ΚΤΡΟΤ ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑ: OR, THE Institution and LIFE OF CYRUS the GREAT.  
WRITTEN By that famous Philosopher and General, Xenophon of Athens.  
And from the Original Greek made English,  
The first four Books By Francis Digby, late of Queen's College in Oxford; The four last by John Norris, Fellow of All-Souls Coll. Oxford.  
— Medus ademit Assyrio, Medoque tulit moderamina Perses.  Claud. de laud. Stilic. 
LONDON, Printed for Matthew Gillyflower, at the Spread Eagle in Westminster-Hall, and James Norris, at the Kings-Arms without Temple-Bar. 1685.  
Printed for Matt: Gillyflower & James Norris.   

To the Right Honourable Robert Earl of Ailesbury and Elgin, Viscount Bruce of Ampthill, Baron Bruce of Wharlton, Skelton, and Kinloss, Lord of the Honour of Ampthill, High steward of Leicester, Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the Counties of Bedford and Huntingdon, and one of the Lords of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, etc.  
MY LORD,  
THE Presumption would be too great, should I offer a Work of less esteem than this of Xenophon's to a Person of your Lordship's Quality and Honou●… But as all Ages past have given a●… Universal Testimony of their valu●… for this Wise Book: so I hav●… reason to believe all to come, wi●… as generally approve my Choice 〈◊〉 your Lordship for its Patron. Fo●… who so fit to descend the Cyru●… that was designed a Pattern fo●… Princes and Great men to imi●…tate, as one so remarkably emi●…nent for Loyalty? Whose Descent is from a Race of Kings whose Education has been agreed able to so high a Birth, and, wha●… is yet more rare, whose Virtue fully answer both. This I may say without being suspected for flattery, that no one has made a●… nearer approach than your Lord●…hip to this Character of Perfecti●…n in general, and that none has qualled your Lordship in that articular Part which consists in Candour and Forgiveness. 'Tis his, my Lord, which has hard●…ed me to the boldness of this Ad●…ress, which I hope your Lord●…hip will Pardon from  
My Lord, Your Lordship's most Obedient and most Humble Servant M. Gillyflower.   

THE PREFACE.  
THE Author of this Incomparable Piece, for which all Antiquity has justly had so great a Value, was Xenophon of Athens, a Man no less famous in an Active than in a Contemplative Life; and perhaps the only Person upon Record whose Words and Actions so highly adorned the Philosophy he professed.  
He was born in 
1 Hesych. in voce 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Ercheja, an Athenian Town belonging to the Tribe Aegeiss, so called from Aegeus immediate Successor to Pandion King of Athens. Tho the time of his Birth be no where expressly declared, yet by comparing Stesiclides in Laertius (who says he died the first Year of the 105 Olympiad) with 
2 de Long●…vis.  Lucian (who affirms he outlived 90 Years) 'tis manifest, He must have been born in, or before, the first year of the 82 Olympiad. His Father's Name was Gryllus, which Name continued in the Family for several Generations.  
He laid the Foundation of his after-Greatness in the School of Socrates, the then celebrated Philosopher of Greece, and whom the Delphic Oracle had pronounced the 
3 Laer●…. in ●…a So●….  wisest of Men. Of him our Author was a great Admirer, and a ●…rudious Imitator; whose religious Deportment towards the Gods, whose Constancy, Temperance, and Resolution, he carefully transcribed in the whole Conduct of his Life. How much he honoured him, appears by that elegant Defence he made for him before his Judges, (though, in truth, Socrates' Virtues were his best Apology) where he boldly taxes, and smartly refutes, the malicious Calumnies of Anytus and Melitus, his inveterate and false Accusers. He was the first that committed to Writing the Precepts and Memoirs of his Master; which he has performed with such Accurateness and Fidelity, that therein you may read the very Sense and Soul of Socrates. The same thing indeed was afterwards done, among others, by his Fellow-Pupil 
1 Laert. in vita Plat.  Plato; but he has every where intermixed so many Excursions of his own, that it is not easy to distinguish the Master from his Scholar. Nor was Socrates less solicitous for his beloved Xenophon, as will appear by this one Instance. In that memorable Peloponnesian War betwixt the Lacedæmonians and the Athenians, they were both personally engaged in the Fight before Delium; where the Athenians being worsted, and flying before the Baeotians, 
2 Strab. Georg. 1. 9  Xenophon, then but very young, was overthrown, and unhorsed in the Flight; which Socrates perceiving, took him up, and carried off upon his Shoulders till the Enemy gave over their Pursuit.  
His second Military Effort, was his famous 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with the younger Cyrus, against his Brother Artaxerxes. I know some very Learned 
3 Sir Walter Raleigh, Lord Bacon, etc.  Men affirm he had never seen the Wars before this Persian Expedition; but this I suppose is meant of Foreign Wars; because Greece, being at that time, and having been for many Years before, the Seat and School of Martial Discipline, 'tis highly probable, that a young Gentleman, of his Generosity and Courage, would not be altogether unacquainted therewith. This War he engaged himself in at the earnest Solicitations of his dear Friend Proxenus the Baeotian, once a Scholar to that famed Orator and Philosopher Gorgias the Leontine, but now residing at Cyrus' Court at Sardis in Lydia. Thither went Xenophon, having first consulted his Master Socrates, and then the Oracle at Delphos. Arriving at Sardis, he found Cyrus' ready for his March, who entertained him with all imaginable Expressions of Friendship, and held him in no less Esteem than he did Proxenus himself. However, he then accepted of no Command, but followed the Army as a Volunteer. In this Expedition Cyrus was slain, and the Grecian Camp being rifled by the Enemy, they lost all they had except their Arms. These when 
1 Xenoph. Exped. 1.2.  Phalinus, in the King's Name, came to demand, and that they should submit themselves to his Mercy, Xenophon was the Man that gave him this smart Answer; We have now, Sir, but two things left us, our Arms and our Valour; if we yield up one, how shall we make use of the other? Think not therefore that we intent to part with our Arms, with which we are resolved to manage a Dispute with you. To him Phalinus smilingly replied, Young Gentleman, you talk like a Philosopher, and have made a very pretty Speech; but you are mightily mistaken if you think your Arms or Valour can withstand the Power of the great King. Thus meanly did this haughty Courtier think of Xenophon. And yet this was he, who afterwards (when all the Captains and Commanders were basely betrayed and treacherously murdered) with admirable Skill, and invincible Patience, conducted ten thousand Foot through the midst of the Provinces of Persia, from Babylon to Greece, over precipitous Mountains, deep Rivers, by straight and almost unpassable Ways; to the Amazement of the World, even in despite of the Power and Malice of the Enemy. This unparallelled Retreat so encouraged the Grecians, and betrayed the Weakness and Degeneracy of the Persians, that thereupon they began to bethink themselves of invading and subverting that mighty Monarchy; which soon after Jason the Thessalian first designed; Agesilaus the Spartan successfully attempted; and Alexander the Macedonian victoriously completed.  
Whilst Xenophon was absent in this Asiatic Expedition, he was by a solemn Decree banished Athens, for espousing the Cause of Cyrus their Enemy against Artaxerxes, at that time, their Friend and Ally; though, Laertius says, this Edict of Banishment was denounced against him for his favouring 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  the Lacedæmonians, and following Agesilaus in his Wars against the Persians. To requite this Unkindness of the Athenians, the Lacedæmonians honourably entertained him at the Public Charge, and settled him in a fair Estate at Scylluns', not far from the City Elis, a most pleasant and delightful Place, and famed for the Celebration of the Olympic Games. Tho the Eleans not long after, warring against the Lacedæmonians, dispossessed him, pillaged and plundered him of all he had. He and his Sons escaped to Lepreum a City of Elis, and from thence to Corinth, where he was kindly received, and there peaceably spent the Remainder of his Days.  
He was a Man highly qualified with all the Ornaments of an ingenious and gentile Education; honoured and courted by most of the great Potentates of his Time: his Conversation pleasing and lovely; his Person graceful and handsome, and his Aspect modest beyond 
2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Laert  Compare, Wise in Counsels, Politic in his Designs, and admirable in his Conduct. A Lover of Hunting; an Admirer of Horses; and a great Master in the Art of War. He was zealously addicted to the Devotion of that Age, and a strict Observer of all Religious Rites and Exercises: therefore he is very careful to represent Cyrus, not only as a Martial Hero, but a Devout Prince; one that never enters upon any Action without first consulting the Gods, both by Augury and Sacrifice. Thus employed did the Messenger find him when he brought the News of the Death of his Son Gryllus, killed at the famous Battle of Mantinaea betwixt the Thebans and Lacedæmonians, after he had bravely behaved himself, and slain the 
3 Pausan Attic.  Theban General Epimanondas with his own hand. But so earnest was he in the Service of his Gods, that hearing he died honourably, with a kind of seeming Satisfaction, he only replied,— I knew he was born to die— and then proceeded in his Sacrifice.  
And as he was the greatest Master of that Age in Military Affairs, so was he very choice and curious in his Accoutrements of War, as appears by what 
4 Var. 1. 3.  Aelian affirms of him; That Argos furnished him with his Shield, Attica with his Breastplate, Boeotia with his Helmet, and Epidaurium with his Horse; Places, all of them, at hat time, remarkable for excelling in those peculiar things. He himself gives you this Reason why he delighted in rich Armour, Because, saith he, if the Gods bless me with Victory, than I deserve such; but if it be my Fortune to die in the Field, they are very honourable, and the best Sepulchral Ornaments I can have.  
How powerful and insinuating his Languae was, how convincing and satisfactory his Reasonings, is abundantly evident from his whole Management of that famous Retreat out of Asia, where, notwithstanding the Murmurings and Discontents of the harassed and distressed Soldiers, he gained so much upon them, that he still kept them to their Duty? and buoyed up their sinking Spirits amidst the severest Extremities, of a tedious March, a naked Country, and an implacable Enemy. But above all, especially remarkable is his preserving Byzantium from the Outrages of a mutinous and incensed Army; when by an 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  admirable Oration (as 
2 Epist. ad Matridem.  Chio the Philosopher, an Eye-witness, attests) he appeased the Tumult, and persuaded the Soldiers into a modest and civil Deportment, when but just now they had peremptorily resolved to pillage and rifle the City.  
Now for his Writings, though most of them are, (as 
3 Epist. ad ●…n. Pomeium.  Dionysius Halicarnassoeus affirms) for their subject matter, Noble and Magnificent, and worthy the Pen of so great a Man and so great a Philosopher; yet this of the Institution of Cyrus, has in all Ages and Places been looked upon and admired as his Masterpiece, wherein he has so admirably digested the most refined Policies of the best-governed States of his time, and laid down the great fundamental Maxims of War, that the wisest of Princes may here inform himself, and the greatest General find matter for his Imitation. This the brave 
2 Ciceron●… Quest. Tu●… cull. 3.  Scipio knew, and from this Treasury it was that he drew out all those Rules and Stratagems of War, which enabled him to subdue aspiring Carthage, and entitled him to the glorious Name of Africanus; For (as Tully observes of this Treatise) He has not herein omitted any one material point concerning the Duty of an Active, Vigilant, and Wise Captain. The same Author does likewise attest, that when that Noble Roman Lucullus was sent against Mithridates' King of Pontus, the most subtle, politic and puissant Prince of his time, by a serious and frequent perusal of these Books, he, of a raw and unexperienced Commander, became so great and notable a Warrior, that in several Battles, he quite vanquished that mighty Monarch, and filled all Asia with the Terror of his Arms.  
They are written indeed (much like Machiavel's Florentine Prince,) 
3 Ciceron. Epist. ad Quinct. Fratrem.  non ad Historioe fidem, not according to the exactness and veracity of an Historian, sed ad justi Imperii Effigiem, but as a Model of a complete and perfect Government, and are rather a wish, than a History, representing to us, not so much what Cyrus was, as what a truly great and generous Prince ought to be. And to furnish out this Character to the best Advantage he could, he has given you here, ' as it were an extract of all that Wisdom and Experience he was Master of; having adorned this Piece with the choicest Observations, and most instructive Rules that were any where scattered through the rest of his Works, that so it might every way correspond to the great end he designed it for, which was, (by laying down such an exact Platform of an Empire) at once to free his Country from the Insolences of a Popular, and the Inconveniencies of an Aristocratical State; I mean Monarchy; which he has so admirably contrived, and so effectually recommended, that ever since, that kind of Government has been held most perfect, which has come up nearest to his Model and Design. For whether you consider him, in this Book, as a Philosopher, a Statesman, or a Soldier, no Man has, at any time, delivered more wholesome Precepts for humane Life, wiser Rules for well-governing a People, or deeper Designs and Stratagems of War; and those too, not adapted only to the Genius of his Age, or peculiarly calculated for the Meridian of Greece; but drawn from the eternal and unchangeable Right of Nature's Laws, so that they serve alike to all Men, in all Times, Ages and Places.  
And these Excellencies He has disposed into such Order and Method, as at once to instruct and please his Reader; leading him on so insensibly, that the more, and oftener he reads, the greater Appetite he has still to pursue it. 
* Hermog. de form. dict. Xenoph.  His Words are pure and significant, his Expressions clear, and frequently smart and poignant, his Characters and Descriptions very natural; and his set Discourses almost divine; as (not to mention more) that of Love in the fifth Book, of Happiness and the Immortality of the Soul in the eighth. 'Tis true indeed 
4 Tom. 2. pag. 130.  Dionysius Halicarnassaeus, comparing our Xenophon with his Countryman Herodotus, will by no means allow him to be a Master of Rhetoric, but boldly says of him, that if at any time he attempts to raise himself up to a pitch of Eloquence, he swells a little, it may be, for the present, but falls again immediately, grows languid and flat; and yet at the same time, he admires the purity of his Language, and his Perspicuity, and commends him for his choice of proper and expressive Words; which not only all Rhetoricians, but even he himself too in another place, confesses to be the chiefest Grace and Virtue of Elocution. He is not in his Orations, 'tis true, so florid and luxuriant as some others are, nor 
Cicero. de Orator. l. 2.  has he that impetus and vehemence of an Orator, which is almost peculiar to those that attend the Bar; but yet the smoothness of his style, the closeness of his Sense, the soundness of his Judgement, and the Force of his Reasonings make amends sufficiently for that Default. The aforementioned critical Author accuses him likewise (but how justly let others judge) of being careless in observing the Dignity and Decorum of Persons, making those that are rude and illiterate, discourse of the deepest points and speculations in Philosophy: but this Objection I shall answer by opposing to it the Testimony of one, who was as good a Judge, and as great a Rhetorician as Denys of Halicarnasse; and that is 
1 By some learned Men thought to be Aristides Ad●…anensis.  Hermogenes Tarsensis, who expressly affirms, that Xenophon did particularly excel in the natural and proper Representations of Persons, showing them always in the most plain, and yet pleasing simplicity, without any manner of Affectation or Disguise.  
In many things he stood in Competition with Plato himself, and in a neat and familiar Phrase s confessed to have excelled him. Tully says his Language is so soft and sweet, that the Muses themselves seem to speak out of his Mouth. And Quintihan 
2 Orat. just. l. 10. c. 1.  affirms, his Style has in it such a natural pleasantness that no Affectation can equal; as if the Graces themselves had framed it. Hence the Title of Musa, or Apes, Attica was appropriate to him, as (besides other Testimonies) is intimated in an Epigram of Chrestodorus a Theban Poet, with which, as relating particularly to the following Treatise, I shall conclude this Discourse.  

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In English thus.  
Brave Xenophon, by Noble Athens owned,  
(Athens in Arms, as well as Arts, renowned)  
Did once proclaim great Persi●…s greater Lord,  
And in Platonic Strains his Acts record,  
Where Rules of War, and Policies of State,  
He did with sost, sweet Lines attemperate.   
F. D.   

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: OR, THE Institution and LIFE OF 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the GREAT. BOOK I.  
The Preface.  
I Have often considered how many Popular States have been dissolved by those that would 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  live under any Government rather than a Democracy; and again, how many Monarchies and Republics have been subverted by the Populacy. As also, of those that have affected the Supreme Power, how some have, on a sudden, been utterly destroyed, whilst others, though they have exercised an absolute Dominion for a long time, have yet been admired as Men wise in their Administration, and happy in their Conduct. It was also, methoughts, observable in most private Families, where the Masters have some of them numerous Attendants, and others very few; yet can they never bring even those few to be entirely obedient to their Commands. Besides this, I considered that Herdsmen govern their Herds, and Feeders their Horses; and all those we call Keepers may properly be supposed to exercise a kind of Command over those cattle they have under their Charge. And withal I observed, That all those Creatures are more ready to obey their Keepers than Men their Governors: for, their Flocks go what way they direct them, they feed in those Pastures they permit them, and refrain from those from whence they drive them, and are content that their Feeders should, at their own Pleasure, enjoy the fruits or profits they afford: nor did we ever 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  yet hear of any Flock that conspired against their Keepers, either so as to disclaim their own Subjection to them, or to deny them the use of the Fruits of their Increase; nay, they are more cursed and untractable to all others than to those that have a Command over them, and have been advantaged by them; but Men set themselves to oppose none so much as those they conceive attempting to exercise a Dominion over them. Now when I had seriously debated these things with myself, I came, in the end, to this Conclusion, That for Man to make himself Sovereign over all other Creatures, is more natural and easy than to govern Men.  
But, when I came to consider that there was a Cyrus of Persia, who held in Obedience many Men, Cities, and Nations, I was presently forced to shift my Thoughts, and take up with this Opinion, That to govern Men, provided it were done with Wisdom and Skill, was a thing neither utterly impossible nor very difficult. For, we know Men paid a voluntary Allegiance unto Cyrus; some that were distant from him many days, others many months' Journey, some that never saw him in their Lives, and others that were sure they never should, were notwithstanding desirous and willing to obey him: for indeed, he so far excelled other Kings, were their Dominions either Hereditary or Acquired, that when the Scythian Emperor, though his People are innumerable, can't make himself Master of any other Nation, but could be content to be Sovereign of his own; the Thracian, if he could rule Thrace; the Illyrian, if he could command Illyricum; and the same we hear reported of other Countries, (for there are States, 'tis said, even at this day in Europe, free and independent) yet Cyrus, when he found some Estates in Asia obliged by no Laws but their own, coming upon them with an inconsiderable Army of Persians, he brought the Medes and Hyrcanians into a Voluntary Subjection: He totally subdued Syria, Assyria, Arabia, Cappadocia, both the Phrygia's, Lydia, Caria, Phoenicia, and Babylon. He commanded the Bactrians, Indians, and Cilicians, as also the 
1 A People of Scythia Asiatica. Ptol. 1. 6. ●…ap. 13.  Sacans, Paphlagonians, and 
2 Philelphus, vetus Interp. legit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, who are a People of the Inner Asia. Ort.  Megadines, with innumerable other Nations, whose Names are not to be reckoned. He held in Obedience the Greeks in Asia, and setting to Sea, he mastered the Cyprians and Egyptians. Thus ●…ad he alone the Sovereignty over all these Nations; Nations as much Strangers to his Language as they were to each others: and notwithstanding he could awe so great a part of the World with the dread of his Name, as that all men were struck with Astonishment, and none durst lift up an hand against him; yet could he withal raise in them such an affectionate desire of doing what should be grateful to him, that they were always ready to make his Will the measure of their Obedience. He made so many Nations his Dependants and Subjects, that what way soever 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  one should set out from his Royal Palace, whether East, West, North, or South, to enumerate them all would be difficult. Concerning this great Man, so worthy our Admiration, I have made diligent search how he was descended, what his natural Inclination, and what his Education, whereby he became so excellent above all others in Princely Government: so that whatsoever, either upon Enquiry I have learned, or otherwise know of him, I shall endeavour to declare.  
Cyrus' Father (as is commonly reported) was 
Cyrus' Parentage  Cambyses, King of Persia; (now this Cambyses was a Descendent of the Race of the Persidae, so called in honour of Perseus) and 'tis confessed on all hands, that his Mother was Mandana, Daughter of Astyages King of the Medes.  
Now 'tis said of Cyrus, and he is renowned as such, even at this day among the Barbarians, that he was a man by Nature most graceful and affable, a great Admirer of Learning, and Lover of Honour; in pursuit of which, he would undergo any Hardship, and encounter any Danger.  
And being, as is recorded of him, naturally qualified with such Ornaments both of Body and Mind, he was instructed in the Laws of the Persians, 
and Education.  which seem chiefly to take care of, and design, the Advancement of the common Good. Nor do they begin there, or primarily intend 
The Persian Laws.  that which the Laws of most other Cities do; for, They for the most part leave all Persons at their Liberty, to educate their Children as they please, and indulge the Elder sort the same freedom of living as they will: they enjoin them, indeed, not to commit Theft or Rapine; not to plunder their Neighbours; to strike no Man wrongfully; not to commit Adultery; not to be disobedient to the Magistrate, etc. So that whosoever shall transgress against any of these Ordinances, the Law has provided a Penalty for him. But to prevent this, the Laws of the Persians make Provision betimes that no freeborn Citizen there, may, even from the beginning, have so much as an Inclination to act any thing that is base or dishonourable. The method they take is this:  
They have a Place called the 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Free Court, where are erected the Palace Royal and other Princely Edifices, from whence Merchandise and Traders, and the Clamours and Insolence of those kind of People are referred to another Place, lest their tumultuary Proceedings should disturb the decent Order, and corrupt the good Manners of those that came there to be instructed. This public Place or Court aforesaid is divided into four parts; one whereof is for the Children, another for the Young Men, a third for those that are fully arrived at Man's Estate, and a fourth for such, as by reason of their Age, are discharged from all Military Duty. Now, according to the Prescript of the Law, every one of these attend in his proper Place and Season. The Youth, and those that are at Man's Estate, early in the Morning, by Break of Day: but the Elderly Men, beside certain set Days to which they are bound, appear only there as every one's Occasions permit them. The Young Men being provided of light Armour, lodge about the Palace, except those that are married, whose Attendance is never required unless they are summoned; no●… yet is it for their Credit to be often absent. Over each of these Divisions are twelve Precedents, because the Persians are divided into so many Tribes. Such of the Old Men are chosen to preside over the Children, as are supposed fittest to render them completely good and virtuous men. Over the Young Men, such of those at Man's Estate as are thought likeliest to make them the most gallant Persons. And over those at Man's Estate, such especially as may make them obedient to the Supreme Magistrate in what he commands, and ready to perform what he enjoins. Nor are the Old Men without their Prefects, who are chosen purposely to inspect them, that they also may be faithful in the discharge of their Duties. I shall likewise particularly declare what by the Law is incumbent upon every Age to perform; that so it may the more evidently appear how solicitous and careful they are that the Subjects of their State may approve themselves right honest Men.  
Now, the Children that come to these 
1 Or Courts.  Schools employ their time in learning Principles of Justice, and for this purpose are said to attend as 
The children's Exercise.  constantly here, as with us they do that go to learn Letters. Then for their Governors, they spend most part of the day in giving Judgement among them; for, even they, as well as men, have mutual Indictments and Accusations one against another, of Thest, Rapine, Violence, Fraud, Slander, and the like; and they certainly punish whomsoever they find guilty of any such crime; those also that, without any just Cause, are found to bring false Accusations against their Fellows. They condemn all those litigious Wranglings which create mutual Animosities and Hatred among men; especially they give Judgement against Ingratitude: so that when they know any one that has both Ability and Opportunity to be grateful, and is not, him they punish very severely; for that they believe, ungrateful men, above all others, to have no Regard of the Gods, their Parents, Country, or Friends. Besides, they look upon Ingratitude to be constantly attended with Impudence, and that is the great Incentive to all manner of Lewdness and Debauchery. Moreover, they instruct the Children in the Rules of Sobriety; to the acquiring of which, 'tis very conducible, that they have before their Eyes Examples of Old Men, that spend their days in Moderation and Temperance. They are taught also to yield Obedience to the Magistrate; to which they are mightily encouraged, by seeing the Elders so cheerfully obey the Hig●…er Powers. They learn here likewise to be sparing and moderate in their Diet, and to make them so, it contributes very much, first that they never see the Old Men depart to take any Refreshment before they are dismissed by their Superiors; and then, that they themselves receive their Sustenance, not from their Mothers, but from their Master's hands; and that too upon notice first given by the Precedent. They bring with them from home for their ordinary Food, Bread; and for their other meats 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Cresses: for their Drink, if any one thirst, they have an earthen Pot to draw up Water out of the River. They learn here also the use of the Bow, to shoot and to dart; and this is their Duty: this they practise till they come to the Age of Sixteen or Seventeen; from which time they are reckoned among the Ephebi or Young Men. Now they lead their Lives after this manner:  
For ten years after the time of their Childhood 
The Youth how employed.  is expired, they lodge about the Palace, partly for the Safeguard of the City, and partly to make them vigilant and temperate; because at this Age especially, they seem most to stand in need of a strict Discipline and Governance. In the day time they wait chiefly upon the Magistrates, to be employed, if any Concern for the Public call for their Service: and, when occasion requires, they all give their Attendance about the Palace Royal. Whensoever the King goes forth to hunt (and that he does often every month) he leads out with him half his Guards: now all that attend upon him must have a Bow and Arrows, with a Quiver; a short Dagger or 
2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Scimitar in a Scabbard, besides a light Target and two Javelins, the one to dart at a distance, and the other (if need be) to use at hand. They are careful to keep up this kind of public Hunting, where the King in Person, as in the Wars, is their Leader (who both hunts himself and takes care that others do so too) upon this account; because they look upon it to be the best Preparatory for, and truest Resemblance of Military Discipline: for, it brings them to a Custom of rising early in the Morning, it inures them to undergo Heat and Cold, and exercises them with travelling on Foot and Running. Besides, they are obliged to shoot at, and dart the Wild Beast wheresoever they meet him; and many times it can't choose but quicken and raise their Courage when they encounter some fierce and noble Prey, for they must strike those that make at them, and avoid those that eagerly assault them: so that it is hard to find any one Action in War that is not represented or matched in Hunting. Those that go forth to hunt, have (as is but fitting) a larger Proportion allowed for their Dinner than the Children; but in other Respects they fare alike. Whilst they have Game they must not dine; but if they are forced to tarry long for their Game, or are otherwise willing to continue their Chase, than they eat their Dinner for Supper, and the next Day hunt till Suppertime again, accounting those two days but for one, because they spend only the Portion allotted for one: now this course they take, so to accustom themselves, that in War, if need require, they may be able to do the same. These Young Men, if they take any thing in Hunting, that they have for their 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Repast; if nothing, their Cresses. But now, if any man imagine they fare hard because they have nothing to eat with their Bread but Cresses, and only Water to drink; let him but consider how savoury is a plain Cake, or piece of Bread to one that is hungry, and how delicious Water is to him that is thirsty.  
As for the rest of the Guards that remain at home, besides that they diligently practise themselves in other things which they learned whilst yet Children, they exercise themselves in shooting and darting, in which they are continually striving to excel one another. They have also their public Games and Contests, and Rewards appointed for the Victors: and look what Tribe abounds with the most understanding, valiant, and obedient Subjects, not only their Governor for the time being, but he also that instructed in their Childhood, is highly magnified, and honoured by the People. These Young Men likewise that stay behind in the City, if there be any occasion either for a Guard, or to search after Malefactors, or to apprehend Robbers, or any thing else that requires Strength and Dispatch, are always employed by the Civil Magistrate. These are the Exercises of the Youth, who after they have thus employed these ten Years, are taken into the Number of Complete Men; and then, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  for twenty five Years following, the Course of Life they lead is this:  
At first, as the Young Men do, they attend 
The men's Exercise.  the chief Magistrates, ready to be put upon Duty whensoever the Exigency of Public Affairs calls for Men of approved Wisdom and Courage. And if upon occasion they are summoned to go out to Battle, they that are under this Discipline, go not out, as before, armed with Bows and Lances, but with 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Weapons fit to grapple with at hand; such are a Breastplate about their Breasts, in their left hand a Shield, as the Persians are usually represented, and in their right hand a short Sword or Scimitar: these are they out of which they choose all the Magistracy, except only the children's Governors. Now when they have completed these five and twenty years, they may be supposed to be somewhat upwards of Fifty; from which time they commence Elders both in Name and Fact.  
These Elders henceforward go no more out 
The Duty of the Elders.  of their own Country to the Wars, but remaining now at home, are to determine all Controversies that shall arise, both Public and Private, to give Judgement in matters of Life and Death; to whom also belongs the Election of Magistrates: and if any of the Young Men, or those of maturer years, neglect to discharge their Duty as by Law enjoined; against all such Persons, either the Precedents of their respective Tribes, or any else that will, bring their Presentments: where, upon hearing the whole matter, the Elders discard them; and he that is thus thrown off, leads the residue of his Life in Infamy and Disgrace. But now, that the whole Persian Polity and Government may appear more plain and easy, I shall recollect a little what I have delivered; which I shall be able to comprise very briefly in regard of what has been already spoken.  
The Persians then are reported to be in number 
A Summary of the foregoing Discourse.  about a hundred and twenty thousand; and none of all these are by Law debarred from honourable Employments and Offices of State: for, all Persians in general are at liberty to send their Children to these public Seminaries of Justice; although they only are sent thither whose Parents are of Ability otherwise to breed them up at their ease; and they that can't do that never send them. Now, they that in their Childhood have undergone the Discipline of these Public Teachers, may improve themselves afterwards among the young Men, which Privilege the Law denies to those that have not. Likewise, such of the Youth as have gone on constantly to perform what the Law requires, may proceed yet higher in the Society of those of riper years, and have equal share with them in Honours and Preferments. But they that have never gone through this Institution in either Capacity, either as young Men or Children, are by no means admitted into Fellowship with them that are arrived at the perfect State of Manhood. They also that among the full aged Men have in all Respects acquitted themselves unblamably, are thereupon received into the number of the Elders: so that such only are constituted Elders that have gone through all manner of honest and laudable Employments. This is their Polity, this their Constitution, which they that live up to, are esteemed the best of Men. There are yet amongst the Persians some Remains of the Moderation they observe in receiving their Food, and their Labour in digesting it: and even at this day 'tis reputed among them a thing not only shameful to be spitting in Public and blowing the Nose, or to appear puffed up and swollen, but scandalous also so much as to make Water, or to perform any such like Offices of Nature so as to be seen of Men; which could never be practicable did they not use a strict Temperance in their Diet, and by a constant Industry so work out their gross and sluggish Humours that they should waste themselves some other way. This is what I have thought fit to say of the Persians in general. Now I shall proceed more particularly to declare the Noble Acts of Cyrus, beginning even from his Childhood: in prosecution of which Design I first entered upon this Discourse.  
Cyrus then, till he was twelve Years old and 
Cyrus' Childhood  somewhat upwards, was trained up and educated in this sort of Discipline; and had manifestly the Pre-eminence of all his Fellows, both in quickness to apprehend what he was taught, and also in acting every thing with a graceful and Manlike Mien. About this time King Astyages sent for his Daughter Mandana, and Cyrus her Son, whom he earnestly desired to see because he was famed for a very lovely and virtuous Youth. She immediately obeys her Father's Commands, and brings with her, her young Son; who was no sooner arrived and knew Astyages to be his Grandfather, but presently (as a Child whose Nature prompted him to Duty and Affection) he salutes him like an Acquaintance of a long standing, and embraces him as if he had been a familiar Friend: and seeing him, as the Fashion of the Medes is, with his Eyes painted, his Face beautified with counterfeit Colours, and his head adorned with borrowed Hair; (for all these Devices they use, besides their purple Robes, their rich 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Vestments, their Chains about their Necks, and Bracelets on their Arms; whereas the Persians, such especially as remain at home, are even at this day in their Apparel very plain and ordinary, and frugal in their Diet.) Cyrus, I say, seeing Astyages in all this Gaiety, O Mother, says he, fixing his Eyes upon him, what a comely Grandfather have I! And when she asked him whether he thought was the more sightly Person, his own Father, or Hers? Verily Mother, replied he, my Father greatly excels all the Persians; but of all the Medes I have yet seen, either in my Journey, or since my Arrival, this my Grandfather is exceedingly the most goodly and graceful Man. Then Astyages, in return, embracing him, arrayed him in a costly Robe, and put upon him the honourable Ornaments of Chains and Bracelets: and whenever he went abroad he took him with him, having mounted him on an Horse with gold Trappings, as he himself was used to ride. And Cyrus, as he was a Child of a great deal of Gallantry and Honour, was very much taken with his Robe of State, and highly pleased with the Exercise of Horsemanship: for Persia being a mountainous and craggy Country, 'tis very difficult to breed Horses there, and dangerous to ride them; so that among them 'tis a rare thing so much as to see one.  
Now when Astyages was sat at Supper with his Daughter and Kinsman, being desirous that the Child's Entertainment should be as grateful and pleasing as might be, the more to take him off from longing homeward; he caused divers sorts of Dishes, served up with variety of the most exquisite 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Sauces and Dainties to be set before him. Whereupon, Cyrus, as is reported, broke out into these Words; O my Lord, says he, What 
His Discourses at Supper.  a trouble do you create yourself in this Supper, if you must reach out your hand to every one of these Dishes, and taste of all these sundry meats? Why, says Astyages, don't you esteem this a much better Entertainment than you have in Persia? By no means, my Lord, replied Cyrus; for we have a much more natural and easy way to satisfy our Appetite than you: only Bread and a little Flesh suffices us, whereas you Medes, though you aim at the same thing, yet going about this way and that way, with many windings and turnings, you scarce at last procure that, which we, long since, with so much ease attained. But to us, my Child, quoth Astyages, this wheeling about and wand'ring is not at all tedious; and you also, do but only taste, will confess these Dainties to be most delightful and savoury. Yea, but methinks quoth Cyrus, you yourself, my Lord, seem even to disdain these Delicacies. Then Astyages ask him, why thinkest thou so, Sweetheart? because, says he, after your taking Bread I never observe that you wipe your Hands; but no sooner do you touch any of these dainty Dishes but immediately you make clean your Fingers with your Napkin, as if you were really concerned and offended that you had meddled with them at all. To which Astyages, If that be thy Conceit, My Dear, come however eat liberally of the Flesh-meats that thou may'st return home a lusty Young Man: and presently ordered divers sorts of Flesh, both tame and wild, to be set before him. Which Cyrus perceiving, Does your Majesty, says he, bestow upon me all this Variety to dispose of as I please? Yea verily, replied Astyages, all this I freely give thee. Then Cyrus taking the several Dishes, bestowed them all amongst his Grandfather's domestic Servants, using to every one these or the like Expressions; This I bestow on thee for thy Diligence and Willingness to teach me to ride: and on thee this (which is what at present I have) for the Javelin thou gavest me: take thou this Donative for the good and faithful Service thou dost my Grandfather: and thou this because thou dost reverence and honour my Mother. And at this rate he continued till he had distributed amongst them all the Flesh-meats that were set before him. Whereupon Astyages thus bespoke him; But why gavest thou nothing to Sacas my Cupbearer, who is greatly my Favourite? Now this Sacas was a very graceful Person, and had an honourable Employ to introduce such as had business with Astyages, and to deny those admittance whose Visits he thought unseasonable. To which, Cyrus, as he was a Child not easily abashed, very smartly made this Reply: And why, good Sir, have you such a value and esteem for this Fellow? Why, says Astyages, see'st thou not how neatly he performs, and handsomely becomes his Office; for these King's Cupbearers serve up their Wine with a singular Grace, and have a delicate hand at filling it out. They present their Cup bearing it so betwixt three Fingers, that they may the most easily and commodiously deliver it to him that is to drink of it.  
To whom Cyrus; Let your highness then command Sacas to give me likewise a Cup, that I also filling out dexteriously to you, may, if possible, obtain your gracious favour and Affection. Which, when according to Astyages' commands, he had received, immediately he cleansed it, and washed it very carefully, as he had observed Sacas to do: and then putting on a settled and composed countenance, he presented it with such a pretty gentile behaviour that made both Astyages and his Mother break forth into a great Laughter. And he himself laughing out for Company, ran presently to his Grandfather, and embracing him, cried out: Now Sacas thou art utterly ruined: I shall thrust thee out of thy Honour and employment. For I shall not only in other respects discharge this Office as well as thyself; but also forbear to drink up the Wine. For they that are Cupbearers to these Kings, when they present a Bowl of Wine, first pour out some of it into a Taster in their left hand, and drink it off, to the end that if they have poisoned the Wine they may be sure not to escape unpunished. Then said Astyages sportingly; But why Cyrus, seeing you imitate Sacas in other things, did you not also drink off the Wine? Because, said he, I was heartily afraid lest Poison might have been infused into the Vessel. For when upon celebration of your Birthday you entertained your Friends, I was then fully convinced that this Fellow gave you Payson to drink. But how, my child, quoth Astyages, didst thou discover this? Because, replied he, I saw you strangely disordered both in Body and Mind. For in the first place, what you strictly enjoin us Children not to do, that you yourselves acted. All of you set up such a confused Clamour that you could not understand one another. You sung most absurdly and ridiculously. And would swear such a one sung most incomparably when you never heard him sing at all; every one was magnifying his own strength and activity; and when you rose up to dance, you were so far from observing your Measures or Time, that ye were hardly able to stand upright. All of ye totally lost your Senses; you forgetting that you were a King, and they that they were your Subjects. Then did I first learn that this was the time when every one talked 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  what and as much as he pleased; for your Tongues were in perpetual motion. Whereupon Astyages returned, Pray tell me, my Son, is thy Father never distempered with Wine? No, I assure you, said he, never. But how, quoth he, does he do to avoid it? He drinks only, answered Cyrus, to quench his thirst, and receives no other Prejudice by it; for, believe me Sir, he has no Sacas to be his Cupbearer. Hereupon his Mother spoke unto him; And why, Child, are you so violently Sacas' Enemy? Because, said he, I protest I hate him perfectly: for, many times, when I am very desirous to visit my Grandfather, this pestilent Fellow denies me Admittance; therefore I humbly beg that I may have him entirely at my Command but for three days. And how, said Astyages, wouldst thou exercise thy Authority over him? I would, replied he, take up my Station in the very Passage where he used to stand; and when he had a mind to come in to his Dinner, by no means, I would cry out, here is no Entrance for you yet; my Grandfather is taken up with business: When he would come in to Supper, I would say, he is now in the Bath: When he was exceeding hungry and fain would eat, I would tell him he was then accosting the Ladies; till with such Excuses I have deluded and put him off as he uses to serve me when he denies me access to your Person. Such Merriment and Pastime did Cyrus his Discourse create them at Supper. And at other times very difficult was it for any one to be beforehand with him in observing and executing whatsoever his Grandfather or 
1 Cyaxares.  Uncle commanded: so overjoyed was he if with his utmost Service he could do any thing that was grateful and acceptable to them.  
Now when Mandana was preparing for her Return into Persia, Astyages besought her that she would leave behind her Cyrus her Son. To 
Cyrus' willing to tarry in Media.  which she answered, That she was ready in all things to comply with her Father's Requests; but to leave the Child there against his own Will she thought was very hard. Then spoke Astyages to Cyrus; My Son, if you will tarry here, in the first place, it shall not be in Sacas' power to deny you Access to my Person, but whensoever you please you shall have free Admittance; and the more frequent your Visits are the more acceptable will they be. My Horses, and whatever else you please, shall be wholly at your Service: and whensoever you depart, you shall command with you which of them you like best. For your Diet you shall be left at your liberty to take such course as to you shall seem most consistent with Moderation and Sobriety. The wild Beasts at present in my Park, and what others of all sorts I can procure, shall be entirely yours; which, as soon as you are grown an expert Horseman, you shall chase, and with Darts and Arrows so baffle and overthrow them, as strong and well-grown men are used to do. I will provide also young Gentlemen to be your Sport-Companions: and briefly, whatever else you desire, only let me know your Mind, and you shall not fail to be gratified in your Request. When Astyages had thus made an end of speaking, Cyrus' Mother demanded of him, whether he would depart or stay; and he, without any hesitation, readily replied, He would choose to stay. Then his Mother further demanding of him the Reason of his choice, he gave this, Because, said he, at home I have the Repute, and that deservedly, of the most complete Artist at Shooting and Darting of any of my Companions; but here, as to Riding, I am very sensible, how much inferior I am to the rest of my Associates; which, when I reflect upon, I assure you, I am exceedingly dissatisfied. Now if I stay here and learn to be a good Horseman, I believe, when I come into Persia, I shall easily surpass the best Footmen there; and whenever I return again into Media, having got the Name, even among skilful Riders, of a perfect Master in Horsemanship, I will endeavour to aid and assist my Grandfather in his Wars. But how, my Child, answered his Mother, will you learn Justice here, seeing your Teachers are in Persia that should instruct you therein. To which Cyrus replied, I perfectly understand it already. How knowst thou that, quoth Mandana? Because, said he, my Master made me a Judge over others, as one already exact in the Administration of Justice. And once in the Decision of a Controversy I was punished for not giving Judgement aright. The Case was this:  
A great Boy that had a scanty Coat stripped 
The Judgement of Cyrus.  another little Boy that had a large Coat, putting his own upon the little one and the little ones Coat upon himself. Now I sitting as Judge in this Case, resolved, That for either of them to have the Coat that fitted him was fairest and best for both Parties. For this Sentence my Master punished me, telling me withal, that should I be appointed to judge in matter of Conveniency, than I ought to proceed thus: but where you are to determine whose Garment it is, here, said he, you are to consider who has the Propriety and Right of Possession; whether he in Justice ought to enjoy it that by Violence has taken it away, or he that has made it, or bought it with his Money. For said he, adding further, what is just that is also lawful; and what is contrary to Law is Violence: so that in every definitive Sentence, the Judge ought especially to regard what the Law directs. And thus, Mother, said he, I am pretty well versed in all things that concern the Distribution of Justice; wherein, if in any point I am defective, my Grandfather here will instruct me. But, my Son, said she, your Grandfather does not allow that to be Justice here, which passes for Law among the Persians. For he, among the Medes, has made himself Lord and Proprietary of all they have; but among the Persians, to observe an Equality is looked upon to be just. And your Father, as he is the Principal in making Statutes and Ordinances for the State, so he himself is the first that receives and observes them; making that his Rule to walk by, not what his own arbitrary Pleasure suggests, but what the Law prescribes.  
How then will you escape being chastised almost to Death, if, when you return home, instead of Kingly Government you have imbibed from him the Principles of Tyranny, the very Nature whereof is to hold it necessary that One should have more than the whole Community besides. Yea, but my Grandfather, said Cyrus, is 
His witty Answer.  so powerful and persuasive as to teach People rather to be content with a little than to covet much: for, don't you observe how he has taught all the Medes to rest satisfied with less than himself? Therefore be of good cheer, Mother, said he, and assure yourself, that my Grandfather will so instruct me also, as well as his own Subjects, that when he dismisses me I shall by no means covet to possess more than others.  
These, and many things of the like Nature, did Cyrus utter; when in Conclusion, his Mother Mandana departing, he tarried behind, and was there brought up in Astyages' Court: where he quickly grew into such an Acquaintance with his Associates, that he became their most familiar and intimate Friend; and in a short time, what by his Deportment and Civility toward them, and what by those evident Expressions of Love he showed to their Children, he gained so much upon the Affections of their Fathers, that if they had any Suit to the King, they laid their Commands upon their Children, that they should entreat Cyrus to solicit their Business for them: and he (such was his obliging and generous Temper) whatsoever his Companions desired of him, made it especially his own Business to get theirs dispatched. Now Astyages had it not in his Power to deny Cyrus any thing wherein he might comply with and gratify his Requests: for, once when he was in a fit of Sickness, he never gave over his attendance on him, nor forbore to shed Tears for him; so that every one plainly perceived how mightily concerned and fearful he was lest his Grandfather should die. If in the Nighttime he called for any thing he wanted, Cyrus was the first that perceived it; and being more watchful and sedulous than the rest, he immediately rose up, and administered such things as he thought proper for, and acceptable to him: by which means, he so won the heart of Astyages, that he could command of him what he pleased.  
Cyrus perhaps was a little too full of Talk and liberal of his Tongue; which was partly the Effect of his Education, he being obliged by his Teachers to render a Reason for every thing he did, and to exact the same from others when he sat in Judgement amongst them; and partly because, he desiring to improve in Knowledge, was both himself always very inquisitive with those about him, how the Affairs of the World went; and also, whatsoever Questions others put to him, so brisk and active was his Wit, he ever had an Answer ready for them; all which Circumstances caused him to abound with words, and made him naturally very talkative. But as in those that are very young, though they are already grown up to a considerable Stature, yet still there appears in them something juvenile and childish, that discovers and betrays their tender years; so Cyrus' superfluity of Discourse was not an Argument of too much Confidence and Boldness in him, but only of Innocence and good Nature; insomuch, that to hear him still go on freely in his Talk, was, to those about him, more grateful than his Silence. But in process of time, as he grew up, and added to his Statu●…e more maturity of Years, he began to be more sparing of his Words, and more calm and sedate in his Expression; and withal became so modest and bashful, that he would even blush when he met with any elderly Person: he also quite left off that overforward and familiar kind 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  of way of intruding himself into all Companies without Consideration or Distinction; whereby he became indeed more quiet and reserved, but nothing the less acceptable at their Meetings and places of Resort: for, of all their Games and Disputes, wherein Young Men usually make trial of, and prove their Equals, he never challenged his Companions in any wherein he believed himself Superior; but where he certainly knew himself overmatched, there he would be sure to give the first Onset, and declare he would perform the Exercise better than they. He began also now to leap up, and mount readily on Horseback, and from thence to practise shooting and darting, when he was yet but a very unexperienced Rider; and if at any time he were outdone and worsted, he would especially be jocose and pleasant upon himself. He never shrunk back or desisted upon a Defeat, but would still be making fresh Essays and Attempts, that he might grow more and more expert in the performance of those Exercises wherein he had been overcome and mastered; so that in a short time he not only equalled his Fellows in the business of Horsemanship, but such was the pleasure he took in it, he quickly excelled and surpassed them. Nor was it long before he had, what with chase and shooting, so wasted and destroyed the wild Beasts in the Park, that Astyages was at a loss to procure Game for him. Now when Cyrus perceived that Astyages, though he were very desirous, was not able to supply him, What need you, said he, be thus solicitous, and thoughtful for my Entertainment? Only send me forth to hunt with my 
1 Cyaxare, his Mother's Brother.  Uncle, and every wild Beast I meet with I will fancy you have kept up for my Exercise and Diversion: and though he longed extremely to be abroad at his Game, yet could he now no longer request any thing so earnestly as when he was a Child, but was rather tardy and backward in his Visits to his Grandfather: and whereas before he had a Pique against Sacas for refusing to introduce him, he was now become a Sacas to control himself; for, he never went in to him now unless he were beforehand assured that it was a proper time; and he entreated Sacas that he would always signify to him when his Visit would be seasonable, and when not; so that Sacas now, as well as all others, exceedingly loved and admired him.  
When Astyages came to understand how very 
Cyrus' a Lover of Hunting.  earnest he was to go a hunting abroad, he sent him forth with his Uncle, and with them a Guard of Elderly Men on Horseback, to keep him out of hazardous and dangerous places, and secure him from the more savage sort of wild Beasts, if any such chanced to approach them. Cyrus therefore was very inquisitive with those that attended him, which sort of Beasts he might not come near, and which he might boldly pursue: They told him, that Bears, Lions, Boars, and Leopards, had torn in pieces many that had adventured to approach too near them; but that Stags, Goats, wild Sheep, and Asses, were nothing so mischievous and hurtful; and withal warned him, that he must have equal regard to avoid perilous Places as to shun the sellest Beasis; for that many Men had already, Horse and all, fallen headlong down from Rocks and Precipices.  
To all these Cautions Cyrus was very attentive; yet no sooner had he espied a Hind skipping before him, but, regardless of whatever he had heard, he was instantly in close pursuit of her, minding nothing more but which way she fled; insomuch, that his Horse, by a kind of a Leap, fell upon his Knees, and Cyrus was in danger to be thrown over his Neck; however, with much ado he made a shift to sit him, and the Horse recovered his Legs. As soon as he came into the Plain he hurled his Dart at the Hind and overthrew her, a goodly Beast, and a large one; whereat he did not a little rejoice. But his Guard that attended him, riding up to him, checked him sorely, showing him to what danger he had exposed himself, and telling him withal, they would complain of him to his Grandfather. Cyrus' hearing them say so, alighted off his Horse, and stood still somewhat troubled in mind and disturbed, when immediately hearing a great shout, like one in a sudden Transport, he remounted; and seeing a wild Boar making furiously at him, he road up against him, and threw his Javelin with such dexterity, that he hit him on the Forehead, brought him down, and mastered him. Hereupon his Uncle also seeing his adventurous Rashness, reproved him; who notwithstanding his Rebukes, requested him that what he had taken in hunting he would give him leave to carry home and present it to his Grandfather. To whom his Uncle replied, If he should know that you had chased these Beasts, he would not only check you, but reprehend me also for permitting you. Let him, said he, even scourge me if he please, provided I may only make him this Present: and you, Uncle, if it be your Will, only gratify me in this, and inflict on me what Punishment you think fit. In Conclusion Cyaxares told him, You may use your own Pleasure, and do as you list, for you are become already as it were a King over us. So Cyrus brought the Prizes he had taken, and presenting them to his Grandfather, told him, he had hunted those for his sake: as for his Darts he showed them not, but laid them, all bloody as they were, in such a Place where he thought his Grandfather must needs see them.  
Then said Astyages to him, I accept gladly, my Son, whatsoever you offer me; but yet I stand in no such need of any of these, as to purchase them with the hazard of your Person. My Lord, saith Cyrus, if you need them not, bestow them upon me, that I may distribute among my Companions. Astyages replied, Take, my Son, not only these, but if there be any thing else you desire, dispose of what, and to whom you please. So Cyrus took them, and bestowing them among the Young Men his Companions, spoke to them to this effect.  
How did we, my Sport-mates, trifle and befool ourselves when we chased the Deer in the Park! to me it seems much the same as if a man should go to hunt in a Prison, and have his Game in Fetters: for first they were confined to a very narrow Compass, than they were some of them little, lean, and shabby, others lame, maimed, and dismembered; whereas the Wild Beasts in the Mountains and open Fields, how comely, how large, and in what good plight they appeared. The Stags and Hearts, swift as winged Fowl, mounted up into the Air; the Wild Boars made up at us, and assaulted us, as stout and valorous Men use to do, and were of so large a size that a Man could not possibly miss them. In short, these Beasts seem in my eye, though dead, more fair and goodly than those others, though alive, that are shut up close and impaled. But what think you, quoth he, Will your Fathers give you leave to hunt? Yes, very readily, replied they, if Astyages but command it. But who, said Cyrus, shall move Astyages on your behalf? Who, returned they, is more proper for it, and more likely to prevail than your self? As for me, says he, I protest, I know not how, I am become such a strange kind of Man, that I am no longer able to speak to my Grandfather as I ought, nor look him in the face as becomes me; insomuch, that I am afraid if I go on at this rate, I shall in the end prove altogether blockish and stupid; and yet when I was little, methought I was very forward to speak, and had Tongue enough. Then the Youths replied, This is but bad News for us, if when we stand in need of your Assistance you can do nothing for us, but we must be forced to desire that of another which is most proper for you to effect. When Cyrus heard this, being grieved at the very Heart, without answering a Word, he departed; and arming himself with Boldness, he went in to Astyages; and having first considered with himself how he might make his Address to him so without offence as to obtain what he requested in his own and his Associates behalf, he thus began; If any one of your domestic Servants should run away, and be again apprehended, tell me, Grandfather, how would you treat him? How else, said he, but force him like a Slave, to work in Fetters? But suppose he should return of his own Accord, how would you treat him then? How think'st thou, said he, but that having first caused him to be well scourged, that he might do so no more, receive him afterwards, and treat him as I had used to do. Then said Cyrus, 'tis high time for you to set about it and scourge me; for I have a design to run away, and take my Companions with me a hunting. Well, quoth Astyages, 'tis honestly done however to give notice of it beforehand; for now I will lay my Commands upon you not to stir from home. Would it not be a pretty business, if for a piece of hunted Flesh I should suffer my Daughter's Son to wander abroad and be lost. When Cyrus heard this, in obedience to his Grandfather's Commands, he tarried at home, but with a sorrowful Heart and sad Countenance kept still Silence, and spoke not a Word. Wherefore, when Astyages perceived how strangely grieved and discontented he was, being willing to gratify and comply with him, he takes him out to hunt; where having summoned to attend him, a considerable Number both of Horse and Foot, together with the Young Men, and forcing the wild Beasts into the open Plains, he made it a great and solemn Day of hunting. And being present himself in Royal Equipage, he strcightly commanded that none should presume to shoot before Cyrus had taken his Fill of the Game. But Cyrus not enduring that he should forbid others, If you desire, Grandfather, quoth he, to make my Sport pleasa●…●…tome, permit all these my Companions to pursue the Game, and with their utmost Art and Strength to contend which of them shall behave himself best. Then Astyages gave them all leave to hunt, and himself stood still and beheld how eagerly they encountered the wild Beasts, what Strife and Contention they used in pursuit of, and striking their Darts at them. Exceedingly pleased he was with Cyrus, who could not contain himself for Joy, but like a truebred generous 
1 Gr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Whelp.  Son of the Game, still as he drew nearer any wild Beast would set up a full Cry, animating and encouraging every one by Name: great delight also did he take to see him laugh at, and deride one, and without the least show of envying or repining, magnify and commend another. At last having taken much Game, Astyages departed, and from thenceforward (so highly was he pleased and satisfied with this Hunting) as often as his Affairs permitted him, he would go abroad with Cyrus, and for his sake, among many others, he would take the Youths also to accompany him. Thus spent Cyrus the greatest part of his time, wherein he was the Author of much Pleasure to, and did good Offices for all men; but was instrumental in no man's Hu●…t or Disadvantage.  
Now it happened that about the fifteenth or sixteenth year of his Age, the King's Son of Assyria, being just upon the point of Marriage, was greatly desirous to hunt at that time. And understanding that in the Frontiers between them and the Medes were wild Beasts good store, which by reason of the Wars had been undisturbed, his Pleasure was to go thither; where, that he might follow his Game without Danger or Molestation, he took with him a great number of light Horsemen and Targeteers, who were to drive the wild Beasts out of the rough woody Places into the Plains and Champion Fields. And being come as far as his frontier Towns and Garrisons, he ordered a Supper to be made ready there, intending to hunt early the next morning. And in the Evening there came out of the City a Supply both of Horse and Foot to relieve the former Garrison; so that now he thought he had a considerable Army, having two Garrisons conjoined, besides abundance of Horsemen and Footmen which he brought with him: wherefore, upon Deliberation, he concluded it best to make an Inroad into the Medes Country, and fetch Game from thence, both because his Hunting would seem more noble and gallant, and also he conceived that by this means he should have greater plenty of Beasts for Sacrifice. Thereupon, early in the Morning he led forth his Army, and leaving his Foot embattled thick on the Borders, he with his Horse advanced forwards to the Fortresses of the Medes, where he stayed, with the better and greater part of his Forces, lest the Medes Garrisons should sally out, and make head against those that were straggling and ravaging about the Confines. Then he sent out several Parties of forward and daring men to disperse themselves, some one way and some another, giving them in Charge, that what Game soever they met with as they ranged about, they should drive the same to him; which they accordingly performed.  
When notice was given to Astyages that the Enemy had entered his Country, himself, with those that were about him, marched out to relieve and defend the Frontiers; and his Son, with such a number of Horsemen as were in readiness, attended him: he likewise issued out his Commands to all others, that they should come forth and assist him. Now when the Medes saw the Assyrians thus numerous and in good order, their Horsemen in a quiet Posture not changing their ground, they themselves also made a stand. And Cyrus seeing others unanimously 
Cyrus' first puts on Armour.  contributing their Assistance, he himself likewise did the same, than first appearing clad in Armour, when he did not yet so much as expect what he so earnestly desired, that he should bear Arms. A complete Suit of Armour it was, well befitting him, which his Grandfather had commanded to be made exactly to his Body. Thus gallantly accout'red, and well mounted, forth he road; whom when Astyages saw, he wondered who, or what put him upon coming thither; but withal commanded he should now tarry with him. And here when Cyrus had discovered a number of Horse standing affront them, he enquired, Are those, Grandfather, says he, our Enemies yonder, that sit quietly on their Horse backs? Yes, said he, those are our Enemies. And are those too, quoth he, that beat about and drive the Prey before them? Yes, and they also. Then replied he, Verily Grandfather, they are, in appearance, but base, abject Fellows, and mounted upon very Jades, though they thus spoil and carry away our Goods; therefore it is very requisite that some Party of us should issue out, and set upon them. But, said he, seest thou not, my Son, what a mighty Troup of Horse stands yonder in Battle Array, who, if we should out, in pursuit after them, would intercept and cut us off? Besides, our Strength as yet is not considerable. Yea, but if you will abide here, replied Cyrus, and recruit your Forces, these, for their parts, will be so afraid, that they will not dare to stir; and they that are carrying away the Spoil, will immediately quit their Prey; when they see any Party of us advancing to charge upon them. And when he 
Cyrus' seasonable advice.  had thus said, Astyages thought he spoke something to the purpose: admiring therefore his prudent Circumspection and Vigilance, he commanded his Son 
1 Cyaxares.  to draw out a Party of Horse and pursue those that were driving their Booty before them; and as for these, ay, said he, will fall upon them if they once stir to make head against you: so that they shall be forced to have an Eye this way to observe our motions.  
Then Cyaxares leading out a Company of the stoutest men, and best mounted, advanced towards the Enemy; whom as soon as ever Cyrus perceived marching forward, he also immediately sallied out and marched with them; when getting in the head of them, he led them on a great pace, 
Cyrus' Gallan●…y.  Cyaxares himself following close after, and the rest not far behind. Now when these Freebooters saw them approach near, they quickly left their Prey, and fled: But Cyrus especially, and his Followers, intercepted them; and such of them as they over-took they presently slew; but such as by shifting and turning out of the way, had escaped them, those they closely pursued, and never desisted till they had taken some of them Prisoners. And as a generous Hound, not yet trained up to the Game, flies eagerly and rashly at the Boar; so Cyrus rushed on, minding only how he might strike him he could easiliest reach, wholly regardless of any thing else.  
Now the Enemies, as soon as they saw their Fellows thus distressed, brought on their whole Body, supposing they would give over their Pursuit when they saw them coming upon them. But Cyrus remitting nothing of his Eagerness, 
His Rashness.  for joy calling out upon his Uncle, held them in Chase still; and as he had the mastery over them, he made a great Rout and Slaughter amongst them. Cyaxares indeed followed close after, ashamed perhaps what his Father would think, and the rest came not far behind, being animated by such an Example, the more cheerfully to maintain their Pursuit, even such, who otherwise were not over-stout or valorous to engage an Enemy. But Astyages, when he saw his Men with such inconsiderate Rashness still follow their Chase, and the Enemy's just now facing them with a strong and wellformed Battalia, being solicitous both for his Son and Cyrus (lest they might, in the disorder they were in, by falling into the hands of their Enemies thus well appointed, endanger their own Persons) marches directly upon the Enemy; who no sooner saw the Medes coming upon them, but with their Arrows mounted and Bows bend, they stood their ground, as if they resolved, according to their usual Custom, to charge upon them as soon as they came within Arrow shot: for their manner was, at this distance, and no nearer to make their Onset, shooting at random one against another, many times till the Evening. But when they saw their Men flying hastily to them for Refuge, Cyrus and his Followers pursuing them close at the heels, and Astyages with his Cavalry now come within Bow shot, they themselves drew back and fled. The Medes followed them with all their Power, and assaulting them fiercely, took many of them, whom they smote and overthrew, both Horse and Man, killing and slaying all that fell before them; nor did they in the least give over their Chase till they came to the Infantry of the Assyrians; and there fearing lest some greater Party might lie in Ambush to intercept them, they made a stand. Then Astyages rejoicing exceedingly for this Victory of his Horsemen, returned; but of Cyrus he knew not what to say or think; for he believed indeed, that the Success of this Action was to be imputed to him as the Principal Author; but withal, that he was overbold and transported beyond measure: for even then when others were upon their Return home, he did nothing else but ride up and down to take a view of those that were slain; so that they that were appointed for that purpose had much ado to bring him to Astyages; for he 
and Boldness.  commanded them to go a good space before him, because he saw his Grandfather's Countenance, at the sight of him, was become very stern and austere.  
Thus went Affairs in Media; when Cyrus was continually in every one's Mouth, whose Praises they made the Subject of their Songs and Discourses; and Astyages as he had before highly honoured and esteemed him, so was he now struck with Astonishment and Admiration of him.  
When Cambyses, Cyrus' Father, heard these 
He is called home by his Father.  Reports, he rejoiced greatly; and understanding what manly Exploits Cyrus had already done, he sent for him, that he might go through the whole course of the Persian Discipline. Whereupon, as is reported, Cyrus declared, That depart he would, that he might give his Father no occasion of being displeased at him, nor the State of murmuring against him. Therefore Astyages thinking it requisite to send him away, presented him with such Horses as he had most liking to, and so honourably dismissed him, having first furnished him with all things necessary, because he greatly loved him, and for that he had conceived mighty hopes of him that he would one day prove a man able both to succour and assist his Friends, and also to distress and vex his Enemies.  
Now when Cyrus was upon his departure home, he was attended by Persons of all Ages and Degrees, as well Youths and those of his own Years, as fullgrown and elderly Men, with Astyages himself in Person, all mounted on Horseback; nor was there one, as is said, that taking their Farewell of him, returned back with dry Eyes: Cyrus himself also is reported not to have departed without shedding abundance of Tears, distributing amongst his Companions many of those Gifts and Presents which Astyages before, had bestowed upon him. In fine, putting off the Median Robe he had on, he gave it to one above all the rest, evidencing thereby what an especial regard he had for him. Now they that received these Gifts at his Hands came and presented 
Cyrus' Liberality.  them to Astyages, who took them and dispatched them away to Cyrus again; by whom they were forthwith returned back into Media, with a Message to his Grandfather to this effect: If it be your Pleasure, O Grandfather! that I should ever return to you again well pleased and nothing ashamed for any thing I have done, suffer, I beseech you, every Man to enjoy what I bestowed upon him. Which when Astyages heard, he did according to all that Cyrus had requested of him.  
But now to mention one pleasing juvenile Passage, 'Tis reported, that at Cyrus' Departure, when all took solemn leave one of another, his Kindred and Relations, after the Persian Fashion, dismissed him with the formality of a Kiss, 
The Persians salute their Kindred with a Kiss.  (which Custom prevails in Persia even at this day) when a certain, worthy, and gallant Gentleman of Media, seeing the rest of his Kinsmen saluting him with a Kiss, he himself, surprised for a long time, and astonished at the Beauty and Behaviour of Cyrus, was utterly at a stand: but no sooner were they departed from him, than he coming up to Cyrus, thus bespoke him; Am I the only Man, O Cyrus! of all your Relations, that you know nothing of? why? are you also my Kinsman, quoth Cyrus? yes replied Herald This than was the Reason, said Cyrus, that you so earnestly fixed your Eye upon me, for I often observed you so to do. In good Truth said he again though I had always a longing desire to come to you, yet such was my Bashfulness it would never permit me. But that ought not to have been quoth Cyrus, seeing you are my Kinsman, and immediately came up to him and kissed him. The Mede after this Salute asked him, and is it indeed the Persian Fashion for Kindred thus to greet one another with a Kiss? yes said Cyrus both at your first meeting, after they have been absent from one another for some time, and also when at parting they take their leave each of other. Then quoth the Mede, it is high time that you should Salute me with another Kiss; For you see I am just now upon my departure from you. So Cyrus having kissed him a second time dismissed him, and went his way. But they had not rode far before the Mede returned again with his Horse, all in a sweat; Whom when Cyrus saw, what, said he, have you forgot any thing you had to say to me? Nothing at all I protest, replied the other, only after a certain time I am returned to you again. In Truth Kinsman quoth Cyrus, and a very short time 'tis I assure you. How short answered the Mede? know you not, O Cyrus, that if I am absent from you but the twinkling of an Eye, it seems to me a very tedious while, in regard that for that time I can't enjoy the sight of so gallant a Person as you are. Hereupon Cyrus smiled, and the first time it was he did so since his late Tears; biding him withal to depart cheerfully and be of good Comfort, for that in a short time he would be with them again, and then said he, you may, if you please, look your fill, without so much as once taking your Eyes off me.  
Thus Cyrus returned into Persia, where 'tis said 
Cyrus' returns into Persia.  he underwent yet one year more the Discipline of the 
1 Or Children.  Youths, who at his first coming derided and scoffed at him, as one that they thought had learned all the Delicacy and Effeminacy of the Medes: But when they saw him eat and drink with the same Relish and Appetite they did; and withal observed that if upon some Festival Day there were any extraordinary Entertainment; He was so far from craving more, that he very readily distributed his own Portion to others: When they perceived besides, that He far surpassed them in all other things, they began again to have him in great Reverence and Estimation. And after he had gone through the whole course of this Institution, he entered into the Society of the Youngmen, where likewise, by being intent and earnest upon his Duty, and vigorously performing what was enjoined him: by giving a respectful Deference to the Elders and yielding a dutiful Obedience to the Magistrates, He evidently outdid and excelled the rest.  
But in process of Time Astyages died in Media, and Cyaxares his Son, Brother to Cyrus' Mother, 
Astyages his Death.  succeeded him in the Kingdom of the Medes. And now the King of the Assyrians having utterly subdued all Suria and that no small Nation; and brought the King of Arabia under his Subjection; having already reduced the Hyrcanians to Obedience, and now laying Siege to the Cities of the Bactrians, he thought he might make an easy Conquest of all the neighbouring Countries if he could but once rebate and weaken the Power of the Medes, whom he looked upon, for their Strength, to be the most considerable Nation of any round about him. Wherefore issuing forth his Commands to all his own Subjects, 
The beginning of the Assyrian War.  he sent likewise to Croesus, King of Lydia, as also to the King of Cappadocia: He dispatched his Ambassadors into both the Phrygia's, Caria, and Paphlagonia; into India also and Cilicia, loading the Medes and Persians with Calumnies and Imputations, suggesting to them how great and puissant those States were; how they were affianced and conjoined by mutual Marriages, and united together in one common Interest; so that unless some body did prevent and check their growing Greatness, very dangerous it was, that, invading one Nation after another, they would, by degrees, overrun them all. Some prevailed upon by these and the like Suggestions, and others brought over by his rich Gifts and Presents, with which he mightily abounded, all entered into a League of Association with him. But Cyaxares, the Son of Astyages, when he understood that his Combination and Design was meant against him, he himself, on the other side, made what Preparations he could, sending his Dispatches as well to the Persian State in general as to his Brother-in-law Cambyses, then reigning in Persia. He sent also to Cyrus, requesting him that he would use his utmost Endeavour, that in case the 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  States of Persia should send any Forces to his Assistance, he himself might come Commander in chief of them: (for by this time Cyrus having fully spent his ten years among the younger sort, was in all points a complete Man.) Cyrus therefore undertaking 
Cyrus' Commander of the Persian Forces.  this Charge, was, by the Elders, the chief Councillors of State, elect Captain General of the Median Expedition; to whom they gave commission to choose out two hundred of the 
2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Nobility; and to every one of those they allowed a Privilege to make choice of four others of the same Condition and Quality with themselves: so that their number amounted to 〈◊〉 Thousand. And to every particular Person of this thousand they gave Authority to levy, out of the Persian Commonalty, ten Targeteers, ten Slingers, and ten Archers: by which means, there were in all, besides a thousand of the choice Nobility, ten thousand Archers, ten thousand Targeteers, and ten thousand Slingers.  
This so mighty an Army was committed to the Conduct of Cyrus, who was no sooner chosen, but immediately he began at the Service of the Gods; and having first, by a favourable Sacrifice, found them propitious, he then proceeded to the choice of his two hundred Peers; who when they had each of them taken to themselves four others, Cyrus assembling them all together, first spoke to them to this effect:  
Countrymen and Friends, I have made this 
His Oration to the Chieftains of the Army.  Choice, not as if I had never had any experience of You till now, but as an Eye-witness with what Vigour and Alacrity, even from your Childhood, you have prosecuted those things which this State reputes virtuous and praiseworthy; utterly renouncing whatsoever is here esteemed infamous and base. Now by what Motives induced, I have, not unwillingly, undertaken this weighty Charge, and summoned you hither, I intent to declare.  
I have learned by Observation, that our Ancestors were in nothing inferior to Us, for that they continually exercised themselves in all the Actions of a virtuous Life: but though gallant Persons they were, yet what Good they ever procured either to the Persian Estate in general, or in particular to their own, I can't possibly understand: for truly, I believe none ever put themselves upon the Exercise of any Virtue to this end, that when they are thereby become perfectly good, they should nevertheless be had in no greater esteem than the basest of Men. And they that for the present debar themselves of any pleasurable Enjoyment, do it not because they would never more rejoice; but they lay this Restraint upon themselves, that hereafter, to make amends for this their present Abstinence, they may have a full Fruition of all variety of Delights. They also that desire to become powerful Speakers, make it not the end and design of their Studies never to give over their eloquent Plead; but their Trust is, that by their winning and persuasive Language, having wrought upon the Affections of divers Persons, they shall purchase to themselves many and great Advantages. In like manner, Men that are upon Military Duty, and exercised in Martial Exploits, don't undergo all that their toil and pains that they may never be disengaged from Battle; but this they propose to themselves, that when they are once become complete and expert Warriors they shall procure both to them and their Country, abundance of Riches, increase of Happiness, and exceeding great Honours. Now if any men after much Travel spent in these or the like Employments, shall carelessly suffer themselves to be made useless and impotent by old Age, before they have reaped any fruit of their Labours; they seem to me to be much in the same Circumstances with him, who being desirous to be a good provident Husbandman, sows his ground well, and carefully plants it; but when he should come to reap the fruits of his labour, he suffers the whole Increase untouched, ungathered, to fall again to the Ground. And that Champion who by long Exercise has so prepared himself, that he may now justly be thought worthy to bear away the Prize, and shall then end his days without any further proof of his Courage; such a one, in my Opinion, is by no means to be excused from the imputation of Folly. Let not us therefore, my Countrymen, be unblamable upon this score; but in regard we are conscious to ourselves, that even from our Childhood we have been exercised in all the performances of a virtuous and honourable Discipline, let us march out against our Enemies, whom I assuredly know, by what myself has seen of them, to be a very unequal match for us. For they are by no means to be reckoned complete and able Warriors, who, though they can shoot and dart well, and are very experienced Horsemen, yet, where they are put upon hardships and painful Duty, there they fail: but our Enemies are such as are wholly unacquainted with Labour and Toil. Nor are they to be held in any account, who when they should be wakeful and vigilant, can't away with it: but our Enemies are such as are utterly Strangers to Watchings and want of Sleep. Nor are they to be regarded, who although they may possibly be sufficiently qualified for these Duties, yet are altogether ignorant how to behave themselves towards their Confederates, and how towards their Foes: now 'tis plain, our Enemies are such as are perfectly unexperienced in the most considerable points of Military Discipline. But you can make the 
Virtue grows greater by commendation.  same advantage of the Night as others of the Day: and in your Account, the principal Guides to a happy Life are Labour and Travel. Hunger to you is instead of Sauce; and to drink Water more familiar with you than with Lions. But of all the most noble and truly Soldierlike Treasure that you have stored up in your own Hearts, is, that you are more in love with Honour than with all the Possessions in the World besides: and they that are Lovers of it, must needs, for the attaining thereof, cheerfully undergo any hardship, and willingly expose themselves to all manner of danger. Now for me, contrary to my own Knowledge, to pronounce these things of you, were to put a Cheat upon myself; and in case your Performances should not answer, the whole miscarriage would lie at my door. But such is your own Experience, and your Affection toward me, such the unskilful Ignorance of our Enemies, that I am confident I shall not be disappointed in the good hopes I have conceived of you. Let us then march out with undaunted and courageous Hearts, in regard it has been the least of our Thoughts so much as to seem unjustly to covet other men's Estates: for our Enemies are now the Aggressors and first Authors of Violence and Injustice; our Friends and Allies call upon us for Aid. And what is more just than to oppose and repel Injuries? and what more honourable than to succout and assist our Friends? Besides, I believe it will not a little raise your Confidence and Resolution, that upon my undertaking this Expedition, I did not carelessly neglect the Gods: for you, as being for the most part my Confidents and Companions, can bear me witness, that not only in enterprizing great and weighty matters, but also in things of lesser moment, I always began with their Service. To conclude, what need I say more? You, when you have taken unto you chosen Men, and are in all other points furnished and prepared, march out towards Media. As for me, repairing first to my Father, I will then set forward, when having learned, with all possible speed, what State and Condition our Enemies are in, I may, as much as in me lies, make such provision for you that by God's Assistance, this may prove an honourable and prosperous Expedition.  
They then accordingly went and provided themselves; and Cyrus, after his return home, having paid his Vows to Vesta the Guardian of his Family, Jupiter the Protector of his Country, and the rest of the Gods, immediately set forth toward the Army; his Father himself bringing him forward on his way: who no sooner left the Palace, but as is reported, (an Omen to him propitious) he was saluted with Thundering and Lightning; upon which Presage, without any further Augury, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Divining by Birds.  they set forward on their march, supposing that these Signs of the mighty God could not but be visible to and observed by all men. So Cyrus going on his Journey, his Father began to discourse him to this Effect.  
That the Gods, my Son, are auspicious and 
Cambyses' Discourse with Cyrus, his Son.  favour your Expedition, is evident not only by Sacrifices but by Celestial Tokens; and that you yourself understand. For I always made it my business so to instruct you in these points, that you might not rely upon other Interpreters to make known to you the Counsel and Will of the Gods; but that yourself, seeing the Augural Signs, and hearing the Sounds, might perfectly comprehend the same, without depending upon your Soothsayers, who might, if they pleaed, impose upon you, by pronouncing things otherwise than the Gods had signified. Besides that, if at any time you should want one of these Interpreters, you might not be left in a doubt what Resolutions to take upon these sacred Signs and Monitions; but that according to your own skill in Divination, knowing what the Pleasure of the Gods was, you might obey the same. Assuredly Father, quoth Cyrus, that the Gods may still be gracious to us, and inclined to further and direct us, I will, to the utmost of my Power, persevere in a careful observance of what you advise. For I remember, I have sometime heard you say, That upon good Reason he might more easily prevail with Heaven, as well as with Men, not who would servilely flatter in his Distress, but who, in the height of his Prosperity, would, then 
We ought in Prosperity chiefly to implore God's Assistance.  especially, remember the Gods. You said likewise, that the same Consideration and Regard ought to be had of Friends. Certainly therefore my Son, faith he, because of this your devout Zeal for the Gods, you come now with more cheerfulness to implore their Assistance; and with more assurance hope to obtain what you desire, in regard your Conscience seems to bear you witness, that you have never carelessly neglected their Service. In truth, Father, quoth he, I entirely repose my Confidence in the Gods, as in those that are my affectionate Friends. But what, my Son, replied Cambyses, remember'st thou those things upon which we sometime made this Conclusion? Namely, That they that have been instructed therein make better use of the Blessings of God than those that are ignorant of them. That diligent and industrious Persons, as they do better improve those Gifts, so also do they lead more quiet and undisturbed Lives than they that are supinely negligent and regardless of the same. Wherefore we rested in this Opinion, that we might then sue for good things at the hands of God, when we approved ourselves such as we ought to be. Assuredly, Father, quoth Cyrus, I well remember I have heard you discourse of these Points; and I could not possibly but assent to what you said. For I know it was always your Opinion, that it could not be lawful for those that had never exercised themselves in Riding, to desire of the God's Victory in a Battle against Horsemen; nor for those that never understood a Bow, to hope to gain the Mastery over such as were experienced Archers; nor for an ignorant and unskilful Sailor to pray, that, by his Steerage, the Ship may be brought safe to the Harbour; nor for them that never sowed Seed, to beg of Heaven a plentiful Crop; nor yet for such, who themselves use no Precaution in Battle, to make their Supplications to the Gods to protect them: that all these things directly contradict the Divine Ordinances. You declared likewise, it was equally reasonable that their Prayers should be frustrate, who beg unrighteous things at the hands of God, as their Petitions ineffectual who crave unlawful things at the hands of Men. But have you, my Son, quoth he, forgot those things which we once, upon very good Reason, resolved upon? That it is a great and commendable Act in any one, if he can, by a careful Industry, gain himself the Repute of an Honest Good Man; and withal make such Provision for himself and his Family, that they may have a convenient Supply of all manner of Necessaries. Now this being a 
How hard it is to govern well.  matter of such weight and difficulty, certainly to know how to govern other People, so, that they may not only have all things needful in great abundance, but also may approve themselves, all of them, such as they ought to be; this seems indeed to deserve our Admiration. In truth Father, replied Cyrus, I remember also I have heard you speak to this Point; and I myself was then of the same mind with you: That 'tis a great and extraordinary Task to govern well. Nor do I yet think otherwise, when I seriously weigh with myself the Duty of a Governor. But when I come to take a view of other Men, to look into the Qualities and Conditions of those that are Rulers, and withal, to consider what kind of Adversaries we are like to meet with; I think it a very foul Reproach to be afraid of such Enemies, and not dare to march out in Battle against them; whom I, for my part, conceive (beginning even with these our Friends and Allies) to be generally of this Opinion, That, to distinguish a Prince from his People, he ought to exceed them in sumptuous and expensive Feasts; in domestic Wealth and Treasure; in frequent and long Sleeping; and, in a word, in leading a more secure and careless Life than any of his Subjects. Whereas for me, quoth Cyrus, my Opinion is, that a Sovereign ought not to exceed those he rules over in an unactive slothful Life, but in prudently foreseeing, and cheerfully undertaking whatever may advance the common Good. True my Son, replied Cambyses, but there are certain Circumstances wherein we are not to contend with Men, but with Things, and those too such, as cannot without extraordinary difficulty be overcome. As for Instance, you know, quoth he, if your Army be not stored with convenient Provision, you will quickly lose your Authority and Command. Yes, saith he, but Cyaxares, Father, has engaged to furnish with Necessaries all that go from 
The Care a General ought to have in making Provision for his Army.  hence, be their Number never so great. And do you, Son, answered he, in Confidence of the Wealth and Power of Cyaxares, undertake this Expedition? I do so, quoth Cyrus. But what, returned he again, knowst thou how rich and potent he is? Not I in the least, replied Cyrus, I profess not I And do you, quoth he, notwithstanding, adventure to trust to such Uncertainties as these? Know you not that you shall stand in need of many Things, and will be enforced, even now, to expend much more, and otherwise, than you already have? I know it, quoth Cyrus. Well then, replied he, if either his Stores should fail, or he should designedly put the Cheat upon you, how will you make Provision for your Army? 'tis plain you will be but in an ill Condition. Therefore Father, saith he, if you know any means or method that I may put in Execution for raising such a Supply, pray impart it to me, whilst we are yet amongst our Friends. Do you, my Son, replied he, put that Question to me, whether there be any way for you to make Provision for your Army? Why, who is 
The way how he may do it.  in a fairer way to be furnished with such Supplies than he that has Power in his hands? You march forth hence with a puissant Army of such Footmen under your Command, as, I am confident, you would not exchange for a far greater number; to which the Median Horse, incomparably the best, will join themselves in Service. What adjacent Country then, do you imagine, will not be ready to comply with, and relieve you, both out of a Desire to do you a Pleasure, and also for fear themselves should be endamaged? And these things Cyaxares and You ought jointly to consider, lest at any time you should be destitute of those things that are necessary for your Support. Besides, even Custom obliges you to bethink yourselves how to settle a sufficient Fund. But above all, be careful to remember this, that by any means you omit not to seek out for Provision till Necessity enforce you; but when you most of all abound, then especially, before you are reduced to Extremity, make it your Business to lay up in Store: for when you seem to stand in no Need of it, you shall more easily obtain any Supply at the hands of those you desire it; and besides, there will be nothing in you at which your Soldiers will murmur or repine: but by this means you will command a greater Reverence and Esteem from others. And if you please to use your Forces either to distress or assist any People, so long as your Men are furnished with all things necessary, they will readily yield themselves obedient to you. And know assuredly this, that your Discourses will then be more prevalent and 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as is commonly read.  persuasive, when you can give a clear Demonstration, that you have P●… enough both to do good and ill, both to succour and to molest. Then Cyrus; You seem to discourse Father, quoth he, upon all these Points admirably well, for that not one of the Soldiers that shall receive any Gratuity now, will, upon that Account, make any return of Thanks to me, because they understand upon what Terms Cyaxares calls for their Assistance; but whatsoever any one shall afterwards receive over and above his set Stipend, this he will esteem as an honourable Reward, and will, undoubtedly, for the same, pay a grateful Acknowledgement to the Donor. For a Man then carelessly to neglect to make his own Advantages when he has Power both to serve and relieve his Friends, thereby to obtain the like Returns of Kindnesses from them; and also, by making Inroads and Attempts upon his Enemies to wrest from them what is theirs; is it think you, saith he, less to his Shame and Reproach, than for one who having Lands in Possession, and Labourers sufficient for Tillage, to let his Ground lie still unmanaged, barren, and unprofitable? Wherefore entertain this Opinion of me, that I will never be wanting to use all possible Diligence to furnish my Army with Necessaries, whether in a Confederate or an Hostile Country.  
But Son, said Cambyses, do you not remember some other things which we sometimes thought highly necessary to be attended to, and regarded? I remember, replied he, when I came to you for Money to reward him that told me he had furnished me with Rules for the Conduct of an Army, you presently, giving me the Sum, began to question with me after this sort.  
Did this Man, Son, to whom you present this Reward, among the Duties of a General, make any mention to you of 
1 Precepts for well ordering a Family.  Economics? for assuredly it will be equally your Concern to make Provision for your Soldiers as for Domestic Servants. Here when I spoke the Truth to you, and told you he did not in the least mind me 
Divers Rules for a Commander to observe.  of any such matter, you again asked me, What Discourse had ye concerning a healthful State and strength of Body; about which a General ought to be no less solicitous than about the Conduct of his Army? And when I denied we had had any, you again went on to demand what Method he had taught me to use, whereby my Men might become most excellent and complete in all the Duties of a Military Life? To this, when I denied he had taught me any, you proceeded yet further, to inquire what Instructions he had given me, whereby I might quicken the Spirits and raise the Courage of my Soldiers? affirming, that in all Undertake there is a vast difference betwixt a cheerful Valour and faint-hearted Cowardife. And when to this also, I made Reply he had given me none, again you made a more narrow Inquiry, Whether he had delivered to me any Precepts how an Army was to be held in Obedience, and by what means one might most effectually bring it to pass? But when it appeared that he had passed over this likewise without so much as once speaking to it; at last you put this Question to me, what one Point he had taught me, when he declared, He had taught me the Office of a General? To this, when I replied, He had instructed me how to 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  marshal and imbattle an Army; you, smiling thereat, recounted what had been said, setting every particular before me, as namely, What, said you, can Discipline and Order advantage an Army that is unfurnished and destitute of necessary Provisions? What can it avail without a healthful Constitution? What without the Knowledge of those Inventions which were devised for the Improvement of War? And what without the Obedience of the Soldiery? Thus you having made it evident to me that to fet an Army in Battle Array was the least part of a General's Care; and I withal desiring to know whether it were within your Sphere to instruct me throughly in any of these Points; you commanded me to go and confer with such Officers and Commanders as were reputed Men of greatest Experience in Military Affairs, and there to inform myself how all this might be performed. Since which time I have been conversant, especially with such whose Wisdom and Skill herein had given them the greatest Reputation. As for victualling the Army, I am persuaded, that what Provision Cyaxares will make for us will be sufficient for, the present. And for Health, because I both hear and see such Cities as have a Regard for, and desire to preserve the same, make choice of able Physicians; and Generals also, for the sake and benefit of their Soldiers, have Men skilled in Physic that follow their Camp: so I likewise, as soon as I entered upon this Charge, immediately took special Care thereof. And I believe, Father, quoth he, I have with me Men of approved Experience in the Practice of this 
1 Of Physic.  Art. To this his Father replied, But these Physicians, my Son, you speak of, are like certain Butchers that patch up torn Garments; for when Men are brought low by Sickness than they restore them. For this Reason, your Regard to the Conservation of Health will be more honourable and praiseworthy, whose great Care, even from the beginning, aught to be such, that your Army fall not into any Distemper. And what Method Father, quoth he, shall I take to be able to effect this? Why thus, replied he, Let it be your principal Concern to mark out a wholesome place for the Lodging of your Army, where you intent to lie encamped any considerable time; in which you can't easily err if you are but careful in making your Observations; for Men commonly are very free in their Discourse what Parts of the Country are diseased, and what are healthful. Besides, the very Constitution and Complexion of the Inhabitants are evident Testimonies both of the one and the other. Yet, after all, it is not sufficient for you to inquire into the Nature of this or that 
2 Region.  Clime, but you must remember what Endeavours you are to use, what Care to take of your self, that you may preserve your own Person in Health. I assure you then, quoth Cyrus, first of all I take good heed that I never surfeit or overcharge my Stomach; for that is nauseous and irksome. In the next place, whatsoever I have taken, by Labour I digest and sweat it out: for by this means chiefly I perceive my Health continued, and my Strength increased. The same Care therefore, my Son, quoth he, aught to be had of others. But may common Soldiers, Father, replied he, have leisure to exercise their Bodies? Yes, assure yourself, returned his Father, they not only may, but must: for Men in Arms, if they would do what they ought, should never sit idle, but be perpetually employed, either in working Mischief to their Enemies, or Advantage to themselves. 'Tis of very ill Consequence, my Son, to feed but one idle Person; and much more to provide for a slothful Family; but to maintain a whole Army in Idleness, that's intolerable. In a Camp there are many Spenders, even of the meanest Rank, and whatsoever they get they waste most profusely; so that it is utterly inconvenient for an Army to be idle. Your Discourse to me, Father, quoth Cyrus, seems to tend to this; That as a sluggish Husbandman reaps no Advantage, so from a lazy General arises no Good. But for a vigilant and active Commander, I dare undertake, quoth he, (unless some God prevent it) he shall so provide, that his Army shall be stored with all things necessary, and his Soldiers enjoy a vigorous Health. To the end therefore that they may be throughly practised in all Martial Exploits, methinks Father, if I should proclaim public Games with Proposals of Reward to the Victors, I should certainly obtain this, that they would be perfectly exercised in all Points of War; so that when Occasion required, I could command Men experienced and fit for Service. Exceedingly well said, my Son, quoth he, for if you do this, assure yourself, you will see your Military Bands always as careful to keep a due Decorum and Order, as Dancers to observe their Measures. Now to make Men daring and courageous, nothing, quoth Cyrus, seems to me more effectual, than to be able to raise their Hopes and Expectations. But this, my Son, replied he, is much after the rate, as if one, following his Chase, should perpetually encourage his Dogs in the same Note he uses when he has his Game in view. At first, I know very well, they will readily hear and obey his Voice; but, if he baulks them too often, at last they will not at all regard him, even when he really sees his Prey before him. And so it is in this business of Hope: if a Man put them in Expectation of great matters, and often deceive them, at last, though he propose to them certain and real Hopes, he will not be able to gain any credit with them. Therefore, my Son, a Man ought to be cautious how he affirms that which he himself is not well assured of. Others may sometimes do so, and obtain their Ends; but a General, thereby to make them the more plausible, aught to reserve his Encouragements to the last and greatest Extremities.  
In good Truth, Father, quoth Cyrus, methinks you speak to these Points admirably well, and your Discourse to me is very pleasing.  
But how to keep my Army in Obedience, I think, I am not now to seek; for you yourself instructed me herein betimes, even from my Childhood, exacting Obedience from me; and when you left me to the Tuition of Masters, they also taught me the very same Lesson. Afterwards, 
How a Prince is to gain ●…he Obedience of his People.  when I came to converse among the Youngmen, our Governor had a strict and peculiar Regard to this very thing. And generally the Laws seem especially to teach these two Points, to command, and be commanded. And indeed, when I seriously consider these Things, methinks I discover thus much, that the most effectual Inducement to Obedience is to reward the dutiful with Glory and Advancement, and the Obstinate with Punishment and Disgrace. To make Men obey indeed by Constraint, this quoth he, Son, is the ready way; but to bring them to, what is far more excellent, a voluntary and free Obedience, there is another, and that more compendious Method to be used; for whom they believe to be more prudent in promoting their own Good than themselves, him they will very cheerfully obey. And that this is really true, as in many other Instances, so is it more especially perceivable in sick Persons, how ready are they to send for those that may prescribe to them what they ought to do? Likewise at Sea, how willingly do the Passengers resign themselves up to their Pilots? How earnestly also will some People press forward to keep pace with such as they suppose are more skilful in, and better know the Roads than they. Whereas if they think their Obedience will turn to their Disadvantage, they will neither be much humbled by Punishments, not encouraged by Rewards; for no Man willingly does purchase Gifts with his own Loss. This then, Father, quoth he, is the Result of your Discourse; That to keep one's Subjects in their Obedience and Fidelity, nothing 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  conduces more than to have the Repute of being wiser than they. It is so, replied he. But how, Father, may a Man soon gain himself that Reputation? There is not, my Son, answered he, any readier way, than to be really wise in those things wherein you desire to appear so. Now if you shall severally weigh and look into these Particulars, you will be convinced that I speak Truth. For do but consider, if you have a Mind to pass either for a good Husbandman, or an expert Horseman, or an able Physician, or a skilful Musician, or any such like, when in truth you are nothing so, how many Shifts and Contrivances you must make use of to give a Colour to this Reputation. And suppose you should, by your Persuasions, induce many Men so to praise you, that thereby you might gain yourself a valuable Esteem, and have given fair Essay's in all these Points; you will only at present put the Cheat upon others, and quickly after, when you come to the Test, you yourself will lie under a Reproach, and in the end appear a vainglorious Impostor. But how may a Man really attain to such Foresight, as to consult what will make for his Interest hereafter? Why thus my Son, quoth he; If you learn all other things that can be taught you, as you have the commanding 
2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  and embattling an Army. And as for those things which by ordinary Instruction are not attainable, nor can by humane Wisdom be foreseen, if therein you by Divination consult the Gods, you will be really wiser than the rest of Mankind; especially if you make it your Business to put that in Execution which you know to be absolutely best. For 'tis an industrious Diligence to procure what is requisite, and not a careless Neglect that entitles a Man to more Wisdom than others. But now for a Prince to win the Hearts and Affections of his People (which I look upon to be one of the greatest Points of all) he must, undoubtedly, take the same Measures with him that desires to be beloved by his Friends. And here, I conceive his Bounty ought to be public and conspicuous. But therein, my Son, quoth he, lies a great difficulty; for a Man can't always oblige those he would: but to seem to rejoice for, and congratulate their good Fortune, to have Compassion on, and condole their Mishaps; to express an earnest desire to succour them in their Distress, to be thoughtful and concerned least they should fall into Calamity, and carefully to endeavour to prevent the same; in all these Cases he ought to go with them, as it were hand in hand.  
To come now to the Action of War; If Service must be performed in the heat of Summer, a General aught, in the face of his Army, to endure the scorching Sun above the rest; if in the depth of Winter, the piercing Cold; if Labours must be undergone, there to put himself upon the greatest Hardships: for to gain the Love of his Subjects all these things are highly conducible. This than you affirm, Father, quoth he, that a Commander, upon all Occasions, aught to be more forward to encounter Dangers than those that are commanded by him. I do so, replied he. Nevertheless, my Son, be of good Courage; and know assuredly this, that the 
1 Cicero in Tusc. Quaest l. 2.  same Labour and Travel doth not equally affect the same Constitution of Body in a General and in a common Soldier; for in a General the Prospect of Honour makes his Toil more easy, and besides that, he knows all men's Eyes are upon him, to see how he will acquit himself. But now, Father, taking it for granted, that the Army is stored with all necessary Provision, the Soldiery in perfect Health, fit and ready for Action, throughly acquainted with all the parts of warlike Discipline, prompted by a desire of Glory to approve themselves truly valiant, and more glad to obey than to be mutinous and obstinate; would it not now, think you, be a seasonable Piece of Prudence with all possible speed to give the Enernies' Battle? By any means, quoth he, if he be like to make any advantage to himself thereby: but if not, I, for my part, should proceed with so much the more Caution, by how much I esteemed my self and my Followers better appointed and stouter Men than they; just as we deal by other things, that upon which we put the highest Value, we endeavour to preserve in the greatest Security. But how, Father, especially may a Man so manage himself as to be before hand with, and outdo his Enemies? Indeed, Son, that is a Question of no common nor ordinary Concern: for be assured, that he that would effect this must be a subtle Designer, a close Dissembler, full of Treachery and Falsehood, a secret Pillager, and an open Robber; in every thing he must beguile and circumvent his Enemy. To this Cyrus smiling, replied, Heavens! what manner of Man will you persuade me to be? Such a one, my Son, as you may be most exactly just, and a punctual Observer of the Laws. How can that be, quoth he, seeing in our younger Years you taught us what is directly contradictory to this? True, my Son, and the same we do still, in respect of our Friends and Fellow-Citizens. But that you might be able to distress your Enemies, don't you remember how many Stratagems and Wiles you learned? Not at all truly, Father, replied he. To what end then, quoth he, did you learn to shoot? to what purpose were you taught to dart? to what intent did you hunt the wild Boars? entangle them in Toils, and surprise them in Pits? Why did you go about to betray the Stags into your Snares and 'Gins? Why durst you not, upon equal Terms, encounter the Lions, and Bears, and Leopards, but would then always endeavour to attack them when you took them at some Advantage? What, know you not that all these things are nothing else but so many Wiles, Deceits, Frauds, and Circumventing? 'Tis true, quoth Cyrus, they are so, but used only against wild Beasts: and I remember I was severely scourged if I were but so much as suspected to go about with a Design to deceive any Man. And justly too, quoth he, for, I suppose, we did not allow you to shoot or dart at any Man, but taught you directly to hit the Mark; not that at the present you might mischief your Friends; but that, on occasion, in time of War, you might more exactly strike your Enemies. So that you were trained up to practise these Arts and Stratagems not against Men but against Beasts, to the end that thereby you might not hurt or molest your Friends, but that, when Wars came on, you might not appear altogether unexperienced herein. But Father, quoth he, if it be of such Consequence to know both how to do Men good, and how to injure them, then certainly we ought to have learned of them both the one and the other. 'Tis true indeed, quoth Cambyses, we have it by Tradition, that in the Days of our Ancestors, there was a certain Teacher who instructed 
One that taught H●…nesty and Dishonesty.  Youth in the Principles of Justice, much after the rate you would have it; He taught them not to lie and to lie; not to put a Cheat upon others, and to cheat them; not to bring false Accusations, and to accuse falsely; not to use Oppression, and to be Oppressors. And in all these Points, made this Distinction, how we are to treat our Friends, and how our Enemies. Nay he proceeded yet farther, and taught, That it was lawful, for our own Profit, to deceive even our Friends; and to pilfer and steal from them to advantage ourselves thereby. Now he that taught such Principles as these, must needs exercise his Scholars in the practice of the same one amongst another: like as 'tis reported of the Greeks, that in their Wrestling Schools their Champions are taught to use Falsehood and Deceit; and their Youth are thus trained up, for the same end, that they may be able to beguile and supplant one another. So that some of them, proving naturally very witty at putting handsome cheats upon others, and cunningly deceiving them, and perhaps forward enough to make gain of any thing, did not spare even their Friends, but made Attempts upon them to overreach them. Hereupon it was established by a 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; so Lycurgus in Plutarch calls his Laws 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Law, which is even at this Day in force amongst us, That we should instruct our Children in plain downright Honesty; even as we teach our Servants, to speak truth, and deal sincerely with us, not to cheat, not to rob, not to circumvent us: and if they offend in these particulars to punish them; to the end that having throughly imbibed these Principles, they may prove more honest and plain dealing Men. Now when they were come up to about your Age, than was it thought very safe to instruct them in the Laws of Arms: For that having been trained up so as to have a mutual Respect and Reverence one for another, it is not to be supposed that you should afterwards lash out so far as to become Brutish and untractable. Even as we forbear to discourse of Venery, and the Pleasures of Love before those that are very young, lest possibly the Violence of Passion meeting with an inclinable Constitution, they might use the same with Excess. You have said the very thing, quoth Cyrus; and therefore I beseech you, Father, in regard I come late to learn this Art, that you would not fail to inform me in all the Points you know, by which I may be enabled to make my Advantage of my Enemies. 
Divers Stratagems of War.  Let this then, replied he, be your main and principal Design, when your own Men are in all points prepared, endeavour to attack your Enemies in some Disorder: When you are well appointed, to set upon them unarmed: When yours are watching, to surprise them asleep: You must view what Posture they are in, yourself undiscovered to them: You must take advantage of the most secure and fenced Places, where you may at unawares assail your Enemies in straits and Difficulties. But how is it possible, Father, quoth he, that a Man should catch his Enemies in such over-fights as these? Because, Son, said He, there is a necessity in it, that you as well as your Adversaries, should fall into divers of these and the like Circumstances. For you must of necessity, both of you, forage the Country for Provision; you must both sleep, and take your Rest; and in the morning you must, almost all of you, range abroad to furnish yourselves with Necessaries; And look what way soever you bend your course, be it better or worse, you must pursue it. Now of all these things you ought seriously to deliberate, that where you find yourself the weaker Party, there you may use the greater Precaution: and that you may, when you perceive you have your Enemies at the best Advantage, then and there especially, attack them, And are we, quoth Cyrus, to endeavour to be beforehand with our Enemies in these Points only, or in some others also? Not in these only, replied he, my Son, but more principally in others. For in these cases, all Men commonly keep a strict and severe watch, as knowing 'tis necessary for them so to do: But they that go about to circumvent their Enemies, can either, by making them first confident, and think they are secure, surprise them unawares; or by betraying them into a ●…ursuit, break their Ranks, and disorder their battle: or by the wile of a pretended flight, draw them into Streights and Ambuscades, and so attack them. Now for you, my Son, it becomes you, not only to make use of all those Arts and Designs of War which you have so earnestly desired to be instructed in; but also of your accord to invent and contrive other Stratagems against your Enemies. Just as Musicians don't content themselves barely with the Practice of those Tunes they have been taught, but are continually inventing new Composures of their own. And as in Music what is new and gay is most taking and delightful, so much more in War new Stratagems and Policies are highly approved of; as being best accommodated to betray and circumvent the Enemy. Now for you, my Son, quoth he, if you would employ only those wiles and devices against your Enemies which you have used against lesser Creatures, think you not that you should make a very fair advance towards the getting an absolute Mastery over them? For you, even in the dead of the Winter, would up in the night, and out a Birding: and your Nets and Snares for that purpose were so prepared for them, that you prevented their first stir, and made your counterfeit movable Pitfall seem as if it were fixed and real. Besides, you had some Birds so perfectly well taught, as to be serviceable to your designs, by decoying into your snares those of their own kind; whilst you lay secretly in Covert to see them, so as to be undiscovered by them: and your great Care was to secure and enclose them before they took wing. But for the Hare, because she is a Creature that shuns the Light and the Day, and feeds in the dusk of the evening, you kept your Hounds, which tracing her by the scent, might start her; and because she is no sooner put up, but she betakes herself presently to her heels, you had other Dogs trained up for the same purpose, that they might take her upon the stretch. Now if she chanced to outstrip these also, you presently sought out her musing holes, and observing what paths she generally took, you accordingly so pitched your nets, that she not discerning them, in the eagerness of her flight, might fall into them, and entangle herself therein. And that she might not possibly escape hence, you had your Lurchers and Spies so planted, that they might observe what passed, who being near at hand, might immediately come upon her; you in the mean time behind her, filling her cars with your shouts and hollow, terrified her so that you might surprise her unawares; whilst they that lay in wait before her, having been by you charged to be silent, kept under Covert close and unseen. Therefore, as I intimated before, if you would put in practice these and the like Artifices against Men, I for my part know not how you should be inferior to any of your Adversaries. But now suppose you should be necessitated in an open field, and pitched Battle to engage your Enemy, 
Of joining Battle in open field.  when you are on both sides well appointed; in this case, my Son, those Arts and Advantages of War wherein you have improved yourself before, are very prevalent and effective. As for instance, If your Soldiers have well inur'd themselves to bodily Exercise, if their Spirits have, on occasion, been quickened and enlivened, and they throughly acquainted with all the Arts of War. Besides, you must know this for certain, that all those from whom you yourself exact Obedience, will think it but reasonable that you should consult their Interest and Safety. Therefore you ought not by any means to be careless and remiss, but to design in the Night how you will have your Men employed in the Day, and in the Daytime how best to dispose and order the concerns of the Night. But how to set an Army in Battle array; how to conduct them in the Day, and how in the Night; how through Streights, and how in open Plains; how over Mountains, and how in Champaign Countries; how to Incamp; how to set Watch and Ward by Night as well as by Day; how to Advance against the enemy, and how to Retreat; how to march before an hostile City; how to approach the Walls, and how to retire; how to lead through Forests, and how to pass Rivers; how to secure yourself against the Horse, how against Darters, and how against Bowmen: likewise if you lead your Army displayed into Wings, and the Enemy appear and make head against you, how you are to confront and oppose them: or again if you lead in a close Squadron, and the enemy 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  flank you on some other side, and done't appear in the Front, how you ought to charge them, and give them Battle: as also how you may best discover the Designs of your Enemies, and they not have the least knowledge of what projects you have in hand; Now all these things I need not repeat. For whatsoever I myself knew, I have often inculcated to you; and besides if there were any else that were thought knowing and experienced in these points, such you never slighted or contemned, and you made no small improvement thereby. Wherefore my opinion is, that upon all Occurrence you take such measures as you shall think most conducible to your Designs. And withal, my Son, take with you this weighty and important Instruction: never hazard any thing either in your own person or your Army, in contradiction to the warnings of Sacrifices and 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Divination by the flying of Birds.  Auguries. For, believe me, Men undertake things only by guess, not knowing in the least how, or from whence, any good should accrue to them, which you may plainly discover by the event. For many there have been, even such as have had the Reputation of very wise Men, who have prevailed with States to war upon others, by whom they that have been persuaded to be the Aggressors, have been utterly overthrown. Many having raised up several private Persons, and improved whole Communities, have neverthelese suffered the utmost extremity at their hands that they have thus advanced. Many likewise when they might have used others as Friends, with mutual returns of kindness and goodwill, choosing rather to make them their Vassals than their Friends, have from those very Persons severely suffered and smarted for the same. Many also not content to enjoy a pleasant and serene Life with their own Portion and Lot, but having an Ambition to Lord it over all, have thereby lost even what they were possessed of. And many having gotten great Treasures of their be loved Gold, have upon that very account been ruined and undone. So that Humane Wisdom knows no more how to choose what is best, than if we should make a Lottery the Guide of our Actions. But the Immortal Gods, my 
The Gods are omniscient.  Son, know all things, what's past, what present, and what shall be the Event of every thing. And look whomsoever they vouchsafe to favour, if they crave advice of them, they forewarn them what they ought to attempt, and what not. Nor are you to wonder at it, if they will not be equally favourable to all Men; for no Necessity can constrain them to have a Regard to such as they will not.  
The End of the first Book.   

BOOK II.  
DIscoursing thus together, they were advanced as far as the Confines of Persia; where, after an Auspicious Eagle had appeared unto them, and conducted them in their way, first making their supplications to the Gods, and Guardians of the Persian Nation, that they would favourably and graciously dismiss them, they passed the Boundaries: which done, and again having supplicated the Tutelar Gods of Media, that they would vouchsafe them a gracious and favourable reception, They, as beseemed them, embraced each other, and departed; the Father again into Persia, but Cyrus continued on his way into Media to Cyaxares his uncle. Whither, when he was come, after mutual Congratulations passed, Cya●…ares enquired of Him how great an Army He had brought. He replied, 
1 al. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 20000,  thirty thousand of those that came to you heretofore to serve as Mercenaries. Besides these, there come others of the 
2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Parium, the Nobility.  Nobility that never yet went forth to War. How many of them? quoth Cyaxares: For their Number, said Cyrus, when you hear it, it will not greatly please you; but know this, that few as They are, of those we call Peers, they easily command all the rest of the Persians. But do you, quoth He, stand in need of them? or were your fears causeless, and your Enemies come not at all? Yes assuredly they come, replied He, and your Number is very great. But how does this appear? Because, said He, many that come from thence, though they make different reports of things, yet they all agree in this. Must we then of necessity fight these men? 'Tis unavoidable, quoth Herald Why then, answered Cyrus, did you not inform me what you knew of their strength, with what Power they invade us, as likewise what our own forces are? that we being assured of the 
We ought to know our Enemy's strength.  strength of both Parties, might take our Measures accordingly which way best to give them Battle.  
Hear me then, quoth Cyaxares, Craes●… King of Lydia, brings, as is reported, ten thousand Horsemen; and of Tar●… and Bowmen more than forty thousand. Artamus, Prince of the greater Phrygia, brings into the field about eight thousand Horsemen, and of Spear-men and Targeteers no less than forty thousand. Aribaeus, King of Cappadocia, leads forth about six thousand Horsemen, and of Archers and Targeteers not fewer than thirty thousand. Maragdus, the Arabian, comes against us with ten thousand Horse, an hundred Chariots, and of Slingers' an innumerable multitude. As for the Greeks that inhabit Asia, 'tis not yet certainly said whether they follow or no: but for those of that part of Phrygia that borders upon the Hellespont, the report is, that Gabaeus has joined them, who comes from about the Plains of Caystrus with six thousand Horse, and ten thousand bearing Shields. The Carians, Cilicians and Paphlagonians, as the Rumour goes, follow not, though they were invited. And for the Assyrian Monarch Himself (as being Lord of Babylon, and of all the rest of Assyria besides) He, I suppose, will not bring into the field less than twenty thousand Horsemen; Chariots, I believe, not above two hundred; but of Foot, I imagine (as He uses to do when He invades these Countries) an exceeding great number. According to this your Account, quoth Cyrus, our Enemy's Horse amount to threescore thousand; their Targeteers and Bowmen to above two hundred thousand. Well now inform me, what is the Number of your own Forces? The Median Horse, quoth He, amount to above ten thousand; of Targeteers and Archers, we may possibly in our own Territories, levy threescore thousand. The Armenians, our Neighbours, will assist us with four thousand Horse, and twenty thousand Foot. Then at the rate you compute, quoth Cyrus, our Horse are less than one third part of the Enemy's Cavalry; and our Foot does not fully reach half their Infantry. How then? quoth Cyaxares, and done't you think those Persians, you say you have brought with you, to be very few? But whether we have, quoth Cyrus, any such need of Men, or no, we shall consult by and by: therefore tell me in order what are your several ways of fight. We do all of us in a manner, replied Cyaxares, fight much after the same fashion. For there are among them, as well as amongst Us, those that use both Arrows and Javelins. If these are their Weapons, quoth Cyrus, it must of necessity follow that there will be Excursions and Skirmishes at a distance. Undoubtedly so, quoth Cyaxares. Then, replied Cyrus, they must needs be Conquerors that are most numerous: for 'twill be much more easy for the many to wound and destroy the few, than the few the many. If this be the Case, my dear Cyrus, said He, what can we think of better than to send dispatches to the Persians, and withal to give them to understand, that what Calamities soever befall the Medes, the same will also reach them; and thereupon to crave of them greater Assistance. Well, quoth Cyrus, but know this, that although the whole Power of Persia should come forth to aid Us, we shall not yet be able to surpass our Enemies in Number. What Expedient then, quoth He, can you devise better than this. For my part, answered Cyrus, were I as you, I would immediately provide for all the Persians that are coming hither, exactly such Armour as those Noblemen of ours, which we call Peers, are furnished with: Which is this, a Breastplate, a light Target for the left hand, and a Falchion, or Scimitar in the right. This if you do, we shall be able, with more safety, to close with our Enemies, and encounter them hand to hand; and they also will think it more eligable to fly than to maintain their ground. For those of them that keep the field, we Persians will give them Battle, committing such as fly to you and your Horsemen; that so they may have no opportunity either to save themselves by flight, or to rally again. Thus spoke Cyrus, and Cyaxares so well approved of what He had said, that now He made no further mention of sending for fresh supplies, but immediately began to make ready the aforesaid Armour, which was scarce yet dispatched, ere the Persian Nobility were advanced with the Army sent out of their own Country. Whom when Cyrus had assembled together, He spoke to them to this effect:  
Countrymen and Friends, when I saw you 
Cyrus' Oration to the Noblemen of Persia.  thus well Armed, and withal perceived your hearty Resolutions to join close Battle with the Enemy; but the rest of the Persians, your followers, no otherwise appointed than to skirmish here and there at random: I was highly concerned, lest possibly, you, as you are few in Number, and destitute of others to relieve you, might, being overpowered by your Enemies, be reduced to Extremity and Distress. But now in regard you bring hither Bodies so manly and robust, that they can't be excepted against, and they also are to be armed like yourselves; our great business will be to animate and quicken them. For 'tis a General's Duty not only to be brave and daring Himself, but also to take effectual Care that those under Him acquit themselves with Gallantry and Courage.  
When Cyrus had thus said, and they understood they should have more Companions in the Battle, they were all exceeding glad; and one of them stood forth and spoke to this effect: My discourse perhaps would be looked upon as very 
The Oration of one of the Nobility.  strange, should I take upon me to advise Cyrus to say any thing in our behalf, to those that are to be our Fellow-Astros in the War, when they put on their Armour: but this I am assured of, that Their words make the deepest Impression in the hearts of their Audience, who have the greatest Power to do good or ill. Likewise the Gifts and Largesses of such Men, though they are less considerable than those of a samiliar Friend, yet are they more highly valued and esteemed by the Receivers. So now these Persians would more cheerfully follow the Exhortation of Cyrus himself, than if they were counselled and encouraged by Us. And being admitted into the Order of Peerage, they will think it more securely confirmed to them, if it be done by their King's Son and their General, than if they were by Us advanced to the same Dignity. Nevertheless, we must not be wanting in what concerns Us, but aught by all means possible to raise and enliven the hearts of these Men: for the more valiantly they behave themselves, the more will it be for our Honour and Advantage. Hereupon Cyrus having assembled together all the Persian Soldiery, and plaeed the Armour in the midst of them, spoke to them as follows:  
Men of Persia, In regard you were born and 
Cyrus' Oration to his Soldiers.  bred in the same Country with Us, and have Bodies nothing inferior to Ours; 'tis requisite likewise that you equal Us in Valour and Resolution of mind. For though you are such stout Men, yet in our own Country you never shared like Honours with Us: not that We debarred you that Privilege, but that there was a Constraint upon you to provide Necessaries for yourselves. But now, by the Divine Assistance, I shall take Care that there be no want of these things; and you, although you are in some sort of a lower Rank, in respect of Us; may yet, if you please, put on the same Armour we wear, and encounter the same Dangers we do; and if you perform any brave and noble Exploit, be advanced equally with Us in Honour and Esteem. Hitherto you have been used to Bows and Darts as well as we, nevertheless 'tis not at all to be wondered at, if your Skill and Experience herein fall short of Ours; for you had not the leisure and opportunity to practise these things, which we had. But now in this kind of Armour here before you, we shall not have the least advantage of you. For every one shall have a Breastplate fitted to him, in his left hand a light Target (such as we all have been used to carry) and in his right hand a Sword or Scimitar, wherewith to s●…ite down his Adversaries, who can't possibly escape Him if He direct his stroke aright. In these Circumstances what is it wherein we can One furpass another, but by being daring and forward? which ought to be Your Concern no less than Ours. For as for Victory (which both instates Us in, and likewise secures to Us all things that are honourable and good) upon what account should We be more desirous of it than You? And as for Power (which bestows upon the Conquerors all the spoils of the Vanquished) what reason have We to endeavour after it rather than you? To conclude, you have heard the whole matter, you see all the Armour here before you; let every Man take what is fit for Him, and so give his Name to some Centurion in the Army, that he may be enroled in the same rank and quality with Us. As for those that content themselves with the Condition of Mercenary Soldiers, let them still continue to wear such Arms as are proper for Servants and Attendants.  
Thus spoke Cyrus, whom when the Persians had heard, they concluded that they justly deserved to lead a wretched and uncomfortable Life for the future, if, upon so fair an Invitation, to partake of the like Dangers, and to share the same Rewards with them, they should offer to refuse: Whereupon they unanimously listed themselves, and took every Man his Armour. During the time of the Report that the Enemy was advanced very near them, when indeed there was no such thing, Cyrus made it his business to 
Cyrus instructs his Soldiers in the Arts of War.  improve the strength of those that were about him, by keeping them to bodily Exercise; He instructed them in Military Arts, animating and exciting them to all the hazards and adventures of War. And first of all, Cyaxares having furnished him with Purveyors for his Army, He commanded that every one should forthwith be plentifully supplied with all things necessary for them. Which provision being made, the Soldiers had now nothing to do, but to exercise themselves in feats of Arms: for, it seems, He had perfectly learned this Point, that they do in all things approve themselves the most excellent Men, who, forbearing to busy their thoughts about divers concerns at once, are intent only upon one. Moreover, having debarred them the use of Bows and Javelins, He allowed them no other kind of Exercise, but only to skirmish with Sword, Buckler and Breastplate; whereby He soon wrought them into an opinion, That they must of necessity close, and come to hand-blows with the Enemy, or else confess themselves to be of no account, and utterly unworthy to be styled Companions in the War. But to acknowledge this were very hard, because they know they are furnished with Necessaries for no other End but to fight for those that supply them therewith. Now when He considered likewise with Himself, that Men more cheerfully exercise themselves in those points wherein there ariseth Emulation, and Contention for Victory, He proclaimed Solemn Games amongst them, such as He knew were very advantageous for the Exercise and Improvement of his Soldiers.  
Now the particulars He enjoined them were these: That a Common Soldier acquit Himself well; be obedient to his Officers●… willing to undergo hardship; forward to encounter Danger, without disordering the Battle; acquainted with the Arts and Stratagems of War; in his Armour gay and brave; and in all things belonging to a Soldier pushed on with Emulation and a Love of Honour. That the Leader of a 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Half-File both behave Himself like a good Soldier, and also, as much as in Him lies, take Care that those he commands approve themselves so too: That he that hath the Conduct of a 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  whole File have the same regard to those he commands: That a Lieutenant likewise look to his Charge: That the Captain-General also have a special Regard, not only that He himself, but all the chief Officers near him, may acquit themselves with an unreprovable Gallantry, and in like manner keep those under their respective Commands, to a constant Discharge of their Duty.  
Now the Encouragements he proposed to them were these: That those Captains, whose Conduct, in the management of their several Companies, had been most remarkable, should be advanced to the Office of Majors; that such Lieutenants as had made the greatest Improvement and best Advantage of the Commands they bore, should be promoted to the Dignity of Captains; that they who best managed their 
2 The command of 10 Soldiers.  Decuries should be raised to the Honour of Lieutenants; that they who best behaved themselves in leading of Five, should be rewarded with the Command of a Decury; and that those Common Soldiers who gave the most notable Proofs of their Bravery and Valour, should be encouraged with the Leading of Five. Now by this means all these Officers and Captains gained this main principal Point to be obeved and revered by those they commanded; and consequently, such other Honours and Respects were paid as were due to every Man's Quality and Station. Besides this, he spurred on those that were praiseworthy with a fair Prospect of some greater Promotion hereafter. He likewise publicly decreed honourable Rewards as well to whole Regiments and Companies as to particular Ranks and Files, where he saw them most willing to obey and most ready to execute the Commands of their Superiors; which Rewards were really such as best suited with the Condition of a Multitude. And these are the Particulars of what he himself published and ordained, and wherein his Soldiers were trained up and exercised. Tents also he built for them, in number, equal to the several 
3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Prefects or Captains in the Army; and for their Extent each of them large enough to entertain a Century: now a Century consisted of an hundred Men; and so every Hundred were lodged in their respective Tents. Now their encamping thus together, must needs, as he conceived, be of great Import and Advantage to him in his Prosecution of the ensuing War, in regard they saw the Provisions orderly distributed to every one alike; so that no Man could have any Plea for his Cowardice or Remissness in the Battle, upon pretence of not having an equal Proportion of Allowance with the rest. Besides, He thought their quartering thus together would be highly advantageous, to him by promoting a mutual Acquaintance and Intimacy amongst them: for he was fully persuaded. That if they all knew one another, they would be ashamed; whereas if they were wholly unacquainted, they would, like Men in the dark, be more prone to indulge themselves in Idleness and Sloth. He believed likewise, That this kind of cohabiting together in the Camp would very much conduce to the due and regular marshalling of his Army; in regard every Captain had disposed his Regiments in so good order, that he could as easily march out with an entire Company as lead them forth one by one: After the same method had the Lieutenants managed their respective 
4 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Bands; the Decurions their Ten, and the Captains of five their Five. Now this exact Regulation of the Army he looked upon to be a matter of great Moment and Concern, both for the avoiding Confusion and Disorder, and also (in case of any such Misfortune) for the more speedy putting themselves in Battalia again: just as we see in Stones and pieces of Timber which are to be compact and coupled toge-in Building, provided they have some special mark whereby we may but know for what part of the Structure they were designed; for very easy it is to fit and frame them together, though they be never so confusedly scattered and dispersed. The best Advantage he proposed from their living together in their Tents was this; He concluded they would be very unwilling to desert one another, because he saw even Brute Beasts, feeding in the same Pasture, express a strange desire one for another, if any one did forcibly drive them from their Fellows.  
Cyrus had always a special Regard to this, that they should never go to Dinner or Supper unless they had first laboured till they Sweated again: And for this purpose, He either led them forth to hunt, or else contrived such Exercises and Diversions for them, as would effectually cause the same: or if he were to engage in any Enterprise, he would so lead them on to the Execution of it, that without Sweeting they should not come off. And this he thought did not only make them eat with a better Appetite and Relish, and kept them in perfect Health, but also did very much conduce to the enabling them to undergo Labour and Travel. Besides, he looked upon it that their being Fellow-Labourers together would be a fair opportunity of endearing them each to other; just as it is with Horses, those that have been wrought hard at the same Drudgery and Toil, stand more quietly and gently together in the same Stall. And undoubtedly, they give the best Proofs of their Bravery against the Enemy, who are conscious to themselves how well they have acted in their exercises one with another.  
Cyrus also erected a Pavilion for himself, fit for the Accommodation and Reception of those that he invited to sup with him. Now, for the most part, he invited of his chief Captains, such as he thought proper and convenient: sometimes he sent for his Lieutenants to his Table; sometimes for the 
5 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Corporals; and sometimes for the Captains over Five. Upon some Occasions likewise, he admitted private Soldiers; sometimes also half a File together; sometimes a whole File; sometimes an entire Band of Soldiers, and sometimes a whole Regiment. And this kind of Invitation and honouring them thus was usual with him, when he saw any particular Person perform that which he would have recommended to the Army in general: now the Entertainment he provided was always the same for himself and his Guests. He took also special Care that those Messengers that followed and attended the Camp, 
Or Sergeants at Arms.  should in all things share equally with the rest, in that he looked upon such Officers to be, in no case, less deserving of Honour and Advancement than Heralds and Ambassadors: for he concluded that they must needs be Men of Fidelity, and Skill in Military Affairs, Understanding, in Business earnest, quick of dispatch, diligent, and undaunted. Over and above all this, Cyrus knew 'twas expedient that these kind Officers should be treated with the same Regard as they that were reputed the best amongst them, and so to be managed that they might refuse nothing that was enjoined them; but that in all things they might make their Prince's Commands the Measure of their Obedience.  
It was likewise his constant Care, as oft as he made these public Entertainments in his Tent, to provide that they might be seasoned with such Discourses as would at once create Mirth, and incite to some noble and generous Undertaking. So on a time he occasionally entered upon this kind of Discourse: How think you, Countrymen, quoth he, do you esteem others any 
How Cyrus communed with his Captains, etc.  way our Inferiors, or to fall short of us, because they have not had the same Advantage of Education and Discipline as we have? Or will there, think you, be no Difference betwixt them and us, neither in our common Conversation, nor when we come to give the Enemy Battle? To him Hystaspes replied; How they will behave themselves against the Enemy I don't yet understand: but, I vow to you, in their ordinary Converse one with another, some of them seem, already, very morose and refractory. for, Cyaxares sent lately consecrate Victims to every Company, which being distributed, every Man had at least three Dividends of Flesh for his share. The Cook, when he carried about the first Course, began with me: but when he came in with the second, I bade him invert his method, and begin with the last. Whereupon, one of the Soldiers that sat about the middle cried out, and said, In good faith this is by no means fair dealing, if he shall never begin with us that sit here in the midst. Which when I perceived, I was very much disturbed that they should think they were cozened; and immediately called the Soldier to me: and therein he as readily obeyed. Now by that time the Messes which were carried about came to us, and we, I remember, being to be served last, the Pieces of Meat that were left were very small; whereat he being heartily vexed, was not able any longer to contain himself, but muttered out these Words: What hard Fortune had I to be called hither, and 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  speed so much the worse! To whom I replied, Come, trouble not yourself, for by and by he will begin with us; than you shall choose with the first, and have the largest Portion. This said, in comes the Cook with the third Course, even all that was left undistributed: and here he had his choice next after me. But when a third had likewise taken, and had, as he thought, met with a larger piece than himself, down again he threw what he had already pitched upon, as if he would make a second Choice. But the Cook supposing the Man had no need of Meat, kept on his way, and carried the Mess quite about before he could seize on another piece. Whereupon, he took this Disaster so heinously, because that which he had chosen before was all eaten up, that he overturned even the Sauce that was left, out of a mere Transport of Vexation and Rage at his ill fortune. Which when the Officer that stood next Us perceived, clapping his hands together, he burst out into a great Laughter: and I, for my part, was forced to counterfeit a Cough, not being able otherwise to forbear laughing outright. Such a one as this, Cyrus, quoth he, can I show you amongst our own Fellows. Whereat, all of them, as well they might, laughed heartily. Then stood up another of the Captains, and said; This Gentleman it seems has light upon a very peevish humoursome Fellow. But when you dismissed us with your Instructions for Marshalling an Army, and commanded every one of us what we had learned of you, to teach the same to our respective Companies, than went I, as the rest did, and exercised one Party. When having placed their Leader at the head of them, and next to him a brisk Youngman, and so the rest in such order as I thought fit, I stood forth and faced them; where, viewing the whole Band, when I saw my own time, I commanded 
A notable Instance of Military Discipline.  them to march forward: Presently my Youngman stepping forth, marched in the Van before his Leader. Which, when I perceived, You, Sir, what do you mean, said I? To march on, replied he, as you commanded. But my Commands, quoth I, were not to you only, but to all the rest. Upon these Words, turning him about to the Company, What, hear you not, saith he, how our Captain commands us all to advance forward? Hereupon the whole Band moving on, marched before their Leader, and came up to Me. And when their Officer commanded them back 
Or Leader,  again, they began to be discontented, and to murmur, saying; Whether of these two must we obey? for here one commands us, and the other forbids us, to march forward. All this I patiently bore with, and replacing every one in his proper Order, I gave them in charge, That not a Man of those that came behind should fair a foot till he before him began to move; but that they should all have a special regard to this, That every Man follow his Leader. Now so it was, that one going for Persia, came to wait upon me for my Letter which I had wrote to my Friends; wherefore, I wished the Officer (for he knew where the Letter lay) to run and fetch it: He did accordingly; when immediately the aforesaid Youngman guarded, as he was, with a Breastplate, and a Halberd in his hand, followed his Leader; which the rest of the Company perceiving, all ran after, so that the whole Band of Soldiers came and brought me my Letter. Thus you see, quoth he, how perfectly my Party have learned all that you enjoined me to teach them. Hereupon some indeed laughed exceedingly, that a Letter should be guarded with such a Military Convoy as this: But Cyrus, O Heavens, quoth he, What brave Men have we for our Associates! so easy to be obliged, that a small piece of Meat shall engage many of them to be your Friends; so ready to obey, that their Performance shall even prevent your Commands: so that for my part I cannot imagine what manner of Men I should rather wish for than such as I already have. Thus did Cyrus at once both laugh at the Discourse, and commend the Soldiers.  
It fortuned that there was at this time in his Tent one of his Captains named Aglaïtadas, a Man of a rough unpleasing Temper, who began after this manner: Do you suppose it, Cyrus, to be Truth what these Men tell you? Why, replied Cyrus, what can they propose to themselves by framing Lies? What think you, quoth he, but that they have a mind to create Laughter, for which Reason they tell you these Stories, and proudly boast themselves in so doing. Nay, soft and fair, answered Cyrus, don't look upon them as 
2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Braggadocio's, for that Name, I take it, is appropriate only to those who pretend they are really more wealthy, or more courageous than in truth they are, or make Protestations of their performing that which they are not able to affect; and that too, when it evidently appears that they do it upon the account of some by-end or private Advantage. But they that go about to move the Company to Laughter, not out of any Principle of Profit to themselves, nor prejudice to the Hearers, nor with a design of doing any the least Injury, why should they not be styled (as in Justice they ought) merry-conceited facetious Drolls rather than proud Boasters? And thus did Cyrus plead for, and excuse those that caused Merriment and Laughter. Then stood up an Officer, the same that had told the pleasant Story of his Party of Soldiers, and said, I suppose, Aglaïtadas, had we applied ourselves to cause you to weep, (as some there are who in their Songs and Orations by devising lamentable doleful Tales endeavour to force Tears from us) you would have reproved us very severely, seeing you treat us with such Contumely and Reproach, notwithstanding you yourself know very well, that 'tis our desire only to make you merry, and not to injure or affront you in the least: Yes, upon my Life, should I, quoth Aglaïtadas, and that very justly too. For I look upon him that causes his Friends to sit down and lament, to deserve incomparably better of them than one that moves them to Mirth and Laughter. And even you, if you examine the matter rightly, will find that I speak Truth. For 'tis by making them weep that Parents teach their Children Modesty, that Masters instruct their Scholars in Arts and Sciences: and the Laws, so long as they constrain Subjects to sit down and weep, so long do they oblige them to live justly and honestly. But for those that provoke to Laughter, wherein can you affirm that they either advantage the Body, or so improve the Mind as to make it more fit for the Administration of Affairs, whether private or public? To him Hystaspes spoke after this manner; Come, Aglaïtadas, if you will be ruled by me, you shall boldly and bravely bestow this upon your Enemies which you value at so high a rate, and do your Endeavour to make them sit down and bemoan themselves; but upon us that are your Friends, by any means, expend something of that you set so lightly by, your Laughter: For I know you cannot but have a great Reserve of it in store, in regard you yourself have never used it lavishly or profusely, nor do you, by your good Will, allow either Friends or Strangers to partake of it. So that you can have no pretence in the World why you should not afford us a little Laughter. To whom Aglaïtadas replied; And do you, Hystaspes, intent to force a Laugh from me? No said the abovementioned Officer, I swear, he were a Fool if he did; for I believe one may sooner strike Fire out of you than move you to Laughter. Hereupon the rest of the Company, being acquainted with the Humour and Temper of the Man, laughed outright; and Aglaïtadas himself offered at a Smile: when Cyrus, seeing him somewhat disposed to be pleasant, Sir, said he, to the aforesaid Officer, you do not do as becomes you, thus to impose upon any sober grave Man, to constrain him in a manner to laugh, especially one that is so professed an Enemy to all kind of Laughter. And here concluded this kind of Discourse: when, Chrysantas stood forth, and spoke after this manner. 
Chrysantas' Advice about disposing of Rewards.   
Cyrus, and Allye the rest that are here present, I suppose there are come with us in this Expedition, Persons, some of greater and some of lesser worth: Now if our Enterprise be attended with Success, they will all expect to be rewarded alike. But for my part I think nothing in the whole World can be more unreasonable and absurd than that Cowardice and Valour should go hand in hand in the Distribubution of Rewards. Hereunto Cyrus replied, 'Tis therefore most requisite, Sirs, that this be proposed as matter of Debate to the Army; Whether (if God crown our Actions with Success) we should make all Fellow-sharers alike, or dispose of Honours and Rewards in Proportion to every Man's particular Deferts. And what need is there, answered Chrysantas, to propound this to the Army, and not rather solemnly declare that your Pleasure is so? For have not you already proclaimed Public Games and appointed Prizes for the Victors? 'Tis confessed, quoth Cyrus; but in good Truth, that's nothing to this Purpose. For whatsoever they get in the Progress of this War, that I suppose they will look upon as common to them all: the Conduct perhaps and Command of the Army they may allow to belong to me by right of Deputation from the State. And therefore I believe they will not think me to be Arbitrary or Unjust if I take upon me to constitute Officers over them. Think you then, quoth Chrysantas, that the whole Multitude being assembled together will come to any such Resolution as this, That every Man shall not share alike; but that in the Disposal of Honours and Rewards, Consideration shall especially be had of the best? In earnest, for my Part, answered Cyrus, I am of that Opinion, both because, I suppose, you will acquiesce in what I say; and also 'tis very scandalous and base for any one to offer to oppose this, That he ought to be most honourably rewarded, who behaves himself with the greatest Bravery and Courage, and does his Country the best Service. And I verily believe it will animate even Cowardice itself to see Valour honoured and preferred. Cyrus was very 
The admirable Wisdom of Cyrus.  willing that such a Decree should pass upon the account, and for the sake of the Nobility; for he took it for granted, that they would show themselves more valorous according as they saw themselves rewarded in proportion to the Services they did. He thought it therefore very seasonable at this time to determine the Point by Votes and Suffrages, when the Nobility began to repine at, and dread this levelling kind of Equality. Wherefore, by the unanimous Consent of those that were met together in Cyrus' Pavilion, it was thought good to put the Matter to the Vote, that every one who would be reputed a Man indeed, should countenance and further it.  
Hereat one of the Captains smiling, said, I know a certain Fellow, a Common-Souldier, who will readily give his Assent that this unadvised Equality shall never pass. Another asked him who he meant; I mean, quoth he, a certain Tent-Fellow of mine, who presses upon all Occasions to share more than the rest. What, said the other, in Labour too? Nay, hold there, replied he, not a Word of that; there I confess you have caught me: for in Labour and Toil, or any thing of that Nature, he will give any one, that will, free leave to take a greater share than himself. But, Sirs, quoth Cyrus, 
An excellent Discourse of Cyrus.  my Resolution is, that such Fellows, as he now speaks of, aught to be cashiered, and expelled the Camp, if we intent to have a stout, valiant, and faithful Army. For I look upon the Generality of Soldiers to be naturally disposed to follow what way soever any one leads them. Now I believe Men of Gallantry and Courage are zealous to excite others to noble and brave Exploits; whereas bad Men make it their Business to betray them into Villainy and Folly. And indeed it often falls out, that Men of base corrupt Principles bring more over to their Opinion and Party than those that are truly virtuous and good. For Vice coming recommended with present Pleasures, does by their Allurements induce many to comply with and embrace it: but Virtue aiming only at Heights and Difficulties, is not powerful and attractive enough to draw us readily to her, especially when others invite us the clean contrary way, to our beloved Ease and Pleasure. So that if there be any who contract a vicious Habit merely by a sluggish stupid Disposition, such I esteem as Drones, expensive only, and burdensome to their Fellows: but where they are backward to engage in common Duty and Service, yet shameless and eager in pursuit of their own private Advantage, they are likely to be Ringleaders to Mischief and Vice; because they are many times able to evidence to the World, that their Villainy has been crowned with Profit and Success. Wherefore such as these aught by all means to be discharged. Nor need you be hereupon solicitous how to recruit your broken Forces with Countrymen of your own, but, as in Horses, you don't confine yourself to those of your own breed, but make choice of such as are best: even so in Men of all others, choose especially such as you think most able to do you the best Service and Honour. Now that this kind of proceeding will turn to our good I am abundantly satisfied, because neither can a Chariot be swift which is drawn by slow Horses; nor a Family well governed where dissolute Servants are employed. Nay, less prejudicial were it to have no Servants at all, than to be molested with those that are vicious and false. Besides, assure yourselves of this, my Friends, quoth he, that by this purging of ill Men out of the Army, we shall not only gain this great point that we shall be fairly quit of them; but also as many of those that are left behind, as Vice has already seized on and infected, will again be purged of the same: and those also that are good and faithful when they see base Villainies slighted and disgraced; will with more cheerful Resolution embrace Virtue. And this was the Effect of Cyrus' Discourse, All which his Friends unanimously approved of, and did accordingly.  
Then Cyrus began to be pleasant again, and perceiving that one of his Officers had brought a Guest with him to Supper, and had made him sit down by him very hairy and ugly as he was, calling the Officer by his Name, he said unto him: What Sambulas, and do you too follow the Greek Fashion, and carry about that delicate Youth that sits next to you, for his Beauty? Yes, quoth Sambulas, as I live, I take great Pleasure both in his Converse and Countenance, which when the rest of the Company heard, they all turned about, and viewing well the Young Man's extraordinary deformity, laughed out right. And one among the rest, Now, for Heaven's sake, Sambulas, quoth he, prithee tell me, how this Fellow has thus ingratiated himself with thee? I will tell you, quoth he, Friend's, the very Truth; How oft soever I have called upon Him either by Night or by Day, He never pretended Business to excuse himself, nor does he go about his work lazily, but always with Vigour and Dispatch. Nor did I ever see him go about any thing I commanded him, but he wrought at it till he sweat again. Besides, he has made twelve others really such as himself, demonstrating to them not by Word, but by Fact, how they ought to behave and acquit themselves. Upon this, says one, seeing He is such a Person as you speak of, how can you forbear to greet and kiss him as one of your Kinsmen? To whom the ill-looked Fellow himself replied, He does not do that because he hates taking Pains; for if he should offer to kiss me, it would excuse him sufficiently from all other Exercises. Such kind of Story's as these partly jocular, and partly serious, were discoursed of and debated in the Tent. At last having offered Sacrifice a third time, and beseeching the Gods to bless them with Victory and Success, the Company broke up, and betook themselves all to their Rest. The day following Cyrus, in a full Assembly of his whole Army, spoke to this Effect.  
Countrymen and Friends, the Battle now 
Cyrus' Oration to the whole Camp.  approaches; our Enemies are at hand. If Victory attend us, the Enemy, and all they possess, will be certainly ours: if we are vanquished (and we must ever suppose the worst) all that we are Masters of, will, as their Reward, fall into the hands of the Conquerors. This therefore you must know, that where Men, concerned in the same common Engagements of War, make this Resolution to themselves, that nothing can succeed well, unless every particular Person heartily espouse the Cause, there, in a short time, they are able to perform great and glorious Exploits; and that upon this Account, that no Man, out of a slothful Negligence forgets to discharge his Duty. But when every one shall think that others will bear the Burden of the Day, and encounter the Dangers of the War, though they indulge themselves in Softness and Ease, than you may assure yourselves of this, that all such Persons are subject to all manner of Calamity and Distress. And Providence itself seems in some sort so to order it, that they that will not impose it as a Task upon themselves to labour and contend in an honourable way, shall be sure to have Taskmasters set over them to command them. Now therefore let some one amongst you stand forth, and speak to this Point, Whether he thinks we shall be induced rather to acquit ourselves valiantly like Men, because he that performs best, and exposes himself to the greatest Hazards, shall likewise have the greatest share of Honour and Reward; or because it makes no Difference whether we come off like Cowards or not, in regard the Spoil shall be equally divided among All. Then stood up Chrysantas, one of the Nobility, neither for Stature big, nor to the view strong, but a Man of admirable Wisdom, who thus began.  
I suppose, Cyrus, quoth he, you did not 
The Oration of Chrysantas.  propose this Question to us, as if it were your Opinion that Cowardice and Valour ought to be had in equal Esteem; but to prove whether there be any Man here that will declare in behalf of him, who (though he himself perform nothing honourable and praiseworthy) expects nevertheless to carry off an equal Portion of all that Honour which others by their Valour have acquired. ay, for my part, neither excel in the strength of my Arm, nor the swiftness of my Feet: and I am abundantly convinced, that for what I shall achieve in my own Person, I shall neither merit the first, nor the second, nay, I believe not the thousandth, perhaps not the ten thousandth Place. Notwithstanding, this I am sure of, that if the brave Men amongst us vigorously prosecute the Business of the War, I myself shall have such a share in their Conquests as in Equity and Justice I ought to have: but if the lazy Refuse of the Army shall do nothing at all, and our stout and valiant Men be crest-fallen and disheart'ned, I am afraid I shall partake, and that in a far greater measure than I desire, of something else rather than of what is honourable and good. When Chrysantas had thus spoke, Pheraulas, one of the Commons of Persia, who upon the Account of their domestic Converse, was familiar with, and beloved of Cyrus. A Man of no ungraceful Mien, nor of a Humour any way unbeseeming a Gentleman. And he began to this Effect:  
I believe, O Cyrus, and all ye Persians here 
The Cration of Pheraulas.  present, that we do all with equal Earnestness and Contention strive for Honour; because I perceive we generally accustom our Bodies to the same sort of Diet, we use the same mutual Society and Converse, and have all the same honourable Advantages set before us. For to obey our Superiors is a Duty alike incumbent upon all; and he that does it most frankly and openly, him, I observe, Cyrus always treats with Honour and Respect. In like manner, to give signal Proof of our Courage against the Enemy, is not commendable in one, and not so in another, but confessedly acknowledged to be equally laudable in All. We are now in prospect of a Battle; and how every Man should behave himself therein, Nature, I perceive, has sufficiently instructed us: just as we see in other Creatures; they have all learned some way of Fight or other, and that from no other Principle but the mere Dictates and Instinct of Nature. For instance, the Bull fights with his Horns; the Horse with his Hoof; the Dog with his Mouth; and the Boar with his Tusk; and all these Creatures are naturally prompted to avoid that of which they ought especially to beware, without coming under the Discipline of any Teacher. And I remember, even from a Child, I knew how presently to descend and guard myself from him that I thought had a Design to strike me; for, if I had no other Weapon, as well as I could, I put by, and resisted his Stroke with my Hands: and this I did not only without any Body's Suggestion, but even when I was sure to be punished and scourged for the same. Indeed, when I was yet but a mere Child, I would, without any more ado, snatch up a Sword wherever I saw it, not having learned of any one so much as how to take hold of it, but only, as I conceive, by the mere Guidance of Nature. Nay, I was so far from being taught by any, that I was expressly forbidden; as there are other things which Nature did, in some sort, force me to do, in direct Opposition to the Commands of my Parents. And if I could smite any thing undiscovered with my Sword, I was sure to do it. For it was not only as natural to me, as it is to walk or to run; but over and above that, I found, methoughts, a certain Complacency to myself in so doing. In regard therefore that here is a Battle at hand, wherein cheerful Courage is like to succeed better than Art and Stratagem; why should not we, out of a generous Emulation, strive and contend with these Peers; seeing the Rewards of Valour are on either hand the same; but we don't both run equal Hazards: For they expose an honourable Life, which is the only, the most desirable; but we, a toilsome, inglorious Life, which I look upon to be, of all others, the most irksome and uneasy. But above all, my Fellow-soldiers, that which chiefly animates and excites me briskly to undertake this Contest with the Peers, is, because we shall have Cyrus for our Judge, whose impartial Sentence no Prejudice can sway; who I believe (and I dare call Heaven to witness it) loves those that he sees behave themselves valiantly, no less than he does himself. For I observe, He takes more Pleasure in bestowing what he has among such, than in keeping it to himself. 'Tis true indeed, I know they value themselves much upon this Account, That their Education has prepared them to endure Hunger, and Thirst, and Cold; not considering rightly in the mean time, that all this we have throughly learned, and that under the Institution of a better Teacher than they. For in things of this Nature there can be no such Discipline as that of Necessity, which has taught us to be very accurate and exact therein. They have been used to exercise themselves in bearing Arms, which all Men have so contrived, that they might be most light and portable: but for us, We have been compelled not only to Go, but to Run, and that under the Pressure of heavy Loads; so that now the weight of my Armour seems to me rather like Wings than a Burden. Know therefore, O Cyrus, that I will do my utmost Endeavour, and be my Condition what it will, according to my Merit and Desert so shall I expect to be rewarded. As for you my Friends and Fellow-Commoners, I exhort you vigorously and resolutely to maintain this Conflict with these well disciplined and experienced Gentlemen. For, indeed, these Men are now overmatched in this Popular Contention.  
So spoke Pheraulas. Many others there were who rose up, and declared their Approbation both of the one Opinion and the other. So it was resolved, that every ones Reward aught to bear Proportion to his Worth; and Cyrus to be the Judge of the Merits of the Cause. And thus proceeded these Matters.  
Cyrus also on a time invited to Supper with him a Captain and his whole Company; because he had seen him divide his Soldiers into two Parties, and set them in Battle Array one against another; both Divisions being armed with Breastplates, and light 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 made of Twigs.  Targets in their Left-hands: in their Right-hands he gave to one half good stout Truncheons; the other half he commanded to take up Clods, and therewith to pelt their Adversaries. Now when they all stood thus ready armed, he gave the Signal for the Skirmish. Then one Party threw their Clods, and hit some of them on the Breastplates, some on the Targets, some on the Thighs, and some on the Legs. But when they came to it hand to hand, they that were armed with Truncheons smote their Adversaries, some of them Hippolito and Thigh, some on the Hands, and some of them that stooped down to take up Clods, on the Neck and Shoulders. At last the Battoon bearers put the others to flight, and smote them, and chased them, with much Sport and Laughter. In like manner, when heir turn came, the other took the Truncheons, and dealt just after the same rate with those that threw Clods against them. Cyrus' greatly admired this notable Invention of the Captain, and commended the Obedience of the Soldiers, who did at once both Exercise and recreate themselves; and withal observing that they that imitated the Persian way of Arming themselves, always came off with Victory, he was mightily pleased therewith, and invited the Combatants to Supper. Now when in his Pavilion he espied some with their Legs bound up, and some their Arms, he asked them, what they ailed? They answered, They had been bruised with Clods. He then put the Question further to them, whether they were hurt when they came to close, or when they fought at a distance? The Truncheoners 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  replied, When they skirmished at a distance. For said they, when we came to it hand to hand, we had very pleasant Sport on't. Then they that had been sorely mauled with the Truncheons cried out, That they did not think it such fine Pastime to be bastinadoed at that rate when they came to close fight; and withal showed in their Arms and Necks, nay, and some of them in their Faces too, the very Prints and Strokes of the Batoons. This done, as well they might, they laughed at, and derided one another. The next day all the whole Field was thronged with Men, who came to practise this way of Combating: and whenever they were not taken up with Business of greater moment, they constantly used this kind of Exercise and Recreation. Another time he saw a Captain leading his Company from the River one by one to 
3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as most ●…ples 〈◊〉 it.  Dinner, who, when he saw his time, commanded the Rereband to pass by the third and fourth Ward, and march up into the Forefront. Now when they stood all in the Vanguard, he commanded them to double their Files, and lead them out by two and two. Then the Decurions, with their 
Leaders of Ten.  Files, advanced into the Front: Where he, when he thought convenient, commanded them again to redouble their Files, and lead them on by four and four. Then came on in order the Captains of five, yet so that they also might march by four and four. Now when he was come to his Tent door, he gave the Word that they should again march one by one; so he led in his Vanguard, and commanded the next to follow them in the Rear; and giving the same Charge to the third and the fourth, he led them all into his Pavilion, where he made them sit down to meat in the same order they came in. Cyrus' mightily admired the Man, as well for the Mildness of his Temper, as for his Discipline and his Industry; and therefore solemnly invited Him and his whole Company to Supper.  
Now it fortuned, that at the same time there was another Captain invited to Supper, who thus bespoke Cyrus: Why don't you invite my Company to your Tent? for when they are here at Supper they do the very same thing that these do. And when the Entertainment in your Pavilion is at an end, the Leader of the last File brings out the Rearward, and in the first place sets them in Battle Array. Then follows the Leader of the second Band; and so in order the third and the fourth: that so when they are to make good a Retreat, they may know in what Order they ought to do it. Now when we come into a Plain where we use to have a running March, if it be toward the Sunrising, I lead the Van, and the foremost Band takes place first, after that the second, and so in Course the third and the fourth; then follow the lesser Bands of Ten, and of Five, so long as I give the Word of Command. But if we march toward the Sunsetting, than the Rearward and the Officer that leads it, begin to march off first; and they do nevertheless obey me though I come hindmost of all? that so they may with equal Obedience accustom themselves both to lead and to follow. And do you, quoth Cyrus, use always to do thus? Yes, I assure you, replied he, as constantly and duly as we go to our Meals. I invite you therefore, answered Cyrus, partly because you carefully practise to keep good Order both in your Approaches and Retreats, whether by Night or by Day; and partly because you exercise your Bodies by moving up and down, and also improve your Understandings by Experience and Practice. 
Cyrus' wittily encourageth his Soldiers.  So that in regard you perform a double Duty in every Thing, 'tis but reasonable that you should be treated with a double Repast. Not in one day, for Heaven's sake, quoth the Captain, unless you will supply us with double Bellies too. And thus ended this Entertainment in the Tent. The next day, as also the Day following, Cyrus invited this Company to his Pavilion: which when the other Regiments understood, they all ever after imitated them.  
Now Cyrus held a general Rendezvous of all his Forces in their Arms, and was mustering them in order for Battle; when Cyaxares, by an Express, advertised him of an Embassy arrived from 
An Embassy from India.  India, and withal signified his Pleasure, That he should immediately repair unto him. The Messenger likewise told him, That he had brought him, from Cyaxares, a very noble Robe of State: for, quoth he, his Desire is, that you should appear with all Magnificence and Splendour imaginable, because the Indians will see how you make your Entry. Cyrus' having received this Message, he gave order to the principal Officer that led the Vanguard, that he should draw out his Company one by one, and place himself in the Front. He commanded him likewise to give the same Charge to the next, and so on, that it might pass through the whole Army. In obedience to his Commands, they immediately gave the Charge, and All as readily performed it: so that in a very short time, there were two Hundred in the Forefront (for so 
Rather, as Leunclavius observes, it should be 300, which multiplied by 100 makes completely 30000.  many principal Captains he had) and the Files were each of them an hundred-deep. In this Order he commanded them to follow, as he should lead them; and presently he began to march at a very great rate. But when he understood that the way leading to the Palace-Royal was too narrow for them to march thus all affront, he gave Command that the first Thousand should follow him in the same Order they were placed, and that the next Thousand should close with their Rearward and follow them; and the same Method to be observed throughout the whole Army. Thus he led them on without any stop, and one Thousand still orderly succeeded and followed another. He dispatched likewise before him two of his Attendants, to make Proof of the straightness of the Way, that so if any one were at a loss therein, they might of them be informed what they ought to do. Now when they were come to Cyaxares his Palace-Gates, he commanded the Captain of the first Band so to order his Files that they might stand twelve deep, and to place the File-Leaders affront before the Palace. He commanded that the same Charge should be given to the second Captain, and so on throughout the Army. And all this they accordingly performed.  
Cyrus came into Cyaxares' Presence in a plain Persian Robe, whom when Cyaxares saw, being well pleased that he had repaired to him with such Celerity and Dispatch, but disturbed at the Meanness of his Garment, he thus bespoke him: What mean you, Cyrus, to appear thus in such a Garb before the Indian Embassy? My Desire was, that you should have made your Entry in a most splendid manner; for it would have been much for my Reputation and Honour, that my Nephew should have appeared in all Magnificence and Royalty. To this Cyrus replied, Whether should I have done you more Honour by deferring and slighting the Execution of your Commands, that so I might have come before you, arrayed in Purple, adorned with Bracelets, and bedecked with Chains; or rather (as I have now done) by expressing my Obedience and Diligence in leading hither so great and gallant an Army, and all to maintain your Grandeur and Honour? I come adorned, you see, with Sweat and Labour, that I may make you glorious by teaching others to obey you. When Cyrus had thus spoke, Cyaxares approved well of what he said, and commanded that the Indian Ambassadors should be introduced. Who, when they were admitted to Audience, declared, that they 
Cyaxares gives Audience to an Indian Embassy.  were sent by the King of India with Instructions to demand the Reasons and Grounds of the War betwixt the Medes and Assyrians; and that when they had received his Answer, they were further impower'd to go likewise and demand the same of the King of Assyria: and upon the whole matter to let each of you understand, that the Indian King was resolved, out of a due regard to Justice and Equity, to join with and ass●…ist the injured Party. To this Embassy Cyaxares answered; Hear therefore what I shall declare: We have been no ways injurious to the Assyrian King. Go on therefore in your way to him, and learn what his Declaration is in this Point. Cyrus also being present, craved leave of Cyaxares to impart his Thoughts to them; which being granted, he thus bespoke them: To the King of India, (Your Master) if Cyaxares please, make this Report: That if the King of Assyria pretend he has been any ways injured by Us, We declare'tis our Resolution, to refer to the King of India the Arbitration of the Matter. Their Audience thus ended, they departed; whereupon Cyrus began to address himself to Cyaxares in this manner.  
I came from Home furnished with no great store of Treasure of my own; and of what I had I have very little left, having expended most of it upon my Soldiers; which perhaps you may wonder at in regard'tis You that Victual 
Cyrus confers with Cyaxares about raising Money.  and provide for the Army. But assure yourself, I have employed it no otherwise than in rewarding and gratifying such of them as have deserved my Admiration and Esteem. For I am clearly of Opinion, that for all such whose Assistance we desire in any Concern whatsoever, 'tis much more easy and pleasant to win and engage them to us by good Words and kind Treatment, than to fright them into their Duty by Rigour and Compulsion. And especially in Cases of War, he that would have his Soldiers cheerfully and heartily espouse his Cause, must be sure to gain upon them by all manner of endearing and gracious Expressions; for they must be Friends and not Foes, that will stand and fall with, and (without any little pretences for Excuse) follow the Fortune of their General, neither repining at his Successes, nor murmuring at his Misfortunes. These things considered, I conceive it necessary that I have Treasure at Command. But to expect a Supply of every thing from you, especially when I know what extraordinary Charges you are at, I look upon it to be very preposterous and absurd. Therefore I think You and I ought jointly to consult the common Interest that you may not be destitute of Money. For this I am assured of, if you abound, I shall not want when I have occasion; especially if I receive it with that Intent, that the expending thereof may redound the more to your Honour and Advantage. Sir, I remember I lately heard you say, 
Cyaxares and Cyrus consult about the reducing the King of Armenia.  That the Armenian King does at this Juncture despise you, because he is advertised our Enemies are coming against Us, so that he will neither assist you with an Army, nor send the Tribute he stands obliged to pay. This is the Case, Cyrus, quoth he, and thus he treats me; so that I am at a Stand whether I should make War upon him, and by force of Arms endeavour to bring him to Reason; or whether, as Affairs now are, it were not better for me to take no notice of him, lest thereby I should oblige him also to join with, and increase the Number of our Enemies. Cyrus then proceeded to inquire, Are the Towns of Armenia situate in strong defensible Places, or not? Why truly, replied Cyaxares, they are not very strongly fortified; for I have been particularly curious in that Point. But Mountains there are, whither, if the Armenian King retire, he may so secure himself, and whatsoever he removes thither, that he need not fall quickly into the Enemy's Hand, unless he will sit down to beleaguer and straighten him with a standing Camp, as my Father has sometimes done. Here Cyrus went on, and said: If therefore, you think fit to send me with a convenient Number of Horse, I doubt not but, with the God's Assistance, to compel him to aid you with an Army, and oblige him to pay the Tribute due to you. Nay, and after all this, I make no Question but he shall hold a stricter Friendship with you than at present he does. And I am persuaded, quoth Cyaxares, the Armenian will much rather come in, and join with You, than with Us. For, I have been informed, that some of that King's Children have been your Companions in Hunting, and they may probably strike in with you again. Now if you can but get any of them into your Hands, we can't fail of effecting what we ourselves desire. But what think you, saith Cyrus, is it not expedient that this Design of ours should be carried on with Secrecy and Concealment? By all means, replied Cyaxares, for so we may with less difficulty trepan some of them; and if we should in an hostile manner set upon them, they will be less provided against such a Surprise. Hear me then, quoth Cyrus, whether what I shall say be to the purpose or no. ay, and all my Train of Persians that attended me, have often hunted about the Confines of Media and Armenia, and that many times I have been followed with a Troop of Horsemen, my Friends and Familiars from hence. You may therefore, replied Cyaxares, make the same Attempt now without incurring the least Suspicion: But if you lead out considerably more Forces now than did usually follow you to Hunting, this will make them jealous of your Design. But we may, quoth Cyrus, even in that Case, frame a very specious Pretence; as suppose some one spread a Report there, that I intent a great and solemn Hunting, and for that end have openly requested you to furnish me with Horsemen. I approve well of what you say●… quoth Cyaxares, and indeed those I shall furnish you with will be but very few, because I myself will make show, as if I intended to visit my Frontier Garrisons upon the Borders of Assyria, which I do verily purpose to do, and to make them strong and fit for Service. Now so soon as you are advanced to the Confines with what Forces you have, and have spent some two days in Hunting, I will send you of the Forces I have levied a sufficient Recruit both of Cavalry and Infantry, with whom (as soon as they have joined you) you may immediately march on further into the Country: and I, with the Remainder of my Army, will endeavour to keep at such a distance, that whenever Occasion serves, I may come in to your Relief.  
Hereupon Cyaxares presently drew together a Body of Horse and Foot for the Service of his Garrisons; and withal, sent Wagons ●…aden with Provisions the very direct way leading thereunto. But Cyrus, in order to his March, did Sacrifice to the Gods; and at the same time sent to Cyaxares to request of him his younger Horsemen: He, though great Numbers of them readily offered him their Service, yet sent him but a few. Now as Cyaxares was marching at the Head of his Forces to visit his Castles, Cyrus by Sacrifice had an auspicious Presage of a fortunate Expedition against the King of Armenia: whereupon, 
Cyrus' under colour of Hunting invades the K. of Armenia.  out he leads his Men, as one prepared only to hunt. No sooner was he entered the first Field, but up starts a Hare; when an Eagle, coming from a luckey Quarter, and perceiving her Flight, made at her, beat her down, seized her, and so took Wing again; and carrying the captive Prey to the top of a neighbouring Hill, she used it as she pleased. Cyrus liked this Omen well, and rejoicing for the same, he paid his devout Acknowledgements to King Jupiter, and withal, told those that were present; My Friends, quoth he, by the Favour of Heaven, this will prove a fortunate Hunting to us. Now when they were come to the Frontiers, as his usual manner was, he began his Sport. When the ordinary sort, as well Horse as Foot, rushing forth, beat up and down, to rouse their Game; but for the more choice Men, they stood distributed here and there, that they might be in a readiness to receive and pursue the wild Beasts, many whereof they took, as wild Boars, Goats, Stags, and Asses: for there are in those Parts good store of wild Asses even at this day. Now when they had concluded that days Sport, Cyrus entering the Marches of Armenia, sat down and supped there; and the next day renewing his Game again, he made his Approaches to those Mountains where he longed to be; which done, and his Hunting ended, to Supper he sat down again. But so soon as he discovered Cyaxares his Army marching towards him, he sent private Dispatches to them, that they should sup some eight miles' distance from him; for he 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  foresaw this would very much conduce to conceal his Approaches from the Enemy. He likewise signified his Pleasure, that after Supper the chief Captain should repair unto him. So when Supper was ended, he commanded the Officers of the Army to appear before him, and when they were assembled, bespoke them after this manner:  
Heretofore, my Friends, the King of Armenia 
Cyrus' Oration.  was in Confederacy with, and also tributary to Cyaxares. But now, understanding that we are invaded by our Enemies, he despises us, neither does he send us any Supply either of Men or Money. He therefore is now to be our Game; Him we are to Hunt out if we can. In order to which, I think, we must thus proceed: You, Chrysantas, after you have somewhat refreshed yourself with Sleep, shall take with you one half of the Persians that are here, and entering the mountainous part of the Country, make yourself Master of those Hills, whither, 'tis reported, He uses to fly when he is apprehensive of Danger. Guides I will give you to direct you: and, they say, those Mountains are so thick and woody, that I hope there is no fear of your being discovered. However, if you send out some before the Army, that may both for their Number and their Garb resemble Robbers, nimble active Men; look what Armenians they meet with, if they can take them Prisoners, they will be sure to prevent their giving Intelligence; but if they let them escape their Hands, they will force and drive them so far off, that they shall not possibly have a sight of the main Body of the Army, nor design any thing more against you than what they would against common Rovers. And this, quoth he, Chrysantas, shall be your Charge: I, for my part, with the remaining half of the Foot, and all the Horse, will, by break of day, march the direct and plain Road to the Palace Royal; where, if we find any Opposition, we shall of necessity be obliged to fight; but if he quit the plain Field, than we must undoubtedly pursue him. Now if we fly to the Mountains, there it will especially be your business to suffer none to escape that fall into your Hands. For, you must imagine this to be a kind of Hunting-match; and look upon us as those that are to find out and rouse the Game whilst you yourself attend the Toils. Be sure therefore, that all the Avenues and Passes be stopped before your Chase begin. And they that are appointed to manage this Concern, must take care to lie close under Covert, lest, as their Game makes up towards them, they startle it, and turn it back again. But for you, Chrysantas, you must not think to do now, what out of your extreme Love to Hunting, at other times you have been used to do. For you have often spent the whole Night without Sleep: but now you must allow your 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Men to take some moderate Repose, that they may be able to encounter Sleep, and repel it: Neither must you attempt now to pass difficult and uncouth places, because heretofore you have been used to travel over Mountains and Craggs, even without a Guide, that you might be sure to follow your Game closely, which way soever it went; but you must command your Guides to lead you the easiest and most passable, if there be not another far shorter and more expeditious way. For to an Army, the easier their Way is, the quicker their Dispatch. Nor must you lead your Men a running March over the Mountains, because you yourself were used to pass them at that rate; but you must advance moderately, and hasten leisurely, that the Body of your Army may be able to keep Pace with you. It would likewise be a matter of very good Consequence, that some of the stoutest and most forward Men should now and then stay behind to encourage the rest; for when such a Wing moves, it will be a great Incitement to the rest to quicken their March, when they see their Leaders walk at that rate before them, that the Residue of the Army shall seem to run.  
When Chrysantas had heard this, being transported with the Instructions that Cyrus had given him, he took with him his Guides, and departed; and having given his necessary Orders to those that were to march with him, he betook himself to his Repose. Now when they had taken what Rest he thought convenient, he began to advance toward the Mountains. And Cyrus, early the next Morning, dispatched a Messenger to the King of Armenia, giving him it in Charge to speak to him to this Effect.  
Cyrus' his Commands to you, O King of Armenia, are, that you do thus and thus; namely, That you repair unto Him with all possible Diligence, and bring with you both your Tribute and an Army. If he inquire of you where I am, tell him the Truth, that I am already entered his Frontiers. If he inquire further, whether I come myself in Person or no; tell him here also the Truth, and answer him, You know not. But if he be still inquisitive to learn how strong we are, bid him send out some of his Spies to inform him.  
With these Instructions Cyrus dispatched his Messenger; for he looked upon this kind of Treatment to be more civil and friendly, than altogether to surprise him with an unexpected Invasion. This done, and Himself being every way well appointed either to perform the Expedition, or, if occasion were, to give the Enemy Battle, he marched on; having first given it in Charge to his Soldiers, that they should injure no Man: but look what Armenians soever they met with, they should bid them take Heart, and fear nothing; and tell them, that any Man that pleased, might come and keep Market wherever the Camp was, and sell them Provisions either of Meat or Drink.  
The End of the Second Book.   

Xenophon's Institution, AND Life of CYRUS the Great. BOOK III.  
Cyrus was very intent upon these Matters. Now the King of Armenia was greatly startled and astonished when Cyrus' Messenger delivered to him his Master's Commands, especially reflecting upon his own Injustice, both in detaining his Tribute, and not assisting him with his Army. But that which he feared most of all was, That his late beginning to build and fortify his Palace Royal, would look as if it were done with a Design to oppose them. Upon all these Accounts, he being in great Perplexity of Mind, issued forth Commissions for his Forces to come together, and conveyed into the Mountain Country his younger Son Sabaris, his Wife, and his Son's Wife, and his Daughters, with all their costly Ornaments and rich Furniture, appointing them a Convoy to secure their Passage. He sent out Spies likewise to inform him wh●… Cyrus did; and what Armenians he had with him, he put them in order of Battle; when immediately other Messengers repaired to him, with Intelligence that Cyrus also himself in Person was hard at hand. Whereupon He, not daring to give him Battle, secretly withdrew himself: which the Armenians that were with him perceiving, they fled every Man to his respective Home, with an Intent to convey their Movables farther off.  
Now when Cyrus saw the Field full of runaway Stragglers, driving their cattle before them, he sent to them to let them know, That he would offer no manner of Hostility to any that stayed; but if he overtook any in their Flight, those he declared he would treat as his Enemies. Upon this Message, a multitude of them stayed; nevertheless, many withdrew themselves secretly with the King. Now when they that went before to conduct the Women fell into their Hands that guarded the Mountains, they presently set up a great Cry, and attempting to save themselves by Plight, were many of them taken. At last his Sons, their Wives, their Daughters, with all the Riches and Treasures they brought with them, were seized on by the Enemy. When the King understood what had befallen them, not knowing which way to turn himself, he fled to the top of a certain Hill; 
The King of Armenia flies.  which Cyrus likewise perceiving, with what Forces he had ready with them, he closely begird it round, sending withal to Chrysantas, commanding him to quit the Mountain where he was posted, and come to him. When Cyrus had held a Rendezvous of his Army, he dispatched a Herald to the King of Armenia, with these Questions to be proposed to him: Tell me, O King of Armenia, whether you will choose rather to stay where you are, and fight with Hunger and Thirst, or take the plain Field, and join Battle with us? To this the King of Armenia replied, That his Desire was, not to fight with either. Then Cyrus sent again, and demanded, Why therefore do you sit still there, and not come down? Why, quoth he, because I know not what Course to take. But you ought not, quoth Cyrus, to make any doubt in this matter; for you have free leave to come down, and plead your own Cause. And who, replied he, shall be Arbitrator in the Case? Who, answered Cyrus, but he whom the great God has empowered, even without hearing your Plea, to treat you as he list? Here the King of Armenia, having a regard to the straits and Necessities he lay under, came down. Him Cyrus received, with all that belonged to him, into the midst of his Army, and surrounded them with his Camp, having now mustered up all his Forces together.  
Now it happened, that at this time, Tygranes, the King of Armenia's eldest Son (who had often been a Fellow-Hunter with Cyrus) was just returned from some Foreign Progress; who hearing what had happened (with such Equipage as he had) went directly to Cyrus. But when he saw his Father, his Mother, his Brother, and Sisters, and his own Wife, all made Prisoners of War, he (as justly he might) burst out into Tears. Whom when Cyrus saw, he received him with no other Compliment, but only told him, You come, Sir, very opportunely, to be present at the hearing your Fathers Plea. And immediately he assembled together the Chief Captains of the Medes and Persians, inviting also such of the Armenian Nobility as were present, not excluding even the Women that were there in their Chariots, but permitted them also to hear. And, when he thought convenient, he thus began.  
In the first Place, O King of Armenia, I advise 
The K. of Armenia pleads his own Cause.  you to be ingenuous, and speak Truth in this Cause, that so you may be free at least from one Imputation, which of all things in the World is the most hateful: for know this assuredly, that nothing can be a greater Obstacle to a Man's obtaining Grace and Favour, than to be detected in an Untruth. Besides, your Children, these Ladies, and all the Armenians here present, are throughly acquainted with all your Proceedings; who, if they come to understand you speak otherwise than what is really true, will conclude, that you condemn yourself to suffer the utmost Calamity if once I come to discover the Truth. Ask me therefore, O Cyrus, quoth he, what you please; for resolved I am, to declare the Truth, be the Issue what it will. Answer me then, said Cyrus; Did you ever wage War against my Grandfather Astyages, and the rest of the Medes, or no? I did, replied he. And when he had conquered you, did not you enter into Covenants with him to pay him Tribute, to assist him in his Wars whensoever he summoned you, and to have no Forts or Citadels in your Dominions? 'Tis granted, replied he. Upon what Account therefore at this time have you not only not paid your Tribute, nor sent your Auxiliary Forces, but have begun to build Garrisons, and sortifie? The desire of Liberty, quoth he, induced me to it: for I look upon it as a very honourable thing, both to enjoy my own Liberty, and also to leave it as Legacy to my Children. I confess, quoth Cyrus, 'tis commendable 
Cyrus deals subtly with the K. of Armenia.  and brave in any Man to fight so that he may never fall into Servitude: but if any one be detected in attempting a Revolt, and shaking off his Master's Yoke, who either by the Fortune of War, or by any other Accident, has been brought into Captivity, I would fain know of you, in the first place, whether you (if you seize him) promote such a one as an honest Deserving Man, or rather punish him as an Offender? Why, said he, (for you will not allow me to lie) I punish him. Well then, quoth Cyrus, come on, deal frankly with me in all these Particulars. If any one entrusted with Authority and Power, offend, whether do you continue him in the same Station, or substitute another in his Place? I put another, said he, in his Place. How if he be very wealthy, do you permit him to be rich still, or reduce him to Poverty? I strip him, quoth he, of all he has. But if you perceive him revolting to the Enemy, how then do you treat him? I put him to Death, quoth he; for why should I die under the Conviction of Lying rather than the Confession of Truth? When his Son Tygranes heard this, he tore his Turban from his Head, and rend his clothes in pieces; and the Women giving a lamentable Shriek, bemangled themselves, as if their Father were already a lost Man, and they themselves undone for ever. Hereupon, Cyrus, commanding Silence, began again: This then, O King of Armenia, is your Law, this the Rule you walk by: But what would you advise Us to do in such a Case? Here the Armenian King was silent, as being in Suspense, whether he should counsel Cyrus to put him to Death, or make his present Advice contradict what he had confessed he himself did already practice. But his Son Tygranes, seeing his Father in this Confusion, addressed himself to Cyrus, and said; May I, Sir, by your leave, advise you concerning my Father, what I think best for you to do? And Cyrus having observed that when Tygranes was his Companion in Hunting, he had a subtle Sophister, whom he held in great Admiration, attending upon him, he was very desirous to hear what he had to say; and therefore bid him speak his Mind freely.  
ay, for my part, quoth Tygranes, advise, That 
Tygranes pleads his Father's Cause.  if you approve of either what my Father intended, or what he has already acted, you would therein exactly imitate him; but if you look upon him as a Delinquent, not to follow him. I must not therefore, quoth Cyrus, imitate an Offender, if I intent to do what is Just. True, said he, therefore according to this Rule of yours, I ought to punish your Father, if it be a Principle of Justice to punish him that deals unjustly. But whether do you think it better, O Cyrus, quoth he, to advantage or prejudice yourself by exacting Punishment? Not the latter, said he, for so I should punish myself. Yea, and be assured, replied Tygranes, that if you should destroy any of your own Subjects, when the Preservation of them might be most for your Service, you would be the greatest Sufferer yourself. But how, quoth Cyrus, can they be looked upon as Men of Value and Worth, who are taken in the very Act of Injustice? If at length, quoth he, they become more wise and sober. For 'tis my Opinion, Cyrus, that unless Prudence sit at the Helm, all other Virtues will miscarry. For what signifies a strong, robust Man? What Service can a Horseman perform, if he want Conduct and Discretion? What is a wealthy Citizen, or a powerful Magistrate, without this? But with an Alloy of Prudence, every Friend proves for our Advantage, and every Servant promotes our Good. This is that you say then, quoth Cyrus, that your Father is this Day returned from his Folly, and of an inconsiderate Man become wise. I do so, quoth he. Then you look upon Wisdom and Prudence, as you do upon Sorrow, to be an Affection of the Mind, and not an acquired Habit. But granting it necessary that a Man must first be understanding that will be discreet; yet it does not follow that an unwise Man shall all on a sudden become Wise. Why, good Cyrus, quoth he, did you never yet observe one Man in a foolish Rashness undertake to fight with another greater and more powerful than himself, who notwithstanding when he has been vanquished by him, presently renounces his former Folly, and will no more act so unadvisedly against him? Or have you not seen one City bid Defiance to, and oppose another, which nevertheless, when it has been once reduced, chooses rather to obey than to resist the conquering City. But upon what Disaster of your Father's, quoth he, do you ground this strong Presumption of yours, that he is become sober and well-advised? Upon this, quoth he, because he is now conscious to himself, that having too eagerly affected Liberty, he has brought himself into such a Servitude as he never before knew; and because he finds himself utterly unable to effect any thing of that which by secret and clandestine means he supposed he might bring to pass, or else by open Violence obtain. Besides, he knows very well that wherein you designed to circumvent him, you did it with as much ease as one may impose upon Persons that are blind, or deaf, or arrant Idiots. Then he is sufficiently satisfied, that what you intended should be carried covertly, was managed with such Secrecy, that in those very Places which he looked upon as most secure for his Recess, you had cooped him up and imprisoned him before he was aware. Then for Expedition and Dispatch, you have so far outdone him there, that you have been able to bring a mighty Army out of a remote Country before he could muster up his Forces that were round about him. But think you, quoth Cyrus, that to be thus baffled and defeated is sufficient to bring a Man to a sober Understanding, and make him acknowledge others to be better than himself? Undoubtedly, replied Tygranes, and that much more than if he were overcome in Battle. For oftentimes he that has been overpowered by main force, thinks when he has duly exercised his Body, he shall be able to renew the Combat again; and Cities that have been forced to a Surrender, have, upon calling others to their Aid, thought themselves in a Condition to take up the Quarrel afresh. But whensoever any People look upon others to be better and mightier than themselves, to them they will commonly pay Obedience freely and without Constraint. It seems then, replied Cyrus, you are of Opinion, That insolent Persons have no regard for those that are of a more sober Deportment than themselves; nor Thiefs and Robbers of those that are not so; nor Liars of those that speak Truth; nor unjust Oppressors of those that do Justice. And are you ignorant, quoth he, that at this Juncture your Father has dealt perfidiously, nor has he performed Covenants with us, though he knows we have not transgressed one Tittle of the Articles agreed upon betwixt Astyages and Him? Nor do I affirm, quoth Tygranes, that the bare knowing of their Betters makes Men seriously consider, unless they also suffer by them, as my Father now does. But your Father, replied Cyrus, as yet has been no Sufferer at all: 'tis true indeed, I know, he is afraid he shall suffer the utmost Extremity. Think you then, answered Tygranes, that any thing can more subdue and unman one than an overruling Fear? Know you not, that they that are smitter with the Edge of the Sword (which is looked upon to be one of the severest kinds of Sufferings, will nevertheless rencontre and fight the very same Enemies again? but those that Men are heartily afraid of, they are not able (yea though they treat them friendly) so much as to look them in the face. Do you say then, quoth Cyrus, that the fear of Suffering is to Men a greater Punishment 
Fear is the worst of Punishments.  than the Suffering itself? I do so, replied he, and you know that therein I speak nothing but the Truth. For you are not ignorant, that such as are afraid they shall be banished their Native Country, and they likewise, who being to encounter the Enemy, fearfully dread an Overthrow, live of all Men most wretchedly. They also that at Sea are in fear of a Shipwreck, Slavery, and Bondage, can neither eat, nor drink, nor sleep for very dread; whereas they that are already Exiles, already vanquished, Slaves already, can many times enjoy themselves, eat, drink, and sleep, better than those that are in a happier Estate: besides, these Instances will plainly evince how grievous and insupportable Fear is. For some there are, who, fearing lest they should miserably end their days in Captivity, do, either by throwing themselves headlong from some Precipice, or by Strangling, or by laying violent Hands on themselves, antedate their Death for very Fear. So that of all the most dreadful things in the World, nothing doth so much astonish men's Minds as Fear. Now for my Father, quoth he, what Distraction of Mind think you doth he labour under, not only lest he himself should be carried into Bondage, but for Me also, his Wife, and all the rest of his Children? I can easily believe, replied Cyrus, that your Father does lie under those Perplexities you speak of: but I know also, 'tis natural for the same Person to be haughty and insolent in Prosperity, and yet presently, upon the. Approach of Affliction, to be as it were thunderstruck and amazed, and yet let him but be reinstated in his former Condition, he shall again be as arrogant as ever, and create you the same Disturbances as before. I confess, O Cyrus, quoth he, 'tis too true; our past Miscarriages are a sufficient Ground for you to distrust us: but it is in your Power to fortify the Strong Holds, to put Garrisons into the Castles, and to receive of us what other Pledges and Hostages you please; nor shall any of these things make us in the least murmur or repine, as remembering that we ourselves are the Authors of our own Sufferings. But if you shall depute any Persons to the Government who have not been Delinquents, and yet you yourself seem diffident and distrustful of them, beware, lest whilst you oblige and advance them, they look upon you to be none of their Friend. On the other side, if you, to avoid their Hatred, forbear to lay Yokes upon their Necks, whereby to awe and restrain them, take heed that hereafter you don't find it more difficult to curb and reclaim them, than now to reduce us. For my part, quoth Cyrus then, I protest I think I shall very unwillingly intrust my Concerns in their Hands whose mere Necessities, I know, oblige them to accept my Service. But those that I perceive willing to do their Duty out of pure Affection for, and Love to me. Such, I think, even in their Miscarriages, I should soonner bear with, than those that hate me, yet are very diligent in performing a kind of Compulsive Service. To this Tygranes replied, Whom can you lay such Obligations upon to Love and Serve you, as you may now upon Us? Upon those I believe, quoth Cyrus, who never yet acted in an hostile Manner against me, provided I confer the same Favours upon them which now you would persuade me to bestow upon you. But can you then, think you, O Cyrus, quoth he, at this time find out a Person upon whom you may lay so many Óbligations as you may upon my Father? For should you only spare the Lives of any of those that never yet injured you, you can't imagine how expressive the Returns of his Gratitude will be. Then should you spare his Wife and Children, Who do you think will love and serve you more than he that believes he does deservedly suffer all this at your Hands? And can you suppose any Persons so much concerned for the loss of the Kingdom of Armenia, as We? Most manifest, therefore it is, that He, who by the loss of his Kingdom, must needs be the greatest Sufferer, would, if he should receive the same of your free Grace, be your most obedient Friend and Servant. Besides, if upon your departure hence you desire to leave all things in a sedate and quiet Posture, consider with yourself, whether it will more conduce to the Peace and Tranquillity of the State, to continue the old established, or to introduce a new Government? Then if you are desirous to lead out a puissant Army into the Field, who do you suppose can make a better choice for you, than he who has often tried and experienced their Worth? And should you stand in need of a Pecuniary Susidie, who can you imagine more proper to levy the same, than He that both knows and commands the Revenue of the Kingdom? Beware therefore, most Noble Cyrus, left by ruining Us, you bring upon yourself a greater Mischief than my Father posibly could do. So spoke Tygranes.  
Now when Cyrus had heard this Speech, He was exceedingly pleased, believing he had effected all that which he had promised Cyaxares to perform: for he remembered he had said, he doubted not but to bring the King of Armenia into more strict Engagements of Friendship than before. Wherefore, turning to the King of Armenia Himself, he said; What Army, O King, will you furnish me with? What Subsidy will you raise toward the carrying on of this War, provided I accept the Conditions you have proposed? To him the King of Armenia replied, I cannot, O Cyrus, in Honesty or Justice, promise you less, than to give you an Account of all the Forces of my Kingdom, that you, knowing what they are, may take out of them what number you please, leaving a Guard sufficient for the Defence of the Country. Likewise, 'tis but reasonable I should discover to you all my Treasure, that you, taking an Account of the same, may make Use of, and leave what you think fit. Come then, quoth Cyrus, let me know how considerable your Strength is, and how rich your Treasury. As for my Forces, replied the King of Armenia, I have about eight thousand Horse, and forty thousand Foot. Then for my Treasure, reckoning what Sums my Father left me, it amounts to above three thousand Talents of Silver. To this Cyrus immediately subjoined, because the Chaldeans, your Neighbours, make War against you, you shall only assist me with half your Army, and because you have neglected to pay Cyaxares the Tribute due to him, instead of fifty Talents, you shall send him double the Sum. To me likewise you shall lend an hundred Talents, which, by the Assistance of Heaven, I engage either to repay, if I am able, or else to do you some Service, which may more than answer it. But in case I do not pay it, I may possibly be looked upon as not Solvent, but can't reasonably fall under the Imputation of being unjust. For Heaven's sake, said the King of Armenia, I beseech you Cyrus, don't speak this, if you intent I should confide in you; But assure yourself this, that whatever you leave behind you, is as much your own as what you carry with you. Well, granting this, quoth Cyrus; but now what Sum would you be willing to give for the Redemption of your Wife? Even all that I am worth, said Herald What for the Redemption of your Children? Even all that I can possibly raise. According to your reckoning, quoth Cyrus, this is double the Value of what you possess. Now Tygranes, tell me, quoth he, what Ransom you would willingly pay for the Restitution of your Wife? (by the by Tygranes had been lately married, and was a passionate Admirer of his new Spouse) I would, said he, O Cyrus, even at the expense of my own Life gladly purchase her Freedom. Take Her to you then, quoth Cyrus, for I done't at all look upon Her as a Captive, 
Cyrus dismisseth his Prisoners Ransom-free.  in regard you yourself never deserted Us. You also, O King of Armenia, take to you your Wife and your Children without Ransom, that they may be satisfied their departure from us is Freevill At this time you shall sup with us, and Supper once ended, you are at Liberty to depart to what Quarter you please. Here than they tarried, and after Supper, whilst they were yet in the Tent; Tell, quoth Cyrus to Tygranes, what's become of that Person who did use to hunt with us? For I remember you had a great Esteem and Veneration for him. Why, replied he, Has not this Father of mine put him to Death think you? What, said he, were the Crimes he charged him withal? His Accusation was that he corrupted me. And I assure you, Cyrus, he was so Virtuous and Good a Man, that when he came to die, he sent for Me, and said, O Tygranes, don't you, by any means, murmur, or repine at your Father, because he will put me to Death, for this is not an Act of 
An excellent saying of a Dying Man.  Malice but of Ignorance: And I look upon all manner of Crimes to be purely Involuntary which proceed from Ignorance. Alas, good man, quoth Cyrus. To him the Armenian King replied, Men that find Strangers very Familiar and conversant with their Wives, done't therefore persecute them ever to Death, because their Conversation makes them more knowing and gentile, but therefore do they treat them as Enemies, because they are jealous they steal away that Love and Affection which is due to themselves. In like manner, the Reason why I entertained such a jealousy of that Man, was, because I thought he made my Son revere and value Him more than he did myself. To whom Cyrus replied, in good Truth, O King of Armenia, I look upon this Action only as a common Humane Infirmity; and therefore you, Tygranes, aught to acquiesce in your Father's Proceedings against this Man.  
Thus they discoursed at this time; when having, as was proper after such a Reconciliation, with friendly Embraces saluted each other, they, together with their Wives, mounted their Chariots, and joyfully departed. So soon as they came home, some began to commend Cyrus' Wisdom, some his Courage and Patience, some his Clemency, and some his Beauty and graceful Mien. Then Tygranes asked his Lady, Tell me, Madam, quoth he, did not you think Cyrus a very goodly Person? I assure you, said she, I did not so much as look upon him. Where then, quoth Tygranes, did you fix your Eyes? Even on him that protested he would purchase my Freedom with the loss of his own Life. This done, they all betook themselves to their Rest.  
The Day following, the King of Armenia sent Presents of Hospitality to Cyrus and the whole Army; and gave it in Charge to such of his Subjects as were to go to the War, that they should be in readiness the third Day. To Cyrus likewise he sent double the Sum of Money he had demanded. But Cyrus, deducting what he had required, returned the remainder; desiring withal, to know whether of those two would put themselves at the Head of their Army, the Son, or the King Himself? To which they both returned Answer, the Father thus; He whom you yourself shall please to command: the Son to this Effect; Assuredly Cyrus', quoth he, I will not fail to follow you, though it be to serve you as your Slave or Vassal. To him Cyrus smilingly replied, And upon what Terms would you be content to have your Wife hear that you are become Luggage-Carrier to the Camp? She shall not need to hear of it, quoth he, for I will bring Her with me, that she may be an Eye-witness to all my Actions. But 'tis already high time, quoth Cyrus, that you prepare for your March. I make no doubt of it, quoth Tygranes, but that we ourselves shall be in a readiness with whatever else my Father has appointed for your service. This done, the Soldiers, after an hospitable Reception, betook themselves to their Repose.  
The next day Cyrus took with him Tygranes, and the best of the Median Horse, with as many of his Friends as he thought convenient, and coasting about the Country, considered where He might erect a Fortress. Then coming to the top of a Mountain, He enquired of Tygranes which were the Hills from whence the Chaldaeans made their Descents to spoil and pillage them? Which when Tygranes had pointed out to him, he farther asked him; whether they had at that time deserted them or no? No, believe me, quoth he, but they have always their Spies there, who signify to the rest whatever they discover. And what, said he, do they upon any Discovery made? They hasten, quoth he, to the defence of these Frontier Mountains, with all the speed and power they can. When Cyrus had heard this, he looked about him, and beheld a great part of the Country of Armenia lie waste and desolate by reason of the War. Then they returned to the Army, and having supped together, betook themselves to their Rest.  
The Morrow after, Tygranes himself was in all readiness, well appointed, being enforced with four thousand Horse, ten thousand Archers, and as many Targeteers. But whilst this Army was levying, Cyrus having first made an auspicious Sacrifice, called together the Captains both of the Persians and the Medes, and in a full Assembly spoke to them to this effect; These Mountains, my Friends, which we see before Us, are the Boundaries of the Chaldaeans, which if we 
Cyrus consults how he may be Master of the Caldean Mountains.  make ourselves Masters of, and thereon build a Citadel or our own, both Nations, as well Armenians as Chaldaeans, must of necessity be awed by Us. Our Sacrifices promise good success, and to effect this, nothing can so much further and advance humane Resolution as Celerity and Dispatch. For if we can reach the top of these Hills before the Enemy's Forces can come together, we shall either be Masters of them without any manner of Resistance, or else engage with an Enemy that is very inconsiderable and weak. So that no Labour can be more easy, no Undertaking less dangerous, provided, what we have resolved upon, we quickly, out of hand, put in Execution. To your Arms therefore. And you Medes, march on your left; you Armemans, half of you on our right Hand, the other half lead the Van, and conduct us in our way. You Horsemen, bring up the Rear, animate us, and force us forward; and be sure you suffer no one to be Lazy or Remiss.  
When Cyrus had thus said, disposing his Army into 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  deep Files, He marched on in the Head of them. But when the Chaldeans perceived that they made a resolute Ascent, they presently gave notice to their Fellows, who, upon mutual Alarms and Out-cries each to other, ran together. Hereupon Cyrus, encouraging his Soldiers, said, 'Tis high time, O ye Persians, for Us to make haste. For if we can prevent our Enemies, and gain these Hills before them, all the Power they can bring will little avail them. Now the Chaldeans are armed each of them with a 
The Chaldeans a Warlike Nation.  light Target, and two Javelins, and are reputed the most Warlike People of all that Country. They serve also, if Occasion require, as stipendiary Soldiers, because, though they are a very Martial Nation, yet are they very poor. For the Region they inhabit is Mountainous, and rich Soil they have little or none. Now when Cyrus his Soldiers had well nigh mastered the Ascent of the Hills, ●…ygranes, who marched near him, said: Know you not, O Cyrus, that we ourselves must immediately engage the Enemy? For, as for the Armenians, they will by no means sustain the Assault. Cyrus told him, he knew that very well, and presently gave command to the Persians, that they should prepare themselves for Battle; telling them, that they must fall upon, and pursue the Enemy, as soon as the Armenians, by turning their Backs upon them, had brought them somewhat nearer. So the Armenians, advanced in the Front; who approaching near the Enemy, as many of the Chaldeans as were present, making, as their Custom is, a great Shout, fell furiously upon them, so that the Armenians being unable to abide the Onset, gave back, as they are used to do. But when the Chaldeans, pressing forward in pursuit of them, saw others with Swords in their Hands marching up directly against them; some pushing on, and attacking them, were presently slain upon the Spot, others fled, and others were made Prisoners of War. So that in a short time they became Masters of those Hills. Which when they had gained, taking from thence a view of the Chaldeans Country, they saw them quit and abandon all the Neighbouring Habitations. Now as soon as the Army was come together, Cyrus commanded the Soldiers to dine. Which done, and he understanding that the Place where the Chaldaean Spies were posted, was very defensible, and well watered, immediately began to erect a strong Fort there, commanding Tygranes to send to his Father, willing him to repair thither, and bring with him all the Masons and Carpenters he had. Whilst this Messenger was dispatched to the King of Armenia, Cyrus, with those about him, went on with his Fortifications. In this interim were brought unto him Prisoners, some bound, and others wounded, whom when 
Cyrus' his Goodness to the Caldean Captives.  Cyrus saw. He presently commanded those that were in Bonds to be loosed, and sending for Surgeons, charged them to take care that such as were wounded might be healed. This done, he told the Chaldeans, that he came thither not out of any Ambition he had to conquer them, nor needed he make War upon them; but very desirous he was to establish a Peace betwixt the Armenians and Chaldeans. Now before we had made ourselves Masters of these Mountains, I know you were not in the least desirous of Peace: For your own Possessions were in safety; but the Armenians you pillaged and plundered at your Pleasure. But now you see evidently what Circumstances you are in. You that are here Prisoners, I dismiss you, and give you leave to return home, and consult the rest of the Chaldeans, whether they will wage War again, or enter into an Alliance with Us. If you choose War, return not hither unarmed, if you are wise: but if you think you have need of Peace, leave your Arms behind you. For if you are desirous to live in Amity with us, I will take care that all shall, be well with you. When the Chaldeans heard this, after they had been very liberal in praising of, and very Free in expressing their thanks to Cyrus, they departed.  
Now when the King of Armenia heard that Cyrus had sent for him, and understanding what Design he was upon; bringing with him Soldiers, and what else he thought necessary, he hastened to Cyrus with all possible Diligence. Whom when he saw, he began to this Effect; Many and Great, O Cyrus, are the Designs 
The King of Armenia to Cyrus.  which we Mortals attempt, and yet how unbiased are we as to the Event and Success thereof! For I myself even now aiming at Liberty, was plunged into a greater Servitude than ever I had known before: yet when we were made Prisoners of War, and looked for nothing but inevitable Death, we find ourselves now in a much safer Estate than formetly we had at any time enjoyed. For now I see those very People that perpetually annoyed us, reduced to such Circumstances as I ever wisned them. And know, O Cyrus, that to have forced the Chaldeans to quit these Mountains, I would gladly have given a far greater Sum than you have yet received of me: So that that Service you engaged to do us, upon our furnishing you with so much Money, you have already abundantly performed. We freely therefore acknowledge, that we lie under new Obligations of Gratitude to you, which if we are not very ill Persons, we may be ashamed not to perform; to whom, what Requital soever we make, it can bear no proportion to the Services done us by so great a Benefactor. So spoke the King of Armenia.  
Now the Caldean Deputies coming to Cyrus to entreat him to be at Peace with them, he asked them, For what other Reason do you Chaldeans at this time sue for Peace, but only because you think you shall live more securely so, than in War? For no other, said the Chaldeans. But what, replied Cyrus, if more Advantages should accrue to you by a Peace? That, said they, would make our Joy so much the greater. Well said he, what is it think you that makes you poor, but only that you are distressed for want of a fruitful Soil? True, said they. Would you then, quoth Cyrus, be willing to pay as much Tribute as other Armenians do, provided you might manure and till as much Armenian ground as you pleased? Gladly, replied the Chaldeans, if we could be assured we should not be injured hereafter. And could you, said he, O King, be content, that so much Ground of yours as now lies waste should be made Tillage, provided you received a proportionable Tribute? Yes, said the King of Armenia, I would purchase this Advantage almost at any Rate; for it would bring a very considerable Addition to my Revenue. And you, Chaldeans, said he, since you are possessed of fair and fertile Hills, will you give the Armenians leave to use the same for Pasture, provided they give you a valuable Consideration? Most readily, answered the Chaldeans; for that will bring Us in great Profits, without any Labour or Toil of ours. But would you, O King of Armenia, make use of the Chaldees Pasturage, if for a small Advantage accrueing to them, you yourself might reap much greater Profits? With all my Heart, replied he, provided I might quietly enjoy the same. Well, said He, and may you not enjoy this Pasture-ground without Danger or Disturbance, if you have the Advantage of the Hill-Tops? Yes, said he. But we are very well assured, said the Chaldeans, if they be Masters of these Mountains, we shall be so far from enjoying their Land quietly, that we shall not be able in safety to manure our Own. But what, said he, now, if these Mountains should contribute to your safety? That would make very well for Us, said they. True, said the King of Armenia, but I protest, it would make little for our Advantage if they should be again possessed of the Mountains, especially being immured and fortified as now they are. Thus then, quoth Cyrus, will I deal with you, These Mountains shall be given up to neither of you, but I myself will be there Commander in Chief: and if either of you wrong the other, I will espouse the Cause of the injured Party.  
Now when both sides had heard this his Resolution, they praised it extremely, concluding it was that only means whereby to establish a firm Peace. Hereupon they gave and received Hostages interchangeably; and came to these Terms of Agreement. That both Parties should use a 
Conditions of Peace between the Armenians and Chaldeans.  common Freedom each with other. That they should promote mutual Marriages. That they should use Tillage and Pasturage indifferently. And in Fine, That they should mutually assist each other with their joint Forces, if either Nation were at any time invaded. Thus were matters at this time transfacted. And the Articles of this Treaty now concluded on, remain in full force, even at this Day, betwixt the King of Armenia and the Chaldeans. As soon as these Conditions of Peace were ratified and consummate, both Parties readily assisted, and jointly contributed Necessaries for the carrying on and finishing the Fort, which they looked upon as a Common Bulwark and Defence to both Nations.  
When the Evening was come, Cyrus entertained at Supper both Parties, being now in perfect Amity each with other: And as they sat together, one of the Chaldeans began to this Effect. These Terms of Agreement can't but be very desirable and pleasing to all the rest of our Countrymen, save only such as live by pickering and robbing, who neither know what belongs to Tillage, nor can apply themselves to it, being always accustomed to lead their Lives in War. They are constantly upon the hunt for Pillage and Plunder; and many a time have they taken pay of the King of India, (who is famed for a mighty wealthy Monarch) and served Astyages as Mercenary Soldiers. And why will they not, quoth Cyrus, serve me in the same Quality at this time? For I will allow them as fair a stipend as any Man ever did, that paid them best. They accepted his Proposals; and assured him, that many would be very willing to serve Him.  
Matters being thus adjusted; and Cyrus' understanding that the Chaldeans sent frequent dispatches to the King of India, and withal remembering that there had been Spies sent from thence, first into Media, to pry into, and discover their Designs; and afterwards into their Enemy's Country, to inform themselves what Circumstances they were in, he was ambitious that the Indian King should know what he had done. So he spoke to them to this Effect. Tell me, O King of Armenia, and you Chaldeans, if 
Cyrus consults about sending an Ambassador to the King of India.  I should from hence dispatch a Messenger with Instructions to the Indian King, would you join with him any of your Deputies who might both conduct him in his way, and also assist him in procuring from that King a Grant of what I request? For I could wish my Treasure were yet more augmented, that I might be in a Condition not only to pay my Soldiers liberally, but also to compensate their Services with proportionable Honours and Rewards. On these Considerations I would amass together as much Treasure as possibly I could. For though I know I shall have need of it, yet, because I now look upon you as Friends and Allies, I would as gladly spare yours, as I would willingly receive a supply from the King of India, if he would furnish me with it. The Messenger therefore (whom I expect you should conduct in his Journey, and assist in his Embassay) shall upon his Arrival there, make his Address to this purpose. To you, O King of India, has Cyrus sent me, with an Express to acquaint you that he needs a present supply of Money, because he expects yet another Army from Persia; (for so in truth I do, said he.) Provided therefore you will furnish him with as much as conveniently you can, he declares, that if God crown his Actions with Success, he will endeavour so to approve himself to you, that you shall have Reason to confess, you did then really consult your own Interest, when you complied with, and gratified Him. With these Instructions I shall send away my Envoy; but for your own you may Commission them to act as you think fit. And if he send us a supply, we shall be able to expend so much the more magnificently: but if he refuse, we shall look upon ourselves to lie under no manner of Obligation to Him, but shall be left freely to our own Liberty to take such Measures, as may, without any regard had of him, conduce most to our Interest and Advantage. So spoke Cyrus, expecting that the Armenian and Caldean Agents should represent him after the same manner, as he desired the whole World should both talk and hear of him. This done, and the Feast ended, they thought it convenient to betake themselves to their Rest.  
The next Day Cyrus sent away his Envoy with these Instructions; the King of Armenia likewise and the Chaldeans appointed Persons to attend him, whom they esteemed best qualified to solicit for, and also to report of Cyrus' things that were worthy him. After this, Cyrus having now finished the Fort, he put into it a sufficient Garrison, and furnished it with all things necessary then constituting a Mede Governor of the Place, (which he knew would be highly pleasing to Cyaxares) he departed, taking with him not only the Army he brought thither, but also the additional Forces of the Armenians, together with those of the Chaldeans, to the number of four thousand, who looked upon themselves as a People of more Bravery and Courage than any of the rest. Now when he was come into those parts of the Country that were cultivated and well peopled, not one of all the Armenians, either Man or Woman, but quited their Houses, and came forth to meet him; expressing their Joy 
The Armenians Entertainment of Cyrus at h●…s Return.  for this Peace, by bringing and presenting to him whatsoever was of Worth or Value amongst them. Nor was the King of Armenia dissatisfied hereat, believing Cyrus would be very well pleased, to be thus nobly received and honoured by All. At last, the Queen of Armenia herself, attended with her Daughters, and her younger Son, came forth to meet him; who, amongst other rich Presents, brought with her the Gold, which Cyrus before had refused to accept. Which when he perceived, he said, You shall never make me a Mercenary Benefactor. Wherefore, Madam, take this Money to yourself, and done't return it again to the King to be by him hoarded up and buried; but rather make use of it to accoutre your Son, and send him forth with an honourable Equipage to the Army. Secure the Remainder to yourself, your Husband, and your Children, that so you, enjoying thereof, and adorning yourselves therewith, may spend your days in more Gaiety and Pleasure. And let it suffice that your Bodies when dead shall be buried in the Earth. This said, he road forward, the King of Armenia himself in Person with all his People attending him, and calling him their good, their gracious Benefactor, still following him with these Acclamations, till they had conducted him beyond the Frontiers of their Country. The Armenian King likewise, having now Peace at home, furnished him with a greater Army.  
Thus Cyrus departed, having not only richly supplied himself with present Treasure, but also (by his gracious deportment) assured to himself a much greater Store, which he could at any time command, as his Occasions required. At present he sat down with his Army, and encamped in the Frontiers. The next day he sent his Army and Money to Cyaxares, (who according to his Promise was hard at hand,) whilst he, Tygranes, and the Persian Nobility, diverted themselves with Hunting. Afterwards, being come into Media, he distributed amongst his principal Officers good store of Money, as an Encouragement to them, to honour and reward such of their Soldiers as they themselves set a value upon; concluding that the whole Body of the Army must needs be admirable, if every particular Officer did so discharge his Trust, that those he commanded should act nothing but what was honourable and brave. Besides, if he himself at any time knew what would advance 
Cyrus' Liberality.  the Interest and Grandcur of the Army, he would purchase it at any Rate, and generously bestow it amongst the most deserving; as fully persuaded, that whatsoever was great or glorious amongst them, still rendered him so much the more Illustrious. Now when he had distributed his Largesses among them, in a full assembly of his Captains, Lieutenants, and other inferior Officers, that were in Reputation and Esteem, He spoke to this Effect.  
Me thinks at this time, my Friends, I discover 
His Oration to his Captains, etc.  a kind of cheerful Rejoicing amongst us, I suppose, because we have obtained so liberal a Supply, that now we have wherewithal to reward those that merit well, and may also ourselves expect to be honoured according to our Dignities and Deserts. Let us then especially recollect by what Steps and Methods we have gained ourselves such considerable Advantages: For if you Measure your own Actions aright, you will find, that Watching and Labour, and Diligence, and a resolute withstanding the Enemy, has made you what you are. Wherefore your Duty it is to acquit you for the future, like men truly valorous and brave: assuring yourselves, that nothing but Obedience, Resolution, and Perseverance in difficult and dangerous Enterprises, can purchase true Pleasure, and substantial Good.  
Now when Cyrus perceived how vigorous his Soldiers were; their Bodies robust and strong to undergo the Toils of War; their Souls truly generous, and daring to despise the Enemy; well skilled in what belonged to their particular Armour; and all of them freely disposed entirely to obey their Commanders: very desirous he was, upon these Accounts, immediately to execute some Design or other against the Enemy. For he knew that by lingering and delay, the noblest Projects, even of the bravest Generals, are often baffled and defeated. Besides, he saw Heats and Animosities fomented in the Army, through the Ambition of some, and Jealousy of others; for which reason he thought it the best Policy to bring them without delay into the Enemy's Country: having learned by Experience, that common Dangers, even among Soldiers, hinder their Affections each to other. For in such Case no man envies the glittering Armour of one, or repines at the Ambition of another; but do equally commend and congratulate one another's Success, believing that they are all jointly concerned to procure the Advancement of the common Good. First then, he furnished out, and marshaled his Army after the best and most sightly manner he could. This done, he assembled together his Colonels, Captains, Lieutenants and Ensigns (for these were free-Officers, and not enroled in the ordinary Lists of Soldiers; yet when they were to wait, upon the General for his Commands, or to inform him in any particular, the Army was not, therefore left at random, but allthings were plausibly managed by inferior Officers, who commanded some perhaps twelve, some six in a Party.) Now as soon as these 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  prime Commanders were met, Cyrus took them into his Tent, and not only demonstrated to them what Order and Discipline was; but also throughly informed them wherein particularly consisted the Strength of their Allies. And when he had raised in them an earnest desire of entering presently upon Action, he sent them back to their respective Charges, there to teach every Man in his proper Province, what they had learned of him; and endeavour to kindle in them All, a Zeal heartily to espouse and pursue this War, that so the whole Army may march out with all imaginable Cheerfulness, and carly in the Morning appear before Cyaxares his Gates. They immediately departed, and did as he commanded. And the next Morning, by break of Day, came and presented themselves before the Palace Royal. Then Cyrus with his Principal Officers entering the Court, addressed himself to Cyaxares in this manner. 
His Oration concerning invading Assyrid.   
I know very well, O Cyaxares, quoth he, that the point I shall now speak to, has been long since approved of by You, as well as by Me: but You perhaps may be unwilling to declare your Thoughts, lest possibly, if you should mention the leading forth our Armies, it might be suspected you were weary of the Expense of maintaining them at home, since therefore you are pleased to be Silent, I will undertake to manage this Concern in your behalf as well as my own. We are all then resolved upon the point, since we are so completely furnished, not to suffer your Enemies to invade your Country before we give them Battle, nor will we sit down securely here and wait their coming; but immediately march out into their Territories. For so long as we remain within your Dominions, we cannot (tho sore against our Wills) but spoil and impoverish them: Whereas, were we advanced into the Enemy's Quarters, we should pillage them with Pleasure and Satisfaction. Besides, you now maintain us at a vast Charge; whereas did we make our Enemy's Country the seat of the War, we would maintain ourselves at their Expense. I confess, did greater Dangers threaten us there, then here, we might have some colour to choose the safest Place. But since they will certainly be the same Men, whether we expect their coming and fight them here, to whether we pass their Frontiers, and meet them there: and we ourselves shall be equally able to oppose them, whether we stay here to receive them, or march out against them, and give them Battle. Nay, in truth, we shall find our Men much more forward and daring, if we be the Invaders, and done't seem afraid to look the Enemy in the Face. And they likewise will so much the more dread us, when they understand we don't sit at home like a faint-hearted People for fear of them; but upon the first Notice of their coming against us, we presently march out to meet and fight them; not lingering at home till our own Country be harassed and destroyed, but prevent that by first laying theirs waste. Now, I conceive, that to make them more timorous, or ourselves more bold, will be to us a matter of very great Consequence; for by this means, I reckon the Danger on our side will be less, and on the Enemies considerably greater. Besides, 'tis a common saying with my Father, and with you also, which every one else likewise takes for granted, that a Man may better judge of the Issue of a Battle, by the Courage and Resolution of the Hearts, than by the bodily Strength of the Combatants. So spoke Cyrus; and Cyaxares thus ●…eply'd.  
I would neither have you, O Cyrus, not the rest of the Pers●…ns entertain any such Thoughts of me, as if I quartered you here grudgingly, and with regret. Nevertheless, I esteem it most advisable, in every respect, that we immediately fall into the Enemy's Country. Since then, quoth Cyrus, we are both upon the same point, let us be all in a readiness with Bag and Baggage; and if the divine Sacrifices quickly favour our Design, let us as speedily set forward. This said, having given the Soldiers charge to prepare themselves, he sacrificed first to King Jupiter, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  then to the rest of the Gods, beseeching them that they would be propitious and favourable to them, that they would vouchsafe to go forth with their Armies, guide, succour, and assist them, and in all things direct them for their Advantage and Good. He implored likewise the Assistance of the Tutelar Demi Gods, Inhabitants and Guardians of Media. When he had fortunately finished his Sacrifice, and the whole Army was now assembled on the Frontiers; encouraged by Auspicious Presages, he invaded the Enemies 
Cyrus invades Assyria.  Land. No sooner had he passed the Marches, but he poured out Propitiatory Offerings upon the Earth, and by Sacrifice appeased the Gods and Demigods, Patrons, and Inhabitants of Assyria. This done, he sacrificed yet once more to Jupiter, the Protector of his Nation: nor did he 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  neglect any other God that came in his Way.  
All things having thus prosperously succeeded, the Foot presently advanced by easy Marches, and encamped; whilst the Horse, making, frequent Inroads into the Country, brought off abundance of Spoil and Booty. Furnished thus with store of Provison, they dislodged thence, and encamped farther, to wait the Enemies coming, still ravaging the Country all along as they went. Now when Cyrus had Intelligence that the Enemy was advanced within ten Days March, 'Tis high time, quoth he, Cyaxares, to set forward and meet them; that we neither give occasion to them, nor to our own Soldiers, to think we are afraid to go out against them; but rather let us evidence to them both, that we come with all Cheerfulness and Resolution to fight them. This Cyaxares approved of; and henceforward they moved always in Battalia, making longer or easier Marches as they thought fit. They supped still by Daylight. They never made any Fires in the Night time within the Camp, but without the Camp they did, that by the Advantage of the Light thereof; they might be able, themselves undiscerned, to discover whether any one came toward them in the Night. They would oftentimes kindle Fires behind the Camp, to amuse the Enemies, so that now and then their Scouts would fall in among our Outguards, persuading themselves by the distance of the Fire, that the Camp was a great way off.  
Now when both Armies drew near each other, the Assyrians and their Confederates (a thing practised even at this Day among those Barbarian Kings) fortified themselves with a Trench; which they always do, when ever they lie encamped, and that with a great deal of ease, by reason of their vast Numbers. For they know very well that a Troop of Horsemen (especially Barbarians) is very troublesome and unserviceable in the Night; their Horses being always tied by the Feet to the Manger: so that upon any sudden surprise, they would find it very difficult to unloose and bridle them, and no less troublesome to saddle and harness them, and at last to mount them, and ride through the Camp, utterly impossible. All this considered, they, as well as other Barbarous Nations, use thus to entrench themselves; believing that being so 
a Persian Word: it contained three Furlongs, near four Miles English.  strongly fenced and fortified, they can't be obliged to fight but when they please. Whilst this was doing, the Armies were advanced somewhat near one another, not distant above a 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Persian Mile, the Assyrians lying encamped, as has been said, within a strong Entrenchment, but very open and exposed to view. But Cyrus pitched his Tents in as close and secret a Place as he could, raising up Rampires and Mounts of Earth affront his Camp, knowing that all Warlike Preparations, the more surprising they are, the more do they terrify and amaze the Enemy. So for that Night, after their Sentinels were set, both Armies betook themselves to their Repose.  
The Day following, the King of Assyria, Graesus, and the rest of the Captains, kept their Army quiet within their Trenches. But Cyrus and Cyaxares stood in Battalia, ready to fight, expecting when the Enemy would come out. But when they knew for certain that the Enemy would not quit their Trenches, nor come to Battle that Day, Cyaxares, calling to him Cyrus, and the rest of the chief Captains, spoke unto them as follows. I think it advisable, my Friends, that we march in this posture, imbattled as we are, to our Enemy's Trenches, and let them know we are very desirous to fight them. For if upon this, they refuse to come forth against us, our Men will attaque them with greater Vigour and Courage; and they seeing us so resolute and daring, will be so much the more disheartened. Thus he delivered his Opinion. Then Cyrus. For Heaven's sake, said he, I beseech you Cyaxares, let us attempt no such thing. For if we should march out now, and show ourselves to the Enemy, as you advise us, they will look upon us with a kind of contempt, not fearing us in the least, because they know themselves so securely fortified against our Assaults, that nothing can hurt them: then if we draw off again without effecting any thing, they will presently disdain and scorn us, seeing us so much inferior to them in Number; and the next Day sally out upon us with greater Resolution and Assurance. But as Matters now stand, knowing we are so near, yet not seeing us, believe me, they are not forward to despise us, but wonder what we mean, and I dare assure you we are very much the Subject of their Debates. Whereas, if they come forth on their own accord, it will then behoove us not only to let them see, but feel what we are, falling upon them immediately in that very Place where we would gladly have fought them before. When Cyrus had thus spoke, not only All the rest, but even Cyaxares himself applauded his Counsel. Then, after having supped, the Watch being set, and Fires kindled before the Camp, they retired to their Rest.  
The next Morning early, Cyrus, crowned with a Chaplet, came forth to sacrifice, commanding the rest of the Persian Nobility to appear in the 
Cyrus' his Oration to the Nobility of Persia.  same dress, and attend at the Solemnity. These Ceremonies performed, he spoke to the Assembly to this Effect. The Gods, my Friends, as the soothsayers declare, and I myself am verily persuaded, foreshow a Battle at hand, and not only promise us Victory, but by the Sacrifices to assure us of Safety. Now for me to exhort you how to behave yourselves in this juncture, I suppose will be needless; for I am abundantly satisfied you know that as well as I, having already heard and studied, and still hearing and practising this, no less than myself; so that herein you may justly pretend to instruct others. But if you are yet to seek, if you are yet to be informed, harken to me. These our new-listed Associates, if we have a Zeal to make them like ourselves, must be put in mind for what end Cyaxares has maintained us, what kind of Exercises we have been trained up in, to what purpose we have animated and provoked them to declare themselves ready to share with us the Danger and Fortune of the War. You must likewise remember them that this is the Day which will signalise every Man according to his Merits. For 'tis not to be admired at, if they that begin late to learn, stand in need of one to encourage and advise them. But well it is when Men behave themselves valiantly, though quickened thereunto and excited by others. Besides, your encouraging them will be an evident Proof of your own Worth. For he that can upon such Emergencies as these, infuse Resolution and Valour into others, may very justly believe that he himself is already a most absolute Master of the same. But if he be only a Remembrancer to himself, and his Monitions have no further Influence, he can't reasonably believe but that he is yet half way short of Perfection. Upon this Account it is that I don't direct my Discourse to them, but leave that Charge wholly to you, that they also may endeavour so to acquit themselves as to be approved by you. For you are near them, and converse with them, every Man in his proper Station. And know this, that so long as you convince them that you are bold and courageous, so long do you teach them to behave themselves valiantly, not by Precept only, but Example. This Discourse he closed up with his Commands that they should sit down to dinner crowned as they were, and after they had offered their Drink-Offerings, return to the Army with their Garlands on their Heads.  
After they were departed, He immediately sent for the 1 Rere-Officers, and spoke to them 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  as follows. Countrymen and Friends, you also are of the Peerage of Persia, choice Men reputed, as in other Respects equal to the best, so in regard of your Age wiser than any; For which cause you are entrusted with a Charge no less honourable than theirs who command in the Front of the Battle. For marching as you do, in the Rear, by observing and exciting those that do well, you animate them still with new Courage; and those that are lazy and unactive, by having an Eye upon them, you make them ashamed of their Cowardice. And indeed the Authority of your Age, as well as your Garb, makes Victory, if to any, due to you. If therefore any of the Leaders of the Vanguard call upon you and encourage you to follow them, be sure you obey them; and that this may not seem a lessening of you, do you exhort and quicken them to lead on more briskly against the Enemy. For the present you may depart hence to Dinner, that done, repair all of ye to your Respective Commands, crowned with Chaplets, as the rest of the Officers are. And these were the Instructions that Cyrus enjoined his Captains to observe.  
The Assyrians, after Dinner, boldly quitted their Entrenchment, and with great shows of Resolution and Gallantry were drawn up in Battalia. The King himself marshaled them, and riding up and down the Army in his Chariot, encouraged 
The King of Assyria's Oration to his Army.  them with this Exhortation. Men of Assyria, This is the Day wherein you are to signalise yourselves by your Valour. For now you must fight for your Lives, for the Country wherein you were born, the Houses wherein you were bred, your Wives, Children, and all your Possessions. If you come off with Victory, you will remain as before, Lords and Proprietors of all this: But if you are conquered, assure yourselves, at the same time you give up all into the Enemy's Hands. You therefore that would gladly return Victors, bear up bravely against them. For 'tis an unaccountable piece of Folly in them that hope for Conquest, to expose the naked, unarmed, and defenceless parts of their Bodies to the Enemy's pursuit. And no less absurd is it for any one, that would willingly save his Life, therefore to betake himself to flight; as knowing that the Conquerors are they that survive; but for Fugitives and Renegades, they oftener die than those that stand the heat and brunt of the Battle. But he is a most inexcusable Sot, that is desirous to heap up Riches, yet is content to be vanquished at an easy Rate. For who does not know that the Victors not only secure what is their own, but seize also upon the Wealth and Treasures of the Conquered: whereas they that are overcome, at once enslave themselves, and forfeit all they have. So spoke the King of Assyria:  
Then Cyaxares sent to Cyrus, to let him know he thought it high time to march out against the Enemy. For, said he, although few of them have yet quitted their Trenches, yet by that time we are advanced up to them, they will be very numerous. Let us not therefore lie lingering here, till they are able to overpower us in Number; but fall on and attack them now whilst we believe we may obtain an easy Victory over them. To this Cyrus replied; Assure yourself of this Cyaxares, that unless we engage with, and defeat the major part of them, they will certainly report, that their Numbers so terrified us, that we durst only encounter them in small Parties; and consequently will not at all look upon themselves to be overcome; So that you will be obliged to try the Fortune of another Battle, wherein possibly they may use other and better Policy than now they have done, by susfering themselves so to be 
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  shut up in their Holds, that we may fight them in what Numbers we please. With this Answer the Messengers departed.  
Now Crysantas the Persian, and others of the Nobility were newly arrived at the Camp, having brought in with them some Deserters, whom Cyrus examined concerning the Enemy's Actions and Designs. They told him, that they were already marched out of their Trenches armed; that their King at the Head of them was setting them in Battalia; and that as they had received it from those that heard him, he encouraged them still as they came forth, with many pressing and effective Exhortations. Then said Crysantas; what if you, O Cyrus, should, whilst you have yet Opportunity, call your Soldiers together, and by some pathetic Oration stir up in them brave and heroic Thoughts? To whom Cyrus replied, Trouble not 
Cyrus' his Discourse to Crysantas, etc.  yourself, good Crysantas, at these Monitory Discourses of the King Assyria; for be they never so vehement and persuasive, they cannot in one day make Cowards valiant: nor teach Men the perfect use of the Bow, that have not yet been trained up in Archery: nor are they powerful enough to make those good Darters, or complete Horsemen, who have not by frequent Practice mastered the same: nor teach men to undergo Hardships, whose Bodies have never been inur'd thereunto. But said Crysantas, 'tis sufficient, O Cyrus, if your Exhortations prevail with them to show themselves more courageous. Can there then, quoth Cyrus, be such Efficacy in a single Oration, that the bare pronouncing of it, shall not only make the Hearers ashamed of doing any thing that is base and infamous, but also excite in them noble Resolutions, for the Love of Glory, to undergo all manner of Toil, and encounter the most desperate Dangers, fixing them firmly in this Opinion, that to die bravely in Battle is much more preferable, than to save one's Life by an inglorious Flight. Besides, to imprint in men's Minds such generous Thoughts as these in lasting and indelible Characters, is it not think you necessary that the Law should make such Provision for valiant, worthy Men, that they may live in a state of Freedom and Honour; but Cowards may be doomed to an abject, wretched and uncomfortable Life? And further, I hold it very requisite, that Teachersand Governors preside over them, who may by Example as well as Precept so prevail upon them, as to fix in them this Opinion. That Men of Valour and Honour are truly the most happy; but Cowards and Villains the most miserable People in the World. For indeed they that would rather signalise themselves by their own good Discipline, than take Advantage of the Enemies Fear, aught to be thus qualified and 
Soldiers.  instructed. Now when just marching out to Battle (for upon such a surprise many of them forget their old Instructions) if it were possible then by a tumultuary Oration, to make them immediately warlike Men; how easy would it be, both to learn and to teach the greatest and 
Fortitude.  noblest Virtue that Mankind is capable of. ay, for my part, could hardly confide in these men's Resolutions (though they have been trained up and exercised with us) but that I see you ready, in your own Persons, to give them Examples what they ought to be, and also able to inform them wherein they are deficient. And to me, Crysantas, 'tis no less wonderful, that the graceful Delivery of an Oration should make raw undisciplined Men truly valiant, than that a tuneful Melody sweetly sung, should make them complete Musicians, who are utterly unacquainted with the Art.  
Whilst matters were thus debating, Cyaxares sent again to Cyrus, to let him know he did very ill to make such delays, and blamed him for not marching directly against the Enemy. But Cyrus sent back the Messengers with this Answer: Acquaint Cyaxares, quoth he, that there is not yet a sufficient number of our Enemies come forth of their Camp: and this be sure you tell him in the hearing of the whole Army. Nevertheless seeing it is his Pleasure, I will instantly march. This said, having first made his Supplications to the Gods, he led forth his Army. Now when he began to lead them on a great pace, he himself marching in the Head of them, his Soldiers all followed him in Battalia, as having by long Experience and Practice perfectly learned to keep such Order. They marched on briskly too, because there was a kind of Emulation amongst them; their Body's were hardened and inur'd to Travel; and all their Leaders were principal Commanders. They advanced likewise with a great deal of Cheerfulness, because they were expert and knowing. For they understood well enough what they had learned long before, that it was the easiest and safest way to charge the Enemy close, especially if they were Archers, Darters, or Horsemen. Whilst therefore they were yet out of Arrows-shot, Cyrus gave them the signal, Jupiter, our Protector and Leader. Which, when it had passed through the Army, and back again to him, he began a solemn Hymn to Castor and Pollux, in which the whole Host very devoutly bore a part with him, singing with a loud Voice. For they that at such a juncture are thus superstitiously given, stand so much the less in fear of Men. This Solemnity being ended, the Nobles marched on cheerfully together, as being perfectly instructed in the Art of War; And looking round about one upon another, they called their Friends and Followers by name, encouraging them by the frequent Repetition of these Words, (now beloved Friends, now valiant Fellow Soldiers) to bear up briskly against the Enemy. Which when they in the Rear heard, they likewise animated and exhorted their Leaders to march on boldly. So that the whole Army of Cyrus was full of Alacrity, Emulation, Vigour, Resolution, Exhortation, Temperance and Obedience, than which nothing can be a more terrible Sight to an Enemy. But of the Assyrian Army, those that came first out of their Entrenchment to begin the Battle as soon as the Persian Host drew near, mounted their Chariots, and retired into the main Body. Their Archers, Darters, and Slingers discharged at the Enemy sooner than they could possibly reach them. Now when the Persians were so far advanced that they trod upon the Enemy's Arrows, Cyrus said with a loud Voice: Most valiant Captains, let some one amongst you immediately step forth, and by some notable Exploit animate and encourage the rest. Which Words passing from them to others, some out of a courageous Forwardness and Zeal to fight, began to run, and were seconded by all the rest of the Army. Cyrus also himself, forgetting his walking-March, ran now at the Head of them, crying out. Who follows? Who is the most daring? Who first kills his Man? Which the rest hearing, did the same; So that the whole Army resounded with this pathetic Exhortation, Who will follow? Who dares be courageous? Thus warmed and excited, the Persians fell on, and charged the Enemy fiercely, who not being able to maintain their Ground, turned their Backs, and fled to their Rampires. The Persians pursued them closely to the very entrance of their 
Cyrus' his Victory over the Persians.  Camp, where they slew many of them, thronging hard one upon another. Those that fell into the Trenches, they leaped down upon them and slew them Horse and Man. Some of their Chariots likewise in their flight were forced into the Ditches: Which when the Median Cavalry perceived, they fell furiously upon the Enemy's Horse, and made them give way. Hereupon began a desperate pursuit both of Horse and Men, with a mighty slaughter of both. The Assyrians within the Camp, who were got up to the top of the Rampire, had neither Will nor Power to shoot at those that made such Havoc of them; So dreadful was the Spectacle, and so astonished were they with Fear. Nay presently, when they understood some of the Persians had by a breach forcibly entered their Intrenchments, they quitted their Posts, and fled. Now when the Wives of the Assyrians and their Confederates saw them fly even in their own Camp, they skriecked out, and ran up and down like People distracted, Matrons as well as Virgins rend their Garments, tore their own Flesh, and begged of those they met with, not to run away and leave them helpless; but to protect their Children, their Wives and themselves. At last, the Kings also, with a Reserve of the most trusty Men they had, came to the very entrance of the Camp, and mounting the Rampires, both fought themselves in Person, and likewise encouraged others so ●…o do, Cyrus' understanding what was done, and fearing lest, if they should violently break in upon them, they being inferior in Number, might suffer by them; He sounded a retreat, commanding them upon their Obedience to draw out of Arrow-shot. There one might have seen how admirably the Nobility had been educated: For they not only readily obeyed themselves, but immediately commanded the rest to do the like. And no sooner were they out of the Enemy's reach, but every man ranged himself in his proper Place, as easily and readily as in any Dance, because they all knew perfectly their own Stations. 
His Orderly Retreat.   
The End of the Third Book.   

Xenophon's Institution, AND Life of CYRUS the Great. BOOK FOUR  
WHEN Cyrus had kept his Forces together some time, and declared that his Men were in a Posture to fight, if the Enemy would quit their Trenches; which none doing, he withdrew his men at such a distance from them, as he judged convenient for his Purpose. When having pitched his Camp, and set his Watch, and sent abroad his Scouts, he himself appearing in the midst of them, made a Speech to the Soldiers that were assembled to this Effect. In the first place, I praise the Deities of Persia, and I suppose you do the same, that we have gained the Victory 
Cyrus' his Gratitude to God and Man.  with safety and security. And for this, it becomes us to pay our Acknowledgements to the Gods according to our Abilities. And for you, I cannot but commend you All. For what is passed, hath been purchased by you very honourably. But when I have enquired of such as are concerned, what each hath merited, than my Endeavours shall be to proportion Acknowledgements and Rewards to each, according to his Rank. For Chrysantas' part indeed, next in command of the Cohorts to myself, I have no need to inquire of others, for I myself am Witness how he behaved himself. For all the Services that ye all did, he performed; and when I called him off by name, although he was prepared to attaque the Enemy, yet notwithstanding he obeyed my call, and left undone what he was about to do, to do what he was commanded. For he not only drew off his own Forces, but gave his Example and my Commands to the rest; in such sort, as he drew off the Cohorts out of shot of the Arrows, before the Enemy could so much as suppose we would retire, and yet they could bend their Bows, and dart their Javelins at us; whence it came, that he brought himself and his men off safe, by his Obedience. Some others of you indeed I discern wounded, of whom, when I have examined what time they received their Wounds, I shall then deliver my Opinion. But for Chrysantas, as he is stout and expert in fight, and knowing both to command and to obey, I shall confer on him at present the Honour of a Tribune, and as God shall do better for us, we may for him; and for you all; (says he) I would have you taught by his Experience: for Images of what we have seen pass in this Fight, ought always to dwell upon your Minds, that so ye may determine with yourselves, whether you are to maintain your Lives with Honour, or by Flight? And which do better, they who stoutly stand to their Arms, or they who basely run away? This Pleasure we owe to a Victory. For of these things we shall judge best, when we have made Trial, and the Scene is yet fresh before our Eyes. And as you duly reflect on these things, you will commence more experienced. Now like Men acceptable to the Gods, magnanimous, yet moderate, furnish out a Banquet, sacrifice to the Gods, sing Paeans, and take care, that whatever is commanded may be put in Practice. This said, he got up on Horseback, and road to Cyaxares: with whom, after he had, as was fit, shared the Pleasure in common between them of mutual Congratulation, and had informed himself of what passed there, and enquired if they had need of him, he returned to his Army. After which, his Soldiers having supped, and set their Watch, they composed themselves to Rest.  
But the Assyrians, whose Prince fell, and with him the Flower of their Force, were all in great Dejection, many also were the Deserters by Night. Which when Croesus and his Companions discovered, they were perplexed, for all things were in ill Plight. But what afflicted them most was, that that Nation, whose Army had the Van, should neither have Force or Counsels 
The flight of the Assyrians and their Fellows by Night.  left sufficient to maintain itself. Therefore betaking themselves to flight, they abandoned their Camp by Night. As soon as Day once broke, and the Desolation in the Enemy's Camp was perceived, Cyrus straight drew his Forces thither; Wherein the Enemy had left many Sheep and Beefs, besides many Wagons laden with Provisions. Moreover, the Medes also, who were under the Conduct of Cyaxares, all passed over and dined in the Enemies Camp. Which once over, Cyrus having assembled the Officers of his Cohorts, spoke to them after this manner. What, and how great (my Soldiers) are the Favours which Heaven hath vouchsased us? For ye yourselves see, that even an Apprehension of you hath put the Enemy to flight. But they who have deserted a fortified Camp, how will they think you be able to stand their Ground, when they see us in the Field? And they who could not bear the Shock, when as yet they had not tried your Force, how will they sustain it now that they are altogether vanquished, and reduced by you to many Straits? And they of whom the bravest are cut off, how shall their Refuse be able to dispute with you? Here one interposing; Why therefore, says he, do we delay the pursuit 
Cyrus consults how to pursue the Enemy.  of them, when such Encouragements are fairly offered us? To whom Cyrus; We stand in need of Horse for that Matter, says he; For the choicest of the Enemy, and whom it would be most advantageous to cut off or surprise, are retired with their Horse. Those indeed by the God's Assistance we may put to flight, but we are not able to take Prisoners in the pursuit. Why therefore say they, do you not repair to Cyaxares, and consult him in the Matter? Do you all therefore, says he, attend me together, that he may understand these Motions are with the good liking of us All. They all then attended Cyrus, and presented to him what they thought was convenient, upon this Occasion.  
Cyaxares, partly because he somewhat envied what Advices first came from them, partly because he thought he should do better, not to expose himself again to Hazard (for he then indulged his Pleasure, and many of the Medes seemed to do the same) answered them in this 
Cyaxares is of Opinion against the Chase.  manner. Among other People, O Cyrus, especially you Persians, as I have both heard and seen, make it your Aim to avoid the immoderate Use of all Pleasures; But for my part, it seems to me more expedient, that in the free Enjoyment of the greatest Pleasures, every one should show a Moderation. But what greater Pleasure can arrive to us at any time, than that of good Fortune? Which proves to be our Case at this Time. If therefore, when good Fortune smiles upon us, we wisely maintain the same, we may perchance grow old in Happiness without intermission. But if what we enjoy affords us no satisfaction, but we go to pursue good Fortune in all its shapes, take care, that that be not our Fate, which is of many that put to Sea, who, transported with their good Luck, make no end of sailing till they are lost. And so in like manner, it fares with many conquerors, who, greedy of new Victories, at length come to lose their share in the old. For if our Enemies that are o'er-run were fewer than we, it might perhaps be safe to pursue a less Number; but I would have you to consider well, with how small a part of them we all encountered in fight successfully. Those of them who never fought, if we force them not to fight, through inexperience and sloth, will retire without knowing what either we or themselves are able to do. But if they esteem themselves in no less danger in their retreat, then if they fought, beware lest you press them to behave themselves with greater bravery than they intended. For you cannot imagine that you are more ambitious of taking Prisoners their Wives and Children, than they are of preserving them from being taken. For even wild Hogs, when once you have set sight on them, haste away with their Young, be their Herds never so great: But let any one of their Young be hunted, and the Dam, though she be single, will turn back and push the Hunter. Now while we are under Covert, they give us the Opportunity of drawing forth, as out of a Storehouse, and engaging them with such Bodies as we think good; but if we shall encounter them in open Field, and they dividing their Force, shall him us in, partly on the Front, as it happened even now, partly on the right and left Wing, and partly in the Rear, beware lest each of us have occasion for many Eyes and Hands at once. Besides, says he, indeed I would not oblige the Medes, who are indulging their Pleasures, to enter upon so hazardous a March. Which Words Cyrus taking hold of. You would oblige none of them, says he, but permit me those at least for this Service, who would be Volunteers. Perchance 
Cyrus' his sly Artifice, to cheat Cyaxares.  our return may pay its thanks to you, and the rest of your Friends. For we purpose not to pursue the gross of the Enemy's Forces, for what means have we to come up to them. But if we meet with any Stragglers from the main Body, lagging behind, as tired in the March, those we may return with to you. And even you yourself are to bear in mind, how long a march we undertook at your entreaty, that we might perform a thing acceptable to you. It is but just therefore that you gratify us so far in return, that we ourselves may have some Profit of our Journey, and may not all have an Eye to your Coffers. To which Cyaxares; If any one, says he, of his own free Will be inclined to follow thee, you have my leave to draw him out. Send therefore some one of your trusty Fellows to represent your Pleasure. Come on, says he, whomsoever of these you have a mind to, take him. There was by chance a Mede present, who sometime had given out, that he was Cyrus, Cousin, and had been so saluted by him. Cyrus therefore forthwith, This Man (says he) suffices me: He has good leave (says the other) let him follow you. And do you (says he) proclaim to all, that whoever will, may go with Cyrus. Cyrus therefore embracing his Men, upon his being drawn out, straight said, Deal now ingenuously, did you speak truth, when you said the very sight of me fed you with a secret Pleasure? Surely, said that Mede, I will never leave you, since you put me in mind of that. Then added Cyrus: Will you take care to represent this, to move the rest of your Companions? He call Jove to witness, Most certainly, replied he, till I have effected what will make me welcome to you. When therefore he had offered very readily many Encouragements to those Medes that were detached by Cyaxares, he added among other things, that he would never be wanting to so brave and very lovely a Person; and, which was above all, to one descended from the Gods.  
While these things were managed thus by Cyrus, it fell out, not without a Divine Providence, that Ambassadors appeared from the Hyrcanians. 
The Hyrcanians Embassy to Cyrus.  Now the Hyrcanians are a People bordering upon the Assyrians, a Nation indeed of no great extent. For which cause they were subject to the Assyrian Yoke, but yet good Cavalry they ever were esteemed, and are so still. Wherefore the Assyrians made use of them in the same Nature, as the Spartans' of the Scirites, employing them constantly in all Fatigues and desperate Services. And at this very time they had it in charge, to bring up the Reserve, which made us to the number of about a thousand Horse. So that if any Danger pressed them in the Rear, they were to receive the Shock. And these Hyrcanians, who marched in the Rear, brought up also their Carriages and Families in the Rear. For many of the Asiatic People in their Expeditions use to carry their whole Families along with them, which Custom the Hyrcanians also observed in this very Expedition, when it came to their Minds, what they had suffered from the Assyrians, whose Prince was now lost, themselves vanquished, their whole Army in great Apprehensions, their Allies weakened and dispirited: As they weighed these things with themselves, they thought a fair Opportunity offered in this time of general Defection, for Cyrus his Forces together in Conjunction with them, to Charge the Enemy. They send therefore their Ambassadors before to Cyrus, to whose Name the Fight had given an extraordinary Reputation. They that were employed, thus represented to Cyrus the Justice of his Hatred to the Assyrians, and that if he would indeed attaque them at present, they would be both his Guide and Companions in such an Expedition: They also remembered him, in what Posture the Affairs of the Enemy were at present, omitting nothing which might encourage him to undertake the Expedition. But Cyrus demanding of them, Whether, says he, do ye think, that we may yet be able to reach them before they are got into their Holds? For we reckon this no less than a great overthrow, that they have so secretly stole from us. These things he said to confirm them in their Confidence in him. To which they replied, that it was feisible even the next day to overtake them, if upon the approach of the Morning they held themselves ready to march; For that the Enemy advanced slowly, by reason of their Numbers, and their Carriages, and because they had watched the foregoing Night; therefore they could make no great Progress in their Removes. Have ye 
Cyrus' his League with the Hyrcanians.  therefore, says he, any Pledge to assure us of your Fidelity, by which it may appear to us, that you have been just in what you have reported. We will forthwith, say they, upon our departure, return you Hostages this Night. Do you only, calling the Gods to witness, plight us your Faith, and join your right Hand with ours, that those Assurances you have given us, we may transmit to others. With these Rites he plighted his Faith, upon their Performances of what they promised, that he should esteem them in the Rank of his Friends and trusty Allies, nor should they be of less value with him, than either his Persians, or the Medes themselves. And at this very instant, we may discern that his Faith is kept with the Hyrcanians, and that they are no less admitted to Commands, than those that appear qualified among the Medes or Persians.  
Cyrus drew out his Forces, after their Repast, by break of Day, and ordered them to wait the coming of the Hyrcanians, that so they might march in Conjunction. Straight all the Persians, as it became them, drew out, and the like did Tygranes with his Forces. Of the Medes some 
Several Grounds of the Medes Inclinations to serve Cyrus.  drew out, because in their Youth they had begun a Friendship with Young Cyrus; others from their Acquaintance with him, and his Behaviour, which they admired, from their Conversations with him in his Hunt. Others out of Gratitude to him, for freeing them from their Fears. Others, from a Hope they had conceived, because Cyrus so evidently excelled all Men in Virtue; therefore also in time he would be very Great and Fortunate. Others, because they would be something grateful to him for his Favours showed on them in his Education among the Medes. Many truly for the many good Offices his Goodness had done for them, with his Grandfather. Many also, because they saw the Hyrcanians, and a Fame was spread abroad, that these were to show them the way to the best of their Spoils, for that very reason went, that they might get by their Journey. So it was, that almost all the Medes presented themselves, excepting those that perhaps were left in Cyaxares his Pavilion. For these, with those under their Rule stayed behind. All the rest with willing and cheerful Minds marched off, as those who were not compelled to offer their Services, but moved from their own free Will, and a Desire of obliging. But when they now set forth, he first addressed to the Medes, and having commended them, he entreated the Gods to favour them, and them he entreated to be his Captains. Then, that he might return them his Acknowledgements for their Endeavours, He ordered the Foot to march before, and them to follow after with the Horse. And accordingly as the Army lodged, or was posted in their Marches, he ordered that Courriers should arrive to give them advice from time to time, what Measures they were to take upon every Occasion.  
After this, he ordered the Hyrcanians to lead the way. But they demanding, Why do you not stay, say they, till we return you Hostages, that so you may proceed with Assurance of our Fidility? To which Cyrus is said to have made Answer, 
Cyrus' his brave Herangue.  I truly am of Opinion, that we have Securities for your Fidelity in our own Hearts and Hands: For we think ourselves sufficient, that we have abundant means in our own Power to recompense you, upon Experience of your Truth: or if you use Deceit, we take ourselves to be of that Ability, that we are not in the least at your Mercy, but you rather at ours, if it so please the Gods. And for the Hyrcanians, because you have told us they march in the Rear, as soon as you shall discern them, signify to us that they are your Countrymen, that they may taste our Mercy. The Hyrcanians having heard this, marched before to lead the way as Cyrus had ordered, having the Greatness of his Soul in Admiration, nor were they any longer in Apprehensions either of the Assyrians, the Lydians, or the Allies of these, only of this, lest Cyrus by any means should esteem them of no Importance, whether he had their Assistance or not.  
Now when they marched, and that Night came on, it seemed to Cyrus and the Army, that a great Light as it were from Heaven opened to them, which humbled them to a Veneration of the Deity, and raised in them a Confidence towards their Enemies. And because it is but just to believe, that considering the Dispatch and Expedition of their March, they had proceeded a great way, they were together with the Evening not far removed from the Hyrcanian Troops. This when their Courriers once discovered, they brought News to Cyrus, that those were their Countrymen. This too he himself might be able to judge of, both because they were posted in the Rear, and from the blaze of their Fires. Then he dispatching one of these to them, ordered him to tell them, if they were indeed his Friends, they should straight present themselves all with their right Hands raised aloft: Some also of his own he joined with them, to whom he gave in charge, that they should let the Hyrcanians know, that he and his should demean themselves towards them, as they saw them inclined towards them. Thus one Messenger of theirs remained with Cyrus, at the same time another was dispatched to the Hyrcanians.  
But in the mean time, while Cyrus was to expect what Measures the Hyrcanians would take, he ordered the Army to make a Halt. Then Tygranes and the Princes of the Medes being brought to him, he demanded what was to be done. To whom he spoke thus; This next, says he, is the Troop of Hyrcanians, to whom one of the Courriers is dispatched, and together with him some of ours, to signify to them, that if they are our Friends indeed, all of them should meet us with their right Hands lifted up on high. Wherefore, if they accord to this Condition, let every one of you in his Place, embrace them with your right Hands, and so give assurance to them. But if they should make ready their Arms, or prepare for flight, let it be your Endeavours that none of these Enemy's escape. To this Effect were Cyrus' Commands. In the mean time, upon hearing the Courriers, the Hyrcanians were filled with Joy; and getting up nimbly on their 
The Hyrcanians pass over to Cyrus his Camp.  Horses, presented and stretched out their Hands for the Signal, which the Medes and Persians in return, received them with their right Hands, and gave them Assurance. Then Cyrus; We truly, says he, have a Confidence in you Hyrcanians, and it becomes you in like manner to have the same in us. But acquaint us, in the first Place, how far is the Place off, where the Headquarters and entire Forces are? They replied, that the distance was somewhat greater than a Mile from thence. To which Cyrus; Go you then, says he, ye Persians, Medes, Hyrcanians, (for now even you also I style my Friends and Allies) you ought to understand, that our Affairs are in such a Posture, as if we proceed remissly and with slackness, extraordinary Mischiefs may betid us. For our Enemies cannot be ignorant of the Cause of our coming. But if pushing with all our force, we shall with due Courage and Bravery attaque the Enemy, they will straight appear in the fashion of Slaves and Fugitives, who are found, some to turn Supplicants, others to run away; others not to have so much Resolution left them as to run. For the vanquished will behold us, c're yet they can persuade themselves into a belief of our coming. They will be surprised in no Martial Order, and wholly unprepared to fight. Wherefore, if we will sup sweetly, and give this Night to ourselves, and live afterwards, we must not leave them any leisure, either of consulting, or of providing aught that they may have occasion for; nay, nor indeed of so much as reflecting that we are Men, but rather that they may imagine, that hurdles, and hunting-Spears, and Axes, and Strokes, and Wounds are their Lot. And for you, Hyrcanians, said he, I would have you still proceed to keep your Order in the first Rank before us, by which means, your Cognisances being discerned a far off, at a good distance, we may impose upon the Enemy; But when I shall arrive where the Forces of the Enemy are, leave me a Band of Horse, which I, continuing with the Army, may employ as there shall be Occasion. But you, who are Princes, and old Commanders, proceed keeping your Ranks unbroken, if you are wise, lest whilst you spread wide against the gathered Forces of the Enemy, you should be forcibly repulsed. Give the Youth the Opportunity of charging and doing Execution on the Enemy. For at this time it will be our Security to permit very few of them to escape. But if that should chance, which fortunes to many by Custom, who bear rule, that we should master their Wealth, great Caution is to be used, how we apply ourselves to the Pillage; For he who takes this Course, is not to be looked upon as a brave Man and a Soldier, but a High-shoons Pedlar; and whom every man ought to treat as a mercenary Slave. That Saying we always ought to bear in Mind, that Nothing costs so dear as a Victory. For he that is Master of the Field, sweeps all before him, Men, Women, Baggage, and the whole Country. In this Case there is only one thing to be observed, that we maintain the Victory, and that even the Pillager himself is kept within the Bounds of that. Last of all, I must remember you, that you desist from the Pursuit, and return to me before Day shuts; For when the Dusk once approaches, we receive none. This said, he dismissed them all to their several Posts, and gave all in charge in common, that when they repaired to their Troops, each of them should communicate the same to his Cornets; For the Cornets being posted in the Front, were capable of receiving their Orders. And every one of the Cornets they charged to report the same to those under their Command. This Order being taken, the Hyrcanians marched first, Cyrus with the Persians followed in the main Body, while the Horse, as was fit, were disposed in the two Wings.  
When Day once appeared, some of the Enemies were astonished at what they saw; Others were casting about what was to be done; Some were employed in Reports, others in Exclamations; Some turned their Horses lose, others were packing up their Goods; Some unharnessed their Horses, others harnessed them; Some leapt on 
Another Victory obtained by Cyrus his flig●….  Horseback, others bridled their Horses; Some were stowing their Wives in the Wagons, Others were taking care to preserve what they had of great value; a third sort were burying their Treasure: but the greatest part betook themselves to flight. A great variety of many other Employments you may imagine them engaged in, excepting that one thing that none of them fought, but were ruined without a stroke. 
Croesus' his Escape.  Croesus' the King of the Lydians, had conveyed away his Women in Wagons by Night, because it was Summer, that so they might take their Journeys in the Cool; Himself followed after with the Horse. The same they report of that Phrygian, who ruled the Phrygia by the Hellespont. But when some of them perceived others to fly, and to come up to them, finding what was done, they also fled with all their Force. The King of the Cappadocians, and of the Arabs, who were near hand, and fought without their Armour, the Hyrcanians killed. In like manner they that were slain, for the most part, were Assyrians and Arabs. For since they were arrived at their own Country, they had marched very slowly.  
Whilst the Medes and Hyrcanians thus played their Parts in the Pursuit, as you may imagine Conquerors use to do, Cyrus gave in charge to the Horse that were left behind with him, that they should ride about the Camp, and if they saw any armed men go forth, they should cut them off; and make Proclamation by a Crier to those that kept within, that whatever Soldiers of the Enemy, that were either Horse, or Targetteers, or Archers, should bring in their Arms packed up, leaving their Horses at the Tents. This, whoever should fail to do, was to be punished with the loss of his Head: and that they should appear with their Hunting Spears all in their Hands in Order. Therefore, those of them that had any Arms, should commit them, when they were cast from them, into such a Place as Cyrus appointed, where they might be burnt by such as he had given this Matter in Charge.  
But when it came to Cyrus his Mind, that they had advanced thus far without any Provisions 
Cyrus' his Advice about laying in Provisions.  for Bag or Bottle, without which, neither any Expedition was to be undertaken, nor any thing else to be done; he cast about by what means he could provide plenty of both in due manner, and with dispatch. He therefore reflected, that all Armies stood in need of some whose Office it was to take care that the Tents, and other Necessaries should be still in a readiness for the Soldiers in their Marches, imagining therefore, that it was highly probable, that especially at the instant they would be found in the Tents bu●… in packing up their Goods, he made Proclamation by his Criers, that all the Military Purveyors should present themselves, and if there were no Purvey or there, in such case the eldest Soldier should come forth of his Tent, threatening very grievously those of them that should give no Obedience. They, when they found even their Masters to submit, forthwith paid Obedience. When they made their Appearance, he made them to be placed first, who had in their Tents more Provision than for two months. When he beheld these, he again ordered, that they should be placed, who had one months' Provisions. Then, when almost all of them were placed, and he found this, he addressed to them in these Words. Come on then, saith he, my Hearts; Whoever of you have no love for your Sufferings, and are desirous to gain our good Will, take Order readily, that every one of you in your Tents, provide for Bag and Bottle more than double the quanity of your daily Provisions for Master and Servant; and see that all things else be ready whatever they are that belong of any kind to good eating. Because the Pursuers will straight be on their return, and will expect to find plenty of all Necessaries, I would therefore have you understand, that for the future, it will be your concern to accommodate them without any grudging. When they had heard these things, they used their best Endeavours to execute his Commands.  
But Cyrus, assembling the Head-Officers of his Army, delivered himself to them after this manner. We know well, my Friends, that you have Liberty to go to Dinner before your Fellow Soldiers, who are gone upon Duty, and to solace yourselves with your well-dressed Dishes and Drinks. But I truly am of Opinion, that we shall not gain so much by our Dinner, as if it appeared that we took thought of our Fellows, or that our Feeding will conduce so much to the repairing of Nature, as it would, if we had more Consideration of our Fellow-soldiers. But if we shall seem so much to neglect the Thought of them that are in Pursuit of, and doing Execution on the Enemy that runs, and in Dispute with those that make Resistance; that we shall dine in such haste, before ever we so much as understand how matters go, I fear much we may blemish ourselves with an imputation of Baseness, and our Strength may come to be lessened by the Straits of our Companions. But to take Thought of them, who undergo Fatigues, and expose themselves to Hazards, that they may not be unprovided of Necessaries upon their return; this way of Dining, in my Opinion, truly will make us much better Cheer, than if we should address immediately to gratify our Palates. This truly, I would have you bear in Mind, although you should entertain no thoughts of them, that yet nevertheless nothing ought to be shunned more by you then Riot and Excess. 
Cyrus persuades his Men to sparing Diet, and abstinence.  For as yet we have not completed what we intended, but all being now on the very point of a Precipice, call for our utmost Endeavours. For we have yet an Enemy in the Field, in number much superior to us, and yet at Liberty to act against us, over whom it becomes us to keep a watchful Eye, and to make use of them, that we may not want those that may provide us Necessaries. Our Horse besides are wanting, for whom we are in pain what may become of them, and if they return safe, cannot subsist with us. Wherefore truly, in my Opinion, we are to make such cheer at present, as every one in his Opinion may judge equally removed from the proceeding extremes of Sleep and Debauches. I know also full well, that in these Tents there is lodged good store of Treasure, whereof I am not ignorant it may so fall out, that we make ourselves masters as we please; so as still we share it in common with those that are Partners with us in the Spoil. But yet I conceive that it will not turn to so great Advantage to us, if we seize on them, as if we show ourselves just to them, by which means we may gain this point, that they may embrace us with less suspicion than before. Besides, I am of Opinion, that the sharing of the Spoil is to be permitted to the Medes, the Hyrcanians, and Tygranes, upon their coming up to us; and if they should afford us a smaller share, even that is to be reckoned our Advantage. For these Advantages will invite them to stay with us more willingly. And for us truly at this time to have an Eye to our own Advantage, will procure us less durable Riches. Wherefore, waving these, let us provide ourselves of that which Riches are built on, which truly, in my Opinion, may establish to us and all ours more lasting Treasures. Besides that, I suppose we have been accustomed at home to moderate the Pleasures of the Palate, and of excessive gain; that so we may conveniently taste the Enjoyments of both, when Occasion requires. Now upon what Occasions we can give an Instance of this Moderation, better than the Present, truly for my part I see not.  
This was Cyrus his Speech; to which Hystaspes the Persian, one of the Commanders of the first Rank, gave Approbation in these Words, to this Effect. What an Absurdity would it be, O Cyrus, if we, who to maintain the Chase, ordinarily abridge ourselves of eating, in prospect only of the Prey, and that perhaps of no great value; and now that we are in Chase of Substantial Honour and Riches, if we should suffer any such things to be an impediment to us, as indeed are the impedious Masters over the base, but yet are in subjection to great and generous Souls: it ought not therefore to be once supposed, that any thing which is so unworthy of us, should ever be imputed to us. In this manner Hystaspes approved the Opinion of Cyrus, to which he had the Consent of all the Rest. To which Cyrus added; Come on then, says he, since in this point the Opinion of all you is the same. Send every one of you out of his Band five men of the graver sort, who, riding about the Tents, may encourage them whom they observe to make due Provision of Necessaries, and to reflect upon those that are remiss, with as little reserve, as if they had Authority over them.  
Which things they did accordingly. But of the Medes, part lighting on the Wagons laden with Necessaries for the Army, which sometime since past the Enemy's Tents, after they had obliged them to return and come up to them, were carried in them. Part brought back to their Tents such Wagons as they had intercepted, with the finest Women, which being their lawful Wives, or their Concubines, the Soldiers had brought with them to the War for the sake of their Beauty. For the asiatics, when they enter upon their Expeditions, so undertake them even at this Day, that they take with them things of the greatest value. For they say for themselves, that they are greedier of fight when those things are in sight, which they hold most dear: as if a Necessity thereby was laid upon them of defending them with more Resolution. And perhaps the Case stands so indeed, or else perhaps it is so pretended, to excuse their Pleasures.  
Cyrus, after he had been Witness of the Exploits of the Medes and Hyrcanians, seemed a little displeased with himself and his, that others at this instant seemed Superior to them in Vigour, and to make their Acquests while they lay out of the way of exercising their skill: For they who returned home with Spoil, having presented to Cyrus what they brought, marched back straight in quest of the Enemy. For which course they pleaded the Orders of their several respective Officers. These things, though they galled Cyrus, yet he reserved their Spoils in a convenient Place.  
But summoning at length his Head-Officers together, when he had so placed himself, that what he said might be heard of all, he thus delivered himself. I suppose, my Friends, you reflect of what importance it is for all the Persians to be accommodated with all Necessaries and we especially, as it is reason, by whose assistance all is gotten, if we truly would be Masters of what we see exposed to view; But by what means we 
Cyrus' his Contrivance to furnish out Horse for the Persian Army.  may arrive to be Masters of the like Treasure, since we have not strength sufficient to acquire it, unless the Persians had Horse of their own, I for my part understand not. For I would have you still to bear in mind, says he, that we Persians are abundantly supplied with those Arms, with which, when we come close with the Enemy, we may be enabled to put them to flight. But when they once are put to flight, what, either Horsemen, or Archers, or Targetteers, or Slingers, can we either cut in pieces, or take Prisoners, when we are unprovided of Horse for the Pursuit? On the other side, who of them should fear to charge us, and with what Mischiefs may they plague us, whether it be their Bowmen, their Slingers, or their Horsemen, when they are assured they shall have no more Annoyance from us, then from so many rows of rooted Trees? Which things, when they are so, is it not plain that those Horsemen who were with you but now, will reckon upon all this Plunder as no less their own, then Ours? Nay perhaps much more their own then ours; since of Necessity this was not acquired but by their Horse. Now than if we shall provide ourselves with Horse, not inferior to theirs, will it not appear most evident to all; it may well be, that we may do against the Enemy without them, what we do only now with them, and that so we may expect them less insulting in their Behaviour towards us? Besides, we shall be in less pain, whether they give us their Assistance or not, if we of ourselves alone can do our own Business without them. But to let pass these things; no man in my Opinion can be against this Proposition, but will altogether grant it, that the Persians should furnish out their own Horse. But perchance ye may demand, by what means this may be brought about. Let us consider then, if we would be supplied with Horse, what we are furnished with, and in what we are wanting. Horses we have good store of the Enemies in the Tents; Bits we have to manage them, and other things of which there may be need for the equipping them. Furniture too besides, this we want not for Horsemen, as Armour for the Back and Breast, to guard their Bodies, and Weapons which may be of use to dart or defend themselves. What therefore remains? It is plain, that we have need of Men, which indeed we have more than all. For Nothing is so truly Ours, as we ourselves. But yet some perhaps will object, that we areundisciplined. But truly, not any one of them who are expert, before he was trained was expert. Perhaps it will be objected here, that they were trained in their Youth. Hath Youth therefore a stronger Inclination to follow what they are showed and taught, than Men? Or after they have been taught, whether have Men or Youths abler Bodies for Exercising? Besides that, we have had Leisure and Opportunity to practice, which neither Youths, no nor all Men have at their command. For the Art of Archery is not now to be taught us, as to Youth, because we have been now long since acquainted with it; Nor the skill of slinging also we are no Strangers to it. Nor is our Lot the same with that of other Men, who have the Avocations of Husbandry, Trades, or Civil Affairs. But for us, we have not only Leisure to exercise the Military Art, but are obliged to it by Necessity. Moreover, in Matters of War, the case is not the same, as in many other things, which if they are gainful, are not without their Difficulties: For in a Journey, is it not more pleasant to ride than go a Foot? In Races, is it not more desirable to use dispatch, to meet a Friend upon Occasion, and in the Chase, to intercept Man or Beast in the full Career, according to Occasion? In bearing of Arms, are not any kind of them light and easy, when the Burden is the Horses and not Yours? Indeed, it is the same thing to possess and wield them. But perhaps, what you are in most Apprehensions of, lest of Necessity we should endure the brunt of the Fight on Horseback, ere yet we rightly know how to manage our Horse. If so, I must tell you, we are neither able Foot-soldiers, nor good Horsemen; for this is not difficult to clear to you thus: For whenever we please, we may dismount and fight a foot: for having been taught the Discipline of Horsemen, does in no wise unteach us the Discipline of the Foot.  
This was Cyrus his Speech; which Crysantas 
Chrysantas approves of Cyrus his Measures.  approving of, spoke after this manner. Indeed, said he, I so passionately affect being taught the Horseman's Art, that I should fancy myself become a flying Man at the same instant that I commenced an Horseman. For hitherto I thought it sufficient, if in a Race I was able to top any man upon full Speed, or to command the Chase so well, as to be able to prevent any wild Beast in its Career, by piercing him with Dart or Sling, before he could outrun me. But, were I once made a Horseman, I would propose to kill a Man as far off as I could see him, and to wound Beasts in the Chase, partly by coming up close to intercept them, and partly by shooting at them, as if they stood like Butts. For two fleet things brought upon full speed within a little distance of one another, want but a little of standing still together. From this Ground it is says he, that of all Creatures, I ever use to admire most the Centaurs, if at least there were ever any such in Being; because they used their Reason like Men, and what they had need of they wrought with their Hands; and who had Strength and Speed to overcome in the Chase, and to subdue in Fight; which Qualifications should all meet in me, were I a Horseman: The Reason of a Man to direct me, his hands to bear Arms, the Feet of a Horse to pursue, and his Back to bestride the Enemy. Nor will there be need to pinion me to the Horse, as the Centaurs, though that be better than to grow to the Horse by Nature. For I truly am of Opinion, that the Centaurs are in a sort Strangers both to many Pleasures which Art hath invented for Men, and which Nature hath allowed to Horses. But should I e'er learn to play the Horseman, on Horseback, I would lead the Centaur's Life, and when I lighted off my Horse, I would choose to become a Man, and feed, and dress, and sleep like such a one; what other thing than should I prove at this rate but a Centaur, who could be thus artificially taken in Pieces, and set together again? In this respect indeed I should be superior to a Centaur, for he sees alone with two Eyes, and hears with two Ears; but I truly should have no less than four Eyes for Spies, and four Ears to take every Alarm. For it is said, that a Horse will after his fashion tell his Rider the News of all what he hath seen and heard. Therefore set me down in the number of those that would be Horsemen, and the like said all the rest. To which Cyrus: What say you then, says he, since this choice is wonderfully approved by us all? Shall we impose a Law upon ourselves, that it shall be a disgrace for any Man whom I shall supply with Horses, to appear on Foot in any of our Marches, be the Journey either little or great; that so we may have reason to persuade ourselves, that we are in all points Centaurs.  
This demand he no sooner made, than they all agreed to it; whence it comes to pass, that this very thing, even from that time unto this Day, is in use with the Persians: nor are any of the gentiler Persians by their good Wills ever seen as yet on foot. With these Discourses they were at that time taken up. When now, after Noon once was over, in came the Medes and Hyrcanians, and with them several Men and Horses Prisoners. For they put none of them to the Sword, who delivered their Arms. Upon their Arrival, Cyrus' first demanded, whether all of them were safe? which they having satisfied him in, he then enquired after what manner they had behaved themselves? They reported to him their Adventures, and were not sparing to set forth with Embroidery their Bravery upon each Occasion. Cyrus, when he had patiently heard all that they had to say, gave them Praises after this manner. It is very visible, says he, that you have behaved yourselves with Bravery, we can read it in your Looks; for you make a goodlier, a more graceful, and fiercer Figure than before. He then demanded, how far they had marched into the Country, and whether it were well Peopled? They replied, they had traversed the greatest part of it, and that they found the Country every were Peopled, and stored with Sheep, Goats, Beefs, Horses, Grain, and all kind of Provisions. Two things, says he, we are to have in Prospect. First, that we may have in our Power those that have all these in Possession; Next, that they may not look out for other Masters. For that Country which is Peopled, is sufficiently rich, and the same, if it be depopulated, wants even those Provisions which it hath. I understand you put those to the Sword, who stood upon their Defence, and it was well done. For this Course principally assures a Victory. But those that submitted their Arms, you made Prisoners 
Cyrus' his Resolution touching the Slaves.  of War. Whom, if we set free, we shall therein, I think, consult our own Interest. For first, we shall be in no Apprehensions of them, nor shall we keep any Guard over them, nor dress any Victuals for them; for to be sure we shall not starve them when we have dismissed them. Besides, when we have parted with these, we shall not want Captives enough for our Occasions. For if we possess ourselves of the Country, we shall make all the People Captives, who will have more Reason to continue in our Service, and show stronger Inclinations to obey, than to try it out on the Sword's point, when they perceive these living, and enlarged. This is my Opinion; if any one judges any other Course better, let him propose it. They all allowed his Advices were fit to be put in Practice. Cyrus then summoning the Captives, spoke to them in these Words; My Friends, 
Cyrus offers certain Conditions to the Slaves.  ye have preserved your Lives by submitting yourselves; and if you demean yourselves accordingly for the future, no Mischief will befall you more than this, that those who were your Lords before, will not be so now; But you will live in the same Forms, and till the same Land, and enjoy the familiar Conversation of the same Women; and so in like manner have your own Children in your Power as before. Only against us you may not employ your Arms, nor against any Other. But if any shall injure you, we ourselves will right you with our Arms. But lest any should employ your Force, your Arms are to be in our Possession. Those of you that have submitted them, shall enjoy firm Peace, and the other Conditions we engage for, without any Deceit. And against as many as have not consented to lay down their Arms, we are now about to direct our Force to reduce them. But if any of you shall come to us with an ingenious Intention of submitting yourselves for our sakes to such Services as we shall appoint, we are ready to treat such not as Slaves, but as Friends, and deserving well at our Hands. This I would have you take notice of, and report to the rest of your Fellows. But if any of you prove more refractory, and refuse to acquiesce in our good Pleasure, we shall turn our Arms against them, to reduce them to Obedience to us, instead of our paying Obedience unto them. This said, they made their Obeisance, and promised their Compliance in all things.  
Upon their Departure, It is time, says Cyrus, O Medes and Armenians, for us all to say, Necessaries we have provided for you, according to the utmost of our Ability. Go therefore, and send us half your Provisions of Biscuit, since there is enough in the Stores laid in for us both. But Meat and Drink we have need to send none. For of these we have sufficient provided of our own. And you Hyrcanians, wait upon them to their several Tents; upon their Men of Quality, to those that are richest in your Opinion, and upon the rest, to the most convenient for their Reception. And you yourselves Sup where you shall think it most agreeable. For you have entire Tents for your own use, ready furnished with all Accommodations, as even they have. This both of you may take Notice of, that we shall keep the Night-watches at your Doors; all within the Tents is committed to your Care, and to be guarded by your Arms. For as yet they are none of our Friends that we have in our Tents. After that all things were ready, the Medes and Tygranes his Soldiers washed, and shifting themselves, went to Supper. Their Horses also had Provender and Litter; and they sent to the Persians one half of their Biscuit, without any addition of Wine or Victuals; taking it for granted, that Cyrus his Men were supplied with these, because Cyrus 
Cyrus' his Meat and Beverage.  had told them they had store of both; though Hunger in Cyrus his Language passed for Meat, as pure Riverwater for his Beverage.  
Cyrus thus having supped his Persians, when the Dusk came, sent several of them, by five and ten together in a Company, this way and that way, with a charge to go and conceal themselves about the Tents; For he thought this might be of use, if any Strangers should invade them from without, or if any Thiefs from within, that should attempt to make their Escape with their Booty, they might be apprehended, as indeed it fell out after. For both many attempted their Escapes, and not a few were taken. But Cyrus shared the Money amongst those that apprehended them; but appointed the Thiefs to condign Punishment. By which Means it came to pass, that after this, if you would never so fain, you should not find one idle gaping Fellow in a whole Night.  
For the Persians, they lived after this rate. But the Medes caroused and made good cheer, 
Cyaxares his Rev●…l  and even surfeited themselves with Music and Revelling. For many of their things were rifled, so as the Watch never wanted Employment. Even Cyaxares their King, that very Night that Cyrus took leave, was Drunk himself with those in his Quarters, as if it were no disparagement; and thought that the rest of the Medes, a few only excepted, had tarried in their Tents, because he heard so great a Noise. For the Domestics, and menial Servants of the Medes, upon the going away of their Masters, drunk and roared very jovially, for they had newly sent them Bottles of Wine, and several good things from the Assyrian Army. But when it dawned, and none appeared to make their Court besides those that supped with him, and that he heard the Tents were stripped naked of the Medes, and Men of Quality, and that he walked out to make a Discovery of it himself, than he stamped and raged against Cyrus and the Medes, for going away and leaving him alone. And immediately gave order, as he is reported to be very fierce and brutish, to one of the Bystanders to take a Party of 
Cyaxares his barbarousness.  Horse with him, and with all speed to find out the Troops that followed Cyrus, and let them know, I little thought Cyrus would so ill have consulted my Interest; But if those were Cyrus his measures, he less expected it from the Medes, that they should quit his Service, and leave him alone. Therefore now let Cyrus recall his if he thinks good, but if not, let the Medes not fail to give Attendance in all haste. This he gave in Charge to them. But he, who had this Expedition in Charge, replied, My Liege, Which way shall I find them? Which way, said Cyaxares? the same way that Cyrus with those in his Train has sound them against whom he is marched; For truly, said he, I have been informed, that several of the Hyreanians, who were Deserters from the Enemy, departed hence soon after their Arrival, to be Guides to Cyrus his Troops. Upon the News of which Cyaxares was the more incensed against Cyrus, for not acquainting him with these things, for which cause he used greater Endeavours to recall the Medes over, a means to weaken Cyrus his Force; which made him command the Attendances of the Medes under severer Penalties than before, not without mingling sharp menaces to the Messenger himself, if he failed to represent those things to them very pressingly. He marched straight with his hundred Horse, and seemed to have no other Trouble but this, that he was not one of those that at went first with Cyrus. When they had proceeded in their Journey, and come where the Ways parted, their mistake made them lose their Road; so as instead of coming up to Cyrus his Army, they stumbled upon certain Stragglers from the Assyrian Camp, whom they forcibly compelled to be their Guides. By which means, and the light of their Fires, they arrived there about Midnight. But after they had arrived at the Camp, the Watch, as Cyrus had appointed, refused them admittance, till Daylight. Cyrus' at break of Day, summoning the Magis, had given them in Charge, to select what was fit for an Offering to the Gods, for such great Successes, which they were engaged in this Affair, he summoned his Persian principal Officers, and spoke to them thus. Many Blessings my Fellow-soldiers, the Gods have heaped upon us. But we, O Persians, at this instant, are too few to continue them in our Possession. For if we leave the Fruit of all our Labours unguarded, they will fall to the Lot of others. And if we depute some of ours to guard our Acquests, our Strength that way will be weakened. Wherefore, in my Opinion, it will be best for some one of you to haste to Persia, and acquaint them with the state of our Case; and require Supplies from them with all Expedition, if ever the Persians have a mind that the Strength and Riches of Asia should be in their Power. Go you therefore, says he, who are the Eldest, and represent these things to them upon your Arrival. To which you may add, that the care will be mine of Victualling such Soldiers as they send, after they have joined our Forces. What Spoils we have, you see, and therefore keep nothing of that kind from them. But of which, what we shall make for the Presents we design for Persia, that we may be duly informed; for what concerns the Gods, consult my Father; and for what concerns the State, consult the Civil Magistrate. Let them also send us, as well those who may be assisting to us from time to time in the manage of our Affairs, as also those who may have an Eye and Inspection over them. Do you, therefore, says he, prepare for your Journey, and take your Band of Men with you, to convoy you thither. After this, he summoned the Medes, when at the same instant Cyaxares his Messenger was arrived, and laid before them his Displeasure against Cyrus, and his Menaces of the Medes; and told them in the Close, that Cyaxares his Will was, that the Medes should return, although Cyrus his Intention was to keep the Field. Which Words of the Messenger, the Medes received with Silence, as not being able to determine how to avoid his Summons, and yet as ignorant through Fear, how to comply with his Threats; being so well acquainted with the Cruelty of his Nature. But Cyrus stepping in, I admire not at all, says he, O Messenger, and you Medes, that Cyaxares is so full of Apprehensions for us, and for himself; when at the same time he knew our Enemy was numerous, and knew not how we might succeed. But when once he understands, that many of the Enemy's Forces are cut off, and even all of them put to flight; first, he will lay aside his Fears, and next, he cannot but own, that he is in no wise abandoned, because his Friends have cut off his Enemies. And what Right hath he to complain of us, that deserve so well from him; and when we truly have done nothing rashly of our own Heads? For I truly did persuade him to permit me, that you should join me upon my departure, and you, as not ambitious in the least of the Expedition, asked his Consent, whether you should draw out or not, and so arrived hither; nay, as many had his Command to march off, as were not displeased with my Motion; Wherefore the Displeasure he hath conceived, I am very confident, will be mitigated with our Success; and when he finds his Fears are Vain, will vanish together with them. 
Cyrus' his discreet Answer to Cyaxares his Messenger.  And for your part, O Messenger, since you are so far spent with your Journey, repose yourself a while, we Persians, because we have an Enemy in present Prospect, either to dispute it with us, or gain the Power over us, keep our Ranks in Battalia. For if we keep that Course, we may possibly the sooner effect what we Design, you therefore, O Prince of the Hyrcanians, give out your Orders to the Commanders of your Forces, with a strict Charge to their Men to take Arms to cover us. Which being done, when the Hyrcanian presented, Cyrus said, It is very pleasing to me, O Hyrcanian, to observe, that you not only appear with us, to evidence your Friendship in Fact, but also give us large Testimonies of so sharp a Wit as you are Master of, which at this time is very clearly of no small Advantage to us. For though the Assyrians are indeed my Enemies, yet now they are more implacably Yours, than Mine. Wherefore we are both of us to consult our interest so, that none of our Allies who have now joined us, may fail, but rather that we may have yet more Forces if possible to join us; But you have understood but now, that this Mede recalls his Horse, who if they quit our Service, what Means have we to keep the Field, that consist only of Foot? This therefore remains to be done on your Part and mine, to dispose even this very Man who recalls his own Men, to tarry himself with us. Do you therefore pitch on some Tent to assign him, where he may live with Convenience, and want no Accommodations which he may have Occasion for; and I in the mean time will make it my Business to find out some Employment for him, which he may be encouraged to accept of, rather than return home. Do you besides Discourse him, of those Advantages which may fairly be supposed in Prospect, if things be duly managed as they ought; when this is done, return to me again. The Hyrcanian than went to conduct the Mede to his Tent, and he that was ordered for Persia, was by, ready fixed for his Journey. And Cyrus had given him in charge to report to the Persians what he had represented in the foregoing Speech; and to give his Letters to Cyaxares. But says he, I will make Repetition to you, of all that I have written: that so you may know my Mind and express it, if any shall make enquiry of it: this was the Tenor of his Writing. Cyrus' to Cyaxares Geeting. 
Cyrus' his Letter to Cyaxares.  We left you not naked, since no Man can be said to be left of his Friends, that hath his Enemies vanquished by them, and since we left you not in our Opinion exposed to any Hazards: for the greater the Distance is we are removed from you, so much the stronger Wall we conceive we are about you. For they that are idle within the Reach of their Friends, render them not the more secure by their Neighbourhood; and they that are removed farthest from them engage their Enemies, so as to get them out of the reach of Danger, abandon them not at the greatest distance. Weigh therefore with yourself the Experience of my Behaviour to you, and compare it with your Returns to me, when you make complaints against me. I truly joined your Force with the largest Supplies I could, and such as were moved by no Entreaties of yours, while you, when we were upon good Terms, allowed me only so many as I could prevail upon by my persuasions; and now that I am sat down in an Enemy's Country, you recall not only those that are disposed to leave me, but even all of them at once. As Matters stood then, truly I conceived my Acknowledgements were due to you, but now you constrain me to forget you, and to endeavour the whole return of my Acknowledgements to them that took their Fortune with me. But I can by no means force myself to be like you, but having at this instant dispatched a Messenger into Persia for Supplies, I have given him in Charge, that as many of them as come for my Recruits, if you have any Occasion to employ them before they join me, shall be at your Service, not of their own choice, but to make use of at your own Discretion. Only let me give you this Advice, though I am younger than yourself, that you withdraw not those Forces which once you granted, that we may not own you ill Will in the Place of Acknowledgements; that you summon not with Menaces such as you would have kept home, nor say that you are abandoned, and be so liberal of your Threats upon all occasions, lest in Conclusion you teach yours to despise and set you at nought. We for our Parts shall not be wanting in our Endeavours to visit you, at such time as we have perfected our Affairs; the perfecting of which we conceive will in the end prove of equal Advantage to You and Us. Farewell. This Letter deliver into his Hands, and if he question you about any of the Contents, satisfy him that it is as the Letter states it. And the like Charge I give you in relation to the Persians, that my Letters will clear all things to them. Having spoke this, he straight dismissed him with his Letter, giving him in charge over and above, that he should use the greatest dispatch, since he might be sufficiently sensible that a speedy return now if ever, might be of no small Advantage.  
After this he went to take a view of the Forces, that were drawn out as well of the Hyrcanians as of Tygranes his Soldiers. The Persians too appeared very well Armed; for some of the Borderers had supplied them with Horse and Arms. Those that brought in Arms he ordered to bring their Javelins into the same Place as they had brought the rest before, to Burn them, for which he took this Order, since now they had no more occasion for their Use. Those that brought in Horse, he appointed to attend them in the Tents, and to wait his Pleasure, till they heard further from him, summoning now the Horse Officers, and those of the Hyrcanians together, he made them this Speech. It ought not to be strange to you, Friends and Fellow-soldiers, that you are Assembled so frequently, since there arises at present new Matter, and many of our Affairs are not well digested. And what things are yet confused and out of place, will of necessity create Business, to marshal them and reduce them to their proper Place. You have taken much Spoils and many Men, and because we 
Cyrus is taken up in parting the Spoils.  are ignorant which of these is each man's Property, and the Slaves themselves know not whom they may call their Masters, therefore not a few of them are busied, and almost all of them at a Loss, what they are to do in this Case; wherefore it is your part to make a due Distribution of our several Acquests. When therefore any one is Master of a Tent, which is sufficiently stored with Victuals and Drink, and Servants, and Bedding, and other Furniture, with the other Requisites which are convenient for his Military House-keeping, such a one hath no need of any farther Accession, but only that He whose Lot this is, should understand, that he is to manage this as his own Property; But for those who lodge in Tents, that are unfurnished, after a due inspection, take you care to supply all those Wants. For I am not ignorant, that there is an overpluss of all such Necessaries as they stand in need of, since our Enemies were more plentifully stored with all things than we. There were with me some of the Treasury of the Assyrian King and the Princes, who spoke of some Gold ready coined in their Hands, and made mention of Tribute: Therefore require by Proclamation, that they should bring it all in to you, and threaten those that shall refuse to obey your Orders. And when it is paid in to you, let every Horseman have double Pay, and every Footman single; that they may be provided, if they are destitute of any thing, and have wherewith to purchase it. Let the Crier, says he, straight forbid the Market to be abused by any, and let him order the Vi●…tuallers and Hucksters to make Merchandise of their Goods, and when they once have had a free vent for them, to import new; that so our Tents may not want a resort of People. This they forthwith made Proclamation of; But the Medes and Hyrcanians demanded of him, what means they had to make a due Distribution of all things, without the Concurrence of Him and His? Which Words Cyrus taking hold of, replied; Is that indeed your Opinion, that whatever is transacted we must still be personally assisting in every thing? Will it not be sufficient for us to act for you, and you again for us, as far as Occasion requires? What way is more likely than this, to have more Business lying on our Hands than we are able to dispatch? For pray observe, says he, We had these things in our Custody for you, and you repose a Confidence in us, that we have kept them entire; Do you therefore in like manner distribute them, as we shall repose the same Confidence in you, that you make a due distribution; and we in return will make the same riddance for you in matters of common Concern. Take notice first what Horse we have with us, and what Horse hath been taken and brought Prisoners. If you leave them us so without any Riders, neither will they be of any use to us, nor shall we be excused the trouble of attending them. But if ye place Riders on them, by one and the same Expedient, you will diminish our Care, and add to our Strength. But if there be any others that you would rather present, and with whom you would look Danger in the Face more willingly than with us, let them have your Horse. But if 
Cyrus advises to bestow upon the Persians the Enemy's Horse.  you mean to have us assisting to you on all Occasions, let us have them. For when without us you sallied upon the Enemy, and went to meet Danger, we were in no small Apprehensions for you; lest you should do otherwise than well, such were out Fears for our Friends, nor was our Shame less for ourselves, that we should not be where ever you were. But if we receive your Horse, we shall be in a Capacity to attend your Motions, and if we shall appear of more use to you, fight on Horseback, we shall take our Fortune with you, with the greatest Alacrity; But if we shall be esteemed of greater Service to you on Foot, it will be easy to light, and so straight to be in a Posture of assisting you on Foot, while we consider into whose Hands we commit our Horses; Thus spoke Cyrus. To which they replied, We have not, O Cyrus, Riders to place on our Horses, and if we had, since this is your choice, should we prefer any other Course to that which you have proposed. Therefore now accept our Horses, and pursue that Course which you shall take to be best. I accept them then, said he, and so, which I wish may be lucky to us, we shall Commence Horsemen; proceed you now to make Distribution of those things that call no Man Master. And in the first place, select for the Service of the Gods, whatever 
Cyrus' his opinion of dividing the rest of the Spoil.  the Magis, according to the Skill of their Profession, shall direct you. Then select for Cyaxares his Use what presents you conceive will render you Acceptable to him. They smiling replied, that they would call out the most beautiful of the Women-Captives to present him. Therefore, says he, make a Choice of the She-slaves for him, and what else besides you approve of. And after you have made this Choice for him, do what in you lies, O Hyrcanians, that all these Medes who freely offered their Service to follow me, may have no just Cause to complain; And be not you wanting also, O Medes, to honour and reward these our principal Allies, that so they may persuade themselves they had a true Sense of their own Interest, when they embraced our Friendship, Moreover, out of all these, award a Share to the Messenger sent to us from Cyaxares, nor only to him, but even to those that he hath here in his Retinue, and endeavour also to persuade him to make his stay with us, and possess him, it is with my Approbation; that so when he hath a right Sense of our Proceedings, he may report the true state of all to Cyaxares. And as for the Persians who are here with me, whatever remains in Surplusage, after you are all well equipped, will be sufficient, for we have not been brought up very delicately, but according to our plain Country Fashion. And therefore we may perhaps make but a Comical Figure dressed up in any splended Accoutrements, even such as for aught I know we may make sitting on Horseback, or perchance, as I guess, unhorsed upon the Ground.  
After they had applied themselves to the parting 
Cyrus gives several of the Slaves their Freedoms.  of the Spoil, not without laughing sufficiently ●…t so Comical a mention of their Horsemanship; Cyrus, summoning the Officers of his Troops, appointed them to receive the Horses and Horse-furniture, and Grooms, to such a Number as was in Proportion to the Poll of the several Soldiers, and as the Distribution fell by Lot to each Troop. He made also Proclamation by the Crier, that if there were any Slave in the Army of the Assyrians, the Syrians, or the Arabs, taken by force out of Media, or Persia, or Bactriana, or Caria, or Cilicia, or Greece, or elsewhere, he should straight render himself; which Proclamation being made, many presented themselves very willingly. Cyrus' having made Choice of such out of their number, as excelled in Beauty, told them they should bear Arms as if they were Freemen, and Arms he would bestow upon them, but they should take care to provide themselves with other Necessaries. After which, taking them to the Officers of his Troops, he recommends them to their Notice, and gave them in Charge, that they should give them Shields, and Swords, with which Accoutrements they might be equipped for Horsemen, and that they should furnish them with Provisions as if they were his Persians; but that the Officers of the Troops should be completely armed themselves, and well mounted, and provided with Spears, which Institution he first of all begun to Establish. And that each of them should in the Place of those Horse-Officers, substitute new Foot Officers, while they were thus intent upon these Matters. 
Gobryas the Assyrian comes over to Cyrus.   
In the mean time, Gobryas, an old Assyrian, with his Retainers, all Horse, himself an Horse-Officer too, presented himself. All of them completely armed with Arms for Horse. But they whose Post it was to take their Arms, required them to surrender their Spears, to be burnt with the rest of their Arms. Gobryas told them, that he would fain see Cyrus' first. The Officers then leaving the rest of the Horse behind, conducted Gobryas to Cyrus his Presence. He, when he saw Cyrus, turned to him in these Words, Sir, I truly am by Nation an Assyrian, and Owner of a strong Castle, and entrusted with the Government of a large Territory, and used to bring into the Field a thousand Horse for the Service of the Assyrian King, and held no small Place in his Favour; But since that truly brave and good Man fell in Battle by your Sword, and his Son, but my utter Enemy, is advanced to the Helm, I come to you, and present myself prostrate as a Petitioner at your Feet. I submit myself to be your Servant, and Companion in your Wars, and Beg of you to Revenge my Injuries, and for that End, in such sort as I may, I adopt you for my Son, for I am without Children of the Male Line; For, Sir, the only Son which I had, Conspicuous for his Person and Virtue, Dutiful to me, and paying me that Regard, in paying which, any Son might truly make a Parent happy, Even this Son, He, who is now my King, demanded of his Father, who then was King, that so he might give his Daughter in Marriage to my Son, and truly I then parted with him, out of an Ambition to see him Husband to a King's Daughter) This Son, I say, He who now Commands as King, invited to the Chase, and gave him this Occasion of exerting his utmost Force in Hunting, as esteeming him a better Horse man than himself. He therefore followed the Chase with him, as his Friend, but when the Bear was once in view, and both of them in Pursuit of him, he that now is our Prince let fly his Dart, but miss him, though I could wish it had not, while my Son, having cast his Dart, but too invidiously, laid him flat on the Ground. And then the Prince, stung with this, kept secret his Resentments. But when a Lion came in their way, and he erred again, which truly in my Opinion was no wonder, and in Conclusion, my Son with a more unerring stroke dispatching the Lion, claimed to himself, that at two strokes, he laid one after the other prostrate on the Ground; then was it, that that base Man being able no longer to suppress his Envy, snatched on a sudden a 
The Manner how the Son of the Assyrian King killed Gobryas his Son.  Spear from one of the Company, guided it to his Heart, and so took away the Life of my dear and only Son. And I, miserable Wretch, in the place of a living Bridegroom, embraced a dead Corpse, and old as I was, gave Funeral Rites to my Best, and best beloved Son in the Flower of his Age. But the Murderer, as if he had embrued his Hands in the blood of an Enemy, never showed any marks of Penitence, nor to expiate for so heinous a Fact, did any the least Honour to the dead Body. His Father indeed expressed Compassion of me, and gave out publicly, that my Calamity troubled him very near. Therefore, had he now been Living, I had never moved you with the story of my Loss, for I had many marks of his Favour, and he had many good Offices from me in Return. But since his Empire is devolved upon the Murderer of my Son, I can never truly profess any Inclinations of Service to him, and I am throughly convinced he never ranked me in the number of his Friends. For he is no stranger to my Sentiments of him, and, as before this, my Life was full of Pleasure, so now this Loss requires that I spend my Old Age in Sorrow; wherefore, if you will now Embrace me, and that through you there remain in prospect any 
Gobryas entreats Cyrus to revenge the death of his Son.  hope of Revenging the Death of my dear Child, I shall look upon myself even to grow young again, and reckon, that I shall neither Live in Disgrace nor Dye with Grief. When Gobryas had spoke thus, Cyrus made Answer; If it can appear, my Gobryas, that your Sentiments agree with your Words, I truly shall espouse your Cause, and Promise you, by the God's Assistance, to do Justice on the Murderer. Say now, then says he; If we should deal thus with you, and permit you to enjoy your Castle, your Land, your Arms, and that Power wherewith you were clothed; in lieu of all these, what Returns would you make Us? My Castle, says he, whenever you please, I will deliver to you, to enjoy as freely as your own, that Tribute, which I paid him for my Lord, you shall receive, and when Occasion presents to undertake any Expedition, I will follow your Standard with all the Force under my Command. Moreover, I have a Daughter, and a Virgin, who is all my Joy, of Marriageable Estate, Her, before this happened, I had designed for the Bed of him that now is King, but now my Daughter has besought me with many Tears, that I would not think of marrying her to her Brother's Murderer. A Resolution now no less my own than hers. Her disposal I freely commit to you, to advise me therein, no otherwise than it is Evident that I have sincerely advised with you upon these Terms. Then said Cyrus, I sincerely give you my Hand, and with that my Heart, and take yours in Exchange; The Gods are witness between Us. Which done, he ordered Gobryas to keep his Arms and take his Journey, and having enquired the extent of his Journey, how far he was to Go; If, says he, You set forward to morrow early, the next day after you may be our Guest. Gobryas therefore departed, leaving his Guide behind him.  
And now the Medes were present, having allotted the Magis what they had claimed to be reserved for the Gods; the fairest Tent they had reserved for Cyrus, and the Captive Susiona, whom Report styled the most Beautiful of all in Asia, and two very expert Minstrels. In the second Place, they reserved the second Choice for Cyaxares. Nor were they wanting to supply such others with what they were unprovided, that so they might not be destitute of aught in use for a Military Life; for there was great plenty of all things. The Hyrcanians also in like manner took such things as they had Occasion for; Besides which, they admitted Cyaxares his Messenger to an equal Share with the rest. But those Tents that remained in Over-plus, they presented Cyrus, for the Use of his Persians; The Money, they said, they would distribute when they had collected it all, which too was afterwards done. These things, on their part, were said and done; but what they had selected for Cyaxares his Presents, Cyrus ordered them to take into their Care and Custody, as well knowing them to be his Confidents. And for what you bestow on me, I receive it with a good Will, says he; But each of you is at Liberty to use notwithstanding, which of them he most stands in need of. Then a certain Mede, that had a Genius to Music, said, Truly, my Cyrus, as I in the Evening heard those Minstrels, which now you have, I took so great a Pleasure in listening to them, that if you should bestow but one of them upon me, I should flatter myself with passing my Life more pleasantly in the Camp than at Home. Then Cyrus replied, I freely give her thee, and thank you more for your Suit, than it is possibly for you to thank me for my Gift, so great a Thirst have I to oblige all of you. And thus he that begged the Minstrel had Her.  
The End of the Fourth Book.   

XENOPHON'S INSTITUTION AND LIFE OF CYRUS the GREAT. The Fifth Book.  
— Quid meliùs desidiosus agam?  
AS for Cyrus, after he had called to him Araspes the Mede, (who was his Companion from a Child, and to whom he gave his Median Robe at his Departure from Astyages unto Persia) he commanded him to keep for him the Woman and the Tent. Now this Woman was the Wife of Abradatus, the King of the Susan's; but her Husband was not in the Field at the taking of the Tents of the Assyrians; but was gone on an Embassy to the King of the Bactrians. He was sent by the Assyrian to desire his Assistance in the War, upon the account of his being once a Guest to the Bactrian King. Cyrus' therefore commanded Araspes to secure this woman till such time as he should be ready to take her to himself. Araspes, when he was bid do so, asked Cyrus, whether he had ever seen the woman whom he commanded him to keep? No truly, said Cyrus, not I But I did (said Araspes) when I chose her out for you. And truly upon our first entrance into her Tent we did not know her: For she was sitting on the Ground with her waiting Maids all round about her; and her Habit was for all the world like theirs. But after we had took a View of them all, to see which 
The excellent Beauty of Panthea.  was most likely to be the Mistress, she presently seemed to excel all the rest, tho' sitting, veiled and looking down upon the Ground. When we bid her rise up, all her Female Attendants rose together with her: But than it appeared how she excelled them all, first in Stature, then in Strength, Portliness and graceful Movement, tho' with the Disadvantage of a mean Dress. And then you might have seen her all in Tears, some trickling down upon her clothes, and some down to her very Feet. And when the Eldest among us bad her cheer up, telling her, that altho' by report she had a very excellent Husband, yet we did now design her for one who was no whit behind him, neither for Person, Ingenuity nor Power; and that Cyrus certainly, (if ever any man) was in our Judgements most worthy of Admiration, whose she should now be. As soon as she 
Her Virtue.  heard this, she rend her upper Garment, and sell a-weeping; and her maids too cried in comfort with her: And here the greatest part of her Face came in view, together with her Neck and Hands. And now Cyrus, I must needs tell you, 'twas my Fancy, and the rest of my Fellow-Spectators, that there was never yet known, nor born of Mortals such another woman in all Asia. But by all means, says he, you shall see her too. Ay, but if the be such an one as you set her out, replied Cyrus, I have the less mind to it. And why so, says the young man? Because, says he, if now upon the bare Character of her Beauty, and not having over much Leisure, I 
Whether Love can compel men against their wills?  should suffer myself to be prevailed upon to go and see her, I am afraid she will much more easily induce me to make her another Visit; and so in a while, neglecting my Affairs, I shall do nothing but sit and stare her in the Face. And do you think then (says the young man with a Smile) that there are such powerful Charms in humane Beauty, as to compel a man against his Will to do any thing which is not best? If 'twere naturally so, all would be compelled alike. See (says he) how the Fire burns all equally; and the reason is, because it burns naturally: But now among Beauties, some we love some we done't; one loves this, and another that: For this depends wholly on the Pleasure of the Will: So that every one loves whom he pleases. A Brother does not fall in love with his Sister; but some body else does: Neither is a Father Enamoured with his Daughter, but some body else is. For Fear and the Law are sufficient to restrain Love. But if there were a Law made, that they which eat not should not be hungry, and that they which drink not should not be thirity; or that People should not be acold in the Winter, nor hot in the Summer: These are things which are beyond the Power of any Law, to make practicable by Men; because Humane Nature is apt to be overcome by these things; but to love is a thing altogether voluntary: every one loves what is agreeable to his particular humour, just as he does such or such a Mode in his Habit. How then comes it to pass (says Cyrus) if Love be thus voluntary, that a man can't give over loving when he will? Have not I seen some weep merely through that Grief which their Love occasioned, and serve those whom they loved, tho' before they were smitten, they thought it a miserable thing to be a Slave; and give away a great many things which they could not with any tolerable Convenience be without? Have not I known some wish as earnestly to be rid of their Love as of any other Disease, and yet could never free themselves of it; but were held by a stronger necessity than if they had been fast in Irons? And thence 'tis that they lay out themselves wholly upon those they love in many and fruitless Services; and do not so much as endeavour to disentangle themselves from the Evils which they suffer; but rather make it their Business to foment and keep alive the Flame. 'Tis confessed (replied the young man) Men of degenerate and grovelling Minds do as you say: And thence'tis, I believe, they are always as miserable men wishing to die; and yet when there are a thousand ways of departing this Life, they live on still: And such Men as these also are light-fingered, and given to stealing: But whenever they do play the Thief, none so ready, you know, as yourself to r●…prehend them (which argues you don't think they were under any necessity of Stealing) and therefore you don't pardon, but punish them. In like manner beautiful persons don't force men to fall in love with them, nor to desire what they ought not, but poor silly men are ungovernable in their Passions; and then they lay the Fault upon Love. But honest and good men, tho' they may desire to have Money, good Horses, and handsome Women, yet they can easily abstain from all these things, so as not to meddle with them in an unlawful way. As for my own part, tho' I have seen this Woman, and take her to be a great Beauty too, yet you see I am still with yond upon the March, and discharge whatver belongs to my Office. But perhaps (says Cyrus) you went away too soon for Love to levelly a Dart at you: For 'tis possible for a man to touch Fire, and yet not presently be burnt, and wood is not immediately kindled. And yet for all that I neither use to touch Fire when I can help it nor to gaze on Beauty. Neither would I advise you Araspes to let your Eyes dwell long upon a beautiful Face: For Fire indeed burns not unless you touch it; but Beauty kindles a Flame of Love in those that view at a distance. No Cyrus, says he, you may assure yourself, tho' I should never leave looking upon her, I shall not be so far enslaved as to commit any thing unworthy of myself. You say very well, says he, and therefore keep her for me as I command you, and have a care of her: For perhaps she may be of great use for us at a convenient Opportunity. After this Discourse was ended they parted from each other.  
But the young man, partly through the Sight of this 
Araspes in Love with P●…thea.  incomparably fair woman, partly because he had observed her excellent Accomplishments, and partly also, because he waited upon her, and perceived his Service was acceptable to her; and withal, found her not ungrateful (as who in return took care of him by her Servants, that whenever he came in and out, he should be handsomely accommodated; and if he happened at any time to be indisposed, he should want no Conveniencies) all this I say conspiring together he fell in love with her, which perhaps was no such great wonder: And so much for this.  
Let us now return to Cyrus, who being willing that the Medes, and the rest of his Fellow Soldiers should abide with him cheerfully and of their own accord, called together as many as he thought convenient; and when they were convened, said thus to them, I am well assured (ye Medes, and all you that are here present) that you took not this Expedition along with me, either for want of money, or for any thoughts of doing Service herein to Cyaxares; but purely out of a mined to oblige and honour me, you would hazard your Lives with me in these Night-Marches, for which reason I cannot without great Injustice deny myself much indebted to you; but yet methinks I am not at present in a capacity to r●…te you; which I am not ashamed to confess: B●… to tell you, that I will requite you in case you ●…arry with me, indeed I am ashamed of that: For that would look, I fancy, as if I said it for that very reason to make you more willing to stay with me. Instead therefore of that I say this, That altho' in Compliance to the Command of Cyaxares, you should go away from me, yet if I do any thing prosperously, I will endeavour so to do it, that you yourselves shall praise me: For I am not now about to depart; but will be faithful to the Hyrcanians, to whom I have given my Hand in token of a League of Amity; so that it shall never be said that I have dealt treacherously with them. And as for Gobryas his part, who has given up to us the Fortifications, the Country, and the Forces, I shall make it my Care, that he never have occasion to repent him of his Journey to me. Lastly, that which weighs most with me, is, that since the Favour and Good Will of Heaven appears so manifest in our good Success, we ought to fear the Gods the more, and be ashamed to go away, and leave our Blessings behind us. This is my Resolution; but you do what you shall think good, and tell me what you resolve to do: Thus far Cyrus. Then he that once claimed Kindred with Cyrus made the first Reply: I believe (says he) you were no less designed by Nature to be a King than the Leading Bee is in the Hive: For to him the Bees pay a voluntary Homage; and wherever his Abode is, there is the Court whither they all resort: And if he chance to take a Progress any whither, none of them all offer to desert him: Such an incredible Love have they naturally for their King.  
After the same rate methinks these Men stand affected 
How Cyrus was beloved.  towards you, for when you went from us unto Persia what Person among the Medes either young or old was absent from accompanying you, till Astyages gave us order to return? And when you came again from Persia to our assistance we saw almost all your friends following you of their own accord. And again when you made an Expedition into these parts, all the Medes voluntarily followed you. And now you have such Influence upon us, that with you we can dare and be bold in the Enemy's Country, but without you we should be afraid to return home. Therefore let others declare for what they will, as for me, and those under my Command, we will all abide with you, and fetching Supplies of Courage from your sight will endure any thing, and yield to nothing but the Endearments of your Kindnesses. After this Tigranes began. I would not have you wonder Cyrus at my silence, for my mind is not prepared for long Debate but to Execute whatever you Command. And then Hyrcanius. If you should go away, now ye Medes, I should say it came to pass through the spite of some ill Genius that maligned your growing happiness, For sure no man that Consults his Reason would turn away from his flying Enemy, or refuse to take his Arms or himself when he Surrenders both. Especially when we have such a Leader, who I verily believe would take more delight in benefitting us, then in Enriching himself. Then said all the Medes, You Cyrus lead us forth, and do you bring us home with you when you see good. Cyrus when he had heard all this, made this Prayer. Grant I beseech thee Almighty Jupiter, that I may outdo them in kindnesses who honour me. After this he gave order that the rest having first placed the Guards, should take care of themselves, but that the Persians should dispose of the Tents, to the Horse such as were convenient for them, to the Foot such as were fit for them. And that they should so order things, that all those who were in the Tents should provide things Necessary and bring them home to the Ranks of the Persians, and furnish them with Horses ready for Service. But that the Persians should have nothing else to do, besides Exercising their Arms.  
And thus they passed the Day. On the Morrow, assoon as they rose they made an Expedition to Gobryas, Cyrus himself being on Horseback with the Persian Horse who were now improved to the number of about two thousand. After these followed a company of Men of the same number with Grated Irons and hunting Spears. And so the rest of the Army Marched on in due order. Cyrus also gave Command to every Leader, that they should tell their fresh Soldiers, that whoever of them should be seen behind the Bringers up of the Rear, or before the Front, or out of their Ranks in either Wing should be sure to be punished. The next day after, about Sunset they arrive at the place where Gobryas was, and perceive the Fortification to be very strong, and that the Walls were furnished with all things requisite for their own defence. Besides they observed that a great many Oxen and Sheep were brought under the Works. Gobryas upon the news of Cyrus his Arrival sent word to him that he should Ride round about the Castle, and observe where it was most Accessible, and that he should send some trusty Men in unto him, who should inform him of all they saw within. Cyrus therefore willing to see whether the Castle might any where be taken, or whether there was any deceit in Gobryas, road round about it, and perceived 'twas every way too well fenced for Access. And withal those who were sent in unto Gobryas bring Cyrus' word, that there seemed to them to be Provision enough within for an whole Age. Now as Cyrus was perplexed to think what this should be, Gobryas himself comes forth to him, bringing all that were within out with him, some of which brought Wine and Meal, some drove Oxen, Swine, Sheep and Goats, and what other Provision of Victuals they had they brought it all out, so that Cyrus his whole Army met with a very plentiful Supper. But Gobryas when he had brought out all his Men, bid Cyrus get in with as much safety as he could. Cyrus therefore having sent some spies with a Troop of his own beforehand, at length enters himself. And when he was got in, holding the Gates open he called to him all his friends and the Captains of his Army. And after 
Gobrias entertains Cyrus and his Army.  they too were got in, Gobryas bringing out his Golden Plate, Lavers, Pots and all kind of Ornaments, and a great deal of old Coin, and last of all his Daughter (who was of a goodly Stature and exceeding Fair, but in mourning for the Death of her Brother) spoke after this manner: I deliver up this my Substance to you Cyrus, and I intrust you with this my Daughter, whom you may dispose of as you please. But we both are come humble Supplicants to you, I as before, that you would revenge the Death of my Son, and she now of her Brother. To which Cyrus replied, I promised you then to avenge your Cause to the utmost of my power, on condition you did not deceive me, and now since I have found you true, I acknowledge myself bound to make good my promise. And the same I here promise to do for her. And as for your Money I accept it, and here give it all to this your Daughter, and the Man that shall Marry her. There is yet one gift more which when I have received from you, I will be gone. Which if you give me, I shall be better pleased then with all the Treasures in Babylon. Gobryas wondering with himself what this might be, and conjecturing 'twas his Daughter, asked him what it was. To which Cyrus replied I believe there are many Men who would not willingly be guilty of any impiety, or any injustice, or any deceit. But because no Body would ever commit Money, Power, Castles or lovely Children to their trust, they be dyefore they are known to be what they are. But you by intrusting me with your Fortifications, your Treasures, your Power and your Daughter, which is worth all, have given me an occasion of showing to the World, that I am one, that will neither be guilty of any Unkindness towards my Guest, nor any injustice for the sake of Money, nor of any falsehood in not standing to my Covenant. Assure yourself therefore that I will never forget this action of yours as long as I have any Justice in me, but will endeavour to requite you by doing you all the good I can. Neither would I have you doubt of getting such an Husband for your Daughter as is worthy of her. For I have many and good Friends, whoever of which shall Marry her will have as much Money as you give, if not more. I would have you know there are some among them who will not respect or admire you one jot the more, for the Money which you bestow. And yet they now Emulate my good Fortune, and pray to all the Gods, that they may have an opportunity, of declaring to the World that they are as faithful to their friends as I, and that they would never yield to their Enemies, while they have Breath. Neither do they prefer all the Wealth of the Syrians and Assyrians and yours to boot, before Virtue and a good Name. Such Men as these I assure you are here with me. To this Gobryas Smiling, pray Cyrus will you tell me where these Men are to be found, that I may beg one of them of you for a Son-in law. You need not, replied the other, inquire this of me, but if you will go along with us, you shall be able to show every one of them to another.  
This said, he took Gobryas by the hand, and went out, with all his Retinue. And when Gobryas was mighty earnest with him, to Sup with him, he refused, and Supped in his Tent, and took Gobryas to Sup with him. Where as he was sitting on his Bed of Straw, tell me Gobryas, says he, do you think you have more Beds than me? No truly, replied Gobryas, I am sure you have most Beds, and your House is much larger than mine, for all Heaven and Earth are in stead of a House to you. And you have as many Beds as there are resting places upon the Ground. Neither do you make your Blankets of Fleeces of Wool, but of the Branches of Trees which grow on the Mountains or in the Fields. Gobryas having never Supped with them before, and observing the Meanness of the Meat which was set before them, thought their way of Life was much more Liberal than that of his own Nation. For no well 
The temperance of the Persians.  Disciplined Persian seems any more concerned at the sight of any Meat or Drink, so as in the least to forget what is becoming, then if there were none at all before him. But as good Horsemen, because not disturbed with riding, can look about, hear and discourse as they ride, so these think it fit to appear prudent and moderate at Meals, and look upon it as a Brutish thing to be affected or moved at the sight of Meat or Drink. He observed also that they asked one another such questions, which was more pleasant to propose, than not, and that they used such sharpness of Repertees which was better to use, than not, and that their jesting was without any scurrilousness, filthiness or passion. But that which seemed to him most observable was, that when they were in an Expedition, they did not assign any of them the largest Portion, who underwent the same danger, but thought the best Banquet was to have the stoutest and best Fellow Soldiers.  
But as Gobryas rose up, and was ready to go home, says he to Cyrus, I now no longer wonder, that we have more store of Cups, clothes and Gold than you, and yet that you are of greater worth than we. For we make it our business to abound with these, and you to be as excellent as you can. Then said Cyrus to him, see Gobryas that you come hither to Morrow-Morning with your Horse ready Armed, that I may take a Survey of your Forces, and that you may lead us through your Territories, that we may know what belongs to our Friends, and what to our Enemies. This said, they went both of them to their respective places. Assoon as 'twas Day Gobryas was come with his Horse, and lead them the Way. But Cyrus as every Commander ought to do 
The Duty of a Good General represented i●… Cyrus.  was not only intent upon his Journey, but considered with himself as he went, whether there was any way to weaken the Enemy, and fortify his own Party. Whereupon calling to him Hyrcanius and Gobryas (for these he took to be most skilful in the things where in he wanted to be informed) I believe says he, my Friends, I shall not miscarry in this War, if I use the Advice of such faithful Men as you: For I believe you aught to make it more your Concern than I, that we be not worsted by the Assyrians: As for my own part, if I chance to miscarry in this, I know whither to retreat; but as for you, if you be overcome, all that you have will be taken from you. He is my Enemy not for any particular Pique he has against me; but because he thinks it not expedient for himself that we should flourish; and that's the only reason why he makes War with us: But you he hates, and complains of wrong done to him by you. To which they both made answer, That they were apprehensive how the Case stood; and that they would make it their great Care how the Issue of the present Affair should be.  
Then said Cyrus, I would fain know of you whether 
Cyrus advises about taking to him more assistants.  the Assyrian takes you to be the only Enemy he has, or whether you know of any other that is hostily affected towards him? Yes, replied Hyrcanius, the Cadusians are great Enemies to him, a very populous and warlike Nation; and also our Neighbours the Sacians, who have suffered many Affronts from the Assyrian: For he endeavoured to subject them to himself as well as us. Do you think then (says he) these two will readily combine with us to invade the Assyrian? Yes, say they, with all their Hearts, if they could but associate with us. Why, what hinders? Says he, these very Assyrians, through whose Country you are now passing. When Cyrus heard this, said he to Gobryas, and have not I heard you complain of the intolerable Pride and Insolence of this young Man who now enjoys the Kingdom? Yes, says Gobryas, I have had enough Experience of it. And did he behave himself so towards you only, or towards others also? Yes, says Gobryas, towards a great many: And as for those which he has maimed and abused, 'tis in vain to go about to reckon them. Particularly one above the rest, who was the Son of a man of much greater Quality than myself, and his own Companion too, whom, as they were drinking together, he took and gelded; and that because, as some report, his Miss commended him for an handsome Man, and magnified the Happiness of her that should have him for her Husband; but, as he says, because he had attempted the Honour of his Concubine. So he is now made an Eunuch, and upon the Decease of his Father, has the Government in his own Hands. Do you think then says Cyrus, that this man also would be well pleased to see us, if he thought he should have our Assistance? Yes to be sure, says Gobryas; but 'tis a thing of great Difficulty to come to the Sight of him. How so? says Cyrus. Because whosoever will join Forces with him, must necessarily pass along by Babylon. And what Difficulty is there in that? says Cyrus. Because, says he, I know greater Forces have been sent out thence than yours by far; and you must know, that the reason why the Assyrians do not bring forth as many Arms and Horses as they were wont to do formerly, is because your Forces seemed very inconsiderable to those that saw them, and because they are so represented by Common Fame: And therefore in my Opinion 'tis best Prudence to march on warily. You say well, replied Cyrus, in advising us to march as safely as we can; But upon Consideration, I cannot think of a safer 
Cyrus deliberates about going to Babylon.  Course, than to march on directly towards Babylon, since there lies the main Strength of the Enemy: For that they are very numerous you yourself acknowledge; and if they once take Courage too, they must needs be very formidable to us. Now if they should not see us, and think that we conceal ourselves for fear of them, they will certainly shake off that Fear which was once upon them, and heighten their Courage in proportion to the time that we keep out of Sight: whereas, if we now march on directly against them, we shall find many of them bewailing their Slain, many binding up the Wounds which they received from us; and all of them bearing in mind the boldness of this our Army, and the Flight and Misfortune of their own. And you must know Gobryas, that 'tis natural for most Men when they are flushed up with Confidence, to be very ven●…urous and daring; But when they are once seized with Fear, the more they are in multitude, the greater is their Dread and Astonishment: For their Terror is augmented from the number of ill Reports, and false Alarms, from the variety of sad Accidents, and from the multitude of dispirited and drooping Faces. Neither is it an easy matter to take off such a great Terror with an Harangue, or to inspirit them with new Courage by the best managed Conduct: For the more they are exhorted to take Courage, the greater they suspect the Danger. This likewise is to be taken into Consideration, that if in War the greatest Number be sure to be victorious, you have reason to fear our Success; and indeed the Danger lies on our Side. But if now, as ever heretofore, the Event of the War be to be measured from the Valour and Courage of the Soldiers, you have more reason to take Heart and hope well: For by the help of the Gods, you will find there are more true Fighters among us than among them. And to encourage you the more, consider this also, that our Enemies are fewer in number now than they were before they were overcome by us; and that they are now fewer than when they ran away. Whereas on the contrary we are greater now than at first when we overcame; and more confirmed in Courage by our good Fortune, and more numerous by the Addition we received from you: For I would not have you any longer undervalue your own men, now they are engrafted into one Body: For they that go along with Conquerors partake of their Courage. And you would do well to consider that 'tis possible for the Enemy to see us even as we are now, but we have no way to appear more formidable to them, then by marching directly against them. This then is my Resolution, and therefore lead on towards Babylon.  
Whereupon they did accordingly, and on the fourth Day they touched upon the Borders of Gobrias his Country. Cyrus' upon his Entrance into the Enemy's Confines, commanded as many of his Horse and Foot as he thought Sufficient to stand with him, in a ready Posture of Arms, and the rest of his Horse he suffered to sally out, commanding them to kill all that were Armed, and to bring the ●…est with the Cattle that they took to him. He commanded also the Persians to sally out, many of whom returned back having tumbled off from their Horses, and many with much Plunder with them. Upon the sight of which he called together the Commanders of the Medes and Hyrcanians, and the Persian Peers, and thus bespoke them. Gobryas (my Friends) has entertained us with abundance of good things, and therefore if after we have first set apart a convenient Portion for the Gods, and the rest of the Army, we give the remainder to him, I think we should do well, that so it may appear that we endeavour to outdo our Benefactors in kindness. Assoon as this was heard they all applauded and consented to the Motion. But one more forward than the rest, said, let us do so Cyrus by all means, for I fancy this Gobryas took us for a company of Poor Fellows, because we did not come laden with Ornaments made of old Coin, nor Drink out of Golden Vessels. But now if we do this, we may let him see, that men may be Liberal without Money. Go therefore and set aside what is due to the Gods and Sufficient for the Army, and give the rest to Gobryas. which was done accordingly.  
After this Cyrus Marched on toward Babylon, having disposed his Army in the very same order as when they engage. But perceiving the Assyrian declined to come forth, Cyrus commanded Gobryas to ride up and down and declare to them, that he 
Cyrus' Challenges the Assyrian.  would Fight with their King himself, if he would come forth and Fight for his Country. But if he would not appear in his Country's defence, they must of necessity yield to their Conquerors. Gobryas therefore went on towards them as far as he might with safety, and told them the words of Cyrus. whereupon the Assyrians sent out one to him with this answer, thus says thy Master Gobryas, It does not at all repent me that I killed thy Son, but that I did not kill thee too. But if you have a mind to Fight, come here again thirty days hence. But now we are not at leisure, because we are yet in Preparation for War. I wish, says Gobryas, thou wouldst always repent, because than I should be thy Tormentor from the first minute of thy Repentance. After this Gobryas returned the Answer of the Assyrian, to Cyrus, who thereupon drew off his Army, and calling Gobryas to him, tell me, says he, did not you say that he who was gelt by the Assyrian would join himself with us? Yes, says he, I am well assured of it. For he and I had not long ago a great deal of free discourse together. Why then, says Cyrus, when you have a convenient time go you to him, and at first comply with him in every thing, and do as he would have you. But if aftex you have conversed with him a pretty while you find him inclinable to Associate with us, your next business must be to contrive how his siding with us may be concealed. For this you must know is a Maxim, That no one can do his Friend a greater kindness in War, then by being thought his Enemy, nor a greater diskindness to his Enemy then by seeming his Friend. I know, says Gobryas, that this Gadatas, would willingly even buy an oppoxtunity of mischiefing this Assyrian King. But his ability must be considered as well as his will. Tell me therefore, says Cyrus, whether you think that the keeper of the Garrison will admit this gelt man with his Forces into this Castle, which stands behither this Country, and which you say was built to secure it against the Assaults of the Hyrcanians and Sacians? Yes without doubt, says Gobryas, since as he is now he may come to him unsuspected. Why then, says Cyrus, he will be as little suspected if I 
Cyrus' Stratagem.  make an Invasion upon his Coast, as if I had a mind to take it, and he seem to defend it to the utmost of his power, and I take something that is his, and he take some other of my Men, or else those Ambassadors of mine whom I sent to them, who you say are ill affected toward the Assyrian. And let those that are taken pretend they are going to the Army, to fetch Ladders wherewith to scale the walls of the Castle. Whereupon, let the Eunuch pretend hat he will go thither and discover the business. Well, says Gobryas, if matters be thus carried, I don't question but the Governor of the Castle will receive him, and Entreat him to stay with him till you draw off. But do you think (says Cyrus) if he once get into the Castle he will be able to deliver it up into our Power. 'Tis very probable (says Gobryas) considering what he may do by managing things within, and you by your violent Siege without. Go then, says Cyrus, and give the Eunuch his lesson, and when you have done, return hither again; but don't warrant him a closer League of Amity than you have with us yourself.  
Upon this Gobryas departed; the Eunuch looked very pleasingly and chearsully upon him, and immediately consented to the Business. Cyrus' having received Information from Gobryas, that they had made sure of the Eunuch, the very next day began the Siege. Gadatas the Eunuch made defence. Cyrus took those places which Gadatus ordered him to invade. As for the Messengers which Cyrus sent/ some Gadatas let pass, that they might bring a fresh Supply of Forces, and carry thither some Ladders; but those which he took he put to the Inquisition, in the Presence of a great Number of People; and when they had confessed upon what Errand they were going, he presently preparing himself for a Journey, posted away by Night on a pretence of disclosing the Plot. At length his Report being credited, he got into the Castle in the Score of an Assistant; and at first indeed he assisted the Governor of the Castle in what he could. But assoon as ever Cyrus was come, Gadatas takes the Government of the Castle into his own Hands, using the help of Cyrus his Captives. Assoon as this was done, Gadatas setting all things in due Order within, comes forth to Cyrus, whom, as soon as he had honoured according to the Ceremony then in use, Much Joy to you Cyrus, says he. I am very joysul, replied the other: For you by the Favour of Heaven not only bid me rejoice, but compel me whether I will or no: For I would have you know, that I look upon't as a great Happiness, that I can leave this Country to these my Fellow-soldiers in a State of Peace: But as for your part Gadatas, tho' the Assyrian has deprived you of the Faculty of getting Children, yet he has not took from you the Knack of making Friends. Assure yourself therefore, that by this single Deed of yours, you have obliged us to be your Friends, who will in requital be so far assistant to you on all Occasions, that you shall find Son and Nephews in us. Thus Cyrus: And then Hyrcanius, as soon as ever he had notice what was done, ran to Cyrus, and taking him by the Hand, How much am I indebted to the Gods, says he, Cyrus, my best of Friends, that they have joined me with you! But go your way, says Cyrus, and take the Castle into your own Power, for whose sake you so embrace me, and so manage it, to the best advantage of yourself, the rest of my Fellow-soldiers, and especially of this Gadatas, who surrendered it up to us. Shall we then, says Hyrcanius, when the Cadusians and the Sacians, with my Citizens, are come call him too, that all of us who are concerned may consult in common how to make the most of this our Castle? which Proposal, Cyrus liked very well. When therefore they were all convened who had the charge of the Castle, they agreed that it should be kept in common by those whose interest 'twas to have it quiet, that it might serve them for a Garrison in War, and for a Defence against the Assyrians. When this was so ordered, the Cadusians, Sacians and Hyrcanians, were much more forward to Lift themselves together. So that from among the Cadusians, there was raised an Army of twenty thousand Target men, and about four thousand Horse, and among the Sacians, ten thousand Archers, and two thousand Horse of the same. The Hyrcanians also augmented the number of their Foot as much as they could, and made their Horse up two thousand. For before the greater part of their Horse was left at home, because the Cadusians and Sacians, were at eumity with the Assyrians.  
But during all the time that Cyrus abode there, to order the Affairs of the Castle, many of the Neighbouring Assyrians brought him Horses and Arms, 
The Assyrian Forages the Country of Gadatas.  because they now stood in fear of all Borderers. After this, Gadatas came to Cyrus, and told him that he was informed by Messengers that came to him, that the Assyrian was mightily concerned about the delivery of the Castle, and that he was in Preparation to make an Incursion upon the Coast of Gadatas. Wherefore if you will dismiss me, Cyrus, I will endeavour at least to secure the Works, as for the rest no great matter what becomes of it. If you go now then, replied Cyrus, against what time will you be at home? By the third day, says Gadatas, I will Sup within my own Territories. And do you think you shall find the Assyrian there? Yes without doubt, says Gadatas. For the farther off he thinks you to be, he will make the more haste. But how soon do you think (says Cyrus) I can Arrive thither with my Army? You must consider, says Gadatas, your Army is now swelled to a considerable bigness, and therefore you can scarce come to my Habitation in six or seven days. Do you then, says Cyrus, hasten away with all s●…eed, and I will march a●…r as fastas I can, Whereupon Gadatas ●…ent.  
But Cyrus calling together the chiefs of his fellow-soldiers 
Cyrus prepares to assist Gadatas.  who now seemed to be many and gallant Men, made this Speech to them. Gadatas (my Fellow Soldiers) has obliged us all with Kindness of a very high Nature, and that before he had received any from us. And now 'tis reported that the Assyrian invades his Territories, intending to revenge himself upon him, because he thinks himself very much wronged by him. And perhaps he thinks with himself, that if he should take no Revenge upon Revolters, and if those that adhere to him should be thus continually slaughtered by us, in a little time none will be on his Side any longer. I think therefore 'twould be a very commendable thing, if we did cheerfully lend our assistance to Gadatas, a man that has so well deserved at our hands. This I think would be but a just Gratitude to him, and it may be a piece of self-interest: For if Men once observe that we endeavour to outdo them in ill Turns that hurt us, and them in good Turns that oblige us, 'tis probable that we shall have many that will seek our friendship, and that none will much care to be at Enmity with us. But now if we seem to neglect Gadatas, with what Rhetoric shall we prevail with others to do us any Kindness? How shall we be able to justify ourselves? How will any of us be able to look Gadatas in the Face, if we who are so numerous suffer him to overcome us in Kindness; and at such a Pinch of Necessity too as this? Thus Cyrus, to which they all unanimously agreed. Well then, says Cyrus, since all of you like the Proposal, let every one of us leave those with the Horses and the Carriages who are fittest to march with these; and let Gobryas head them, since he is acquainted with the ways, and useful also for other Services: But let us, taking the choicest both 
How Cyrus ordercd his Army to make them more fit to march.  of Horse and Men, and three days Provision, set out immediately: For the less we encumber ourselves, we shall Dine, Sup and Sleep the sweeter for these three days following: Now let us march in this Order. In the first place do you Chrysantas lead those that wear Breastplates (since the way is smooth and broad) having all the Captains in the Front; and let every Company march one by one after each other: For if we are close knit together in a Body, our March will be the faster and the safer. And for that Reason I would have those that wear Breastplates lead before, because they are the heaviest part of the Army. Now if the heaviest part go foremost, the lighter must needs follow with more ease: But if the most expedite Part lead by Night, 'tis no wonder if the Army be severed: For then the forepart leaves the other lagging behind. Next, let Artabazus lead the Persians, who carry Targets and Bows. Next, let Andramias the Mede lead the Medi in Foot; then Embas the Armenian Foot; than Artucas the H●…rcanians; then Thambradas the Sacian Foot: And after all these le●… Damatas lead the Cadusians. And let all these so lead, that the Captains of the Companies be in the Front, the Target-men on the right Wing, and the Archers on the left Wing of their respective Companies: For if they march in this Order, they will be the readier for any Service: Then let the Lieger-Boys follow with the Carriages, and let the Captains take care that they pack up all their things before they sleep, and that they are ready in the morning at the set place with their Carriages, and so march in their Order. After the Carriages let Madatas the Persian lead the Persian Horse, having the Centurions of the Horse in the Front: And let every Centurion lead a single Company by himself, as the Commanders of the Foot do. After these let Rambacas the Mede lead his Horse, and after him do you Tigranes lead yours: And let the other Commanders of the Horse lead those whom they brought with them when they came to us. After these let the Sacians be led. The Cadusians, as they came last of all, so let them bring up the Rear: And these, Alcenna, I commit to your Conduct: And now let every Commander show his Wisdom by marching silently: For every thing must be observed and done in the night more by the Ear than the Eye. Besides, there is more danger in having any Disturbance happen by Night than by Day, and more difficulty in allaying it again. You must of necessity therefore be silent, and keep your Order. As for our Night-Watches, as often as we have occasion to move our Station by Night, we must make them as short and as frequent as we can, lest overwatching indispose us for our March. When the hour of marching is come the Signal must be given by a Trumpet. And then let every one make ready what he thinks necessary, and be present in the way that leads towards Babylon. And let every one that goes before encourage him that is behind to follow him.  
After this they went to their Tents, and as they were going they discoursed among themselves what a vast memory Cyrus had, in that if he had any concern 
Cyrus' great Memory.  with any man he would speak to him by name. But this Cyrus did on set purpose, as thinking it a great shame, that a Mechanic Artificer should know the name of all his Tools, and that a Physician should know the names of all the parts of the Body and of the Medicaments which he uses, and that a General should be so foolish as not to know the names of his under-Officers which he must make use of as Instruments, whether he be minded to take any thing or keep any thing, to encourage his Soldiers or to terrify them. Besides, if the 
Why a General ought to know the names of his Soldiers  should have a mind to bestow any Honour upon any one, he thought it very expedient that he should call him by his name. And again, he was of opinion that those who thought themselves particularly known to the Prince would the more desire to be seen when they did any brave exploit, and abstain from what was unworthy of them with the greater abhorrence. He thought it also very unseemly that a General when he would have any thing done, should command in the same manner as some Masters of Families do at home, Go some body and fetch me some Water, and some body go cleave the wood: For should he command after this manner, he thought all would stand looking one upon another, and no body would do the thing commanded. And that tho' they were all equally in fault yet no body would blush for shame, or be concerned for himself in particular, because he had a great many to bear him company in his guilt. For these reasons whenever he commanded any thing to be done, he spoke to them all by name.  
This was the judgement of Cyrus, as to this. Now his Soldiers when they had Supped and placed the Guards and packed up what was necessary betook themselves to their rest. At Midnight the Trumpet alarmed them up for the march. Cyrus' giving order to Chrysantas that he should stay on the way, at the head of the Army, set forth with a small Guard attending him. In a short time after Chrysantas was come leading those that wore Breastplates, Cyrus gave him some to be his guides on the way and bade him march leisurely on till the return of the Messenger. For they were not all yet upon the way. He himself standing still in one place, bade every one as they came along go in his order, and if any lagged behind he sent one to him to hasten him forward. Assoon as all were upon the Way, he sent a company of Horse to Chrysantas to tell him of it, and that he should therefore march the faster. He himself riding on toward the Front, silently observed their Orders, and whomsoever he observed to march orderly and quietly he road up to them and asked who they were. And when he knew he commended them. But if he took notice of any that made disturbance he examined the matter and used his endeavour to Compose the disorder.  
There is yet one more Instance of his Industry 
Cyrus' his great Diligence in marching in the Night.  by night to be mentioned, which is, that he sent a few nimble Footmen before the body of the Army, who might still be in sight of Chrysantas and be seen by him, that if any thing considerable came within their notice they might inform Chrysantas of it. And there was one among them who Commanded and managed them. Who if any thing occurred worth Communication he imparted it, if not, he would not trouble them with needless alarms. And after this manner they marched that night. On the Morrow Cyrus left some of the Cadusian Horse with their Foot in r●…d they marched last of all, lest they should be quite destitute of the aid of the Horse. The rest he ordered to march in the Front, directly opposite to the Enemy, that in case any Opposition should be made, he might be in a ready posture to encounter it, but if any fled, he might pursue with all Expedition. And he had always those ready by him, who were fit for a Pursuit if need were, and those who were fit to bide with him. For he would never suffer all his ranks to be dispersed by a Pursuit at once. Thus did Cyrus lead his Army. Neither did he keep constantly to one place, but road up and down and bestowed his Care and Labour where ever there was need of it. In this posture marched Cyrus his Army.  
But a certain man belonging to the Troop of Gadatas, of considerable quality, hearing that his Master had revolted from the Assyrian, thought he should be able to beg all that Gadatas had of the Assyrian, in case he should miscarry. Whereupon he dispatches a trusty messenger of his own to the Assyrian, telling him that if he saw the Assyrian forces 
One of Gadatas his Subjects conspires to betray him.  in the Coast of Gadatas, he should tell the Assyrian that if he would lie in Ambush he might easily take Gadatas and those that were with him. Moreover he had him a acquaint him with the number of forces which Gadatas had under his conduct, and that Cyrus did not accompany him. He gave him also directions how to find Access. And to make the business the more plaosible he gave order to his Domestics that they should deliver up the Castle which he had in the Country of Gadatas to the Assyrian with every thing in it. Telling them withal that he himself would come to them when Gadatas was killed, if he could, if not, however he would henceforth side with the Assyrian. Now when the person employed in this business was come with all the expedition he could to the Assyrian, and had given an account of his errand, the Assyrian immediately upon the reception of this News, sieses the Castle, and lays a great number of Horse and of Chariots in Ambush all the Villages round about. Gadatas being but a little way off from these Villages, sent out some to spy the Country. The Assyrian perceiving it Ordered two or three Chariots with a few Horsemen to fly from them as if they were afraid, and their number but very small. Assoon as the spies took notice of this, they not only Pursued themselves, but gave a sign to Gadatas to do the like. He gulled with this Pretence follows on with all the eagerness imaginable. The Assyrians when they thought they had Gadatas sure rise immediately from their Ambush. Upon this Gadatas his Men fled, and the other partly Pursued. In the Pursuit he that laid this Ambush for Gadatas, wounded him in the Shoulder, but not mortally. As soon as he had done't he road off and joined himself with the rest of the Pursuers. Where assoon as ever he was known, riding on briskly with the Assyrians he assisted the King in the Pursuit. And here those who had but slow Horses were taken by them who were better mounted. The Horse of Gadatas were now in a great strait, being almost quite run off their legs, when by good Fortune they saw Cyrus coming with his Army. This you must needs think was as welcome a sight to them, as the Haven to weatherbeaten Seamen. Cyrus was at first startled at the strangeness of the accident, but assoon as he understood the business, as long as the Enemy attacked them, he led on his Army against them. But assoon as the Enemy finding which way the wind stood begun to retreat, Cyrus sent out a company fit for the purpose to pursue them, and he himself followed on with some others as far as he thought convenient. Here they 
The Traitor is slain  took some of their Chariots, and killed a great many of their Men, and among the rest him that wounded Gadatas. But the Assyrian foot who were laying siege to the Castle of Gadatas partly secured themselves within the Works, partly betook themselves to a certain great City of the Assyrian King, whither he himself also with his Chariots and Horses had fled.  
After these Transactions Cyrus retreats into the Country of Gadatas, and committing the care of the Prisoners to those who were deputed for that Office, he marches directly on toward Gadatas, to see how he did of his wound. As he was in his march Gadatas meets him with his wound bound up, whom assoon as Cyrus saw, I was coming, says he smiling, to see how you did do. And I, replied 
Cyrus and Gadatas congratulate each other.  Gadatas, on the other side, was coming to see you, that I might once more behold that face where such a great Soul lodges. For though you stand in need of me in nothing that I know, nor have obliged yourself by promise, nor been at all engaged to me by any kindness (unless this must go for one that I seemed to do a small piece of service to your friends) yet you have afforded me your assistance with all readiness and alacrity. I protest to you Cyrus, were I in the condition that I was born in, and had Children of my own, I question whether one of my own Sons would have been so kindly affected towards me. For I know how ●…is with other Children, and particularly that this very Assyrian King has been an occasion of more trouble to his own Father than he can be now to you. Then said Cyrus, Gadatas you spend all your Admiration upon me and pass by a greater wonder unobserved. And what's tha●… says Gadatas. That so many Persians, so many Medes, Hyrcanians, Armenians, Sacians and Cadusians came to your aid. Then said Gadatas, may Heaven shower down plenty of blessings upon all these and on him that gained me their good will. But that we may bestow a handsome Collation on these which you so commend, take these Presents such as they are which I here make you. With that he brought forth good store of good things, that those who were so disposed might do sacrifice, and that the whole Army might have a splendid entertainment, according to the greatness of their Exploits, and the happy success of the day.  
But now Cadusius who brought up the Arrear being 
Cadusius slain.  minded to do something notable himself in regard he was no partner in the Pursuit, made an Excursion into the Country near Babylon never acquainting Cyrus with his Design. And when his Horse was all in disorder, the Assyrian King came unexpectedly upon him from the City where he took refuge with his Army ranged into good Order. And perceiving the Cadusians to be alone, he set upon them, and killed their Leader with many others. He took also a great many of their Horses, and the Prey which they then had accidentally with them. The Assyrians having Pursued the Cadusians as far as they thought they might with safety, retreated. The Cadusians which escaped came home to their Tents about the Evening. Cyrus when he had an account of the adventure came forth to meet the Cadusians, and whomsoever he saw wounded 
Cyrus' his compassion towards the Cadusians.  he took and sent him to Gadatas, that he might be cured. The rest he put together in the same Tents, where he took special care that they might have what was necessary. This sad accident Cyrus took so much to heart, that when the rest were at Supper, he with the attendants and Physicians, left no man neglected with their good will, but either he himself would stand and look on, or if he could not do so, he would send those who should attend upon them. After this they betook themselves to their rest.  
But assoon as it was day he ordered a Proclamation to be made that of the rest the Commanders only, but that all the Cadusians should convene together, to whom he made this Oration. The Accident 
He encourages the Cadusians.  which has befallen us fellow-soldiers is but what Humane Nature is Subject to. For that men should be guilty of an error is no such strange matter. However this accident has taught us one good lesson, That a party which is not able to cope with the Enemy must never venture to stray from the Body of the Army. I do not say but that a man may go out whither he has occasion with a less Company than Cadusius ventured out with, but then I would have him Communicate his resolution to one that his able to help him. And even then 'tis possible he may be disappointed, but withal 'tis also possible that he may cheat the Enemy with a reserve behind, and divert them from Pursuing his Emissaries. Besides he may find some work or other to keep the Enemy employed and so secure his friends. And thus a Party may make an Excursion and yet not be absent, but still depend upon the strength of the Army. But he that makes private sallies out and tells no body whither he goes, 'tis all one as if he made an Expedition alone. But for this execution we will be revenged upon our Enemies ere long, God willing. Assoon as ever you have dined therefore I will lead you to the place which was the scene of this Tragedy, where we will bury our dead, and withal, show our Enemies that there are others more able than themselves now in that Place, where they think they have won the day, neither shall they be able to endure the sight of the Place, where they killed our Fellow-soldiers. But if they refuse to come out against us we will burn up their Villages, and lay waste their Country, that instead of pleasing themselves with a Scene of our mise●…ies, they shall be troubled with a Survey of their own Calamities. Let the rest therefore go to Dinner. But do you, ye Cadusians, as your manner is, choose one forthwith that may preside over you, and join with Heaven and us in taking care of you in whatever your needs shall require. Assoon as you have chosen him and taken your Dinner, send him to me. And so they did. 
Cyrus' ●…venges the slaughter of the dusians.   
But Cyrus when he had led out his Army, and allotted him his station who was chosen by the Cadusians, he commanded him to lead his Company near him, because, says he, I would fain make these men take heart again if possible. Thus they marched, and when they came thither, they buried the Cadufians, and laid waste the Country; which when they had done, taking Provision along with them from the Enemy's Portion they returned into the Country of Gadatas. But when Cyrus considered with himself that those who revol●…ed over to him being near Babylon would be hardly used unless he himself was ever ready at hand, he acquainted the Assyrian not only by those whom he dismissd of the advers party, but also by an Ambassador sent on purpose, that he was ready to spare the Husbandmen, and would do them no harm if he would permit those Husbandmen, who revolted to him to follow their Employments quietly. Adding moreover, that altho' 'twas in his power to prohibit them, yet he could prohibit but a few (since those who revolted to him had but a small parcel of Ground) whereas the Cultivation of a great deal of the others Ground lay at his Mercy. Moreover, says he, when the Harvest is to be gathered in, if there is War betwixt us the strongest by my consent shall gather all, but in case we enter into a League of amity you shall do it. Lastly if any of mine take up Arms against you, or any of yours against me, we will both jointly be revenged upon them to the utmost. With this message the Ambassador was sent. The Assyrians when they heard the Proposals, endeavoured by all means to persuade their King to give way to all these things, and to leave as little of hostility among them as might be. The Assyrian whether out of a desire to comply with his Nation, or an absolute liking of the thing, consented to the Proposals. Whereupon 'twas agreed betwixt them that they should be at peace with the Husbandmen, but at War with the Soldiers. Thus did Cyrus, concerning the Husbandmen. He bade his Men feed their Horses if they would within their own precincts, but to Plunder the Enemy's Country what they could, that so the warfare might be the more pleasant to his fellow-soldiers. For there were the same hazards to be undergon whether they took any Plunder or no. But to have their Provisions supplied from the Enemy's Country, would take off mightily from the uneasiness of the War.  
Now when Cyrus was just ready for the march, Gadatas was come, and with many other gifts and great Varie●… 〈◊〉 Householdstuff, he brought with him a great many Horses, which he had taken from their riders, whom he would now no longer trust because of their Treacheries. When he was come near, I bring you these things Cyrus, says he, which I would have you use at this time, if you have occasion for any of them. And I would have you think that whatever I have besides is all yours. For I neither have, nor ever shall have any Natural Heir, to whom I may leave my House. But of necessity both my kindred and my name will expire with myself. And this, Cyrus, I have suffered (as Heaven is my witness that sees and hears all things) though I have neither said nor done any unjust or base thing. And as he was speaking he lamented his Misfortune with tears, and was not able to say any more.  
Cyrus' hearing this was moved with Compassion towards the Man, and said to him, well I accept your Horses, for I think 'twill be a kindness to you to bestow them on men who are better affected toward you, than those who had them before. And 
Cyrus' greatly augments the Persian Horse.  I will now immediately augment the Persian Horse (a thing which I have a good while purposed to do) to the number of ten thousand. As for the rest of the Householdstuff and Money take it away with you and keep it, till you see me in a capacity of requiting you. For if you should go away leaving more with me than you have received from me, I can't tell how I shall avoid being ashamed. To which Gadatas replied, I can easily believe you in this, for I perceive what disposition you are off. But I would have you consider whether I am able to keep those things. For as long as the Assyrian and we were at peace, methought my Pa ●…ony seemed a very good and convenient thing. Since it being nearly situated to the great City Babylon, all the Commodiousness that a great City could afford we had the benefit of. And for the trouble and disturbance of it, we were far enough out of its reach. But now we are at Enmity assoon as ever you withdraw, they will immediately vent their spite against our House and our whole Family. So that in my opinion we shall be in a most miserable case, when we see our Enemies so nigh and so much more potent than ourselves. But perhaps you'll say, why did not I think of this sooner before I had revolted? Why to tell you the truth, Cyrus, my mind was so overcome with a passionate resentment for the wrongs I received that I did not consider what was safest, but was always revolving this with myself, When shall I be revenged of this wretch hated by God and Man, who continually bears a spleen against not only those that do him any injury, but are any way better than himself? Since therefore he is an ill Man himself, he will I believe use such Fellow-soldiers as are worse than himself. But if any one among them seem to excel him, you need not trouble yourself, Cyrus, to fight against that Eminent Man, but leave the Execution of him to the contrivance of the Assyrian. But however weak his Associates are, I am afraid he will be never the less able enough to afflict me.  
When Cyrus heard this, he thought it worthy of Consideration. Then, says he, But what do you say Gadatas, have not you fortified your Castle with a strong Garrison, which may afford you security when ever you betake yourself to it? Are not you embodied with us, so that if the God's side with us as they have done hitherto, he has more reason to dread you, than you him. Come then and march along with me, and take with you whatsoever you have that you delight in. For you will be of great use to me, and I for my part will endeavour what I can to be so to you. Which when Gadatas heard, he sighed and said, And can I make ready my things before you go? For I would fain carry my Mother with me. You may, replied Cyrus, for I will stay till you say you are ready. So Gadatas went away, and he and Cyrus together placed Garrisons in those Castles which he had fortified, and got together as much Householdstuff as would sufficiently furnish a large House. Moreover he carried most of his Men along with him, both those which were faithful whom he delighted in, and those whom he disinherited. Some of which he made carry their Wives with them, others their Sisters, thinking by these bonds to hold them the faster to himself. Cyrus' having 
Cyrus' returns to Babylon.  now every thing in readiness departed with Gadatas and his company. Who served as a guide to him in the Ways, and showed him where Water and other Provisions were to be had, that so he might quarter always in the best places.  
But assoon as he came in sight of the City Babylon, and perceived that the Way which he was in did lead home to the Walls of the City, he called Gobryas and Gadatas to him, and asked them whither there was any other Way, that they might not approach so nigh the Walls. Yes, replied Gobryas, there are a great many Ways, but I thought you had a mind to lead up as home to the City as you could, that they might see what a numerous and brave Army you have. For when your Company was less, you came up to the very Wall, where they saw how few we were. But now altho' the Assyrian be in readiness, (as you know he, said he, was making Preparation for an engagement) yet I know when he sees your Forces he will again think himself unprepared.  
To this said Cyrus, you seem, my Gobryas, to wonder that then when I came with a much less Army I led quite up to the Walls, and that now when I 
Why Cyrus would not now approach too near the walls.  come provided with more Forces, I scruple to lead by them. But you should not wonder at that. For 'tis not the same thing to lcad up to, and to lead by a place: For all Men use to lead up in such order as is most convenient to Fight in, but all that understand any thing lead off so, as they may withdraw with the greatest safety, not with the greatest speed. Now in passing by the Chariots must needs be extended, and the other Carriages be mightily discomposed, and all these must be surrounded with armed Men. So that the carriages be never seen destitute of a Guard by the Enemy. And if we march at this rate the choice and Warlike Souldicrs must needs be placed just by the feeble and infirm part. If therefore the Enemy should body together and assault any of these that pass by from the Works, with what part soever they engage they will be too hard for those that pass by. Besides, they who march in a long tr●…in, cannot receive recruits but at a great distance, whereas those who break forth out of the works, can pass off and on in a little time to those who stand hard by. But now if we march just within sight, and with our ranks all at large as we do now, they will see how numerous we are, and all our Company will appear dreadful by reason of the Armed Men that are every where interwoven. Now if they come on against us as we march so, we shall see them long enough beforehand to prevent a Surprise. But 'tis most likely they will not venture to assault us at all, since they must make their retreat a great way off from their Walls, unless they think they with all their Forces can worst our whole Army. For a retreat is a very dangerous thing. When he had said this, all that were present were satisfied with his discourse. So Gobryas led as he commanded him. And when the Army was passing by the City Cyrus so drew off that the Arrear was still the most Fortified part.  
Thus marching on in a few days he arrived at the borders of the Assyrians and Medes, whence he first set out. There he took one of the weakest of the Assyrian Castles by force, the other two partly by the dread of Cyrus and partly by the persuasion of Gadatas surrendered themselves. After these transactions he sent a Letter to Cyaxares to desire him to come to the Army. That so they might advise what to do with the Castles which they had taken, and that when he had seen the Army himself he might consult with them about other Affairs, and tell them what he thought best to be done next. And 
Cyrus sends for Cyaxares to go one to the Army.  if it be his pleasure to have me come to him, tell him I will do so, and incamp there? with this errand the Messenger was sent away.  
Cyrus' in the mean time gave order to Gadatas, that he should furnish the Tent of the Assyrian, which the Medes had set apart for Cyaxares, with all the neatness imaginable. And that he should place both the Women in a particular apartment of the Tent, and with them the Musical Women which were chosen out for Cyaxares. Which was done accordingly. But when he that was sent to Cyaxares had done his errand, Cyaxares thought it more expedient that the Army should remain in the Confines where it was. For the Persians, which Cyrus brought with him, were there already, who were about forty thousand Archers and Target Men. Wherefore perceiving that the Country of the Medes suffered great detriment even from these, he was so Far from being willing to admit of a greater multitude that he would fain be rid of them. And when he that brought these Forces from Persia asked Cyaxares according to Cyrus his command whether he had any need of this Army, and he told him no, he led the Army again to Cyrus on the same day wherein he heard he was arrived.  
The next day Cyaxares with the Median Horse which remained with him began his expedition. Cyrus' hearing of his coming took with him the Persian Horse who were now very numerous and all the Medes, Armenians, Hyrcanians and those of his other Fellow-soldiers who were best accommodated with Horse and Arms, and went out to meet him, and showed him the Pomp of his Army. Cyaxares when he saw what a company of brave stout Men were in Cyrus his r●…tinue, and what a small despicable Handful of attendants were with himself, he 
Cyaxares envies Cy●…  thought this was much to his dishonour, and was mightily troubled about it. And when Cyrus lighted from his Horse and came near to salute him according to the mode, he lighted also from his Horse, but turned away his Face, and refused to kiss him, but wept in open view.  
Then Cyrus commanded all the rest to withdraw and be silent, and he himself taking Cyaxares by the hand, led him a little aside under some Palm Trees, where ordering some Median Blankets to be put under Foot, he sat close by him, and begun thus with him. I conjure you my Uncle by all that is sacred, to tell me on what account you are angry with me? What is it that you see here that so troubles you? To this Cyaxares made this answer. Because whereas the Ancestors from whom I am descended have been King's time out of mind, whereas I had a King to my Father, and I myself am also accounted a King, yet I see myself in such a mean Equipage, and you appear here in such Magnificence with my Servants and other Forces. And this in my opinion is hard to take at the hands of an Enemy, but much more grievous to suffer by those from whom I least expected it. In earnest, I think it better to be ten times buried under Ground then to appear so vile and contemptible, and see myself neglected and made the scorn of my Soldiers. For I am not ignorant that not only you are greater than I, but that my own Servants meet me with a stronger Equipage than I have with me, so that they are better able to hurt me then I them.  
At the speaking of which words he was again overcome with Tears; So that he brought even Cyrus himself to that pass, that his Eyes stood full of Water: But when he had a little controlled his Passion, he addressed himself thus to him: Indeed, my Cyaxares, you are under a great Mistake if you 
Cyrus' excuses himself.  think the Medes are therefore in such a Posture whereby they are enabled to do you any Mischief, because they are with me: I do not much wonder that you are angry, and that you are distrustful: But whether you have just Grounds for it or no I shall inquire: Because I know you will not take it well if you should hear me turn their Advocate: But to deal freely with you, 'tis a great piece of Imprudence for any Governor to be angry with all his Subjects at once: For when many are afraid, many will of necessity turn Enemies: besides, to be angry with all, is the ready way to make all band together into a Conspiracy: And I would have you know, that 'twas for this very reason, that I would not return these men to you again without coming with them myself, because I was afraid lest any thing should happen through your displeasure which might occasion Grief to us all: Therefore you need not fear any Danger from these while I am here present: But whereas you think you have sustained much wrong from me, I cannot choose but be mightily troubled, if while I endeavour to the utmost to oblige and pleasure my Friends, I shall be thought to do quite contrary. But to what purpose is it thus rashly to charge one another? Rather, if it be possible, let us understand clearly what manner of Injury it is that I have done you: And I think this is a very just Proposal among Friends. For if it appear that I have done any ill, I will own myself unjust. But if it shall appear that I am guilty of nothing ill, not so much as in thought, will not you also confess that you have not been injured by me? That truly is but reason, replied the other. But in case it appear that I have been the Author of good to you, and that I have been Industrious to heap as many kindnesses upon you, as I could, will you not think I deserve rather to be commended, then blamed? And good reason I should, said the other. Well then (says Cyrus) let us examine all the particulars 
Cyrus reckons up his good Services done for Cyaxares.  of what I have done, and so we shall know what there is of good in them and what of evil. In the first place then, when you understood that a great Multitude of your Enemies were banded together against you, and had made an inroad into your Country, immediately you sent to the Persians in common for assistance and to me in particular, desiring that I would come myself, and that if any of the Persian Forces were willing to assist you, I would head them. And did not I comply with you in this, did not I come, did not I bring with me as numerous and as good an Army as I could? 'Tis true, you did so. Then tell me in the first place, was I Injurious to you in this particular or beneficial? 'Tis plain said Cyaxares that you were beneficial. To proceed then, when the Enemy was arrived, and opposition was to be made against them, did you then take notice that I spared any labour, or shrunk from any danger? No truly I did not. When again by the favour of Heaven we got the Victory and the Enemy retreated, and I desired you that we might join our Forces in the Pursuit, and execution of them, and that whatever happened either good or bad we might share alike in it, can you in any of these tax me with selfishness, or that I was over and above Studious of my own interest? To this Cyaxares made no reply. Then said Cyrus again, well since you think silence in this point is the best answer, did you take it as an injury that when it seemed not safe for you to Pursue, I would not suffer you to hazard your Person, but desired you to let me have some of your Horse? Did I do you any injury in ask this of you, especially since I had before been an Assistant to you in the fight? this I would fain have made out. To which when Cyaxares made no answer, Cyrus went on. But since you will neither answer to this, tell me Cyaxares, was I injurious to you because when you told me you would not take off the Medes from their Merriment which you saw them engaged in by employing them in an hazardous Pursuit, I would not give way to any resentment, but afterwards renewed the same request to you, than which nothing less could be granted by you to me, and nothing easier be imposed upon the Medes? For I only asked you to give me those who were willing to follow me. And when I had a grant, I did nothing but by persuasion. So that I came to them, won upon them by persuading them, took them and so departed, and all this by your permission. And if I am to be blamed for this, than 'twill be a fault to take any thing that you give me. This was the manner of our setting out. And when we were gone, what was there done by us that is not known to all? Were not the Tents of the Enemy taken? Were not the greater part of those slain who came against you? Did we not take away from those that remained alive their Horses and their Arms? And as for the fortunes of those that heretofore invaded your possessions, you see them now in the hands of your friends, part of which they bring to you, and part by your leave they reserve for themselves. And which is the most glorious thing of all, you see your own Territories enlarged, and those of your Enemy diminished. You see their Castles taken, and your own which the Syrians had possessed themselves of now in your own power again. And now methinks 'tis an insignificant thing to inquire whether these things be good or bad, but yet however I am willing to hear what your sentiments are.  
To this Cyaxares returned this Answer: Indeed Cyrus, I know not how to charge your actions with any thing ill: But I would have you know, that 
Cyaxares discovers his envy toward Cyrus.  these good Turns of yours are of such a Nature, that the greater Show they make, the more troublesome they are to me: For I would rather see your Dominions enlarged by my Forces, than mine by yours: Because these Actions which make you illustrious, eclipse my Light: And so for these Gifts, I had rather you were at the receiving hand than I; for by thus enriching me you make me the poorer. In truth, if I should see my Subjects moderately injured by you, it would not grieve me so much as it does to see them thus laden with Obligations: But if this seems to you an unreasonable Complaint, make it your own Case, and consider: Suppose any body should make much of those Dogs which you bred up to keep your House, so as to make them more familiar with him than with yourself, would you thank him for such a piece of Service? But if this seem an inconsiderable Instance, suppose he should so endear those Servants whom you keep for the defence of yourself and your Family, that they would rather be his than yours, would you think yourself obliged to him for this Kindness? But to instance in a thing which all men set the highest Value upon, and take the greatest Care of: Suppose any one should so far oblige your Wife with Offices of Kindness, that at length she should love him more than yourself, would this please you? I think not: Nay, he could not do you a greater Injury. But to come nearer home yet, suppose any one should by civil Applications so far win upon the Affections of those Persians whom you led hither, that they would more willingly follow him than yourself, would you think him your Friend? No, I believe not; but rather more your Enemy than if he had killed a great many of your men. What if a Friend of yours, when you courteously bid him be his own Carver, and take what he please of your Substance, should go and take all that he could, and so enrich himself, leaving you the least Share, would you think such a Friend altogether faultless? Now, Cyrus, this is the Case betwixt you and me, or at least much of this Nature: For by your own Confession, when I gave you leave to take as many as were willing to follow you, you took all my Forces, and left me quite alone: And now you bring me those things which you took by the Service of my Army and enlarge my Dominions with my own Forces; I in the mean time appear here like a Woman, nothing contributing to your Advantage, but altogether at the receiving hand, and that even from my own Subjects. You carry the appearance of the man, whilst I am thought unworthy of Government. Are these your Kindnesses, Cyrus? Methinks you should know, that if you had any Esteem for me, you ought to be tender of nothing so much as of lessening my Authority and Dignity: For what am I the better, if while my Territories are enlarged I myself am contemptible? For I was not advanced to the Median Crown upon this Account, because I really was more excellent than all the rest; but rather because I was presumed so to be.  
Then Cyrus interrupting him; For God's sake, my uncle, if ever I did any thing pleasing to you in my Life, gratify me in what I shall now request of you; which is, that you would make an end of 
Cyrus interrupts his uncle's complaints.  complaining of me for this time: But when you have seen by Experiment how I stand affected toward you, if it appear that what I have done was all for your Good, return me Love for Love, and think that I have well deserved at your hands; but if otherwise, then complain on. Well, I think, says Cyaxares, you do not talk much out of the way: I will do as you say. Shall I then salute you? said Cyrus. Yes if you please. And will not you turn away from me as but now? I will not, says he. Whereupon 
They are friends again.  Cyrus embraced him; which when the Medes, Persians, and the rest saw, (for they were all very much concerned what would be the Issue of these things) they were mightily affected with Joy.  
And now Cyaxares and Cyrus mounting their Horses, road on before the Medes following Cyaxares (for so Cyrus beckoned to them to do) and the Persians Cyrus. When they were come to the Camp, they placed Cyaxares in the Tent which was provided for him; and those who were assigned for that Employment, served him with Necessaries. The rest of the Medes, during the leisure time which Cyaxares had before Supper, came to visit him, and partly of their own accord, but chiefly by the Order of Cyrus, presented him with Gifts of all sorts. 
The Medes bring presents to Cyaxares.  One brought him a good Butler, another a good Cook, another a Baker, another a Musiclan, another Cups, another a fine suit of clothes. Every one for the most part presented him with something of that which he had taken, In so much that Cyaxares wholly changed his mind, and no longer suspected Cyrus of alienating his Subjects affections from him, or that he was less observed by them now then before.  
Now when Supper time was come, Cyaxares called Cyrus to him, and desired him since he had not seen him for a long time, to Sup with him. But Cyrus begged him to excuse him in this particular. Don't you see (says he) that all that are here present were brought hither by me? Therefore 'twon't be convenient to neglect them and seem to indulge my own pleasure. For when Soldiers once think themselves neglected, the Courageous will be dejected and dispirited, and the Cowardly will grow Insolent and intolerable. But do you since you are come along journey go immediately to Supper, and if you have any particular Friends invite them to your Table and cheer yourself with their Society, for my part, I will dispose of myself as I said. But to morrow morning all of us that are fit for Consultation will be ready at your Gate that we may advise with you what is best to be done next. And do you let us know your mind in this, whether you are for carrying on the War yet, or for disbanding the Army.  
After this Cyaxares went to Supper. But Cyrus calling together some of his choice Friends who were fittest for Counsel or action as occasion required expressed himself thus to them. We have, my friends, by the favour of the Gods obtained what we chiefly wished for. For where ever we go we are Victorious. We see the Enemy in the Wain, and ourselves in the Increase. Wherefore if those who are already come to us, will continue with us, we shall be able to go through with more undertake, whether we are to use Violence or Persuasion. Therefore 'tis your concern as much as mine 
Cyrus is for coninuing the Expedition.  to endeavour to prevail with the Major part of our Fellow-soldiers to tarry with us.  
Now as in a fight he that takes most is counted the best man, So he that in debate brings most over to our side, aught to be accounted the most Eloquent and Prudent Man. Neither would I have you ambitious of showing to us what Rhetoric you use with every one of them, but endeavour so to deal with them, that they may show how you have gained upon them by their actions. This therefore I commit to your Care. My business shall be to see the Soldiers furnished with Provisions, and that a Consultation be had about an Expedition.   

XENOPHON'S INSTITUTION AND LIFE OF CYRUS the GREAT. THE six BOOK.  
WHen they had thus spent the day and Supped they betook themselves to their rest. The next day after, in the morning all the Soldiers Convened together at Cyaxares his Gate. Now while Cyaxares upon the report of a great multitude gathered together at his Gate, was dressing himself, some of Cyrus his friends brought to him the Cadusians petitioning him that he would stay, some the Hyrcanians, one Gobryas, and another Sacas. Hystaspas brought Gadatas the Eunuch desiring the same favour of Cyrus. Then Cyrus knowing that Gadatas was long since almost dead for fear lest the Army should be disbanded, said to him with a smile, 'tis plain now that Hystaspas put you in the Head to ask this of me. Whereupon Gadatas lifting up his Hands to Heaven protested solemnly, that he was not persuaded to it by Hystaspas, but I know (says he) if you go away I shall be utterly undone. And 'twas upon that consideration that I went to him, to ask him what was your mind concerning the disbanding of the Army. Then it seems, said Cyrus, I blame Hystaspas undeservedly, yes truly, replied Hystaspas. For on the contrary I dissuaded Gadatas, and told him 'twas impossible you should stay, because you were sent for by your Father. How says Cyrus, did you dare to tell him so, whether I would or no? Yes indeed, for I know you are impatiently desirous to ride up and down Persia in Pomp, and give your Father a particular account of all your brave exploits. And are not you, says Cyrus, desirous of returning home too? No says Hystaspas, I'll stay here and perform the Office of a Commander, till I have made this Gadatas Master of the Assyrian.  
While they were thus seriously jesting, Cyaxares 
They consult whether 'tis best to put an end to the War, or not.  came forth adorned in his Robes of State and seated himself on the Median Throne. And when all whose, presence was needful were assembled together, and silence proclaimed Cyaxares delivered his mind to this purpose. Since I am here present (Fellow-soldiers) and am elder than Cyrus, it may be proper for me to speak first. I think it high time to deliberate whether it be most for our advantage to carry on the War or to disband the Army. Concerning this point therefore let some Body or other give his Opinion. Whereupon Hyrcanius first began. I know not, says he, what need there is of many Words, when the matter is so clear. For we all know that when we are all together in a body we do more damage to the Enemy than we receive. But when we were severed one from another, we found by sad experience that they dealt with us as they pleased. Then Cadusins, to what purpose, says he, should we go home, and every one live by himself, when as we find now we are in a posture of Arms 'tis not convenient for us to be asunder? I'm sure we Cadusians' paid severely for offering to stray from the Body of the Army, though but for a little while. Then Artabazus who called himself the Kinsman of Cyrus, for my part, says he, I descent thus far from all that have spoken before me. They say that we ought to stay here in a military posture. But I say I was continually in an Expedition, even while I was at home: For I oftentimes afforded my assistance both when our goods were plundered and our Castles besieged treacherously, besides my care of the Garrison, and all this I did at my own charge. But now I am possessed of their Castles, and am not at all afraid of them, and eat and drink of the Enemy's Provisions. Since therefore my Domestic Life was a warfare, and my military Life a continual feast, I would not by any means the Army should be disbanded. Then said Gobryas, I cannot choose (Fellow Soldiers) but commend the performances of Cyrus' hand, for he has been wan●…ing in nothing that he promised. But if he should leave this Country, it is plain in the first place that the Assyrian will be at rest, nor suffer punishment for those injuries which he has endeavoured to do to you, nor those which he has in effect done to me. And besides I shall be sure to be plagued by him for fiding with you. Neither am I ignorant (said 
The Opinion of Cyrus after all.  Cyrus last of all) that if we disband the Army, our Forces will be weakened and the Enemy strengthened. For whosoever of them had their Arms or Horses taken from them will quickly get a new supply of each, and others will spring up in the room of those that were slain, so that without a miracle they may again find us employment. Why therefore did I advise Cyaxares to call a Council about disbanding the Army? Truly because I was afraid of what is behind. For I see marching up towards us such Adversaries which we cannot encounter if we incamp here. The Winter is coming on apace, and tho' we have Houses for ourselves, yet we have not for our Horses, nor our Servants, nor for our common Soldiers, without whom we cannot fight the Enemy. And then as for our Provision, as far as we have come we have spent it all, and where we have not, 'twas carried into the Works for fear. So that the Enemy has fast hold of that, and will in spite of our Teeth. Who then is so Courageous, who so strong as to encounter hunger and cold? If this than be like to be the Condition of a Military Life, 'tis better in my judgement willingly to disband the Army, then against our wills to be broken with hardship and indigence. But if you are resolved to hold out in this warfare, our best way will be to endeavour forthwith to take away as many fortified places from the Enemy as we can, and to fortify more for ourselves. For if we take that course, they will be best stocked with Provision who hoard up what they take from the other, and they will be besieged who are less stored. For the present, our Condition is just like that of Mariners. For they Sail on still, but yet that part of the Ocean which they have left behind is no more their own, then that which they have not Sailed over. But if we take their Castles, the whole Country will be the more alienated from the Enemy, and we ourselves shall enjoy the more quiet. And whereas some of you may fear lest you should be placed in Garrisons far off from your own Country, I would not have you trouble yourselves with that; for we will take the places next to the Enemy, under our Charge, and you shall inhabit the Regions of Assyria, which Border on your own Country. For if we can keep those places which lie next the Enemy, you who dwell agreat way off from them will pass your time in great peace and quiet. It being not likely that neglecting the dangers nearer home, they will molest you at that distance.  
When these discourses were ended, some presently stood up and readily proffered their Service, and among the rest Cyaxares himself. Cyrus' perceiving them so ready to perform whatever he proposed, said thus, if then you are resolved to do what has been said, we must with all speed get Engines made to demolish the Enemy's Walls, and Smiths to raise up Fortifications for ourselves. Then Cyaxares promised that he would get them an Engine made, and Gadatas and Gobryas undertook for another, Tigranes for another, and Cyrus for another. The business being thus resolved upon they immeately hired Workmen and provided Materials, and set some Select Persons to oversee the Work.  
Cyrus' perceiving this was like to be a tedious 
A cunning Artifice of Cyrus.  piece of Work, encamped his Army in a place which he thought was wholesome and of easy access to those who should bring Provision. And he so fortified all places that were out of repair, that those who were in them should be safe tho' sometimes remote from the body of the Army. Besides he inquired of those who were acquainted with the Country, what places would be most convenient to incamp in, and so always led some of his Men out to seek after Provision, partly that they might store themselves the better with things necessary, partly to make them strong and healthy by continual Exercise, and partly that they might be accustomed to keep their Ranks. Thus did Cyrus keep himself employed.  
But news was brought by some Renegades and Slaves which came from Babylon, that the Assyrian 
The Assyrian goes into Lydia;  was gone into Lydia with a great many Talents of Gold and Silver, and other Riches, and Furniture of all sorts. Whereupon the Common Soldiers conjectured that he carried his Wealth to another place, because afraid to trust it at home. But Cyrus who knew the errand of his departure was to Excite 
Cyrus' alone perceiveth the design of his Expedition thither.  against them more Adversaries if he could, prepared himself for whatever Opposition he should meet with. Whereupon he augmented the Persian Horse, the Slaves supplying him with some Horses and his Friends with others. For he took all that was brought him refusing nothing whether Horses or Arms. He provided himself also with Chariots, some of which he had taken in War, and some he procured otherwise. The old Trojan Way of driving 
Cyrus abolishes the old way of driving Chariots.  Chariots, and also that which is in use at this day among the Cyreneans he utterly abolished. For in former times the Medes, Syrians, Arabians and all the Nations of Asia did use their Chariots in the same manner as the Cyreneans do now. Now Cyrus thought with himself, that that part of the Army which was likely to be the most strong (the choicest men being commonly in the Chariots) would according to the old way of making Chariots, only be a part of the light harnessed Soldiers, and contribute but very little to the Victory. For three hundred Chariots supply but three hundred fight men, and yet require twelve hundred Horses, besides three hundred Charioteers: But these are those 
And invents a new sort.  that do no considerable hurt to the Enemy. Wherefore these sort of Chariots he put away, and instead of them, he provided others which were fit for War, with firm Wheels, that they might not easily be broken, and with long Axletrees, because broad things are not so●…apt to be overturned: The Coachbox was like a Tower, made of strong Timber, and came up to the Elbows of the Coachmen, who were Armed all Cap-a-pe except their Eyes. Besides he faslned Irons Siths of two Cubits long on each side of the Axletree, and another under the Axletree tending downwards: And these very Chariots which Cyrus then invented are now still in use among those that live in the King's Dominions, Cyrus had also got together a great many Camels, some given to him by his Friends, and some taken in War. After this manner did he prepare himself.  
But being minded to send a spy into Lydia to 
Araspas in love with the Lady Panthea.  know what the Assyrian was doing there, he thought none so fit for that employment as Araspas the keeper of the fair Lady Panthea. Now this Araspas had an accident happened to him, which was this. Being desperately in love with this Lady he could not forbear, but must needs solicit her for a night's lodging. But she refused, resolving to be true to her Husband tho' absent (for she loved him mightily) yet she did not accuse Araspas to Cyrus, being loath to breed difference betwixt Friends. But when Araspas thinking thereby to accomplish his desire threatened her, that unless she would consent willingly, he would force her whether she would or no, then indeed fearing lest Violence should be offered her, she no longer conceals the business, but sends her Eunuch to Cyrus with a command to acquaint him with the whole matter. Cyrus assoon as he had a Relation of it, laughed heartily, to think how far he lately fancied himself out of the reach of love. Whereupon he sends Artabazus along with the Eunuch and bids him tell Araspas that he should by no means offer Violence to a Lady of her quality, but if he could persuade her by fair means, well and good. But Artabazus when he came to Araspas fell foul upon him, telling him that he had betrayed his trust, and called him impious, injurious and incontinent. Insomuch that Araspas fell aweeping, and was quite out of Countenance with shame, and almost dispirited with fear lest Cyrus also should take Cognizance of it. Which when Cyrus knew, he sent for 
Cyrus speaks kindly to Araspas.  him, and discoursed with him in private. 〈◊〉 perceive (says he) Araspas, you are afraid of me, and greatly ashamed. But I would not have you trouble yourself. For I have been told that the Gods themselves have yielded to the Charms of love, and I know what some have suffered from love who had the reputation of Wise Men. Nay, I am not such a stranger to myself as to be ignorant, that I cannot sit with a fair Woman and be unconcerned. But the truth is I am in the fault for shutting you up with such irresistible Charms. Then Araspas interrupting him, Cyrus, says he, you are ever like yourself, that is, merciful and apt to pardon Humane frailties. But yet other men overwhelm me with grief, for ever since the noise of this accident has been spread about, my Enemy's triumph upon my misery, and my friends advise me to abscond, lest you punish me for the great wrong I have done you. Then said Cyrus, know Araspas that by this common opinion of the World concerning you, you may have an opportunity of doing me a great kindness, and your Fellow-soldiers much good. Would I could (replied Araspas) be again any way serviceable to 
The subt●…ty of Cyrus.  you. Why, if you will pretend that you fly from me, and join yourself to the Enemy, I fancy you will easily be believed. Truly, says Araspas, I am confident ●…twill be rumoured about by my friends that I fly from you. Then, says Cyrus, you may return to us again, and inform us how matters stand with the Enemy. For I am confident they will trust you so far, as to make you privy to all their Counsels and designs, so that you may be ignorant of nothing that we desire to know. Well then, says Araspas, I will e'en go without any more ado. For this one thing will be enough to render my coming unsuspected, that I shall be supposed to have turned Renegade for fear of you. But can you find in your Heart to leave the fair Panthea? Truly Cyrus I am sure now I have two Souls. This Philosophy I have just now learned from my cruel Master love. For if I had but one only Soul, it would not be at once good and bad, nor at the same time love honest things and filthy things, nor at once will to do and not to do the same. But 'tis plain we have two Souls, and when the good Soul gets the upper hand, we undertake honest Actions, but when the evil Soul bears sway, we do evil. But now since my good Soul is furthered by your assistance it has much the better of the other. Well then, says Cyrus, if you are resolved to go, you must so contrive your business that you may be the more believed. I would have you tell them what we are doing, and so order your story that what you shall say may hinder them from doing what otherwise they would do. And the way to do that, is to tell them that we are preparing to make an inroad somewhere upon their Country. For if they hear of that, they will not collect the strength of their Forces all into one place, since every one will be concerned for the safety of his own House; I would have you also spend a considerable time with them: For't will be much for our interest to know what they do when they are at a little distance from us: And besure you advise them to set their Army in battle array after their best method: For they will be sure to observe the same order after 
Araspas joins himself with the Enemy on purpose to betray them.  you are gone from them, which you saw when you were there: For they will be afraid to alter their postures, neither can they do it on a sudden, without much disorder. Araspas' being thus lessoned took a few trusty Servants with him and went his way.  
Now when Panthea heard that Araspas was gone she sent a message to Cyrus to this effect: Don't trouble yourself, Cyrus, because Araspas is revolted to the Enemy, for if you will give me leave to send for my Husband, I'll undertake you shall have a friend of much more fidelity than Araspas, and besides I know he will come to you with as many Forces with him as he can bring. For the Father of this King that now Reigns was his great friend, but he that is now in the Throne endeavoured to separate me and my Husband from each other, And therefore I am sure that since he has had experience of his insolence he will come over to such a man as you are with all his Heart. When Cyrus heard this he bade her send to her Husband, which she did: Now when Abradatas knew his Wife's 
Abradatus comes over to Cyrus.  Zeal, and perceived also how other things stood, he with all readiness and joyfulness came over to Cyrus with about two thousand Horse with him. Assoon as he arrived as far as the place where the Persian Spies were, he sends away to Cyrus, and signifies who he was, Cyrus gave order immediately that the Man should be conducted to his Wife: Assoon as they saw each other they embraced with all the passionate endearments that were proper for such an unexpected meeting. Then Panthea gave him a relation how piously, temperately and mercifully Cyrus had behaved himself towards her: which when Abradatas heard, what shall I do my Panthea, says he, to express my gratitude to Cyrus both on your account and my own? I know no better way, replied she, then that you endeavour to behave yourself towards him, as he has toward you.  
After this Abradatas came into Cyrus' presence, whom assoon as ever he saw, taking him by the hand, the greatest return (says he) which I can make you for those favours wherewith you have so obliged us, is that I here present myself to you as your friend, your Servant, and your Fellow-soldier: What ever you undertake you shall be sure of the best assistance which I can afford you. And I (replied Cyrus) accept of your service, but I will dismiss you for the present that you may Sup with your Wife: Henceforward you shall make use of my Tent, with your friends and mine.  
After this Abradatas observing that Cyrus was mightily taken up with his Chariots that bore Scythes, and his Horse and Horsemen that were armed with Brest-Plates, he provided an hundred Chariots made after the same fashion, and he himself led them riding in a Chariot of his own, which was so hung that it had four draught Trees and eight Horses. His Lady Panthea, out of her own store made him a Golden Breastplate, a Golden Helmet and likewise Cover for his Arms. His Coach-horses were adorned all over with Brass- Trappings: And thus was Abradatas employed. Cyrus' taking notice 
Cyrus makes Chariots to be drawn with eight yoke of Oxen.  of his Chariot with four draught Trees, perceived 'twas possible to make one with eight, that so it might be drawn with eight yoke of Oxen: And this Chariot stood three els from the Ground. He thought if these great Towers followed with his ranks, 'twould be a great strengthening to the Body of his Army, and a great disadvantage to the Enemy. In every one of these Chariots he made Towers and Fortifications, and in every Tower he placed twenty Men.  
But when all the work that belonged to the Towers was finished, he made trial of the drawing them. And he found that those eight yokes would much more easily draw a Tower with the Soldiers in it, than one yoke its single carriage: For the lading of one yoke used to amount to the weight of twenty five Talents. But now whereas each Tower was about the thickness of a Tragic Scene, and bore twenty men apiece with their Arms, every yoke had not so much as fifteen Talents weight to its share. Now when he perceived that these Chariots might be driven with small labour, he prepared to lead on against the Enemy with his Towers and his Army. For he thought the desire of bettering one's Condition a very just and prosperous thing in War.  
About this time some Ambassadors came from 
The Indian King sends Money to Cyrus.  India who brought money to Cyrus, and a Letter from the Indian King to this effect. I take it very kindly, Cyrus, that you would acquaint me with your wants: I am willing there should be an intimacy betwixt us, in token whereof I send you this money; Besides I have commanded those that bring this to you to do what ever you bid them: Which when Cyrus had read, my pleasure is, says he, that some of you remain in the Tents which you have lodged in, and guard this money, and live as pleasantly as you can. And that three of you go to the Enemy pretending that you come from the Indian King to treat about a league, and when you know in what posture things are with them, bring me and the Indian word assoon as may be, both what they say and do: If you will be serviceable to me in this I shall take it as a greater kindness than the money which you brought me. For as for spies they like Servants can bring intelligence of nothing but what is known to all. But such men as you oftentimes, have the luck to know even their Cabinet-Counsels. The Indians after they heard this, and were nobly entertained by Cyrus, departed the next day, engaging themselves under an oath to return assoon as ever they had sufficiently informed themselves concerning the state of the Enemy.  
Now when Cyrus had made Preparation for the War in a very magnificent manner (as indeed he was a man that did nothing meanly) he did not only busy himself about those things which his Fellow-soldiers thought fit to be done, but kindled an ambition among his friends who should appear best armed, best skilled in riding and throwing of a Dart, and best able to endure hardship and labour. And this he did by leading them out hunting, and by honouring those who excelled. Moreover if he observed any Commanders that made it their business to improve their Soldiers, he encouraged them partly by commending th●… partly by gratifying them in what he could. And if at any time he did Sacrifice or celebrated a festival, he instituted warlike Games and exercises and conferred great rewards on the Victors: So that there was a great deal of joy and content in the Army.  
Cyrus had now almost finished all things in order to his Expedition except the Engines. For the number of the Persian Horse was now improved to ten thousand. And there was about an hundred Chariots that bore Scythes of his own making, besides so many more which Abradatas the Susan made in imitation of them. Cyrus also persuaded Cyaxares to change his Median Chariots from the Trojan and Libyan form to the same fashion: And these made up another hundred. Besides, there were Soldiers chosen out for the Camels, two Archers for each: And (which was the Crown of all) the greatest part of the Army, was of such a resolved mind, as if they had already overcome, and as if they thought they had to do with a very inconsiderable Enemy.  
But when the Indians which Cyrus sent as spies were returned from the Enemy, and brought word that they had made choice of Croesus for their Commander, and that 'twas ordered that all the assisting Kings should come with their whole Forces and bring a great quantity of Riches with them, which should be spent partly in hiring Soldiers, partly in bestowing gifts as occasion required. Besides that 
The strength of the Enemy is discovered.  a great many Thracians were already hired who wore long Swords. That the Egyptians also were landed, about an hundred and twenty thousand in number, with Helmets reaching down to their Feet, and huge Spears, such as are now also in use among them, and falchions. That the Cyprians also and all the Cilicians, both the Phrygians, Lycaonians, Paphlagonians, Cappadocians, Arabians, Phaenicians, Assyrians and jonians, with the King of Babylon, the Aeolensians and almost all the Grecians that dwell in Asia were listed under the Conduct of Croesus. And that he had sent Ambassadors into Lacedaemonia for more help. That the Army encamped by the River Pactolus, and that they were about to march towards Thybarra (where now also the Barbarians of the lower Syria who are under the King's Jurisdiction use to incamp) and that't was proclaimed that the public Market for all saleable Commodities should be kept there, and when all this was confirmed by the report of the Slaves (fort was the aim of Cyrus to take some Captives from whom he might pump out something, he also sent out spies, under the disguise of Slaves and Renegades) when Cyrus his Army heard all this, every one began to be concerned (as indeed, they might well enough) 
Cyrus' his Army discouraged.  and all of them marched on more silently than they used to do, and a great many of them seemed very much damped. Moreover they parcell'd themselves out into Companies, and every place was full of discourse about this News. Cyrus' perceiving the infection to spread, called together the Commanders and all others whose Fear or Courage might have any influence upon the Army. He gave order also to the Officers, that if any of the Common-Souldiers was minded to hear him, they should not keep them off. When they were convened together he spoke to this effect: I called you here together (my Fellow-soldiers because I observed that some of you were like men astonished upon the hearing of the News brought from the Enemy. Indeed, I cannot but wonder that you are so much affrighted to hear that the Enemy are in a Body, since our number is greater now than when we overcame them, and by the help of Heaven we are better provided now then before. So that I think you have more reason to cheer up then despond. If you are so much out of heart at this, what would you have done had you been told that the Enemy was come to fight against you armed with your own Provisions? Had you been told that those who had conquered you once before were now come again with Victory in their minds, and that those who had broken the assaults of the Archers, were now come again with many more like themselves: And that as then they worsted our foot, so they were come provided to engage with our Horse, and that laying aside their Bows and Darts they were resolved to ride up so close as to fight Hand to Hand with Javelins. That they were come with Chariots not made opportune for flight as before, but that their Horses were armed all over in the Chariots, and that the drivers of them stood in Wooden Towers having all the eminent parts of their Body covered with Coats of Male and Helmets, that Hooks of Iron were fastened to the Axletrees, whereby they might easily break in upon the ranks of the Enemy. Besides this that they had Camels with them, which they road upon, one of which would fright a hundred Horses, with his very looks. That their Chariots were such, out of which they might help their own party, and by shooting their Arrows hinder you from fight in the plain. What a Condition would you be in if you should be told that the Enemy was thus provided, since you are afraid now? Now, when you are told that the Enemy has chosen Croesus for their Commander, who was so much more faint-hearted, than the Syrians, that when they were put to the worse: He seeing their misfortune instead of helping them as he ought (being a Fellow-soldier) he e'en fled too. Besides 'tis reported that the Enemy distrusts his ability to cope with us upon his own strength, and therefore hires others who may fight better for them, than they are able to do for themselves. If therefore here be any among you that think the Enemy's party formidable and our own weak and inconsiderable, let them with my consent be turned over to the Enemy. For I think 'twould be better for us to be without them then with them. When Cyrus had thus said, Chrysantas, the Persian stood up and spoke, I would not have you wonder Cyrus, that some seem to be sad upon the hearing this News. For this is not the effect of fear but of indignation, just as if some when they were sharp set, and as they thought upon the point of going to Dinner, should be told of some Work which they must do before they should Dine, none I suppose would look very pleasingly upon this. And so now we who were in expectation of a rich booty, after we heard that there was work to be done first, look a little discontentedly, not because we are afraid, but because we long to have it over. But since we are to fight not only for Syria, which abounds with Corn, Cattle and fruitful Palm-trees, but also for Lydia, in which there is great store of Wine, Figgs and Oil, besides the advantage of being near the Sea, upon this consideration we are no longer discontented, but of a firm Resolution and Courage, that so we may the sooner possess ourselves of these good things of Lydia. These were his words, whereat all his Fellow-soldiers were well pleased.  
And then Cyrus, in my opinion (Fellow-soldiers) 'twould be our best way to march on against them with as much speed as we can, that we may get before them if possible, to the place where they take up their Provision. Besides the sooner we come upon them the more unprovided we shall find them. This is my judgement, but if any one thinks we may go a safer or an easier way to work let him propose it.  
But when 'twas resolved upon without any Contradiction that 'twas the best way to march against the Enemy with all Expedition, Cyrus begun thus to the Army. We have been (my Fellow-soldiers) this good while provided with Minds, Bodies and Arms for our service: But now we must carry with us Provision for the march, and that no less than what will serve us and our Horses twenty days. For I find by Computation that we shall have above fifteen days journey without any new supply of Provision. For it is carried away partly by ourselves, and partly by the Enemy, as much as they could. Wherefore we must carry with us a competency of Victuals (for without this there is neither fight nor living) and so much Wine as may suffice to accustom us to the drinking of Water. For there is no Wine to be had for the greater part of the way. And if we should carry never so much it would not suffice us. Lest therefore a sudden defection of Wine should make us sickly and infirm, we must learn forthwith to drink Water at Meals. For if we begin betimes we shall find no great alteration by it: But if we take a draught of Wine after meat 'tis no great matter. Only we must daily lessen our proportion that so at last we may come to drink Water: For any Constitution may endure alteration if it be by degrees And this Lesson is taught us by God himself, who from Winter by little and little brings us to endure the most Violent heat, and so from heat to endure cold. Him therefore let us imitate. I would have you moreover carry with you good store of Blankets; for although you be over-stock'd, yet the Surplusage will be of great use. But in case you want, you'll hardly sleep very comfortably. Whereas he that is well-stockt with clothes is provided either for sickness or for health. The meat which you provide must be such as is acid, sharp and salt. For these both whet the stomach and stick by a man a long time. But assoon as we arrive at the place where we are like to have Corn, we must get us some Hand-mills: Wherewith we may make our Bread. That being the lightest of all Instruments of that kind; we must also carry Leathern Thongs with us, for these are of great use both to men and Horses, and therefore in case they should break we must be forced to stand still by the way, unless we have others to make all fast again. And if any one hath learned how to sharpen a Javelin let him be sure not to forget it. 'Twill be also useful to have files with us; for he that whets his Spear does at the same time whet his Courage also: For the very sense of disgrace will not suffer him to be a Coward; it will be necessary also to have good store of Wood to repair the Chariots and Wagons: for in much service and Action there must needs be a great deal of decay. And moreover we must provide ourselves with necessary instruments, for Workmen are not every where to be had: Neither will a few be able to do the work of every day. There should also be a Rake and a Mattock in every Chariot, and an Axe and an Hook upon every Packhorse. For these will be both for private and public use. As for meat, you who are leaders of the Horse must inquire of those who are under your Command what is necessary. For I would not have any one want what is fitting: For their Indigency will redound to our damage. And do you Masters of the Carriages see that the Horses be provided for according to my Orders. We will also carry with us Smiths and Carpenters and Shoemakers, with their Instruments, that in case we should stand in need of their work, nothing may be wanting: And these shall have a station by themselves off from the Soldier's ranks, where they shall work for those that will hire them. And if any Merchant will follow the camp with a design to sell any Commodity, let him also have with him so many days Provision as I said before. And if he be taken in the selling any thing before those days be over he shall forfeit all that he has: But when those days are passed he shall sell at what rate he please. And whosoever of the Merchants shall most advance the Market, he shall be amply rewarded both by my 〈◊〉 and my Fellow Soldiers. And if any one thinks he shall want money to buy Commodities let him bring to me some that know him and that will engage that he shall go with the Army, and let him take what we have. And this is what I thought good to impart to you, if any one knows of any thing else that is needful to be done let him communicate it to me. And now do you go and make ready, and I in the mean time will do Sacrifice, and when we have any token of good success, we will beat the march: Let all be present at the place appointed with their Captains, and provided with all the necessaries before mentioned. And do you Captains after you have marshaled every man in his rank, come all together to me that I may assign every one his place.  
When they heard this they prepared themselves for the march, Cyrus in the mean while being employed in doing Sacrifice, which assoon as he had prosperously ended, he marched with his Army. And for the first day he encamped as near as he could, that in case any one had left any thing behind he might go back for it, and if any one perceived he had need of any thing he might procure it. Cyaxares with the third part of the Medes tarried behind, that things might not be left too desolate at home. Cyrus' marched 
Cyrus' marches against the Enemy.  on with all possible speed; having placed the Horse in the Front, before whom he sent Spies into all convenient places. Next to these followed the Carriages, and next to them the Body of the Army, that in case any of the Carriages should drop behind the Captains coming after might take care of them, that so they might not be hindered in their Progress. And if the way happened any where to be narrower than ordinary, the armed Soldiers taking the Carriages into the middle, marched on both sides of them, and if they also met with any encumbrance there were other Soldiers ready at hand to assist them. Most of the Companies marched so as to have their particular Carriages just by them: For all those that looked to the Carriages had order to keep to their respective Companies unless some necessary accident hindered them. And 'twas also ordered that every Overseer of the Carriages should go foremost carrying the Colours of his Centurion which were well known to the Soldiers of the same Company: They marched all in a well knit Body, and 'twas the great concern of every one not to lay behind his Fellows. So that they had no need of seeking one another out, and all things were ready at hand and in greater security, and the Soldiers were the sooner supplied with what they wanted.  
But the Spies which were sent before seeing some in the Plain gathering Provision and Wood, and seeing also Horses there, loaden with the same and seeding: And when looking on further they saw either Smoke or Dust ascending upward; from all this they concluded that the Enemy's Forces were somewhere at hand. Whereupon the Commander of the Spies sent a Messenger to Cyrus, to acquaint him with it. He, when he heard it gave order that the Spies should abide still in the same place, and as they discovered any new Motion they should give him Intelligence. Moreover he sent a Company of Horse on further, with Command that they should endeavour to take some of these in the Plain, that so they might have a more certain account of the Business. Which was done accordingly by those who were deputed to that Charge. Cyrus himself ordered the rest of 
He prepares himself for Battle.  his Army to abide here, that they might provide those things which he thought they would have occasion for before they engaged. In the first place, he gave order that they should Dine, and then that they should remain in their Ranks, and observe what was commanded them. When they had dined, he summoned together the Commanders of the Horse and Foot and of the Chariots, together with those who had the Charge of the Engines, Carriages and Wagons. While these were getting together, in the mean time, those who made a sally out into the Plain, brought with them some men which they had taken: Who when they were examined by Cyrus, told him that they belonged to the Enemy's Camp, and that they went abroad partly to get Victuals and partly to get Wood, having passed beyond the first Guard: For their Army being so numerous they were all in great Scarcity: Which when Cyrus heard, and how far off (says he) is the Army? They told him about an hundred Furlongs. Then says Cyrus, and had you any news concerning us? Yes, (replied they) a great deal, and that you were just hard by. And were they glad (says Cyrus) when they heard that? Which Question he asked for the sake of those who were present. No indeed (replied) they) they were not glad, but on the contrary very much cast down. And what do they do now? says Cyrus. Why now they are mustering as they have been this three days. And who is't that Disciplines them? They answered, Croesus himself, and with him a certain Grecian, and a Mede, who is said to be a Renegade from you. Well, says Cyrus, Heaven grant I may take him as I desire.  
After this he ordered the Captives to be led off, and turned himself toward them that were by as if he had something to say to them. In the mean while another Messenger was come who brought News that a great Company of Horse was seen in the Plain. And says he, 'tis our fancy that they come out of Curiosity to view our Army. For before this Company there are almost thirty Horsemen making up very fiercely against us. Perhaps with a design to take our Watch-Tower if they can. And there are but ten of us there: Then Cyrus commanded some of his Horse which he had always about him, to march up to the very place; and there to bide unseen by the Enemy. And says he, assoon as our men shall quit the place, then do you break forth from your Ambush, and invade them that would get the Watch-Tower into their power. And that you may receive no hurt from that great Company, do you Histaspas march out with a thousand Horse and Confront the Enemy. But be sure you don't pursue them to any blind and obscure places, but assoon as you have taken care for the security of the Watch-Tower, retreat again. And if any shall make signs of coming over to our side receive them Courteously.  
Hystaspas therefore went and armed himself, and in the mean time, the other Emissaries of Cyrus, marched forth according to their Commission. And as they were going they met Araspas, with his retinue 
Araspas' returns from the Enemy.  on this side the Watch-Tower: 'Twas he that was sent out before as a Spy, the Keeper of the Susian Lady. Assoon as Cyrus saw him he leapt down from his seat, and went to meet him, and took him by the Hand. This was matter of great wonder to the rest (as well it might) that knew nothing of the business, till Cyrus said to them, My Friends, here is a very good man returned to us: For 'tis fit you should all know what this man hath done. 'Twas neither shame for any ill thing committed, nor fear of me that was commissioned by me to go and learn the state of the Enemy, and bring me a true account of it. I will remember my Araspas what I promised you, and I with all these, here will take care to repay you. And you Fellow-soldiers ought in justice to honour him as a man of Courage. For for our sake he exposed himself to danger, and underwent the Imputation of the Crime, with which he was charged. Whereupon they all embraced Araspas, and gave him their right hands. When Cyrus thought there was enough of civility expressed, we would now Araspas, have you tell us what it concerns us to know, but do not mince the matter, nor make our Enemies less considerable than they are. For 'twould be better for us to find things less than they are represented, than greater.  
For my part, says Araspas, I made it my business to know things fully. For I was myself, present at their mustering. Then, says Cyrus, you know not only their number but the order which they observe. Yes, replied Araspas, and their way of fight too. But in the first place, says Cyrus, 
The Enemy's Forces very great.  pray give us an account of their number. Why, says he, their Horse and Foot are ranged into such a form that they are three hundred in a breast, besides Egyptians: They take up the space of about forty Furlongs; for I was very curious to observe, how far they spread themselves. But after what manner are the Egyptians marshaled? Says Cyrus. Why, says he, the Captains of ten thousand divide every Army of ten thousand into hundreds. For this they said was the manner which they observed at home. Croesus' indeed could hardly be persuaded that they should be disposed in such a form, because he would have his Army extended beyond yours, in length. Why so? says Cyrus; Because he would compass you about with the overplus of his men. But let them take heed, replied Cyrus, lest while they think to compass us, we compass them. But we have heard enough from you of what concerns us to know. Now my Fellow-soldiers you must do thus; when you are gone hence, do you look upon your Horse's Armour and your own. For often times it happens through the want of a little thing that both Man, Horse and Chariot is disabled for any service. To morrow morning while I do Sacrifice you may feed yourselves and your Horses, that we may not be wanting in what soever is to be done afterwards. Then do you Araspas take the Charge of the right Wing which you have now, and do you Captains of the ten thousands, keep the same station which you have already. For when we are to engage, no Chariot can have opportunity to change Horses. And do you tell the Lieutenants and Captains that they shall 
How Cyrus will have his Army marshaled.  stand two Companies in a Breast: Each of which Companies did consist of four and twenty Soldiers. Whereupon one of the Captains of ten thousand said, And do you think Cyrus if we are dispersed into so many Companies, that we shall be able to encounter such a thick Body as theirs? If (says Cyrus) our ranks should be so thick that we cannot reach the Enemy, what damage do you think that would do them, and what good to ourselves? For my part I could wish that those Companies which are divided by hundreds were divided by ten thousands. For than we should fight with a few at a time. But how thick so ever my ranks are, I suppose they will be strong enough, and ready to assist one another. I will put those that fling Darts after those that wear Breastplates, and after the Darters the Archers. For who would place them in the Front who confess themselves that they cannot endure to fight Hand to Hand? But if they have the Breastplate Men before them facing the Enemy they will stand the Field. And the one with their Darts, and the other with Arrows, shot over the Heads of them that are before them, will do Execution upon the Enemy. And look whatever mischief any one does to the Enemy; So much does he add to the cheerfulness of his Fellow-soldiers. After all these, will I place the Rear. For as an House can neither be firm without Stonework, nor fit for any thing without a Builder, so neither will an Army be good for any thing which has not a strong Front and Rear. Do you marshal then your Ranks as I Order you, and do you Leaders of the Target-men place your Companies behind these, and you Leaders of the Archers, place yours next to the Target-men. And as for your part that lead up the Rear, do you take care of your Charge, and Command them to look back and have an Eye upon one another, and do you encourage those that do well, and severely reprove those who are Cowardly. If any one turns his back with a design to quit his station let him be punished with Death. For the main business of a Commander is to cheer up those that follow both by his words and by his Example. And as for you that are in the Rear, you should make the Cowardly fear you more than they do the Enemy. And do you Abradatas whose charge is to look to the Engines, see that the Teems which draw the Towers follow close to the Body of the Army. And do you Abradatas, who preside over the Carriages, lead on next to the Towers, and do you animadvert upon those that run on too fast, or lagg behind their Fellows. And you Carduchus, who are to look to the Wagons, that carry the Women, do you place them just after the Carriages. For if all these follow behind 'twill both make the greater appearance, and afford us an opportunity of lying in Ambush, and force the Enemy if they design to surround us, to take the greater compass about. And consequently the farther they spread themselves, the weaker they must needs be. And as for you Artabazus and you Artagersas do you lead each of you your thousand Foot next after these. And you Pharnuchus and you Asidatas, don't you place your thousand Horse within the Body, but stand ready armed behind the Carriages, and then come to us with the other Captains. But however I would have you in such a posture of readiness, as if you were to give the first onset. And do you who have the Charge of the Camels take your station behind the Wagons, and obey the Orders of Artagersas. And do you who have the Command of the Chariots, cast lots, and to whomsoevers turn it falls, let him place his hundred Chariots before the Body of the Army. As for the other Centuries of Chariots, let one of them take to the Right-Wing and the other to the left.  
Thus did Cyrus dispose of all things. Then Abradatas, the King of the Susan's, told Cyrus, 
Abradatas his Courage.  that if he pleased, he would willingly take to the other opposite part of the Army. Whereupon Cyrus wondering at the man, took him by the Hand, and asked the other Persians that were in the Chariots, whether they would yield to it? They giving their approbation of the thing, he determined the business by Lot, and so that fell to Abradatas by fortune, which he had before took upon himself: So he took his station just over against the Egyptians. This being over, and care taken of the things before mentioned, they were dismissed every one to Supper, and when they had set a Watch, they betook themselves to their rest. The next day following, in the morning Cyrus offered Sacrifice. But all the Army, after they had dined, and likewise done Sacrifice, armed and provided themselves: putting on many brave Coats of Male and Headpieces, they armed also their Horses with Frontlet's and Breastplates. The Horses that carried single had their Thighs armed, but the Teem-Horses their Sides: So the whole Army shined in their Armour, and Scarlet Habit.  
The Chariots of Abradatas had four Draught-Trees, and was drawn by eight Horses, very richly adorned. And as he was about to put on a Breastplate covered over with white Linen after his Country fashion; Panthea brought him a Golden Helmet and a Gaunlet and a Scarlet Coat that reached down to his Feet, hanging all in Folds like a Gown, and a Crest of Violet Colour. These she provided for her Husband, privately and ordered them to be made according to the size of his other Armour. He was mightily affected at the sight, and asked Panthea whether she had cut up the Ornaments of her Head, to make him this Armour? No truly, said Panthea, not that Ornament which I most esteem. For you, if you approve yourself to others, as you appear to me, are like to be my greatest Ornament. With that 
Panthea arms her Husband and exhorts him to be Courageous.  she put on his Armour for him, and although she refrained what she could, yet the Tears began to trickle down her Cheeks.  
Abradatas, tho' of a good presence before, yet after he was dressed up in this Armour looked very Gallant and brave, being naturally of a Generous manly Aspect. And when he had took the Reins of the lower Coachman, he prepared himself to ascend into his Chariot. Then Panthea desiring those who were present to withdraw, My Abradatas (says she) if ever any Woman valued her Husband above her own Soul, I believe you are convinced that I am one of them. What need therefore have I to mention particulars? For I think the actions which I have done for you, will find more credit with you then any words I can now utter. But although I am thus affected toward you as you know, yet I swear both by your love and my own that I would rather be buried with you after you have acquitted yourself bravely, then to live with you upon any dishonourable terms: I have so much Honour both for myself and you. Moreover I would have you consider that we are mightily indebted to Cyrus, for as much as after I was reduced to the Fortune of a Slave, and set apart for himself, he would not use me as a Woman of a Servise Condition, nor yet dishonour me as free. But after he took me, he kept me, for you, as if I had been his own Brother's Wife. Besides when Araspas, who was my Keeper, revolted from him, I promised him that if he would give me leave to send to you, you should come to him, and prove more noble and faithful to him, than ever Araspas 
The Picture of love betwixt Man and Wife.  was. Thus she said to him, where at, Abradatas moved with a pleasing wonder, touching his Head, and looking up to Heaven, grant O Jupiter (says he) that I may show myself a worthy Husband to Panthea, and a worthy Friend to Cyrus, who has dealr thus honourably with us. When he had thus said, he went up into his Chariot. And when after his ascent, the Coachman had shut fast the Seat, Panthea having now no other way to embrace him, kissed the very Seat. And now the Chariot drove on, and she followed after privately, till Abradatas looking back and seeing her, bade her cheer up and take her leave of him. Then her Eunuches and waiting Maids took her aside, and put her into a Bed in the Tent. But although, Abrodatas and his Chariot, made a fine glorious show, yet people could hardly be at leisure to take notice of it, till Panthea was retired.  
But when Cyrus had ended his addresses to Heaven, and the Army was Marshaled according as he gave order, call together the Commanders of his Army, he thus addressed himself to them. The Gods (My Friends and Fellow Soldiers) give us such discoveries in the entrails of our Sacrifices, as they did when they gave us the last Victory. But however I will put you in mind of such things which if lodged safe in your memory will make you go much the chearfuller to the Battle. For in the first place, you are better trained up in War, than your Enemies, and besides, you have been longer at it, and withal have been lately flushed up with a Victory. But many of the Enemy have seen one another overcome. And as for those, of either side, who were never yet in an engagement, those of the Enemy's Army know that they have Traitors and Renegades, to their Fellow-soldiers, whereas you who are with us are assured that you have those to fight with you who will be ready to help their Fellows. And 'tis to be expected that they should fight unanimously, who confide in one another; but as for those that distrust each other, their greatest concern will be how to sculk away. Let us march on therefore (Fellow-soldiers) with our armed Chariots against the unarmed ones of the Enemy, and fight near at hand, with our armed Horses and Horsemen against the unarmed. You have the same Foot to encounter which you had before, and the Egyptians are armed and marshaled after the same manner as they were before. Their Shields are too great for them, either to see any thing, or do any thing, and being divided into hundreds they must necessarily be an hindrance one to another. But if they think to bear us down with multitude, they must first stand the shock of our Horses, and then of our Iron Instruments. And if any of them, should maintain their ground against these, yet how will they be able to contend against our Horse, our Body, and our Towers? For those Men of ours who are placed in the Towers will be able to Succour us, and by doing Execution upon the Enemy make them more inclinable to despair, then willing to fight. If you think you stand yet in need of any thing more, let me know what ' 'tis. For I hope by the help of Heaven we shall not be driven to any straits. If any one has any thing to say, let him speak. But if not, go to your prayers, and when you have prayed to the Gods to whom we offered Sacrifice, betake yourselves to your ranks: And be sure to remember every one of you what instructions you have received from me, and by the manliness of your behaviour, Countenance and Speech, approve yourselves to be worthy of Command before your respective Charges.   

XENOPHON'S INSTITUTION AND LIFE OF CYRUS the GREAT. THE SEVENTH BOOK.  
WHen therefore they had prayed to the Gods, they went to their ranks. And Cyrus, with his attendants, had Meat and Drink brought them, while he was doing Sacrifice. He dined in a standing posture, and distributed to every one, always as he needed. And when he had done Sacrifice again and prayed, he drank himself, and those that were with him. After this, praying to Jupiter, the God of his Country; that he would vouchsafe them his guidance, and Protection, he mounted his Horse, and commanded those that were next him to do so too. Now all those that were about Cyrus, were armed after the same manner that he was. Every one had his Scarlet Coat, his Brazen Breastplate and Helmet: White Crest, Sword and Javelin. Their Horses were armed with the like Brazen Frontlet's, Breastplates and Side-Peices. And they had also, the same cover for their Thighs. The only difference was this, that whereas the others Arms were dipped with Gold-Colour, Cyrus his did shine like a Looking-Glas. Of ere he was on Horseback, and stood still a little to look about which way he was to go, it Thundered luckily on the left hand. Whereupon he said, we will follow thee great Jupiter. And forthwith he began his march: Chrysantas the Commander of the Horse, leading the right Wing, and Arasambas the Commander of the Foot the left. He bade them have an eye to the Colours, and follow after with an even pace. His Ensign was a Golden Eagle displayed upon a long Spear. And this same Ensign is retained by the King of Persia to this day. But before he came within Ken of the Enemy he refreshed his Army three times.  
After they had marched about twenty Furlongs they began to have a glimpse of the Enemy making up against them. Now when they were both in view of one another, the Enemy's design was to compass the adverse Body on both sides. And accordingly they stopped their own, because otherwise they could not do it, and so wound about to intercept the Enemy in the middle, that so ranging their Army in the Figure of the Letter (γ) they might fight on all sides. Which altho' Cyrus took notice of, yet he made no stop, but lead on as he did before. But when he observed that they took a large compass about, do you mind Chrisantas (says he) how they bend off? Yes (says Chrysantas) neither do I much wonder at it, for in my mind they draw off their Wings a great way from their Body. So they do (says Cyrus) and a great way from ours too. And why so? because (says he) they are afraid lest if they should bring their Wings nearer, their Body being so remote we should set upon them. But then (says Chrysantas) how will they be able to help one another, when they are so far distant? Why 'tis plain (says Cyrus) that when their Wings are got just opposite to the sides of our Army, they will close as it were into a Body, and fall upon us on every side. And do you take this to be such a good piece of Policy says Chrysantas? Yes truly with respect to what they see, but as to that which they do not see, 'twere better they came on directly against us. But do you Arsamas, lead on the Foot leisurely, as you see me go before. And do you Chrysantas follow after at the same rate with the Horse. And I for my part, will make toward that place which I think fittest to engage in. And as I go, I will consider how to make the best of every thing. Assoon as I am come thither, and we are upon the point to engage, I will begin a shout, and then do you follow: You will easily know when we are at it by the Tumult, and then Abradatas shall break in upon them with his Chariots. Do you follow as close to the Chariots as you can, for by this means we shall fall in upon the Enemy when they are greatly disordered. And I myself will be ready at hand, and by the help of Heaven pursue them with all speed.  
When he had thus spoken, and given this to be the Word, Jupiter our Saviour and our Guide, he marched on. And as he was between the Chariots and the Soldiers armed with Coats of Male, as often as he looked upon any in the Ranks, he would sometimes say: How pleasant is it (Soldiers) to behold your Faces! And sometimes, again to others, do you consider Soldiers that we are now to contend not only for this days Victory, but also for that which we obtainéd before, and indeed that our whole happiness lies at stake? And then as he passed by another, We shall have no reason hence forward (Fellow-soldiers) to complain of our Gods, for they have given us opportunity of many and great achievements. But however (Soldiers) let us acquit ourselves like Men. And again, to others: To what better Banquet could we desire to be invited then to this? For now is your time, if you are resolved to play the men, to enrich and advantage one another. And then again, to others. You know (I suppose) Soldiers that here are rewards proposed before us; To them that overcome the reward is to pursue, kill and destroy, Plunder and be commended; to be free and Command: But to those that are overcome, the contrary; whoever therefore loves himself, let him fight along with me. For I will not away with any Cowardliness or baseness if I can help it. Again, when he came to some of those who had been in the former Engagement: But to you (Soldiers) what need I say any thing? For you know well enough what is the fate of the Courageous and what of the Cowardly.  
Then marching on a little further he came to Abradatrs, and made a stop. And Abradatas delivering up the Reins to the lower Coachman, went to him. Others also who were nigh there abouts came flocking to him. When they were come, Cyrus spoke to this purpose: It has pleased Heaven Abradatas, to make you and yours (as you desired) chief among your Fellow Soldiers. But you are to remember that when you engage, the Persians are the men that are both to see you, and come after you: Neither will they suffer you to fight alone or be deserted. To whom Abradatas; Indeed Cyrus I think matters stand very well with us. But I am concerned for the sides: For I see that the Enemy has spread out their Wings a great way, and withal they are very strong both in regard of Chariots and all manner of Forces. And we have nothing to oppose to all this besides Chariots. And therefore as for my own part had not this station fallen to me by lot I should be ashamed of it, I seem to be so very safe. Well then, replied Cyrus, if you think you are well enough yourself, don't trouble yourself for the other. For I warrant you by the help of the Gods, you shall see these sides of the Enemy quite bare. And I desire you that you would not engage with the Enemy, till you see these whom you are so much afraid of, fly before us. (Thus magnificently did he talk now the Battle was at hand, whereas at other times he was not much given to boasting) but when you see these fly, then conclude that I am not far off, and make your onset upon the Enemy. For than shall you find the Cowardliness of the Enemy, and the Valour of your own Men. But while you have leisure Abradatas, ride along by your Chariots, and encourage your Men to fight, partly by inspiriting them with your looks, and partly, by cheering them up with hopes. And do what you can to excite an Emulation among them, of appearing the best in the Chariots. For assure yourself if you do thus, they will all say at last that nothing is better than a good Courageous Heart. Whereupon, Abradatas getting up into his Chariot, rod up and down and did accordingly.  
Cyrus' marching forwards, came to the left Wing where Hystaspas was with half of the Persian Horse. Whom he called to by his Name, and said, now you see Hystaspas a work which requires all your speed: For it we can but prevent our Enemies by killing them first, none of us shall perish. To which Hystaspas smiling replied, let me alone to deal with those that stand opposite, but do you take care that those that are of the sides want not work. Those are the men (says Cyrus) I am now going to. But do you remember Hystaspas, that to whomsoever of us Heaven shall grant the Victory, if any part of the Enemy remained unvanquished, we are both to join against those who oppose us. When he had thus said he marched forward. And when he was come to the Commander of the Chariots, I am come, says he, to help you. But when you perceive that we are invading the skirts of the Enemy, then do you endeavour to break through the midst of the Enemy. For '●will be safer for you to break through, then to be intercepted by them in the middle. But when he was come behind the Wagons, he commanded that Artagerses and Phatnuchus with their thousand Horse, and so many Foot should stand still in the same place. But (says he) when you see me invade those who are on the right side, then do you fall on upon those who stand opposite to you. For you will fight that Wing where the Army is weakest. And you will also be the stronger for having a Body. You see the Enemy has placed their Horse in their Rear, and against these do you oppose the Ranks of the Camels. And be you well assured that the Enemy will appear ridiculous to you before you are to engage.  
When Cyrus had thus done, he went to the Right Wing. But Croesus supposing that the Body which he himself led was nearer to the Enemy than the Wings which were drawn out into a great length he gave a token to the Wings that they should venture no further, but turn to the Enemy in that very place where they were. And when they all stood still, and viewed Cyrus his Army, he gave them the Word to fall on upon the Enemy. And thus there were three Squadrons that ran on upon Cyrus his Army, one directly opposite, and the other two on each side, so that all Cyrus his Army was in a great fear. For it 'twas like a little Brick in a great Building compassed about every where, except behind, with Horsemen and Target-men, Archers and Chariots. But however assoon as Cyrus gave the Word, they all wheeled about and faced the Enemy. And all things were hushed in great filence, for fear of the event.  
Cyrus' thinking it now high time, began the shout, which was answered by the Echo of the whole Army. Then with a loud voice calling out Mars, he broke forth, and planting his Horse against the Flank of the Enemy, he presently engaged with them. The Foot keeping their Ranks followed 
Cyrus engages the whole Body of the Enemy.  speedily after, and were compassed on every side with the Enemy. But they were in much the better Condition, for they set upon the Wing, with the Body strengthening them. So that there was quickly a great flight among the Enemy. Artagerses assoon as he saw Cyrus engaged, invaded the left side of the Enemy sending in his Camels among them, according to Cyrus his Order. The 
The Horses of the Enemy are frighted with Cyrus' Camels.  Horses could not endure them at a great distance, but some of them ran away Mad, some pranced and leapt, some rushed upon one another: For thus Horses use to do at the fight of Camels, Artagerses keeping his Men in their Ranks, fell upon those which were disordered, with his well ordered Company, and withal, sent in the Chariots which were on the right and the left among them. Many that escaped from the Chariots, were killed by those that followed the Wing, and many that escaped them were intercepted by the Chariots.  
And Abradatas no longer able to contain himself, cried out aloud, Follow me Friends, and rushed in with his Horse upon the Enemy, and shed a great deal of Blood among them, giving quarter to no Body. And with this, the other Chariots broke in also. Whereupon the opposite Chariots fled immediately, some of them carrying those that fought out of them away with them, and some leaving them behind. Abradatas making his way directly through them set upon the Squadron of the Egyptians, those that were next him in the Army attending him. And here they verified that which is otherwise evident enough, (viz.) That there is no Body of Men stronger than that which is made up of Friends. For those that were his intimate Companions, and sat with him at the same Table, accompanied him in this assault upon the Enemy. And some of the Chariot-men when they saw that the Egyptians stood the shock, with a full Body, turned to the Chariots that fled, and followed after them. But those who were with Abradatas because the Egyptians were penned up so close that they could not give way, overturned some with the Violence of their Horses, and those that were down they trampled under foot. And not themselves only, but also their Armour, Horses and Wheels. Whatsoever their Hooks took hold of was cut off by mere force, whether Arms or Bodies. And in this Tumult, too great to be described, it happened through the jumping of the Wheels over the heaps that laid in the way, that Abradatas with some of those that made this onset with him, was thrown out of his Chariot. And so these after they had for a while behaved themselves like men, were cut down and killed. But the Persians following hard after broke in upon the Place where Abradatas with his company charged the Enemy, and made a Slaughter among them that were disordered.  
The Egyptians as many as were unbroken among 
The engagement 〈◊〉 the Egyptians and Persians  them (and truly they were a great many) made directly against the Persians. And now commenced a cruel fight with Lances, Darts and Swords. The Egyptians had the advantage both as to number and Weapons: For their Spears were firm and long, such as they have at this day among them. And their Shields which were fastened to their Shoulders covered their Bodies more, and served to keep off any hurt better than Coats of Male. Wherefore they advanced with their Shields shut close together, and carried all before them. The Persians could no longer stand their Ground, but retreated leisurely, still fight and receiving Wounds as they went, till they came under the Engines. When they were come thither; the Egyptians were then wounded from the Towers. And now neither the Archers nor those that flung Darts could have opportunity of retreating for those in the Rear. But were forced to stand to't with their Swords and their Arrows and Darts. And now there was a great Slaughter of Men, a great clattering of Armour and all sorts of Weapons, and a great cry, some calling out upon one another, some encouraging one another, some imploring the help of the Gods. In the mean while Cyrus comes from the pursuit of those that were opposite to his Company. And when he saw the Persians had lost ground he was troubled, and perceiving that there was no better way to stop the further Progress of the Enemy then by attacking their Rear, he commands those that were with him to follow him, and sets upon them in the Rear. And here he did great Execution upon them. Which when the Egyptians perceived they cried out that the Enemy was behind, and changed their posture as they were fight. Then the Horse and the Foot fought promiscuously. And it happened that one Horseman fell under Cyrus his Horse, and being trod upon, run the Horse into the Belly with his Sword. The Horse being wounded fell a wincing and threw off Cyrus. Then did it appear what 'twas for a Prince to be beloved by his Subjects. For on a sudden they all cried out aloud, and fell to it pellmell, justling one again another and wounding one another, till at last one of Cyrus his Guard alighting from his Horse, put Cyrus upon him. But assoon as Cyrus was mounted again he saw great Execution done upon the Egyptians on all sides. For Hystaspas was now come with the Persian Horse, and also Chrysantas. But these he would not suffer to press home upon the Egyptian Squadron, but bade them shoot at them at a distance. But after that he was come as far as the Engines, he had a mind to get up into one of the Towers that he might see whether any other of the Enemy's Forces stood their ground and fought. Assoon as he was got up he saw the Field was full of Men and Chariots; some flying, some pursuing, some conquering, some yielding; his Enemies flying and his own conquering. But of the conquered he could see none appear besides the Egyptians. These being hardly put to't, huddled themselves together into a Ring, so that nothing appeared but their Arms, and sat under their Shields. And this was all that they were able to do, but in the mean time, they were all upon the suffering Hand. Cyrus' admiring their Fortitude thought it great pity that such brave men should die at that manner, Commanded his Men to retreat, and would not suffer any of them to fight against them any more. But sent an Herald to them with this proposal, Whether they would rather die for them that deserted them, or be saved with Honour as being brave Men? To which they replied, But how can we be saved and withal secure the Reputation of stout men still? To which Cyrus returned, Because we are Witnesses how you maintained your Ground alone, and fought to the last. But upon what Condition may we be preserved? Upon this only (replied Cyrus) that you yield up your Arms, and enter into a League of amity with those who when 'twas in their Power to kill you, chose rather to spare you: When they heard this they asked again, But to what Service will you employ us if we League with you? Why says Cyrus, I will benefit you, and be benefitted by you. Then said the Egyptians, And what benefits do you mean? To which Cyrus, I will give you a larger stipend than that which you now serve for, as long as 'tis Wartime. And when 'tis peace, whoever of you are minded to remain with me, I will give them 
The Egyptians life themselves under Cyrus.  Ground and Cities, Wives and Slaves. When the Egyptians heard this, they desired that this only might be excepted, that they should not be put upon't, to fight against Croesus: For him only they could forgive. So upon all the rest they were agreed, and plighted their Faith mutually to each other. And so that Remnant of the Egyptians which was then preserved remain still in the Service of the King. And Cyrus gave them Cities in the higher parts of the Country, which are called to this day the Cities of the Egyptians. Such as are Larissa and Cyllene by Cluma bordering upon the Sea, which their Posterity now enjoy. Cyrus' having dispatched these affairs returned by night and encamped at Thyribare.  
In this Battle, the Egyptians were the only men among the Enemy's Army, that came off with any credit. And of Cyrus his Soldiers, the Horse seemed to do best: So that the Armour is kept to this day, wherewith Cyrus armed his Horsemen. Moreover the Hooked-Chariots performed so well, that those Warlike kind of Chariots are retained in use by the King at this day. All the good which the Camels did was only to frighten the Horses. For as those that rod upon them killed none of the Horsemen, so neither were they killed by the Horsemen themselves, because no Horse would dare to come near them. And in this respect they were something useful, but however now ' ●…s out of fashion, for great Men to keep Camels for their use, or to exercise themselves in fight from them: They are now put to their Primitive Work of carrying Burdens. Now when Cyrus his Soldiers had supped and placed the Guard they betook themselves to their rest.  
Croesus' with his Army made directly towards 
Croesus' flies to Sardes.  Sardes. Those of other Nations went every one as far homeward as they could that night: Assoon as it was day Cyrus led his Army directly against Sardes. And assoon as he came to the Walls he erected his Engines and Ladders against the Works: At length he had made way for the Persians and Chaldeans to scale the Walls of the Sardians, the night following in the most difficult and seemingly desperate place of all the Works. The Leader of this undertaking was a certain Persian, who was a Servant to one of the Keepers of the Garrison, and knew both the descent to, and the ascent from the River. When 'twas known that the Tower was taken, the Lydians fled from the Walls, every one where he could. Cyrus' 
Sardis is took by Cyrus.  entering the Town at break of day, gave order to his Army that none should offer to leave his Rank. But Croesus locking himself up in his Palace. called out upon Cyrus: Who when he had left him in Custody, went to the Tower that was taken: Where when he saw the Persians keeping the Tower as they ought to do, but of the Chaldeans, nothing but their Arms; because they were gone down to plunder the Houses; he presently called together their Commanders, and forthwith cashiered them from his Army. For, says he, I will never endure that those that desert their Ranks shall far better than others. And I would have you know, that 'twas my design to make all you, that fight in my Service, such as all the Chaldeans should call happy. But now think it no wonder when you are gone from me if you meet with those that are stronger than yourselves. When the Chaldeans heard this, they were afraid, and desired him not to be angry, and they would refund all the Plunder back again. Cyrus told 
Cyrus punish●…s the gre●…dy Chaldeans.  them he had no need of it, but if they would have him reconciled, they should give all which they had taken, to those who stood guarding the Tower. For (says he) if my Soldiers observe that those who keep their Ranks, are best rewarded, than all will go well. Whereupon the Chaldeans did as Cyrus had commanded them: And so those that behaved themselves obediently were well rewarded. Cyrus' having encamped his Army in the most convenient place about the City, Commanded his Soldiers to keep on their Armour, and take their dinner.  
When this was done, he gave Command that 
Cyrus Commands Croesus to be brought before him.  Croesus should be brought to him. He, when he saw Cyrus, God save you Master (says he) For that is the Name which Fortune has now ordered me to call you by. And you too Croesus (replied Cyrus) forasmuch as we are both Men. But what say you Croesus, will you give me some advice? Yes, replied Croesus, I would be ready to serve you in any thing, for I believe thereby I should also advantage myself. Then the business is this, Croesus, I see that my Soldiers are quite spent with Labour, and have exposed themselves to much danger, and that now they think to have the richest City in all Asia, next to Babylon, and therefore I think 'tis but reasonable they should be something the better for it. For I know that unless they reap some benefit from their Labours, I can't expect to have them continue Obedient to me long. But yet I am not willing to yield up the City, to be Plundered by them. For then the City would go near to be utterly destroyed, and besides, I know that in such pillaging those would get most who least deserve it. Upon the hearing of this, says Croesus, let me tell some of the Lydians, whom I please, that I have prevailed with you, that there shall be no plundering, and that their Wives and Children shall not be dragged from them, and that I have engaged to you for this Privilege, that the Lydians shall come and offer you of their own accord what ever is of any worth in Sardis. For I am confident if they hear this, they bring you all the good things they have among them: And besides, by this means the City will be able to afford you a new supply of good things another year. Whereas if you suffer 
Arts are the Spring●… from whence Riches flow.  it to be plundered, all Trades and Arts which are the Seminaries of plenty will be destroyed. But besides, you will have time enough to think of plundering as you pass along, and survey every thing. But in the first place, I would have you send to my Treasures, and my Keepers shall surrender it up to those you employ. Cyrus liked all these proposals of Croesus' very well.  
But tell me Croesus (says he) what's become of what the Oracle of Delphos said to you. For they say that Oracle is in great esteem with you, and that you undertake every thing you do by his Direction. I wish things were so with me, Cyrus, but I have offended Apollo by doing things quite contrary at first. How do you mean (says Cyrus) for methinks you speak paradoxically. In the first place, says he, neglecting to inquire of him about the things which concerned me; I 
Croesus' tries the Truth of the Answers given by the C●…cle of Apollo.  must needs try whether he could give true answers or no. Now you know that not only God, but even good and honest Men don't love to have their Integrity questioned. But when I perceived that I had not done wisely, being at a great distance from Dephos, I sent to know of him Whether I should have any Children or no. For the first time he would not so much as vouchsafe me an answer. But at length, after I had ingratiated myself into his favour (as I thought) by presenting him with many Offerings, Gold and Silver and frequent Sacrifices, I enquired of him again what I should do to have Children? He told me I should have Children. And indeed he was as good as his Word, for I had Children, but to little purpose: For one was very dumb, and the other a ever hopeful Young Man died in the very Flower of his Age. Having such ill Fortune with my Children, I sent to him again, and desired to know of him, what course I should take to spend the remaining part of my Life as happily as might be. His answer to me was this; You shall live happ●…ly, Croesus, if you know 
The answer of the Oracle to Croesus.  yourself. I was mightily pleased with this answer, for I thought the Terms of my happiness were so easy, that the God did in a manner give it me. For indeed as for other Persons, they might partly be known, and partly not; but thought I, every one must needs know himself. And after this, as long as I lived in peace, I had nothing to Charge upon my Fortune since the Death of my Son. But being overperswaded afterwards by the Assyrian to War against you, I went through dangers of all sorts, and yet was preserved without sustaining any harm. And thus far I had no reason to complain of Apollo: For when I perceived that I was not able to make my party good against you, by the help of Apollo, I and those that were with me made a safe escape. But being again dissolved in the luxury of my present wealthy Condition, and overcome partly by the importunity of those who would have me head them, and partly by the Presents, whereby they oblige me, and partly by the flattery of those that told me, how ready all were to obey me; and what a great man I should be, if I would but take the Command of the Army upon me; being puffed up I say, with such Addresses as these, and pleased to see myself courted thus by Princes on all sides, to accept of the General's Office, I did so, as if I were capable of becoming some great Person. And this I did out of self-ignorance, thinking myself able to deal with you who are descended of the Gods, born of Kings, and from a Child trained up to Arms. Whereas I was informed that of my Ancestors, he that first got the Kingdom, was made King, and a Freeman at the same time. Now since I did not consider these things, I deserve to be punished as I am. But now Cyrus, I know myself: Do 
Croesus' disputes against the Oracle.  you think then that Apollo will be as good as his Word to me now, since he told me, I should be happy if I knew myself? And I ask you the rather, because you seem at this time to be able to give a shrewder conjecture than another Man: For 'tis in you to make me so. Then said Cyrus, I would have you advise me Croesus in this case, for considering with myself your former happy Condition, I am moved with Compassion toward you, and therefore I do permit you to keep your Wife which you have at this time, and your Daughters (for I hear you have some) and your Friends and Servants, and to use the same Table which you did formerly: And I acquit you also from all military Service. Then says Croesus, you need not deliberate any longer what answer to make concerning my happiness. For I now tell you myself, that if you do what you promise I shall be happy both in other men's Opinion and my own too. Then said Cyrus, and who 
What life may be accounted happy.  is there that is so? My Wife, replied Croesus for she was partaker with me of all my good Things, Delicacies and Mirth: But as for my Cares, and how it fares with me now, and what is the issue of the Battle, she knows nothing of it. And you seem to be willing to make me as happy as I did her, whom I loved beyond any Person in the World. And therefore I think I must offer some more Presents to Apollo, as a Testimony of my Gratitude. When Cyrus heard these Words of Croesus, he admired at the even temper of his Mind. And ever after that time Cyrus had him along with him wherever he marched, either because he thought him useful to him, or for the better security: After these discourses they parted, and went to Bed.  
The next day Cyrus calling together his Friends and the Commanders of his Army, ordered some of them to receive the Treasures, others he employed in setting aside such a proportion of the money surrendered by Croesus for the Gods, which the Magis should think fit. The rest he ordered to be chested up and put in the Wagons, and to be carried about with them wherever they went, that so as occasion required every Men might receive his reward. Which things were done accordingly.  
Cyrus' calling some of his Guard to him, tell me (says he) did any of you see Abradatas? For I 
Cyrus is made acquainted with the detah of Abradacas.  admire that whereas he used formerly to frequent my Company, now he does not appear: Whereat one of the Guard made answer, There is good reason for it, Sir, for he is not alive, but was killed in the Battle, when he made an onset upon the Egyptians with his Chariots. 'Tis said that all his men, except some few of his Friends, deserted him, assoon as they saw the Squadron of the Egyptians. And now they say his Wife has took him up dead, and put him into the Sedan, which she used to be carried in herself; and brought him hither to the River Pactolus. And 'tis reported that her Eunuches and Servants are digging a Grave for him upon a little Hillock, and that his Wife sitting upon the Ground has dressed him with all the Ornaments which she had about her, holding his Head in her Lap. Cyrus hearing this, struck his Thigh, and immediately mounting his Horse, and taking with him a thousand Horsemen made toward this Tragedy. But before he went, he left word with Gadatas and Gobryas, that they should take what Ornaments were proper for a dead Man, who was both a Man of Valour and a Friend, and follow presently after them. He commanded also those who had cattle with them, that they should drive more to the place where they heard he was, that so he might do Sacrifice for the dead.  
Now assoon as he saw the Lady sitting upon the Ground with the dead Body lying by her, he could not forbear shedding Tears at the sight, and 
Cyrus' laments the Death of Abradatas.  broke forth into this passionate Expression: Alas my dear Courageous and Faithful Soul, have you thus left us? And with that he took him by the Hand, which came off with his taking hold of it: For it had been cut off by an Egyptian Spear. Which when Cyrus saw, he was the more passionately concerned for him: But his Wife fell a crying most grievously, and taking the Hand from Cyrus kissed it, and then put it on again as well as she could, and said, all the rest Cyrus is so as this. But to what purpose is it for you to see more? But I know he came to this upon my account, and perhaps Cyrus as much upon yours too. For I like a Fool as I was pushed him on forward with much earnestness, that he would make it appear by some considerable adventure or other what a friend of yours he was, and he, I know, did not mind what happened to him, so that be might but gratify you by some eminent piece of Service, So now he is dead and gone without the least stain of dishonour behind him, but I sit here alive by him who put him upon these attempts. Cyrus' having wept a pretty while silently to himself, at length says he, But however (Lady) he has died Honourably, for he is gone off with Victory. But do you take this which I give you, and ad●…rn him with it (for now Gobryas and Gadatas were come with plenty of rich Ornaments with them) and know that I have yet other Honours in reserve for him, for he shall have a Monument made for him suitable to his Quality, and withal such Sacrifices offered for him, as become a Man of his Valour. And you for your part shall not be left desolate, for I will ever honour you for your Chastity and your other Virtues, and leave you in Charge with one that shall carry you about whither so ever you are minded to go. Only let me know whither you would be carried. Then said Panthea, don't trouble yourself about that, Cyrus, you shall be sure to know to whom I intent to go. Cyrus' after these discourses went away, pitying the Woman for the loss of such an Husband, and the Husband for being taken away from the sight of such a Wife.  
The Lady commanding her Eunuches to withdraw, till she had wept her fill, bad her Nurse to stay with her, and withal told her that she should cover her when she was dead and her husband with the same Cloth. Her Nurse begged her most earnestly not to think of doing any such thing to herself. But when she saw 'twas to no purpose, and that she only provoked her passion the more, she sat by her weeping. Then the Lady drawing out a dagger 
The Lady Panthea stabs herself.  which she had before provided for that purpose, Stabbed herself, and leaning her head upon her husband's breast dies. The Nurse after a great deal of Lamentation covered them both according as Panthea, had ordered. Cyrus assoon as he had heard what the Lady had done, came in a great fright to try whether he could bring any help. Her three Eunuches when they saw what was done, drew out their Daggers, and without any more ado Stabbed themselves in the very place where she ordered them to 
The Monument of Abradatas, Panthea and her Eunuches.  stand. And now they say the Monument is built along as far as the place where the Eunuches stood. In the upper Pillar the names of the Man and the Woman are said to be written in Syriac letters, and underneath they say there are three Pillars more with this Inscription, Royal. Cyrus as he drew nigh to this sad Spectacle stood amazed at the passion of the Lady, and when he had sufficiently Lamented her went away; But he took special care (as 'twas fit he should) that they might be honourably treated, and accordingly made, they say, a great and stately Monument for them.  
After this the Carians happening to have a Sedition among them, and waging War against one another who should inhabit the fortified places, both Parties applied themselves to Cyrus for help; who was now at Sardis taken up in making of Engines and battering Rams, that he might beat down the Walls of them that refused to yield. In the mean while he sent Adusius a Persian, a prudent Man and well 
Cyrus sends Forces into Caria.  Skilled in Military affairs and of a complaisant Wit, with an Army unto Caria. The Cilicians and the Cyprians readily joining themselves to him. Which forwardness of theirs was the reason why he never sent a Governor among the Cilicians and Cyprians, contenting himself with the Governors of their own nation. But he exacted Tribute from them, and a Supply of Soldiers as often as he had occasion. Assoon as Adusius was come with his Army into Caria, some of each party came to him, offering to 
Adusius is sent into Caria.  admit him within the Works to the detriment of the contrary Faction. Adusius dealt alike with both of them, telling each faction that the other made the most reasonable offers, and that they should keep all things private, that the adverse party might not know that there was a League of Friendship betwixt them, as if by this means he intended to assault the other party when they were least provided. Moreover he would have both Parties swear to him, that they would admit the Persians within the Works without any fraud, and to the good of Cyrus and the Persians. And he also would swear himself that he would enter within the Works without any fraud; and what was more, to the benefit of those that admitted him: When he had thus delivered his mind to them, he entered into the same engagement with both of them, severally, whereupon he was admitted within the Castle with his Horse, and took possession of both their Fortifications. Assoon as 'twas light next day he sat in public with his Army, and summoned together as many as were convenient. When they saw each other they began to look very sorrowfully, as suspecting that both of them were brought into a Snare. But while they were thus surmising, Adusius 
Adu●… compoles the Difference amongst the Carians.  spoke to them to this purpose. I have obliged myself by an Oath to you ye Carians that I would enter within your Walls without any fraud, and to the benefit of those that gave me admission. Wherefore if I destroy either of you, it must be granted that I entered these Walls to the hurt of the Carians, but if I make peace between you, and so order the matter that you enjoy your Country in quietness and security, than I shall think that you are no loser's by my coming. Know therefore that from this very day forwards, you must converse friendly one among another, and till your Ground without fears and suspicions, and give your Children in Marriage one among another, and if any one offers to begin any disturbance, both Cyrus and myself will be their professed Enemy. Whereupon the Gates of the Castles were immediately opened, and the Ways full of Passengers going to and fro, and the Fields were full of Husbandmen. There were feasting days kept on both sides, and all things were full of Peace and Mirth. In the mean while there were some Messengers came from Cyrus, who asked Adusius whether he wanted another Army or any Engines, or no. To whom Adusius made answer, That he could use the very same Army elsewhere also. And with that he drew off his Army, leaving some Soldiers to Guard the Towers: But the Carians were very earnest with him to tarry with them, which when he refused to do, they sent some of their men with a petition to Cyrus, that he would make Adusius their Governor.  
Cyrus' in the mean time had sent away Hystaspas with an Army into Phrygia near the Hellespont: As soon therefore as Adusius was arrived, Cyrus commanded him to follow after Hystaspas with his Army, that so they might be the more pliable to Hystaspas, when they heard that another Army was coming after behind. The Grecians that bordered upon the Seaside had purchased by a great sum of money, that they might not admit the Barbarians 
The Graeclans made Tributary to Cyrus.  within their Walls, but yet they were tributary, and bound to assist Cyrus in his Wars whenever he required them. But the King of Phrygia, began to make Preparations as if he would defend his Walls and not obey the Summons, and so likewise he declared he would do. But after that his Deputy 
The King of Phrygia is taken.  Governors revolted from him, and he was left alone, he came at length into the Hands of Hystaspas, and the cause was committed to the judgement of Cyrus. Hystaspas having left a strong Garrison of the Persians in the Towers drew off, and led with him besides his own Company a great many of the Phrygians both Horsemen and Target-men. But Cyrus had given Order to Adusius, that after he had joined himself to Hystaspas he should bring those Phrygians who sided with him armed as they were; but as for those that would have stood it out, he should take away from them their Horses and their Arms, and command them to follow all behind with Slings. And this was done so accordingly.  
But Cyrus moved now from Sardis, and having left a considerable Guard of Foot there, and retaining Croesus' also with him, he carried away with him a great many Wagons full laden with plenty, and Variety of Wealth. Then Croesus came to him and brought him an exact Catalogue of every thing that was in every one of the Wagons, telling him: If you take this Inventory, Cyrus, you will know who restores his Charge honestly again, and 
Cyrus shows himself not to be Covetous.  who does not. To which Cyrus replied, you do very well Croesus in being so Provident, but I intent that those shall carry these Riches who are worthy to posfefs them. So that if they filch any thing, it shall be nothing but what is their own. And with that he gave the Papers to his Friends and his Captains, that so they might know who delivered up their Charge safe and sound, and who not. He had also with him some of the Lydians, whom he observed to be Curious and neat in looking to their Arms, Horses and Chariots, and whom he observed to be Studious and Industrious how to please him: These he led with him in their Armour. But as for those whom he observed to follow him grudgingly and unwillingly, he took their Horses and gave them to those Persians that first went with him to the Wars. He also disarmed them, and made them follow behind with Slings: Because that kind of Armour is counted the most servile of any. And besides it sometimes happens that the Slingers when they are backed with other Forces do a world of good, but if they are alone they are not able to stand before a very few Soldiers that fight Hand to Hand.  
But as Cyrus was marching on in the way that 
Cyrus brings many Countries under his Yoke,  leads to Babylon, he subdued the people of the greater Phrygia, the Cappadocians and the Arabians, with whose Armour he armed no less than forty thousand of the Persian Horse. And many of the Captives Horses, he distributed among his Fellow-soldiers. 
And returns to Babylon.  And thence he came to Babylon with a vast number of Horse, with many Archers and Darters; and an innumerable Company of Slingers. And when he was come to Babylon, he placed his Army all round about the City; and he himself with some of his Friends and a few other Soldiers traversed round the City. After he had surveyed the Walls he was preparing to draw off his Army, when a certain Renegade came to him out of the City, and told him that the Babylonians had a design to set upon him when his Army retreated. For, says he, when they beheld your Army from the Walls it seemed to them very inconsiderable, which indeed is no wonder, for since the Walls which they surrounded are of a very large compass, the Army must needs be reduced to a great thinness. Which when Cyrus heard, he went and stood in 
Cyrus' stratagem.  the middle of his Army with the retinue that was with him, and gave Order that the Soldiers which were heavy-armed at each extremity of the Squadron should repair to that part of the Army which stood still, till each extremity met in the middle. Which when done, those that stood still were the more encouraged, because the Body of their Army was now doubled, and those that drew off were likewise more confirmed in Confidence. For before, those that stood still were just close by the Enemy. But when both extremitres were met and embodied together, they stood more t●…ss and compacted, both those that drew off, because all those who were beyond them, and likewise those beyond, because of those who clapped in behind. Their Squadrons being thus ordered, it must needs be that the foremost and hindermost were the strongest, and that the weaker sort were placed in the middle. Which order seems to be the most advantageous to fight in, and most convenient to prevent escape. Besides, the thicker the Body was made, the Horsemen and those that were light armed drew from the Wings the nigher to the Leader. When they were thus collected together, they retreated leisurely from the place whence the Artillery was discharged upon them: And when they were got out of reach they faced about, with their Shields before them; and in this posture they stood and viewed the Walls. And the further they were off, the seldomer did they change their posture. But when they apprehended themselves out of danger, they retreated in a full Body till they came to their Tents.  
Where being now arrived, Cyrus calling together 
Cyrus' shows what way he thinks it most convenient to besiege Babylon.  as many as he thought necessary, thus bespoke them: We have taken a survey of the City (Fellow-soldiers) on all sides, and truly how such strong and high Walls may be taken, I confess I do not know. Only this I must tell you, that the more men are in the City and come not out to fight, the easier 'twill be to starve them into compliance. And therefore unless any of you can think of a better Expedient, I think that must be our way to deal with them. Then said Chrysantas, Does this River which is above a quarter of a Mile broad go through the City? Yes (replied Gobryas) and 
Chrysantas gives his Opinion also, which is rejected.  'tis so deep withal, that if two Men should stand one upon the other they would not reach above Water: Whence it comes to pass that the City owes more of its strength to the River then to the Walls. Then said Cyrus, let us let alone those things Chrysantas which we are not able to compass. And let every one fall to work and cast a large and deep Trench, such as may need but few to Guard it. Having therefore measured out a space of Ground all round the Walls, leaving some void space on this side the River, as much as would serve for some Outworks, he cast a great Trench about the Walls, throwing up the Earth toward themselves. Then he built Towers by the River, founding them upon Palm-Trees, which were no less than an hundred yards tall, (for there are some of a greater length than this:) And 'tis the nature of Palm-Trees when they are pressed with any weight to rise up into a great bunch, just as the backs of Asses do that carry Burdens. And these Palm-Trees he chose for the Foundation of his Towers, that he might observe the manner of those that lay siege against a City, that though the River should get into the Trench, yet the Tower might still stand fast. He raised also many other Towers upon the Earth that was thrown up, that there might be a great many places for standing Sentinel: And thus were Cyrus his Men employed. But those that stood upon the Walls laughed at this siege, having Provision enough to last them above twenty years. Which when Cyrus understood he divided his Army into twelve parts, that so every part might keep Ward one month in a year. When the Babylonians heard of this, they laughed so much the more, as thinking with themselves that they should have the Phrygians, Lydians, Arabians and Cappadocians to keep Ward against them: Who, as they thought, were better affected toward themselves, then toward the Persians. And now by this the Trenches were made.  
But Cyrus hearing that the Babylonians were to have a great Festival celebrated, when they used to revel all night long, as soon as it was dark by the help of a great many Hands, he opened a passage into the Trench toward the River. When this was done, the Water flowed into the Trenches by night, so that that part of the River which ran through the City began at length to be passable. When this had taken effect, Cyrus commanded the chief Officers of his Horse and Foot to come to him, and that they should each of them lead their Thousands, divided into two Companies. And that the rest of their Fellows should follow behind after their wont manner. When these were come, Cyrus sent some of his Horse and Foot into the shallow parts of the River, to try whether it was passable or no. And when they had brought word that it was passable, then calling together the Officers of his Horse and Foot, he thus delivered himself to them. This River (Fellow-soldiers) has afforded us a passage into the City: Let us therefore enter with Courage and fear nothing, but let us consider, that those whom we now let upon are the very same which we overcame before, when they were assisted by Neighbour Forces: When they were all awake and sober, armed and in Martial order. But now we go against them at a time when many of them are fast asleep, many drunk, and all in a disorderly posture. And besides, when they once know that we are got within them, they will be ten times more impotent than they are now, because they will be in a Consternation. But if any be terrified with that which uses to be most formidable to those that enter Cities, lest getting up upon their Houses they throw down things upon us, let that rather add to your Courage. For if any climb up into the tops of their Houses, we have, you know, the God Vulcan for●…our Fellow-soldier. And their Porches are very easy to take fire: For their Doors are made of Palmtree, and daubed over with Sulphur which is very apt to kindle. And we for our parts have good store of Torches, Pitch and Tow which will quickly kindle a great fire, so that they must of necessity either quickly leave their Houses or be quickly burnt. But come on and take to your Arms, and I by the help of the Gods will lead you the way. But do you Gadatas and Gobryas, show us which way we must take, because you know it, and assoon as we are come in, lead us to the Palace. Then said those that were with Gobryas, 'tis no wonder if the Gates of the Palace stand now open, for the whole City seems this night to be given up to Revelling. But however we shall light upon the Watch before the Gates of the Palace, forasmuch as they always stand there. Come, says Cyrus, let us not lose time, but make haste that we may take them napping: And with that they marched on. Those that met with them were either killed or fled, and made a great noise. Gobryas his Company answered them in the same noise, pretending that they also belonged to the Revel. 
* Cyrus takes Babylon whilst they were feasting, which agrees with Daniel's History.  Thus they kept on till at length they were come to the Palace: Where they found the Gates shut; but those that were commanded to set upon the Guard, fell upon them while they were drinking by a great fire, and used them after the hostile manner. But assoon as there began to be a great clamour and noise, and those that were within perceived the Tumult, the King commanded them to see what was the matter, and some of them opened the Gates and ran out.  
When Gadatas his men perceived the Gates were open, they presently rushed in, and following hard upon them, and slaying them as they retreated, they came where the King was, and found him standing with his Sword drawn. But he was easily overcome by the more numerous Company of Gadatas and Gobryas. And those also that guarded him were all slain, some flying and others offering to defend themselves as well as they could. Cyrus' sent his Troops of Horse all about the ways with a Commission to kill all those whom they found straggling out of their Houses, but as for those who were within Doors he sent them word by some that understood the Syriac Language that they should keep within, and that if any one were caught without doors it should be as much as his life was worth.  
But when Gadatas and Gobryas were come to Cyrus, they first of all gave thanks to the Gods for giving them the opportunity of punishing such an impious King, than they kissed Cyrus his Hands and Feet and wept for the very excess of joy. The next day when 'twas light those that kept the Walls perceiving that the City was taken, and that the King was killed, they surrendered up all without any more ado. Cyrus took the Castles, and placed a Garrison in them. He gave their Friends leave to bury their dead, and ordered a Proclamation to be made by his Heralds, that the Babylonians should come and bring in their Arms, denouncing death to all those in whose Houses any Arms should be found. They brought in their Arms accordingly, which Cyrus put up in the Towers that they might be in readiness upon any occasion: When this was done he called his Magis, and commanded them that since the City was taken in War, they should lay aside the chiefest part of the spoils for the Honour of the Gods, and that they should assign Temples for them. Then he made a distribution of the other Houses and Palaces among them whom he took to have the greatest share in what was done. And after this manner he distributed according to his old rule, the best to those who had best deserved: And in case any one thought he had less than his due, he said he would have him come to him and tell him so. He gave order also that the Babylonians should till the Field, pay Tribute and discharge those Duties which were allotted to every one. He commanded the Persians and their Associates, and as many of his Fellow-soldiers as would tarry with him, to show themselves like Masters to those that were delivered to their Charge.  
And from that time Cyrus himself also began 
How Cyrus got himself honoured as King.  to take upon him the state of a King, and to this purpose he was advised by his Friends to appear in public but seldom, and that after a more splendid manner then before; which he contrived after this manner: Early in the morning he stood in a convenient place and admitted any one to come to him that had any business with him, and when he had given him his answer, he dismissed him. But when his men understood the time of access, they came in vast Multitudes to him. So that there was great thronging and quarrelling among them who should come first. His Officers gave them admittance as well as they could according to their Quality; and if any one of his Friends appeared pressing forward among the crowd, than Cyrus reached out his Hand and plucked them to him, saying to them, Stay a little my Friends till we have dispatched this crowd, and then we will converse at leisure. Wherefore his Friends waited, and in the mean while the crowd increased, till the evening was come upon him before he could have opportunity of conversing with his Friends. Therefore Cyrus said to them: Now Friends 'tis high time to adjourn, but to morrow morning I would have you be here again: For I have something to say to you. When his Friends heard this they departed contentedly, though by reason of waiting up and down they had neglected their necessary affairs. So for that night they betook themselves to their rest.  
The next day Cyrus was present in the same place, and now a greater Multitude of Visitants thronged to come to him then before, who had got the start of his Friends. Cyrus therefore setting a Guard of Persian Spear-men in a large compass round about him, commanded them to admit none besides his Friends, and the Persian Captains, and those of his Fellow-soldiers; when these were come together before him he made this Oration to them. We have no reason (Friends and Fellow-soldiers) to complain of the Gods, as if hitherto all things had not succeeded according to our desires. But if this be the fruits of performing great exploits, that a man cannot be master of his own time, nor have the freedom of enjoying his Friends, farewel all such happiness. For you know I began early in the morning Yesterday to hear those that came to me, and that 'twas quite night before I was released. And now you see those same Persons, and a great many more besides are come here again to find me more work. And therefore if a man will once endure this I see I shall have but little of your Company, and you of mine. But of my own Company I know I shall have none at all. Besides I take notice of another thing, which seems to me very odd and ridiculous. For to you I stand affected as I ought, but of these that flock round about me I scarce know so much as one, and yet these are so ready to press forward that they would prevent you in their Petitions if they could. Whereas on the contrary I think the best way for these Petitioners would be to study how to oblige my Friends, and to desire them to introduce them. But perhaps some of them may say, Why did he not use this Method at first, but afford himself freely to all Comers? Why, because I understood that the Nature of War was such, that a Commander ought not to be the last either in understanding or in doing what was necessary. And if Commanders should appear but seldom, they must needs Omit many things which ought to be done. But now we have finished the greatest part of our Wars and enjoy a little respite, I am willing now to consult my own ease. Wherefore since I am in doubt what is best to be done for the security both of our own affairs and theirs whom we ought to be concerned for, let some body or other advise with me and propose what he thinks most convenient.  
These were the words of Cyrus. Then stood up Artabazus, he that said that he was Cyrus his Kinsman, and said, Indeed Cyrus you have well done in beginning this discourse. For when you were very young I began to get an interest in your Friendship, but when I saw that you stood in no need of my Services, I was something scrupulous of coming to you. But when you desired me by chance to deliver the Commands of Cyaxares to the Medes, I thought with myself that if I served you readily in this, I might ingratiate myself with you, and have the privilege of conversing with you, which I desired for a long while. And that Charge indeed I performed well, so that you yourself commended me. For 'twas then that the Hyrcanians first began to League with us, at a time when we were very destitute of assistants. So that we could e'en have hugged them in our Arms for very kindness. After that when the Enemy's Tents were taken I thought you were not at leisure for me, and indeed I forgave you on that score. At that time Gobryas entered into League with us, which was matter of great joy to me, and Gadatas too; And now I thought 'twould be exceeding difficult to have access to you. And then when the Sacians and Cadusians came over to us, 'twas but fit you should attend upon them because they did upon you. But after that we were returned to the place from whence we first set out, because I saw you were taken up in ordering your Horses, Chariots and Engines, sure, thought I, when this business is over he will be at leisure for me. But when we were alarmed wi●…h that terrible News, that almost all the World were banded together against us, I was sensible that we then stood upon a very ticklish point, but in case things succeeded well I seemed to be pretty well assured of having very intimate Converse with you. And now at length we have with much ado overcome, the Sardians with Croesus himself are in subjection to us, Babylon we have taken and reduced all things within our Power, and yet by Mithres Yesterday I could no come to you had I not struggled with the crowd. But when you took me by the Hand and commanded me to sit down by you, than was I fain to sit there a whole day in the view of the Multitude without either meat or drink. Now therefore if things may be so ordered that those that have deserved most at your Hands may enjoy your Company most, well and good, but if not, I will again in your own words give order that all shall withdraw from you except those that have been your Friends from the beginning. Then Cyrus and a great many more laughed heartily.  
Then stood up Chrysantas the Persian and said thus, You did very well Cyrus formerly in exposing yourself to common view, partly for the reasons you yourself just now mentioned, and partly because we were not worthy of such a particular regard: For we were then with you upon our own account. But it was necessary for you at that time to procure a Multitude at any rate, that they might share with us in undertaking Labours and undergoing dangers. But now you are in this Condition and can have more supplies of Soldiers when you please, 'tis fit now that you as well as others should have a fixed abode. For what will you be the better for your Empire if you alone want an Habitation, than which nothing is counted more sacred among men, nor more peculiarly our own. Besides, do you think we are not ashamed to see you weather it out abroad, when we in the mean time live in our Houses, and seem to be in a better Condition than you. When Chrysantas had thus spoken he was seconded by others who approved of his opinion.  
Then Cyrus entered into the Palace, and those that carried the Money from Sardis here delivered up their Charge. Assoon as he was entered, in the first place he did Sacrifice to Vesta, and then to Jupiter and some other Gods, as the Magis thought fit. When this was done he began to take other business in Hand. And when he considered with himself what a Charge he had taken upon him, who was to Govern such a vast Multitude of People, and that he was to reside in such a great and Famous City, which was as ill affected toward him as it could possibly be, these things considered he thought he had great need of a Guard, considering withal that 
Cyrus takes a Lifeguard.  Men were never so exposed to Violence as when they were eating or drinking, bathing or Sleeping: He made it his care to procure such as should be faithful to him in these Circumstances. And he was of Opinion that no Man could ever be faithful and trusty, who had a greater love for some other then for him whom he was to Guard. He considered withal that those who had Children or agreeable Wives, or any other endearments of affection, were under a kind of Natural necessity of loving 
Why he made choice of Eunuches for that purpose.  them best. But seeing the Eunuches were destitute of all these, he thought they would have them in greatest esteem, by whom they might raise their Fortunes, be avenged of their Injuries, and be graced with Honours. And withal he thought that there was none that could oblige them by more Favours than himself. Besides, whereas Eunuches are in great disesteem and contempt with other men, for that very reason they want the protection of a Master. For every one will think to take place of an Eunuch in all things, unless he be restrained by the dread of some higher Power. But now nothing hinders but that he that is faithful may take place of others, tho' he be an Eunuch. And whereas it might be objected that Eunuches are much the weaker for being so, Cyrus was of a different opinion, observing that it was not so in other Creatures. For mad unruly Horses when they are cut cease indeed to bite People, and abate something of their frolicksomeness, but however they are still fit for the services of War. And so Bulls when they are cut remit something of their Rage and untractableness, but yet they retain their strength to Labour. And in like manner Dogs when they are cut are as good for keeping the House or for hunting as ever they were: So Men are not indeed altogether so brisk after they are quit of the Heat of Concupiscence, but yet they are never the more●…negligent in performing the business, or unfit to ride, or ●…hrow Darts, or less ambitious of Honour and Praise, as may appear from that Emulation which they discover both in Wars and hunting. And as for their fidelity they have given great proofs of it when their Masters have been killed: For none have shown themselves more faithful in their Master's Calamities, than Eunuches have done. And if they should have some small disadvantage in point of bodily strength, yet Arms will make the weak equal to the strong in War. These things considered he chose all his Lifeguard, his very Porters not excepted, from among the Eunuches. But considering withal that this Guard would not be enough to defend him against the Multitude of those that were disaffected, he looked out for some others whom he thought 
Cyrus takes himself more Guards, out of the Persians.  most faithful to Guard his Palace. And because he knew that the Persians who were left at home lived very hardly by reason of their poverty, and endured a great deal of Labour partly because of the roughness of the place, and partly because they were forced to Work with their own hands, these he thought would be very ready to embrace such a way of life with him. He chose therefore among them ten thousand spear-men who should keep Ward round about the Palace night and day, whenever he was within. But if he was gone abroad any whither, they were to Guard him on each side as he went.  
And because he thought that all Babylon stood in need of a Garrison which might be able to defend it, whether he himself was nigh at hand or afar off, he placed a Garrison there, and ordered the Babylonians to pay a set stipend toward the maintaining it, because he would keep them low that so they might be the more tractable. And this is the state both of the King's personal and of the City Guard to this day. Moreover casting with himself how he might maintain the Empire which he had, and gain more, he considered that these Tributary-men did not so far exceed his other Subjects 
He also keeps the rest of the Persian Soldiers with him.  in goodness, as they came short of them in number, and therefore he thought best to retain those stout men with him, by whose assistance and the favour of Heaven he had got himself this degree of Power, and to take care that they might not intermit their exercise in Arms. And that this might not seem a mere arbitrary Imposition upon them, but that they themselves might be convinced that this was the best course, and consequently might persevere in the exercise of Martial Virtue, he summoned together the Peers of Persia, and as many others as he thought worthy to share in the Labour and the Profit: And when they were convened he made this Oration to them. We are much indebted to the Gods (My Friends and Fellow-soldiers) that they have granted us the possession of those things, whereof we thought ourselves worthy. We are now in the possession of a large and rich Country, and we have those that will manure it for our maintenance. We have Houses, and those too well furnished: Neither is there any reason why any of you should scruple at the possession of these things, for 'tis an eternal Law among all Men, that when a City is taken in War the Bodies and Fortunes of those that are in the City shall be in the disposal of the Conqueror. And therefore you have a jnst Title to what you possess, but if you permit the Enemy to retain any thing, that is wholly to be imputed to your courtesy. But now concerning what is to be done next, this is my opinion: If we turn to the lazy and Voluptuous life of poor-spirited Men, who think Labour the most miserable thing in the World, and idleness the greatest pleasure; we shall soon become unprofitable to ourselves, and lose what now we have. For 'tis not enough that we were once Valiantmen to make us continue so, unless by diligence and industry we still keep ourselves in ure. For as other arts dwindle away through neglect, and as our Bodies though in never so good Health yet grow out of order for want of Exercise: So Temperance, Continence and Fortitude by a little intermission will by degrees degenerate into Debauchery. We must not therefore be idle and indulge our Sloth, nor rush greedily upon that which is sweet at present. For I think it a great Atchieument to gain a Kingdom, but I think it a much greater to keep it: For to gain it, often time's nothing more is required then to be bold and dare. But to the keeping it there is required Temperance, Continence and a great deal of care and wise management. And therefore considering this, we ought to Exercise our Virtues more now then before we were in possession of these things: And besides, we must know that the more any one possesses, the more Envy, Treachery and Hostility he is obnoxious to, especially if he has men's goods and Services against their wills, as 'tis our case: We have reason to expect the favour of the Gods; For we did not come by these things through Treachery or Injustice, but we revenged the Treachery which was designed against us. Now that which is next best we must obtain for ourselves, and that is to think ourselves worthy of Government, no farther, than we are better than our Subjects. 'Tis necessary that our Servants share with us in heat and cold, meat and drink, labour and sleep, but these things must be so common to them with us, that in every of these things we show ourselves Superior to them. But we must Communicate nothing of our Military Discipline and Exercise to them, whom we keep only to Labour for us and to pay Tribute, but we must excel them in these Exercises, and know that they are given us by the Gods as Instruments of Liberty and Happiness. And as we have deprived them of their Arms, so we must never be without them ourselves, well knowing that those have all things at command as their own, who are constantly ready furnished with Arms. Now if any one should throw in this Objection; What then are we the better for obtaining what we wished for, if we must still endure hunger and thirst, care and Labour? You must consider that the precedent labour does always sweeten the enjoyment. For Labour is the greatest Banquet that can be to men of Generous Minds. But 'tis not all the sumptuousness in the World that will make that sweet and grateful which a man did not stand greatly in need of before he had it. But if as Providence affords us what men most desire, so to make them relish the better every one provides them for himself, such a man will be in a much better Condition than other indigent Persons in this respect, because his hunger will sweeten his meat, and his thirst will sweeten his drink, and his weariness will endear his rest. Wherefore I think 'tis our interest to keep up our Military Discipline as becomes men, that we may find the more relish in what we enjoy, and secure ourselves from experimenting the greatest of Afflictions. For 'tis not half so grievous a thing not to get, as 'tis to lose what a man has gotten. Besides I would have you consider, what cause we have to pretend for an idle life now more than we had before. Is it because we are in Power? But 'tis a disparagement for those that Govern to be worse than their Subjects: Is it because we seem now to be in a more flourishiug Condition then before? Can Idleness then be warrantable in a prosperous Fortune? Shall we animadvert upon those Servants which we have if they behave themselves amiss. But with what face can he that does ill himself punish others, for idleness or any other misdemeanour? Besides, I would have you consider that we have undertaken to maintain a great number of Guards both for our Persons and our Houses. Now what a shameful thing will it be that when we think we stand in need of others Guards, we be not Guards to ourselves. But you must know there is no such Guard in the World as for a man to be Diligent and Valiant. For this will always inseparably attend us. But he that wants this, will never speed well in any thing else. What is it then that I would have you do? And wherein would I have you employ your Valour and Care? Why I will lay no new Injunction upon you, but as the Peers among the Persians live at the Court, so would I have you Peers that are here take to the same employment which we used there: And I would have you be intent upon me and observe whether I make it my business to mind my Duty, and I in like manner will observe you, and those whom I perceive to be careful and diligent I will honour and reward. Moreover we will here educate those children which we have here. For 'twill be a means to improve ourselves, if we endeavour to thew good Examples to our children, and 'twill not be an easy matter for our children to grow debauched if they would never so fain, when they shall neither see nor hear any thing that is filthy, but shall spend their whole days in the study and Discipline of Virtue.   

XENOPHON'S INSTITUTION AND LIFE OF CYRUS the GREAT. THE EIGHT BOOK.  
THese were the Words of Cyrus: Then Chrysantas stood up and spoke to this effect. I have long since observed (Fellow-soldiers) that in divers respects there is no difference between a good Prince and a good Father. For Fathers provide for their Children that they may want nothing that is good for them, and Cyrus seems now to advise us to those things which make for our Happiness. But in as much as he seems to me to have said something less than the matter required, I will endeavour to make up what is wanting for your better Information. Think then with yourselves, what City of the Enemy can be taken by those who will not obey the Commands of their Governor? Or what City of our Friends can be preserved by them? What Army of Rebellious Soldiers can obtain the Victory? How can men be more easily overcome in Battle, then when they pursue every one a divided interest? Or what other great exploit can be done by those who refuse to resign themselves to the conduct of their Governors? What Cities can be rightily ordered? What Families can be kept up? How do Ships arrive to the place which they are bound for? How have we ourselves attained to this prosperous Condition we are now in any otherwise then by yielding Obedience to our Governor? For by this means we speedily arrived, whether by day or night to all places according as our business lay. And while we followed our Governor all in a Body, none were able to stand before us, neither did we leave any thing done by halves of all that was commanded us. If therefore to be obedient be the greatest good in order to the obtaining all other good things, know for certain that it is also the greatest good in order to the preserving what is already obtained. Consider moreover that before many exercised power over us, and we over none, but now your Condition is such that some of you command more and some less. As therefore you think it fit that you should be obeyed by those who are under your Command, so let us obey those to whom in Duty we are bound. And let there be this difference betwixt us and Servants that whereas they serve their Masters grudgingly and unwillingly, let us if we are in love with liberty, do those things of our own accord which are most commendable. And you shall find (says he) that those Cities which are not under Monarchical Government, yet if they obey their Magistrates with all diligence, will hardly ever be brought into Subjection by the Enemy. Let us therefore according to the order of Cyrus be always in readiness here at the Court, and exercise ourselves in our Arms, that so we may keep what we have got, and offer our Services to Cyrus that he may use them to what he thinks expedient. For this we must know, that Cyrus cannot find out any thing that may promote his own private interest divided from ours. We have both one Interest, and both the same Enemies. When Chrysantas had thus said, the other Persians and Fellow-soldiers rose up and gave their approbation to what had been said. Whereupon 'twas resolved that the Nobles should always stand at the Gates and offer their Services to Cyus, till he should please to dismiss them.  
Which decree is still observed by them that are under the King's Dominions in Asia, in as much as they are very Officious in frequenting the Gates of their Princes. And as Cyrus (as we have observed) 
Cyrus lays a solid Foundation of Government.  had so ordered the Constitution of the Government that he might preserve it to himself and the Persians; so the Kings that came after him wrote after his copy. But it falls out in this as in all other things, when he that has the Government in his Hands is a better Man then ordinary, than the Ancient Rites and Customs are kept more exactly, but if otherwise, more remissly. The Nobles therefore frequented the Gates of Cyrus with their Horses and Spears, in conformity to the order of those chief Men that were Partners with him in the overthrow of that Kingdom. But the rest had other things by Cyrus committed to their Charge. For some were Toll-gatherers, some were Stewards, some were Overseers of his Buildings, some were Treasurers and some were Caterers to buy in Provision. And to some he committed the care of his Horses and his Dogs, that he might have them trained up for his use.  
But that those whom he would have to share with him in maintaining his happy Condition might be improved to great degrees of excellence, this he made his own peculiar Care, and would not leave it in Charge with others. For he knew that if any time he should be engaged in War he must take his Guard from among those who had been exercised in the most desperate services, and that the Captains of his Horse and Foot must be taken also from the same Nursery. He knew also that he should make use of some of their services that they might be Deputy Governors of Cities and whole Nations, and that some of them might be employed upon Embassy. Which he took to be a thing of the most considerable moment, that so he might obtain what he had a mind to without being forced to wage War for it. And if those by whom the greatest businesses of state were to be managed were not 
Ambassadors very necessary in all Government.  such as they should be, he though his Condition would be none of the best. But if they were, than he thought all would go well. And being he was of this Persuasion, he did all he could to make them so.  
He thought it also necessary that he himself should apply himself to the exercise of Virtue: For he thought it a great piece of indecency that he should incite others to great and laudable performances if he was not as he ought to be himself, which when he considered he found that he had need in the first place of leisure and opportunity if he would enter upon great designs. He thought it impossible that he should neglect his revenues, because he saw there were great expenses in a great Kingdom. And again, whereas his revenue was very great, he knew he should be always taken up in the Care of managing it, and that that would call him off from the greater concerns of state. Wherefore while he was considering how his private Affairs might be rightly ordered, and he, in the mean time enjoy his opportunities of leisure, he called to mind how 'twas with the Military Officers. For, for the most part the Captains of ten take Care of their ten, and the Captains of the Regiments take Care of the Captains of ten, the Tribunes take Care of the Captains of the Regiments, and the Captains of ten thousand take care of the Tribunes. By which means it comes to pass that among so many thousands none are left uncared for: And when the head General is pleased to employ the Army, 'tis but to give his Orders to the Captains of ten thousand and the work's done. Cyrus therefore made use of the same Method in the Administration of his domestic Affairs, so that he needed only to impart his mind to a few, and his private concerns would by no means be neglected. By which means he had more leisure then either any Householder or Master of a Ship. And having thus ordered his own Affairs he taught those of his Court to do the like. And so procured leisure both to himself and to his Friends.  
After this he took upon him to reform those 
Cyrus' his way to bring his People often to Court.  who lived at Court with him: And in the first place he looked after those who were able to live by the Labour of others, tho' they never came to Court. Because he thought those that were present would not be guilty of any misdemeanour, partly because they were in the King's presence, and partly because they knew that they should have the chiefest of the Nation continual eye witnesses of their Actions. But for those who were not present, he thought that either Intemperance, Injustice or Negligence were the causes of their absence. Wherefore upon that account he compelled them to be resident: Which he did by authorising some of his dearest Friends to take Possession of their Goods when they were absent. When this was done, those that were dispossessed of their Goods came and sued for Justice. But 'twas always a long time before Cyrus would suffer the matter to come to a hearing. And after he had heard it, he used to delay a long time before he would give Sentence. And this he thought an excellent way to engage their Services to him, better than if he should force them to be present by direct and open punishments. This was one way whereby he taught them to be always upon Duty: Another was by commanding those that were present nothing but what was easy and for their advantage to do; another way was, by giving them nothing who were absent. But if none of these courses proved effectual, his last way of dealing with them was to take away their Estates, and give them to those who he thought would attend upon him better. And by this means, he gained a profitable Friend instead of one that was unprofitable. And this manner of animadverting upon those that are absent when they ought to be upon Duty, is kept up in use by the King of Persia, at this day. And thus did Cyrus behave himself toward those that were absent: But as for those who gave him constant attendance he thought he should sufficiently stir them up to the undertaking of great and laudable Actions, if he himself that was their Prince made it appear that he was eminently endued with all Virtuous accomplishments.  
He observed likewise that Men were made much the better by written Laws, but that a good Prince was to men a Law with Eyes: Since he could not 
The whole World follows the King's example.  only prescribe Rules, but also see and punish the Violation of them. Upon this account he discoveed at this time a more than ordinary Zeal for the Service of the Gods, because he was now in a happier Condition than ever. And now was the order of the Magis first constituted, whose Office was to sing Hymns of Praise to the Gods constantly assoon as 'twas light, and to offer Sacrifice every day. And these Constitutions are now retained by the King of Persia. The other Persians imitated him in this his Devotion, because they thought they should prosper the better if they worshipped the Gods as he did who was both happy himself, and commanded them to follow the same course. Besides, they thought hereby to ingratiate themselves the more with Cyrus. And he himself also was persuaded that the Religion of his Subjects would turn to his own interest, being of the same sentiments with those who would rather sail in the same Bottom with those that are Religious, then with those that carry the guilt of some heinous Crime about them. Besides, he thought that if all his Courtiers were seasoned with a sense of Religion they would be the less apt to Plot any mischief either against one another, or against himself, who he thought had well deserved of his Court.  
And whereas he had made it appear that nothing pleased him so well as that neither his Friends nor his Fellow-soldiers should sustain any damage, and that he had an eye to Justice in all his Actions, he thought this would be a means to dissuade others from enriching themselves by indirect Methods.  
He was also of opinion that the best way to make his Subjects modest, was by showing them openly that he so much revered their opinion of him, that he would not speak or do any undecent thing in their sight. And this he thought an excellent expedient for this reason, because Men are apt to reverence not only Princes, but those whom otherwise they stand in no awe of, if they are modest, more than if they are immodest. And so do they reverence those Women most whom they perceive to be most Modest.  
He thought also that 'twould be an excellent way to engage the obedience of his Subjects, if he rewarded those openly who obeyed him without any reluctancy, more signally than others, who had done never so many and so great Services. And this was his constant Practice as well as his opinion.  
Moreover he taught them how to use Moderation by showing them what a Master he was of it himself. For when men observe that he who has the greatest privilege to be extravagant, behaves himself modestly and soberly, those that have less liberty will beware how they be guilty of any insolence. But the distinction that he made between Modesty and Moderation was this, that the Modest would avoid all indecencies in public, but the Moderate in private also.  
The best way to recommend continence to his Subjects was, he thought, by declaring as often as he had opportunities of pleasure offered him, that he would not be drawn off from what was Virtuous, but that he preferred labour joined with Honesty before the sweets of pleasure. And by thus ordering his own Conversation he brought things to that pass, that Inferiors carried themselves with a great deal of Modesty and submissiveness toward their Superiors at the Gates, and that each behaved themselves with a composed gravity. You should see none there extravagant in their Anger, or ungovernably merry, but so orderly that when you saw them you would think they lived up to the very Rules of Virtue. And this was their manner of life at the Court.  
But now for the better inuring them to Military Exercises, he used to lead them out hunting. Because he thought that might be very advantageous to all parts of Military Service, but especially to riding. For it makes them the better able to sit their Horses in all sorts of places, because they must follow after their Game. Besides, it makes them nimble and active for any performance of Chivalry, partly by the ambition of Honour, and partly by the desire of gaining the Prey. And here he disciplined his Courtiers in the severities of continence, labour, cold, heat, hunger and thirst. And this way of life is used by the King and Court at this day. It may appear from what has been already said, that he thought none was worthy of the Government who was not better than his Subjects. And also that by this continual exercising of them, he had sufficiently disciplined himself in Continence, and all Military Arts and Exercises. For he led forth others ahunting when there was no necessary occasion for their tarrying at home. But as for his own part, when his business detained him at home he used to hunt Beasts, which he kept on purpose in his Parks; Neither would he take any meat till after he had sweated, nor would he bait his Horses till they had been exercised. And to this private hunting he invited his Nobles. And this perpetual course of Exercise was a great improvement both to himself and those that were with him. Thus exemplary did he show himself.  
Moreover, if he took notice of any that were more then ordinarily diligent and industrious, he encouraged them by gifts, offices, pre-eminence and all sorts of Honours. By which means they all began to be very ambitious of approving themselves to Cyrus. This moreover is to be observed in Cyrus, that he did not only think that Princes should excel their Subjects, but that they should endeavour to please and soothe them as much as they could. Whereupon he thought fit to wear the Median Habit himself, and persuaded all his Court to do the like. For if there was any defect in the Body, this Habit he thought would hide it, and represent those that wore it handsomer and bigger than they were. For they have such manner of Shoes that you may hide something in them, so that they will appear a great deal bigger than they are. He gave them also liberty to Paint themselves, and so to improve their Natural Complexion. Moreover he taught them not to spit openly, or to blow their Noses, and that they should not turn about to gaze at any thing, as if there were nothing which they admired at. And all this he thought would contribute something towards the securing them from the contempt of the Vulgar. And thus he disciplined those whom he intended should partake of the Government, partly by exercising them, and partly by his own Majestic Example.  
But as for those whom he bred up to be Servants, he did not make use of them in any liberal Exercises, or suffer them to wear any Arms. And he took care that they should never want meat or drink upon the account of liberal Exercises. He permitted the Servants as often as they went hunting 
After what manner Cyrus was wont to treat his Servants.  to carry meat with them, but he would not let any of the Nobility do so. And when they were to take a Journey he led them to Water just as he did his Horses. And when 'twas dinner time with them he would stay till they had eaten something, lest they should be over-hungry. So that the Servants as well as the Nobles would call Cyrus their Father, forasmuch as he provided for them so well, that by their own consent they would never be any other than Slaves. And thus did Cyrus strengthen and confirm the Persian Empire.  
But as for those whom he had conquered, he apprehended himself in no danger from them. For he considered that they were but in a weak Condition, and under no Order or Discipline. And besides none of them was permitted to come near him, either by night or day. But for those who he saw were the strongest, and furnished with Arms, and embodied together in a great number, and who were partly Commanders of Horse and partly of Foot, and whom he perceived to be of great Spirits fit for Government, and who had near access to Cyrus his Guard, and many of which used to come oftentimes to Cyrus himself (which could not be avoided because he had occasion to use their Service) these indeed he was afraid of, and that upon several accounts. Considering therefore with himself how he might secure himself from them, also he thought 'twas not his best way to disarm them, and render them unfit for War; because that could not be done without injury and the overthrow of his Kingdom. Again not to give them admission, and to declare his distrust of them openly, would, he thought, prove the occasion of a War. Instead therefore of all this, he thought the safest and most honourable way, would be to make the chiefest men among them more affectionately disposed toward himself then towards one another. And he took this course to affect it. In the first place, he endeavoured upon all occasions to show as much candour and courtesy toward them as he could; as knowing how hard a thing 'tis to love those whom you think disaffected toward you, and how hard on the other hand 'tis to hate those of whose kindness toward yourself you have full conviction. As long therefore as he was not in a Capacity to oblige them by Gifts, he endeavoured to win upon their Affections, partly by consulting their welfare, partly by labouring for them, and partly by showing them how much he rejoiced at their Prosperity, and how much he was troubled at any ill that befell them.  
But assoon as he was in a capacity to bestow 
Cyrus' his Liberality.  Collations upon them, he observed that no favour of the same value was more acceptible to men, then to have meat and drink given them. Whereupon he gave order concerning his Table, that they should set before him meat enough to suffice a great many men of the same sort, with that which was for his own eating. And of this he always distributed among his Friends, to show how mindful he was of them, and how much he loved them. Moreover he sent meat to them whom he perceived to be diligent on their Guard or officious to serve and Honour him, telling them withal, that he was not ignorant of the good will of those who were desirous to please him. He vouchsafed also the same Honour to his Domestics when he was minded to encourage any of them. And he ordered that all the meat of those his Domestics should be put upon his own Table, thinking this would be a great indearment to them as 'tis to Children. And if he had a mind to recommend any of his Friends to the esteem of a great many, he would send them meat from his own Table. And 'tis the manner at this day for all men to Honour and Reverence those who have any thing sent them from the King's Table. Because they look upon them as special Favourites who have an interest to gain any thing for them if need be. Neither is it upon these accounts only that those things are most welcome which are sent from the King, but those meats are really more delicious which come from the King's Table: And no wonder. For as other Arts arrive to higher improvements in great Cities, so are the King's meats more curiously ordered then any other. For in little Towns it belongs to one Trade to make Bedsteads, Gates, Ploughs and Tables, and build Houses: And 'tis well if they can get their living so. But now 'tis impossible that those who are taken up in so many employments, should do them all well. But in great Cities where there are a great many that want each of these, one of these Trades is enough to maintain a Man. Nay, oftentimes one does not engross a whole Trade to himself, but one makes men's Shoes, and another women's Shoes. Sometimes 'tis maintenance enough for one man to work Shoes, and for another to cut them out. Sometimes 'tis one man's work to cut out clothes, and another's to make them up. Wherefore when each man's task is but little, he can't choose but do it well. And this is the very case in Victuals. For when it belongs to one and the same Person to make Beds, lay the Cloth, knead the Dow and cook the Meat, he must needs do these things but very indifferently. But when one's whole business is to boil meat, and another's to roast it. When 'tis ones work to boil Fish, and another's to fry it, and another's to bake Bread, and of that too only one particular sort, these things in my opinion must needs be done very artificially, And thus did Cyrus exceed all men in obliging his Friends with his meat.  
But how eminent he was for obliging his Friends in other things also, I am now to relate. For altho' he excelled other men in this, that he had a very great revenue, yet he excelled them more in his munificence. And this custom of making great Collations begun by Cyrus, is still in use with the Kings of Persia. For who has more wealthy Friends than the Persian King? What King is there whose Nobleses are more splendidly habited than his? Who is there that gives such noble Gifts, such as are his Jewels, and Bracelets, and Horses with Golden Bridles? For with the Persians none are suffered to have these things but those to whom the King gives them. Who is there besides that ever so far endeared himself by his liberality as to be beloved more than Brothers, Parents or Children? Who could ever revenge himself upon his Enemies who were distant from him the space of many month's Journey so as the King of Persia? What other Prince after he had destroyed the Kingdoms of other Nations so ended his days as to be called a Father by his Subjects, besides Cyrus? Now 'tis well known that that's a Name which uses to 
Who amongst the Persians, are accounted the Eyes and Ears of the Kings.  be given more to them that bestow benefits, then to them that invade what is another's. It is said moreover, that Cyrus made sure to himself those who are called the Eyes and the Ears of the King no other way then by obliging them with Gifts and Honours. For when 'twas observed that those that informed him of any material concern, were sure to be rewarded, every one would lie at catch for some discovery or other which might make for the King's interest. And hence arose that Proverbial saying among them, that the King had a great many Eyes and a great many Ears. Now if any one is of opinion that 'twould be more for the King's interest to have but one very considerable eye or ear, he is much out of the way. For one can see or hear but a very little, and besides if this charge were committed only to one, 'twould look as if all the rest had a Patent to be negligent and heedless. And besides whomsoever they knew to be the King's Eye they would be aware of him. But 'twas not so here, for the King would give ear to any one that offered any considerable information. And by this means 'twas thought that he had a great many Eyes and Ears, and people were afraid to speak anywhere against the King as much as if he was present. Nay, they were so far from whispering any thing amiss of him to any Body, that every one was so affected as if all those with whom at any time he conversed were the King's eyes and ears. Now I can assign no other reason that men were thus generally affected toward him, but that he was wont to repay small deservings with great Favours.  
Neither is it any wonder that he exceeded all others in the magnificence of his Gifts, in regard he was so very rich. But that he who was a King should condescend so far as to outdo his Friends in Obsequiousness and Courteousness, that indeed is much to be admired. For 'tis said of Cyrus, that he was never so much ashamed upon any occasion, as when he was outdone by the Kindness of his Friends. And 'twas a common saying with him, 
Cyrus' his parallel between a Shepherd and a good King.  that a good King was in all points like a good Shepherd. For a Shepherd after he has contributed to the welfare of the Sheep, and put them into a good plight, may then make use of them. And so 'tis but right that a King should be served by those Cities and Men whose Happiness he has ministered unto. And therefore since he was of such Sentiments, 'tis no wonder that he endeavoured to outdo all Men in Offices of kindness.  
There is a very notable piece of Instruction which he gave to Croesus, who told him that he would beggar himself in a little time by his over-liberalness; whereas, being a single Man he might hoard up great Treasures. Then Cyrus asked 
Cyrus makes a Demonstration to Croesus of h●… inexhaustible Treasure.  him; And how much Money do you think I might have had, if as you would have me I had hoarded up ever since I came to the Crown? Then Croesus named a very large Sum. Then said Cyrus, Well Croesus, I would have you send some Body whom you can best confide in with my Hystaspas. And do you Hystaspas, go about to all my Friends, and tell them, that I have an Occasion for some Money (and indeed, so I have) and that every one of them should supply me with as much ash can spare, and that he should deliver it sealed up in Letters and superscribed to Craesus' Servant, to be brought to me. And when he had written some Letters to the same purpose, he gave them to Hystaspas to carry to his Friends; whom also he desired to receive Hystaspas as a Friend of his. He when he had gone his round, and Croesus his Servant was returned with the Letters, told Cyrus, that now he must treat him as a rich Man, for he was come to him with a great many Gifts. Then said Cyrus, look Croesus, here is one of my Exchequers, and do you compute now the rest, and consider how well I am provided with Money, if occasion be. Croesus', upon Computation found that it came to a great deal more than he said Cyrus would have had, if he had hoarded up himself. Then said Cyrus to him, do you see now Croesus that I have my Treasures too? But you would have me by hoarding expose myself to envy and hatred, and trust a parcel of Mercenary Keepers. But I think my enriched Friends are my best Treasurers, and more faithful Keepers, both of my Person and of my Wealth, than if I should intrust it in the Hands of a Mercenary Guard. But I have another thing to tell you, Croesus. I must confess that I am not free from that Humour, whereby the Gods have made every Man poor, for, I have as unsatiable thirst after riches, as another Man. But I think there is this difference between me and other Men, that when they have got more Money than what is sufficient, they either hide it under Ground, or else give themselves perpetual Trouble by counting it over and over, and weighing it, and turning it up and down, and keeping a careful eye over it. And yet, in the mean time, while they have it, they neither eat any more than they can bear away, for than they would burst; neither, do they wear more clothes than they can carry, for than they would be stifled. But that superfluity of Wealth serves to no purpose, but only to disturb and disquiet them. ay, in the mean time serve the Gods and desire more. But when I have more than will serve my turn, I relieve my Friends with the overplus; and thus by enriching Men, I gain their goodwill; which makes both for my Security and my Credit. My Wealth, in the mean time is neither consumed with rust, nor oppresses me with its weight. But now for Glory, the more it is, the more splendid and the lighter to be born, and oftentimes it makes those the more expedite that carry it. And besides Croesus, I don't think those the happiest Men that possess and keep most, for then those that keep the Walls of a City would be the only happy Men, because all that is in the City is in their Custody. But I take him to be the happiest Man in point of Riches who can procure most, and come honestly by it, and when he has it can put it to a commendable use. These were his Words, and his Actions were conformable.  
Moreover observing that the generality of Men while they are in good health make it their business to store themselves with things necessary and useful for the time of sickness, and withal observing that they did not much concern themselves about it, he thought it was his part to provide here also. Wherefore he summoned together the best Physicians, because he would spare no cost. And whatsoever Instruments, Medicaments, Meats or Drinks he was told were convenient he laid up great store of them all in readiness. And if any of his Friends were sick he would come and look upon them himself, and supply them with all Necessaries. And he would give the Physician's thanks as often as they had cured any by those Medicines which he had laid up. By these and many more such Arts, Cyrus gained himself great esteem among those by whom he would be beloved.  
It made also much for Cyrus his Commendation that he provoked his Soldiers to Emulation by setting up Martial Games and proposing rewards to the Victorious, in as much as therein he showed how much 'twas his Care to keep up the Exercises of Martial Virtue. And these Games did occasion a great deal of Contention, and Animosity among those of the chiefest Rank. Wherefore Cyrus made an order that as often as there was any Cause to be decided, both parties should repair together unto the Judge. And then to be sure both the Adversaries would have recourse to such a Judge whom they thought the best, and most favourable to themselves. So that he that was cas●… would envy him that overthrew him, and hate him that gave it against him. And on the other side, he that won the day would impute his Victory to the equity of his Cause, and think himself indebted to no body. And so those who contended to be chief among Cyrus his Friends, did envy one another as much as those that dwell in Cities. Insomuch that most of them could wish one another out of the way, rather than do one another any kindness. And these were the Arts by which Cyrus contrived to make his Nobles love him better than they did one another.  
The next thing we have to relate is the manner 
The Majesty and pomp of Cyrus, when he went out of his Palace.  of Cyrus' Procession out of his Palace. For the Majesty of this Procession seems to be one of those Arts whereby he secured the Dignity of his Kingdom. In the first place therefore, before he came forth, he called all the Persians, and all others that were in any Office, and distributed Median Garments among them. And indeed that was the first time that the Persians wore the Median Habit. And while he was distributing them, he told them he would go to some of the Temples which they had set apart for their Gods and do Sacrifice. Wherefore be ye all ready at the Gates adorned in this Habit before Sunrising, and do you stand in such order there as Pheraulas the Persian shall direct you to from me. And when I go before you, do you follow as you are directed. And if any of you can think of a better way of Procession, let them show it when we come back: For all things shall be done for the best. After he had distributed the best Garments among those of the best quality, he brought forth other Median Garments. For he had made Provision of all sorts, Purple, Brown and Scarlet. And having divided these among his Captains, he ordered them to adorn their Friends in like manner as he did them. Then said some of those that stood by: And when do you mean to adorn yourself Cyrus? To which Cyrus replied, and done't I seem to you to be adorned now while I adorn you? For so long as I can be beneficial to you my Friends, whatsoever Garment I wear I shall think myself fine in it. So they went away and dressed their Friends with that Habit which Cyrus had recommended to them.  
Now Cyrus looking upon Pheraulas to be a Man of quick ready parts (tho' of mean quality) and one that loved neatness and order, and withal one that was very careful to please him, he calls him to him, and consults with him how he might so order his Procession as to make it a delightsom Spectacle to his Friends, and a dreadful one to his Enemies. And when they had agreed both upon the same Method he desired Pheraulas to take Care that the Procession might be made the next day in the same order as they had contrived it. As for keeping order in the Procession (says he) I have commanded all to obey you. But that they may do it the more willingly, here take these Coats for the Captains of the Spear-men, and these for the Captains of the Horsemen, and these for the Captains of the Chariots. Pheraulas took them and carried them with him. Assoon as the Captains saw him you are a great Man Pheraulas, (said they) since you are to order us also what to do. That is not all (replied Pheraulas) but I am to carry your Packets for you too: I have here two Coats you see, one for you and one for him, whereof I offer you the choice. Then he that took the Coat forgetting his envy, asked his Counsel which to take. Pheraulas when he had told him which was the better, if you now do tell (says he) that I gave you the choice, you shall not find me so much your Servant another time. Pheraulas having thus distributed these things as he was commanded, made it his next business to provide for Cyrus his Procession that every thing might be as neat as possible. The next day before 'twas light, all things were made clean and put in readiness, and they stood all in a row on each side of the way as they use to do when the King is to ride by. And between these rows none might pass unless he were a Nobleman. There stood also Men with Rods to correct those who made any disturbance. Before the Gates there stood four thousand Guards in four Companies, and on each side two thousand. All the Horsemen likewise were present, and alighted from their Horses with their Hands appearing out of their Cloaks, as the manner of the Persians is to this day when they are in the King's sight. The Persians stood on the Right-Hand, the others on the lefthand of the way, and after the same manner were the Chariots divided half on one side, and half on the other. After the Gates of the Palace were opened, In the first place four great fair Bulls were led forth to be sacrificed to Jupiter and the other Gods, according as the Magis had appointed. For the Persians make use of Artists more in Divine Service then in any thing else. Next to the Bulls there were Horses led to be Sacrificed to the Sun. After them was drawn a white Chariot with a Golden Harness, crowned with Garlands, and sacred to Jupiter. After that followed a white Chariot of the Sun, crowned like the other. After these followed a third Chariot whose Horses had scarlet-Trappings. And after these came Men with fire in a great Hearth. Next came forth Cyrus himself in his Chariot with a Persian Ornament upon his Head and a purple Robe half-white (which is an Habit peculiar to the King) and silken Garters upon his Legs, and a loose Veil all purple upon his Shoulders: upon his Head he wore a kind of Diadem and a certain badge proper to those of the Royal Blood which is now still in use. His Hands he held forth out of his Sleves. Assoon as he appeared in view they all reverenced him with a very low bow, either because they had orders to do so, or because they were affected with the pomp and grandeur of the thing, or because Cyrus appeared tall and graceful. However 'twas, 'tis certain that Cyrus never had such Veneration from any of the Persians before that time. But now when the Chariots of Cyrus was come forth the four thousand Guards marched before, and two thousand attended on each side of the Chariot. The Nobility followed after on Horseback in their Robes with Javelins in their Hands, in number about three hundred. Next after these were led two hundred Horses that were kept for Cyrus his use, with Golden Bridles and embroidered trappings. After these followed two thousand men with long Spears, after them ten thousand Horsemen divided all along by hundreds, whose Leader was Chrysantas. After them ten thousand of the Persian Horse alike armed led by Hystaspas. After them other ten Thousand led by Datamas. After them another Company led by Gadatas. After these came the Median Horse, than the Armenians, than the Hyrcanians, than the Cadusians, and then the Sacians. After these Horsemen followed Chariots four in a Breast, led by Artabates the Persian. As they were marching in this order, a great many men would be apt to run out of their Ranks to beg Favours of Cyrus. Wherefore he sent to them some of his Nobles, who waited three of each side of his Chariot, on purpose to carry Messages, and bade them tell them that if anyone had any petition to present he should impart it to the under-Officers, who should Communicate it to him. Whereupon they went their way to the Horsemen, and considered whom they were best go to. Cyrus when he was minded to Honour any of his Friends publicly, he would send and call them to him severally, and thus bespoke them: If any of those that are behind should say any thing to you, if it be not material do not regard it. But if they desire any thing that is reasonable I would have you acquaint me with it, that so we may consult together in common what to do. Whensoever Cyrus called for any they road to him with all the speed and readiness they could, and by their Obsequiousness added much to the grandeur of his Empire, and showed how ready they were to obey him.  
Only there was one Diapharnes a Man of a rough-cast Temper, who thought it a point of Gentility and Freedom not to seem so ready and Officious to obey. Which when Cyrus took notice of, before he was come near enough to speak to him, he sent him word by one of his Nobles that he had now no more business with him, neither did he ever send for him afterwards. But he that was called for after him, road up to Cyrus' long before him. Whereupon Cyrus gave him one of his led Horses, and commanded one of his Nobles to attend him whither he sent him. This was thought by those that saw it to be a very great Honour, and this procured him more reverence. When they were come to the Altars they burned whole Bulls in Sacrifice to Jupiter. Then to the Sun they Sacrificed whole Horses. Then they offered Sacrifice according to the direction of the Magis in Honour to the Earth. And afterwards to the Heroes of the Syrian Country. When they had performed this, because they were come into a very pleasant place, he measured out a piece of Ground five Furlongs long, and ordered some Select Persons to run their Horses for Mastery. He himself with the Persians that were of his side were Victors, because he was well skilled in managing a Horse. Among the Medes Artabazus had the Victory, for Cyrus had given him one of his Horses. Among the Syrians he that led them. Among the Armenians Tigranes. Among the Hyrcanians the Commander of the Horse his Son. Among the Sacians a certain private Soldier outrod the rest of the Company by half of the Race. And here 'tis said that Cyrus asked the Youngman whether he would part with his Horse for a Kingdom. The Youngman made answer, I would not take a Kingdom in Exchange, but I would part with him to oblige a good man. Well then, says Cyrus, I will show you a place where if you fling any thing winking you can't miss a good man. Show them me (replied the Sacian) that I may fling this clod among them. Then Cyrus pointed him to a place where a great many of his Friends were. He flung at a venture with his Eyes shut, and by chance hit Pheraulas as he passed by. For he was at that time employed upon a Message by 
Pheraulas as solely intent upon Cyrus his Business.  Cyrus. When he was struck he would not so much as turn about, but went on without any Intermission to do what he was sent about. The Sacian opening his Eyes asked who 'twas that he had struck. None of those that are here, answered Cyrus. I'm sure (says the Youngman) it could be none of those that are absent. Yes, says Cyrus, you struck him that rides full speed by those Chariots yonder. How comes it to pass then, says he, that he did not turn back? Why he is a mad man (replied Cyrus) as you see plain enough. When the Youngman heard this he went to see who ' 'twas. And as he was going he met with Pheraulas with his Beard and Chin all bloody, which was caused by the bleeding of his Nose. When he was come to him, he asked him whether he had been struck or no. You see I have, replied he. Then (says he) i'll give you this Horse: upon what account, says Pheraulas. Here the Sacian up and told him the whole business, and withal (says he) I think I have not missed a good man. Then said Pheraulas, had you been wise you would have reserved this present for a greater Man than I am. But I accept it, and heartily desire of the Gods (by whose will it fell out that you hit me) that I may be in a capacity of making such a requital that you may not repent of this Gift. But now for the present, here take my Horse, and I will be with you again by and by. And so they made an exchange.  
Among the Cadusians, Rathonices overcame. Cyrus' made the Chariots also run races. And to all the Victors he gave Oxen to feast withal and Cups. He himself took an Ox because he was Victor, and gave Pheraulas part of his Cups because he had pleased him in ordering the Procession. And this same way of Procession which was then instituted by Cyrus is still retained by the King at this day, only there are no Oxen led forth when there is no Sacrifice to be offered. After they had made an end of this solemnity they returned to the City, and those who had Houses given them repaired to them, those who had not, went to their Ranks. But Pheraulas entertained the Sacian who gave him 
Pheraulas his Gratitude.  the Horse, in his own Lodgings, and among other rarities, after Supper he filled those Cups which he had of Cyrus, and drank to him out of them, and afterwards gave them to him. The Sacian looking about him, and seeing a great deal of fine Hangings and other rich furniture, and a great many Servants, tell me Pheraulas (says he) are you one of those who are great Men only at home? Yes (replied Pheraulas) I am one of those great Men that get their living with their Hands. My Father made a hard shift to maintain and educate me while I was a Boy, by his own Labour, but when I grew up to be a Man, because he could not keep me in Idleness, he put me out into the Country to Work. And there I in requital afforded him a maintenance by delving in my Garden, and by husbanding a little Field, but one that was very just and grateful. For whatsoever it received, it returned with Interest. And one time above the rest, I remember it returned me double increase. And after this rate I lived while I was at home. But now all these things which you see here, Cyrus gave me. Then said the Sacian, Well I take you to be a very happy Man as in other respects, so particularly upon this account, because from a Poor Man you are made rich. For your former want and vehement desire of Riches must needs make them relish much the better now you have them. Do you think then (replied Pheraulas) that I live so much the pleasanter now I am Rich? I don't find that my Meat; Drink, or Sleep is one jot sweeter now than 'twas when I was Poor. This is all 
Pheraulas his generous mind in contemning Riches.  that I get by being Rich, that now I have more to keep, more distributions to make, more to Care for, and more Trouble to undergo. For now I have a great many Servants to be fed and clothed, and physiced. One brings me word that my Sheep are torn by Wolves, another, that my Oxen have broke their Necks from a Precipice, and another that a Pest is got among my cattle. So that I am apt to think I have had more Trouble and Vexation in my great Possessions, then when I had nothing at all. But however (says the Sacian) when you see all things prosper and thrive, you must needs enjoy more pleasure in your large Possessions than I. Ay but (says Pheraulas) there is not half so much Pleasure in possessing as there is Trouble in losing. And the Truth of what I say will appear from this Observation, that the pleasure of having a great Estate does not hinder a man from Sleeping; whereas those that lose any thing cannot Sleep for the sorrow and Vexation. Neither can a man Sleep for pleasure when he has newly received something. You say true, replied Pheraulas, for if 'twere as pleasant to possess a thing as 'tis to receive it, the Rich Man would have the advantage of the Poor Man by much in Happiness. But he that has a great deal must make great disbursements, partly for the Service of the Altar, partly in collations upon his Friends, and partly in Hospitality towards Strangers. Whosoever therefore has his Heart much set upon Money, must needs be much troubled at every expense. But (says the Sacian) I am not of that number, for I think the greatest happiness of having a great deal lies in this, that a Man may spend a great deal. Well (replied Pheraulas) you are a happy Man, and have made me so too. Take therefore all that is here and do with it what you please, and keep me with you in the Nature of a Guest, or if you please somewhat meaner. For 'twill content me well enough to partake of what you have: you jest sure, replied the Sacians No, says Pheraulas, I swear I am in earnest. Neither is this all that I will do for you, for I will prevail with Cyrus to dispense with your absence at Court, and to exempt you from all Military Services, that so you may live in all manner of plenty at home. This I will do both for my own sake and yours. And if I chance to get any other good thing either by my serving of Cyrus, or by any Military Office, that will I bring to you to increase your store. Only do you ease me of this Care. For if I may be disengaged from these things, I believe you will be very serviceable both to me and Cyrus. After this passed between them, they struck a bargain and stood to it. And so the one thought himself now very happy in that he was Master of so much Wealth, and the other thought himself most happy in that he had a Steward to manage his business for him, and that he was now Master of his own time.  
Now 'twas the Nature of Pheraulas to take 
Pheraulas his Natural ●…isposition.  great delight in making Friends. And 'twas his opinion that there was not so much pleasure and profit to be had from any one thing as from obliging Men. For among all Creatures he took Man to be the best and the most grateful, because he saw that those who were commended by any one would be very officious in commending them again, and that Men were very forward to oblige them who had shown them any favour. And that they were more grateful to their Parents then any other Creatures, whether alive or dead. Pheraulas therefore was very glad that being now disentangled from other Cares he could serve his other Friends. And the Sacian was as glad on his side that he should now live in a plentiful Condition. The Sacian loved Pheraulas because he always brought him some new thing. And Pheraulas loved him because he would receive all, and tho' he had daily more and more to look after, yet he took all the Trouble to himself. And this was the manner of life which they led.  
Cyrus, when he had done Sacrifice, and made a Feast for joy of the Victory, invited some of his choice Friends whom he knew to be well-affected towards him. And amongst these he invited Artabazus the Mede, Tigranes the Armenian, Hyrcanius the Captain of the Horse, and Gobryas: Gadatas had the ordering of the Feast. And as often as Cyrus had any to Sup with him Gadatas did not sit down, but mind his Charge. But if Cyrus had no Company Gadatas used to sit with him. For Cyrus was mightily delighted with the Conversation of Gadatas, who upon that account was much honoured 
Cyrus observes a certain Me. thod in seating his Guests at Table.  by Cyrus, and by others for Cyrus his sake. When the Guests that were invited were come to Supper, he did not place them at a venture, but whom he honoured most he set at the lefthand, because that is most exposed to Treachery, the next to him he placed on the right-Hand, the next on the left again, and so on. He thought it convenient to have it known openly how much every one was honoured. For when Men think that he that excels the rest has neither honour nor reward, 'tis impossible there should be any Emulation between them. But when 'tis observed that the best Man has the preference, than all contend for eminency with the greatest alacrity. And thus Cyrus quickly made it appear by seating his Guests who were his greatest Favourites. But he would not that every one should always fit in that place which was first allotted him. But he settled it for an order, that he that had done any Worthy Action should be advanced to a more Honourable Place; and that he that behaved himself ill should be degraded. Cyrus also thought it would reflect upon him, if he did not bestow some signal benefits upon those whom he preferred in sitting. And these Institutions of Cyrus are still observed.  
While they were at Supper Gobryas did not at all admire at the splendidness of the entertainment, because he considered the greatness of the Person. 
Gobryas admires the Humanity of Cyrus.  But he could not choose but wonder to see that a Person of Cyrus his Quality, whenever he lighted upon a more delicate bit then ordinary, would not eat it alone, but trouble himself with ask his Friends to partake with him. Nay, he observed that sometimes he would send some of his delicacies to his absent Friends. Wherefore says Gobryas to Cyrus when Supper was ended, I thought before that your excellence above other men lay in your skill of Military Discipline: But now I see you are a better Friend than a Soldier. I confess (replied Cyrus) the Offices of kindness are much more pleasing to me, than the Works of Military Discipline. And why so? Says Gobryas. Because (says he) whenever I show these I do Mischief, whereas the other are beneficial to Mankind.  
When they had drank pretty fre●…ly, says Hystaspas 
Why Cyrus preferred Chrysantas before Hystaspas.  to Cyrus, Will not you be angry with me, Cyrus, if I ask you somewhat which I have a mind to? No, I shall rather be angry with you (says he) if I perceive you suppress any thing which you would ask me about. Then tell me, Cyrus, did I ever refuse to come when you sent for me? Good Words pray, replied Cyrus. Was I ever slack in obeying your Orders? No, nor that. Did you ever Command me any thing which I did not perform? No, I have no reason to complain of any such thing. But of all the things which I have done, is there any that was not done with that cheerfulness and pleasure as it ought? No, I can least of all tax you with that. Then tell me, Cyrus, how has Chrysantas so far obliged you, that he should be placed in a more Honourable Seat then myself? Shall I tell you? Said Cyrus. Yes, by all means, replied Hystaspas. But than you must also promise me that you will not be angry when you hear the Truth. No, I shall be rather pleased, if I find I am not wronged. Why then in the first place, this Chrysantas did not use to stay till he was sent for, but would come to me of his own accord, when he thought I had any business for him to do. Besides, he did not only do what was commanded him, but whatsoever he thought would be for my profit to have done. And as often as any thing was to be said to my Fellow-soldiers he would always give me his advice concerning whatsoever he thought agreeable to be spoken. And when he observed that I would fain have my Soldiers know something, but was hindered by overmodesty from delivering it myself, he would so declare the matter to them as if 'twas his own opinion. Upon this account therefore he was a greater Friend to me then I to myself. Besides, he always declares himself content with the present, but for my profit he thinks he can never enough improve it. In the last place, he rejoices more for any good Fortune of mine, than I do myself. Then said Hystaspas, By Juno I'm glad that I asked you about this. Why so? Says Cyrus. Because (says he) I will now endeavour to do the same. But I'm ignorant of one thing, how I shall make it appear that I rejoice at your good Fortunes. Must I show it by clapping my Hands, or by laughing, or what must I do? Then said Artabazus you must cut a Persian Caper. At which Words they all fell a laughing.  
When they had drank on a little higher, says Cyrus to Gobryas, Tell me, Gobryas, are you more willing to bestow your Daughter upon one of these now, then when you were first Conversant among us? Will you give me leave to tell Truth? Replied Gobryas. Yes (says Cyrus) for no Question stands in need of a lie. Then (says he) I am more willing. Can you give us a reason for it? says Cyrus. Yes I can. Because than I observed that you could not bear labours and dangers with an even and patient Spirit. But now I perceive you can bear Prosperity with the same Moderation. And I think (Cyrus) that 'tis a rarer thing to find one that can bear Prosperity as he should, than Adversity. For the former is apt to make Men Insolent, whereas the latter is apt to make them Modest. Then said Cyrus, Do you hear Hystaspas, what Gobryas says? Yes (says he) and if I hear any more of the same from him, I shall be a more earnest Suitor for his Daughter than if he showed me his Cupboard full of Plate. Why, says Gobryas, I can show you a great deal more of the same in writing, if you will marry my Daughter. Then said Cyrus, If you Hystaspas, or any of the rest will but tell me when you have a mind to Marry, you shall see how much I will befriend you. But suppose (said Gobryas) any of us be minded to Marry his Daughter, whom must we tell that to? Make me privy to that too, replied Cyrus, for I understand this Art mighty well. What Art? Says Chrysantas. Why, the Art of matchmaking. Then tell me (says Chrysantas) what kind of Wife would be fittest for me. In the first place (says he) one that 
Cyrus' joaks with his Courtiers.  is little, because you are a little Man yourself. Whereas if you Mary a tall Woman, when ever you have a mind to kiss her as she stands upright, you must leap like a Camel. That (replied the other) is well thought of, for I am not at all made for a Leper. In the next place, one that has a flat Nose would be very suitable for you. Why so? Because (says he) you yourself have a crooked Nose, and those two would do very well together. Is it fit then (says he) that I that have made a full Supper should Marry one that is fasting? Yes (says Cyrus) because a full Belly is hooked, and an empty one is flat. Then said Chrysantas, Can you tell me what kind of Wife is fit for a King that is Frigid? Here Cyrus and the rest of the Company fell a laughing. Then said Hystaspas, you are the happiest Man in your Kingdom, Cyrus, for one thing. What is that? says Cyrus. Because tho' you are so Frigid, yet you can move laughter. Then said Cyrus, I'll warrant you would not for a good deal but that you had said these things, that it may be told your Mistress how witty you are. Thus they drolled upon one another.  
After this, Cyrus brought forth a dress for a Woman's Head to Tigranes, and bade him give it his Wife, because she had such a Masculine Spirit, as to accompany her Husband to the Battle. To Artabazus he gave a Golden Cup, to Hyrcanius an Horse, with many other good things. But for your 
Cyrus gives in Marriage to Hystaspas the Daughter of Gobryas.  Daughter, Gobryas, I will give her a Husband. You shall give me then (says Hystaspas) that I may get those Writings of Gobryas. Then said Cyrus to him, have you an Estate answerable to her Fortune? Yes (says he) and a great deal more. And where (says Cyrus) does this Estate of yours lie? Why here (says he) where you sit, who are my Friend. Well (says Gobryas) that's enough for me. And with that, reaching out his Hand, Give it me, Cyrus (says he) for I stand to the bargain. Then Cyrus gave Hystaspas his Hand to Gobryas, and he shook Hands with him. Then he gave Hystaspas a great many fine Gifts to send to his Mistress. Chrysantas he took and kissed him. Then said Artabazus, Sure Cyrus the Gift which you gave me and that which you gave Chrysantas are not of the same Gold. Well, but, says Cyrus, you shall have one of the same. But when? Thirty years hence, says he. Well, says Artabazus, besure to be as good as your word, for I am resolved not to die before that time. And thus they ended their Banquet for that time. And when they rose from Table, Cyrus also rose with them, and brought them, going as far as the Gates. The next day he sent home all those Reformades, who joined themselves to his assistance, except those who were willing to dwell with him. And to those he gave Houses and Lands. Which their Posterity enjoy to this day. They were most of them Medes and Hyrcanians.  
He gave also a great many Gifts to those that went away, and after he had given them all full content, he dismissed them. Then he distributed 
Cyrus' rewards his Soldiers.  among his own Soldiers, the Money which he had at Sardis. The Captains of ten thousand and his Guard had an extraordinary Portion, every one according to his deserts, but the rest he divided, here and there as he pleased. And when he had given a certain portion to every Captain of ten, he permitted them to distribute to others, as he had done to them. The rest of the Money he ordered to be so distributed, that every Officer should make inspection into those that were under him, and so distribute the remainder according to every one's deserts. And by this means, every one had his due. After the distribution was made a great many said of Cyrus, Sure he must needs be very rich that can give so much to every one of us. Others said again, But how is that possible, for Cyrus never used to hoard up? But the truth of the business is, 'tis a greater pleasure to him, to give then to possess.  
When Cyrus heard of these discourses, and opinions of men concerning him, he called his Friends and some others together, and spoke thus to them. I have known some (my Friends) who would be thought to possess more than they do, out of a design to appear the more liberal. But in my mind they take the quite contrary way. For when a man has a great deal, and does not communicate to his Friends accordingly, he takes the ready way to be thought illiberal. Again, there are some in the World, who are of a humour to conceal their possessions. But these also seem to me not to do kindly by their Friends. For when the Value of their Estates is unknown, their indigent Friends are loath to make any applications to them for relief. Now I think the greatest Honesty and Ingenuity is to make known what a man has, and to endeavour to get the Reputation of a Liberal Man, according to the measure of his Estate. Wherefore I will show you all of my Estate which is to be seen, and as for that which is not, I will give you an Inventory of it. And with that he showed them a great part of his Treasures, and as for that which lay so far in that it could not be seen, he gave them an account of it. And now, says he, I would have you look upon this not as mine, so much as your own. For I have gathered it together, not that I may sp●… it myself, or squander it away (for that is almost impossible) but partly to Crown your Deserts, and partly to relieve your Necessities. After this man●…er did he discourse to them.  
But now when he thought matters were so ordered at Babylon that he might safely be absent from it, he began to prepare himself for an Expedition into Persia. And when he thought himself sufficiently provided with all things Necessary, he moved from Babylon. We intent to give a Relation of this Expedition, it being considerable that so great an Army should be so orderly in laying down their Carriages, and in taking them up again, and so speedy in repairing to their proper Stations upon Occasion. For where ever the King encamps, there all those that attend upon him are upon Duty in their Tents both Winter and Summer. The first thing that Cyrus did, was to pitch his Tent so that it might stand just against the rising Sun. Then in the next place, he gave order at what distance he would have the Tents of his Guard from his own. Then he appointed the 
Cyrus takes Care that they be placed in Order, and in their proper Stations.  Right-Hand place to his Bakers, and the left to his Cooks. The Right-Hand also was allotted for the Horses, and the left for other cattle. There was such distinct order kept that every one might know his Station both as to measure and as to place. Now when they are to make up their Carriages, every one packs up those things together which are assigned for his proper use, and then there are others whose office is to lead the Horses. So that by this means all the Carriers come to fetch those Goods which are allotted to their Charge, and everyone puts what is his own upon his own Horses. So the same time that serves for the removing the Goods of one Tent, serves for all. And they unload their Carriages after the same manner. Besides, every one in particular receives orders what to do, and what necessaries to provide, and so the same time that serves one to make Preparations in, serves all. And as each of those Ministers that attended on these Affairs, had his proper Station allotted him, so likewise the Soldiers had every one his own place in the Camp, and knew it very perfectly. So that they took to those that were their own immediately without any hesitation. For Cyrus considered that 'twas a very commendable thing in a Family for every thing to have its proper place, that so in case a man should want any thing he might know whither to go directly for it. But in an Army much more, because delays are there more inconvenient, by how much their Occasions are more sudden. And withal he considered what great things were done by a timely application. This was the reason that he bufied himself so much about the orderly placing of his Men. He made choice of the middle of the Camp for his own Station, because there was the most security. Round about him he had the most faithful of his Guard as he used to have, and round about them his Horsemen, and his Chariots. For these he thought had need of a secure place, because they required some long Preparation before they could use those Arms they had against the Enemy. On the Right and Lefthand of himself and his Horsemen, was the Station for the Target-men. And before and behind him and his Horsemen stood the Archers. The heavy armed Soldiers like a Wall encompassed all the rest, that so the Horse might be secured while they were preparing themselves if need were. The Target-Men and the Archers slept in the same order with the heavy-arm'd-Souldiers, that so if any invasion happened by night they might be ready to use their Arrows and Darts at a distance, as well as the other their Weapons near at Hand. Moreover all the Commanders had peculiar Signs before their Tents. So that Cyrus his Guard knew every one of their Apartments, as well as Men know one another's Houses in the City. And therefore if Cyrus had occasion to use the Service of any of them, they were not long in seeking him out, but went directly to his Tent. And whereas all of every Nation had their several Stations by themselves, it was much the easier to observe who was orderly and obedient, and who not. And being in this order, he thought if any should invade them by day or night, they would light upon his Tents, as upon an Ambuscade. He thought the skill of marshalling an Army did not confist only in knowing how to draw out the Squadrons, or to thicken them, or to make a Squadron of a Wing, or to turn towards the right, or the left, or the Rear, according to the several Postures of the Enemy: But also to know how to spread, as occasion required, and to place every part where it will do most good, and to hasten when there is need of Prevention. These he took to be the parts of a good Commander, and in all these he employed his utmost diligence. In his Expeditions he changed his Postures very often according to the variety of accidents. But when he encamped he used the forementioned order for the most part.  
Now when he was come into the Country of the Medes, he quartered with Cyaxares. And when they had embraced and saluted one another, Cyrus told him that he had now a Court in Babylon, and that if he would come thither he should be as welcome as at home. After that he made him a great many Presents. Cyaxares accepted them, and sent his Daughter to him with a Golden Crown, Jewels and Bracelets, and a very rich Median Robe. And while the young Lady was crowning Cyrus, 
Cyaxares offers his Daughter in Marriage to Cyrus.  says Cyaxares to him, you shall have this Daughter of mine, Cyrus, for your Wife. For your Father married my Father's Daughter, whose Son you are. And this is she whom you used to play withal while you were with us. And when she was asked by any one whom she would have for her Husband? She would say, Cyrus. Her Dowry shall be all Media, since I have no Male Child. These were the words of Cyaxares: to which Cyrus returned this answer, That he liked both the Lady and her Parentage, and accepted of her Gifts; but that he could promise nothing without the consent of his 
Marriage not to be contracted without the consent of Parents.  Father and Mother. And tho' Cyrus would not absolutely engage himself, yet he gave the Lady a great many such Gifts as he thought Cyaxares would like. These things being over, he made towards Persia.  
When he was come within the Confines of Persia, 
Cyrus' returns into his own Country.  he left the rest of his Army there: He himself with his Friends went to the City, carrying with him cattle enough to suffice the whole Nation of the Persians both for Sacrifice and Feasting. And Presents such as were fit to be made to his Father and Mother, Friends, Magistrates, Elders and Peers of the Kingdom. He gave also all the Persian Men and Women such Collations as use to be given at the return of the King.  
His Father Cambyses having called together an 
Cambyses makes a perpetual League of Amity betwixt his Son Cyrus and the Persians.  Assembly of the Elders and Magistrates of Persia, and Cyrus among the rest, made them an Oration to this purpose. I bear an hearty Affection both to you my Persians, and to you Cyrus. And 'tis very reasonable that I should, for you are my Subjects, and you are my Son. Wherefore it behoves me to Communicate to you whatsoever I think may be for your Interest. As for what is past, you have consulted the greatness of Cyrus, by giving him an Army, and making him General of it. And Cyrus by the well management of his trust, and the favour of Heaven, has made you great and glorious in the esteem of all Men, and filled all Asia with the dread of your Name; has enriched the chiefest of those that listed themselves under his conduct, and took care to supply the common Soldiers both with their pay and their diet. If therefore you continue in the same mind for the time to come, you will mightily contribute to the promotion of each other. But if either you, Cyrus, lifted up with the success of your vudertaking, design nothing but your own private interest in the Government of the Persians as of Strangers. Or if you, my Citizens, envy his growing Power, and endeavour to alienate the Kingdom from him; know for certain that you will prove an hindrance to one another in many great Achievements. In order therefore to the prevention of these mischiefs, it seems good to me that after our solemn addresses made to the Gods, we enter into this Covenant: That you Cyrus in case of any foreign invasion or innovation offered to the Laws of Persia, be ready to assist the Persians to the utmost of your Power. And that you Persians, if any endeavour to depose Cyrus, or to stir up his Subjects to Rebellion against him, afford him your assistance. While I live the Kingdom of Persia is mine, but after my decease 'tis plain that it devolves to Cyrus. When Cyrus is here in Persia 'twill be best for him to offer Sacrifice in your behalf, as I do now. But in his absence, I think it most convenient for one of the Royal Family to do it, whom you shall best approve of. When Cambyses had thus said, Cyrus and the Persian Magistrates agreed upon the Premises by common consent, and entered it among the Decrees. And this solemn League which was then confirmed is, now constantly observed to this day. And when these things were ended, Cyrus departed.  
And when he was come into Media, by his Parent's 
Cyrus marries Cyaxares' Daughter.  consent he married Cyaxares his Daughter, who, as they say, was a very beautiful Lady. Some Historians say that he married his Mother's Sister, but that's improbable, because she would have been at that time an Old Woman. When the solemnities of his marriage were over, he went away with her. And when he was come to Babylon he thought it now concerned him to set Deputy-Governours over the Nations which he had conquered; for as 
Cyrus' Policy.  for the Governors of the Castles and Garrisons, and the Tribunes of those who were upon Guard all about the Country, he would not have them under any besides himself. For by this means he thought that in case any of the Deputy-Governours, upon the account of their greatness, or the number of their Subjects, should behave themselves insolently, and refuse to yield obedience, they might have their Adversaries ready to encounter them in the very same Country. Being therefore resolved upon this Expedient, he thought it necessary to summon them together, and acquaint them with the business, that those who were to be sent might know what their errand was. For than he thought they would take it the better. Whereas if they should find it out after they were invested with their Power, he thought they would take it amiss, as if they were not fit to be trusted. Having therefore convened them together, he said thus to them: We have Garrisons (my Friends) in our conquered Cities, and Governors in them which we left there. To these I gave order at my last parting with them, that they should not attempt any thing of their own Heads, but make it their whole business to look to the Garrisons. Now I do not think it fit to divest these of their Power, because they have so well discharged their trust. But I must send other Deputies who may preside over the inhabitants of those Countries, receive Tribute and pay the Garrison-Men their Stipend, and do what ever else is necessary to be done. And as for those of you who live here, whom I employ upon business abroad among those Nations, I think I must give you Houses and Lands there, that so they may know whither to bring their Tribute, and that when they come they may be entertained. When he had thus said, he gave most of his Friends Houses and Servants in the conquered Cities. And their Posterity have the same in Possession at this day, though they themselves reside in the Kings Court. It is necessary moreover (says he) that we pick out such Deputies for those Countries, who will be mindful to send over hither whatever choice Commodity every Country affords, that so we that are here may partake of all manner of their good things. For if any ill befalls them we must be concerned in their protection. When he had thus said, he commissioned some of his choice Friends that were willing to go, to be Deputies according to the Conditions proposed. To Arabia he sent Megabizus. To Cappadocia Artabazus. To Phrygia the greater Artacamas. To Lycia and jonia Chrysantas. To Caria Adusius, who was desired by the People of the Place. To Phrygia near Hellespont and Aeolis, Pharnuchus. But to Cilicia, Cyprus and Paphlagonia, he sent no Persian Deputies, because they offered to side with Cyrus against the Babylonians of their own accord. But however, he imposed a Tribute upon these as well as the rest.  
The Garrisons remain still in the King's Power according to Cyrus his Constitution at that time, and the Tribunes of the Garrisons are deputed by the King, and their Estates have a tax upon them. Moreover he charged all the Deputies which he sent, that whatever they had seen him do, they should imitate as near as they could. That they should in 
Cyrus' his Command to his Deputies.  the first place, take their Horsemen and Coachmen out of those Persians and other Associates that accompanied them. And that they should make all Householders and Masters of Estates frequent the Gates, that so they might live temperately, and be ready to serve the Deputy upon any occasion. That they should Educate and Discipline their Children at the Gate, as the manner was with him. That the Deputy should have those that attended at the Gates out hunting pretty often, and Exercise both himself and his men in feats of Arms. And for your encouragement (says he) whosoever according to his Ability shall furnish me with most Chariots, and train up most Horsemen, him will I Honour as an excellent Fellow-soldier, and one that is a Fellow-Guardian both of the Persian Dominions and of my own.  
And I would have you honour those that are best deserving with pre-eminence of place, as I do. And I would have you keep such a Table as I do, one that is sufficient to diet those of your own Family, and withal to spare some portions to your Friends, and to honour those who perform some notable exploit every day. I would also have you keep Forests for Game, and never to sit down to meals till you have undergon some labour, nor to bait your Horses unexercised. For 'tis impossible, that I alone upon mere Humane Strength should keep up your Interest. But 'tis necessary that I employ all my Courage and Forces to help you, and you all yours to help me. And I would have you also consider, that I lay none of these Injunctions upon Servants which I do upon you. And that what I require from you, is no more than what I perform myself. In the last place, as I would have you imitate me, so would I have you persuade the inferior Magistrates to imitate you. And according to this order of Cyrus, all the Garrisons are at this day under the immediate Command of the King, all the Gates of the Magistrates are officiously frequented, all Houses great and small are governed the same way, all those that are eminently deserving are honoured with pre-eminence of place. All Expeditions are ordered in the same manner, and Multitudes of Affairs are compendiously managed by a few Governors. When he had thus instructed them how to demean themselves, and given every one of them a Company of Soldiers he dismissed them, telling them that they must prepare for a General Muster against the next Year. And in this also Cyrus set a Pattern to Posterity, which they still imitate.  
For some Body visits all the Countries round with an Army every Year, and if any of the Deputies wants help he helps him. And if any of them behave themselves insolently he controls him. If any refuse to pay his Tribute, or to defend the Inhabitants, or to manure the Ground, or to perform any of those things which are commanded him, all this he reforms. But in case it be more than he can do, he gives his Information to the King. He upon the hearing of the business gives Sentence. Oftentimes the King's Son, or the King's Brother, or those whom they call the King's Eyes, go the rounds privately. For every one of these return again at the King's Command.  
There is another expedient which Cyrus invented for the grandeur of his Kingdom, whereby he might know how the state of things were at never so great a distance. For having considered how far 
Post-Horses first ordered by Cyrus.  a sound, able Horse could conveniently go in a day, he ordered Stables to be made at every one of those distances, and he placed Horses in them all with men on purpose to look after them. Moreover in every one of these Stages he ordered one whose business was to receive the Letters that were brought, and to deliver them to others. And to receive the Men and Horses that were woary, and to supply fresh ones. So that these journeys sometimes were not ended with the day, but a night Post succeeded the other. And after this rate, they say they would make dispatch in their journeys equal to the flight of Cranes. But however, that may smell of a Romance, yet this is certain, that of all Foot-journeys there is none to compare with this in Expedition. And 'tis very good, immediately upon the notice of any accident to take Care about it, without any delay.  
After this year was over, Cyrus gathered all his Army together at Babylon, and 'tis said, he had an hundred and twenty thousand Horse, two thousand hooked Chariots, and six hundred thousand Foot. And with these Forces, he made that famous Expedition, 
Cyrus subdues many Nations.  wherein 'tis said, he subdued all those Nations that live beyond Syria, as far as the Red-Sea. After this, 'tis said he made an Expedition into Egypt, and overcame it. So that now Cyrus' Dominions were bounded toward the East, with the Red-sea, toward the North with the Euxin-Sea, toward the West with Cyprus and Egypt, toward the South with Aethiopia. The extreme Coasts of which Countries are scarce habitable, partly through heat, partly through cold, partly through abundance of Water, and partly through the want of it. Cyrus 
At what Places be●… 〈◊〉 ●…o make his abode.  himself living in the middle of these, used to spend seven months in the Winter time at Babylon, because that's a hot Country. Three months in the Spring at Susa. Two months in midsummer at Ecbatanc. And for this he was said to live always in Summer, Winter and Spring.  
Now he had such Interest in the Affections of all Men, that every Nation would think themselves 
Cyrus is beloved by all.  mightily damaged, if they did not send to Cyrus whatever good things their Country afforded, whether Natural or Artificial. Every City, nay every private Man thought themselves abundantly rich, if they could but oblige Cyrus. For he accepted every Present that was made him, whereof the givers had plenty of the same kind. And in requital supplied them, with whatsoever he perceived they wanted. After he had lived on after this manner for a considerable time, he came again into Persia 
Cyrus' last journey into Persia.  (which was the seventh time that he visited it since he was King) being now a very old Man. And now by this time his Father and Mother (as 'tis very likely) had been long dead. Here Cyrus as his manner was, performed all the solemnities of Sacrifice, leading a Choir of Persians after his Country fashion, and distributed Gifts among his Friends. One 
The approach of Cyrus his Death is rev●…'d to him in a Vision.  day as he was asleep in his Palace, he saw this Vision; some body seemed to come to him in a Divine Form, and to speak thus to him. Prepare yourself. Cyrus, for you are now to go to the Gods. When he had seen the Vision, he awoke, and was very sensible that his Life drew now to an end. Whereupon he offered Sacrifice to Jupiter the Guardian of his Country, the Sun and the rest of the Gods upon the tops of the Mountains (as the custom of the Persians is) and withal offered up this Prayer. Accept, O Jupiter, and thou O Sun, and ye other Gods the Rites which I now perform, and wherewith I close up many great and brave Actions. I thank you for instructing me what to do or omit by Entrails, Celestial Signs and Auguries. I also give you many thanks for the sense which I have of your Care of me, and that you have not suffered me in the greatest Gales of Prosperity to forget either myself or you. And I entreat you that you would now be propitious to my Children, Wife, Friends and Country. And for my own part, all that I desire of you, is, that you would be as favourable to me in my Death as you have been in my Life.  
After this he returned home, and laid himself down to take a little repose. At the usual time, his Servants came to him to know whether he would wash, he desired them not to disturb him, for he was in a sweet slumber. At meal time they came after their custom and set meat before him. But Cyrus was not disposed to eat, but seemed to be very thirsty, and thereupon drank with a great deal of pleasure. When he had continued two or three days in the same condition, he called his Children together (who lived at that time in Persia) and his Friends, and the Magistrates of Persia, and when they were all before him, he began this his last Speech to them.  
I am assured (my Children and Friends) and 
Cyrus' his last and most wise Speech.  that by many tokens, that the end of my Life is now at Hand. And I would have you after my decease in all your Words and Actions to behave yourselves towards me as one that is happy; for when I was a Boy I enjoyed all the excellencies proper to that Age, and when I was a Youngman all that were proper to that, and when I was of a full manly Age all that were agreeable then. And after that I felt my strength still increasing with my Age. I never perceived my Old-Age to be any thing more infirm than my Youth, neither do I remember that ever I desired or undertook any thing which I did not succeed in. I have seen my Friends advanced in their Fortunes by me, and my Enemies by me reduced to servitude, and my Country which before made no Figure at all in Asia, I now leave in great Glory and Splendour. Neither did I ever lose any thing of all that I got. And tho' I was successful in all my undertake for the time past, yet there was a certain fear of the various turns of Fortune which always checked my rising Spirit, and tempered the extravagance of my joy. But now I die I shall leave you my Children surviving, and my Country and my Friends in a happy State. How then is it possible that I should not be esteemed happy, and live for ever in the memory of Men? But I must declare who shall succeed me, lest the omission of that occasion after-disturbances. I love you (my Sons) both alike, but I give the pre-eminence of Counsel and Government to him that is the Elder, and in all likelihood has most Experience. For as I have been taught by the customs of our Country to give place to my Elders, not only Brothers but also Citizens, whether in the way, or in sitting, or in speaking; so did I ever accustom you (my Sons) to give place to your Elders, and to take place of your Inferiors. Submit then to what I say, as that which is primitive, customary, and confirmed by the Authority of the Laws. The Kingdom than is yours, Cambyses as much as the Gods, and I can make it. And to you Tanaoxares, I give the Lie utenantship of Media, Armenia and Cadusia. And in this, I think I give you the largest Empire. Your Elder Brother, indeed, has the Name of a King; but you have all the happpiness of it, without the Trouble. For I cannot imagine what Humane delight you can want: For you will have the Command of all those things wherein men place Happiness. But now as for the love of those things which are difficult to be accomplished, the Trouble and Anxiety in a Multitude of Affairs, a way of life that is a stranger to all rest, and the Designs and Suspicions of Treachery, all this will be the lot of him that has the Kingdom. And these I am sure are enough to sour the Gaieties and Pleasantness of Life. And I would have you know (my Cambyses) that 'tis not this Sceptre that must be the Guardian of your Kingdom, but that faithful Friends are a King's best Sceptre. But I would not have you think, that Men are faithful by Nature (for then, as all other Natural Agents, they would be alike to all) but those that are faithful must be made so. And the way to do that, is not by Violence, but by Obligations and Arts of Indearment. Wherefore, if you have a mind to take any Partners to share with you in the administration of the Government, be sure to take none but those who are of the same Country with yourself. For Fellow-Citizens, have a nearer Relation to us, than Foreigners, and those of the same Family, than Strangers. But those who are descended of, and educated by the same Parents, and have grown up together in the same House, and call the same Persons Father and Mother, how is it possible but that they should be under the greatest ties of Affection imaginable? Let not therefore those Endearments, whereby the Gods unite Brothers, be bestowed upon you in Vain. But upon these Foundations of Nature, do you raise a superstructure of kindness and benevolence, that so your Friendship may be impregnable. For he that takes Care for his Brother, taketh Care for himself. For upon whom does the advancement of a Brother reflect so much Ornament and Credit, as upon his Brother? Who will Honour a Person of great Quality, so much as his Brother? Whom will a man more fear, then him who has a Brother in great Power? Therefore, let no Man be more ready to obey your Brother upon all occasions, than yourself; considering that you are more concerned in his Prosperity, or Adversity, than any one besides. And I would have you consider this, Who is there whom you can oblige more to your own Interest, than your Brother? What stronger Associate can you make by your help in War? Whom is it more dishonourable not to love, than your Brother? Whom is it more commendable to observe and honour, than your Brother? Your Brother (my Cambyses) is the only Person whom you may prefer without the hazard of envy. Wherefore I entreat you (my Sons) by the Gods of my Country, that if you have any desire to please me, you would show it by mutually honouring and loving one another. For I would not have you persuade yourselves that after this life of mine is ended, I shall be nothing. For you did not see my Soul while I was living, any more than you will after I am dead, but you concluded its Existence from its Operations. Have you not yet observed what terrors the Souls of the Murdered, ●…rike upon the Murderers? And how they take revenge upon the wicked? Do you think the dead would retain such honour as they do among Men, if their Souls had now no being? Indeed (my Children) I could never persuade myself that my Soul had such dependence upon my Body as to live while in it, and to perish when out of it. For I see that 'tis the Soul which is the Principle of life to these Mortal Bodies. Neither can I be persuaded that the Soul is destitute of all sense and perception when 'tis separated from this senseless Body. But on the contrary, I find it most reasonable to believe that in this state of purity and freedom, the Soul is much more knowing then before. In the dissolution of a man 'tis plain to be seen that every part returns to it's proper Principle, except only the Soul which is neither visible then nor before. Consider that nothing more resembles death, than sleep does. Now in sleep, the Soul gives the greatest evidence of its Divinity, and foresees things to come, being then in a state of the greatest freedom. If then the Soul survives after it has taken its farewell of the Body (as I verily believe it does) fulfil this my desire out of reverence to my Soul. But in case it be otherwise, and my Soul die with my Body, yet however fear the Gods who are Immortal, Omniscient and Omnipotent, who preserve the order of the Universe, and secure its Beauty and Greatness from the decays of time; fear them, I say, and have a Care how you commit or design any Wickedness. And next to the Gods I would have you reverence the succeeding Generations of Mankind. For the Gods have not placed you in the dark, but where your Actions will be conspicuous to the Eyes of the World. Which if they are pure and just, will advance you among Mankind. But if you deal injuriously one by another, you will have no credit among Men. For how is it possible that any should confide in you, when they observe you cannot forbear injuring your nearest Relatives? Now if you think my Instructions are fit to be followed, well and good; but if not, I would have you learn by the Examples of those that have gone before us, what is best to be done. There are great examples of the love of Parents toward their Children, and the love of Brothers one towards another. And there are many instances of the contrary: Your wisest way will be to follow the example of those whom you observe to have prospered best. Now for my Body after I am dead, I would not have you put it either in Gold or Silver or any other thing, but lay it in the Ground immediately. For what is better than to be hid in the Earth, which is the Mother and Nurse of all good things? For as in my life time I have been a lover of Men, so after my decease 'twill rejoice me to partake of that which is most beneficial to mankind. But I perceive I now begin to fail, and therefore if any one of you have a mind to take me by the Hand, or to look me in the Face now while I am alive, let him draw nigh. But I entreat you (My Sons) again and again, that neither you yourselves, nor any man else, offer to stare upon my Body after I am covered. Let all the Persians and my Fellow-soldiers be called to my Funeral, that they may congratulate my happiness, as being now out of the reach of all evil, whether I enjoy the society of God, or am reduced to nothing. And I would have you bestow upon as many as come, such Collations as use to be given at the Funeral of a happy Man. The last iostruction which I commend to your Memory is this, that if you do good to your Friends you will be in a capacity to punish your Enemies. And now (my dear Children) farewel, and commend me to your Mother. And farewel all my Friends, you who are here present, and you who are absent. When he had thus said, and given his Hand to all of them, he covered up himself, and died.  
That the Kingdom of Cyrus was the greatest and the most glorious that Asia ever knew, will be evident upon a survey of it. It was bounded Eastward with the Red-Sea, Northward with the Euxin-Sea, Westward with Cyprus and Egypt, and Southward with Aethiopia. And yet tho' 'twas of such a large extent, it was governed by the sole management 
The Conclusion of the History, which compares the ancient Customs of the Persians with the modern.  of Cyrus, who honoured and endeared his Subjects to him like Children, and was reverenced by them as a Father. But assoon as he was dead, there began a feud among his Sons, Cities and Nations revolted, and all things began to turn for the worse. And that this may appear to be true, the first instance that I give shall be in point of Religion. 'Tis well known that formerly if the King or his Officers had made a solemn contract with any (tho' the greatest Villains imaginable) they stood firm to their Words. For had they not done so, and gained themselves the Reputation of Honest Men in the World, those that came over to the aid of Cyrus and accompanied him in his marches, would never have trusted him, any more than they do his Successors, who are known to be perfidious. But now when they had committed themselves to them upon the account of their former credit, they were brought before the King and had their Heads cut off. A great many also of the Barbarians who accompanied Cyrus in this last Expedition, were by false pretences decoyed into their ruin. They degenerate also in this from their Forefathers. For heretofore if any one had hazarded his Life for the King, or had added a City or a Nation to his Dominions, or had done any other remarkable piece of Service for the King, they were sure to be honoured and rewarded for it. But now there is no other way for preferment, but by betraying one's Father as Mithridates did, out of a pretence to serve the King, or by pawning one's Wife and Children and Friends as Leomithres did at Egypt, or by the breach of Vows. And these ill Examples have gained upon the greatest part of Asia. For as the Governors are, so for the most part are those that are under their Charge. And by this means, People are more wicked now, than they were formerly.  
They are also more given to rapine and extortion, now then before. For they do not only seize upon the notoriously wicked, but upon the innocent, and make them pay Money against all reason and equity. So that now 'tis as dangerous a thing to have a good Estate, as to be wicked. And men are now afraid to converse with those that are in authority above them, or to join themselves with the King's Forces. So that any one that has a mind to wage War against them, may traverse all over the Country without the least resistance, because of their impiety towards the Gods, and their oppressions towards Men. And in this respect also they are worse than formerly.  
Neither have they the same regard to their Bodies now as they had before. It was a piece of Discipline among them not to spit, or blow their Noses. But 'tis plain that this was not enjoined to spare the moisture of their Bodies, but that they should make them solid with Labour and Sweat. Now indeed they retain the formality of not spitting or blowing their Noses, but they care not how little they use bodily Exercise. It was also an order among them to make but one Meal a day, that they might have the more time for Business and Exercise. Now indeed the custom of eating but once a day, still remains, but then they begin assoon as those that dine earliest, and continue at it as long as those that go to bed latest.  
They had also a custom not to bring forth any Bottles at a Feast, because they thought it would be best for the Health of their Bodies and Minds not to drink too much. And now indeed there are no Bottles brought into play, but then they drink at such a med rate, that instead of bringing in, they themselves have need to be carried out.  
It was also a custom with them not to eat or drink in a Journey, or to ease nature openly: Now the custom of abstaining from these things is still kept up, but then their journeys are so short, that their abstinence is no such great wonder.  
Heretofore they used to go abroad hunting so often, that they had no need of any other Exercise, either for themselves or their Horses: But after that King Artaxerxes and his Nobles began to drown themselves in Wine, they left off all hunting, or if they did now and then use it, yet they would have none out along with them, because they envied at and hated those that loved the Exercise of hunting, as better men than themselves. They still retain the custom of disciplining their Youths at the Gates, but to learn the Art of riding is quite out of date, because they are in a place, where they have no opportunity to credit themselves by giving any Specimen of it.  
Another instance of their corrupt manners is this, that whereas formerly their Youngmen had good notions of Justice instilled into them by hearing just Judgement given upon Causes in the Court. Now they see that those win the day who give the largest Fees. Heretofore their Boys were instructed in the Natures of Herbs, that they might use those that are wholesome, and forbear those that are hurtful. But now they Study their qualities only to know how to do mischief. So that there is no where so much poifoning as among them.  
They are now also more effeminate and Voluptuous, then in Cyrus his time. For than they used the Discipline and Continence of the Persians, and the gallantry and spruceness of the Medes; but now they have let fall the Persian Discipline, and retain the Median Luxury: Of which I will give a little description. In the first place, they are not contented to have soft Down Beds, but even the feet of the Bed must rest upon Tapestry, for the pleasure of a yielding softness. Then as for their Cookery, nothing of the former inventions is abated, and new Ar●…ices are found out. In the Winter time 'tis not enough for them to have their Head, Body or Feet covered, but they must wear thick Furs home to the very ends of their Fingers. In the Summer they are not contented with shady Walks and cool Grotts, but they must have Men stand by and hold Umbrella's over their Heads. If they have great store of Plate, they pride themselves mightily in showing it, but to have gotten it by indirect means, that they reckon no scandal at all. For they are quite overrun with Injustice and Covetousness.  
'Twas a custom with them formerly never to take Journeys on Foot, and that for no other rea on but to train them up to riding. But now they have more clothes upon their Horses then upon their Beds, for their Care is not to learn to ride well, but to sit easily. Now as for their Military Exercises, how can they otherwise choose but be much worse than they were? For before 'twas a custom that all those who had Estates should supply so many Horsemen for the Militia, and that the Garrison Men should fight for pay in the defence of their Country. But now the Porters, Bakers, Cooks, Butlers, Keepers of the Bains, those that set the Meat upon the Table and take away, those who have them to Bed, and call them up a mornings, those who Paint them and make every thing sit neat about them, these are the Men whom the Magistrates pick out for Horsemen. And these indeed serve to make up a number of Men, but there is no use of them at all in War, as appears by what they do. For Cyrus took them out of the number of the light-harnessed Soldiers, and armed both them and their Horses, and gave every one of them a Javelin that so he might use them in close fight.  
Now they neither skirmish with the Enemy, nor fight Hand to Hand. Their Footmen have now their Holbards, their Falchions and their Axes, with which they may fight, as they did in Cyrus his time, but even these don't dare to engage. Neither do they use their hooked Chariots to those purposes for which Cyrus designed them. For he had good stout well disciplined Coachmen to make an onset upon the Body of the Enemy, whereas the Persians that are now adays, put up them whom they don't so much as know, and think that such raw undisciplined Fellows are able to cope with those that are well Disciplined. And these indeed do sometimes adventure to drive in upon the Enemy, but before they can get within them, either they fall out of the Coach-Box, or leap down of their own accord. And then their Chariots having lost their Drivers, do more prejudice to their own Party, then to the Enemy. For when they perceive how poorly they are provided for War, they yield up themselves. Neither will any of them make War without the assistance of the Grecians, whether they are to fight against one another, or against the Grecians themselves. And thus I think I have made good the Charge which I undertook, viz.  
That the Persians and their Cohabitants are now less Religious towards the Gods, less affectionate toward their Relations, more unjust towards others, and more effeminate in War than before. If any one be of a contrary Persuasion, let him consider their Actions and he shall find that they justify the Character which I give of them.  
FINIS