Systema Horti: Culturae Or The Art of Gardening By J. W. Gent.   engraved ornamental title page border, depicting floral garlands, two flower-filled urns and a flower-filled basket. 
Printed for W: Freeman in Fleetstreet. F. H. van. Hove. skull.    

Systema Horticulturae: OR, The Art of Gardening. In Three Books.  
The I. Treateth of the Excellency, Situation, Soil, Form, Walks, Arbours, Springs, Fountains, Water-works, Grottoes, Statues, and other Ornaments of Gardens, with many Rules, and Directions, concerning the same.  
The II. Treateth of all sorts of Trees planted for Ornament of Shade, Winter-Greens, Flower-Trees, and Flowers, that are propagated or preserved in the Gardens of the best Florists, and the best Ways and Methods of Raising, Planting, and Improving them.  
The III. Treateth of the Kitchin-Garden, and of the Variety of Plants propagated for Food, or for any Culinary Uses: With many general and particular Rules, and Instructions, for the making Hot-Beds, altering and enriching any sort of Garden-ground, Watering, Cleansing, and Adapting all sorts of Earth to the various Plants that are usually planted therein. To the great Improvement of every sort of Land, as well for Use and Profit, as for Ornament and Delight.  
Illustrated with Sculptures, representing the Form of Gardens, according to the Newest Models. The Fourth Edition. To which is added the Gardener's Monthly Directions. By J. Woolridge, Gent.  
LONDON, Printed for Will. Freeman, at the Bible over-against the Middle-Temple-Gate in Fleetstreet, 1700.   

THE PREFACE TO THE READER.  
ARTS as well as Habits, are subject to that Fate of being in Mode, as might be instanced in several, besides this curious Art of Horti-culture: which never declines when once it is become National, only varies in Form, according to the several temporary Humours of such that place their Oblectations in it. As for that part of Gardening, which is for the propagation of Trees for Pleasure, and beautifying Seats with vegetative Ornaments, scarce any part of the World, but estimates it a more than ordinary value. As for that part which is for Flora's use, the extreme hot or cold parts are little adapted to it, those in the temperate Zone the most: For these lustrious Beauties affect not Sol's scorching rays, nor can their tender lovely Faces endure Hyem, 's too great severity; yet of the two extremes, the cold is the most tolerable, there being naturally more Flowers in the Meadows of the Russian Territories, than in those of Guinea. But as for that part that relates to Esculent Plants, all Nation's delight in it for the raising of such as are most proper for their Climate▪ Nature itself hath directed us where, and in what parts Gardens are to be planted with advantage, having spontaneously exposed to our view many curious Plants; which made Varro to say, Divina natura dedit agros: which is in effect, that divine Nature hath indicated unto us those Grounds that are fit for these uses: There rests only our Care and Industry to Till and Manure them, which was an Exercise appropriated unto us from the beginning. That our English Soil than is generally fit for all these Uses, may appear from its aptness to produce naturally so great variety of Trees for Beauty and Shade, Flowers for Delight, and edible Plants also if they are sown in it; which is a sufficient encouragement for the Ingenious farther to prosecute this Art, which is of late years much improved in every part thereof. It was not long since that our choicest Avenues were first planted with those Ornamental Shades that now are become common, and that our best Gardens were only worthy of those natural Beauties that now flourish in every ordinary Partir: Many of our now vulgar Dishes of Tillage, also, were but lately esteemed as Rarities. And as this Art hath with its Subjects increased of late years; so have the Instructions, or Treatises, written to that effect, been multiplied. The affections of our Countrymen so naturally tending that way, have given great encouragement to such Publications, some whereof are very large and voluminous; others there are that are more accurt, and treat only of some particular Plants, and ways of ordering them. And as the Art itself was at first lame, so have the Directions for its Improvement been; that if an inquisitive person desires to be informed of the different Ways, Methods, or Means to order his Garden, etc. he must procure many several Tracts, and those differing very much in their Rules and Prescriptions the one from the other, and delivering many fabulous Stories, and directing you in erroneous ways, affirming them to be true that are merely suppositious; some of them are only translated out of other Languages, which were written for other Countries, whose Horti-culture (as their Climate) varies very much from ours. All which Inconveniences I have here endeavoured to avoid, by contracting into a small Pocket-Volume, the Names of the most and principal kinds of Ornamental Trees and Flowers, with their proper Ways and Methods of ordering; and an account of all such Esculent Plants that are here usually planted for culinary uses: Together with the Method and Manner of selecting Grounds for Gardens, and the making, forming, and adorning them; and the improving, preserving, altering or renewing the several sorts of Earth's, for all hortulane Plants, wherein as near as may be I have not troubled you with unnecessary, insignificant, useless, nor false Directions; but have inserted only such as either I have actually experimented to be true, or have them from Persons or Authors of good repute; or that are deduced from solid Principles. Also I have not swelled this small Tract, nor troubled your patience, with the many unnecessary Names nor Characters of the various species of Flowers, and several other Plants; but nominated the more principal; the other being, rather to be selected when in their prime by your Eye, than confided in from lame Descriptions. It is better to trust to the integrity of a Gardener, than such Directions as are usually written, and seem to emblazon the Fame of a poor simple Flower, which when you see its highest lustre in the best part of your Garden, (as by the description and the price you gave for it, it should deserve) you are ready to remove it to the most abject place of your Groves. It may be objected, that there are many things in this Treatise that have been formerly written of, and therefore it seems to be superfluous. It is true, very able Pens have written of this Subject; but they themselves could not write without mentioning some things, and those not few, that had been published before: It being very rare to find a Treatise in this Age, wholly of a new Subject; and any would esteem it a grand deficiency in the improvement of this Art, if none should have written of it since Mr. Parkinson, Sir Hugh Platt, Meager, and several others, because these had written before on the fame Subject. I hope therefore that this Objection will have no place against this Tract, the rather, because it hath the Characters (that Mr. Austin hath proposed in his Epistle Dedicatory, before his Treatise of Fruit-Trees) that Books of this nature should have, Viz. 1. That they be of small Bulk and Price, wherein I hope I have conformed, considering the variety of Matter herein Discoursed of 2. Then the Style be plain, and suited to the Vulgar: In this I am sure I have not transgressed: for I have waved as near as I could, all hard Words, and intricate Expressions (now in Mode) not in any wise suitable to this plain, honest, and ruslick Employment. 3. That these Books for Instruction, be Experimental: As to this proposal I have exactly observed it. You will also find several Matters here treated of, that have not as yet been mentioned in any Book of this kind, and many Experiments very useful and beneficial, that were never made public before. My principal design being not only to excite or animate such as have fair Estates, and pleasant Seats in the Country, to adorn and beautify them; but to encourage the honest and plain Countryman in the improvement of his Ville, by enlarging the bounds and limits of his Gardens, as well as his Orchards, for the increase of such Esculent Plants as may be useful and beneficial to himself and his Neighbours. Many there are in this Kingdom, that out of small portions of Land, have by their Industry and Ingenuity in this very way of Improvement, maintained themselves and their Families, and acquired over and above wherewith to enlarge their Possessions. Several parts beyond the Seas, in Holland, Flanders, France, Switzerland, (of a near temperature of Air with us) can show multitudes of Examples of this nature: Italy also in Pliny's time, now the Garden of the World, was then improvable by this way of Tillage: As appears ' by that History of C. Furius Cresinus, who out of a small piece of ground raised more advantage, than his Neighbours out of their greater Possessions; but then not without the Imputation of Sorcery; such was the Ignorance and Envy of that Age.  
In this Country, in many places, Ignorance, Sloth, and Envy, are great impediments to this way of Improvement; no Country in the World being without some persons fraught with lazy and envious Humours. Therefore we cannot be exempt from them, the best of Airs naturally nourishing the worst of Animals, and the best of Gardens naturally producing the worst of Weeds.  
As for slothful men, they are the greatest burden to themselves; but envious men, although they are so great an afflicton to themselves, (as Horace observed, that the Sicilian Tyrants never invented the like Torment) yet are they also the worst Neighbours to good Husbandry, not only by a constant depraving the endeavours and ingenuity of the Industrious, but using all means they can to impede or prevent their prosperity: Like unto him that poisoned the Flowers in his own Garden, because his Neighbor's Bees should get no more Honey from them. Against such as those every ingenious and industrious man ought to be well provided with a competent proportion of patience and discretion, and not to be discouraged from prosecuting his intentions of improving his Ville, 
Vide Vinetum Britannicum.  either by this way here proposed, or by some of the ways formerly treated of for the planting of Fruits, 
Systema Agricultura.  or some other ways of Husbandry more advantageous than the old beaten way, so much by some contended for, there being no Land, especially the smaller Farms, but is capable of improvement by some of those Methods proposed: Although I know that there are many that contend for the ancient way of Husbandry, and living upon our Growths and Manufactures, as of old we have done, slighting and contemning the Improvements that are daily made in all manner of Husbandry and Horti-culture, and in all Mechanic Arts and Manufactures, seeming to emulate the felicity of former Ages, not considering the great mutations that are made in the World, as well in the various Occupations and Exercises of men, as in things of higher Natures.  
There are several Objections may be raised against Improvement of Lands by Garden-Tillage: Some of which I will take notice of in the ensuing Work, but others are so slight as not to deserve mentioning. They all seem to proceed from the same principle, with those who would not have their Neighbours breed  at an easy rate, lest they should hinder them from selling theirs at a dear rate; and that would not have the Farmers that live on the dry Lands, sow any Clover, St. Foyn, or such like, because the Productions of their lower and richer Lands should yield them the greater price; endeavouring to reduce all places to their old natural way of Husbandry, all Lands to yield no other Commodity, than what it will spontaneously produce, despising Art and Industry, deeming them as Innovations. Nevertheless I hope I may excuse these persons, being our own Countrymen, from such stupid Ignorance, and impute it to their Interest which thus byasseth their Judgements, and puts them sometimes to the charge of a Contest, which their Ignorance only would never provoke them to.  
J. W.   


The TABLE OF Chapters and Sections.  
BOOK I. 

OF Gardens of Pleasure, and the solid Ornaments thereof, Page 1  
Chap. I. Of the Situation and Soils of a Garden, and their Improvements, Page 7 

Sect. 1. Of the Situation of a Garden, ibid.  
2. Of the different and most natural Soils for Gardens, Page 9  
3. Of the Improvement of such Soils, Page 19    
Chap. II. Of the Form of a Garden, and its Fencing and Enclosing, Page 14 

Sect. 1. Of the Form of a Garden, ibid.  
2. Of Fences and Enclosures to a Garden, Page 19    
Chap. III. Of the Walks, Arbours, and Places of Repose in Gardens, Page 27 

Sect. 1. Of Walks and Materials for them, ib.  
2. Of Arbours and Places of Repose, Page 37    
Chap. iv Of Springs, Rivers, Fountains, Water-works, and Grotto's necessary for a Garden, Page 37 

Sect. 1. Of Springs, Page 38  
2. Of Rivers, Page 40  
3. Of Fountains, Page 43  
4. Of Water-works, Page 46  
5. Of Grottoes, Page 51    
Chap. V Of Statues, Obelisks, Dial's, and other invegetative Ornaments. Page 54    
BOOK II. 

OF the divers Trees, Flowers, and Plants, that beautify and adorn a Garden, Page 58  
Chap. I. Of Trees for Ornament and Shade, Page 59 

Sect. I. Of Winter-Greens, ibid.  
2. Of Variegated or Gilded-leafed Plants, Page 66  
3. Of Trees propagated for their beauty and shade, Page 71  
4. Of the propagating and planting the said Trees, Page 76    
Chap. II. Of Flower-Trees, Page 78 

Sect. 1. Of the various kinds of Roses, Page 79  
2. Of ordering of Rosetrees, Page 83  
3. Of divers other Flower-bearing-Trees, Page 85    
Chap. III. Of Bulbous-rooted-Flowers, Page 92 

Sect. 1. Of Tulips, ibid.  
2. Of Hyacinths and Starflowers, Page 97  
3. Of Daffodils, Page 98  
4. Of Lilies, Page 99  
5. Of Saffron▪ Flowers, Page 101  
6. Of several other Bulbous-rooted Flowers, Page 102  
7. Of the Iris, Bulbous and Tuberose, Page 104    
Chap. iv Of Tuberose-rooted-Flowers, Page 106 

Sect. 1. Of Anemonies, ibid.  
2. Of Peonies, Page 111  
Chap. V Of divers other select Flowers, Page 112 

Sect. 1. Of Gillyflowers, ibid.  
2. Of Stock-Gilliflowers, and Wall-flowers, Page 118  
3. Of Auricula's, Cowslips, and Primroses, Page 122  
4. Of the Lily of the Valley and Hellebor, Page 124  
5. Of the Hepatica, Gentianella, & Dittany, Page 125    
Chap. VI Of Flowers raised only from Seed, Page 126  
Chap. VII. Of some more vulgar Flowers, Page 131  
Chap. VIII. Of such tender Exotic Trees, Flowers, and Plants, as require the Florists care to preserve them in Winter, Page 132 

Sect. 1. Of Perennial Greene's and such Plants as will not endure Cold, Page 133  
2. Of such Plants as will least endure the Cold, Page 138      
BOOK III. 

OF Esculents or Plants for Food, Page 145  
Chap. I. Of such Plants as are Perennial or continue over the Year, Page 150  
Chap. II. Of Esculent Roots, Page 158  
Chap. III. Of Beans and Pease, Page 170  
Chap. iv Of Cabbages and Cauliflowers, Page 175  
Chap. V Of Melons, Cucumbers, etc. Page 180  
Chap. VI Of Sallad-herbs, Page 184  
Chap. VII. Of Sweet Herbs, Page 189  
Chap. VIII. Of some other Esculent Vegetables, Page 192  
Chap. IX. Of general Improvements and miscellaneous Experiments, Page 195 

Sect. 1. Of improving Garden-ground by labour only, ibid.  
2. Of several ways of enriching Garden-Earth by mixtures, Page 202  
3. Of Watering Gardens, Page 211  
4. Of making hot Beds, Page 219  
5. Of Miscellaneous Experiments. Page 222    
Now added: 

The Gardener's Monthly Directions, Page 243  
January, Page 247  
February, Page 249  
March, Page 250  
April, Page 252  
May, Page 254  
June, Page 256  
July, Page 257  
August, Page 259  
September, Page 261  
October, Page 263  
November, Page 264  
December. Page 266          

Systema Horticulturae: OR, The Art of Gardening.  

BOOK I. Of Gardens of Pleasure, and the Solid Ornaments thereof.  
THE Excellency of a Garden is better manifested by Experience, which is the best Mistress, than indicated by an imperfect Pen; which can never sufficiently convince the Reader of those transcendent Pleasures, that the Owner of a complete Garden, with its magnificent Ornaments, its stately Groves, and infinite variety of neverdying Objects of delight, every day enjoys: Nor how all his Senses are satiated with the great variety of Objects it yields to every of them: Nor what an influence they have upon the Passions of the Mind, reducing a discomposed Fancy to a more sedate Temper, by contemplating on those Miracles of Nature Gardens afford; deemed Miracles, because their admired and strange Forms and Effects proceed from occult Causes.  
The Original of Gardens was from a Divine Hand: And they also long since delighted in by the wifest of Kings, and in the principal esteem ever since by the best of Men: The Heathen dedicated them to Priapus the Son of Venus, and celebrated them as Objects of Admiration and Delight, and left their immortal Names to Posterity; as the Gardens of the Hesperides, Adonis, Alcinous, etc. The memory of the latter being yet fresh in the Isle of Corfu, where in a most delicious Situation it formerly was supposed to be, as a late Traveller 
* M. Francis Vernon 's Letters to the Royal Society, N. 124.  hath affirmed.  
Tarquin the proud, (a Roman King) thought no place more worthy than his Garden to give Audience to an Ambassador sent unto him: And the Glory and Pride of the Romans in the time of their Emperors, was in nothing more seen than in their Gardens, which for the infinite delight they took in them, they dedicated to Venus their Goddess of Pleasure, and gloried more in their Chaplets and Garlands of curious Greene's and Flowers, than our vain Contemporaries now do in their richest particoloured Habits, which he that reads what Pliny observed of them will readily believe.  
The learned Dr. Brown in his Tract of Garlands, takes notice, that the use of flowery Crowns and Garlands, is of no slender Antiquity; for besides the old Greeks and Romans; the Egyptians made use of them at their Festival Compotations: And that this practice extended as far as India: For at the Feast with the Indian King, it is peculiarly observed by Philostratus, that their Custom was to wear Garlands, and come crowned with them to their Feasts.  
The use of them also was very frequent and common, the ends thereof being many; for they were Convivial, wherein they had respect unto Plants, preventing drunkenness; or discussing the exhalations from Wine. Festival, their solemn Festival Garlands being made properly unto their Gods, and according contrived from Plants sacred unto such Deities. Sacrificial, which were selected under such considerations. Honorary Crowns were Triumphal, Ovary, Civical, or Obsidional, and had little of Flowers in them, being made generally of Laurels, etc. Funebrial Garlands, which had little of beauty in them besides Roses, while they made them of Myrtle, Rosemary, &c, under symbolical Intimations. But our florid and purely ornamental Garlands, delightful unto Sight and Smell; not framed according to mystical and symbolical Considerations, are of more free election; and so may be made to excel those of the Ancients: We having China, India, and a New World to supply us, besides the great distinction of Flowers unknown unto Antiquity, and the varieties hereof arising from Art and Nature.  
The Italians, in the time of their ancient Glory, thought no Palace nor Habitation complete without its Garden, on which they spared for no cost, as well in their forming them, as for the naturalising several exotic Plants they brought from Africa, and other foreign places. which Gardens they have from Age to Age so improved, that it is now become itself the Garden of the World. And as Architecture, that splendid Art, hath spread itself with other Sciences, into these Northern Climates, so hath the Art of Gardening been handed along with it, as though the former were imperfect without the latter. The Glory of the French Palaces, so often represented to our English eyes in Sculpture, are adorned with their beauteous Gardens before them; which wanting, they would seem without lustre or grandeur.  
Neither is there a noble or pleasant Seat in England, but hath its Gardens for Pleasure and Delight; scarce an ingenuous Citizen that by his confinement to a Shop, being denied the privilege of having a real Garden, but hath his Boxes, Pots, or other receptacles for Flowers, Plants, etc. in imitation of it: What curious Representations of Banquets of Fruits, Flower-pots, Gardens, and such like, are painted to the Life, to please the eye, and satisfy the fancy of such, that either cannot obtain the felicity of enjoying them in reality, or to supply the defect the Winter annually brings?  
So that we may without vanity conclude, that a Garden of pleasant Avenues, Walks, Fruits, Flowers, Grots, and other Branches springing from it, well composed, is the only complete and permanent inanimate object of delight the World affords, ever complying with our various and mutable Minds, seeding us, and supplying our Fancies with daily Novels.  
All curious pieces of Architecture, Limning, Painting, or whatever else that seem pleasant to the eye or other senses at first sight or apprehension, at length become dull by too long acquaintance with them. But the pleasures of a Garden are every day renewed with the approaching Aurora.  
While with succeeding Flowers the year is crowned,  
Whose painted Leaves enamel all the ground;  
Admire not them, but with more grateful Eyes  
To Heaven look, and their great Maker prize.  
In a calm Night the Earth and Heaven agree,  
There radiant Stars, here brighter Flowers we see.  
Gardens, as if immortal ne'er decay,  
And fading Flowers to fresher still give way. 
Rapinus.   
Such is its pre-excellency, that there is scarce a Cottage in most of the Southern parts of England, but hath its proportionable Garden, so great a delight do most of men take in it; that they may not only please themselves with the view of the Flowers, Herbs, and Trees, as they grow; but furnish themselves and their Neighbours upon extraordinary occasions; as Nuptials, Feasts, and Funerals, with the proper products of their Gardens.  
Flowers in many things convenient are,  
Our Tables, and our Cupboards we prepare  
With them; and better to diffuse their scent,  
We place them in our Rooms for Ornament.  
By others into Garlands they are wrought;  
And so for Offerings to the Altars brought.  
Sometimes to Prince's Banquets they ascend,  
And to their Tables fragrant Odours lend. 
Rapinus.   
It furnishes our Kitchen and Tables with various Esculents, as well satisfying Nature, as pleasing our Appetites; it yields us various Spirits, Essences, Perfumes, Waters, Unguents, Conserves, Perserves, and many other necessary, useful, and pleasant dietical, and medicinal Curiosities, which the same Rapinus hath elegantly expressed in his Poems on the same Subject, and at last concludes:  
I should too tedious be, of I should sing  
The mighty aids which Herbs and Flowers bring  
To the Diseases Men are subject to:  
For these the Gods with Virtue did endue.  

CHAP. I. Of the Situation and soils of a Garden, and their Improvement.  

SECT. I. Of the Situation of a Garden.  
IT may seem needless to say any thing of the Situation of a Garden, it being so absolute a Concomitant to your Habitation, that a Garden remote or by itself, is neither pleasant nor useful. Therefore wherever your House is, near it must be your Garden.  
But in case you have not yet laid the Foundation of your intended Residence; then may you consider what Ground or Soil is best for your Plantation and Partirre, without which you can never make the other complete.  
Therefore as near as you can, let the Soil be good, deep, and light, that Trees and Tillage may prosper in it, and then you need not question but Flowers will thrive there: Let it have the free and open Air to the East and South, but the Southeast is to be preferred, and the North defended by tall Trees, which are better than Hills, which give too great a reflection of Heat in the Summer, and impede the cool Breezes that frequently come out from that Coast. If the whole Garden be at some distance defended by tall Trees, it will very much break the fierce Winds, and serene Airs, that in the Winter and Spring usually annoy the most delicate Plants and Flowers, and will also yield a cooling, refreshing, sweet, and healthy Air and Shade, in the hottest Seasons.  
If the Soil be dry and warm, a plain Level is best for a Garden, but if it be cold or moist, then declining or shelving towards the Sun, is the best position; because by Fosses, or by the Walks, only the Water naturally glides from it. And in such a Garden, Trees, Plants, and Flowers, will thrive exceedingly.  
These Rules are good where you are to make your election, what sort of ground, and whe●e you design your Seat: I might have also added, the springs of Water in or near your Garden, are great additions to the Improvement, Beauty, and Glory of it, but that it's hoped few will seat themselves where that Element is wanting; unless it be for the sake of some pleasant Grove, Prospect, or delicate Air, Woods and Water, being two of the best Ornaments of the Seat, which may be had in most places, together with a good Air; but seldom Water and a good Prospect.  
If you are fixed or limited to a place or situation, that puts an end to Election, and then you are to consider the Nature of the Soil you are on, what it is apt to produce, how to be corrected and improved.   

SECT. II. Of the different, and most natural soils for Gardens.  
Land's are usually inclinable to Loam, Day, Chalk, Marle, or Sand.  
A Loamy Land is usually free, and apt to Vegetation, warm and easy to Till, the sadder the Colour the better; if it be free from Stones and Gravel, with a sandy mixture and mellow withal, it is esteemed the best for Gardens, for the most sorts of Fruits and Flowers.  
There is much Land that is mixed with Clay in too great a proportion, which maketh it apt to bind, and is cold and moist in the Winter season, retaining wet too much, and apt to chap in the Summer; it is injurious to most Fruits and Flowers, and therefore hath most need of help of any other.  
Chalky Land is generally very sweet, and kind to many Plants that are not very tender, it being cold in the Winter, and suffers not its Plants to put forth early in the Spring; it is not difficult to be corrected, and made more natural to the choicest Fruits and Flowers.  
Marle is a very good mixture in Land, so that it be not in too great a quantity, it being much of the nature of Chalk, but easier to be tilled and improved.  
Sandy Land is very warm and free, very apt for Vegetation, and amicable to most of our choicest Fruits and Flowers; but if the Sand predominate, it will require a constant supply of proper soils to enrich it.   

SECT. III. Of the Improvement of such soils.  
THere are many parcels of Land lying near Towns, Villages, and Houses, that are of that excellent mixture of Loam, and other Earth's, that they are capable to entertain most of the delicate Fruits, Flowers, and other Curiosities, that are fit to be planted or propagated in your best Partirs, without any other mixture or composition, other than convenient dung of Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Pullen, Pigeons, and sometimes old and rotten Horse-dung, to preserve it in its due and wont fertility; it being by continual weeding, and the attraction of the Plants you furnish it withal, apt to sterilize. So that where your ground is thus naturally fertile and prone to vegitate, you need take no other care than to apply proper soils or Compositions, according as the nature of your Plant requires, or to maintain it in its full vigour.  
Claiy-Land being cold, moist, and stiff, is to be converted by labour, and mixtures of a contrary nature; if you dig it often, the Sun, Rain, and Frost will make it more friable and fertile: For take Clay, and lay it on any other Land, it will in time dissolve, and unite in minute parts with it, that you shall hardly discern it; so also it will be much altered by culture on its own Basis, the wet being carefully drawn from it by declining Canals for that purpose, Water being the only thing that maintains its stubborn nature, if it rest on it.  
But to accelerate the operation, and make it speedily more benign; Sand is an excellent Ingredient, especially that taken up in the bottoms of Rivers, or where hasty currents have left it at the foot of Hills, or Sea-sand where it may be had. Any old Thatch or corrupted Vegetables, as Weeds, Fern, etc. buried in the Trenches as you dig it, drains the wet from it, and makes it more mellow. But above any thing, Peat-ashes, Turf-ashes, or any Ashes proportionably, and well mixed, is the highest Improvement, you can add to your cold, stiff, and moist Land. There are several other Additions that will improve it, as Rotten-wood, Sawdust, the bottoms of Piles of Wood great and small; but these being not to be had in any great quantity, will serve only in these Beds, where you intent to plant your choicest Flowers; but Chalk, Lime, Marle, and such like, although they sweeten it at the first, yet in the end it unites with the Clay, and is soon converted into its own nature.  
Chalky-Land usually yields a good rich surface, therefore you must avoid planting too deep in it, and where you can with conveniency, the sinking your Walks, and with the same matter to raise your Borders, is a very good Improvement of this sort of Land. You may also deal with it, as with the Claiy-Land, though in a more moderate way, for Chalky-Land is naturally cold, and therefore requires warm Applications; and is also sad, and will the better bear with light Composts, which is the reason that Chalk is so great an improver of light, hot and dry Grounds, especially having suffered a Calcination.  
Lands seated on Marle, are usually very rich, although cold and heavy; you need not doubt of the depth of it: for the turning it up, and exposing it to the Air, converts it into good Earth; a mixture of light and warm Soil exceedingly advantages it.  
Sandy-Lands, or Land that hath a competent mixture of Sand in it, is the warmest and lightest of all, and according to its fatness; it is the most free and apt to produce the most of Vegetables you plant in it. Sandy-Lands are best improved by mixture of Chalk, Lime, Marle, the sediments of Ponds, Lakes, or standing Waters, and need a more constant supply of such Additions than any other, unless you have the command of some Spring or Stream of Water to irrigate it, and prevent the Suns exhaling the moisture it so easily parts withal, for we may constantly observe in rainy Summers, what vast products Sandy-Land will afford us, compared with the dry. The same you will find in your Gardens, but the hot Dungs are here to be neglected, and the more cooling made use of.  
The best for light Sandy-land, is Cowdung, being cool and fat.  
Some Plants delight in moist and boggy Lands, and where the Situation of the Garden will not afford a Natural Bogg, an Artificial may be made, if you have the command of a Spring to feed it, or that you draw not water very deep to moisten it often by hand; it may be made by digging a large Pit in such place you think most convenient, where if the Earth be not tenacious enough to detain the moisture required, you may line the bottom and sides with Clay well tempered and trodden down, and fill it with Earth taken from a Bogg; in which being duly watered by some small current led thereto, or by frequent irrigations, your curious Aquaticks may be propagated as well as in the Natural.  
There are several other sorts of Land, that are known by several other Names, which I might here enumerate, but these being the general, and most Lands falling under some or one of these capacities, I shall not trouble you with them here, brevity being my study.  
But if your Lands or Grounds within the precinct of your Garden, be somewhat of a different nature or quality from these before mentioned, yet may those general directions, as concerning that Land it is nearest of Nature unto, serve for your Land. And if you have any Trees, Plants, or Flowers, that delight in Land different from the more general part of your Plantation, then may you compound your Mould in some place proper for such Plant; directions for which you will find dispersed in this succeeding Tract, especially when I come to treat of Esculents.    

CHAP. II. Of the Form of a Garden, and its Fencing and Enclosing.  

SECT. I. Of the Form of a Garden.   engraving of a formal garden laid out in a circular form in front of a manor house, with walks enclosing a central fountain and quadrants planted with fruit trees. The outer circular walk is planted with cypress trees, the inner with firs and flower-beds. Several figures are walking in the garden. The garden plan is framed in the foreground by a scene depicting ladies relaxing beneath trees. Engraved by Frederick Hendrick van Hoave (1628?-1698). F. H. Van. Hove fec: 
pg 15.  
The Round is very pleasant, and some curious Gardens there are of that Form in Foreign Parts. The Walls about such a Garden are very good for Fruit, the Winds being not so severe against a round, as against a straight Wall. The Walk also that circundates that Garden is not unpleasant, for that you may walk as long as you please in it, always forwards without any short turning; some straight Walks there may be, that tend from the Circumserence to the Centre. The several Quadrants may be subdivided and planted with Fruits; the Borders of the round Walk, and the cross Walks being sufficient for Flowers and Plants of Beauty and Delight. At the Centre of this Garden, may be placed a Fountain, or in defect of water a Banqueting House, or House of Pleasure.  
A rude Draught of such a Form is here presented to your View, the outermost Walk being adorned with Cypress Trees, the inner parts of the Grass-Plats with Firr-Trees, and the Quadrants within the lesser Circle, planted with variety of Fruit-Trees, and the principal Walks round and straight, bordered with Flowers and delightful Shrubs and Plants.  
Encompassed with a Palisade in the Centre of your Garden, is a Fountain of Spring-water always flowing, serving not only to refresh the Spirits of such that delight in the sight of it, but is necessary in dry and hot Seasons, to preserve your choicest Plants from Injury.  
The Square is the most perfect and pleasant Form that you can lay your Garden into, where your Ground will afford it; every Walk that is in it being straight, and every Plant and Tree standing in a direct Line, represents it to your Eye very pleasing. The delight you take in walking in it, being much the more as you are less careful: For when you walk in a Round or Circle, you are more subject to trespass on the Borders, without continual Thoughts and Observation of your Ground.  
You may divide the Plot you intent for your Gardens into three parts, by Walls or Pallisades: The middle part may be subdivided into Gravelwalks, Grassplots, edged with Borders, planted with your most select Plants, Shrubs, and Flowers.  
If your Partition-fences on the sides be Walls, there may be raised the choicest Wall-fruits; those that require most heat, on the most Sunny-side; and Fruits that require but little, on the most shady, as Cherries and Plumbs will thrive where there is not much of the Sun; and Currants flourish most where there is all Shade; under such Walls, that most pleasant Fruit the Rasberry delights to grow, it being a Fruit wherewith that Northern cold Territory of Lapland abounds.   engraving of a formal garden laid out in front of a manor house in a pattern of four square grass-plots divided by walks bordered with flower-beds; each square centres on a statue, and at each main corner is an ornamental flower-pot. Several figures are enjoying the garden. The far end of the garden is fenced with a pallisade and gate leading into an orchard where a gentleman and a lady are walking arm in arm. Engraved by Frederick Hendrick van Hoave (1628?-1698). F. H. Van. Hove fec. 
pg 17  
But if your Partition-fences be of Pallisades, they may be adorned with perennical Greene's, and other hardy Shrubs, and Flower-bearing Trees.  
The other two parts, you may convert the one of them into an Orchard, the other into a Kitchin-Garden, which will be no small Advantage or Ornament to your Seat, and middle Garden of Pleasure.  
But if you are willing to celebrate so fair a spot of Ground, as the whole Square, to the delights of Flora; then may you divide it into larger Squares, and Grassplots, leaving only Borders on their confines for your variety of Plants.  
The new mode of Gravelwalks and Grassplots, is fit only for such Houses or Palaces, that are situated near Cities, and great Towns, although they are now become Precedents for many stately Country Residencies, where they have banished out of their Gardens Flowers, the Miracles of Nature, and the best Ornaments that ever were discovered to make a Seat pleasant. But 'tis hoped that this new, useless, and unpleasant Mode, will like many other Vanities grow out of Fashion.  
A Draught of the Square Garden I have here given you, which may be varied as every Designer pleaseth; each principal Walk is bordered with Flowers; each principal Corner with Flower-pots, and the middles of the greater Squares with Statues. The farther end fenced with a Palisade, that the prospect of the adjacent Orchard may not be lost; where now the Statues stand, if Water be to be obtained, Fountains would be placed with more delight.  
The infinite variety of Forms that might be drawn and here represented to you, would but increase your Charge; when perhaps every Builder may better please himself in the shape and contrivance of his Garden, than any other can do for him.  
But these few Rules are not amiss to be observed, viz. That you endeavour to make the principal Entrance into your Garden, out of the best Room in your House, or very near it, your Walks being places of Divertisement after a sedentary repast. The Aromatic Odours, they yield pleasant Refreshments after a gross Diet; such innocent Exercises being the best digestive to weak Stomaches. Let there be some other Door into your Garden; for Gardeners, Labourers, etc. And let your principal Walk extend itself as far as you can in length, directly from your House, Adorned with the choicest Plants for Beauty and Scent, and that there may be a Succession of them through the Year, not without Flower-plots, which grace the best of Gardens.  
If your Ground you intent for a Garden, lie on the side of a Hill, your Walks may be made the one above the other, and be as Terraces the one to the other; the declining sides of them, being either of Grass alone, or planted with Fruit.  
If your House stand on the side of a Hill, and you must make your Garden either above it, or below it, then make your Garden below it, for it is much more pleasant to view a Garden under the Eye, than above it, and to descend into a Garden, and ascend into a House, than on the contrary.  
As for all other Forms and Situations of Ground above your House, you must vary your Models according to the place.   

SECT. TWO Of Fences and Enclosures to a Garden.  
WHen you have discovered the best Land, and pleased yourself with the compleatest Form you can imagine for your Garden; yet without a good Fence, to preserve it from several Evils that usually annoy it, your labour is but lost. Your Fences must be considered of according to the place you reside in, and nature of the Soil, and is either of Brick, or Stone, of Earth, Pale, Pallisade, or Quicksetts.  
Of all which the Brickwall is the best, 
1. Of Brick-Walls.  it being the warmest (except Board) and very dry and con-natural to Fruit. And where Brick are plenty, it is not a dear Fence, considering that their Form much accelerates the raising your Wall, and their even Joints require but little Mortar. You may also make the Wall much thinner with Brick, than any other Material, (Square Stone only excepted) because you may make Nieches at a reasonable Distance, or Square Pilasters on both sides or only one side, which will support the Wall, although very thin in the Intervals: This Wall needs no other coping than Bricks, set on edge side-ways without any over-hanging or dripping, as hath been used.  
By which means of building them thin in the Intervals, with Nieches or Pilasters, at fit distances and slender copings, almost half the materials are saved in the building of them, and most of the workmanship.  
These Walls are very kind to Fruits, under which they bear abundantly: The Nieches and Pilasters conduce very much to the breaking off the cold Winds, and shelter the Fruit from them.  
Next unto the Brick, Stonewalls are preferred, 
2. Of Stonewalls.  the square hewn Stone out of the Quarry, especially Sand or Freestone is the best, the cold white Stone like unto Chalk, or Limestone is not so good. The rough Heath-stone or Burr is very dry and warm, but by its unevenness is inconvenient to tack Trees against, unless you disperse here and there in the building some small squares of Timber, or Brickbats, in the Joints whereof Nails will enter and take. Flints are very cold and uneven Jointed, and therefore the worst of all Stone for a Garden Fence.  
All Stone Walls must be well coped, left wet insinuates itself between the Stones, and decay it in a little time. A coping of Tyle is the best, if made to carry off the drip 3 or 4 inches from the Wall.  
In many places where Stone is dear, and 
3. Of Walls of Earth.  Brick scarce, and Lime and Sand not near, Walls are often made by a Compost of Earth, and Straw tempered with it. This Earth must be either of a clayish nature, or have a little mixture of Clay in it; it must be well wrought and mixed with long Dung or Straw, which serves to hold it together until it be throughly dry; and then according to the skill of the Workman, wrought up into a Wall, and covered with Thatch, being not able to bear a more weighty coping.  
These Walls well wrought, and well coped and preserved dry, will last many years, and very warm and kind to Fruits, that is, to such that are content to be humble, these Walls being rarely built high.  
In the building these Walls, pieces of wood, or hooks of Iron ought to be placed in, at convenient distances, standing three or four inches without the Wall, to which Poles or Rails are to be fastened, and to them your Fruit-trees, there being no tacking Trees to the Wall itself.  
This way of Fencing is much used in some parts, and somewhat resembles the French way of making Walls for Fruit; for  they are made of they are plastered over, and hooks of Iron or Sheep's shank-bones placed in the building of the Wall, at some convenient distance to affix the Poles unto, as in the small French piece called the Planters Manual, adapted only for that Country, may be observed. Also Rapinus at large describes the making of that Wall, and both of them prescribe the plastering of them, as well to destroy the vermin that would otherwise shelter themselves in the rotten cavities of those Mud-Walls, as to accelerate the maturation of your Fruits.  
So that here in England where other Materials are scarce, and such a stiff Loam in the place, these Mud-walls may prove beneficial, not only for security, warmth, and privacy, but for the advancement and melioration of your Fruits, more especially if Lime be not wanting to make a Plaster to cover it after that French mode.  
It is not improbable that a mixture of Loam, Lime, Sand and Gravel, or small Sand-stones, may by being raised between two Planks, and so by degrees to the height of a Wall, and then well defended by a light coping, make a very good and durable Fence and Shelter for your best Fruits. This seems to be the same way that Pliny mentions. The Walls to be made in his time, which then had continued many Years, and not impaired, resisting all weathers; he mentions Turrets and Sconces to have been made after this manner, Lib. 35. Chap. 14.  
Good Oaken Timber sawn into Pales make 
4. Of Pales.  a very good Fence, and not dear where that Timber is plenty: Next unto Oak, Fir, or Deal Board's will serve; but scarce any other Board will endure the mutability of the weather long.  
These Board's ought to be well seasoned, else will they shrink and chap exceedingly, which will be inconvenient, as well by rendering your solitary Walks less private, as by admitting cold breezes to your tender Fruits; but in case your Board do not meet in the driest and hottest Seasons, you may add a small Battin to each Interval, fixed to each Rail by Nails between the Board's, that the swelling and shrinking of the Board may not injure the Battin.  
These boarded Fences are the warmest for your tender Fruits, and maturates them beyond any other; but being subject to decay, are not repairable without damage to your Trees.  
I have already mentioned the most principal, 
5. Of Pallisades.  and best Fences for the outsides of your Garden, for privacy, security, and advantage to your Fruits. There are yet other necessary Fences, for the cantoning or dividing your Garden into lesser parts for the several uses you design them for, or for the security of some particular parts of your Garden, or Fruits, or Flowers, from the hands of every one that may otherwise have liberty or occasion to walk there; yet not to impede or diminish the pleasure in viewing those objects of delight thus defended.  
These open Fences are made of board of about three or four inches broad, and three or four foot long, either nailed to, or let thorough two Rails, with heads cut either round, or like a Lance, and painted white with Lin-seed Oil, and white Lead, two or three times over, to make them endure the weather.  
But the best material to make these Pallisades withal is Iron, so framed as are the Iron Balconies in London; save only that these appear above the Rails with square painted heads which seem most beautiful; by reason that Flowers and other delightsom Plants appear so plain through them. This Fence is also permanent and needs no repair.  
In imitation whereof, there is newly made in some few Gardens a Palisade of Board's, of about three or four inches broad; which as before were set flat▪ wise, each place in the Palisade, is now set edge-wise, the upper Rail running through each Pale, and the foot cut with an Ox Mouth, and set on an Arras Rail, either near the ground, or resting on a ground-pinning of Brick. The head of each Pale is about three or four inches above the upper Rail, divided into two parts, the middle vacancy being about one third part of the whole breadth, the two extreme parts for about four or five inches, being cut with square pyramidical points, do very much resemble those made of Iron. As you stand against them they appear open, and every thing very conspicuous through them like the Iron; but as you view them obliquely they appear full, only their sharp heads more open and not unpleasant. These Pallisades, although they require somewhat more Timber and Workmanship than the ordinary sort, yet are by far the more complete and beautiful, every motion of your Body from its place, begetting a variety in the object.  
These open Fences are much more pleasant and useful in your Partirs and inward Gardens, than close Walls; for these prevent not your view of the whole, nor hinder the free Air from your Plants, which is as necessary in some degree as warmth, which ought to be obtained from Shelters and Fences at a distance, not by too great a reverberation of heat, and stifling in the Summer for want of Air, either of which proves fatal to most Flowers.  
Gardens are oftentimes secured by quick Fences, 
6. Of Quick Fences.  whereof the most easy to propagate is that of the white Thorn, which being well planted in double, triple, or more Chests or Rows of Plants, and kept weeded and defended for three or four years, will thrive very well in most sorts of Land; and being kept clipped, sheered, or cut with a sharp hook, will grow so thick that a Bird cannot find its way through, and from the ground to six it seven foot high, it will prove a very great security against bad Wether, evil Neighbours, and Cattle; but is a shelter for Snails, and other Vermin that will constantly annoy your best Plants, and are not therefore to be planted near your Partir, wherein you plant your best Flowers.  
A Quick Hedge of Holly is the most beautiful, and most compact of any; but the tediousness of its growth is enough to discourage any man from attempting its propagation, its Seed being two years before they appear above the ground, and its Plants long before they let you know of their like or dislike of the Soil.  
Pyracantha planted for a Fence, proves very strong by reason of its sharp Thorns, and stubborn Branches. Sweet-bryar also is very good, and makes a fragrant Fence; but the White-thorn will not give way to either of them, being easily propagated, most tonsile of any, durable, of a delicate colour, and early appearing in the Spring.    

CHAP. III. Of the Walks, Arbours, and Places of Repose, in Gardens.  
IT is not the least part of the pleasures of a Garden, to walk and refresh yourself either with your Friends or Acquaintance, or else alone retired from the cares of the World, or apart from Company that sometimes may prove burdensome to you, and when your own Lassitude, or the Heat, Rain, or scorching beams of the Sun, render the open Walks unpleasant, to repose yourself under some pleasant Tree, or in some Covert or Shade, until you are willing to try the Air again.  

SECT. I. Of Walks, and Meterials for them.  
WHerefore to accommodate you for all 
1. Stone-Walks.  Seasons wet or dry, hot or cold, it is convenient to have Walks and Places of Repose in your Garden. As for Walks, the best for the Winter and wet Seasons are those paved with Stone, about the breadth of five foot, in the midst of a Gravel-walk, of about five or six foot Gravel on each side the Stone, or of Grass, which you please, for on these flat Stones may you walk securely underfoot in all Wethers, without prejudice to yourself or Walks.  
Next unto the paved Stone are the Gravelwalks 
2. Gravel Walks.  walks to be preferred, which if made with a fine skreened red Gravel, do very much adorn your Garden; and being laid round, and kept rolled with a Stone-roler, cast off the Water, and are very useful in moist Wether to walk on.  
The Gravelwalks are best under your Fruit-walks, because the beams or rays of the Sun reflect from them against the Walls, much better than from Grass, and very much advantage your Fruit.  
The great inconveniences these Walks are subject unto, are Weeds and Moisture: To prevent the Weeds, you must be sure to remove all manner of earth clean from the place before you bring in your Gravel; and in case the Earth be not stiff enough of itself, it would not be amiss to support the sides with two or three courses of Brick, or at least a Brick set on end edge by edge, to prevent the falling in, or mixture of the said Earth with your Gravel; yet so that the upper part of your Brick may be an inch beneath the surface of your Walk, that it may not be discerned. If your Ground be good and apt to run to Weeds, seven or eight inches deep ought your Gravel to lie, lest the Weeds find their way through: you ought also to cleanse the Ground under, from the Roots of Grass, Weeds, as Nettles, Docks, etc. lest they find their way through the Gravel. You may fill your Walk with ordinary coarse unskreened Gravel five or six inches, and after that is leveled, then lay on your last Course of fine Gravel, and roll it well: if your upper Course of Gravel be two or three inches thick, and at any time your Walk grow discoloured or mossy, you may stir it with a Spade as far as the fine Gravel lies, and finely rake it, then roll it again, and it will appear to be as fresh as at the first.  
The other inconvenience these Walks are subject unto is Moisture, especially after a Frost, which very much loosens the Gravel, and long soaking Rains make it apt to stick to your Feet: For the best red Gravel hath a mixture of Clay or Loam in it, which makes it in dry weather bind the better; to prevent which, several Expedients are lately made use of: Some do grind or beat small the shells of Fish gathered on the Seashore, and therewith add a thin coat on the Gravel, which by constant rolling incorporates with it, and is not apt to adhere to your Shoes, as is the Gravel itself. Others that live near to Brick-kilns, make use of the refuse parts of Bricks that are under burnt, which will easily pulverize, and lay that on the Gravelwalks, which prevents the same inconvenience, and adds much to the beauty of your Walk, and is easily renewed as there is occasion.  
On the edge of your Gravelwalks, you may lay on each side a narrow Walk of Turf for your use in hot weather; or when you are willing to favour your Feet or your Gravel, which being kept out straight on the edges, beautifies your Gravel.  
But if you will have your Walk only Gravel, then will it be necessary to edge it with Brick three or four inches above the surface to prevent Earth or Rubbish from intermixing with it; Bricks set on one end side by side, is the securest and most lasting way for this purpose.  
Walks of Grass are very pleasant, and much 
3. Green Walks.  to be preferred in the Summer to any of the other, being cold and easy to the Feet. They are either made by laying them with Turf, or by raking them fine, and sowing them with Hay-dust or Seed (which may be had at the bottom of a Hay-mow or Rick) and well rolled and weeded from all gross Weeds, will soon become a fine Grass-walk; if these Walks also be laid a little rounding, they will cast off the water the better, and be more commodious for your use than if flat.  
A Water-table on each side, of two or three inches deep, cut every year anew, not only receives the waste water, but preserves the Grass or Weeds from mixing with your Borders, and presents your Walk much more pleasant to your eye, than if it were otherwise.  
To destroy Weeds in the Gravelwalks, or paved Walks, where you cannot conveniently eradicate them, you must water it with very salt Water, or with the Liquor they have at the Salters, which they call Bittern, which absolutely destroys all Vegetation, where it is cast in an indifferent good quantity.  
It is none of the least oblectations a Garden 
4. Of Terrace-walks.  affords, to have Terrace-walks, on which you have the benefit of the Air, and prospect on your Garden. These in former Ages (and now also in more hot Countries) were much celebrated, the Hortipensiles or Pendant-gardens, were after this manner made above the ordinary level, for the advantage of the Air, and pleasure of the Eye, and somewhat to add to the magnificence of the Place, being very beautiful as well as commodious.  
They are usually made where much Earth or Rubbish is to spare, which would cost time and labour to remove; and here is disposed of to advantage, with the only expense of a Wall on the outside to support it; or if you please on both; but the innerside to your Garden may be made declining, and clothed with Turf. The Wall on the outside surmounting the Top of the Walk about three foot, and on the Edge towards your Garden may be set a Rail, or Rail and Balisters, or a Palisade, or a quick tonsile Hedge of about the same height the Wall is of, that neither side prevent the Air, nor impede your Prospect.  
In some Gardens where water is at your command, the sinking of an Aquaeduct, or Piscary, will afford you Materials for your Terrace-walk; both of which are best and most proper to be made at the farthest distance from your House.   

SECT. II. Of Arbours and Places of Repose.  
TO make your Garden pleasant at all times, and in all seasons, either in respect of the great variety of weather, or your own disposition or indisposition, it will be very necessary to accommodate it with places of Shade, to screen you from the scorching Sunbeams, Canopies to preserve you from the Rain, and Boxes to seclude you from the too cold Breezes: That although you are not willing to expose yourself too much in the intemperate Air, or your present inability or unaptness for a Walk be such, that you cannot with delight enjoy it, yet that you may not lose those exhile rating Pleasures your Garden most times affords.  
For cool Recessss in the hottest times, it 
1. Of Arbours.  hath been usual to erect or frame Arbours with Poles or Rods, and plant them about with shady Trees, which are an Ornament to some Gardens; but to be rejected, 1. Because they require much repair, and care to preserve them; for in your Garden of Pleasure you ought to be frugal of cost and pains; left your Delights become occasions of Prodigality, and your Recreations burdensome to you. 2. Because the Seats are apt to be moist and foul, it being apt to impair your health to sit on a cold Seat, Salubrity being one of the advantages expected from a Garden. 3. After a shower in the Summer, is the pleasantest time to recreate your Senses amongst your odorous Plants, and then this place of recess is wholly useless, the dripping continuing long after the shower. 4. The usual cool breezes that you will sensibly feel in those Arbours to your prejudice, balance all the conveniences you can expect from them.  
But if the Wether and time of the day invite you to sit in the Air without inconvenience, a Seat under the shade of some Platanus, Lin-Tree, or the like, is much more pleasant, than to be Hood-winked in an Arbour.  
You may have a Seat made of thin and light 
2. Of Seats.  Materials, and painted with a white colour in Oil, or as best pleases your fancy, which may be movable with a little help, and placed sometimes in one place, and sometimes in another, as the weather happens. This Seat may be made close behind, and covered, that being set with the back to the Wind, will be both warm and dry.  
In the Nieches of your Wall may you place Seats covered over, that you may rest yourself in at your pleasure: At the ends of your Walks are the most proper places for such Seats, that whilst you sit in either of them, you have the view of your Garden.  
The best Form for these Seats is round, the one semicircle within the Wall, the other without with a Cupulo, the outward part to be supported by three or four, or more columns of Timber or Stone, the other part resting on the Wall, the top covered with Lead, Slate or Shingle, with its due Cornish about that part that is off from the Wall.  
Or you may make them of a long square Form, about two Foot in the Niech of the Wall, and as much without, covered as the round, but casting the drip side-ways or backward.  
Having several of these Seats facing to each Coast, be the Wind or Sun either way, you have a place to defend yourself from it.  
You may also cover your Benches or Stools with Mat, and lay the Floors with Board, which will much conduce to your own ease and health.  
Arbours, Benches, and Seats are very necessary, 
3 Of Pleasure-houses.  being present expedients for them that are weary; but that which crowns the pleasure of a Garden, is a place of repose, where neither Wind, Rain, Heat, nor Cold can annoy you.  
This small Edifice, usually termed a Pleasure-house or Banqueting-house may be made at some remote Angle of your Garden: For the more remote it is from your House, the more private will you be from the frequent disturbances of your Family or Acquaintance, and being made at an Angle, part within your Garden, and part without, you will have the privileges and advantages of Air and View, which otherwise you will want, and which render it much more pleasant than to be without them.  
The Windows and Doors, the one or other respecting every Coast, may be glazed with the best and most transparent Glass, to represent every Object through it the more splendid, with skreens of painted and printed Sarsenet, to prevent in the day, and shutters of thin Wainscot in the night, others from disturbing your solitary Repose.  
Also you may reap the pleasure and advantage of the Air from either Coast, by opening that side of your small Edifice, from whence you would receive it, excluding on the other side that which might otherwise annoy you.  
In the other corner of your Garden, or some 
4. Of Repositeries for tender Plants.  opposite place to such Pleasure-houses, may you erect another of the same Form to answer it as to your view, which may serve as a place to preserve your tender Plants in, during the extremity of the Winter, and is usually termed a Green-house, because several Winter-Greens are therein preserved, that will not endure the severity of that Season; in it also may you dispose on shelves your dry Roots of Flowers and Seeds, until the time of the year mind you of interring them.  
On these small Edifices may you bestow what cost you can afford, and make them (as they deserve to be) the principal Ornaments of your Ville.  
It is not unusual to raise a Mount with the 
5. Of Mount.  waste Earth or Rubbish, you may otherwise happen to be troubled withal, at some convenient distance from your House, on which as on your Terrace-walks, you have the advantage of the Air and prospect, and whereon you may erect a Pleasure or Banqueting-house, or such like place of Repose.  
The most famous of this kind, is that near Marlborough, whether first raised by Art or Nature is not yet determined, however it hath a most pleasant and easy ascent, and from the Summit whereof you have a good Air, and a fair prospect.    

CHAP. IU. Of Springs, Rivers, Fountains, Water-works, and Grottoes, necessary for a Garden.  
IT is not to be denied, that a kind and fruitful Soil may produce all sorts of Plants proper for a Garden of Pleasure, Use, or Advantage, which may render such a Place delightful; yet cannot such a Garden ever be said to be complete, nor in its full splendour and beauty, without this Element of Water. Wherefore Rapinus adviseth thus.  
You then who would your Villas Grace augment,  
And on its Honour always are intent:  
You who employ your time to cultivate  
Your Gardens, and to make their Glory great,  
Among your Groves and Flowers let Water flow;  
Water's the Soul of Groves and Flowers too.  
Besides the particular uses you may put it to in watering your several Gardens, it is very pleasant to have your Piscaries, Rivulets, Fountains, etc. about your Ville.  

SECT. I. Of Springs.  
MAny pleasant Seats, Vills, and Gardens there are, that are very well situate for Air and Prospect, that are of themselves dry, which defect may be supplied from Springs of Water rising at some distance, and may be conveyed by Pipes to such places in your Ville, or Garden as you desire.  
In places where Wood is plenty, the Elm is 
Of Pipes for Water.  the most proper material to make Pipes withal, for the conveyance of water from the Spring to your Garden, not being subject to be torn by Frost, as are the leaden or earthen Pipes, either of which you must be sure to lay deep enough below the surface of the Earth, that the Frost may not reach them.  
Leaden Pipes are the most convenient where water is to be raised to any considerable height, being not apt to grow leaky, nor to decay; but you must be sure to lay them deep in Clay as you can; but not in any mixture of Lime, or such like, left it decay the Metal: also you must have a Turn-cock at the lowest part of your Pipe, where must be a passage, that out of it you may let the water at the beginning of a Frost, to prevent the Pipes from breaking.  
Earthen Pipes may be made of about three foot in length, and made to fit the one into the other; and as they are laid deep in a soft Bed of Earth, Day, or Sand, the joints may be closed with a cement of Quicklime, linseed-oil, and Cotten-wool, and bound about the joint with a piece of Leather, and a turn or two of Pack-thread: But these Pipes are not for forcing the water to any height, being apt to break, but are very necessary, cheap and sweet for the conveyance of any Spring without force, to the place you desire.  
Sometimes it happens that Springs lie concealed in the Earth, which may, if discovered, prove very useful in your Ville, and pleasant in your Garden, which to discover, observe the Precepts of Rapinus:  
Where small declining Hillocks you perceive,  
Or any Soil where Flags and Rushes live,  
Where the fat ground a shiny moisture yields,  
If Weeds and prickly Sedge overspread the Fields;  
There hidden Springs with confidence expect,  
For sedgy places will to Springs direct.  
Also several Rustics there are, that can direct you to the nearest Spring, being acquainted with the nature of the Soil and Place.  
These if they lie above or levelly with your Garden, may be brought by Pipes into it; but if they happen to lie below it, then must you erect Cisterns or Receptacles above your Springs, that they may command your Garden, and raise the water into them by Machines' made for that purpose, moved by men, horses, or the wind; which when full, may serve to supply your Garden for a certain time, and when expired, the said Cisterns may be again filled by the former means.   

SECT. II. Of Rivers.  
ALtho' small Crystalline Springs brought in Pipes may be sufficient to irrigate your Groves and Plants, and supply your Grotts and Fountains, and add very much to the Splendour of your Garden; yet,  
— If my Advice you take,  
In the low Places of your Garden make,  
Besides the other Springs, large Trenches too,  
To which from every part the streams may flow.  
For little Brooks and Springs are not so good,  
Nor please so much as a more noble Flood. 
Rapinus.   
A fair Stream or Current flowing through or near your Garden, adds much to the Glory and Pleasure of it: On the Banks of it may you plant several aquatic Exoticks, and have your Seats or Places of Repose under their Umbrage, and there satiate yourself with the view of the Curling Streams, and its nimble Inhabitants. These gliding Streams refrigerate the Air in a Summer Evening, and render their Banks so pleasant, that they become resistless Charms to your Senses, by the murmuring Noise, the Undulation of the Water, the verdant Banks and Shades over them, the sporting Fish consigned within your own limits, the beautiful Swans, and by the pleasant Notes of singing Birds, that delight in Groves, on the Banks of such Rivulets.  
Where such a Stream or Rivulet cannot naturally glide through your Garden, but near unto it, it's probable that part of it may be raised by some Machine, at some distance from your Garden, and by an Aquaeduct conveyed through it, which will be more commodious (the charge only excepted in the bringing it thither) than the natural Current. 1. Because natural Currents are usually in the lowest grounds, which are not so proper for a Garden, as a declining or ground above the level of the adjacent Lands. 2. For that an Artificial Current is not subject to those Extravagancies, that the natural usually are, by overflowing after hasty Rains. 3. Those Waters that are brought by Art, are easily carried off again, and may be conducted to several parts of your Garden, on the Edges of your declining Walks, whether they decline little or much; if but little, then may Canals be made in the natural Earth, without any danger of decay or wearing, as Rapinus observed of the Water running through the Gardens of Liancourt.  
For by the Gardens side the Rivers pass,  
From no steep Cliff, but down a bank of Grass.  
But if your Garden lie on a more declining Bank, then are your Aqueducts to be paved and edged with Stone or Brick, lest the Velocity of the Current by degrees eat away the Earth before it: These Aqueducts may be carried almost level, and have their Precipices at several distances, as the form of your Garden will bear: These Water-falls will appear very pleasant, if made broad at the end, as the same Poet tells you,  
Nor should it less deserve of our Esteem,  
When from an even Bed diffused the Stream,  
Runs down a polished Rock, and as it flows,  
Like Linen in the Air expanded shows.  
4. Waters brought in by Art, may better be confined in Canals regularly made, and Fish kept in them, easier preserved than in the natural, where Inundations usually unstock your Piscaries; therefore if you can, choose rather to bring a fair Current of Water through your Garden, above the level of the main River; if it cannot be done by an ordinary Aquaeduct, yet may it by an Engine placed in the River, where the one part of the Water shall constantly raise another for your purpose, the manner of making and ordering whereof is not proper for this place; therefore for your further information,  — Vide Systema Agriculturae.  

SECT. III. Of Fountains.  
FOuntains are principal Ornaments in a Garden; scarce a famous Garden in Europe without its Fountains, which were primarily, intended for Bathing, and are in the more Southern Countries used for that purpose to this day. The Italians bestow very great cost in beautifying them for that use: The French are very prodigal in their Expenses about Fountains, and several curious Gardens in England have them; but here only for Ornament. They are generally made of Stone, some square, others round or oval, and of divers other forms, some flat in the bottom, others round like a Basin.  
Into some the Water is cast by Pipes from the sides, out of the Mouths of several Figures representing Animals, or out of the Pipes of Eurs of Stone standing on the brim of the Fountain, or the Water is cast from some Figure or Statue erected in the middle of the Fountain, or from a Pipe standing upright in the midst of it.  
There must also be waste Pipes or Cavities to convey away the Water from such Fountains, which must be so made, that at your pleasure you may drain your Fountains, and cleanse them, and must be of capacity to carry off all the Water as it comes, left it annoy your Garden, for the greater quantity of Water you have, the more pleasant will it appear.  
Plenty in Fountains always graceful shows,  
And greatest Beauty from abundance flows.  
But where neither Springs nor Rivers can be obtained to complete your pleasures, yet for use and a little for delight, may Water be procured from the Heavens, by preserving the drips of the House, and conveying it to some Cistern made for that purpose in your Garden, which may resemble a Fountain, or make a fair Receptacle in your Garden, for the Water that may be gained from the declining Walks of your Garden, or from adjacent Hills, as Rapinus directs.  
But if the place you live in, be so dry,  
That neither Springs nor Rivers they are nigh;  
Then at some distance from your Garden make,  
Within the gaping Earth a spacious Lake,  
That like a Magazine may comprehend  
The assembled Floods, which from the Hills descend.  

 engraving of seven different kinds of ornamental fountain, in three compartments. In the upper compartment are shown: a fountain raising a single ball (or dome) of water; a fountain raising a double ball (or domes) of water; a dragon-shaped fountain; and a crown-shaped fountain. In the middle compartment are shown: a statue of a woman with water fountaining out of one of her nipples (into the face of a lady walking nearby with a gentleman); and a fountain shaped like an oak tree. In the lower compartment is shown a musical fountain which operates a water-organ. Engraved by Frederick Hendrick van Hoave (1628?-1698). F. H. Van. Hove fec: 
pg. 45  Here follows a DESCRIPTION Of several sorts of FOUNTAINS.  

I. THE Ball raised by a Spout of Water.  
II. The Water representing a double Glass, the one over the other.  
III. A Dragon or such like, casting Water out of its Mouth, as it runs round on the Spindle.  
iv A Crown casting Water out of several Pipes as it runs round.  
V A Statue of a Woman, that at the turning of a private Cock, shall cast Water out of her Nipples into the Spectators Faces.  
VI The Royal Oak with Leaves, Acorns, and Crowns dropping, and several small Spouts round the top.  
VII. The Cistern into which the Water flows by the Pipe A. the Air issueth out at the Pipes b b b. the ends whereof make the Musical sounds in the Trough of Water at C. which is supplied with Water, by the Pipe D. which in time dreins the Cistern, which waste Water precipitates into E. and from E. into the common Drein.   
These Waters are to be preferred for the irrigation of your Plants to any other, and in case you make your Cisterns well, and Cement the Joints of your Stone with Parisian Cement, or with our own Lime compounded with Lin-seed Oil, they will retain the Water for a long time.    

SECT. iv Of Water-works.  
BEsides those natural Courses that are proposed, for the leading the Water from the one place of your Garden to the other, after it is entered into its limits, there are several ways of ordering it, where it is either Naturally or Artificially advanced above the level of your Garden.  
The docile Streams will any shape put on,  
A thousand different Courses they will run. 
Rapinus   
Therefore the Water must be conveyed from some Cistern or Conduit, standing above your Garden, at some distance by Pipes, or else it must by some Artifice be raised into a Cistern of Lead over some Lodge or Grot in your Garden, that from thence it may by smaller Pipes be secretly conveyed to your several Works.  
As to the Fountains where it may be cast through various Figures, as before was hinted in the last Section.  
Or it may be made to rise in the midst of a Fountain or your Grotto, through the Branches of an Artificial Tree, each Sprig being hollow, that it may continually drop with Spouts on the top, for the erecting of greater quantities of Water.  
Or it may rise in one small upright Stream, carrying a Ball of Wood on it, which being exactly round, and placed on the mouth of the Pipe, and the Water by the opening of a stop cock made for that purpose, admitted by degrees; the Ball will rise and be supported by the Spout of Water, to five, six, or seven foot high, after the same manner as a single Pease may be elevated by your Breath on a Straw; but in case your Ball be apt to fall, then may you perforate it through the Centre smoothly and exactly in the middle, and place this small hole directly on the middle of the mouth of the Pipe, and so raise the Ball by degrees, and the small spout of water that passes through the Centre of the Ball will preserve it in its due posture.  
By a Copper Cylinder made to fit on the top of the Pipe, out of which the water violently flows, to take off and on at pleasure, may you sometimes make the water resemble a large Glass inverted, by placing a flat piece of Copper on the top of the Cylinder, and leaving only a narrow circular passage under it, for the water freely to flow out of it on every side. Another Pipe or Cylinder of a lesser size, made to rise off the middle of the said flat piece of Copper or Cap, with a like Cap on the top of it, and a passage left as before, will cause the water issuing out of both the Cylinders the one over the other, to present a Glass within a Glass, both inverted.  
Also Crowns, Birds, Beasts, made of light Brass or Copper, hollow and easy to turn on a Cylinder, the one end of the Cylinder is to be set on the top of the Water-pipe, the other end to force the water with certain thin Vanes in the inside of your hollow Figure, which will make it to move swiftly about, ejecting the water out of the sides or mouth of the Figures in its motion, which is very pleasant to behold.  
Secret Pipes may be under the Ground, the ends not appearing above it, that when any Ladies unawares, or casually walk or stand over them, by the turning of a stop cock, you may force the water upright under their Coats, to their sudden surprise.  
You may also place on Pedestals of about three foot high, several Figures at about three foot distance, ten or twenty of a side: The interval between these Figures may be 8 or 10 foot over. Through these Pedestals and Figures small Pipes must be brought, that the Water may out of the mouth of the Figures be ejected into the Air; the one Figure directing it towards its opposite Figure beyond it, and a little sideways, so that at the turning of a stop-cock, each Figure shall cast out a stream of Water over like a Rainbow, that you may walk under these Spouts, as under so many Arches, without any drop falling on you.  
But that which is very delightful, is the singing of the Nightingale, exactly imitated by the motion of the Water, and is thus performed: In some Cavity of your Grott or other Edifice where you desire at any time to hear this Music you must place a large Cistern of Lead, containing ten, twenty, or thirty Gallons as you please: This Cistern must be well clothed on every part (except the useful passages for Pipes) into it: near the top must the Water be let in freely through a Pipe of about an inch diameter; than you must have also near the top, two, three, or four small Pipes issuing out, tending a little downwards, at the end of which you must fix your Pipes made of Brass, or other Metal, made before you fix them like an ordinary Fistula, wherewith Children exercise themselves in their pastimes, so that when you try it with your Breath, and hold the lower end in Water, it shall Pipe and chuck as the Nightingale sometimes both; you may make two, three, or four of these of several sizes, the biggest not large, and they will give some distinction in sound, these being fixed to the ends of the small Pipes issuing out of your Cistern, and the lower ends of them dipping into a Trough of Lead, a little below the bottom of the Cistern; when by the turning of a stop-cock, the Water flows into the Cistern, it expelleth the Air through these Pipes, which give you your desired Music, until your Cistern be full, then must you stop the cock, that the Cistern may empty itself again, and be ready for another time.  
The Pipe through which it empties its self, may be at the bottom of the Cistern, of about the diameter of one third part of an inch, so that the Pipe that supplies the Cistern with Water, must of necessity be of Capacity sufficient to afford Water enough for this under Pipe, and to enforce Air for the musical Pipes, therefore this emptying Pipe you may lessen as you find occasion.  
The Water that runs through this lower Pipe, may descend into the Trough that is under the musical Pipes, to supply that with Water.  
Instead of this lower Pipe, you may have a Siphon made in your Cistern, the inner foot of it to reach the bottom of the inside, the neck thereof to be near to the top of it, but not altogether so high, the outer foot of it somewhat lower than the bottom, that when the Water flows into the Cistern, and stops the inner foot of the Siphon, the Air forthwith gives you your Music until the Cistern be full, then of its self the Water passes through the Siphon until the Cistern be empty. In this way, less Water will make your Music, because there is no decrease of it until the Cistern be filled, but than you must not desist until it be full, else it will not flow out of the Siphon. You must also supply the Through before your musical Pipes with Water from some other Pipe, therefore the former way is the more facile.  
By this means may you make many Musical Artificial Sounds, and to continue in proportion according to the quantity of your Water, and capacity of your Cistern; the Water that flows in waist from it, being made to fall from one precipice to another, which with its murmuring Noise intermixed with the Musical Pipes, makes an excellent charming Harmony, especially none of it being in view, but concealed in Rock-work made for that purpose.   

SECT. V Of Grottoes.  
IT oftentimes happens that in these Northern Climes, the Aestival heats are more troublesome than they are nearer the Zodiac, the Sun continuing here longer above the Horizon in the Summer season, than in those parts, which occasions that intemperancy that many times we are sensible of; for as we have less of the presence of the Sun in the Winter, so have we that defect supplied in the Summer.  
But those that inhabit more Southerly, and have the Sun more perpendicularly over them, are more sensible of the acute heat of that bright Orb about the middle of the day, generally than we are; and therefore about the heat of the day, they usually sequester themselves from their ordinary Occupations, and betake themselves to their shades and cool places of Recess for some few hours.  
Such that have convenient places in their Villes, make themselves Grottoes or Caves in the Earth for that only purpose, on which some have bestowed so much Cost and Labour, that those Grotts have been the Object of Admiration of, and part of the Subject of several Histories written by several Travellers and Strangers, as are their Baths and Fountains.  
For the same reason may our Grotts be as necessary for us, to repose ourselves in the time of our Summer faint Heats, although they are not here so constant every year as in those parts, yet are they less tolerable, for want of these nocturnal breezes they usually enjoy.  
Therefore either in the side of some declive of a Hill, or under some Mount or Terrace artificially raised may you make a place of repose, cool and fresh in the greatest heats. It may be arched over with Stone or Brick, and you may give it what light or entrance you please. You may make secret Rooms and Passages within it, and in the outer Room may you have all those before mentioned Water-works, for your own or your Friends divertisements.  
It is a place that is capable of giving you so much pleasure and delight, that you may bestow not undeservedly what cost you please on it, by paving it with Marble, or immuring it with Stone, or Rock-work, either natural or artificially resembling the Excellencies of Nature. The Roof may be made of the same supported with Pillars of Marble, and the Partitions made of Tables of the same.  
The most famous of this kind that this Kingdom affords, is that Wiltonian Gratio near unto Salisbury, on which no Cost was spared to make it complete, and wherein you may view or might have lately so done, the best of Water-works, far excelling what Rapinus thus sings of late Richlieu's Place in France.  
Here variously disposed the Fountains run,  
First headlong fall, then rise where they begun;  
Receive all forms, and move on every side,  
With horrid noise, Chimaera gaping wide;  
Out of her open Mouth the Water throws,  
For from her Mouth a rapid Torrent flows.  
From her wide Throat, as Waves in Circles spout  
A Serpent turning sprinkles all the rout.  
But they that cannot command the Water to crown the pleasures of their Garden; yet are there few that cannot find some convenient place for this purpose, it being as necessary in them to avoid the liquefying Air, as in other places the unpleasant Breezes.    

CHAP. V Of Statues, Obelisks, Dial's, and other invegitate Ornaments.  
IN all places where there is a Summer and 
1. Statues.  a Winter, and where your Gardens of Pleasure are sometimes clothed with their verdant Garments, and bespangled with variety of Flowers, and at other times wholly dismantled of all these; here to recompense the loss of past Pleasures, and to buoy up their hopes of another Spring, many have placed in their Gardens, Statues, and Figures of several Animals, and great variety of other curious pieces of Workmanship, that their Walks might be pleasant at any time in those places of never dying Pleasures.  
Herein the ancient Romans were excessively prodigal, sparing of no Cost to adorn their Avenues, with curious Figures for their Winter diversions, as well as with rare Plants for their Summer delights. Which vanity (although one of the most  is descended on the Italians, whose Gardens are the Mirrors of the World, as well for those Ornaments, as for their excellency of the Plants that are propagated in them.  
This Mode of adorning Gardens with curious Workmanship, is now become English; how many Statues made by excellent Art, are there to be seen in His Majasties Gardens, and in the Gardens of divers of the Nobility of England? But what great pity is it, that in many places remote from Cities and great Towns, these Statues should drive out of their view those natural Beauties that so far exceed them?  
Much more Ornamental are Statues placed in Groves and Shades, and in or near your Borders of the choicest Plants, than on the naked surface of the Earth, which later beget not that surprise in the Spectators, as the other.  
Statues are commendable in the midst of Fountains, and green Squares in Groves, and at the end of obscure Walks.  
In the room of Statues in the midst of your 
2. Obelisks.  green Squares, Obelisks, or single Columns may not be improper, so that the Workmanship be accordingly. Neither can there be a more proper use for an Obelisk, than to support a Globe with its Axis duly placed respecting both Poles, and its circumference on the Equinoctial Line, exactly divided into twenty four parts, and marked with twice twelve hours, that on it at a distance by the shadow only of the Globe on its self, you may discern the hour of the day, and observe how the Day and Night, and Summer and Winter happen throughout the Universe.  
Many Dial's of various and curious Workmanship are made, and may be placed on Pedestals in the midst of the Squares instead of Statues, which better become the shades.  
Dial's of Glass, were it not for the Casualties 
3. Dial's.  they are subject unto, pre-excel any other for Beauty, especially the Globe with its Axis through the midst, and duly elevated with small Beads on it, placed at their due distances according to the Lines of the Celestial Globe, painted on the superficies of your orbicular Glass, which will not only give you the true hour of the day, but all other variations that a Dial can direct: But more of these things in another place.  
Other ancient Ornament of a Garden, are 
Flower-pots.  Flower-pots, which painted white and placed on Pedestals, either on the Ground, in a straight line on the edges of your walks, or on your Walls, or at the corners of your Squares, are exceeding pleasant.  
They are usually made of Potter's Clay, and burnt, which when full of Earth, and frozen in the Winter are apt to break, unless you place another ordinary pot of Earth in the inside of it, wherein to plant your Flowers, you design to propagate in them.  
But to prevent that casualty of breaking, some are made of Lead well painted and gilt, which are much to be preferred.  
One of the pleasures that may be esteemed 
5. Of an Aviary.  belonging to a Garden, is an Aviary, which must be near your house, that you may take some delight in it there, as well as in your Garden, and that you may in all seasons take care of its Inhabitants: As for its bigness, manner of making and ordering, it is not proper in this place to be discoursed of, we being rather for an Aviary at large, that the whole Garden with its Groves and Avenues may be full of these pretty-Singers, that they may with their charming Notes, rouse up our dull Spirits, that are too intent upon the Cares of this World, and mind us of the Providence, the great God of the Universe hath over us, as well as these Creatures.    

BOOK II. Of the divers Trees, Flowers, and Plants, that beautify and adorn a Garden.  

CHAP. I. Of Trees for Ornament and Shade.  
HAving lightly passed over the Scite, Form, Security, and dead Ornaments of your Garden; it is time now to give you an account of such Vegetating Ornaments, that are proper and very well becoming the Gardens of the most curious. And because the Cypress is the most beautiful and most celebrated Tree, I shall begin with Perennial Greene's.  

SECT. I. Of Winter Green's.  
OF all the Trees that have been propagated 
1. Of the Cypress.  in our European parts, none have yet merited that esteem as the Cypress hath done, it being the most uniform, straightest, and most slender of any other, preserving its Verdure throughout the year.  
It's natural Country is Candia, where (as Pliny writes) if a man blow the ground, and not sow it with some other thing, Cypresses will come up, and presently show above ground; from whence they have been spread into the most parts of Europe, so far as the extreme cold will give them leave.  
Their Seed seldom or never ripens here in England; but such as you have from foreign parts, you must sow about the beginning of April, which when come up and carefully watered and weeded, you may remove.  
These Trees may be either planted as Standards, or in Hedges, and clipped as other tonsile Hedges usually are: if you intent them for Standards, at about three or four years the middle shoot ought to be cut off near the top, and the whole Tree cut into a pyramidical Form, and not bound as is the usual custom, only clip them, not late in the year, left the Frost prove too fierce and kill your Trees.  
For if they are not close bound but clipped and stand not in a cold moist Ground, they will endure the hardest Frosts, and sharpest Winds: For I have known many that stood in the lowest part of the Garden killed with the extremity of cold, when others that stood on a Terrace, more obvious to the cold Winds escaped; and for no other reason, as I could judge, but their dry and healthy Soil they grew in.  
As the Cypress for its Beauty, so the Laurel 
2. Of the Laurel.  for its Glory, hath been in great esteem with the Ancients, whose Branches have crowned the Heads of Emperors in their Triumphs; and those that were Victors in War, or any solemn Games; The Laurel Branches are also Emblems of Peace, and of pre-excellency in any ingenious Science or Enterprise, the ancient Romans attributed unto it an extraordinary property it had against the evil effects of Thunder and Lightning, and therefore planted it near unto their Houses and Lodgings.  
It is one of the best ornamental Trees you can plant either for beauty or shade, it will  your most shady Walls, and will endure the most scorching beams of the Sun, it will mount to twenty or thirty foot in height, and be content to be humble and tonsil, no Wether will annoy it, it delights most in moist Ground.  
In watery Vales, where pleasant Fountains flow,  
Their splendent Leaves the lovely Laurels show.  
And agrees best with a cool shady place which is equal to a watery.  
They grow tall, and bear great plenty of Berries, from which the Trees are easily propagated, or from Layers, or slips, set in a cold moist place.  
The Laurus Tinus is a Shrub yielding sweet 
Laurus Tinus.  scented Tufts of white Blossoms in the Winter, as well as the Summer, is easily propagated from Suckers or Layers, and deserves a place amongst the best of your perennial Greene's: There are two sorts, the one with a narrow, the other with a broad Leaf.  
The Bay-Tree, our old English Plant is a fine 
The Bay-Tree.  odoriferous Tree, but worn out of that great esteem that formerly was had of it, by the more beautiful and hardy Laurel.  
Few Greene's exceed in Beauty, either in 
3. Of the Phylirea.  Branch or Leaf the Phylirea, which spreads so fairly, and near the ground, and riseth to that height, and so easily managed with the Shears, that it is esteemed one of the most pleasant Plants that Nature yields, it is very hardy and endures our generally most severe Winters, having never known them nipped with fierce Cold, but (Anno 1663., and since in Anno 1683.) and then the Branches being for the most part cut off, the Tree reassumed its former Lustre.  
It is raised of Seeds, and may be increased by Layers, and sometimes by Slips, it will not easily bear a remove till the coldest Seasons are over.  
There are two sorts of it, the one with a smaller and more edged Leaf than the other, which yields great plenty of Blossoms in the Winter, and lasts until the Spring, which Blossoms are of a strong Scent, by reason of a gummy Matter adhering to them, which the Bees wonderfully affect, which blooming Trees, if there were many of them near your Apiary, they would very much help your Bees, before much of other Food was to be found by them in the Spring; but the barren Tree is the more beautiful.  
These Trees may be cut into any form high or low, in Hedges or in single Trees, and will cover a Seat or Bower in a short time, and more neatly than any Tree whatsoever.  
A Species of the same is the Alaternus, a 
4. Of the Alaternus.  hardy pleasant Shrub, not aspiring to that height as the Phylirea, but is apt for Hedges, and easily managed.  
Most of the ancient Gardens of England 
5. Of the Boxtree.  were formerly beautified with this neverdying Box, because you might have reduced it to any form or shape high or low, but by reason of the ill savour emitted from it, and by its spreading Roots continuing long in a place, sterilizing the confining Earth, it is now banished out of our Gardens.  
Our modern Planters have brought into 
6. Of the Engh-Tree.  our Gardens to adorn our Walks, the Engh-Tree, which growing tall and stour against all Wethers, and its small Twigs sticking close to the Trunk, clothing it always green, no Sun nor shade offending it, is one of the most ornamental Trees you can desire. The Engh-Tree may be clipped and reduced to any form, but easily to the complete form of the Cyprus.  
I should undervalue the Judgement and Opinion 
7. of the Holly.  of our best Acborist Mr. Evelin, if I should not numerate the Holly amongst the most select of our Hortense perennial Green's, which he esteems to be the most incomparable for Use, Defence, Sight and Ornament; I need say no more of it, seeing his learned Pea hath sufficiently emblazoned its frame.  
The Firr-Tree is rather for the Woods, 
8. Of the Fir.  than for the Garden, yet by reason of the slender and aspiring Trunk of the straight Fir, and the facile keeping and preserving its Branches in a complete circular order, it doth very well become a Garden, planted at the corners of your Squares, or in direct lines at a little distance from your Walks.  
Having one of these Trees whose top was perished, I clipped it with my Shears, and reduced it to a fine Conic shape, and find it as easy to be managed with the Shears, as any other Plant.  
The Norway Fir is easily managed with Shears, and kept in the form of a Cypress, growing thick on the sides when clipped, and being planted thick in Hedges, may be clipped as other tonsile Plants, and make a very neat and close Fence.  
They are easily propagated from the Seed taken out of the Clogs, and sown in March, and very well endure a remove; all other sorts of Fir and Pines, besides the straight small leaved Fir are to be excluded your Garden of Pleasure, being not capable of being reduced to a complete form.  
For the rarity of it more than for its beauty, 
9 Of the Cedar.  may the famous Cedar find a place in your Garden, the Name whereof is sufficient to revive those stupendious relations of the Magnitude, Durableness, Excellency and Virtues of that most sacred of Trees.  
Not unbecoming your Gardens, is the Ilex, 
10. Of the Ilex.  or ever green Oak, which is hardy, though slow in growing, and propagated from its Seed, or by Layers.  
The greater Tree Stone Crop is a beautiful 
11. Of Tree Stone Crop.  Green, not common, but raised from Layars, and preserved in some Gardens.  
The Strawberry Tree, as it is so termed from 
12. Of the Arbutus.  the red Berries it usually bears, although difficultly raised from Seeds or Layers, and with the like difficulty removed whilst young, yet thrives very well in the warm part of your Garden, adding much Beauty to it, by its green Leaves all the Winter, and its Berries in the Autumn.  
One of the most Vulgar, yet most useful and 
13. Of Rosemary.  necessary Greene's is the Rosemary, a Plant natural to many places in Spain, but here nourished in the warmest places of our Kitchen-gardens; I have observed in some Country Gardens, a dwarf-kind of Rosemary kept sheared, that hath been exceeding comely, the Plant is easily managed, did not the most severe colds destroy it, but that dwarf-kind is the more hardy.  
The large double Rosemary is the more Ornamental to a Garden; but that with a double blossom the more rare.  
The Pyracantha, or ever green Hawthorn, 
14. Of Pyracantha.  is a complete Tree for a Fence, its Thorns being strong and sharp; it is also very beautiful when its Berries are ripe, which are of a Coralline red, its Leaves ever green, but not very thick.  
The Arbour vitae, so called from its ever green 
15. Of Arbour vitae.  and hardy Leaf, may be planted to make up your number of Greene's, for its Rarity, but not for its Beauty, any more than the Savin, which is much like it.  
The Celastrus or Staff-Tree, bearing a few 
16. Of Celastrus.  green Leaves over the Winter, and as Mr. Rea adviseth, is fit to be mixed with Pyracantha, for the making of the ever green Hedge.  
The Juniper-Tree altho' usual in the Woods, 
17. Of the Juniper-Tree.  or Commons, yet deserves a place amongst our choicest Winter-greens, it being capable of any form, growing tall like the Cypress, or spreading as you are willing to order it.  
These ever green Plants have in them a strong resinacious Juice, that fortifies them against the Cold, and is the cause of the continuing of the Leaf so long on the Stalk, as may be observed in the Fir and Pine, what an abundance of that Terebintine Sap do they contain, enduring the most fierce Colds the Northern Climate yields; the Cypress and the Rosemary both yield a very hot and resiny Sap.  
The Holly affords us out of its Bark, that 
18. Of the Holly.  glutinous Birdlime, that ensnares the heedless Fowl, which diffuseth naturally into its Leaves, enables them against all the inconveniencies of Winter and Cold. The Phylirea hath a very strong Sap that preserves it. And all the other Winter Green's have more or less of the like resinous and glutinous Sap or Juice, that is not so easily preyed upon by extreme Colds.   

SECT. II. Of Variegated or Gilded-leafed Plants.  
THose perennial Greene's are very Ornamental, planted in their proper places of your Garden and Avenues, by reason of their perpetual Verdure, that the Winter that seems elsewhere most barren, here amongst these Greene's appears like a perpetual Spring; yet must they give place to the most beautiful of Trees and Shrubs of the same kind (as to their durableness) by reason of their variegations, much excelling those that are of a plain colour.  
For what can be more pleasant than to have Groves or Walks (when the Flowers that are but for a day are retired) apparelled with gilded party-colour Garments, some with yellow and green, others with white and green, emulating the two royal Metals, that by the Gilder's hand adorn the Palaces of Princes. The most excellent of all which gilded Plants is the Holly, 
1. Gilded Holly.  whose Bark as well as Leaf, is variegated with a bright yellow; the more yellow the Leaf is, the more beautiful is the Plant; some are stripped throughout the Barks and Berries: If vulgar green Holly be so glorious and refreshing an Object, as Mr. Evelin hath Characterised it to be, then certainly the same with a due mixture of a bright yellow must pre-excell. In fine, whosoever hath once seen this Tree, will not think any perennial Green equal to it, for it is like the true Scarlet-dy which present, debaseth all other Colours.  
The gilded Laurel is a very pleasant Tree, 
2. Gilded Laurel.  although inferior to the Holly, for want of that Oriental Verdure and more polite Leaf; but this Plant is more rare to be obtained than the gilded Holly.  
Of Phylirea, also there is a sort that is much 
3. Gilded Phylirea and Alaternus.  variegated with white, and is very pleasant, as the like there is of Alaternus, which is not altogether so hardy as that of the Phylirea, yet both both worthy of your care.  
The Leaves of Box are on some Trees gilded 
4. Gilded Box.  with an edge round each of them with yellow, but these Trees do not annually produce all their Leaves gilded: sometimes they are green, and sometimes gilded; yet are these Trees not to be wanting in your golden Grove.  
There is besides the Rosemary that is gilded 
5. Gilded Rosemary.  with yellow, a sort of it variegated with white, very delightful to the Eye, and not so common as the yellow; both these are to be preserved under warm Walls, or other Fences to secure them from the too severe Winds; but the white is the more tender.  
The Periwinkle is a low creeping Plant, some 
6. Gilded Periwinkle.  bearing white, some blue Flowers, growing wild in many places, and scarce worthy of a place in a Garden, except for the covering the Ground in the Shades of your Groves and Avenues, with its ever green and running Branches; but the gilded Periwinkle whose Leaves are exceeding well variegated, much resembling the gilded Phylirea or Alaternus, is as complete an Ornament for clothing the Earth of your golden Grove, as any of the gilded Trees are for the more lofty part of it.  
And although your gilded Trees are most 
7. Gilded 〈◊〉  becoming in a Grove or Walk, and the Periwinkle be proper for an humble Ornament, yet some Plants of a middle rank or degree, may not unbecome so splendid an Object; of which none can be more suitable than the Lily, whose verdant shining pale-green Leaves are curiously painted by Nature's Pencil with yellow, appearing at a great distance, as well as near very beautiful; these Leaves from the Ground to the top of the Stalk, from the Spring to the Autumn, being much more comely than the Blossom which is the fair white Lilly.  
It is known to all Naturalists, that the best 
8. Gilded Nightshade and Mugwort.  Garden Ground is most prone to Weeds, which are its Spontaneous productions, and seeing that Weeds are expected in our Grove, as well as in our Garden, it were better that it were in part supplied for want of gilded leaved Flowers with gilded Weeds, whereof the Nightshade, otherwise a noisome Weed, but with its variegated Leaves, and here and there thinly dispersed, and gilded Mugwort, another Weed of the like nature, would make a good mixture with the other richer Dyes, like the ordinary Colours in a Picture, which serve to illustrate the more excellent.  
Some other sorts of gilded Plants there may 
9 There is also variegated Wood-bine.  probably be; but these are all that I have hitherto observed. As these have been casually met withal, and from them others have been raised, so by the same reason may other sorts be discovered, that yet have not been observed.  
For travelling through some part of Glamorganshire, and discoursing of these variegated Greene's, one of that Country assured me, that in that Country was a very large Holly with all its Leaves curiously gilded, growing wild in a Wood, which was not unlikely, for from the Woods they first came, but that which was most strange, was, that the same Tree should be neglected, and not a great number of Plants raised from it.  
The Reasons why such variety of Colours should appear in the Leaves of Trees and Plants, are not easily discovered, seeing that we may observe the like in the various Colours of some sorts of Beasts and Birds, whereof no account has been yet given; and they as well as these are also apt to degenerate. But the reason of such a variegation of Colours may be supposed to be a Defect in Nature, because the more sterile the Land is wherein they grow, the better are their Colours preserved, and the more rich the Ground is, the sooner do they degenerate. And as these curious Plants are by accident, or some secret inclination of Nature undiscovered unto us, so they are the more to be valued, and on them may we the better bestow our delight and admiration.  
Thus will we conclude this Section, of monstrous 
10. The Embroidered Elder.  Curiosities in the Leaves of Plants, with that of the Elder-Tree. It happened that about two years since, (being Anno 1674.) a Gordener near London, by accident discovered in a Hedge an Elder-Tree, whose Leaves seemed to be embroidered, by the swelling of the Veins that spread themselves throughout the Leaf, and appearing of a different colour from the rest of it, they being of a curious Texture, made them appear to the Eye most beautiful and rare, which Tree he transplanted into his Garden, as no small curiosity.  
These gilded particoloured Branches, would well have became those Crowns and Garlands so frequently used by the Ancients, had they been then known, and might (some of them at least) have been inserted in Dr. Brown's Catalogue of Coronary Plants.   

SECT. III. Of other Trees propagated for their Beauty and Shade.  
BEsides these perennial Greene's and other Rarities in Nature, that seem to take up 
1. Of the Platanus.  so large a room in your Plantation, yet are there other Trees that in the Spring, and throughout the Summer, do very much adorn your Groves and Avenues, and cool and refresh those that delight to walk in them in the heat of those seasons. The most principal of which is the Platanus, a Tree so much admired by the ancient Romans, that they preferred them before any of their own Native Productions, and that for their Shades only, it so absolutely excluding the Beams of the Sun in the Summer, and admitting them in the Winter. The Branches are but thin and slender, the Leaves broad, and of colour pleasant, the Tree groweth large. Pliny records that in his time, a Planetree was of that bigness, that being hollow within, eighteen persons usually sat on Benches in it, and supped with Licinius Mutianus its owner. This Tree delights in Water: for the Tree that grew to that bigness, had a cool Fountain adjoining to it; and those that had not so convenient a place for it, yet it seems by Pliny, out of their extraordinary affection to it, irrigated it with better Liquor. He also tells you of another, that the Emperor Caligula had in his Ville, in which was a capacious Room, that fifteen Persons might sit at a Repast, and yet space enough for their Servitors to wait on them. In truth, the World doth not yield a more beautiful Tree for shade than the Plane. It grows and prospers well, if planted in a moist Ground, or be constantly watered whilst it is young, and will soon arrive to your desired bigness.  
Unto the Platanus, 
2. The Tilia.  
High shooting Linden, next exacts your care,  
With grateful Shades, to those who take the Air.  This Tree seems to contend with the Platanus for Beauty and Shade, only its Leaves are not so fair, but for its conic or pyramedical Form, it exceeds most Trees, and for its sweet scent, wherewith it perfumes the Air in the Months of July and August, there is no Tree comparable to it of that magnitude. The Bees will testify it, who in innumerable multitudes gather on the rows of these Trees, when they are in Blossom. They are reducible almost to any Form, if planted at a distance they spread, if near they aspire. They delight in moist and good ground, and are very quick of growth. The many large Avenues planted of them in most places, sufficiently demonstrate their Beauty, Shade and Flavour.  
The Horse Chesnut for the Beauty of its 
3. The Castanea Equina.  Leaves in the Spring, and the complete from of its Bowl, is not unworthy of a place amongst the best of Trees for Shade and Ornament. This Tree is very lately made English, being brought in its Seeds or Nuts, from Constantinople. It prospers very well here in good light Mould, it buds all the Winter, and until it springs, are covered with a shining glutinous matter or Gum, and about the beginning of May, it usually makes its whole Years shoot in eight or ten days, and then dilates its Leaves, more pleasant than which scarce any Tree yields. In the same Month it puts forth many Branches of Flowers, so mixed, that they seem to be enamell'd, and are very beautiful; in some years, a few of those Blossoms are succeeded by Nuts, in form of Chestnuts included in a Coat or outward Shell.  
Christ's Thorn, so named, for that it is said to 
4. Paliurus.  be the same wherewith our Saviour was Crowned at Jerusalem, near which is the natural place for its growth. This Tree may be placed in your Garden as a Rarity, as may that which is yet a greater wonder called,  
The Glastenbury Thorn, being in appearance 
5. The Glastenbury Thorn.  a vulgar white Thorn, yet budding and yielding plentifully its Blossoms in December. I have for several years observed it in Blossom at Christmas, sometimes it blossoms before, if the Wether be mild, but if the Cold be very severe, it will retard it: Those Blossoms are succeeded by Berries and Leaves, although in the Winter, as the ordinary white Thorns are in the Summer. They that read and believe the Divinity of the Monastery of Glastenbury, may the more easily believe the report of this Tree, that by its blossoming on the twenty fifth day of December, it doth not only indicate unto us the very day of our Saviour's Nativity, but condemns our sloth and contumacy in not rejoicing with it at so glorious a dispensation.  
This Tree flourished many years in Wilton-Garden near Salisbury, and I suppose is there yet, but is not altogether so exact to a day, as its original from whence it came was reported to be, it's probable the Faith of our Ancestors might contribute much towards its certainty of time. For Imagination doth operate on inanimate things, as some have observed.  
Thus have you a brief account of the most delightful, pleasant, and ornamental Trees wherewith to beautify your Garden, Avennes, and Groves, which are shady and cool Recesses from the noise and cares of the World, and the hot Gleams of the Sun, and are an artificial Epitome of the larger Woods, Forests, and Groves, so much celebrated by the Ancients, who attributed unto them most Divine Honour.  
Here you may in a small Room, and at an easy Expense, reap the advantage of those more ample Possessions.  
Thus blest is he, who tired with his Affairs,  
For from all noise, all vain applausè; propares  
To go, and underneath some silent Shade,  
Which neither Cares nor anxious Thoughts invade,  
Does for a while himself alone possess,  
Changing the Town for Rural happiness:  
He if he please, into the Groves may stray,  
Listen to the Birds, which sing at break of day. 
Rapinus.    

SECT. iv Of the Propagating and Planting the said Trees.  
THE several Trees , are variously propagated and removed at various times, being many of them Exoticks: And therefore the nature of the Climate is to be considered.  
Such of them that are natural to this, or a more Northerly Climate, may be removed at any time of the Winter, but the nearer the Spring the better, and are generally raised of Seed, as the Holly, the Yew, the Fir, the Pyracantha, and the Glastenbury-Thorn. The Laurel, Laurus Tinus, the Bay, the Tilia, the Castanea Equina, although raised by Layers as well as by Seeds, yet will endure a Winter removal.  
The Cypress, the Pine, the Cedar, and the Celastrus are more tender, and although they are raised of Seed only, yet ought they to be removed in the warmth of the Spring about March or April. As also the Plants, Slips, or Layers of the Phylirea, Alaternus, Ilex, Arbutus, and Rosemary, whether from Seed or Layers, because they are brought hither from a more Southerly Country.  
The Slips or Layers of all your gilded Plants, deserve your care in removing them, as the plain Trees of the same kind aught to be.  
The Box, the greater Tree-stone Crop, Arbour Vitae, Savin, Platanus, and the Paliurus, are increased by Slips and Layers only, which must be laid or slipped in the Spring, and (except the Paliurus) may be removed all the Winter, the Paliurus only in the Spring.  
It is observed, that it is the best way of planting the Box, to strip away the Leaves from the Slip, and not to wind the Stem, but to set it whole without winding.  
It is also said, that every Slip of a Bay-Tree will grow, if set in March, the great Leaves being stripped off, but they must be shaded, and sometimes watered if need require, else they will not so easily take root.  
The gilded Trees or Plants must be increased by Layers, Slips, or Graffs, for it is observed, that by raising them from Seed they degenerate, by reason that the Haws or Seeds of the white Thorn come not up the next year after they are sown: It will be somewhat tedious for such as delight in Curiosities, to wait for the production of the Glastenbury-Thorn from the Seed; therefore the best and most expeditious way of raising this Rarity, is by grafting it on a common white Thorn.  
The Holly-Berry continues the like time in the ground before it springs, but the Berries cleansed of their mucilage before they are planted, very much accelerates their springing: The Berries of the Yew require the same ordering.  
The Juniper Trees are propugated, either by Plants taken from the Woods, or by their Seeds or Berries, which will soon come up.    

CHAP. II. Of Flower-Trees.  
AFter your Garden, Avennes, and Groves, are reduced into such form as you dedesire, and those adorned so far as necessarily they ought to be, with those graceful and immortal Greene's and other pleasant Trees yielding shade and delight; it then behoves you to furnish those intervals that remain, and the borders of your Walks with Flowers, the wonders of Nature, for the richness and variety of their Colours, Scents, Forms and Seasons. Amongst all which, those Shrubs or Trees yielding so great a variety of those Objects, are most to be prized, and of these is the Rose to be preferred.  

SECT. I. Of the various kinds of Roses.  
THere is no Flower-bearing Tree that yields so great variety, nor any Blossoms so beautiful as the Rose, nor do they only adorn but perfume your Gardens.  
Now I perceive from whence the Odours flow,  
While on the Roses kinder Zephyrs blow.  
Out of the prickly Stalk the Purple-Flower  
Springs, and commands the Vulgar to adore,  
The Garden-Queen doth now herself display,  
Soiling the Lustre of the rising Day.  
Between the Tulip and the Gillyflower, they are the greatest Ornament to a Garden, whereof the yellow Province-Rose is the most beautiful, 
1. Of yellow Roses.  where it brings forth fair and kindly Flowers, which hath been obtained by budding a single yellow Rose on the stock of a flourishing Francford Rose near the Ground; when that single yellow is well grown in that Branch, inoculate your double yellow Rose, then cut off all suckers and shoots from the first and second, leaving only your last, which must be pruned very near, leaving but few Buds, which will have the more Nourishment, and yield the fairer and more entire Blossom.  
This Tree or a Layer, from a Rose of the same kind delights most, and blows fairest in a cold, moist, or shady place, and not against a hot Wall.  
The single yellow Rose is scarce worth the planting, except for the use aforesaid.  
The nearest in Colour to the former is the 
2. The Austrian Rose.  Austrian Rose, being but single, yet in much esteem for its Blossom, whose Leaves are of a Scarlet colour within, and on the outside of a pale yellow.  
The sweetest and most useful of Roses is the 
3. The Damask Rose.  Damask, which in my Lord Bacon's time, was by him observed not to have been in England above one hundred years; of these Damask kinds, there is one that beareth Blossoms with the first, and so continues with new Blossoms, until the Frosts prevent it, and is therefore called the Monthly Rose, and is not inferior in smell to 
4. The Monthly Rose.  the Damask, and deserves a place amongst your most select Plants; this seems to be the Rose that Pliny mentions to be growing in Spain, that blow and flower all the Winter.  
The Damask Province Rose differs from the 
5. The Damask Province Rose.  ordinary Damask, in that only it is very double and fair, but not so sweet.  
The Damask-Rose with some of its Leaves 
6. The York and Lancaster Rose.  marked with a faint blush, is usually termed the York and Lancaster-Rose. I suppose because it was the first variegated Rose that was here known after the uniting those two Houses or Roses.  
But the best of Damask-Roses and inferior 
7. Mrs. Hart 's Rose.  to none other, is the Damask completely striped, usually called Mrs. Heart's Rose; it is a very plentiful bearer, the Flowers exceeding sweet and very beautiful, and that Garden is defective that is without it.  
There are two Roses bear the name of Belgick-Roses, 
8. The Belgick-Rose.  the one of a Blush Colour, bearing many Flowers at the end of a Branch, and those very sweet, and this Tree is esteemed the greatest bearer of all Roses. The other is of a red Colour, very double and beautiful, and in good esteem.  
The ordinary Red-Rose is generally known; 
9 The Red Rose.  the Hungarian-Rose is little better, and the Red Province is esteemed only for its fairness, as is the Dwarf Red Rose for its humility.  
The Rose that most illustrates the whole kind 
10. Rosamundi.  is the Rosamundi, being Red elegantly stripped with White, two so divers colours appearing plainly at a distance; its Scent is weak, but that defect is supplied by its Beauty.  
The Marbled-Rose is a very fair red Rose, 
11. The Marbled Rose.  fully and curiously marked or dappled with dark Colours, that it very much resembles Marble, from whence it hath its Name, and deserves a place amongst the best Roses.  
The Velvet-Rose is the darkest of all Roses, 
12. The Velvet Rose.  and its Leaf much resembling Velvet; it's not very double, but some more than others. This Tree, and the Rosamundi, are very great Encreasers.  
The Francford-Rose yieldeth large shoots, 
13 The Francford-Rose.  and is fit for the budding of the yellow Rose on it, the Flowers not much to be commended, nor is that of the Rose without Thorns, or the Virgin-Rose.  
The Cinamon-Rose is in esteem only for its 
14. The Cinamon-Rose.  sweet Scent and early Blowing, being the first of Roses.  
The Vulgar white and blush Roses are known 
15. The white Rose. 16. Rosa Canina.  to most. The Rosa Canina, so called from its whiteness like unto a Dog's Tooth, yet not so perfectly white as the Vulgar, but much more double, and for that reason is esteemed.  
The double Musk-Roses, flower later than any 
17. Musk Roses.  other Roses except the Monthly-Rose: Their Scent gives them their Name, and deserve a place in your Garden; but the single called the Spanish Muskrose, is not of such value.  
One sort of the Musk-Roses keepeth on its 
18. Ever green Rose.  green Leaves all the Winter, which property hath imposed its Name; its Flowers are single, yet not to be slighted by the curious.  
The Vulgar Sweet-Briar for its excellent Odour 
19 Double Eglantine.  in the Spring, deserves a place near your House or places of Repose; yet not so much as that which bears a double Blossom, for which it is preferred to it, and is one of the best of Odoriferous Plants.  
The Gelder-Rose, or Gelderland-Rose, supposed 
20. The Gelder-Rose.  thence to have its Name, or rather Elder-Rose, from the likeness of its Branches to Elder, having the name of a Rose, I place it here, although not in any thing resembling it. It is a hardy Tree, and yields great plenty of Snow-white Bunches of Blossoms, and very well becomes a Garden, or a Chimney with a due mixture.  
There are divers other species of Roses, as the Cristal-Rose, the Damask Muskrose, the Great Apple-Rose, so called from the bigness of the Berries or Apples that come after its small single Blossoms are fallen, etc. But these must give way to those before mentioned, and therefore it's needless to say any more of them.   

SECT. II. Of Ordering of Rosetrees.  
ROses have been in so great esteem from all Antiquity, that the curious have been very diligent in their propagation, amendment and discovery, several having been in several Ages produced that were not known to the Times preceding, and various ways have been invented and found out for their propagation, improvement and preservation.  
The more excellent sorts of them have succeeded very well by grafting on the Stock of the common Sweet-Briar.  
And by inoculation may they be increased on the Stocks of the common Rosetrees; the time for this work is about Midsummer.  
And when you have thus obtained one Tree of a sort of the more Rare, you may multiply them by laying them, which may be done without the help of Boxes or Pots, the Branches being pliable, and the Tree itself humble, only by bending down the Tree, and laying the Branches in the Earth, and covering the middle of them, being first pricked with an Awl about some joint, that is to be under the Earth. This may be done in the Spring, sometimes watering the Layers in dry Wether, then in the Autumn most of the Sprigs will have taken root, and are in their prime to be removed; these will never degenerate, and all Cions proceeding from them, will be of the same.  
To make Roses bear early, they must be planted in a very warm place, or on a declining Bank towards the Sun, and irrigated with Water, enriched with the hottest Dungs or Shave of Horn and Lime steeped in Water: Some say warm Water will accelerate their blowing.  
To make them bear late, the way approved of by several upon Experience, is at the time when they begin to bud, to clip or shear off all the Buds, and when other Roses have done blowing, these will shoot forth new Buds; thus may you annually continue this pleasant Flower longer than naturally it would, by cutting some of your Trees, that they may succeed the other.  
Some say, if you cut the tops of the Trees in the first of the increase of the Moon after the Blossoms are faded, that another show of Blossoms will appear about Michaelmas; but the other is the more certain way.  
To have Roses until Christmas, you may plant the monthly Rose in some Niech of your South-wall, and you will have Rosebuds fresh and fair in October, and in mild Winters in November, which by Shutters artificially made, may be defended from the Cold (sometimes admitting the Sun) until Christmas, you may add artificial warmth to them if you please: I have had fair Roses-buds in November, with younger by them, which might have been thus preserved.  
Musk Roses are to be planted against a high Wall or side of some Building, and not checked in their growth upwards, lest you hinder their bearing.   

SECT. III. Of divers other Flower-bearing Trees▪  
BEsides the great variety of Colours and delightful Scent that the Roses have for the greatest part of the Summer yielded you, yet there are several other sweet and pleasant Objects Nature hath furnished you withal; if you will lend your assistance to convey them into your Garden, of whom none are more gratefully odoriferous than the Jassmins.  
Nor knows he well to make his Garden shine,  
With all delights, who fragrant Jassemine,  
Neglects to cherish.— Rapinus.  
The most common is the Yellow Jassmine, 
1. Yellow Jassemine. 2. White Jassemine.  but the White far exceeds it in Beauty, and yielding one of the most Odoriferous Flowers in Nature, as the perfumes made thereof Witness. In the Autumual Season, these last furnish you with many Blossoms for a long time, until the Frost prevent them; both these require the help of a Wall or Pallisade, their Branches being but slender and weak, yet enduring the most severe Colds.  
The Indian Jassemine, or the Mexican 
1. Indian Jassemine.  Tlilxochitle is a Plant requires a tall Wall to aspire against: At every Joint it hath small Claws or Tendrils, insinuating into Brick, Wood, or any other penetrable substance, and requires but small assistance to prune it, it affords a beautiful Scarlet Blossom in America, being one of the Ingredients to the famous Drink Chocolate.  
The two former Jassemines are great Encreasers, and all of them may be increased by Layers.  
Nor inferior to the best of the former, 
4. The Persian Jassemine.  is the Persian Jassemine, for that it is a beautiful Shrub, yielding in the prime of the Summer most pleasant and well scented Blossoms, which welcome you to the choicest Flowers, Trees will yield. As the Persian Nuts and Iris, so the Persian Jassemins precede in Blossom, all others in respect of time, and therefore are the more valued; they are easily increased by Layers  
Not much unlike in Blossom to the last, is 
5. The Lilack.  the blue Syringa Pipe-Tree, or Lilac, the white is more rare, being but of humble growth, the Bark of a whitish Colour, the Leaves of a very pleasant pale Green, affording you Branches of fine scented white Flowers in April and May, and is a Tree yielding Suckers plentifully, but the best is that of a purple Colour, which two last very well merit Room in your choicest Avenues.  
This is another Tree, that beareth the name 
6. Syringa.  of Syringa or Lilac, which never riseth so high as either of the other, but beareth many Clusters of Flowers, of a faint white or wild Primrose colour, yielding a strong Sweet, almost like unto that of Orange Flowers.  
The double blossomed Pomegranate Tree, is 
7. Balaustium.  esteemed the rarest of all flowering Trees, yielding so pleasant a Branch, and a much more lustrious Blossom.  
Pomegranates next their Glory vindicate,  
Their Boughs in Gardens pleasing Charms create.  
Nothing their flaming Purple can exceed.  
From the green Leaf the golden Flowers proceed.  
This Tree deserves the choicest place in your Garden, and under the warmest Wall, being tender whilst young, but after very hardy; the Flowers are double, fair and beautiful, exceeding all others, born by Trees: they are easily propagated by Layers.  
This delicate Plant deserves a little of your Care and Assistance, in separating from it the many Suckers that usually proceed from it, and keep it to a few or but one Branch, and sometimes enrich the Ground with well consumed Hog's dung; For it is the plenty of Nourishment makes them apt to Blossom, and too many Branches or Suckers rob them of it; You need not House them, but if you doubt your Wall stands too open to the cold Winds, which only can hurt them, it is but taking a Mat, or placing a Screen before them in the Winter, to defend them from it.  
The Dwarf Almond is a very humble Shrub, 
8. Dwarf Almonds.  bearing in April many fine Peach-coloured Blossoms, and is a very pleasant Plant, and yields plenty of Cions; it deserves a place in your Garden, and needs not to be Housed, it enduring all Wethers; In some Years it bears Almonds of a very bitter taste.  
The Mezerion, from whence soever transported, 
9 Mezerion.  is one of the most hardy Plants in Nature, sending forth its pleasant, beautiful, and odoriferous Flowers in the coldest Seasons of this Northern Climate, usually in January, and continues in Blossom in February and March, after them Leaves, and then its Coralline Berries, by whom it is increased. The Shrub is of a very soft consistence, and although Cold will not kill it, yet is it very tender in the choice of its Ground; I suppose a light Ground, or a very moist, are not proper for it, Heat being more offensive to it than Cold.  
There are three sorts of them, the one of a Peach colour, another more red being not so 
10. The Sena-Tree.  common, the other and the most rare is the white  
There are two sorts of Sena-Trees, the great Bastard-Sena, and the Scorpion-Sena, both of them yielding a pleasant Leaf, and fine yellow blossom, not unbecoming a good Florists Garden; they are slender and require the help of a Wall, endure all Wethers, are tonsile, and therefore reducible into any order, and are increased by Seeds, Layers or Suckers.  
The Shrub Spirea is a small Tree, bearing 
11. Spirea Frutex.  small Peach-coloured Blossoms about the Month of August, it's a hardy Tree, and is increased by Layers.  
The Judas-Tree yields a fine purplish bright 
12. Arbour Judae.  red Blossom in the Spring, and is increased by Suckers and Layers.  
The Bean-Trefoyl, so termed from the likeness of its Leaves to the Herb Trefoyl, and its 
13. Laburnum.  Pods to Beans, it affords many fine yellow Blossoms, and is a very pleasant though common Tree; it is increased by Seeds, Cuttings, and Layers, and requires some artificial helps to support its weak Branches; there are three kinds of these, the smallest is called Cytisus secundus Clusii.  
Not much unlike to the yellow Jessemine is 
14 Spanish Broom.  the Spanish-Broom, only its Flowers are like our ordinary Broom, as are the Cod, only larger: It flowers in May, and is increased by Seeds and Suckers.  
The double Virgins-Bower is a climbing 
15. Virgin's Bower.  Tree, fit to cover some place of Repose, or to be supported by Props for that purpose; it bears many dark blue double Flowers in July, August, and until the Cold prevents them: You may cut off most of the smallest branches in the Winter, it shoots early, and spreads very much in a Summer; it is easily increased by Layers.  
There are of them single, both purple and red, but this is to be preferred.  
The Honey-Suckle, especially either of the 
16. Woodbinds.  more generous kinds of it, is a Plant which though vulgar, yet deserves our Pains in propagating it. The double and the red are the most choice, and are easily propagated by Layers.  
Periploca is a Plant that twists itself about 
17. Periploca.  a Pole as doth the Hop; it lives over the Winter, and yearly puts forth small blue Blossoms, is increased by Layers, and entertained in Gardens only for variety sake, and not for its beauty.  
Of the Shrub-Mallow, there are two sorts, the Purple and the White; they endure the 
18. Althaea Fruticosa.  Winter, are usually planted Standards, bring forth their Flowers in August and September, until the Wet or Cold prevent them; the Tree is increased by Layers. The Blossoms resemble the Blossoms of a Mallow, whence it hath its Name, and is a fair Autumnal Ornament to your Garden, for it buds and blows very late in the Year.  
Hypericum-Frutex is a Shrub yielding abundance 
19 Hypericum. Frutex.  of small slender shoots, which in May, are very thick set with small white Blossoms, that the Tree seems to be all hoary with Frost, or covered with Snow: It is increased by Suckers, and endures all Wethers, and very well becomes the choicest Gardens.  
There is a sort of Peachtree, yielding double 
20. Double flowered Peach Tree.  Flowers fair and beautiful, deserves a place under your Wall.  
The like there is of Cherries, a sort that bears 
21. Double flowered Cherry.  a fair white Blossom very double, but yielding no Fruit, as doth that of the Peach, yet a welcome Plant to a good Florist.  
There are Appletrees and Pear-Trees, that yield double Flowers, but they are not so much regarded.  
Thus by propagating and preserving such Flower-bearing-Trees and Shrubs, may you have your Garden and Groves replete, with great variety of curious Flowers from the end of January, when the hardy Mezerion exposes its several coloured sweet scented Blossoms to your view, until the cruel Frosts and Winds check the Monthly Rose, Althaea Fruticosa, Virgins-Bower, and white Jessemine; and so throughout the whole Summer between those two extremes, and that without the trouble of removing, altering, shading, skreening from Cold or other inconveniences, which most other Flowers are subject unto, and are therefore much rather to be preferred; yet if you are willing to undergo the little trouble of defending the Monthly Roses or White Jassemines, you may have Blossoms from these later, and Roses even until Christmas.    

CHAP. III. Of Bulbous-rooted Flowers.  
NEXT unto the Flower-bearing-Trees are those of Bulbous-roots to be preferred, for their easy propagation and management, and durableness in all seasons hot and cold.  

SECT. I. Of Tulips.  
OF all Bulbous-rooted Flowers the Tulip hath obtained, and not undeservedly, the preference, yielding so great a Variety, that they are not here to be enumerated, every year producing new Flowers. Nor is it all the words I can invent, can convince you of the beauty of these Glories of Nature, but must refer you to the choice yourself, or Friend for you, can make out of that Magazine of Varieties that are collected by the ingenious Florists.  
Their Colours are various, from the deepest dye of any other Flowers to the purest White, intermixed with the brightest Yellow, transcendent Scarlet, grave Purple, and many other compounds of these inclining to the Blue and Green.  
Many double Tulips are now raised, whereof there is some variety.  
Their Season of blowing continues long, the Praecoces or early Tulips, beginning some of them to blow at the Vernal Aequinox, the Medea's which are the prime, continue all April, and sometimes the half of May, till the end whereof the Serotines or late flowering Tulips continue.  
When the principal of them display their Colours in the heat of the day, there is not a more glorious sight in Nature, nor is it to be imitated by Art, no Limner, nor Painter dares pretend to so great skill: But as all things else that are in excess are soon apt to decline, so these that exceed all others in beauty and lustre, soon fade; not any of them continuing in its Glory above eight or ten days, unless the mildness of the Wether, or some artificial shade preserve them; nor are they succeeded by any other from the same root.  
Tulips are not only preserved by taking them up yearly, when the stalks are turning yellow, or begin to be dry, but are by that means multiplied and increased exceedingly. The usual way is to take them up at that convenient time, and spread them thin on some board or floor until they are through dry, then cut off the stalks, and so let the roots lie in some box or boxes, or other convenient places until September, or October, in a dry place, but not in the Sun or Wind; then separate the main Bulbs from the lesser Chives, taking all that are large (and round though small) for Roots that will yield you Flowers the next year, and set them in the places appointed for them, but let the ground be digged or otherwise loosened, that the Root may the better dilate itself and increase, for in a narrow or stiff hole, your Root will remain till the next year as you left it.  
It is not good to take them up after they have shot their Fibres or small Sprigs, until after they have flowered, lest it hinders their flowering, and perhaps perish them.  
When you plant them, stick into the ground by them small sticks marked with the numeral Letters, which you may do ad infinitum, and in a small Book for that purpose, may you insert the mark and name of the Flower.  
When you take them up and disperse them into Boxes or other Receptacles, you may transfer the marks with them.  
The ground you plant them in, ought not to be too luxurious; this Noble Flower is content with a little Room and poor Soyl.  
In the worst Mould this Flower better thrives,  
And berren Earth miraculously gives  
More beauty to it, than a fertile ground,  
And when least strong, it is most comely found.  
The vulgar field or hazle Earth, with a little mixture of Sand in it is best, for the richness of the Soil causes them to run (as they term it) into dark and plain Colours. But if your ground be naturally rich, or that your Tulips have grown several years in it, you may abate it, and supply it with that which is fit, or lay a bed of sandy Earth about a finger thickness below the bulb, when it is in its proper place, that so the Fibres may receiv a check. Tulips may be raised in January and February on hot beds, but they must be the praecoces that are to flower early.  
Some prescribe to plant your Tulips in a natural Earth somewhat impoverished with Sand, so that a little below the root the Earth may be better within reach of the Fibres.  
If the ground be digged where your Tulips stood the last year, it is equal to a change of Mould, the Roots rarely falling into the same Earth again where they were before.  
Your small Cions or Off-sets you may plant in a Bed by themselves, which will furnish you at another time with great variety  
As Tulips run or degnerate, take them up and plant them in your outward Groves, your prime Colours will multiply fast enough.  
Tulips that are apt to decline towards a sadder Colour, may be taken up a little before they come to flower, and laid in the Sun to abate their luxury, which will make them come better the year following.  
From such Tulips that have their Tamis, (that is, the seed-like things that stand up about the Seed-Vessel) and bottoms of dark Colours, and their Seed-Vessel three square, may Seeds be obtained when they are through ripe in June or July, that may after a long expectation afford you great variety of Flowers. These Seeds may be sown in September, and every two years removed until they yield Blossoms; but this labour and patience are too great for an ingenious, and fit only for a dull Florist.  
The often removing of the roots of Tulips and their Off-sets into various ground, gives you a great increase, and great variety of Colours, without that tedious way of raising them.  
It is not good to let a Tulip stand too long after it hath blown, lest by weakening the root it may prevent its blooming the next year.  
The next of kin to the Tulip is the Fritillary, 
2. Of Tritalines'.  whereof there is some variety, as the white, yellow, red, dark coloured, some of them chequered, and thence called the chequered Tulip, but the double is the most rare; their seasons and manner of ordering much like that of the Tulip, only the dry Roots ought to be planted about the beginning of August.   

SECT. II. Of Hyacinths and Star-Flowers.  
THE Hyacinths are all bulbous rooted, except the tuberous rooted Indian Hyacinth, which we reserve for the Conservatory. The sorts of them that are termed Muscaries or Grape-flowers, whereof there are many diversities, as yellow, ash-coloured, red, white, blue and Sky-coloured, are pretty things, and may for variety-sake, but not for their beauty be planted.  
But there are other varieties of them, as the fair haired branched Jacinth, the fair curled haired Jacinth, the blue, white, and blush, starry Hyacinth of Peru, and the blue Lilly-leaved starry Hyacinth, that yield fair Flowers on large Stalks that adorn your Garden and Flower-pots These flower in May and may be removed in August, they lose not their Fibres, and are therefore not to be kept long out of the ground.  
There are several sorts of them that lose their Fibres, and may be kept longer out of the ground, and are to be preferred to the other, for that they come early in the year from February until April, and are very sweet and well coloured.  
The principal whereof is the great Oriental Hyacinth, called Zimbul Indi, or Pas too't, or Celestial Hyacinth, from its fair blossoms.  
Some are more double, as well white as blue, and therefore are to be esteemed; the vulgar are some white, some of a cream colour, others of a deep blue, and some of a pale, but all are very becoming a Garden in the Spring of the year, before they are over-matched with Flowers of a nobler hue.  
The nearest of kin unto the Hyacinths, are 
Of Star-flowers.  the Star-flowers, whereof some of them are valuable, as the Ornithogalum Arabicum, or Star-flowers of Arabia, which flowers in May; the great white Star of Bethlehem in June; the Star-flower of Naples in April, and the Aethopian in August: These of Arabia and Aethiopia are tender, and coming out of so hot Countries, will not endure our severe Winters, therefore their Bulbs must be planted in rich warm Earth in Boxes or Pots, and secured in Winter from Frosts.   

SECT. III. Of daffodils.  
THE Narcissus is a Flower so well known, that its needless to spend many words on it, but for its great variety, bright colour, and early flowering, the better kind of them deserve to be planted here and there under your Groves and Avenues and other Shades, where they prosper very well, and waste no ground: They are hardy Plants, and multiply much; some of them are white and sweet scented, blowing late in the Spring; some are single, others double, and others very double, some bear many Flowers on a Stalk, others but one; so that from the end of February to the beginning of May, they furnish you with Flowers for your Pots.  
The Junquils are of the same kinds and afford some variety, and flower much about the same time with the Daffodils.  
The Leucoium or Bulbous-Violet is reckoned amongst the Daffodils; it is sometimes called the Snow-drop, because it shows its Snow-white Flowers sometimes in January, and generally not long after, for which early blowing it is esteemed.   

SECT. iv Of Lilies.  
UNder this Name have been of old many famous Flowers. Some imagine the most illustrious Tulip was once intended by it, when Solomon's Glory was esteemed inferior to one of them; but there is little reason for that opinion: for in Pliny's time, near about the time of our Saviour's being upon Earth, the Lily was in great esteem; than which, no Flower was more in request in the choicest Gardens, except the Rose, which Solomon himself admired as well as the Lily; and then the Tulip was but a hedge Flower and so remains in the Asian Continent, as is reported: Neither is there any Flower of that transcendent whiteness (an Emblem of purity and Innocency) as the Lilly.  
But there are of several Colours and Seasons, Flowers that are of that Family: As for the Spring, the Crown Imperial, single and double 
Crown Imperial.  orange-coloured, red and yellow, they are but dull Flowers.  
Then there are the vulgar Red Lily; single 
Red Lilly.  and double, whereof only the double is worthy your notice,  
The White Lilies, both single and double, 
White Lilly.  are planted in most Gardens for their Colour, and the use of their Roots, which in Pliny's time added much to the reputation of the Plant.  
Of Martagons there is great diversity, the 
Martagon.  Imperial, the White, white spotted, Red and red spotted, Yellow and yellow spotted, with divers other variations, but none of great value.   

SECT. V Of Saffron Flowers.  
THE Colchicums or Meadow Saffron, so 
Of the Colchicum.  termed, being first taken out of the Meadows. These Flowers are called Naked Boys, because they appear naked out of the Earth, and are withered and gone before the green Leaves appear.  
Of these Colchicums there is some variety besides the plain colour, some striped, others checkered, whereof the Colchicum Chio is the most beautiful, but the double is the more splendid, gracing your Garden in the Autumn when most other Flowers are faded. All these variegated and double Flowers are to be esteemed for that they come so late in the year, and make a delicate medley: they put forth their green leaves early in the Spring following, and when those whither they may be taken up and increased, and replanted about the end of August following.  
The Crocus or Saffron-flower, so called from 
Of the Crocus.  its resembling that Plant in Root, Leaf, and Flower. There are great variety of these Flowers and much variegated or striped with White, Yellow, and Purple, their three principal Colours.  
They bring forth their pleasant, but short Blossoms in February and March; there are some of them Autuminal that flower in September and October, as doth the true Saffron: the Roots are taken up when the Leaves whither, and planted again about a Month or two before their flowering time: they increase very much, and adorn the edges of Borders, or close under Walls or Pales.   

SECT. VI Of several other bulbous roated Flowers.  
THere are several other bulbous rooted Flowers, which for variety are to be entertained, as the Moly, whereof there are many 
Of the Moly.  different sorts that are in flower in May, June, and July, and serve to mix in your Flower-pots and Chimneys: they are planted and increased as other hardy Bulbs.  
The Asphodils are of no great beauty; but 
Of Asphodils.  may be planted and increased as other Bulbs, for their variety,  
As may the Phalangium or Spider-wort, whereof 
Of Spider-wort.  there are the White and the Blue; some flower in May and June, but the Blue in August and September.  
Gladiolus or Corn Flagg, there are several 
Of Corn. Flagg.  sorts, Red and white, and serve only for Flower-pots and Chimneys, are hardy, and to be planted and increased as the other Bulbs.  
Of the Satyrions, or Bee-flowers, or Gnat-flowers, 
Of the Orchis.  there is some diversity, they are taken out of the Fields and Meadows, are very beautiful where they are remote from the place of their extraction, they are very tender, and therefore are cautiously to be removed, they are to be taken up Earth and all, unless you can observe to find them when dry, you must endeavour to plant them in ground connatural to that from whence they came.  
The Doggs-tooth Violet, so called from the 
Of Dens Caninus.  likeness of its Bulb to Doggs-tooth, there are of them purple, Red, White, and Yellow they are much in esteem being brought far, and difficult to be obtained, not increasing in this Country; they are planted in good natural (not dunged) Soil, about the middle of August, and flower in March.  
The Cyclamen of Showbread for their curious 
Of the Cyclamen.  and odoriferous Blossoms, are received in the Gardens of the best Florists.  
The Grecian Cyclamen from far they bring, 
Rapinus.   
The Red and White both flourish in the Spring.  
Some sorts of them also flower in the Autumn, and one or other of these Beauties adorn your Garden from April to October.  
Their Roots do not lose their Fibres, and are therefore difficulty removed, their time of removing is in June or July, or before their time of blowing. They are raised of Seeds which must be sown, as soon as ripe, in Pox, and then at two years end transplanted into your Garden, where they will endure any Wether.   

SECT. VII. Of the Iris, Bulbous, and Tuberose.  
TO conclude this Chapter of Bulbous-rooted 
Of the Bulbous Iris.  Flowers, I shall here insert the Iris, there being of them as well with Bulbous as Tuberose Roots, not that they are inferior in beauty to any of those preceding, except the Tulip, but that I am unwilling to divide them whose Flowers retain the same Form, although they differ in their Roots.  
Now Iris springs which from the heavenly Bow  
Is named, and doth as many Colours show:  
Its Species, and its Tinctures different are,  
According to the Seasons of the year.  
Rapinus.  
The Bulbous afford very great variety, some of them (as the Persian) flowering in February or March, others in April, May, June, and July, There are some of them very fair and beautiful; their Colours are either blue, purple, Ash-coloured, peach-coloured, Yellow, White, or Variegated. Their Roots may be taken up as soon as the Leaves begin to whither, for soon after they are quite withered, the Bulbs will issue out more Fibres, and then it is too late to remove them, otherwise you may keep them dry till Auguct.  
They delight in a good Ground, but not too rich, on a sunny bank, but not too hot to the South or West; the Eastern Aspect is the best.  
Those Flower-de-luces', white tuberous Roots, 
Of the Tube-rose Iris.  are not altogether so various as the Bulbous, yet affording to the ingenious Florist many curious Flowers; the best and most excellent whereof is the Chalcedonian Iris, vulgarly called the Toad-Flag from its dark marbled Flower. This Species of them ought to be carefully ordered, else it will not thrive well, it requires a warm and rich Soil to be planted in, and because it is apt to shoot forth its green Leaves before Winter, it expects to be a little defended from the Cold. These Bulbs may be taken up when the Leaves begin to be dry, and kept some time in the House, and then replanted in September, or October, which will make them thrive the better.  
The other sorts of the Tuberose rooted Flower-de-luces', are much more hardy, and increase exceedingly in good Ground, and are therefore not so fit for your choicest Garden.    

CHAP. IU. Of Tuberose Rooted Flowers.  
AFter having passed over those curious Plants and Flowers, that are with the least pains and Care to be planted, propagated and preserved, I shall now give you a brief Account of such that are a little more difficult to be managed, yet require they no more trouble than they sufficiently recompense with their most pleasant Flowers: The most select whereof is the Anemone.  

SECT. I. Of Anemones.  
THE Anemone, which is a Grecism, signifying Wind, thence it is called the Wind Flower, for that it is observed never to open, but when the wind blows, or at least in those Countries where it is naturally produced, it may have that property. It was in great esteem amongst the Ancients, for the beauty of its Flowers mixed in their Chaplets and Garlands, although then there were not a tenth part of that variety of them, that now the curious have collected and propagated.  
It is one of the Beauties of Nature, and the most excellent that Season can afford, bearing such different Flowers, that they make the cold March almost equal in Glory to the Summer, which is a wonder that such soft Flowers and Tyrian and Scarlet Dies should be produced in so early a Season, which are usually the effects of a continued Calidity.  
What angry Deity did first expose,  
To the rough Tempests and more rigid Snows,  
The soft Anemone, whose comely Grace,  
A gentler Season and a better place  
Deserves: for when with native purple bright,  
It shows its Leaves to the propitious light,  
With different Colours stripped and curled Flames,  
Encompassed it our love and wonder claims.  
There is not any other that outvies  
This Flower's curled Leaves or numerous Dyes,  
Nor the Sidonian Art could e'er compose,  
So sweet a blush as this by Nature shows. 
Rapinus.   
As of the Tulips, so of these, the best way is to please yourself in your Election from the view of them. The usual descriptions can never sufficiently nor satisfactorily inform you of their real worth.  
They are generally of two sorts, broad leaved Anemones, and narrow leaved Anemones, those with narrow leaves much resemble Parsley, whence they were anciently called Rose Parsley, or the Parsley Rose.  
The Soil wherein they delight must be fat and rich, manured with Sheep's dung, and Neat's dung, with a little mixture of Lime, all thoroughly rooted.  
About the end of September, or beginning of October, you may plant your Latifoles, or broad leaved Anemones about three fingers deep, and about a Month after your Tenuifoles or narrow leaved Anemones which yield their Flowers after the other.  
But if you design to have them more early, you may plant them sooner, and with Mats secure them against the Cold, and give them all advantages of the Sun and warm Rains, for the Frosts are very apt to nip their Leaves when above ground, and impede their flowering for that year.  
If you desire Anemones to flower late, then keep them out of the ground as long as you can, some will abide out of the ground until February or March, and plant them in shady places, or artificially shade them. Thus you have Anemones after the usual natural time of flowering.  
When their green Leaves turn yellow, or about the end of June, or in July, you may take them up, and preserve the Roots dry, till the season for interring them, for after they have lost their Fibres, they are apt to perish by the humidity of the Earth: the place you keep them in aught to be cool as well as dry.  
It is very injurious to the Latifoles to break their Roots, which should only be parted as they are naturally apt to be divided, but the Tenuifoles will endure an easy Rupture or Scissure.  
If you preserve your Anemone Roots in a cool place, until the middle of January, and then plant them, they will be the more secure from the injuries of bad weather; much Wet prejudiceth as well as severe Cold.  
As your Anemones are prejudiced by overmuch Wet, so do they require and deserve a little irrigation in very dry Springs, and will sufficiently gratify you; a little shade will also advantage them in the hottest time of the day.  
In May will these Flowers bear Seeds, which gathered and sown in July, in good sifted Earth, in Beds or Boxes, will produce great Varieties in the third or fourth year after.  
Mix the Down that contains the Seeds, with some fair dry Earth, and rub it together in a wooden Vessel, and the Seeds will mix with the Earth, by which means you may sow them equally; be sure to sow them not too thin.  
After you have sown your Seeds, sift Earth upon them about half a finger in thickness; when they have been come up about a Month, sift more Earth finely over them about half an inch, and cover them at some distance all the next Winter.  
The August following, you may remove them into convenient Beds, where they may remain till they bear Flowers, at which time you may cull them as you please.  
Forget not a gentle irrigation of your young Anemones in dry Wether, for it will much forward them, as will a little artificial shade at opportune Seasons.  
The Ranunculus or Crowfoot, being so near 
Of Ranunculus.  in resemblance to the Anemone, differ very little from them in their ordering.  
They exceed all Flowers whatever in the richness of their Colours, nor is there any Flower so fine and fair, as are the larger sorts of them.  
Their times of Flowering, taking up, and planting, are near about the same time as the Anemones, but they agree better with a richer Mould than the other.  
They are not so apt to multiply their Roots, unless their Ground be rich and light; therefore it is by the most skilful prescribed, to lay a broad bed of old Thatch or almost rotten Straw, and on that to sift fine rich Earth six or eight inches thick, and therein to plant your Ranunculus', wherein they will thrive and increase.  
If you plant them early in the Winter, they must be defended from the sharp Winds and Frosts, but if late, there is no necessity of it, they are somewhat more tender than the Anemone.  
Irrigation in a dry season, much advantages this Flower, as it doth the Anemone   

SECT. II. Of Peonyes.  
THis although a common Flower, yet yields the fairest and most double Blossom of any, and very well becomes your Chimney or Flower-pots. But the White, purple, and changeable Peonyes are acceptable in the Gardens of the best Florists, and the single Peonyes in the physic Garden, for their specifical virtues of their Roots against the most dangerous of Diseases.  
The manner of their planting and ordering is known to most that have any interest in a Garden, only it is necessary to understand, that September and october are the fittest times for their transplantation    

CHAP. V Of divers other Select Flowers.  

SECT. I. Of Gillyflowers.  
NOtwithstanding the Flower-bearing Trees are complete Ornaments with little trouble; the Bulbous rooted Flowers so illustrious that they merit great esteem from the most curious, being less subject to Casualties than most others, and the Tuberose Roots yield such incomparable Beauties in the Spring; yet must they concede to the Gillyflower, the pride of the Summer, that hath its scent as pleasing as its variegations beautiful.  
Lovely Carnations then their Flowers dilate,  
The worth of them is as their Beauty, great.  
Their smell is excellent.— Rapinus.  
Their Colours are not many, but infinitely and variously compounded, and being so easily and frequently raised of Seed, do annually produce new mixtures, and those have imposed on them new Names, that it is impossible to give you a true account of them; therefore it will be more proper for you to please your own fancy, or confide in the integrity of a Gardener, than to trust to the lame descriptions you may meet withal, or to the florid Names that are given them, on purpose to beget your admiration of such that little deserve it.  
Their times of Flowering are generally in July and August; sometimes the early Buds may yield you Flowers in June, but their latter Buds in September and October and by careful defending them in November.  
The right Dutch Gillyflowers rarely produce Seed here, but when they do you must preserve it from wet till it be ripe, then gather it and lay it by in the Husk, until the Spring.  
In May, after the cold Nights are spent, is a good time to sow these Seeds, which ought to be on good Earth, in some shady place where it may have the Morning or Evening Sun only.  
They should be sown thin, and the Earth sifted over it half a Finger thick.  
In August or September following, you may remove them into their proper Beds, and the Summer following, they will inform you of their worth by their Flowers. The single and poorer sort reject, and those that blow fair and whole, or are well marked, preserve.  
For the first Winter after sowing them, there is little danger of their being hurt by Cold, in that particular they are like the stock Gillyflowers, which in their first Winter are extreme heardy, and in the second very tender.  
You may plant your best Gillyflowers in Pots filled with Earth for that purpose, that you may give them Sun or Rain, according to the Season of the Year, and as they require.  
Plant them not under a Wall or other Fence, that may reflect the heat of the Sun upon them, for they delight in an open Air, and not in intemperate Heat.  
Great Rains, especially in the Winter and Spring, Prejudice them much, therefore you are to defend them from it equally as from Cold. Those Flowers that are planted in Beds, and not in Pots, are to be defended from Wet and Cold as there is occasion, by some Cover or Shelter to place over them, which must be open at the top, or on one side: The fittest for this occasion, are old Bee-hives, with a Door of about a Span square on the side that may be open off from the Wether, which you defend them against.  
You may increase your Flowers by laying them in June, July and August, but in June or July is the best time, the method is this: First trim your Slip you intent to lay, by clipping off the side Leaves, and topping the other, then with a sharp Penknife cut a Tongue half through, from one of the middle Joints under the Slip, to the next Joint towards you, beginning next the Root, and cutting upwards, loosen the Earth under it, and with a small hooked Stick force it down, that the Tongue or Slit may open, and the end of the Slip point upwards cover it with Earth, and water it, which irrigation must be reiterated according as the drought of the Season requires it.  
If the Slips be so high that they cannot be bend to the Ground with ease, then take a small Earthen Pot with a slit on the side, in which you may dispose of your Slip as you desire.  
About a Month after, your Layers will have taken Roots, then may you take them off with some of the adhering Earth, and plant them in their places prepared for them.  
But if any should not have taken root, you may anew lay them, and make the Cut a little deeper, and so let them remain till the Spring, and then you may plant them out as you see fit.  
Plant your Layers not too deep, for thereby many a good Plant hath been spoiled.  
A Cave or Pit made in some place in your Garden, would be very convenient to place your Pots of Flowers in for there no Winds nor severe Frosts can annoy them, the driving Rains also cannot much offend them.  
The Morning Sun is the most benign to your Gillyflowers; therefore you may defend your most choice from the Afternoon Sun, by some artificial Screen, in case you have no place naturally posited for that purpose: This to be done before, and in blowing time.  
To have Gillyflowers or Carnations (as they are vulgarly termed from those ancient English Flowers that were usually of a Flesh Colour) during the most part of the Winter, they may be placed in Pots, in some convenient Room open to the South, and to be shut at pleasure to defend them from the Cold, unless to give them the benefit of the warm Sun at Noon sometimes, or a little Southerly Rain; into which Room may be conveyed some warmth from your ordinary Fire, or else a Fire therein on purpose. I suppose a Lamp may be maintained burning at an easy Expense in a close Room, which may be sufficient to defend them from Frost; a constant though small Heat will effect much the Lamp may also be enlarged as the Room or severity of the Weathee requires; the smoke of the Lamp may be conveyed away by a Funnel over it for that purpose: thus may many other Rarities be preserved over the Winter at an easy Charge.  
The Earrh about your Gillyflowers, aught to be; renewed once in two Years at the least, for by that time they have exhausted the better and more appropriated part of the Earth or Soyl.  
Your Flower Pots ought to have holes in the bottom, to let out the superfluous moisture and also in case you are willing to water your Flowers, you may dip the Pots half way into a Tub of water prepared, the one after the other; and the Earth will attract the Water through the holes, which is much better than sprinkling.  
If you have any Gillyflowers that are broken, small, or single, you may graft on them other Gillyflowers that are more choice, but graft them in the most woody part of the Stalk; the best way is by whip-graffing.  
Pigeon's Dung being the hottest of Dungs, applied about the Roots of Gillyflowers, maketh them flower the more early.  
To defend your Gillyflowers from the injury of Cold and Frost, such of them that are placed in Beds and not movable; some have prescribed to take two slender Wands or bending Sticks, and fix each end in the ground on each side of the Flower, that the Sticks may Arch-wise be across over the Flower, which is said to defend them by some Magical Virtue.  
If your Gillyflower or Layer be inclinable to shoot up in the Summer with one single stem, suffer it not to blossom that Year, but nip or cut the stalk off, lest it give you a fair Flower and never thrive after.  
Pinks though mean Flowers singly of themselves, 
Of Pinks.  yet the common red single sort of them, planted on the Edges of your Walks against the sides of your Banks do not only preserve your Banks from foundering, or mouldering down, but when in Blossom, are a very great Ornament, and most excellently perfume your Guard.  
Sweet Williams, Sweet john's, and London 
Sweet Williams.  Pride, are pretty Fancies, and near of kin to the old English Gillyflower.   

SECT. II. Of Stock-Gilliflowers, and Wall-flowers.  
THE Lucoium or Stock-Gilliflower is a Flower 
Stock-Gilliflowers.  of much Beauty, delicate Scent, and some Variety; a good Garden cannot be said to be well stored without them, nor a Flowerpot well adorned without some of these; they continuing long in Blossom, from April till the Frost prevents them. They are generally raised of Seed, and the first Winter, because they have not yet spent their finer Spirits; they are very hardy and endure any Wether, but the next Winter they are very tender.  
With curled Threads and top-divided now,  
Along the Margin of your Borders grow  
Stock-Gilliflowers, whose blushing Leaf may fear,  
And justly too, the sharpness of the Air.  
The double, whereof some are stripped, and some plain, are very pleasant; but the double yield no Seed.  
The single have generally four Leaves in a Blossom, but if there be five Leaves, the Seed thence produced, will bring double Flowers.  
The white single usually produce double Flowers, as also do those that are stripped with white.  
The yellow double Stock-Gilliflower is the most rare of any.  
The Seeds of those kinds that usually produce double Flowers, being often sown in the same Soil, will degenerate into all single, and by degrees into all plain Colours, as I have tried. Quaere, if they will do the same if sown in barren Earth.  
There is another sort of Double Stocks, that are not raised from Seed, only by Slips and Layers, that is more durable than the Seedlings.  
Those raised of Seed will sometimes abide the second Winter if it be mild, or the Stocks well defended; if you take away the blowing Sprigs, the precedent Autumn, it will much further their duration.  
They may be laid as other Plants are, and being kept secure from violent Colds, will endure the Winter.  
They may be planted out in Slips, if you take such as are not spired to blow, and cut them from the Stock, and slit the end in three or four places about half an inch, and peel the Rind back as far as the Slit, and take away the inward Wood: Then set this Slip with the Rind spread every way about two or three fingers deep, water it and shade it, until it hath taken Root; by this means may you maintain your stock of Double-Stocks, without the two years' expectation.  
The Seeds from which you expect to have double Flowers, must be sown at the full of the Moon, or in two or three days after, and when come up four or five inches high, take them up and plant them out, which prevents their running up to stalk, which labour you may reiterate twice before Winter.  
If you remove, water, and shade them every time to preserve them, (it being a Summer work) and do it the first time three days after the Full, and twice more before the next Change, and again three days after the next Full, and once more before the succeeding Change, (all these removes to be in barren Ground.) Then at the third Full Moon, eight days after remove them again into rich Ground, wherein they are to stand. It is said that it 
Sir Hugh Plat.  will make them bring forth double Flowers.  
It hath been long observed that the Moon hath great influence over Plants, (over Animals it is very conspicuous.) From Pliny to this day, most Authors have been of that Opinion. And if it hath any such influence, then surely it is in the doubling of Flowers, for we daily observe that many sorts of double Flowers will degenerate themselves into single, and that most of those double we have (which are of the kinds usually single) are propagated by Art and Industry, and why may not the Lunar influence contribute much thereto? The French Poet was of that Opinion, although differing as to the time, 
Till it be full Moon, from her first increase.  
The Seasons good; but if she once decrease,  
Stir not the Earth, nor let the Husbandman,  
Sow any Seed; when Heaven forbids 'tis vain.   
The same Poet adds. 
Some in preparing of their Seed excel,  
Making their Flowers a larger compass swell;  
Thus narrow Bolls with curled Leaves they fill,  
Helping defective Nature by their skill.   
Often removing them doth not only contribute to their worth, but duration.  
The Keiri or Wall-flowers, so termed, for that the single kind naturally affect to grow on old Walls, and that the double need the assistance of some Wall or other support, are hardy Plants, though not altogether secure in the most severe Winters, and the better sort of them, that is, the double white, and the double red, very pleasant both to the Eye and Smell; they are easily increased by Slips and Layers.   

SECT. III. Of Auricula's, Cowslips, and Primroses.  
BEars-ears or Auricula's, considering their 
Of Auricula's.  size, are the finest Flowers the choicest Gardens yield, affording a very great variety in Form as well as in Colour, and are not only beautiful to the Eye, but pleasant in Scent.  
In your Election of them, it is better to trust your Eye, or confide in an honest Gardner, than in the lame descriptions of them, as before was hinted concerning the choice of Tulips and Gillyflowers, only that the double is the most rare, and the Windsor Auricula the most splendid of all the rest.  
Of late years these Flowers are very much improved, not only for their great variety of plain Colours, and their bearing upright large Bunches of Blossoms, but for their many beautiful sorts of stripes they yield, that all the Colours that have been observed to be in that Flower plain, are now found to be mixed in the various sorts of stripes, that they are lately become the most beautiful Ornaments of the Spring. The greatest variety, and the most beautiful of these Flowers, as well as of Tulips and Gillyflowers, are to be seen in the Garden of the great Collector and Propagator of these and all other curious Plants and Flowers, Mr. George Ricketts of Hogsder, who supplies with them the best Florists.  
They adorn your Garden in April and May, and some of them again about the end of August, and until the Frost prevent them.  
If you crop off the Buds that offer to blow late in the Autumn, it will cause your Auricucula's to yield you the fairer Flowers in the Spring.  
They delight in rich Soil and shady, but not under the drip of Trees.  
They must be often removed, once in two years at least, and the Ground enriched, else they will decay.  
The striped and double must be removed oftener, or else they will degenerate.  
If you set them in Pots (which is the best way to preserve them) fill the Pots almost half full with sifted Neats-dung, the rest with a good light Mold enriched with the same Dung.  
In the Winter place them in the Sun, but in the Summer in the Shade.  
Defend them from wet in the Winter, but they endure all cold very well.  
You may raise them from Seeds, by carefully gathering the Seeds, and preserving them in their Umbels till about August or September, when you must sow them in Boxes almost filled with the Mixture you made for the Plants, and about a Finger thick at the top with fine sifted willow Earth, or dried Cowdung, beaten small and mixed with the Earth, in which sow your Seeds mixed with Wood-ashes, then cover them with the same mixture of Earth sifted thereon, about April following they will come up, then may you plant them abroad, and they will yield you Flowers, some the August following, others the next succeeding year.  
There are sown very pleasant Cowslips of 
Cowslips.  several shades of Red, the hose in hose, the green Cowslip, and the double Cowslip, that are worth your Planting, they are very hardy, and must be sometimes removed, or they are apt to degenerate.  
The same is observed of the Primroses, which 
Primroses.  yield the like variety of Colours, and are entertained for their early welcoming in the Spring.  On a broad Leaf the Primrose first will blow.  

SECT. iv Of the Lily of the Valley and Hellebor.  
THE Lily Conval although wild in some 
Lily of the Valley.  places Northward (as many fine Plants are in one place or other) is yet entertained in many good Gardens for its rich scent, almost equalling the Orange-flower, the use of this excellent Flower in several preparations, and its specific properties and virtues in some Diseases, makes it the more acceptable; it is easily propagated from Plants, is hardy and delights in the shade.  
The black Hellebor flowereth about Christmas, 
Hellebor.  and for that cause only is respected, and not for its Beauty: the best sort of white Hellebor with red Flowers, is a Plant in great repute amongst Florists, it Leaves making also a comely show, and Flowers in April and May.  
Our Ladies-slipper (an Helleborine) is much 
Calceolus Mariae.  valued by most Florists, although wild in many places of the North of England, it is probable, by reason of its Name occasioned by the likeness its Blossom hath to a Pantofle or Slipper.  
It yieldeth its Flowers early in the Summer, is a hardy Plant in respect of Cold, but not very apt to be increased.   

SECT. V Of the Hepatica, Gentianella and Dittany.  
THE Hepatica or Liverwort is a very pleasant 
Hepatica.  humble Flower, never rising high, yet yielding its variety of pretty Blossoms in March; the double and the white are most regarded, and do deserve your labour and care, which is not much, to plant and propagate them.  
The Gentianella is another very low Plant 
Gentianella.  yielding in April or May many Blue Flowers of a deep dye, and are therefore regarded by most Florists. 
Dittany.   
Fraxinella or Dittany is a hardy Plant, annually furnishing you with tall Stalks full of not unpleasant Flowers in June and July, and is raised by Plants or Seeds.    

CHAP. VI Of Flowers raised only from Seed.  
THE great diversity of Flowers we have hither to had the pleasure to name, may be propagated by divers other ways according to their respective Natures, than by Seed; but there yet remain several Flowers not unworthy your care, that are raised by no other means than by Seed, as the Larks-heels or Larks-spurs, whereof the 
Larks-spurs.  Tipped Rose Larkspur is the prime, is a very pretty Flower and well becomes your Walks in July and August, or early if sown before Winter, and defended from the most severe Frost: They are generally sown in April; the best will degenerate being often sown in the same Ground.  
The variety of Columbines single and double, 
Columbines.  plain and stripped, makes them acceptable in a good Florist's Garden, they are sown in the Spring, the young Plants endure the Winter, and the next year they yield their Flowers. The Roots will continue three or four years; these will also degenerate unless the Seed be changed.  
There is no Flower can be more glorious 
Of Poppies.  than the Poppy, were it as good as great, and as sweet as well coloured, and as lasting as it is nimble in growth; but their ill smell and soon fading, makes them the less regarded.  
The Holly-hocks far exceed the Poppies for their durableness, and are very ornamental, 
Of Holly-hocks.  especially the double, whereof there are various Colovers; the black or dark coloured hollyhock is esteemed the best; they are sown one year and flower the next; they may be removed in August or September, from your Seminary into their proper places of growth, which should be near some shelter from the Winds, because of their height.  
The Antirrhinum, Snapdragon, or Calves-snout, 
Of Snap-dragons.  so called from the form of its Blossom, is sown in Gardens, because it flowers long, and will grow in any place, as on Walls, etc. and serves for Chimneys and Flower-pots, else it is (in a Garden) of no great beauty nor smell.  
The Musk Scabious is one of the species of 
Of the Sultan's Flower.  Scabious or Blew-bottles, and so named from its most pleasant scent, and called the Sultan's Flower, because the Grand Signior affected to wear it in his Turban.  
This, though mean to the eye, yet, is a Plant worthy of place among your choicest Flowers; in kind years and good ground it will come up, being sown in April, and flowers in August: You may for the more certainty raise it in a hot Bed; it is also said, that if it be sown in August, the Plants will endure the Winter, and blow fair the next year.  
The Amaranthus purpureus is a fine delicate Plant, bearing such curious Tufts of several 
Of Amaranthus.  Colours, like unto Silks died in Grain. The Seeds being sown in a hot Bed in March, and then raised under Glasses in the hottest place of your Garden, and often irrigated, will produce those Tufts in August and September following, and do deserve your care as much as any Plant.  
Of Marigolds there are divers sorts besides 
Of Marigolds.  the common, as the African S, a fair large Yellow Flower, but of a very naughty smell, and another sort much fairer of the same colour and of little or no savour at all, and for that reason is received into some good Gardens. They are raised of Seed sown in April, by some in a hot Bed, but they will in a seasonable Spring thrive well enough without, and yield their beautiful Flowers in August and September following.  
The Greater Convolvulus is raised by Seed 
Of Bindweed.  in the Spring, and more certainly in a hot Bed, they twine about sticks of about half a yard high, and yield there bright blue Flowers were in August and September, they blow in the Evening, and the next Morning the Sun withers them, but the Blossoms renew every Evening till the Frosts prevent them, they are a comely Evening Ornament to a Garden.  
The Marvel of Peru, so termed from its wonderful 
Of the Marvel of Peru.  variety of Flowers on the same Root, it is in many things like the Convolunlus, and is by some called the Flower of the Night, it is more tender than the other, and is therefore to be raised in a hot Bed.  
It is observed that the Flowers of the Marvel of Peru, that are of one Colour, produce Seed, the Flowers whereof will also be but of one Colour. Therefore if you would have variable Flowers you must take the Seed from such Flowers that be variable, and sow them apart from the other.  
Lupins are here sown in Gardens annually 
Of Lupins  for the sake of their Flowers; but in Italy an ordinary Pulse sown in the Fields for food for their , and in those hotter Countries they have a Property, as Pliny relates, of turning their Flowers and keeping their course with the Sun, whether the Air be cloudy or clear, and that they serve instead of Clocks or Dial's for the time of the day, and by some other Motions, as Prognostics for the Husbandmen to judge of the Wether. But in these colder parts we propagate them merely for Flowers. which are the greater and the lesser blue, the white, and the yellow, which last is regarded the more for its sweetness  
There is a sort of kidney Bean that yields 
Of the Scarlet Bean.  a fine scarlet Blossom, for which it is esteemed.  
The Pease everlasting is so called, because, although 
Of the Everlasting Pease.  it be first raised of Seed, yet it annually produces new Branches, which furnishes you with many Blossoms of a reddish colour, and are not unbecoming a good Garden.  
The Sensible Plant, so called, by reason that 
Of the Sensible Plant and humble Plant.  as soon as you touch it the Leaf shrinks up together, and in a little time dilates itself again. And the Humble Plant, so called, because so soon as you touch it, it prostrates itself on the ground, and in short time elevates itself again, are both of them raised in hot Beds, and preserved with great care, being the most tender Exoticks we have.  
Although the two last yield no Flowers, 
Noli me tangere.  yet deserve a place in your Garden, and here in this Tract; and because they shall not be alone, I will conclude this Chapter with an odd plant called Noli me tangere, because when its Pods are gross and not fully ripe, if you offer to take either of them between your fingers, it will fly in pieces, and cause the unwary to startle at the sudden snap and surprise; this Plant is annually raised from Seeds, and only for Fancy propagated.   

CHAP. VII. Of some more Vulgar Flowers.  
THere are many Flowers that either for scent or show are raised in the more ordinary Country Gardens, that several Florists have taken a great deal of pains and care exactly to describe, and the Manner and Method of propagating them, which here shall only be named, As the Aconites or Wolf-bane, Pilewert, Crowfoot, Batchelors-Button, Marsh-Marigold, Hollow-root, Monks-hood, Cranesbill, Bell-flowers, Champions, Nonsuch or Flower of Bristol, Princes-feather or Common Amaranthus, Dames Violet or Queen's Gillyflowers, Rockets, Double-Pellitory Double-Featherfew, Double Camomile, Double Dog-Fennil, Double Lady-smocks, Double Daisies Toad-Flax, Fox-gloves, Grove-Thistles, Scabious, Blew-bottles, Moth-Mullens, Nigella or Fennel Flower, Thorny-Apple, Balsam Apple, Apple of Love, Candy Tusts Snaill-flowers, Satten-flower, and Flower of the Sun: These every Colona knoweth how to plant, sow, or propagate.   

CHAP. VIII. Of such tender Exotic Trees, Flowers, and Plants, that require the Florists care to Preserve them in the Winter.  
TO complete your Pleasure, and make your Garden an Object of Delight, which is generally placed on rare or unusual Subjects, as well as on vulgar Beauties, you may make it capable of nourishing and preserving such natural Curiosities that cannot endure to be exposed to the rough, fierce, severe, and cruel Blasts that Boreas usually emits into our English Eden: And have therein your Brumal as well as your Aestival, Odoriferous Flowers, and pleasant Greene's, that nothing may be wanting in your terrestrial Paradise, that Industry and Cost may obtain.  

SECT. I. Of Perennial Greene's, and such Plants that cannot endure Cold.  
AS in the former part of this Treatise we began at the more hardy Winter Green's, so here it will be not unproper to observe the same order. And as there we named the famous Cypress first, so here shall we begin with the most beloved odoriferous Myrtle, so highly 
Of the Myrtle.  esteemed by Romans, the great Admirers of Rarities, before the Foundation of Rome: That the sweet perfume thereof when burned, became an Atonement for the Offence the Romans had committed in ravishing the Sabine Virgins. And its Sacred Branches (being first consecrated I suppose) were sufficient to purify them from so Venial a Sin. In memory of which Offence, and Satisfaction, on that very place the zealous Romans then erected a Sacrd Temple dedicated to Venus Cloacina, the Goddess 
Cloacina.  of such pleasures and patroness of the innocent Myrtle. Myrtle Trees were also by the same Romans planted and propagated as Omens or Prognostics of good or evil to their State and Government. So superstitious were they ever esteemed.  
In Pliny's time there was an old Temple and Altar that had been consecrated to Venus Myrtea.  
Cato mentioned the Conjugal Myrtle, which Pliny supposes to have proceeded from that which was dedicated to Venus Cloacina, and used it seems in their Marriages.  
Pliny attributes a strange effect to it, that if a man hath a great Journey to go on foot, and carry in his hand a Stick or Rod of the Myrtle-Tree, he should not be weary nor think his day long and tedious: It's probable its operations are more vigorous in such places where it naturally delights, than here where a kind of force is put upon it. But we here in England can second this Virtue in that of an Elder-stick, which if a young Horseman carry in his pocket, although he ride hard and far, yet shall he not be galled; as some affirm.  
There are several sorts of Myrtles here known in England; there is the broad leaved Myrtle, and the narrow leaved Myrtle, both very fine sweet smelling Shurbs; but the most elegant is that which in the Autumn affords such plenty of double white Blossoms, being a Plant very worthy the care of the most ingenious Florist, and are not so great a vexation as delight; whatever Mr. Rea's opinion is, Rapinus seems to be of another.  
Despise not humbler Plants, for they no less,  
Than Trees, your Gardens Beauty do increase.  
With what content we look on Myrtle - Groves!  
They are not so tender but an easy defence will make them endure hard Winters. I have known many Trees planted on Borders, endure several Winters, that have not been over severe, and never in the greatest extremity required but a Tilt from the Wind and Snow.  
The Plants produced from Layers are the most hardy, those from Seeds the most tender, the same it is with most odoriferous Herbs, as Thyme, Marjerom, Hyssop, etc.  
If planted in Pots or Boxes they are easily removed into your more open Green Houses, or Vaults,  
There is a sort of Myrtle with a large Leaf called Spanish Myrtle, that will endure all Wether without shelter.  
There are the Indian yellow, and the Spanish 
Of the Indian Jassemine, and Spanish Jassemine.  white Jassemines that are very curious Shrubs, and yield most fragrant Flowers, equalling almost the Orange-flowers, and deserve a place in your more open Green House or Vault, where a mean defence will preserve them from the too great severity of the Winter.  
Cytisus Maranthe lunatus, is a Plant sown as 
Of Cytisus Lunatus.  ordinarily in the Asian Territories, as common Pulse are here, and is both Branch and Seed, the best Food for all their , and is a great increaser of Milk in Beasts as well as in Women, but here with us preserved as a rarity in Pots or Cases, and so to be disposed in great Colds, into the Conservatory.  
The Oelander or Rose-bay, is a Plant bearing 
Oelander.  some of them blush, and some white Flowers, and will prosper if secured from the most violent cold, as the other beforementioned Plants are.  
The same may be said of Laurus Indica, although 
Indian Bay.  as yet a great stranger.  
The Maracoc, usually termed the Passion-flower, 
Maracoc.  from the Thorns and pointed Leaves it hath representing the Thorns wherewith our Saviour was Crowned, and Nails wherewith he was nailed to the Cross as the Authors of the name imagined.  
This Plant increaseth much by Cions naturally growing from it, and if the Root be preserved from the extremity of the Frost, it will yield many beautiful Flowers yearly in August.  
Snails as naturally affect this Plant, as they do the Fruit of the Nectarine Tree, and as Cats do the Marum Syriacum and therefore care must be taken to defend it from them.  
Ornithogalon or the Star-flower of Arabia, 
Star-flower of Arabia, and of Ethiopia.  which yieldeth a beautiful Flower in May, as that of Aethiopia in August, must be preserved as the other plants.  
The Indian flowering Reed, if often watered 
Indian Reed, and Indian Fig.  and secured in the Winter, yields store of Flowers, but the Indian Fig is a very low Plant growing one Leaf on another, and is therefore called Leaf upon Leaf, and only preserved 
Cistus Mas.  in the Winter for the rarity of it, no Plant in Nature being like it.  
The Male Cistus is a plant of no great esteem, yet preserved for the rarity thereof, as is the Cistus Ledon.  
The Indian Jucca not only affordeth us its 
Jucca.  sharppointed Flag-like Leaves, but sometimes its beautiful Flower, and is preserved only for the rarity thereof, and usually prescribed to be defended from the Winter cold, but by some affirmed to endure the most severe Wether.  
Periploca or Virginian Silk, of little value, 
Virginian Silk.  is much of the same nature, for the defence of those Plants which only suffer in extreme Colds; a slight Shelter may serve, either as they stand abroad in their proper places, or by removing them into some Garden-House, not so close as the Conservatory for the more tender Plants ought to be.  
Or a Vault or Cave may be made a little within the surface of the Earth, about the edges whereof may be disposed as you think fit your several Pots or Boxes.  
Or you may sink a hole for each single Pot or Box, so that the Plant may be a little below the surface of the ground, over which an ordinary Shelter from the Wet may serve, or if you sink it deeper, it will defend your Plant the better.  
For as the Earth in the Summer preserves Plants, or what else you place therein, cool from the scorching Rays of the Sun, so doth it from the extremity of Cold in the Winter: Neither hath the Wind, or Morning Air in that Season, so great an advantage over a Plant thus posited, as it hath if it be on a level.   

SECT. II. Of such Plants that least endure the Cold.  
OTher Plants there are whose descent have been from a more hot Climate, and are of themselves of a more tender Nature, than the other before mentioned.  
Whereof the Orange-Tree is the most principal, 
Of the Orange.  and deservedly in great esteem, not only for its Beautiful (though acid) Fruit, but for its most fragrant Flowers, of which is made so rich an Essence, and whose distilled Water is of so transcendent Virtues, that they will sufficiently recompense your diligence and care in nourishing and preserving the Tree.  
These Trees preserved in strong Boxes may be with ease removed into your Conservatory, and thence in the Summer placed in several Places of your Garden.  
NO Tree your Gardens, or your Fountains more  
Adorns, than what th' Atlantic Apples bore.  
A deathless Beauty Crowns its shining Leaves;  
And to dark Groves its Flower lustre gives;  
Besides the splendour of its golden fruit.  
Of which the boughs are never destitute.  
They are raised of the Kernels sown in March in Cases of rich Earth: These Fruits were unknown in former Ages to the Europeans, and the Trees have not been long introduced; and not many years hath that more noble kind, the China Orange been propagated in Portugal and Spain, which annually furnish us with those pleasant Fruits, yet there in a few years have they degenerated, as to size and taste: It's probable the Kernels of those may prosper better with us than the African, China being not so hot.  
The Fruit with us, although it ripeneth not so well as in Spain, yet in such years that our old stock of imported Fruit is decayed; they serve for many Physical uses. But the Flowers here are much more valuable than the Fruit.  
Therefore if a Wall be built near the House, and well defended behind, and on either side from cold Winds, and several Leaves or Doors of close Board made to shut before your Wall, and the top well secured from Rain; against this Wall may you plant your Orange-Trees, and prune them against it without ever removing them; only in the Spring season, you may open your Leaves or Doors by Degrees, and at length open it quite before and on the top, only in the main stays until the next Winter. In the building of this Wall may you contrive Concavities, through which the heat of Fire made in several places for that purpose, may pass behind your Trees, or you may have other Fires in this Shed as in your Green-house.  
The most proper Earth wherein to Plant your Orange-Trees, is that which is taken out of a Melon, or Cucumber-bed, and equally mixed or tempered with a fine loamy Earth, and so to remain the whole Winter, then sifted into the Cases.  
Instead of the fat Earth of a Melon, or Cucumber-bed, you may use Neats-dung, and order it as the Melon Earth.  
Before you put your Earth into your Cases, lay on the bottom a good quantity of Osier or Withy Sticks, or such like, which will preserve it light; if they are in a small quantity mixed throughout, it will be the better.  
Place them in your Conservatory before any Frosts happen, and in hard Wether give them some warmth.  
As the Spring appears, so acquaint them by degrees with the Air, opening the Doors at Noon first, and shutting them again, then for a whole Day, if the Wether permit. The like discretion you must use when you set them into your Conservatory, not to shut them up too close until extremity of Wether require it.  
As the Trees grow large, so you may enlarge your Cases, and take out the Trees, Earth and all, and place them in your new Cases.  
I have heard of a Gentleman that annually makes a Shed or House over his Orange-Tree, and as the Tree increaseth, so he enlargeth his House, and that his Tree is very large, and beareth plentifully.  
You must gather the Flowers as they blow, leaving but few to knit into Fruit, else will your Tree spend itself in Fruit.  
You must take care to brush the Spider's Webs off this Tree very gently, for they delight to work on it; the fragrant Blossoms attracting many Flies.  
The Kernels may be Planted in hot Beds, and will bring fair Plants the sooner.  
Easy Stoves or Heats will serve until the Frosts be very hard; than you must kindle greater Fires, but let not any Fire come too near your Trees, nor any Smoke annoy them. But if your Conservatory be made very close with Mats, that Water will not freeze in it, than there needs not any Fire.  
You must water them gently when you find they require it, which may be discerned by the Leaf which will soon complain, but give them rather too little than too much, and wet not the Leaves.  
You ought to renew and alter the Earth as tenderly as you can, by abating the upper part of it, and stirring it up with a Fork, taking heed to the Roots, and applying the prepared Earth in the room of it, which may be done in May and September.  
If you kindle some Charcoal, and when they have done smoking, put them in a hole sunk a little into the Floor, about the middle of it; it is the best Stove, and least annoys your Plants.  
The Water wherewith you irrigate your Orange-Trees, aught to be prepared as well as the Earth, you may therefore mix it with Sheeps-dung, or Neats-dung, and let it stand two or three days in the Air or Sun, and it will be very fit for your purpose.  
Lemons may be ordered after the same 
Lemmons.  manner as the Oranges, but they are not capable of giving you so large a requital.  
Amomum Plinii, so called, being a Plant by 
Amomum Plinii.  him esteemed, and by him reported to be naturally growing in divers parts of Asia, and yielding a rich and costly Berry, used in Perfumes, is now nursed up in our Climate, by careful preserving it in the Winter in the close Conservatory, where it requires the same care as doth the Orange-Tree.  
Geranium nocte olens, which smelleth pleasantly 
Geranium.  in the Night only, is a tender Plant, and deserves a place in your Conservatory.  
The Tuberose Hyacinth, famous for its aspiring Head and most fragrant Flowers, seeming to contend with the Orange-Tree, is a very tender Plant, impatient of Cold or Wet.  
The Root must be taken up in April, carefully parted without breaking the greater Fibers, and then replanted, the bottom of the Pot filled with prepared Earth, but the Roots covered only with natural fresh Earth, and then the Pot filled with Earth prepared, as before; place this Pot in a hot Bed, and there let it stand without watering until the Root spring, than set the Pot under a South-wall; in dry Wether water it easily. In August it will yield its rich Flowers, and in September it must be removed into the Conservatory.  
In September you may take up the Bulbs of this Plant, and preserve them in dry Sand, or when the Roots are dry, lay them up in Papers in a warm Closet.  
The Blue Borage-leaved Auricula, being 
Blue Borage leaved Auricula.  leaved like Borage, yieldeth fine blue Flowers; it is a rare and tender Plant, and set in a Pot may be preserved in your Conservatory, from the extremity of the Winter.  
Bears-Ears Sanicle, is almost of the form of 
Cortusa Matibioli.  an Auricula, is a Plant usually raised of Seed, planted in Pots, and preserved as other tender Plants.  
Mastich Thyme is a Plant of a curious Scent, 
Marum.  and vulgarly known, apt to be increased by Slips, and as apt to be destroyed by Cold, and is worthy of your care to preserve it.  
Assyrian Mastic is of the same nature, but 
Marum Syriacum.  so absolute a bait for Cats, that they will come far and near to it, to devour it, unless you preserve it with the sharpest Thorns or Furze. These and Mastiches are best preserved by placing them within the Earth, and covering them.  
But the most rare and curious Exotic, is the Lily of Japan, which is raised in some more Southerly Climate, and being brought into this Country, yields a fair Branch of Flowers much like red Martagons, and when the Sun shines on it, the whole Flower resembles Cloth of Gold; although the Root may live over the year, yet it's said it never bears any more Flowers in this Climate.  
Several others there are, that are not only tender, but rare and acceptable Plants to the ingenious and careful Florist, wherewith, according to the magnitude or capacity of his Green-House, or measure of his time he can spare about them; he may easily furnish himself with all from the great Conserver of these Rarities, Mr. George Rickets of Hogsden.     

BOOK III. Of Esculents or Plants for Foods.  
AS a Garden is the greatest Ornament to your Seat without doors, for the variety of Pleasures it yields, so is it of as great advantage and satisfaction for the variety it affords you of curious Aliments and Condiments at your Table; not any Dish of Meat can be completely served up, without a share of some Hortulan or other Vegetable.  
The meanest Cottager may well afford that little ground (if he hath any) that is contiguous to his Tenement, for the propagating of some or other of these Esculents we are now to treat of: It is not the heat or Colours, Fatness or Barrenness of his Land can excuse him here, for there is no Land but is apt to bring you some Fruit or other of your Labour, and wherein some of these Plants do delight: If it be a dry hot sandy Land, Carrots will prosper in it; if cold and dry, than Turnips, if hot and moist, than Pease, Beans, and most sorts of Tillage; if cold and moist, than Cabbages, Beans, etc. will not disdain it; Thus may some sort of Tillage or other be adapted to every sort of Land.  
The accidental or casual thriving of Plants or Seeds in the various sorts of Lands hath, within the memory of Man, very much encouraged our Rustics to a farther improvement of this part of Husbandry, not only because the products of their Labours have often found a good Market for curious Palates, but because they have been frugal Meats for their own Families, and sometimes necessity also (which often makes Men ingenious) hath put them upon the propagation of these Esculents, which have served as Meat, Bread and Drink, in such years that Corn hath been scarce. For in a great part of the World, the Inhabitants never were acquainted with the making of Bread of Corn, but sometimes of the Roots of some Plants that grew amongst them, which they eat with their hunted Venison, or with their Milk, as in Ireland they eat Potatoes; thus here in England, Carrots, Turnips, Cabbages, and many other Roots and Plants have been both Bread and Meat, for the Husbandman and his Family, who have in many places subsisted long on this Food; and these Esculents being of themselves of a fine nutrimental and moist nature, have not required so much Drink as other Meats more dry and salt usually do: These kind of Diets are at a far less Charge and trouble to the Pater-familiae, than those of Flesh, Bread, Cheese, etc.  
And if the Case were truly stated, and the Times compared, the improvement and propagation of these Esculents hath been one Principal cause of the deadness of the Market for Corn, which probably may be objected against this design.  
To answer which you may consider, that cheap Food is one of the greatest encouragements for the peopling of a Country, for this very reason many thousands have deserted England, to settle in Ireland and elsewhere, to our great detriment, and their great advantage.  
If any Farmer complain of the Effects of these Improvements, then let him make use of the same, and set out yearly a parcel of his Farm, for the raising of Garden-Tillage, wherewith to feed his own Family, and furnish the Market.  
Then will it be objected, that in case every man should so improve a part of his Ville, the prices of the Tillage would be low, and it would not quit the Cost.  
To answer which, It would then reduce the advantage of the one and the other part of Husbandry to a Balance, from which no ill effect as to the general can proceed.  
It may be further objected, that seeing less Land will, by these ways of improvement, feed a certain number of people, than the old way of Husbandry can do, that much Land will therefore lie waist.  
In answer whereunto, If you can raise as much Food on an Acre of Land, as formerly you did on four Acres, what disadvantage to you is it in case the three remaining Acres lie waste? but you may convert them to pasture, if you please.  
In case you object that Garden-Tillage requires more hands, to dig, trench, set, sow, plant, weed, and gather in, thatn the former way of sowing of Corn.  
Answer, This is one of the Advantages it will necessarily produce, that Man and his Family may live and keep themselves daily employed in this method of Husbandry, on a few Acres of Land to as equal an advantage, as by the more ancient way they could on a great Farm: For it were much better for the public, that the great Farms were subdivided into lesser, that the people might have Habitations and Employments here at home to keep them from straggling abroad, than to have so many great Farms lie so neglected, to the great prejudice of the Commonweal: Palladius was of the same opinion, who said, Foecundior est culta Exiguitas, quam magnitudo neglecta.  
But if you will say, that by multiplying Garden. Tillage after this manner, it will make Corn-land so low rent and Corn thereby to become cheap, to the great detriment to the kingdom in general. Then consider, that if a part of our Land will yield us Food sufficient, and uphold the yearly value of our Villes, as by this Method it will cartainly do, then may there be Corn enough raised in England, not only to balance, but under-sell our foreign Neighbours, to our great a dvantage, and their detriment (which is almost equal to it;) for the more of our own Growths we can vend, the more is Navigation encouraged, and the greater Returns are made. It is when the Growths or Manufactures of other Country's are imported hither, and in lieu of them ready Money returned, that impoverishes us, and enriches them. Therefore when the contrary is done, it must have a contrary effect.  
The Private Advantages of the propagating Hortulans or Esculent plants, as they are oftentimes▪ represented, are prodigious and incredible, therefore a modest computation is the best encouragement; for any rational man will more easily believe that an Acre of Turnips, Carrots, Onions, or the like, is four or five times more profitable to the Husbandman, than an Acre of Wheat or Barley, or such like, than if it should be said to be ten or twenty times more profitable.  
But for your Garden (where you are confined to a less Room than a Farm) which is divided into several squares or quarters, and each square or quarter well manured and prepared for its proper Tillage, there may you expect a far greater increase, especially of such plants that annually produce their Fruit without the renewing of the Gardeners Cost and Pains, unless only to cherish and preserve them▪ with the planting and propagating of which sort of Esculents we will begin.  

CHAP. I. Of such Plants that are Perennial, or continue over the Year.  
THE best and most select of such Esculent 
Of Asparagus.  Plants that continue from Year to Year, without new planting or sowing, is the Asparagus, which deserves to be first named, because of its early and plentiful increase it yields, the delicacy of its Meat, and the continuance of it before any other, gains a repute above it.  
So long since as in Pliny's time it was the most esteemed of any in the Garden, although in those parts they sometimes grew wild, yet in the Gardens were they so cultivated, that three of their Buds or Heads would weigh a pound, and were (though common) the Romans dainty Dish: And Cato many years before Pliny wrote very much concerning their propagation, out of the abundant regard he had for them, being then but newly reduced to the Gardener's care.  
They grow naturally wild, or at least some Bastard kind of them in the Meadows near Bristol; but our more fair and large, usually called Dutch Asparagus are propagated from Seed; the Ground wherein you sow them must be rich and well tempered and prepared; then may you with your Finger prick in the Berries at what distance you please; the best time is in January or February.  
Then after two years, in March following, will they be fit to remove into the Bed wherein they are to remain.  
But the best and most expeditious way is, to buy your Plants of two or three years' growth of the Gardeners, who raise them on purpose for Sale at an easy price.  
The Bed you plant them in aught to be three or four foot wide, and about two foot in depth, the most part within the surface of the earth, and about six inches above, for it will settle. When you have made clean and square your Foss, you may fill it with good rotten Dung of any sort, with a little mixture of earth, the best Soil is that which the Butchers make, wherein there are Hoofs, Rams-horns, or any such cornuous substance, wherein they exceedingly delight; it's probable woollen Rags or old Leather may do as well; with these mixtures may you fill your Bed about eighteen inches; then cover the same with good old rich Mould, that came out of some Cucumber or Melon Bed for about six inches more, in the midst whereof plant your Sets, at sixteen or eighteen inches distance in a Quincunical order, that they may lie covered two or three inches; plant them with their Roots spreading as much as you can. Or you may cover the Dung with rich Mould, three inches, and then place your Sets with the Roots spreading, and then gently cover them with the like Mould three inches.  
You may make as many of these Beds, and as long as you please, leaving a two foot interval between them, for the conveniency of dressing and cutting them, for broad Beds are inconvenient, no Tillage suffering more by treading than these.  
About three years after they are planted you may cut of them: the sooner you cut of them, the more will the head of the Root knit, and the more in number will it yearly yield you; and the later you cut, the more will the Root and head grow in bigness, and the fairer Bud will you have. Some will thus grow to be very large.  
When Green Pease furnish your Table, then may you let your Asparagus run to Seed, that they may gather strength for the succeeding year.  
In the cutting the Buds remove some of the Earth with your knife, to avoid injuring the next Successor.  
In November, or the beginning of December, cut the seedy stalk close to the ground, and cover the Beds with new warm Horse-dung, which will prevent them from extreme Frosts, for no other will injure them.  
In the beginning of March uncover them if the Wether be open, and either before you cover them, or at this time, weed them clean, and after weeding lay on your Bed the Bottom of a Melon or Cucumber Bed, or such like rich Earth, about two fingers thick, to supply the usual decay they are subject unto.  
You may have early Asparagus, if you take the old Roots with the Earth about them, and place them on a hot Bed, thus will they bud in January.  
By the precedent Rules will a Garden of Asparagus furnish you with Buds near three Months of the year, without the force of a hot Bed, and that in such plenty, that no other tillage whatever, that is the perennial (the Artichoak only excepted) affords the like. These whilst less common, were received as Dainties at the best furnished Tables; and now, though plentiful, are they an usual Dish at most gentlemen's Tables, and by degrees may come to be a more vulgar Diet; for after their first Planting, the labour about them is but small, and the cost less, the trouble of cutting them not so great as gathering of Pease, nor dressing them so tedious, yet a Meat equalling the best of Tillage, and the most salubrious of any.  
About the time the Asparagus leaves you, 
Of Artichokes.  the Artichoak comes in request, being one of the best of a Gardens products, and anciently derived from Thistles, as Pliny tells us, and in his time, and long before, had been so improved, that they became a most delicate Meat, and were served up to the Tables of the most prodigal Romans. If then they were so excellent, surely by a continued improvement to this day, must they needs now be much better.  
There are several kinds of them, as the more ordinary which run up tall, and bear small heads which are very hardy, and are usually called the Thistle-Artichoaks; the other sorts are more large, and grow low, and much to be preferred, but are more tender and unable to endure the severity of the Winter.  
The best and largest sort is that called the Globe-Artichoak, bearing a very large Fruit of near twelve inches over. The meanest is that called the Red Artichoak, with the Plants whereof many have been deceived, expecting a more excellent than ordinary Fruit, when instead thereof they produced the worst of Artichokes.  
They are increased by Slips, taken from the sides of the old Roots at the time of dressing them in the Spring, with as much root to them as you can.  
Artichokes delight in a rich and deep Soil, and not very dry, which Soil must be trenched about two foot deep, and mixed very well with good old rotten Dung, and so laid up into Beds of what form you think best, for you may go between them as you please; the Artichoak roots very deep, and if it likes its ground will grow very large, and continue many years.  
You may plant them four foot apart at least, that they may have room to spread their leaves, and at their first planting be sure to water them in dry Wether until you observe them to grow.  
The best times for the planting them is in the beginning of April, and you may sow any Sallet-Herbs between them, that may be gathered and disposed of before the Artichokes spread too far. These Plants will some of them yield heads in the Autumn following.  
If you throughly water your Artichokes with water enriched with Sheeps-Dung, it will make them very large: Watering of them in dry Land, or in dry Years, much advantageth them, for in moist Years they are much more plentiful and large than in dry Years, and the better it will be in case the Water be fat.  
Water drawn from Ashes, or improved by any fixed Salt, is very good for the same purpose; for I have known that Artichokes have been the larger for Turf-ashes, casually with Dung laid at their Roots to preserve them in Winter.  
In November, or the beginning of December, it will be a good time to secure your Artichokes from the Frost, by raising the Earth about them, and encompassing them with long Dung, or any hawmy substance, but not to cover them, lest it perish them, for it's the Frost that perisheth the Roots, and the wet and want of Air that perish the Leaves.  
About London where they have great Gardens of Artichokes, they cannot so well cover them with long Dung; but instead thereof they cut off all the Greene's, which they sell for feeding of Cows, after the rate of 20 s. per Acre, as they themselves tell me, and then cover the plants over with Earth, to defend them from Frosts; so that it is not necessary to preserve the Greene's over the Winter.  
But this way of covering them with Earth did not preserve them in the great Frost of 1683 when all so covered were killed; and at the same time those that were covered well with long Dung were preserved, in the smaller Gardens remote from London: and some that were buried in Dung all that winter, being cast out of the Gardens, were found in the Spring to be living.  
Some prescribe to whelm over them an earthen Pot, Beehive, or such like open at the top to give them Air, which may serve if the Winter be not too sharp.  
About the middle of March, you may gently move the Dung from them, and at the end, the Earth that was cast up, and the first week in April may you dress them, by digging deeply about each Root, and slipping of every Set as low as possibly you can, leaving two or three of the greatest and most distant the one from the other for Bearers, then fill them up round with good old Dung or rich Soil mixed with the Earth, and they will afford you fair Heads.  
If you would have latter Artichokes, you must cut the first Crops betimes, or expect them from your new set plants.  
A small spot of ground thus planted and ordered, will furnish your Table with many of these Fruits in a year, and are equal to the best of Vegetables for Food; charge and trouble and very little in comparison of the advantage.  
They will continue six, eight or ten years, sometimes twenty years and more, according to the goodness of the Land they grow in, and then must be renewed when you perceive them to degenerate; which they surely do if they like not the ground.  
The young Buds of Artichokes may be eaten raw with Pepper and Salt, as usually Melons, Figs, etc. are eaten.  
The Chard of the Artichokes, which is the Stalk of a young Artichoak, arising out of an old Root, and preserved from the Air, and from heading, by winding it about with Straw, to blanche it and make it tender, is by the French esteemed an excellent Dish.  
The Roots, Stalks, and Leaves of them, whilst young and tender, are delicate Meat, especially if so preserved and blanched as is by some affirmed; and it is not improbable, for I have often found that by covering a Winter Bud to preserve it from Frost, the Snails have greedily devoured it.  
Those esculent Herbs that are perennial, because they are not so much used for Food as for Condiment, I shall discourse of in another Chapter.   

CHAP. II. Of Esculent Roots.  
THere are several Roots that have afforded us great plenty of substantial, pleasant 
Of Turnips.  and wholesome Food, whereof the Turnip is esteemed the best; there are several sorts of them, the round, long, and yellow, of which the round is the most common, though the others are very good; the long are usually called Navews; they have been an ancient Food throughout Europe Southward, and have been very much improved in England of late years.  
They will grow on the meanest Land in its first tilth, and much the more if the Season prove moist or dripping. The Season of sowing them is about Midsummer, that they may be ready to improve upon the Autumnal Rains, which maketh them much sweeter than the Vernal.  
They are fickle at their first coming up in a too dry Season, and if (being sown early) they happen to fail, you may at the end of July, or beginning of August new sow your Ground.  
These Seeds are much sought for and devoured by small Birds, who will smell them in the ground, and when they first send their pale heads above the earth the Birds will draw them out and eat of their Seeds, and leave the naked Shoots on the ground. Those that escape the Birds in small Gardens or places, amongst, or near to Trees and Groves, as well as in the larger Fields, the Flies in dry and hot Summers usually devour; so that few or none escape them: which to prevent, some have affirmed, that if you take Soot of Chimneys, and lay it in Water, till the Water be strongly tinged therewith, and with that imbibe your Seed, and then sow it, neither the Birds nor Flies will meddle with it.  
You may sow them in April, to have Turnips in the Summer, but sowing them after for the Winter is most seasonable.  
In the Winter before the great Frosts prevent, you may take them up, and cutting off the Greene's, dispose of them in some cool place on heaps, and they will keep long, and much better and longer in case they be laid in Sand and covered with it.  
They will root the better and larger if the Leaves spread and grow flat, than if they stand upright or grow upwards; which to prevent, sow them not too thick, or if they come up too thick in any place, reduce them to a convenient number or distance of about ten or twelve inches, and supply the defects by transplantation, and you will find that the increase of your Root shall balance the lessening your number, for the near standing of any Vegetables cause them to aspire upwards, as is evident in most Trees planted in Copses; which otherwise are apt to spread.  
But if the over fatness of your Ground, which is a great fault for Turnips, or overmuch wet, cause them to run out in leaf more than in root, then treading down the leaves will make them root the better.  
The Greene's or Leaves of Turnips that have been sown late, and lived over the Winter, are usually boiled and eaten with salt Meats, and prove an excellent Condiment.  
Thus ordered, will a small spot of Ground yield you a second Crop (after Pease, Beans, or Sallee-Herbs) of excellent Food, which the most curious plates disdain not, and much more in value then any of Corn or Grain whatever.  
Carrots have been anciently used for Meat, 
Of Carrots.  but not so much as Turnips have been, yet are they the sweeter Meat, and more easily eaten without Bread, or rather better serve to supply that cefect than Turnips, for Turnips are much the better Condiment, but Carrots the pleasanter Food.  
There are two sorts of them, the yellow, and the Orange, or more red: the last of which is by much the better.  
They delight in light Ground with a mixture of Sand; if it be rich or heavy, you must take the more pains in digging it, to make it as light as you can.  
If you dung your Land the same year you sow your Carrots, you must be sure to bury your Dung so low that the roots may not extend to it; for as soon as they touch the Dung they grow forked.  
The Season for sowing them is in February or March, in dry Wether.  
To make them large, you must do with them as with the Turnips, only they will admit of a greater number on the same quantity of ground than the other.  
If sown between Beans set in wide rows, after the Beans are taken up your Carrots will thrive, and you may have a second Crop, but these not so fair nor early as those that are sown in Beds by themselves.  
To improve this and other Roots, gather your Seeds from the highest aspring Branches; and sow them as before is directed; then when you take them up, select the fairest, and preserve for Seed the next year, then Plant them, and take the Seeds from the highest tops as before.  
Carrots are preserved as Turnips, over the Winter; but if you will have Carrots early in the Spring, you must sow them in August, and preserve them from the Frost in the Winter by covering them with Pease-haum: But these are not so good as those that are sown in the Spring.  
Next unto Carrots are Parsnips in great 
Parsnips:  use for a delicate sweet Food, and were so esteemed in Plinys time, and by him reputed to be excitatives unto Venus; an argument that they are very nutrimental.  
They delight in a richer Soil than the Carrots, but as light and well stirred as may be, else in every respect to be ordered as the Carrots, but are not to stand so thick.  
The Skirret or Skirwort-Root, was also a very ancient Dish amongst the Romans, and is the sweetest, whitest, and most pleasant of Roots, and by Physicians esteemed a great restorative, and good for weak Stomaches, and an effectual Friend to Dame Venus.  
Skirrets delight in a very Rich, Light, and 
Of Skirrets.  not too dry Soil, for in moist Summers they are fairest.  
They are increased by Plants divided in February or March, and set in single Buds at six or eight inches distance, and in a dripping year, or otherwise, if they be watered in dry Seasons, you will have a very plentiful increase the succeeding Winter; you may also Plant them here and there on the edges of your other Beds.  
They endure the Winter very well, and you may take them up at any time before the Spring be too forward, if the Frosts prevent you not; when you take the Roots, cover the tops in Earth for your farther increase.  
The Root Scorsonera is as yet not common, 
Of Scorsonera.  but very much commended by some to be good Meat, after the outer Rind is scraped off, and the Root steeped a while in Water, to take away that little bitterness it hath.  
They are said to lie in the ground all the Winter, and from year to year without any prejudice, but will still grow bigger and bigger, although they yearly run up to Seed.  
They are increased either by Seed, or by Slips, as the Skirrets, or by cutting the Roots in several pieces, which planted in good ground at about eight or nine inches distance, in March, will yield a considerable increase, or may be planted at any other time, they being hardy.  
They are esteemed to be very cordial and excellent in Fevers.  
Potatoes are much used in Ireland and in America 
Of Potatoes.  as Bread, and are of themselves also an usual Food.  
They grow in any good mellow ground, and are increased by cutting the Roots in pieces, and planting them as the Scorsonera.  
These and the Jerusalem Artichokes, which 
Of Jerusalem Artichokes.  are by much the meaner Food, although somewhat like them, may be propagated with advantage to poor People, a little ground yielding a very great quantity, as the many small Welsh Territories adjoining to the Highways in those parts, planted with them, plainly demonstrate.  
The Red Beet or Roman Parsnip, and the 
Of Beets.  White Beet were amongst the ancient Romans, and by several are now used as well in Root as in Leaf at the Table.  
Beets delight in a rich and deep Soil as doth the Parsnip, and must be sown about the same time or rather set about fifteen inches asunder, because their Leaves are large.  
Or you may sow them in a Bed promiscuously, and when they are grown a little then transplant them, and they will yield fairer Roots, the other being apt to be forked.  
There are Chards of Beets as well as of Artichokes, and after the same manner may be prepared.  
You must take them up before the Frost prevent you, and house them as before was directed for Turnips and Carrots.  
After the same manner plant the best for Seed as was directed for Turnips and Carrots.  
Radishes in the more Southern Countries 
Of Redishes.  are a delicate Meat, especially if sown in brackish Lands, or watered with brackish Waters, and therefore were they in such esteem with the Egyptians, where were the daintiest and sweetest Radishes in the World.  
The Greeks also so highly preferred them to all other Meats, in regard of their good nourishment, that in an Oblation of Garden-fruits unto Apollo, in his Temple at Delphos, they dedicated the Beet in Silver, the Turnip in Lead but the Radish in beaten Gold: Also Moschian the Greek Writer had so great an esteem for the Radish, that he compiled a whole Book of it, as Pliny relates.  
These in our more Northern Clime attain not to that degree of maturity, as to become Food, except it be the Leaves, which boiled are eaten with salt Meats.  
But are very much regarded as a Salad for their biting and quick taste, especially in the Spring, eaten with Salt.  
There are three sorts of Radishes, the small eating Radish, the Horse Radish, and the black Radish.  
The first is that which hath been so much in repute, and is now ordinarily eaten, and is raised of Seed.  
To have them early they must be raised on a hot Bed, with a snfficient thickness of good rich light Moul, that they may have depth enough to root in before they reach the Dung.  
To have large and clean Radishes, make. holes as deep as your finger about three inches distance, into each hole drop a sound Seed (or two if suspicious) and cover the Seeds a little, leaving the rest of the hole open; thus will they grow to the height of the hole ere they dilate their Leaves, and yield you a long and transparent Root.  
You may sow them all the year, those in the Winter in hot Beds, those sown after Midsummer will not run to Seed that year.  
They delight in rich and light ground, and require watering, for in dripping years they prove fairest.  
The Horse Radish is increased by Plants, as 
Horse Radishes.  well as from Seeds, and used by many as an excellent and wholesome Sauce.  
The black Radish is so mean a Root that it 
Black Radish.  finds no place in a good Garden.  
Onions are an ancient Food, especially of 
Of Onions.  the Egyptians, and are much esteemed of by the Spaniards, who eat them as Englishmen do Apples, for in the hotter Countries they are a little milder than here.  
There are several sorts of them, the Strasburgh Onion, red Spanish, white Spanish, and the English, the red the most tart, and the white the mildest; the ordinary English are not so fair as those of Biscay or St. Omers, but these by often sowing degenerate.  
Sow Onions in February, or beginning of March, between the full of the Moon, and the last Quarter, and they will head very well and not run to Chibols.  
They delight in good Land well tempered and freed from Weeds, they extend not their Fibers far downwards, therefore in your sowing them tread your Bed or beat, it flat, then sow it with your Seed as equally dispersed as you can, and not too thick, then sift over in fine rich Earth, a finger thick at most; by this means the root will grow larger, and not be apt to run into the ground, for an Onion and a Turnip, the more on the surface they grow, the fairer they prove: This I had from an experienced person.  
Omons' sown with Salt are said to prosper and grow large; it is not improbable, because they seem to extract much of the blackish moisture of the Earth.  
You may sow Onions all the year for the use of the young Onions or Scallions; those sown in Autumn may be covered with Straw or pease-haum, and so preserved all the Winter, and will be early Chibols or Scallions in the Spring.  
You may plant small Onions, or such that are grown or beginning to shoot in the Spring, in deep holes, and they will prove good Chibols.  
There is a distinct species of Chibols or Ascalonian Onions in France, that are increased by Off-sets as the Eschalots, but they are not usual with us.  
The use of Onions is generally known, and the advantage they bring to the careful Gardener very great. 
Of Garlick   
The use of Garlic is as ancient as that of Onions with the Egyptians, who had them both in very great esteem, as now our Welsh have Leeks, and used to swear by Garlic and Onions, deeming them Sacred, because they afforded them so much rare Food: much after the same manner do our ancient Britain's dedicate the Leek to their Saint David on his day, and Aegyptian-like, some of them are known by their Magazine of Garlick-fume, at a great distance.  
Garlic is planted by Off-sets in February or March in good rich Soil, and it will increase wonderfully. About the end of June you must tie the Leaves in knots, which will make them head, and prevent their spindling: it may be taken up in August when the Blade withereth.  
Much of it is eaten in Wales and Scotland and some part of England, and much more of it would be spent for its wholsomeness were it not for the offensive smell it gives to the bystanders, which is taken away by eating of a Beet-root roasted in the Embers, as Menander (a Greek Writer quoted by Pliny) saith.  
Eschalots are now from France become an 
Of Eschalits'.  English Condiment, and are increased and managed near after the same manner as the Garlic, only they are to be set earlier because they spring sooner, and take up as soon as the leaves begin to whither, which is before the Garlic. They must not lie in the ground long after, for either they rot in the ground or the Winter kills them.  
They give a fine relish to most Sauces, and the breath of those that feed on them is not offensive to others, as it is of those that feed on Garlic or Onions: they are apt to degenerate, being planted two or three Years in the same ground, therefore it is best to renew your plantation with new plants lately brought from France, within two or three Years.  
Leeks were in use as anciently as Onions or 
Of Leeks.  Garlic, not only in foreign parts, but here in Britain, as is evident by the constant use of them by the Welsh, who propagate an abundance of them, insomuch, that I have seen the greatest part of a Garden there stored with Leeks, and part of the remainder with Onions and Garlic.  
By reason of their mild nature they are much used in Porridge, which hath derived its Name from Porrum a Leek, though now from the French, we call it Pottage.  
They are raised of Seeds, as the Onions, and sown about the same time.  
About August, plant your Leeks in very fat rich Ground, and make the holes deep with a setting Stick, wherein plant them, but fill not the hole with Earth; Water them once in two days with Water enriched with fat Dung, and they will be very large and white.  
Plant the best for Seed, as you do the Onions; and the Seed-bearing stalks of both must be supported by Sticks and Threads, else they will lean to the Ground.  
Sives, being a diminutive kind of Leek, is 
Of Sives.  next to be mentioned; they are increased by parting them, and Planting them in single Heads early in the Spring; if Planted in good Land they will multiply exceedingly, they stand many years, and are a pleasant Sauce and good Potherb.   

CHAP. III. Of Beans and Pease.  
GArden-Beans are an ancient Food, esteemed by Pliny the principal of all Pulse, they are a very strong and nourishing Meat. Pythagoras forbidden his Scholars the eating of Beans, only (as is supposed) because they were a rough Meat, and disturbed their sedate minds in the Night, and are not therefore so good for Philosophers nor Students. The greater sort which we vulgarly call Sanwich Beans, are by much to be preferred for their fruitfulness and goodness.  
They may be set in November, and at any time after till May, but most securely in February or March, for if they begin to spire, and very severe Frosts happen after it, they may be all destroyed. Probatum est.  
It is not good to set them promiscuously, but in double ranges, at three foot distance at least, the Ranges running from North to South, the Sun will comfort and ripen them the better.  
If you cut off the Stalks of your Beans near the ground; when they are first ripe, the Roots will spring again, and in seasonable Years you may have a second Crop about Michaelmas.  
From whence we may conclude, that if you cut off your Beans that are set in the Spring, at such times as they begin to blow, than they will germinate again into more Branches and bear late, much better than if they were Planted late, which extreme drought usually hinders from coming to perfection.  
There is a small sort of Bean called a Spanish Bean that ripens early, and therefore to be preferred,  
Kidney Beans were as ancient a Food as the 
Of Kidney Beans.  other, and in very great esteem with the old Italians; yet within the Memory of Man were a great rarity here in England, although now a known and common delicate Food.  
They delight in a warm, light, and fertile ground, which being well stirred, and about May-day, or very little sooner, planted with the Kidney-Beans, at about a foot apart, and two fingers deep, will yield you an extraordinary Crop.  
You may either set tall Sticks near for them to twine about, or let them lie on the ground, but if you are straitened in room, those on Sticks will yield you the greatest increase.  
Of these there are 4 sorts, 1. The Scarlet Bean, which yieldeth a rough husk, and is not the best to eat in the shell as Kidney Beans usually are eaten, but is reputed the best to be eaten in the Winter when dry and boiled. 2. The Painted or Streaked Bean, which is the hardiest although the meanest of all, and is known, the dry Bean being all over streaked with a dark Colour. 3. The large White Bean, which yields a fair and delicate Pod. 4. The small White Bean, which except in size is like the latter, but esteemed the sweeter.  
There is another sort much like the last, thaat 
Bona Vistas.  is natural to the Island Bona Vista, and thence taken and propagated in the Summer Islands, from whence some certain persons have them dry, and esteem them as delicate Meat; they will flourish well here in Branch, but our Summers are not long enough to bring them to maturity, Quaere, if raised on a hot Bed.  
Pease are of divers kinds, and some of them 
Of Pease.  the sweetest and most pleasant of all Pulses; the meaner sort of them have been long acquainted with our English Air and Soil; but the sweet and delicate sorts of them have been introduced into our Gardens only in this latter Age.  
There are divers sorts of pease now propagated in England, as three several sorts of Hotspurs, the long, the shorts and Barns' Hotspur. Sandwich, five sorts of Rouncivals, the Grey, White, Blue, Green, and Maple Rouncival. Three sorts of Sugar Pease, the large White, small White, and Grey Sugar Pease. The Egg-Pease, Wing Pease, and Sickle Pease; whereof the Hotspurs are the most early, pleasant, and profitable of all others. The Sugar Pease with crooked Cod, the sweetest of all. The large white and green Rouncival, and the great Egg-Pease we shall more particularly advise to be propagated in our Gardens.  
The Hotspurs are the speediest of growth of any, that being sown about the middle of May will in six Weeks time return ripe again into your hands, no Vegetable besides being so quick in its growth and maturity; therefore let these be the first that you sow, if sown in February or March, they will come earlier than any other sort sown before Winter; but if you sow them in September, and can by Fences of Reed, or otherwise defend them from extreme Frosts, you may have ripe Peascods in May following.  
The large Sugar Pease (which many take to be a fair white sweet Pease succeeding the Hotspur, but erroneously) is a tender Pease Planted in April, and ripe after Midsummer, the Cod are very crooked and ill-shaped, which being boiled with the unripe Pease in them, are extraordinary sweet. The greatest discouragement in raising these, is that their sweetness attracts the small Birds unto them, to their total destruction, unless carefully prevented; which is a sufficient Argument of their pre-excellency.  
The large white and green Rouncivals, or Hastings, are tender, and not to be set till the cold is over, and then not very thick, for they spread much, and mount high, and therefore require the aid of tall sticks, every one knows the worth of them.  
There is another very large grey, but extraordinary sweet Pease, that is lately propagated, it is tender but very Fruitful, and deserves a large Bed in your Kitchen Garden.  
They delight in a warm light Soil, if it be rich, the Pease are the fairer, if lean the Pease are the more early, and spend better, especially when dry.  
They are set with a Dibble to more advantage than sown in Rills or Furrows, but either way should be by a Line, and the roughs eighteen inches or two foot apart, as the ground is in goodness, that you may go between them to haw, weed, or gather them.  
If you keep the ground between them bare, they will ripen the sooner, for the heat of the ground will contribute much thereto.  
If you raise the Earth about them when they are about a hand breadth high, they will flourish the better.  
If you set or sow them in the beginning of, or before Winter, you must inter twice as many Pease as you need to do in case you stay till February or March, because the Cold and Mice will destroy a part.  
Ground laid in deep Furrows from East to West, and Pease sown or set on the South declining side of each Furrow, will defend your Pease better in the Winter, than if they were sown or set on a Level. For on the Wiltshire Plains, the Husbandmen leave their Land after it is sown with Wheat, as rough and clotty as they can, to shelter their Corn in Grass from the severity of the cold Winds in the Winter.  
Pease on Sticks will bear more, but on the ground will ripen sooner.   

CHAP. IU. Of Cabbages and Caulyflowers.  
THere is not a more ancient nor nor common 
Cabbage.  Esculent Plant than a Cabbage or Caulwort, nor any Garden Aliment so wholesome, if Cato that lived near two thousand years since, and Chrysippus and Dieuches, two famous Physicians more ancient (that wrote each of them a Volume of the excellent Virtues of this Plant) may be credited, or the Country wherein they wrote considered. Pythagoras himself, long before Cato, had not so mean an opinion of Beans, but he had as high of this. Ever since those Times we have had the consent and approbation of all our European Territories (except the more severe Northern) that Cabbages and Caulworts are a good and wholesome Food, as their constant and vulgar use of them in every place sufficiently manifest. Here in England not a Village without them; and if there be a House without a Garden, or a Garden without a Caulwort, yet the Inhabitants or Owners of them will furnish themselves from the Market: yet are they not so addicted to the use of them here as in France, Holland, Germany, etc. where (in Germany) that famous City of Wurtsburgh is said to derive its Name from the great plenty of Wurts, as they call them that grow about it.  
We have here many sorts of them besides the common which are known to every one, as the Dutch Cabbage, the large sided Cabbage, the white-headed Cabbage, the red Cabbage, perfumed Cabbage, Savoy Cabbage, and Russia Cabbage.  
The first that heads is a small white Cabbage, 
The Dutch Cabbage.  called the Dutch-Cabbage, and comes in Season before the common English Cabbage, and is very sweet, notwithstanding it hath not felt the Frost, which is a great improver of the taste of most Cabbage.  
The Cabbage that is now much in request is the large-sided Cabbage it's a very tender plant, 
The largefided Cabbag.  sown not till May, planted out in July and in the Autumn is eaten as the best Cabbage in the World.  
The large white-headed Cabbage, which is 
The white-headed Cabbage.  the biggest of all Cabbages, is worthy your care for its greatness sake,  
There is a sort of red Cabbage, and another 
The red Cabbage.  inclining to purple; they are small and grow near the ground, and are planted only for varietysake, and to garnish Dishes, etc.  
There are some sort that have a Musky Scent, 
Perfumed Cabbage.  and are therefore called perfumed Cabbages, which are not unworthy your Care.  
But one of the best sorts of all is the Savoy 
The Savoy Cabbage.  Cabbage, almost as hardy as our common English Cabbage; the Winter Plants head very well, being Planted out in the Spring, as the ordinary Cabbage are, the heads when the Frosts have touched them turn yellow, and then are delicate Meat.  
These that are raised of Seeds, in the Spring will have but snall heads, which, as also those without heads in the succeeding Winter, are exceeding any ordinary Caul or Cabbage.  
The Russia Cabbage is the least and most 
The Russia Cabbage.  humble of all the Cabbages, growing very near the ground; is very pleasant Food, hardy and quick of growth: So that you need not be without all the Summer. The Winter Plants heading early, and the Spring Plants arriving to maturity in seven weeks after they are sown.  
Sow all your Cabbage Seeds that you intent for Winter Plants in Argust, or beginning of September, and when they are grown with Leaves about three Fingers broad then draw them and plant them out in fresh and rich Land, where they may remain all the Winter and at Spring replant them where they are to stand for Cabbages. These are those they call Leger Plants that produce the fairest Cabbages.  
You may sow your Seeds in the Spring, in March and April, for Cauls' for the whole Summer; and some of them, if the Year prove dripping, or they sometimes watered will head.  
At the transplanting your young Plants, water them with water that is enriched with dung.  
Before the great Frosts surprise you, you may take up your hardest Cabbages, and after they have hung up by their Roots about a fortnight, to drain the water from them, you may either lay them in some Cellar, where they will keep a long time, or Plant them deep in the ground close one to another, and cover them with Hawm or Straw until you have occasion to use them.  
Those you intent for Seed, you may plant in rich Soil indifferent deep, and cover them from the Frosts, and in the Spring they will quickly aspire.  
Beside these variety of Cabbages, Caul, and Sprouts springing from the old decapitated Stump there is a perennial Caul, being usually called Sheer-Wurt or Sheer-Caul that will continually yield you a green Mess whenever you have occasion, and deserves a place in your Kitchen Garden, and is raised of Seed as the other.  
There is also a sort of Caul that is very much curled, and is very good, and by some much esteemed.  
But the Germane Colewort exceeds all other for its delicate Taste, and its hardiness against the greatest severity of the Winter, although not yet commonly propagated.  
There is a Species of Cauls much more excellent 
Of Caulyflowers.  than any of the former which are Cauliflowers, which merit a far greater esteem at the Table than the Cabbage for a time, their prime Season lasts not above two Months. But afterwards the Cabbage becomes a better Dish, which is welcome to any Man's Table six Months together, and the Sprouts and green Caul all the residue of the year.  
Their Seeds are sown in August or September on Beds, where they may be defended all the Winter by Mats or other close Shelter to preserve them from Frosts.  
In the Spring about the end of March, it is a good time to plant them out in Plants where they should stand, which in a dripping Spring, or by diligent watering will yield you fair Flowers, but if they are not watered, they will bring forth ragged and divided Flowers.  
You may Sow their Seed in February on a hot Bed, and have Flowers within a Month after those that were Sown before Winter.  
Those that are of one growth usually Flower about a time, which to prevent, you may remove some of your Plants once every Fortnight, for two, three, or four times, as you think good, which will keep them back from Flowering, and so you may have them one after another as you please: Or you may cut off your Flower before it be fully ripe with a long Stalk, and set it in the ground as far as you can, and it will retain its ripening, but you must shade it, and give it a little Water, lest it whither.   

CHAP. V Of Melons, Cucumbers, etc.  
MElons or Musk-melons, as they are usually termed from their pleasant 
Of Melons.  Scent, are in the more Southern Countries, not unworthily esteemed the most delicate Fruit the Kitchen Garden affords, for in those warmer Airs they attain a greater degree of Maturity, which exceedingly adds to their Gust and Salubrity, however here in England being raised in the first of the Spring, and having thereby all the prime of the Summer, and heat that Nature and Art can give them, they are a pleasant and a modish repast, and therefore deserve your singular care in their propagation and management.  
There are several sorts of Melons, and called by several Names, but those most usually known are the large ribbed Melon, and the small round Melon.  
They are sown in February at the full of the Moon in your hot Bed (the making whereof you shall find at the end of this Book) the Seeds first steeped in Milk twenty four hours, and then set two or three in a hole about an inch deep.  
When your Seeds are in the ground, cover up your Bed to preserve it warm, and when they are come up, then cover them with drinking-glasses, leaving room for a little Air near the ground.  
Towards the end of April you may remove your Melon Plants out of the hot Bed, into the Bed wherein they are to grow all the Summer, which Bed, or at least certain large holes in it, is to be of very rich light Mould; the best time for this Work is in an Evening after a fair Day.  
At their first removal they must be watered and defended from Sun and Cold, three or four days together, and afterwards from the Cold.  
When the plants grow large, you may cover them either with glass Bells made for that purpose, or with square Cases of Glass made by the Glasiers for the same use. Be sure keep them close at Night, and give them some admission of Air under the Glass, or at the top in the day time.  
To prevent Frosts from hurting your Plants, and Hail from breaking your Glasses, if you have any forewarning of either, you may cover your Glasses with peas-straw or Mats.  
When you water your Melons (which they expect only in very dry and hot Wether) water them at half a foot distance from the Root and not wet the Leaves.  
Place a Tile under each Melon, it will lie the warmer upon it, and nip off the small shoots that exhaust the sap from the more leading Branches.  
Some prescribe to cover your Melon Bed two or three inches with Sand, to increase the heat of the Sun by reflection, but Tiles under the Fruit may do as well.  
Also it is advised that you shelter your newly removed plant from the heat of the Sun at Noon, and until four in the Afternoon, as well as from the Cold, and that until the plants have gotten Leaves broad enough to cover their Stalks and Roots from the parching Sun.  
When your Melons are as big as Tennis-Balls, then nip off the shots at some distance beyond them at a Joint, and the Melons will grow large.  
Melons are known to be ripe when the Stalk seems as if it would part from the Fruit, when they begin to gild and grow yellow underneath, and by their fragrant Odour they yield which increaseth as they more and more ripen.  
But every Melon appears not alike in Colour when mature, therefore you must consider their difierent Natures. If they are to carry far, then gather them when they begin to ripen, but if they are to spend immediately, then let them be through ripe.  
When you gather your Melons, you may put them before they be cut into a Bucket of cold Water, for a minute of time, to refresh them, which will make them eat cool and pleasant, and with an excellent Flavour; as it will mend a Bottle of Wine in hot Wether.  
Leave some part of the Stalk to the Melon, lest by being broken too near, the Melon languish and lose the richness of its taste: Let them not when you gather them be too green, nor over ripe.  
Preserve the Seeds of those that are most early ripe, and prefer those Seeds that lodged at the sunny side of the Melon.  
Cucumbers have been in very great esteem in 
Of Cucumbers.  the more Southern Countries, and of late years are much improved in England, and become a general Condiment for the hot Season of the year, as they are Crude from the Garden, and for the more cold Season as they are preserved in pickle.  
There are two sorts of them, that is, the large green Cucumber, vulgarly called the Horse-Cucumber, which the French call Parroquets. 
Parroquets.  And the small white or more prickly Cucumber, these are best for the Table green out of the Garden, but the other to preserve.  
They are planted and propagated after the same manner as are the Melons, only they require more watering, and withal they are much more hardy.  
Although watering makes the Cucumbers more fruitful, yet they are more pleasant and wholesome if they have but little Water.  
Pompions are much more hardy than Melons 
Of Pompions.  or Cucumbers; yet are they tender in their first springing, and therefore are not usually planted until April, and then for some time after they are come up defended from the Cold.  
They must be planted in Rich old Dung, and require a large place to ramble in, they will lay their Fruit on the Ground, or on Scaffolds made for that purpose, or on Pales or dry Hedges.  
There are lesser sorts of them that are lately 
Of Squashes.  brought into request that are called Squashes, the edible part whereof boiled and served up with Powdered Beef is esteemed a good Sauce.  
These and several others of the smaller kinds of Pompions are raised and managed as the Pompion or Cucumber.   

CHAP. VI Of Sallad-Herbs.  
BEsides the great variety of Esculent and Alimental Plants which we have already named, the greatest part whereof may be eaten by themselves, and not as Sauces or Salads, there yet remain several excellent Herbs and Plants that are of great use in the Kitchen, and are very pleasing and wholesome at the Table, the Principal whereof is the Lettuce, which contendeth with any of the 
Of the Lettuce.  former named Plants for Antiquity; it is an excellent Summer Salad, cooling and refreshing, and for that use hath it been always propagated: And although there be several sorts of them, yet that one Cabbage-Lettuce being the best, eaten either raw or boiled, the other may be neglected.  
They are usually sown in February and March, and unless the Wether prove very cold, they will flourish and yield you a Spring Salad in the beginning of April, but if defended by any good defence, then will they be fit for use before that time.  
Those that are sown in March or April in good rich Land will head very well; yet it is said they will head better if transplanted whilst they are young, although some are of another opinion.  
Lettuce sown in the Autumn, then transplanted and preserved over the Winter, will head in the Spring before any that are sown and transplanted in the Spring.  
The sorts of Lettuce that are usually accounted are, the Cabbage, Lombard, Roman, Arabian, Savoy, Rose, Red and Curled Lettuice.  
You may blanche the largest Roman Lettuce when they are at their full growth, by binding them up with Straw or raw Hemp, or by covering them with Earthen Pots fit to enclose them, and afterwards heating the Pots with long Dung.  
Purslain in some moist Islands between the 
Of Purslain  Tropics is a natural wild Plant, but here in England is propagated with some difficulty, and used as an excellent Salad.  
It is tender in the Spring, the Frosts usually nipping it, but rather the drought or small dew Snails, for I have known more than once the Seeds of Purslain, that have been spontaneously fallen in the Autumn, to flourish in the Spring, notwithstanding the Winter, which indeed was not very severe.  
But to have it early, you may sow it on the hot Bed, or in April, in any rich soil finely dressed, and after the Seeds are sown, to clap over the Bed with the back of your Spade, and water it, for it delighteth in moisture.  
If it be sown thin, or transplanted apart, it will yield you fair Plants, either for Seed, or to pickle, or to boil.  
When the Seed looks very black, then gather the stalks and lay them abroad in the Sun, which will the better maturate the Seed; lay them on a Board or Cloth to preserve them from spilling and house them in the night, and expose them in the day until they are ripe.  
It is said that the Seed of three or four years old is better than the new.  
Corn Salad is well known to be an early 
Corn Salad.  and excellent Salad in the first of the Spring; it is first raised by sowing of its Seed, but afterwards it will sow itself.  
spinach is known to be an excellent Herb 
spinach.  crude or boiled, it is raised of Seed sown early in the Spring, but much better if sown in September, that it may gain strength to withstand the Winter, as is by some affirmed; these Winter Plants are fittest for the Lent season, the Spring Plants for the Summer.  
Endive, Succory, Beets and Orach, are all 
Endive, etc.  them good Salads boiled and are raised of Seeds in the Spring.  
Of Sorrel, there are several sorts, but the 
Sorrel.  largest is most proper for your Garden, serving for many uses in the Kitchen, it's raised most easily of Plants which should not be set too near, it being apt to spread and grow large.  
There is an Herb called Patience, that is 
Patience.  planted by Sets in some Gardens, and makes a very good boiled Salad,  
borage and Bugloss are very well known for 
borage and Bugloss.  the excellent properties of their Leaves and Blossoms, and are not to want a Room amongst your best Gulinary Herbs.  
Chervil may be sown in the hot Bed to make 
Chervil.  an early Salad, or in March for other times: The Seed lies long in the ground, you may therefore sow it at several times, that you may have it young and tender throughout the Summer. This Salad is much preferred for its fine biting taste, before many other dull Herbs, There is another sort of it called sweet Chervil.  
Allisanders' are sown in the Spring, and live 
Allisander & Sceleri.  over the succeeding Winter, and are blanched by surrounding them with long Dung, or covering them with Pots, and then are they fit to make an excellent Salad, after the same manner is Sceleri ordered. Some set the Plants deep in the ground, as before was directed for the Leeks. Thus Beets, Succory, Endive, Lettuce, and these two Plants so blanched, make very good Salads.  
Smallage is an Herb some use in their Pottage, 
Smallage.  and is raised by Seed.  
But Parsley is the most universally used in 
Parsley.  the Kitchen of all Garden Herbs. Pliny said of it so long since, that scarce any man there was but loved it, and that it was in so great repute in his time, that in Achaia they honoured it by Crowning the Victors in their sacred Games with Chaplets of it, and as divers were the opinions of Physicians then as now of the virtues and qualities of it. This however we know, that it is an excellent Ingredient in most Pottages Sauces, and Salads, its way of sowing is genernlly known.  
Nasturtium or Garden Cresses are sown in 
Garden Cresses.  many Gardens for culinary uses.  
Nasturtium Indicum, Indian Cresses or Yellow 
Indian Cresses.  Lark-spurs, from a Flower are now become an acceptable Salad, as well the Leaf as the Blossom. They are raised for early Salads in the hot Bed, but sown in April, will grow very well on ordinary Garden-ground, and give you a plentiful increase of Leaves and Blossoms. The Buds before they are throughly blown, are an excellent Salad pickled, as Clove Gillyflowers and Cowslip Blossoms usually are.  
Tarragon for its fine biting taste is much used 
Tarragon.  by some in their Salads, and is increased by Cions and Tops.  
There are several other Herbs that are nourished and propagated in Gardens for the use of the Kitchen, as Blood-wort, Clary, Arach, Lang de beuf, Nep, Violets, Strawberries, Carraways, Fennel, Dill, Mustardseed, Rocket, Rampions, Ramsons, Sage of Jerusalem, and Marigolds. The Methods of raising and increasing them being so well known, as also their Uses, that it would be superfluous here to describe them.   

CHAP. VII. Of Sweet Herbs.  
BEsides all those before mentioned, there 
Of sweet Herbs.  are divers sweet Herbs, as they are termed, that are very necessary for the compounding many excellent Condiments and to add a relish to the best Pottage, which shall be here briefly enumerated.  
Garden Mints were universally used for Sauces 
Of Mints.  in Pliny's time, and much commended for their singular Virtues, especially the young red Buds in the Spring, with a due proportion of Vinegar and Sugar, refresh the Spirits and stirreth up the Appetite, and is one of the best Salads the Garden affords. There are divers sorts of Mints, but the red Garden Mint is the best.  
Sage is also an Herb or Shrub much used in 
Of Sage.  the Kitchen, and the young Leaves thereof, especially of the red Sage, is a very wholesome Salad in the Spring. The Slips thereof planted in April or May are very apt to grow.  
There are several sorts of Sage, the red green, small, and variegated, but the red is the best for most uses.  
Of Marjoram there are several kinds: the 
Of Margerum.  fine sweet, which is yearly raised of Seed sown in May, the vulgar sweet, raised by Slips, and the pot Margerum by the same way; there is also of this latter sort some that is particoloured, or White and Green, and some only White, propagated for variety sake; the use of these is commonly known.  
Thyme was anciently celebrated for its great 
Of Thyme.  plenty of Food it yieldeth for Bees; as Virgil writing of Bees,  
At fessae multâ referunt se nocte minores,  
Crura Thymo plena.—  
But those that youthful be, and in their prime,  
Late in the Night return, laden with Thyme.  
Pliny saith, that by the plenty or scarcity of the Blossoms of Thyme, you may foresee the plenty or scarcity of Honey for that year: But the worth of this Herb is not so much to be disputed in this place, as the usefulness of it in the Kitchen where it ought not to be wanting.  
Of Thyme there are many sorts. The Vulgar English, the Lemon Thyme, so called from its most exact smell like a Lemon; Gilded Thyme, Musk and Mastic Thyme, which last is incomparably sweet, and aught to be carefully preserved; any of the other are fit for the Kitchin.  
Of Savory there are two sorts, the Summer 
Of Savory.  and Winter. The former is so called, because it is annual and raised of Seed: it is usually sown amongst Onions, because there is an ancient Tradition, that the growing of it there makes the Onions the more sweet; if you let some of it stand to shed its Seed, it is so hardy that it will come up again the succeeding Spring although the ground be again digged.  
The Winter-Savory is so called, because it lives over many Winters, and is increased by Cions as well as by Seed; the uses of both are very well known in the Kitchin.  
Hyssop is nominated amongst culinary Herbs, 
Of Hyssop.  although not so much in use in the Kitchen: as for Medicine or its natural sweetness, it is so vulgar an Herb, that every one knows its propagation.  
There are many other sweet Herbs that are 
Of several others.  useful in the Kitchen, although not so generally as the former, but according to the particular occasions that require them, as , Sweet Maudlin, tansy, Balm, Basil, Burnes and Ceast-Mary, also Lavendar, and Camomile are not to be wanting, though not excellent, in any Case.   

CHAP. VIII. Of some other Eseulent Vegetables.  
THere are some Plants, Herbs, or parts of them, that are Esculent either of themselves, or in Condiments, that are not usually propagated in Gardens for that purpose, as the young Buds of Hops boiled do much resemble Asparagus in the eating, and are very pleasant and wholesome where the other are not to be had; the young shoots of a new lopped Elder-Tree being boiled are esteemed a most excellent Dish; the ordinary Buds of Elder, and the red young tops of Nettles, and of Water-cresses, and also of Brook-lime, every Herb-woman can tell you are good Spring Salads or Pottage-herbs.  
The green tops of young Pease cut off and boiled are reported to be a most delicate Dish, quaere, Whether if they being cut off, the remaining Roots will not emit new shoots, and produce a fair Crop of later Pease; If they will, then may you have late Pease better this way than by sowing late.  
Green Corn bruised yields a Juice that is used in the Kitchen in Esculents, and so may be reckoned amongst the number, notwithstanding my Lord Bacon did not esteem it Esculent.  
Champignons, Mushrooms, or Mousserons, have 
Mushrooms.  been ever reputed a dainty Dish, in the choice and preparing of which the ancient Romans took a great delight. Yet then were several Persons poisoned with the use of such of them, that were of a venomous nature, and in these colder Climates some sorts of them are not much to be confided in.  
Those that are edible here with us, are either Mushrooms of the Woods, and grow by the Borders of Woods and Forests, and are very large; or Mushrooms of the Meadows and sweet Pastures, which grow frequently where  feed, which usually flourish in the Autumn, and are most esteemed, because of their Beauty and whiteness above, and Vermilion beneath, having also a pleasant Scent with them.  
It is said that you may raise Mushrooms in Beds in your Gardens, by preparing a Bed with the Soil of Mules or Asses, and covering it over four Fingers thick with rich Dung, and after it hath laid a while to cool, then to cast on it the parings and refuse of Mushrooms, and old rotten Mushrooms with the Water used about them, and in a short time your Bed will produce them. Or such Water poured on Melon Beds will cause it to send forth Mushrooms.  
It is probable that these, though unperfect Plants, may have a Seed, which sown in an apt place may produce others of the same Species.  
My Lord Verulam in his Natural History 
Century 6.  gives a very good Character of them, imputing unto them two strange Properties: The one, that they yield so delicious a Meat; the other, that they come up so hastily; I have known one of about a foot in diameter, almost round and full, of scarce twice 24 hours' growth.  
The same honourable Lord tells you, that it's dangerous surfeiting with them, and gives you several Reports, that the Bark of white or red Poplar cut small, and cast into Furrows well dunged, will cause the Ground to put forth Mushrooms at all Seasons of the year fit to be eaten.  
He also adds a Report, that Hartshorn shaved or in small pieces mixed with Dung, and watered, putteth up Mushrooms.   

CHAP. IX. Of General Improvements, and Miscellaneous Experiments.  

SECT. I. Of Improving Garden Ground by Labour only.  
HAving thus briefly given you a particular of ornamental, as well as useful Parts and Materials for your several Gardens, and the specifical ways of preparing, ordering, and managing of the various Plants, Flowers, and other Curiosities usually growing in them, it now remains that something be said as to the more general manner of improving your Ground, and preparing of Dungs, Soils, and Composts proper for your use, and making of hot Beds, with many other things necessary to be known by such that delight in the improvement of Hortulans.  
Of the general mixtures of the Earth the one with the other, to qualify their Natures by adding that of a contrary, I have before discoursed. Of the preparation of Earth without any such mixtures, Sir Hugh Platt hath given you an Enigmatical Description, calling it his Philosophical Garden; his Precept is, To pave a square Plot with Brick (if covered with Plaster of Paris the better) making up the sides of Brick also, plastered likewise; let it be of a convenient depth, fill it with the best vegetative Saturn which you can get, that hath stood two years, or one at the least, quite within his own Sphere, make contrition of the same; and be sure to avoid all obstructions, imbibe it with Aqua Coelestis in a true proportion: grind it once a day till it be dry; being dry, let it stand two or three days without any imbibition, that it may the better attract from all heavenly influence, continuing then also a Philosophical Contrition every day, (this grinding must also be used in the vegetable works, where the Mercury of Herbs is used instead of Aqua Coelestis) during all the time of preparation: Then plant what rare Flowers, Fruits, or Seeds, you please therein; the same Philosopher than tells you, That (if his Theory of Nature deceive him not) that Saturn so enriched from the Heavens, without the help of any manner of Soil, Marle, or Compost (after one years' revolution) will make the same to flourish and fructify in a strange and admirable manner.  
By his Vegetable Saturn may be understood, such Earth that is most prone to send forth Plants; by its standing so long within its own Sphere, is only that it hath been covered either naturally by Turf, or artificially by Building, or such like, that it hath been prevented from wasting its soecund Nature, by sending forth or bearing Vegetables. The best of such rested fruitful Earth, is to be put in what quantity you please into your Brick or Stone Cistern (being made proportionable) but not too deep lest it hinder you from stirring the Earth to the bottom, and will not permit it to dry so easily, this must be reduced to a fineness; therefore it would not be amiss to let it pass the Sieve or Screen before you put it in your Cistern. The imbibition of this Earth with Aqua Coelestis can be no other than with Rain-water, which is exhaled by the influence of the Sun, and in the Air attracteth a volatile Nitre, which descending with the Rain on the dry Earth is soon imbibed again; this volatile Spirit or Nitre that thus ariseth in so great a quantity, is that Spiritus Mundi that causeth all Vegetation, and wherewith the Air itself is filled, and by several ways coagulated, and by the often irrigating the Earth with it, the Earth is the more fertilized: But this way of continuing the Contrition, or stirring it every day to dry it, makes the Earth much easier to attract the Water, which being added in a true or so little a proportion, that it may not wet but moisten only, the Earth will leave its nitrous or vegetating Virtue behind it, when the Phlegmatic part fumes away again by the stirring of the Earth, which if it were added in too great a quantity would exhaust the nitrous Spirit that was before in the Earth. For it is a general Observation amongst Philosophers, that as the greater overpowereth the lesser, so if the matter you add be volatile, and greater in proportion than that which is fixed, it is apt to volatilize that which before was fixed, being added unto it: And on the contrary, that if the volatile matter be less in proportion than the fixed, to which you add it, then is that which is fixed apt to fix the volatile: Therefore did our Author wisely add, that the imbibition should be made in a true proportion, which is, that the Rain-water should be only for an easy Humectation, and not too great a wetting; then he tells you, that it should stand two or three days without any imbibition, that is, between every humectation the Earth should be throughly dried as the Air or Wind can dry it, which will take up such a space of time, notwithstanding your daily stirring it; for the drier any open terrestrial Matter is, it doth not only the more easily attract, but more perfectly fixeth that which otherwise would be more volatile; although our Author hath not given caution of it, yet it is presumed that the square Plot or Cistern he prescribes should be covered or defended from the Sun, which by his Rays is apt to attract much of the Spiritus Mundi, or Matter of Vegetables, where there is plenty unfixt; as is evident from the various Smells that are exhaled by it, and Colours also much sooner faded by the Sunbeams than by the heat of Fire; and also from the Rain which in great Showers is apt to over-moisten it, and in continued Rains, to prevent its drying; therefore your Rain-water should be kept in a Cistern made for that purpose, where the longer it remains the better it will prove; such Virtue always increaseth whilst it is in its proper Matrix, as appeareth by Urine kept long, which yieldeth much more Spirit than whilst it is new.  
By the Author's saying that this grinding is to be used in the Vegetable-work, where the Mercury of Herbs is used instead of Aqua Coelestis; it's probable here he means the expressed Juice of green Vegetables, which virtually hath in it the matter of Vegetables, and may have the same effect on the Earth in a small quantity and little time, as the Rain-water hath in a greater quantity by the long continuation of the Operation.  
This way of contrition, imbibition, and coagulation, enricheth the Earth after the same manner, by covering it many years with Building, by which means Salt-petre is increased: only by this Operation you may effect your Design in one year with labour and diligence, which there you must wait many years for: And by this may you heighten the Virtue of your Soil to a far higher degree, it being manual, than the other which is nutural, and will not exceed the ordinary Bounds limited in this Climate.  
That our Author's Saturn is our natural and common Earth, and his Aqua Coelestis, Rain-water, may be concluded from his own Expressions, used in the same Description of his Philosophical Garden, which are, That if the Earth itself after it hath thus conceived from the Clouds, were then left to bring forth her own Fruits and Flowers in her own time, and no Seeds or Plants placed therein by the hand of Man, it is held very probable, that this heavenly Earth so manured with the Stars, would bring forth strange and glorious Fruits and Flowers, etc. Which is not improbable, if we consider the fertility of the Waters of Nile, which are first exhausted in those hotter African Regions, by the power of the Sun's influence (when in a due Latitude) and condensed by the Air far more fruitful, as well as the Earth, in Nitre there, than in these colder Regions, yielding that great and fertile Flood, whose precipitate or settling Slime so far inricheth the dried and thirsty Earth, that it not only spontaneously produceth abundance of Vegetables but Animals also.  
I know no reason but by observing our Author's Direction in this Climate, a diligent Operator may advance the Virtue of our Earth to the same degree or greater, than the Egyptian Soil, and then may it answer his Expectations, in producing such Rarities, that by no other ways are here attainable; for if any Man would advance or improve Nature, he must tread in Nature's Steps, and trace her to the Foundation. Next unto this extraordinary improvement of Earth by labour without any other mixture than Earth and Rain-water, which many will not experiment, because of the length of time required in it, you may facilitate the Operation by often stirring or digging your Land, and reducing it to a fineness by skreening it, which also is a means to cleanse it from Weeds, Stones, Worms, etc. that annoy your tender Plants; by reiterating of which Work you expose the Earth thus opened to the Air, Frost, Snow and Rain, and capacitate it to receive the benign Influences of the Heavens, and prevent the exhausting of the nitrous Spirit by the growth of any Vegetables in it. This Operation the longer you continue it the better, the time for the beginning of it is not material, so that you let it receive the effects of both extreme Seasons: like unto this are your fallowing of Land for several Grains, especially the fallowing and twi-fallowings for Wheat, long before the last ploughing at the Seedtime, and in several cases a contrition or dragging after the fallowing, which proves a considerable improvement of stiff Land. Thus may you see how Nature is improved by Industry only, and that but by treading in her own Steps; for Earth often trod on by Men or Beasts in the Streets or Highways is very much enriched by such exposure, and Earth defended from the Sun and Air, in like manner becomes fertile, although from different Causes, the former from the volatile Nitre, and other Influences in the Air, Rain and Snow, the latter from the Condensation of the Spiritus Mundi, or nitrous Breathe of the Earth, and both by reason that those fertile Qualities are not exhausted by Vegetation.  
But as this latter Operation is more facile than the former, so you cannot expect that it should produce Effects answerable to the other, which is very much to be preferred by such that are curious; although this latter way may yield you a sufficient Recompense for your Labour, yet the former cannot but far transcend it.   

SECT. II. Of several Ways of enriching Earth by Mixtures.  
IT is without question that Earth or Mould is to be made more fertile than naturally it is, by mixing therewith several Materials that contain in them much of the vegetating Spirit, as the Ashes of any manner of  Vegetables. For by such burning is wasted the more phlegmatic and useless moisture, and are fixed the more solid and substantial parts: The same effect hath Fire on the Turf, or rooty surface of the Earth; this smegmatick or oily Matter that is left by the Fire, in a moderate proportion applied to any Earth highly enricheth it, and makes it apt for fructification, as appeareth by the vulgar Experiment of Burnbeating of Land, which yieldeth so fair Crops of Wheat and other Grain. In which Operation the Rustic observes, that over-burning the Turf is injurious, and that a more moderate burning maketh the Ground more fertile. The Reason is plain; for in the burning of any Vegetable, a gentle, easy, and smothering Fire doth not waste the volatile nitrous Spirit so much as a quick, but causeth much more of it to fix and remain behind.  
These fixed Salts that are thus obtained, are the principal Salts that are so much celebrated for the Improvements of Earth, to render it more fruitful, although there are many other Salts near in affinity to these, that do in some degree meliorate Earth, as the Salts that are in Blood, Urine, Soot, and several other things of the like nature, by the mixture of those Materials with the Earth, or sprinkling it with them, whereby the Rains usually carry down their Virtue to the Roots of your Plants.  
The parts of Animals, as Skins, Hairs, Feathers, Flesh and Bones, Horns, Hoofs, etc. contain in them much of these vegetating Salts, although volatile, yet in such compact Bodies, they continue until they are by your Plants attracted, as many Husbandmen have made Experiments, of the extraordinary Virtue that is in old woollen Rags, in fertilizing Land for Corn, giving ten times the price for a load of them to lay on their Corn-ground, that they will for a Load of Dung, and are yet great gainers by it, and fetch them from near London into Hertfordshire into the Bargain: Wool, Hair, and Feathers, are near of a nature, and therefore have near the same effects.  
Fish, and Bones of Beasts, Flesh, etc. are generally known to add very much to the improvement of Land; but for Garden uses, it will be more conducing to your purpose, to let the same be throughly putrified, and reduced to a moderate compost with Earth before you apply it, for all nauseous and ill savoured Materials are to be excluded your Gardens, either for the Kitchen, or for Delight.  
Horns, Hoofs, and Skins, contain in them much of a rich volatile Salt; and it hath been anciently observed, and in such Countries where naturally the ground is more replete with Nitre, and more fertile than here, that these Materials have very much fertilized Garden-ground, especially for the Asparagus, that requires strong nourishment; therefore the shave or odd pieces of Horn, and the lesser Horns and the Hoofs, and other excrementitious parts of Beasts, at the common Slaughter-houses may be obtained, to make your deep Beds for Asparagus, Artichokes, and such like, and may not be unuseful in enriching your Ground for your choicest Flowers.  
The shreds of tanned Leather, partaking as well of the Salt of the Oaken Bark and Lime, as of the Beast, must of necessity prove a very great Improver of your Garden ground, and may be had in great quantities at the Shoemakers, where they usually burn them. These shreds soon rot, and with Rags, Hoofs, Horns, Hair, etc. mixed with a good quantity of Earth, and laid in a Pit, and sometimes watered, will make an excellent Compost for your Kitchen Garden, if afterwards disposed of in proper Beds.  
Take Sheep's Dung and put Water to it, 
Of Sheep's Dung.  (in some Vessel) so much as by stirring may reduce it to a Pap, and when it is all throughly dissolved, mix some fine sifted Earth with it; let the Earth be four, five, or six times more in quantity than the Sheep's Dung, according as the Earth is in goodness: If it be a poor sandy Earth, the more of the Sheep's Dung it requires to enrich it; if it be a stiff Ground, the more it requires to make it light, but an indifferent mellow Earth requires the less; for Sheep's Dung is one of the richest of Dungs, as may be observed from the great improvement that is made by Flocks of Sheep being folded on the poor champion Lands, where such Land yields much Corn, when not being so improved, it will yield but little, and this from one only folding in several Months, or sometimes in a whole Year together: Deer and Goat's Dung are much of the same nature with Sheep's Dung. The reason of which extraordinary fertility in that Soil is from the well chewing the Food, the long continuance in the Body, and the not (or but little) drinking of the Beast. For Sheep and Neat chew the Cud, by which means their Food is made fine, both these (and so do Dear and Goats) retain their Meat longer than Horses or Swine, who feed more grossly and hastily, the Dung of the one being like whisps of Hay, of the other like a mixture of all sorts of Filth. Also Sheep and Deer drink but little, which make their Dung and their Urine (which also is very rich could it be preserved) very fertile. Neat drink much, which very much tempereth and allayeth the heat and fertile Nature of the Soyl. Earth thus mixed with Sheep's Dung dissolved, is very excellent for most sorts of Fibrous rooted Flowers, because the decay of the Dung (which will be in time) leaves the ground porous, that the Fibres thereby as well insinuate themselves and spread abroad, as they do contract the richness the Dung affords them: Tuberous rooted Flowers also affect this mixture: Artichokes delight in it exceedingly, and Sheep's Dung applied to the Roots of them, and then often watered, whereby the Virtue of it may be conveyed into them, makes the Plant yield you fair Fruit; most Garden-Tillage affect it, for it is not only a very rich Soil, but renders the Ground light and porous, which is very advantageous to Tillage.  
A mixture of Neat's Dung after the same 
Neat's Dung.  manner, is very good for most of the same uses, as is that of Sheep's Dung. And better in some particular Cases, for that if you have occasion to remove or plant any good Flower in the Summer time, or out of its proper Season, such a mixture of Earth and Neat's Dung made into a liquid Pap and the Tree or Flower placed in it, that the liquid Matter may encompass the Root, will so adhere to it, and be so cool and moist, that it will cause the Plant to thrive as well, as if it had been planted or removed in its proper season.  
Horse Dung whilst new is the hottest of 
Horse Dung.  Dungs, laid in a great quantity together, by reason that a Horse chews his Meat but little, feeds hastily, and evacuates it in a short time; so that like chopped Straw or Hay, but beginning to ferment in the Belly of the Horse, it continues fermenting after it is in the Dunghill; but if it be laid up with the Litter that is usually moistened with the Urine of the Horse, and after it is throughly rotten, which will be much the sooner if it lie in a moist place, or be often watered by Rain or by Hand, and turned withal, or cast, as the Husbandman usually terms it; it then makes an excellent Compost for your Kitchen Garden.  
In your Swine-yard, or places where Swine 
Swine's Dung.  usually tread or feed, the Earth is very much improved by their dunging and pissing, which trampled into and mixed with the Earth, makes it become a very good Compost, especially to allay that rankness or over-freeness of some very light and rich Soils, that breed the Canker in Trees, and too many Worms and other Vermin, and Infects that destroy your choicest Plants. This Dung or Earth so enriched, being a fat cooling Compost, may be with success used in both your Gardens, but rather amongst your Fruit-Trees, where it excels.  
Ass' Dung is near of the nature of Sheep's 
Ass' Dung.  Dung, Deers Dung, etc. spoken of before, altho' not altogether so rich.  
The Dung of all Corn fed Fowl is very hot 
Pigeons Dung.  at the first, especially that of Pigeons, because they feed hastily, and evacuate the same digested in a short time, and urine not; so that their Drink is no more but only to digest and nourish, and not to carry away any of the Virtue of the Meat, nor lessen the strength or fertility of the Dung. Experience hath taught the Husbandman, that in the Champion Countries, where great store of Pigeons Dung is to be had, the same sown but thinly with Barley, makes a poor Ground yield a good Crop; for when but thinly sown, the Rain and Air soon qualify its present heat; which if it were laid thick would burn the Corn, especially at that season, or else make it grow too rank, which is as great a fault as its being too short. Therefore you may well conclude, that these Dungs laid in a heap in the open Air, and moistened by the Rain, or otherwise, until their heat is over, will make a most rich Compost for either Garden, but more especially for your Kitchen Garden.  
I only here give you a Caution, not to use 
Malt-dust.  Malt-dust in your Garden; for there are many Seeds of pernicious Weeds in it, that have passed all the imbibitions, fermentations, and exsiccations of the Malt, and yet retain their vegetating nature, and will furnish you with new species of Weeds out of the Fields, that your Garden before was not acquainted withal.  
The Settle of Waters where there is least 
Mud of Ponds.  Current, is the best; but the Mud or Residence of any Water, unless it be overmuch sandy, is excellent to qualify the Nature of your Ground: If your Ground be light, then use stiff Mud; if your Ground be stiff or cold, then use light or sandy Residences: These Mixtures are good for all sorts of Garden-ground.  
The Washings of Streets or Highways after Rain, yield great store of Settling or Mud, that is very profitable for Garden-ground, especially the Residency of such Water that descends from Chalky Hills, applied to light Ground. The Mud in the bottom of Pools, wherein Horses are usually washed, is also very good, if duly applied.  
Any Ashes or other Matter whatsoever that 
Salts.  contains Salt, is good, so that the quantity of the Matter containing the Salt, doth not too far exceed the Salt contained in it, as usually Wood-ashes after they have been in the Washhouse, Soap-house, or elsewhere, have the most of their Salt extracted, and then applied to your Ground, sterilizeth it, unless it be to a strong Clay-ground, than it will make it lighter, although not richer.  
The Ashes of any  Vegetables are excellent, as before we observed; a Mixture of Lime is very good in most Grounds; but the Salt of Lime extracted by Water, and your Ground watered therewith, is much to be preferred. It hath also this singular Property, that it makes the Worm soon leave the Place watered therewith, and expose themselves to the Air, where they soon perish; or to the Birds, who devour them. The same Effect is wrought by any Alkalizate Salts, or Salts produced by Fire.  
The Murc or Refuse after the Press of 
Murc.  Cider and rotten Fruit, are very good to mix with your Earth; but it must be after it hath lain a long time in some Pit or Heap, until it hath lost its Savour, and until the Seeds or Kernels are dead, lest they germinate, and incommode your Garden.  
Any drezy Wood, or the Dust of the Wood-pile, 
Rotten Wood  but more especially rotten Willow, is excellent to make the Earth light for most fibrous rooted Flowers. The same is Sawdust, if it first lie in a moist Place, until it be rotten, and hath its Acidity abated or digested.  
Straw or any dry Vegetables become rotten 
Straw.  and mixed with Earth, maketh it light and fit for your choicest Anemonies, and all fibrous rooted Flowers.  
Tobacco dried or cured, and afterwards 
Tobacco.  mixed with your Garden-mould, will doubtless exceedingly enrich it: For it is of a very high and strong nature, and containeth much of a Volatile Nitrous Salt in it, and is reported to be equally as effectual in the tanning of Leather, as the Bark of the Oak; which, if it be true, as I have no reason to doubt it, it may prove a considerable Improvement of many Country Farms, and of great benefit and advantage to the Nation in general; either of which Uses is better than that to which it is now usually put unto.   

SECT. I. Of Watering Gardens.  
BEsides the Mixture of several Materials 
Fat Waters.  and Composts with Land to make it fruitful, you may add enriched Waters, which serve where you cannot conveniently change your Ground, or remove your Plant, as in several Flower-trees, and Artichokes, Asparagus, etc.  
That Water is very good that is taken out of standing Pools, where  usually resort to shade or cool themselves in hot Wether, and leave their Dung in it, which by the stirring of their Feet enricheth the Water; Ducks and Geese also much improve standing Pools where they frequent.  
Several Waters may be prepared, in which you may steep or macerate your Seeds or Pulse, to make them sprout the sooner, or come the fairer, and with the same Water may you irrigate your Ground: Many Receipts there are to that end, I shall only mention some of them.  
Take Sheep's Dung well dissolved in warm Water, and after it hath stood twelve Hours, strain it through a course Cloth with compression, for it is so slimy that it comes through with difficulty; therefore I suppose a Decantation may serve. To two or three Gallons of this Liquor add a handful of Bay-salt, and somewhat a lesser proportion of Salt-petre, and let them both be dissolved in the former Water, which to expedite, let it be made lukewarm, and stirred often; in which Liquor let your Seeds lie for twenty four hours or more, till they are throughly swelled; Pulse need not lie so long: Then take out your Seeds or Pulse, and expose them thinly on some Floor to the Air, (not the Sun) until they be half dry, then sow them. It is also prescribed, that the remainder of the Sheep's Dung that was not made liquid, should be dried and calcined, and the fixed Salt extracted out of it, and added to the former Composition; but it's more probable that another parcel of Sheep's Dung calcined, would yield more and better Salt, than the remaining part of the dissolved Dung. This latter part makes the process too difficult and troublesome, and adds but little to the virtue of it, any other fixed Salt having the same effect as that so hard to be obtained.  
This Liquor is more effectual for the watering of Plants, than it is for the maceration of Seeds; and so are any other salt Waters. Some add a greater quantity of Salt-petre, and Bay-salt; some only Salt-petre; others use Pigeons Dung in stead of Sheep's Dung; also Limewater after that manner enriched with Sheep's Dung, Pigeons Dung, or Neat's Dung, is equal in virtue, if not exceeding that, to which Salt-petre or Bay-salt is added. Every Husbandman hath experimented the Effect of Lime, the Salt only extracted by the Rains enriching the Earth, occasioning so plentiful a Crop, the other remaining part like a Caput Mortuum, only tempereth the Land for the future, and maketh it more sad where before it was too light, which if the Land did not require it, then doth Lime (after its Salt is wasted) much injury to the Land whereon it is laid.  
Nitre or Salt-petre only, dissolved in Water, a Pound to four or five Gallons, is held to be very effectual to enrich barren Mould. This agrees with our Observations about Earth covered with Building, or otherwise defended from Sun and Rain, for the generation of Nitre.  
Some commend the sprinkling of Milk and Rain-water on the Beds, first sifted over with Lime pulverised, whether by pounding or slacking with Water it mattereth not, (neither of which can improve or abate the virtue or quantity of its Salt, the thing we desire) and after every Watering sifting more Lime. This way may not be amiss for such Lands, that the Caput Mortuum of the Lime remaining after the Salt is extracted, will not prejudice, and for such Plants that the Lime lying on the Ground will not injure. The Milk may be left out, not signifying so much as the value of it amounts unto; the Liquor wherein Flesh Meats (whether Fresh or Salt) have been boiled, is much better, and easier obtained. The Salt of Lime (extracted with Water in some large wooden Vessel) containeth in it the same improving Virtue, and is less troublesome to make use of, and free from the Inconveniences that attend the other way.  
Much more might be said concerning these improving Liquids as well as Solids; but that the most learned and experienced of Rural or 
Mr Evelyn.  Hortulane Authors hath lately been very copious on the same Subject.  
Only I may here advise the unexperienced not to water his Plants in either Garden with a cold Spring or Well-water, if he can obtain any other; which if he cannot, then to expose this to the Sun or Air, some time before he useth it, or enrich it by some pinguid Mixtures, as Lime, Ashes, Dung, or such like, which will quickly qualify it for his purpose, by abating the sudden Coldness of it to the Plant: For it is a very great Injury to most tender Plants, to be diluted with cold Water from the Well or Spring, and checks their Growth exceedingly, as may be observed in a bleeding Vine, to the naked Roots of which if you pour store of cold Spring or Well-water, it suddenly checks the ascension of the Sap, by means whereof the Bleeding ceaseth, and the Wound consolidates again, before the more liberal ascent of the Sap, much more than will it check the Growth of a weak Herb or Flower.  
Also as it is observed to sow in the Dust, whereby the Seeds gradually swell from the cold Dews of the Night and Air, and are made ready to sprout with the next Rains; so it is not good to water new-sown Seeds, until the long defect of Showers invite you to it, lest you wash off the Earth from them before they have sprouted, whereby they fasten themselves the better to endure a Watering: Some Seeds, as Radish, Lettuce, Gilliflower-seed, etc. remain not long in the Earth, and therefore may in two or three Days, for want of Rain, be watered by hand; but Tulip, Auricula, Parsley, Carrot-seed, etc. lie longer in the Ground, and require not so speedy an Irrigation.  
All Seed ought to be watered by the smallest or Rain-like Drops as you can, and not too much; for hasty Watering, and hasty Showers, discover them.  
For most Flowers and Plants whose Leaves lie near the Ground, it is best to water them at some distance, by making a Ring round the Plant a little hollow, and pouring the Water into it, whereby you annoy not the Leaves with your discolouring Water, or chill them with the Coldness of it.  
In all warm Wether the Evening is the best Season to water in, because the Water will have time to sink into the Earth, and the Plant to attract it, before the Heat of the Sun exhales it; but in cold Wether, and when the Nights are cold, the Morning is the most proper time that the superfluous Moisture may be evaporated before the cold Night overtake you, and chill your Plant.  
By no means use Liquors, either naturally hot, as Spirits; or artificially made so, by heating it over the Fire.  
A Plant that delights in Moisture, or a drooping Plant, that you may suppose Water will preserve, may be watered by Filtration; which is by placing an earthen Pot full of Water near the Plant, and putting therein the end of a List of Woollen-cloth, the other end thereof to hang down on the outside of the Pot to the Ground, near the root of the Plant; by means of which List, if it be thick enough, the Water will filtrate or distil over the Brim of the Pot, through the List of Woollen, so long as any Water is in reach of the List in the Pot; always observing, that the end of the List in the outside of the Pot, be longer than that in the inside, and that the List be thoroughly wet before you add it. The Reasons of this Operation, which many Country Colona's daily experiment, we will not here discourse of.  
To water your Flowerpot, that the Water 
Watering of Flower-pots.  may the easier descend to the bottom, and throughout the whole Pot, you may before you fill it with Earth, place in it a Pipe of Lead, Latton, or such like, close at the bottom, with divers Holes at the sides of it; let the Pipe extend in height to the top of the Pot, and when the Pot is full of Earth, and planted with Flowers, and that you cannot conveniently otherwise water it, then with a Funnel fill the Pipe with Water, and reiterate your filling of it, until you think there is enough; and by the Holes on the sides of the Pipe, the Water will moisten the whole Pot of Earth. The Water you use here ought to be meliorated by some of the former ways: For Earth thus separated from the Ground, is more apt to decay, than that which is remaining on its natural Foundation, which continually receives an Improvement, by perspiration of the vegetating Spirit.  
There are several sorts of Watering-pots in 
Watering-pots.  use for Gardens; the most useful is the common Watering-pot, made of tinned Plate or Latton; the Nose or end of the Spout whereof is covered with a Cover, wherein are many small Perforations, that the Water may force through in small Streams, and besprinkle your Plants or Seeds like unto Rain. This Cover is made to take off and on, to cleanse, at pleasure.  
There is another sort of Watering-pot that hath a small Hole at the bottom, and another at the top; so that when you sink it into a Vessel of Water, it will fill by the lower Pipe or Hole, the Air passing out at the Hole at the top, where the Handle is also: When it is full take it by the Handle, and stop the Hole with your Thumb, and when you come to the Plant you intent to water, you may ease the Hole whereon your Thumb lies, and as you please let the Water out at the Pipe in the bottom; for as the Air comes in at the top, the Water will issue out at the bottom; and so may you stop it, and open it with your Thumb at your pleasure: With this Pot you may easily let the Water down on your Plants that can bear with a washing Shower.  
You may water any Ground by the first sort of Watering-pot, with any enriched or thick Water, if you take off the Cover of the Pipe, and convey the same Water about the Roots of any Plants, without fouling the Leaves or Flowers.  
Also you may have a small Engine made like one of the Engines for the raising of Water to extinguish Fire withal, and place it in a Frame to drive to and fro about your Garden; you may fill it with Water, and the Spout or Pipe with a perforated Cover, like unto the common Watering-pots (but not so broad as to spread the Water so much) with this Engine may you imitate Rain over any of your Beds at a distance, and wash your Wall-trees from Vermin, and refresh them at your pleasure.  
Any of these Watering-pots may be preserved 
To preserve your Watering-pots.  for many Years from Rust, (to which they are very apt) by painting them over with Linseed Oil and Red Lead.   

SECT. iv Of making Hot-Beds.  
IT is evident to all, that most Plants do naturally observe the Season of the Year in their Germination, Growth, and Maturation; and although they are removed into another Climate, yet do they incline to the Observation of the same Time as they did in their own former natural Place of their Growth, as the Persian Iris, American Strawberry, and several others, which make them the more acceptable as they come earlier or later than others of the same Kind. So is it with many other Flowers, Fruits, or Herbs: For we annually observe how acceptable a Dish of early Pease is, over what they are when later and common; and so are Asparagus, Cucumbers, Melons, etc.  
The Growth of most Plants is quickened by a warm Position, as under a warm Fence or Wall, and by an artificial Heat, as by being planted against a Place where Fire is usually kept, or by watering them with Waters impregnated by hot Dungs, which will very much accelerate Germination.  
If you would have Herbs to sprout immediately, 
To raise a Salad in few Hours.  then lay a Bed of unslak'd Lime powdered, with a Mixture of Ashes, if you please, or without; on that a Lay of hot Dung, and on that another Lay of Lime, and then on that a Lay of fine rich Mould, wherein sow your Seeds, as Lettuce, Purslain, Corn-Sallad, Parsley, etc. first steeped in White-wine, or some of the former prepared Waters, and water them, when sown, with some of the same richest Waters, and they will suddenly appear above ground, and as you water them, so will they prosper. This should be done within doors, lest the coldness of the Air should impede their growth; the often watering them facilitates their nourishment.  
But the Hot-beds that are most useful, and whereon you are to raise your tender Exoticks, and your early Flowers; and also to raise and bring forward your Melons, Cucumbers, Caulyflowers, etc. is usually made in February or March, and after several manners.  
Some prescribe the making of it, by laying of hot Stable-dung that hath lain in a Heap, mixing the newest with the old, and laying it about four Foot broad, the better to preserve its warmth; three, four, or five Foot high, and as long as you have Occasion or Materials. This Bed well trod (to excite the Heat) is to be covered about four Inches thick with very fine rich Mould, the top and sides of the Bed being first edged round with Board or Bands of twisted Hay or Straw, to keep up the Mould, and keep in the Heat: Thus must it lie until it hath passed its greatest Heat, which you may prove by your Finger; for it ought to be but warm, not hot. In case its Heat lesseneth at any time, you may increase it by applying new Dung to the sides of your Bed; on this may you sow your Seeds.  
There must be some Frame arch-wise, or flat, over this Hot-bed, that a Covering of Mats or Straw Hurdles▪ may be spread over it every Night, and in cold Days: Make your Covering so that it may as well keep out the Rain and Snow, as the Wind.  
But the best Description of a Hot-bed, is that of Mr. Evelyn in his late Philosophical Discourse of Earth, to this Effect; Dig a Pit about four Foot deep, of breadth and length as your Occasions require; wall this Pit on every side with Brick, or erect your Wall above the Ground, or part above, and part under; then fill it with hot Dung from the Stable, and tread it well. In this place wooden Cases of about a Foot in depth, bored full of Auger-holes at the bottom; fill them with Earth rich and light, and add hot Dung between them; in which Cases sow your Seeds, and these Cases and the Earth in them will be kept warm by this means during the whole Season wherein a Hot-bed is necessary. You may provide a Shelter against Rain and Cold over the whole, if you please; and you may have Frames of Glass over some of your inside Cases where there is most need; others you may leave open, as your Seeds require. By this means have you your Pit and Cases every Year ready to your hand, requiring only a Supply of fresh Dung.   

SECT. V  

Of Miscellaneous Experiments.  
THe often removing of Flowers in their proper 
Often removing of Plants.  Season, preserves their Colours, especially their Variegations; for long standing in one Soil causes any Plant to degenerate; partly because the Plant hath exhausted the proper Nourishment for it out of that Place where it hath stood so long, and partly because the Soil is apt to change the Nature of the Plant, being exotic to it, as is usually observed in Beans, Wheat, etc. sown on the same sort of Land, although not on the same Parcel, is apt to degenerate. Therefore removing of Plants, and alteration of the Soil, is a good way to improve them; several Esculents grow the fairer; as Cabbages will not loave well in case the young Plants be not three or four times removed before the Spring. The same is observed in Lettuce, and several others. If they are removed into improved Earth every time, they will eat more tender and better.  
Flowers are in more esteem when they come early, than when they come late: To make them early, the Means are generally known; but the retarding of their flowering, often removing, 
To make Plants come late.  and preventing the usual excitements of the Sun and Air, will effect; for the disturbing the Roots in the removal is a great hindrance to their attraction of Nourishment, and it will be several Days after the removal before new Fibres will shoot forth to gather new Nourishment; and the standing of a Plant prevents the Digestion of the Sap by the Heat of the Sun and Air. This is of great use in retarding the flowering of several Flowers, and also the growth of several Esculents, as Caulyflowers, etc.  
It is usual to defend several tender Plants 
Plants to defend from Cold and Sun.  from the Cold in the Winter, to preserve them; and to expose them to the Sun in such Winter Days that prove clear; which Exposure injureth the Plant more than the Cold. For the Sunbeams in frosly Wether, especially if there be Snow on the Ground, makes a Plant faint and sick: As is observed in the Laurel, which if it grow against a North Wall, or in the Shade, although open to the severest Winds, yet retains its green Colour all the Winter; but if it stand in the Sun, it changeth yellow, only from that cause. The same is observed of several tender Plants that are usually sheltered from the Winds, and exposed to the Sun, yet it is not improper to give Plants Air, and also Sun, in mild Wether, at any time of the Winter, which cannot hurt them.  
The cutting off of the Buds and Branches 
Often cutting of Plants.  of Flowers, leaving only one, or two, or more as the strength of the Root will bear, causeth it to yield the fairer Flowers than otherwise it would do: After the same manner if Herbs be often cut, they gather the more strength, yield the fairer Leaf, and take better Root, and endure the Winter the better. The Cause is, that the Sap hath less to nourish, and that which is nourished must therefore be the stronger; and the less the Sap is expended above, the more strengthens the Root in the Ground, as may be observed in most Trees that are lopped: And then do they afterwards issue forth the fairest Branches. Some Plants usually perish in the Winter, for want of being cut in the Summer precedent, and from the same Cause, as Wall-flowers, Thyme, Marjoram, etc.  
Some Plants are too apt to waste their Sap 
Plants to continue long.  in Flowers, and thereby shorten their Lives, as Gillyflowers, Stock-Gilly-flowers, and some others, which if their blowing Shoots were nipped off, they would gather strength, and continue longer; for the waste of the Sap overmuch, makes the Plant feeble, and uncapable of enduring any Severity of Winter or Summer, as is sometimes observed in young Fruit-trees, that they blossom themselves to death; and some I have known to grow themselves to death; for the freer the Sap is in expending itself in Branch and Blossom, the more tender is the Root, which becomes a Prey to the Worm and Canker, as doth the Branch to the severe Air. The way to prevent which, is prescribed in the last mentioned Experiment.  
It is observed, that all Herbs wax sweeter, 
To meliorate Plants  both in smell and taste, if after often cutting you take the latter sprouts, because the Sap is the longer digested, and the Root the stronger. The same is observed of Esculents, the young Buds or Sprouts of old Roots eat more tender than the first Cuttings.  
My Lord Bacon seemed to approve of the Opinion 
Onions large.  that Onions wax greater, if they be taken out of the Earth, and laid a drying twenty days, and then set again. And the more, if the outmost Pill be taken off all over, but mentions not at what time of its growth this is best to be done; however it is a sufficient encouragement for Gardeners to take up the Onions, where they casually come up too thick, and plant them in thinner places. Several Plants are so removed, as Turnips, Lettuce, etc. and are the fairer, therefore this Observation may be of use.  
Sift Ashes, or Quicklime beaten small, about 
To preserve Plants from Snails and Worms.  any Plant, and it will preserve it from Snails or Worms, by reason their naked Bodies cannot endure the sharpness of the Salt of the Ashes or Lime. So if you water the Ground with the Water wherein Lime or Ashes have been steeped, the Worms will soon leave the Ground, where the Water gets into their Holes, from the same Cause. You may also in a Summer Evening (after Rain) with a Candle draw the Worms as they lie on the Ground, and put them in a Pail, and dispose of them as you think fit; but you must tread soft, for the least motion of the Ground maketh them retire into the Ground. Thus in two or three moist Evenings may you clear a whole Border of the greater Worms which are most hurtful.  
Snails and Worms are all of them of an Hermaphroditical nature, and are all Breeders, and when they couple are easily destroyed, especially the Snails, who couple from the Spring until Midsummer and after. And lay their Eggs in the Ground, you will find them with their Bodies buried in the warm Dust, and only their Shells above the Ground; when you take them out, you must rake out their Eggs and destroy them, for otherwise they will lie there until they have strength to travel, and then, some in the same Year, others in the Spring following, you will have them dispersed amongst your tender Plants, and your Wall-Trees, where after a Shower you may pick them off.  
If you doubt of the goodness of your Seeds, 
To know good Seeds.  take some of them and put them in fair Water, and set them in a gentle heat twenty four hours, and if they are good they will sprout, else not. Also you may wash your Seeds in Water, and the dead and light will swim, and the good and heavy will sink; but they must be all throughly immerged, else you may be deceived.  
Secure the Root as well as you can from the 
To defend Plants from Frost.  Frost; for if you defend that, the Branch seldom suffers, but if the Root be not secured, although the Branch be never so well defended, it will perish. Therefore earth up the Roots as well as you can, and place any ordinary defence about the sides of the Plant, and no Frost will hurt it, (unless it be your tender Plants that are for the Conservatory.) Thus may Gillyflowers, Wall-flowers, Stock-Gillyflowers, Artichokes, etc. be preserved.  
Some Plants, if the Roots stand dry, the 
Set tender Plants dry.  Frosts rarely hurt them; which if moist, they are usually destroyed, as Rosemary, Sage, Wall-flowers, etc. Either of these will grow on a Wall, and endure the severest Colds, but if they stand in a moist Ground, although the Branches be ●ever so well defended, they are apt to be destroyed with great Frosts. The cause is, that Water or Moisture stagnating about any Plant, and a Frost following, is apt to mortify it, when a Frost shall scarce injure a dry Plant. It is the same with young and tender Fruits, a frosty Night after a wet Day destroys more Fruits, than ten dry Frosts can do.  
If you lay Sawdust about any Plant, it will 
To defend your Plants from Ants.  defend it from the busy Aunts, who cannot easily pass over the Sawdust, because it is small and lose under them, that they cannot have any sure footing, and so by that means are forced to steer their course another way. Thus may you defend your Wall-Trees from Aunts, by laying Sawdust about the Roots of them.  
Some anoint the Stems of their Trees with Tar, to prevent the Aunts from ascending them, but than it is best to bind Paper about the Stems, and anoint the Paper, for Tar is apt to injure the Bark of your Tree.  
Also you may bind about the Stem of the Tree, Wool about four Finger's breadth, which will puzzle the Aunts to find a way over, or through it: be sure to leave the Wool rough, that they may not find a way over the Threads you bind it withal.  
Many of your Flower-Trees will in some 
Moss to destroy.  sorts of Land, by long standing, become mossy, which not only defaceth but very much injureth the Tree, and it is a sign the Tree dislikes the Ground it stands in. To prevent the growing of it, and the increasing of it whilst it is yet but newly infected, you must remove your Tree into better Ground more natural to it, or in case you are willing to have it stand in the same place where now it is, than you must take it up, and alter the Ground, and enrich it as it ought to be, and then you may replant the Tree in the same place. And as the Tree thrives and increaseth in Shoots, so the Moss will decline, the Sap being wasted and expended more liberally another way.  
But if the Moss hath long continued on the Tree, your best way is after Rain, that the Moss be wet and will easily come off, to scrape it off with a Knife of Bone or Wood, for in dry Wether it will not come off so well.  
Moss is a very great annoyance to Trees, 
Moss a great annoyance to Trees and Ground.  and to the Ground itself, and is a manifest sign of a defect of the more nourishing Juice that is in fruitful Plants or Soil; it is a spontaneous Excrescence, as many other Vegetables are, which made the learned Philosopher Van Helmont say, That its Seed distilled from the Heavens; which is no more than if he should have said, that it proceeded from the natural inclination of the Matter on which it grew, animated by the Celestial Influences, which gave it Life, but the Matter on which it grew gave it form, it varying according to the diversity of the Matter, from whence it receives its Nourishment; some Moss being hard, some soft, some White, others Green. There is also sweet Moss that grows on Appletrees, and Poplar-Trees, and the Moss of the Larix-Tree is sweet in the burning. And although all these Mosses are mere Excrescences, yet do they bear Seed and increase, as hath lately been discovered by a learned Vertuosis, 
Hooks Lampas.  who by the help of a Microscope hath observed the Seed-Cods or Seed-Vessels of Moss to contain Seeds in them, no less wonderful for the greatness of number than the smallness of bulk, which Seed-Vessels when ripe, he pressing them pretty hard, found that there was a small Dust went out of them, which seemed to vanish into the Air: pressing and squeezing others of them upon a Black Plate, and examining the Powder with a Microscope, he found it to be a great heap of exceeding small Seeds, globular, and pretty transparent, Ninety Thousand whereof extended in length, take up no more room than the length of one single Barley-corn, or a quarter of an Inch; and Twelve Millions of the same Seeds laid quadrangularly, cover no more of a Superficies than one square inch, And 1382400000 weighing only one Grain. Eighty of these superficies of Seeds make but the thickness of a piece of fine Paper, so that they be laid in a trigonal order, as most round Bodies usually place themselves, that is, the round part of the Seed bearing on the concave distance, between the Seeds in the nether laying. For the truth of which Observations and Narration, the same Author appeals to your own Sense and Reason, in case you make use of those artificial Helps he hath for that purpose. But his Conclusion is somewhat doubtful, that these Seeds being thus small, may be carried in the Air from place to place, even to the tops of the highest Towers, or places remote, and be there sown, from whence he supposeth proceeds the growth of Moss, and doth not consider that these Seeds being globular and transparent, (an Argument of their solidity and weightiness) are as uncapable of being drawn up into the Air, and carried far, as the Seeds of Pease, Radish, Purslain, Thyme, Marjoram, etc. For their smallness is rather an impediment to their Transportation than a help, and we find that such Seeds that have a Down or Hair with them, are more usually carried away with the moving Air, as those of Thistles, Lettuce, Carrots, etc. than those that are more solid and naked. Nor needeth there any such help as that of Seed, to beget Moss, for it may as well naturally proceed from any place prone for it, as Plants of greater Bulk, it being not unusual for Oak, Beech, Holly, Birch, and such like, to grow plentifully out of the Ground where other Trees of another kind have been lately felled from a natural Inclination of the Earth, and not from Seeds brought thither by the Air; the Seeds of Oak, Beech, and Holly, being too big for that purpose. The same may be observed in Ground inclinable to Broom, which being thoroughly eradicated and taken away, and the Ground ploughed, sown and cleansed for several Years, yet laid up for some time, will naturally yield Broom: yet those Seeds uncapable of being carried in the Air. Also, if that be true, that all Plants are procured 
Evelin 's Philo. Discourse of Earth.  of Seed, it may be questioned how so great a quantity of the Erysimum or Irio should be sown in the Ruins, after the late great Conflagration in London, where it was observed, that more of it grew there, than was known to be in all Europe besides. This plentiful increase of this Plant, which is not a Denizen in England, and observed not to grow plentifully any where but at Naples, and that in the time of Fabius Colonna, could not well be produced of Seed, unless you will imagine that the Seeds of most Plants pass with the Air over Sea, and Land: But the great variety of spontaneous Productions of the Earth in different Years, different Seasons, and different ways of tilling the Earth, and its various Generations also of Infects and small Animals, although these also may be raised of Seed and by propagation) is enough to convince the Intelligent, that Moss may be a natural spontaneous Production or Excrescence out of Trees, Plants, Soil, or any thing else capable to bear it, and that it may be occasioned by the defect of a liberal expense of the Sap or Juices another way,  
Besides the ordinary way of kill Moles 
Moles to destroy.  with Traps, you may in the Spring of the Year, when they are most busy and in their Work, cast them alive out with a Paddle-staff made for that purpose, by standing very still whilst they work, for the least motion of the Ground disturbs them, they having the want of their sight supplied in their hearing and feeling. They do much mischief in a Garden, and the setting of Traps or digging them out doth also prejudice your Garden; therefore the best way is, as soon as you perceive that they have made way into your Garden, and that they are retired (as in the latter part of the day they usually do) into the adjacent Grounds where they lie more quiet and out of fear, open their common Passages, and smoak them well with Brimstone, Rosin, Pitch, or such like combustible Matter, with Onions, Garlic, or such like mixed with it, and close up the Holes or Passages. This will deter them from your Garden as I have tried, and make them take to some other place, or you may take a dead Mole and lay it in the Haunt, and that will operate the same effect.  
To prevent the increases of Carterpillars, 
Caterpillars to destroy them.  where you find any of their Puckets, which adhere to the Twigs of Trees, in which they lay their Eggs all the Winter, (as Silk Worms do in their Bags) take them off and burn them, for the approaching Sun in the Spring gives life to those pernicious Animals who multiply exceedingly.  
But if the Year be dry and prone to the generation of Infects, these Vermin are apt to be bred in abundance on Cabbages, Caulyflowers, etc. which to prevent, there is nothing so effectual as watering, for in dripping Years they are not so apt to breed as in dry.  
To destroy Caterpillars on Trees, it is said, 
An ingenious way to destroy them.  that if you make a Ring of Tar towards the bottom of your Tree, then hang a Bag full of Pismires on the Tree, that they may easily get out, and when they cannot get down by reason of the Tar, rather than they will starve for hunger, they will eat up all the Caterpillars: which if true, it is like the falling upon Scylla to avoid Charybdis.  
Several sorts of Flowers are apt to turn 
Running of Colours.  White by long standing, or removing into bad Ground, as Red and Purple Primroses, Blue Violets, Sweet-williams, Gillyflowers, etc. which proceedeth from scarcity of nourishment, there requiring good nourishment to maintain the dark Colours; as in Tulips, the best and lightest Colours are preserved by the more barren Earth, when a rich Soil turneth them to a plain dark Colour. But always observe, that change of Soil preserves variety of Colours, so that it be to the degrees of fatter or leaner, as you would have your Flowers incline to darker or lighter Colours.  
It is observed that there is more of White 
Of the variety of Colours in Flowers.  than of any other Colour in Flowers, and least of Green, that being the general Colour, although in different Shades, of all Leaves of Plants, except some few Rarities that are Red or White leaved, as Red Sage, White Marjorum, Amarantbus, and some variegated Plants. In Flowers from White there are all sorts of Shades, to the Yellow, Scarlet, and deepest Red, and to the Sky-colour and deepest Blue, with variety of Mixtures: It is very rare to see a Plant Green, yet there are such, as the Rose Plantain, being only a Tuft of Green Leaves, and the Green Primrose hath perfectly Green Leaves in form of a Flower, but mixed with Purple or White Leaves. The common Parrot Tulip hath a mixture of Green in the Flower, but it seems to be an Imperfection in it, yet it constantly blossoms alike. Black is not unusally found in the bottoms of Tulips and Anemones, but no Flower is known to have a Black Leaf, save only the Bull Iris.  
There is a Sympathy and Antipathy in Plants: 
Of Sympathy and Antipathy of Plants.  And many fabulous Traditions there are concerning them: but this is certainly observed, that some Trees will not thrive under the shade or drip of another, as the drip of a Walnut-Tree, and of a Cherrytree, are injurious to other Trees, because the Leaf is bitter, and the drip destroyeth such Trees or Plants that are under it. The like doth the drip of the Leaves of the Artichoak, and of Hemp, which destroyeth all other Vegetables near it, those Grounds being free from Weeds where they grow, from that cause. Some Plants will not thrive near others, because they draw alike Nourishment, and so rob or deprive one another, as Strawberries and Flowers with Fibrous Roots, will not thrive together; but Plants that draw contrary Nourishment, will prosper very well near together, as Rue and Lettuce together, Onions and Savory, or Lettuce, or Purstain, will grow very near and kindly together.  
There are very strange Natures in several Plants, that are not by every one observed, 
Perception in Plants.  which is a kind of perception in them, tending themselves to that which nourisheth and preserves them, and eschewing and avoiding that which injureth them. As a Cucumber is observed to grow towards Water, more than otherwise it would do in case no Water were placed near it; We may constantly observe the natural Inclination of the Hop, the French Bean or Kidney Bean, and the Periploca, to a Pole or Stick, and how they twist about them, and how ill they thrive without such Helps. It is certain that they have some perception of such Pole, for you shall easily perceive their tender Buds to bend towards it, and at the least touch of it to twist about it. After the same manner doth the Indian Jassamine or Mexican Creeper, and the Ivy, tend towards a Wall or Tree, and adhere to it, with love and delight. Several Fruit-Trees also will flourish better against a Wall than single, not because of the warmth or support only, but their affection to a Wall; as the Curran-Tree will grow much fairer, and bear better Fruit against a Wall than any other way supported, although on the North-side of a Wall: the like is observed of some other Fruits, as Plumbs, filberts, etc. The Roots of some Trees will run far towards any rich, fat, or moist place, it exciting such Roots which have a natural perception, which way the best nourishment is to be obtained. Several Plants will also avoid that which they delight not in, as most Trees yield or recede from others that shade them; and many Plants planted near a Wall or other Fence, decline it, and lean towards the more open Air, be it towards what Coast it will. The turning of a Flower towards the Sun, or opening when the Sun appears, may be caused from the warmth it receives from it; and the blossoming of the greater Convolvulus in the Evening, may be caused from cool moist Air at that time, the Flower being so tender, that it withereth at the next approach of the Sun. But the inclination of a Plant to, and aversion from any thing, must be caused from a perception in that Plant of that in which it delights, or which it abhors.   

Seasons of Sowing.  
THE Seeds of some Plants prosper best when sown as soon as they are ripe, as of Auricula's, Tulips, Anemones, etc. Others, if sown before the Winter, as Kernels of Fruits. But most of the tender Seeds must be kept till the Spring, as the Seeds of Melons, Cucumbers, Radishes, Gillyflowers, etc. It is observed that the Seeds of Angelica falling of itself, or carelessly sown, when it is first ripe thrives well, which if kept and sown in the Spring with care, as other Seeds usually are, never grows: the reason may be, that it being a hot Seed, its vegetative Virtue may be expended by lying in dry or warm places, when otherways being in the Earth it may be preserved till it sprouts, which is usually the next Rain; Walnuts, filberts, etc. if planted before Winter, make some progress in their timely Shoots, but are subject to receive injury from sharp Frosts, and Vermin, which to prevent, they may be kept in Sand in some cold or damp place, till the severity of the Cold be over: The same method may be used in the preserving several other Seeds that are either apt to decay before the Spring, or subject to be devoured by Vermin.  
Some Plants thrive best, being removed from the places where first sown, as Coleworts, Cabbages, Lettuce, Skirrets, and so of Flowers, as the Gillyflower, Stock-Gillyflower, Auricula, Anemone, etc. Others like not to be removed, as Carrots, Onions, Radish, and of Flowers, Poppies, Larks Heads, Lupins, and several other Annual Flowers which must (if at all) be removed with care.  
The Seeds of Cabbages, or Cauliflowers sown 
Carterpillars to prevent.  in August, or so early that they may be transplanted and well rooted before Winter: such Cabbages or Cauliflowers are not so subject to Caterpillars, as those that are sown late before Winter, or in the Spring; the reason may be, that those swoon later being more young and tender, are more apt to breed those Vermin; or at least, are more easily devoured by them.  
As it is said by Husbandmen, sow Wheat 
In what Wether to sow.  in the Dirt, and Barley in the Dust, so may we say of Garden-seeds, such that are sown in Autumn, as Wheat usually is, may be sown in moist Earth, a day or two or three after Rain, the Seeds will sprout the sooner, and be the better confirmed before Winter, but if sown in the Spring, it is certainly the best way to sow most sorts of Garden-seeds as well as Barley in the driest Seasons, as Onions, Carrots, Pease, Parsley, Thyme, etc. and most Flower-seeds, which being well covered, will by the coldness and moisture of the Earth, swell and be ready to come up the next Shower; but if they are sown in moist Wether, or soon after a Rain in moist Ground, they are apt speedily to shoot. And in case dry Wether either from the Wind or Sun, which is not unusual in the Spring, happen whilst the Seeds are in their Milk or beginning to aspire; it certainly kills such of them that are not very well covered or defended, and then is the Seed blamed, as tho' the Seed were naught, which if sown in the Dust, and a Shower happen in three or four days after, those Seeds, tho' never so meanly covered, rarely fail: only here you may take notice, that such Seeds that are apt to be devoured by Birds, as those of Cabbages, Turnips, Radishes, etc. if they lie long before a Shower come, or be watered by hand, have need of some defence from their Devourers.  
Many sorts of Trees and Flowers naturally 
Of making and taking off of Off-sets or Suckers.  afford Off-sets or Suckers from their Roots, by which their kinds are propagated: some there are that afford them very plentifully, even to excess, as the Dwarf Almond, Hypericum Frutex, and several others; and some there are that rarely yield any, as the Mezerion, Althaea, Fruticosa, etc. It is therefore worthy of knowledge to understand, how to cause Trees that will not naturally afford such Off-sets, to emit them from their Roots, the way prescribed is thus: Make bare the Roots of the Plant of woody substance, and then make an Incision on the upper-side of the naked Root, as you do on the under side of a Branch which you intent to lay; make the Incision from the Tree downwards, and put a small Stone or Stick under the Lip, to keep the Cleft open, then cover the Root over about three Inches with good Mould, and as the Lip in a Branch that is laid, will send forth Fibrous Roots, so will this (as ingenious Planters affirm) send forth Branches, which with the Root out of which it springs, may be transplanted securely.  
Some Plants there are, which are propagated 
Of propagating of Plants by Cuttings.  or increased by Cuttings, as most sorts of Garden-Herbs, and some Trees, as Evergreen Privett, Jassamines, Laurel, Woodbine, etc. and some Flowers, as Wall-Flowers, Periwinkles, etc. The best time for increasing Herbs and tender Plants by this way, is in the Spring, and from that time till the Autumn, only observe, that if you set any Slips or Cuttings in hot or dry Wether, you must be careful to water and shade them; but woody Plants that bear Leaves should be slipped or cut, and planted some time before they begin to shoot, as the Woodbine in the Autumn, and Jassamines, Laurels, etc. In the Spring, Plants propagated this way emit their Fibrous Roots at a Joint; therefore it is best to cut them off just at, or below a Joint, and they will take root the sooner, for so much Wood beyond the place of rooting, is apt to rot and hinder the young Fibres.  
If your Tree be so high and stubborn, that 
Of Propagation by Circumposition.  its Branches will not stoop to the Ground, than it is convenient to raise the Earth to the Branch you intent to propagate, but first take off the Bark of the Sprigs or Branch as near as you can to the Stem of the Tree, for the better supporting the weight of the Earth: If you cannot conveniently place it so near the Trunk of the Tree, you may support it with some Stake, or the like; then take a Box, Basket, old Hat, Boot, or the like, and place it so, that the Branch may go through the middle of it, and that the disbarked or cut place may be also in the middle, then prick the Bark on the upper side of the Cut with an Awl, or such like Tool, to cause the Branch more easily to emit its fibrous Roots; then fill the Vessel with good Mould, and in dry Wether water it sometimes: This Application is most proper to be done before the Sap gins to rise, and the end of the Bark of the Branch you intent to take off, will before the Autumn be furnished with Roots enough to feed it, without the assistance of the old Tree; then saw or cut it off, and plant it as you desire.  
Those that delight in blanched Lettuce, may 
To blanche Lettuce.  blanche them with expedition, by covering every Plant with a small Earthen Pot, and laying hot Soil upon them.  
It is thus prescribed: Sow it in the Spring upon 
To blanche Succary.  the Borders, and when it hath six Leaves, replant it in rich Ground, about eighteen Inches distance each Plant from the other, paring them at the tops: When they are grown so large, as to cover the Ground, tie them up in several places with long Straw, or raw Hemp, at several times as they grow fair, leaving the other to grow larger.  
Or you may gently bind them, and take away the Earth on one side of each Plant, and couch it down gently, without bruising the Leaves, and so cover it with Earth, and it will become white in a little time, without running to Seed: Couch them all one way, and then they will not hinder one another.  
To blanche them for the Winter, it is thus prescribed: At the first Frosts tie them after the former way; about eight Days after make a Trench about the height of your Plant, then pluck up your Plants, and place them in this Trench; range them side by side, a little shelving, as they may gently touch. Cover them with rotten Dung of the same Bed they were sown in; you may make Trench after Trench till you have finished: Then cover the whole Bed four Fingers thick with hot Dung from the Stable, and in a short time they will be blanched.  
To preserve them from rotting, you may cover them with Mats placed aslant, to cast off the great Rains.  
Or you may take them into the House, and cover them with Sand in some Cellar, observing to place them with the tops downwards, that the Sand may not run in between the Leaves: Let the Sand cover them four Fingers thick; when you take them up, shake them well with the Root upmost, that all the Sand may fall out from the Leaves.  
Cover the Plants with reasonable warm Dung, 
To blanche Endive.  draw them out at the first appearance of Frost; then keep them in Sand in your Cellar: Or when they are grown to some reasonable greatness, before they shoot out any Stalks for Seed, take them up, and the Roots being cut away, lay them to whither for three or four Hours, and then bury them in Sand, so as none of them may lie one upon another, or touch one another; they will by this means change whitish, and thereby become very tender.       

THE GARDENER'S Monthly Directions, Showing what is NECESSARY to be DONE Throughout the YEAR, IN Sowing, Planting, and Propagating the most Valuable of the Shrubs, Flowers, Esculents, and other Hortensian Plants before treated of: And what Ornamental Trees and Flowers Are in their PRIME in each MONTH.  
LONDON, Printed for William Freeman, at the Bible over against the Middle Temple-gate in Fleetstreet. 1700.   

THE PREFACE.  
AT the first publishing this small Treatise, it was not my Intention to have added a Calendar; by reason that I had composed a large one for Husbandry in general, which was printed at the end of my Systema Agriculturae, which contained many Directions to be Monthly observed in Horticulture, as well as in Husbandry: And also for that so complete a Kalendarium Hortense was published by Mr. Evelyn, which hath not yet, nor is likely to be exceeded. But when this little Tract of mine was the second time printed, by another Hand, in my absence, was added about a Sheet and a half to it, calling it, The Gardener's Monthly Directions, which was collected out of an old Piece of Husbandry, much of it not proper, and other part of it out of use: So that I was obliged to compose the following Calendar, which could not be done without repeating some Things that had been published before; yet there are many necessary Directions which ought to be observed by the Curious, not elsewhere published. Therein is also an Account of what Beautiful and Ornamental Trees, Plants, and Flowers, show themselves in their Splendour in each Month, that such as delight in them may take such care that at no time their Gardens may be without fitting Materials to adorn their Houses or Garlands.  
The former Kalendars that are extant are long, and there is not much more to be said on the same Subject: Therefore you cannot expect this to be more large than you will find it. However, to so small a Treatise this minute Addition may suffice, until new Matter be discovered to make it largor.  
Vale.   

THE GARDENER'S Monthly Directions.  

JANVARY.  
THIS Month is generally the coldest Month in the Year, and not seldom locked up with Frosts, or the Gardens as well as the Fields covered with Snow, that little can be done in the Garden: And in case the Wether should be so favourable (as sometimes it happens) that the Earth is easily penetrable, yet is it not safe to sow any manner of Seeds (except in Hot-beds) left a sharp Fit of Cold chill them in their Milk, that is, after they have swelled in the Earth, and begin to chitt, as many Seeds are apt to do as soon as they are in the Ground, although some will endure the greatest Severities of the coldest Winters (if deep enough) as Parsley-seed, Corn-sallet-seed, and sometimes Purslain-seed, and several others.  
But in this Month may you plant your Fences, and some Flower-bearing Trees, as Lilacs, Roses, double-blossomed Cherry, Woodbines, and Virgins-bower, and also Anemonies, and Ranunculus', if the Wether be mild, and the Ground open.  
In Hot-beds now may be sown Caulyflowers, Radish, Lettuce, and other Salletings you are willing to have early.  
Set Traps to destroy Vermin; for in frosty Wether they will easily be taken by a Bait, when the Frost prevents them from other Food.  
Preserve your choice Gillyflowers from the cold Rains, and shake off the Snow from them.  
Pick Snails out of the Crevices in the Walls, and other close-Places, where they go for Shelter.  

Ornamentàl Plants and Flowers now in Season.  
Laurus, Laurus tinus, Mezerion, the Bay-tree, gilded Holly, the several sorts of Rosemary, stripped Phillyrea, Glassenbury Thorn, stripped Periwinkles, Winter-Aconite or Wolfs-bane, black Hellebor, Primroses of several sorts, and the double Oxslips, early Winter-Hyacinth.    

FEBRVARY.  
NOw the Wether gins to alter, although sometimes, January be open and temperate, and this Month severely cold, yet for the most part the inclining of the Sun to the Vernal Equinox, doth produce a Moderation of the past Colds, and encourage the ingenious Gardener to trim his Trees, and stir his Ground, mixing his rotten Dung in the digging thereof, for the setting and sowing of Beans, Pease, Carrots, Parsnips, Onions, Parsley, spinach, Asparagus, Anniseeds, Corn-sallet, Fennel.  
Which being now sown in a fair and open Season, will come early, and prosper well.  
Lay Branches of several Trees to take root, and plant out your Cabbage Plants to have them early.  
Make your Hot-bed for Melons, Cucumbers, etc.  
Plant Cowslips, Oxslips, Primroses.  
Sow the Seeds of Fraxinella, Alaternus, Larks-heels, Marigolds.  

Ornamental Plants and Flowers now in Season.  
Laurus, Laurustinus, Mezereon, gilded Holly, gilded Rosemary, stripped Phillyrea, Glassenbury Thorn, Periwinkles, Winter-Aconite, Anemones, Crocus, early Winter-Hyacinths, bulbous Violets, Hepatica, Persian Iris, early Daffodils, Primroses, Oxslips.    

MARCH.  
THis Month produces the greatest Variety of Wether, of any other in the whole Year; that notwithstanding the advancement of the Sun into the Northern Hemisphere, which often produces temperate, and sometimes warm Wether; yet the Winds that usually blow from the Northern and Eastern Regions, with the coldness of the Earth, do so refrigerate the Air, that it is not safe to remove your tender Plants, nor sow the Seeds of tender Herbs and Flowers, lest the nipping Frosts or Winds, and sometimes Snows, deprive you of your expectation: Nevertheless, in this Month are the greatest part of your Garden Tillage, and more hardy flowering Ornaments to be removed down, or planted.  
Continue still digging your Garden Grounds, mixing therewith, or rather burying therein your rotten Dung. You may now make your Hot-beds for Melons and Cucumbers, and also for Amaranthus purpureus, Marvel of Peru, the greater Convolvulus, and other choice Exoticks.  
Sow Beans, Pease, Carrots, Parsnips, Onions, Leeks, Parsley, Lettuce, spinach, Asparagus, Anniseeds, Corn-sallet, Fennel, Endive, Succory, Radish, Beets, Scorzonera, Sorrel, Buglos, Borage, Chervil, Sellery, Purslain, Turnips, Cabbages, Marigolds.  
Plant Skirrets, Garlic, Liquorice, Artichokes, Strawberries, Cabbage-plants.  
Slip and plant Sage, Rosemary, Lavender, Thyme, towards the end of the Month, if the Wether be mild; and then also may you remove July-Flowers, or Carnations.  
Sow the Seeds of Firs, Pines, Bays, Alaternus, Phillyrea, Cypress, Laurel, etc.  
Plant Cowslips, Oxslips, Primroses, Wall-flowers, Hepatica's, Auricula's, Gentianella, Jasmines, Fraxinella.  
About the beginning of this Month may you set into the Ground the Roots of the Marvel of Peru, which you preserved all the Winter.  

Ornamental Plants and Flowers now in Season.  
Sweet-bryars, Periwinkles, Anemones, Crocus', Hyacinths, Hepatica's, Persian Iris, Daffodils, Primroses, varieties of Oxslips, and Cowslips, Crown Imperial, Fritilaryes, Precoce-Tulyps, Dens Caninus, Wall-flowers, Violets, Junquils, Grape-flowers, etc.    

APRIL.  
IN this Month your Garden appears in its greatest Beauty, the Blossoms of the Fruit-trees prognosticate the Plenty of Fruits for all the succeeding Summer-Months, unless prevented by untimely Frosts or Blights. The Bees now buzz in every corner of your Garden, to seek for Food: The Birds sing in every Bush, and the sweet Nightingale tunes her warbling Notes in your solitary Walks, whilst the other Birds are at their rest. The Beasts of the Woods look out into the Plains: And the Fishes of the Deep sport themselves in the shallow Waters. The Air is wholesome, and the Earth pleasant, beginning now to be clothed with Nature's best Array, exceeding all Art's Glory. This is the time that whets the Wits of several Nations to prove their own Country to have been the Garden of Eden, or the Terrestrial Paradise, however it appears all the Year besides.  
In case unseasonable Wether hinders not, the pleasantness and salubrity of the Air now tempts the Sound to the free enjoyment of it, rather than to enjoy the Pleasure of Bacchus in a smoky Corner.  
The beginning of this Month uncover your Asparagus-Beds, rake them fine as they must lie all the Summer; uncover your Artichokes, and when they are a little shot out in Leaves, dress them, and with those Suckers plant new Beds, if you have occasion for them.  
Set French-beans, Pease, Hastings, and Garden-beans, for a second Crop, Cucumbers, Melons, and sow all sorts of tender Seeds about the end of the Month, that cannot endure the Cold; you may now sow Rosemary, Hollihock-seed, Columbines, Larks-heels, Nasturtium Indicum, Poppies, Lupins, and all such Flowers as are to blow in the following Summer.  
Now sow Turnips to have them in the Summer; plant out your Caulyflowers; and as yet you may plant Cabbage-plants.  
All tender Winter-greens and Shrubs may now be safely removed and cut, as Phillyrea, Myrtles, Jasmine, Oleander, Cypress, etc. you may yet transplant fibrous-rooted Flowers, and set the Seeds of several Trees, as of the Pine, Fir, Phillyrea, Alaternus, etc. Bring your choice Plants out of your Conservatory, except the Orange-tree, which will hardly yet endure the Cold.  
In the Evening, after a Shower, gather up Worms and Snails.  

Ornamental Plants and Flowers now in Season.  
Double-blossomed Cherry, Syringas or Pipe-trees, Persian Jasmine, Hypericum frutex, Dwarf-almonds, Sweet-bryars, Anemonyes, Ranunculus', Auricula's, Crown-Imperial, Persian-Lilly, Fritiallaria, Tulips, Jacinths, Muscary, Star-flowers, Iris, Dens Caninus, Vernal Cyclamen, Ladies-slipper, Gentianella, Wall-flowers, Stock-gilliflowers, Bell-flowers, Hepatica's, Narcissus, Primroses, Cowslips, Peonyes, Arbour Judae, Lilac, Gelder-Roses, Laburnum.    

MAY.  
NOW are we entering the Summer, this Month sometimes proving very warm, and the warmer it is the less welcome, overmuch Heat so early scorching the Fruits of the Earth, disappointing the Gardener of his hopeful Crop, unless by his great Pains and Industry he preserves it by watering. And sometimes, on the contrary, cold and nipping Frosts either chill his tender Plants, or put him to the trouble of securing them, by the continuance of his Cover. The long and pleasant Mornings and Evenings extremely invigorate the Natures of such that soft Dormitories do not overmuch prevail with to decline their Enjoyments. He that delights not in Physic, let him now exercise himself in the Garden, and take the Smell of the Earth with the rising Sun, than which to the virtuously inclined there is nothing more pleasant; for now is Nature herself full of Mirth, and the Senses stored with Delights, and variety of Pleasures.  
There is now but little digging in a Garden, except for the sowing of some very tender Plants, as Sweet-Marjerom, etc.  
But now Weeding is necessary, as well in your Walks, as amongst your Herbs, Tillage, and Flowers.  
You may yet plant and remove Winter-greens, and other tender Shrubs, preparing the Mould, and mixing it with Cowdung, and may also sow Sweet-Marjerom, Thyme, Gillyflowers, and other Aromatic and tender Plants.  
Sow Purslain and other Herbs to have them young and tender. Most of your housed and covered Plants will now live in the open Air; only Melons and early Cucumbers will prosper best under Glasses.  
Sage, Rosemary, and several other woody Plants, thrive best slipped and planted in this Month, a little watered and shaded if there be occasion.  
You may now remove into proper Beds, Amaranthus, Mastich, Thyme, Snap-dragons, and the young Stock-gilliflowers, at the Full of the Moon, which it's said will make them the more double.  
Such Tulip-roots that are dry, may now be taken up.  

Ornamental Plants and Flowers now in Season.  
Laurus Cerasus, Cytisus Maranthe, or Horned-tree Trefoil, Hypericum frutex, Oleaster, Shrub-night-shade, Woodbines, most sorts of Roses, Laburnum, Horse-chesnut, Lilac, Gelder-rose, Sena-tree, Rosemary, Pinks, Tulips, Columbines, Peonyes, Lily conval. Iris, Anemones, Ranunculus, Cyclamen, Fraxinella, Gladiolus, Geranium, Jacinth, Lilies, Phalangium, Orchis, Cowslips, Ladies-slipper, Stock-gilliflower, Star-flower, Bell-flowers, great yellow Fritillary, Starry-Jacinth of Peru, Asphodels, Gentianella, Auricula's, Wall-flowers, Queens-Gilliflowers, Snap-dragons.    

JUNE.  
THe Sun is now in his most Northern Latitude, the Days at longest, the Mornings and Evenings the most pleasant Times for Recreation, in the beautiful Avenues of your Ville; at other times of the Day, Grotts, and shady Groves requite your Labour and Expense in raising them, by the sweet and cool Refreshments they afford, when the Sun's hot Aspect would otherwise prove troublesome. The plenty of cooling Fruits and Tillage now furnish your Table, and tempt the curious palate to exchange a great part of its grosser Food for Garden Dainties.  
The best Employment in the Garden, now, is to prune and trim your Flowers and Trees, to inoculate Roses, to lay Gillyflowers, and cut Herbs to distil and to dry.  
Melons, Cucumbers, and several sorts of new removed Trees and Flowers, now, expect to be watered.  
Tulip-Roots, and other Bulbs that are dry, may now be taken up and housed.  
You may also take up the Chalcedon Iris, Anemonies, and Ranunculus'.  
Also now remove early Cyclamen, bulbous Jacinths, Iris, Fritillaries, Crown-Imperial, Martagon, and such others that have done blowing.  
Set Saffron, and plant Rosemay, but let it be a little defended from the Sun, and watered at the first, and plant Slips of Myrtle.  
Gather Seeds of such Flowers that blowed in the Spring, and are now ripe.  

Ornamental Plants and Flowers now in Season.  
Laurus Cerasus, Roses of most sorts, Wood-bines, Lime-Tree, Indian-Fig, Fraxinella, Shrub-Night-shade, Jasmines, Spanish-broom, Martagons, Lilies, Molyes, Asphodils, Phalangium, Iris, Corn-flag, Aestival Cyclamen, White Hellebor, great Gentian, Bell-flowers, Campions, Queens-Gillyflowers, Pinks, Sweet-Johns, Sweet-Williams, Columbines, Snap-dragons, Poppies, Nigella, lesser Convolvulus, Nasturtium Indicum, Carnations, Larks-heels, Sultan's Flower, Stock-Gillyflowers, Cornflag, Holy-hock, Muscory.    

JULY.  
THis Northern Hemisphere is now warmed by the Sun's advance, by whose influence many choice and delicate Fruits become pleasant and acceptable to the most curious Palates; the fruitful Fields appear in their best Array, that the Countryman may now give a guess what Harvest he is like to expect, Grotts and shady Groves, are more seasonable to recreate yourself in than the open Air, unless it be late in the Evening, or early in the Morning, to such that can afford time to take a Nap after Noon. Garden Fruits, and Tillage, may now be a part of your Table-Furniture, being a cooler Diet than gross Flesh.  
The Exercises in the Garden are now for the most part gathering in the Fruits of the Labour you bestowed in the Winter and Spring Months. Now on the Ground whence you have cleared your Pease, and other early Tillage, being slightly digged, may you sow Turnips, Cabbage-seed; and also, if you please, Seeds for latter Salleting, and Pease to come late.  
You may now lay Gillyflowers and Myrtles, etc. inoculate Roses and other Flower-bearing Trees.  
Cut off the Stalks of such Flowers as have done blowing, and cover their Roots with fresh Earth.  
Snails that feed on your choice Wall-Fruits, early in the Mornings may be taken off.  
Slip Stocks, and other lignous Plants and Flowers, plant them, and water, and shade them, if need require.  
Sow Mezereon-Berries, and Anemones.  
Take up Lilies, Martagons, Frittillaries, and Hyacinths, when the Stalks are dry, and remove them. Take up Anemones.  

Ornamental Plants and Flowers now in Season.  
Several sorts of Roses, Woodbines, Lime-tree, Oleander, Laurus Indicus, Jasmines, Virgins-bower, Periploca, Oranges, Amorum Plinii, Agnus Castus, Arbutus, Olive, Jucca, Molyes, the small Yellow Asphodel, Cornflag, Aestival Cyclamen, great Gentian, Bell-flowers, Campions, Queens-Gillyflowers, Gillyflowers, Snapdragons, Larks-heels, Indian Cresses, Nigella, lesser Convolvulus, Marvel of Peru, Scarlet-Beans, Lupins, Scabious, Fraxinella, African Marigold, Holyhock, Stock-Gillyflowers, Passion-Flower, Cardinal's Flower.    

AUGUST.  
THE Sun being now in its Southern declination the Air gins to cool, and it is become very pleasant to walk after a Thunder-shower. Although the Beauties of the Fields and Gardens begin to fade, yet the Profits now flow in: the Fields clothed with Corn, ready for the Barn; the Orchards laden with all sorts of Cider-fruits; the Avenues and Walls of your Gardens, now furnish the most curious Palates with the most delicate Fruits; and the Kitchen-Garden the Table with variety of Tillage. Little is now to be done in a Garden, besides gathering in the Fruits of former Labours.  
You may now sow Cabbage and Caulyflower-Seed for Winter Plants, and also Lettuce, spinach, Carrots, Onions, Corn-Sallet, and Marygolds, to live over the Winter.  
Sow Turnips.  
Pull up your Onions, Garlic, etc. and gather your ripe Seeds.  
Remove Auricula's, plant Cowslips, Oxslips, and Primroses, Campions, Gillyflowers, Hepatica's, Crown-Imperial, Persian-Lillies, Fretillaries, Asphodils, Spiderwort, Cholcicumbs, and Autumnal Crocus, Iris, Bulbous and Tuberose, Lily of the Valley, Dens Caninus, and seedling Anemones, and most other Flowers that have blown the Spring or Summer precedent.  
Plant Roses, Woodbines, and other Trees that are apt to bud before the Winter.  
Plant Saffron, Strawberries, etc.  
Remove your Winter-greens.  

Ornamental Plants and Flowers now in Season.  
Myrtles, double blossomed Pomegranate-tree, Althaea fruticosa, Spirea frutex, Monthly Roses, Jasmines, Virgins-bower, Maracoc, Sena-tree, Musk-rose, Oleander, Virginian Martagon, Indian Hyacinth, or Tuberose, Star-flower of Aethiopia, the little hollow White Asphodel, Autumnal Cyclamen, Bellflowers, Champions, Gillyflowers, Hollyhocks, Globe Thistle, Sultan's Flower, Amaranthus, Larks-heels, Indian-Cresses, African Marigolds, Great Convolvulus, Marvel of Peru, Everlasting Pease, Lupins Cholcicum, French, Marigold, Geranium Nocte Olens.    

SEPTEMBER.  
THis Season is the most pleasant of all the Year for Air, it being generally of an even Temper by Night as well as by Day: The Leaves as well as Fruits now, are for the most part ripe, and ready to fall, which makes it the sweetest time of all the Year for Travelling, Walking and such like Champaign Exercises. This is one of the principal Months in the Year, wherein to employ yourself in the Garden: Now may you dig up your Flower-Beds, whose Earth wants to be altered, renewed, or enriched, and most Trees and Flowers may be transplanted or removed, and be throughly fixed before the Winter, that the Frosts will not hurt them.  
You may yet sow Turnips, though they will hardly be large, unless the Autumn be mild: Also you may sow Lettuce, Cabbages, Cauliflowers, Onions, spinach, Parsnips, etc. against the Spring.  
Transplant your young Cabbage Plants, and Caulyflower Plants that were sown the last Month, it makes them short and strong: You may also plant Artichokes and Asparagus, but it's best in the Spring.  
Plant most sorts of bulbous rooted Flowers, as Tulips, daffodils, Cholcicums, Crocus, etc.  
Also Peonyes, Iris, Chalcedon, and Tuberose Cowslips, Oxslips, Primroses, Hepatica, Cyclamen, Violets, and most other fibrous Roots.  
Take off the Layers of your Gillyflowers that have taken Root, and plant them in their proper places, in Beds or in Pots.  
Plant Anemones to have them early, sow Auricula Seeds, sow some sort of hardy Seeds, as Tulips, etc. that lie long in the Ground.  
The great Gentian must be planted in this Month, in rich Soil, and a warm place: The Cardinal's Flower may now be set in a Pot, that in the colder Wether it may be removed into your Green-house, or set deeper in the Ground and sheltered: Remove some of your tender Plants into your Conservatory.  

Ornamental Trees and Flowers.  
Laurus Cerasus, Myrtles, Althaea Fruticosa, Amomum Plinii, Monthly Rose, Double Virgins-Bower, Musk Rose, Sena Tree, Sweet Moly of Montpelier; The little White Asphodel, Cholcicums, Crocus Autumnatis, Autumnal Cyclamen, Champions, Holyhocks, Amaranthus, Nasturtium Indicum, African Marigolds, Greater Convolvulus, Marvel of Peru, Stock-Gillyflowers, Jacynthus, Tuberosus, Gillyflowers.    

OCTOBER.  
NOW most Trees and Plants shake off their Summer Garments, and prepare themselves for the approaching Winter; some are hardy and retain their Green Leaves in the severest Colds; others are so tender, that although they shed not their Leaves, yet require shelter from the Cold, which are now to be taken care of. There is more Pleasure now in feeding on the Fruits of your Labour and Industry, than in viewing the Ruins and Decays that this Season hath made amongst Nature's Glories. There is a time for all things, as well to pluck up, as to plant. This Month invites you to both, being the most seasonable to plant young Trees that are not tender Exoticks, and to eradicate the old and decayed.  
Carry Dung into your Kitchen Garden, and spread it, that it may rot, and the Rain wash in the sectile part of it before the Spring.  
Plant out your Cabbage and Colewort Plants to stand all the Winter, and some of your Cabbage-plants, where they may remain in the Spring unremoved, and they will bring early Cabbages.  
Cut off the withered Stalks of Asparagus near the Ground, and weed the Beds clean, and cover them with good rich Dung not quite rotten, which will defend the Roots from violent Frosts, and enrich the Bed, by the Rains washing in its Virtue.  
Plant Anemones, Ranuncula's, Peonyes, Iris Calcedonca, Tulips, and other fibrous and bulbous Roots.  
Remove Holy-hock, Stock-Gillyflowers, and other hardy Plants: Sow Alaternus and Phillyrea-Seeds.  
Cut and prune Rosetrees, and other hardy Plants.  
Now house your tender Plants.  

Ornamental Trees and Flowers now in Season.  
Arbutus or the Strawberry-Tree, Myrtles, stripped Phillyrea, Amomum Plinii, Monthly-Rose, Spanish Jasmine, and the Yellow Indian Jasmine, Violets, Crocus Autumnatis, double Colchicum, Cyclamen, Stock-Gillyflowers, Marvel of Peru, double Virgins-bower, Primroses, and Scarlet Oxslips.    

NOVEMBER.  
IF continued Rains (which usually happen in this Month) prevent not, we may now feel a part of the sharp Cold the Winter brings; and gives us caution as well in the Garden as in the Fields to provide against it. Although the Productions of a Garden are many more than those of the Field; yet are few Seeds sown in this or the next Month, although the Wether be open, by reason of the hazard they are exposed to, in case of a sudden and severe Frost: Yet those that covet to have them early in the Market, or to please their Palates, will now sow Pease, and set Beans, and adventure the sharpness of the Winter against their Profit or Pleasure.  
Now may you prepare Beds for the planting of Artichokes and Asparagus in the Spring; and may also order the Asparagus Beds as was directed in October.  
Cover well your Artichokes with long Dung, to defend them against Frosts: the want whereof lost almost all the Artichokes in England in the hard Winter, 1683.  
House and cover with Sand Carrots, Turnips, and Parsnips; and house Cabbages.  
Dig up Liquorice.  
Plant Tulips and Anemones. Cover your ten-tender Plants.  
In open Wether you may remove hardy Trees that lose their Leaves before this time; Roses may also yet be removed, and likewise may Lilac, ordinary Jasmine, etc.  
Peonyes, and some fibrous Roots, may now be planted.  
Sow Asparagus Seeds.  

Ornamental Trees and Flowers now in Season.  
Arbutus, or the Strawberry-Tree, Myrtle, stripped Phyllirea, Amomum Plinii, gilded Holly, Myrtles, Spanish and Indian Jasmine, Violets, Primroses, and Scarlet Oxslips, Monthly-Rose, and the Muskrose.    

DECEMBER.  
ALthough this is the darkest Month of the Year, Phoebus being in his most Southern Declination, yet it is seldom the coldest. However little can be done in the Garden, besides cutting and pruning of Wall-trees, digging and dressing of Ground against the Spring, and such like preparatory Works abroad; the Evenings are long, which gives the Industrious opportunity to indulge themselves by the Fireside over a Glass of Hearts-ease; and the Studious leave to read what others have wrote, that he may make what he finds there, and thinks fit, to be his own, when fairer and milder Wether too often invites him to partake of those Pleasures the Garden yields, to the neglect of his Study.  
If the Wether be open and mild, you may remove, or plant, most sorts of hardy Trees that shed their Leaves in Winter.  
Set Beans, and sow Pease, to have them early. You may now set Bay-berries, Laurel-berries, etc.  
You may yet plant Anemone and Ranunoula Roots.  
Sow Asparagus.  
In frosty Wether may you destroy Snails in every Corner of your Garden, and behind the Stems of Wall-Trees.  

Ornamental Trees and Flowers now in Season.  
Laurel, Bays, Myrtles, Laurustinus, Phyllirea, plain coloured and stripped Rosemary of all sorts, gilded Box, gilded Holly, Glastenbury-thorn, Primroses of several Colours, Scarlet Oxslip, Black Hellebor, Snow-drops, stripped Periwinkle, and all other Winter-greens, plain, gilded, and stripped, seem acceptable to the Curious at this Season, when the Earth is locked up, that it cannot expose its more desired Rarities, which in the succeeding year will every day begin to appear, as the Sun advanceth, and by its warm Rays sets at liberty each Flower in its Season.     

A CATALOGUE Of such Housed-Greens, Winter-Greens, Flowering-Shrubs, Flowering-Trees, Flowers, and other curious Plants, as well Exotic as English, that are to be Sold by Mr. George Rickets, Gardener, at the Hand in Hogsden without Bishopsgate, London, the great Collector and Improver of the Beauties of a Garden.  

Greene's that are housed in the Winter. 

Oranges' and Lemons.  
Myrtles of various sorts.  
The White and Red Oleander.  
The Yellow Indian Jasmine.  
The Spanish Jasmine.  
The Indian Jucca.  
Colutea Odorata.  
Tree Housleek.  
Cytisus lunatus.  
Jacobea Marina, or Sea-Ragwort.  
Gilded or stripped Phillyrea.  
Lentiscus.  
Indian Fig.  
Marum Syriacum.  
Amomum Plinii.    
Flower-bearing-Trees. 

Castanea Equina, or the Horse-Chestnut.  
Oleaster.  
Pardus (or Pardalianches) Theophrasti.  
Laburnum major.  
Laburnum minor.  
Sena-Tree.  
Sumach.  
Cassia.  
Lilac, Blue, White, and Purple.  
Pomegranat-flowers, double and single.  
Jasmines, White, and Virginian.  
Periploca.  
Double Virgins-bower.  
Virginian Climer.  
Tree Passion-flower.  
Paliurus, or Christs-thorn.  
Hungarian Clematis.  
Orobus Venetus.  
Gelder-Rose.  
Double blossomed Cherry.  
Mezerions', Red, Purple, White.  
Dwarf-Almond.  
Hypericum frutex.  
Spirea frutex.  
Cytisus Secundus Clusii.  
Althaea frutex, Red, White.  
Syringa, White, Purple,  
Persian Jasmine.  
Woodbine, or Honysuckle, White, Italian, Red, Scarlet.  
Scorpion Sena.  
Amegdala flore Africano.    
Winter-Greens. 

Alaternus.  
Pyracantha.  
Ilex.  
Laurus tinus major.  
Laurus tinus minor.  
Spanish Broom.  
Upright Savin.  
Laurels.  
Phillyrea augustifolia.  
Bay-tree.  
Cypress.  
Norway Fir.  
Scotch Fir.  
Silver, or flat Fir.  
Mountain Pine.  
Pinaster.  
Cedar of Libanus.  
Winter Jasmine.    
Other Ornamental Trees. 

Cornelian Cherry.  
Oriental and Occidental Platanus.  
Abele.  
Lime-Tree.  
Flowers and choice Plants.  
Cardinal's Flower, Scarlet, Blue.  
Steeple Bellflower.  
Scarlet Gnaphalion.  
Double Scarlet Lychins.  
White Rocket.  
Purple Rocket.  
Auricula's double of several sorts.  
Auricula's stripped, great varieties.  
Auricula's plain Colours.  
Hepatica's double, Blue, and Peach-colour.  
Fraxinella, White, Red.  
Peonies, double, White, Blush, and Purple.  
Asphodel, Yellow, Red.  
Geranium nocte Olens.  
Martagons of several kinds.  
Lilies of several kinds.  
Iris bulbous, Great varieties.  
Iris tuberous. Great varieties.  
Hyacinthus Tuberosus.  
Jacinths, many sorts.  
Tulips, great varieties.  
Double and single Anemones, many sorts.  
Ranuncula's, great varieties.  
Carnations and Gillyflowers, very many sorts.  
Double Colchicums.  
Fritillaries.  
Ornithogalons.  
Leucoiums'.  
Narcissus, great varieties double and single.  
Globe-Flower.  
Crocus', many varieties.  
Primroses, many colours and sorts.  
Oxslips, several colours and sorts.  
Polyanthos.  
Gentienella.  
Junquils'.  
Campanula's, or Bell-flower with many others.     
The same Mr. Rickets can furnish you with all the best sorts of Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plumbs, Apricocks, Peaches, Nectarines, Vines, Currans, Gooseberries, and all other Fruits, Standards, or for the Wall; Of all which he hath great variety.   

A CATALOGUE OF SEEDS, PLANTS, etc.  
Sold by Edward Fuller, at the Three Crowns and Naked Boy at Strand Bridge, Francis Weston, at the Flower-de-luce, over against the Maypole in the Strand, Theophilus Stacy, at the Rose and Crown without Bishopsgate, and Charles Blackwell, at the King's Head, near Fetter-Lane End in Holborn, London.  

Seeds of Roots. 

STrasburgh Onion-Seed.  
Red Spanish Onion.  
White Spanish Onion.  
English Onion.  
London Leek.  
French Leek.  
Orange Carret.  
Red Carrot.  
Swelling Parsnap.  
Long Turnip.  
Round Turnip.  
Yellow Turnip.  
Skirret.  
Scorzonera.  
Sassify.  
Potatoes.  
Shallots.  
Garlic. Rocum Bolis.    
Sallad-Seeds. 

London Radish.  
Sandwich Radish.  
Black Spanish Radish.  
White Spanish Radish.  
Cabbage Lettuce.  
Lombard Lettuce.  
Roman Lettuce.  
Arabian Lettuce.  
Savoy Lettuce.  
Silesia Lettuce.  
Rose Lettuce.  
Red Lettuce.  
Curled Lettuce.  
Round spinach.  
Prickly spinach.  
Berry-bearing Orach.  
White Beet. Red Beet.  
Roman Beet.  
Curled Endive.  
Italian Seleree.  
Italian Fennel.  
Sampire.  
Rocket.  
Spanish Rocket.  
Rampion.  
Hartshorn.  
French Sorrel.  
Candy Sorrel.  
Cardoon.  
Indian Cresses.  
Garden Cresses.  
Broad-leaved Cresses.  
Curled Cresses.  
Chervile.  
Sweet Chervile.  
Purslane.  
Golden Purslane.  
Parsley.  
Curled Parsley.  
Alexander.  
Corn-sallad.  
Dutch Asparagus.  
Caulyflower.  
English Cabbage.  
Dutch Cabbage.  
Russia Cabbage.  
Red Cabbage.  
Colewort.  
Curled Colewort.  
Sheerwort.  
French Choux.  
Dutch Savoy.  
Coli-Rapi.  
English Melon.  
French Melon.  
Spanish Melon.  
Long Cucumber.  
Short Cucumber.  
Prickly Cucumber.  
Pompey.  
Gourd.  
Mekin.    
Potherb Seeds. 

Endive.  
Succory.  
Borage.  
Bugloss.  
Burnet.  
Bloodwort.  
Clary.  
Sorrel.  
Marry gold.  
Pot-Marjoram.  
Landebeef.  
Summer-Savory.  
Columbine.  
tansy.  
Nepp.  
French Mallows.  
Orach.    
Sweet-Herb Seeds. 

Thyme.  
Hyssop.  
Winter-Savory.  
Sweet-Marjoram.  
Sweet-Basil.  
Sweet-Maudlin.  
Rosemary.  
Lavender.  
Baum.    
Physical Seeds. 

Cardus Benedictus.  
Scurvygrass.  
Angelica.  
Lovage.  
Smallage.  
Tobacco.  
Dill.  
Common Fennel.  
Sweet Fennel.  
Caraway.  
Cumin.  
Anise.  
Coriander.  
Gromewell.  
Henbane.  
Plantain.  
Nettle.  
Foenugreek.  
Fleawort.  
Rhubard.  
Bur-dock.  
Elecampane.  
Balsam.  
White Poppy.  
Cardamum.  
Gourd.  
Broom.  
Peony.  
Daucus.  
Citrul.  
Wormseed.  
Wormwood.  
Rue.  
Oculus Christi.  
Line or Flax.  
Marsh-mallow.    
Flower-Seeds. 

Double July-Flower.  
Stock July-Flower.  
Queen's July-Flower.  
Wall-Flower.  
White Wall-Flower.  
Matted Pink.  
Mountain Pink.  
Double Columbine.  
Virginian Columbine.  
Double Larks-heel.  
Upright Larks-heel.  
Rose Larks-heel.  
African Marygold.  
French Marygold.  
Snapdragon.  
Candy Tuft.  
Sweet Scabious.  
Spanish Scabious.  
London Pride.  
Capsicum Indicum.  
Venus' Looking-glass.  
White Venus' Looking-glass.  
Venus' Navel-wort.  
French Honeysuckle.  
White French Honey-suckle.  
Scarlet Lychnis.  
Rose Campion.  
Noli me Tangere.  
Marvel of Peru.  
Nasturtium Indicum.  
Sweet Sultan.  
Red Valerian.  
White Valerian.  
Greek Valerian.  
Branched Sun-Flower.  
Canterbury Bell.  
Flos Adonis.  
Fox Tail.  
Iron-colour Fox-glove.  
Nigella Romana.  
Urtica Romana.  
Primrose Tree.  
Belvedere.  
Amaranthus Purpureus.  
Amaranthus Coccineus.  
Amaranthus Tricolor.  
Prince's Feather.  
Green Amaranthus.  
Love Apple.  
Thorn Apple.  
Double Poppy stripped.  
Double Holy-hock.  
Lobel's Catch Fly.  
Goat's Rue.  
Spanish Mallow-tree.  
Monk's Hood.  
Convolvulus Major.  
Convolvulus Minor.  
Bottles of all Colours.  
Globe Thistle.  
Great blue Lupins.  
Small blue Lupins.  
Yellow Lupins.  
White Lupins.  
Scarlet Beans.  
Everlasting Pease.  
Snails and Caterpillars.  
Horns and Hedgehogs.  
Tulip.  
Anemone.  
Auricula.  
Polianthos.  
Primrose.  
Sensible Plant.  
Humble Plant.    
Seeds of Ever-green and Flowering Trees. 

Cypress.  
Silver Fir.  
Norway Fir.  
Scotch Fir.  
Great Pine.  
Pinaster.  
Phillyrea vera.  
Alaternus.  
Phyracantha.  
Arbutus.  
Horn-beam.  
Laurus Tinus.  
Amomum Plinii.  
Mezerian Berries.  
Cedar Berries.  
Holly Berries.  
Laurel Berries.  
Bay Berries.  
Juniper Berries.  
Yew Berries.  
Myrtle Berries.  
Ever-green Oak-Acorns.  
Cork-Tree Acorns.  
Lime-Tree Seed.  
Sena Seed.  
Althaea frutex Seed.  
Laburnum Majus.  
Laburnum Minus.  
Spanish Broom Seed.  
Chestnuts.  
Acatia.  
Almonds.    
Sorts of Pease, Beans, etc. 

Barns Hotspur Pease.  
Short Hotspur Pease.  
Long Hotspur Pease.  
Sandwich Pease.  
Grey Rouncival Pease.  
White Rouncival Pease.  
Blue Rouncival Pease.  
Green Rouncival Pease.  
Maple Rouncival Pease.  
Large white Sugar Pease.  
Small white Sugar Pease.  
Grey Sugar Pease.  
White Rose Pease.  
Grey Rose Pease.  
Egg Pease.  
Wing Pease.  
Sickle Pease.  
Windsor Beans.  
Sandwich Beans.  
White Kidney Beans.  
Speckled Kidney Beans.  
Canterbury Kidney Beans.  
Lentils.    
Seeds to improve Land. 

Clover-Grass.  
Hop-Clover cleansed.  
Hop-Clover in the Husk.  
Sain Foin.  
La Lucern.  
Spury.  
French Furz.  
Dantzick Flax.  
Hempseed.  
Rape-seed.  
Mustardseed.  
Canary-seed.    
Flower Roots. 

Ranuncula's, all sorts.  
Double Anemones, all sorts.  
French Anemones.  
Tulips, all sorts.  
Double July-flower, all sorts.  
Auricula's, double, stripped, and plain.  
Poliantho's, all sorts.  
Primroses, all sorts.  
Iris, Persian, Chalcedonian, Dwarf, etc.  
Crown Imperial, yellow, double and single.  
Fraxinella's, purple and white.  
Hepatica, double, blue, and Peach-colour; white, blue, and Peach-colour, single.  
Crocus', all sorts.  
Narcissus, all sorts.  
Hyacinthus Tuberosus.  
Junquils, double and single.  
Peonies, black, red, purple, and stripped.  
Fritillaria, all sorts.  
Hellebor, white, black, and Christmas.  
Colchicum, Chio, purple, stripped, etc.  
Gladiolus, all sorts.  
Cyclamen Vernum, and Autumnale.  
Lilies, all sorts.    
Sorts of Choice Trees and Plants. 

Orange's stripped and Hermaphrodite.  
Lemons.  
Citrons.  
Pomgranats.  
Myrtles, broad-leaved, Box-leaved, Orange-leaved, Birds-nest, upright, and double-flowered.  
Two sorts of upright Myrtles.  
The upright Myrtle of Portugal.  
The broad-leaved Myrtle of Portugal.  
The broad-leaved Myrtle of Spain.  
A broad-leaved Myrtle, the Leaves tipped with White, like Silver.  
Rhus Tritifolia & Virginianum, the Myrtle-leaved and Virginian Sumach.  
Oleander, Red and White.  
Phillyrea serrato folio, & Augusto-folio, & foliis leviter serratis.  
Alaternus, stripped with Yellow and White.  
Cytisus, Lunatus, & Secundus Clusii.  
Amomum Plinii.  
holies, stripped with Yellow, with white and yellow Berries.  
Arbutus.  
Paliurus.  
Olive-Tree.  
Cedrus Libani.  
Aloes Americana, sive Sempervivum, Aloes of America.  
Agnus Castus.  
Arbour Judae.  
Platanus Orientalis, & Occidentalis.  
Tragacantha.  
Horse Chesnut.  
Jessamines, Spanish yellow, Persian white, etc.  
Cistus, all sorts.  
Geranium necte Olens.  
Jucca Peruana.  
Nightshade variegated.  
Woodbine variegated.  
Althaea frutex, purple, white, etc.  
Terebenthus.  
Lentischus.  
Laurus Tinus Latifolia.  
Laurus Tinus Augustifolia  
Laurocerasus, the Cherry-Bay.  
The stripped Laurel.  
Juniperus Hispanicus, the Juniper of Spain.  
Chamela Tricoccoes, or Widow-wail.  
Laurus Alexandrina, Hippoglossum mas, the Horse-tongue Bay.  
Laurus Alexandrina, & Genuvina, the true Bay of Alexandrina.  
Jacobaea Marina incana, Sea Ragwort.  
Azedarach, the Bead-Tree.  
Piracantha▪  
The Maracock of Virginia.  
Pistatia Virginiensis Trifolia, the three-leaved Virginian Bladder-Nut.  
Jasminianum Virginianum, the Virginian Jasmine.  
With many other Sorts.     
At which Places you may be likewise furnished with Spades, Hoes, Reels, Lines, Sheers, Sythes, Wyre-Sieves, Watering-Pots, Bass-Mats, Melon-Glasses, etc. proper for the Use of gardiner's: As also, with all sorts of Fruit-trees, and Ever-greens; and Artichoke, Asparagus, Liquorice, Caulyflowers, Cabbage, and Tarragon Plants.   


AN ALPHABETICAL TABLE.  
A. 

AConites, vide Wolfs-bane  
African Marigold Page 128  
Alaternus Page 62 

Gilded Page 68  
Time to remove Page 76    
Alisanders' Page 187  
Almonds Dwarf Page 88  
Althaea Fruticosa, vide Shrub-Mallow  
Amaranthus Purpureus Page 128 

Common Page 131    
Amomum Plinii Page 142  
Anemones Page 106 

Early Page 108  
Late Page 109    
Antipathy of Plants Page 234  
Anterrhinum, vide Snapdragon  
Apples of Love Page 131  
Aqua Coelestis Page 200  
Arach Page 189  
Arbours Page 33  
Arbutus Page 64 

Time to remove Page 76    
Arbour Judae, vide Judas Tree  
Arbor Vitae Page 65 

Time to remove Page 77    
Artichokes Page 153 

Their ordering Page 154  
Late Page 156    
Artichokes of Jerusalem Page 163  
Asses Dung Page 208  
Asparagus Page 150 

Their ordering Page 151    
Asphodils Page 102  
Aviary Page 57  
Auricula's Page 122 

Blue Borage-leaved Page 143      
B. 

BLaustium, vide Pomegranate  
Balm Page 91  
Balsam Apple Page 131  
Banqueting-house, vide Pleasure-house  
Bay-Tree Page 61 

When and how to plant and remove Page 76    
Rose-Bay Page 135  
Basil Page 191  
Batchelor's Button Page 131  
Beans Page 170  
Bean Trefoil Page 89  
Bears-ears, vide Auricula's  
Bears-ears Sanicle Page 143  
Bee-flowers Page 103  
Beets Page 163 

To keep long Page 164    
Bell-flowers Page 131  
Bindweed Page 128  
Bluebottles Page 131  
Blood to mix with Earth Page 203  
Bloodwort Page 189  
Bona Vistas Page 172  
Bones to mix with Earth Page 204  
Double Virgins Bower Page 90  
Box Tree Page 62 

When and how to plant Page 77    
Gilded Box Page 68  
Brick-walls, and their manner of building Page 19  
Flower of Bristol Page 131  
Brooklime Page 192  
Spanish Broom Page 89  
Bulbous-rooted Flowers Page 102  
Bugloss Page 187  
Burnet Page 191  
Borage Page 187    
C. 

CAbbage Page 175 

To keep long Page 176    
Calceolus Mariae, vide Ladies-slipper  
Camomile Page 191 

Double Page 131    
Campions ibid.  
Candy Tufts ibid.  
Caraways Page 189  
Carrots Page 160 

To keep long Page 161    
Castanea Equina Page 73 

Time to remove Page 77    
Caterpillars to destroy Page 232  
Caterpillars to prevent Page 238  
Caulyflowers Page 178  
Cauleworts Page 175, 178  
Cedar Page 64 

Time to remove Page 76    
Celastras' Page 65 

Time to remove Page 76    
Chalky Land Page 9 

Its Improvement Page 12    
Champignons' Page 193  
Cherry double-flowered Page 91  
Christ's Thorn Page 74 

Time to remove Page 77    
Chibbols Page 167  
Chards 

of Artichokes Page 157  
Of Beets Page 164    
Chervil Page 187  
Cistus Mas Page 136  
Cistus Ledon Page 136  
Clayie Land Page 11 

Its Improvement ibid.    
Clary Page 189  
Coastmary Page 191  
Colchicum, vide Meadow Saffron  
Columbines Page 126  
Convolvulus Page 128  
Corn-sallad Page 186  
Corn-flags Page 102  
Green Corn Page 192  
Cortusa Matthioli, vide Bears Sanicle  
Cowslips Page 124  
Cranes Bill Page 131  
Garden Cress' Page 188  
Indian Cresses ibid.  
Water Cress' Page 192  
Crocus Page 101  
Crown Imperial Page 100  
Cucumbers Page 183  
Cutting of Plants often Page 223  
Cyclamen, vide Showbread  
Cypress Tree Page 99 

Time to remove Page 77    
Cytisus, vide Bean Trefoyl  
Cytisus Lunatus Page 135    
D. 

DAffodils Page 98  
Daisies double Page 131  
Deers Dung Page 208  
Dill Page 189  
Dittany Page 126  
Dog-toothed Violet Page 103  
Dog Fennel double Page 131  
Dial's Page 56    
E. 

EArth enriched Page 195 

By Mixtures Page 202    
Earthen Walls Page 21  
Elder embroidered Page 70  
Elder Buds Page 192  
Endive Page 187 

Endive to blanche Page 242    
Eschalots Page 168  
Esculents Page 145  
Yew Tree Page 63 

Time to remove Page 76    
Exotic Plants Page 132  
Experiments Page 222    
F. 

FEathers to mix with Earth Page 203  
Featherfew double Page 131  
Fennel Page 189  
Fennel Flower Page 131  
Fences Page 19  
Indian Fig Page 136  
Fish to mix with Earth Page 203  
Firr-Tree Page 63 

Time to remove Page 76    
Corn Flags Page 102  
Flesh to mix with Earth Page 203  
Flowers their Uses Page 6  
Flower de Luce Page 105  
Flower of the Sun Page 131  
Flower Trees Page 78  
Flower Pots Page 56  
Flowers 

of variety of Colours Page 234  
Watering them Page 216    
Fountains Page 43  
Fox-gloves Page 131  
Fraxinella, vide Dittany  
Fritillary Page 96    
G. 

gardens of Pleasure Page 1 

Their Influence on the Mind Page 2  
Their Original ibid.  
Their Use and Excellency Page 3, 4, 5  
Their Situation Page 7  
Necessary Defence Page 8  
Soil Page 9  
Form Page 14  
Contrivance Page 17    
Garlic Page 167  
Gelder Rose Page 82  
Gentianella Page 126  
Geranium Page 142  
Gillyflowers Page 112 

Late Page 116  
To graft Page 117  
To defend ibid.  
Stock-Gilliflowers Page 118  
Queen's-Gilliflowers Page 131    
Gilded Plants Page 66 

To increase Page 69  
Time to remove Page 77    
Gladiolus, vide Corn-flag  
Glastenbury Thorn Page 74 

Time to remove Page 77    
Gnat Flowers Page 103  
Goats Dung Page 205  
Grape Flowers Page 97  
Grass-Plats Page 17  
Grass-Walks Page 30  
Grotto's Page 51  
Groves their Excellency Page 75    
H. 

HAir to mix with Earth Page 203  
Hastings Page 173  
Hellebor Page 125  
Hepatica ibid.  
Herbs sweet Page 189  
Honey suckle Page 90  
Holly Hedge Page 26  
Holly Tree Page 63 

Gilded Page 67  
Time to remove Page 77    
Hollihocks Page 126  
Hollow Root Page 131  
Hoofs to mix with Earth Page 203  
Hop Buds Page 192  
Horns to mix with Earth Page 203  
Horse-Chesnut Page 73 

Time to remove Page 77    
Horse-dung Page 207  
Hotspurs Page 173  
Hot-beds Page 219  
Humble Plant Page 130  
Hyacinths Page 97 

Tuberous Page 142    
Hypericum frutex Page 91  
Hyssop Page 191  
Hooks Lampass Page 228    
J. 

JAssemines Page 86 

Their several Sorts ibid.  
Late Page 91  
Jassemines Indian Page 135  
Spanish ibid.    
Ilex Page 64 

Time to remove Page 76    
Improvement of Land Page 10 

By Labour only Page 195    
Sweet Johns Page 117  
Iris Page 104  
Jucca Page 137  
Judas-Tree Page 89  
Junquils' Page 99  
Juniper-Tree Page 65    
K. 

KEiri, vide Wall-flowers  
Kidney Beans Page 171    
L. 

LAburnum, vide Bean Trefoyl  
Lady's Slipper Page 125  
Lady's Smocks double Page 131  
Lang de Beuf Page 189  
Larkspurs Page 126 

Yellow Page 189    
Lavender Page 191  
Laurel Page 60 

Gilded Page 67  
Time to remove Page 77    
Laurus Tinus Page 61  
Laurus Indica Page 136  
Leather to mix with Earth Page 205  
Leeks Page 168  
Lemons Page 142  
Lettuce Page 184 

Lettuce to blanche Page 241    
Leucoium, vide Balbous Violet, and Stockgilliflower.  
Lilac Page 87  
Lilies Page 99 

Gilded Page 68    
Lily of the Valley Page 124  
Lime Page 210  
Linn-Tree, vide Tilia  
Liverwort, vide Hepatica  
Loamy Land Page 9  
Lupins Page 129    
M. 

MAlt-dust Page 209  
Shrub Mallow Page 90  
Maracoc Page 136  
Margerum Page 190  
Marigolds Page 128  
Marly Lands Page 10 

Their Improvement Page 12    
Martagons' Page 100  
Marsh-Marigolds Page 131  
Marvel of Peru Page 129  
Marum Syriacum, or African Mastic Page 143  
Mastic Thyme, vide Thyme  
Sweet Maudlin Page 191  
Melons Page 180  
Mezerion Page 88  
Milk to irrigate Plants withal Page 213  
Mints Page 189  
Moly Page 102  
Moles to destroy Page 232  
Monks-hood Page 131  
Moss to destroy Page 228  
Moss a great annoyance of Trees & Ground ib.  
Mounts Page 36  
Moth Mullein Page 131  
Mud of Ponds Page 209  
Mugwort gilded Page 69  
Murc Page 210  
Mushrooms Page 193 

How to obtain them ibid.    
Mustardseed Page 189  
Musk Scabious Page 127  
Muscaries', vide Grape-flowers  
Myrtles Page 133    
N. 

Narcissus', vide Daffodils  
Nasturtium Indicum, vide Cresses  
Navews Page 158  
Neats-dung Page 207  
Nep Page 189  
Nettle-tops Page 192  
Nigella, vide Fennel Flower  
Nightshade gilded Page 69  
Noli me tangere Page 130  
Nonsuch, vide Flower of Bristol.    
O. 

OBelisks Page 55  
Oleander, vide Rose-bay  
Onions Page 166 

To make large Page 225    
Orange Tree Page 138 

To order it Page 140    
Ornithogalon, vide Star-flower  
Orrach Page 189  
Of making and taking of Off-sets, and Suckers Page 239    
P. 

PAles Page 23  
Pallisades ib.  
Parsley Page 188  
Parsnips Page 161  
Paliurus Page 74 

Time to remove Page 86, 87    
Roman Parsnip Page 163  
Patience Page 187  
Peachtree double flowered Page 91  
Pease Page 170 

Pease-tops Page 192    
Pease everlasting Page 130  
Pellitory double Page 131  
 Page 191  
Peony Page 111  
Perception in Plants Page 235  
Periploca Page 90  
Periwinkle gilded Page 68  
Phalangium, vide Spiderwort  
Philosophical Earth Page 196  
Phillyrea Page 61 

Gilded Page 68  
Time to remove Page 77    
Pigeons dung Page 208  
Pines to remove Page 76  
Pinks Page 117  
Pilewort Page 131  
Pipe-Tree, vide Lilac  
Pipes 

of Elm Page 38  
Of Lead Page 38  
Of Earth Page 39    
Plants 

to come late Page 222  
To defend Page 223  
To continue long Page 224  
To meliorate ibid.  
To propagate by cutting Page 240  
To propagate by Circumposition ibid.  
Plants to defend from Aunt's Page 227    
Platanus Page 71 

Time to remove Page 77    
Pleasure-houses Page 34  
Pomegranate double blossomed Page 87  
Pompions Page 183  
Potatoes Page 163  
Poppies Page 127  
London-pride Page 117  
Primroses Page 124  
Prince's Feather, vide common Amaranthus  
Purslain Page 185  
Pyracantha Page 65  
For a Hedge Page 26  
Time to remove Page 77    
Q. 

QUick Fences Page 25    
R. 

RUnning of Colours Page 233  
Radishes Page 164  
Horse Radishes Page 165  
Rampious Page 189  
Ramsons Page 189  
Ranunculus Page 110  
Indian Reed Page 136  
Removing of Plants often Page 222  
Repository for tender Plants Page 35  
Rivers their Pleasure Page 40  
Rockets Page 131  
Roots Esculent Page 158  
Rosemary Page 64 

Gilded Page 68  
Time to remove Page 77    
Roses and their variety Page 79 

Their ordering. Page 83  
Early Roses Page 84  
Late ibid.    
Rose-bay Page 135    
S. 

SAffron-flowers or Meadow-saffron Page 101  
Sage Page 190  
Sage of Jerusalem. Page 189  
Sallad-herbs Page 184  
To raise a Salad in few hours Page 219  
Salts Page 209  
Salt-petre Page 213  
Sandy Land Page 10 

Its Improvement ibid.    
Savoury Page 191  
Sattinflower Page 131  
Sawdust Page 210  
Satyrions' Page 103  
Scabious Page 131  
Scallions Page 166  
Sceleri Page 187  
Scorsonera Page 162  
Seasons of Sowing Page 237  
Seats in a Garden Page 33  
Seeds, good, to know Page 226  
Sena Tree, its several Kind's Page 89  
Sensible Plant Page 130  
Sheeps-dung Page 205  
Sives Page 169  
Scarlet Beans Page 130, 171  
Skins to mix with Earth Page 203  
Skirret Page 162  
Smalledge Page 188  
Snapdragon Page 127  
Snails to destroy Page 225  
Snow-drop, vide Bulbous Violet  
Soot to mix with Earth Page 203  
Sorrel Page 187  
What Wether to sow in Page 238  
Showbread Page 103  
Spider-wort Page 102  
spinach Page 186  
Spirea frutex Page 89  
Springs Page 37, 38  
Squashes Page 184  
Star-flower 

of Arabia ibid.  
Of Aethiopia ibid.    
Star-flowers Page 98  
Statues Page 54  
Stock-gilliflowers Page 118 

To make double Page 119    
Free-Stone-Crop Page 64 

Time to remove Page 77    
Stonewalls, and their building Page 20  
Stoves of several sorts Page 141  
Straw to mix with Earth Page 210  
Strawberries Page 189  
Strawberry Tree Page 64 

Time to remove Page 77    
Succory Page 187  
Suckers cutting off Page 239  
Suckers to blanche Page 247  
Sugar Pease Page 173  
Sultan's Flower, vide Musk Scabious  
Sweet-bryar Page 26  
Swines-dung Page 107  
Sympathy of Plants Page 234  
Syringa, vide Lilac    
T. 

tansy Page 191  
Tarragon Page 188  
Tender Plants to set them dry Page 227  
Terrace-Walks Page 31  
Globe-Thistles Page 131  
Thorny Apple ibid.  
Thyme Page 190  
Mastic Thyme Page 146  
Tillage 

encouraged ibid.  
Its Objections answered Page 147    
Tilia Page 72 

Time to remove Page 77    
Toad-flax Page 131  
Tobacco Page 210  
Trees 

for Ornament Page 59  
For Shade Page 71  
Trees bearing Flowers Page 78    
Tuberous-rooted Flowers Page 106  
Turnips Page 158 

To keep long Page 159    
Tulips Page 92 

How to order Page 93  
Tulips early Page 94      
V. 

BUlbous Violet Page 99  
Violets Page 189  
Virginian Silk Page 137  
Urine to mix with Earth Page 203    
W. 

WAlks 

Round Page 15  
Square Page 17  
Of Gravel Page 28  
Of Stone Page 27  
Of Grass Page 30  
Terrace-Walks Page 31    
Wall-Flowers Page 118  
Waters Page 37  
Water-works Page 46  
Fat Waters Page 211  
Watering of Gardens ibid. 

By Filtration Page 216    
Watering-Pots Page 217 

To preserve them Page 218    
White-thorn Hedge Page 25  
Sweet William's Page 117  
Winter-greens Page 59  
Rotten Wood to mix with Earth Page 210  
Woodbinds, vide Honey-suckles  
Wolfs-bane Page 131  
Woollen Rags to mix with Earth Page 204  
Worms to destroy Page 210, 225, 261     
THE END.   

A CATALOGUE of some Books Printed for W. Freeman, at the Bible in Fleetstreet.  

THE Devout Communicant, exemplified in his Behaviour, before, at, and after the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, practically suited to all the Parts of that solemn Ordinance. The Seventh Edition, Corrected and very much Amended by the Author. Price 1 s. 6 d.  
An Infallible Way to Contentment, in the midst of Public or Personal Calamities; with particular Encouragement against the Fear of Fire and Poverty, Evil Tidings, and Death itself. The Fourth Edition. To which is added a Second Part, Entitled. The Peace and Joy of the Soul Procured and preserved. Price Bound 2 s.  
The Whole Duty of a Christian: Containing all things necessary both as to what he is to know, and do, for the obtaining a Happy Eternity. To which is added more particular Directions, how to prepare for a Comfortable Death. Price 1 s. 6 d.  
An Exposition of the Church Catechism, from our Modern Authors and the Holy Scriptures, in Words at length. The Second Edition. By the Author of the Devout Communicant. Price 1 s. 6 d.   
☞ The Four Books above named, are now Printed on Extraordinary good Paper, and a fair Character.  

A Manual of Private Devotions and Meditations, with Directions for the Sick. By the Right Reverend Father in God L. Andrews, late Lord Bishop of Winchester, in 12 more. Price 1 s. 6 d.  
A View of all Religions in the World, By Alexander Ross. In 8 vo. Price 6 d.  
The Old Religion: A Treatise, wherein is laid down the true State of the Difference betwixt the Reformed and the Roman Church. By the Reverend Father in God Jos. Hall, late Lord Bishop of Exeter. Price 1 s. 6 d.  
Quarles Emblems. The last and best Edition, in 8 vo. Price 5 s.  
— His Argalus and Parthenia, in 8vo. with Cuts.  
— The same in 12 more. without Cuts. Price 1 s.  
Miege's last and best French Grammar, 8 vo, Price 2 s.  
Politeuphenia: Wits Commonwealth, or a Treasury of Divine, Moral, Historical, and Political Admonitions, Similes and Sentences, for the use of Schools: Newly Revised. Price 1 s. 6 d.  
The Manners of the Israelites, in three Parts. 1. Of the Patriarches. 2. Of the Israelites after their coming out of Egypt, until the Captivity of Babylon. 3. Of the Jews, after their return from the Captivity until the Preaching of the Gospel. Price 1 s.  
Thesaurarium Mathematicae: Or, the Treasury of the Mathematics, containing variety of useful Practices in Arithmetic, Geometry, Trigonometry, Astronomy, Geography, Navigation, and Surveying: As also the Mensuration of Board, Glass, Tiling, Paving, Timber, Stone, and Irregular Solids. Illustrated with several Mathematical Sculptures on Copper Plates. By J. Taylor, Gent.  
The Elements of Euclid explained in a new, but most easy Method: By that excellent Mathematician, F. C. F. Milliet de Chales, of the Society of Jesus; now made English: In 8vo. Price 4 s.  
Dr. Harvey's Treatise of the Small Pox and Measles. In 8vo. Price 1 s. 6 d.  
The Art of preserving and restoring Health. In 12 more. Price 1 s.  
A Complete Body of Chyrurgical Operations, containing the whole Practice of Surgery, with Observations and Remarks on each Case. In 8vo. Price 6 s.  
A New Voyage to Italy. By Maximilian Misson, Gent. In 2 Vol. 8vo. Price 12 s.  
Of Wisdom. Three Books. Written in French by the Sieur de Charron. Made English by George Stanhope, D. D. In 2 Vol. 8vo. Price 12 s.  
The Roman History. By Laurence Echard, A. M. of Christ's College in Cambridge. In 2 Vol. 8vo. Price 11 s.  
Erasmi Colloquia. In 8vo. Price 2 s. 6 d.  
Cambridge Phrases. In 8vo. Price 5 s.  
A Complete Guide for Justices of Peace. By J. Bond of Grays-Inn, Esq; The second Edition, much enlarged, and continued down. In 8vo. Price 6 s.  
Means to preserve Peace in Marriage. By the Author of Rules of Civility. Price 1 s.  
Zenophon's History of Greece. Translated by John Newman, Gent. 8vo. Price 4 s.  
☞ There is newly printed an excellent Book, entitled, Arithmetic; or, the Ground of Arts: Teaching that Science both in Whole Numbers and Fractions. Originally composed by Dr. Record, and others. And now perused, corrected, new methodised, much improved; and thereto added, I. A new Treatise of Decimals, with the Demonstration of each Rule, and the Relation it has to Vulgar Fractions: Also why Decimals are wrought as Whole Numbers, etc. II. Tables of Simple and Compound Interest, with the manner of Calculation, and Use thereof, in Resolving all the most necessary Questions, concerning Interest and Discount of Money; the Purchasing or Selling Estates, in Land or Houses, in Present or Reversion, in Fee or for Time limited, and for Fining off Rend, etc. III The easiest Method of Extracting the Square and Cube Roots of Numbers, Whole or Broken, and the Use thereof in many material Instances. Dedicated to his Highness the Duke of Gloucester. By Edward Hatton, Philomercat. Price 5 s.