¶ Prologus.  
IN the name of ower saviour Christ jesus maker & redeemer of all mankind/ I Laurens Andrew of the town of Calis have translated for johnes does bo/ row book prenter in the cite of And warp this present volume divided in three parts which was never before in no maternal language printed till now/ The natural master aristotel saith that every body be the course of nature is inclined to here & see all that refresheth & quickeneth the spreties of man/ wherefore I have thus in this book following written the nature of many beasts on earth/ fowls in the air & fishes in the water/ which be wonderful and marvelous to be herd of/ and how these foresaid be natured and formed which be figured at every chapter. ¶ And first of all I will speak of man because he is most worthiest to be spoken of/ for he is created & made like unto the similitude of almighty god/ and than of all things that is created of almighty god to the behove of mankind whereby he should be sustained & preserved/ of the which he shall answer for at the dreadful day of judgement before our redeemer the right wis judge of all such things as he hath misused that god of his infenyte grace hath made him lord of. &c.   

Ca Primo. of the nature of man.  
THe creator that hath created all thing of nought our saviour & master christ that is lord almighty hath made upon the vi day our forefather Adam in the field of damasco of red earth/ & there he gave unto him both life & soul where through he is become man & figured like unto the similitude of almighty god/ and than made him lord of all earthly things/ and gave him grace through his glorious godhead & shaped in him such wit & sapience that there was never earthly man that had the cunning that he had/ And than did Adam give unto every thing that is under heaven his perfit name. When this was done than did he set Adam in paradise terrester & there caused him to sleep/ & out of his side he took a rib & there of he made Eua. Also god hath made the planets and stars of the fire/ the winds & fowls of the air/ the fishes of the water. and man of earth/ wherefore when man beholdeth the things made of the water than shall he find himself very simple/ but when he beholdeth that that is made of the air than shall he find himself moche more sympler/ yet when he beholdith that that god hath made of the fire/ than is the most simplest of all/ and man shall not like himself to heavenly things not accept himself better than an earthly thing/ for that he findeth and the bestis also/ and this is to be understand of the body of man/ which body was first named Adam/ when that our lord glorious godhead/ he gave unto him incontinent a convenient and perfit rule & law which he should hold & keep/ and this it was. That he in all thoughts/ words/ and works/ never should think or wish of any other worse in no manner of wise than he would that of him should fortune/ Than should he keep the way of rightwiseness and egalite. When he had received this commandment of the heavenly king/ he stood up naked before the high Lord of might saying thus/ O my lord my god that hath with thy heavenly hands made me a natural body of vile earth and knet in methe humanity of fleshly nature with bones & sinews to go on the ground wherefore I beseech the lord remember that thou haste made me & give me that life & grace that thou hast ordained me to ¶ This our father Adam was the comlyest/ fairest and best made that ever was on ground of all the membres of his body And our lord hath shed in him so great abundance of graces/ that no man is to him comparable/ fore he was illumined with all the seven sciences.  
¶ He had also knowledge of all manner of erbis/ their properties and virtues of trees/ of metals/ of stones/ birds/ beasts/ fishes/ serpentis/ & of all other things on earth/ and the father of heaven commanded all these forenamed/ to be of the world brought before him to thente that he should know them and give them their names which they keep & ever shall whilst the world endureth. ¶ Claran preterea xpi incarnationem et passionem solus asse qui commeruit. ut in supplemento supplementi. ¶ Herfor was Adam made lord and governor of the world/ and all thingines therein pertaining should to him be obedient Thus was Adam infenyt/ and not of the condition of nature/ but of the benefits of grace. For the infenytnes cometh out of the tree of life/ and the body should never have died if it had not sinned. & when man had sinned than was he roved from the tree of life Yet not withstanding the body is made of the four elements as before it is specified/ & in that body be. ij.c.xlij. bones great and small.   

¶ Of the making of man's .  
THe Man is Lord and ender of all things here on earth/ and is also the most perfitest and full made thing of all leaving creatures that ever god created as the scripture testifieth & christ blue life into him and of a rib he made him an help to the intent when they come roged through full power that he them gave that they should engender. Exemplum when he said Cresite/ wax and multiply through thincreasing of the seed And thus he hath created man & woman because they should bring forth of their sede/ which sede is named sperma/ and is a profitable part of the food coming after the first disiestyon/ and that sperma is appointed to fruitful vessel is to the intent that our humanity should continue the longer and not end/ But he that soweth toomuch of this seed/ that is to understand they that occupy toomuch with women they wax soon feeble of limbs/ and die within short space/ Wherefore Galienus saith he that is gelded may live a long season/ and men that have but little conversation with women may live longer than women/ for they be hotter of nature.   

¶ Here after followeth the. ten ages of mankind likened be the ten divers bestis as here is expressly showed/ and how the nature of mankind doth change from ten year death comme● time of death him as a goose that into luck the friends 〈◊〉 it he in earth is 〈…〉 
Sanctus Augustinus.  upon the same that before is specified of the making of man in his mothers womb.  
AVgustinus saith of the making of man's body/ when that sperma is received in the dew place of the mother's body/ than is that seed formed ●efome or milk in the first vi days 〈◊〉 in three days following it maketh ●reparacyn of the life in form of ly●pympels or bladders. Six days ●r that it changeth holy into blood ●d twelve days after that it is turned to flesh. Nine days after that/ the 〈◊〉 is divided from the shoulders and ●rmoste limbs of the body/ as the syn the belly/ till that it hath his full ●ely shape of body & limbs. withī●es after that is seen a full pro● body/ yet the principal limbs be made first/ as the heart/ the liver & brains/ & than the limbs that thereto belongeth/ as the navel/ the maw & the codes/ and after that such as be next/ but last of all be hands and feet made with the other limbs. And the bodij of man is made of many divers sorts of limbs/ as sinews/ veins/ fat/ flesh & skin. And also of the four moistours/ as sanguine/ flematyke/ choleric/ & melancholy. But all creatures hath a sesonable time of the year to bring forth their fruit save only mankind which is at the lest of body full made in his mothers womb the xxxv day. & entereth the movings of his body upon the lxx day and that birth is in the seventh month. day than the child getteth life upon the lxxx day/ & that birth is upon the eight month & they die oftentimes. If the body be full made upon the xlv day/ than receiveth it life upon the xc. day and is borne upon the ninth month. But the body of mankind is commonly full made upon the xlv day as before is specified. &c. and that is the most connenyent tyme. And when mankind is borne/ than he retoureth to the earth again of the which he was before created & made.   

¶ Of the digestion of meet whereby the body is sustained.  
THe life of man is princypally set in humido radicali/ that is in the radical moistour for when man lacketh that/ than must he die/ and because the natural here is also in man the which here when it fideth nothing else to be sustained of/ than it sustaineth himself of radycall moisture/ & because this moisture should not be feebled but kept in good manner/ therefore the nature ha'/ the ordained meet to be eaten/ and that to be brought to disiestyon/ for when it is chawed with the teeth/ than & there is the first disiestion & there the is ertly divided from the clean & the onclene is sent down to the fundament & is voided through the place of purgation/ & the clean humour is sent to the liver why/ che is the second disiestion/ & there is the watery onclennes divided from the clean & sent down to the bladder & than voided at the watery place/ & the clean is sent to the heart & that is the third dysiestyon. and there is again the onclene sent or divided from the clean/ and of the onclene cometh the seed sperma in the man and the menstruum in the women/ & the clean become blood/ and that is sent through great veins to all the places of the body/ and that is again divided the clean from the onclene/ an the onclene goeth away through the sweet and sweet holes/ and is changed in to the nails/ and such like/ & the clean changeth himself into the substance of him that eateth the meet And thus is the natural restored and strengthened if that they waste not the radical moisture wherein the life is laid. if the radical moisture be minished/ than it is again into the other as before is testified. etc.   

¶ How that man cometh into the house of death. 
Colericus.  
¶ The house of death.  
Flegmaticus  
Sanguineus  
Melancolicus   
HOw that man cometh unto the house of death ye shall understand be three manner of ways And first be the four elements whereof man is made/ for the four elementis fight together/ and the one overcometh the other and than must man die. if Adam had not sinned the four elementis should never have varied/ and Adam should have had full power to have accorded and rule them. The second/ man dieth because that humidum radical forsaketh him/ that is the natural moisture. if Adam had not sinned god had set us the ire of life/ & we should have been free of all sicknesses/ & moist of nature & never died/ but bidden ever lusty & fresh as a young man. The third man dieth of that he hath been hurt with weapons within or without or with burdens lifting or bitings of bestis. etc. If Adam had not sinned all thing should have been to him obedient & nothing to him contrary. & these three manners of deaths be contained in the four complexions of man/ as in the sanguyne/ choleric/ phlegmatic/ & melancholy The sanguine waxeth oftentimes so old through good governance/ that he must occopy spectacles & live long or hummidun radical depart from him/ but than he dieth. The choleric cometh oftentimes do death be accidental manner through his hastiness for he is of nature hot & dry. The flematike cometh often to death through great excess of meet & drink or other great labours doing/ for his nature is cold and moist & can not well digest. And melancholy is heavy/ full of care & heaviness/ whereof he engendereth much evil blood that causeth great sickness which bringeth him unto death. Thus go we all unto the house of death/ the one through ensuing of his complextion/ the other through the ordenances of almighty god. The third through the planetis & signs of the firmament.  
  

¶ Here after ensueth the perfit knowledge of the x. wits/ & in what place of the heed that they lay/ that is to understand the v. interyall wits/ & the five wits common as it standeth in the figure of the heed.  
Mankind is shapen & ordained to enheryt the celestial kingdom/ & to be a ruler of all earthly things/ & that none ertly thing should rule him as bestis/ serpentis/ worms/ monsters/ or such like/ for they bear their head is down towards the ground/ & desire nothing but earthly things/ as meet/ drink and sleep. And mankind beareth his heed upright towards the heavens kingdom to th'intent that he should obtain the riches & gifts of grace that God hath ordained in him/ which be his natural wits/ & they be x. in number and first there be five intery all wits as these. ¶ fantasy that layeth before a high in the heed. Imagination & laith before a low in the heed. Cogitation layeth above in the mids of the heed Estimation layeth beneath in the mids of the heed: Memoria or remembrans layeth behind in the heed. even before in the heed is a little place whereout issueth the five wits common as it is expressly seen in the figure/ and these be they. seeing in the eyen/ smelling in the nose/ Tastinge in the tongue/ hearing in the ears/ & feeling over all the body.   

¶ Of the dremis of mankind inclined to the nature of complextion.  
AS now the common or five wits uttermost be stopped through sleep/ & than fortuneth the sleper often times to dream of such things as he was waking diligently occupied or busy with in his mind/ for when the wits doth sleep/ than overthynketh he the same again oftentimes/ that he desired or longed for when he wakened he thinketh in his sleep that he seeth it or hath gotten it. The melancholy saith that he hath seen fowl things & fearful forms or likenesses offends & that fortuneth often when the body is troubled or moved with medicines or baths. The choleric dreameth of fire/ of water/ of manslaghter. etc. The flematike dreameth often that he sitteth in the water or in the snow/ or that he eateth honey/ or such other like of moistness which causeth oftentimes sweet flemis to fall upon their tongues. The sanguine dreameth often times through overmuch influence of blood that he seeth sprites as the fairs robin good fellow or such like. etc. And the natural masters say that it is a warning or manner of to coming pain or disease named Apopleria. wherefore it is counseled to all such that they shall abstain them from to much eating or drinking/ And specially to abstain them from such meats and drinks as here be expressed/ That is to understand flesh eggs and wine/ and also from all other metis that cause great influence of blood.  
Many one dreameth lainge in his bed that he standeth upright and pisseth against a wall/ as the young children do that dream of their play done be day in the street. Sometime nature laboureth so sore in the sleep for to purify the kydne is that the sleper dreameth of lechery & concupiscens of the flesh/ as kyssinge/ helsinge/ & on lawful handling/ which is very inordinate.   

¶ The operation of mankind.  
¶ Auicenna saith that fasting specyll killeth the scorpion/ & temper camfer with spittle & that killeth the itch named Impedigo if it rubbed upon it. spittle dropped in the ear where as a worm is in/ whether it be deed or quick it shall bring it out. Eer sweet or eer wax is good to be laid to the heed that is pained with the migrane It is also good to be striked over cloven lips for that healeth them.  
¶ The urine or water of mankind will hele such itches as breaketh out if it be washed therewith/ & it preserveth from the creeping itch and also other dry itches/ and from all other to coming sores in the joints. Urine drunk with water & cicer water & honey/ is good for the yellow iawnes. ¶ The dregs of the urine laid to Colerica apostumation named Heresipila it healeth it. ¶ Diascorides.  
¶ The dung of man laid to a wound preserveth it fro swelling. the dung pressed & the wet of it laid to a swelling of the throat or any other swelling or impostume or old sore/ and it healeth it.   


¶ Of the Lamme. Cap. ꝑmo.  
IN the beginning we have the Lamme because he is the most meekest best leaving for it offendeth nobody/ and all that he hath on him is good/ the fles/ she for to eat the skin to make parthement or ledder the dung for to donge the field/ the claws & horns be meed cinable/ he dreadeth the wolf sore/ & he knoweth his dam best be her bleting though she be among many sheep.  

¶ The Operation.  
¶ The Lamme that soucketh his dam hath his flesh very slimy & not lowable/ and it will not be digested principally of them that have cold stomachs lambs of a year old be better & lighter to digest/ & they make good blood/ and specially they be good for them that be hot & dry of complexion & dwell in a hot and dry land/ lambs flesh is very good for one that is hole & lusti but for them that be seek it is very evil though it lightly digest and descend out of the maw/ yet it is evil for other parts of the body/ for it maketh slimy humours. ¶ Auicenna saith that the blood of a lamme minged with wine is good for the falling sickness. The roncell of the lamme healeth the bitings of venomous bestis ¶ Albertus saith that the marrow of a lamme melted with nut oil and sugar mengid together & distilled in a stilletory named an Eldren/ tree/ and than drunken breaketh the stone in the bladder/ and it is good for them that have pain in their yard cods/ and kidneys/ & also for them tha piss blood. ¶ Nota the gall of a lamme anointed upon a cankered sore/ helpeth expressly. ¶ Also he that will help morayn among sheep/ take ventremariets/ and seethe that with wine and menge it with water and put that in the drink of the sheep/ and they shall therewith son be helped.    

¶ Of the Ramme or weddr Ca iijᵒ.  
YSydorus saith that the ramme or wedder is the lodysman of other sheep/ and he is the male or man of the oye and is stronger than the other sheep/ & he is also called a wedder because of a worm that he hath in his heed/ & when that beginneth for to stir than will he tuck and feght/ and he feareth naturally the thunder as other sheep doth. For when a sheep is with fruit hearing the thunder she casteth her fruit and bringeth it deed to the world. and the wedder in the time that he be springeth the oye than is it in the time of love among the sheep/ and the Ramme or wedder will feght boldly for their wives one with another.  
¶ isaac saith that the weather/ the buck/ & other such like beasts have each by themselves an indifferent found of their voice in calling of their wives in the time/ of engendringe & love/ & they that drink than salt water/ they be wackened or stirred to engendering sooner than other be before their time coming. & when the old wethers begin to engender before the young wether's/ & that the young keep their due time that is a good sign in that year/ but when the young begin before the old that is a token of tocoming murrain or death among the sheep  
Esculapius saith. When an oliphant seeth a ram or wether/ he is thereof afraid and goeth from him  

The Operation.  
¶ The flesh of a young wether that is gelded is much better than any other motton/ for it is not so moist as other motton and it is hotter and when it disgesteth well it maketh good blood/ but the flesh of an oled ramme will not lightly digest & that is very evil.  
¶ Auicenna saith that rams flesh burned & brayed to powder & strewed upon the dry lepory named morpheus is good/ & for the biting of a serpent or scorpion/ & minged with wine it is good for the biting of a mad dog. The longs of a wether is good to hele the skin that is broken on the heel when it is laid thereto. ¶ Esculapius saith the longs sudden in a pot/ when they be enough in the drawing out of the pot/ that that droppeth of the lungs healeth the tertian/ & pain in the kidneys. ¶ Haly saith the gall of the wether is good for the pains in the ears that cometh of cold.    

¶ Of the boar. ca iiij.  
THe Boar is an angry and an on tame best & is very cursed when he companyeth with the sow/ for the wild bores when they accompany them with their females than be they ever ready for to fight/ and they make their skins hard/ for they run to rub them against the trees and than to lay in foul dirt and mire the which they late dry on them & that maketh their skins very hard/ and both the bores be moche like of conditions/ & when they meet commonly they will feght if they be in company of their females/ so long till that the one or both of them be slain/ and the wild boar is commonly black and he stiketh with his long crooked teeth as hard and sharp as it were iron. And if the bore be hunted on the morning or he have pissed/ than is he lightly weary/ but if he have pissed or he be hunted or while he is on hunting/ than will he not lightly be taken/. Also though he be weary he will not lightly yield him but setteth him on his hinder loins to defend him against the hunter/ but he shall not come be the hunter to hurt him nor to bite him till he be first wounded himself of the hunter/ and without the hunter give him a deaths wound/ without doubt he will put the hunter in jeopardy of his life except he be nigh to a tree that he may climb upon for his succour The boar heareth better on the right side than any best.  

The Operation.  
¶ Plinius saith the bores blood & brains also is good for the bits of the serpents/ the liver dried & minged with rue drunk with wine that is good for the niveneminge of serpents His brain with the blood of his cods is good to be laid to carbuncle sore/ in the liver of the sow be little small stones that be good to be brayed asunder & donke for the gravel & the stone/ eat the lights of the boar & it shall put from the all dron beans/ his gall minged with rosin & ceruse healeth the creeping sores or biles the ashes of his jaws healeth all creeping sores His bladder with piss & all hanged in the smoke & dried & that put in meet & so taken healeth the stone in the bladder & taketh away the totomminge pain also a little of the bladder or urine minged in drink is very medecynable for the dropecy/ his dirt tempered in warm wine is good for the flux/ his yard suppleth/ warmeth/ & purifietythe limbs that be stifened of cold or weariness/ the dirt that is warm and fresh is very medecinable to staunch the blood at the nose.    

¶ Of the ass. ca v.  
THe ass is a rude dull best & of little understanding/ onclne & slothful/ & he hath a cross upon his back & there is he wekest/ but on his hinder parts he is strong/ he hath a great heed and long ears & he loveth thistellis better than any other meet but he hath a loathly cry/ and though he have gone a way oftentimes yet he camnat find it again/ nor he will not eschew the way for nothing that meeteth him/ and he engendereth with his female when he is xxx months old She beareth her youngs a hole year. & the ass is cold of nature/ and he can abide no cold/ Therefore be not the Asses cast in no cold lands or contrees. The ass is very soon afraid/ and he hath no gall/ and he eateth grass and other erbes of the ground/ and the more water that he drinketh the better food hath he of his meet/ the ass hath oftentimes a disease named milide/ & moche ordure runneth out of his nose/ & it fell on his lights he should die of it.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ Auicenna saith the Ass hath great virtue for they that sit in the water that the ass is sudden in/ it healeth them of lepry the cramp or dry shronked sinews/ & the flesh is good for them to be eaten/ the liver roasted & etyn in the morning fasting is good for the pulentis his flesh liver or hove brent to ashes & men gyd with oil is good for the disease named scrofulas/ the urine of the ass is good for the pain in the kydnes Galienus saith the urine of a wild ass is good for the stone in the cods/ and it helpeth also marvelously well the running or creeping sore/ The milk of an ass is good for the drying coghe and also for them that spette or spew blood/ the milt of an ass brayed with clean water and laid unto a woman's breast draweth the milk unto it outwards/ the milk of an ass doth suage the great stiff belies/ & also milk of a ass taken in the mouth of one that hath week gums and teeth doth strengthen them very well the liver of a tame ass eaten/ is good for the epulentis which is the falling sickness/ the dung of the ass is very medecinable to staunch the blood at the veins or of any other wounds the water of the dung dropped in the nose thrilles/ stauncheth the blood there ¶ Plinius saith that if a ring be made of the hoof or of the bone of the asses leg where as no black is on & that p● 〈◊〉 on the finger of one that hath the falling sickness/ they shall be preserved and not fall/ Make a smoke of lungs of an ass in a house & though there were never so many serpentis adders or snakes or other venomous creeping beasts/ they should flee as fast as they could from that place.    

¶ Of the Achame. ca vi.  
AChame is a beast as great as an heart/ and contrary the nature of all other beasts he hath his gall in his ear/ and it is a cursed angry best.  
¶ Alches is a beast that is in the forest of Hircinia and is very moche like a goat/ but it is somewhat bigger and it hath crooked jagged horns/ and they have no joints in their legs as other beasts have/ and when the hunters will have that best they follow him be the foot stepe to know where he resteth be night/ for he standeth and sleepeth against a tree/ and they louse the tree be the rote and so dig it up or elliss they saw it a sunder/ for he sleepeth fast and leaneth sore against the trees wherewith he is oftentimes deceived and falleth to the ground/ and so they take him or else they should never take him for he is to dangerous to come by/ and he is to swift in cunning/ but when he is down he can not ryle.   

¶ Of the anabula. ca seven.  
ANabula is a beast in Ethiope & it hath a neck like a man & feet like a horse/ legged like an ox/ heeded like a kamell/ & hath a goodly shining skin mixed with white spots the which comforteth the sight/ & it is right deer sold. Aptalos is another best like a little goat very stinking & no man may come nigh him/ & his horns be sharp & crooked like a sickle & jagged like a saw/ & when this best hath thirst he goeth to the river of Eufrates and when it hath drunk than it goth to a field where as much brosshe & bramles be & there he playeth & walloweth so long that he in that brusshe is warred so that he can not arise/ & than he giveth a loud cry/ and the hunters he ring him come incontinent and kill him/ & his horns be so sharp & strong that he overthroweth therewith great trees to the ground. Aucinor is a beast like a young graihounde and hath better undestandinge when it is young than when it is old.   

¶ Of afferatos. ca viii.  
AFferatos be springing and flying little serpents that hide them in the trees/ and when there cometh any body be those trees on the ways/ than they fly out with their venomous stings and they be red of colour & they be so marvelously hot of nature that whosoever be hurt with them must nediss die/ for the bit is so venomous that it runneth thorough all the body & the cure of it is like as of the serpentt vipera. Affudius and Sabryne be ij. grey serpents and black vnd their heed with white spots/ & they have a slothful pace/ and their hole that they bide in is black of their/ fowl venom/ of their bit or sting is on tempered all a man's body/ for of all the places of the body the blood springeth out the belly sweleth/ the breath shorteneth the speech faileth/ the limbs retcheth out & styffeneth/ the memory or onderstanding is lost/ the teeth fall out/ & the person dieth And this serpentis cure is like the cura of the vipera.   

Of the Amphibena Ca ix  
AMphibena is a serpent that hath a heed a boven and another at the tail/ and it goeth with both the he/ des togyger/ and his body turned & wound like a cable/ and it taketh great though for her eggs for always when the one heed sleepeth the other wakeneth ¶ Armena is a serpent/ and his operation is moche like to the basiliscus For this serpent killeth not only with his bit or sting but also with his sight and eke with his baste or blowing for whoso heareth this serpent blow must needs die/ and whate best that he cometh by can live no longer and it is about the length of three quarters of a yard/ & for this strong venyn is no cure nor help/ but some say that there is help thereto that should be with popy seed and castoreum/ that is the stoves of a beaver. et cet. cet.   

Of Aspis. Ca x.  
THe Aspis is a venomous best or serpent/ the which kyleth a man at the first bitten/ and it is somewhat lass than the serpent vipera And there be many manner of Aspis/ as Dypsa/ Ypnalis Prester/ & Seps. Aspis is a green serpent and hath very long teeth like a boar/ & this serpents abiding is in dry places where as there cometh no water/  
¶ Nota who so is bitten of this serpent aspis change their colours & war deaf & have great cold/ their head swelleth & their iyens swell & they wax very sleepy & to the venomous bit or sting of this serpent is no remedi but make a plaster of lime honey/ & oyie. It is often taken with enchantments or sorcery & thorough the strength of this enchantment he is soon ware of it/ & layeth his one ever to the ground & stoppeth the other with his tail/ & he is sore desired for a precious stone that is in his heed/ and through th'enchantment this serpent is obedient unto man/ & without any biting or venom casting they be taken and entreated as a man list with out any pain.   

¶ . ca xi.  
THe spynner or spider is so named because it spinneth a great deal of web or thread/ & it worketh always/ & when it hath all done with a blast of wind it tereth asunder and all the labour is lost that it hath do/ & the spider hath many feet at the lest vi. or viii. & it sitteh in the mids of the web ready to take such flies & vermyn as cometh in it/ & their moistour they suck & thereby they love/ when they engender the female lieth under with her belly upward/ & they lay eggs & of those eggs come young spynners' the which spin incontinent.  

The operation.  
¶ Plinius with Diascorides testifieth that the white and pure web is very sovereign to many things/ & specially to be laid to a fresh wound for it stauncheth the blood/ it keepeth it from swelling/ from filing/ & it comforteth the wound.  
¶ Plinius for the sting or bit of the spinner is good the brain of a capon with a little pepper drunk in sweet wine Also the tallow of a lamme is good to be drunk with sweet wine for the bit of the spinner. Also flies brayed in pe/ ces & laid to the bit of the spinner suageth the pain and draweth out all the venom.    

Of the Oyster baer. ca xii  
BAer is a manner of an oyster named in latin ungula aromatica and it is of the oysters that the purpure/ and silk is died with/ and they be found in the land of ynde/ in the water that spicanardus groweth in/ and this oyster hath a sweet smeell because he etteth of that sweet spice spicanardus/ and they betake in the summer season when the wat is somewhat gone/ & they befounde in their shells where as they hide them in.   

Of the bonnacon. ca xiii.  
BOnnacon is a beast/ and bred in the land of frigia and hath a heed like a bull/ and a hanging mane like a horse/ & it hath on the heed so crooked horns that it can with them do no harm & his here is like will & of colour red/ & it is legged like an ox & hath a sweet flesh for to eat/ and therefore he is oftentimes chased & hunted. & when the hunters come nigh him than casteth he upon them his dirt or dung well four steps from him. and what so ever it light upon that burneth/ and they be moche like a wild how/ and when the female hath young than a great many of these beasts gather together & make so much dung that it seemeth a wall wherein she is closed and there she layeth very warm.   

Of the oxce. ca xiv.  
THe oxce is a companable best & among his company he is very meek/ & alway he seeketh his fellow that was wont to go in the plough with him/ and when he findeth not his fellow/ than crieth he with a loud voice making great moon/ as it were one that would make a mourning complaint A bull liveth. xu· year. and a oxce twenty year ¶ Isaac saith that an oxce flesh is the dryest flesh among all other/ & his blood is not wholesome to be eaten for it will not lightly disieste▪ & therefore it feedeth sore & it maketh evil hunoures' & breedeth melancholy/ & they melancolicus that eat much such meats be like to suffer many diseases as to get an hard milt/ the febris quartayn the dropcy/ mangines/ lepry. &c. Oꝑatio ¶ The gall of an ox with Nitro & Ethimolea minged together & therewith the heed washed destroyeth the worms in the here. Diascorides saith/ the milk of the kowe healeth the fresh wounds in the mouth. The dung or dirt of the ox is good to be laid upon the sting of a Bee or wasp. The sepium of an ox with goose grese & pith of Ochimi/ healeth the cliffs in the lips or on the mouth the marrow of an ox right leg before brayed & minged with his blood/ destoryeth the evil hereon the brows & we lids. The gall of an ox with the stolen of a goat or buck/ healeth them that here evil. Powder of the ox anclow brent and rubbed on the teeth maketh them fast that should fall out with pain The milt of the ox meddled with honey is good for the milt. Nota the milk of a kowe is good for an impostumed maw/ the mangy or scabbed hands shallbe heeled with fresh ox blood/ for that drieth lightly/ & the next day it must be washed of with lie. The ox gall in a man's ear with a silken cloth healeth the piping & rynginge in the ear/ The ox downge or dirt laid upon a rude impostume or bile/ causeth it to break. Ox downge brent to ashes & that blown in the nose stauncheth the blood. Also the same ashes tempered with butt & made plasterwyse and so laid to the belly excedith many other medicines for the dropsy. The liver of the ox brent to powder & that drunken wtale/ bier/ or wine/ is good for the flux or flood of the blood. The ox bones brent to ashes & that rubbed upon the teeth that be weak maketh them to stand fast.   

¶ Of the bombex. ca xv.  
BOmbex is a worm that spynnes silk & the first substance that silk cometh of & it is fed with the leaves of mourbery trees & when it hath begun to work than will it eat no more it taketh so great pleasure in working. And it maketh yellow will or silk/ the which becometh white with washing & than it taketh what colour so ever a man will. & when this worm hath all wrought than resteth him & that must be kept all the winter/ till that the wedder be warm again/ than must they be holden between some bodies hands or nigh their bodies in their bosoms till that the nature of those sedes changeth.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ The silk brent to ashes/ & strewed upon a fowl rotten wound is very medecynable. Also the same silk brent with salt/ is good to rub foul teeth.    

¶ Of borax. ca xvi.  
BOrax is a manner of a toad that hath a stone in his heed/ & when this stone is gotten out the while that the toad doth live/ than hath the stone in himself a figure of an eye/ but if it be taken out when the toad is ded than hath the venom taken away that eye and enpayred the stone This toad/ when that it is stired or moved than swelleth it of his own venom or poison. And they feght against the spiders and the toad is overcomen of the spider because the spider stingeth him always and that he can not get the spider/ he swelleth for anger that he bursteth/ and the bit of this toad is so venomous that it is not lightly to be helped or cured and with rue they be slain/ & they may not see the brightness of the son/ & be night they covet to be in the foot ways or paths/ and where the people tread. also they may not smell the blossom of the wines sometime they be a cubit of length/ of these be many in spain.   

¶ Of the toad. ca xvij.  
THe toad is a poison worm or dmyn & is be kowen of every man and of a fowl worm it is one of the most coldest/ and it hath his heart in his throat/ therefore it can not lightly be killed except it be thrust in the throat/ And some say that they be bred of the fowl humours of th'earth/ the toad hath a poison pestilent sight and defing and he eateth earth be measure & weght uless as the toad may take in i of his fore feet/ that is his meet all that day/ the toad feareth that the earth shall fail him/ & therefore over night he taketh his paw or fore full because that he should not miss to have earth enough for to eat the next day. Sotyme they feght with spiders and other serpentis & if he be bitten of any other venomous serpents then eateth he an erbe named plantago or plantain and therewith he healeth himself/ & he eateth gladly sage but the root of it is his death. A toad stone found in the heed of the toad and borne about a natural creature/ subdueth many venymes and poisons. A toad brent to ashes and those ashes abiding upon the ground/ of those ashes engendereth very many young and quick ●obes.   

¶ Of the buffell. ca xxviij.  
A Bufell is a beast moche like an ox/ but he is greater & higher than an ox & hath black here and crooked horns/ a long neck/ a great heed/ & lenelymmes/ with a small tail & humble to look on/ but when he is made angry than doth he great scathe/ & he is very profitable unto man and doth great labour/ and he will not be led without a ring through his nose/ and strings tied to the same to lead him with and so ye shall have him where ye list. Also the buffel will have no greater charge or burden than he may well bear/ for if he be overladen he will fall to the ground & for betinges or strokes he will not rise till that he be on laden or discharged.  

The operation.  
¶ Plinius saith the blood of a buffel will not be thick.  
¶ Haly saith/ the urine of the buffel minged with myrrh or oil is medecinable for the deafness that cometh of coldness. The dirt or dung of the buffell laid upon a wound suageth the swelling/ and it is good to be laid upon the pain of sciatica named the gout from the lips downward. ¶ Also a plaster made thereof suppleth & purgeth the hard mother.    

¶ Of the zubro. Cap. nineteen.  
ZVbro is of the manner of a wild bull & is very strong of xv. cubytes of length/ & he is very swift as it appeareth be him/ for the dung that he purgeth from behind he receiveth it again upon his horns/ and with his dung he blindeth the hounds that chase him and maketh them so weary and seek that they be never good after & his here is brown & almost black and hath out of measure great horns three cubitus broad or more/ and in the country that they be in/ the rich people make sometime veseels of these horns to be served with at their table/ & what so ever meet him whether it be man or hound he overthroweth them and taketh them up upon his horns & tosseth them unto death/ & these bestis be most in the land of bohemya.   

¶ Of the buprestis Ca xx.  
BVprestis is a little worm much in the land of Italy haunting in pastures where as kine graze & what kowe or ox that eateth of him as soon as he cometh at the gall their guts & belly brestith a sunder.   

¶ Of blata. Cap. xxi.  
BLata provideth him be night because he may see no light & destroyeth the bees/ & he staineth any man's hands that taketh him up. Bibiois also a little fly that groweth or is engendered of new wine.   

¶ Of the goat. ca xxij.  
THe goat is a beast with a beard it hath long sharphornes/ and it eateth the little branches and barks of trees and they do great scathe to the trees/ & they pasture gladly on high hills or mountains & in low valayes/ & when they eat or lick any honey they die thereof/ & of venomous herbs it leaveth/ when it hath youngs or eateth any salt than shall it have milk plenteously/ the goat be day light cannot well see/ but towards night it seeth vere sharp.  

¶ The operation.  
Esculapius saith/ that the brain of the goat minged with honey healeth the carbuncle in the belly/ the here brent taketh away all floods of blood coming of the mother/ the horns brent & made white/ suageth the pains of the gums. ¶ Auicenna saith a goats gall with the ivest of garlic/ is good to be laid to a fistule/ the same is also a good medicine to be laid to a swollen wonde The blood dressed with the marry and that etyn/ is good for a deadly poison/ and it is good also for the dropsy/ and discentericis.    

¶ Of the stone buck. ca xx. iij.  
THe stone Buck is a beast like a buck/ & it is a wild goat & it hath small horns/ & it dwelleth in high mountains/ & it seeth very sharp and very far/ & when it seeth any body come nigh him/ than it casteth him self down from the hill & falleth upon his horns withouten harm/ & such be many in the island of Crete/ & if it feel himself hurt with any arrow or quarrel of the hunters/ than seeketh it an herb named Pulegium. & thereof it eateth/ & as soon as it hath eaten thereof the arrow or quarrel fleeth out of it again/ and it will not lightly be taken/ for it is to quick in running and lepinge.  

The operation.  
¶ The wild gootes dirt drunk with wine healeth the yelo we iawnes/ if it be drunken with spicus nardus it for bedeth & subdueth the women's common sickness or disease. the same dirt with vinegar drunken is very good for all other ronnynges & floods of blood. The dirt brent and brayed with vinegar & oxymel/ festeneth the here that falleth out. the dirt mengid with Exangium healeth the Podagra or ronning pain in the foot.    

Of the dog. ca xxiv.  
THe dog is an unclenly best that eateth so moche that he vomyteth it out & eateth it up again/ it is lightly angry and biteth gladly strange dogs/ he barketh moche/ he 〈◊〉 his 〈◊〉 name well/ he is hered 〈◊〉 & a slonth ●dy he loveth his mast soused under his f● 〈…〉 right sore 〈◊〉 learned to many games/ & be night he keepeth the house. There be many hounds that for the love of their master they will run in their own death & when the dog is seek/ he seeketh grass or other erbes/ & that he eateth and healeth himself so/ and there be many manner of dogs or hounds to hawk & hunt as grayhoundes/ branches spanyelliss or such other to hunt heart and hind/ & other beasts of chase & venery. etc. and such be named gentle hounds. The birth hath milk .v. or seven. days or the litter her whelps/ and that milk is thicker than any other milk except swines milk or hare's milk.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ Eusculapius saith that dogs blood drunken is good for them that trimble or quake as they do that have the palsy. the heed brent to powder and drunken healeth the bit of the dogs to the. the ashes of the heed healeth the teeth & gums. the heart of the dog drunken with wine forbiddeth the barking of other dogs. The gall with honey is good for the eyen/ The milk drunk causeth the here to grow/ the milk drunk with wine or honey causeth the mother to be delivered of her deed fruit or child. ¶ Galienus saith that dogs blood rubbed on the place where as the here is drawn out/ causeth it to grow no more/ And the milk of the first litter causeth no here at all to grow/ And hounds dirt gathered in the hounds days and dried drunken with wine doth stop the flux. Plinius saith that dogs bloede is good for the empoisoning & no thing better. Hounds grease cleanseth the heed of the nyttes. The gall streked with a feather is good for the podagre in the foot The skin is very good for gloves to be made of for they ease the sight. The dog healeth wounds with his tongue for he liketh them/ when he can not reach the wound with his tongue than he licketh his foot & tappeth the moisture upon the wound or sore/ for it is very medecynable. Auicenna saith that whey maketh a dog very fat and feedeth him well/ & when he will sleep he turneth him often times about or he lay down.    

Of the Cat ca xxv.  
THe cat is a beast that seeth sharp and she biteth sore/ and scratcheth right perylously/ & is principal enemy to rattis & mice/ & her colour is of nature grey/ and the cause that they be other wise colowred that cometh through change of meet as it is well marked by the house cat for they be selden coloured like the wild tatte. & their flesh is both nesshe & sosfte  

The operation..  
Auicenna saith. the biting of a a cat is to be helped with a plaster of sepe Rasi saith the wild cat runneth a way from the smell of rue. Hali sayeth. That cats flesh is warm and dry and warmeth the kidney & eseth the pain in the back Esculapius saith. that cats dirt with mostarde seed or sinapij and vinegar healeth alopiciam/ that is the falling out of here  
Cathapleta is like a little young wild cat/ and hath a great heed all way hanging down/ & hath the same power that the basilistus hath/ for who so looketh on his iyens must needs die incontinent/ and they breed by the water of Tigris & is one of the waters that cometh from paradise terestre    

¶ Of Caccus. Ca xxvi.  
CAccus is a monster in the land of Archade that bloweth with his breath fiery flames out of his mouth and hath brestelis specially when it is angry even like a boar/ This monster bideth in great cavis by the river of Tiber/ and when there pasture any oxen or kine or other beasts near by him he pulleth them to the ground and sleepeth them with in his cave or den/ and within his body his breathe is warm as other bestis because it goeth through many places of his body.   

Of the kamell. Cap. xxvij.  
THe Kamell is a loathly best/ and hath an hillock upon his back & he hath a long neck & a sloth full pace/ and he is veri soused under his foot which grieveth him right sore when he goeth on an hard way/ and when he shallbe laden he must beknocked on his legs & than he kneeleth to be laden or elliss he should be to high/ & when he is angry he grindeth his teeth marvelously/ it leaveth an hundred year & it eateth gladly barley & drinketh troubled water/ and it may endure thirst four days & than it drinketh very moche. But the dromedary is another best like the Kamell and it hath two hill locks upon his back like a saddle and is very swift in ronning.  
The kamell hath his yard of generation hanging out behind him/ & therefore it egendreth with his female contrary to all other beasts and turned tail to tail and bide so fastened all the holedaye/ and though the kamell be unclean and fowl in his works/ yet he is very cleanly towards his dame as it hath been proved in a great lords court that there was once a kamell disposed to the works of nature & to her was brought one of her own youngs and her heed was wonde in a clout because that her young should not know her/ Thus engendering not knowing each other they were left together till their time was fulfilled and the day past/ than was the fe/ males heed onbownde and the young seeing that he had engendered with his dam/ he did make great heaviness & mourning manners as one being sore ashamed of the deed & boat of his yard or member & so slew himself which to us is a great ensample.  

¶ The Operation.  
¶ Kamellis flesh causeth them that eateth it to make moche water/ the brains dried & drunken with vinegar helpeth them that have the falling sickness/ the same stauncheth blood also. The urine of a kamell helpeth the dropesy & specially the stinking nosethrillies white kamellis dirt brayed with honey healeth all manner of swellings/ & it purifieth the wounds of all manner of deed flesh.    

¶ Of the chameleon. ca xxviij  
Chameleon is a beast that is very fer/ full both of man & all other bestis & therefore his skynn is of divers colours & what colours that it seeth/ thereof it get/ teeth colour lightly/ & that cometh because he hath little bloods he is very lean/ & many of these be in the land of Asya/ And it is clawed like a bird & not like all other bestis.   

Of the Camelopardus. Ca xxix.  
CAmelopardus is a beast legged & footed like an ox/ necked like an horse and heeded like a kamell/ it hath a red shining coloured skin with white spots therein & they be moche in ethiop/ & it is as meek as a lamme.   

¶ Of Capriolus. ca thirty.  
CApriolus is in manner like a goat in the land of ynde & they been so swift of ronning that they can not be taken/ but sometime it is shot & when it is hurt than it eateth hearts pulegium and healeth himself for therewith the arrow falleth out again. ¶ In the mountains of ynde be goats that eat well smelling erbis & aromatic spices & they have little holes between their claws wherein they gather a maer of moistness & that over groweth with a little skin & than it becometh a manner of a bile/ & so it rypeneth & than it itchet so sore that he rubbeth it till it falleth of/ & that is counted for musk & of great valour.   

¶ Of the beaver. ca xxxi.  
THe beaver is a beast long & small like a dog & hath sharp teeth & a goodly skin/ the blacker the richer his tail may not be long out of the water/ for it is of nature like a fish/ in some places christen people eat it in the lente it is fat & near a cubit of length/ his hinder feet be like the feet of a goose/ therefore his nature is to be with his hind feet in the water & his forfeit on the land ¶ The wise masters write that the Bevers gether them together in a great company & go to the forest & hew down moche wooed with their teeth & than among them they chose out one & cast him on his back & between his four feet they lay asmuch wooed as they can draw with him away/ & of this wooed they build their holes or dens very strongly/ & this wrong they do to none but to them that for age have so blunt teeth that they can hew no wood/ or else to one that is of late come strangely to their company/ and of him they make their cart/ the hunters that hunt them know them well that have drawn the cart/ for they have but little here an their back/ & therefore they let them go oftentimes again/ and of the trees that they hew they eat the barks and leaves/ and the sourer they be the liefer they eat them. When the hunters followeth them sore/ than they bite of their stones & than the hunter taketh up those stones & keepeth them worthily for they be of great virtue/ & than the hunter taketh the lass regard of them If there come another hunter that followeth him sharply/ than will he rise on his hinder feet showing that his stones be gone all ready/ & so he escapes their danger.  

¶ The Operation.  
¶ The stones of a Beaver hanged in a dark place & dried/ is good for many medicines/ & that is named Castorium good castorium that is not falsed hath a marvelous sharp savour & it is senewed throughout/ & it dureth in virtue vi. year/ but when it is fresh than is it best/ and it must be pilled & the skin cast away when it shallbe occupied/ & it comforteth sore the senewed limbs. Castorium with the just of rue taken in drink is good for the epulentis & other pains in the heed/ for the ronning gout in all the parties of one's body is the decoction of costorium good tempered with wine/ with rue & sage. Castorium causeth the women's flood and the child to issue from the mother and the secondina of the mother also. The gall of the Beaver is good for many things The coagulum withdriveh the falling sickness.    

¶ Of the Chama. ca xxxij.  
CHama is like a wolf/ But it is full of white spots over all his body/ & it is in ethiop/ he is understanded moche like a dog/ & like a dog may be learned to all manner of games.   

¶ Of the best calopus. ca xxxiij.  
CAlapus is a beast much haunting about the water of Eufrates because of the coldness of that water that it thereof may drink alway when it is thirsty/ & it is bold and also swift in ronning that the hunters can not take him with no hounds/ & it hath long horns carved like a saw wherewith it striketh great trees down to the ground/ & than cometh he among the tough green bushes & thinketh to strike them also with his horns to the ground/ but therein he is warred so that he can nouther out nor in but bideth therein hanging/ & when he feeleth that he can not out/ for very pure anger he grindeth his teeth together with so great force that he is herd very far of/ and they that here him come & take him/ there or else they should not take him lightly for no manner of ways.   

¶ Of the heart. ca xxxiiij.  
THe heart is a beast right swift in running/ it hath long sharp tyned horns/ his horns grow from ij year to vi. but than there grow no more tyndes on his horns/ but they wax bigger and fall out/ in his heed he hath a worm that vexeth him daily The heart rejoiceth in pypinge and synginge/ and followeth gladly the noise thereof/ the which oftentimes costeth him his life/ & he feareth sore the song of the frog/ and when she will cast her faun she seeketh a very secret place for dread of the hunters. ¶ Nota the heart fighteth gladly against them that follow or chase him/ but if he be over come/ he mekeneth him lowly to his persecutor and it leaveth long.  

¶ The Operation.  
¶ Phisiologus saith the tears of the heart and the bones in his heart minged together and put in drink is good for the heart betinge In the left side of the heart is a bone that is somewhat hollow and it is palered and it hath power to purify the fume of melancholy/ it is good also for the dasinge in the heed/ he that is clothed in an hearts skin feareth no serpent/ the urine of the heart is good to be drunk for the pains in the milt/ and it is good for the wind in the stomach/ and it is good for divers pains in the ears. ¶ Auicenna the uttermost part of the hearts tail is venom and they that eat it or take it in drink get a dazing in their heed and so die. The ashes of the hearts horn tempered with vinegar easeth the pain in the heed if it be laid thereto. those ashes be good also to be rubbed on teeth that be week for it maketh them fast and eseth the pain/ to the same is scraped hearts horn good/ & specially the right horn/ and therefore the heart hideth it as nigh as he can in some prive corner as Plinius testifieth.    

¶ Of the best zelio. ca xxxv.  
ZElio is a beast as great as a wolf and it is mortal enemy both to man and best for it woroweth all that it cometh by/ & it followeth both man and best be the sound of their voice it barketh like a dog/ wherewith it deceiveth many one and it overcometh all manner of dogs/ and it cometh of the best Hyena and the Ape/ and it abideth gladly in places whereas people be buried/ And it eateth the cadavers or worms.   

¶ Of the serpent cecula. ca xxxvi.  
CEcula is a little blind serpent/ and Celydros is a serpent that abideth in watery ground & goeth always upright for if it bowed it should burst and Chenchris is a such like serpent that may neither bow nor turn but goeth always straightly forth.   

¶ Of the serpent Cerastes. ca xxxvij.  
CErastes is a serpent that seven. horns on his heed/ of the which horns in times past was wont to be made haftes of knives belonging to emperors tables for their great virtue for when there came any venom to the table than the knives heftes did sweat & of the venom was knowledge/ & this serpent getteth his meet be subtle means/ for he layeth in the sand as if he were deed and hideth so most part of all his body/ & the fowls and beasts that see him weeneth that he be deed & think to eat of him & so he taketh them & that is his meet/ and against his bit is good to be drunk in wine the seed of Raphani.   

¶ Of the cephos. ca xxxviij.  
CEphos is a wonderful monster in the land of ethiop the which hath feet before like the very hands of a man & he hath them behind like the feet of a man/ & this monster hath been seen in the palace of pompeius at Rome/ & it is heeded & mouthed like a blood hound. ¶ Centrocota is a beast bodied like an ass/ breasted & legged like a lion/ & it hath a wide gaping mouth from the one ere to the other & it followeth man be the voice.   

¶ Of the Cirogrillus. ca xxxix.  
IT is a beast full of bristellis & pins like an urchin & fashioned like a swine/ nothing bold/ but it will give a deadly bit.   

¶ Of the Cicade. ca xl.  
That is a worm of the earth/ & some dwell in houses in warm places and desire the hit of the fire/ & some fly in the field/ & they suck the dew of the grass/ and they sing well & they make their holes in the ground where as they have youngs. There be Cicades that grow only of the cocks spittle or moistness & those be many in italy.   

¶ Of Cicotrocea. ca xli.  
IT is a beast that followeth gladly the voice of man & it closeth never his iyens & some say that they be engendered of a wolf and a dog.   

¶ Of Critecus. ca xlij.  
A marvelous best is critecus the which dwelleth in the earth & is of divers and many manner of colours on the heed and he hath a red back and a white belly/ and his here may not be plucked out for the skin would go withal/ & it is coloured moche like a coney/ & it hath none ears but it hath ear holes/ and it is cursed & biteth paryllously sore   

Of the Adder. Cap. xliij.  
THe Adder layeth gladly in the son beams/ and it creepeth sometime through a very straight hole and so strepith his skin of and reneweth him It is as long as an ele/ it glideth on the ground & it giveth venomous blasts/ and trobeleth them that come in his way/ & stingeth them venomously/ it flieth from the heart & killeth the lion The skin that it strepyth of dressed in a decoction with oil is very good in the ears as testefyeth phisiolus.   

Of the Cocodrillus. Cap. xliiij.  
COcodrillus is a best with four feet. & liveth both in water & on land and it is xxiiij cubitus of length. and it hath an hard skin & great teeth like a saw/ and it hath great claws by nycht is it in the water/ and by day is it on earth/ and it hath eggs greater than a goose upon the ground/ and the male & female keepeth it each his time/ & there is no best made of so small substance that becometh so great and it is very gluttysshe/ and when it is full it goeth to the border of the water and there it layeth down/ and than cometh a bird named the wren and flyckereth so long about his mouth that he getteth in/ & than this little bird scratcheth him in his throat that it easeth him so moche that he falleth therewith in sleep and when this bird perceiveth that this best is in sleep/ it decendeth in to the belly & biteth it so sharply through as if it were shot thorough with an a-row for his belly is in manner as soft as slime/ and therefore he is so hurt in the water of the fishes that have hard fynnes/ and when it findeth a man it killeth him/ and than it crieth when it beholdeth the man/ but yet it eateth him as Plinius saith ¶ This cocodrillus eateth gladly an herb with broad levys where as a little serpent is hidden in which is his mortal enemy/ & this little erpent doth wentell & turn himself in slimy ground to beguile cocodrillus & cometh to him & slepereth through between his teeth & so descendeth down in to his belly & tereth a sunder all cocodryllus entrails & his belly also/ & this serpent hath so hard askinne that it is not well possible to cut it a sunder with a sword. ¶ Plinius saith That the dung of cocodryllus is much set by where as he hanteth of old women in that country for they make an ointment thereof to anoint their face therewith for than they seem to be young lusty wenches as long as that ointment is fresh.   

Of the Coney. Cap. xlv.  
THe coney is a little best dwelling in an hole of the earth/ & thore as he useth he increaseth very moche and ther fore he is profitable for man for he casteth oftentimes in the year  

¶ The Operation.  
Ysaac saith. That conies flesh hath properli the virtue to strengen the maw and to dissolve the belly/ and it casseth moche urine    

¶ Of the Damma. Cap. xlvi.  
DAmma is a beast like hath long sharp straight/ and smooth horns & it is very swift in running/ & the flesh of it is cold & dry in the operation & there be many of them in Arabia.  

The Operation  
¶ Albertus saith that the dung of this best tempered with only cawseth here for to grow/ & if a man ennoynt his yard with it or he have ado with his wise she shall love him ever after    

Of the Damula. cap. xlvij  
DAmula is a wild goat & is very week & can not help him with no strength but only with swift ronning/ & it fleeth sore from the sight of man/ & it is gladly among the mountains/ & when it is hurt with an arrow than it eateth an herb named tragonteon/ & therewith the arouwe falleth than out  

The Operation  
Plinius saith. The blood of this goat sowpleth & lengtheneth the shreynked sinews/ & the serpentis run away from this best & eschew the breath of it because it with driveth venom.    

Of the Dragon. cap/ xlviij.  
THe Dragon is the greatest of all serpents/ & beasts/ as Ysidorus saith in Ind & in ethiop be many/ & he groweth till he be xxvi cubits of length & more/ & when he is come to his full age or strength than liveth he long with out meet/ but when he beginneth to eat he is not lightly sufficed. Augusti. the dragon dwelleth in deep caves of the ground/ and when he feeleth any rain coming out of the air than cometh he out of his cave or den & fleethe in to the air & †bethet† in the air in such wise that it seemeth to be a great tempest in the air & his wings be of a great quantity according to his body & they be fashioned like the wings of a back the flieth in the twy light/ & where as the dragon abideth there is the air dark & full of venomous corruption.  

The Operation  
Solinus saith. that the stone that is named Draconcias is cut out of the dragons heed but and he be deed or the stone be cut out than it is nothing worth for than it loseth his virtue/ but they that will have the stone ordain herbs for him to eat that he should sleep to thintent that he should betaken/ & that they should so in his sleep cut the stone out of his heed/ the which is very precious for the kings of Oriente bear them in great honour. ¶ The dragon's flesh is green & cold in the operation & cooleth them sore that eateth of it therefore they of Ethiope eat moche dragon's flesh The dragon's heed promiseth to make a house fortunable.. The tongue of the dragon & his gall thereof made decoction in wine and therewith man or woman's body anointed is good for the encombring of the fair and such like.    

Of the Draconcopedes. cap. xlviij.  
Draconcopedes be mighty great serpentis that have visages fair and bright like maidens or gentle women/ and some held that they be of those serpents or such like as Eva was beguiled with of the devil for Beda saith that the serpent hath a maidenly visage/ therefore the devil showed unto her such a fair visage to th'intent that he the sooner should beguile her and come to his purpose/ & the body of this serpent was covered with the leaves and small branches of the tree/ & this serpent was very wise or subtile/ but that come not of himself for the devil was in it & he spoke through that serpent/ like as Balaans' ass spoke through the angel   

Of the Grey. cap. l.  
THe Grace is a fat best with a broad back and short legs/ & they be shorter on the left side than on the right side and they biteth very sore & is of the muchness of the fox/ & is slow in ronninge to get his meet   

Of the Dypsa. Cap. li.  
DIpsa is a manner of a serpent/ and it is very little/ but it stingeth man/ & when it hath so done incontinent it is enflambed with so great heat & thirst that it must needs drink/ & so it runneth to the water/ & there it drinketh till it breast asunder/ and it is about a span of length   

Of the Oromeda. cap. lij.  
ORomeda is a manner of a small camel/ & is very swift in ronning & in going for it hath been proved that it runneth an hundred mile upon a day ¶ Damula is another wild best & is also in running very swift/ & it is like an hind/ & it is not lightly to be tamed/ & therefore it is not counted fore no best of the chase.  

The Operation.  
Platina saith That the flesh of damula fashioned like a plaster and laid to the joints souppleth them very well Also that flesh sudden in wine & that wine so drunken is good for the falling sickness. The yard or member of the damula and of the heart dried & stamped to powder and that drunken in wine or other drink is good for the poison    

Of the Ydra· cap. liij  
YDra is a serpent or dragon with many hedis/ and when any body fighteth against it and striketh one of the hedis of incontinente there springeth three other hedis for it/ but some think it but a fable/ & he that is venomed with this dragon may be helped with kowe dung   

Of the Horse. cap. liiij.  
THe Horse is a beast that engendereth in all places of the world/ & among all colours. the black is best. the brown bay next/ & the white third/ but all other colours be taken for worse. Aristoteles saith. That the horse & the mare have more desire to their engendering then any other beasts on earth/ for it is written that no best after that it hath received the nature of fruit will have ado more with his male or female/ save only the woman and the mare/ & the horse may make the generation till he be xxxv year old/ and the mare may bear here fruit till she be xl year of age against the natuere of all other beasts/ the horse hath white teeth in his age/ and he hath no gall.  

The Operation  
Diascorides saith That the mares milk laxativeth the belly Fresh horse dung bront stoppeth blood. The dry dung strewed in the nose stauncheth blood/ & it be put in the ear it with driveth the pain. if a woman be set on a chair with a hole & horse dung vnd it taking the air of the same delivereth her of her deed fruit & after birth or secondina. The blood of a stoned horse or of a mare that hath been foaled eateth our evil boches or great biles. The old horse dung or stolen dung brent to ashes driveth out the deed fruit or deed birth out of the moders womb.    

capitulo. lv.  
THe Olyphant is a great best that lightly will be tamed and he is humbler than any other best/ and mekeneth himself lowlyer than any other best and becometh subject very lightly/ and he is commonly learned to do reverens to kings and noble princes/ & who so hurteth or grieveth him that will he remember/ and revenge it in long time after/ and put him in ieꝑdy that grieved him/ these beasts beware wont to do good sruice in time of war for they be so strong that they may fell down great stone walls/ and they may bear a marvelous great weight When the male will engender with the female than do they go together towards the Orient parties as far as they can/ And there they find anherbe named Mandragora and thereof they ere both/ but the female eateth first/ and when they have eaten thereof than they come by each other and engendereth be the way of nature & when she shall cast her young than goeth she to a great water & casteth it thereupon for fear of the dragon that is her enemy & waiteth to destroy her and her young also for the which cause tother never departeth from her till she be quite of her burden/ the Olyphant liveth iij. c. year. & hath no joints in his legs wherefore he can nouther bow nor kneel/ and he hath a round foot like an apple/ wherefore when he resteth him he leaneth to a great strong tree and so reposeth him and sleepeth on his feet standing because that his legs be so stiff and will not bow/ & the hunters that will have him do mark the tree that he resteth to/ & when he is gone thence/ than they get a saw & saw a sunder & leaveth it so standing/ & the next time that he cometh for to rest him & leaneth to the tree/ down cometh the tree and he together/ and than he can not a rise so incontinent he is taken  
¶ Nota It is written also that when the hunters come for to strike him they be agreed/ before hand that the one shall strike him & the other defend him/ & have a box or other vessel & therein is red colour or wine/ and that he that is the defender is all bespylt or sprinked with the same as if he hath shed his blood for the elephant/ & when the oliphant spyeth that the last man hath shed his blood for him he followeth him mekly & is true & obedient unto him in all his business unto the death/ and will not follow the other hunter which is unto us wretched creatures a worthy ensample for our learning/ wherefore late us think in our minds that we be the elephants an think in our hearts what love this onresonable best showeth unto man for his good will that he hath redeemed him/ which was but a feigned matter/ what ought we sinful creature's to think that the very son of god is descended from his godhead and hath taken upon him the nature of man for to feght against the first hunter that chased us that was our mortal enemy the devil of hell. O lord god there thou shedst thy most precious blood for our redemption & loosed us from the bands of everlasting damnation/ where fore give us grace thate we may observe and keep thy preceptis and commandements/ and that we may humble ourself to laud and thank the fore thy glorious wounds and passion that thou suffreddest and for thy most precious blood that thou shedst for the redemption of all mankind  

The Operation  
Auicenna saith  
¶ If a woman sytt over a vessel with fire and that there be of the grese of the olyphant cast therein so that the smoke strike upwards to her she shall na conceive of child. ¶ The dung of the Oliphant burned and the fume or smoke thereof made to the belly of one that hath the acces or ague shall help him. ¶ The dung also laid in wool vnd a woman causeth that she shall not conceive of child.    

Of the Enthires. cap. lvi.  
Enchires' is a beast like a gull. and hath in his neck veri long here like the mane of an horse neck. & hath great horns mightily armed for to feght/ and he hath a short tail his skin is very herd/ & his flesh is sweet. & when it is hunted it fighteth against the hunter's/ & it casteth his dung & voideth it well four strydes' from him for very purefear/ & it seemeth that it is the same best that bonnacon speaketh of before   

Of the Enidros. cap. lvij.  
A Little best is Enidros. & it is moche in the water of Nilus. & where soever it findeth that serpent cocodryllus before named sleeping. there it doth wentylle & turn himself in slypery mire & than it slippeth between the teeth of cocodrillus & so descendeth in to the belly of cocodrillus & there terith it a sunder all the intrayls & guts of his belly & so sleeth it the cocodrillus. ¶ Enitra is a little best/ & of them be many in germania/ & they make great holes in the earth/ & they gathre in the summer that that they live by in the winter/ the female is always fat & the male lean/ for she is ever eating & he is so greedy & so sparing that he thinketh that he shall never have enough & also he hideth from his female all his meet as much as he can because she should not eat of it but she is wily that she maketh a hole coming from another way to steel his meet privily that he doth not know of it & so deceiveth him & eateth his meet and that is the cause that he is so lean   

Cirogrillus. cap. lviij.  
CIrogrillus & erinatius is all one & it is a little best like a pig & his skin is round about full of sharp pings save only onder his belly that no man may come nigh him & it is moche like an urchin/ but when it is laid in lukewarm water than it is so glad that it stretcheth himself a broad ¶ ermine is a little best like mustela/ & in the winter on all the parties of his body he is with save only on the back and it eateth flesh and parsecuteth the mice very sore.   

Of Edus. cap. lix. Of Edus. Cap. lix.  
EDus is a little goat/ & when it is young it is fat/ & his fleesshe is of good savour & in the waning of the moan is good gelding of them like the calves  

The Operation  
Plinius saith That the fresh warm blood of this goat tempered with vinegar is good for them that spit blood The lungs of him eaten keepeth a man from drunkenness    

Emorois. Cap. lx.  
Emorois is a serpent that sweteth blood/ & he that of him is bittyn or stinged bleedeth himself to death   

Echele. Cap. lxi.  
EChele is a little worm & some name it in english a leche/ & it is in water much/ & it sucketh gladly the blood of man & best/ & it bideth cleaving unto the place that it sucketh till it be full & than it falleth of/ but what time of the day that it be the blood stauncheth not light rely till the son be set when it hath sucked. ¶ A caterpillar is a worm of divers colours/ & it hath many feet/ & it is of half finger length or more/ or alas/ & they breed of stinking mists upon the trees & destroy the trees & fruits thereof/ & some take the ashes of a fig tree that hath been burned & strew it upon those erbes or trees and therewith destroy them.   

¶ Falena. ca lxij.  
FAlena is a beast that hath naturally Pride in man or woman and will upon that quarrel feght to the death & if he win man and overcome him than tereth he him asunder for his pride ¶ Fiber is moche in the land of Ponte/ and is a beast like the beaver but it is somewhat alas/ and his stones may not be of but he must die/ and it hath the same power that the beaver hath/ and when this best biteth any body it letteth not go his hold till it here the bone crack a sunder.   

¶ The Ants or pismers. ca lxiij.  
ANtees or pismers be very little worms and they be very wise/ they make their holes in the ground and bear the earth out/ and they make a narrow entry into their hole & make great provision to leave upon all the year after/ the ante divideth every corn or or grain that he getteth in three partis that he carrieth into his hole/ because it should not shoot and wax green in his hole or den/ these ants carry each other out of their holes when they be deed/ and bury them.   

¶ The great myris. ca lxiiij.  
THe great Myris as it is said be in ethiop and they be in quantity as great mastiffs and they be footed like a lion and they cast the gold out of the golden sand and nobody dare come by it. In ynde be myris as great as oxen and they be very dangerous to come by/ and they be also be the golden mines/ & they have four feet with crooked claws/ and they will tear any man asunder/ but they do not bite or hurt other beasts lightly/ and for to minish the synnne of covetise there be so many of them to keep this gold that no man can come be it/ but Iohn mandevyll testfieth that these ants or myris may not abide the here of the son therefore when they feel the here they rone to their caves or dens and in the mean time cometh men sitting on dromodaris and carry asmuch of this gold away by stealth as they may but they be in great jeopardy. Also they get this gold be policy/ as thirs/ They keep a mare with her young fool very hungry/ and lay on her two dossers well festened unto her body & drive her out toward the place where as this gold is/ but the fool bideth at home till they will have the mare home again/ And these ants have a property that they may see no empty holes/ wherefore when they see these empty baskets upon the maris back/ they fill it full of pure gold for they purify it very well/ and when the owner of the mare doth think that it is time than he taketh the fool and bringeth it out/ and incontinent it beginneth to neigh & cry after the dam and when she heareth her young she cometh home as fast as she can/ and in such manner they get the gold.   

Capitulo. lxv.  
A Furet is a beast long and small and it is almost all white of colour and it bringeth the conies out of their holes when it findeth them.  
¶ Nota Furo is a beast that hath many feet/ and it seeketh and findeth many conies in their holes and killeth them and so eateth them be stealth.   

capitulo. lxvi.  
GAla is a little best & very bold/ and it fighteth against divers serpents and eateth gladly mice/ & the serpent that it fighteth with eateth gladly mice also/ & when it hath overcomen the serpent than it eateth it & by by it eteteh rue the which is contrary to all manner of serpentis. ¶ A jennet is somewhat bigger than a fox/ & it is coloured between a red and a black and it is meek and humble/ and it seeketh his meet be the ryeurs side.   

capitulo. lxvij.  
GAmeleon is a beast with ij. wings & four feet having an heed like an adder & a long wrong tail like a dragon and beareth gear on his back like will & the clohhe that thereof is made can not burn/ & when this best of his enemy is slain/ than it sleeth his enemy also/ for he eateth of it also & thereof he dieth in continent.   

capitulo. lxviij.  
GAsella is a beast like an heart and it hath horns like a saw & it hath two long teeth like a bore standing out/ & they bring forth the well smelling musk/ and they be moche in the land of tombase/ & also at Senys/ but that of Tombase is moche better than that of Senis for they of Tombase eat moche Spicanarde & many other costly spices but they of Senys eat but other simple herbs. ¶ Nota the nature of Gasella driveth sometime blood outwards as if it were an impostume laying between skin & flesh & when it is ripe this best runneth to a tree & rubbeth it a sunder & than that coruption falleth to the ground which is very true musk that noble princes covet it most/ & therefore the more people do adventure their life for to get it some be strength & some be wiles.   

capitulo. lxix.  
GLandosa is a serpent right dangerous for what it biteth it roots in continent & stinketh marvelously he that treadeth on this serpent all the sole of his foot shall fall out/ & the surgeon that visiteth the same shall lose all the skin of his hands. ¶ Gnatrix is a serpent that envenometh all manner of waters that it cometh in.   

Capitulo. lxx.  
A Worm there is named grillus which worm hath many feet and wandereth always/ and it pierceth the earth/ & it eateth the ants in the earth and it is moche like a greshope/ & it cometh of the great corruptions of the trees.  

The Operation  
Grillus burned to ashes and that tempered with oil/ & so laid to a bile or impostume maketh it souple & purifieth it. ¶ Haly testifieth that if grillus be hanged about the neck of one that hath the quartain ague is lightly eased thereof.    

Capitulo. lxxi.  
HEricius is like an urchin full of sharp pryckels/ when he feeleth aught than he rolleth himself together like a foot ball/ and it hath all the conditions of an urchin and of him the wolf is sore afraid.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ The flesh of hericius is good & comforteth the stomach & resolveth the belly & causeth moche water to be made/ & they be very profitable to be eaten of them that be inclined to lepry.    

capitulo. lxxij.  
Hyena is a beast as great as a wolf & hath a mane like a horse/ & it beguileth the shepherds & hounds with his barking in such manner that they think it is a dog also/ & so with his deseytfull barking he cometh so nigh to man and best that he taketh them in his claws and with his teeth he tereth them a sunder/ & than he maketh great caves or holes in the earth and carrieth those deed bodies or carcases therein/ and thereof he eateth gladly till he may no more.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ Iheronimus saith the gall of Hyena is good for the brightness of the eyen/ & his dung healeth foul & rotten wounds the skin of his head is good to be laid to their heads that have great pain. and Plinius saith it comforteth the sight.    

capitulo. lxxiij.  
HIstrix is a beast in ethiop and in italy that hath long sharp bristles on his back/ & is strong both on water & on land & is lightly angry/ and he that followeth him than/ he shooteth his bristellies at the pursuer whether it be man or best.   

capitulo. lxxiiij.  
THe Buck or male of the goat doth gladly feght with his strong horns/ and is always ready to the onclene lust of the flesh/ and his flesh is not good to be eaten/ & it stinketh sore.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ Auicenna saith that he is so hot of nature that his blood breaketh the Athamande stone in pieces that can not be broken neither with iron nor steel/ his blood rypeneth an impostume lightly & it is good to be drunk for them that be pained with the stone or gravel in the kidney.    

Capitulo. lxxv.  
HImnulus is the young or fawn of an heart/ & it is swift in ronning & the dam hideth it as nigh as she can whiles it is young/ and she learneth it to springe over dyches & hedges/ & if it be gelded while it is young than it shall bear no horns/ if it bear his first horn or it be gelded/ than shall it never cast his horn after.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ Plinius saith he that were striked with the scpium or blood of the fawn ware defended from the serpentis that day.    

capitulo. lxxvi.  
IAculus is a flienge serpent and it climbeth upon the trees/ and there it hideth him/ and what man or best that cometh forby it he falleth down from the tree upon them & killeth them out of hand/ and what it meeteth when it fleeth it killeth it.  
¶ Nota. Ipnalis is a serpent the which is Ebb unto the serpent Aspis and who so ever of him be bitten falleth in continent to the ground on sleep/ and so they die very softly & withouten any manner of fear.   

capitulo. lxxvij.  
ICinus is a beast on the earth full of sharp pines round about his body save only under his belly/ and it is like a young pig.   

Capitulo. lxxviij.  
LAcertus is a serpent with four feet and it hath a splayed tongue and it is somewhat hery/ her yonges do breast out of them to the number of xi. and in Ynde those Serpentis become four and twenty foot long.   

capitulo. lxxix.  
LAmya is a great best and very cursed of nature/ for be night it cometh out of the forest and it entereth in the gardens & there breaketh asunder all maer of erbis & trees/ & who so comes to drive him from thence he biteth fiercely/ of the which they can not lightly be heeled/ and some say that they wonnde their youngs or ever they give them suck. ¶ Nota Lausamyn is Also angry best that none other best may be free for it/ for it maketh the prince of all beasts afraid/ that is the lion/ but they hurt not each other/ but what soever other beasts get/ this lauzamyn taketh it from them.   

Capitulo. lxxx.  
THe lion is a noble best for he is prince of all other beasts/ & he is strong & mighty & of very noble courage/ the he/ hath long curled here and crooked claws & maketh his †way† bacwarde out/ yet he lifteth his leg like a dog & when he openeth his mouth there out cometh a sweet savour/ & he sleepeth with open iyens/ he hath v. claws in his fore feet/ & but four in his hinder feet/ his teeth be sharp as a saw/ and all his bones be very hard/ & little marrow therein/ & when he is chased he runneth fast before and traileth his broad tail after him upon the ground and so striketh out the steps of his feet that he thereby should not be found The female bringeth forth at her first warping or litteringe .v. youngs/ at the next time four/ than three/ than ij and at the last time but one. and after that she bideth ever barren. & when she hath littered her youngs/ they be deed and so bide till the third day/ and than cometh the dam with her family and there they make so great a cry/ that through the sound of it they become leaving and be afraid/ and the lion feareth the mouse.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ Esculapius saith/ he that sitteth upon a lions skin is heeled of the piles in the fundament/ he that is anointed with the suet or bed of the kidney of the noble lion/ the wolves shallbe of him right sore a dread/ the tallow of him named adeps tempered with oil of roses with driveth the spots in the visage & maketh it clear and shining and healeth that that is burned. The gall of him tempered with water maketh bright iyen/ and his heart is good to beaten for the fourth day axes.    

capitulo. lxxxi.  
LEopardus or the leopard is engendered of the lioness and of the best pardus his colour is pale red with black spots over all his body and the Female is stronger than the male of them/ and it is a beast fell out of measure/ and sometime it is tamed & learned to the chase and they that lead it must be provided of some quick best by them for when he is in his heat and fail of his enterprise he will put his leader in great iepardy of his life/ wherefore they carry a quick lamme with them to give him in time of need that he may suck the blood and eat the flesh to abate his courage upon that. This best is like the lion in all the parts of his body/ but he is not so great nor he is not so strong.   

¶ Leonthophonus. ca lxxxij.  
LEonthophonus is a little best that hath his name of the lion for it is to the lion a great enemy/ for when it fortuneth to be taken and than brent to ashes/ and those ashes laid or strewed upon a piece of flesh & laid in the way where as the lion shall pass if he eat of it/ be it never so little than must he nedis die. And therefore Plinius nameth it the moral enemy of the lion because that of it he must suffer death. Nota lentrocuta is a beast asmuch as an ass/ and it is moche like a lion save on his back behind & that is like an heart/ & it hath a wide mouth from the one ear to tother/ & it is marvelous swift in running & they be moche in the land of ynde/ and they follow gladly the sound or speech of man.   

¶ The hare. ca lxxxiii. Capitulo. lxxxiij.  
THe hare is a beast that is swift in ronning & alway full of fear & dread & exchewinge/ it hath long ears/ & his hinder legs be longer than his fore legs/ & it hath both membres for as now it †ss† the male and as than it is the female/ & always the lips be wagging up and down.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ Isaac saith the hare is dry of nature & he maketh course blood/ but yet his flesh is better than young kyds' flesh and it is good for them that be dry of complextyon & that do great labour.    

capitulo. lxxxiiij.  
LEuithan is a dragon that fleeth in the air/ it goeth on ground & swimmeth in the water/ & fighteth often times against the whale fish/ & all the fishes in the see that see this battle come in continent and sit upon the tail of the whale/ and than if the whale be overcome of the dragon than eateth the dragons all those small fishes/ but if he can not overcome him/ than will he blow poison or venom upon the whale but he defendeth himself with blowing of water again upon the dradragon & so preserveth him & all his fellows.   

Capitulo. lxxxv.  
LAnificus is a worm that maketh silk & it is long & full of spots and hath many feet/ this worm maketh out of his womb that the silk is spun of/ & he eateth the leaves of the more berry tree/ the which meet is changed in his womb unto the natural wool that the silk is spun of/ and it maketh his wool on a little strigge in manner like a spyndell/ And when it is full/ than it goeth out about in a wonderful manner/ and this worm which was before a creeping worm with many feet hath now wings for to flee. And after that cometh both male & female together three days long in the operation of love/ & than dieth the he. And within a wile after the she layeth innumerabli many eggs upon a fair white or red cloth that is laid vnd her of them that will have the profit & than dieth she & than those eggs be laid away in fair clouts in a warm place where as the winter can do no scathe to them/ & when the may beginneth to ware warm than be they laid out in the warm son till they get the nature of the worm & so gets life. Lymar is a worm bred of the nature of slime & is in manner as a snail   

Cap. lxxxvi.  
Counted is the Lintworme as of the kindred of the wolf/ but it hath upon his bake many spots like the best pardus/ & he is so sharp sighted that he seeth throughout a man's body & is fast & solidum And he hath a tongue like a serpent but it is much greater in such quantity that he casteth it about his neck/ & hath cloven feet with great claws & his piss baketh in the son and that becometh a rich stone   

Cap. lxxxvij.  
THe hay sprynger is a best with four feet having a great heed/ & they be good to be eaten/ and there be many about Iherusalem of the bigness of a conye. but they haysprygers that we have be grashoppis & not like those by Iherusalem. the which we know right well.   

Cap. lxxxviij  
THe Wolf is a greedy groping beast and full of falsehood. and some say that it is a wild dog for he is like a dog/ & he howleth but he harketh not like a dog/ & he is very bold/ & whom he eateth than he filleth himself with so much meet that he hath no hunger in three days after If any best piss where as he hath pissed the while the his piss be warm the other best shall never be fruitful afer/ and the wolf eateth no thing but flesh  

The Operation  
Ambrosius saith If the wolf se the man first than taketh he from man his voice because he should not cry/ as one that were of the wolf overcome/ but if the man see the wolf first than the wolf loseth thereby his courage & also is pace that he can not run. Ex li. de na. re. If a wolves heart be dried & well kept it is said that it is aromatike. The liver died and brayed to powder & drunk in sweet win is good for all mistemperaunce. His flesh dressed & eaten is good for all fantasies. Wolves blood & his dung is good for the colic    

Cap. lxxxix.  
A little best is Inter moche like the weasel of quantity & colour/ his body is with/ his wool is as soft as down/ his heed is done & black This best woneth by the water and liveth of the fishes & it may life long vnd water/ & it is so gredi to get his meet that it gathereth so much fish that it layeth by him & rotteth in his earth & the stem/ che thereof inf etteth the ayrether round about & sometimes it is taken of the fishers & tamed & than they learn it to fish in this manner. the fishes casteth his net at the one side of the water & this little best is set in at the other side & he driveth the fishes in to the net & helpeth his master   

Cap. xc  
Lombricus is a worm that breedeth in the bowellis of man/ as hali saith/ they grow of fijlthy & rotten flemis in the inner parts of man/ they may not come of the blood or red cholera/ for with red colera & hard sharpness utterly & drily doth i'll this worm/ & young children be oftentimes diseased with this worm in the fruitful season of the year of moche ethinge thereof   

capitulo. xci  
A beast is Lycaon of the kindred of the wolf but it is longer bodied & it hath short legs & on his neck he hath long here fashioned like moans of divers & many colours/ and in the winter he is rough hered & in the summer smooth & these beasts be moche in the parties of Orient Lintiscus is a beast made be the engendringe of the she wolf & the dog. & it is of both natures.   

Capitulo. xcij  
Maricomorion is a beast in orient that is selden seen. he is asmuch as a lion/ tailed like a scorpion/ fased/ iyed & eared like a man/ & runneth like a heart/ & where it may find a man it tereth him a sunder and eateth him.   

Capitulo. xciij.  
weasel is a little best & when it hath younges it is dayli be them to feed them/ & carrieth them from place to place because they should not be found & it dwelleth in hills and holes & it sleepeth very long And when it will feght against the basiliscus than it armeth him with wild rue/ and if she find her ionges deed than maketh she them quick again through the virtue of this be/ known herb rue. & the pope Clemens saith that this best receiveth through her mouth & casteth her †litt† through her ears. this best persecuteth the serpents & sleeth the basiliscus but than he dieth also.  

¶ The operation.  
The ashes of the weasel & his blood healeth elephanticos ¶ Plinius. the ashes of the weasel tempered with wax healeth the pain in the shoulders. The blood striked with plantago helpeth the podagris. And his ashes drunk with water helpeth the frenzy.    

Cap. xciiij  
Mamometus or marmoset is a manner of an ape the whice is brawn on his bake & white and his beli/ & with a heries tail & his neck is as thick as his heed therefore when he is taken he is bound about the middle vnd the beli above the back. & it hath a face moche like a man but it is black & without here/ & alway there is strife between this best & the ape & daily they feght against each other ¶ Manticora is a great best & very hery & hath feet like a lion. his face iyen & steres like a man & a red colour/ & it hath a tail like a scorpion.   

capitulo. xcv.  
A Martyr is a beast as much as a cat but it is longer & hath four feet/ & it is white under the belly & the neck and hath shorter claws than a cat/ and they be of ij. manners/ that is to understand foins and marteres but the martyrs be better yet both the furs be rich and costly. and they be but selden still/ and sometime they be tamed.   

Capitulo. xcvi.  
MElo is a beast like a grey with hard here & hath four feet with his claws well armed & is as great as a fox. but Melosus is a very dangerous great best & hath mighty long tusks/ & it doth great harm unto/ man/ yet it feareth the innocency of the young children & runneth away from their voice. ¶ Monocheron is a beast that hath a body like an horse/ a heed like an heart/ a tail like an hog/ and feet like an oliphaunt/ & it hath a sharp horn in the mids of his forehead & that horn is black and of two cubits of length and it will not latt himself be taken quick.   

Cap. xcvij  
MIgale is a little best less than a weasel & it is gredi to his meet/ it is also falls & subtle/ for that it eateth it getteth with great subtlety/ when it seeth a beast it springeth to it & gripeth it by the coddis till it have overcome the best.   

Cap. xcviij.  
A Muylis gotten of an ass & born of a mare/ & hath long ears like an ass & crieth like an ass/ & hath a cross over his shoulders/ & little feet like an ass. & all the other parts of his body is like a horse The muylesse or female hath never young or fool for the nature that they come of is cold out of measure  

The Operation.  
Auicenna saith The skin of the muyle & also the ashes is good to be laid to any thing of man or woman thate is burned with fire Esculapius If a woman bear upon here the ears of a she muyle/ & the coddies of a beast named burdonis shall not conceive of child.    

Cap. xcix.  
A little best is the Mows and eateth gladly bred or other things made of corn or such as man eateth and it is veri diligent to get his leaving wherefore it biteth many an hard thing a sunder to pass through to get his meet/ and it is veri moist of nature/ therefore if it drink much it dieth thereof. In Orient be mice as great as foxes/ and they be of that nature that they will kill a man In Arabia be great mice also/ & their fore feet be as broad as the palm of a man's hand and their hinder feet be as small as a finger end  

The Operation  
Plinius saith just of chameleon with water and only draweth the mice to it and killeth them except that they drink water by and by He that will with drive the mice out of his house/ lat him take a he mouse and i'll him quick & then let him run & he shall drive a way all the mice that be in the house. The blood of the mouse is a sovereign medicine to one that is diseased with the great knottis between the skin & flesh. Mouse dirt laxeth sore  
MVsqueliber is a beast in orient as great as a goat/ in his one side groweth an impostume through the humours a when it is ripe it rubbeth it a fond against a tree and than runneth it out upon the ground & becometh there hard & thick/ and that same is musk yet all his body is musk/ but that that cometh out of the impostume is the very true musk/ and when it hath lost his sweet savour than it will be laid or hanged in a stinking place or in a prive & there it getteth his good savour again   

The operation  
¶ Isidorus saith That musk is good for the dazing in the heed/ & for the weakness of the heart/ the brain/ the liver and the maw ¶ Constantinus Musk is good for old folk in the winter for it strengtheneth the week limbs and putteth away the sorrow of melancholy/ and brengeth courage with boldness for it is great comforatyfe.    

cap. c.i.  
THe mouse hounter or cat is an onclene best & a poison enemy to all mice/ and when she hath gotten she playeth therewith/ but yet she eateth it/ & the cat hath long here on her mouth/ and when her heres be gone than hath she no boldness/ and she is gladli in a warm place/ and she licketh her forefete & washeth therewith her face.   

Cap. c.ij  
MVlripes is a worm with many feet & maketh himself as round as a bowl when it is stirred yet it hath a long body & it liveth a while after that his heed is of.   

capitulo. C.iij  
NEpa is a the serpent the which when she is with her fellow engendering she biteth of his heed & sleeth him & she is slain again in the delivering of her yonges/ for when her time is come than her youngs bite the inner partis of her body asunder/ & than they burst out and thereof she dieth.   

capitulo. C.iiij.  
NEomon is the same that sinulus is & it hath bristles on his body & it can divide good meet from poisoned meet be the smell/ & this best ꝑsecuteth the serpentis/ & when it fighteth with the serpent aspis/ than it lifteth his tail up & striketh aspis grievously when he waiteth lest for the stroke & so he is deceive.   

ca C.u.  
ONager is a wild ass/ upon the xv. day of march he crieth xii. times in the day/ & as many in the night & thereby it is known that it is Equinoxium/ than is day & night a like long In ynde he crieth every hour in the day. The wild ass is as great as one of our asses & it is a perilous best/ & it hath a horn in his forehead that is very hard and sharp and the hoof under his foot is marvelously hard & he striketh therewith right perylously.  

The Operation  
The wine of a wild ass breaketh the stone in the bladders/ The hoof of him bront & the poud thereof drunken in bear or wine is good for the falling sickness    

Cap. C. vi·  
Ychneumon is the forenamed serpent Neomon & it fighteth with many serpents & specially with aspis as before is rehearsed. Aristoti. saith/ the he fighteth not gladli with the serpent hascos without more help for he feareth the biting of hascos & therefore he runneth to a water & descendeth to the bottom & wenteleth in mud/ & geteh there help and than cometh with his company & fighteth with the serpent hascos   

The. C.vij.  
ORafflus is a best having many colours & the forparte of his bo/ die is veri high in such manner that he may reach with his heed. xx· cubits but the hinder part of him is very low/ & it is footed & cayleth like an heart. ¶ Onocentijaurus is a beast & monster having a heed like an ass/ & all the other par/ taes of the body is like a man/ & when it beginneth to cry than it seemeth that it will speak but it can not/ & he throweth stones or libertes with great strength at them that follow him for to take him. Adellinus saith that this best was not made at the begininge when all other beasts beware created of god but that they come of a marvelous commixtion and strange generation.   

Cap. C.viij.  
A beast is Orix like a goat having a beard vnd the chin/ & they be moche in the land of Africa/ theridamas as little water is or none wherefore this best suffereth great thirst. For it is found that the morderes of getulia laid & hao no water for to drink/ & they gate this best & shifted to get a drop of his urine & slaked therewith their thirst/ & it may suffer no manner of cold.   

Cap. C.ix  
PAnthera is a friend to all beasts very fair/ & the she is strongest & hath but ones youngs in her life/ & he that huntith him layeth flesh in his way & poison thereon & he eateth it wherewith he is deceived of the hunters but than he seeketh the dirtte of man & that he eateth whereby he is saved if he find it.   

Cap. C.x.  
PApro is a beast like a fox/ of the which there be many be the cite of Cesarium when one crieth they cry all & when one of them is deed they gather round about it & make a marvelous howl or cry as if they did complain their fellow that they have lost/ & some say that they run gladly in the graves of deed bodies/ and thereof they eat and this beast is engendered on the fox be a wolf.   

Cap. C.xi  
PAntheon is a beast to whom nature hath given great beauty and brightness/ and it hath a purpur colour shining very bright as if it were a star with his glishteringe beams/ and when it is deed/ than it is red of colour/ and it is as great as a great mastyfe dog/ and his bones be very hard and his sinews can not lightly be broken   

Cap. C.xij.  
PArandrus is in Ethiope a beast as great as an ox & hath a head like colour like the bear/ & is a beast that is ever afraid of what thing so ever it see & thereof it taket the colour whereof it be whether it be whit/ black/ or read but his own proper colour is as before is specyfied   

Cap. C.xiij  
PIlosus is a beast like a man on the upper parts/ & the nether parties like a beast/ and it hath a grim face with two horns/ And this best was taken in orient & brought in Alexan/ dria and there it died and was salted & sent to the emperor frederic at Constantinople To the Franche king of late years was sent a best of this manner of shape. it hath a heed like a dog & all the other parts of the body like a man/ and it hath man's conditions & it eat meet that was hands & sat an a table with man's manners when he was angered no man durst come nigh him/ & his member was greater for his proportion than the bo/ die required ¶ Pyrolus is a little best that gathereth nuttis in the summer to live on in the wyntere & it hideth them in a hollow tree.. ¶ Putorius is a beast that stinketh sore and specially when it is angry/ & hath like the grey shorter legs on the one side than on the other and it breaketh the wallis fetcheth out rockis hens and chickens and killeth them/ and the first that it doth it biteth the heads of.   

Capitulo. c.xiiij.  
PEgasus is a mighty great best & it is in the land of Ethiope & is form like an horse with wings great than an eagle/ & it hath great horns in hath a great body & it runneth very swiftly through help of his wings/ & it eateth moche & persecuteth other beasts very sore/ but it ꝑsecuteth man most of all.   

Capitulo. Cxu.  
A beast there is named Pigardus horned & berded like a goat/ somewhat smaller than an heart & is like the best hircocernus/ but not so great/ & is ever in the wood ronninge very swift.   

capitulo. C.xvi  
Pygmies be men & women & but one cubit long dwelling in the mountains of ynde/ they be full grown at their third year & at their seven year they be old/ & they gather them in may a great company toged & arm them in their best manner/ and than go they tooth water side & where so ever they find any crane's nestis they break all the eggs & kill all the youngs the crane's do them many displeasures & feght with them oftentimes & do them great scathe/ but these folk cover their houses with the crane's feders & egshels.   

capitulo. Cxvij. capitulo. C.xvij.  
THe fool is the chidle of an horse or mare and it sucketh long his dams tetis. aristotel saith that in the forehead of the fool is found a thing that is named venesicium/ and the dam licketh it of/ and some folk do shear it of for some sorcers do their cure therewith & the pace that it hath in his youth/ the same it keepeth gladly in his age.   

ca C.xviij  
FLees be bred or they grow out of filthy corners in houses/ and it is a little black worm and it biteth sore when it is warm or against rain/ and specially more be night than be day/ when one will take them/ they spring away.  

The Operation.  
¶ To withdrive the fleen take alson & over rub thy body every night/ or else take thistellies or rue and seethe that in water and with that water be sprinkell or wash thy house.    

Capitulo. C.xix.  
ALous is a worm with many feet & it cometh out of the filthy and on atendaunce they come out of the flesh through the skin or sweat holes.  
¶ To withdryve them/ The best is for to wash the oftentimes and to change oftentimes clean linen.   

Cap. C.xx.  
AN hog is an unclean best for it taketh pleasure to lay in foul dirt & it whineth sore/ when an hog is slain than all the other hoges there about cry & whine very sore running together on a heap as if they had compassion on others death/ & as an hog is of flesh & blood/ so is man/ for man's flesh hath been bought & eaten in stead of pork till it happened ones that the fingers were found.   

cap. C.xxi  
PAder is a serpent in germania as great & thick as a man's arm on the back it is green & under the belly like gold/ & is so venomous in blowing that if a man hew a branch from a tree & held it before this serpent is mouth/ through his venomous blast the bark of it shall run up in great blisters full of venom/ but and ye hold or set a bright sword before him he will climb up to the point of it & kill himself/ & though this worm sting a man on the foot or else where/ the venom will climb upwards to the heart & than must he die/ but the best remedy is for a man that is so stinged/ to be hanged up by the heel's/ than this poison will run upward & there as this poison festeneth must a peer of flesh be cut out & heeled again. Parias is a serpent that goth upright making a furrow in his way ¶ Nota. priests and aspis be moche like of one condition.   

Cap. C.xxij  
THe frog dwelleth in moist places/ & some among redis & low trees/ & they be small & green and can not cry. And in august the froges can not open their mouths for nothing  

¶ The operation.  
¶ Auicenna. The gall is good to hele a man of the worm/ grown in his body. Also the ashes of a frog laid unto one that bleedeth/ stauncheth the blood. The frog dressed in oil and salt as it is said/ it is the very true medicine for the lepry/ the body of the frog that dwelleth vnd the stone & specially the fat of it is very good to make teeth to fall out.    

Cap. C.xxiij.  
RAngiser is a beast in the land of Swedia & norway & it is like an heart/ but it is greater & very swift in running & hath iij. manner of horns & each be himself/ but there be ij. fulcomly grown of v. cubits of heght with xxv. branches/ in middle of the heed they be flat/ & on the sides & before they be sharp wherewith they feght against their enemies Norsula is a beast greater than a wesyll/ red on the back & white on the belly/ it dwelleth in the earth & dongeth ever in one place which smelleth like musk but it hath not the virtue. Nor it hath not such a strength as muscus hath.   

cap. C.xxiiij.  
THe rat is like a mouse/ but she is bigger/ & there be ij. manner of ratis/ a house or land rat or a water rat & some say their tails be poison & when they be hot & run †assaue†/ than do they great scathe to all things there as they be/ & specially if their urine fell on any bare place of a man's body/ it should eat it to the bone & never be cause it bitetst many things a sunder ¶ Albertus saith make a smoke in your house of the lest hove of a moil & all the rats shall run away.   

cap. C.xxv.  
REgulus is the king of all serpentis & hath feders & wings with white spots on his body/ & is a foot & an half of length/ he sleeth the fowls & the people with his sight & with his blasts & dwelleth upon dry sandy places. Nota. jareth saith/ he that seeth or heareth regulus blow he waxeth by & by full of dropsy & dieth. & hereof we shall speak more beneath of basiliscus.   

Cap. C.xxvi.  
REynocheron is a beast that hath a neck like a horse & through all his body it is fiery & flambye & when it bloweth with his breath upon any man it is so hot that he must die ¶ Monocheron that is a unicorn for it hath but one horn standing in his forehead & it is so sharp that what so ever it touchet with his horn it tereth it a sunder or runneth it through/ & it is a best with iiij. feet feringe neither iron nor steel/ & it fighteth oftentimes against the oliphant & thirsteth him in the beli with his sharp horn & so overcometh him.   

Of the Rutela. cap. C.xxvij  
THe Rutela is like a spiner & catcheth manners/ some be read and rdwnce/ some be with with round belies/ some be rough and hery/ some be black some be like waspis/ and some be called Egipciaca. and their biting is very venomous and thereof cometh great pain in the heed and causeth the parson so stinged to be very slepye/ and than cometh the death The bath and tyna wtdryueth the pains of the stygne for when the place stygned is wet with tina than the pain wtdraweth/ & when it is taken of than the pain doth come again therefore it must be always bathed.   

Cap. C.xxviij.  
AVenymous best is Rubetum and is of the manner of a Frog This Rubetum is very medecinable for many things/ but he casteth his virtue from him when he will & taketh it again when he will/ but alway it keepeth his venom by him.   

cap. xxix  
Salamandra is a venomous best a hog & mired with the face of an ape & it liveth in the fire/ & it quencheth the flame/ and it beareth a manner of will like a done colour/ whereof divers things be woven that never can be brent/ but when they be fowl than they be cast in the fire to be cleansed/ this best is lean and it hath but little blood.  

The operation  
¶ The flesh of the see snail and of the frog helpeth against the venom of the salamandra.    

Cap. c.xxx.  
LIke an adder there is a serpent and it is named Suara/ when it is old it waxeth blind/ and than it runneth against a wall towards the east looking upon the uprising of the son and thereby it getteth sight again Stello is also a manner of an adder the which hath a deadly venom and it is false & subtle it hateth man sore/ it hath a long tail and a small heed.   

Cap. c.xxxi.  
SAlpiga is a serpent that is selden seen/ the same is named also Scitalis and is of many divers colours upon his back/ and is very fat/ it is so hot of nature that in the wynt he casteth his skin of. ¶ Seps is a little serpent & is so full of venom that he poisoneth not only the flesh of man but also the bone. The man that of him is stinged consumeth & melteth to death through the great poison.   

cap. c.xxxij.  
Dypsa as before is specified ¶ Spuens is a serpent that with his spewing or spittle sleeth them that it falleth on/ & this serpent is about two cubits of length & it stingeth a man to death or it leave/ of. ¶ Syraus be serpent is in araby with wings and they run faster than an horse/ & some say that they fly also/ & who so of them is bitten or stynged dieth or he feel any pain   

Cap. c.xxxiij.  
SCorpio is a beast seeming humble having a meek regard or look. but in his tail he hath a venomous styngue & therewith doth great harm unto man when he regardeth him lest. it liveth of the earth/ & in may & august it layeth eggs or a substance like eggs but they be worms/ & the mother will sometime eat them but they hang behind her on her legs & feet & so save themself. ¶ A black hog that is strike of this worm must needs die. & o/ ne of another colour may escape but not always/  

¶ The operation.  
The fasting spittle of man killeth the scorpion. so doth the erbe raphana/ & the water of it both. if it be laid upon him/ & though of a man were stinged of him and that he ate raphana the sting/    

ca c.xxxiiij.  
ACnbite long is that serpent Seta & it is a white/ & both ends be a like thick at heed and tail/ & it creepeth with both the ends. & this serpent is engendered of a veymous wat & who drinketh of this what shall become mad & rave/ & so end his lice with pain. Sardina is not reckoned among the serpents but Solisuga sardis creepeth in the grass/ & where it lihgtneth upon there it bringeth a sickness.   

Cap. c.xxxv.  
SPoliator colubri is a worm with agolden colour & though it be small & week yet it can overcome a snake for when it seeth the snake lay in the son than it creepeth up at the tail & so to the head/ but than he claweth him softly be the heed/ & or he be aware he festneth so hard in his heed that the snake with all his might can not shake him of/ & this worm sleeth him & than eateth his fill of him. This worm is like unto the star/ for it shineth most be night & it cometh never forth but when it is a great rain abiding fair wedder this worm quencheth the fire like a plate afyce/ and if a man's body be touched or moved with the dung of this best or worm/ all the here of his body shall fall out.   

Cap. c..xxxvi  
Talpa the moll is a little black blind best that cometh of the earth/ & it hath a soft skin that is hery/ & it liveth of the worms in the ground/ but when it suffereth great hunger than it eateth. earth  

The Operation  
¶ A moll brent to ashes & that tempered the face helpeth the lepry/ his blood enoyted upon a place where as the here is fallen out causeth it to grow again the ashes of it strewed upon a fistule consumeth all the filthy ordure thereof.    

Cap. c.xxxvij.  
A Bull is a strong best & humble & companable among other beasts & he fighteth sore with the horns & because he is strong of all the partis of his body/ therefore he is set to the ploghe for to labour like an horse.  

The Operation.  
The horn of the bull with driveth the serpents & so doth the blood. and cleanseth the spotes in the face ¶ the gall with honey and balm is good for the eyen. ¶ the sepum with rosin & wax suppleth all hardness of biles/ & such like his dung assuageth all swellings. ¶ the gall with the stinking burgall menged to ged healeth both wound and mark    

Cap. c.xxxviij  
TArandus is a best as great as an ox & hath a heed like an heart with branched horns & the skin of his back is so hard that some men make breast plates of it/ & it hath the colour of all manner of flores of the trees and erbes there as he haunteth or hideth him self & therefore he can not lightly be fownden of the place that he is in.   

Cap. c.xxxix.  
IT is a grey taxus as before hath been spoken of & his left legs be shorter than his right/ therefore he can not run swiftli except he be in a foroughe & his her is hard & coloured both and he standeth upright upon his hinder feet and defendeth himself with his teeth and forfetes against the hounds and the fox beguileth him also/ for when he hath made his hole and is ones out of the way the fore cometh and layeth his dung in the entry of his hole/ & when the grey cometh again he may not abide the stench & than he leaveth his hole & the fox bideth in possession  

Operation.  
The sewer or grese is very medecina/ ble for the pains in the kidney and as the moan groweth so groweth his fat as the moan groweth more & lass so is he fat & leanly according to the season of the moan. The brain as Esculapius saith tempered with oil and therewith enoyted healeth man of many pains ¶ the coddis dress with honey quickeneth man to naturel lust    

Cap. c.xl  
A best is tragelaphus & like an heart & it hath a beard like a goat & they be by the wat phesin. ¶ Trogodita is a beast that hath long crooked horn coming over his face or mouth the which letteth him of his meet/ but when he will eat than he setteth his neck awry and so eateth with great pain.   

Cap. c.lxi.  
A Wooed worm is tere do that is nothing strong nor great/ & engendered of corruption of the air/ & it is between the bark & the tree & there it do the oftentimes great scathe & specially when the wood is hewn in on sesonable time or that the tree where planted at a full moan.   

Ca c.xlij.  
THe Motte bredethe among clothes till that they have bitten it a sunder/ & it is a maniable worm and yet it hideth him in the cloth that it can scantly be seen/ & it bredethe gladly in clothes that have been in an evil air or in a rain or mist & so laid up with out hanging in the son or other sweet air after.  

The operation  
The erbes that be bitter & well smelling is good to be laid among such clothes/ as the bay lenis cypress wood.    

Cap. c.xliij.  
TIrus is a serpent be the cite Iherico and persecuteth sore the fowls and their eggs and eateth them/ & of this serpent is made good treacle for all manner of venymes/ some say that before the passion of our saviour Christ this serpent had no virtue/ but when our saviour was crucified as it fortuned there lay one be the way not far from the cross/ so one took it up and cast it at the cross/ and there it abode hanging on the one side of our lord & ever sins all those serpents Tigris have had the forenamed virtue against all manner of other poisons/ But yet against his own poison he doth no remedy at all.   

Cap. c.xliiij.  
TIgris is a very marvelous curtsy best and it hath many spots/ and it is marvelous swift and full of raving/ and when his youngs be taken from him/ than he followeth the hunter but his youngs be taken from him every year commonly.   

Cap. c.xlu  
A Manner of serpent is Tortuca that hath no venom of all the time that he liveth/ but after his death as Ambrosius saith. If any man tread on his kidney with his bare feet he should there by be empoisoned/ & it is two foot long & it hath a heed like a toad/ & a tail like a scorpion. & two herd sheliys on his body so that it ran not lightly be slain with hard strokis/ & it layeth eggs like an hen/ but they may not be eaten & these that be spoken of be in the water but there be on the earth some also that hath no venom & they be eaten of man ¶ Tarante is a small serpent & who so he stingeth shall have great pain/ and except triacle him he must die in the pain   

Cap. c.xlvi  
VIpera is a serpent that hath a smooth broad heed/ a little small neck & a short tail/ & they betaken of them that make medicines towards the end of may. In the winter go the Vipera out of his hele or den & rubbeth his iyens against a fennel stake & therewith she getteth bright iyen/ The urine of a man spylt upon the bit or stingne of vipera is very medecinable  

The Operation.  
Diascorides saith The fat of vipera tempered with ceduar mel acito/ and with old olye a like moche in weght helpeth the dark sight of man. Plinius Vipera is good for all manner of serpents bits. and his skin that he putteth of dressed in the wine healeth the pain of the teeth. and the eyen and his grease taketh away the darkness of the iyens    

Cap. c.xlvij.  
VRus is a wild bull and he is so strong thate he thrusteth greet trees to the ground/ and will bear an armed man away upon his horns and they be moche in the mountains ¶ Helivandus saith that in the great wild forestis of Germania be such bulls and they be somewhat less than an oliphant and they be very strong and swift in ronning and spare neither man nor best and they that will have them make great pits in the ground and cover them with thin gear & when they go over these pits they fall in them & than the hunter's slay them.   

ca c.xlviij.  
VRsus the bear is a fell best & his body is of evil shape/ they lay all the winter still hidden/ & than he layeth still sucking of his foot whereof he waxeth so wonders fat that he can not almost go/ and the bears take each other in their arms or leges like men and women & sleep all the first fortnight.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ Ysaac saith the beris flesh is lymy & evil to be etyn/ but it is good for me deeynes/ the fattest is best/ & his grease doth cause here to grow.    

ca c. xlxix.  
VNcia is an angry best/ & like a dog/ but longer bodied/ & is to him his meet that he getteth he on a tree with it changes hangeth it on a branch & so eateth it/ if man fortune of them to be bitten when they run assault/ than come many mice about him & piss on it/ & than at the last he must die.   

Capitulo. c.l.  
Wlpis/ the fox is a falls wily best & hath moche here with a great tail/ some say that he never maketh his hole himself/ but possessith the holes of the grey as before is specified in the forty chapped. The hunter's desire more the skin than flesh.  

The Operation  
¶ The fox sudden in oil olive/ & that occopyed for the knots comen of the gout/ and if he be sudden in water than it withdriveth the pains in the joints.    

capitulo. c.li  
THe Vnycorne is a strong best and can not lightly be taken be no meaners/ but yet some say that they the hunt him set maidens in the place that they hunt in/ & in the chasinge when it seeth the maid/ to her it runneth and layeth the heed in the maidens lap forgetinge all the chase/ & than come the hunters and take her without endred for she slepis in the maidens lap for joy of her virginity/ And when it wakeneth and findeth himself taken of the hunters than dieth this best for very great pride/ and the horn of htis best is four foot long and is very costly & is a preservation for many manner of poisons.   

Cap. c.lij  
THe ape is a beast having many liknesses unto man/ having her breasts before contrary to all other beasts & hath hands & feet to ocopye like man or woman but his nature is with the face dounwardes & man's towards heaven/ the ape is ever going from one place to another. ¶ Plinius saith that in Ind be apes that be all white. & the ape playeth gladly with young children/ but if he saw his time he would wory them. It hath also a natural understanding & they dwell in high trees & they that will take them bring young children to the wood where the apes be & put shone on their feet & make them fast in presence of the apes that be on the trees & than put them of & leave them there & go a side/ & than cometh the apes down & put on those shone & so they be taken.  
¶ Thus is ended the first part of this present volume wherein we have treated to the laud and praise of almighty god of the bestis and worms on earth with their properties & virtues/ And now I shall treat to you of the birds of the air and of their nature and properties the which be created of our saviour christ Ihu whom I call to my help in all my business that he will give me grace to treat of this matter a right.    


¶ Of the generation of the birds in the air.  
Daily to us is showed the graces of almighti god whereof we ought to give laudes & thanks to his glorious godhead for his Infenyte goodness and understanding that he hath shaped in mankind to have a perfit & ready knowledge of all earthly things as it is to be perceived be this present volume and second Book where as we find written of the generation of the birds or fowls of the air as here after ensueth. ¶ Ye shall understand that divers Birds lay their eggs but ones in the year/ as birds that leave be sparrow-hawks goshawks Falcons and such like. Some there be that lay their eggs divers times/ and breedeth often as downs or house hens/ and those leave often times but a short season & this is the cause/ for the meet that they ere is most part changed or turned into sperma or nature/ and of the sperma of the hens be form the eggs/ whereof the moistest part is changed to the white of the egg/ and the driest or earthy part becometh yellow and round/ and layeth in the mids of the egg and is the yolk. And thereto doth the cock give the semynall or the fruitful sprites/ and without the company of the cock the eggs be on fruitful/ For divers times the hens doth lay eggs without to doing of any thing/ or bespringinge of any hen or kyssinge or smelling of any cock/ or blast of the Sothern wind/ and all those be but wind eggs and on fruitful. And the hen desireth not so much conversation as the cock doth/ and therefore is one cock sufficient among many hens ¶ Nota.  
¶ The white of the egg is moist & warm/ and therein is repended the fruitful spirit of the cock through the heat when the hen sitteth on the eggs/ & it is changed on the third day or there about/ For in the white of the egg be the sharp end seemeth a drop of blood and thereof is made the heart of the chicken/ within x. days all the limbs be made & thereof is the heed greatest/ And in the other x. days be the limbs stretched and expressly ordained and beginneth to quicken & bear life through the grace of almighty god in the shell it hath the heed upon the right foot/ & the right wing covereth the heed/ But they come first into the world with the feet out at the sharp end of the egg/ And out of the long eggs come the cocks/ And out of the ronde eggs come the hens.  

¶ Of the three parts or regions of the air.  
HErause that we should show here of the birds of the air I will first write unto you of the plases or regions of the air and how many regions there be wherein they be suported. Ye shall understand that the air is divided in three parts or regions of the air/ As first the highest/ the mydel most/ and the lowest. The upermoste Region of the air is be the course and element of the fire/ & is warm of the fiery elementis and the stars/ & that element is pure like the fire/ and in that highest region it is very still & there is nouther wind nor rain as it hath be proved of them that hath been on mountains that wretched into the highest Element or Re/ gion of the air/ and on the highest place of one of those mountains they wrote letters in the sonde & went their way and come again at the years end & found those letters as perfit and full comely made as they were at the first hour that they were written in the sand.   

Of the second element or Region of the air.  
THe mydelmoste Region is very far from the fiery region or element so that it can take no heat of it And it is also to far from the earth so that it can take no heat of the radies or son beams/ and it is a place full of darkness & tempest/ And also a dwell/ ling place of a part of those fiends & evil spretis that fell with Lucifer out of the kingdom of heaven/ and there is engendered the watery impressyous as snow/ rain/ hail/ & such like.   

Of the third element or Region of the air.  
THe lowest region or part of the air is laid be the water and be the earth/ and that part is lighted and warmed through the bright shining of the son/ and that fortuneth more the one time than the oath according to the seasons of the year.    

Capitulo. Primo.  
THe Eagle is a bird with sharp talentis/ that which hath a sharp sight/ & he flieth of a mighti heght above the watery clouds so high that no man can see him/ yet when he is at his most heght than seeth he the fishes in the water/ & as soon as he spyeth them/ than descendeth he as swift as an arrow out of a bow & gripeth that fish out of the water and bringheth it upon the strand/ & when he is in his nest than looketh he in the radies or son beams & teacheth his youngs to look upon it also/ And they that can not look upon it/ them he putteth from him with great on worthiness out of the nest/ and he keepeth always one nest/ & that maketh he upon the highest tree that he can find for fear of evil bestis/ serpentis/ & other fowls that might do than harm whilst they be young & he defendeth them till they be able to defend themself/ when the eagle a far of seeth the serpent than she descendeth rashly & festeneth with his ta/ lentis & teryth it a sunder and eateth it & also he divideth the poison a part & sleeth it and putteth himself in peril for his youngs. In the north parties of the world be great eagles/ & they lay almay. ij· eggs as before is said in the top of the highest tree that they can find and fleeth out and taketh an hare or a fox and beareth it to his nest & plucketh of all there here be small pieces & covereth his eggs therewith & leaveth them till they burst out of their own nature/ and than the dam cometh & breedeth them up & feedeth them till them be able to get their meet themself & when the eagle is old than flieth he above all the clouds in the heat of the son/ and there is his sight sharpened & refreshed/ & with that here fleeth he in a cold water/ and there he baptizeth himself three times in that water/ & from thence fleeth he up to his nest by his youngs/ and than he plucketh out all his feders and his youngs fetch him meet and feedeth him till that he be renewed and his feders again grown/ and when the eggle hath brought up her youngs that they can flee & get their leaving than he driveth them away from him as far as he can/ because they should not let him of his prey or meet  

The Operation  
The gall of the eagle tempered with philosophy healeth the darkness of the iyens. The iyen anointed with the brain or with the gall and atico honey/ giveth to the iyens a/ gain the brightness of the sight  
AChatus is an on known bird & he is named to be one of the birds of paradise not that he cometh from paradise/ but because that he is so fair. for there is no colour but he hath a part of it & singeth so swereli & so lovingly that he would move any man to devotion and joy. & when he is taken in bondage than it sigheth like a man till it be again at his free liberty. and he dwelleth gladly about the water of nilus/ & he is found nowhere else There be also birds in those quarters of the quantity of a choghe & of a pale red colour/ and they be named birds of the paradise also ¶ Aurifrigus is a bird having one close fore/ & another open with grypinge talenties/ & he compasseth long fleeing about in the air till that he see some fish in the water/ than falleth he suddenly down upon the fish with his open foot with the long talentis griping the fish right strongly/ and with the other foot he defendeth him from the peril of the water swimminge to the succour of the cloven foot.    

Cap. iij.  
AChantis is a little bird/ & when it hath youngs/ it hath ever twelve together & it eateth the erbes of the ground & therefore it hateth horses & kine that bite & eat his meet/ and this bird followeth his enemies to be revenged/ Isidorus saith he doth thereto his best.   

Cap. iiij.  
ANcipiter is a goshawk/ and he is of four manners. The first is this/ great of body and will be soon tamed/ and hath a lusty countenauce with great feet and long talentis/ and it feareth not to set against no bird. The second is smaller & hath great iyen & short talentis/ & is not lightly tamed/ the first & second year he is but little worth/ but the third year he is good & doth very well and is named Alietum. or in english a Tassel goshawk. The third is named nisus or a sparrow hawk & is yet smaller/ it is swift and soon tamed & made to the game. The fourth is the smallest of them & is named a musket/ and they be all like. The goshawk is of that property that if he take a bird over night when he brauncheth himself to rest/ that keepeth he in his talentis all the night/ & on the morning he letteth it i'll again/ and thouhg he met with the same bird again himself having great hunger yet of all that day he will not touch him/ & of all the birds that he taketh he coveteth the heart.  

The Operation.  
¶ The goshawk sudden in rose water is the best medetyne for all diseases of the iyens that therewith be anointed/ Also his dung brent to ashes & mixed with acticū honey is good for the same. Esculapius saith the suet or grease of this tempered with oil wtdriueth the darkness of the iyens.    

Cap. v.  
ARiophilon is a noble bird and it is greater than an Eagle/ both strong and swift in flight with pale red feders and a long tail/ a crooked nebbe/ and great legs/ he is most part of the time in the brightness of the air/ and it is very selden seen on the earth/ and he fleeth so high that no man can see him/ and he getteth his meet in the air/ a bird that he meeteth in in the air escapeth not lightly his claws/ and when this bird is young sometime he is taken and tamed to the game as an hawk. This bird taketh kids and fawns of hearts and tereth them a sunder with his claws & commonly they flee two together & what they get they part it between them gently for it is gentle of kind.   

Capitulo vi  
ALauda the lark is a little bird & with every man well be known through his song/ in the summer it beginneth to sing in the dawning of the day giving knowledge to the people of the coming of the day and in fair weather he rejoiceth sore/ but when it is rain weather than it singeth selden/ he singeth not sitting on the ground nouther/ but when he assendith upward he singeth mereli/ & in the descending it falleth to the ground like a stone.  

The Operation.  
The larks flesh hardeneth the beli and the broth of him that he was sodden/ in slaketh the beli  
Agochiles is a great bird in the orient parties/ and they milk the goats/ fore they flee gladly be the ground where the goats go a grazing/ & they have broad/ bills and therewith they suck the demes of the goats/ and aft that they give no more milk/ & this bird layeth two or three eggs. and Plinius saith that the goats become blind of the sucking of this bird/ & so this best is destroyed    

Cap. seven.  
ALietus is a sib to the eagle and causeth his youngs to look in the son/ and they that can not look in the son he casteth them out of the nest. and when he is on high in the air he hath so sharp a sight that he seeth a fish in the water and than he descendeth hastily and gripeth it/ & so doth he other birds in the air & thereof heaveth   

Cap. viii.  
AMbrosius saith that altion is a bird of the see and lay his eggs on the see strand and in the mids of the winter when the waves strike most perilously/ than fleeth he to his eggs and sitteth upon them/ and by & by the see waxeth smooth/ and he fitteth seven. days on his eggs and in that space be his eggs hatched & than he feedeth them in other seven. days/ and as long as he hatcheth or feedeth his birds/ so long is the see smooth & well tempered in those parties and the ships sail to and fro without any danger/ & this bird only breedeth in the wynt and so doth none other bird. and his nest can not be hewed a fond with a sword nor pron/ but it may be broken a sunder   

Cap. ix.  
ANas the duck. the male or malarde of the duck hath a heed and neck green and a broad bill/ the wings of different colours as white green and black. & he hath a white ring about his neck/ this bird can not live well without water/ & specially when they have eaten any dry mere. & when there be many malardes and but one duck than they kill the duck through their operation of nature/ for they springe up upon the duck one after another/ & her ionges be so quick that as soon as they come out of their shells that though the dam were deed they should help themself well enough  

The Operation.  
Plinius. The blood of the malarde is good for to staunch the flux. The duck maketh a clear voice & causeth man to lay gladdly in the arms & giveth him the seed of nature/ & the suet is of it very good to souple all manner of pains in the body of man.    

Cap. x.  
THe Goose is a bird as great as an eagle & the wild geese flee like as the crane's doth all in order/ and like as the wind bloweth so they flee eastwaerde. and they rest very selden except it be when they do eat/ & they rejoice so sore in their fleeing that they sleep but selden. And contrary that nature be the tame gese for they be heavy in fleinge gredi at their meet & diligent to their rest/ & they cry the hours of that night & therewith they fear the thieves In the hillis of alpis be gese as great near hand as an ostrich they be so heavy of body that they can not flee & some take them with their hand  

The Operation  
Auicenna The goose flesh is very gross of nature in disiestion. Goose grease healeth the clese in the face & in the lippis that cometh of cold/ also it suppleth very well all manner of hard swellings through the sweetness of it    

Cap. xi.  
ARdeolais a bird that fleeth veri strongly & when it fleeth high in the air that betokeneth fowl tempestuous weather/ when these birds shall engender than crieth the he for theshe till the blood start out of his eyen/ and some say that they have but one eye. ¶ Ardea is a bird that fetcheth his meet in the water & yet he buildeth upon the highest trees that he can. This bird defendeth his youngs from the goshawk casting his dung upon him/ & than the fedders of the goshawk rote of the dung of ardea as far as it touchet Azalon is a little bird that breaketh the eggs of the raven/ & the fox will always take the youngs of this bird/ when the raven espieth this he helpeth the fox as contrary his enemy/ & this bird liveth/ of the thistle wherefore it hateth the ass because heeteth the levys & flowers of the thistle whereby it leaveth   

Cap. xii.  
THe Bee is a little bird that hath both wings feet and teeth/ both and they be gladly in sweet airs. and they be very diligent in their operations. and among them all they chose a king/ but not to be subject to him but they dare not flee till that their king flee before them as a leader or a governor And the bees have each a different operation/ and their operation hath no certainty/ some suck the flores/ some gather the dew/ of this they make honey and wax wherewith is served both god & man/ & they be ever ready to work in season of the year when it is fair weather   

Cap. xiij  
BAsiliscus is to understand as a king of serpentis/ for all other serpents i'll from him/ for with his breathe he sleeth them/ also if he see man or woman he sleeth them with his fight/ there may no bird pass by him they must needs die. Auicenna saith that he sleeth with his cry aswell as with his sight & he saith that he crieth & he hath a crooked bill like a cock/ & he is two shafmontes long with a sharp heed & read iyen & where it cometh it burneth all the grass up save only about his hole or den there it is not bront. Some say that he cometh of a cocks egg for when a cock becometh old than he layeth an egg without any shalt but it hath a skin that is very tough/ but this egg must lay in warm dung for there it should lay warm/ and than belenght of time there should come a chicken of it and that should have a tail like an adder/ and that other part of the body like the cock Some say that a serpent or toad breedeth out this egg but thereof is no certainty but it is red in old books that it cometh of a cockis egg. This serpent is overcomen by the weasel which is a little best. yet the basiliscus runneth away from him & the weasel persecuteth him to death & sleeth him.   

Cap. xiv.  
BArliata is a bird that groweth out of the wood/ and some say that it is wood of abieta that standeth upon the see strand the which falleth often times in the water & that roteth/ and that rotten wood giveth a gross humour of the which cometh a little bird as much as a lark/ and they hang with the nebbe on the wood/ and they fleet through the see so long till that they fall of. Philozophus saith that it is well known in Germania that this bird cometh without any generation yet he fleeth as other birds doth   

Cap. xv  
THe Bistarda is a bird as great as an eagle of the manner of an eagle and of such colour save in the wings & in the tail it hath some white feders he hath a crooked bill & long talants. and it is slow of flight/ & when he is on the ground than must he rise three or iiij. times or he can come to any full flight. he taketh his meet on the earth for .v. or vi of them together be so bold that they festen on a sheep & tear him asunder & so eat the flesh of him/ & this bird doth eat also of deed beasts & stinkyn carrion and it eateth also grass & green erbes/ & it layeth his eggs upon the ground & breedeth them out the while that the corn groweth on the field. Sonosa is a bird in germania & hath black flesh without/ but within it is very white & veri sweet/ and the male & female of those birds engend in this manner the male cometh running with an open mouth therein having spittle & than cometh the female & receiveth the same and than she layeth eggs and bringeth forth young birds   

Cap. xvi.  
BVbo is an Owl dwelling in the churches & he drinketh out the oil of the lamps & suppeth up the doves eggs/ & with this bird be other birds taken/ & when other birds feght against him than falleth he on his back & defendeth him with his claws or ta/ lents/ & the raven eateth the eggs of the owl at mid none/ & the owl eateth his eggs at mid night/ & this bird is hated of all other birds  

The Operation.  
Auicenna. The blood of an owl is good for the disease named asmatike & so is his flesh & the broth that it is sudden in. The heart of him laid at the one side of a woman's back principally on her left side she shall then tell all that she hath done    

Capitulo xxvij  
BVteus is sib to the goshawk but he is somewhat blacker/ and he is slow of flight/ & he getteth his meet by subtlety/ and his flesh is sweet of savour  
Butorius orbittor hath long legs/ a long neck/ & a long sharp bill he dwelleth by the water among read or segge/ and heeteth gladly fish & for to take them he standeth under the sha'/ dow of a tree by the waterside. and he crieth marvelously like a trump ¶ Botaurus is a bird that putteth his bill in the earth and he crieth like an ox/ and the dam feedeth her ionges under her wings & his bill is long   

Cap. xviji.  
BIbones be the worms & flies that grow of the new wines. ¶ Blata is a worm & fly that may not suffer the light/ & it is most busy be night/ & who so taketh it with his hand it staineth his hand/ & they be enemies unto the bees   

Capitulo xix  
CAntarides be little beasts & worms that be found in the straw of the corn the while that the corn groweth/ they be slayns with vinegar/ and a little of these taken in drink causeth moche water to be made/ and if there be many taken in drink it will hurt the bladd & make a man to piss blood  

The operation  
This worm Cantarides is tempered with oyntmentis that be made for mangynes or scabs/ & the best of these worms be found in the long where straw & they that have them kill them in this manner They put them in a new earthen pot & close it with a linen cloth & hold the pot so over warm vinegar till that they be all deed/ & so must ye do with a worm named xosostis/ for they both be of one virtue. & the best of these be they that have many colours & many stripes in their wings/ & these rub in pieces with mostard seed & therewith anointed causeth here for to grow. This mixed with oil till it be thick healeth impostumes of cancres. This worm causeth the women's disease for to come/ & it sleeth the fruit. and they that have pain in the bladder give them some of it in their drink  
PLinius saith that about the hill of casini the people that there dwelleth hath great scathe of the hay sprengers for they ere up their corn & seed. & the god jupit did send to destroy them a bird named zelantides/ & sins no man can tell where they become/ & this saith Albertus also    

Cap. xxi  
CAladryus as Aristoti. saith is a bird white of colour & hath no black sportis upon him. his dung healeth the darkness of the iyens. And these birds were wont to be moche in kings & noble princes courts/ for be this bird when they were seek they knew whether they should live or die. as soon as this bird seeth one that shall die he turneth his heed about from the seek body/ but if he see that he shall escape than this bird turneth him toward this seek body and taketh all his sickness from him and spreadeth it abroad in the air/ & the seek bodis healeth/ and this bird is oftentimes seek for the seek body/ & dieth for the seek bodies sake but he flieth in the air and sprdeth it abroad/ and burneth it. Alexander found these birds in the land of Persie   

Capitulo xxij  
A Capon is a young cock gelded because it should the bet feed & fatten.  

The Operacon  
The brain of him is good to be drunk with wine for the flux. Plinius  
Caprimulgus is a bird a smoche as a thrush or somewhat bigger/ & breedeth in the mountains/ and is selden seve by day/ but by night it hath so sharp sight & it is a night these for be night he cometh in to the stalls among gootes & kids/ and there they suck the gootes & than the gootes wax blind and dry of their milk    

Cap. twenty-three.  
CArduelis is a little bird named a thistle fyntche/ for it liveth of thistle and chardys'/ & it hath a yellow body and a reed heed   

Cap. xxiv.  
Carabdrion is a crying bird & almost as small as a lark/ and it singeth very well & it counterfeiteth the song of all other birds that it doth here/ and though it be in a cage it maketh a marvelous melody and it singeth all the day long   

Cap. xxv  
A Flying heart is in manner and sib to the creketh & this fleeth most towards night and maketh great noise with his flienge. and it hath long horns that be medecynable. & those horns be bright and branched. and it lighteth by night/ and though the heed be of yet it liveth long with out body & the body also without heed but the body liveth not so long as the heed   

Cap. xxvi.  
CIcade that is a grashop that liveth by the dew/ and they be of two manners/ the one be of the smallest and they live longest/ & they sing but very softlis but the other singeth loud/ & the he of both these crekettis singeth/ & the she singeth not. And in the orient parties the people eateth them. these grashoppes be first worms & get wings aftwardes & in the stead of a mouth it hath a little tongue and licketh the dew and there by it liveth.   

Cap. xxvij.  
A stork is a bird with white and black feders/ & it clappeth with his bill & maketh great noise/ and he is mortal enemy of the serpents. for he eateth them & other venomous beasts also but he eateth no toads except great hunger drive him to it/ and in the land of thessaly who so sleeth a stork must needs die him self as if he had slain a man. & these birds renew every year their nest/ & when their ionges be full grown & feathered than they cast one of their ionges out of the nest for a tribute unto the lord of the ground and some say that they give it god for the tithe/ & therefore in the land of Turingia where as there is no tithe given there they cometh not.  

Solinus saith  
The storks be also clean of leaving like man and wife ought to be. For it is showed in an example that there aware ones two storks that builded on a lords place/ and when the cock of them flew out for meet than there come another cock be his hen/ & had of her his will and flew away and than she flew down from the house in the court where as was a fountain with water & washed from her the spot of the sin that she had done with the strange stork/ the lord saying oftentimes & marveled sore of it/ and at the last he waited her when she had done that deed again & thought to wash her/ and he put her from her purpose that she most nediss i'll to her nest again or her make come/ and incontinent he was by her and brought meet/ and by & by he perceived that his wife or hen had to him been ontrewe but he feigned him as of nothing knowing & bode the space of an hour by her and than did i'll away till the next day & come than again with a great company of other storks and there did kill & tear her asond that had live so in a nowtrye/ and brought her to death with great pain.    

Cap. xxviij.  
The swan is veri a fair bird with white feders/ & it hath a black skin & flesh/ the mariner seeth him gladly/ for when he is merry the mariner is without sorrow or danger & all his strength is in his wings/ and he is choleric of complexion/ & when they will engender than they strike with their nebbies toged and cast their necks over each other as if they would embrace each other so come they together but the male doth hurt the female & as soon as he beknoweth that he hath hurt her than he departeth from her company in all the haste possible/ and she pursneth after for to revenge it/ but the anger is soon past & she washeth her with her bill in the water/ and cleanseth/ herself again.   

Cap. xxix.  
CInomulgus is a bird in Arabia & he buildeth in the forests in a nest made of the cinnamon upon the highest tree that he there findeth/ & because the people can not come by that nest/ therefore they shoot it down with bolties leded at the end/ and so they get the cinnamon that the nest is made of/ and that is praised for the best/ and this bird is somewhat greater than the sparrow. Cilpedo is a bird like a swallow save only it hath no legs/ and they be seen very moche upon these/ and it breed the behind the stones because it should not be seen to th'intent it should be free of man and best. Cytramus is a bird that be night crieth & calleth other birds and the haukers know thereby that there about is no game of other birds/ for there will none be him abide.   

Cap. thirty.  
Cinomia/ is a dog fly which trobbeleth the young whelps in their ears/ & when they shake them out by and by they be therein again & hurt them sore till that they bleed   

Cap. xxxi.  
CIcendula is a flying worm/ the which whether he go or fly giveth light from him/ & fleeth by night & they be many in Italy/ and who so seeth them thinketh that they be sperkes of fire. ¶ Cimex is a worm that groweth of rotten flesh/ & it stinketh like an herb that it beareth the name of. & it doth great harm in the gardens where as it is.   

Cap. xxxij.  
A Dove is a clean bird & liveth by pure sede/ & ix times is here sight renewed/ & it breedeth gladly in the high placies for fere of evil beasts that they should do harm to her youngs. & it resteth gladly by the water for to slake her thirst & also to see the shadow of the goshawk that is his enemy when he cometh. jacobus historiographus saith/ that in the orient parties the doves bear the letters of the lords into other lands when their messengers can not pass for fere of their enemies The doves layeth eggs all the year through if they have a warm place & meet/ or else they lay not/ and the youngs/ that be hatched in may and in harvest be better than other that be hatched at other seasons of the year  

The Operation.  
Esculapius saith. that a dove slain and laid warm upon an evil bit is very good/ His dung resolveth all manner of pains and drieth the humours The blood of the he dove let out of a vain under the wings is good for the eyen that be overflown with blood. The dung tempered with vinegar/ is good for to withdrive the black spots or marks of sores. The dung is good to be laid to sore joints    

Cap. xxxiij.  
COredulus is a bird that liveth by flesh/ & specially it desireth the heart of the best. ¶ The Crow eateth gladly nuts/ & with a high voice it crieth for a to coming rain and seeketh the eggs of the dove to sup them up.  

The Operation. Plinius  
The brains dressed in meet and eaten is good for the pain in the heed.    

Cap. xxxiiij.  
THe Raven is a crying bird that maketh moche noise but he can cry no thing but crascras. The female breedeth out the eggs alone and he fetchet her meet & the youngs be seven. days old or they eat and upon the seventh day begin they to be black There be ravens in the orient parties that fighteth against the asses & when they fly they put out the iyens of the beasts to th'intent that the people should fleye them for the skin/ & that they should have the carcase and flesh/ and often times so getteth he his meet/ and he bildeth moche about towers and steeples. and he warneth of toe coming weder both fair and fowl & each in a different manner with his cry and he learneth very gladly for to steel   

Cap. xxxv.  
COcurnix is a royal bird in the land of Arabia/ the which hath a lodesman of other birds or of the crow when they will pass over the see. for when they be passed they be in danger of the goshawk that will gripe them, therefore they have one with them thate flieth before to warn them   

Cap. xxxvi.  
COcix is a bird that is much like the goshawk of feders/ but he is heeded & footed like the dove/ and if any that be sib to him see him by the hawk they will kill him. This bird is told of nature & therefore he layeth but few eggs at the most not past two   

Cap. xxxvij.  
CRocilos is a very little bird in Italy/ & some say it is thewrenne and though it be small yet it will feght against the eagle/ & it flieth most part alone/ and it bringeth forth many yonges/ and it breedeth in a hole of the walls/ and be night they be a great many of them together/ because they should keep each other warm & eateth sand. and it singeth most when it is hard frozen and in dry weather.   

Cap. xxxviij.  
COrinta is a great bird in the Orient/ and hath but little feders Corinta hath a great crop under his throat as great as the lungs of a kowe wherein he gathereth moche blood/ and therefore he drinketh moche.   

Cap. xxxix.  
THe Cuckoo is a bird that singeth always one song/ & is a slothful bird but he bideth not long in one place/ & he is coloured like the tyrtelle dove/ in the winter goeth he in a hole of the ground within a hollow tree/ and their he plucketh out his feds/ & bideth therein/ and there hath meet enough by him provided in the summer season. he layeth his eggs in the nest of a little bird and taketh as many egg is out of that bird is nest as he layeth therein and thus is the cuckoo breed of a strange dam/ and this dam rejoiceth herself in the greatness of here strange youngs and marveleth greatly that she hath so fair youngs & disdaineth her own youngs. than the young cuckoo biteth his dam to death/ and he keepeth a dew time of his coming.  

The operation.  
his dung sudden in wine is good to be drunk for the biting of a mad dog.    

Cap. xl.  
CVbeth is an on clen bird/ & where it findeth his wives eggs it bre them a sunder/ but as nigh as she can she hideth them that he should not find them and weather she cometh by her make or no though she do but here him or see him she shall lay eggs. but when she seeth him than she runneth to meet him & there they engender as secretly as they can/ because that the other cocks of them should not see it to th'intent that they should not be let them of their oil business.   

Cap. xli  
A Little flying worm is this culex having before in his heed a little sting wherewith he thrusteth through the skin of a man or other best and sucketh the blood and other sweat things and it loveth so well the light that it cometh about the candle and burneth himself  

The Operation  
Auicenna. For to dechase this gnat or fly/ take rue and alson and seethe them in water & wash therewith thy house.    

Cap. xlij.  
OIomede be birds as great as swans/ & they bred in the rocks of stone in the land of appulias nigh by the water/ and is of the bright shining colour with fiery iyens & their bills be jagged like teeth/ & they do fly all in heaps/ & they have two other by'r/ des to be their guides/ & the one fleeth before to show them the way and the other cometh behind to drive the sloth full birds forward & quicken them to make them fly the swyfter   

Cap. xliij.  
DRaycha is a bird that hath no feet/ & when it cometh to the ground than it glideth on his wings and breast. & it cometh in the beginnyg of the summer/ and it breedeth youngs/ & when they be full grown than dieth the dames and sires.   

Cap. xliiij.  
EChitus is a little bird & he fegts with the ass/ for when the ass comes to the thorns for to rub or scratch him than doth he break this birds nest/ & for this cause he feareth this ass so sore that when he heareth or seeth him he cauneth his eggs out of the nest jarath & Emerie be brides that do fly be night & they get light with their wings when they fly Ercinie be birds in germania and their wings give at dark night so great light that a man may find the way through the shinninge of their wings   

Cap. xlv  
THe Falcon is a gentle bird & hasty in his game when the hawkers will take the heron they let two fawkons i'll/ i. above that bringeth him out of the air & another beneath that meeteth him in his coming down and taketh him. ¶ There be two manner of falcons. the one is gentle & the other is on gentle/ & they will not lightly be tamed or made to the ganee without great watch hunger & labour/ & when this on gentle falcon hath brought this heron to ground than degorgeth or voideth this heron an ele or other fish that he eat last/ than this falcon chooseth the same that the heron leaveth there & la/ teeth the heron i'll/ but so doth not the gentle falcon/ for he punisheth the deceitful fowl right sore  

The Operation.  
Albertus. If he can not mute give him the gall of a cock or else a sudden white snail it shall amend. if he mute to much than give him a little just of ius/ quiami & wet his meet therein. If he have broken above in his legs or in his wing than bind thereto the spice Alor all warm/ & let it lay a day and a night thereto. or else bind cocks dung tempered with wyneger    

Cap. xlvi.  
FAscianus is a wild cock or a pheasant cock that bide in the forests & it is a fair bird with goodly feders. but he hath no commbe as other cocks have/ and they be always alone except whane they will be by the hen. and they that will take this bird/ and in many places the byrders doth thus they paint the figure of this fair bird in a cloth & holdeth it before him/ & when this bird seeth so fair a figure of himself/ he goeth neither forward nor backward/ but he standeth still staring upon his figure/ & suddenly cometh another and casteth a net over his heed and taketh him This bird mourneth sore in fowl weather & hideth him from the rain under the bushes Toward the morning and towards night than cometh he out of the bush and is oftentimes so taken/ & he putteth his heed in the ground & he weeneth that all his bddy is hidden/ and his flesh is very light and good to digest   

Cap. xlvij.  
FAtator is a bird in the orient parties/ that layeth their eggs so soon that they breast for cold asunder/ & than it layeth again & thereof it bringeth for the youngs/ & that is against nature of other birds for they breed but ones in the year.   

Cap. xlviij.  
The Fenix is a bird in Arabia/ & of them is but one in the world & he waxeth. ccccc. year old. & when he is thus old he gathereth the sticks after well smelling spices & buildeth a fire thereof/ and than he splayeth his wings abroad towards the heat of the son sitting on his wood and quickly he festeneth on fire and so burneth/ and of the ashes ariseth another Fenix Ambrose saith. That when Fenix perceiveth the end of his life than it maketh a nest of well smelling woods and layeth himself therein for to die and when he is deed of the humours of his flesh ariseth a worm/ the which be process of time getteth goodly feders & is as fair a bird as ever the other was before/ the which to us is a noble ensample of the resurrection of our saviour Ihesu Criste/ and of our rising/ again at the day of doom.   

Cap. xlix  
FIlomena is the nightingale/ & it is a little bird that singeth marvelously well/ and specially at the son rising/ & he singeth in the summer but never in the winter/ In the beginning of may he rejoiceth so moche in his song that he never sleepeth or very selden eateth. They feght so sore sometime each with other/ that he that is overcomen oftentimes dieth.   

Cap. l.  
FVlica is a great bird & white as a swan with a great broad bill hauntinge much the water's side. and it is a wise bird/ & he eateth no manner of stinking meet or carrion/ and also he buildeth ever in one place.   

Cap. li.  
FVcus is a great be/ but not of the kind of the gentle bees/ for she maketh nouther honey nor wax/ but sheeteth the honey and labour of other bees/ & they have no stingue wherefore they be not of the true kind and the other bees have as if it ware a commandment over them/ & if they bide there among the bees without working than the bees ponisshe them to the utt most without any pity with their stingues/ and when the honey is full made than the bees drive them away/ and they be not seen but in may/ & it worketh for the king of the bees & maketh him a royal wide place covered over like a throne/ but for all his labour he may not eat of the honey except he do get it be stealth.   

Cap. lij.  
GAllus/ the Cock is a noble bird with a comb on his head & under his jaws/ he croweth in the night heavily/ & light in the morning/ & is far herd with the wind. The lion is afraid of the cock/ & specially of the white/ the crowing of the cock is sweet & profitable he wakenth the sleper/ he comforteth the sorrowful/ & rejoiceth the wakers in tokening that the night is passed.  

The operation  
¶ The flesh of the coske is groser than the flesh of the hen or capon. Nota/ the old cocks flesh is tenderer than the young The capon's flesh is mightiest of all fowls & maketh good blood Auicenna. The cokerels flesh that never crew is bet than the old cocks flesh the stones be good for them that have to light a disiestyon/ the broth of him is good for the pain in the maw that cometh of wind. Esculapius saith the brains drunk with wine helpeth all manner of bits & doth many marvels.    

Cap. liij.  
GAllina/ the hen is the wife of the cock/ & ye shall lay odd eggs under her for to hatch/ & that at the beginning of the moan/ and they be the best eggs that be laid within x. days/ & on the fourth day after ye shall look upon the eggs against the son/ and they that be than clear be not fruitful and for them other must be laid.  

¶ The operation.  
¶ The flesh of the young hen or she have laid/ is better than of the old hen/ also the grese of the chicken is much hotter than of the hen. Esculapius The egg of the hen is good for all manner of pains in the eyen/ the hold egg brent & drunk with wine or vinegar taketh away all the floods of bloods stauncheth them. the grese of the hen healeth the little pystes on the eyen/ the brains stop the blood in the nose.    

Cap. liiij.  
GAllinacius/ the capon is a gelded cock/ & because that he is gelded he waxeth the sooner fat/ & though he go with the hens he doth not defend them/ nor he croweth not. Nota the cock that is gelded after he be three year old/ & than to let him live v. or seven. year long after/ of him cometh a stone named Electorius. & when he hath received that/ than he drinketh no more therefore who so hath this stone in his mouth it withdriveth the thirst.   

Cap. lv.  
GRaculus is a roke that is black over all his body/ & sib to the crow but they be less/ & they build gladly in the highest of the trees/ & many of them together/ & it is a very crying bird/ & when they be young they be good to be eaten/ but their skin must be streped of. Garrulus is a bird of many colours & who so goeth by him/ he chatereth & crieth upon him/ if he be taken young he learneth to speak many words & is the iaye/ he chatereth somtym so sore that the goshawk cometh & doth him displeasure & this bird raveth oftentimes so that he hangeth himself on the branches of the trees.   

Cap. lvi.  
THe gripe is both bird & best & hath wings & feders with four feet & the hole body like the lion/ & the heed the forfeit & wings be like the Eagle/ & they be enemies both to horse & man/ for when they may get them they tere them asond. In sichiē of Asia be right plenteful lands where as no body cometh but these gripes/ & that land is full of gold & silver & precious stones/ they be bred in the mountains of Iꝑbori/ & they of Arismaspi fighteth against them for the precious stones. Albertus saith he hath claws asmuch as the horns of an ox/ whereof they make dishes for to drink of/ & they be very rich and costly.  
¶ johannes manuylde saith. that the bddy of a great gripe is bigger than viii. lions bodies in this country. and they can take an horse with an armed man and bear it away in their nest. And of his quills made great ordonances for the bow   

Cap. lvij.  
Gracocendron is the greatest fowl among all birds/ & he cometh but ones in a year by his make & that is in the summer/ and than she hath youngs after. and from thenceforth they leave in chastity.   

Cap. lviij  
THe bird Gyrfalco cometh over the see in company of many wild geese. and at the night he taketh one in his talanties to th'intent that she should keep him warm/ & in the morning he letteth her flee again without any harm & in the day he taketh one fore his repast ¶ Gosturdus is a little grey bird and hath a little crown of his own feders on his heed/ they fly not like other birds but by compulsion of the wind/ & some say that they lay their eggs in the ground/ and the toad hatcheth them/ & the dam breedeth them up.   

Cap. lix·  
THe Crane is a great bird/ and when they fly they be a great many of them to guider in order and among them they chose a king the which they obey/ when the crane sleepth than standeth he upon one foot with his heed under his wings/ & there is one that keepeth the watch with his heed upright to wards the air/ & when they eat than the king keepeth the watch fore them and than the crane's eat without sorrow ¶ Xa-Tamas saith. that above Egypt in far lands come the crane's in the winter/ and there the fight with the pygmeiss as before is showed in the c & xvi chapped  

The Operation.  
Rasi The flesh of him is gross & not good to distest/ & it maketh melancolius blood. ¶ The crane that is kill in summer shallbe hanged up one day/ and in winter season two days or it be eaten and than it is the more disiestious.    

Cap. lx.  
GLutis is a bird that when he flieth he puttet out his tongue & when the wint cometh he companieth gladly with the stork/ and the swallow & flieth with them away/ but he may not labour as they do/ therefore he bydethe behind sometime & the wint is often overpast a great while or they can comen over/ but when they return they come in fellowship of the crane again.   

Cap. lxi  
HArpia is a great bird that never hath eten enough fore he is never satysfyed· this bird is oftentimes tamed & is taught to speak bodily speech/. This bird dwelleth in the wildernessies by the Pontic mere or see/ and he hath crooked claws for to tear asunder all that he findeth/ and he hath a face like a man/ but he is not of the nature like a man/ for against man he is very fell. for if he find man he sleeth him/ and than he goeth to the water for to drink and there he seeth that he hath destroyed his own similitude/ & than he mourneth so very sore that often times he mourneth unto the death/ and weepeth as long as he liveth   

Cap. lxij.  
HIrundo/ the swallow is a bird that is very light with a cloven tail &/ a little bill/ it giveth warning of the day springe & wakeneth the slepers to serve god. In the winter they flee to the mountains of Apricy & there they be found naked without any feders. Some swallows there be that have in their liefer a stone named celidonium & they be known hereby/ that in a token of peace/ they set their youngs in the nest bill to bill for the other that have no stone sit with their tails to each other contrary the other.   

Cap. lxiij.  
THe bird named herodius is very great & peaceable/ he taketh the eagle & it is a noble bird/ his colour is whit save his breast & wings/ & he is so proud of heart that when he fleeth for his game with v. crane's or other birds a little & a little he bringeth them all to the ground one after another/ & there be dogs taught to the game that take them up in continent & killeth them.   

Cap. lxiiij.  
Ibis' is a bird that is about the wat of Nilus/ but he goeth not in the water/ but he walketh up & down to see if the water will cast up any body or rotten corpse for him to eat of/ & they have crooked bills/ he is a great enemy to all serpents. for josephus saith when he should feght against the mories they way was so full of serpentis that they could not pass/ than brought moyses many of the same birds with him for to destroy those serpents. This bird layeth his eggs out of her mouth and who so eateth of them he must needs die.   

Capitulo. lxv.  
ibis is a great strong bird in orient/ & is great enemy unto the horse & hath both the voice & cry like the horse/ but it is a fearful cry to here/ and they drive the horses away with their cry out of the pasture/ for they eat such meet as the horses doth   

Cap. lxvi  
ISpida is an ice bird/ it is fair & fleeth by the water for to take the fishes & other worms  

The operation.  
Some say that when this birds skin is nailed against a wall/ yet it reneweth feders every year. The sorsers say that if this bird be set upon a treasure for to keep it and it shall multiply and not minish.    

Capitulo. lxvij.  
RIches is a bird that changeth every day his voice/ and singes every day a new song. and he breedeth upon trees/ and when the ancornes be ripe than they engender & get meet enough/ and when the youngs be great and strong for to flee/ Than do they bring meet to their dams & their sires because they should not labour. Nota. Rokis is a bird that when he dieth many other birds make for him great heaviness.   

Cap. lxviij.  
RInnius is a bird that getteth his meet like the eagle or goshawk & it bringeth forth many youngs and feedeth them diligently/ And not only her youngs but also the youngs of the eagle that she casteth out of her nest. Karbolus is a slothful bird that doth not breed out her youngs nor feedeth them nouther/ but fleeth to the stock doves nest and breaketh all the eggs that she findeth/ and than she layeth her eggs there/ and the stock dove breedeth them forth and bringeth them up.   

Capitulo. lxix.  
LAgus is a water bird/ and is contrary to the dobchike/ the which is also a water bird of nature/ and he fleeth from the tempest of the water and this bird lagus rejoiceth him of the tempestuous weather.   

Cap. lxx.  
LAagepus is a bird that hath in manner feet like an hare/ & they have moche feders/ & yet they can not well fly/ And therefore he dwelleth in holes of the earth/ and goeth out and in to fetch his meet/ But he will never be tamed but die for anger when he is taken.   

Capitulo. lxxi.  
LInachos is a bird that hath a sharp sight/ and when his youngs can not yet flee/ than he seateth them with their iyens towards the son/ & they that can not look in the son with out watering of their eyen them he killeth/ & the other he bringeth up. He leaveth of other birds in the water therefore when they see him they dyve under the water & at their risiinge he sleeth them.   

Cap. lxxij.  
MAgnales be great birds in Orient with greet feet and nebbe/ and they do no scathe unto man/ but they take fishes in the water & that they eat.   

Cap. lxxiij.  
MErula is a bird that is black in every part of his body/ but in achaia they be with/ when this bird is seek than he purgeth him self with laurel leaves & he singeth a marvelous song & the tame birds doth eat flesh against his nature/ & she singeth sweetly/ & badeth herself very gladly/ and piketh herself with her bill.   

Cap. lxxiiij.  
THe dokchicke swimmeth in the wat & persecuteth the fish/ he driveth under the wat but it can not abid long vnd/ for it must fetch breath/ & they have their feet very near the tail/ & they go upright with their heed in the wind and when they flee from the water that betokeneth/ great storm/ & they be fatter in the winter than in the summer..   

Cap. lxxv.  
Merops' is a bird that maketh a hole in the earth like an oven of seven. fotes of heghte/ & there she breedeth her youngs/ & when she hath brought up her youngs that they be able to help themself well/ & that they become aged. than these youngs feed their elders to their lives end/ And this is done to our ensample that we should honour father and mother   

Cap. lxxvi.  
MElancorosus is a little bird that bringeth forth many youngs fore it layeth well twenty eggs & breedeth them out & bringeth them up/ and when they flee they follow the dam/ and she leaveth not till they can help themselves. ¶ Morfex is a great water bird and it hath a great bill chagged like a saw & he maketh his nest upon a tree low be the water side/ & he eateth gladly fish & specially elys/ and this bird is very greedy/ where he latteth his dung fall upon a tree it waxeth dry & barren   

Cap. lxxvij.  
MEnnonides be birds in Egypt & be the water of Nilus/ & they i'll unto the grave of the phylozophe named Mennon/ & when they have gone and fleen two days about that grave than they feght a great battle among themself & bite and tear each other sore/ & when this is done they return again unto Egypt. ¶ Meauca is a bird somewhat great than a duck/ it hath a short neck & short feet. & they be very desirous unto stinking caryen/ and to the corpses of deed people specially/ that be casted up with the water/ and be glad of stormy wedere because they as than should through the ten/ pestyous wed the sooner get their prey of them that should be drowned/ yet they eat small birds   

Cap. lxxviij.  
THe Kite is a groping bird/ & always he chooseth tam birds as kockes/ hens/ & chickens/ he is bill/ led/ footed/ clawed like the goshawk/ he is hardy upon small birds/ for the sparrow hawk chaseth him & beateth him though he be iij. time bigger/ & it layeth eggs and sitteth them out by the stynkinge carrion/ & they be seen most in the summer. and when this bird is most strongest than it is most fainthearted and fearful/ for it eateth than flies and worms of the ground and stinking carrion by the street   

Cap. lxxix.  
MOnedula is a choghe/ and it is a black bird that is enemy to the owl. and the flesh of this bird maketh his heed to each that eateth of it/ for this birds heed is gladly scratched/. Muscicapa is a bird somewhat greater than a dove/ and is bylled and footed like a swallow/ and it gapeth all/ way wide for to get gnatties or flies for there by it leaveth.   

Cap. lxxx..  
MVsca is a fly and is engendered of filth and onclenes/ & they be moche in onclene places/ they sting & suck blood. Isidorus saith. The flies & bees that be deed and drowned in water within an hour after they should be quitke again if they were laid in the son Plinius saith.  
The flies die that come in the place that is washed with water where as eldorne hath be sudden in.   

Cap. lxxxi.  
Wltur is a griping bird/ and it smelleth carien very far/ and all small beasts that it can gripe it tereth them asunder & eateth them/ & he buildeth on high trees because he should see far & he enuyeth that his youngs should be fat & therefore he giveth them no meet but his leavings/ and he hurteth them out of their nest or they can flee/ and than cometh another bird and feedeth than with his youngs/ they be ever two togedere & they take a great room  

The Operation.  
The liver of it brayed & drunk with blood is good for the falling sickness Diascorides saith. A woman that were fumed with the dung of this bird should be quit of her secundina after the birth    

Cap. lxxxij  
NIsus is a sparrow hawk/ & it is a gentle bird & is feathered like a goshawk/ & when his fellow sitteth upon their eggs than hath he a place where he plucketh his birds that he taketh/ & they be clean when he beareth it to the nest & giveth it his fellow sitting on the eggs. and he is so proud that he will flee alone to the game & none other with him/ but when he hath taken his game or meet he will well departed with it   

Cap. lxxxiij·  
THe nightraven hateth the day & seeketh his meet by night/ and he hath a crooked bill & crooked sharp talentes/ he dwelleth gladly in the for fallen walls of houses/ he feeds his youngs well he rejoiceth in the speech of man. he loveth the night because he can not look in the son. The flesh is good for them that have the ronninge gout. The brain of him dressed in wine or meet is good for the hedeache.   

Cap. lxxxiiij.  
NEpa is a bird with a long bill/ & he putteth his bill in the earth for to seek the worms in the ground/ and they put their bills in the earth sometime so deep that they can not get it up a/ gain/ & than they scratch their bills out again with their feet This bird resteth betimes at night/ and they be early abroad on the morning/ & they have/ sweet flesh to be eaten.   

Cap. lxxxv.  
THis bird Onocroculus gathereth much meet & than buryeth it in the ground/ & when he hath hunger he fetchet it out again for to eat. he hath a long sharp bill & is like a swan but he is bigger/ & it is a bird out of orient/ & when he will cry than he putteth his bill in the water & therewith giveth he a great sound. he hath a crop in his throat where as his meet resteth an hour or it descend in his belly   

Cap. lxxxvi  
OPimachus is a bird with four feet his hinder feet be longere than his fore feet. & when he is on the ground he hoppeth after his meet or pray & he is great enemy unto the serpents   

Cap. lxxxviij.  
Osyna is a great bird like a swan & he bideth about rivers & vyvers because of the fish/ & he hath a long bill/ and he hath from the throat down to the breast a great wide sky/ ne where as he putteth moche fish wherefore he is about great waters gladly/ fore he would soon destroy a small vyver or water. ¶ Ossifragus is a great bird that is sib to the eagle & those yonges that the eagle casteth out of his nest the Ossifragus bringeth dhem up with her youngs   

Cap. lxxxix.  
OThus is a bird like an owl/ & when he flieth if the wind bloweth him contrary than taketh he little stones in his claws or elliss his throat full of sand because he may fly the surer. this flieth more be night than be day & than he crieth eurnefulli ho ho/ & his bill and claws be crooked and have two horns/ & he is full of feders/ he liveth of that he chaseth & getteth/ he eateth flesh/ he is a great enemy to all mice & chaseth and eateth them/ and he is hated of other birds   

Cap. xc  
OVa/ the eggs be divers/ fore the new lyde eggs be better than the old/ the hen eggs be better than any other eggs when they be fresh & specially when they be rear than they make good blood/ but the eggs that be hard roasted be of the gross metis.  

The Operation.  
¶ All manners of eggs waken a man to the work of lechery & specially spa/ rows eggs. Auicenna The duck eggs & such like make gross humours. The best of the eggs is the yolk & that causeth sperma/ the white of the egg inclineth to be coal. when an hem/ ne shall breed take heed of those eggs that be blunt on both ends & they shall be hen chickens/ & those that belong & sharp on both ends shall be cock chickens    

Cap. xci.  
PAsser/ The sparrow is a little bird/ and when the cuckoo findeth the sparrows nest/ than he suppeth up the eggs & layeth new eggs himself therein again/ & the sparrow breedeth up these young cuckoos till they can flee than a great many of old sparrows geder together to th'intent that they should hold up the young sparrows that can not flee/ & their meet is worms of the earth The sparrows be wily & they make their nests in the holes of the walls or onder the ridge's of ehe houses/ the he is somewhat black about the bill  

¶ The operation.  
All sparrows flesh is evil/ and their eggs also The flesh is very hot and moveth to the operation of lechery    

Cap. xci.  
PAuo/ the peacock is a very fair bird/ and it hath a long neck and hath on his heed feders like a little crown/ he hath a long tail the which he setteth on high very rycheli but when he looketh on his loathly feet he lateth his tail sink  
¶ See night when the Peacock can not see himself than he crieth ernefully and thinketh that he hath lost his beauty/ and with his cry he feareth all serpent's/ in such manners that they dare not abide in those places where as they hear him cry/ and when the peacock clymmeth high that is a token of rain. When the female is three year old than bringeth she forth youngs/ but of thentymes the cock breaketh the eggs or she can hatch them/ or bring any of them up/ wherefore many one lay a couple of her eggs under a hen and she bringeth them up/ fore there may no more but two eggs be taken from the pee hen/ also the peacock is envious & will not know his youngs till that they have the crown of feders upon their heed and that they begin to liken him.  

The Operation.  
The gall is a great virtue as the gall of capon ¶ Iheronimus the dung is good to soften and mollefye the hetes of podagra. The flesh of him will not lightly rote nor stink/ and it is evil flesh to digest for it can not lightly be roasted or sudden enough    

Cap. xcij.  
PAlumbe/ be stockdoves/ & those birds love each other out of measure and nature/ yet they feght sometime for their nestis and wyven them of each other. Those doves keep than in chastise after that they have lost their make or fellow like the tyrteldove all the days of their live. and their co/ lour is somewhat brown/ and they leave of the fruit.  

The Operation.  
Plinius. The blood of them is good for them that be blood shotten    

Cap. xciij.  
PLatea is a bird that is in the wat & is a greet enemy to all other birds of the water/ and biteth them by the heed/ and so overcometh them. & this bird eateth his belly full of muss/ kles/ and when he hath almost disiested them than he vomiteth them out the shells again. ¶ Plwialis is a bird with many manner of colours. and some say that he leaveth only of the air   

Cap. xciiij.  
PApiliones be flying worms. and some call them summer flies & where as the malowes blossom/ theridamas be always many/ and of their dung becometh worms/ and in august they do engender/ and as soon as they have done/ the he dieth and the she layeth eggs than/ and incontinent after she dieth also/ and in the winter they lay still but when te summer cometh/ through the dew and through the heat of the son they become worms/ and after they fly/ and they be very enemies to the bees/ therefore in aprell when the malowes doth blossom they should be destroyed for than there cometh many   

Cap. xcv.  
THe Pelican is a bird abiding moche about the water of Nilus Phisiologus saith. The pelican loveth his youngs very well/ and when the yonges once be great/ they beat the dam about the heed/ but the dam revengeth it again incontinent/ and beateth her youngs so that she sleeth them out of hand/ and than she bewaileth them and mourneth three days long/ but on the third day she launceth hirself in the side a great wound/ out of the which runneth plentifully blood upon her yond// and be the virtue of the same they be wakened from the death & be quic/ kened again/ and this she doth also when she findeth them slain be the serpents and be the shedding of here blood she is marvelously faint and seek/ in such wise that she can not out of the nest. And than through great hunger her youngs be compelled to seek their meet and to fly a broad/ and some be so slothful that they will not seek their meet/ but lay still in their nesties and die for hunger/ & some get meet fore them and their dam also whilst she is seek/ and that she remembreth well when she is hole again/ and them as did her good in her sickness and time of need/ she maketh moche of them when she is again heeled of her great wounds/ and the other she driveth from her. The pelican liveth oftentimes be the milk of cocodrillus/ for cocodrillus hath great bags with te/ bless under her belly/ and the milk of her sheddeth and runneth on the ground and than cometh the pelican and eateth that up. and the Pelican is of white colour/ and ever it is lean.   

Cap. xcvi.  
PEerdix is a bird very wily & the cocks feght oftentimes for the hens. and these birds fly of no heght/ and they put their heads in the earth & they think that they than be well hidden for when she seeth nobody she thinketh that nobody seeth here. & she breedeth out other ꝑtriches eggs/ for when she hath lost her eges than she stealeth other eggs & breedeth than/ & when they be hatched that they can go on the ground/ than this dam setteth them out of the nest/ but when they be a broad & here the wise of their own dams incontinent they leave their dam that brought them up & go to their own natural dam/ & than she that brought them up hath lost her labour  

The Operation..  
The flesh of a ꝑtriche is most wholesomest of all wild fowls. the breast & uppermost part of the body is the sweetest & hath the best savour/ but the hinder part is not so sweet. The gall with mare's' milk is good for the sight of thyen. Haly The liver dried & rob to powder & than drunken is good for the falling sickness. Plinius The broth that he hath be sudden in is good fore the sickness/ regio/ named saint cornelis sickness    

Cap. xcvij  
PIca is a Pie/ the which bird is subtile and false. and he hath a broad tongue therefore he learneth lightly to speak/ & he maketh his nest with two holes/ the one he creepeth in at/ and the other his tail hangeth out at/ and he festeneth it withinforth with lome and clay and so maketh it very close. and without it is strong of wood  

The Operation.  
The flesh of this bird is good to be eaten for to get the sight of the iyens. ¶ It is lately fortuned & of a truth that they fought a battle against the ia/ yes in such manner that theridamas were many pies slain. but yet they won the field and threw to the ground thirty thousand jays    

Cap. xcviij.  
PIcus is a speght & is a bird that heweth with his bill great holes in a tree/ & he feedeth his youngs there in that hol of the tree. And if any body stroke in a great nail or pine of wood over twharte the hole to let him that he should not come to his youngs/ than doth he fetch an herb and layeth it to the pin and as soon as it hath touched the pin than it fleeth out by and by/ and he cometh to his youngs at his will how strongly so ever it be made before   

Cap. xcix..  
PIrales be great flies with four feet & with wings/ & they flee into the mids of the fire and they burn them not for the fire doth them no harm/ for as long as they be in the fire they leave and within a short while after thate they be out of the fire they die   

Cap. C  
THe Popingay is bred in India & is of a green colour with a reed ring about his neck. he hath a broad tongue & lenreth well fore to speak/ he may away with all manner of waters but the rain water killeth them. and he breedeth moche in the mountains of Gelboe/ where as Saul was felled/ for there cometh selden rain. for when saul was felled David was very woe & prayed to almighty god as it is testified in the sauter book this manner saying Lord god I pray the let not descend rain nor dew where as is field the strengths of Israhel. & after that there falleth no water nor dew yet but it bideth always dry this bird rejoiceth himself in a maidenly visage/ and he waxeth drunken in wine   

Cap. c.i.  
POrphirio is a bird that goeth on the ground & swimmeth in the water & he hath one close foot & another open & when he will drink than he taketh wat with his close foot & bringeth it to his mouth & than drinketh and he feedeth him like a man/ for after every morsel/ that he eateth he drinketh/ he hath a great bill & long legs/ & his meet will not well digest   

Cap. C.ij.  
REgulus that is the wren & is a little bird which would be king of all birds/ & the eagle would be king because he was strong & could fly highest in the air. than said the wren he that flieth highest of us both shallbe king. & there with they began to flee & the wren gate him under the wings of the eagle/ and when they ware at the highest than the wren flew out & sat upon the heed of the eagle & said/ now art thou over won. as the fable testefyeth.   

Cap. C.iij  
SCrabones doth grow out of rotten fowl horse flesh/ and the wasps breed in high walls & they make their nest with lome/ & the scrabones breed under the earth/ and some say that xxvij. scrabones should slay a chylbe of seven year of age   

Cap. C.iiij.  
SCrabei come also of the rotten flesh of an horse as scrabones doth/ & they be flying worms/ & they have no sting but they have horns splayed and wherewith they nype/ & they be more/ che in the corn & seeds where as they do moche harm/ and some name these horns.  

The Operation  
Plinius saith. A woman that hath her disease/ if she be naked & go round about the corn or seed than fall all the Scrabeyes and hornesses of and also all other veymous beasts or worms. Scrabeiss brayed asunder and laid in oil & than that oil laid or dropped in a man's ear is good for the pays thereof    

Cap. c.u.  
Sinifes' be the small gnatties that fly gladly about the breathes of the beasts and also of the people/ & they fly often in folks eyen/ and they late the people oftentimes have evil rest and trouble them oftentimes of their sleep   

Cap. C.vi.  
THe strix flieth by night/ & he loveth/ his youngs very well/ for he droppeth moistness of milk in their mouths. Selantides be birds that no man knoweth from whence they come nor whither they will become. but they come to the help of the people that dwell by the mountains of cassine the which be sore enoyed with the hayspringers & than come these birds & eat these hayspringers & louse them & their fru/ taes of all their scathes & than they fly away again/ where they become no man can tell.   

Cap. C. vij·  
THe ostrich is a beast/ some will not reckon him for a bird/ but he is a part like a bird & a part like a beast he hath in a manner a fashion as if it were wings. & he listeth himself up to assay for to flee oftentimes. but it will not be for they be not even feathered but as if they ware hery/ and so is all the fore part of his body lyker here than like feders/ but the hinder part of him is all feathered like an other bird. and he hath a great heavy body like a little ass/ & he hath cloven feet like a sheep somewhat hollow within wherein he gripeth stones and throweth them behind him when any body followeth him to take him/ and with the help of his wings he runneth faster than any horse. & ahorse horse & they hateth each other sore/ in such manner that they may not here nor see each other/ he eateth iron & distesteth it through his hot nature. and he looketh always with one eye on to ground and with the other in the air   

Cap. C.viij.  
STuciocamelo is a bird very great & is moche in Ethiope & in Africa & they be somewhat sib to the beasts & they be as high as a horse/ & they run moche faster through the help of their wings/ their feet be like the ostrich/ & they do with all like the ostrich Sturij be little birds that fly a great heap together in a round ring because of the goshawk/ & be night they be very still. & in the dawning of the day they seek for their meet/ & they leerne well to speak.   

Cap. C.ix  
TArda is a bird that is slow of flight much slower than other birds be & as it is said/ of his eggs may be good colour  
¶ Tragopa is a bird that is greater than an Eagle/ & he is moche in Ethyope. & is coloured moche like a glowing iron. he is heeded like a fenix/ but he hath two horns on his heed like a ram   

Cap. c.x.  
TVrdi be little birds/ & of great forwyt. & they make their nests in high trees of earth and lome and they brayed it with sticks and make it strong & than incontinent they lay eggs & breed up their youngs. and in Germania be many of those birds Turdula is a bird that is greater than turdus. & of his dung is made good glue   

Cap. C.x.  
A Bird is the Tirtyll dove that loveth alway to be in forests or woods among the trees & also on monntaynes/ & they be ever couples togeger Ambrosius saith The tirtyll dove is a clean chaste bird/ for if she hath lost her make she would never have other after/ for the loss of her first love is more pain & sorrow unto her than any love of another could comfort her aft. the which is both to man & woman a wordy ensample They lay in the winter in their feders in hollow trees. and in may the come out again/ & some with draw them into warm lands. she bringeth forth but two youngs. yet she layeth sometime iij. eggs/ & these birds leave be fruits The blood of this bird is good to be put in blood-shotten eyen   

Cap. C.xi  
VAnelius is a fair bird great as a dove having a crown on his heed like a peacock/ his neck is a shining/ green & his body is of a many colours/ & when any body seeketh his nest than he cometh toward them & meeteth them & crieth/ whereby he through his foolishness is oftentimes beguiled fore with his crying his nest is found & roved   

Cap. C.xij.  
VEspertilio/ a back is a bird with four feet/ and hath a mouth & teeth like a mouse and no tail/ and it hath no feders/ but it hath two wings on the which be no feders/ but thin skins fashioned like a dragon's wing/ & therewith they flee/ and it getteth his meet by night like the owl. and it bringeth forth her youngs like a beast with iiij. feet and it layeth none egges·s The blood of it is good to be enoyted upon maidens breasts for than they shall not wax very great. The brains tempered with honey helpeth the iyen of the water that descendeth into them There be in Ynde some as much as doves and they fly by even tide. they have teeth like a man. and these be so bold when they i'll that they festen in the face of a man and bite the nose or ears of and shend a man's visage.   

Cap. C.xiij  
AWaspe seeketh her meet of stikin gecarion/ they have stings like the scorpion withinforth/ and the fetch their meet also from the flowers and fruits of the trees/ they take flies and bite of their heads and than carry them to their holes in th'earth/ but the most part of them leave by carrion flesh.  

¶ The operation.  
Auicenna A plaster made of wild mallow leaves is good to draw out the sting. The dung of a goote draweth out the venom of the wasp. And salt and vinegar tempered with honey is very good. Oil of bay is good also for the sting..    

Cap. C.xiiij.  
VLula. this bird is so named because of his crying/ for when he crieth he weepeth and sigeth. Therefore some say that this bird with his crying/ maketh a signification of good fortune/ and they be as great as a raven/ and their feders be spotted/ their cryr is like the howling of a wolf.   

Cap. C.xv.  
VPapa is a bird that crieth hop hop. & it hath a crown of feders on his heed/ but he is very onclenly. he is moche be the ordure or filth of man and he eateth stinking earth. he that is enoynted with his blood and than goeth to sleep he shall think that the devil woryeth him. Phisiologus saith that when the hops be fooled that they can i'll no more/ than the young ones be so kind to their dams that they let them lay in their nest for than their sight faileth them also/ and they pluck of their sires & dams feders & they overstryke their iyens with an herb that they find be nature wherewith they see again/ & than they sit over them & keep them warm & feed them till that they be fully flgged & can fly at their will.  

The Operation.  
¶ Pictagoras saith that the blood of the Hop is marvelous/ for who so is enoynted with his blood shall have many develisshe fantasies/ The feders or quills laid on a man's heed/ withdriveth the pains of the heed/ The tongue of it hanged on one that is very forgetful/ it shall keep him in good remembrance.   
HEre endeth the second part of this present volume which hath treated of the natures of the fowls of the air. And here after followeth of the natures of the fishes of the See which be right profitable to be understand/ Whereof I will write be the help & grace of almighty god to whose laud & praise this matter ensueth.    

  


Cap. Primo.  
abremon Bremon is a fruitful fish that hath moche sede/ but it is not through moving of the he/ but only of the own proper nature/ & than she rubbeth her belly upon the ground or sand/ & is sharp in handling/ & salt of savour/ & this fish saveth her youngs in her belly when it is tempestius weder/ & when the weather is overpast than she vomyteth them out again. Nota. Achandes is a fish that is full of care for her youngs/ & they bide hanging on the ships in the see/ so many that the ships can not steer backward nor forward. Nota. Albirem is of the see a fish that hath a skin so hard that in some places men make thereof their sheldes Amphoran is a fish that is not borne/ but it is bred or engendered of fowl mud.   

Cap. ij.  
ANguilla/ the Eel is like a serpent of fashion & may leave eight year & without water vi. days when the wind is in the north/ in the wint they will have moche water & that clear/ among them is nouther male nor female/ for they become fishes of the slime of other fishes/ they must be slain/ they suffer a long death/ they be best roasted but it is long or they be enough/ the droppinge of it is good for pains in the ears.   

Cap. iij.  
ALec the hearing is a fish of the see/ & very many be taken between britain & germaia/ & also in denmark about a place named schonen/ And he is best from the beginning of August to december/ and when he is fresh taken/ he is very delicious to be eaten And also when he hath been salted he is a special food unto man/ He can not leave without wat for as soon as he feeleth the air he is deed/ & they be taken in great hepins together/ & specially where they see light there will they be than so they be taken with nets/ which cometh be the divine Provydens of almighty god.   

Cap. iiii.  
ARanea/ as saith Auicenna it is a fish of the see/ whose disposition is moche like the scorpion/ he smiteth his ears/ & the fins on his back be venomous. Plinius saith that Aries is a fish.   

Cap. v.  
ASpidochelon/ as Phisiologus saith it is a monstrous thing in the see it is a great whale fish & hath an over grown rough skin/ & he is most part with his bake on high above the water in such manner that some shipmen that see him ween that it is a little island/ & when they come be it they cast their anchors upon him/ & go out of their ships & make a fire upon him to dress their meats/ & as soon as he feeleth the heat of the fire/ than he swimmeth fro the place & drowneth them & draweth the ship to the ground/ And his proper nature is when he hath youngs that he openeth his mouth wide open/ & out of it fleeth a sweet air/ to the which the fishes resort & than he eateth them. ¶ Aurata is a fish in the see that hath a heed shining like gold.   

Cap. vi.  
Alforan/ as Albertus saith is a fish engendered of the mud or slime of the earth where as there is no water & first they be small worms till there be water/ & than they become fishes but they die again lightly & be soon rotten/ and the shipmen say though they were rotten to the eyen/ yet & there come a rain upon them they become quick angayne & leave very long.   

Cap. seven.  
AVstruam is a fish that is engendered in may & in harvest of the foam of the rain as the worms doth out of the dung of beasts/ & some say that they come of the slime of the earth & this fish may not see the brightness of the son yet they be gladly in warm places/ & specially in warm rain.   

Cap. viii.  
Avreun vellus/ saith albertus is a fish of the see like a sponge/ but it is much softer & beareth a substance like wool which hath a golden colour & it may be spun & brayed or woven but they be but seiden found yet they were found in the time of the war between the trojans and the greeks.   

Cap. ix.  
Alburtium is a fruitful fish/ & or ever he shooteth his roghe he rubbeth him against the sand another feedeth his youngs.  
Nota. Amnis is a fish that hath in him a precyova stone/ & he is of many colours & full of sopttes. Ahanier is a fish good to be eaten/ and his fins be read and green/ short than an ele/ and nekkes like a wood cock. Afetus is so small a fish that it will not be taken with none angle rod.   

Cap. x.  
Abides is a beast in these/ where as it leaveth first/ and after that it changeth nature and leaveth on the land and there seeketh his meet.   

Cap. xi.  
AHuna is a monster of the see very glorisshe as Albertus saith/ what it etethit turneth to greas in his body/ it hath no maw but a belly/ & that he filleth so full that he speweth it out again/ & that can he do lightly for he hath no neck/ when he is in peryi of death be other fishes/ than he onfacyoneth himself as round as a bowl wtdrawynge his heed into his belly/ when he hath than hounger/ He doth eat a part of himself rather than the other fishes should eat him hole and all.   

Cap. xii.  
BArchora is a fish of these that hath so strong a bill that it breaketh stones therewith a sunder/ it swimmeth be the lands sdye & eateth grass & than he sinketh again into the what because his back should not dry/ and that he than should not be able to bend at his need/ & he is taken with hokes where as other fishes be festened on.   

Cap. xiii.  
BOrbotha be fishes very slepery somewhat like an ele/ having wide mouths & great heads/ it is a sweet mete/ & when it is xii. year old than it maneth big of body. Nota/ Sot that is a flounder of the fresh water/ & they swim on the flat of their body & they have fins round about their body/ & with a southern wind they wax fat/ & they have red spottis. Brenna is a breme & it is a fish of the river/ & when he seeth the pike that will take him/ than he sinketh to the bottom of the wat & maketh it so trobelous that the pike can not see him.   

Cap. xiv.  
BAlena is a great best in the see & bloweth moche water from him as if it were a cloud/ the ships be in great danger of him sometime/ & they be seen most towards winter/ for in the summer they be hidden in sweet broad places of the wat where it casteth her youngs & suffereth so great pain that than he fleeteth above the water as one desiring help/ his mouth is in the face & therefore he casteth the more water/ she bringeth her youngs forth like other be she on earth & it sleepeth/ in tempestins wed she hideth her youngs in her mouth/ & when it is past she voideth them out again/ & they grow x. year.   

Cap. xv. cap. xv.  
BAbilonicus be fishes be babylon in the sweet water/ & they go out of the water to eat grass/ they be bodied with fynnes & tails like other fishes/ but they be heeded like a frog. Selua is a marvelous great fish of the Orient see that throweth up great waves of water as if it were great hills out of the ground and put many ships in great peril.   

Cap. xvi.  
CAncer/ the crevice is a Fish of the see that is closed in a hard shell having many feet & claws/ and ever it creepeth backwardly/ & the he hath two pins on his belly/ & the she hath none/ when he will engender he climmeth on her bake & she turneth her side towards him & so they fulfil their works In may they change their coats/ & in winter they hide them five months during/ when the creves hath drunken milk it may leave long without wat when he is old he hath ij. stones in his head with red spots that have great virtue for if they be laid in drink/ they withdrive the pain from the heart the crevice eateth the Oysters & getteth them be policy/ for when the oyster gapeth he throweth little stones in him & so getteth his fish out for it bideth than open.  

The Operation.  
¶ The Ashes of him is good to make white teeth/ & to keep the motes out of the clothes/ it wtdryueth biles & healeth mangynes. The crevice of the fresh water giveth great food but it is an heavy meet to disieste.    

Cap. xvij.  
CAab/ Isiidorus saith is a see dog that hath very small feet to the quantity of his body/ & he biteth like a dog and he is dangerous & enemy to all fishes/ for he chaseth the fishes in the see as the hounds doth the beasts on the land where as he hath power over/ for he driveth them into a narrow corner of the water & there he biteth them perilously/ & sometime the fishers perceive it & they set nets round about him & so take him. Auicenna saith that asmuch as a mustard sede of his gall is so venomous that if a man eat it/ it should slay him in a se night/ seethe butter of a kowe with Roman gencyan/ & it shall help him.   

Cap. xviij.  
CAucius is a fish that will not be taken with no hokes/ but eateth of the bait & goth his way quite. Capitatus is a little fish with a great heed/ a wide round mouth/ & it hideth him under the stones. Nota. Carpera is a carp & it is a fish that hath great scales/ and the female hath a great rough & she can bring forth no youngs till she have received milk of her make/ & that she receiveth at the mouth/ and it is ill for to take/ for when it perceiveth that it shallbe taken with the net/ than it thrusteth the heed into the mud of the water/ and than the net slippeth over him which way so ever it come & some hold them fast be the ground grass/ or erbis & so save themself.   

cap. nineteen.  
CEtus is the greatest whale fish of all/ his mouth is so wide that he bloweth up the water as if it were a cloud/ wherewith he drowneth many ships/ but when the mariners spy where he is/ than they accompany them a great many of ships together about him with divers instruments of music & they play with great harmony/ & the fish is very glad of this harmony & cometh fleting above the water to here the melody & than they have among them an instrument of iron the which they festen in to the hard skin & the weght of it sinketh downward in to the fatagrese/ & suddenly with that all the instruments of music be still and the ships depart from thence & anon he sinketh to the ground/ & he feeleth that the salt water smarteth in the wound than he turneth his belly upwaerd and rubbeth his wownde against the ground & the more he rubbeth the depere it entereth/ & he rubbeth so long that he sleeth himself/ and when he is deed than cometh he up again and showeth himself deed/ as he did before quick/ and than the ships gather them together again and take & so lead him to land & do their profit with him.   

Cap. xx.  
CElethy is a fish that breedeth every vi. months. & it hath a row/ & when he casteth his row than it seemeth that his youngs be all worms but in continent they wax great and be like the dam/ but she casteth be the lands side to have the heat of the son/ & this fish hath a great heart/ and teeth like a boar/ and it sleepeth so heavily that men may take it with their hands. ¶ Ceruleum is a monster in the entry of the water/ and it hath two arms of lx. cubytes of length/ & he is so strong that when there cometh an olyphant for to drink at the water side that he pulleth the olyphant in to the water with his arms/ & they be like the crevyces arms. and oftentimes the amant loseth thus his life.   

Cap. xxi.  
CHilon eateth not like other fishes or beasts of these/ but of them con/ a manner of moistness which is lymye as it were slime & that they eat and thereof they leave/ & they may fast very well/ yet they be very strong and mighty. ¶ Circhos is a beast of the see that hath hard black scales and in some place read/ & they be smooth/ they have four feet/ the left feet be great/ & the right feet be small/ & on every foot be three claws like fingers/ & his left feet beareth him more than his right feet. In tempestuous and windy weather they be week & feeble/ & than they creep under the stones & there they hold them fast on/ & when it is fair weather than they come out again & they be strong/ it hath an heed almost like a man/ & the body like a see dog   

Cap· xxij.  
conch be abiding in the hard shellis as the moan growth or waveth so be the conches or muscles full or not full but small/ & there be many sorts of conches or musclys/ but the best be they that have the pearls in   

Cap. xxiij  
COothele/ is a snail dwelling in the water & also on the land/ they go out of their houses/ & they thrust out two long horns wherewith they feel weather they go/ for they see not where/ they creep.   

Cap. xxiv.  
THe Conger is a se fish fashioned like an ele/ but they be much greater in quantity/ & when it bloweth sore than wax they fat. ¶ Polippus is also a strong fish that onwarse he will pull a man out of a ship. yet the conger is so strong that he will tear polippun asunder with his teeth/ & in winter the conger layeth in the deep caverns or holes of the water. & he is not taken but in summer. ¶ Esculapius saith. Coretz is a fish that hideth him in the deep of the water when it raineth/ for if he received any rain he should wax blind and die of it. ¶ jorath saith. The fishes that be named se craves/ when they have yonges/ they make such noise that through their noise they be found and taken.   

Cap. xxv.  
THe Cocodrillus is a best with four feet/ as well leaving in the water as on the land. as it is before specified in the xliiij chapped in the first book/ and there is all his nature & propertie showed   

Cap. xxvi.  
THe Dragon of the see is a monster very mischievous & dangerous as the land dragon/ & he is very long. but he hath no wings & he hath a wrong tail/ & his skin is full of hard scales/ but in a short while he over runneth a great wat. The Just of also is good for the bite or sting of these dragon.   

Cap. xxvij.  
DElphinus is a monster of the see & it hath no voice but it singheth like a man/ and toward a tempest it playeth upon the water Some say when they be taken that they weep The delphin hath none ears for to here/ nor no nose for to smell/ yet it smelleth very well & sharp. and it sleepeth upon the water very heartily that they be hard ronke a far of/ and they leave C.xl year. & they here gladly playing on instruments as lutes/ haps/ tabours/ and pipes They love their youngs very well and they feed them long with the milk of their paps/ & they have many youngs & among them all be two old ones that if it fortuned one of the youngs to die than these old ones will bury them deep in the gorwnd of the see/ because other fishes should not eat this deed delphyn so well they love their youngs. There was once a king that had taken a delphin/ which he caused to be bound with chains fast at a haven where as the ships come in at/ & there was always the pyteoust weeping/ and lamenting that the king could not for pity/ but let him go again   

Cap. xxviij.  
DEntrix is a beast of the see with many great teeth./ and he is covered with a hard strong shells/ and biteth oysters very sore/ and he eateth other small fishes. Dentrix is the same that pagrus is as her after shallbe spoken of. Nota Dies is a fish and when it is full made and full grown than it leaveth but a day/ and it hath ij. wings & two feet but it hath no blood   

Cap. xxix.  
ALbertus saith Erasoldes is a fish and he followeth the sweet waters/ and cometh sometime into the caves or holes of the water abiding there the fresshenes of the water/ that cometh out of the earth. ¶ Eroninus is a fish in arcady (as Plinius saith and he must sleep/ and for to sleep he goeth out of the water upon the land and there he resteth/ fore he can not leave without sleep Nota Ericius is a see fish/ and hath his heed and his mouth beneath/ and his voydinge place above/ and he hath red fish   

Cap. thirty.  
ELcus is a see calf which hath a hery skin mixed with white spots and black. and this best bringeth her youngs upon the earth and fe/ death them with milk of here pappis and they be twelve days old or she bringeth them to the water. this best can not lightly be slain except it be stricken in the heed and brain perished & this best doth sleep so hard that he ronteth so sore that some ween that he crieth/ also some say that his right fin laid under the sleep of a man's heed will cause a man to sleep well & the here of this best skin when it is slain/ riseth with the flood/ & falleth with the ebb or with the rough wedere and smoche   

Cap. xxxi.  
ECheola is a muscle/ in whose fish is a precious stone/ & be night they fleet to the water side/ and there they receive the heavenly dew where through there groweth in them a costly margaret or orient pearl/ & they fleet a great many together/ & he that knoweth the water best/ goeth before & leadeth the other/ & when he is taken all the other scatter a broad and getteth them away   

Cap. xxxij  
EQuus marinus/ that is the see horse/ and is a monster of the see/ & he is before like a horse/ and behind like a fish/ and it is very strong/ butt when it is out of the wat than it hath no might. for Aristoteles saith. if it lack water it must die/ and it leaveth of other fishes/ and it is dangerous but it is a afryde of man.  
¶ Equonilus is a best veri strong & is a monster in the water of Nilus and is footed and clawed like the cocodrillus & doth moche harm unto man & in those parties great scathe/ & his skin is a cubit thick/ and therefore he can the worse be overcome.   

Ca xxxiij.  
Effimerion is a fish that groweth of nature/ & when he hath lived iij. hours in the day than he dieth. Escarus is a fish that eateth grass & other herbs but no fish/ & he hath full comen teeth & that that he will eat that putteh he to his mouth like as if he had hands.   

cap. xxxiiij.  
EStinus is a fish somewhat sib to the creves/ and is an half foot long and is almost of the figure of the scorpion and they make .v. eggs. and they be bit & the fishes be venomous & may not be eaten.   

Cap. xxxv.  
ERox is a great fish in the danowe & in some whatthat this danowe runneth into/ & they of hungary and the almains name this fish husones/ & he hath the figure of the salmon/ & he hath a crooked bill like the hawk/ & the upper part of his bill hath a hole where as the vnd part cometh into/ & so closeth & his fish is not delicious as the salmon nor so read nor he hath no scales/ and his skin is without pings/ & it is white & when they be full grown than be they well xxv foot long/ & shorter & smalller after that they be of age/ and he hath no mouth but a great hole as if it were pierced with a great awger/ & the meet of him is like calves flesh. & this fish cometh oftentimes be the sturgeon and rubbeth him upon the sturgeon & is often/ times so taken   

Cap. xxxvi  
Ethynus is a little fish of half a foot long/ & hath sharp prykcles under his belly in stead of feet & he hath wings under his belly like feet. & this little fish can hold still standing a ship of. ij.c. ton with all his ballast & bearing all his sails though he have great strong wind that he shall not move & there is not other reason to this but that god doth marvelous things in his creatures/ and when this fish perceiveth that there shallbe any tempest than sinketh he to the bottom of the water and fetcheth there a stone & fleeteth therewith so surely that the waves of the water can not cast him out   

Cap. xxxvij  
Ezox/ is a very great fish in that water danowe be the land of Hungary/ he is of such bygnes that a cart with four horses can not carry him away/ and he hath not many bones but his heed is full/ and he hath sweet fish like a pork and when this fish is taken than give him milk to drink and ye may carry him many a mile and keep him long quick   

Cap. xxxviij.  
FOcas is a see bull & is very strong & dangerous/ and he fighteth ever with his wife till she be deed/ and when he hath killed her than he casteth her out of his place & seeketh a no/ there and leaveth with her very well till he die/ or till his wife overcome him and kill him/ he bideth always in one place/ he and his youngs leave be such as they can get. ¶ Galata is a beast that doth on natural deeds/ for when she feeleth her youngs quick or steer in her body/ than she draweth them out & looketh/ upon them/ if she see they be to young than she putteth them in again & lateth them grow till they be bigger   

Cap. xxxix.  
Fastaleon is a fish that eateth no fish that is sib to him/ yet other fishes doth eat their kin if they can overcome them. ¶ jorath. Fasts is a fish that taketh salt water in his mouth and maketh it sweet/ and than cometh the small fishes in to his mouth to have of that sweet water and than he swalloweth them down/ and thus they be beguiled ¶ Plinius Fices is a fish that changeth his colour/ and in may he is of many colours/ and there is no fish that bildeth a nest but this & in his nest he bringeth forth his youngs.   

Cap. xl.  
Gladius is a fish so named because he is mouthed after the fashion of a sword point/ and therefore often times he pierceth the ships thorough & so causeth them to be drowned. Aristotiles. Gastarios' is a fish like the scorpion/ and is but little greater than a spider/ & it stingeth many fishes with her poison so that they can not endure nowhere/ and he stingeth the dolphin on the heed that it entereth in to the brain ¶ Isidorus Glaucus is a white fish that is but selden seen except in dark rain weder/ and is not in season but in the hounds days.   

Cap. xli.  
GObio is a small long fish with a round body full of scales and little black spots/ and some say they leave of drowned carrion/ & the fishers say contrary that they leave in clear watere in sand ye gravel/ and it is a wholesome mete. ¶ Graws is a fish that hath an eye above on his heed/ and therewith he looketh up and saveth him from them that will eat him   

Cap. xlij.  
Gamanes is a water best/ & when she hath cast her youngs than she runneth a stray & regardeth them no/ more & than cometh that he & encloseth them round about with wooed because other fishes should not hurt them. & when he fortuneth to be taken in a net/ than he thinketh on his youngs and bursteth the net asunder and so escapeth   

Cap. xliij.  
HAimo is a fish of many manner of colours/ & will not be taken but with an angle rod/ & they swim together in great heaps for to have sweet meats/ and they have a stone in their heads ¶ The see swallows be like the swallows on the earth/ & they abide always upon the see/ & they have wings & flee up to the cloudy firmament   

Cap. xliiij.  
THe stone bore of the see whose stones be set about with sharp pins like the chestone growing on the tree/ & it is the same best that is spoken of in the lxxvij chapter in the first book of the present volume.   

cap. xlv.  
RAlaor is a sea fish & when the rain falleth upon him than he waxeth blind/ & can no seek his meet/ and than it dieth for hunger. Karbora is a fish that liveth long after he be taken for he hath fresh water laying on his entrails whereon he feedeth long time. Kyloch is a see fish laying in a shell like a snail & his mouth is in the middle of his body/ & when he feeleth aught he sinketh to the ground & cleaveth fast to a stone.   

Cap. xlvi.  
RArabo Isidorus saith is a fish that liveth of the mud/ and his fish stinketh/ he hath a broad tail to turn quickly/ and they make parties against each other in great heaps and so feght right cruelly/ and they take sometime fishes and tere them asunder and than eat them and when this fish is afraid than it goeth backwardly like the crevice/ and else at all other times it goeth as other fishes doth   

Cap. xlvij  
ROky Aristotiles saith is a se best and hath great sharp teeth/ & his condition is/ that he liveth both on water & on land/ but because his legs be week he is liefer in the water/ it is tailed like an heart/ and in all ꝓportions and conditions it is like focas in the xxxviij. chapped before specified.   

Cap. xlviij.  
Lo marinus/ the see lion is like the lion of the land/ but the lion on the land is full of pride/ & the lion of the see is very meek/ & else they be like of all conditions and strength/ wherefore I write no more of him.   

Cap. xlix.  
LEpus marinus/ the seehare hath a heed like the land hare but it is poison both in meet & drink/ and they be found in the sees of Ind/ & there is no best of these that toucheth him but he must die/ if a man touch him both he & the man dieth/ he that drinketh of this best in his drink he hath a short breath red iyen a dry heed he speweth blood and can make no water.   

Cap. l.  
LVdolacra is a marvelous fish or best of nature/ and it is marvelously shapen/ for it hath ij. wings under his jaws and ij. wings on his back/ wherewith he flieth marvelously sore and well.   

Cap. li.  
LOligo is a marvelous monster. his skin is full of shells he hath wings of quills & feders for to fly he swimmeth with other fishes in the ground of these/ & when he is weary there he flieth suddenly up into the air/ but & the wind be boisterous he must down again to the ground of these be force. Nota. Sepia & loligo have each of them two long feet wherewith they gripe their meet/ They live but selden above two year And some say that about the moris land be so may that they drowned the ships oftentimes.   

Cap. lij.  
LOcusta marina is named the spring tocke of the see it is four cubytes long/ he waxeth lean in the winter/ & than he layeth hidden five months during. in may and harvest he is fat and with the new moan he waxeth great Whanpolippus seeth this fish than he dieth for fear.   

Cap. liij.  
LVcius is a pike/ a fish of the river with a wide mouth & sharpeteth when the perch spieth him/ he turneth his tail towards him/ & than the pike dare not bite of him because of his fins or he can not swallow him because he is so sharp/ he eateth venomous beasts as toads frogs & such like yet it is said that he is very wholesome for seek people He eateth fishes almost asmuch as himself/ when they be to big than he biteth them in ij. pieces & swalloweth the one half first & than the other/ he is engendered with a western wind.   

Cap. liiij.  
LVpus marinus is moche like the land wolf for very pure gluttony he followeth the other fishes/ & when he is set about to be take with the net he sinketh to the ground & maketh there a hole deep with his tail & therein he sitteth & when they draw the net it slippeth over him/ but if he be taken with a hook he struggeleth & hurteth himself so sore that the hook bresteth out again/ he casteth his youngs ij. in a year/ in an hard & sharp winter they wax blind/ and oftentimes they be taken when they be so blind.   

Cap. lv.  
MEgaris is a fish of a handful long/ it is very profitable to the people in the land where they be taken Milago is a sea fish that hath wings & flieth: when it flieth out of the water on the land that betokeneth fair weather. Miluus is a fish in the occian see that lighteneth be night upon the wat as it were a fire of wood/ & he hath horns upon his heed almost vi. foot long.   

Cap. lvi.  
MVgilus is a very swift fish in swymming/ for when he feeleth any net that should take him/ than he turneth him swiftly & leapeth quite over the net & it seemeth that he fleeth/ but when he is in fear than he hideth his heed & weeneth that all his body be hidden/ and when this fish is taken than they festen him with a little cord through the jaws & within a while his make followeth him and is taken also. Nota. Mugilus/ when that an angle or hook with meet is cast out to take him than knoweth he well that under that meet is desceyt/ and than he taketh his tail and striketh of the meet/ and he eateth it than.   

Cap. lvij.  
MVsmarinus the see mouse goeth out of the water & there she layeth her eggs in a hole of the earth & covereth the eges & goth her way & bideth from them thirty. days and than cometh again and oncovereth them & than there be yonges & them she leadeth into the water & they be first all blind. Musculus is a fish that layeth hard shelliss and of it the great monster balena receiveth her nature & it is named to be the cock of balena. Mustela is the see wesyll/ she casteth her youngs like other beasts/ & when she hath cast them if she perceive that they shall be found she swalloweth them again into her body and than seeketh a place where as they may be surer without danger/ & than she speweth them out again.   

Cap. lviij.  
MVrir is a fish in an hard shell wherein she can not hide all her obdy because of a let that she hath on her mouth/ the hinder part of this fish is dry & in the fore part of it is a noble moistour to die purpre silk with which must be taken out of him when he is alive/ for when he dieth he casteth it from him/ and they lay hidden three hundred days or they come forth/ they conceive of the dew & have youngs in may.   

Cap. lix.  
MVrena is a long fish with a week skin like a serpent/ & it conceiveth of the serpent vipera/ it liveth longest in the tail for when that is cut of it dieth incontinent/ it must be sudden in good wine with herbs & spices or elliss it is very dangerous to be eaten/ for it hath many venomous humours and it is evil to disieste.   

Cap. lx.  
MVltipes is a see fish that hath many feet on both sides/ & this fish maketh a nest of green wood/ & it layeth but one egg/ & it breedeth it xl days long/ than cometh out of this one great egg innumerable worms and they become all fishes/ or else the kindred should fail lightly For they eat each other   

Cap. lxi.  
MVlus is a see fish that is small of body/ & is only a meet for gentiles & there be many manners of these/ but the best be those that have ij. beards vnd the mouth/ & when it is fair weather than they ware fat/ when he is deed than he is of many colours.   

Cap. lxij.  
Monachus marinus is these monk it hath a heed like a monk that is new shorn above the ears with a whit plot on the heed/ with a round ring as if it ware here/ but the face is nosed like another fish & also all his body. This monster doth gladly deceive the people/ for he cometh on the water nigh to the land & playeth there many toys & he that cometh nigh him than to be hold him/ he plucketh them to him and droundeth them & than eateth them in the bottom of the water. ¶ Nota. Monocheron is a monster with a long horn in his heed wherewith he doth great harm to such ships as he meeteth.   

Cap. lxiij.  
NArcos is such manner of fish/ & of such wonderful properties and conditions that when the fishers cast out their nets and will take him be policy with the net/ than he doth deceive them and tereth the net a sunder from under up to the hands of the fishers/ and hurteth the fisher's hands right perilously sore except that they let the net go the sooner. Natilos is a monster of the se/ & swimmeth high above the waflike a horse & hath ij. arms that have thin fleces like skins & them he setteth up in the air in stead of sails/ and with the under part of his arms he roweth/ & with his tail he steereth himself forth/ & when he is in fere than he sinketh down again into the depth of the water   

Cap. lxiiij.  
Nereids be monsters of the see all rough of body/ & when any of them dieth than the other weep. of this is spoken in balena the xiiij chapter ¶ Orchun is a monster of the se/ whose lie/ keen can not lightly be showed/ & he is mortal enemy to the balene & tereth asunder the belly of the balene/ & the balene is so boisterous that he can not turn him to defend him and that costeth him his life/ for as soon as he feeleth him self wounded than he sinketh down to the bottom of the water again/ & the Or/ chun throweth at him with stones/ & thus balena endeth his life   

Cap. lxv.  
ORbis is a fish/ & is hole round & hath no shells/ & all his strength is in his heed.   

Cap. lxvi.  
Ostren is an oyster that openeth his shell to receive the dew & sweet air In the oyster groweth naturali orient pearls that oftentimes lay on the see strand & be but little regarded as Isidorus saith.   

Cap. lxvij.  
Pagrus is a fish that hath so hard teeth that he biteth the oyster shells in pieces & eateth out the fish of them. Nota Paws maris is the Peacock of these & is like the peacock of the land both his back neck & heed/ & the neither body is fish. Nota Pertus is of divers colours & swift in ronning in the water & hath sharp fins & is a wholesome meet for seek people. Pecten is a fish that is in sandy ground & when he is moved or steered he winketh.   

Cap. lxviij.  
PLatanista is a fish engendered in fresh wat & than cometh into the see they be mouthed like a dolphyn with a tail of xvi. cubytes long/ they company in great heaps & they have ij. armis wherewith they do great harm to the elephants when they come to the trondes for to drink. Perua is a muscle very great & yellow/ and within the shell it hath a fair shining skin that is very costly wherewith in those parties women be richly attired.   

Cap· lxix.  
PIstris is a great best in the see/ & there it bloweth sometime so moche what standing up right that it putteth often/ ships in great danger.   

Cap. lxx.  
PInna is a fish that layeth alway in the mud and hath always a lodisman/ & some name it a little hog & it hath a round body & it is in a shell like a muscle it layeth in the moan as it were deed gaping open/ and than the small fishes come into his shell wening of him to take their repast/ but when he feeleth that his shell is almost full/ than he closeth his mouth & taketh them & eateth them/ & parteth them among his fellows. The plaice is well known fish for he is broad & black on the one side and white on the other·   

Cap. lxxi.  
POrcus marinus/ the see hog is moche like the land hog/ for when it seeketh his meet/ it turneth up the earth in the ground of these/ his mouth is be the throat/ It hath bristles and fins/ whereof some be strong poison he is most part all grese The remedy for this bristell or sting is his own proper gall   

Cap. lxxij.  
POliyyus hath great strength in his feet/ what he therein cacheth he holdeth it fast/ he springeth sometime up to the ships side & snacheth a man with him to the ground of the see & there eateth him/ & that that he leaveth he casteth it out of his den again/ they be moche in these about Venus'/ & he is taken in barelliss where hearts horns be laid in/ for he is gladly be those horns.   

Cap. lxxiij.  
PVngitiuus is a little fish with sharp pricking fins & some say they grow in the water without sede & the he hath a reed nebbe & nst the she/ & some say that all other fishes grow of them For if a new viver be made & that thee grow of those fishes in it the first year the next year there shallbe of all manner of other fishes in it that than of it shallbe engendered.   

Cap. lxxiiij.  
PVrpures be see muscles that gather together in may/ & they be of the same properties that murix is of in the lviij. chapter of this lest book.   

Cap. lxxv.  
RAite be fishes of these named of the gentle fishes & where as many be he is but little set by/ he is almost round & hath fearful iyen and is as broad as he is long & hath a tail full of thorns/ & the tail is like a snake his fish is slimy and he waxeth fat with a sotherens wind.  
Nota. Gachaes is a fish that will make a man lame that eateth of him.   

Cap. lxxvi.  
RAna marina/ The see frog hath wings & she is long hidden or she show herself: and than goeth she on the green where these driveth away and there she taketh the small fishes that she eateth.   

Cap. lxxvij.  
RVmbus is a great fish strong & bold/ but he is very slow in swimminge therefore can he get his meet but soberly with swimming/ therefore he layeth him down in the ground or mud & hideth him there/ and all the fishes that he can overcome/ coming for by him he taketh and eateth them.   

Cap. lxxviij.  
RVbus is a fish of the greeks sea & of the sees of italy/ they be round like a ring & have many red spots/ & is full of sharp fins & pinnace/ he is slow in swimming because he is so broad/ he goeth be the ground & waiteth there his pray/ & such fishes as he can get he burieth in the sands & it is a very sweet fish. Ryache be fishes that be round/ sometime they be in length & breed two cubits/ & it hath a long tail/ thereon be sharp pings/ & it is slow in swimming.   

Cap. lxxix  
SAlmo is a fish engendered in the sweet water & he waxeth long & great/ & also he is heavy/ & his colour nor savour is not good till he have been in the salt wat & proved it/ thus draweth the salmon to the water against the stream he never seizeth till he have been in these and returned again to his old home as Phisiologua saith/ his fish is red & he may not live in a sweat standing water/ he must be in a fresh river that he may play up and down at his pleasure. Salpa is a fowl fish and little set by/ for it will never be y/ enough for no manner of dressing till it have been beaten with great hamers & staves.   

Cap. lxx.  
SPargus is a se fish that when the fisher casteth his net ta take him than runneth he into the net alone or he be taken. Nota. Staurus is a lusty fish/ & he chaweth hia meet like the ox doth long after that he hath eaten for he hath but few teeth/ & of these fishes be many among the Romans in the water of Tiber.   

Cap. lxxi.  
SEpis is a fish that receiveth her seed through the mouth/ & she layeth eggs that becomm full comely youngs within forty nightis/ and they swim pair & pair together.   

Cap. lxxij.  
Sirrah is a fish with great teeth and on his back he hath sharp fins like the comb of a cock/ and jagged like a saw wherewith this monstrous fish cutteth a ship through & when he seeth a ship coming than he setteth up his fines & thinketh to sail with the ship as fast as it/ but when he seeth that he can not continued/ than he latteth his fins fall again & destroyeth the ship with the people and than eateth the deed bodies. Nota. Scylla is a monster in the see between italy & Sicill/ it is great enemy unto man It is faced & handed like a gentlewoman/ but it hath a wide mouth & fearful teeth/ & it is belied like a beast & tailed like a dolphin/ it heareth gladly singing. It is in the wat so strong that it can not be overcome/ but on the land it is but week.   

Cap. lxxxiij.  
Siren. the mermaid is a deadly best that bringeth a man gladly to death/ from the navel up she is like a woman with a dreadful face/ a long slimy here a great body & is like the eagle in the neither part/ having feet and talentis cote are asunder such as she getteth/ her tail is scaled like a fish/ and she singeth a manner of sweet song and therewith deceiveth many a good mariner/ for when they hear it they fall on sleep commonly/ & than she cometh and draweth them out of the ship and tereth them asunder/ they bear their youngs in their arms & give them suck of their papis which be very great hanging at their brestis/ but the wise mariners stop their ears when they see her/ for when she playeth on the what all they be in fear & than they cast out an empty ton to let her play with it till they be passed her/ this is specified of them that have seen it. There be also in some places of araby serpents named sirens that run faster than an horse & have wings to fly.   

Cap. lxxxiiij.  
SPinatis is a little fish set round about with sharp pings so that none other fishes may bite him. Squatinus is a fish in the se of five cubits long: his tail is a foot broad & he hideth him in the slimy mud of these & marreth all other fishes that come nigh him it hath so sharp a skin that in some places they shave wood with it & bone also/ on his skin is black short here. The nature hath made him so hard that he can not almost be pierced with nouther iron nor steel.  
SQlaris is a fish so named because it is gladly be the lands side in the son/ he hath a great heed a wide mouth & a black skin & slipper as an ele/ it waxeth great & is good to be eaten. Solea is the sole that is a sweet fish and wholesome for seek people.   

Cap. lxxxvi.  
Solopendria is a fish/ when he hath swallowed in an angle than he spueth out all his guts till he be quit of the hook/ and than he gathereth in all his guts again. Tge Scorpion of the see is so named because when he is taken in any man's hands he pricketh him with his sting of his tail. Plinius saith that the deed crevice that layeth on the dry sand be the see side becometh scorpions.   

Cap. lxxxvij  
SPongia marina is of divers sorts some cleave fast to the stones/ some fleet away: they as grow to the stones when they be drawn of/ of their roots doth grow new: some live in the muddy water of these. Squamis maris is a fish of five foot long: with a tail of half a foot broad: he layeth hidden in the mud of the see/ when other fishes go over him: them he taketh and eateth: and it is of the nature of skin & hardness the squitanea is of in the lxxxiiij chapter. Nota. Scintus is a wat best dwelling in the water of Nilus and it hath the figure of Cocodrillus/ but it is much lass: & of his flesh taken in venomous drink: voideth all the venom and showeth the to coming wind and wedder.   

Cap. lxxxviij.  
SCintus is a see best in Ind asmuch as Lacertus/ but he hath a greater belly/ & in his middle it hath long clefts where through it draweth his food/ & of him laid in wine/ and that wine drunk/ giveth a man so great courage to carnal lust/ that he can not satisfy him of the woman/ and also he voideth so moche nature that the blood followeth/ & for this no remedy but to drink the just of laties.   

Cap. lxxxix.  
STurio/ the sturgeon is a great fish in the ronninge waters/ and he taketh no food in his body but liveth of the still and sweet airs/ therefore he hath a small belly/ with a heed and no mouth but under his throat he hath a hole that he closeth when he will/ he openeth it when it is fair weather/ & with an east wind he waxeth fat/ and when that the north wind bloweth/ than falleth he to the ground/ it is a fish of ix. foot long when he is full grown/ he hath white sweet flesh & yolow fat/ & he hath no bone in all his body but only in his heed.   

Cap. xc.  
STella is a se fish in the west sees & is a star branched like precles and some say all that he moveth doth burn/ and what he eateth is found in him as hard as biscuit brede.   

Cap. xci.  
SVngia is a beast of the see that hangeth with his blood on the stones for when he is cut of he leaveth of his blood behind him. There be other that swim in the water be the land of champanie & they name them fistules/ they will eat breed in the wat/ but no meet where as an hook is festened on   

Cap. xcij  
TEcna is a tench of the fresh water and is fed in the mud like the ele/ & is much like of colours it is a sweet fish but it is evil to digest ¶ Tintinalus is a fair merry fish & is sweet of savour & well smelling like/ the time where of it beareth the name ¶ Torpido is a fish but who so handleth him shallbe lame & deaf of limbs/ that he shall feel no thing/ & it hath a manner of Squitana that is spoken of in the lxxxiiij chapter & his nature   

Cap. xciij.  
TErebius is a fish a foot long/ & v. inches thick. Plinius saith. that this fish hath such a virtue/ that one of them salted and kept/ & when time is that one hath let fall a piece of gold into a great pit or well with water let down this fish with a line or cord in to the bottom of it/ & the gold shall follow the fish to the brinks of the wat and swim upon it with the fish/ in summer/ it is black/ in winter it is white. Trebius only above all other fishes doth breed on a tree named Alga/ and there it layeth eggs/ this fish is in the great occian see/ & there pierceth often times the ships with his hard neb and droundeth them.  
¶ Trncka/ the trout is a fish of the river & hath scales and upon his body spots of yellow and bloody colour. & his fish is red from the month of july. to the month of November/ and is much sweeter than the fresh salmon and all the other part of the year his fish is white   

Cap. xciiij.  
Testeun is best of the see that hath so hard a skin in the salt wat that the natural heat can have no power to enter in him/ & therefore he goth to the fresh water & that maketh him nesshe & soft in such wise/ that he receiveth the natural air thorough his hard skynnr.   

Ca xcv.  
TEstudo is a fish in a shell & is in the se of Ind/ & his shell is very great & like a muscle/ & be night they go out for their meet/ & when they have/ eaten their belly full/ than they sleep swymming upon the wat. than there come iij. fishers boats/ of the wiche three twain take one of these muscles Solinus saith. that this muscle hath his uppermest shell so broad that it may cover a house/ where many folk may hide them under/ And it goeth out the wat upon the land/ & there it layeth an hundred eggs as great as goose eggs/ & cover them with earth/ & oftentimes be night it goeth to the eggs & layeth upon them with her breast/ & than become they yonges   

Cap. xcvi.  
TIgruis is a see best that bringeth forth her youngs in the wat & not upon the what/ & sometime they go out of the water when a north wind bloweth/ & than they be half blind with the left eye/ & they follow the ships to see curiousnes of them & their sails/ when it is three or four year old than it waxeth so fat that it dieth almost for fatness. Solinus saith. In Ethiope be tigruis of yellow colour that have two paps hanging at their breast and thereof their youngs doth suck  
Here endeth the wonderful shape & nature that our saviour christ Ihesu hath created in beasts/ serpents on the earth/ fowls in the air and fishes & monsters in the water & see/ to the behove of us mankind his simple leaving creatures that he hath created of nought unto his own similitude and likeness/ wherefore we shall pray to our lady saint marry and to all the glorious company of heaven for grace that they will pray for us unto almighty god that we so may deserve his gifts of grace that he of his benign goodness grant us after this transitory life/ the life and joys everlasting. Amen    

Translated be me Laurens Andrew of the town of Calis/ in the famous cite of Andwarpe Emprented be me Iohn of Doesborowe  
Plinius  
Phisiologus  
Aristoteles  
Diascorides  
¶ These forenamed masters & many other testify the thruthe of all these forenamed beasts/ serpentis/ fowls/ & monsters that be written of in this present volume/ to the behove of mankind.   

The noble life & natures of man  
Of beasts/ serpent's/ fowls & fishes that be most known.