots of Setwell called Zedoary, the purest of them half a pound, put them one whole day to infuse in Rose-water and wine-vineger mixed, then let them dry gently, which done, with fine Sugar and Rose-water preserve them, and give a small quantity of the same, half an ounce or thereabout fasting; the like you may do with Angelica roots, or with Enul. Campan. roots, or with The great virtue of the root of the Butter-burre. a root called Butter-burre, which is one of the most excellent roots for the cure of the Plague that ever was found out by Art: this root the Germans name Pestilence root, as being held the best preservative, and also cure for the disease of the Plague or Pestilence. Another good Cordial for women with child, children, or delicate people. TAke a Lemon or a good Citron, ●●ew it in Rose water and Sugar cloven first into four parts, and when it is half stewed, add The receipt. some Cinnamon in powder thereto, it is a singular good Cordial so taken; and for a preservative for tender women with child, and dainty people, the quantity of a Nutmeg thereof in a morning, for such as are delicate and tender, and cannot take medicines well that are The dose of it. bitter. Also for women with child, if they take sometimes a toast sprinkled with rose vinegar, or ordinary wine vinegar, then spread it with butter, and strew a little powder of Cinnamon thereon, and eat it fasting, it is a Cordial and a very good preservative for them. Pil. Pest. Ruffi. And amongst the rest of good preservative Cordials, Pil. Pestilent. Ruffi. is not the least, for it is a preservative and purgative, yea, and a curative medicine, of great virtues, and very highly commended by divers ancient and modern Writers, and which of mine own long experience, I have found singular good. The dose of it. Of which take fasting the quantity of a scruple, which is 20 grai. or near the weight of 3 d. as a preservative, and the ingrediences thereof are fine Aloes, Myrrh & Saffron by Art made into pills, and the reason The reason of its virtue. that the learned do ascribe so great virtues to the aforesaid ingrediences, is for that they suffer not the body of man to putrefy, for Myrrh, as Galen, Avicen, and many other ancient Writers affirm, and experience showeth them, resisteth putrefaction, so that a dead corpse preserved in Myrrh, neither altereth nor stinketh in a long season; and also Aloes, its virtue. Aloes hath an excellent quality in purging Choler, and comforting and corroborating the Ventricle, and in preserving it from putrefying: and Saffron by the consent of all the Learned is a true cordial medicine; and, as Avicen testifieth, it never altereth humours to the worst, but refresheth, amendeth, and purifieth the putrid, and conveyeth with it other medicines to the comfort of the heart, and other principal parts of the body. And one Johannes Hartmannus an ancient reverend Writer, in his Treatise of the Pestilence, writeth in commendations of these Pills, these very words following: Non immerito his Pillulis magnam adhibeo fidem, in septem constitutionibus Pestilentialibus, quas tempore meo vidi, nemo ipsis usus, Peste interiit. In English thus: Not unworthily do I put great trust in these Pills, for seven seasons of the Plague, which myself in my time saw, there was not one man died that used them, meaning the said Pills; and the quantity prescribed by the same Author, to be taken by way of preservative, as is recited, was 20 grains, which is about the weight of 3 d. and I myself upon my own experience affirm, that in curing the disease where a purge is required, there is no purgation within my practice, safer nor surer than this Pill is, and to purge, the dose is ʒ j which although I confess in some bodies it purgeth but slowly, yet in the disease of the Plague generally it is most requisite and safe, to be very sparing, and indeed well advised in giving way to any purging medicines at all. A good safe medicine, for any whose complaints begin with a fullness in their stomach, with nauseousness and desire to vomit. BEing taken, the first day that a man findeth himself so to be infected, and to such the medicine hath at once taking perfectly cured many; and it is a medicine which myself would as soon take at the first as any medicine, if I felt my body upon fullness diseased, for it purgeth away the venom, both upwards and downwards, before nature be overcome thereby: but I must crave your pardon to deliver the medicine in Latin; for that I hold it not fit for any to undertake the making or preparing of the ingrediences thereof, for the avoiding danger, but the discreet, faithful and understanding Surgeon or Apothecary. Satis examinata. Rec. Antimonii clarificat. Hyacinth. modo Pellucidi, gr. 4. Conser. flor. Borag. ʒ. ij. Specier. Liberan. ℈. se. Mastich. gr. 5. Misce & fiat bolus. The ●●s●. Give this whole quantity to a strong man at once: but I hold it best, at the time of the taking of it, that he lie on his bed in his clothes, I mean, till the Medicine have done working, and that he drink warm Posset-drink after each Vomiting: and then, and not before, if he find himself not well, let him go to his naked bed, and fasting, take a nap, (if he can) and then when he awaketh, give him some small Cordial, as namely, ʒ. j of Mithridate, or of Diatessaron, or of London Treacle, in Posset drink, and gently provoke him to be in a sweeting manner, not to sweat too strongly, and that for three or four hours. Which done, there may be given him a cup of Beer, with a toast, if he desire to drink, and give him to eat some light digesting food, and I doubt not but he will do well very quickly. But this kind of cure is only for the beginning of the disease, and to be given, as is said, to a full body, which hath a complaint of fullness of his stomach. And so herewith I will conclude further repetition of Purgative Medicines, in cases of the Plague; advising all discreet Artists to use them with all possible care, caution, and counsel of the Learned, where it may be had, as they tender the lives and healths of their Patients, well weighing the following Instructions and Caveats. Cautio è Petri Sibyllenii Medico insigni Germaniae in usum Medicinarum Catharticarum in curanda Peste. A Caveat in the use of Purgative Medicines, in cases of the cure of the Plague. QUod verò aliqui Medici sentiunt solutiva Medicamina in principio hujus acutissimi morbi convenire, & venenosam materiam eorum vi, & calore è corpore educendam esse, horum sententiae Galeni & Avicennae testimonia & firma argumenta supra exposita valde adversantur, quorum authoritaeem Hippocrat. Lib. 4. de ratione victus in morbis acutis confirmat, cum inquit: Ubi in morbo venae sectio & solutiva Medicamenta necessaria sunt, venae incisio praecedere deb●t. Et Avensoar. Lib. 3. de Theisi● dicit, Sed antequam fiat purgatio aliqua, praecipiatur, ut fiat evacuatio universalis, & hoc cum Phlebotomiâ, etc. Et quia Medicamentorum laxantium in boc casu usus gravis, infensus & periculosus propter multas evidentes caus●s, corpori esse solet, Eapropter imperitorum, barbarorum, & circumforaneorum Medicorum curam, qui violentissimis Pharmacis causam morbi expellere opinantur, utpotè Mercurio praecipitato quem rubicundum pulverem falso praestantem pradicant has dial cto modo adscribam. Cathartica sive purgantia Medicamenta, magnam vim caloris in se continent, qua velociter attrahun●, & humores in venis commovent, simulque expellunt, quâque commotione natura regetiva totius corporis in sua Crisi & conatu obtunditur & prosternitur, & plerunque evenit expulsio symptomatica morti vicina, quare non conducunt in hujus Pestis initio. Praeterea omn● Catharticum movet mat●riam ad interiora, hoc est, à superficie ad Centrum, quod est Cor: In omni autem venenosâ materia hoc improbatur, materia entm venenosa à Centro ad superficiem expelli debet. idcirco Pharmaca in initio morbi exhibita plus incommodi quam commodi adferunt. Huc accidit quod Cathartica hujusmodi Medicamenta quae fortia & acuta sunt per se venenosa censentur; non est autem venenum veneno apponendum, omne enim tale addituns suo tali (ut est communis Regula) facit illud magis tale. Major probatur ex Joh. Mesue de consolatione Medicinarum, ●bi inquit, Omnis Medicina laxativa est de genere venenosarum rerum, cujus excessum Natura non patitur, nullo propterea Cathartico Pestis tempore corpora vacuanda sunt. Quandoquidem Medicus pro suo officio & doctrina quam profitetur minister, custos & imitator Naturae dicitur. Natura aut●m in Peste à Centro ad superficiem conatur ve●●num pellere, ergo Medicus ri●e imitatur Naturae ductum juxt● Aphorism. Hippocrat. Libr. 21. Aphorism. 1. Quo Naturae vergit ad loca conferentia eo ducere oportet, etc. Et quia Cathartica innata sua vi & crudelitate Naturam regetivam totius corporis prosternunt, qua ob Pest is quoque acuitatem & impetum languida & infirma est, virtus vero hoc t●mpore conservanda qua prestrata periclitatur aeger, ergo nullum Pharmacum dandum est. The precedent Caveat touching purging Medicines Englished, is in effect as followeth. ONe Petrus Sibyllenius, a learned Physician of his time, in his Treatise De Peste doth write touching the use of Catharticke or purging Medicines, in the case of the Plague, as followeth, and reciteth his reasons and authority for the same in these words. Solutives forbidden in the cure of the Plague. Concerning the opinion which some Physicians hold, that solutive and purging Medicaments are convenient in the beginning of this most sharp sickness, the Plague, and that the venomous humour is to be driven out of the bodies infected with the Plague, by their force and heat: The censures of Galen and Avicen, by strong arguments, are repugnant to their opinions. And Hypocrates confirmeth their anthorities in his L b. 4. de Dieta, or of Diet, which is to be used in sharp sicknesses; where he saith, when in any sharp sickness the opening of a Vein or solutive Medicaments are necessary, the Vein is first to be opened. And Avensoar in the Lib. 3. de Theisir saith, before But in our Climate that Rule is not in general g●od, but is list to fit occasion and due time. any purgation be, he would advise that a general evacuation might be made; meaning, that letting blood is fit to be done. And because, saith he, the use of laxative and purging Medicaments are ill, hurtful, and dangerous to the body, by reason of many evident cases; therefore he likewise condemneth the error of the unlearned and barbarous Physicians and Mountebanks of his times, which would drive away the cause of the disease by violent purging Medicines, as namely with Mercurius praecipitate, which red powder they call falsely a precious Cathartick or purging Medicine; which having a great force of heat in them, they do draw forcibly and swiftly both the blood and humours which are in the Veins, and do drive them out, to the prejudice of Nature: by which commission, Nature which governeth the body, is disabled, stupefied, and beaten down in her endeavour, touching her Crisis, her working and contending with the poisonous vapours, so as for the most part it happeneth, that thereupon proceedeth a symptomatical expulsion, which is not far from death itself. And therefore such Medicines are not fit to be used in the beginning of the sickness, namely, the Plague. Moreover, all purging Medicaments draw the humours to the inward parts, that is, from the superficies or outward parts to the centre of the body, which is the heart, and the effects follow deadly; for in venomous diseases, the venomeought to be driven from the centre to the outwards: therefore Cathartick or purging Medicines being ministered in the beginning of this sickness, do more hurt then good. And in this further is to be added, that such purging Medicines as are so strong and sharp, are esteemed to be venomous of themselves, and there is no venom or poison to be put to poison; for every such thing as is added to his like, as the general Rule saith, maketh that more such. The Major is proved by Joh. Mesues de consolation Medicinarum, where he saith, that all laxative Medicines are of the sort of venomous things, whose excess nature cannot endure: therefore in time of the Plague, the diseased bodies are not to be made empty by purgations, The Office of a Physician. seeing that a Physician is called, by reason of his office and Learning which he professeth, a Minister, a keeper, and an imitator of Nature. The help of Nature in the Plague. Nature in the Plague, endeavours as much as in her is, to expel the venom to the superficies of the body: Therefore a Physician ought to follow the tract of Nature according to the Aphorism of Hypocrates, 21. Lib. 1. Aphoris. Where Nature aims his course, thither it behoves the Physician to intent his Artificial help. A reason of the danger of laxative Medicines. And because Cathartick means, by their innate force and cruelty, do overthrow Nature, the ruler of the whole body, which also is made weak, by reason of the sharpness and force of the Plague, Nature is to be preserved, and no laxative Medicine to be given. Of variety of particulars for Broths to be made for the sick, according to men's several abilities, or necessities, and as the time and place hath to be added more, or in part forborn, upon each just occasion. Of herbs convenient for Broths. ANd first, for herbs fittest to be used in Broths in this disease, they are bugloss, Borage, Endive, Succory, Strawberry leaves, Marigolds, Parsely, Betony, Violet leaves, Sorrel, Woodsorrel, Plantain, any of these are very good, and so is Rosemary and Time, so that you take not too much of any of them, remembering also for the seasoning and relishing of Broths, as also for Sauce, you may safely make use of Sugar, Cinnamon, Currants, Citrons, Oranges, Lemons, juice of Lemons, ripe and unripe Grapes, preserved Barberries, Cherries, and Prunes, Wine Vinegar, Verjuice, Mace, Cloves, Nutmegs, Saffron, and Wine, if occasion be, to refresh the spirits; for, as I have said, I esteem it far above any the simple waters of herbs for a Vehicle, in the disease of the Plague. Necessary meats to be boiled in Broth. Also you may make your Broths either of a Cock, orrather of a Cock Chicken, or of Mutton or Veal, or for the meaner sort, of what else their means will reach unto; for many things that be held unsavoury, nauseous, yea, and dangerous to the dainty, are found to be very conveniene, wholesome, comfortable and precious to the poorer sort; as Garlic, Leeks, Onions, Chyves, Wormwood, Centory, Angelica, Bay-berries, Gentian, and divers others, whose tastes are harsh. A Cordial Drink to cool and contemperate the blood, being a China broth, if the Patient please to be at the cost. The Rec●i● of it. TAke the roots of China, cut into small slices ℥. 3. infuse them 12 hours at the least in five quarts of fair water, adding of Borage and bugloss, of each half a handful, of Cloves in number three, with a like weight of Cinnamon, and Mace, boil these gently, till one third part be consumed: and, if you please, add one spoonful of Rosewater, and some little Sugar to make it grateful in taste, and also three spoonfuls of juice of Lemons, and in want of juice of Lemons, so much good Wine Vinegar; you may give the Patient at one time, to a quarter of a pint, and he may take of this decoction four The Dose. sundry times in a day safely at the least, and oftnet if he like it. Also remembering that the sick have some other Cordial prepared for him, if need be, to provoke him to sweat the second or third time, and some odoriferous thing in his hand, or near at hand by him, often to smell unto, such as are elsewhere set down, or some other of the like nature. And in want of China roots, take the double part of Sarsaparilla, and in want of that, a large crust of the best bread of Wheat, for the poorer sort; this also is good to contemperate the blood after sweeting: and further, it is of ancient Writers esteemed, as a very good Cordial medicine, to give the party the quantity of a drach. or ʒ. i. s. of the finest Bolus Armen. in a cup of white Wine, with half a spoonful of Rose-water, and a little Sugar if you please; and in want thereof, give it in posset drink. Moreover, if you see occasion, and can have them in your posset drinks, or distilled water, that you use as vehicles or liquors, in which you give your medicines, you may put the quantity of one or two ounces of syrup of Citrons, or of Lemons, or of Sorrel, or Woodsorrel, or of sour Pomegranates: also it is very good in every sweat-provoking Cordial drink, that you add oil of Vitriol, three or four drops to a dose, but no more for offending; yea, in all Julips, a few drops thereof are both cordial and warrantable; and in want thereof, in a cooling Julip may be added Sal Prunellae, so that the quantity exceed not ʒ. ij. per haustum unum. Another Julip for the Diseased of the Plague. The Receipt. TAke French Barley, or in want thereof, English Barley, about one good handful, fair conduit water, or spring water, three quarts, boil the Barley about half an hour in the water, and then cast away the water, then take about three quarts of water again, and of Mace and Cloves, of each half a scruple, or 20 grains, which is a scruple, and boil the said Barley and the rest, one hour or more, till one third part of the liquor, or thereabouts, be consumed; then clear of this Barley water into a glass: and to each quart of water, if it may be had, add of Syrup of Woodsorrel, of Citrons, of Lemons, of Violets, or of any one of these, ℥. 3. of Rose water one spoonful, of Wine Vinegar two spoonfuls, of oil of Vitriol ten drops; and if you can get no syrups at hand, use Sugar to make it pleasant of taste, and in want of oil of Vitriol, use two more spoonfuls of Wine Vinegar: A caution in using oil of Vitriol. and note, that whensoever you put oil of Vitriol into any liquor, and that you would give it the Patient, that you shake the glass ever, when you put our any, for the Oil will fall to the bottom, and the last draught will be very dangerous, and too sharp to be drunk. Against thirstiness. Divers qualifications of Thirst. WAter and Vinegar mixed, and often held in the mouth, and put out again is good, juice of Lemons, and water so used, letting some part down, is also very good; also preserved cherries, and stewed Prunes are good to hold in the mouth, and to be taken in Quinces, or conserve of Barberries, or Tamarinds from the East-Indies; or it were good the Patient had by him often to suck from a liquorish stick some cordial syrup in a glass, as of Woodsorrel, of Citrons, Lemons, of Violets, or syrup of Vinegar, or of some such like; also as is repeated, Sal Prunellaeʒ. ij. and some 3 ounces of Plantain, or Strawberry water doth well cool thirst, and is cordial. Against faintings and swoon, which happen in the sickness. Medicines against swoon. LEt the sick have something to smell unto, that hath Rose-vinegar, with a few drops of Rose water in it; also give the sick, either some Treacle water, or some good Bezoar, or Cinnamon water, Angelica water, or Mint water, distilled with wine, or a little good Aquavitae, or a little good claret wine, mulled with a few Cloves, & Rosemary, and Sugar therein; any of these are good Cordials: or let him hold a Lemon stuck with Cloves, as is said, in his hand, or have some cordial Pomander in his hand, and to wet his temples and forehead with Wine Vinegar, and a little Rosewater mixed, where it may be had. A good Posset-Drink in the sickness, if the Disease begin hot. MAke an ordinary posset with Ale and Milk, purify it from the curd, and boil gently therein (if you desire to have it cooling) Sorrel, Strawberry leaves, Plantain leaves, Violet leaves, or some of them, adding a little Wine vinegar, and some Sugar, and a little Rosewater, if you please; and this will be a good drink for the Patient to continue with in the time of his sickness. Also the juice of Lemons or Oranges, wrung into the posset drink, is likewise very good, and the best of all to make it tart, and not over sour, therewith, is a little oil of Vitriol; for that no medicine is so Oil of Vitriol. precious against the pestilential Fever, as the oil of Vitriol, it being warily administered. Another good Posset-Drink to give a sweeting Medicine in, if the party's sickness begin cold. MAke a Posset first with Ale and Milk, in an ordinary manner, unto which add Marigolds, Borage, bugloss, or some of them, and gently boil them in the Drink, and to a quart thereof, add of good Sack a quarter of a pint; and to a draught of this drink, put any cordial medicine to provoke sweat, and give it warm, if the disease begin cold, as is said: but if it begin hot, leave out the Sack; for, as I in this book have oft repeated, I hold Wine better and safer to give a cordial with, Wine the best for preparing a Cordial with. in the Plague, than any simple water distilled, although it were distilled either from Angelica, Dragon, Centory, or Carduus Benedictus. A good Cordial Medicine for the poorer sort, though it were to women with Child; for they may take it softly. The Receipt. TAke Bayberries, cleanse the husks, and dry them, until they will be made into powder, then powder them, or for a need grate them, as you do Nutmegs, and give a small spoonful thereof in a draught of white Wine, Ale, or Beer, and let the party be laid to sweat, The order in administering of it. and forbear sleep, it is a good and a safe Cordial, to which may be added Sugar, or cordial syrups at pleasure: and note, that even Galen, the Prince of Physicians, as I said, Attributeth unto Antidotes, meaning the preservatives, that open the pores, and provoke sweat, the whole cure of the Plague, which this mean medicine mightily and The several virtues of it. safely doth. It also is exceeding good against the wind Colic, and all tortions and disturbances of the bowels. Another good Cordial for the poorer sort. The Receipt of it. TAke of the best Walnuts in number 20, chosen Figs 16, Rue, ℥. 1. se. Wormwood leaves, and seeds picked, half a handful, Gentian roots, ℥. 2. round Aristolochia roots, ℥. 3 long Aristolochia roots, ℥. 1. Torment. Diptam. roots, of each half an ounce, Bayberries half an ounce, common salt, ℥. 3. Mithridate ℥. 2. mix all artificially to gether, except the Mithridate; then weigh the whole lump, and take three times so much pure honey in weight, as all the ingrediences are, and being first all well wrought together, add the Mithridate, and mix it also. The Dose of it. Keep this close covered, and give for a preservative the quantity of a Nutmeg; but by way of cure to provoke sweat, give as much as a Walnut thereof, and sweat well upon it: this is an approved good Medicine, and not much unsavoury to be taken, if it be truly made. But if any person, for the unsavouriness of a medicine, will refuse help, let him forbear, and expect, and take of what follows: and further note, that it will not be amiss, as I have said, that after any cordial medicine be swallowed down without liquor, that a cup of good wine be given; or in want of it, warm Posset-Drink, or Beer. Another good Cordial for poor people at a mean price to be had. The Receipt. TAke the kernels of Walnuts, of the herb Rue, and of chosen figs, of each ℥. 1. of common salt, ʒ. 2. of Saffron ʒ. 1. let all this be very well beaten together, with as much Wine Vinegar as will work The Dose. them up into the form of an Electuary, and take thereof fasting daily the quantity of two Drachmas. Certain Rules and Observations to be regarded, concerning the curing of the infected of the Plague. Directions for the infected. IN which, the first point is, that he be put in mind of his duty to God, and that with penitent heart he crave mercy of him. Secondly, that he take the advice of the best learned he can have, and that he follow their directions: but if he want better counsel, let him observe as followeth. How to order the bodies of ●he infected. First, if his body be very costive, namely, if he have had no stool in two days, or at the least the day before he falleth sick, let him in the first place take a Suppository; and if it procure him not a stool, let him take another within one half hour; and if that do no good, let him take a very gentle Glister: but beware of taking any Purgation or Laxative whatsoever by the mouth to be received, as I have in several places said, at the beginning of the disease; Pu●ging dangerous. but open a Vein rather, if learned advice order it: or, which is safest, take a Medicine to cause sweat; and if he be scanted of time, sweat first, and take a Suppository after the sweeting Medicines have done, for it is dangerous to delay sweeting any time. And if Sweeting not to be delayed. he have it let his Cordial be Aurum Vitae, eight grains. But in case the disease prove to be the Plague, if the party be full of blood, and the sickness begin with him hot, and have but newly taken hold of him, and also that he be courageous and willing thereunto, Letting blood necessary in some respects. open him the fullest Vein you can find in his arm, on that side he most complains on, and take six, seven, or eight ounces, if no rising appear, and lay him to sweat within one hour after, forbidding him to sleep, as he tendereth his life: but if he be fearful, dull, sleepy, shivering, or yawning, or have any such signs Sleeping dangerous after blood-letting. before the bleeding, or that any Tumnur appear, then forbear Plebotomy at the first, and presently give him a Diaphoretic, or sweat-provoking Medicine, or antidote, one of those formerly named; and let him be laid in Bed, and well covered over head Observations in sweeting. and all, and so provoked to sweat, by all the reasonable means that may be: And in any case, let him not be suffered to sleep, Not to sleep in sweeting. during the time of his sweeting, no, not in two hours after the taking of his first Cordial, without you see extraordinary good signs of health in him. Of the time of sweeting, how long. And you may continue him sweeting gently three or four hours, or less time, according to his strength, and then withdraw the clothes How to be ordered in sweeting, and afterward. by a little and a little: but yet keep him in a breathing manner warm, though not sweeting much, somewhat longer; which done, dry him and shift him with fresh clothes, well warmed: And if he keep his Medicine, and sweat well, there is very good hopes, or rather little fear of him at all; but if he cast it, there is not so much hope: yet give him another sweeting Medicine, and a third, if he cast the second, striving to please his taste in what you may with his Medicines; and when he hath sweat well, and is reasonably cooled, then may you let him sit upon his bed, and give him some Posset-drink, or a small cup of Beer warmed, or some Broth, or some few stewed Prunes, or some conserveses, as of Quinces, or Barberries: then if you find him not lightsome, and his head-ache and complaints not eased, give a second sweeting Medicine to the former, after four or five hours' distance, and keep him lying in bed, and in a breathing or gentle sweeting manner almost half a day after: and aboot ten or twelve hours after his Cordial given, or sooner, if you see reason, you may suffer him to sleep; but first, it is not amiss to give him some warm Broth, as is said to refresh him. Means to provoke sweat. And if the Patient be unapt to sweat, let Bottles of very hot water be filled, and put to his one side, and at his feet; or hot Bricks, somewhat quenched with water, and then wrapped with wet clothes, and laid to his side and feet, covering as well his face as any other part, leaving him but a sufficient breathing place only; and be sure he sweat lying on the one side, and not on his back: and he must be very careful to lie still, and keep his arms in bed all the time of his sweeting; or that he have warm sleeves to defend them from cold, A second Diaphoretic to be administered. Yet by unwarranted fear be not too forward to reiterate ● sweeting Medicines too quick. And yet again, if any evil signs appear to you, give him as afore, more Diaphoretic or sweeting Medicines, until you see by the lightness, cheerfulness, and good signs in the sick, with good persuasion, that the venomous vapours which caused the disease, be almost or altogether spent; or that the Botch, Blain, Carbuncle, or spots come forth: For if the outward signs appear upon his sweatings, or that he be cheerful, and that no outward marks do appear, in either of these two cases there is great hope of his well-doing. Wherefore I wish, as if often rehearsed, that all men begin betimes R●midies not to be delayed. to use Remedies, whilst strength of Nature is ready at hand. For those which do take a good Cordial, that causeth sweat at the very first, seldom have any outward Sores or marks at all; and if they have, they are light, small, and easily healed: and when you find the danger of the person past, or venom of the sickness is spent, and the party cheerful; then, and not before, may you, having good advice, purge; but I hold it safer to forbear Laxatives even then also. A note of the danger of purging. For you must note, that if you purge, if there be any venomoús' quality in the body at all left, as is said, you draw it to the centre of the body, namely, to the heart, and so double the danger; and for the rest of the cure, no man can prescribe what in each body shall be fitting by any one general rule, for that one person is seldom taken as another, in that fearful disease. Only take this one thing for a rule of comfort in general, that this disease commonly is swift, and is short, and doth begin and end in a month commonly at the utmost; for it is termed but the disease of one Moon: if the party be likely to live, and the danger of death for the time over, no Apostumes, Boyles, or Sores whatsoever do heal Of the sudden care of the Plague. faster, nor sooner, than those of that disease of the Plague do, when the fury of the Fever is once past. For the disease is a Fever, like to a furious storm, short and terrible; but the fury once over, it is the calmest of all contagious diseases whatsoever, and the easiest to be healed, far better than the French Pox. And moreover, note one thing elsewhere mentioned; in all cordial Medicines and Julips, there is not a safer nor better thing to resist the putrefaction and venom, to comfort the head and the stomach, and Of the good use and danger of Oil of Vitriol. to quench thirst, then is Oil of Vitriol, so you use it warily; but you must be very wary, that to one draught of Drink, or Julip, you put not above four, or rather but three drops; and using it but a very little at a time, you may use it the oftener, and the safer: otherwise, there is some danger therein. The choice of it. You shall know the goodness of this Oil, by the clearness thereof, and by the weight thereof, for if it be as clear as Rockwater, and ponderous almost as Led, then is it very good. By my will, I would never give any Purge, nor any Cordial without it, if I could have it; for I have found it, by much practice to be very precious. Also, if you do take the quantity of one ounce of conserve of Roses, and about eight small or single drops of Oil of Vitriol, and mix them exceeding well▪ and give the Patiented a little thereof to eat, or at the least to keep in his mouth now and then, in the time of his sickness, it is exceeding cooling and comfortable for him, and quencheth thirst singular well. The virtue of Salt of Wormwood. And you shall find much the more profit in it, if you add Salt of Wormwood thereto (as is said elsewhere) either one Scruple, or half a Drachma for a Dose, according to the strength of the sick, and vehemency The Dose. of the disease; for it mightily increaseth the force of the other Medicine, in provoking of sweat, and refresheth the spirits. Sal-Niter is also good, if the disease proceed of a not cause, a like Dose given. Things to be observed by the attenders of the sick. And note further, one observation generally to be had in mind by the attenders of the sick, that they give the Patients leave ever freely to put their arms out of the bed both night and day, except in the times of sweeting; and to that end, be careful to provide them Waistcoats, Sleeves, or, at the least, the legs of old Hose, or any mean thing to the poorer sort, to keep their arms warm. For myself know by experience of my own body, when I had the Plague, and so since of many others that have been under my cure, how comfortable a freedom it is for a sick man to have leave to spread and cast out his arms; and how uncomfortable a thraldom and imprisonment it is for a poor weak man, by his Keeper, to be forced to keep his arms in the bed, or in any one certain position: Wherefore the attenders of the sick aught to have judgement and commiseration, I mean, a fellow-feeling of the infirmities of the sick, and chief, in this most fierce disease of the Plague. Note also, that in Summer, when the Sickness beginneth hot or burning, in the Drinks that you give your Patients, whether Antidotes or Cordials, that you ever use Wine Vinegar a spoonful or two, where you do not use Oil of Vitriol; but if you have oil of Vitriol, it far exceedeth Vinegar, as is often said. Also note especially, in the house where a Child is infected, that great care be had to keep the Children from him: for there is a fare greater sympathetical danger betwixt Children, then betwixt Men and Women; which daily experience showeth. Note also, that for Infants and tender Women, Andromach. or Venice Treacle is a good Medicine, as it is made, by the view and order of the College of Physicians of London; and in want of it, which myself would as soon take, good London Treacle, if it be also truly made, according to the prescription, and by the view of the said Reverend Doctors of the College of London: I hold it a most fit Medicine; The Dose of Theriac. Andromach, to a child. and the rather, for that it is of taste easy to be taken in: but the quantity at a time to be taken of it, must be as is said: to the strongest may safely be given, ʒ. ij. which is about the weight of eighteen pence in money at a time; and to a Child, about 3 pence, or 6 pence, or 9 pence weight, according to their several ages and capacities: and also, if you can, and that you have convenience, it is good that you remove the sick Patient sometimes from one Bed to another, where convenience, means, and ability is; and that you use sprinkling the Rooms with Wine Vinegar sometimes, as is said, where it may be had. Of such Diet as is fitting for the sick of the Plague to take. FIrst note, that a very sparing Diet in general is the most fir, if the Patients have full bodies, but in this disease, commonly all appetite is forgotten with the Patient: yet when you find, that the danger of death by the disease is over, and that the Patient amendeth, then good refreshing and nourishing food is best, using it sparingly. Fitting meats to be eaten by the sick. And first, for the delicate, and they which may have it, let them in the Name of God eat Pheasant, Partridge, Quail, Chickens, Rabbits, Capons, Veal, Lamb, or Mutton; any of these are very good, taken with moderation. And so are all field-Birds, which are used to be eaten, excepting those which live upon the Water, as the Swan, Unfitting meats. Goose, Duck, Plover, Widgeon, etc. Also generally the most kind of freshwater Fish may well be eaten of, except the Eel, the Tench, Meats forbidden. and the Salmon: Plaice, Flounder, Whiting, Soles, Smelts, and such like, are good, moderately taken; also Perch, Roch, Stone, Gudgeons, Breames, Trout. Fresh Beef and Pork are excepted against; and I think it fit to avoid it, where there is no want of other things. But on the contrary, where there is scarcity, let thy ability be thy guide; and in the Name of God, in want of others, let none be so unwise to refuse Beef, nor the Broth or pottage thereof, for experience sufficiently approveth them good; neither eggs poached, nor soft sodden; no, nor Bread and Butter, when their stomaches will bear it; for these all nourish well, very moderately taken. And remember, that if your Patient begin to amend of his disease, and that his appetite grow, deny him not competent food in a sparing manner, and let him have, as near as may be, that which is of light digestion, and not too much at once, but give it him often. For understand, that after once the mass of blood hath been corrupted, and that Nature, by God's mercy, with the help of good means, hath again gotten the upper hand, the body will require good nourishment, and often to be supplied. The use of Verjuice is very wholesome in the disease with Meats, and also in Possets, where inward heat is, and thirst withal, but not where cold is: and the use of Goose-berries, of unripe grapes, Preserved Cherries, Prunes, sour Pomegranates, and the like, are very good, as is elsewhere mentioned; and no less good is the use of Oranges, Lemons, Pomecitrons, and Pomegranates. The cure of Angina Mendosa, or a false Squinancy, being a species of a contagious touch, happening when the Plague reigneth. Being a pain in the Neck, or lower parts of Gula, or of the Muscles of the Neck and Throat, in which sickness there is generally small or no External nor Internal appearance, although there sometime is in both, and therefore is called Angina Mendosa. Phlebotomy needful. MAny begin the disease of the Plague with the aforesaid complaint, for which one good remedy is Phlebotomy at the first, not under the tongue only in that case; for that if you do it, sufficeth not in so fierce a disease, but that you must also be forced to open a vein in the arm: Wherefore let the Surgeon, if he be urged thereunto, take the fullest vein of the arm of that side, which the pain or complaint inclineth most unto, but concerning general evacuation by Phlebotomy, in Pestilential Fevers, never do it when any indication of a Crisis, by the disease appeareth, for fear of offence; and if so be that one side suffer not more than another, then take it on the right arm, and take a reasonable good quantity of blood, namely from The quantity of blood to be taken. a man, 6 or 8 ounces, or ten ounces; not more, for fear of dejecting the spirits, and a lesser proportion to a weaker Patient, and make a reasonable large orifice, which in such a case is best, and if after apparent need be, which seldom is, open the veins under the tongue: but howsoever I would begin with the arm. And for a Gargarism, use Barley water, with Diamoro●, and a little Ordering of gargarisms. of Syrup of Vinegar, or a little Sal-niter is very good, and for outward application, take a small handful of Camomile flowers, of clean ashes of wood without coals or dross, a handful, and a few Rose leaves, and two spoonfuls of oil of Roses, with as much of wine Vinegar boil it with small beer into a Cataplasm, and very warm, apply it, and shift it morning and evening, if the rose leaves be not to be had, or the Camomile flowers, use Elder leaves in place, it will do well, and ordinary oil or butter for a need will serve, where oil of Roses is wanting, or the old Medicine of Mel, and Album Graecum, with a little Vinegar mixed, is right good: and the next morning after Phlebotomy, give the patiented a Diaphoretic of Aurum Vitae, eight grains, and appoint him to sweat four hours▪ and not doubt but the disease will be therewith soon at an end. Of the use of Phlebotomy in the aforesaid disease, I have had experience oftentimes this year, and even upon my own Son, who being in a violent burning fever, with an Angina Mendosa, and being very unwilling to be let blood under the tongue, first for fear of loss of time, I caused to give him a suppofitory; then after within ●three hours I gave him a Cordial Diaphoretic, Gr. 8. of Aurum vitae, which he did sweat upon for three or almost four hours very plentifully, and was somewhat revived, and reasonable cheerful, nevertheless he still finding a great fullness of blood, entreated me to open a vein for him in the Arm, the which I did, and took from him, as I conceived, ten ounces of blood, he being of a full able body, and about twenty years of age, and without any more medicines, or time of complaint, by God's mercy, he came to his perfect health again the second day from the beginning of his disease. And I may truly to God's glory affirm, that in this year, 1638, I have cured very many of Fevers, with also complaints of swell in their throats, merely by that Diaphoretic of Gold, of my own practice, called Aurum vitae, and that with only one dose given, and no more, and the parties became thereby perfectly whole the very next day, without the taking any other Medicine, and by the same medicine, and only by the once giving, I also have healed very many of the Plague in one day, whereof some had rise of tumors, which by their once sweeting, spent without further care. Outward Medicines for the asswaging of the pains of the Head, in the sick of the Plague. TAke good Unguentum Populeon, and anoiut the Temples, and forehead therewith, it is good against the Headache, or oil of liquid Mace, the Temples anointed therewith, or oil of nutmegs, pressed from the Nutmeg, or a great turnip roasted in the embers, and cut through the midst, and very warm applied to the temples, taketh away the pains of the head. Also a piece of red rose cake laid on a pewter dish, and set on a chafing dish, with a small fire, and then bedewed with wine vinegar, and a little Nutmeg grated and strewed thereon, and so applied to the forehead and temples, assuageth the pain thereof very well, being (as aforesaid) artificially prepared and fitly applied. Of the ●ea●● Archangel. Likewise, in the Country where these things cannot be had, there is an herb called Archangel, partly like a Nettle, of no good smell, by some called a dead Nettle; the same being beaten soft and thick, applied cold to the forr-head or place grieved, assuageth the pain thereof very strangely. The dangerous using of Opi-●um. Also Laudanum, grains 4. but rather 3 grains only, be not too bold with this medicine, nor any other opiates whatsoever in the disease of the Plague, and when you use them, do it with advice, and only in extremities of unsufferable pain: For that medicine will do the deed, and safely, if the Surgeon be discreet, and not too bold therewith, which if he be, he loseth his Patient, yea, I had almost said, he killeth his Patient, A preservative for the poor, and a good Cordial. ℞ Crocious, f. 193. BAyberries, the husks being taken away, the quantity of a drachma, or the weight of nine pence, either grate them to powder, or beat them, and take the same powder in stolen beer, stolen Ale, or in white wine, and go to bed, and strive to sweat therewith, and Preservatives. that fully; it provoketh sweat well, and thereby cureth the disease, and may be taken again and again, three or four times, if occasion be, for it is a true Cordial against th' Plague. True oil of Amber beads is also excellent for the preserving from the Plague, three or four drops taken fasting, dropped upon a piece of Bread, or in any drink, and for the curing of the Plague, twelve drops at once taken. Also Beer of the infusion of Wormwood, and Rue is very good, and to eat of the herb Sorrel, or of Wormwood, is likewise good to preserve from the Plague, and also used in sauce, it is very good and cordial. Also the outlandish Angelica roots are very good chewed in the mouth, and so kept in the mouth a small root thereof, for the preserving from the infection of the Plague. Of outward Medicines to be cured in the curing of the Symptoms of this Disease, to draw forward a Bubo, or Carbuncle. By living fowls. IN the beginning of the coming forth of a Bubo or Carbuncle, take a Cock, a Hen, a Pigeon, or a Chicken alive, pull it bore about the rump, and vent, then strew a little salt thin upon the Botch, then bind the Birds legs and wings as easily as may be, and let her sit thereon, I mean the Botch, until she die; then let her be buried, and take another, and use her as the former, until three or four be killed thereon; and it hath been by experience found, that when all the venom is drawn out, the last bird will live, if it be not hurt by plucking or binding; which done, then apply some attractive remedy to draw it forward; in which cupping▪ glasses, with and without scarification, as occasion shall require, are convenient and good to bring forward a Bubo. By Horseleeches And Horseleeches are also very good to be set on the place; and if the Leeches will take, it is a good sign of health: for which purpose, if you wet the Botch with a little fair water and Sugar warmed, and somewhat wiped off again, they will take the better. By Pigeons dung prepared. Also Pigeons dung warmed, and made into a Cataplasm or Poultis, with a little Swine's Fat and Turpentine mixed, and very warm applied twice a day, or Hen's dung in the like manner prepared, are very good attractive Medicines, in that disease. By live Fishes applied. Paracelsus much commendeth the application of any like Fish to a Bubo, for the drawing out the venom, the Fish being living, then suddenly slit open, and put to the Bubo, where it may be had, as namely, either a Tench, a carp, Pike, Roche, or Peach, three or four Fishes one after another, each kept three or four hours on the place; and afterwards some good attractive Cataplasm applied thereunto, as namely, one of the herb Scabious. A good Emplaster for the first, to ripen and to break a Bubo. Receipts of Emplast. to be applied. TAke Figgs and Raisins stoned, of each ℥. two. Sal Niterʒ. iij. sour Leaven ℥. three Honey ℥. i, with Oil of Camomile ℥. iii. and of Milk vi. ℥. make these into an Emplaster; then spread it thick, warm it, and apply it to the Botch or Carbuncle, it is a singular good attractive. Another more forcible drawing Medicine, to draw out a Bubo or Carbuncle. TAke the herb Crowes-foot, made into a Cataplasm or Poultis, only by bruising it very soft with a Pestle in a Clout, and applying it, it is singular good to draw it forward; but it will draw forceably, and blister the skin: Also Mustardseed and Pigeons dung well beaten together, with a little Swine's fat mixed, and very warm applied, do vehemently heat and attract forward a Botch or Carbuncle. A Cataplasm for a Carbuncle, very mild, Anodine, and very effectual. Receipt of Cataplasms. TAke Plantain leaves, or roots in want of leaves, a good quantity, shred them very small, then bruise them very well, and strain out the juice, and with crumbs of household leavened Bread, boiled in the aforesaid juice, or in the juice of Sorrel, is as good; make a Cataplasm thereof, adding in the boiling some Barrowes grease, and apply it very warm to the place, and shift it three or four times a day, it suageth mightily the pain, and draweth unto it and yet evaporateth the venom mightily: and the same doth the juice of Scabious done, or the herb Scabious stamped and boiled in new milk with crumbs of Bread. Provided always, that in the making up thereof, or of any suppurating Cataplasm, you forget not to put some fatness to it, as Oil of Lilies, Camomile, or roses, or at the least Butter or Swine's fat for a need: any one of these are good, and may serve; but the first is best, and so the next: and be ever sure to apply all Poulteses very warm. Another Cataplasm to a Bubo. Rec. OF the greater Comfrey hacked and beaten and boiled in Milk, with crumbs of Bread, to a Cataplasm; then add a little Butter and a few Prunes boiled therein, taking out their stones: the which Medicine doth speedily digest and suppurate a Bubo. Anothnr attractive Medicine, to ripen a Botch. Rec. A Great Onion, and having made a hole in the top thereof, and part of the Onion taken out and filled with Mithridate, or Treacle, and roasted in embers, let it be very warm applied to the Botch, and use it in form of a Cataplasm, it is a very exceellent Anodine, swaging great pain, and proper for the disease, to draw forth the venomous humours, as also utterly to quench the malign power thereof. I will here conclude touching outward applications in the cure of the Plague, having at large elsewhere often recited, that concerning all The conclusion of the Treatise. the accidents pertaining to that noisome disease of the Plague, as Buboes, Carbuncles, and Blains, that the Pestilential Fever being once removed, all those symptoms do heal far sooner than any other Boils or Sores do: for the effecting whereof, the Reader hath in this Treatise many good sovereign Medicines, divers of them of the Author his own long experience, whereon the Surgeon may rely, if God please to be merciful to the Patient, in adding his blessing to them: to the which end, let the Surgeon and the sick jointly together, and each for himself, call upon God for a blessing upon the means, and doubtless he will hear, and have mercy: for in truth, Ni Deus addiderit viresque infunderet herbis, Quid prodefl ditamus vel panacea juvat? The Epilogue, or Conclusive part of this Treatise: Wherein the Author relateth, of his own sufficient experience, yet one Antidote more, for the whole Cure of the Plague; being a Cordial Powder made of Gold, and by him called Aurum vitae; whereon, by God's mercy, the Patient may rely, as upon a safe Antidote. A Cordial Antidote, called Aurum vitae. THis Medicine, at one only time given, taketh away the Pestilential Fever, and thereby cureth the Plague, that the Patient is oftentimes well the next day, it being given upon the first day of the Patient's complaint, with the observation of certain easy rules hereafter prescribed, concerning the order of administering thereof, and it is an easy and safe Medicine, insomuch that any infant, although it suck upon the mother's breasts, may safely take it, yea, and easily may be induced to receive it into the body, for that it is of a very small Dose, and is without any offence in taste or smell to any: also, it may safely be given to any woman that is great with child, whereof divers trials have been had, with safety and comfort. The Dose of Aurum vitae. The dose or quantity sufficient thereof for a man or woman to take at any one time, is but eight grains; and by that proportion, any discreet person may gather what may be given to any younger person: viz. A child of two full years old, may safely take two grains; and a child at four or five years old, may take three grains; and one about eight years old, may take four grains; one of fourteen years, or thereabouts, may take fix grains; and one of eighteen, nineteen, twenty years old, or more, may safely take the full of eight grains. The effects of it. And note, that this Medicine performeth its operation only by Sweat, which is the truest and safest way of the entrance upon that Cure (for the most part) and also it doth it without any moving the body either upwards or downwards; namely, it causeth no Vomits nor Stools, neither is it at all nauseous to the stomach, nor any ways causing extraordinary thirst nor faintness, as some, yea, and most of other Mineral Diaphoreticks do: But, on the contrary, the Patient, when his sweeting is over, shall manifestly feel cheerfulness, as being much refreshed thereby, with also an abatemant of his pains, and his Fever will utterly be gone at the only once taking thereof. The order in administering of Aurum vitae. Neither shall the Patiented need to be overburdened with too many Clothes, to force him or her to sweat, for the Medicine of itself sufficiently performeth that duty; only he may be ordered to have somewhat more to cover him, than the ordinary Cover he usually lieth under; and the Room likewise ought to be kept very warm, with a good fire therein, for that cold air in time of sweeting is obnoxtious and dangerous. Of the continuance of its virtue. And further, this Medicine may be kept seven whole years, and longer, if be; for it being truly prepared of Gold, is permanent above other medicines, and it loseth not his virtue as vegetable Medicines do: but as Gold, that most excellent Mineral, excelleth all other Minerals in price and true value; even so doth the truly prepared Medicines thereof as far exceed all other Mineral Medicines in their virtues, as well in the preserving and defending man's body from diseases, as also in curing their infirmities, when by God's permission they seize upon the bodies of men. And whereas other Mineral Diaphoreticks commonly work two ways at once, namely, both by Sweat, and also by Vomit, whereby they firecely distract the Patient, and produce fearful symptoms, as if Death itself were at hand, by the oppressing Nature in too violent expulsions at one time; yea, often times by a third, viz, by purging also downward. But this most truly safe and easy sweeting ●itnesse Hypocrates Lib. 21. Aphor. ●. Quo natura vergit ●d loca conferentia co ducere oporter. Medicine performeth as much as it promiseth pleasantly and without rigour, or nauseous offence, as well in the Plague, as also in other contagious diseases, where Nature striveth to thrust out her venomous enemy per poras cutis, or by the sweatholes; and that course of curing, is of all other the safest, in a contagious disease, at the first entrance, which then consisteth rather of poisonous vapours, then of putrefaction of humours; in which regard, the aforesaid course is safest: for it is a fearful course, yea, and a desperate one, to purge in the beginning of this most contagious disease. For Agues or Fevers that are contagious▪ This Medicine is also approved good to be given in the beginning of any contagious Ague or Fever, hot or cold; and for the most part, it cureth it at once giving, whether it appear to be Tertian, Quartane, Quotidian, or intermittent Ague. The course to be held in the taking of this Antidote. FIrst, the Patient is to be demanded, if he had any stool that day, Nam mora trahit periculum. or the day before, and if yea, all is well, if otherwise, let him have only a Suppository, that may move him once: and when he hath had one stool thereby, proceed without any delay to the administering of the Antidote, for delays are dangerous. Wherefore, without any further protraction of time, go on to take the antidote. And the party that taketh it ought to lie in his warm bed, fitted with sufficient cover, before he take it in, then let him take his medicine, either mixed with some cordial thing, as a little Mithridate, ture Treacle, conserve of Roses, or Quinces, or give it only mixed with the pap of an apple, and so it is easiest taken in by infants, as I suppose, for it needs no addition at all, to add virtue to it, only the addition chief serves, as a vehicle to carry the Medicine without wasting into the stomach, for that it is a powder small in quantity, and therefore subject to be wasted in taking. Necessaries to be provided before the taking Also the party that is to take it, must have ready made before hand, an ordinary posset drink, of Ale and milk, to the quantity of a quart, very warm, and when he hath taken in his medicine, shortly after let him drink a reasonable full draught of his posset, well warmed, and then lying on the one side, let him be warm covered head, face and all, leaving full breathing scope, and so in God's name let him lie still, and sweat gently, if he can bear it 3 or 4 hours, were best, and ever as he thirsteth, let him freely take warm posset drink, which were best to be given him in some Cruet, or spout pot, that he take no air, raising himself up in drinking, and when he hath performed his due sweeting, let him be wiped dry, and shifted, and then give the patiented some warm broth. And the next day he may by God's mercy safely, as for himself, go abroad, but for the day of his sweeting, let him keep within, and give him food competent, in a sparing quantity, such as is of a light digestion: and deny him not drink, so that it be somewhat warm at the fire. Thus much for those which take the medicine within 24 hours of the first conplaint. Item, unto such as the disease hath taken greater hold of, namely that before the receipt of the aforesaid medicine or Antidote, the patiented have outward tumours, as Botches, Carbuncles, or Blains not yet broken, nor ripe, if he take the medicine as aforesaid, and sweat well upon it, the venom of the sores, shall through God's mercy, be so evaporated by his sweeting, that they shall decline of themselves, and not at all come forward, and if any after do break, as being formerly suppurated, before the medicine took place, they shall as ordinary boils, easily and quickly heal, with every mean medicine. Of two or three times taking if the disease require. And notwithstanding, generally, one sweeting serveth, yet nevertheless, if occasion be, the patient may safely take a second dose, or proportion, yea and a third without danger, as divers have done; and so he may be the more confident of answerable success, namely, of the full and safe recovery of his perfect health, by God's mercy: nevertheless, if he find his desire by the first, of reasonable health, let him not take a second, and if by a second, not a third. When any person, desirous to take the benefit of the aforesaid medicine, having an Ague, or Fever, with paroxysms or fits, let him not take the medicine in the time of the fit, but one full hour before the fit, and rathermore, but if the Fever be continual, give it at any time in manner aforesaid, although the patiented be in distemper, and burning, for if he take it, and his burning change into sweeting, which the virtue of this Medicine usually produceth, the fear of death in the Patient, is half over. And further of a truth I can affirm, that I have cured some by this last mentioned antidote, that had the pestilence, or spots of the Plague, vulgarly called Gods Tokens upon them, and are yet living witnesses. And whereas our blessed Saviour, as appeareth in the Holy Scriptures, by a Parable declareth, that a certain man gave to sundry of his servants, Talents to trade or occupy with, to one more, to another less, and afterwards (as He might justly do) He exacted an account from each of them, highly blaming that servant who had not profited his Master by his Talon, but had hid it in the ground. Also, in another place He showeth his dislike of lighting a Candle and putting it under a bushel, advising us rather to put it on a Candlestick, that it may give light to others. And further, we are commanded not to forget to do good, and to distribute, and that whilst we have time. All which precepts, together considered, I esteemed it my duty (as commanded) to employ my short talon of healing, which God hath lent me, to the utmost for his Glory, and the good of others; and for that reason, as in part I have thought fit here following to publish by testimony, what good the aforesaid antidote hath done already, only in Westminster and Northampton, not accounting at all whom without testimony it hath healed, which hath been very many, more than by testimony is fitting for me to produce. THE Copy of a Certificate, concerning the Virtue of the last precedent Antidote, called Aurum vitae; from the Justices, Minister, and other the Officers of the Parish of S. Margaret's Westminster, as it was by them presented to the Right Honourable, Henry Earl of Manchester, L. Privy Seal, etc. which by his Lordship was presented to the rest of the Lords of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council. We the Inhabitants of the Parish of S. Margaret's in Westminster, whose names are here under written, do most humbly certify your Lordships, and that upon our own knowledge, that in this time of visitation of the Plague, Fevers, Agues, and other Diseases, which have been very grievous and great afflictions unto us: It pleased Almighty God, by the hands of one John Woodall, Chirurgeon of the East-India Company, and of his Majesty's Hospital of Saint Bartholomewes', in London, a learned, judicial, and expert man, which said john Woodall, about five weeks before Michaelmas last, delivered unto some of us, who were Officers in this said Parish, an Antidote composed in Pills, which he had made up, with direction how they should be administered to such as had the Plague, Fevers, Agues, or any such violent Diseases, that then remained amongst us; which said Pills have been employed very carefully, according to his said directions, and administered to threescore several persons, some of this new fever, some of the small Pox, some Agues, and some other Diseases, but most to them that were visited with the Plague, which had Rise, Sores, Carbuncles, Blains, and were certainly known to have that fearful Disease, all which Persons recovered, and not one of all them that hath taken the said Pills, died, (thanks be given to Almighty God) neither can we do less, then publish the great skill, judgement, and charity of the said john Woodall, by whose industry and care, this Antidote hath wrought so good effect, and did bestow them freely, without one penny of recompense for the same. Westminster, the 6. of Octob. 1638. Pet. Heywood. Robert White, sub-Curate. Thomas Mar. Richard Protter. Church Wardens. Copia Vera. William Hawkins. Edward Martin. Tho. Kirke. A Copy of a Certificate, from the Mayor and Justices of Northampton, with a further Reference to the Report of one M. Wyly, an experienced Surgeon of the said Town. Villa Northhampton. We the Mayor and Justices within the said Town of Northampton, in the County of Northampton, whose names are here under written, do hereby certify, that upon due examination and inquiry taken within this Liberty, we do find, that in the late Visitation of the Plague, Fevers, Agues, and other Diseases, which have been very grievous and heavy unto us: It pleased Almighty God, by the hands of one John Woodall, Chirurgeon of the East-India Company, and of his Majesty's Hospital of Saint bartholomew's in London, a learned, judicial, and expert man, besides others: Which said John Woodal sent in Summer last to one William Wyly, a Chirurgeon in Northampton, an Antidote composed in Pills, which he had made up, with directions in Print how they should be administered to such as had the Plague, Fevers, Agues, or any such violent diseases, that then were violent in this Liberty; which said Pills were employed to divers persons very carefully according to his directions, as we find, and administered; and that by means thereof divers recovered, and none of them died (thanks be to God) there: As by a Note of some particulars, under the hand of the said William Wyly may appear. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals this three and twentieth day of January, 1638. Richard Fowler, Mayor. William Eollis. Francis Fisher. The Copy of a Report of one M. Wyly, a Surgeon of Northampton, concerning the former Certificate. Good Sir, WHereas about the beginning of July last, when our Town of Northampton was much visited with the Sickness, you sent me a Cordial Powder, of eight Grains to the Dose, for the Cure of the Plague, desiring from me an account of the operation thereof; I thought fit to signify unto you, that I have found it exceeding good for the said Disease, fare above my expectation, having administered the said Powder to the parties hereunder named, and divers others, too long to recite. And first, I gave it to one Symonds son, a Plumber, who was dangerously sick of the Plague, and by once taking of that powder, was perfectly cured. His Mother presently after falling sick of the Plague, and in great danger, was cured by taking it twice. Likewise to one Brownes daughter, her Father and Mother being dead of the Plague, and she herself dangerously sick, and prayed for in the Church, who by once taking of it was perfectly cured. Also one Widow Allets Maid, her daughter being dead before of the Plague, and the Maid dangerously sick, by the taking of one Pill was cured and well the very next day. Also I gave one Pill to a Boy of James Fairness, and it cured him. Likewise, I gave one Pill to one Goodwife Jackson, a very old woman, and she was cured therewith. Likewise, to one Brownes Wife I gave a Pill, and she was cured therewith. Likewise, to a Child of one Taubots I gave a Pill, and he was cured therewith. Likewise, I gave a Pill to one Mistress Huicksmans' daughter, and she was well cured thereby. And to a Maid of M. Hills, who had a putrid fever, and was cured thereby. Likewise, to one Mistress Cooper's son I gave one Pill, who was cured of the Plague thereby the very next day. Likewise, to M. Smith's daughter, being very sick of the Plague twice, and was twice made well the next day following. Likewise, to one Spooners daughter, being sick of the Plague, and she was made well the next day. And to a Child of one Packwoods I gave a Pill, being sick of a putrid fever, who voided Worms of above half a yard long, and was cured. To one Goody Smith, a Maulsters Wife, I gave two Pills, she being very sick of the Plague; by the first, she had a Swelling appeared; and the next day I gave her another of the same Pills, which provoked her again to sweat, whereupon the Swelling vanished away, and she became thereby perfectly cured. I could recite divers other Cures in like manner by your Powder performed, but for troubling you with tedious repetitions: Wherefore I will thus conclude in the commendations thereof; that I administered it unto many, and of all those I gave it unto, that either had the Plague, or any contagious or putrid Fevers, it cured them, and none that took it died under my Cure, Yours to be commanded, William Wyly. To the Reader. IF the Reader perhaps, as by a former promise in part made at the first Edition of my Surgeon's Mate, do expect a description of every the Cordials, Antidotes, and other the Compositions in the former, and also in 〈◊〉 his last Edition mentioned; the Author desires to be excused for his omission therein, for that since that first Edition there hath been, by Authority of his Majesty, a public Dispensatory put forth, called Pharmacopeia Londinensis, containing all such Medicines as the learned Doctors of the College have selected, as fittest for their practices in London: in which learned Work, most of the Medicines by me in this Treatise mentioned, are to be found very truly and exactly set down the Compositions of them; to which, he is now, as necessitated, forced to refer the Reader: and yet in this Treatise the Author hath presumed to explain divers good Receipts. But the Work being on the sudden to say, (aut nunc aut nunquam) hasted to the Press, there could be no alteration admitted, neither time for addition. But nevertheless, for the prescribed Antidote, called Aurum Vitae, the Author will be ready, whilst God permits him life, and as also he hopeth that his Posterity after him will not fail to prepare and have ready the said Antidote, for any person that shall please to make use of it, ready prepared, put up, and sealed, at such reasonable rates, as no private man can afford to make it so cheap, although he knew the Work: and so he taketh leave, committing the Benevolent Reader to God's protection. From his House in Broadstreet, London, at the time of the first Edition hereof, JOHN WOODAL, Master in Surgery. FINIS. A TREATISE OF Gangrena, and Sphacelos: BUT Chief for the Amputating or Dismembering of any Member in the mortified part. Against the Doctrine of the most ancient Writers, being approved, safe, and good. According to the long Practice and Experience of John Woodal, Master in SURGERY, Surgeon of his Majesty's Hospital of S. Bartholomewes', and Surgeon General to the East-India Company: But under benedicite (namely) as imploring and ascribing all the Honour and Praise unto God alone, for his favour and mercies, touching the salubrious effects thereof. LONDON, Printed by J. L. for Nicholas Bourn, 1653. A PREFACE TOUCHING The definition of Gangrena. Courteous Reader, HAving in part engaged myself by promise to my good Friends, before the Edition of this my work, to explain to the World, amongst other parts of Surgery, the manner of Amputating or cutting off, of putrid members, in the mortified part: I after considered with myself, that I could not properly proceed therein, except by the defining of a Gangrene, in the first place, because a Gangrene is ever the fore runner of a Sphacelus, and the material cause of Amputation, either in the general body of Man, or in any the particular parts thereof, and from the which, no Animal creature, no not Man himself can decline from. Ab initio statutum est omnibus semel mori. For from the beginning, all men are constituted once to die, and yet there is an interim for each man, of not being in health, neither really dead, but quafis moriens, vel semi mortuus, dying, or half dying. In the which interim, or intermission of time, a man may by an accident be said to be in such a distemper, as he may be gangrenated, or in a Gangrena, as the Artist terms it, either in part, or in all; and yet by the permission of God, and by the help of Art, that supposed dying man, or member of man, may receive cure, and be hea●d again, although in man's judgement, not well versed in the mystery of healing, he be supposed to be at the gates of death: Even so a Gangrene, presaging a Sphacelus, may in some cases be cured, as daily experience showeth, that divers Gangrenes receive cure; so that to conclude, a man that hath a Gangrene, in one or more parts of his body, until it be taken away, that man is ever as it were, under the Shadow of Death. Nam Mors sequitur ut umbra, Death attendeth us as our shadow. Thus much briefly, by way of Preface, touching the Gangrene. A Treatise of Gangrena. A Definition of a Gangrene, and the several causes thereof A Gangrene in his progress, may justly be termed an effect destroying nature, and therefore against nature; it is a disease woeful, painful, horrible, and fearful to mankind, and justly so, for that it often endeth in Sphacelus, which is the destruction of the part affected, if not of the whole body. Causes. The causes thereof are infinite for number; but to speak in brief, in one general term for all, how the d●sease cometh first to invade m●ns body, it ever proceedeth ex intemperie, which is, of distemper, ever by force invading nature, this intemperies or distemper, may be said generally two ways to be taken, either Externally, or Internally. Externally. It may be termed external, or from without, as well when it proceedeth by external violence of the air, by thunder and lightning, or otherwise by the mighty and immediate hand of God, as it doth to many, or by fevers violent, contagious, or pestilential, as Anthrace, the small Pox or the like, whose secret causes with the reasons thereof, are hidden in God, and therefore ●y man's wisdom are not to be found out, although some affirm, the Conjunction or Opposition of the Planets have power or give cause hereunto, according to the Poet, Astra regunt homines, sedregit Astra D●us: The Stars govern man's body, and God governeth the stars; or it proceedeth of outward violence, namely, sometime by man's hand, his intention or invention as by great wounds; whereof great hemorrage, and so as by a just consequent a Gangerne followeth, as also by a violent contusion given, either by violence of weapons, as by wounds made by Gun-shot, Swords, Spears, knives, etc. And oftentimes by obstructions in the blood, sometimes caused by stripes, etc. whereby fractures of bones, distortions of joints, contusious, inflammations, Convulsions, great and sudden fears, and other distempers proceed, among which great accidents, Gangrena is to be feared will be one, and not the least, although it may be called one of the last, and it may also happen by the fall of a house, a tree, any weighty thing, yea, by a tile, a stone, by the bite of any venomous Beast, of a Dog, and innumerable other accidents, according to God's secret appointment or permission. Nam Accidit in puncto quod non reparatur in anno. That may happen in a moment, that cannot be repaired in a year. And further a distemper may fall out to be a disease of the similar parts, deprived of their natural and proper temperament, this deprivation 1. What a distemper is. Simple distemper. Compound distemper. is caused two ways; either by a simple distemper, by reason of the excess of one quality, viz. of heat, cold, dry, or moisture; or by a compound distemper, by reason of the extuberance or over bearing of the two qualities together, hot and moist, hot and dry▪ cold and moist, and cold and dry: again a distemper is either a fault of the mere quality Phlogosis. alone, viz. an inflammation, or it hath an adjunct fault of the humours, as a Phlegmon; again many times a Gangrene proceedeth Phlegmon. from a surfeir, or a distemper of fullness, or inanition which may proceed Intemperies. by starving, or recessus of due nutriment to satisfy nature. A second definition of a Gangrene. Second definition of the Gangrene. A Gangrene is a beginning of putrefaction, being a dreadful Symptom of a disease in any member of the body, and showeth itself for the most part by inflammation with great dolour, the grieved How to know it. part often appearing of a sad, dusky, reddish colour or livid, though not always, and being for the most part tumifieed or swollen, the pain being to the judgement of the Patient so intolerable, as if there were a fire-coal burning therein, or the like in effect. and for that reason the Germane Writers call this by the violent heat of the disease the Heisbrant, or the hot burning coal, for in truth a Gangrene is of a burning, sudden, fierce, destroying nature, and therefore against nature, being a disease dreadful to mankind, as is said, and justly so, for that it menaceth to the part affected, if not to the whole body, eminent destruction, yea, death itself, except speedy remedy by God's mercy be at hand. The causes of this disease, as aforesaid, are many, for number whereof The causes of Gangrene. I will set down but part, viz. It may proceed either from great hemorrage mentioned, that is, exceeding effusion of blood and spirits, or by a distemper of the four humours, proceeding either by Repletion, or Inanition. Or by extreme erosion or corrosion of caustick Medicines or corrosive humours. By imbecility of nature, as by weakness of infants and old age, by a venomous and poisoned blood, as in contagious times, and namely when the small Pox or Plague reigneth, Small Pox or Plague may pr●duc● Gangrena's. causing sudden putrefaction of humours: also it may proceed by great burn and scaldings, by overmuch hunger and thirst, by the pricking of a nerve or of nerves, by a fever precedent, by a Frost, and also by extreme cold; by the bitings of venomous Beasts, or Worms, or mad Dogs; by want of good concoction or humours, by obstructions of, or from any the principal members of the body, as the Heart, Brain or Liver, causing Convulsions, Palsies, Dropsies, Scorbutes or the like, which ofttimes termine in Gangrena, and after a further time they conclude in Sphacelus. Also Gangrenes proceed by great inc●sed wounds, and namely, amongst other wounds, contused wounds, chief I mean those of Gunshot, also sometimes by fractures and dislocations, also by Fistulaes' and inveterate Ulcers, by unreasonable stripes; as with a Bull's Pisle, or a thong cut from an Elephant's skin, much used for correction in Poland, Hungary, and the Turkish Dominions, finally from all interceptions, intersections or interruptions of the spirits, what, or wheresoever may produce a Gangrena. De Gangrena, A third Definition gathered from learned Authors. The third Definition of Gangrena. A Gangrene is a partial mortification of a member, commonly by reason of a phlegmon, it may be said to be partial in that the part affected, so long as the member is not throughly dead, but hath in itself still a sense and feeling of pain, and therefore not altogether desperate, although yet it be tending to mortification, and so unless there be some sudden help in the staying thereof, it will soon turn to a total and perfect mortification, after which it may no more be termed a Gangrene, but is called of the Grecians (Sphacelus) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because of the extinction of Sphacelus. the natural heat therein, and of the Latines it is called (Sideratio) Sideratio. a total and perfect putrefaction, and moreover of the later Writers (Esthiomenon) in that it is so sudden piercing and penetrating unto Esthiomenon. the bone, and doth as it were overcome the whole man, so as again it may be concluded, that the difference between a Gangrene and Sphacelus, as is said, is; a Gangrene is truly termed an unperfect Dif. in Gang. & Sphacel. mortification in the fleshy parts only, but Sphacelus is a perfect and total privation of sense, being a mortification, not only of the fleshy parts, but also of the nervous parts, even unto the very bone, yea, and of the bone itself also. The causes of a Gangrene Causx Gangr. by some learned Writers are reduced to three; the first, is when as a member cannot receive the vital spirits proper or natural due to it from the heart by the Arteries, by reason of a dissolution in the mixture or harmony of the member, caused externally by extreme frigidity, as sometimes it chanceth to be in a very cold and sharp Winter, also by the inconsiderate and too too immoderate and rash refrigeration of a Phlegmon, as also extreme calidity, as by scalding Liquor, or through some poisonous disposition in nature, invested in the parts affected, all or any of which do or may sufficiently extinguish the natural heat thereof; if wholesome remedies in time be not applied, a Gangrene may justly be expected to follow. Another cause is, when as the vital spirits in any member are obstructed, suffocated, and finally extinguished, by reason of some obdurate, schirrous hardness and constipation of the Veins, arteries or pores of the skin, as in venomous or pestilential Apostumes or Carbuncles is often seen, so that little or none of the venomous matter contained in the Apostume or venomous tumour, can be digested or receive discussion, nor be brought to suppuration by apt Medicines, whereby Nature being above her strength oppressed, and Art not sufficiently succouring, a Gangrene is produced. Another cause may be by extreme strong ligature, through the indiscretion of unworthily termed Artists, or of unexpert Artists, as too often is manifest, and sometimes by compressions, or other interceptions of blood or spirits, by which the vital spirits should be transported to the member grieved. The signs of a Gangrene, are these; an extinction of the lively Sign of Gangr. colour which was in the precedent Phlegmon, grievous pain and continual pulsation in the diseased part, apparent by the Arteries, being at the first very sensible, but afterwards declining their due force, the part aggrieved seeming for the most part, in colour to be blackish, bluish, or of a dusky or livid colour, yea, sometime putrid, and being opened, a filthy Ichor and of an unsavoury smell proceeding from it. Thus much of the signs. Of the Cure of Gangrena. Cure. TO the performance of the cure of this disease, there must be first a due consideration had of the cause. Secondly, of the part affected. Thirdly, of the fitting apt remedies for the Cure, and how to proceed in the curing that disease, and of the Symptoms thereof; and lastly, of the removing the cause, which if that may be effected, health doubtless will follow, according to that Axiom of the Philosopher, Abla●a causa, tollitur effectus; but that must be expected in his due time, in which there must be first considered, What to be considered in the cure of a Gangrene. Diet to be used for a Gangrene. whether the disease proceed of repletion, and if so, than a general evacuation with a cooling and spare diet must be prescribed the Patient: Viz. Water, with the milk of Almonds, and thin broths with cooling herbs, as Lactuca, Spinachia, Portulaca, Sorr●l, or the like; as also advising with the learned Physician, where time and place serveth: Barley waters also are good, and the sick must be forbidden all wine and strong drink, and must be contented with posset-drink, Barley water, and small Beer: it were also fitting that there were prescribed to the patiented some preparative medicaments, as these, Syrup. Acetoes. Preparatives necessary. Simp. Syrup. Endiviae, Syrup. Citri, Violar. any of these mixed with waters as may be convenient in such a disease, and after these preparatives, may be used such purgatives as may purge and cleanse the blood, viz. Confect. Hamech. Caria costrirum, Diacatholicon, Cassia fistula, or some one of them, being according to Art performed. Phlebotomy useful. And if you perceive further occasion, you may reiterate the use of any of them: and further, you may not omit the use of Phlebotomy, scarification and application of Ventoses, Leeches or Vesicatories upon or nigh the part affected, and according to the Patiented his strength, let him blood moderately: and observe, that in scarification regard is to be had, concerning the gangrenated part, whether it penetrate or be superficial, and so accordingly is scarification to be used: as for the application of Leeches, it may be done upon any part thereto adjoining, or upon the part affected itself: and further note, that if a Gangrene follow a contusion, for the most part it proceeds either by the vehemency of the contusion, whereby eruption of the capillar veins, yea, and the larger veins also, blood is forced into the Muscles confusedly, as by the Echymosis may appear of the evil disposition of the Patient; or it may also proceed for want of a Surgeon to apply fit and artificial applications in due time: not seldom, under favour, by overhard ligature. But if the Gangrene appear to have proceeded by inanition, that case is pitiful, and the cure very doubtful; but nevertheless, where it so falleth out, all nutritive and comfortative remedies are to be appointed, as namely, if it proceed of cold either in frost, or by want of due and sufficient food, consideration is to be had by adding warmth of food and raiment, with cordial and comfortive remedies: also the Artist must truly inform himself, whether this disease be a Gangrene, or a Sphacelus, whether a partial or a total privation and mortification, with the utter loss of the sense of the fleshy and nervous parts; and if he find sense in the parts, there is life and hope. Rulis to be observed if the Gangrene is caused by venomous diseases. But suppose a Gangrene proceeds of a venomous cause, as many times it doth, and namely, in time of contagion, as of Carbuncles in the Plague, the small Pox, or by other malignant Fevers, when as the Artist may neither purge his Patient, nor open a vein safely, but with fear, except he may be well warranted, either by good and grave advice of the expert, where such may be had; in want of which, the Artist ought to search by authority of the most ancient Writers, that he can come at, for the avoiding of the eminent danger of death, to ensue upon his Patient, and to go warily in the want of better advice: What to be observed if it be caused by fullness. viz. If the grief proceed of fullness, which seldom it doth at Sea, or in Camps, than his first rule in Art must be, as is said, that a thin diet and cooling be prescribed his Patient, and that he be admitted no wine nor strong drink: also that he may be appointed some cooling Julep to be made him, namely, if the Patient be in Ship or Camp, he is there confined and constrained to the Surgeon's Chest, and then let the Surgeon examine his provisions; and if he find he have any cooling waters and Syrups fitting thereunto, he may proceed to take as followeth: A receipt to be administered to the Gangrenated. ℞. Aq. Lactuc. Acetoes. Endiviae, Buglos, Borag. Frag. Plantag. Lujulae. or some one or more of the most fitting aforesaid waters, viz. ℞. Aq. Lujula, 2 l. Syr. Limon. vel Violar. ℥. ij. Ol. Vuri●l. gut. 12. The Dose of it. Misce, give the Patiented every two or three hours, two or three spoonfuls hereof, the glass being ever shaken when it is poured out; and if he hath not been at stool that day in which he is to take the Julep, you may give him a Suppository: and having had one stool, give him a The Receipt of a Diaphoretic. Diaphoretic, viz. ℞. Aurum vitae gr. 8. or Mithridat. ʒ. 1. Elect. de Ovo, ℈ 1. Confect. Alcherm. ℈ ss. Ol. Vitriol. gut. 4. in Aq. Borag. Lujulae Acetes. vel Buglos. viz. of any one of these, ℥ 4. with Syr. Limon. Citri. Lujulae. The order of the applying of it. Violar. or some of them, Misce, fiat haustus, give it the Patient being laid warm in bed, and cover him warm, and provoke him to sweat gently; and as you find his strength, continue his sweeting for an hour, two hours or more: which done, keep him in a moisture one other hour at the least; which ended, let him cool and dry paulatim, and warily, and having so done and refreshed himself, till four or five hours ended, than you may, if you see cause, give him the like Cordial again, and proceed again as before, to sweat him the second time, and give him 8. grains of Aurum vitae ●or a Diaphoretic: which done, you may then admit him rest and respite again for a fitting time, wherein you may advise what further is requisite to be done, in which time, not omitting in any case, both before his laying down to sweat and after, as also betwixt his sweeting, ever to apply all fitting topical helps, viz. by scarifications and hot fomentations of some good lixivium, such as aftrr the taking off members in the mortified place, hereafter are described. Thus much in brief of the Gangrena. A Definition of Sphacelus, and the cure thereof from some ancient Writers, to show the Reader their opinions and judgements thereof, for that some Artists have grounded their judgements, that their relations are according to good practice; and therefore are to be imitated. A Sphacelus, saith Falopius, and likewise Fabritius, is an affect of a part already utterly mortified, and therefore not to be cured but by amputation, that the whole body come not to corruption thereby, Extremum genus morbi requirit extrema remedia. and this abscission is not done without great danger of death: for often, even in the instant act of amputation, the Patient dyeth by the profusion of blood and spirits, wherefore the strength of the sick is to be considered: and Cornelius Celsus allegeth, Cap. 25. The opinion of Celsus concerning Sphacelus. lib. 5. that in his time they used to take off the Sphacelated member, by cutting the flesh round about unto the bone, in the whole part, near the rotten or sphacelated part, and cutting ever in the live flesh, not leaving any of the mortified flesh untaken away; further Celsus (say Another way of amputation. they) doth admonish us in this work, that the skin and also the flesh, be brought and drawn upwards, that the bone may be the better covered by some of the said part, in the healing of the stump; but the same Author confesseth also, that by such abscission causing exceeding pain, with over-large effusion of blood and spirits, death usually followeth: therefore to avoid hemorrage, they must presently use actual Cauteries to burn the parts adjacent, in which may be conjectured, how cruel that course is to the Patient, and uncomfortable; and prepare the upper part thick enough, to be a firm cover to the vessels. But after himself not approving that course, he saith, that he took another way of curing, which as he said, happily succeeded; by which work no profusion of blood happened, because no blood floweth from a mortified part, neither is grief moved therein; but lest the corruption should spread itself further, (saith the said Author) I burned the putrefied part, remaining every where with red-hot Irons, that were heavy and well burnt, until the Patient did feel the heat of the fire, and that he suffered some small pain; and the rather they did it, they writ, because the same operation is very profitable, and therefore burned ever some of the sound flesh also, because the putrefaction is best to be drawn out by a red-hot Iron, as I suppose, saith he, which is apparent to the eye, for the humours are apparently seen to boil about the Iron; and likewise the weakness of the parts considered by burning, it is fortified, the adjacent parts being freed from many noxious humours thereby, so that the weak part receiveth strength, and within a few days gins to separate the living from the dead part, and so afterwards the dead part falls off, and the living part is conserved. And this manner in my judgement, saith Fabritius, is best; but this Author conceiveth Fabritius to be but a relater, not a true practiser of the aforesaid course in amputation, for that that work is so terrible and cruel nevertheless. In this recited Chapter you have the opinions of some of the ancient The way of amputation made better by experien●●. and learned Writers touching Sphacelated members, and the manner of the amputation of those times, since which the Art hath been (by God's favour) very much illustrated, so that where the complaint formerly was, that by reason of great hemorrage, namely, the large effusion of blood and spirits in the work of their amputations, many of their Patients perished under the Surgeon's hands in the very act of amputation: I may to God's glory, and so justly do I affirm for a truth, that for the space of near 24 years I have been a Surgeon in the Hospital of Saint bartholomew's, where I have taken off, and helped to take off many more than one hundred of legs and arms, besides very many hands, and fingers; amongst all which, not one of them all hath died in the time of their dismembering, nor afterwards, through the exceeding effusion of blood, in the operation, that ever I could gather or conceive: and furthermore, I affirm, that not above four of each twenty dismembered, but lived to have been healed, and have been delivered whole out of the Hospital, notwithstanding whatsoever their diseases have been, and for that horrid cruel course mentioned by the aforesaid recited Ancients, of burning the ends of the stumps in the the tender, living, and most sensible parts, since I have known the Art of Surgery, which hath been by the space of 50 years, that I have used it, I never saw it used by any in England, nor elsewhere; and yet I will not deny but the best Artist that is, in the first work of amputation, or in the second dressing of the Patient after amputation, may be so put to it, that if he provide not himself of a cauterizing button, he may hearty wish he had had a small button ready, for fear of the loss of his Patient, upon an unexpected flux; and howsoever, it is a good Art, and safe to my knowledge, both for the Patient and Surgeon, and but fitting for him, so to be provided for fear of need: only I advise it to be privately absconded for the reputation sake. Thus much of the manner of amputation from the Ancients. This precedent Definition I have takes out of some of the ancient Authors, from their own words verbatim, that the Reader may consider how far it differeth from the scope hereafter to be handled. An Introduction to amputation, but chief for the mortified place. LOving Reader, the general opinion of the most ancient, as also of the modern Writers, yea, and of the best Artists with us, at this present living, as fare as I can gather or conceive, is, that the fafest and best way for the cure of sphacelated or putrid dead members, is to amputate them in the sound part, and not in the putrid; and their general reasons are, to prevent that none of the putrid, venomous or gangrenated blood, or spirits should remain untaken away, Ense recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur. for fear it should infect the sound, and so consequently confound the whole mass of the blood and spirits, and to conclude, kill the whole body; but the horrid pain the patiented thereby sustaineth, with also the great uncertainty of his life, after his extreme sufferings, caused me ever to mislike my own works therein, yea, although the success, for the most part, was answerable to my desire. And I further confess, tradition took place with me in the Hospital of S. bartholomew's, in part, where I was, as is said, a Surgeon, for many years, yea, and that in my whole practice there, as also with the rest of the Surgeons, my partners, until after, reading some Frustrà fit per plura, quod fieri potest per pauciora. ancient Authors, I conceived; that I might in some cases save a man's life, by amputating in the sphacelated part: notwith standing the general vate and tenent aforesaid, to the contrary; whereupon by accident, about the year 1617. having a fit Patient, which had a mortified leg, and was as feeble and weak, as possible a living creature might, be insomuch I was of opinion, upon the first view of him, that Nature's third was at hand spun out in him, so that it was even sin and pity for me to hinder nature's course, or to shorten her course, in hasting it with violent Art, and namely by dismembering him in the whole part, who had not blood and spirits in such a case, according to the word, to keep life and soul together, but by consequent, he must die in the very act; and therefore I confess, I intended the Patient should die by Nature, rather than to be killed by Art, ever esteeming it a great sin to take away a limb from any creature, but with some good hope thereby to preserve his life: But again considering Christian duty, and that I was tied to do my best, to preserve life, to the utmost in my power, I conceived there might be peradventure yet some small hope of life, if I could without pain to the weak Patient, or loss of blood, rid away his rotten member; so I in short concluded to take it off in the dead place, which as all men may conceive, I without pain quickly effected, and by God's mercy, the next day, I found that my poor Patient, after the loathsome stink of his putrid limb was removed from him, he began to cheer up, and so after, from day to day was refreshed more and more, and nature as it were rejoiced, even as a tree refresheth after the dead boughs are pruned off, so my poor Patient grew more and more lusty and cheerful; and to conclude, in the space of 10. weeks, he was perfectly healed, and being then sound and lusty, gave thanks to the Governor of the Hospital, in full payment of his cure, and so departed from the Hospital upon a leg of wood, he then being fair and fat, and very formal; the which blessing of health to the poor man, and light of knowledge, by that experience to me, did put me in mind of my duty in just thankfulness to God, and also it animated me further to proceed in the like practice upon many others, which since that time, I have with good success, to God's glory, in the same manner well healed; I then also began with myself to consider, and as it were to question the reason, why this latter Age of ours, consisting of more pregnant wits then former Ages, and that by good reason their judgements should in Art fare exceed the former, as having had the experience, light, knowledge, and examples from all the precedent Ages; I say, I wondered they should so clean have lost, or omitted and passed by so worthy a work of practice as the aforesaid was, it being of such good consequence in a Commonwealth, and to let die in oblivion, yea, and not only so, but also to brand it with pitiful inhibitions, and conjectured slanders, and unfeasablenesse, for I cannot see how any man can justly aver a rule, to be so punctual, or so generally absolute, that it may admit no exception, for even this so ancient and great a rule, I hope the Reader will acknowledge is confuted, or anon will fully be by apparent practice, and common experience, (as namely) one way, if the Reader do but call to mind the works of Gale, a late worthy Writer, he may find that he affirms, and by sound arguments well maintains, that wounds made by Gun-shot were not venomous, as divers ancient Writers formerly had affirmed; and if so, how stands it then, that the amputation of sphacelated members, proceeding by Wounds made with Gun-shot, not venomous, that the amputation of such performed in the wounded or mortified parts, should of themselves be so poisonous or venomous, that the whole body should suffer thereby? but I suppose one should affirm it were so, yet the contrary by true, and yet visible practice, is apparent, and to be proved, yea, and further by good practice, amputation in the mortified part, is experienced to be good practice in more venomous cases, then in For example. Gun-shot: for myself dismembered a young man of a leg, in the putrid part, the mortification proceeding by a violent pestilential fever, which many justly deemed to be venomous, far beyond a wound made by Gun-shot, yea, even venomous in the highest degree, and yet that leg being so taken off, the venomous disposition thereof did cease, and did not offend at all, but the Patient was quickly healed, and if the case be cleared by experience, that the venom from a mortified member, in the Plague; returneth not to hurt the Body, though such a member be abscissed in the mortified part, in case of the Plague, how then can it well stand, that the aforesaid general rule holds true, Ense recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur? And yet further I desire to instance to the Reader, a case that will, as I conceive, satisfy him fully; but if not all men, yet at the least, every understanding Artist, that mortified flesh left on upon amputation, or otherwise let remain, without amputating, until nature being strong of herself, have cast it off, doth no way endanger the life of Mortified flesh not presently h●z●ding the life of the Patient. the Patient, no not in the least, and this is very familiarly known, and daily almost observed, or may be observed to be, and that it doth not at all prejudice that which is sound, the which may be often seen in poor people, men, women and children, but most commonly in poor children, who by Gangrenes upon their toes, whole feet, fingers, and hands, yea, and on their legs, and arms, proceeding of cold, or by weakness of nature, where sustenance, diet, and natural warmth is wanting, doth no way overthrow the body, for that the said parties of indigent and poor being, brought into an Hospital in London or elsewhere, where that there is no need of competent food, and warmth, nature of herself being helped by the only administration of food and warmth, with small, or sometimes no help of Art at all, Nature doth of herself exfoliate▪ and cast off the part putrid, from the whole part, by a separation in Nature, without offending or endangering the parts thereunto adjacent at all. And I myself may truly say, have from more than a hundred persons, cut off from some a leg, yea, both the legs, a hand, a foot, a toe or toes, an arm, a finger, etc. of such rotten members, being all dismembered in the rotten part, of which not one hath died in the cure, neither hath the mortification spread itself any further at all, many of which, if occasion were, I could produce, at this time of penning this relation, I dare affirm twenty for living witnesses, and also I have had sometimes old folks, and young children, which only by weakness, and for want of food competent, deficiency in nature, as aforesaid, their limbs have gangrenated, and some of these, if no help had been at hand, would have fallen off, yea, and of some myself have pinched off fingers, and sawed asunder the greater bones, when all the flesh was by nature separated, rotten, and fallen away of itself, and yet that rotten, stinking, or cadaverous part, did no way infect the sound, otherwise then by the stink, and the truth hereof each Artist in practice may not deny, and can fairly witness; then if granted, away with the conjectural supposition, that the sphacelated part hath any property active, or faculty in itself, to corrupt otherwise then each other cadaverous thing hath, namely, by his Fetour, in want of being removed, it may noysomly be offensive, but not to the height, as to kill the Patient: And yet I will believe per contra, that neither the one nor the other way of amputation, no not with all the art of man can save from the grave, by any amputation in some cases, which, although by all men must be granted, yet the practice of amputating in the putrid part must be held good: as for example, which I trouble your patience with, about 14. years past, there was a Minister, named M. Poston, a Reader in the Chapel of For example. Suttons Hospital, in London, who had a corn upon one of his little toes, that troubled him, he being otherwise at that time in perfect health, and himself at evening going to bed, pared the said corn with his penknife, that it bled a little, as he himself said, but within a few hours after, his toe pained him very much, and grew to be inflamed; in the morning his foot was wholly discoloured, and gangrenated, and the Patient, with the violent fiercencsse of a sudden Fever, by the pain then upon him, was wholly distracted, and in a delirium, which continued till the next day at night, and then he died: and this man was immediately before that accident, a man in perfect health, and of an extraordinary great strength of body, yea, and wanted not the learned advice of the Physician; only he had a full corpulent body, and was a very large feeder; so that to such a patiented, so fiercely visited, I cannot conceive how any amputation, of what sort soever, could have succoured to have saved his life, for that in my opinion, the whole mass of the blood and spirits, were tainted and subjugated by an exceeding fear, before help could take place: many other reasons I have elsewhere instanced of impossibilities, or unfitness in my judgement to enjoin any Artist to observe any one particular way, course or order of amputation, for that the occasions of the Gangrenes, so much do differ, only as elsewhere is recited for the facility thereof, and for the saving of blood and spirits, I have thought fit to commend to your consideration this new method, as to the discretion of the Artist shall be esteemed fit. Also I have observed, that in surfeited delicate bodies of great personages, such as are over-pompered with pleasure, ease, and fullness, if by any way or accidents such happen to have a Gangrene, seldom one of them escapeth death, especially if they be ancient, and have the dropsy, or Scorbute, and on the contrary, amongst those which are weak, poor, indigent and miserable people, which have been by long continued ulcers, fistulas, or other grievous maladies spent to extreme weakness, although seeming half dead before the work begin, scarce two of ten die amongst them, upon amputation, if the work be judiciously, and in a fit way and time performed; for I by practice have often observed, that where an infirmity hath pulled down a Patient low, and almost past hope of recovery, especially if the disease proceeded by any outward violence, that such bodies have been by my experience found to be generally most hopeful of recovery, either by amputation in the one or the other kind, as the occasion will most fittest bear; and on the contrary, persons that are to be dismembered in full strength, if it be to be acted in the sound part, bear a far greater venture of their lives, than the miserable dejected wretches do, as aforesaid, except it can be effected in the putrid part. And one observation more, to be by all men had in regard; namely, that our God in Naturehath created in man's body such a strong antipathy betwixt the living and the dead parts thereof, that when by any violence in Nature, either by distemperature from within, testified by Fevers Pestilential, or others, or by the outward violence of Engines of War, or other incident mischances, as by Fractures, Contusions, etc. whereby one part or limb of man's body becometh sphacelated and dead before the other▪ it is manifest, that the living parts do as it were, either in fear or disdain of the dead parts, or for some other secret cause in Nature, (though not without great pain and grief) notably withdraw themselves each from the other, as in disdain, leaving neither warmth, not at all any comfort, motion, nor sense, either by blood or spirits, or aught else moving in the dead Veins, Nerves, nor Arteries, neither any sense in the Periostcon, that sensible pannicle that covereth the bones; but as by a comparison of a Snail may in part be explained, they wholly withdraw themselves: for the Snail having, by the virtue of natural warmth, stretched herself out of her shell, either for her necessity, nourishment, or delight, in a moment apprehending cold, or danger, retires into her shell, and with all her force, by her own slime, shuts herself close up again, and so rests herself in a supposed safety, with her no doubt content; even so all the living instruments, faculties, or vessels of Nature, as in a nauseous disdain, contempt, or fear of the dead parts, forsake the sphacelated parts, and leave them utterly desperate and impotent, and by virtue of the Radical Balsam of Nature contracts and shrowds her relict living parts, as Artists may judge by the mortified toes of children; but much the better, where Art is at hand to aid Nature, so that thereby the dead parts become as a noisome and heavy burden to the living parts: so as if you wound the sphacelated part, it is not only senseless, but also it is without blood or spirits at all, neither doth blood or humours run any more, nor so much as move in the sphacelated or putrid Veins at all; and whilst lively Nature is (as aforesaid) shutting her dead enemy out of her living doors, by stopping up all the breaches, that she may hold the relict of her own, if animal Art have not the charity to take her dead enemy from her: yet vital agility, assisted by natural motion and will, in his due time doth efficiate what fairly can be expected, for the assisting of Nature, and supplying all defects proceeding ex intemperie; all which excellent offices in Nature, no question, proceed de praesciencia Dei. Here followeth a brief relation of amputation, or of dismembering in general; but more particularly, being for the taking off of members in the rotten or mortified places; which ha●h in many cases been approved by the Author thereof, by his own long experience. FOr brevity sake, in this place, I will not spend time to write of the general diseases, causes, or reasons, that might urge the amputation of any member, having elsewhere written somewhat thereof; only my intent, for the present, is to acquaint the younger sort with my long experienced practice, for the manner of dismembering in a mortified part, where just cause is offered: having undertakeen it merely for the public good, by informing the younger sort of Surgeons, as well for their encouragements in the safe and warrantable putting in practice my pactical Method therein, as also to show and fore warn them from being overmuch misled, in the insisting upon old errors and traditions of their Masters, Patrons, and Predecessors, too punctually; As for example: A Chirurgical ●ase put betwixt two Surgeons. Suppose the younger Surgeon in consultation with his Friend or Brother Surgeon, by way of ask advice, should put the case and say; I have a Patient that hath the toes of his feet putrefied, fistulated, and many ways perforated with foul bones therein, so that it is unsound even almost to the joints of the ankle, or the like, and I have endeavoured by Art, and with advice the best I can, to heal him, and cannot prevail in the Cure: Wherefore, since the toes of the foot cannot be cured, the rest of the foot, as unprofitable, were, as I suppose, best to be taken away, and no less of the leg also; for it will be but a hindrance to the Patient, considering that he cannot stand thereon, and is full of grievous pain; I will therefore conclude, according to custom, to take all off a little below the Gartering place, leaving a fit room for the stilt, to rest the body upon: The which his said friend admitteth of, as good practice; and so he proceedeth to the work, as being a rational and fair course, and warrantable. If the rest of his suggestion or indications be answerable The Chirurgical case answered and admitted. unto the aforesaid allegation, the work is doubtless good; and so I myself would heretofore have done, until my practice taught me better things: but now, by my own practice, which I much rather would ground on, then upon (ipse dixit) I take a shorter course: For, if the bones of the toes of the feet only were foul, fistulated, etc. as is suggested, yea, and therefore incurable, for so stands the suggestion, as being so by reason of some great contusion, wound, or ulcer, or otherwise, as aforesaid, with divers fragments of foul bones in them, or the like; I would not proceed as aforesaid, if the Patient were mine, and he or she otherwise of a good habit of body, the joints of the ankle itself not being fistulated, nor plainly corrupted: but rather I would take off the foot, I mean the toes only, before the A note of practice put. joints of the ankle, and spare the joint of the ankle, and that with a fitting Instrument made for the purpose, with good hope to effect the cure, and to save the joint, to the great joy and good service of the Patient: for I would save him a part of the foot to stand upon; yea, and if to stand on, I dare say, to go on in a reasonable manner: the which I have more than once put in practice, and effected with good success: but on the other side, if that the joint of the ankle be diseased, so that this my way will not take good effect, than I will yield the foot is not to be saved, by reason of the aforesaid defects thereof; A yielding to the first proposition. and then in such a case I will give way, and say, that the whole leg is best to be taken away, as aforesaid, and it is an artificial course and good practice: Yet (under favour) let me put the Reader in mind of another rational good Method, which were a fare better course then to take away a guiltless sound leg, if any other means were found, and the practice of our times had experienced and approved thereof; & it is a modern practice frequently practised in the East-Indies, as it hath An East-India practice. been credibly reported to me by sundry credible Surgeons, who having spent some time in travel there, have related it to me, namely, that they have seen divers persons, who having formerly had their feet chopped off at the ankles, by censure of their Country Laws, for trespasses committed, and the said men have been cured by their own Country Surgeons, and after have pew their stumps into large Canes or rcedes, which they term Bamboes', being stuffed with Cotton Wool, or the like, and they all their lives after have been employed to run of Etrands, and get their live as before, notwithstanding the want of feet, though, as I conceive, not with former like speed: which hath put a longing desire in me, I confess, having had opportunity above some others, to have tried the experience in the Hospital, but a fit subject hath not presented itself to me for a trial: for I have, I confess, ever been tender in that point, and loath to put any one Patient against his own freewill, upon new inventions, by beginning new practice upon him, making an unwilling person the first example; every Patient in such a case having just freedom to choose his way: although, on the other side, a Patiented fit for such a trial of Art ought to be one, who by a violent contusion, as of a wound made by Gun-shot, or some other violence, as a violent bruise by an intolerable weight had spoilt the foot and ankle, and not any one whose disease proceeded from any evil habit in the blood, as in a body having Struma, or scrupulous tumors, for there is small hope in such, for their stumps will not heal sound to bear their bodies. It is unjust in nature, that any member being sound, should suffer for an unsound one. For I confess, I esteem it very unjust in Nature, rhat any one part of a sound member should suffer and be taken off for the fault or defect of another, being sound and blameless, especially when any better or other comfort can possibly be found. As for example, for the offence or disease of the toes, let only the toes suffer, and no more of the members of the body be lost, if it may so be: and for the offence of the foot and joint thereof, if it be intolerable by exceeding pain, and therefore not to be sustained, it is just, that so much be amputated as deserveth expulsion, and not, as is said, to take away a sound and blameless leg, when it is innocent and free from fault, error, or disease: for the nobleness of each member of man's Of the excellencies of the uses of part of a member. body, and namely of the leg, is highly even in humanity to be tendered and regarded, being a great honour and comfort to the man, when, if without a foot, by the help of Art, namely, of a hollow Case, or the like, with an artificial foot adjoined, a man may decently and comely walk, and ride, go over a stile, yea, and run, and sit straight, and behave himself man like in a Bed, and at board, and do good service for the defence of his Country, or of himself: in regard whereof, I should esteem that Artist a very unworthy, nnwise, and wilful person, who by any good means could keep a profitable part of any member untaken off, and would presume to take it away for any reason or pretence whatsoever; and besides, it is no small dishonour to the Art of Surgeryr Wherefore I will conclude this point, in persuasive manner admonishing young Surgeons, as I have recited elsewhere, well to be advised by counsel of the most ancient and best experienced Artists, before they undertake any amputation whatsoever; and not to think themselves to be disparaged, by craving counsel, but rather graced thereby; following the precepts of that sweet Lily, in the Preface of his Grammar: Qui dubitat, qui sapè rogat, mea dicta tenebit: Is qui nil dubitat, nil capit inde boni. Which may bear this English construction. Who doubts and asks, he expert proves, and Lilies Rule makes good: Whilst he that's wise in his own conceit, puts on the Idiot's bood. A Caveat against rash incision, and chief abscission. And as for my Brethren of the younger sort, let me lovingly advise you, neither for vain ostentation sake, nor popular applause, by rashness, to be guilty of the effusion of blood, by unadvised amputation, though you may pretend you have Art for a sufficient warrant, or for a Buckler lest God touch your hearts for it in secret,, who seethe not as men see; for the artificial shedding of blood hath no warrant nor encouragement written in God's book; wherefore in matters of weightbe not too rash, but be advised by counsel; this my second declaration of amputation was, as elsewhere is recited, chief published to encourage the taking off of a member in the putrid or dead part; where a circular putrid part is, notwithstanding the practice I well know, is Old, now new practice in amputating mentioned. by many ancient and modern Writers inhibited, as also it hath by reason of old tradition, been generally shunhed, and not so much as been attempted in our times, and yet nevertheless, some of the ancient Writers, as Fal●pius, Fabritius, de aqua pendente, Johannes de Vigo, and some others, as they themselves affirm, have used it with good success, although by reading their works I observe by their method, that they were rather narrators one from anothe, then truly actors; but be it as it will, this one comfort the Surgeon shall be Comfort to the patiented in ubscissing in the mortified part. sure to find thereby, he shall no way endanger his patiented in that course, either by loss of blood or spirits, nor shall the Patient endure any pain at all in the act of amputation after that way, and the practice is good and warrantable in divers, yea, in most cases, as hereafter I shall explain, and as myself of many year's experience may boldly affirm; and it is likewise beneficial for the Commonwealth, and for a true instance of the truth thereof, I have many of my Patients so dismembered at the writing hereof, living and in perfect health, (I mean) which were dismembered in the putrid part, and that upon some Patients on both the legs at one instant performed, amongst which trials I made of one leg, was in Anno Domini 1617. Secondly, I had one Thomas Brown, about Anno 1619. a Sailor, who had received a great wound by Gun-shot at Sea upon the right leg, the greater Fossels A bislory for an example. thereof being broken in sunder, so that the shot had carried away two inches of the said bone in length, together with the lacerating the muscles, nerves, Artcries, Veins, etc. whereby it was so contused, lacerated and torn asunder, with also so much loss of substance, that nature could not bear to heat that member to be any way serviceable for aught; besides, there had followed upon the wound so great and intolerable hemorrage or expense of blood and spirits, that the member mort fied by reason of the former great evacuations and contusions, neither could nature in that Patient possibly have born a dismembering Loss of blood causeth Gangrena. in a whole part, without eminent danger of present death, and so was the estate and case of this Patient before he came by me to be cured in Saint Bartholomews Hospital; wherefore considering well his most desperate estate, I resolved to make a second experience of him, and did take off the wounded leg in the lacerated dead part, wherein I conceive (as aforesaid) all men of judgement will easily be of opinion, that the Patient by that work was without danger of death or pain, and without loss of any drop of blood, and I healed this patiented by God's mercy in five months, and he had been by the half sooner whole, had not he lost so exceeding much blood and spirits by his wounds, as aforesaid; and this Patient was living at the writing hereof, being many years after the amputation, the method of which cure, with the manner of amputating thereof, shall (God assisting me) hereafter be set down. Another example. The next I took off in the mortified place, was one shippe-Carpenter, a Scotchman, who also was living at the writing hereof; this man at his labour aboard the ship, standing stoutly at his work, at the straining of a Cable as it was running out of the bits of the ship (as the Seamen term it) the Cable took hold of his leg, close by the ankle, and forceably bruised in pieces, not only the veins, arteries, and nerves, with the softer parts, but broke also the bones in sunder with extreme violence, insomuch, as by reason of the want of a Surgeon present to dress him, by great effusion of blood and spirits, the leg mortified the next day, and he after that fell unto my part in the Hospital to be cured, the which being emboldened by the good success of the two former, I took off his leg also in the mortified part, as I did the other, and made a perfect cure thereof in three months, and he followed the trade of a ship-Carpenter at the writing hereof. Another example. Also two years after, I cured an Apprentice of one Master Goddard an Upholster at the sign of the Crown in the Poultry in London, named John Harding, in his Master's house, who after a fierce pestilential fever, had his right leg mortified in bed as he lay, and I took it off in the mortified part, at, or near the gartering place, which by the ancient use of Art of our times, must have been taken off in a sound place, notwithstanding the great feebleness of the Patient at that time, and his eminent danger of death, he being extreme feeble, and at the point of death, in which case to have taken it off in the sound part, he doubtless would have died under my hand, but by God's mercy he lived divers years after, and went most neatly on an Artificial leg not easily discovered. Another history Remarkable. A history or a relation of a remarkable example of an amputation by me performed upon a woman in Saint Bartholomews Hospital, of both her legs, and part of seven of her fingers in one morning together all taken off in the mortified part, without pain The amputation of both the legs and part of seven fingers, of a woman in one morning. or loss of blood or spirits at all, and the woman was living at the writing hereof, and the Patient was a certain poor maid or woman servant in London, named Ellen French, of whom there were made Books and Ballads, that were sung about the streets of her, namely, that whereas the said maid or servant, was given to pilfering, and being accused thereof by her M●ster and Mistress, used to curse and swear, and with words of execration to wish, that if she had committed the crime she stood accused of, that then her legs and hands might rot off, the which thing accordingly, no doubt by the providence of God, came to pass, as a judgement upon her, namely, that both her legs almost to the gartering place, with parts of seven of her fingers did rot off, the which wretched woman nevertheless, being referred to me in Saint Bartholomews Hospital to be cured, by God's mercy and permission, I healed her perfectly, by cutting off both the Sphacelated legs in the mortified parts, with also part of her seven fingers, as is said, all in one morning without pain, terror or of any loss of blood unto her, in the taking them off, and made her perfectly whole in a very short time, namely, within three months, so merciful is our God unto us vile creatures, when we are most unworthy of such his mercies: she is at the instant writing hereof also living. Now with your friendly patience, only one example more, I will trouble you with, namely, of the cure of a mortification proceeding of a Carbuncle in a fever Pestilential by me performed, and I A history. will therein conclude my showing of instances, although I could declare many more of living persons, and I will haste to show forth the manner of my acting of such amputations. The work was of a certain Stationer, then dwelling in Paul's Churchyard (whose name I conceal,) for that at the writing hereof he lived, and it was performed upon his Testicles, who in the Plague-time, that was Auno 1612. as I remember, or about that time, by a Carbuncle, that by God's hand seized upon one of his Testicles, and namely upon the left Testicle, that it became wholly mortified with the half of the Scroton, or the purse of the Cod, in brief, I took and cut away the said left Testicle, or stone, which An amputation of a Testicle with the half of the Scrotum. was wholly mortified with the half of the Scroton, or the purse of the same stone in the mortified place, and healed him perfectly whole in five weeks and less, and after the loss of that his one stone, or Testicle, he married and had divers children, and I verily believe they were my Patient his own, and by him begotten on his wife. Let these instances suffice; and now having presumed of the friendly Reader, by my former digressions, I have resolved with myself, though I confess in a mean stile, to put forth these instructions, being as is said, for the benefit of posterities, as I conceive, and namely, that when my bones are at rest, upon fair and reasonable grounds, any discreet Artist may boldly attempt, and doubtless perform the like practice, for that I am confidently persuaded, it will be a means for the saving and preserving the lives of many worthy and valiant Soldiers, and other brave hardy Seamen, especially in time of Wars, from which God of his mercy protect our Country. Certain Rules to be had in regard before dismembering be taken in hand, either insound or mortified parts. Caveats before abscission. FIrst, amputation or dismembering of any man whatsoever, is never The first rule. to be undertaken by any Artist without judicious preconsideration, nor without the advice of other expert Surgeons, first had and obtained, as I have said, yea, and of those of the best judgements in practice, where such may be had. The second rule. Secondly, dismembering or amputation is not to be put off nor delayed where necessity requireth not to stay for the best advice; yet let me thus far explain myself, that the most mortifications, yea, and few extempted, may stay for advice, if the Artist do take his just time for it. The third rule. Thirdly I advise that no Artist attempt to undertake the work of taking away any member from any person, but by the desire and with the good will and full consent of the said person first had, If the said patiented have his perfect senses, and be of years and judgement, but if want be thereof, let the patient's friends and kindred be advised with concerning it, and give consent thereto, yea, and desire it, for I counsel all young Surgeons to be exceeding modest and sparing, in putting A Caveat in amputation, not to do it but by consent and entreaty of the patiented. forwards themselves, and their Patients to the dangerous work of amputation, or moving them at all thereunto, especially where it is to be acted upon the whole skin, lest peradventure it be afterwards said, it might have been saved on, had not the Surgeon been overforward for his gain: for no little, though for the most part unjust reproach and scandal falleth upon the Surgeon, by such his improvident forwardness. Fourthly, the work of dismembering ought not to be done nor attempted The fourth rule. by any, who have not first, either done the like, or at the le●st been a helper to dismember some, yea, and more than one, and hath A caveat necessary. often seen and well observed the manner of the work, to have been done by other Artist, before he presume to attempt it himself, for the dismembering of the Image of God in man ought never to be performed but with a due reverend, and religious regard. The fifth rule of preparation to amputation. Fifthly, before any begin to make the incision, he ought to have all the materials fit for such a work ready and at hand (as elsewhere I have advised) and namely, both Instruments, Ligatures, Medicines, and all other additaments, which are assistant in the work. The sixth rule. Sixthly, the amputation once resolved upon, and all things being ready for the work, let the Surgeon with all his assistants and friends, not forget before the beginning of the work, hearty to call upon God for a blessing upon their endeavours, and let the Patiented the day before, have notice given him, that he also may take time to prepare himself with true resolution of soul and body, to undergo the work, as being never performed without danger of death, but more especially, if it be to be done in sound parts, which done, then let the Surgeon prepare himself as aforesaid, with also his helpers, namely at the least five persons besides himself, as for example, Five persons to assist the Surgeon in amputation. one to sit behind the Patient to hold him, a second for a holder, who by the Surgeon must be instructed fast to stand before him, and to bestride the limb to be amputated; and to amplect the member; and a third to hold and stay the lower end of the diseased member to be taken off; a fourth to bring and receive back the sharp instruments, a fifth to attend to deliver the Artist his Needles, and Buttons, restrictive rollers, bolsters, bladder, with other additaments and services, and so soon as possible may be, to stay with the palm of his hand the Medicines applied to the end of the abscissed stump, that being the duty of the fifth helper, and the sixth is the Artist himself that dismembreth▪ for six and not fewer, are a fit number, and that with the least to the The manner of amputating expressed. work of taking off a leg or an arm, if it be to be done in the whole or sound part, or for the taking off of a member proceeding by a wound by Gun-shot, done in the lacerated, not totally mortified part; but for the taking off of a member in the mortified part, three persons as assistants may serve, or two for a need, namely one to hold the upper part, the other the lower end, and the third to abscisse, namely the Surgeon. It followeth now, that I proceed to explain according to my opinion, in what cases a member may be taken off in a mortified part, with as good hope, and more to preserve the life of the Patient, then if it were taken off in the sound part. Amputati●● 〈◊〉 members mortified by cold. First, in frozen members, and all that come of extreme cold, it may be done very safelyalso, in all mortifications of members by Fevers whatsoever, the fever being first cured, yea, although they were pestilential, I speak this of long and true experience, and therefore I conceive, I may without disparagement omit the producing or repetition of the ancient Writers, for witnesses, or warrants in aught for me in any such works, as I have manifestly and often performed in the parts mortified. Also amputation may be done safely in all such mortifications as proceed by contusions, as also in all mortified members proceeding by wounds made with Gun-shot, where a mortified place is circular, or more than seem circular, and that with comfort and good hope of the saving of life, to the languishing Patient, as by any other way. And as touching the poor Soldier and Seaman, after that he hath suffered terrible and unspakeable pain, as also great loss of blood and spirits by his wounds, it were then pity of all pities, if any other remedy could be had or thought of, to wound him a new in the whole part, and thereby to endanger him, yea, and ten to one to kill him by Art, namely, by artificial amputation, to deprive him of that national relict, poor blood and feeble spirits yet reserved within him, merely to hold life and soul together, whereof by consequent the said small portion of relict blood and spirits, being taken away, he must needs perish, yea, even as may be feared in the very act of amputation, the contrary being a wonder, Quasi unum è multis. Amputation in mortified places by hemorrge, s●f●. Also amputation in the mortified parts may be done in mortifications that proceed by hemorrage in any wounds whatsoever that can be named, if the patiented be otherwise curable by any art of amputation, he is then safer and more easier cured by this way. Also in all mortifications that proceed by overhard ligatures, or by the violence of scaldings and burn, or by the extremity of corrosive medicines immoderately, or unskilfully applied. Also in all mortified limbs by Dropsies, Scorbutes, the small Pox, In places mortified by Dropsy, or other diseases, etc. or like obstructions that can be said to be curable by amputating in the whole part, and that with as much and more hope and fare more facility and ease to Surgeon and patiented, that work may be performed in a mortified place, if there be a fit mortified place to do the work in. Also mortifications happening by fractures or dislocations of legs, or arms, fingers, or toes, as also in all cases happening, and proceeding by starving, namely, for want of food, weakness and debility of nature, either of children or of old folks, the patiented having no present fever at the time of the dismembering, neither being in a Delirium, besides many other mortifications for btevity omitted. It followeth fitly also here, that I set forth in what cases abscission Abscission in some cases not to be used. cannot be well effected in the sphacelated or dead part, wherein I do but open again to posterity in the parctick, what the ancient Authors have declared in the theoric, in general terms of amputation in the mortified part, assuring the Artist, that whensoever there is a circulat mortification with any hope of life in the Patient, it may receive cure by this old new, renovated practice of A renovated old practice ●n amputation. mine, even as well and better in the mortified part, then in the living. And although generally this knowledge and practice serveth well in times of peace, yet it serveth most fitly in times of war, yea, and at all times, for such Surgeons as are employed in military affairs, by Sea or Land, that they might take notice thereof, and also enable themselves to make use of this manner of practice where occasion is offered, for the comfort, and more hopeful preserving the lives of the valiant Soldiers, and brave hardy Seamen, as I have said, who for the honour and defence of our King and Country, very often are put to encounter with their, and our enemies, to their no small perils and grievous sufferings by fearful wounds made with Gun-shot, and other fierce engines of war, and by the accidental harms, succouring them, whereby they suffer great effusion of blood and spirits by their wounds, so that thereby together with the want of good lodging and comfortable nourishment, which to such good fellows, is for the most part, but very mean and scant, especially in ships and Camps, their wounds, after their most pitiful endure and languish, as aforesaid, commonly end in a Gangrena, which granted, all men may easily then judge, how heavenly a thing, and above all measure comfortable it is to the despairing patient, if his life may be preserved and prolonged, and he safely healed without the loss of any blood or spirits at all, or any pain in the act of amputation; and here as by the way I desire to put to the Chirurgical Readers, a case or two to be considered of, concerning the curing of wounds made with Gun-shot, A supposition. and namely, I will suppose or suggest a valiant well-deserving Soldier, for the honour of his King and Country, pressing forward in fight, should receive a wound by a shot upon his leg, having broken both the fossils, and so contused and lacerated the parts adjacent, as in any other place was suggested, that it was manifest to the Surgeon, that the leg, for the surer saving of the Patient's life, were not convenient to be left on, but rather to be taken off, according The supposition answered. to Art, the aforesaid suggestion admitted, what were to be done, the Surgeon I suppose might fairly answer as followeth, although the bones be broken, the Muscles with their Nerves, Veins, Ateries, etc. lacerated, contused, and the like, yet I will endeavour to reduce all what is fitting to be reduced to their due and natural places, forms, and true posture, or as much as may be, and I will speedily haste to stay the flux, the which done, I will for the present, and so for twenty four hours at the least, repose it to rest, except a furtive flux convulsion, or the like fearful accident constrain me to look upon it sooner; and though the work be desperate, yet, I will not dismember it at the first, but try further, except any eminent occasion, as namely, mortification urge, and beget new thoughts, and then I will take it off in the sound part (and Art warrants me so to do) left any of the Gangrenated part being left untaken away, as the common opinion is, it should infect the whole, and so I should lose my Patient, and be blamed, as for Malapraxis unwarrantable. The second might allege, that the A second supposition answered. former supposition granted, namely, that if the wounded member would be a burden, I therefore before the abiding of the time, either of digestion or putrefaction of the aforesaid wounded parts, would whilst my Patient were yet in strength, for preventing Fevers, furtive fluxes, and other fearful accidents incident to such great wounds as Gangrene, since I see the member is like though saved in part, yet will be unserviceable and an eyesore, and burden, I will immediately take it off in the wounded and lacerated part, before that woeful Crisis of Gangrene seize upon my patient, which commonly is accompanied with a fever, and expense of vital spirits, and death waiteth at the door. The third pleadeth in this manner following, and saith the former The third supposition answered. supposition granted, yet for my patient, although his wounds received be desperate, as formerly is suggested, it would be held great rashness and unadvised cruelty in me, if I should but offer to take off this member, especially in the wounded part, ye●, or elsewhere, at the least before it be brought to digestion; wherefore I hold it my safest way to follow a rational method, by joining the parts fitting to be joined, as aforesaid, and to proceed in the cure, the which, if by Art I could effect, I should rejoice, though my patient were left with an unprofitable limb; but if the hope of healing came short, than I should hold it fit, if it must be taken off, to do it in a sound part, and not in a putrid, according to the now general practice in that kind which is warrantable. But yet let the The resolution. young Artist take this note from me, that when he apparently seethe that a limb cannot be saved without amputation, that whilst his patient is yet in strength, as afore is expressed, that he do his duty: first to show the patiented his opinion, grounded upon Art and good reason, and if his patiented give way to it, then in the Name of God, the sooner he taketh it off, he better; but if the patiented do not approve of the motion, good reasons tbeing given him, the error rests in him but if he consent to the work, let him take it off in the wounded part, although it be not wholly gangrenated circular, regarding that memorable old verse: Principiis obsta, serò medicina paratur, Quum mata per longas invaluere moras And further, let the understanding Artist consider, as followeth, that if the bullet have taken away one full third part of a leg, or arm, in the circumference thereof, with the breach of both the bones, the great contusion and laceration considered with, also the loss of blood and spirits thereby happening, it may be feared justly that the limb although the party live, will hardly or never be saved; but howsoever, it will be no way serviceable, being done by a contused wound lacerated, so that if ever it be healed, the wound must come to suppuration, and thereby to digestion, so that by that reason some part more▪ will be spent and lost by quitture, and by consequent, if by the part taken away, the part contused so fall out that the half limb, with the office and vigour thereof be lost, or come away by the just course of Art in the healing, scarce one often scape with life, by reason of the pain and great expense of blood and spirits incident, as is said, and by reason of the long continuance of the grief, so that it falleth out, that for the most part, Nature is tired out, and the Patient dyeth in Marasmus or hectic, and such an end is more to be feared at Sea, where want of fitting nourishment is, then at Land. So much I held fit to express of my experience and opinion, for young Artists to ruminate on. And now forward again, to my yet unfinished scope of dismembering in the mortified part: in the prosecution whereof, let me as by the way yet again put the Reader in mind once more of the old document or phrase, viz. That there is no general rule, but may admit an exception: even so in this case, there are divers times, places, and causes, Amputation in a mortified part in some cas●s forbidden. wherein amputation in a mortified part is utterly forbidden; as namely, the Patient being in a violent fever, or in a Delirium, for one case; and yet even then neither is it wholly desperate, and so to be utterly inhibited, but only during that paroxysm: for, if by God's mercy, through the help of the expert Surgeon or Physician, the prefent fit, I mean the Delirium be but removed, and the fever taken away, if there be any way to save the life of the Patient, such amputation I mean in the mortified part, is in my opinion the most safe, easy, and rational way, being of all other the most likely way to preserve the life of the Patient; for by that, the Artist without pain or effusion of the blood may (ipso facto) remove (impurum à puro) the putrid from the sound, and utterly alter the so much imagine● or suggested corrosion or venomous quality thereof: so as justly it may be said, than it is in this effected; Causa ablata est, ergo tollitur▪ effectus, the cause is taken away, and therefore the effect ceaseth. A second inhibition. Another inhibition is, when an amputation is to be done, and there is no mortified place to do it in, which in the most happeneth; and then, in such a case, the Reader will grant the expert Surgeon is freely admitted to choose his place, so that he choose it secundum Artem, according to Art, and so proceed; and such occasions are very frequent, as namely for one, when the occasions of dismembering proceed from corrosive, putrid, or fistulous Ulcers in Joints, or by foul bones, or by fractured bones, or by dislocated bones, or members distorted, or otherwise, by diseases incurable and unsufferable, when and whereas not mortified place can fitting be found, the Surgeon then must be left to take the convenientest whole place. A third inhibition. Another inhibition generally is, when an occasion happeneth in a putrid body, where Gangrenous and livid spots, or otherwise discoloured spots happen here and there, to and fro, upon the body, presaging a hidden and venomous humour, or violence, or otherwise deficiency in Nature from within him. Gangrenes do proceed (de abdita causa Naturae) by occult causes in Nature, or when a dissolution in the harmony of Nature manifestly appeareth to be at hand, or when Pestilential or Carbunculous spots happen upon a Patient, which many times mortify even to the bone; and yet such Pestilential Gangrenous spots after separate of themselves, and the Patient liveth and is healed, for that often in such cases the patients receive an ordinary Cure, which my eyes have seen more than one so escape, and cured in the Plague time; and many other occasions may hinder such amputations, which are not now in the apprehension of my memory to unfold. Only I desire, that younger Artists would observe to hold the general rule in wounds made with Gun-shot, formerly touched; namely, that they foresee where they cannot save a Limb to be serviceable, that they, with the approbation of the Patient, and likewise by Advice for younger Artists in the cure of Gun-shot, by amputation. good advice, they take it away in time, whilst Nature is in her strength: and if they have a fit mortified place, then to do it there if possibly they can; and the rather, because there the work is in part done to their hand; not regarding, though the stump fall out somewhat too long, for that the Patient hath the Artist ready ever when he please, in such cases as need shall require. But grant the amputation be to be acted in the one way or the other, yet the Artist may not be wanting of cauterizing Buttons, at the least of one, at any amputation, lest having need on the sudden, and unexpected, there be occasion of the use of one of them, and by their want he lose the Patient by improvidence, called had-I-wist. But even now, me thinks, I hear one of the hotter sort of my younger Brethren say, Will this old nan never have done, and show us his Riddle? I have almost tired myself out with his circumlocutions: Why doth he not conclude, and come to the matter, after his long process? Wherefore, lest he should grow too much impatient, I will endeavour in some weak measure to pacify him, and fall upon the business promised. In which I conceive, and hope the friendly Reader may gather, and charitably think, that the scope of my precedent narrations to amputation at this time, is not altogether unprofitable, and impertinent to the matter in hand, although perhaps adjudged tedious; and namely, were it but only for to introduct the younger Artist, and embolden him to the practice: that when I come to the point of the operation itself, he may be the readier for the acting thereof; for, in truth, the method will be short: so that a few words will suffice to express it, and a few instruments or medicaments for the efficiating thereof. Directions for the amputating Surgeon. Wherefore, for the first work of amputating in the putrid part, let the Surgeon have at hand at the least two or three ministers or servants besides himself, to assist him in the work, as is heretofore said: and as for Medicines for the first dressing, let him have ready a good fomentation, being an artificial, strong, well fitted Lixivium, that may have faculty abstersive, desiccative, and almost caustick, but not so sharp, that it corrode the hands of the fomentor; let him also be provided with fit ligature, and with large woollen stupes, also with fitting boulstring and convenient bandage: then let him further have ready for instruments, a fit amputating Serra, a Catling and a good small incision Knife, a good pair of strong Scissors, and three or four cauterizing instruments, such as in their places shall be described: and when he proceedeth to the effecting of the incision, let one of the assistants take the upper part of the member, holding it in both his hands reasonable fast and steady, I mean the whole part thereof, somewhat near unto the unsound part, and let the other helper hold the part, I mean the putrid part to be abscissed in his hand, each party holding reasonable hard and steady to the work, whilst the Surgeon himself first by circumcising divide the putrid flesh from the bone, doing it somewhat near the quick part, but not too near it, about one inch-full from the quick part, as may be imagined, will do well, that with the Serra he may come without fear to divide the bone or bones asunder, where he is sure they are sphacelated, and that carefully first, having regard to make his incision wisely and securely in the insensible part, as is said, not touching any quick part at all with his sharp instruments, neither with the one nor the other; which he may the certainer observe to do, if with a Needle he inquire cautiously. Let him also divide betwixt the bones the putrid members or parts there being, lest by lacerating or tearing with the teeth of the Serra he offend; which done, let the Artist amputate the bones. And as for the rest of the work, the putrid flesh being (as is said) divided, and bones being abscissed and so removed, there will be admitted deliberation sufficient, with full time to consider what is next to be done; the which will be, as in order, for diminution of the remaining excremental part, by abscission or ustion, one or both, to remove, for the first, as much more thereof as safely you may from the stump, with not being over-solicitous in taking all at one time: for in truth it matters not much▪ neither doth it any thing hasten the work of healing, that all be at the first removed; but rather, it may bring terror and danger to the Patient, to be too busy or too forward; which by all means should be avoided, for fear of inducing of a fever: only it will not be amiss, at the first dressing, by cautery superficially to run over the putrid flesh, and also therewith to heat the end of the bone or bones abscissed; and also after that, with a good Lixivium satis calidum with stupes well to foment not only the sphacelated wounded parts, but also the parts adjacent, with sufferable full warmth, for the space of half an hour; not at all using any scarification in this whole work, for that it will bring terror and needless pain, and be fruitless: which done, leave very warm woollen stupes upon the part; and so well bound up, finish that dressing. Then the next work, namely, at the second dressing, will be only the reiterating of the Artificial former actions and application, ever (as aforesaid) very warm fomenting, being somewhat hot, and the Medicine ever still ready on the fire, and for the mortified part, only to be applied with a scalding hot small Map, of purpose made, or a Sponge, and that with several and often shift and reiterating for half an hour, or longer; provided, you discourage not the Patient, by scalding or excoriating the whole parts next adjacent at all: in which time, it will also be very necessary, that you have ready one or more of the cauterizing Buttons hot, to apply betwixt the fomenting; as also not omitting, if occasion serve, with Scizers or otherwise, to be clearing any insensible sloughs from the wounded part: and forget not, at each dressing, with a Button to heat the end of the bone, until the Patient be sensible of the heat, and no longer; the Buttons being of such forms, as hereafter in their places shall be described; whereby the rest of the putrid flesh may by degrees be consumed, eroded, abscissed, and fret away, as is said. But in this work, let not the younger Artist presume, in a work of A Caution. super erogation, or over-excellency, to be too busy to scorch, scarify, or excoriate the sensible part, in pressing to take away all what is putrid from the quick flesh, nor to cut or divide betwixt the quick and the dead flesh, for fear of awakening of a sleeping dog; neither to provoke pain to the Patient at all, as near as he can, further than what of necessity shall accede in fomenting, whereby to minister a full and sufficient warmth to the whole parts, and no more; neither by extreme hot stupes, in fomenting the living part too too hot, as is said, nor by cauterizing so long, until overmuch pain be provoked: only let all the operations and applications for the dress, from time to time, be very gentle, mild, and pleasing, as may be possible, to the Patient, but especially for the first dressing, that without any great sensible pain the Surgeon may come somewhat near the sensible and living parts, ever mildly eroding, clipping, and abscinding only the corrupt flesh, and giving a lively warmth to Nature; and in this manner proceed thrice, if you see fitting, or at the least twice for every twenty four hours, or as in discretion the discreet Artist please, and so for three days and nights together in this work, or as long or short a time as cause shall offer: And you shall not need to use any cauterizing Buttons at all, after the first putrid flesh is eroded, only one, and that at each dressing you may use somewhat hot unto the remaining dead end of the bone, therewith to cause the said end of the remaining abscissed bone to scale the sooner: but after the second or third dressing, it will be fit to consider to apply some Unguent foveant and digestive very warm. And as for further documents touching artificial proceeding in this Cure, I may as a superfluous thing, and frivolous, forbear any further narration to the discreet young Artist or Scholar in Surgery, for that the rest of the Cure will no way differ from the ordivary way of the Cure of other ordinary Ulcers, but will be healed with much celerity and comfort, through God's Favour, both to the Surgeon and Patient. And for the bone, fear it not; for by the only heating the mortified end thereof, it will scale off by that time the Ulcer be healed, and that with flesh incarnated upon the living part of it admirably, and will in fitting time siccatrize, and be perfectly whole, if the Surgeon will have patience with poor Nature in her weakness to forbear, and not be too busy, especially with Mineral Medicines; all which I leave to the discretion of each understanding Artist: only once more with this Caveat, as by reiteration, that for the end of the stump, after that it hath scaled, that the Surgeon be sure to use no Mineral Medicine at all, as precipitate Vitriol, nor any other, neither mixed with Basilicon, nor otherwise, but with gentle and ordinary Digestives, Mundificatives, Incarnatives, and the like gentle Desiccatives, or at the utmost, Parum Aluminis Usti, if need be: for that by experience I know, that Mineral Medicines, as they help to scale a bone, so they will surely help to defile even the same bone again and again, and so make long work upon work; the which is foul and hateful for any Artist to be guilty of, that professeth to fear God; yea, and it is abominable to be wittingly tainted with that Devilish crime: for, let reproach and many evil Curses ever attend upon that Surgeon, which willingly prolongeth healing; for which many an innocent Artist daily stands accused unjustly thereof: which guilt I advise all the Sons and successors of Aesculapius may avoid, even as they fear God, and desire a blessing from him upon their Labours. The conclusion. And now to conclude, concerning amputation aforesaid, see it be done in requisite time: For the omitting thereof, until the blood and spirits be too much spent, maketh often the success of the work doubtful and desperate, especially where it is to be acted upon the whole part: for in truth, when the languishing Patient shall truly say, Deficit animus; it will be too late for the Artist to answer, Jam venio And so I will take my leave at this present, concerning the manual part of the work, in amputating in a mortified place: and for the doing of it in the whole part, I refer the Reader to what I have formerly, in my first Edition, in the Surgeon's Mate explained, which, together with this Postscript, I conceive may satisfy any indifferent Reader. Only one observation more, as in charity to the Patient and the young Surgeon, I thought fit to acquaint the young Surgeon with what my experience shown me, and that is; That after any amputation either in the sound or mortified part, the first eskers or cadaverous sloughesbeing removed, and the Ulcers reasonably digested, mondified, and somewhat incarnate, the Patient useth ever to be exceeding sensible, and grievously tender, and also flesh is subject on the sudden to grow overfast, and the stump is subject to turn cancrous, or at the least very dolorous: For remedy whereof, I use for one dressing, to have Pledgents of fine tow made ready beforehand, so much as will cover the whole Ulcer; and having ordinary good strong Unguent. Aegyptiacum, without sublimate, seething hot in a small flat Pewter or Stone dish, dip the pledgents therein, being very exceeding hot, and suddenly applied so hot to the Ulcer, and bound with another thick pledgent to keep it warm, bind it up, and dress it no more in 48▪ hours'; and for the next dressing, cover the Ulcer only with soft Lint; and likewise in all other dress, provide by thick pledgents of tow ever to keep the stump very warm: and that one only dressing, as aforesaid, of Aegyptiacum, will wholly take away the tenderness, and very much conduce to true healing; which a fortnight after, if need be, may be reiterated. And as touching amputation to be performed in the mortified place, for that the curing differs nothing from that in common use for the healing of Ulcers in general (as is said) therefore if the discreet Artist have a strong and fit Lixivium, a good Aegyptiacum, a Digestive, a Mundificative, an Incarnative, and a Desiccative or Sigillative Unguent, and according to Art, and in their seasons, make use of each of them; he is then fitted for the work. And for the first, he may prepare his Lixivium as followeth, if he please, and have not one of his own experience. A fitting Lixivium, for the amputating of any member in the moritified part. Lixiulum. REc. Com. Lix. de Cineribus Lign. Fract. Gallanos quatuor, herbae Centaur. Scord. Card. Benedict. Hyper. Absinth. Rosemar. ana. p. 3. Flor. Camom. Melilot. ana. p. 4. fiat decoctio ad tertiae partis consumpt. colentur, ac colat. add Sal. Com. M. 2. Vitriol. Viria. se. lib. Spirit us Vini, 2. lib. Misce simul S. A. Ung. Aegyptiac. Rec. Aeruginis ʒ. 5. Alum. Rochia ʒ. 4. Vitriol. Roman. ʒ. 2. Sal. Commun. ʒ. 1. se. Mellis ℥ 2. se. Aceti fortis ℥. 3. Misce & coquantur ad spissitudinem Unguenti. Ung. Digestiv. Rec. Cerae Alba, Resinae Pini, five Vaccini, picis Gracae, Terebin. Olibani, Mirrhae, ana. ℥. 1. Olei Oliv. lib. 1. aut quantitatem sufficientem. Misce & fiat Unguentum. S. A. In cujus loco Lineament. Digestivum Arcei sufficiet. Ung. Mundificat. Rec. Terebinth. Resinae, Cerae Albae, Amoniac. ana. ʒ. 14. Aristoloch. Long. Thuris Masculi, ana. ʒ. 6. B●ellii, Myrrhae Galban. ana. ʒ. 4. Opopanacis, For. Aeris, ana. ʒ. 2. Lytharg. ʒ. 9 Olei Oliv. lib. 2 se. Aceti, quant. S. add Ammoniac. Galban. & Opopanac. dissolvendum. Misce secund. artem. Ung. Incarnate. Rec. Cerae Citrini, ℥. 6. Olei Oliv. 2. lib. se. Terebinth. ℥. 2. Resinae, Colophoniae, ana. ℥. 1. se. Thur is, Mastichis, ana. ℥. 1. Croci, ʒ. 1. Confice secund. Artem. Ung. Dosiccat. Rec. Olei Oliv. 1. slib. ss. Lytharg. ℥. 2. Minii ℥. 3. Cerus. ℥. 1. se. Tutiae, Camphor. ana. ʒ. 3. Cerae Citrini, ℥. 2. Misce S. A. & fiat unguentum. Moreover, there are to be prepared ready: 1. Cauterizing Buttons, such as are following hereafter described, for the eroding and fretting away of the putrid, Cadaverous, or sphacelated remainder after abscission of the first part, and these cauterizing Buttons ought to be thicker than others, namely, more ponderous than those, which usually Surgeons use to cauterize the end of one or two veins or arteries, which being otherwise not so serviceable for this kind of amputation or operation, of which it were requisite, that two or three were laid into the fire privately, to be hot, to do such needful services, as that work of dismembering requires, namely, they being hot, are to cauterize or crode (as is said) the putrid flesh. Also it is as fitting to have in readiness the other instruments common in all amputation, viz. A well fitted saw, a dismembering knife, and incision knife, or a sharp instrument, fit to divide and cleanse betwixt the bones, etc. Not forgetting likewise the other fit materials, amongst the rest, as stupes, and rollers, all which it ought to be the Surgeons own care, to be sure to see ready, that no one thing be wanting at the instant, and not to trust to his assistants, lest to his grief and reproach, he be wanting of some one or more of them in his necessity. LOving Brethren, if the meanness of my stile, the weakness of my aged memory, capacity, or what else soever herein, is not answerable to thy expectation, from me, yet take it in good part, I pray thee, as proceeding from a Friend, who, if his Talon could have afforded better, would willingly have imparted it to thee. The former was the fruits of my Youth; This, such as the weakness of Old Age can afford. The public good acceptance of the former, hath purchased the latter. Vale in Christo. Concerning the Instruments for Amputation in the sphacelated part. BEnevolent Spectator, here ensuing to thy view, are deciphered the Instruments most useful for the Manual operations of several Amputations in the sphacelated parts of members, which being for memory sake, only described to the expert Artist, he will easily conjecture and resolve in Art, according to each present occasion, which of them to make use of, and which to omit: all of them tending to the scope of a resolved abscission, by ablating impurum à puro, the unpure from the pure, for the better perfecting the warrantable scope of the studious Artist, in efficiating the same, that he may make a cure thereof, although detractors and depravers of that excellent mystery of healing, maliciously make a byword, or word of reproach against Surgeons, of making a cure; yet I will hope, if it be for the saving of the precious life of his miserable Patient, the making of a perfect cure, will have a fair construction from good men: yea, although it be to be performed as indeed it must be, part by abscission, adustion, cauterization, by erosion, or Serra, or how else soever the work may be safest, and surest, and more artificially efficiated. All and every of which apparent particulars, in their due turns, times and orders, are to be made use of, which to describe in each particular, or more thereof then is heretofore related, would be but tedious for me, and frivolous for the Artist, who joining his reason and experience with the reading my precedent Relation, will doubtless, by God's favourable permission, make a sound cure of his Patient: maugre the scandal of detractors, in the abuse of that honest phrase, to the reproach and unjust vilifying of many an honest well deserving Surgeon. I end with an old Phrase, Ars non habit inimicos praeter ignorantes. FINIS. THE TABLE. A ABlution. 268 Absinthium herba. 81 Acetum Commune Distillatum 249 Rosatum 44 Vini 44. 249 Acr, 249. to be corrected in infection, 335 Aes Commun. 77 Viride. 251 Aestas. 251 Agaricum. 64 Albation. 268 Album Graecum. 83 Alumen Combustum. 249 Commune. 67. 249 Plumbosum. 249 Albumen Ovorum. 249 Alcolismus. 268 Aloes. 65. 348 Amalgama. 249 Amalgamatio quid sit. 268 Amigdalae amarae dulces 69, 70 Amputation, when and how to be used on all occasions, 146. 156. 158. in Gunshot, 304. in putrid parts, 387. Amputation in the mortified place 389. a leg taken off in the putrid part, 390. Mortified flesh doth not presently hazard the life of the Patient, 391. Amputatinng in the putrid part is good, 392. Amputation in general, 394. six rules necessary in Amputating a member, 400, 401. six persons necessary in the amputating a member, 401. Amputation in members mortified by cold, 401. Amputation in a member mortified by Hemmorage, 420. Amputation in mortified places by the Dropsy, 402. Abscission in some cases not to be used, 402. Amputation in a mortified part in some cases forbidden, 405. Advice for young Artists in care of Gunshot by Amputation, 406. Directions for the Amputating Chirurgeon, 406. a Caution in Amputation, 408. the Conclusion of the Treatise of Amputation, 409. Lixivium for the amputating any member in the mortified part, 410 Amylum. 70 Ammoniacum. 71 Annus. 150 Angena mendosa cured. 362 Antimoni vulgar. 73 Vitri Regulus. 250 Anthrax. 331 Apostumes in the mouth opened, 1. cured by Caustics, Incision, etc. 141, 144 Aqua 250 Aqua Cardui Benedicti. 40 Caelestis. 38 Cinnamoni. 39 Doct. Stephani. 38 Falapii. 42 Fortis. 43. 250 Amisi. 40 Absinthii. 40 Angelicae. 40 Balsami. 40 Limonum. 39 Menthae. 40 Oder●fera. 42 Plantaginis. 42 Regis. 250 Rosarun Damasenarum, Rubrarum. 41 Rorismarini. 39 Sassafras. 39 Viridis. 42 Vitae. 250 Argentum vivum. 77 Aromatization. 268 Arsenicum. 77, 250 Attrition. 268 Aurea Alexandrina. 60 Auriculum. 250 Auripigmentum. 250 Auram Potabile. 250 Autumnus. 250 Axungiae Cervi. Porci. 36 B Baccae juniperi. Lauri. 79 Bags. 24 Balm water. 40 Balneum Mariae. 251 Balsamum Artificiale. 49 Naturale. 51 Basin of brass 22 Bdellium. 71 Bedpan. 24 Benzoin. 73 Benedicta Laxativa. 63 Blains. 232 Bleeding at nose. 171 Blood-letting. 19, 20 Board to spread plasters upon, 24 Bladder to search, vide Cathetor. Bolus Armenus. 251 Communis. 75, 251 Borax Veneti. 251 Broths. 352 Bricks. 25 Bubo, sign of the Plague, cures, 330, 365 Burn. 98 Burras pipe. 20 Buccellatio. 268 C CAlcanthum, vide Coperas or Vitriol. Calcinare. 268 Calcinatio. 268 Calenture what it is, signs and cures, 23, 205 Calfactio. 268 Calidus. 251 Calor. 251 Calx Commun. 251 Ovorum. 251 Viva. 83, 251 Caustick white, its composition. 46. 210 Candle, vocat. searching candle. 15 Cambodgia. 66 Camphora. 75 Cantharideses. 74 Calcother, or Deadhead. 216, 25● Carduus Benedictus. 81 Cariophili. 70 Carunckle in the bladder. 15 Cassia Fistula. 66 Cathetor. 15 Catlings. 1, 2 Carbuncles, signs of the Plague, nature and cure. 331 Commentare. 252 Cementum Cementatio 268 Cera citrina. 74, 252 Ceratio. 268 Cerussa Venetarum. 76, 252 Chasing-dish. 24 Chalibs. 251 Characters usual with Chemists, from 248, to 260 China. 66, 253 Cinefactio. 268 Cineres ligni. 252 Cinnabrium. 78, 252 Cinnamonum. 70 Circulatio. 268 Clarificatio. 270 Clouts. 24 Close-stool. 25 Coadunatio. 270 Coagmentatio. 270 Coagulatio. 270 Coctio. 270 Cohobatio. 270 Colatio. 270 Colliquatio. 270 Coloratio. 270 Coll●ca passio, nature of it, signs, cures. 197, 198, 199, 200 Combustio. 270 Comminutio. 270 Complexio. 270 Compositio. 270 Confectio Alkermes. 58 Hamech. 56 Confrictio. 270 Confusio. 270 Congelatio. 270 Conglutinatio. 270 Conservae Anthos. Cidoniorum. Lujulae. Prunellorum. Rosar. rubr. 55 Contusio. 270 Convulsion. 88 Copperas, vide Vitriol. Copper, vide Venus. Corallus albus rubr. 252 Cornu cervi. 65 Corrosio. 270 Cortex Granatorum Guaci 67 costiveness. 9, 200, 201 Cribratio. 270 Crocus Commun. Martis. Veneris. 66 252 Crows Bills. 7 Cupping-glasses. 22 Cupping. ibid. Cups for Physical potions. 24 D. Decoctio. 253 Deliquatio. 270 Deliquium. 270 Descensio. 270 Despumatio .. 270 Dentes Elephantini. 59 Diacodion 60 Diamoron. 54 Diaprunum simplex. 56 Diarrhaea, or flux of the belly, the cure. 177, to 183 Diascordium. 60 Diaphoreticks to procure sweat, 318 Diatessaron. 53, 346, 347 Diatrion piperion. 57 Die & nox. 253 Diet pot. 23 Difflatio. 270 Digestio. 253, 270 Dislocations. 153, 154, 155 Dismembering. 146, 156, 158 in Gun-shot, 304. in putrid parts, 387 Dissolutio. 270 Distractio. 270 Distillatio. 270 Divaporatio. 270 Drink for the Calenture. 23, 205 Drink for the Lask. 23 Dysenteria, and cure, 182, 183, 184, 185 E Ear-pickers. 12 Elaboration. 271 Election. 271 Electuarium Diacatholicon, 56 Diaphaenicon, 56 de Ovo, 58, 344, 345 the sncco Rosarum, 56 Elementa. 253 Elevation. 271 Elixation. 271 Elution. 271 Emplastrum Calidum. 29 De Lapide Caluminari vel grifium. 29 Diacalsithres. 28 Diach. cum gummis. 27 parvum. 28 Melilot simplex, & pro spleen. 28 de Minio. 29 Oxicroceum. 28 Stipticum Paracelsi. 27 Esker when to be pricked in Apostumes, 47. lying long, a good sign. 47 Eskers fall must not be hastened, where Nature hath breathing. 47 Esker cannot by Art be kept in Apostumes. 47 Evaporation. 271 Euphorbium. 65 Exaltation 271 Exhalation 271 Expression 271 Exitus Any, the causes and cures by fomentation and otherwise. 212 213 Expressio 271 Extinctio 271 Extractio 271 Extract. Cathol. purge. 56 Eyes ill affected to cure, 215 F Farina Fabarum Hordei Tritici Volatilis 88 Fermentatio 271 Ferruminatio 271 Fever, what it is, with cure in general. 88 Files with their uses. 10, 11 Filtrum. 253 Filteratio. 271 Fimus Equinus. 253 Fish living draw Carbuncles. 365 Fission. 271 Fistula's and Ulcers with cures. 147 Fixatio. 253, 271 Fluxes, the divers kinds, cures, 177, 178, 179, 180. an approved remedy for the flux. 25, 26 Flos Aeris. 253 Flores Anthes. 78 Balaustiarum. 78 Centauriae. 79 Chamomeli. 78 Hyperici. 79 Melilot. 79 Sambucin. 79 Folia Sennae. 64 Forcers. 16 Forceps. 17 Fractio. 271 Fractures, with the parts and divers cures. 149, 150 Falling of the Fundament, vide Exitus Ani. 112, 113 A Funnel necessary. 24 Frixion. 271 Fulmination. 271 Fumigation. 271 Fumes for infected air, and houses, apparel. 337, 338 Fullness of stomach by nauseous humours. 348 Furfur Tritici. 80 G GAngreen, the definition and cause, 381. cure. 384, 385, 386 Gangrene caused by loss of blood, 397 Examples of Gangre●●● amputated by the Author. 397, 398 Galbanum, 72 Gallae. 75 Gallen unguent in Amputation. 159 Galens rule in Dysenteria, 188 Ginger, vide Zinziber, Glasses. 24 Glister pot. 12 Glister Syringe, vide Syringe. Glister, how to prepare with rules in the administration of it. 12, 13 Glister vocat. Enema Fumosum, with the draught or description of the Instrument or Pipe, whereby we deliver it, 49 Gold, vide Sol. Goose Bills. 7 Gradation. 272 Gradus. 254 Granatorum Cortex. 67 Granulation. 272 Gravers. 10, 11 Grey paper. 24 Guaci Cortex 67 Lignum 67 Gummi. 71 Gummi. 254 Gummi Ammoniacum. 71 Galbanum. 72 Guacum. 71 Opopanac. ibid. Sagapaenum. 72 Tragacanth. 73 Bdellium. 71 Myrrah. 72 Mastic. 72 Styrax. 72 Benzoin. 73 Laudanum. 72 Pix Burgundiae. 73 Communis. 73 Resina. 73 Gums overgrown with filthy skin, and rotten, with their cures. 213 Guttigamba, vel Cambogia. 66 H HAmules. 11 Hemorrhaea. 87, 171 Head Saw, with rules in Sawing. 5 Hermodactyli. 65 Hooks. 11 Hernia humoralis, with Cure. 308 Horsleeches draw Carbuncles. 365 Hordeum Commune Gallicum. 67 Humectation. 272 Hiems. 254 I IGnis. 254 Ignition. 272 Iliaca passio what it is, the signs, cures by Cataplasms, Fomentations, Glisters, Potions, etc. 194, 195, 196 Illiquation. 272 Imbibition. 272 Imbution. 272 Incarnative medicines. 89 Inceration. 272 Incineration. 272 Incision, 1, 2 Incision by Caustick. 1 Incision by the Caustick stone▪ 47 Ink. 24 Incorporation. 272 Infusion. 272 Inhumation. 272 Injections into the yard, with the manner how to insert. 14 Injections of Mercury, bad for the yard. 14 Insolation. 272 Intemperature in general, what it is, and what intemperature of the Liver is, 87 Irons to cauterize. 7 Irrigation. 272 Iron, vide Mars. 248 Jupiter or Tin. ibid. K Knife's for Amputation or dismembering, with their use. 2 Knives for Incision. 1, 2 L LAc Virgins. 240 Laudanum. 72, 306 Lanxthorn. 24 Lapis Calaminaris. 254 Granatus. 254 Hematites. 254 Magnetis. 254 Prunellae. 254 Sabulosus. 254 Lateres Cribrat. Integr. 255 Laudanum Opiate, Paracelsi. 59, 189, to 194 Lancet, with the use. 18 Lead, vide Saturn. 239 Lenticular. 316 A Levatory. 4 Levigatio. 273 Limatio. 273 Limatura Martis. 255 Limon juice. 165 Limon water. 39 Linimentum Arcei. 35 Liquatio. 273 Liquefactio. 273 Liquiritia. 67 Lixivium. 210 Lixivium Commune Forte. 44 Lixivium lucinium. 255 Lotio common 43, 273 Lues Venerea. 254 Luna. 239. Crescens decrescens. 254 Lupins. 74 Lutation. 273 Lutum Commune. Sapientia. 255 Lienteria. 177 Lythargicum. 77 Argenti. 256 Auri. 256 Ptumbi. 256 M MAcis. 70 Maceration. 273 Mallet and Chissel for Amputation. 5 Marchasita. 256 Mars or Iron. 236 Mastic. 70 Maturation. 273 Mel simplex. 37, 257 Mel. Rosarum. 54 Saponis. 33 Measures for Surgeons. 310 Melissa 81 Mellilotum. 81 Mensis. 256 Mentha. 80 Mercurius. 238, 248 Mercurius Jovis. 256 Lunae. 256 Martis. 256 Praecipitat. 256 Saturni. 256 Sublimat. 256 Solis. 256 Veneris. 256 Mercury praised in general, and also dispraised, 239, 256 Mithridate. 58 Metals s●ven in number, their virtues, names, and Characters, 239, 248 Minium. 77 Minii Emplastrum. 29 Mint-water. 40 Minutum. 257 Mirabolans. 65 Mistion. 273 molition. ibid. Mortar and pestle. 24 Mullets. 11 Multiplication. 273 Mundification. 273 Mummia. 74 Myrrh. 70 N NEck of a glister Syringe may be crooked. 12 Nippers for Amputation. 5 Needles and stitching quills. 18 Niter salt. 47, 217 Nutrition. 273 Nux Muscata. 71 O. Oleum. 257 Oleum Absinthii Commun. 50 Chimic. 53 Oleum Amigdalarum Amararum. dulcium. 50 Oleum Anethinum, 48 Agarici. 49 Anisi. 52 Antimonii. 52 Chamomelinum. 48 Cariophillorum. 51 Hypericon composit. simplex. 48 Juniperinum. 52 La●inum. 49 Liliorum. 48 Lini. 49 Lumbricorum. 48 Macis. 51 Origani. 53 Ovorum. 49 Papavorum. 50 Petreoli. 50 Philosophorum. 52 Rosarum. 48 Sambucinum. 49 Scorpionum. 50 Spicae. 52 Succini Chimicè. 53 Sulphuris per Campanam. 51 Terebinthinae. 52 Vitrioli. 51 Opium. 66 Opopanax. 71 Orpiment. vide Auripigmentum. Oximel simplex. 54 Ointments fit for the Surgeon's Chest. 31 P PLaces. 10 pail of Brass. 24, ●5 Philonium Persicum. Romanum. Tarsense. 60 Phlebotomy with instructions concerning blood-letting. 19, 20 Phlegma Vitrioli. 212, 257 Phlegmes. 11 Piger Henricus. 257 Pillulae Aggregativae. 61 Aureae. 62 Cambogiae. 62 Cochiae. 62 de Euphorbio. 62 Ruffi. 62 Pills how to be hardened and dried up. 166 Piper nigrum. 70 Pipkins. 24 Pix Burgundiae. Graeca. Navalis. 73 Plaister-box with appurtenances. 16 Plasters for the Surgeon's Chest▪ 27 Plantain water. 42, 184 Plague what it is, 323. what parts are most subject to the plague, 324. natural causes, 326. precedent signs, 327. signs presaging death, 328. God's tokens, with the manner of them, 333. Directions for preservation from Infection, 334. Fumes to purge air in houses, 337, 338. Cordials, 340, 364. looseness unsafe, Burges receipt, 343. Electuar. de Ovo good in the Plague, 344. Diatessaron good in the plague, 346. Cordials for women with child, 347. Pillulae Ruffi. their virtue and dose in the plague, 348. Plague not cured by solutives, 351. danger of Laxatives, 352, 359. Julips for the diseased of the plague, 354. against swooning, 355 Blood-letting good in the plague, and sweeting to be used, 357. Venice Treacle good in the plague, 360. Diet for the sick of the plague, 361. Angena mendosa incident to people in contagious times, with the cure, 362. cure of pains in the head of those who are infected, 363. Emplasters and Cataplasms to draw and heal Buboes, Blains, Carbuncles, 364. 365, 366. Aurum vitae, a rare Experiment to cure the Plague by sweeting, the manner of using it, 367. Lastly, Certificates from S. Margaret's Westminster, to the Lords of the Council, concerning the effects of this; and another Certificate from the Major and Justices of North-hampton, touching the cures done by the Aurum vitae. Plumbum album. 76 Philosophorum. 257 ustum. 77 Polypodium. 65 Porringers for blood-letting. 23 Galley-pots. 24 Praecipitate, vide Mercury. Precipitation. 273 Probation. ibid. Probes with use of them. 8 Procidentia Any, vide Exitus Ani. Projectio. 273 Prolectatio. 273 Pullicans'. 10, 11 Pulpa Tamarindorum. 61 Pulvis. 257 Pulvis Arthreticus. 63 Punchies. 10, 11 Purgatio. 273 Purificare. 257 Putrefactio. 257, 273 Q QUartation. 273 Quicksilver. Vide Mercury. Quills for stitching. 18 Quinta Essentia. 258, 273 Quinta Essentia Vini. 258, 273 R Radices Altheae. 82 Angelica. ibid. Chinae. 66 Consolidae, major. 82 Pyrethri. ibid. Raphani silvestris. ibid. Rasion. 274 Razor. 2 Ravens Bills. 7 Realgar. 258 Reductio. 274 Repurgation. ibid. Resina. 73 Resolution. 274 Restinction. ibid. Restrictive necessary in a fracture. 150 Retorta. 258 Reverberation. 258, 274 Rhabarbarum. 64 Rob. Berberum. Cidoniorum. 55 Rosa solis. 38 Rosae rubrae. 78 Rose-vinegar. 44 Rose-water Damask. Red. 41 Rosemary. 80 Rosemary-water. 39 S SAbina. 82 Saccharum. 69 Saith. Saturni. 179, 240 Sal. Absinth●i. 216 Askoli. 259 Anomoniac. ibid. Colkotharis. ibid. Communis. 258 Gemmae. ibid. Nitri. 47, 317 Petrae. 258 Tartari. 259 Salts, the antiquity and kinds. 206 what uses it serveth to, and the necessity ofit, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, etc. Salvia. 81 Salvatory with appurtenances. 16 Sapo. 259 Sarsaperilla. 66 Saffron. 66 Of Copper. 252 Of Iron. 252 Sassafras. 67 Sassafras water. 39 Sagapaenum. 72 Sanguis Draconis. 74 Saw for Amputating. 5, 158 Saw for the head. 5 Scammonium, 64 Scorbutum, or Scurvy, what it is the nature, and names of it, the causes, 161. signs of it, 162, 163. the cure by Lotions, 169. by baths, oils, and Unguent, 170, 171, 172 the cure for the ulcers of the Scurvy, ibid. Searces. 24 Section. 274 Segregation. 274 Semen Anethi. 69 Anisi. 68 Carui. 68 Cardui. 68 Faeniculi. 68 Faenugraeci. 68 Lini. 68 Papaveris. 69 Petroselini. 69 Plautaginis. 69 Quatuor frigida majora frigica minora 69 Serginge Large Small 12, 13. Separation. 274 Shears for Incision. 8 Siccation. 274 Sigillum Hermetis. 259 Sikes. 11 Silk for the stitching needles. 18 Silver, vide Luna. Scissors. 17 Skillet. 24 Sol, or Gold 239 Solution. 259, 274 Sope. 259 Sorrell. 171 Spatulae's Great Small 9, 17 Spatula Mundani. 9 Speculum Ani. 6 Linguae. 6 Oris. 5 Speculum Oris with a screw. 6 Sperma Ceti. 74 Sphacelus what it is, the way of Amputating of the Sphacelated part, 387. Amputation made better by experience, 388 Spiritus Terebinthinae. 46 Vini. 45, 259 Vitrioli. 212 Splints. 24 Spleen and the diseases of it cured. 28 Spodium. 75 Sponges. 24 Stercus Caninum, vide Album Graecum. Stibium. 75 stitching. 18 Stone in the bladder, to search it by Cathetor, and searching candle. 15 Storks bills. 7 Strainers. 24 Stratification. 274 Statum super stratum. 259 Styrax Calamita. Liquid 72 Stephens water, and its virtues, 38 Subduction. 274 Sublimare. 258 Sublimation 274 Subtiliation 274 Succinum. 73 Album. 259 Citinum. 259 Succus Absinthii. A●aciae. Glicerhizae. Limonum. 61 Sulphur in general what it is, and its virtues, 76, 221, 222, 223, 224. Sulphur Commun. Philosophorum. 258 Sumach. 75 Syncope, what it is, with the cure. 88 Syrupus. Absinthii. 53 Cinamoni. 53 Limonum. 53 Papaveris. 53 Prunellorum. 55 Raphani silvestris. 54 Rosarum simplex. solutivun. 54 Violarum. 54 T TAlcum. 260 Tamarinds. 165 Tapes. 24 Tartar. 260 Teeth how to be drawn out. 10 Tenasmus what it is, cure. 9, 201, 202 Terebellum. 7 Terra. 260 Theriaca Andromach. 59, 360 Diatessaron. 53, 146 Londinensis. 57 Thread and needles. 24 Thimum. 81 Tigillum. 260 Tinderbox. 24 Tin, or Jupiter. 248 Torrefactio. 274 Tow. 12, 24 Transmutatio. 274 Transudatio. 274 Trafine a new invented instrument which worketh fare better, and more safe than the Trapan, 313, to 318 Tragacanth. 73 Trapan with the use. 3 Trochisoi de Absinthio. 63 Alkandal. 63 Minio. 63 Spodio. 64 Tumours not to be incised. 1 Tumour defined in its kind. 87 Tumores. 260 Turbith. 260 Turpethum Cathapsaris. 65 Tutia. 77, 260 V. Veins must be opened. 19, 20 Vein how to be opened. 20 Venus, or Copper. 239 Verivice. 43 Vitriolum. 76, 212 Vitriolum album. 215 Vitriolum ustum. 215 Vitriol▪ mel. 216 Vitriol called Colkother, vide Colkother. Vitrification. 274 Vitrum. 260 Ulcers cured. 147, 148, etc. Vlcus. 260 Vnguentum Album Camphoratum. 32 Aegyptiacum. 31 Apostolorum. 31 Arragon. 36 Aureum. 31 Basilicon. 31 Dialthaea composit. simplex. 34 Diapompholigos. 32 contra Ignem. 33 Martiatum. 36 de Mercurio. 34 Nutritum. 32 Pectorale. 32 Populeon. 33 Potabile. 34 Rosatum. 32 contra Scorbutum. 34 Saponis Mel. 33 Triapharmacon. 32 Vrina. 260 ustion. 274 Wapassa. 70 Wula spoon. 21 W. Waters for a Surgeon's Chest, vide Aqua. Water's vocat: Hot Waters in what quantity to be taken, when good, sometimes put in Glisters. 41 Wax lights. 15 Weights and scales. 24, 310 Wormwood water. 40 Wormew odd salt. 216 Worms a cause of Disenteria. 183 Wine vinegar. 44 White Paper. 24 Wounds in general, with cures. 85 Wounds in the Arteries 86. Nerves and ligaments 86. Head, Face, Nose, Ears, eyes, hands, in Thorax, etc. 88 Wounds by Gunshot. 93, 94 Z ZInziber. 71 FINIS.