SOME instructions CONCERNING THE ART OF ORATORY. Collected for the use of a Friend a Young STUDENT.  
LONDON, Printed by J. G. for R. Royston, at the Angel in Ivy lane, 1659.   

Parts of rhetoric.  

1. INvention, in which 

SECT. I. 1. Of Common places for Arguments, Num 2. wherein: 

1. To use our own invention first— and in this not to be too curious, in the beginning, for our matter or expression.— But, in a second copying to reject what is slight, to order what is approved, to correct the expression, &c.— To expose them rude in writing, rather than to burden the memory— Not to prosecute long one Argument, but seek after variety, num. 12. &c.  
2▪ After our own, to use other men's, Inventions— to alter— enlarge them.— n. 15.    
SECT II. 2. Of disposing the invented matter in some order, and under certain Heads.—  
SECT. III. 3. Of Transitions from one matter to another,— n. 1. 

1. By some words relating to both. n. 2.  
2. By Comparison, n. 3. 

1 Of Cause and Effect, &c.  
2. Of Similitude.  
3. Of Opposition.    
3. By Gradation. n. 7.  
4. By Interrogation. n. 8.      
II. Elocution— wherein 

SECT. IV.— I. Of words. To be avoided 

1. Words ill-sounding: Monosyllables, &c. n. 2.  
2. Auxiliary, and Expletive, n. 4.  
3. Circumlocutory, n. 5.  
4. Tautologies, n. 7.  
5. Omoptotas to be disjoined, n. 8.  
6. In the second Clause of a Period words needlers, not to be repeated. n. 9    
SECT. V.— II. Of Periods. 

1. Exact correspondence 

1. of the several branches therein, n. 2.  
2. of the parts of any branch.    
2. Advantageous transposition of the words, n. 4. 

1. For better Emphasis, n. 5.  
2. For apter connexion, n. 6.  
3. For accent and suspended gravity of the speech, n. 7.  
4. For the sweeter cadence and Rythm, n. 8. 

1. In like beginnings of several clauses.  
2. Like endings.  
3. Both like▪  
4. Beginning of one and end of the other like, &c.      
Transposition of words in tongues modern and undeclined, n. 12.      
SECT. VI. III. Of the Ornaments of speech: Figures. 

1. Epithets n. 2.  
2. Metaphors n. 4. These to be 

Not obscure, n. 5.  
Not below the thing.  
Not too much.  
Not changed.    
3. Similes, expressed— n. 9 

1. With a Note▪  
2. Without.  
3. Before.  
4. After.  
5. By Question.  
6. The Simile only explained.  
7. The thing only explained.    
4. Dissimilies and Contraries, expressed- n. 10. 

1. By Disjunction.  
2. Conversion.  
3. Denomination.    
5. Amplification, n. 14. 

1: By repetition of the same words, n. 15.  
2. By multiplication of the like expressions, n. 17.  
3. By enumeration of Parts, or Descriptions, n. 18. 

By a simple accumulation of them.  
By Gradation.  
By Division.  
By interpretation, n: 23.      
4. By Aetiology or giving reasons. n. 24. 

1. Either preceding  
2. Or following 

By epiphenonema or Sentence.  
By a Conjunction Causal.    
3. Or Interposed, n. 27.      
SECT. VII.— IV. Of style. 

1. To be perpetually varied, n. 1. 

In the Expressions, n. 2.  
In the Illations, n. 3. Varied. 

1. By Interrogation.  
2. By Objection.  
3. By frequent commutation of Persons.  
4. By Dubitation.  
5. By Admiration.  
6. By Consultation.  
7. By Praeoccupation.  
8. By Correction.  
9 By Concessions.  
10. By Suppositions of Absurdities.      
2. To be 

1. Concise for the Pen.  
2. More diffused and copious for speaking, - n. 13.  
3. Yet more circumlocutory and verbous for extempore-speech.    
3. Of short and long styles, compared, n. 14.  
4. Of Perspicuity of style, - n. 15.  
5. Of other necessary steps to Oratory▪ n. 24.    
SECT. VIII.— V. Of Recitation.  
SECT ix..— VI. Of Pronunciation.  
SECT. X.— VII. Of Action.    
INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING The ART of ORATORY  

SECT. I.  
Nu. 1. THE Parts of Oratory are Invention, 
The Parts of Oratory.  taking care for the Matter; and Elocution, for the Words and Style.  

1. Invention in which  2. Invention consists in an acute Consideration, and particular weighing of all circumstances, &c. out of which any argument may be raised to advance the subject in hand. 
1. Of Common Places of Arguments.  Therefore your Fancy, in this ought not to be committed, and left, to chance; gazing about, and waiting, as it were, what may by sudden Enthusiasm drop into it, but to be excited and guided by Reason; diligently beating and examining the Causes, Effects, Adjuncts, and whatever may have relation to your subject, that (at least) some of them may afford materials to your design, Brief Tables of which, and sufficiently exact, in all the three kinds of Discourses, Demonstrative, Judicial, Deliberative, see in Quintil. lib. 5. cap. 10. and in Farnabi's and other Modern, rhetorics. A many of which are also rudely put together in these verses: 
An? Quis? Quid? Cujus? Cui? Quo? Quibus auxiliis? Cur?  
Quomodo? Circa quid? Qualis?  
Quantum? Ex, In, & à quo?  
Quamdiu? Ubi? Quando? Quoties?  
Quotuplex? Quot? & Unde?  Or in that shorter, 
Quis? Ubi? Quid? Quibus auxiliis?  
Cur? Quomodo? Quando?  
Who? What? How? When?  
Where? and why?   
3. For Example; Common places for Arguments;* To prove any thing to be good, may be such as these;—  
— Because 'tis the chief end, all men, or the wisest of men, aim at— all, or the wisest commend— because it produceth some good— preventeth or remedieth some evil— procures us much pleasure,— profit,— reputation,— honours,— things, we account good.— is rewarded— is difficult to attain— is contrary to all excess, &c.— is dictated by nature— is followed with content— other things for its sake accounted good, &c.  
4.* To prove any thing more good, such as these;  
— Because 'tis the end, and so more worthy than the means— chosen for its self, and not for another— conducing to a better, worthier end— conversant about a nobler object— can better be without the other, than the other without it— is the cause of the other— more beneficial— beneficial to more— more rare— more beautiful— more lasting— more rewarded— more easy to be procured (for on both sides arguments are probable)— more pursued by wise men— better, according to circumstance of person, time, place, action, &c.— Any of whichmediums, caeteris paribus, is persuasive.  
5. The contraries serve,* To prove a thing evil, or less good.* To aggravate a Crime, such as these, drawn  
— From the greatness of the damage— the impossibility of reparation— from the quality of the person, by whom; to whom— from doing it alone; or first; or often— with no, with small, benefit to himself— with a determinate purpose, having no plausible motive toit— not very feasible;— from its being a thing contrary to nature— to express law— savouring of brutishness, and inhumanity— Done in a holy place, in the court, &c.— in such a time— against a Kinsman, a Benefactor, a Magistrate— giving so much scandal— so much encouragement.  
6.* To extenuate a fault;  
— That it was not done at all— not so done— that it was done so; but that it was well done— not well done; but yet of those things that are usually pardoned— that it was not an injury— but an error; a misfortune— not done with an ill mind— not with deliberation— that not a part only, but the whole action be considered— not that action, but the whole course of his life— what good, as well as what evil, he hath done— not to regard the words of the Law, but the intent of the lawgiver— not the Law (failing in particulars,) but equity.  
7. All Discourses are either of Things; Persons; or Facts: In Persons, considerable are; their Descent, Nation, country, Sex, Age, Fortune, Manners, Education, Relations, of Father, Master, Citizen, &c. In facts; The Cause, Time, Place, Instrument, the Manner, &c. In things, (that is, Substances, and Qualities) the An sit, Quid sit, Quale, Quotuplex; its Genus, Species, Properties, &c.— In gross, for all subjects (which are mostwhat mixed of these three, i. e. Persons, Actions, Qualities) Proofs are derived from Persons, Causes, Times, Places, Antecedents, Consequents, Efficients, Effects, Events, Conjugates, similes, Contraries, Contradictories, Comparison with Things Greater, Lesser, Equal; from Correlates, Examples, Suppositions, and Reduction ad absurdum, (as is used in the mathematics) to a Consequence that all grant to be false; from their Genus, Definition, Division, &c. Amongst which* Similitudes (i. e. Like Cases resembling it:)* Contraries (which much manifest one another:)* Examples, Instances, Suppositions and Reduction ad absurdum, are diligently to be sought out; proving a thing many times much more, than reasons to our Auditory; who, when by the one they see not how it can be done; by the other they easily see that it is done; and therefore Exemplum is not in vain made one species of argumentation.  
8. Several Examples of Arguments drawn from such topics. As; From effects, Scipio was a better General than Hannibal, he conquered Hannibal.— He is valiant, for he feared not death.— From the Instrument; He killed him, for his weapon was found in the wound— From the Antecedents; He killed him, for hethreatned his death, went out by night armed, way-layd him.— From Circumstances; Cic. Clodius laid wait for Milo, and not Milo for Clodius: He went forth with lusty servants armed; This with a few women; He mounted on horseback; This in a Coach.— From the Consequents; Sylla took not up arms for ambition sake, witness the resigned Dictatorship.— A majori; If lawful to kill an Adulterer, 'tis so to beat him.— Who hath committed sacrilege, will not scruple to commit a theft.— A minori; If Theft a capital crime, much more sacrilege. From similes; If Continency be a virtue, than such is abstinnence.— As Mariners can do nothing without a Pilot, so neither soldiers without a Commander.— From Conjugates; an honest thing it is to learn, therefore to teach.— From Contraries; If War be the cause of all evils, Peace is the remedy of them.— If he deserve pardon who wrongs one unawares, he merits a reward, who purposely doth one a favour.— From Contradictories; When he refused to entertain him having all men's approbation, would the same entertain him with so many men's offence?— From Division; That any one be a Citizen, he must either be born, or made so; but he neither of these— So from Dilemmas; where either side chosen evinceth the same thing:— Putting a man to the rack, no sure way to discover truth: for either he can endure the pains, and then he will lie amidst his torment; or he cannot endure them, and then he will say any thing, to end them. See concerning these topics Quintil. Instit. l. 5. c. 10. &c. and the first and second Book of Aristotle's rhetoric.  
9 Now there being infinite other places of Arguments besides these, (especially where the subject is more complex) and many of these not furnishing any one subject, except with very trivial and common matter (which is to be rejected) they are only set down to give hints to your invention whilst yet unpractised; which, when more exercised, will presently repair to those chiefly serviceable, and less accommodable to other subjects, without at all saluting the rest.  
10. Invention on most subjects is to look two ways. To prove in the first place; in the second to disprove: to confirm, and then to confute; {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, to state first; and {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, to make and answer objections. (There being nothing, that so much can be said for, but something also may be said against it) which affords a double field of matter to be drawn from these, and such like heads. The first part useth to be more solid; the second, more acute. Hence the natural parts of a discourse are, 1. an Exordium or P●eface; 2. Declaring and proving our own Positions. 3. Refuting the contrary; 4. A short recapitulation and concluding, called Peroratio.  
11. In all our Proofs we have recourse to, either things of sense; or common received Axioms, and Truths, or Laws, and customs, or the Concessions of our Adversary, or of our Auditors. Neither is it needful to ascend to the ultimate Causes of every thing, but to stay our Probation at our Auditors grants.  
12. 
On these to exercise your own Invention fi●st; and in this not to be too curious at first, for your m●tter, or expression.  In inventing take heed of torturing your fancy too much at first; either in the quest of more curious matter, or in setting it down in the most exact form. For, besides that the mind doth more heavily and less accurately, perform many things at once; the Wit especially, is of so delicate a sharpness, that any forcing presently turns the edge; and where we make too much difficulty, it becomes only amazed and astonished; and thus circumscribed and limited to none but extraordinary productions, like a penned flame, it blazeth not the more for this, but is rather choked and put out. De ingenio suo pessimè merentur (saith Quintil.) qui diligentiam putant, facere sibi scribendi difficultatem. The best way therefore is,* to give it leave to expatiate itself in its work, and heat, and grow more active by degrees;* to take what it spontaneously produceth; and pass by, what it doth not readily pass through; which (like the deficient memory) at another attempt, or, by and by, at the same, answereth of its own accord our formerly-frustrated expectation. What orderly matter therefore, it shall (unforced) offer you, set down; that by this, as a lower step, the Fancy may ascend, and screw itself up to something more choice; which it cannot so easily mount unto at the first, without taking, by the way, this meaner rise. But than we must take the pains of twice writing, 
But in a second copying to reject what is slight, correct the order, expression, &c.  that the second Copy may cast away (according to its better Provision) what is ordinary and common in the former.  
13. 
To expose them rude in writing, rather than burden the memory.  Rather than reserve your compositions in your mind, till they are exactly formed, write them down at first without curiosity, and correct them after in your Paper: 'tis said of Virgil, that he drew out his matter first in Prose, then composed it in verse at large; then again contracted those verses to a smaller number, and better expression. Many things are, as easilier, so sooner, done severally, then at once: as our strength, in parcels, quickly takes up the weight, which united in one it can never move. For the mind travelling with many conceptions at once (undisburdned of any) must needs be much surcharged, retarded and confounded; but she beholds them now much more clearly and distinctly, when thus by writing laid before her face; by this she hath fewer businesses to attend at once, more room to perfect, and ease to range them, now not so easily skipping and withdrawing themselves out of her sight, or interturbing one another, as when they were all confusedly floating in the fancy.* Intellectus (saith Sir Fr. Bacon) cogitationibus gravatus clarescit, &c. si literis mandentur.* Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and break up [by committing them to writing] He tosseth his thoughts more easily, he marshalleth them more orderly, he seeth better how they look, when they are turned into words; finally he thus waxeth wiser than himself. Though for some smaller pieces of Invention, perhaps Plini's way of composing set down in his Epistles l. 9 Ep. 36. is not to be disliked.  
14. 
Not to prosecute long, one argument, but to seek after variety.  To be furnished with variety of good matter (without which change, both the orator's fancy, and the auditor's attention, are soon tired) you must not pursue any one particular Argument too far, and draw it out as it were to the dregs; for much, upon any one head, cannot be said well: but if well, perchance, by some pregnant wit; yet how much, upon divers objects, will that wit say better; and by this advantage, go so much beyond itself, as without it, it doth beyond others? It is convenient therefore, often to break off the thread you are spinning; and set your imagination on work afresh, upon some other new circumstance, as if nothing at all had been meditated before. All which variety of in-cohering matter is to be jointed and set together in the second review.  
15. 
After your own, to make use of other men's Inventions:  After the exercising of your own thoughts upon your subject (and not before) use the help of other men's. Whose Writings you find to have handled something pertinent to it. For, if you exercise your own Meditation, after you have read theirs, mostwhat, the wit is not so active and loving of trouble; but that, like other bodies in motion, it will follow a Track and Rote made before it, rather, than its own bias, and Force; And as unlikely as it is, before the seeing what others in the first place have done, that your inventions should coincidate with theirs; so difficult it is, after, that yours should vary from them. Be wary therefore of accepting in the first place the auxiliaries of your Books or of your memory: which (doing it without pains) is always ready with the tendering of her provisions, though never so mean, to prevent the labours of the fancy.  

To alter. To enla●ge them.  altar and concoct the matter received from others into your own stile; and improve it, as only a hint given you, by many additions varying from it.   

SECT. II.  
I. 
2. Of disposing the invented matter in some order, and under certain heads.  IN all your Compositions, especially those of any length, upon all your Materials revised, a Division, and distribution of them under certain Heads, such as best fits them, is always to be cast, and contrived; though not necessary always to be mentioned, yet in many also not to be concealed. Which Division as, by having the several sorts of matter taken (as it were) out of a confused heap, and distinctly sorted by themselves, it much cleareth the Discourse, helpeth the auditor's judgement, and showeth the Orators, so likewise it exceedingly facilitates the Transitions, assisteth the Memory, guides the Oration steady from an uncertain and unequal fluctuation (like a weather-driven ship destitute of her Pilot) and makes it steer a certain and methodical course to the Point, whither the Orator designs it: By which also the Oration is freed from tediousness (Partitiotaedium levat, Quint. l. 4. c. 2.) Whilst the auditor's attention more patiently passeththrough many moderate discourses, than one long: and it seemeth excessive to him for one subject, which for many, seems but short, and reasonable. In which by the Orators mentioning continually his Transitions from one part to another he is refreshed to see, how much is already finished, and the bounds also of what is yet to come, (minus longum videtur, in quo, quid ultimum sit, certum est. Quint.) and proceeds to a new subject with a more erected attention. For the same reason, after a long discourse, Recapitulations arenecessary, that the Auditor may discern, that the Speaker is methodical.  
2. Paucity of parts (not ordinarily to exceed three or four) commends a division: and as a partition is better, than the unity of a discourse; so that partition is better, that doth not much recede from it. (Neque prudentia auditoris confusione partium impedienda, neque memoria multitudine). And in the distributing of your matter, you are chiefly to look out, what is fittest to be first, and what to be last, said, that the beginnings and endings of all these may be the most weighty, which by the Auditor are most observed. (Quae primò, aut postremò dicuntur, maximè inhaerent.)  
3. For the composing therefore of a more accurate Discourse, I conceive these four things are to be observed;  
1. The setting down your Inventions confusedly; and the transcribing out of other Authors of what fits your purpose.  
2. Partition, i. e. the seeing what Heads arise out of these materials; the setting these Heads down, and marking each matter with several figures or letters in the margin, showing to which Head it belongs.  
3. The ordering of these Heads.  
4. The Composition of this matter under every Head. But this Composition also is not to be done without some division, or gradation observed in it. (See sect. 3. n. 7. sect. 6. n. 2 1.) There being no part of an Oration, but that hath also its parts.   

SECT. III.  
1. 
3. Of Transitions from one matter to another.  THe several pieces of Invention under each Head must next be sowed and tenanted together, and so let into one another, that seams and joints may not appear (unless where it is for our advantage to show them): but that the Oration may seem continuous, and all of one thread: which is done by several artifices.  
2. 
1. By some words relating to both.  First, By bringing in such apt words into the close of one matter, as have some near relation and affinity also to the following; by which mediums they may seem fastened-together, and naturally drawing-in one another.  
Examples (which for a great part I have taken out of Plinius Secundus his panegyric and Epistles, being an Author you are well acquainted with, where you may be pleased to see them more at large; for I am afraid I have obscured many of them by too much contraction.) Quod evenire contrà solet, magis admiratus sum, postquam penitus inspexi. Inspexi autem penitus; nihil à me ille secretum &c.— Amas Marcellinum, atque etiam mihi saepe commendas; Amabis magis commendabisque, si cognoveris, &c.— Dabitur non cubiculum Principis, sed ipsum Principem cornore in publico, in populo, sedentem. Populo, cui locorum quinque millia adjecisti &c.— Quo magis scires, quam gratum mihi foret, si susciperes quod injungo. Injungo autem & pro rei magnitudine &c. & pro &c.— vide Sect. 6. n. 16.  
3. 
2. By Comparison.  2. By making some comparison (where the Transition is more discovered) between what precedes and what follows. Where note, that any other Conjunctions, Discretive, Redditive, Conditional, Causal, Adversative, are more elegantly used, than that which is called the Copulative— As— seeing that— whereas— whilst— which besides that— although, &c. yet— whether this— or that, &c.— not only, but also— if both, &c. It both, and also— which as it, &c. so it— which shall, &c. if first— This, not to &c. but to— If his justice &c. yet his clemency— (so Relatives are also used: Quem, illum— quo, eo—) which, as they serve for chains to link the several clauses of a period together; so likewise for signs, to suspend the auditor's attention, till that which corresponds to them, is inferred. Now this Comparison usually is;  
4. 
1. Of Cause and Effect, &c.  1. Either of Cause, and effect, priority, and posteriority, between them; in time, nature, dignity, &c. As—  
Plin. Quibus omnibus ita demum similis adolescet, si imbutus honestis artibus fuerit, &c. [and so he passeth to speak of his education in the liberalharts'].  
5. 
2. Or of Similitude.  2. Or of some similitude between them; as-  
Quoniam de genere belli dixi; nunc de magnitudine pauca dicam.— sit hoc inhumanitatis tuae; stultitiam incredibilem vide●e.— Protexi viros optimos; Eosdemque gratissimos; [and then he proceeds to speak of their gratitude] mihi certe debere se praedicant, &c.  
6. 
3. Or of Opposition.  3. Or of Some Opposition.  
Et hoc quidem virtutis praemium; illud solatium doloris accepit, quod silio ejus &c.— Haec laus acti Consulatus; illa dilati, quod, &c. [Thus proceeding to speak of laus dilati consulatus] Esto; sit in verbis tuis hic stupor: quanto in rebus sententiis que major.  
7. 
3. By Gradation.  Or thirdly (which is the chief, and scarce ever to be omitted, and which renders all transitions very easy and graceful) by a certain gradation and ascent in the matter itself; leading the Auditor (fastidious enough in the greatest art) still from something less, to something more considerable and weighty; Augeri debent sententiae, & insurgere, Quint. (as the Merchants best wares are showed last) the stronger still seconding the more infirm; and that being set first, which placed last would appear superfluous; or at least a fall from a former height. As—  
Sed hoc utcunque tolerab●le; gravius illud, quod &c.— Ingens hoc meritum majus illud [thus proceeding to speak of another merit] See Tully Orat. 2. Philip. At beneficio sum usus tuo? Quo? 1. quanquam hoc, quod commemoras, semper prae me tuli, &c. Sed quo beneficio? Quod me non occideris, &c. 2. At occidere non poteras. 3. Fac potuisse. Quale beneficium istud, &c. 4. Sed sit beneficium vel summum, in quo p●tes me dicere ingratum? &c.— Literas, quas me ●ibi misisse diceret, recitavit; 1. Cujus inhumanitatis recitare palam literas? &c. Sed 2. quid in istis, quod mihi opponas? &c. Sed quid opponas tandem, 3. si negem me unquam istas ad te misisse? &c. 4. At ego non nego. Quod enim verbum in istis non plenum humanitatis? &c. 5. At ego tuas literas proferre possum, in quibus &c.— ostendam 1. Causam non fuisse, cur a Praetore postulares, ut bona P. Quintii possideres? 2. Deinde ex edicto te possidere non potuisse; 3. Postremò non possedisse, Cic.  
It ought to be no easy thing to condemn 1. a man of heresy; 2. much less a Church; least of all 3. so ample, and large a Church as the Greek; 4. especially so, as to make them no Church. B. Laud.— (See Sect. 7. Num. 3.)  
8. 
4. By Interrogation▪  Or fourthly, When Transitions are more difficult, they are not unelegantly ushered in, by the Orators making Interrogations himself, or Objections from others.— As—  
At beneficio sum usus tuo? Quo? &c.— (as before)— At dicet hic aliquis? At cui materi● hanc se ●●●i●●●em praestiterunt? nempe veteri, &c.— Actaque est saepius cum magna varietate. Unde varietas? unde plures actiones? Cacilius &c.— [passing thus to another matter.]— (See Sect. 7. Num. 3, 4.)   

SECT. IV.  
1. 
2. Elocution.  THus much of 1. Invention, and Arguments; and 2. of the partition of them; Now 3. of Elocution. (parts officii Oratorii, argumenta invenire; inventa disponere; disposita exornare.)  
And, in it, 1. first, concerning words. 2. Then of Periods; and of the various artificial placing of the words in them. 3. Next, of the several figures, and modes of livelier and more passionate expression. 4. of styles. After which I shall add something, 5. of Recitation. 6. of pronunciation. and 7. of Action.  
2. 
1. Of Words, To be avoided  1. Concerning words.  
1. Too many Consonants or vowels coming together are to be avoided, as causing an ungrateful sound.  
Words of extraordinary length, to be rejected; 
1. Words ill-sounding; Monosyllables, &c.  Monosyllables ((I) where Polysyllables may be had) more: the first making the language dull and slow, the other (by reason of their many consonants, and often endings) abrupt, and unfluent (Monosyllaba, si plura sunt, malè continuabuntur; quia necesse est compositio multis clausulis concisa subsultet (Quint l. 9 c. 4.) Est enim in ipsâ divisione verborum latens tempus.) Hence compounds more elegantly used, than their simples.  
3.* Words, smooth and sweeter-sounded (which happens by an equal mixture of vowels and consonants) are to be used rather than rough and harsh: [as, adore, for worship— assentation, for flattery:— levity, for lightness.] In speaking of things not sensitive,* words translated and figurative, which may present them as it were to the eve, rather than proper: [as, tears for grief]. Again, such words rather, as are less common (so they be not obsolete, or new-forged); which, for their rarity, are more observed ((for we look on, words, as men; admire strangers, pass by domestics): Especially this to be observed in Poetry:) so those derived from the Latin, if first made familiar by some use, are to be pre-chosen; being mostwhat far smother, than the Saxon-English; and, (by reason of all Sciences delivered chiefly in that tongue) more adaptated for many discourses. Where note, that Latin Nouns are more easily translated to our tongue, than verbs. as reverence, inspection, loquacity, &c. because their terminations are, in other words of common use, made familiar unto us.  
4. 2. Since languages undeclinable, 
7. Auxiliary and expl●tive.  & that are without variations of Moods, Person, Tense, in Verbs; and of Cases in Nouns, abound infinitely more in subservient monosyllables; [as the Latin words habuit, authoris, are three words, each, in the English] these therefore to be excluded, where they May (as often they may) be spared; (especially in verse) Now such exclusion may be made several ways, of which I will set you down some (on condition that you will not censure me for descending to things of so trivial and common observation.) Such than are* the adjectiving of the Substantive, by adding [s] As  
The sword of Caesar— Caesar's sword. Of the goodness of whom.— &c. of whose goodness: (so, their, for of them: what, whereof, wherewith, whereby, &c. for, that which, of which,  
Example, He knoweth not that which he doth— He knoweth not, what he doth.)—  
* The omitting of the Relative [whom, which] in the oblique cases, when its antecedent immediately precedes, by putting its Preposition or sign after the verb (yet this to be forborn in the end of a Period, which Monosyllables do not so decently conclude, especially the serviant). Example;  
The thing of which we speak;— the thing we speak of.  
* The changing of the subjunctive with its sign, into the Infinitive, or Participle.  
He endeavoured, that he might find out— He endeavoured to find out— I, when I saw, I seeing.— I, he being absent, I, in his absence.— Rerum, quae ingenio exercentur &c. Of things exercised by wit.— They showed more craft, than they did valour,— more craft, than vaelour. (vide n. 9)  
* The changing of the Pronoun and Verb into the Noun; or Verb into the Participle.  
Those that teach, Teachers: That which is contained, the contents. Not knowing the contents.  
— Per cunas alimentaque prima precatur  
Ut sibi committat, quicquid dolet  
The Nurse, by her first food, and Table, pressed  
Her griefs disclosure  
Nisi quod aequiore animo ferunt homines, quem Princeps parum fideliter genuit, quàm quem male elegit,— more patiently admit the unhappy issue, than the ill choice of Princes.  
— Tremulasque manus annisque metuque  
Tendit, & ante pedes supplex procumbit Alumnae.  
— Her hands with years  
And terrors trembling (kneeling to her rears.  
— Iam tunc qui posset amari  
Narcissumque vocat—  
Brought forth a boy, even then to be beloved,  
Narcissus named  
She weeps and begs— Weeping she begs  
— Deus ipse monebat  
Signaque certa dabat  
— This Heaven foreshowed  
By sad presages  
* The changing of the Passive verb into the Active; the Noun preceding this, that followed the other.  
Her beauty was destroyed by paleness— Paleness destroyed her beauty.  
— Obscuraque moto  
Reddita forma lacu est.  
The motion much obscured the fleeting shade.  
So [As, with, of, &c.] are elegantly spared, by the Noun being preposed. As  
Thunder-stricken; Sea-green; &c. leisure-houres, hours of leisure. Chamber-pleasures, pleasures of the chamber.  
* The avoiding or changing of the Auxiliar verbs [Sum, Habeo.] into some other of more weight.  
Sed tamen eventus vestrae, fortissime, pugnae  
Quis fuit?  
But what event, O great in Valour crowned  
Your famous combat?  
— Quam quae comprendere verbis  
In promptu mihi sit  
Although my deeds surmount my utterance.  
Impetus est fulvis & vasta Leonibus ira.  
And Lions with impetuous furies rave.  
— Tanta est discordia mentis  
Such discords racked her mind.  
Yet are the foresaid servients many times usefully retained, where they are necessary to make the repetition more vehement, and solemn.— Example;  
In which they have suffered more loss far, than they have gotten praise. He endeavoured by force and terror, and fair speeches and rewards to obtain their consent.] More vehement [byforce, by terrors, by fair speeches, by rewards]— Obliged by so many covenants and benefits to so gracious a Lord] more pressing [by so many covenants, by so many benefits]— Their common power for order, and safety, was committed to one] more distinct [for order, for safety.]  

3. Circumlocutory.  5. 3. That not to be expressed in many words, which may be as fully in one. As  
Compass about, encompass: agreed-together, combined: Bring in, import. Hold up, sustain. Go away, depart, &c.  
Where the infelicity of the English, by reason of Prepositions disjoined from the Verb, and so from verbal-nouns may in many words, be helped by recourse to the Latin compounds, such as are naturalised to this language; [as come between, intervene]: yet note, that some Prepositions in our own tongue there are, which may be prefixed at pleasure, as un, dis, (un, negative, dis, privative) re, fore, mis— so [less] to nouns; fatherless, foodless. So nouns, for brevity, are sometimes verbalized: as, to complete, to contrary, to experience. Sometimes by [fie] affixed; as, to make clear, to clarify, to beautify.  
6. Terminations of Verbal Nouns [both Substantive and Adjective] may be varied lawfully, though they be not stamped and made current by former custom; and sometimes advantageously also; both 1. for the signification; (the termination much alteringit, some of them being augmentative, some diminutive; frequentative some; some of similitude; some expressing a quality, some an act, some a power, some a habit, &c.) and 2. for the sound; (some being more smart; or smooth, and mollifying, some more hard, polysyllable, polyconsonant;) add to this, that verbs (where else circumlocution must be used) nominalized, do admit one termination familiarly, that suffer not another; and Latin words (where our language is deficient) Englished, unforcedly receive some or other of them, if discreetly applied. Several terminations are usual, such as these; beautiful beauteous— doleful, dolorous— narrative, narration— contentment, contentedness, contentation, content— temperance, temperateness, temper, temperament, temperature— verity, veracity— standing, station— irremediable, remediless— white, whitish, whited, whiting—  
Plurals are of a fuller signification than singulars, and so many times more elegantly used. As splendours, beauties, sorrows.  

4. Tautologies  Tautology, and often repetition of the same word to be avoided [Cujus rationis ratio non extat, ei retioni ratio non est fidem habere]; except where it is used in the same sentence, by conversion, gradation, retorsion, &c. with much acuteness and elegancy (See sect. 6. num. 16.) The design of which is easily discerned from that reduplication, which in distinct sentences without any grace at all proceeds only from defect of words.  
Now any word is most easily varied,* By Synonymas, Metonymies, Synecdoches, Metaphors, Circumlocutions.  
See in Plini's panegyric the varying of Domus to avoid Tautology— Ergo in vestigia sedesque nobilium immigrant pares domini; nec jam clarissimorum virorum receptacula habitatore servo teruntur, aut faedâ uástitate procumbunt. Datur intueri pulcherrimas aedes deterso situ auctas & vigentes. Magnum hoc tuum non erga homines modò, sed erga tecta ipsa meritum, solitudinem pellere, ingentia opera eodem, quo extructa sunt, animo ab interitu vendicare.— Muta quidem illa & animâ carentia sentire quidem & laetari videntur, &c.  
Or at least* by a gentle deflexion of the same word, in changing the substantive with the adjective, or adverb; the verb active, with the passive, or the participle, or the noun:  
As Magna merita; magnitudo meritorum— Doctissimus; nemo doctior.— Alii judicent; aliorum esto judicium— judicare, judicatum, judicaturus, ad judicandum, judicandi causâ, ut judicet.  

5. Omoptota's disjoined.  5. omoptotas and words of the like termination, being a sound next to Tautologies, are to be, to a certain distance, severed: or, where they cannot be so, avoided: for as, divided, they make in the sentence a very sweet and grateful rhythm; so, concurring, they have a very harsh and unpleasing accent. Example: Clarorum exempla virorum— nemo illorum inimicus mihi fuit voluntarius— 2. Phil.— Gravitate, prudentia, fide propè singulari— Titulis, imaginibus, signis.— [so almost in all asyndeta one of them is chosen of a different termination.]  

6. In the second clauses of a Period words needless not to be repeated.  6. Repeat not, in the several clauses of a period, words, by being expressed in one, sufficiently understood in the rest; such a conciseness, not only avoiding a kind of Tautology, but savouring of a great deal more acuteness, force, and clearness of conceit (frustr a per plura, quae per pauciora) especially in those things, which are not meditated to be spoken (which require a looser and diffused style) but written to be read. Example: Defendi rempublicam adolescens, non deseram senex.—— Contempsi Catilinae gladios, non pertimescam tuos. which words common to both clauses are pro libitu sometimes placed in the beginning, sometimes in the end, sometimes in the middle of the sentence.  
In this Figure Tacitus very frequent; serving many nouns, and several cases of them, with one verb (though to some of them it be a little improper) rather then entertaining any redundance.  
Essigiem animalis, quo monstrante errorem sitimque depulerant, sacravere.— Adversus sontes miseratio oriebatur, tanquam, non utilitate publica, sed in saevitiam unius, absumerentur.— Necare quenquam ex agnitis, nefas, animasque peremptorum aeternas, putant.— Eadem de infernis persuasio, coelestium contrà.— Cui cauta potius consilia cum ratione, quàm prospera, ex casu, plac●erant.—   

SECT. V.  
2. Concerning Periods.  

n. 1. 2. Of Period  EVery Period is constituted of two members at least, except it be a sentence: but to speak always sententiously, is not Orator-like; since they, being single Propositions, are not Reasoning; and many of them together, if without connexions, but implicit argumentation at most. But since all reasoning, the concisest, is an Enthymem, and must have two Propositions; hence must Periods have so too: And matter also, sententiously delivered, is then granted to be more graceful, stately, and observed, when, either the whole sense hath a duplication, by a varied expression; (a piece of rhetoric constantly observed by the gravity of the Hebrew, and other Eastern languages and people); or some part or word thereof at least, is synonymized; as of which we would make a fuller impression. As:  
Miserat etiam Epistolas Romam jactantes, & gloriosas, etc— Ne satietate & taedio quodam justitia cognoscentium, severitasque languesceret. (vide sect. 6. n. 17.  

1. Exact correspondency  
1. of the several branches therein.  Every Period then consists of two (and the best (say the Masters of this Art) of four) branches. Now in these, 'tis one of the chiefest Rules in Oratory, that there always be a correspondency, and exact similitude (as far as the matter will permit) of every particle of one branch to those of another; every reddition echoing, as it were, to the proposition foregoing, every accent thereof. But if any exceed, the last clause rather to be the longer. Which is to be observed, not only in the length of sentences, but of words; among which a multisyllable better answers a monosyllable precedent, than a monosyllable a multisyllable.  
Yet monosyllables correspond better to monosyllables: as the words [fear] and [love] correspond better than [fear] and [affection]: and words of a like cadence, better than of a diverse; as the words [experience] and [science] correspond better than [experience] and [knowledge].  
Wheresoever therefore you perceive a halting in the Period, some expletives (than which nothing is easier) must be inserted, though the sense were before perfect— and it makes the reddition more full to use rather synonyma's to a former word, than relatives to it [It, these, them. &c.]  
Ut oratio, quae scripta placet, recitata non probetur. i. e. non place at.— Which though religion did not commend to us, yet civil prudence could not but extol.  
So likewise that matter is many times better divided into several like clauses, which may be involved all in one. As  
[It is great inhumanity to deprive those men, who are confessed to have done no wrong, of their rights] Betther us [It is, &c. to deprive those men of their rights, who are confessed to have done no wrong.]  
And, to advance this parity the voice (Active or Passive) Tenses, Cases, &c. are, as much as may be, to be continued, the same, and unvaried, through the several parts of the sentence. Which uniformity of phrase much helpeth perspicuity. (See sect. 7. num. 14.) Examples of such parity in the branches of a Period.  
Te miror, Antoni, quorum facta imitere, eorum exitus non perhorrescere— Alterum peto à vobis, ut pro me dicentem, benignè; alterum ipse efficiam, ut contra illum cum dicam, attentè, audiatis.— Verum implicata inscitia, impudentia est, si nec scit, quod Augurem, nec facit, quod pudentem ●ecet.— Nunc enim nihil legere, nihil scribere, aut assidenti vacat, aut auxio libet.—  

2. Of the parts of any branch.  And as for whole Periods, so for any part thereof doubled, when the rest is not; a correspondency of the several particles of it, as far as the sense will permit, is not to be neglected. Example:  
The proud ostentation of men's abilities for Invention; and the vain affectation of varieties for expressions, merit not the name, &c.  

2. Advantageous transposition of the words.  Next concerning the placing of the several words in a Period: Transposition of them diverse from the Grammatical construction, especially in Languages distinguishing Numbers, Tenses, Cases, by their proper terminations (by which they become much less liable to ambiguity) hath always been practised, and is of much use (provided that our style by this be not much obscured). Fit frequentissimè aspera &, dura, & dissoluta & hians oratio, si ad necessitatem ordinis verba redigantur, &c. differenda igitur quaedam, & praesumenda: nec aliud potest sormonem facere numerosum, quàm opportuna ordinis mutatio. Quint. Example:  
Quae res in Civitate duae plurimum possint, eae contra nos ambae faciunt, in hoc tempore summa gratia, & eloquentia.  
Of much use (I say)  
1. 
1. For Emphasis.  For the adding of a greater emphasis to words most considerable. So since the beginnings and ends make deepest impression (there being some stay still, before the one, and after the other) 'tis fit the weightiest words should there be placed. Therefore 'tis usual,* to commence with things, rather than persons: with the Accusative, rather than the Nominative; which also may have more reference to what next precedes: again,* to conclude with that, without which the sense is not perfect (to keep the Auditor in an attentive suspense, till all is said:) and upon which the rest chiefly depend; which is commonly a Verb a Participle or Adjective; words muchwhat of the same power: and all of much more than the rest, being words expressing some action or passion about the rest. Verbo sensum claudere, multò, si compositio patiatur, optimum est. In vrbis enimsermonis vis inest. Quint. l. 9 c. 4. (Vide exemp sect. 5. num. 12.)  
2. 
2. For Connexion.  For the apter Connexion, that so those words might be placed together, which have nearer dependence one of another (as the oblique cases always have on others): without which location, doubt many times happens, in tongues that are, in their Cases and Tenses, invariable; so the confirmation of any thing claims the next place to it, with an Orator, who above all things ought to regard perspicuity.  
3. 
3. For Accent and suspended gravity of the speech.  For the sweeter Symphony and Accent. So the Period is handsomely interwoven, and gravely suspended by Interpositions between, (generally) all Correspondents; which, as also Omoptota's accord better, being severed. So Nominatives, and Verbs; Accusative and Verb; Substantive and Adjective; are many times with more elegancy disjoined.  
4. 
4. For the sweeter Cadence, and rhythm.  Words either the same, or several, of the same termination, (or (in the unlearned Languages) words of the same part of speech and relating to one another [whether Substantives, Adjectives, Participles, or Verbs.]) being artificially disposed and interchanged, do confer a much better rhythm and Harmony to the speech, and a greater correspondency (or sometimes a variation, pleasanter than it) to the clauses. And this several ways.  
1. 
1. In like beginnings of several clauses.  Either when by them* the beginnings of the several clauses accord. As  
Liber offensis, liber gratiâ, liber & secundis casibus & adversis, caret.— Habebat puer mannulos multos vinctos & solutos: habebat canes majores, minoresque: habebat luscinias, psittacoes, merulas.—  
So in words of like termination—  
Ubi aut jucundiùs morarentur, quàm in patriâ? aut pudicitiùs continerentur, quàm sub oculis parentum, &c.—  
2. Or* the Ends accord.  
Poenos Populus Romanus justitia vincit, armis vincit, liberalitate vinicit.— Quis eos postulavit? Appius. Quis produxit? Appius, &c.—  
So in words of like sound—  
Nunc enim nihil legere, nihil scribere, aut assidenti vacat, aut anxio libet.— Recta ingenia debilitat verecundia, perve●sa confirmat audacia.— Ipse est studiosus, literatus, etiam disertus.— Puer simplicitate, comitate juvenis, senex gravitate.  
3. 
3. In both like  Or,* both, the beginnings, and ends of both, accord.  
Ut est in summa avaritia sumptuosus, in summa infamia gloriosus, &c.  
4. 
4. In the beginning of one, and end of the other like, &c.  Or lastly;* the beginning of the former with the end of the latter: and the end of the former, with the beginning of the latter: Thiis inversion being sometimes more grateful for its varying. As;  
Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa.— Bene est mihi, quia tibi bene est.—  
So in like-ending words.  
Quid autem illo aut fidelius amico, aut sodale jucundius?— Saluti eorum potius consulam, quàm voluntati.— Quae in Senatu saepe ab inimicis, ab improbis saepe jactata sunt.— Detestanda avaritia illius, qui tam multa concupiscebat, cùm haberet super vacua tam multa.—  

Transposition of words in tongues modern, and undeclined.  Although these transpositions are more incident to the learned tongues, yet of them the modern are not wholly destitute; which because they be most are not made use of; or never used by design, but only by chance; It (perhaps) may not be amiss here to set you down some examples of those which our own Tongue is capable of which I have borrowed out of Hooker, one in our Language very eloquent. Where you may see, that we also have a graceful liberty.  
1.* Of observing many of those elegancies in the correspondent beginnings and endings of sentences, exemplified before in the Latin tongue (where the apt disposing of words of the same part of speech, and that have some relation to one another (especially of Verbs and Participles) is many times very emphatical and Graceful) Example.  
It is but justice to exact of you; and perverseness it is in you to deny, &c. Your teachings we heard; we read your writings.— Gross for men of this quality; wise, and grave, men.— They thought it better, to be somewhat hardly yoked at home, than for ever abroad discredited.— the exercise of this kind of judgement our Saviour required in the Jews, in them of Beraea, the Scripture commendeth it.— wherein they which did impose were holy, and they unrighteous, which did bear the burden.— I need not give instance in any one sentence so alleged, for that I think the instance in any alleged otherwise a thing not easy to be given.— They accuse you, and against you they plead— For one kind as many reasons may be brought, as for another.— Though in which we are, oftener, than they, mistaken.— They will sell your bodies, your wives, &c. all these things; and if there be aught else &c. they will sell.— these be the two fair supporters, &c. either the inducing tyranny, or the reducing.— showing how good, how gainful, how happy, it must needs be.— How shall a man know to do himself this right, how to perform this honourable duty.— None hath brought ceremony on more, or more driven holiness out.— And by how much the less contentious it is, by so much it will be more Christian.  
2.* Of ending many times with the Verb or Adjective.  
For in a Civil State, more insight, and in those affairs more experience, must needs be granted them.— Forced to confess, that, with whom the truth is, they know not.— That evil spirit, which is, even in his illusions strong— As the simple sort are, even when they see no apparent cause, jealous.— His vehement requests herein, as touching both points, were satisfied.— Some things are so plain, that truth, from falsehood, is, most easily discerned.— which thing though in itself most true, yet is, in your defence most weak.— Yea they are, of their due and deserved sufferings, no less proud, than &c.— Be found, unto all kinds of knowledge, a stepmother.  
3.* Of placing the Accusative Case (and so the Infinitive Mood) before the Nominative, and before the Verb.  
To do as the Church of Geneva did, the learned in some other Churches must needs be more willing.— somewhat needs ye must do— Dangerous it was, &c.— The other they would rather accept— Two things of principal moment there are—  
4.* Of dividing and transposing the Substantive and Adjective.  
The description is, as suited best to those times, typical and shadomy.— yet we shall find them broken well-nigh all, by &c.— Practising to subdue the mighty things of this world by things weak.— And the jurisdictive power in the Church there ought to be none at all. &c.— ways of peaceable conclusion there are but these two certain— so that of peace and quietness there is not any way possible— As for any other means without this, they seldom prevail.—  
5.* Of placing the oblique cases with their signs or prepositions [of, to, from, &c.] (which being dependants on others, are not so fit to conclude the sense) before the verb they are governed of; or between the Auxiliar Verbs and the Participle or Adjective following it; and in any part of the sentence: as is seen in many of the former examples.  
And most of these are done by the advantages of some Relatives, or other Pleonasms of speech, ordinarily used for this purpose; which also many times render the sense more distinct, full, and pressing; see the former examples.  
Lastly, for all rhythm and Correspondency of like Moods, Tenses, Cases, in the several branches of a Period, though in modern Tongues we have not a like termination of the same Cases, to make these consonancies, yet have we like signs, or prefixes going before them; so that, if there be a like ending in theirs, ours have a like beginning. As  
Homini, Pecudi. To a man, To a beast.   

SECT. VI.  

n. 1. 3— Of the Ornaments of speech; Figures.  THus much for Periods. Next, concerning the several Ornaments, Figures, and Habits for setting out the matter more speciously, and making our Inventions more lively, and plausible; grave, and persuasive; now such are, Epithets, Metaphors, Similes, Amplification, &c.  
1. 
1. Epithets  Epithets; useful especially in descriptions, and in metaphors; without which the speech shows incompt and naked; yet is it likewise too much clogged, and hindered, if it be loaded with too many. Which inconvenience sooner happens to the Latin tongue, than to the English: they there (being multisyllables), too much swelling the phrase; & either causing a harsh superfluity of like terminations, or else forcing a dislocation of the words too much poetical, and obscure; as we see in those Writers, who much use them: Barclay.  
Novo cogitabam ludibrio suspectas saevire blanditias.  
But here (being many of them monosyllables) giving the style but a just clothing, and freeing it from all hiatus, and emptiness. Besides, the English (as S. Ph. Sidney observeth) hath an elegant way of expressing them (much beyond the Latin) in a dexterous decomposition of two, or three words together. As: 
Tast-pleasing fruits.— High-erected thoughts.— sea-throned Thetis.— By all well-judging eyes.— These could not stop their all-o'erbearing course.— cold-flowing waters— the silver-lake— the crystal-stream.—  
His honours were a true-named punishment.  
Projicit acceptas, lecta sibi parte, tabellas.  
And on the ground the half-read Tables threw.  
Lumina mors clausit Domini mirantia formam.  
Death's cold hand closed his self-admiring eyes.  
Now two ill-fated Lovers in one die.  [which Compositions monosyllables fit best.]  
Note, that for the Orator's design in using Epithets, Participles, present, future, preterite, as also Verbal-adjectives (as, Dominatrix animi cupiditas) and all Appositions whatsoever, are, as serviceable, and often more, than simple Adjectives. As:  
O Domine Domine, qui inclinasti coelo; & descendisti &c. quibus modis te insinuasti—  
Dicam in auribus Dei mei, Domini mei, & Regis mei, qui est in excelso.—  
And those many times, that are contrary to the nature of the thing they are joined to, yet are the best expressive of our sense. As S. Aug.  
Istae; laetitiae meae ●lendae cum laetandis maeroribus contendebant.— Ego Hydram &c. expertus sum tam 〈◊〉 exitio, ut territi Gentiles in haec amplius portent a non incurrant.—  
Again many times the reason of things preposed, is, expressed (or, being expressed before, reiterated) by way of Epithet, not more briefly, than elegantly. As:  
Suspecti, invisique, juvenis caedem destinavere.— i. e. quia suspectus erat & invisus.—  
The Orator's Epithets being not (like the Poets, or those of Homer inferred for verse-sake), to set down some unnecessary quality of the thing, but some way to advantage also the discourse. Examples:  
As calm in the description of his saddest condition, as of his serenest fortune.— A constant soul, which none of his sad infelicities can alter.— God on whom his patient eyes do wait for better help.— Men of the next sad and miserable age will attribute.— By long deb●te and toilsome rowing against the impetuous tides of ignorance— striving with faint and wearisome steps, during this hazardous voyage.—  
2. 
2. Metaphors.  Metaphors. (used chiefly in Descriptions) which are similitudes contracted to a word; whereby we endeavour, not so much to render our conceits intelligible to the auditor's reason, as to paint them visible to his sense. For things of sense only illustrate; and amongst them, those of sight, most. Those expressions therefore are most significant, which are borrowed, and translated to our matter from things amongst which our life is much conversant; as from Buildings; Plants; Seasons of the year; Navigation; Astronomy; All sorts and all qualities of Bodies; physic; Husbandry; mechanics; Military discipline; any ingenious Arts and Professions, &c. (See the examples thereof num. 8.) which so soon as named, the well-acquainted Auditor with ease, as it were prognosticates the rest of the discourse, and applies them further than the speaker (Illud facile accipiunt animi, quod agnoscunt). And they commonly thrive better in the ground of a large and open style (where, by many explications, and duplicated expressions, clearing one the other, they have room enough to shoot out to some fair extent) than in a laconic, and strict one, which scarce toucheth, before it quits, them. In them,  

1. To be, Not obscure.  Take heed, first, that they be not obscure; and a comment be required to explain the Metaphor, which is inferred to explain the thing. 2. 
2. Not below.  That they be not below, and depress the subject, which are brought to elevate and advance it. (As, to call the Sun the Taper of the day, &c.) unless your purpose be to disparage. 3. 
3. Not too much.  That they be not too, much: for so like colours laid on too thick, instead of giving a gloss to, they by little and little, obscure the sense. (Metaphors, indeed, never being the most proper expression, though many times the best). Besides; so, they betray affectation, (Always odious). Lastly; so, they become, though never so good, by their nimiety fastidious, and no more appearing good. (Quae sunt commodissima; desinunt videri, cum paria esse coeperunt.) To set out the light of a picture, there must be some shadow intermixed. 4. 
4. Not changed.  That they be not often changed in the same period; but that, with what Metaphor the sentence begins, it be ended.  
Amongst Metaphors are numbered all those expressions* wherein, to things inanimate, are attributed the nobler actions of life: or, to qualities, &c. the actions of a person. Example:  
— It is gone, and the place thereof shall know it no more.— Audite, audite P. C. & cognoscite reip. vulnera.— Sed urbes & regna celeriter tanta nequitia devorare potuisset? Me quidem miseret parietum ipsorum, atque tectorum. Quidenim unquam domus illa viderat nisi pudicum? &c. Peccarem in amicitiam tuam— i. e. in Te amicum— Iam quod tergum crudeli supplicio lacerasti vindicabit atrocior stylus &c.— In tanta solitarius frequentia expecto benignitatem hospitii, quod diluat, &c.— Quanquam facio his, &c. injuriam humanitati vestrae— Et hoc est, quod promiserat liberalis vultus, &c.— Et caenae moras fallo ingenti, &c.— Misertum est querelarum mearum numen propitium, &c.— Puduit solem diutius haec videre, & servitutem meam libera solutaque nocte occuluit— Postquam decoctum tota nocte dolorem prima lux sopiverat &c.—  
His lachrymis veniam damus, & miserescimus ultrò.  
Or,* wherein too Concretes, the names of their Abstracts. As:  
Habet aviam maternam Serenam, nostri saeculi mores. Eucolpus noster, ille seria nostra, ille deliciae.— Quo laudabilius testamentum est; quod pietas, fides, pudor, scripsit.—  
— Hoc Tibi—  
Mittimus, O rerum faelix Tutela, salusque. i.e. Domitianus.  
Or (contrary) wherein to accidents the names of their subjects: As:  
For darkness, night; nights of sorrow: for light, the eye; the eye of reason: for deepness, pit, dungeon, &c. for glory, a crown.— concavity, womb.— roundness, circle.  
An Allegory also is only a long-prosecuted Metaphor, which, when used, aught to be mixed with some interwoven expressions, proper and plain; that as the one makes it elegant, the other may make it understood.  
Several examples of Metaphors and Allegories borrowed from the subjects forenamed (n. 4.)  
The Ocean of whose mercy knows no shore.—  
They gather what thy bounteous hands bestow,  
And in the Summer of thy favour grow.—  
Now was the winter of his prosperity at hand, and the leaves of his prosperous fortune ready to fall, and that of Cyrus in its flower and first spring.— A Prince, whom without assentation, I may be bold to call, the sweetest and fairest blossom that ever budded either out of the white or red Rosary.— For to make a strong party at the shutting up of the evening of our late sovereign.— You intended a forestalment of the King's lawful claim, when the fruit should fall from the wasted Tree: and the fainting Sun, whose beams about that time begun to wax both dim and waterish, must of necessity set in our hemisphere.— The common law would punish Treason in the very heart, if the eye of Inquisition could extend so far— A tyrant builds the whole body of his State upon the Columns of fear.—  
Princes fear not the fires are kindled in foreign States, before some spark light on their neighbour's houses, or their own Palaces.— The Pope more moderate, &c. had not cut off as yet the King formally, as a withered or unfruitful branch.— To discover by what degrees this mystery of ambition began to mine into the strength of Monarchy.— Necessity forcing them to abate their sails in a storm of distress.—  
Their chiefest study, to be protected under the wings of the secular State.— Thus we see with what tenderness he opened that vein, which he knew apt to bleed above the measure of the doctor's prescription— Seeing it dangerous, in a body so diseased, to change or stir any thing, seeing all alterations set humours on working.— None of nature's greatest secrets are so oreshadowed with an impenetrable veil, but that the diligent and wary hand of reason may unmask them.— So long as the plow of persecution made deep furrows on the backs of godly Bishops, it rent up all those weeds of ambition, &c. which, in calm seasons, are apt to spring out of the rank grounds of origenal infirmity.— The old compass of honour is quite forgot, and our Pilots now adays know no other root then that of their own fortunes; according to which they tack and untack all public affairs. Whilst the goodly vessels of this State, misguided, &c. are sometimes run aground upon the sands of shallow and uncertain policy; or are kept at anchor in the deep gulf of security; where they take in more matter of ruin and corruption in six months, than can be pumped out again in seven years. Whilst the heavens never blew more favourably for our advantage if we had the grace to have fitted our sails to the fairness of the occasion.—  
See many such patterns in Bacon's Henry 7. and the Earl of Northampton's speech against the gun-powder-Traitors.  
3. 
3. Similes, expressed 1. With a Note.  Similitudes, which are very variously expressed.  
* Sometimes with the note of similitude.  
Ut quidam, morbo aliquo, & sensus stupore, suavitatem cibi non sentiunt; Sic libidinosi, avari, faci●o●osi, verae laudis gustum non habent.— Ut enim faces ignem assiduâ concussione custodiunt; dimissum agerrimè reparant; Sic & dicentis calor, & audientis intentio, continuatione servatur, intercapedine & quasi remissione languescit.  

2. Without. * Sometimes without.  
Ira est equus indomitus.— Penelope venit, abit Helena:— Maria videmus, qua parte ●●uvios accipiunt, eâ, aquarum accessu dulcescere. Ut mirum non sit, si orator assiduo poetici fontis haustu peregrinum inde saporem ducat.—  

3. Before. * Sometimes before the matter, they illustrate.  
Corrumpit sine talione Caelebs.—  
Caecus perdere non potest, quod aufert.  
Nil est deterius latrone nudo.— [The thing alluded to follows.]  
Nil securius est malo Poeta.—  

4. After. * Sometimes after.  
Ac sicut veremur, ne quibusdam pars aliqua non probetur, ita confidimus, ut universitatem omnibus varietas ipsa commendet;— Nam & in ratione conviviorum, quamvis à plerisque cibis singuli temperemus, totam tamen coenam laudare cuncti solemus— Although he want weight of matter, yet hath he plenty of words: Vessels never give so great a sound, as when they are empty.— Quintilian [Against too frequent using of sentences]— Sint ista, ut voles, ornamenta, & lumina Orationis; sint stellae, ac sydera, quibus sese irradiet eloquentia: at non ubique syderibus, coelum constat; & annulis gemmisque onerare digitos articulosque omnes plebeiis in more est.— Ego vero haec lumina orationis, velut oculos quosdam esse eloquentiae credo, sed neque oculos esse toto corpore velim.—  

4. By Question. * Sometimes proposed interrogatively.  
Munera magna quidem misit, sed misit in hamo:  
Et piscatorem piscis amare potest?  
Unaquaeque arbor alit, quod genuit; & non alet mater suo lacte liberos?—  

6. The Simile only explained. * One while the simile explained, not the thing.  
Hypponax similis est vespae; non magnum quidem murmur excitat, sed acriter pungit: Demosthenes, tibiis; quibus si collum demas, reliquum erit inutile.—  

7. The thing only. * Elsewhere the thing explained, the Simile only mentioned. Quemadmodum lag●na aquam, ita animus hominis ingrati beneficia, facile admittit, sed reddit cum murmur & querelâ.— [an Orator being never to observe one certain Tract, though absolutely the best.]  
4. 
4. Dissimilies and Contraries.  Dissimilitudes; or Comparisons with, and illustrations by Contraries— Contraria juxta se posita magis elucescunt. This conducing much also to the suspension, and gravity; parity and equal balancing of a sentence.  

Expressed  Which Dissimilitudes are expressed,* 
1. By Disjunction.  either by Disjunction,  
Non sapiens, sed astutus; non fortis, sed audax fuit.— Nam literae ex periculo ejus tantum discrimen adierunt, quantum ex salute, gloriae cansequentur.— Habet assentatio jucunda princi●i●, exitus amarissimos.— Plus hujus inopia possit ad misericordiam, quam illius opes ad crudelitatem.— Quod nequaquam blandum auribus imperitorum, tanto majorem apud doctos habere gratiam debet, quanto minorem apud indoctos habet.—  
Each place handsome without curiosity, and homely without loathsomeness.— Neque enim satis amarint bonos principes, qui malos satis non oderint.— Visus es mihi in scriptis meis annotasse quaedam ut tumida, quae ego sublimia, ut improba, quae ego audentia, ut nimia, quae ego plena, arbitrabar—.  

2. By Conversion. * Or by Commutation and Inversion and several ways of comparing together, and reflecting upon them.  
Edere oportet ut vivas: non vivere ut edas.—  
Scis, ut sicut diversa natura dominatio & principatus; ita non aliis esse principem gratiorem, quam qui maxime dominum graventur.— Regulus filium amisit; hoc uno malo indignus, quod nescio, an malum putet.  
Parvula nam exemplo est magni formica laboris.—  

3. By Denomination. * Or by denominating them also one of another. Which because commonly not done without strength of fancy in the Orator, is the more remarked and admired by the Auditor, much taken to see opposites agree, and contradictions true. — (Nihil magis eloquentiam, quam ancipitia commendant. Multi advertunt, quod eminet, & extat. Plin.)  
Quisquis ubique habitat, maxim, nusquam habitat.—  
Queritur se diem quod non perdiderit, perdidisse.— [spoken of some well-employed against their will.] His infructuosos esse, magnus fructus est.— Est enim quaedam etiam dolendi voluptas, prasertim si in amici sinu defleas.— Discrimina dignitatum, si confusa, turbata, permista sunt; nihil est ipsa aequalitate inaequalius.— Ideoque vincta quaedam quasi solvenda de industriâ sunt; illa quidem maximi laboris, ne laborata videantur.— Summae artis est, celare artem— Homine●●ne Romanum tam Graece loqui? non mediùs fidiùs ipsas Athenas tam Atticas dixerim.— Super est, ne rursus Provinciae, quod damnasse dicitur, placeat; agatque poenitentiam poenitentiae suae.— Quos ego cum recordor, in re inani, frigidâ, assiduâ, tam insatiabiliter decidere; capio aliquam voluptatem, quod hac voluptate non capior.—  
Linivit flores malesicis succis, & in venenum mella convertit—  
[Myrrah enamoured on her Father.]  
Now, in that mine, not mine: Proximity  
Disjoins us: nearer, were we not so nigh.  
5. 
5. Amplification.  Amplification. Done many ways: Especially 1. By Repetition; or 2. By Multiplication of the expression; or 3. By Enumeration of parts; 4. Or by Aetiology.  
1. 
1.— By repetition of the same words.  By Repetition. Which by how much it shows more passion in the speaker, by so much makes deeper impression on the hearer: fixing his fancy (remuent, and volatile) upon one object; and thereon insensibly still winding up his passion higher; which usually, upon any divertisement to another thing, grows remiss and runs suddenly down again.  
This is more decently used, where there is something interposed, and when it also bringeth with it some new additions. Example:  
Vos, vos appello, fortissimi viri.— Majus his, majus patrat Medea monstrum.— Hunc unum diem; hunc unum inquam, hodiernum diem, hoc punctum temporis, quo loquor, defend, si potes, cur armatorum coronâ senatus septus est. 2. Philip.— Non es commotus, cum tibi mater pedes amplescretur, non es commotus.  
Quicquid illud est, ibi Nebridius meus vivit, dulcis amicus meus, ibi vivit: nam quis alias tali animae locus? Ibi vivit: unde me multa interrogavit, &c. Quibus tenere cogebar Aeneae nescio cujus errores, oblitus errorum meorum; & plorare Didonem mortuam, quis se occidit ob amorem; cum interea meipsum in his à te morientem, Deus, Vita mea, siccis occulis ferrem miserrimus. Quid enim miserius misero non miserante seipsum: & flente Didonis mortem quae fiebat amando Aeneam, non flente au●em mortem suam, que fiebat amando te?—  
And hither are to be referred all those second reflections of the fancy, and various retorsions, conversions and commenting upon the precedent matter and words (either to give reasons of it. (vide n. 22. &c.); or further to prosecute, and augment it; or to qualify, as it were, and correct it.)— Wherein the wit doth most triumph, to sport and show itself, its subtlety, its fecundity, in raising variety of music, out of the several touches and stops only of the same string— Examples of Conversion;  
Et tamen non de meo, sed aliorum judicio loquor: qui sive judicant, sive errant, me delectant: unum precor, ut posteri quoque aut errent similiter, aut judicent.—  
— Nam parvulum differt, patiaris adversa, an expectes: nisi quod tantùm est dolendi modus, non est timendi: doleas enim quantum scias accidisse, timeas, quantum possit accidere.— Et admones & rogas, ut suscipiam absentis Corelliae causam; Quod admones, gratias ago; quod rogas, queror; Admoneri enim debeo, ut sciam; rogari non debeo, ut faciam; quod mihi non facere turpissimum est.— Nec ignor● alios hujusmodi casus nihil ampliùs vocare, quam damnum, eoque sibi magnos homines & sapientes videri: qui an magni sapientesque sint, nescio: certà homines non sunt.  
Vt laud●ri juvenes in bonis mallent, ita ad pejora laude ducuntur.— Me praedia materna parum commode tractant, delectant tamen ut materna.— Quid indignor? Ridere satius est; ne se magnum quid adeptos putent, qui huc foelicitate, perveniunt, ut videantur.— Est eadem opinio cujusdam eruditissimi, quo magis adducor, ut neutrum falli putem, cum non credibile est, utrumque falli.— Habet has vices conditio mortalium, ut ex secundis adversa, ex adversis secunda noscantur.— Et sine aemulo secum certare &c. ac sicut imperat solus, solus ita esse, qui debeat imperare.— Etenim cum artifex ejusmodi sit, ut solus dignus videatur esse, qui in scena spectetur, tamen vir ejusmodi est ut solus dignus videatur, qui eo non accedat.— lta fit, ut omnia grata sint, quae facis, licet gratiae causa nihil facis. Amatur quidem à me: judicio tamen meo obstat charitas hominis, quae ex judicio nata est.— Tantus audic●di, quae fecerint, pudor, quibus nullus faciendi, quae audire erubescunt.— Ut satius est, unum aliquid insigniter facere, quam plurima mediocriter: ita plura mediocriter, si non potes aliquid unum insigniter.— Edicat quid absumpserit, ita fiet, ut non absumat, quod pudeat dicere.— Hodie confiteris peccata; & cras iterum perpetras confessa.— Nulla enim studia tanti sunt, ut amicitiae officium des●ratur, quod sanctissimè custodiendum studia ipsa praecipiunt— Who avoids not pride, with not knowing her excellencies: but by making that one of her excellencies, to be void of pride.— As their courage was guided with skill, so their skill was armed with courage.— He cunningly in making greater the fault, made the faultiness less, and in seeming to desire nothing but death as ashamed to live, he the more begged life, in the refusing of it.— Though they liked not the evil he did, yet they liked him that did the evil; and though not counsellors of the offence, yet protectors of the offender.—  
Examples of reflection by way of Correction.  
Quibus ex causis necesse est tanquam immaturum mortem ejus in sinu tuo defleam: si tamen fas est, aut flere, aut omnino mortem vocare, qua tanti viri mortalitas, potius quam vita, finita est.— Quas ille leges, si modo leges nominandae sunt, ac non faces.— quip qui vicesimo & quinto demum (tot enim annis regnum tenuit; si quidem vi & libidine omnia agere, regnare est) liberam vocem audivit.— Potest fortasse Princeps inique, potest tamen, odio esse nonnullis, etiamsi ipse non oderit.— &c.— Unde potest avidus captae Leo parrcere praede?  
Sed tamen esse tuus dicitur, ergo potest.—  
Postea revisa & purgata in librum grandem quidem, unum tamen coarctasse.— Audivimus quidem te omne munus consulis obiisse,— sed audivimus, &c.  
So for Authorities (Divine, or human); Axioms; Proverbs; words of more moment; it adds much to their force and weight, if they be cited first in their own, or a foreign language, and then repeated in the vulgar: yet more, if they be read out of the book. All more fixing the auditor's intention upon them.  

By Multiplication of the like expression.  By Multiplication of the expression. Nam plerisque longiore tractu vis quaedam & pondus accedit: utque corpori ferrum, sic oratio animo non ictu magis quam morâ, imprimitur. Plin. lib. 1. Ep. 20.— And nothing is more Orator-like than this (especially in a sterile, and jejune subject) to agitate, spread and mould the same lump of matter, after many divers fashions; to change and invert the figure, parts, order, ornaments, of our speech, and in such a manner, rehearse the like, or indeed the same, that it seems still diverse, and quite another thing: At lest 'tis, with the best Masters of this Art, usual to render every sense in a doubled expression, the latter of which sometimes explains the former, most-times riseth higher, (as it were in emulation) and outgoes it, and makes descant, on the preceding plain song; the first, exhibiting the matter naked, the other, adorning it. The Hebrew and other Eastern-tongues use this reduplication only for the more state, and gravity, without varying at all the conceit. As:  
O my people give ear to my law; incline your ears to the words of my mouth.— Often did they provoke him in the wilderness; and grieve him in the desert.— He consumed their days in vanity, and their years in trouble.—  
So Pliny:  
Obsepta diutina servitute ora reseramus; fraenatamque tot malis linguam resolvimus.— Veterem consuetudinem fori & pristinum morem judiciorum minime videt.—  
Quamobrem illa arma, centuriones, cohortes, non periculum nobis, sed praesidium denunciant; neque solum ut quieto, sed etiam ut magno, animo simus, hor tantur; neque silentium modo defensioni meae, verum etiam auxilium pollicentur.— Cic. pro Milone; O me infoelicem! Revocare tu me in patriam potuisti per has [milites] ego te in patria per eosdem retinere non potero? Me non potuisse Milonis salutem tueri per eosdem, per quos nostram ille servasset?  
[Examples of more ascending expressions:]  
Sunt ingenio simili, qui, quod huic donant, auferunt illi; famamque liberalitatis avaritià petunt.—  
Perfectum opus, absolutumque est; nec jam splendescit limâ;— sed atteritur.— Non tibi benefaciendi fuit causa, ut quae male feceras, impunè fecisses: amor impendio isto, non venia quaesita est; Populusque Romanus obligatus à tribunali tuo, non exoratus, recessit.—  
Postulamus, ut futuros Principes doceas &c. endure praetextam, quam, cum dare possint, occuparint; ascendere curulem, quam detineant; esse denique, quod concupierint; nec ideo tantum velle Consules fieri, ut fuerint.—  
Tam autem eras excors, ut totâ in oratione tecum ipse pugnares, ut non modo non cohaerentia inter se diceres, sed maxime disjuncta & contraria; ut non tanta mecum, quanta tecum, tibi esset contentio.— 2 Phil.  
His very courthesies are intolerable, they are done with so much arrogance and imputation; and hi is the only man you may lawfully hate after a good turn; and reckon it among your calamities, to be beholding to him.—  
3. 
By enumeration of Parts or Descriptions.  By Enumeration of Parts i.e. of all particular Circumstances, Antecedents, Consequents, Adjuncts, Causes, Effects, Matter, Form, Parts constituent, or integrant; Time, Place, Motives, Ends, Accidents whatsoever, &c. which are all Descriptions in their several kinds; All descriptions consisting only; 1. in an exact enumeration, series, and complexe, of very many particulars (such as any way conduce to our purpose). And 2. in a lively draught of these, as it were to the eye of sense, by expressions translated from those things, with which the Auditor is most acquainted; of which note that rule, Circumstantiis nimio pluribus orationem vestire, taedium parit; iisdem penitus carere, abruptum quiddam est & ingratum, Bacon. Examples of such Descriptions and Histories of things (under which I comprehend Ethopoea's and the deciphering and character of Manners, of Passions, of any moral habits, &c. as well as of any other works of nature) are too large to be here inserted.  
Vide Plin. Of a Fountain lib. 8. Ep. 8.— Of an Earthquake Lib. 6. Ep. I6.— Of a Flood Lib. 8. Ep. I7.— Of rejoicing, Pan. p. 388.— Of Trajan's familiarity, Paneg. p. 344.— Of the affections of one that is sick, Lib. 7. Ep. 26.  
Enumeration of Parts is done; either 1. By a simple exaggeration and synthroismus of them. Or 2. By Gradation. Or 3. by Division. Or 4. by Interpretation.  
1. 
1. By a simple exaggeration of them.  Exaggeration and accumulation of parts: (Omnia per partes considerata videntur majora, Bacon.  
Minus est totum dicere, quam omnia. Quine.) Wherein is used a multiplying also of the words, and expression; as Consilio, Authoritate, Sententiâ, Dux & Legatus, & Miles;— Seditions, uproars, Tumults, Mutinies, Rebellions, &c.— Usually not above three congested,— sometimes with, sometimes without, any Conjunction. (the middle one differing in termination, to avoid an ill Emphasis— Amamus, Jocamur, Ludimus.— Gravitate, Prudentiâ, Fide, propè singulari.—)— In which also some tacit gradation is by Orators mostwhat observed, and the weightiest word said last: or, in diminutions, the contrary. Example:  
Etenim cum homines nefarii de patriae parricidio confiterentur, consciorum indiciis, suâ manu, voce penè literarum coacti, se urbem inflammare, cives trucidare, vastare Italiam, delere Rempublicam, consensisse; quis esset &c.— Accusa Senatum; accusa equestrem ordinem, qui tum &c. accusa omnes ordines, omnes cives; dum confiteare &c.— Cum te neque Principes civitatis rogando, neque majores natu monendo, neque frequens Senatus agendo de venditâ atque addictâ sententia movere potuit.— At quo temperamento Dii boni potestatem tuam, fortunamque moderatus es? Imperator titulis, & imaginibus, & signis: caeterum modestia, labour, vigilantia, dux, & legatus, & miles. — He neither spared old men, as respecting their gravity; nor children, as pardoning their weakness; nor women, as compassionating their sex.—  
2. 
2 Or by Gradation.  Gradation: Which, from the less considerable, orderly ascends to what is more. A Rule to be observed in the whole Oration; in every period; in every clause; and in every Articulus. Example:  
Tolerated, countenanced, encouraged, applauded.—  
Facinus est, 1. vincire civem Romanum; 2. scelus, verberare; 3. prope parricidium, necare. 4. Quid dicam, in crucem tollere?—  
Imaginare, quae solicitudo nobis, qui metus, quibus 1. super tantare, 2. in illo coetu, 3. praesente Caesare, dicendum erat.— Quid homines putarent, si tum occisus esset, cum tu illum 1. in foro. 2. spectante Populo Romano, 3. gladio stricto insecutus es & c?—  
1. In coetu vero Populi Romani, 2. negotium publicum gerens, 3. magister equitum, 4. cui ructare turpe esset, 5. is vomens, frustis esculentis vinum redolentibus 6. gremium suum & totum tribunal implevit.— Ad hanc Regulus venit; primùm; imprudentiam hominis, qui venerit ad aegram &c. esto si venit tantum: sed ille etiam proximus thoro sedet &c.— Without controversy great is the mystery of godliness— 1. It is a mystery. 2. A mystery of godliness. 3. A great one, without controversy.— Bishop Andrews.— (see S. 3. N. 7.)  
3. 
3. Or by Division.  Division and prosecution of the parts severally:  
* Sometimes with a capitulation of them first.  
Tuam verò magnanimitatem, an modestiam, an benignitatem, prius mirer? Magnanimitas fuit expetito semper honore abstinere, modestia cedere; benignitas, peralios frui.—  
Quousque nobis & tibi invidebis? Tibi maximam gloriam, nobis voluptatem.—  
* Sometimes without.  
Quis interpretari potest; impudentiorne, qui in Senatu: an improbior, qui in Dolabellam: an impurior, qui patre audiente: an crudelior, qui in illam miseram tam spurcè, tam impiè, dixeris?—  
By which, 1. either all the parts being proved, or confuted, the whole is so.  
Mira illius asperitas, mira faelicitas horum. Illius asperitas, qui numero civium excidit, quem socium etiam in liberis habuit. Faelicitas horum, quibus successit in locum patris, qui patrem sustulerat.— An satius▪ fuit, foelicem vocare? quod non moribus, sed fortunae datum est. Satius magnum? cui plus invidiae, quam pulchritudinis inest.—  
Urbanos, qui illa censuerunt, putem? an miseros? Dicerem urbanos, si Senatum deceret urbanitas. Miseros ergo, sed nemo tam miser est, ut ad illa cogatur.— Ambitio ergo & procedendi libido? sed quis adeo demens, ut per publicum dedecus procedere velit? &c.—  
2. Or all the rest of the parts being excluded, one only remains affirmed, or denied.  
Quod scelus conflarunt Judaei, cur à Deo olim tam pr●pitio, tamdiu deserantur? Simulachris immolant? At eorum contactum perhorrescunt. Commentitios' Deos asciscunt? At efferuntur eo nomine quod Deum colant verum. Immanibus moribus efferati sunt? At ipsi summam sibi laudem aequitatis & pietatis assumunt. Parumne supplices preces ad Deum adhibent? Immo in precibus assidui sunt. Tum, his succisis. Vera causa infertur; Judaeorum perfidia & inimicitia in Christum Dominum.— Quid putem? contemptumne me? non video nec in vita, nec in gratia, &c. quid despicere possit Antonius. An in Senatu de me detrahi posse credidit? Qui or do been gestae reip. testimonium multis, mihi uni conservatae, dedit. An decertare mecum voluit contentione dicendi? Hoc quidem beneficium est &c. & pro me, & contra Antonium dicere. Illud profecto est; non existimavit, sui similibus proba●i posse, se esse hostem patriae, nisi mihi esset inimicus.  
4. 
4. Or by interpretation.  Interpretation, or Comment by way of Parenthesis, helping much to extenuate, or aggravate, what is said. Example:  
Lascivam verborum licentiam [i. e. {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} linguam] excusarem, si meum esset exemplum.— Nec brevitatem dicentibus, sed copiam [hoc est, diligentiam] suadent.— Quid agis &c. ipse vitam jucundissimam, [hoc est, ocios●ssimam] vivo.— Epigrammata Curione non indigent, & ●ontenta sunt sua i. e. mala lingua— Matrem ejus (nihil possum illustrius dicere) tantae foemivae matrem.— At meherculè alienissimi homines in honorem Quadratillae (pudet me dixisse, honorem) per adulationis officium cursitabant &c.— Amat me (nihil possum ardentius dicere) ut tu.— Hanc ille vim (seu quo alio nomine dicenda est intentio, quicquid velis, obtinendi) ad meliora &c.— Quid magis interest, quam ut liberi) dicerem tui, nisi nunc illos magis amares) digni illo patre reddantur, &c.— Compulit non solum consensus Senatus (quanquam hoc maximè) verum etiam (quidem minoris, sed tamen) numeri &c.— Unde auguror quaeris, non quia ipse dixit (quo mendacius nihil est) sed quia &c. Tempus fuit (ac nimium diu fuit) quo alia &c.— Nam in hoc uno, vir alioqui prudentissimus, (honestissimo quidem, tamen) errore, versatur.— On the mast they saw a young man (at least if he were a man) bearing, &c.— Omnibus titulis (nihil volo elatius de homine modestissimo dicere) parem.— (See Num. 26, 27.)  
4. 
4.— By Aetiology or giving reasons—  The fourth way of Amplification is by frequent Aetiologies, or giving reasons for what we say. For note that the Orator discourseth and argueth as the Logician, by syllogisms, or Enthymems, Inductions, and Examples; only in a manner somewhat diverse. The Orator proving the premises (where weak) as he lays them down, before he infers his conclusion from them; and, where the Discourse is somewhat long, making a second repetition of the premises [As in that instance in Cic. de Inventione 1. to prove the World governed by Providence, he shows first; That the best governed things are governed so: then proves this, in a house; a ship; or an army; far better managed, where there is advice, &c. Then next shows, that the Heavens, Earth, &c. are as wisely, and regularly ordered, as any of these; proving this again from the constant course of the stars, &c. and thus descends at last to his Thesis or Conclusion.] The Orator therefore is frequently to confirm (and this as briefly, and as immediately, as may be) what he saith, by these Aetiologies, that he may render the fabric of his speech not only beautiful, but strong; to leave no dubitation in his Auditors, or (also) to give them the more delight; every one, out of natural affectation of wisdom, being much pleased, rerum cognoscere causas. Therefore is he everywhere to bring in the causes; principles, generals▪ (except when universally known (as far as he can reach them)) upon which his particulars, his positions, his conclusions depend: inferred, either in the form of a reason; or many times of an Axiom and Sentence: (Frequens rationibus, frequens sententiis, debet esse oratio. Quintil.)  
And this is done divers ways: 
1. Either preceding.   
Sometimes by prosecuting the order of nature; descending from the causes and principles gradatim to the effect and conclusion. As:  
Melius illa administrari, quae consilio; nil autem melius mundo administrari; ergo mundum consilio regi.—  
Cum argentum legaverit omne, pecuniam quoque legavit, quae est in argento.  
[By Interrogation.]  
Quis equus generosissimus? nonne qui velocissimus? &c.— Ita & hominum generosissimi habendi, non qui na●●lium splendore, sed virtutis gloriâ praestant.— Quem igitur cum omnium gratia noluit, hunc voluit cum aliquorum querela?  
By Sentence.  
Corrumpit sine talione caelebs.  
Nil est deterius latrone nudo:  
Nil securius est malo poeta.  
Sometimes by superadding, after the assertion, the reason of it: the reason either set 
2. Or following. By epiphenonema or Sentence. * absolutely, by way of epiphenonema, and Sentence:— As:  
Tantas conversiones, aut fragilitas mortalitatis, aut fortunae mobilitas facit.—  
Or 
By a Conjunction causal. * relatively, by Conjunctions causal Quia, nam, si, sicut, qui, sicut, &c.—  
Or sometimes by Interrogation; Example:  
Bonum est virtus, quia nemo illâ malè uti potest.— Jure occisus Saturnius res novas moliens, sicut Gracchi.—  
Anima immortalis est, nam immortal est quicquid ex seipso movetur.— Ejus igitur mortis sedetis ultores, cujus vitam si putetis per vos restitui posse, nolitis?—  
Quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuus hostis fueris?—  
Quo fit ut scribere longiores epistolas nolim, velim legere; illud tanquam delicatus, hoc tanquam ociosus: nihil est enim aut pigrius delicatis, aut curiosius ociosis.  
The Argument, Sum delicatus, ideoque piger, & igitur scribere nolim, &c.—  
Absit superbia, asperitas, nec timueris contemptnm. An contemnitur qui imperium, qui fasces habet, nisi qui se primus ipse contemnit?—  
The Argument. Fasces habes, ergo contemptum non timeas.—  
Nam cum familiaritatem nostram ad praesidium ornamentumque tibi sumpseris, nihil est quod negare debeam, praesertim pro patria roganti; quid enim precibus, aut honestius piis, aut efficacius amantis?—  
The Argument: Preces suntpiae, sunt obsequentis, sunt amantis, ergo negari non debent.  
Longeque valentior amor, ad ob●inendum quid velis, quam timor: nam timor ab sit si recedas; manet amor; ac sic, ut ille in odium, hic in reverentiam vertatur.—  
The Argument. Amor manet in recessu; imo in reverentiam vertitur: Timor abit & mutatur in odium: ergo valentior amor timore.  
Pulchrius hoc Caesar, quam si recusares omnes: nam recusare omnes [honores] ambitionis, moderationis est eligere parcissimos.— Quintil. pro Caeco.— Aliis tradidit in parentum sanguinem luxuria ferrum. Luxuria videntium crimen. Aliis meretriculae amor immodica poscentis.  
Amor, cui renunciant oculi.—  
2. Philipp. At placuit L. Catulo, cujus semper in hac republica, &c.— placuit M. Catoni; qui cum multa &c.— Abstinui causis agentlis: primum quod deform &c. His quoque accedit &c.—  
The Argument. deform erat &c. ergo abstinui &c.  
A quibus libenter requisierim, cur concedant (si concedant tamen) Historiam debere recitari? quae non ostentationi, sed fidei veritatique componitur: cur Tragoediam? quae non Auditorem, sed Scenam & Actores: cur Lyrica? quae non Lectorem, sed Chorum, & Lyram postulant.—  
The Argument. Historia ostentationi non componitur; ergo non debet recitari &c.  
An satius fuisset di●cisse [foel● c●m? quod non moribus, sed fortunae datum est. Satius, magnum? cui plus, invidiae, quam pulchritudinis inest.  
The Argument. [Foelix] est nomen fortunae; ergo non satius fuit &c. (See Sect. 1. Num. 4. Sect. 6. Num. 15, 16.  

3. Or interposed.  Sometimes by interposing in the middle of the Discourse the reason, (when it may be briefly expressed) by a Parenthesis, or an Ablative causal. Example:  
De amicitia, quam à me violatam esse criminatus est (quod ego gravissimum crimen judico) pauca dicam. 2 Philip.—  
The Argument. Violatio amicitiae gravissimum crimen; & de eâ criminatus est me &c. ergo pauca dicam.  
Jam illud, cujus est, non dico audaciae? (cupit enim se audacem dici) sed, quod minimè vult, stultitiae &c.—  
Esto, hoc imperitè (neque enim ab homine nunquam sobrio postulanda prudentia) sed videte impudentiam.—  
Unde auguror quaeris? non quia affirmat ipse (quo mendacius nihil est) sed quia certum est, &c.—  
Audivi Fundanum ipsum (ut multa luctuosa dolour invenit) praecipientem quod &c.— Inde dictum Boeticorum (ut plerumque dolour etiam venustos facit) non illepidum ferebatur &c.— Tu equidem (pro caeterà diligentia tua) admones me, &c.   

SECT. VII.  

n. 1.— 4. Of style.  THus much of the chief Figures adorning an Oration. It remains, in the next place, that we speak something of style, the several kinds and fashions thereof; and the figures more proper to it.  
1. 
1. To be perpetually varied.  And here first you are above all things to avoid a perpetual equality, and likeness in it; either for the expression of your matter; or for the illation. Any one, thought the best form of style, being worse, than a mixed.  
1. 
1. In the Expressions.  For your expression. You are not everywhere to use either flourishing Metaphors, as some of our Moderns: or grave sentences, as Seneca: or acute, and exactly-according periods, as Tacitus: or sweet and consenting cadencies, as Isocrates: but, interchangeably, something of them all; now one, now another. (Adnixi certè sumus, ut quamlibet diversa genera lectorum per plures dicendi species teneremus, &c. Plin. l. 2. Ep. 5.) That the diversly-affected Auditors, may, notwithstanding find every one something, with which he may be taken. Or at least, that the likeness of it may not cause a tediousness to them, or, in the speaker, bewray affectation. Add to these, that your invention may, thus, be more relieved, and recreated, as it were, which, still kept in the same Track, contracts also a wearisomeness to itself; and, delivering things still in the same manner, is quickly exhausted. For the wit enlargeth itself, not so much by the forging perpetually new conceptions, as by the several dresses and disguisings of the old, put in a new figure, that they may not be known for the same.  
2. 
2. In the illations.  For your illation. (See Sect. 3. Num. 1. &c.) which an Orator varieth many ways.  
1. 
1. By interrogation.  By making frequent interrogations, which are the very life and spirit of an Oration, continually awakening, and exciting the drowsiness of the Auditor, or Reader, as if he were demanded, or else consulted-with, for an answer. And yet, for the most part, nothing is so much out of question, as that which is made a question of.  
An ego verear, ne me, &c.—  
[Usual for Transitions.]  
Bishop Andrews.— By me Kings reign. A cause of Kings reigning then. What is that cause? Per me. And Per me is a person. What person? Per me regnant; and that is not per se regnant. A person, and another person. And who is that other person? Let me tell you this; first, 'tis but one person. Per me, not per nos.— One person it is: I ask then this one person who he is?  
This we find by &c. to be God. By God than they reign. I ask yet further, by what Person of the Godhead? The Context, &c. warrants us, that it is per Jesum Christum Dominum nostrum, &c.— (See Sect. 3. Num. 8.)—  
2. 
2. By Objection.  By making frequent objections;  
Dicet aliquis— Quaeret quispiam— si quis forte miretur.— At enim te in disciplinam meam tradideras.— At aliud est actio bona, aliud oratio. Scio nonnullis ita videri; sed ego &c.—  
3. 
3. By frequent commutation of Persons.  By frequent change in his speech of the persons.  
Sometimes speaking of himself.  
Testor mentem meam, dum haec scribo.— Quantum mihi tamen cernere datur.— Simul cogito, cum sint ista &c.— Etenim memini, tunc verissime, &c.—  
Sometimes to a second Person.  
Te miror, Antoni, quorum facta imitere, eorum exitus non perhorrescere?—  
Sometimes of a third.  
See it frequent in Cic. 2. Phil.  
Non video, quid in me despicere possit Antonius.—  
Sometimes making a third to speak. As in all Prosopopoeia's, &c.  
— Cic. pro Milone— Me quidem, Judices, exanimant & interimunt hae voces Milonis, quas audio assiduè; valeant, inquit, valeant cives mei, sint incolumes &c.—  
4. 
4. By Dubitation.  Often doubting, and reasoning with himself. Often speaking of his own qualifications; often declaring his own affections; or delivering for, and as, his own judgement, or opinion, what he knows is every man's else, because he will not seem to impose upon his Auditor.  
Neque enim ego, ut multi, invideo— Assirmo & licet impunita, &c. affirmo audacter (atque ut spero, tutò) profiteor.— Adjiciam, quod me docuit usus, magister egregius— Utique breviter, quod sentio, enuntiem.— Sed ego (forsitan fallor) persuasum habeo.— Scio nonnullis ita videri; sed ego, &c.  
5. 
5. By Admiration.  Often falling into admiration, or exclamation; and always heightening his own passions first, to excite other men's.  
6. 
6. By Consultation.  Often directing his speech more particularly to his hearers, as consulting and deliberating with their wisdom; as appealing to their judgement.  
Aestimate quae vita &c.— Quid agam Judices? quò conferam me &c.  
7. 
7. By Praeoccupation.  Or many times pre-occupating it: and taking for granted, that they are, what he desires, that they should be: whilst they also like it better, by him to be supposed knowing, than instructed, as ignorant.  
Adnotasse vos credo (Patres)— Quis enim nescit (Judices) hanc famae esse naturam?—  
8. 
8 By correction.  Reflecting upon, correcting and revoking, as it were, something said, but to make some further advantage thereof. As  
Filium unicum adolescentulum habeo. Ah! quid dixi habere me? imò habui Chreme; nunc habeam, necne, incertum est, &c.— Quas ille leges; si modò leges, & non faces belli, & pests reipublicae, nominandae sint.— sed nimis urgeo, commoveri videtur adolescens.— sed finis sit; Neque enim prae lachrymis loqui possum: & hic [Milo] se lachrymis defendi vetat.— (See Sect. 6. Num. 16.)  
9 
9 By Concessions.  Often arguing with his adversary, and frequently conceding to him something, after he hath already proved the contrary against him, with an [Esto; Grant it be so,]: when he hath enough besides to oppose; or something also to urge out of such concession.  
Sed quid opporas tandem, si negem— fac potuisse— sed sit beneficium— 2 Philip.  
10. 
10. By suppositions of Absurdities.  Relating contrary opinions, as well as his own; but when there is a sufficient prejudice of them; inferred with an Ironical [Scilicet, or, Credo, or Nisi fortè; Nisi verò &c.]  
If I do not on these Heads furnish you with many examples, 'tis because any common rhetoric-book will afford you plenty.  
This is a thing I suppose almost needless to be mentioned to you, that the same figures and modes of expression do not suit to every composition; nor to every person; but are to be discreetly used, according to the matter we handle, the men we write, or speak to. The same Schemes become not an History, and a panegyric; a Letter, and an Oration; a controversy, and a Moral Discourse; If one in a Letter to a servant, about some domestic affair, or in a strict controversy, or in a narrative history, should use lofty Metaphors, frequent Interrogations, apostrophes, Prosopopoeia's, Exclamations, &c. would he not be most ridiculous? yet are some or other of these Rules and Schemes, in all compositions whatever, serviceable.  
2. 
2. To be 1. Concise for the pen: 2. more diffused and copious for speaking.  You ought to vary your stile, according as it is prepared for the ear or for the eye; for an Auditor, or for a Reader. For speaking, 'tis necessary, that you observe a fuller and opener style; a stricter for the pen. For the same man, when an Auditor, is not so curious and vigilant, as when a Reader. Repetitions here, and doubled sentences, and enlargements by Synonymal words &c. before the shutting up of the period, are but necessary: (Brevitas, quae ociosum fortasse lectorem minùs fallit, audientem transvolat, nec, dum repetatur, expectat.— Sint omnia dilucida, & negligenter quoque audientibus aperta. Nam non, ut intelligere possit multis frequenter cogitationibus avocatus, sed ut omnino non possit non intelligere, curandum.— Quint. lib. 8. cap. 2.) There what can be more tedious? All the force also and smartness, and sting of the speech being lost by languishing explications, dilatations and paraphrase. Whereas, meanwhile, if brevity chance sometimes to be obscure, the Readers diligence (who mostwhat are the learned) may stay upon it, till he hath discovered it: if any thing of moment is but once said, his undistracted solitude either easily remembers it, or at pleasure (where all lies still before him) reviews it.  

3. Yet more circumlocutory, and verbous for Extempore.  Extemporal Eloquence especially must use a long and compassing style; that whilst he slowly effunds what is already prepared in his memory, the fountain of his wit may have the more time to replenish it with more, and never suffer this cistern to be quite exhausted. Therefore such must rather make use of Metaphors, and Similes, and Descriptions, and Paraphrase of their matter, and digressions, than of acute sentences, and concise Periods: and generally must rather imitate Tully than Tacitus.  
3. 
3. Of short and long styles:  In general, addict yourself rather to that stile, to which your natural abilities incline you; some persons having a more acute conceit, fit for a short, others a more voluble expression, agreeable to a longer stile.  
Of which there is no one sort but hath its proper graces and defects. A short period loseth so much of smoothness, as a long and round one of acuteness: One is more harsh, and the other blunt. One suits with reason; the other with the passions, better: and the rhetoric of the one is more sweet, of the other more powerful. If the one seem more learned, the other seems more natural and unaffected; and if this hath an elegancy, the other hath a simplicity that pleaseth one. One entertains naturally some sorts of figures, which the other cuts off; as the short is adverse to Metaphors &c. the long to exact correspondence, and libration of its parts. Of the two, the short receives more disadvantage in the speaking, except where there happens a pronunciation most accurate; and the long more in the reading; seeming to have something superfluous to the stricter examination of a now passion-less judgement. Either very long, or very short, periods are subject to obscurity: one not opening and spreading the matter enough; the other over-burdening the auditor's memory. Yet who so will not lose the acuteness and elegancy in the one, or suffer the dismembering in the other, must in some things hazard the imperspicuity of his stile. La soverchia chiarezza (saith the Italian) fa l'oratione humile. And again, L'oscurita genera la grandezza de l'oratione.—  
4. 
4. Of perspicuity in stile.  Whatever stile you rather entertain, you ought before all things to endeavour a sufficient perspicuity therein; which as it ought to be the chiefest care of an Orator (the design of whose speaking surely, is to be understood) so is it often hindered by the ornaments of speech.  
Hindered. 
Hindered, 1. By multiformity of stile in the same period.  1. By not observing cautiously an uniformity of stile (I mean for the same period) which much directs the Reader, or Auditor) but often changing, without necessity in the following clause, the Verb, or its Nominative, or the Cases of the Nouns, the Voices and Tenses of Verbs, the Connexions, &c. which are assumed in the precedent Clause▪ Example:  
When we desire the same perfection, what hinders that the same means may not be used by us?— more uniform this [that we may not use the same means].— These are unspeakable ravishments to a refined intellect, though a sensual appetite doth not discern their excellencies— better [though undiscerned excellencies to a sensual appetite.— Would men guide themselves by reason, and were the dictates of nature observed by them— more uniform [and observe the dictates of nature.]— As these things cause much joy to the children, so the parents are greatly afflicted by them— better [so great affliction to their parents.]— Wealth is seldom severed from from pride, and humility more often accompanieth poverty-better [and poverty more often is accompanied with humilty.—  
2. 
2. By a too curious transposition of words.  By too curious a transposition of words (for the emphasis or numbers sake, (Vide Sect. 5. Num. 4.) from their natural place.  
(Adhuc pejor est [ad impediendum intellectum] mistura verborum, qualis in illo versu;  
S●xa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus arras.)  
Especially by Oblique Cases, or Adverbs (as [only, also, again, &c.]) being carelessly adjoined to one word, when in the sense they belong to another. As:  
[I only desire this] applied to the Pronoun [I] or Verb [desire] when belonging to the Article [this] I desire onely-this].— [He brought some part to the Table, of his provisions. For; [He brought to the Table some part of his provisions.]  
3. 
3. By using too many Metaphors.  By using of too many Metaphors; or prosecuting the same too far; which though many times the best expression, yet are they not also the most plain.  
4. 
4. By too much contraction of speech.  By contracting our speech (for the avoiding of Tautologies and repetition, or also for the more brevity, and acuteness of the stile) and pa●ing away some words necessary to the explication of our sense, endeavouring wittily not to be understood.  
And here happens a fault many ways, 1. By expression of Relatives or other Expletives in one clause, and not in the other, when both clauses refer in the same manner to a third. As:  
[It was the only matter, worth standing upon, &c. or that a judicious man would press] for [only matter that was worth &c. or that a judicious man, &c.]  
Or by omitting of the illative, or redditive to some Conjunction causal, or conditional, preceding; when that which is inferred stands at some distance from it. As after [because, when, since that,] omitting [therefore, then, it follows that &c.]  
[Since, or because, they could not do the work, they could not expect the reward] for [therefore they could not expect, &c.]  
Such illatives omitted (I say) where the premise is extended to some length, cause much ambiguity. Secondly, By leaving a relative [which, &c.] single (to avoid tautology) where it may have a doubtful respect to many antecedents: wherein some are apt to imitate in their English the phrase of those learned languages, where, by reason of the variation of genders, such ambiguity is not incurred. Here therefore you are either to make the true antecedent the last; as it is better thus: The valour of Caesar, who— Caesar's valour, which &c.]— than, [Caesar's valour, who— the valour of Caesar, which—] Or, where the composure permits not this, to repeat with, or before, the relative, that antecedent to which it belongs, or to join to the relative a Synonyma thereof. As:  
That happiness only is to be found in piety; for the acquiring of which men compass sea and land. Where [Of which] refers to happiness, not piety. To be made clear thus [for the acquiring of which happiness] or [of which felicity]. or to be repeated again [that happiness] for the acquiring of which] or the precedents to be thus ordered; in piety only is to be found that happiness, for the acquiring of which, &c.—  
Thirdly, By using, Participles, rather than Verbs with their articles and conjunctions. As:  
— He, grieved, forsook:— for [He, who was, after, whilst, when, because, he was grieved forsook] the participle [grieved] being either indicative, or causal. They found him, much inclined to passion, exceedingly displeased upon this relation &c.— for: [him, who was much, or because he was much inclined to passion, to be exceedingly displeased, &c.] Things thus ordered, he hasted to conclude— for: [after, or whilst that things were thus ordered]— [They suffering patiently, he will succour]— for [if they shall suffer patiently, &c.]  
Or by using some other contractions (mentioned before Sect. 4. Num. 9) where is some danger of ambiguity.—  
5. 
5. By too long protraction of Periods.  By long deferring the conclusion of a Period: (Non in longum dilata conclusio, Quint. l. 8. cap. 2.) which happens, either  
1. 
Either by Paraphrases,  By circumlocution of our meaning, and accumulation of empty words, out of an affectation to copiousness and fluency, the sense thus suffering more darkness from that length, which is used for the more perspicuity: (whereas the matter is more clear, where only nothing is wanting, than where something also doth redound.) Of this quintilians' rule is to be strictly observed (especially in what is penned for a Reader.) Nihil neque desit, neque superfluat. An usual fault among those, who affect good words and expressions, is this redundancein their stile; who between two equally-good illustrations, loath to lose either, intrude both.  
Or 2. 
Or by Parenthesis.  by interposing many parentheses, and accumulating many considerations and circumstances in the same period, out of fullness of matter, and its pertinency to to that place (a disease to which luxuriant wits (especially those who would enclose much matter in a little compass) are very subject, and where invention is a great enemy eloquence) by which whereas we strive to say all, we do not say so much to the auditor's understanding, as if we said less, and withal disturb the uniformity of our stile. Etiam interjectione (i. e. Parenthesi) ut medio sermone aliquem inserant sensum, impediri solet intellectus; nisi quod interponitur, breve est. Quint. l. 8. c. 2.— And Circumstantiis nimio pluribus orationem vestire parit taedium. Bacon. Where note that it much helpeth for perspicuity not to put terms too far asunder, which relate one to another; (as Nominative and Verb, Comparatives &c.) As:  
What differs he, who subverteth the laws, &c.— from a Tyrant] where the matter interposed is very long, better premising it thus [He who subverteth, &c. what differs he from a tyrant] (See Num. 22.)  
6. 
6. By want of exact division of our matter.  By not making a division, and sorting, of our matter (See Sect. 2. 1. Num. 2.) or Secondly after this made, by the not duly mentioning our Transitions. Or Thirdly, by prosecuting severally the members of a division without first numbering them all together (a frequent fault) which capitulation of them, especially when we dwell long upon the particulars, is first to be made, (and the branches of it again severally to be repeated, as they come to be handled.) As you may see in some of those examples mentioned before Sect. 6. Num. 22.—  
Amongst all these impediments of perspicuity, the chief are 1. a very short stile; (— Brevis esse laboro— Obscurus fio.— Hor.) or 2. a stile full of Parentheses. For remedying the first:  
1. In a laconic stile you must use a multiplication of the like expressions; and the substance of what is said briefly, must be said more than once, (Only the expression changed), both to make a further explanation of the matter, and to leave a perfecter impression in the Auditor. Lastly it is to be, in effect, the same with a long stile. Est quaedam partium brevitas, quae longam tamen efficit summam. Quint. One of those longer periods must be answered with a heap of these smaller, and the magnitude of the one equalled with the multitude of the other.  
2. For the second, where the parenthesis is a short necessary explication, or interpretation of a word, it may be anywhere inserted: if not so; the matter thereof is 1. Either some praecognitum; and than it is best placed next before such a period. Or 2. some reason and argument to confirm somewhat there asserted; and than it is either to be made part of the sense to fill up the remainder of the period: the intended sequence of matter being removed to the next, when the parenthesis hath nearer relation; or (a memorandum being made of it in a by-paper as you are writing) it is to be inferred after the period finished. Inferred, either* by a Conjunction, Causal, Illative, Exceptive, &c. [although, but, yet, because, for, therefore, since that,] as the parenthesis is a reason or a consequent of what is said. As▪  
[Caesar (who intended ro revenge his &c.) invited the Commanders &c.] where the parenthesis is very long, is better changed thus: [Caesar intended to revenge— and therefore invited—]. Or [Caesar invited— because he intended to revenge—]  
Or* by the repeating that word of the former period, to which the parenthesis appertains, and so joining the parenthesis to it after the period. As:  
[Dabitur non cubiculum Principis, sed ipsum Principem cernere, in publico, in populo (cui locorum quinque milli● ad ecit. &c.) sedentem] where the parenthesis happens to be very long is better changed thus; [in populo sedentem Populo, cui locorum quinque millia adjecit etc—]  
For all parentheses, that are not explications, are mostwhat aggravations unto, and elegant gradations, or reflections upon, what is formerly said; and since they are so, and may be so well husbanded, this engrafting of several matters into one another by parenthesis, if it argues a good wit, it shows a weak and unthrifty Orator; whose orderly production of his matter is one of his greatest perfections; besides the regard he is to have to uniformity of stile, and the intellect of his Auditor, who much better discerns things severed, than many entwisted together, and offered all at once in a crowd to his examination. Or 3. lastly, if the parenthesis be long, and the matter thereof can neither well be premised, nor deferred, the words preceding the parenthesis are to be again repeated and resumed after it, that the perspicuity of the sense no way be lost. As:  
Those persecutions (which have been, &c.) those long persecutions (I say) have not extinguished, &c.—  
— Thus may Parentheses, and the intertexture of various matter many ways be prevented; but not without the inconvenience of multiplication of words, and further extension of the discourse.  
Note, that Parentheses are not half so troublesome to a Reader, as to an Auditor, because they are marked out in the paper to the eye, but cannot be so in the voice to the ear: therefore in compositions which are to be spoken, they are much more carefully to be avoided.  

Some other necessary steps to Oratory.  After all the Rules of Oratory well studied and known, the practice of three things is yet further necessary unto you, for the acquiring this Art.  
1. The frequent and assiduous reading of some Authors and pieces that are eloquent; using rather some one that is excellent, than many. Prono studio, affectu, consilio, feratur Oratoriae Candidatus, ut alicujus in dicendo sit similis, quem totâ mente atque omni animo defixus intueatur, ille autem sit unus, quo aequabilior componatur stilus.  
2. Translating. 3. Frequent exercise of your style, and Imitation. Usus, dicendi Magister est optimus (saith pliny junior) modo sit diligens primo, non celeris stilus.  
The Translating is to be. 1. * Simply & ad verbum; but this never further, than it well consists with the propriety of the Language into which you translate; which you are always diligently to observe, as well by inversion and alteration of the phrase for excluding expletives (see s. 4. n. 4.) and preserving the weightiest words in their due place (of which see s. 5. n. 4.) as by inserting words necessary, (as Epithets), &c. in the English Tongue (see s. 6. n. 1.) and excluding redundants to the sense in the orderly expression of that Language into which you translate. (For every tongue, from the varying of their Grammar, hath a several capacity of expression) rather offending in being too concise, than too copious; it being a reputation to the amplitude of that Language, which can signify more matter in fewer words.  
2.* By rendering verse in prose: a little bending the expressions, and mitigating the poetical, into an Orator's style.  
3.* By contracting things copiously said by others; and again, amplifying, what others have delivered concisely.   

SECT. VIII.  

Nu. 1. 5. Of recitation of our compositions.  IN all your compositions, after the last hand added to your stile; yet, to try whether the words be well placed, and the numbers well fitted, and the phrase enough perspicuous, an audible recitation of them is not to be omitted. And you are to sound them distinctly and tunably, and as you would do before an audience,* to take the experience of your voice also, and (after the contrivance of them in the brain, and the examining of them again, when set down in writing, by the eye)* to bring them at last by their sounds, to the test and trial of the ears: which have a most acute judgement residing properly in them (as also all the other senses have) distinct from that of the mind, and of which the soul is not capable, but by this instrument; (for what but the ear can measure sounds?) discovering to her, besides the defects of numbers, and ill-soundings in the cadence, (which the soul, in the silence of the pen and of composing, discerns not) discovering also besides these (I say) many latent obscurities of the stile, which seeming clear to the fancy that conceived them (as our own things are by ourselves more easily understood) and again to the eye that easily recollects them (that being permanent before it in the paper, what passeth away in the sound) yet are many times dark and obscure, not only to the Auditor, but to the probation of this out-lodging sense of the Composer; whose own ears give him almost as impartial a censure, as those of other men's, concerning the perspicuousness and obscurity, smoothness and roughness, of his stile. In which ear if the Oration please not, it is much less effective on the passions. (Nihil intrare potest in affectum, quod in aure, tanquam quodam vestibulo, statim offendit, saith Quintilian.) and, Acerrimum est aurium judicium, (saith Pliny); ita ut oratio, quae scripta placet, recitata non probetur. First than we ought to try our composures this way; by which the soul, receiving them more remotely, conveyed to the ear by the voice, and from this returned to her, as it were, from abroad, and that only in a transient sound, sits now as the most disinterested Arbiter, and impartial judge of her own works, that she can be. Which office Pliny, the more exactly to perform, procured his own compositions to be recited to him by some other than himself.  
But next it is almost necessary also, after this examen, which may be too partial to our own conceptions, to try them before some friend, or company, or communicate them to them to be perused. See Plini's diligence herein lib. 7. ep. 17. Nullum emendandi genus omitto: Ac primum quae scripsi mecum ipse pertracto, deinde duobus aut tribus lego: mox aliis trado annotanda; notasque eorum, si dubito, cum uno rursus aut altero pensito; novissimè plaribus recito, ac (si quid mihi credis) tunc acerrimè emendo; nam tanto diligentiùs, quanto solicitiù●, intendo. Optimè autem reverentia, metus, pudor, judicant.— Et cum multis, & saepe, tractandum, quod placere & semper & omnibus cupias— Nec verò ego, dum recite, laudari, sed, dum legor, cupio.— For even those who are much inferior in the same faculty, and not able to produce the like, may yet judge of what we compose, better than ourselves, and that not only for cadence, perspicuity, singularities, and indecent affectations, &c. (which as it is somewhat hard for us to discern, so it is for them to mistake) but also concerning the whole matter, disposition, and ornaments, of our work.  
For 1. first what letteth, that those, short of us in fancy, may exceed us in judgement? Or 2. if not, yet are we more disenabled to this office by self-love to our own productions, than they by ignorance, &c. Therefore ourselves also judge perfectlier of these, when we have for a while laid them aside, and the ardency of love, which we have to any new parturition, is by some space of time abated, after that we have diverted to some other employment, amongst which, as amongst children, commonly the youngest is most affected. Or, 3. if not this neither; yet since our works are according to other men's capacity, and not our judgement, estimated, and, as they are composed by us, so, are, for them, we ought perchance in something to depart even from the right, where they disallow it. (It was Pomponius Secundus his saying Provoco ad Populum. Plin. lib. 7. Ep. 17.) For none is an Orator to himself, but others; and therefore what is not writ agreeable to their apprehensions, is written to small purpose; and what is most accommodated to these, do not themselves best determine? what is writ for others, is either to profit, or to delight them; but nothing in this kind profits much, which doth not first please; and what best pleaseth them, they best judge. Therefore since a discreet Orator would only use what they may like, it is also very requisite, that he try how they like what he useth. Only in this he is to observe not singular opinions, but some more general consent in their judgement; which, when in many the same, is seldom mistaken.   

SECT. ix..  
IT remains yet that something be said of Pronunciation and Action.  
1. 
Num. 1. 6. Of Pronunciation.  In the Pronunciation; 1. Monotonia i. e. the same continued Tone; 2. The same stay upon every word; and 3. The same Pause between them, are ungraceful, and to be avoided. (Non solùm in membris, sed etiam in articulis, est aliqua pronunciandi varietas, sine quâ nihil neque majus neque, minus est. Quint. l. 11. c. 3. The height, the length, & distance between words, are still to be varied, and that not only in the conclusion, but in every article and clause of a Period; some words being spoken higher, some lower; some swifter, and with force, some slower and more mollified: Else nothing said is made more or less considerable, than another; when yet always something is so. And so for pauses; commas, and all other distinctions require some, yet not all the same stay. Nay several words have a different stop from the several syllables of the same word. (Est quoddam in ipsâ divisione verborum latens tempus. Quint.) And this not without much reason. For besides that hereby, what is most eminent in our reasoning is elevated, and prolonged beyond the rest, and the columns of our discourse singled out for the Auditors special observance; besides this, I say, as in all other things men are both eased and delighted with perpetual variety, and change, so 'tis in Pronunciation; the varying whereof yields a great delight to the ear, but also as great an ease and refreshment to the voice. What gives singing such a ravishing power over us, but a well proportioned variety of the Notes? What advanceth Verse above Prose, but a perpetual change of the feet? (the harmony of which, when placed in such an order, being once observed, made afterward a disposition of them, a law for Verse) even the same power these retain,* in the orator's stile, as in verse, though it must needs be more loose (non vacat exiguis) and* in his pronunciation, as in a song; though it must needs be less curious, and affected.  
Now those words which the voice is chiefly to stay upon, and give an extraordinary Emphasis to, are such, in which there lies some figure, as all Antitheta's and correspondents, and words relating to another, and generally the mediums (in which lies the greatest burden) of our arguments. (Observandum quo loco sustinendus, & quasi suspendendus sermo sit. Quint.) Examples.  
Integritas tua te purgavit, pudor eripuit.—  
An lingua & ingenio patefieri aditus ad urbem potuit, manu & virtute non potuit?  
Which as they were purchased by us, so provided for them; they have the right of what we have the possession.  
And amongst the rest always the cadence of the Period, which is most observed, and accordingly by the voice usually most varied, aught to be fitted for a more tuneable pronunciation (Ratio pedum magis & desideratur in claus●lis & apparet. Quint.— and— Aures tum magis judicant, cum orationis impetus stetit, & intuendi tempus dedit.) Here therefore the chiefest Orators, though negligent of all the rest, have observed certain measures and feet; placet plerisque dichoraeus, saith Quintilian: and Tully's [esse videatur] is famous. Yet this strictness extends not to above four or five of the last syllables. A due and tuneable clause therefore of a Period after the last Pause that is made before it (i. e. the Comma or other Point that precedes &c.) ought to be ordinarily at least of four syllables; because the voice begins its variation some Notes before the syllable that concludes: (For who can conclude handsomely that knows not of it, before he is entered into the last word or syllable?) And these syllables are better all long, than all short▪ those having more stability and weight; better long and short interchangeably, than all long; the short being far more smooth and sweet, and the voice also requiring by courses some syllables, wherein to spare (as in the short) and some again, wherein to extend itself (as in the long.) By long, I mean those whereon the emphasis of the word resteth; and by short, those which the voice usually toucheth more lightly, as fa- in [favour] and - ward in [reward] are to be accounted long; - vour, and re-, short.  
And therefore in verse (wherein there is more care of Euphony in every part) though the English doth not strictly observe set quantities, yet hath it a great latitude of roughness or smoothness, according as these are well placed; nor flows it so gracefully, 1.* unless ordinarily every second syllable, or latter part of the foot be long (especially the latter syllable of the first, and of the penultime, foot). As this verse:  
[These in the Summer of thy favour grow] runs better than this:  
[In the Summer of thy favour these grow]. And note, that iambics are better than Trochae's, and Spondae's than dactyls. As for terminations, those usually short in the Latin (not regarding position) are so in the English, as the Liquids, &c. And those again long, which have long vowels, double consonants, and endure a harder pronunciation, easily known to every one's experience. And Secondly,* Unless more frequently words ending with a consonant be received by others beginning with a vowel, and è contra.  
Monosyllables, harsh, and requiring, as several words, some little pause between them, conclude not so tunably. (Monosyllaba, si plura sunt, malè continuabuntur. Quint.  
As for the rest of our stile, 'tis sufficient if the several clauses (any great disparity of which sounds very harsh, and unequal) be, as much as conveniently may be, of a like and proportionable extension; and that, neither very short, nor very long; not under four syllables ordinarily, nor exceeding ten, or twelve: for the voice cannot vary under four, nor so tunably at once pronounce above ten. Hence five or six feet are the longest verse usual in any Language; and two feet the shortest. And by these metrical members of Poetry (which were only first used, because found more to please; the Orators aim, as well as the Poets) all our prose also is tacitly modelled: though it must always avoid the appearance thereof, lest it should seem to be more affected, less natural, less masculine, by so much trimming; as also to be strict therein would be too troublesome.  
That the voice may have its true compass, both to notes higher and lower, as the words and the passions do require, 'tis to be placed in a middle key between both, to rise and fall at pleasure. (Mediis inter acutum & gravem utendum sonis, & intermediis imum supremumque spatiis.) Else put in a Base, how can it descend, or ascend, in a Treble? As a singing tone, and a verselike cadence are always to be avoided, so that composition and pronunciation coming nearest them, is the best, and, that the voice in speaking be rather elevated somewhat, than depressed; because we are more prone, for our ease, or from our modesty, to a low tone; which yet, being too deep, and full, and less clear, and making accordingly a weaker impression upon the Auditor, is the worse, of the two extremes: (Submisso illo murmur debilitatur omnis intentio. Quint.). For the length of your pronouncing, Tardity is to be chosen, rather than precipitancy, and a scanning as it were (though this also no small fault) of all your syllables, rather than making perpetual Syneloepha's; and drowning that which follows, by too much straining that which goes before: whereas the articulation of all aught to be distinct, and every syllable, to have some, though seldom all to have an equal, share, of the pronunciation.  
Passion chiefly directs the pronunciation: (Vox respondeat animo. Flexum vocis maximâ ex parte praestant motus animorum, sonatque vox, ut feritur.) Therefore this to be excited, that the other may be exactly performed; which is as it were the hand to this instrument of the voice, by which it is tuned several ways, to the begetting like motions, in the minds of others, to those with which ourselves are first affected.   

SECT. X.  
PRonunciation ought to be accompanied with some decent action and comportment of your body. 
Num. 1. 7. Of Action.   
This Action is especially of the Eyes and the Hand. Of the Hand thus Scaliger: Ratio est manus Intellectus; oratio, Rationis; Orationis, manus, & Manus membrum hominis loquacissimum. Acting with the hand is using in our discourse the same motion of them, which they have when with them we act or manage the thing whereof we speak. As to hold out the hand, when we speak of begging: up, when we speak of praying: griping the hand, when of striking: the hand beating on any thing, when of anger: clapping the hands together, when speaking of wonders: Opening one or both the hands, when making a thing plain or explaining: arms drawn back close to the sides, when requesting: putting out the forefinger, when demonstrating, and as it were showing a thing (therefore is that finger called the Index). So the hand is put forward with the thumb bended in, for demonstrating. The first finger turned down, for urging, and pressing as it were: put up, for threatening: the middle finger put out, for reproaching: The left thumb touched, by the Index of the right hand, for reasoning, and disputing: the touching a finger with the other hand, for distinguishing, and for numbering. The hand brought toward one, in saying any thing of himself; toward the head, when speaking of the understanding; to the breast, when of the soul, will or affections. Folding the arms in sadness, etc, And lastly; one, and that no small, service of the Hand, is, that it keeps time, in our speech, with our periods; being in a kind of suspense and waving, while the sentence is so, and, at the end thereof, returning still to the first posture, as the voice doth to such a tone.  
Yet must there be some caution used in the gestures of the hands, because 'tis very easy, in this, to exceed a decorum. An Orator 〈◊〉, in his action, 1. must be free from any imitations of levity, as of a fiddler, Dancer, &c. 2. must be aware of too much finger-action, being not grave. 3. must not undecently extend his arms too far any way, either upward, above the eye, or downward, below the breast: or much sideways, or backward, or circularly. 4. must turn the action of the hand the same way, as the voice. 5. must withdraw, and end the action of his hand with his sentence; and in the same sentence must not often change it. 6. must avoid a perpetual similitude of gesture; but, more than this, a mimical restless variation (too little being a more tolerable fault, than too much). In which the chief care is to be, that it may not seem affected; but forced from his passion: 7. Lastly, though both the hands do more fully express the Orators conceits, yet the left hand in action many times needs not be used; must never be used, as principal.  
FINIS.