FOUR BOOKS of Offices: ENABLING PRIVATE persons for the special service of all good Princes and Policies. Made and devised by BARNABY BARNES.  
LONDON Printed at the charges of George Bishop, T. adam's, and C. Burbie. 1606.   

TO THE MOST HIGH AND MIGHTY LORD, JAMES by the grace of God King of great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc.  
And in him, Barnaby Barnes (the most humble and loyal Subject of his Majesty) wisheth the very perfection of all spiritual and temporal felicity. Blessed Sovereign.  
A Just King (which like a single eye fixed in the righteous sceptre of God, and by divine ordination sent as a bright Angel of his worship to govern amongst the children of men) is hyeroglyphically represented by figure of the sun. For as a virtue which vertueth other inferior Stars, it holdeth the golden bridles of the day: whose seat is therefore by pre-eminence esteemed most noble, because as a just judge placed in the midst, it equally distributeth light to those other Planets, giving grace to Saturn's gravity, might to jupiters' majesty, fortitude to the force of Mars, benevolence to the beauty of Venus, pith to the persuasion of Mercury, with constancy to the moons mutability by the royal government of his equal power and divine sapience, which moderateth all unstaid perturbations of his people, as the Moon doth (by noble influence from it) restrain all turbulent and outrageous billows of the violent seas, being through domination of this seventh sphere so metaphysically kept within their bounds, that they cannot transgress nor usurp upon earth. The suns Chariot also (representing the judgement seat of imperial authority) drawn by four horses figuring the four columns of royal majesty, deciphered in these ensuing offices, leadeth him through the Zodiac of the twelve Moral virtues; in and through which he reigneth and governeth upon earth in comfort, peace, and plenty, blessing the four mightiest Princes of this world with the light of his countenance: as in ministering fire to Vulcanus, ●…to Pallas the grey morning and balmy verdure of Air, which repurifieth her understanding with knowledge; to the great towering Goddess Ops that motherly fruitfulness, which crowneth Ceres, Bacchus, Minerva, Pales, with corn, wine, oil, and milk; lastly, to Neptune and Thetis, that infinite seed engendered and multiplied of them in the waters: so that those foresaid Elements (out of whose virtues all creatures living & vegetant are by divine ordinance composed) receive life, and influence from the Sun. This kingly Planet likewise holdeth dominion over the torments of hell; which should seem to be made out of the excess and poison of those four Elements; as is evident by those angels which fell from the three hierarchies for their sins in pride, disobedience, 
Barth. Cassan. in 〈◊〉 ter●… partis cattle. g●…or. mundi.  sloth, wrath, envy, lechery, and gluttony: for by the divine music of Orpheus, these furies and torments were appeased, so that he brought thence his wife Eur●…dice. For Phoebus is by the philosophical Poets mythologically called, the God and Patron of Music, Prophecies, and chirurgery: which was to life expressed by that holy King David, who (being both a blessed Prophet, and divine in lyrical music) had by force of his melody charmed that evil spirit, wherewith King Saul was possessed. Only the chyrurgeries wherein true Princes are principally skilled, appear in the sac●…ed notice and cure of those inward diseases and griefs that infect and macerate their flocks, which they like good and fatherly shepherds should heal with good Laws and Discipline. And yet your Grace, hath that oil of grace and comfort powered upon you more than your fellow-princes, to cure all mischievous and infistulated impostumes which GOD smiteth upon the jaws of his people, to make your glories the more in healing, and his glories infinite by those blessings bestowed upon your anointed hands (which diseases are otherwise remediless) being a divine gift from above to that holy King Edward your majesties antecessor, and after him to the rest of his sanctified seed by sacred direction legacied, as hath formerly been to the Kings of France also. Wherefore your Highness (being unctus in regem & sacerdotem cum vnguento laetitiae super omnes terrae reges socios tuos) fitly resemble this bright Planet in his clearest Majesty; even as that most sacred Psalmist King David also, both for your Poetical faculties, as in respect of your divine Priesthood, and chirurgery, having by good experience (more than any man living ever did) tasted of the wonderful wisdom and love of God; who by such strange ways surpassing human reason, hath wrought out your Grace's fortune in the weal of us your loving and loyal subjects, far beyond all the wily machinations, plots, and imaginations of men, which have (as your Royalty well knoweth) been manifoldly frustrated; that it might be performed which God had ordained and promised by the mouths of divers soothsaying Augers, to perfect and establish in your seed the true triumphant and universal Christian Monarchy. Howbeit as no man living can have a sweeter taste or clearer declaration of God's unspeakable power (beyond all the soundest counsels & resolutions of our mortal Princes) than your Grace hath had in all actions; considering the strange means that hath been wrought by God through the plots of men destined to other purposes, to make your name glorious, and that your royal seed might inherit this Empire: so need we not doubt but that like a good Physician, your Majesty (as it hath already graciously begun the cure of some small diseases in this kingdom, which God only left unto your gacious wisdom, that the whole body might be kept clean and at ease) shall auspiciously continue the same, to be the same under the golden rod of your right royal posterity forever, by strong purgation and correction of the proud, choleric, and melancholic humours thereof, which is the true method of a kingly Physician, and shall doubtlessly bring the head and whole body to perfect peace, and health.  
Against the Sun (upon which no reasonable creature can steadfastly fix his mortal eyes, lest they be dazzled, enfeebled, or blinded with the precious cleeretie thereof (being another type of sacred Majesty) that imperial bird soveraigning over the swift feathered creatures of the air by nature opposeth his sight: as Orus Apollo writeth in his hieroglyphiks, how the Sages of Egypt and Chaldaean Priests (when they would signify divine power, human Empire, pre-eminence, blood, or victory) did portrait an Eagle. What miracles he findeth through his steadfast, sharp, and penetrating inspection within that sanctified Orb of bright virtue, may be referred to those mystical naturalists, which in the Metaphysical cards of their reason have obscurely shadowed those things, that by mythologies are out of many curious heads from far shot at, by some near hit, and by very few truly touched. Caius jul. Caesar (to whom this Land with others contributed) gave in his ensign of gold, a black Eagle perpendicularly mounting: which Pliny noteth in the nature of that bird. For it is written, that over Caesar's Hosts when he marched to fight, divers Ravens and Vultures did hover, and that two Crows prodigiously with their wings and talons eager in combination, struck at his Beaver; whereupon auspiciously came an Eagle which (combating against their violence) slew them both; and then immediately perched upon his imperial crest. This ominous prodigy by the Augers was interpreted sinisterly, that Caesar's ensuing government should be tyrannous: since which time the Roman Emperors have always borne in their ensigns that royal bird, with which fortunately spreading his wings against their enemies, the Romans did generally triumph in many victories, and conquests. This Eagle also vively representeth unto us, your majesties person, being only your Highness' scepter-bearing bird, with silver feathers; which with his auspicious wings shadoweth the crowns of this Britain Monarchy with peace of soul and body rooted in your blessed posterity for ever. Upon earth next to the Sun and air, that aufull Magistrate (if of his Majesty men may so term the Lion, bearing the scheme and figure of magnanimity, which hath dominion over four-footed beasts) is another portly representation of a perfect Prince: for he despiseth dangers, remembreth & observeth him that shall wound his body, though he be impaled with millions of men; then he mercifully spareth which upon his pursuit prostrate their bodies; women and children (unless upon extreme hunger) he will not hurt. Vigilancy (being another right royal garb of a careful prince) was portended by the picture of alyons head; forsomuch as that beast only sleepeth with his eyes open: Qui tanquam sol patenti igneoquèoculo 
Bart. Cassan. 78. consid. 12. partis cattle. glor. mundi.  terram conspicit. This noble creature in the person of fortitude upon the right hand supporteth the royal Escutcheon of your imperial crown, assisted in our late dear sovereigns, and your Majesties famously remembered sisters government with prudence and vigilancy, portended by the Dragon; and since her death (if it may be so called) with temperance, not exchanged; but as with the perfections of all virtues relieved, or revived rather in your highness Unicorn: of all these your blessed Majesty royally participateth, as in the person of a true virtuous, and sanctified king upon earth. Vile is that wretched analogy, which the corrupt Florentine Secretary Nicolo Machiavelli servant to Duke Petro di Medici, did in his puddle of princely policies produce betwixt a true Prince and a mixed monster; resembling him (by the 
Il. Prencipe cap. 18 comm●… se debbe osseruar la fede.  example of Achilles who was instructed by Chiron the Centaur) unto a lion & fox, importing his strength & caution in all affairs: whereas it is well known, how no true prince can aptly be compared to that unsavoury cur, if the very royal mind (which amply possesseth every just King) be respected. For why not much more fitly might the comparison of Kings with Eagles then with base Foxes have sorted, if that imperial bird which in opposition with his eye-brightnesse amiably looketh into the sun, can search, and penerate into the perfection of wisdom and knowledge, being figurately shadowed in Phoebus or Apollo, bearing also with him the thunderbolts of jupiter (who mystically revealeth sovereign Majesty) to grind, burn, and consume into powder the violence of his enemies? semblably me seemeth, that there should not be found any such difference in the state and condition of Princes, which the subtle Italian Sanazar made of a Pope in his time; that he was Bonus Princeps & malus vir: because he knew well how to govern, and did rule the people well, having no proper faculty (by moderation of his own appetites) to be good unto himself; for as Cicero citeth it out of Ennius, Nequicquam sapere sapientem, qui sibiipsiprodesse nequierit: (being intended there by the mind only) so certainly cannot any Prince be verily good unto himself, if he do not govern his flock (which is the greater part of himself) in the fear of God and exercise of justice: whence it was that Homer termed Agamemnon in one place, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in another part 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: aswell for the pastoral charge, as for the prudent counsel and assiduity required in him towards that function. Sanctity & justice therefore (as I first said) by the propagation, corroboration, and aeternization of all crowns and Monarchies, are the two main pillars of principality; being those inseparable adjuncts of your right royal majesties lawful and victorious quadruple crown of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, composed of the 4. cardinal virtues, which in this ensuing mirror, framed out of the 4. immediate ministers or columns rather of kingly Majesty, with all humble duty subjecting them impolished as they be, to your princely eyes, I present to your royal hands, under a special pardon for my boldness in daring as a poor unlearned Scholar (which offereth his ignorance in some rude exercise unto his learned Schoolmaster) to trouble your sacred Majesty with these imperfections. Howbeit, as every man which writeth aught to rest upon & lean unto the grace of his Patron; so can it not choose, but that having chosen so gracious a Patron, far exceeding all other in goodness, I shall find more true grace and beneficence out of your royal nature, for this one Character of my bounden duty respected by such a Sovereign, then by the benevolence of any subject And therefore I presumed to your high Grace, being the Castalian spring head (which the Greek Sages did say to be patronized by that bright Lord of wisdom & Poetry) thinking there (after my labours) to refresh my troubled senses: where though unworthy to taste, yet shall I receive some ingenuous alacrity, by seeing that pure & preciously-purling current. And that I may the more to my consolation contemplate the royal sunshine and serenity which environeth your sacred temples (though your Grace lay not apart the beams of your Majesty) yet vouchsafe I beseech, with your divine anointed hands to anoint these eyes of your humble subject with the balmy dew of your gracious benevolence, that I may be the better enabled to look upon that consecrated Orb of true majesty; for had I been so timorous or faint, as in the regard of the unworthiness of my Book protected the same by some private friend: then had I somewhat withdrawn from worth of the matter, which (howsoever the method and disposition thereof deserveth) doth also merit a royal Master, and had miscarried in the manner of my proceeding also: thinking that because these four ensuing estates immediately ministering under all crowns in every Common wealth, are protected by royal sovereignty, your Grace was fittest also to patronize these my simple studies wholly conversing in the properties and attributes of those Offices; which shall be most highly honoured by the majestical protection of such a virtuous King, to his poor subjects exceeding comfort. My consideration therefore was, that your Highness out of the Princely nature, which God with your Essence hath infused, would deign so simple present of a poor Scholar, with the benevolence which your Grace natively doth extend to learning: and that being hereafter published under that high Title many learned eyes, and curious fingers (not so much for the matter & form of the Treatise, as for the Majesty patronizing it) would peruse these young rules in this unperfect accedence to government, and percase bear them through divers of your majesties Kingdoms.  
I have also through my whole discourse (as occasion served) in divers places made a continual Apostrophe to your Majesty, which I beseech your Highness (even as it is in sincerity) so to refer it unto the true meaning of my most dutiful & immaculate heart towards your Grace, and not to any vain singularity, nor presumption in myself. The God of all true light continued that illumination, brightness, and wisdom, which appeareth in your true graces, by that figure of the Sun; confirm that piercing inspection, apprehension, & prenotion of all princely devices, wisdoms & practices, which may be bend in opposition to your Majesty by foreign kings, deciphered in that imperial Eagle; & corroborate that true fortitude to the confusion of Gods & of your Highness' enemies, which is expressed in the royal Lion; so that your kingdoms being sustained, amplefied, & conserved by justice, prudence & fortitude from posterity to posterity through many generations, so long as it shall please God evenly to sustain this earth in her own place within the firmaments, such serenity may beam forth from your gracious wisdom; as forever may move the people's hearts of these your Kingdoms, of all your confederates and contributories, to dance inwardly with praise and thankfulness unto God, for that blessing which through your Grace's special goodness infinitely succeed to God's people under your imperial Sceptre.  
Your most high Majesties most humble and obedient Subject. BARNABY BARNES.   

To Master Barnaby Barnes, this Madrigal upon his Book.  

IF all the world were sought from Malta to Moon,  
From candid Gaul, to black-browed Calicute;  
No frame more various mought have been made one  
In every joint, or point like absolute:   

For as some Spirits while they have been attended  
On states of Princes, and on earthly right,  
Have followed the worldly side, with that intent;  
And yet unmindful of the highest Spirit.   

Others again (too much I ween yblent  
With heavenly zeal and with Religion)  
Have for the same the Secular forewent:  
So if a mean there be (as mean but one  
To twine the Crozier with the sword atone)  
O let me then (with licence) to avow,  
'Twill, right Paladine, be by only you.   
W. Percy. MUSOPHILIES. Spes calamo occidit.   

In honour of the Author by Tho: Campion Doctor in Physic▪ To the Reader.  

Though neither thou dost keep the Keys of State,  
Nor yet the counsels (Reader) what of that?  
Though thouart no Law-pronouncer marked by fate,  
Nor field commander (Reader) what of that?  
〈◊〉 not this Boo●… for if thou mindest to be  
Virtuous, and honest, it belongs to thee.   

Here is the School of Temperance, and Wit,  
Of justice and all forms that tend to it;  
Here Fortitude doth teach to live and die,  
Then, Reader, love this Book, or rather buy.   

EIUSDEMAD AUTHOREM.  
PErsonas proprijs rectè virtutibus ornas  
(Barnesi) liber hic vivet, habet Genium,  
Personae virtus umbra est; hanc illa refulcit,  
Nec scio splendescat corpus, an umbra magis.    

To my singular good friend Master Barnaby Barnes.  

Grave Architector of a Commonweal,  
Well travailed in the mysteries of state,  
Vouchsafe me room, among the rest some deal,  
Thy lofty frame to view, and wonder at:  
And where the workmanship doth please mine eye,  
To say, 'twas wrought with painful industry.   

That's every where, for all doth merit praise,  
The form, the firm foundation, and the frame.  
The form Quadrangular, most meet to raise,  
A Palace sacred to eternal fame,  
Founded on wisdom, builded up on high,  
With goodly laws, and Christian policy.   

Up held with four strong Piles, whose bases are,  
Sage Counsel, awful justice, armed Might.  
Abundant Treasure, sinews of the war  
These make it strong to last, and fair to sight.  
Where sour such pillars do the bulk sustain,  
What fear we thunders, t●…pests, winds, or rain.   

here mayst thou fix with bold Al●…mena's son,  
NIL VLTRA, as the farthest continent,  
That wisest statist ever yet did run,  
Within this world of civil government.  
And as the work, so doth the style excel,  
That of Boterus, Bodin, Machiavelli.   
Tho: Michelborne.   

R. H. In commendation of the Author.  

Some uncouth Muse which mounts upon the wings  
Of silver fountains, or sweet breathing winds,  
chant out her notes when she divinely singes  
To dignify the state of these four kinds:  
Which Treasurers to moderation binds.  
And gracious prudence to grave men of State,  
Where Themis rules of sacred justice finds;  
Where fortitude doth swordmen animate,  
O let some potent muse, these great designs relate.   

And let bright fame whose worthy spirit pierceth  
The world's whole centre and those heaveuly speeres,  
Assume this task for him, which here rehearseth  
These moral Offices of States and Peers.  
And thou that soundest in the prudent ears  
Thy golden trumpet of rich Oratory,  
Gracious Thalia, let these learned Queares  
Be graced as thou dost, each gracious Story,  
That BARNES may live by them, in everlasting glory.   
Robert Hasill.   

john Ford in commendation of his very good friend the Author.  

Not to adorn, but to commend this Frame,  
Drawn by the curious hand of judgements art;  
Nor to commend, for this commends the same;  
But solace to thy labours to impart:  
A work of thanks, out living term of fate,  
In brief prescriptions of a formal State.   

Great were thy pains, but greater is thy fame,  
Locked in the jewel-house of precious treasure;  
Which doth by Counsels wisdom rear thy name,  
In equal justice of well-ballaced measure;  
Thou teachest soldiers discipline of fight,  
And they again defend thy merits right.   

Write on rare Mirror of these abject days;  
Thy good example others will advise:  
Thy subject values love, thy Studies praise,  
A precedent to youth, life to the wise:  
So ever shall (while times and Empires last)  
Thy works by thee, thou by thy works be graced.   

Verba, decor, gravitas, confirmant, denotat, ornat,  
〈◊〉 lepidum, re, gravitate, manu.   
johannes Forda Encomiastes.   

Barnaby Barnes his Preface to the honourable and discrete Reader.  
I Have apportioned my four books of Offices (wherein certain special qualities and principles are expressed for general government, and the choice both of civil and martial ministers in every Commonwealth) unto the four virtues cardinal. For as much therefore as royal treasure (being the maintenance of every state, without which no principalities can consist, or augment) ought to be mystically couched within the divine treasure Temperance (which is the moderator & guide of her other three sister virtues ensuing) I therefore have placed Temperance in this first Parallel, considering the resemblance which it should have with a Prince's treasure, so well in the manner of getting & levying, as in the saving & disbursing of money by discrete moderation; which office of Treasurers possesseth the first book of these offices.  
Prudence the substance of my second book (deciphered & figuredin the secret counsellor's office) participateth of that reasonable moderation, which is expressed in the first. Also Temperance the treasurer with a gracious mildness & motherly decency prudently pondereth and examineth all her actions, which are right noble and many, with her passions. Yet is it contravertible whether temperance be passionate or no; though one of her sweetest graces governeth in patience.  
My third book comprehendeth justice, which is in all causes seasoned with a requisite moderation and taste of ingenuous temperance, and prudence: temperance being of itself an indifferency void of extremity, vively representeth justice, being incorporate with equity and prudence: because with a certain provident circumspection it justly weigheth all things in the balance of reason.  
My fourth book (in the same rank containing certain qualities of a true soldier) heroically representeth Fortitude; which with Temperance expressed in her patience, with Prudence in her foresight, and actions of honourable peril, with justice in the execution and maintenance of right, without any toleration of public violence sisterly combineth: whereas semblably temperance in her bridling and restraining of inordinate appetite, prudence in her stout and constant equability, justice in her severe and firm equality (being merely pure from all blemishes of fear and affection) are all in themselves a fortitude.  
This is a divine harmony representing mentally by due distribution of human charity, the sacred unison of man's soul sanctified with God. This is that mystery which Hermes, Solomon, Pythagoras, Solon, Plato, Socrates, & Aristotle, have all of them oracularly shadowed in their eternities of wisdom: and by these four are all blessed Monarchies, Kingdoms, Commonweals, and policies sustained, governed, directed and protected, that is by Temperance, Prudence, justice and Fortitude, shadowed as I said in the Treasurer, Counsellor, judge, and Soldier: for they be moderate, wise, just, and valiant alike; that not any difference of their places is discerned, which of them may be greater or less than another.  
To this harmonious consent or concordance (whose ground in v●…ison consisteth of a medium, which is the moderator or navel-string of this unspeakable music, representing the concealed and mystical accord of the numberless stars and planets contuning by the ineffable power of the most Almighty God in number and Symphony; by which sacredforce he worketh his will in all creatures: from fat all influence of which divine torches of light, by the most miraculous power of the most mighty mover, all worldly chances happen; which some not well advised have called the wheel of fortune) there are extremes by the most metaphysical disposition ordained prevaricating or transgressing those four divine centres, or moderators, which I do thus denominate, define, and distribute.  
To Temperance therefore my first counter-tenor, one base, and one alley: for out of discords with the counter-tenor (being moderator) is the concord composed of perfect harmony. The base hereof is covetous and unnecessary penury when ability doth sufficiently reabound; the triple or alteis raised from extreme profusion or excess, making a shrill and riotous confusion of all: one of these extremes continually conversing in baseness and the other in haughtiness throughout; as in the rest ensuing.  
To Prudence which is my second counter-tenor or moderator, the base falleth into folly; the triple or alte lifteth itself into malicious wiliness and calidity. Herein doth folly participate with the first being covetousness, in that it wanteth a reasonable discretion to make use and comfort of God's blessings bestowed: In extreme opposition thereof malicious craft or wiliness acordeth with the first alte, that in public and private affairs, it is a secret consumer; as extreme profusion or prodigality wasteth both public and private treasure; the persons quality being considered.  
Thirdly to justice which is my next moderator, the vile base is dissolute indulgence or secure lenity, when honesty by the covin of iniquity lieth mortally wounded, and iniquity scaping punishment receiveth honour and support: the triple or alte, extreme cruelty. Dissolute lenity therefore in this consenteth with the first base which is called covetousness or unreasonable sparing; for as much as contrary to reason, it coveteth a confusion of other men's estates by sparing the wicked; as couctise doth of other men's possessions by saving of her own, herein alluding to the second base which is folly: because such kind of foolish pity or mercy (as some men ter●…e it) cannot have any taste of discretion or charity. Likewise extreme cruelty consenteth oppositely with the first alte prodigality thus; by being so lavish and prodigal of blood as that other is of treasure: and with the second alte being crafty wiliness; that in the prodigal effusion of blood, or in the tragical end of impious, nefarious and barbarous treasons, conspiracies, and murders, malicious craftiness from cruelty differeth not.  
Fourthly to fortitude (which is the last moderator) the base is baseness of spirit or pusillanimity, proceeding from inordinate sloth, fear, and luxury, which is a subjection, or rather mancipation of the mind to slavish and brutish affections, passions and perturbations, when appetite tyrannizeth over reason: the triple or alte audacious temerity. Pusill animity therefore in this consenteth with miserable and avaricious sparing (which is the first base) that it is as fearful and miserably parsimonious of a little harish blood, when honourable causes summon it like a judge in scarlet justly to defend his own with the guard of his heroical spirits, and to contend for right; as that other baseness is of treasure when special reasons do most require a liberality: and with the second base being folly thus; that there can not appear any more foolishness, then when people timorously and basely without resistance damn themselves voluntarily slaves to the tyrannous galleys of their own inward and outward enemies, whereas with a little pains and knitting of themselves up together they might restrain or vanquish them both: also with the third base, which is secure lenity: for what weakness and abjection of mind can be discerned in one more than in another? for lenity wilfully confoundeth every private and public estate; whereas baseness or softness of spirit or pusillanimity (the person's quality being respected) doth the same. Furthermore audacious temerity, which violently without reason doth precipitate itself into perils herein oppositely concordeth with prodigality being the first alte; that it is more profuse (if possible) in effusion of blood, in rash partitipation and abbarretting of mutinies and quarrels then that other excess is of treasure, of unreasonable and inconsiderate expenses riot and surfeits: and with the second alte which is malicious wiliness and calidity; that whereas wrath and the venomous desire of revenge doth in a kind of desperation and temerity, rush into the turbulent seas of danger: so doth malicious wiliness by the secret labyrinths, snares, & curious traps of mortal villainies make up the mouth of mischief to bring about her devilish designs; both of them being alike deep in blood: and with the third alte or triple (being cruelty which is the ●…ast consent in opposition with audacious temerity) herein appeareth the final concord of these discords even that which reason and nature teacheth us; how no greater cruelty can be showed then that a man either upon mere malice or some other hellish and fiery passion of wrath or blind affection (as a principal in the murder of himself (should rashly, violently, and irremediably crowd into the spearepointed troop of perils, as Curtius and Decius, one mounted in arms on horseback to satisfy the wrath of the gods, upon the main career entered and was swallowed up in the fiery gul●…e, which prodigiously did exhale sulphurous and unquenchable flames: the other being consul, armed in a Roman lack or brigandine (as Livy recordeth) did single on the same fashion run with full speed in gallop amid the battles of his enemies the Latins: and sacrificed himself for weal of the Roman host; where he thrasting his life into the very throats of his enemies choked them that swallowedit.  
So that to conclude with this consent of discords; being the certain confusion of every the most flourishing state where it tragically noiseth; as the first harmonious concordance of the spherical virtues is the corroboration and amplification of every kingdom which is formerly noted: so do I say that Temperance is valiant, just, and wise: Prudence is temperate, valiant, and just; justice is wise, temperate, and valiant, valour is just, wise and temperate. In opposition semblably because the geometrical & analogical harmony draweth these other rebels, excrescents, or excrements of virtue rather, to this universal muster, that they may be precisely viewed and measured by the cube of reason; receiving priest and wages answerable to their natures and qualities: also for as much as it may be misconstrued by such as are more learned, or some that percase loven opposition, I will leave this as a Paradox, whether avaricious misers be foolish, unjust, and timorous, whether timorous persons be miserable, foolish and unjust, whether unjust men be timorous, miserable and foolish, and whether fools are unjust, timorous and miserable. In opposition likewise ex diametro, whether prodigals in their actions generally be not audacious, cruel, and crafty: whether crafty knaves to fet●…h about their diuises be not prodigal, audacious, and cruel: if cruel fellows in their hopes or rather fears be not crafty, prodigal, and audacious: and if audacious persons in their distracted humours of desire, revenge & collar prove not cruel, crafty and prodigal. For a man (if he would perfectly know the secrets of government) must warily search forth these infestious leprosies of States; considering how there is not any good or bad in mankind, which is not contained in these oppositions: the causes of which evils being perfectly known, and presently removed, all their effects of danger must of force presently be drawn away with them. And he which cannot skill of this my concatenation, my wheel, or rather the true love knot, and labyrinth of virtues with their opposites (though in other matters he vainly think himself wise) yet shall undoubtedly misjudge of other men's conditions, attributing and adiudgeing improperly good and bad qualities to people contrary their depraved or native inclinations: nay moreover I dare affirm, that he which shall perfectly learn and practise this Lesson shall soon attain the true knowledge of himself.  
To conclude therefore, lest I stand upon these points more curiously then acceptably, I say that those kingdoms or Commonweals are blessed and victorious, whose Treasurers are valiant, just, and prudent; whose counsellors are temperate, valiant & just: whose judges are prudent, temperate, and valiant, whose captains are just, prudent, and temperate: such as for example Marcus Cato whom Livy magnifieth for his excellent quickness and dexterity fit for all noble offices; as in the whole course of his life temperate and decored with moderation; as in his admirable wisdom and sagacity to counsel and direct in the most serious affairs of his country; as of his justice and skill in the laws, which was incomparable; with his great courage & valour in the wars, which was invincible: all which I mentioned in my second book. And in such accomplished magistrates which by these instructions here ensuing are made absolute is contained the whole moral force of a most gracious & ample monarchy.  
These my benevolent (though simple) Elucubrations, recommending heartily to your honourable constructions, I wish your welfare as mine own; which if you with good Aequanimitie shall take favourably, then have I won the largest stipend of my studies that I could either travail or wish for. But if persons of unindifferent censure and judgement (as amongst many, there be which may more than saltly tax my labours) shall show some severity more than critical, their malignity cannot prevail; because I shall account no time misspent, which tending so much to the common benefit of our young country men is bestowed upon such moral considerations.  
Yours resolved and assuredly B. B.   

❧ The first Book of Offices.  
ALbeit Hannibal for scoffing at the most profound and learned Philosopher Phormio, because he began abruptly to prescribe a form for the order and instruction of Battles, was by some very wise men condemned of extreme and very barbarous pride; as in repining, that any man being shadowed at home amongst his books, should attain that excellent skill in war which he by learning expressed: yet do not I myself think, being so merely weak and far short of that Philosopher in all good knowledge and literature, as there is distance of leagues betwixt the spheres of Saturn and the Moon, but that I were worthy to be rebuked and canvased, if either I should write these offices, as instructions for noblemen, and sage Counsellors of any Commonwealth, so far exceeding my skill and judgement as there have years passed betwixt the date of Phormioes' death and of my wretched life: or if I should bewray such stupidity, by teaching men equal in degrees and arts with myself that which they can as well or better relate than I: or to be short, if in the Levin of arrogancy I should presume to talk of things surreaching the scope of my apprehension. Yet having collected many things by reading; a little with experience, and somewhat through observation, I did as appeareth simply couch them together in a little volume, containing these four books of Offices, which I submit to the learned and right honourable Reader: for that only respecting him, I would clear myself of such scandalous imputations, as otherwise percase might wound my negligence with the points of foolishness and arrogancy. The discourse ensuing is both short and luculent, needing not (for memories sake) any preposition of argument or Dycotomie, such as it is simple and naked, with a most willing and cheerful heart I proffer: only requesting pardon for my boldness, and to be protected by them that are verily noble from all gross and malicious misconstructions of the vulgar.  
The first and chief place in all civil government under princes and Commonweals, 
Office of Treasurers.  according to Dion Cassius, Francis Patricius, Barthol. Cassanaeus, Hyppolito, Furio Ceriolano, with others, which have by their books opened the forms of counsels, concerning the state of any kingdom, remaineth to the Treasurers, which by the Romans were called Quaestores à quaerendo, because they did seek how to magnify, corroborate, and amplify the Commonwealth by lawful and honourable means, for the special weal of those states and princes under whom they did administer; and also did faithfully conserve those riches to their trust committed. Hence is it that Dion termeth, Quaesturam primum 
Lib. 52.  gradumin Senat●…: howbeit justus Lipsius, not wholly suffragating to that opinion, 
Cap. 16. de Mag. Romanorum.  saith, Quòd inter magistratus fuere quaestores ordine primi, dignitate ultimi. Which office (being auntiently derived from the greeks) was first erected amongst 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  the Romans in the first bud of that Empire, after it was grown to some height; when the societies of those people, lovingly knit and assembled, had in the city by their policies, valour, and industry gathered and got a great mass of treasure together: wherein every free citizen had equal share: at what time they did first institute two general Quaestores or Treasurers, which were famous amongst them for their justice, valour, moderation and prudence, that had the tuition thereof, keeping their office in Aede Saturni. This institution of Treasurer's Tacitus would have amongst the Romans, when the Consular estate was first established, Anno 23. after their kings were abolished: some think they were first ordained, Anno Vrb. conditae 269: But it is not so doubtful, as needless, precisely to stand upon that point: only this, the place of Treasurers being first amongst the civil magistrates (as at this day in France; where Les generalx des 
Barth. Cass cons. 13. 7. partis cat. gloriae mundi. Geo. Bened. in Repet. cap. Rain. in verb.  finances, & les presedents des accounts, have a priority not only before both the Counsels strict and at large; but also before the four Primiers Precedents in that realm; as our Lord high Treasurer of England hath also: whose place with us is highest next unto the Lord Chancellor in civil reputation) giveth me some cause to digest the same into my first book of Offices; being as I may term it notunfitly that liver wherein the blood (which possesseth the moving life of every commonwealth) is contained. For even as moneys are fitly called the sinews of war, so may we likewise properly term them the blood of peace: and therefore that state or kingdom, whose treasure is exhausted (though it be most ample, populous, and puissant in other things) may be called bloodless and languishing, according to the saying of that learned Lawman: Nobilitas sine divitijs pené 
Bonus de curtili.  mortua est, tanquam corpus exangue. Riches therefore may be properly termed the blood of peace, that entering the veins or conduits of the liver, which may semblably be likened to the Treasurer's office, and reflowing thence, benignly disperseth itself into the members of the whole body, resembling analogically the Commonwealth, for the general sustentation and nurture thereof. It is the bone of that strong arm, by which the kingdom is in time of peace strengthened against all hostile attempts. It is the marrow by which that bone is seasoned, souple, and confirmed: or rather that arm which is strongly nourished, enabled, and knit with those sinews, veins, blood, bones, and pith; wherein remaineth a proportionable strength, guiding the sacred sword of justice in hand.  
The charge of Treasurers consisteth in the receiving, keeping, and disbursing of the prince his money, consisting in the revenues of his Empire; amplified by the tributes of his subjects; supplied by the subsides, fines, and forfeitures of cities, societies, and malefactors; relieved with the tallages and customs of merchants and adventurers; magnified in the prizes and presents, ordinarily resulting from foreign princes and people, either friends or enemies: and as Titus Livius writeth: Munera Quaestoris sunt pecuniae publicae acceptio & expensio; signorum militarium 
Lib. 4. & 7.  ex auro, vel argentoin aerario asser●…atio; praedae venditio & subhastatio; legatorum exceptio & deductio; hospitij assignatio. All which were most honourable attributes peculiarly permitted to the Treasurers: and (as Lipsius noteth it) such was that ancient honour of those Quaestores, that amongst the Romans of old 
Cap. 16. de Mag. vet. Pop. Ro.  it was permitted unto them to make laws and decrees, to subscribe unto suits, motions, and petitions, being both keepers and precedents of the Laws and of justice: which power is with us and in France devolved unto the Lords Chancellors, howbeit in that realm principally; where the Lord Chancellor is highest in the king's counsels, of whom in all causes appertaining the weal of that 
Vin●…ent. Lupan.  state, the king taketh advice, as of some oracle: so that when any rescripts, edicts, or decrees contrary to law, be by the king either upon misinformation or negligence granted, the Chancellor hath ex officio power to cancel or annullate them, whereupon was first devised the name Cancellarius; which office in Venice hath the most secret particulars of that state in managing, and yet is not so powerful in his authority. Likewise the French, Generalx des finances, upon the like considerations, and respects may cut off, or curtal at their pleasures the king's gifts and bounties, issuing out of his Treasuries, Lands, or Revenues (if in their wisdoms it seem expedient:) and therefore (as I should think) they might by the like reason also be called Cancellarij, because they Tanquam Tutores, limit the king's mind intra rationis & moderationis caucelloes. This counsel of Treasurers converseth in the exportation of such commodities, as every Commonweal out of her friendship, or abundance exchangeth or ministereth; having equal respect unto the induction, or reinuection of such other merchandise, as their people need and covet most: Likewise in all treasures under ground, as in mines and minerals of gold, and silver, copper, tin, lead, and iron; the richest commonly belonging to the prince of that soil, where such treasures are opened; and others either bygraunt or otherwise, according to legal tenure of Frank Charter, or of other immunities royal in tenure of such subjects, as accordingly make payment to the custom, or imposition of the prince or country. Wherefore it behoveth, that such as be chosen into that place and authority, be men not of learning and temperance only; but of good years and much experience also: howbeit the Romans did make choice of their Quaestores at twenty five years, according to Tacitus. Which green age could not amongst us have 
Annal. lib. 3.  had that maturity of judgement, and foresight in these times, that is required in a worthy Treasurer: although amongst those Romans in that golden age of nature, we may by circumstances find, that young noble men were in all the parts of their life generally, temperate and frugal, with a certain specious appearance of liberality; yet did not in them appear that precocitie, which is in many of our young heads of this age, which are so free at the first, that they be soon poor and threadbare of understanding, before the bruit of their rare pregnancy be well dispersed: and those young men were so well instructed from their infancy, that they did contend how to be thought most noble, virtuous, and fit for places of reputation in their country, by suppressing many lusts, motions, commotions, and unperfect passions of the mind, with a moderate domination of reason and constancy. They were full of modesty, full of duty, and full of such religion as then was professed amongst the profane Gentiles, observing in all words and deeds a temperate moderation, without any deturpation or deformity. And these qualities in those young Romans, worthily made them eligible and fit for such great dignities and offices.  
The Lord high Treasurer of England his office is in the Exchequer, erected by king William the first, for safe custody of his crown lands, and of those records which may concern them. To which Queen Marie joined the Surveyors general, the court of Augmentations and revenues of the Crown, with the first fruits and tenths of Benefices, being erected by that king of good memory, Henry the eight. This office is called Scaccarium, of a certain large square table, which according to Geruas' of Tilburie, cited by M. William Camden, hath a chequered cloth brought and spread upon it, in the term of Easter, as a place or table of just proportion, account, or judgement; in all causes respecting the royal treasure or revenues: where all civil causes betwixt the prince and his tenants are indifferently decided. judges in this court are, the Lord high Treasurer of England, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Lord chief Baron of that court, with other four Barons assistants, the Remembrancer, Engrosser, Controller, clerk of the Pleas, and of the Pipe-office; Auditors with their clerk, Apposer, Chamberlain, Clerk of the straits, Martial, Clerk of the Summons, deputy Chamberlains; Secondaries to the Remembrancer, to the Treasurer, and to the Pipe-office. Also in the office of receipt M. Vice Treasurer, Clerks of the Tally, and of the Parchments, with diverse other inferior officers. All which are ordained for the conservation and amplification of those foresaid revenues, and of divers other pecuniary duties, ordinary and extraordinary; by which the civil state of all principalities is necessarily sustained: for it is manifest, that without the competent force of money no Commonwealth can hold together absolute in her members. And to that purpose was it first devised, 
Arist. in Polit.  when people and nations were necessarily constrained to require supplies and succours out of remote countries, by commutation of commodities through exportation and importation of them from and to foreign places; howbeit the principal exchange is for gold and silver coined in little round plates and besantes of greater and less value, being authorized by the edicts of those princes and Commonweals where they be stamped, and pass currant amongst the people. Four kinds of metal have auntiently been coined amongst the Romans, one of lead; which when it first was devised, exceedeth all records of true memory, as just. Lipsius writeth: another of brass or copper, which the 
Cap. 1. de re Pe●…. Plin. lib. 18. cap. 3.  Romans therefore called Pecunia quod esset nota pecudis signata: of which coins diverse under the Romans here in Britain, as well of copper as iron likewise were stamped, according to M. William Camden in his book of Britain antiquities. Silver amongst the Romans was first coined, Anno, ab urbe cond. 484. F. Pictore & Qu. Oculeio Coss. The coin of gold 62 years after the silver, 
Plin. lib. 1.  C. Claudio Nerone, & Marco Livio Salinatore Coss. The beginning and end of coining was for commerce, as by pieces of some value for exchange of other commodities to people of other nations: by whose divers and several stamp●…s the countries with whom they trafficked were known. And hence is it, that those coins of metal are infinite; which dependeth upon two reasons also: the first is, upon covetousness of people, which would abundantly be served with things which their minds covet for some needful uses: the second, upon pleasures; for which many men seek for great heaps of money: but the want of things desired amongst men is infinite, and the choice of pleasures endless, all which are attained by money. The desire of treasure therefore can never be fulfilled, according to the saying of Cicero, Expetuntur divitiae cum ad vitae usus 
Lib. 2. Oss.  necessarios tum ad perfruendas voluptates. Dilectant enim magnifici apparatus vitaeque cultus cum elegantia & copia quibus rebus effectum est ut infinita pecuniae cupiditas esset. A Treasurer's prudent care and whole study therefore, leveleth at all such honourable means and just occasions as may serve to bring in divers sums, and how to maintain a continual harvest of getting, to sustain those infinite burdens of necessary disbursement; how to levy for the Commonwealth with good discretion, and nothing without urgent cause. Unto which contribution, that it may be more liberal and cheerful, is required, that the people be generally well affected both towards the prince and unto that common necessity which importuneth the same: for the better effecting whereof, some plausible and effectual declaration published unto them by their Sovereign, readily prepareth their hearts, moving in them a more benificent kind of alacrity; and therefore it is in such cases most behoveful, Vt omnes intelligant 
Cic. 2. O●….  si salui esse velint necessitati esse parendum. For being persuaded, that the general safety dependeth thereupon, you shall find the covetous, readiest to contribute. Moreover it addeth very much unto the love of people towards their princes, and to their good opinion of his grace and meekness unto them correspondently, when he by suit seeketh that which his regal authority might exact.  
The respects are great, and those necessities important, which should urge a prince to violence in those cases: yet a good Sovereign can never have cause of compulsion: For when the king which hath authority to constrain, useth a facility to persuade, it importeth some vehement necessity. Can any private Commonweal mount without tributary wings? Or could the firmament of peace be clear, if all clouds had not first been dispersed with the thunder of war? Are arms exercised without wages? Are ships provided of men, victuals, and of artillery, without money? How shall officers which be continually busied in ceaseless service for the common security, have relief without salaries? May virtuous or needy persons be rewarded or succoured without some general supplies? Few be those princes of Christendom (so near as I can judge) whose own private revenues are able to supply the public charge only: so that the more puissant any prince is in dominion and territory; so much more the common charge doth aggravate his necessities.  
For this office therefore, all honest and needful means of getting are to be carefully studied and provided: towards the true maintenance whereof it highly benefiteth to forbear all superfluous damnable and intolerable subsidies: for if such public businesses in a Commonwealth oppress the prince, which according to the best judgements being great and multiplied, do through prudent consultation, foresight, and caution joyfully propagate all Sovereign empire; then must it necessarily follow, that a general aid be ministered by the commons for their general good: lest otherwise the public treasure be (through want of such tributary supplies) drawn to the bottom, whereas it ought continually to be multiplied and cherished: Etenim qui rempublicam gubernabunt consulere debebunt, ut earum rerum copia sit quae sunt necessariae. Which if they do 
Cic. 2. Off.  carefully respect, seldom or never shall any vehement cause happen to them of exaction. And therefore that good and charitable Emperor Trajan utterly disallowing, and detesting all compulsion and privy pinches in those cases, Fiscum lienem vocavit, quod eo scilicet crescente artus reliqui contabescunt. Howbeit, that 
In vita juliani.  sentence in some cases to me seemeth more verily physical according to the letter, than morally philosophical, answering to the sense. And therefore partafrugaliter tuendo, many such inconveniences are prevented, Magis etenim dedecus est parta amittere, quamomninò non paruisse. This treasure therefore aught to be cherished, 
Sallust. bell. jugurth. lib.  the cherishing whereof is principally found in cutting off all idle and superfluous expenses: for therein it doth as well increase by saving as receiving. It likewise augmenteth by the bold and industrious valour of them, which make great and honourable adventures, as well by land service, as naval for their country's glory: returning after a long, laborious, and chargeable voyage, loaden with treasure and commodities. So did the noble Roman Aemilius bring from the Macedonians; which spoil was so rich and great, that it eased the people of Rome many years after from tributes: of which hostile booties he was known not to bring any thing to his private houses or hampers, saving only the renown of his triumphs and victories: which how well he demerited, is witnessed in noble history. Such excellent and precious countrymen should be furnished at the common charge with ships, men, arms, and provision, that they might exercise themselves in those services, which should increase and magnify the Commonwealth. I may not forget Sir Francis Drake, so much remembered and acknowledged through the whole world (which he compassed) for his noble skill and industrious fortitude, who did both much benefit & magnify the state of this land; being not borne of any very noble parentage: Howbeit that his working good spirit, and better fortunes always incited him to some honourable enterprise, which in the late reign of blessed Queen Elizabeth brought much coin, and bullion of gold and silver unto the prince's treasures, somewhat out of hostile spoils from the Spaniards, taken by that ever renowned Earl of Cumberland in his naval voyages. To whom at this day we shall find few comparable 
George Clifford.  for their painful adventures, equivaluable with the travels either of Crist. Colombo, or Hernando Cortes; if you will superadd thereunto that excellent fortune and native valour, which always accompanied and winged their heroical enterprises. I might speak here of Sir Thomas Candish, & of Sir Humphrey Gilbert: but having mentioned Sir Francis Drake, in him is comprised so much as they could deserve. divers other gallant gentlemen, borne here in England amongst us, which being yet young and alive, have percase some fortunes in store, to make them as glorious in such services, as any that ever travailed. My meaning is not here, that by the direptions, piracies, depredations of cities or nations confederated and united (which is merely dishonest and unprofitable) to farce and gorge up the common Treasuries: for so much as it withstandeth all reason and human policy, with true colour emblazoning the violation and breach of peace and amity, which undoubtedly bringeth a most lamentable confusion with it unto those princes and Commonweals in their estâtes, that are both agents and patients in these cases: but only with the spoils of malevolent, mischievous, and professed enemies; by whose oppression their whole state is weakened, and in whose weakness our forces are confirmed: such as cannot be more malicious or mortal adversaries for any violence which we can offer unto them. Treasures gotten from such ambitious and malevolent people, are laudable, and magnify the state of our kingdoms. Such verily were the spoils which Lucius Mummius (Colleague in Censorship to Paulus Aemylius aforesaid) brought from the state of a most opulent and brave city: by which achievements, Cicero noteth in his Offices, that Mummius was not a penny the wealthier in his own private purse than before. Add hereunto, not unlike in magnificence, though their fortunes were unequal, the condition of that sometimes right noble and unfortunate Lord of good memory, Robert Earl of Essex, after his expedition to Cales: By which example in himself he made known to the covetous captains of his time, and unto those which had heard of his victories, that true glory was merely the subject and substance of his service, which he shared with his country: treasure the meed of his military men, which he magnificently distributed amongst them. And certainly, there is not any thing which more to life representeth the noble conditions and natures of gallant soldiers in highest military reputation, than either their great victories and spoils, or their calamities and disfortunes: for the bearing of themselves equal, and the same in both extremities, without insolence or abjection, clearly manifesteth to the world their virtues. Neither can any thing be more precious and amiable in the sight of people, than a magnificent and bountiful magistrate. Hunc enim maximé 
Cic. Off. 1.  populus admiratur qui pecunia non movetur: quod in quo viro perspectum sit, hunc dignum spectatu arbitramur, etc. Such princes therefore undoubtedly win a general good opinion and admiration, in seeming to despise those treasures, and pleasures, which some weak princes, and all vulgar persons hold precious: howbeit with such a negligent semblance as neither prodigality may prejudice their estates; nor their negligence (by not seeking out honourable means to maintain that excellent good fame) may divert all lawful and commendable helps for the support thereof.  
This Office amongst diverse otherways to weaken it, is laid open to those massy charges which the prince undergorth in his wars: and from the fountain thereof all inferior Treasurers of armies, garrisons, navies and provinces, with such like, are continually served. It is therefore most reasonable, considering so many rivers are supplied therewith, that diligent circumspection be required to preserve the Spring always full by benevolent, and due retribution of waters through those silver pipes, which may without stop cheerfully convey them to that fountain from the calm rivers of the Commonwealth, redispensing them with a careful kind of beneficence to the common good and tranquillity. This fountain must be kept always (if not full) yet not near dry, lest by defect of the slenderest vain branching from it, penury succeed, being a most pestilent fever, or consumption rather to the king and Commonwealth.  
A curious eye with vigilant regard must be bend upon the Collectors, Receivers, Auditors, and other inferior ministers belonging to this office; lest in exactions, or by fraudulent devices they satisfy there private avarice with a kind of extortion or cruelty. For avarice is an inordinate lust of having, whose appetite is infinite, whose acquisition immoderate, whose possession unlawful, whereby the prince undoubtedly may be brought into danger. It is like that Hydra which Poets talk of, that though the stroke of justice execute upon it continually; yet will it miraculously revive again: it forceth not either the lightning, thunder or thunderbolts of the law provided against it. Sallust describeth it a beast ravenous, cruel, and intolerable: where it haunteth, huge Cities, Fields, Churches, and Houses are laid waist: Heaven and Earth profanely mingled; Armies and strong walls cannot restrain the violence thereof: It spoileth all mortal people of good Report, Modesty, Children, Nation & Parents, etc. So doth this brightness of gold blear men's outward senses, so fuming in their heads, and fastened in their hearts, that they fear not any mischief which can accompany Lucre. Such wicked, unjust, and ravenous officers, eating the people as bread, are to be squeezed like sponges full of water. Great caution therefore must be used against the violence of officers in such extortion, lest the prince after some few years patience of the people, upon new grievances, become odious: which king Henry the eight in the second year of his reign did most politicly provide, in his proceedings against Sir Richard Emson and M. Dudley, late inward and of counsel in such cases unto his sage father, king Henry the seventh. By good example of whose punishment others might upon the like inconveniences suffer. For if the people find not redress upon their complaints, then will they rise (as at that time it was feared) in open hostility: which if the blood of those extorting officers can expiate without some human slaughter sacrificed to ten hundred scpulchers, then is it happy: but such general hurts have commonly no compensation, without a general confusion.  
The people's payments ought so to be disposed therefore, that all men according to their faculties, by due discretion of good and honest sworn officers in every shire or province, may take such reasonable days, and times of payment limited, as they may without any grudging or disease contribute heartily. Moreover, that such (as are in special affairs of their prince, and for the Commonwealth employed; having by such occasions largely spent of their own private for the common good, as every good man will in such cases) be for examples sake, for the good encouragement of others, precisely exempted from all kind of burdens and impositions. Also such as have formerly done much grace and honour to their countries and princes (if they be not at that time so high in blood, that they may well away with phlebotomy) should be graciously spared; according to the French order: for all courtiers and servants, attendant upon the king's person in his house, are (by the civil laws of France) 
Barth. Cassan. 32 Consid. 6. partis Catol. glor. mund.  excepted in time of peace from all collections, tallages, gables, exactions, customs and impositions whatsoever, which others are tied unto: likewise in the times of war, from any burden of receiving, quartering, and billeting of soldiers. Observation (concerning these collectors and ministers before named) dependeth upon the choosing and displacing of Officers either just or corrupt. First, the choice of such ministers is made out of men, honest, stayed, and well approved for such a purpose; bad Officers which did extort or unlawfully compass, being with loss of their places and possessions punished.  
Dispensation of these tributes and subsidies must be to the general, and not any particular use: for no man will stick at a little charges employed to public behoof, if it once appear, that the prince do not consume his treasure in unnecessary cost and riot; but keep a moderation with decency, which (albeit the vulgar do not generally mark: for they respect only the princes proper faculties and revenues (which ought to be by the treasurers concealed so much as may be) yet certain captious and dangerous heads, full of quarrels and advantages; such as are of fiery spirits, coveting innovation: which commonly lead the blind and abused vulgar into dangerous actions) will narrowly sift and make a breach into the common peace, under the pretext of taxes and impositions, as hath been found in certain commotions in the days of king Richard the second, and king Henry the sixth, with other princes, upon the like occasions. Such gettings therefore as proceed from the subjects benevolence, must be sparingly spent and husbanded: and so should the Treasurers bear themselves in that Office, as stewards of other men's goods, and not of their own.  
That most prudent and worthy Lord Treasurer William Cecil goodly well approved over all causes, and in all business either public or private, during the late and most dear mirror of good government, Queen Elizabeth, of most renowned and everliving memory, did leave behind him a lively pattern and precedent of his singular care and excellent wisdom, to the great increase of that stock, committed then to his charge, as may serve everlastingly to them which yet are or ever may be credited with that office, to get and maintain eternal reputation. The general good opinion and report of him after his death in the mouths of all good men, may stir up his successors in that place truly to resemble his virtues and integrity.  
The treasure therefore may not be wilfully wasted or exhausted for satisfaction of any prince in his private prodigality. Vera enim & simplex via 
Oratio Philippi in Senat. ex Sallust.  est, magnitudinem animi in addendo, non demendo reipublica ostendere. For persons of lavish humours and exorbitate affections, think not that there is any true fruition of treasure without profusion. Dive deep therefore into the bottomless danger thereof by manifold and most manifest example and observation, as in Archigallo king of the Britons, who was deposed by the people for his extortion, after he had reigned five years, and then upon his reformation restored. And amongst divers unadvised princes consider, that it was not the least cause of decay to Edward of Carnarvan, king of England, 
Edw. 2.  when he by such means lost the love of his commons, by listening unto flatterers, and wilfully robbed himself of the fealty of his nobles, which opened his sepulchre for other matters more securely. Men of such profuse quality, which extort much, as if they could not keep any thing, but that which is taken with a violent extortion, are in themselves miserably poor.  
From hence likewise brancheth another special rule of moderation, that no levies surmount the prince's occasions: for if it tend not to the subjects great benefit, being very necessarily dispensed, it dishonoureth any Sovereign to strain them in so small a matter. And such impositions must also be seldom, that the people grow not weary with them, being fashioned more or less according to their plenty or poverty: for such princes are haunted with the furies of a lamentable infamy, whose treasuries devour the subjects labours, and never rest satisfied with bloody booties. We may read likewise in the French Chronicles, that those impositions which Philip le beau and Charles the fifth, kings of that realm, had set upon the wines and salt, caused the men of Gascoigne and others in the days of Henry the second, king of France, to rebel, which was a great prejudice and danger unto that state, albeit now by custom a special part of that crowns revenues (at which no man, by reason of the long continuance in these latter times, repineth, but willingly submitteth himself to the burden) dependeth upon them and the like Monopolies. Good princes also will take heed of that pernicious desire, which in prosperity filleth up the still gaping mouths and purses of parasitical flatterers, and temporising Sycophants: howbeit some lived in the late reign of good Queen Elizabeth, which abusing her high grace, extended towards them out of her mere royal nature, compassed such things as were both preiudicall to her reputation, and to the Commonwealth in some sort: such persons as these cannot be truly called servants, but unto their own intolerable affections; neither will I give instance of them, namely, being so generally known, and fresh in our memories; as also for many more reasons of modesty which inhibit it. It is therefore most certain, that all newly denised monopolies usurping upon the subjects trades and travels, are odious, and commonly dangerous: such as amongst other Vespasian took of Urine, who (because his son Titus seemed to mislike thereof) told him, that though the subject was unsavoury, yet the accident was sweet. And what a beastly Monopoly or monthly tribute is that, which is at this day taken into the Pope's treasuries in Rome and at Bologna, from those courtesans and whores, which by profession prostitute their bodies for gain. Which the very Gentiles and Atheists as Lampridius writeth in his Histories, did prohibit, That any tributes issuing from harlots or bawds, should be received into the sacred Treasuries, but reserved in another place for the disposition of the Aediles Curules towards the furnishing and setting forth of public plays and shows, as also to the reparation and mending of bridges, ports, and high ways for the city's Commonwealth. Likewise we find, that Alexander Severus taxed all sorts of artificers, drapers, glaziers, skinner's, masons, plasterers, shoemakers, with such like, in a moderate order; the Roman Empire being then grown up to that height, which could not easily permit insurrection or mutinies. Only this according truly with the state of princes in such cases, Vectigal optimum est parsimonia: for by being frugal of his own, he winneth the love and favour of his people in sparing of them. Claudius' Nero, thought his tyrannies and oppressions of the people had purchased him a general and mortal hatred amongst them: yet devised this one way, (Quasi pulcherrimum donum generi mortalium daturus) to free the Romans 
Cor. Tac. lib. 13. Annalium.  during his time from all tributes, and thereby to wash out of the people's remembrance all infamous notes of his own misgovernment: howbeit, the Senate told him, That it would be the subversion of his state in posterity, that those fruits by which the imperial state was sustained, should be taken away. And certain it is, (if there be many Monopolies in the Commonwealth) that divers good princes will either remit or diminish them; which Charles the eight of France (as Lupanus writeth) had done, but that death otherwise prevented his beneficence. Howbeit, in all affairs concerning the conservation or amplification of any Commonwealth: Regis Aerarium est 
joh. Tilius lib▪ ●…m. de rebugall.  aerarium populi, & aerarium populi mutuò regis est aerarium. And therefore, when little or no public cause of exhaustion impendeth, frugality most honoureth a prince, by keeping a due proportion betwixt the treasure got and his disbursements, according to the square of necessity.  
In levying of Subsidies it must be specially respected, that equality without any partial or affectionate passion in the collectors and officers be precisely respected: that the contribution of Cities, Societies, and Husbandmen, according to their lands and revenues, be measured with indifferent parity: for myself have sometimes heard the mutterings and grudge of divers people, which (though they most willingly would exhibit: yet did they repine at their unequal taxation, saying, That they were so much the more assessed than others, by how much the less they were rated in the Subsidy books. Such must therefore be chosen, as will not either in malice or favour oppress or succour. For being ordinarily vexed at inequality, the people naturally will grow malicious, measuring their losses with other men's gains: And hence is it, that a more diligent circumspection is required in them which have that charge in hand. Moreover, it helpeth the common policy to know perfectly the differences of patrimonies, dignities, ages, and offices, with all arts and professions of persons remaining upon record. By which order, according to precise judgement and discretion, all tributes are by due proportion levied, and people assessed. It behoveth them therefore in their private consciences first to compare their own particular estates, together with the Commonwealth in all equity, appointing commissioners as censors, which can discern and take notice of the people's offspring, ages, families, and substance every third or fifth year. For some of them may remove their dwellings, others may die, diverse also may increase or decrease, during that space, in goods or possessions: by which knowledge had of people's ages and abilities, they may be chosen either for military services, or enjoined to burdens in the common cause of their country, when occasion shall opportunely require. Thus much concerning the charge and conditions of Treasurers. It followeth now, that I declare how far, according to the sagest and best approved writers a prince should extend his arm in the fruition or dispensation of these benefits.  
It is very commendable in a prince to be reputed liberal, which some curious and cunning writers would have out of the purses of others; so that his own hampers be not diminished: for it is intended, that how much more the common necessity doth import, so much more patience and alacrity 
Nicolo Ma●…. il prew. cap. 16. De liberalita & miseria, etc.  should appear in the people frankly to contribute towards the conservation and encouragement of that peace by which they were enriched. He may not make the people fearful of his liberality with grievous and unneedfull impositions; but only sparing his own, using their benevolences to their general comfort, with a covetous kind of liberality: which being with good cunning and discretion exercised, the people will with all honour to the prince embrace it lovingly: for he which is virtuously liberal, according to strict conscience, shall never be commended nor honoured for it: because that is not vulgarly termed liberality in princes, which walloweth not in excess: a course every way pernicious to the sovereign and subject: first occasioning a private poverty to the prince; to the subject then in grievous and insupportable supplies for maintenance of that jollity; forcing them to disobedience, and himself to shame and rapacity. And I am verily persuaded, that all prodigal persons are of a fierce and turbulent spirit, during that humorous tempest, readier (when want approacheth upon their imprudence) by most wicked means to maintain that riot, than to fall unto some honest and mean course of quiet living, as many times when I consider hath appeared to me lively by good example; which also consenteth with that saying of Sallust: Annius ferox prava via ingressus (ubi consueta non suppetunt) 
Ad Caes de Rep. ordinanda.  fertur accensus in socios modò, modò in cives: movet composita & res novas veteribus acquirit, etc. Such a course therefore sometimes will undo both the prince and subject, being a very dangerous kind of liberality. What must he therefore do to maintain a good opinion of that virtue without peril? First, let him not fret inwardly, though he be condemned of parsimony, so closely smothering avarice, that he be not reputed covetous: for admit that attribute be black stone, yet is the subject thereof bright gold: for a prince cannot make safe use of liberality, neither hold his own sure without danger. But of these two difficult choices a wise prince will affect parsimony, for growing rich with sparing he shall be magnified amongst foreigners; which will therefore stand in fear of his puissance: and at home with his own people, for that in sparing his treasure, the subjects livings are likewise spared: which forbearance they willingly term an honest and virtuous liberality. Such opinion did Titus Flaminius' purchase amongst the greeks, which upon the overthrow of king Philip of Macedon, enfranchised all the cities of Greece from tributes by public proclamations in every place. Likewise Pertinax granted unto all that exercised tillage and husbandry, frank intermission from ten years tribute. Howbeit, if princes have laid a firm foundation, how they may through high liberality multiply dominion, then will not they commonly spare at any cost: yea people naturally breath and hunt after the fortunes of magnificent princes: But having once firmly effected their purpose, their purchase is by little and little as warily cherished. Neither is the course of their government in any jot impeached, but magnified thereby. To princes militant also profuse liberality much availeth, if they can with hostile spoils encourage their soldiers, taking examples by Cyrus, Caesar, Alexander: for that both retaineth and augmenteth their reputation, if the general burden be not carried out of their own coffers. Let this only be considered of prodigality; That it is a great vessel bottomless, a big chest locklesse, a vain profusion careless. And if I should paint that strumpet to life, I would place her in great and jolly pomp, variably plumed, marching betwixt a notable fool, and a singular braggart, serving for two villainous weak supporters: and seconded at an inch also by two forlorneslaves; one of them a miserable beggar, and the other an unpitied penitentiary. Me seemeth it a fit comparison betwixt the viper and princely prodigality: for that infinite spawn which is bred of this serpent (being composed of inordinate affections, intemperate appetites, base flatterers, and of the most contageous off all and poison of all princes courts) eat out the bowels of the parent at the very time of their birth, which perisheth by them that were cherished by her. These young viperous vices lively represent ingratitude, to which all of them be subject that are fostered by prodigality. These are those hounds which mythologically devoured Actaeon, when after the murderous pleasures and concupiscence of his eyes and flesh, he was transformed into a fearful beast, excellently shadowing that pusillanimity which through excess of sensuality deprive him of a reasonable creatures shape and faculties, leaving him a lamentable spoil to those dearest and most inward enemies, his own affections. Yet for as much as I run here into some moral considerations, me seemeth it should now be very fitting to make some demonstration of those ethical parts that are in Temperance, by which the treasures of all wise princes and people ought to be restrained and governed.  
Temperance therefore is a virtue which subjecteth pleasures to the yoke of reason, limiting all things within moderation: Cicero defineth it to be the constant and moderate domination of reason, restraining us from lusts, and from other violent imperfections of the mind. Plato with Aristotle consenteth, that Temperance is most speciously seen in passing over, and as it were fearfully, but more painfully posting away from all voluptuous appetites: and therefore they term it Sophrosune, being the conseruator of prudence, signifying a moderation or frugality: for if fleshly concupiscence or inordinate pleasure subject the noble part of man, then will they forcibly banish all reason and moderation, manacling and fettering him within the mazie wilderness of secure sensuality: so that neither foot nor hand shall have power to discharge their natural functions in any due proportion, but are sopped and steeped in the dregs of all riot and profusion, which drag along with them (as I said before) rapacity, shame, and beggary. Wise princes and potentates therefore, to whom God hath imparted treasures in abundance, aught with all vehement intention to ponder, how dangerous intoxicating a poison this is, because unto them more than to others, such momentany furies misguisedly masking in the falsed habiliments of sweet comfort and contentment, like enchauntresses, oft and many times appear. For as much therefore as pleasures either proceed from a natural instinct, being corporal and common to all creatures having life, or from some inwardly conceived opinion: of which, some have reference to good and honest purposes, which are merely directed by the rule of temperance; others are extremely bade besotted and nuzzled in brutish sense: all wise and perfect princes will so moderate their own appetites, freeing them from all exorbitat and luxurious pleasures, as may both increase their honour, health, wealth, and empire. Howbeit, Seneca writ, That there be delights with which temperance dispenseth, & others also which she doth hate and banish: considering therefore how nature is nourished and supplied with a little, and that temperance by the direction of reason prescribeth a necessity to nature, that it may live within a mediocrity: these pleasures of excess in diet, ornaments, and of all luxurious appetites, are ascribed to the body Other delights, as when a man is arrogant & opinionative, or infected with a vain self dotage, or when he libidinously prosecuteth his own fantasies, oppressing his pure reason with the foggy mists of licentiousness, are well appropriated to the mind. Cicero divideth temperance into three parts: first into Continence, by which desire is restrained under the government of counsel, and which in all corporal diet & ornament keepeth a mean. Unto which Abstinence is annexed as a part thereof, & manifested in binding men's hands from rapine and theft: next into Clemency, which is a mental temperance, when there is power and sufficient means to punish and revenge, or rather (as Seneca termeth it) a lenity descending from the superior to the inferior in cases of punishment. Mercy (being the mother of gentleness and humanity, highly pleasant in the most high presence of God) is adjunct to clemency: and thirdly unto modesty, which (as Cicero defineth) is a continent moderation or cohibition of lusts, moving and reveling in the mind. He likewise saith, That honest modesty through shamefastness doth retain a noble and 
Lib. 3. ad Heren.  constant authority. Adjunct to this is the fear of shame or disgrace, as by the 
Lib. 2. de innent.  philosophical definition of Verecundia should appear, which Tully semblably calleth ingenious timidity, with a reverence expressed unto men: whereas by the natural inclination and property thereof it will not hurt any man; but is that true comeliness or decency which the Philosophers call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, perfectly manifested in temperate and well affected bodies, when they be suddenly provoked, commoved, or stirred up with some undecent or contumelious action, speech, or behaviour, in others repugnant to their ingenious and toward natures, which moveth in them a sudden and well beseeming blush presented from a certain fear of shame, disgrace or turpitude, being the very badge of honesty, which is dispersed & opened by the force of their modest spirits. And hence is it that Plato in his dialogue of temperance citeth or feigneth a saying of Critias to Charmides, a beautiful young man disputing with him concerning a medicine or charm for the headache, That temperance would cure that disease, with all grievances of the body likewise: and demanding of Charmides, whether he were possessed of that medicine, Plato feigneth, Genas eius rubore suffusas gratiorem speciem ostendisse, pudorem etenim eam atatem decuisse. This affection albeit Philosophers 
Plato. lib. 20. Charmides sive de temp.  do not call a virtue, yet is annexed thereunto. Whence it was, that Diogenes termed it the tincture of virtue, proceeding from thence & from a native ingenuity; modesty being a decent seemliness & good order in all things, converseth in moderating the perturbations and motions of the mind, by the retaining of a concordance or harmony, quieting and calming all human actions, so that nothing unfit or immodest be done or spoken: nothing in hatred, malice, affection, lust, ambition, arrogancy, or other such violent passions and distractions of the spirit.  
The parts of modesty be lowliness or humility; so forcibly depressing insolence, that by how much the more worthy men be, so much the more humble they may show themselves. Which lesson our Saviour Christ commanded us to learn of him, considering, that in us, as of ourselves, nothing can be decent or commendable, but only proceeding from the precious gift of God. This lesson teacheth us the fruition of that Oracle, Nosce teipsum; when a man doth not attribute any goodness to himself, but acknowledgeth, that he received the same out of the fountain of all bountic from above.  
The second part of modesty should seem to be the desire to learn and be taught: which is seen in men, that recognizing their ignorance, are studious and desirous of instruction.  
The third part of modesty doth speciously declare itself in pleasantness of speech, alacrity, comity, and affability. This aught to be well known and practised by wise courtiers: for these qualities grace them amongst persons of the best quality: And this is reputed a kind of moderate and well tasting urbanity; when in speech and answers men avoid bitterness, and salt taunting, hardly set on; and more than indifferently powdered, in respect of the times, places, and persons. Let them therefore always observe a certain honest moderation, delaying, or rather perfectly purging all the mental perturbations with a pleasant medicine of words and cheerfulness. This therefore should be the scope of all speech: In serious matters to show severity; in pleasant discourses festivity; regarding, that our tongues bewray not any corruption of manners, which stain is specially noted in those that either contumeliously, ridiculously, slanderously, severely, or railingly backbite any persons. Likewise it is as undecent and intemperate, that any man should praise himself; which as a foolish trumpet soundeth out his own disgrace and folly to wise men.  
The fourth and last part is moderation in apparel, and in other corporal ornaments; being the mediocrity betwixt riotous curiosity and slovenrie: showing, that all garments should be neat fit for the body, and agreeable to the sex which should wear them: in worth and fashion correspondent to the state, substance, age, place, time, birth, and honest custom of those persons which use them. To conclude therefore I say, that Temperance is a virtue, than which nothing is more powerful, towards the repressing of affections, nothing more fit for the good composition and confirmation of men's manners, nothing more effectual towards the attainment of God's favour, that can either be devised or spoken: and certainly, there is not any thing good in the whole course of man's life, which may not be reduced unto Temperance, as to the centre or spring of human happiness.  
It followeth needfully, that I speak somewhat of intemperance, and of the oppositions to these foresaid good parts. Intemperance therefore according to Cicero, is such a kind of obedience unto lusts, merely repugnant to 
Lib. 3. Tusc.  the right mind, and unto all prescription of reason, that the private desires can neither be governed nor contained in any moderation; and thereof are two parts: one which excessively nuzzleth itself in delicacy, and another which doth not. By violence of the first, men unreasonably gallop into the perilous gulf of pleasures, by spurring upon their libidinous appetites against reason: That other, which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, is a kind of savage o●… senseless hardness or dullness in despising all pleasures, honest and dishonest whatsoever. Of which temper we shall not in this our age find many; howbeit, certain avaricious misers (which have no sense nor feeling inwardly) do some deal incline to that humour. This is a most pernicious disease of the mind, noisome to him that is so affected, and most daungetous unto them that converse with people of that strange disposition. Incontinence being opposite to the first part of temperance, is seen in riot, luxury, and drunkenness: upon which, infinite sorts of diseases are bred; blunting the sharpness of reason, and dulling the wits edge; making persons altogether unfit for the performance of any noble Offices. And often have I wondered, that our nation breathing in such a temperate climate, should so much incline to that Dutch distemperature of drunkenness, which Seneca termeth Voluntariam insaniam. For thereby nature is weakened and corrupted, the keen edge of the best understanding rebated, wrath without reason kindled, lust without measure incensed, secrets of greatest moment disclosed, words to particular persons, and sometimes to the Commonwealth, offensive uttered. Wonder it is therefore, why men should voluntarily drown themselves in excess; a little is comfortable and that Proverb, Nequid nimis, very medicinable, if it can be willingly digested. rapacity being adjunct to incontinence, hurteth many, proceeding from riot and immeasurable expense: when princes and noble persons impose grievous burdens upon their subjects and tenants, to maintain that excess; or when they put cruel and unjust means in execution, to take away men's goods by strong hand or hypocritical violence under the rob of justice. Against gentleness, being the second part of temperance, the devouring fire, vengeance, or crueltic, standeth opposite: Adjunct thereto, merciless, or (as it were) steeled immanity. Such are those which tyrannize over captives, persons prostrated; nay, such will not spare the dead, but like wild beasts feed upon them with the fangues of malicious and venomous rancour.  
Opposite to mercy (which is the adjunct of Clemency) standeth lentitude; or foolish pity, being the part of a blockish magistrate, as I will partly note in the Morals of my third book. But cruelty doth not only resist temperance & justice, but fortitude also, which I shall also manifest in the Morals of my fourth book.  
Against modesty (which is the third and last part of temperance) contumaciously stand impudency, being a most detestable vice in the presence of God, or of all good men, which contemneth or neglecteth all decency, with honesty of life, opening a large and easy way to vicious conversation, void of all fear and shame. Also Pride and Arrogancy (which withstand humiliation) is another opposite rotten member; whereby men in a blind love of themselves imagine more excellent parts and perfections contained in them than are, and arrogating virtues beyond their apprehension and practice: This may be called a vain, insolent, and foolish ostentation: a vice ri●…e in many prince's courts, and proper to flatterers, braggarts, and buffoons.  
Carelessness and negligence likewise, being the qualities of sluggish dolts, and persons assotted with curiosity, (which is the inordinate diligence or desire to learn arts unprofitable, evil, and unnecessary) stand opposed unto the true studies of learning: semblably, scurulous prating, and unsavoury girding, (such as parasites, stage-players, and other giddy-headed Mimics use, according unto the opinion of Aristotle) oppositely 
Lib. 2. & 4. ad N●…chomachum.  stand against civil and ingenuous speech, discourse, and affability. Howbeit, the witty, well seasoned, and discreet sayings of prudent and sage persons, with a decent alacrity, which minister no cause of offence, (but may be with reasonable and plausible modesty converted) is very commendable and praiseworthy. For such as abhor jesting, are deemed dull, clownish, unsociable, and Stoical after a fashion. Which sort of people, to toward and ingenuous persons is more odious than the bitter Buffone.  
There is likewise another sort of people, which in countenance, speech, action, gate, and gesture, grossly counterfeit a kind of gravity, to conceal their foolishness: whose adulterate sapience to men of sound judgement is most absurd and ridiculous; and others which in princes courts (to make the nobler sort laugh) practise (though not so cunningly) the parts of Tarleton: by simulation deeming in themselves, how that show will be thought somewhat contrary unto their own natures, which are more than half the same: and these fellows at unawares palpably fall into some foolish and odious affectation of civility: whereas (indeed) in them there is not any condition verily virtuous, or constant. Others which are not, and yet would seem civil (adulterating their arrogant natures, with the mere colours of gravity) slubber it up most improperly and odiously.  
Howbeit, these qualities (though herein somewhat I have digressed from the subject of my matter) are more fit for the knowledge of Palladines and Courtiers, which I refer to Balthasar Castiglion, and Duro di Pascolo, in their discourses upon Courtship: Only this which Plato citeth in the person of Socrates, our outside and inside must be the same in all. Contendendum est enim potius ut sub legitimis institutis temperati efficiamur, 
Plat. lib. 20.  quam ut sub dialecticis rationibus de Temperantia disputemus: quandoquidem summa quadam difficultute cognoscitur; & cognita sine usu non modo nihil prosunt, sed & obsunt quamplurimum: quodquè magis est nisi re ipsa possideatur, perfectè cognosci nequit, etc.  
The fourth and last extreme of Modesty doth consist in excess of apparel, garments, and other ornaments of the body, when they be made only for vain ostentation of the mind: which hath been a notable imputation, wherewith all our English men, more than any nation of the world, have been shamefully branded amongst forrenners for their disguised fashions, and sumptuous habiliments beyond the bounds of prudence, moderation, or ability: some women after a preposterous fashion, attired like men in doublets; and some men like women in pettiecoates. This excess hath so generally dispersed itself in our nation, that by their exterior newfangled robes the wisest of our adversaries or emulators in foreign parts have passed their judgements of our giddy minds and unconstant behaviours, inwardly saying, That in wearing Dutch hats with French feathers, French doublets and colletts after the custom of Spain, Spanish hose, and rapiers of Valentia, Turkish coats, Italian cloaks, and perfumes, with such like; we likewise had stolen the faults and excesses of those countries which we did imitate naturally. Besides, what a shame was it for us to be noted with this exorbitate excess, that base tailliers, and others which work as hirelings, aspiring to that abominable and undecent singularity, should equal themselves in the cost and fashion of their attire, with some of the greatest Barons in this land: a fault not to be imputed unto the laws, for those are precise and strict in such comely considerations; but in the dissolute and intemperate affections of people, which in steed of a little liberty, make a licence at large, tyrannising upon the princes gentle disposition and lenity. Hence was it, that the nobility to distinguish themselves by this outward apport of their degrees and riches from the rascal rabble of base ruffians, were driven to most extreme charge, that they might make a difference of themselves from them equivalent in proportion. Which course had the prince then kept, answerable in her state abuse some Ladies and others in the like analogy: then might she with ease have consumed the unspeakable mass of Treasure. By this mean the substance of other tailliers, craftsmen, and mechanical fellows was daily more increased, and the fortunes of our gentlemen exhausted. Which leprosy did in short time so spread itself through this nation that divers livings of ancient demesne and inheritance which have continued in succession from manic grandfathers of one race did hang in tailliers' shops and were piled up in the Persian and Spanish merchants coffers. This emulation and excess having further prevailed, grew to such outrage, that when proper maintenance failed in some to support such riot, they violently or secretly took from others to supply the same: which hath been the demolition and confusion of many noble families and persons, lately great in worldly reputation: others in a private want, purchased by their own intolerable profusion, have perished in their pestilent practices, tending to the common spoil, for satisfaction of their insatiable appetites: Semper etenim in civitate qu●…us opes nullae sunt bonis invident, malos 
Sallust. in con. Cat  extollunt, vetera odere, nova exoptant; inopia suarum rerum mutari omnia student. This profusion therefore next to the vice of gluttonous surfeit, ought principally to be restrained by wise and moderate princes and noblemen: for it draineth their treasure, enfeebling that true heroical spirit of their minds, either adding to their pride (unto which people commonly that delight in such gay things, are most subject) or mollifying and depraving their liberal natures and conditions with lust and over-delicat effeminacy.  
But thus much in brief as I could, expressing the adjuncts and members of Temperance, and of her opposites, subalternately respecting the purse: now somewhat concerning the beneficence and liberality which befitteth potentates.  
It is not thought fit, that princes should precisely stand at utterance with true liberality being of itself merely virtuous: but that they shun a general largesse or profusion rather, which most Kings affect most in the beginning of their reigns, considering that there are many (whose services having long expected recompense) which should be seasoned and encouraged in their faithfulness and honesties with some secret taste of royal Munificence.  
This consideration in some proceedeth out of a magnificent heart, most liberally garnished with true virtues; and in others, from ambition, and a vainglorious desire of somewhat more than ordinary, cunningly couched in their own heads. Prince's therefore shall so much, or more be warned and take heed of this excess then of avarice after a sort, least by such bestowing, the force of beneficence be diminished according to Cicero 
Officiorum 2.  Stultum est quod libentèr facias, curare ut id diutiùs facere non possis, For how can a man properly, term that a benefit bestowed which is a mere malifice to the bestower; and hence is that Proverb of Hunius fitted to this purpose, Benefacta malelocata malefacta arbitror. Yet if God have so provided that a Prince must surely fall into the choice of those two damnable extremes (both which all Princes should hold detestable as snakes) of the two mischiefs, I would he rather did incline to covetise: for wealth giveth some shadow to shame: albeit our wise men and all Philosopher's consent that it is dishonesty; but after rapacity, which is engendered out of the putrefaction of prodigality, ragged infamy doth attend with an alms basket. Neither is it intended, that princes should tie such a Gordian knot upon their purse, as nothing may without Alexander's resolution and necessity lose the same, but that they may with moderation and upon good cause exceed rather in liberality: which the seldomer used, may be the richer when it happeneth: and if it come often, then so much the shorter and sweeter.  
There is another fashion of Liberality peculiar to princes, which may be termed a beneficence: and this branch of virtue graffed, is in the ●…ry top of justice: for in all Commonweals, of the soundest institution, there are always some capital crimes and forfeitures, out of the which a wise prince in his justice, may by good discretion very commendably give a pleasing taste of his liberality to persons virtuous and of desert, according to their qualities, that good men may live by the fall of evil members, and not that bad people may be made worse by the spoils of honest men, unto whom the dignities and possessions of such as are worthily rooted out for their wickedness, may be collated. By which kind of beneficence he greatly magnifieth himself. First, in being honoured for his justice against offenders: secondly, by preferring persons noted for their worthiness; thirdly, with his care had of the Commonwealth, which he civilizeth and secureth by the extirpation of such malefactors: fourthly, through giving heart and courage to men of quality, so to demeine themselves by profitable studies and virtuous living, that they may stand in the like grace: fifthly, by taking away from the people all opinion of covetousness in himself, when he reserveth not any benefit to his private use, but is seen to do it in justice, without any desire of having. Lastly, by not extenuating his proper faculties in such bestowing. Thus shall others be satisfied, his own power strengthened, and his private treasure spared. Which kind of beneficence, king Henry the eight used (when the Chaunteries and religious houses, to the value of two hundred pounds yearly, and under, with all lands and goods belonging them, were by Parliament granted unto him in the seven and twentieth year of his reign) by bestowing those lands upon the special gentlemen in every Shire, where they were dissolved, more manifesting a good conscience, than any covetousness in the cause. And hence was it, that the commotions in Lincoln Shire, York Shire, and in other parts of this Realm, under the colour of a dislike, upon a new size of Subsidy to be levied, were so quickly quieted by the gentlemen, principal heads in those disturbed parts, whose very countenance amated the seditious commons, which once and again stirred to disturbance and subversion of the present quiet; being (as it was thought) first kindled at the fire, which M. Thomas Cromwell, than Lord privy Seal, and Vicegerent general of the Spiritualties, brought with him, to make desolate those houses, and all other Abbeys, which were soon after dissolved.  
For Treasures of princes, noble men, and private persons, by their gifts to gain a good opinion amongst good men of their true liberality, these three cautions are required: First, a respect unto the time; secondly, to the quantity; thirdly, to the person: when, how much, and upon whom they will bestow: the time limited, when it may stand them in most steed which be rewarded, not prejudicing others to maintain the same, according to the saying of Cicero, Ab hoc genere largitionis, ut aliis detur aliis auferatur aberunt ij qui rempub, tuebuntur: As in granting of Monopolies to the pleasuring of some one man, by the prejudicing of a multitude, which is very dangerous: as also when one rich merchant is suffered to engross some one whole commodity into his own hands. As it is written of a crafty Sicilian; who with money that was none of his own, but lent unto him as in trust to be restored, upon demand bought all the iron out of the yronmongers shops in Syracuse: and when merchants had from divers places repaired to that city, this Engrosser furnished them with that commodity, not greatly raising the price thereof: yet so, that for the disbursement of fifty talents he gained an hundred; which was a double use: for a Talon Attic amounted to six hundred crowns: in so much, as by bestowing thirty thousand crowns, he gained clear threescore thousand, and had a quick return of his money. But the bruit hereof being brought unto the tyrant Dionysius; albeit the money was not taken from him, (which many miserable tyrants would have done) yet was he banished from Syracuse. Which punishment was so much the less, by how much the more that tyrant was taught by the like precedent.  
These & such like Monopolies (where many businesses are handled for the Commonwealth) are only fit for princes, and not to be divolued or unadvisedly bestowed upon merchants or other subjects: forsomuch as they procure a general malice of the people for a private man's thanks unto the prince: and some princes get not so much as thanks. The quantity likewise aught to be measured by the rule of their own faculties which bestow them: the persons upon whom it is bestowed respected according to their worth and quality, taking good heed that they benefit not their friends by prejudicing strangers, or oppress any to maintain the report of their liberality, breaking that bubble of vain glory soon puffed up with emptiness, which allureth babes and fools into the bottomless waves of confusion: Suum namque cuique in 
Cic. Off. 3.  commodum ferendum est potius, quam alterius commodus detrahendum. In giving therefore, respects are had unto the qualities of those persons benefited, not to their fortunes, Melius est enim apud bonos quam apud fortunatos beneficium collocari 
Off. 2.  (saith Cicero): all eminent tokens of good knowledge and virtues in people must be cherished and encouraged with beneficence: such as love them much, should be rewarded with much; which is intended by the interior and not any exterior speech, as for mere affection only, not benefiting flatterers which entirely love for lucre, considering how the cares of this frail honour with the deceitfulness of riches & fleshly lusts, enter the thoughts of such sycophants possessing their hearts, and choking the divine grace within them which is made unfruitful: also they that by such deceit seek riches, undoubtedly fall 
Mark. cap. 4.  into temptations, snares, and into many foolish and noisome lusts, which drown men in perdition. 
Tim. 1. cap. 6.   
They therefore that in giving use these respects, resemble fruitful grounds, yielding much more grain than they received; when in a charitable respect and for necessity sake some be rewarded, that have not any manifest tokens of desert or virtue requiring it: which in such good and sound discretion consoundeth melodiously with the givers virtues and dignities. Yet for so much as the number of people craving and wanting is infinite, relief and preferment must extend in special to their own countrymen, nationals, friends, and fellows: some of which are won with a resemblance in fashions, manners and conditions, others with benefits and gracious offers mutually done and received. Which observation likewise seemeth in Sallust, who writeth, That Vbi Romani virtute pericula propulerant, socijs atque amicis 
I●…coniur. Cat.  auxilia portabant, magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficijs amicitias parabant.  
Malicious parasites and pick thanks, the canker and rust of just honour and riches, must be blotted out of the books of your beneficence, as the most ungrateful vipers of nobility: for if they find your inclination to their subtleties, then will they never cease, like a North-east wind, till they have blasted all before them, both stock and reputation. Malitia namque praemijs excercetur; ubi ea dempseris nemo omnium gratuitò malus est. By 
Ad Caes. de Repordinand.  these means likewise may circumspect princes aucupate the services of informers, talebearers, delators, and promoters; not by proposing the livings and goods of condemned persons unto them for reward; but by feeding them only with money, Ne praediorum quaerendorum proposita spe ad calumniandum impellantur: sin autem delatoribus praemia eripiantur, vix est ut 
job. ●…d. de Rep.  ulla peccatorum ultio sequatur. We have here in this our Commonwealth much like order observed: as that any man preferring just information against private persons, transgressing the statutes penal, shall have for his meed half the forfeiture and penalty limited: which if in other matters capital, and of more moment, it were permitted, would be a sure and undoubted means, to restrain many crimes, and heinous transgressions of people.  
There is likewise a kind of Liberality most expedient, which Cicero calleth beneficence; being as it were a willing habit, or inclination, moving men to do good. This goodness he defineth by the similitude of them which will not restrain the course of a river freely running, as not maliciously crossing another's preferment, when it withdraweth not one mite from their own, but further, or advance it rather. The contrary to which is very rife in every prince's court at this day. Likewise it is held a kind of Liberality, to give sound and honest counsel from a well-willing heart to the best of their cunning, unto such as will consult with them: this is a Liberality from a faithful Counsellor, peculiar unto his prince and country: which faithfulness ought mutually to be recompensed unto him by the prince with honour and dignities: for we read it in the Psalms of that blessed Prophet: Dilige bonum servum ut animam tuam, & tracta cum ut fratrem tuum. Good Princes therefore will show their beneficence unto good Counsellors, being absent, present, alive, or dead: even in advancing their children to those offices after them, if they be found worthy. Which truly royal beneficence hath won so many good counsellors hearts, that not only they have left all their lands and possessions at their death unto the king; but some of them have most joyfully sacrificed their lives for his safety. The third strain of beneficence, is by similitude of him that giveth light unto the torch of another from his own: for this is a neighbourly beneficence, not hindering his own, in lending help unto friends and countrymen. Which kind of honest lending and dutiful repayment is very needful and commodious, being a true virtuous branch of Liberality, as is witnessed by that royal Psalmist, Vir justus liberalis est & mutuum dat; declaring, that lending is a member of Liberality; which undoubtedly tendeth to the conservation of human society.  
Thus much (lest I should weary myself or the Reader with matters too vulgar and generally known) I think sufficient for this Office. Howbeit, there are many things which I would and may not set down: and much also which I cannot, though I would most gladly; because I want means to attain unto the knowledge of some special secrets in this Office of Treasurers: howbeit, finding my force unworthy such mysteries, I rest well satisfied with these ordinary rules; referring myself to some things, which (as occasionshall offer in this Book ensuing) do subalternatly respect it.  
Finis Libri Primi.   

The second Book of Offices.  
IT is a most chargeable burden, heavily leaning on 
Office of Secret Counsellors.  princely shoulders, to govern by the compass of sapience, to minister justice with equability, to bridle the boldness of vice, to give a lively spirit to the desire of virtue, to maintain a due proportion in all Offices, and to win the constant love of a Commonwealth with excellent prudence and desert: yet without these either in the prince, in him that counseleth, or in them both, no Commonwealth can flourish: for the natures of men's wits are threefold; that which is principal and sacred, can out of his own judgement (without assistance) advise and execute sound, with all commendable facility: the second dealeth wisely by direction: the third can do neither; the first excellent in itself, the second laudable by the first, the last unprofitable in all. If therefore the prince have this principal gift, then is he the Sun to those stars of his Counsel, which give a reasonable light from his influence; being a sweet perfection of goodness in any Commonwealth. And if his counsellors have that divine spirit of Sapience in themselves by God's ordinance, for the weal of his people, where the prince hath this second faculty, to be directed or persuaded by them; yet is that notwithstanding a strong, sufficient, and good state: But if both the Prince and his Counsel hold the substance of all good wisdom in themselves wisely to consult and direct, being willing also to be counseled and directed in wisdom, without doubt that dominion will flourish and amplify. Contrarily, what a wretched and ruinous estate, which faileth both in the prince, and in his counsel? As when God had purposed to destroy the state of Israel, he threatened to that nation, how children should bear their sceptre, and feeble persons direct their public counsels. Which kind of feebleness is attributed not unaptly to foolish and ambitious counsellors, whom Sallust in one Oration to Caius julius Caesar resembleth unto the superfluous ballase of a ship, which as things unprofitable, minimique precij (upon the sudden violence of any tempest) the masters and Officers, (being puzzled and in distress) hoist first over board. Neither can it serve, that the prince have all (which may be required) in himself only; but that they which must aid him in administration of his estate be furnished with competent knowledge also: for as it sufficeth not, to keep the body in health by withdrawing all evil humours and infirmities from the head, unless the heart, with other principal and inward members of the body, be semblably with due correspondence attempered in their several functions: so doth it not accord, that the king being absolute in his parts only, the state also should be safe, if his Senators do not by some dutiful diligence and proportion of virtues answerable, knit all up in perfection. For what is he that can consult and dispatch many serious causes at once and absolutely without help? Suppose him more found in wisdom and knowledge than Solomon, or stronger by three degrees than Hercules; yet doth experience in nature teach us, that a necessary necessity requireth this election of approved good Counsellors, without which aid no prince can support the burden of a kingdom: neither can his own outward senses properly perform those inward Offices, which are required towards the ruling of a multitude. Besides, according with Tacitus, No man is so naturally prompt, or hath that dexterity to deal in his own cause, which he shall find in himself; soliciting for another. And in another place, Gravissimi principis labores queis orbem terrae capessit egent adminicutis: The most serious labours of a prince (by which he winneth the whole earth) stand in need of helps. For they to whom much business and many people are committed, have much need of counsel.  
Every good Prince which did formerly govern, was attended with as many Counsellors, as he was with eyes, ears, and hands: Caius Caesar with 
Hyppol a coll. de Cons. & Consili.  Quintus Paedius and Cornelius Balbus; Augustus with Maecenas and Agrippa; Adrianus with Celsus, Saluius, and Neratius; Marcus Antoninus with Scaevola, Mutianus, and Volatianus; Severus with Papinianus. And to be short, our late Princes of most fortunate and blessed memory, Queen Elizabeth, and your Majesty, with Sir Nicholas Bacon, Sir Walter Mildemay, Sir john Cheek, Sir Francis Walsingham, William Lord Burghley, Robert Earl of Leycester, Robert Cecyll Earl of Salisbury, Sir The. Egerton Lord Elesmere and Chancellor, Sir Tho. Sackuylle Earl of Dorset now Lord Treasurer, with diverse others. And hence is it, that Cicero noteth, Not with swiftness and bodily strength great 
In Cat. Ma.  matters are ordered, but with counsel and authority. Likewise Sallust, With much reading and hearing I find, that all Nations have been prosperous, so long as just counsel prevailed with them: but being once with partiality, fear, and pleasure corrupted, presently their wealth wasted, their Empire vanished, and sla●…erie tyrannised upon them. And as Dionysius Halicarnassaeus writeth, the cause 
Lib. 2.  why Rome so long flourished, was, That the governors of the Empire were directed by Counsels of the Senate, not following their own opinions: for by the assembly of wise Counsellors, the prince's wisdom is increased. As Capitolinus writeth: Bonus fit si bonis amicis utatur: That Prince which maketh use of 
In ●…it. Alex.  good friends, is made a good Prince. By their Counsels likewise saith Otho the Emperor in Tacitus is the goodness and wisdom of princes opened: 
Lib. 2. Annal.  also Sallust calleth, Prosperitatem regis famam Consiliarij: The king's prosperity to depend upon the Counselor's fame: and so by good inversion, the fame of a Counsellor to depend upon the king's prosperity. But it is needless to stand so much upon the necessity thereof, being so well known to the weakest judgement.  
A Counsel therefore, according to Bodin, is a lawful congregation or assembly of choice persons, which advise the king in times of peace and war how to govern the Commonwealth: and as Furio Ceriolano defineth them Counsellors are apt persons chosen for fit business, in whom there is required good sufficiency towards the administration of all matters debated in Counsels. Demosthenes therefore calleth consultation, The chapter and constancy, the base of all virtues.  
I will particularly speak in my third book of Offices somewhat concerning the Counsels of England: and having in these Offices occasion generally to touch the secret counsels of a state also, I will briefly write what I have in part gathered concerning the strict and private council of France, omitting the council at large (which is called the Grand Counsel) consisting upon the L. Chancellor to whom with the masters of the Requests for their more ease and expedition in public business (with which theyformerly were much entangled) king Charles the eight added seventeen councelours spiritual and temporal. After whom his successor Lewes the 12 superadded one prelate and two more counsellors fulfilling the number of 20 besides two secretaries, whereof one did serve in place of an actuary: it being 
Vine. Lupan. de Mag. Franciae.  further ordained, that these should keep six months continually together in council betwixt seven and ten in the forenoon and after dinner betwixt three and five hours. This Senate therefore (which the French king doth by peculiar demonstration call his own council from which by the edict of Philip le beau no persons of that Realm can appeal, because the king himself which acknowledgeth no superior in his dominions under God, is the chief thereof) converseth in all public affairs of the Commonwealth, respecting the king and government, which is advised and directed thereby. Albeit the king be judge of this Counsel, and of the Parliament, yet is he subject to the laws thereof. Nam Parliamentis secundum deum rex solus Imperat, qui absens aquè in Parliamenti ac in privati Consilij decretis loquitur: 
joh. Til●… in Com. de Rebus Gall.  For (as a God) the king himself only ruleth in the Parliaments: who (though he be not present in the Sessions) yet hath his voice royal assenting or dissenting both in the Parliaments and private Counsels of state: Albeit the Parliamental jurisdiction surpasseth this Counsel. Neither is it permitted, that any Precedent, Martial, or other principal magistrate shall (during the time of his authority) retain his place, or give a voice in that Office; but is sequestered or suspended from intermeddling in those secret consultations upon very reasonable and needful respects: because certain expostulations may be concerning some negligent, indirect, or corrupt dealings in their places otherwise. In this Counsel king Charles the eight instituted, that the Lord Chancellor should be present, who (being directed by the true rule of justice, should take the rites and suffrages of those other Counsellors by just number in any serious causes. King Philip le Long ordained of this Counsel twenty Noblemen: whereof six were of the blood, two Marischals, the Archbishop of Rhone, the Bishop of S. Malo, with the Chancellor of France, and nine others. These had the determining of all great causes; ordering (as in their wisdoms was thought fit) the families of the King, of his Queen, and of his children: also to take account each month of the Treasurers, and to reform any thing which needed help in that Office. In which (as in our Counsel chamber of England) there is a register or Diary book kept of all special causes there handled and debated, which deserve monument. And this Counsel is therefore fitly called the commonwealths heart; wherein the knowledge and understanding is placed, being properly termed, Dux & Imperator vitae mortalium: The Captain and Commander of mortal men's lives. For those are the chief Moral faculties of the mind; unto which even as the body by obedience is bound, so semblably should the people dutifully subject themselves to this Aristocratical Senate. And therefore that extreme & strain of prudence, is in extremities permitted to this Counsel only, because they can make best use of it, finding (in their prudent foresight) when and upon what occasions for the Commonwealth to put the same in execution, as Sallust in one of his Orations: Patres consilio valere debent, populo superuacanea est calliditas. The Fathers and Senators should exceed and prevail in their Counsel: calidity becometh not the Commonalty▪  
Them therefore that serve in such Office, it behoveth to be very well skilled in princely cunning being with diligence employed in affairs of state, and politic matters, narrowly respecting government. This Counsel especially converseth in civil causes; as in punishing of Rulers, Deputies, justices of peace, Generals of armies, Colonels, private Captains, inferior Counsellors of the prince civil or martial, concerning their just dealing or iniquity in execution of their Offices. In whose doom it resteth, whether they shall be discharged or retained in their places, which persons are to be thought serviceable, & which not. This Counsel likewise provideth, that there be no falsehood in paying of wages and provision for victual used by the treasurers & provant masters in camp or garrison. It hath in like sort a regard limited unto the treasurers and officers of the prince his great receipt, to whom the collection and conservation thereof remaineth: but the dispensation and employment only resteth in the command of this Counsel, which likewise hath in trust the consideration of all weighty treaties of peace betwixt their people and other nations, of leagues, amities, commerce & intercourse, of military complots, confederacies, and actions, and of dispatching away well instructed ambassadors with any complementarie terms of benevolence towards foreign princes or states, really or verbally to be professed or coloured: to deliberate and resolve by what means in how short time and whether in private or publicly such business should be managed: with some other intricacies of more importance: of which here I may not take any notice; neither (if I could) can it be thought fit that I should open them, being only reserved as mysteries peculiar to this which the prince calleth his own Counsel.  
Those secrets of a State, which commonly fore beyond the vulgar apprehension, being certain rules, or as it were cabals of glorious government and success both in peace and war (apprehensible to few secret Counsellors in some Commonweals, which either languish or wax unfortunate) are locked up in four general rules. First, in the congregation of wise magistrates, including the prinat Counsel. These upon importune causes in matters of highest consequence (that cannot otherwise be remedied, but by means most necessary to be concealed) knit up the prudence of their resolutions in sinuous knots and serpentine wreaths of mystical and intricate means, and instruments, fetching in their curious machinations and denises with bait, hook, and line, for any grave purpose beyond ordinary reason. The second is in the majesty of State, which includeth every prince his private power with the strength of his wisdom and fortitude, in allies, moneys, confederates, invasions and evasions, in all glorious hazards and adventures. In seeking certainly to learn out those mysteries, the vulgar are commonly deceived: for it is so shadowed, as not all princes are well acquainted with their own force, and how fair their arms may by means sufficiently stretch: only some few very prudent and industrious Counsellors, of gravest and most judicious observation, are thoroughly well acquainted withal. The third consisteth in judgements: wherein upon the decision and appendance of some weighty matters (respecting the common quiet and security by certain mystical circumstances in handling) strange Oracles, not apprehensible by vulgar sense, are oftentimes closed: as by suffering a mischief rather than an inconvenience, and by breaking off a leg or arm, to save the best joint from perishing. The fourth concludeth in the wary levying of war, in the skilful exercising, leading, and encouraging of soldiers upon services unto them unknown, and tending to the most renown, protection, and augmentation of their country; which entirely dependeth upon stratagems of war, devised and executed by the Commander his noble and industrious sagacity and secrecy; and in them many times are the weals and safeties of puissant kings and kingdoms wholly contained.  
In choice of this most honourable Senate it is very needful, that the prince show great prudence and discretion: as in that sufficiency which must serve the mature expedition of all causes committed to the administration thereof: so that Election (being as it were a frank action of the mind, which in choice of g●…things accepteth the best, and in doubtful evils avoideth the worse) wholly belongeth the prince. Likewise noble industry (being a ceaseless and sincere cogitation, and meant all lucubration for the just and inviolable honour of his Prince and of the Commonwealth) is the true cognisance of a good Counsellor: and these two qualities in them both are apparent and true tokens of both their wisdoms. The worthiest choice that a Prince can make for such a Senate, is out of the true nobility, which under him should govern and amplify the Commonwealth: I mean principally those that are notable and approved for their virtues and honour, encountering nearly with the dignities of their blood and families: such as fly not into the palaces of a Commonwealth by the casements of their covetise, with the lazy wings of their wealth, but enter the triumphant port of honour, marshaled by their conspicuous virtues Very noble was that sacred institution of S. Lovis and Charles the fifth, French kings, which by their special edicts cautioned, that in their dominions no magistracies or Offices might be sold and bought, but frankly bestowed upon prudent, learned, continent, and honest persons, to the best of their good fame and skill respectively: for such dinundation of dignities (as Heliog abalus and Vespasian used, and which was by the just Emperor Alexander Severus refused) is most corrupt, odious, and pestilent in any Commonwealth, according to M. Bodin in his book of Commonwealth: In omni genere civitatum tarpissima ac perniciosissima honorum ac praemiorum (quae virtuti debentur) mercatura. In all sorts of cities, the merchandise of honours and rewards which are due to virtue, is most foul and pernicious. For what more dishonour in any state can be found, than when honours and dignities are unworthily distributed? jacet etenim & sordescit reipub gloria cum indignis honores tribuuntur: For the glory of every such Commonwealth (where honours are unworthily 
joh. Bodin.  distributed) is thrown down and defaced. Such virtuous and worthy Counsellors therefore by the princes sacred discretion (as it is in his majesties Realms of England and Scotland) may be chosen out of those Principalities or Provinces which bow to his sceptre. For if wise men of approved goodness and sufficiency for that place find themselves and all of their nation exempted from this honourable society, it is unspeakable, how contemptuously they will stomach it, thinking not without some ground, that they be not respected but suspected. And from hence (though by misprizion they smolther up their rancour for a season, yet having attained some maturity; 
Hyppol. a 〈◊〉.  malice, dangerous and odious conspiracies and machinations, with inductions of foreign princes, break forth immediately: raising rebellions, and arming subjects against their natural Sovereigns. Ex rebus namque levissimis 
joh. Bodin.  discordiae saepè nascuntur, quae velut scintillae slammas excitant; ac postremò bellorum civilium Maxima incendia totam rempub. pervadunt. For out of most weak beginnings are discords many times bred: which even as little sparkles break out into flames; so that in conclusion, the greatest fires of civil wars take hold of the whole Commonwealth. And therefore it is held for a certain truth, That nothing so soon moveth discord, as too much partial distribution of rewards and honours. A prince therefore being assisted with Counsellors chosen out of his own kingdoms, may better and more commodiously provide against any future calamities. My judgement is slender, but it may be thought how some discontentment upon this ground, added to the fedicious fire in Ireland, when those stubborn rebels formerly withstood the proceedings of our late Sovereign and her Deputies with the Counsel established i●… that realm. No persons though most prudent (for this is a sure and infallible position) being privately discontented and ambitious, may safely be chosen into the fellowship of any princes private Counsel, but the guides and ringleaders of those Irish rebels were always known to be discontented inwardly disturbed and ambitious: therefore the state was well handled in that point. To conclude upon this therefore a prince without great impediments and principal remedies medicining that danger, may not make choice of his secret Counsellors out of one kingdom only, if he retain more principalities than one: because in bestowing all favour or the greatest part thereof upon one peculiar people, they grow so proud, that their astociates, neighbouring them, stirred up with indignation, and despiteously repining thereat, with general maledictions cross their proceedings: by which means commoving seditious cavils and quarrels against them, they sometimes under that abominable pretext may make a way to divest their liege Sovereigns, and it hath ever more been observed, that the like cases are most desperate, ending in much blood and cruelty. This is also most certain, that a better choice may be found amongst many good, than out of a bad multitude. When they therefore which are virtuously affected, see their prince like a true patron or parent rather to study their general honour so much, the more ready will they be to make good remonstrance of their duties and honesties; being a principal mean to draw the worthiest of their Nobles and others to Philosophical and needful arts and studies: Neither may this choice be made out of his own house or court only; but by diligent inquisition he may learn which are best and most excellent in all provinces: them under some other pretence the prince may send for, having their expenses in journey benevolently defrayed, and according to their sufficiency for that place proceed in Election. By which kind of inquisition the Sovereign may come to sure knowledge of all the most excellent and worthy persons in his realms. Such as are not chosen of them that were approved (for peradventure some one or two may supply the defect in that Counsel) must be with meekness, affability, beneficence, great commendation for their virtues, and royal encouragement to perseverance in the same dismissed. Herein also deliberation is very requisite, a free pardon and provision therefore for their security should be granted and proclaimed, as was the ancient custom against the kings of Egypt after their deaths, according to Diodorus; which in open accusation either by word or writing can make proof of their notable unworthiness for that Office: 
Lib. 2. bib. histor.  and if any man scandalously lay some notable crimes unto their charge, which cannot be proved; he which so maliciously woundeth any good man's fame, deserveth in all rigour to be severely punished. Those accusations which are exhibited against any of them, must be willingly and graciously received, heard, and remitted (if it be requisite) to just inquisition and judgement. This ancient custom was observed amongst the Romans, in election of their magistrates, by which their Commonwealth gallantly flourished: and when that course declined, their State so much inclined, that it was miserable, and ruinous in short ti●…e. Not much unlike was that of king Philip Valois called Le Beau, who published an Edict, That every third year inquisition should be made into the manners, state, and behaviour of the secret Counsellors, administrng in the 
joh. Tilius in Com. de Reb. gall.  French state.  
In this form of trial therefore great judgement and good heed must be had to those accusations so preferred, which sometimes like pills have their bitterness fairly gilded and shadowed, as hath been manifoldly seen by good experience heretofore. In which case the Prince imitateth S. Thomas, not crediting further than his eyes and hands have seen and felt. For honours and Offices are either bestowed upon men for desert, for favour, or in respect of their power. He which in this choice hath inspexion only to the first, showeth wisdom and virtue: but they that simply standupon power and favour, differ little from the touch of tyranny.  
A fit Counsellor therefore a little after his election should have adoption by the prince into that society, before his noble and immediate ministers of justice; where, to him must be showed, that for his wisdom and honest parts, and in regard of the people's good opinion, attesting his sufficiency, choice was made of him: which good fame if he would cherish, the glory should in special redound unto himself; whereas otherwise, the neglect thereof would disgrace and deject him, proposing rewards and punishments suiting with his demeanour: by which course the people will be well satisfied, the Counsellor tied to care how this honour may be with answerable duty retained, and to knit up the covenant, his oath being (as Cicero termeth it) a religious affirmation, must be ministered unto him in presence; which will summon his conscience to wary circumspection and faithfulness in that Office, arming him with honest constancy, when partial respect of blood or friendship shall challenge him upon unjust terms; by which means he may take honourable exceptions against them. And hence is it that Sallust saith, How Counsellors should in their difficult consultations set apart all hatred, friendship, wrath, and mercy. Haud etenim facile vera providet animus ubi illa officiunt: neque quisquam omnium libidini simùl & usui paruit: For hardly can the mind foresee the truth where those offend, neither did ever any man become subject at once to his lust and commodity. And (to make it the surer) an oath is most available with honest and ingenuous consciences and natures, which Cicero likewise addeth to the charge of a magistrate. Neque 
Officiorum 3.  contra rempub. neque contra iusiurandum ac fidem amici sui causa vir bonus faciet: nec si judex quidem erit de ipso amico: A good man will not enter into any action either against the Commonwealth, or contrary to his oath, for any respect of friendship: no, though he were the judge in his friend's cause. For every noble magistrate which respecteth honour, will only do those things, Quae salva fide facere possit: Nullum etenim vinculum ad astringendam fidemiure inrando maiores arctius esse volverunt. For our Elders were of opinion, that there could not be devised any firmer bond to retain a man's faith, than his solemn oath.  
If Princes therefore will hold this course in planting Counsellors, many very noble persons by birth, will with virtuous studies furnish and enable themselves for those Offices: and suppose, they being licentiously nuzzled in delicate effeminacy, corrupt their natures with pestilent sluggishness; yet will other ingenuous spirits (not so pampered and assotted with sensualities in their education) naturally contend to become absolute, and with some experience and practice prove planets of happiness to the Commonwealth, where they minister.  
In my judgement that was a very strange and politic provision of former times in France, which did so work in the fantastical spirits of those Noblemen: For Vincentius Lupanus noteth, That they did abhor as a quality base, barbarous, and disgraceful, that their gentlemen of the most liberal birth and nature, should be learned in the liberal Sciences and in Philosophy: providing only, that their education should tend to good skill in horsemanship, in hunting, and in the practice of arms. In which opinion it seemeth to me, that they were formerly confirmed, and animated by the kings of that realm upon very prudent respects: howbeit, I could never read it written in any book, neither have I received it from the mouth of any man's opinion, what cause might induce them to that kind of stupidity. But (under pardon) I deem, that they being of a fiery, stirring, and haughty stomach (as the noble natures of that Nation hath been many times by many wise observers noted) and being rooted or implanted rather to the civil factions of diverse Dukes and petty princes, through blood and alliance oppositely combined against some kings, and others of those provinces; it hath been a kind of foolish cabal, tending to the preservation of that State, and taught unto them for the privation of their rational and intellectual knowledge, which otherwise, through their seditious complots and devices, (such as have always been plentiful amongst them) they might have coined out of the noble mint of histories and other politic discourses, and therewithal endangered the public state. For certain it is, that (by the goodness of God, and the natural benefit of that climate under which they live) those noble men of France are docile, ingenuous, apprehensive, variable, rash, and for the most part fitter for alteration than confirmation of great affairs. Howbeit, in the flourishing age of king Francis the first, some threescore and ten years past, at what time God graciously visited the most parts of Christendom with his spirit of all true knowledge and literature; when the most comfortable beams of his blessed son our Saviour Christ his Gospel, after a long and infernal eclipse of ignorance, beautifully braced out, and was dispersed amongst the poor, lean, and hunger-starved sheep of his pasture, as well with us in these Realms, as with them, and in Germany: even than did the French Nobility take it as their highest honour, and a true type of perfect glory to be learned in all virtuous contemplation and studies, that therein also (which so much surreacheth momentany fortunes) they might like as many stars surmount, and be discerned from the vulgar sh●…ddowes. So that unto men enriched with those noble qualities, the prince virtuously studying to glorify the state of that flourishing kingdom, divolued the great and noblest Majesties, Offices, and Magistracies of his state (whereof the number is infinite) unto such as were learned and virtuous. Sola namque virtus vera Nobilitas est. For very Nobility is composed of virtue only. And certain is it found in all kingdoms, That if the Prince delight in hunting, Poetry, Music, Arms, Astrology, etc. not only those nearest him in court, but the vulgar will fashion themselves, according to their abilities unto such studies and pleasures. And (if he take comfort in wise and honourable councillors) all his Nobles and Barons within the space of four or five years will be fit to serve in secret Council to the best princes of the world; nay more, a king may make apt Counsellors of very mean men (Qui maioribus suis virtute praelucent: Which give more light of virtue than their ancestors) only by this rule: so that his house or Court shall soon become a Schoole-house or College of sapience and virtue.  
This likewise in the election of a Counsellor is one exceeding Principle, That every Prince in the beginning of his reign, without very weighty cause to the contrary, continue those Counsellors in their places, being left in service of his predecessor. Which wisdom hath well appeared in your most worthily renowned Majesty; who with good success and auspicious grace yielded yourself to that course, upon your Grace's imitation to your heritage of this Crown imperial of England, with the royalties annexed. Which some writers have noted in divers prudent kings, but amongst others in Lewis the eleventh, the French king: who being ready to depart this life, commended to the trust of his son Charles the eight (then ready to succeed) the fidelities of those Counsellors which instantly did serve him; intimating to him in this caveat, That he by good experience in himself had formerly felt the smart which ensued upon the displacing of such approved, virtuous, and honest ministers. Whose counsel took such effect with king Charles, that he lived in such happy state amongst his Peers and Counsel, as that in grief conceived of his death, two of his Officers about his person, then in service, suddenly died also. This Charles was so beloved, as hath not been mentioned in the French histories of any king like him, except of the Emperor Titus; before whom (for his humanity, lenity, liberality, goodness, and virtues) he was much preferred.  
Unto the making up of this politic body, the profit, ruin, honour, and shame of the prince and subjects are surely fastened. It behoveth therefore specially, that Princes have a sharp sight into them of this society: for admit some could be contented to deceive; yet those finding the Prince more warily like a careful father than a vigilant tyrant, which attendeth bloody vantages, to look into their actions, become faithful, albeit against their will: and then being well encouraged with dignities and preferments in their diligence and honesties, they shall not have any cause to wring from others unjustly: insomuch as they (finding that the prince groweth studious of their weal) shall be moved entirely to neglect their own private, for the better advancement of his service, and Majesty. In which, if they do not both of them keep rule, space, time, tune, and ear reciprocally, then shall they both certainly mistake in the descant of their plain song.  
Hereupon dependeth also, that secret Counsellors (in weighty matters by the Prince to them concredited) keep counsel and secrecy: for (it being deemed most odious, when a private person dispaleth the secrets of his friend that relieth upon his Taciturnity) how much more contemptuous and damnable is it in him, which discloseth the private consultations of his Prince; when such overture portendeth great damage to the Commonwealth? Herein he reverseth his truest honours, violateth royal affiance, and without any sense or religion had of his oath, (as impiously profaned, as assumed solemnly) transgresseth to the death. In these considerations it is most behoveful to conceal matters important from the knowledge of women; being of themselves by nature commonly desirous to hear, to know, and to talk all things. And hence was it, that Sallust inveighing against Cicero, did object, That he did Cum Terentia uxore consulere de Republica: That he did consult with his wife Terentia concerning State-matters. Certainly, such Counsellors (if a man may so term them, because they cannot keep counsel, but lay that open to the great harm which is delivered unto them in trustiest secret for the general good) are for the most part basely disposed, vicious, loaden with heinous crimes and nefarious practices, vain, audacious; which glory (to their own shame) having no power nor moderation in hand, tongue, or heart: such as Quintus Curius, who communicating with a noble Roman strumpet called Fulvia; the treasons of Lucius Catiline (wherein he was a vigilant partisan and principal Sergeant himself) even in the very forge of their treasonable practices, subverted himself, with all his complots and complices. But it is evident by the example of young Papirius, (when upon the importunacy which his mother used, to learn out of him the Senate's seerets) that he devised a ridiculous bait, which tempted her with other Ladies verbally to prostitute their shame in the Senate; wherein they made manifest their own intemperance: but concerning this, being so common and notable, I refer them that list, to the History. Of the like nature was Sempronia, of whom Sallust saith, That it could not be discerned, whether she were more prodigal of her own good fame, or of her money: Sic enim libidine accensa fuit ut saepiùs viros peteret, quam peteretur: quae sibi fidem prodiderat, & creditam abiuraverat: For so vehement was the fire of her lust, that 
In coniur. Cat.  she did much more desire men's companies, than men did hers: who did betray the trust of those that reposed in her, and perfidiously deal with those that credited her. It is not unknown what civil calamities in the Realm of France, both amongst the royal brethren and princes thereof, happened upon participation in the great Counsels of that State with the late Queen mother Caterina di Medici, daughter to the Duke of Florence: and it cannot but be fresh in their remembrance through Christendom by them of this late age; because no Commonwealth, but hath in some one or other thing suffered extremities, when this Cath. (as a Precedent to both the Counsels of France) steered the helm of that Commonwealth, which she misguided after her own lust and pleasure.  
Upon divers considerations by that law Salic (which king Pharamonde made in his own patrimony near Xantoigne, called Salic, whereupon 
joh. Tilius in Com. de Reb. gall.  that denomination first was) women were exempted from many privileges. And Gaguinus noteth of king Lewis the eleventh of France, which in 
Lib. 10.  his last Testament at his death amongst other things entreated his son the good king Charles to commit no council of trust unto his mother Charlotte the Duke of Savoyes' daughter, which scarcely did live one whole year dowager after her husband: peradventure he doubtfully fantasied, that she had unjustly or wickedly dealt with him in his estate or life. But I will not insist herein, submitting myself to them which are the fathers of wisdom and experience, and can discreetly tell how with honour and constancy to bridle their affections in such cases; having by good example of others more power in this virtue to perform, than the most wise & valiant of mortal men, king Solomon and Samson had before; whose prudence and fortitude were scandalised and subverted by women. Howbeit, I do not here intent from all sorts of women, and in any weighty causes of consequence to make a question of feminine insufficiency; because in other greater causes of right and government (according to the ancient laws, privileges, and customs of divers Realms and Countries) there is great reason why they should retain their immunities: as Plutarch writeth was sometimes in France: Cum Celtarum 
In tractas. de mulier, etc.  mulieres Consilijs publicis interfuissent, in quibus de pace & bello tract abatur: At what time the French women were always present at their public Counsels; in all matters civil and military. For he saith in the said Treatise, how such articles of confederacy were betwixt the Gauls and Hannibal, that the Carthaginian Magistrates should order all wrongs done unto them by the Celtes; and that the Celtique women answerably, such wrongs as was done unto the Gauls by the Carthaginians. Which ancient custom being odious to divers princes of that Realm in posterity, might peradventure have given cause unto king Pharomonde of his law. But sure it is, that many women have worthily governed heretofore in divers places: And diverse very learned and politic women, such as Aspasia, whom Pericles loved, and with whom Socrates did often consult. Howbeit if Counsel's of the state in these our days should be referred unto them. I think neither the time nor date of their continence and experience would permit the same again in France. But that I may conclude upon this point of secrecy: for by that peculiarity Counsellors ought to be chosen and cherished. It is written in Diodorus Siculus, how the Egyptians did ordain, That he which opened the secrets of 
Biblioth. Histor. cap. 3. lib. 2.  that Commonwealth to his trust committed, should have his tongue rooted out. Those sixty learned Areopagites of Athens did carefully provide against this crime also. Moreover, it is instituted by the civil laws, that they which divulge secret Counsels of the public state, shall be burnt at a stake, 
Transf●…rit. de 〈◊〉.  or hanged upon a gibbet.  
It is required in persons of so worthy place and nobility, that to this faithfulness they superadd fortitude and honest constancy towards the defence and maintenance of justice and truth both in giving, receiving, and in concealing of Counsel, as is warned by the example of Sardanapalus, the thirtieth and last Monarch of the Assyrians; who through his sensuality, pusillanimity, lack of grace, and of true fortitude, was within his huge city Niniveh besieged by Arbaces, captain of the Medians: through whose power, and in fear of the Oracle, which was fulfilled in sudden falling down of a large 
Diodori Siculi lib. 2. Bib. Hist.  piece of the cities walls (that made passage for the Medians, and struck him with such a present terror) he thus feebly consulted and resolved with himself, upon a flaming pyre, destined to that end, together with his concubines, eunuches, and treasure, to cast himself, leaving all the spoils and relics with that Monarchy to the Medians. In the Prince therefore principally fortitude is required, and next in his secret Counsellors, whose virtues should animate him.  
There is one most excellent note of true fortitude, remaining unto such honourable Counsellors, by the example of Scavola, vively manifesting a valiant heart, fortified with a just and unstained conscience: he, when Sylla with multitudes of men in arms had entered the Senate, implacably thirsting after the destruction of Marius, whom he would have had by the Senators then present, denounced a common enemy to the state: only Scaevola refused to give voice against him, even when Sylla with most truculencie threatened him to the contrary, saying: Albeit thou darest me with these heaps of soldiers, with which thou distressest this honourable presence, although thou breathe forth death against me, yet will not I condescend (in love of my blood, which is both aged and little) to denounce Marius our enemy, through whose valour and honesty my conscience attesteth, how the city Rome, and all Italy, was preserved. In such cases therefore, Counsellors truly valiant fear only the wrath of God threatening iniquity, lest as S. Augustine writeth, Through fear or affection in concealing the verity, they seem more to respect the creature than the creator. 
Epist. ad Casul. ●…6.   
Unto this faith and fortitude there are opposites, to which divers in their deliberations and resolutions are vehemently subject, viz. fear, being a certain pensive heaviness for some mischief future or remote; and affection, which is a partial respect of certain persons beyond the lists of reason. Such people therefore are not deemed wise and prudent, which fear more than is fit, considering that indissoluble accord which is betwixt Prudence and Fortitude, according to that wise Proverb of king Solomon, A wise man is valiant, and a learned man strong. Notwithstanding the weak opinions of divers which 
Prou. 24.  have argued in my hearing, That wise men cannot be valorous, for so much as they sum up with the counters of reason in the audit of prudence, all chances and perils which may come in, by circumstances and derivations of matters: According to that of Sallust concerning jugurth; Quod difficilimum imprimis est, & praelio strenuous erat & bonus consilio, quorum alterum ex providentia 
Bell. jugurth.  timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem plerunquè afferre solent: And that which was most difficult, his stoutness in war, and his soothfastness in Counsel exceeded: the last of which commonly (by reason of that providence, which forecasteth perils) doth inflict fear; the first through exceeding boldness breedeth temerity. A rare position: as if there had scarcely been any mean betwixt cowardice and temerity. Actions both glorious and profitable may not be let slip through fear of uncertain perils: yet if we stand betwixt two dangers, let us with firm valour adventure upon that which may best emblazon our honour, bearing with it true tokens of our true heroical virtues and spirits. We know by good experience, that a timorous Counsellor is by desperation (being a fearful and horrible dejection or consternation of a mind base and abject) converted into rash courses; even as rash men are by their temerity. Furthermore, it is common in the nature of things chiefly to fear dangers most imminent, being more appalled at present perils than is requisite; but valuing mischiefs future and remote more carelessly than they should: because hopes by times or chances may promise some redress for them. But this is both sure and notable: Vbi bonum publicum 
Sallust. de Repord. ad Ca Caes.  usui est, id dubitare aggredi socordiae atque ignaviae est: It is the part of a slothful coward, when a man shall fear to attempt any thing which may benefit the Commonwealth. A prudent Senator therefore equally respecteth head and foot: for after long consultation and leisure had in expense of time, he cannot without great shame and difficulty recall matters which have been curiously sifted before: as it was spoken of Bomilchar: Qu●… cupidus 
Bell. jugurth.  incepta patrandi, & timore socij anxius omisso veteri Consilio nowm quaerere noluit: Who being earnest to perfect his beginnings, and standing in doubt of his faint hearted fellow, would not alter his own first determination for any second resolution. In blaunching these dishonourable blemishes of fear and affection, the Counsellor giveth a clear light and perfect view of his love and worship unto the Prince and Commonwealth. It is worthily noted by some, that amongst the Athenians, immediately before their consultations, a crier did by proclamation denounce a shameful death and confusion to him and all his posterity, that should minister corrupt or ungracious counsel to the Commonwealth for his own private weal or security. O most perfect, sacred, and eternal Senate, which doth at the Counsel chambers door leave behind all partial hatred against adversaries, grace towards friends, arrogancy, private passion, with obstinacy: which the emperor Frederick caused to be curiously written with golden letters over the 
Duro di Pascolo Autic. Polit.  ports of his palace at Ratisbone, That such as were thither appealed to consultation, should leave without those gates all dissimulation and hypocrisy: The Venetians likewise, before they came to deliberate upon any weighty matters in the State-chamber, first purify their consciences at Saint Marks, where they leave all private affections and peculiarities behind: for the foundation of perpetual fame and glory composed is of probity, faith, and severe equality; without all which it out-rangeth the purlieus of prudence, being mere vanity, falsehood, and a kind of wily juggling. The part of a Senator therefore is uprightly to discharge a good conscience: and he that restraineth truth in fear of any man's hatred, deserveth not his place in this Counsel. Which Seneca to this effect approveth: He that feareth malice, cannot any skill of government. A notable example remaineth of Priseus Heluydius: Qui sola bona quae honesta, mala quae turpia, Potentiam, Nobilitatem, 
Cor. Tac. A●…. Lib. 20.  cateraque extra animum neque bonis neque malis annumeravit: Who did esteem only those things good and evil which were honest, and filthy, power, nobility, with such other things as were corporal, he did only deem to be the robes of good and evil. Such was his equability, such his contempt of riches, such his stout constancy, when justice did importune, and his undaunted perseverance against all fears, as was admirable and matchless. For being by Vespasian interdicted the Senate, he answered, That it rested in him, being Emperor, to remove him out of his place in counsel; yet until he were formally thrust out, he found it lawful for him to sit in that society: yea, said Vespasian, but be silent then. Nay, than I must speak, replied Priscus, if you prohibit it. To which the Emperor rejoined, I must ask sentences and thine opinion amongst the rest, but it shall cost thee thy life, if thou make answer: yet Heluydius to this peremptorily surrejoined: I am a mortal man, Emperor do thy will: I shall perform my duty, doubt it not: It is in thy power to take away my life, and my part to die without fear. A Counsellor of such valour, faith, and constancy may worthily sit in judgement with highest Emperors: and desperate is that prince his hope which contemneth sharp counsel, being most healthful and profitable in effect, though it import some present trouble: for they that fear to deal plainly with their princes, prefer their own shame and sluggishness before honour, if grief and vexation of mind accompany the same: and mark it, that the lives of such, commonly conclude in perdition and obloquy. Now to remedy Counsellors which are timorous and doubtful in their determinations and resolutions: first, let it be considered, that all human actions are subject to many perils, but wise men ought to know, that all mischiefs which may come, do not happen generally: whereas very many vanish by the benefit of fortune, and multitudes also by providence & industry: for by considering, foreseeing, and weighing many matters, men become very wary.  
The general good qualities, which like so many precious stones, as upon ●…he breastplate of Aaron, magnify the thoughts and hearts of a noble Counsellor, are in brief; to be covetous of commendation, and liberal of coin: Animum habere paratum ad maximum & pulcherrimum facinus aggrediendum; non super fortunam animum gerere; neque per ambitionem simulare probitatem, quia difficile est illis in potestatibus temperare: To bear a mind prepared to enterprise any great and laudable attempt; to fashion and attempe●… his mind with his fortunes equally; neither a●…biciously to counterfeit himself honest: because it is most difficult, that such persons should bear any good temper in their authority. These be the men which worthily spend the virtues and good faculties of their life in rule and magistracy, which live in the sight of many. These are they whose actions are recorded in men's hearts, and though Histories should fail, would remain by tradition in the memorial of posterity. If therefore they be noble by birth, let them bear their estates without pride: if they sit upon the seat of magistracy, let them maintain their reputation without insolence, contempt, or envy of persons inferiors, equals, or superiors. If they be verily religious, and spiritually lightened with the knowledge, fear and worship of God, let them set their hearts free from superstition: if their learning purchase for them reverence, let them humble themselves the more, abhorring arrogancy: if they present the person of gravity, let them perform the same with all decency, void of hypocrisy. In their studies and contemplations let them declare festivity: let them be constant in good resolutions without repining and bitterness: let them likewise show good affability to the people, without any smoke of popularity: for when they shall consider, how the greatest fortunes have least liberty, they will avoid all appearance of evil, concealing it from the vulgar. I mean in special those vices of pride and perturbation; as malice, hatred, and apparent anger; which are in mean men though a little noted, yet not long remembered, but in persons of their rank and authority misconstrued, and perilously pointed at; yea, and engraven with a pen of steel by the names of Pride and Cruelty.  
There are beside all these, diverse other notable qualities, many of which are included in this breviat, and required to the complete force of a Counsellor. First, and above all other ornaments, his waistcoat and secret armour private to the soul, from whence all his virtues flourish, and his rob of sincere honour in highest counsels and judgements, must be made of zealous holiness, which is the most venerable defence of such a reverend Counsellor. He must therefore be studious of Theology: for where impiety banisheth all fear, and feeling of sin; and for as much as all Counsels of the wicked are fraudulent, it must necessarily follow, that through them the contempt of true religion (being the soul of every well instituted State) forcibly dependeth, dragging violently with it the Commonwealths subversion. This divine knowledge illuminateth his reason and understanding, adding quickness and courage to discern and punish persons that freeze, draw back, or stagger in cases of religion; either by their contempt of the deity, or in ignorance of God's true worship. This ensigneth the readiest and best course, which he should observe in extirpation of contagious schisms and pestilent sects: and how to continue with steadfast and often prayer in faith towards God for the true sapience of his holy spirit; which is revealed in a 
1. Corinth. cap. 2  mystery, being a concealed wisdom, and determined by God before the world for our glorification. This wisdom springeth from the root of God's 
job. cap. 28.  fear, which giveth us understanding to depart from evil; which maketh a cheerful heart, yeeldth a joyful crown, and prolongeth man's life in gladness. It is a sacred knowledge, yea, the ineffable perfection of all goodness: Only fools despise wisdom and instructon, presuming in weighty causes 
Eccl●…siasticus 1.  and consultations to succeed well without that sacred spirit of heavenly wisdom, which should direct them. But such as are wise fear that unspeakable power filially; which is with a kind of heart-longing love: and unto such alone and assuredly hath his divine omnipotency prepared that, which neither eye, ear, nor heart hath seen, heard, or certainly conceived; revealing unto them those arcane and sacred mysteries by the spirit of holiness, ●…hich openeth the secret treasuries of God. All true light, which moveth and inciteth admiration and love, shineth from the contemplative throne of clear sanctity, and it is full of the power of love and mercy: which love of God, Solomon calleth honourable wisdom; it being accompanied with fear and reverence: which is of itself a sacred knowledge, by virtue thereof is man's heart justified: honour and long life are the branches of it, fastened in the sacred root of wisdom by faith, which vanquisheth sin and death, faith and meekness attending it. This heavenly love illuminateth, and almost transubstantiateth our hearts of flesh by the power of God, which our Saviour Christ (speaking to the woman of Samaria) calleth a spirit, saying, That such as worship God, must do the same in spirit and truth. They therefore will learn, taste, and love that sacred word and knowledge, which is the pure fountain of true wisdom, the sweetness of which (alas) I neither can utter nor conceive. After this knowledge of God, with the sincere love of true religion, there is another kind of piety, most excellently commendable in a Counsellor; which is, in suffering punishments cheerfully for the exact observation of his late deceased Sovereign's constitutions, as also principally for the confession of his faith, that neither superiorities, honours, or any carnal and earthly respects, fears, punishments, or martyrdoms may take him from the reverence and most sweet love of God, which remaineth with him in jesus Christ.  
The next care immediate after the knowledge of God, consisteth in his skill of government and study to maintain the Commonweal: which weal doth not only comprehend the general good, but the benefit and safeguard of all private persons therein. These so combine and love like turtles, that one cannot live without fellowship of another. In which his studious and inseparable love of the Commonwealth he must sequester so far his own private profit and authority, that he be found at all times ready to bestow his honour, substance, and life in maintenance thereof: so should he therefore respect the state and affairs of his country, by the prince referred to him, as Cicero saith, Vt utilitas sua communis utilitas sit: vicissim & ●…què communis utilitas sua sit: That his private weal may prove the common weal, and that correspondently the Commonweal may become his proper weal. Which is a principle derived from the needful precepts of nature. This is a virtue by Plato most commended in a Counsellor: for to this day no state hath either been amplified or conserved, but by men of that quality, even as it was said by Sallust to Caesar: Firmanda Respublica non armis modò sed (quod multò magis, 
In Orat. ad C. C●…s. d●… Rep. Ord.  m●…ltoquè asperius est) bonis pacis artibus. The Commonwealth must not only be munited and fortified with arms, but with good cunning and skilful arts to make and maintain peace, being a mystery of much more force and difficulty. It is written of Calicratides, a captain of the Lacedæmonians, that (in their wars at Peloponesus, when he without any loss to himself might have saved the whole Navy, and declined the war, then instant against the Athenians) he refused to do so; saying, That the Lacedæmonians after the loss of that fleet might furnish out another, but that he could not without grievous inustion of shame and dishonour turn back from them. Whereupon that whole navy, to the irrecoverable loss of the Lacedæmonians, became a spoil to their enemies. But Qu. Fabius the Roman General held a contrary course and opinion in his service, enduring the scoffs and contemptuous brags of his foes, which scornfully called him a delayor, till such time as (when good occasion and advantage was offered) he so confounded Hannibal, then triumphing in his many victories, that he wrought out his country's liberty, with oppression of the Carthaginians by those means. Calicratides (having lost the day) lost likewise his country, life, and honour, being for the reward of his folly named in their Annals Calicratides Temerarius. Fabius who by cunctation had given life and honour to his country, was for his actions of valour, and in perpetual glory thereof canonized in their immortal Histories by the title of Maximus. And hereupon this as a certain note and rule may be grounded, that all hypocrites, coue●…ous, and vain glorious persons (such as do with Calicratides more prise their private glory than the public weal) are enemies to the general state; and such undoubtedly (like flatterers) if time should so serve, would not stick (to the end they might endanger the Prince thereby) to say, That all the people's wealth is his. By which example we vively find represented unto us the wary circumspection of a good Commonwealths man in the person of Fabius, studying the preservation and honour of himself and of his country, together with the rash and foolish negligence of a vainglorious hypocrite, like Calicratides; which so slightly valued the conservation and weal of his own Nation. In this love and care of the Commonwealth is required a due consideration, how the whole politic society consisteth of soul and body; the soul (as is aforesaid) for religion, in advancing and maintaining the true worship of God; the body taken for the dwelling or place of habitation. There is likewise besides that soul and body the spirit of living, which is the moving and stirring of the body: this may be properly called or compared rather to the form of every Commonwealth, as in knowing whether it be a Monarchy, as great Britain, France, Ireland, Spain, Castille, and Portugal: or as the Empires of the Turks and Moscovites, but more remote: or if an Aristocracy, like Venice; wherein are four Counsels, besides the Senate and gentlemen of that state. The first called Consilio de Savi, which prudently deliberate and deal in all the land causes: the second in like sort called Consilio de Savi, appertaining the Admiralty: Consilio de deci, & Consilio de setti. Upon which last seven, the whole burden of that Commonwealth and of the Seignories thereof is amply reposed. Like unto which, sometimes we read how the state of Sparta was: or if a Democracie, like the present state of Swizzerland: or if the government thereof be referred to the King, and to his Nobles, as now in Denmark, and in other ages at Rome, when the kings reigned, until the Tarquin's: or to the King and to his Commons, as in Persia: or to the Nobles and people together, as at Rome after their Kings were cried down; at Athens once, and at this day in Florence, Siene, with other free states of Italy: or to the King, with his nobles and people respectively; as is common in Germany, Poleland, Arragon. When he hath entered into such knowledge, then is it fit that he consider by the diseases, and by the causes procuring them, which form is good, and which bad: for if this life (which I term to be the form of government) be sick, or diseased, it is required, that the 
Hyppol●…●…ll.  Counsellor should play the part of a wise Physician, by purgations, diets, vomits, blood-letting, or other remedies, to medicine and rectify the state of that body, where such policy laboureth. After such notes let him measure by what several forms these or any such principalities were conserved and lost; by what laws and magistrates they were and must be succoured in troublesome times. If he be wanting herein, how shall he give advice unto the Prince or State in any troublesome or difficult seasons, towards the cure of any desperate diseases or wounds happening unto the Commonwealth? Or without this knowledge, how shall he direct him in his behaviour towards friends, confederates, enemies, or others, for their benefit, or annoyance? He should in like case have perfect knowledge in the plots, heads, and grounds of all seditions and troubles, with the ways to suppress them; whether the Prince his force be knit up in bags, or locked up in the people's hearts: what and how many ways may be found with honest colour to break peace against him that never gave occasion thereof: whether it be more mere, that Princes encounter their enemies without their own territories, or expect them in camp at home. All which is taught by the judicious reading of Histories.  
In this my Counsellor, I would require much readiness, and quickness of wit: for moderate sharpness and dexterity compose the heads, bodies, and feet of all good actions. That light therefore, which beautifieth every noble and excellent wit, must be divine, singular, and unusual. Howbeit, a political wit, (if I may so term it) Quasinatum ad congregationem & societatem: As instituted to congregate, and advn●… people: as Freigius defineth the same, most excellently magnifieth a Counsellor: for thereby doth he refer all things unto the common society, to the conjunction, union, or collection of people, and companies; reforming and wisely preventing all civil and dangerous distractions and divisions amongst the multitude. This is that wit which every gentleman (that purposeth to travail into foreign countries) ought to be possessed of, and without it, Caelum non animum mutat: He changeth his nation, and not his condition: Because it teacheth him the forms, constitutions, augmentations, diminutions, mutations, laws, religions, rites, and judgements of those nations, where he sojourneth. It is the true guide and sweet companion of journeys and peregrination, according to the saying of Socrates in Xenophon: Generosumest & omnifavore dignum ingenium, cui sunt cordi disciplinae politicae: That wit is generous, and deserveth all favour, which taketh delight in political discipline. The apparent tokens & properties of such a wit are, when in answering they seem prompt, sound, & short; in apprehension, quick, judicious, & attentive; in teaching, methodical, and luculent; in jesting, pleasant and circumspect; in serious matters, diligent & wary: likewise in the whole course of his own nature so careful, as he may make effectual tokens appear of his great love & respect of virtue. Moreover, a noble wit never walketh in ways vulgarly frequented, never speaketh after the vulgar fashion, never is mercenary, never abruptly breaketh off a period; but doth all things with exceeding decency. No man which is verily worthied in regard of his wit, that taketh any delight in base and common matters, saith Seneca: Et magna quae sunt ingenia aegrè serunt iniuriam: Mighty 
Epist. 39 lib. 5.  wits cannot easily brook injuries: according to Sallust. Other garbs and attributes are likewise observed in these wits: as in the entertainment, 
In bell. jugurth.  which proceedeth from such ingenuous persons, being performed with a liberal and most cheerful courtesy, and sweetly seasoned with a gracious and plausible discourse. Such a wit turneth and looketh into good and evil, embracing and extolling the one, rebuking and eschewing the other by good discretion, not fearing malice, or offence. All actions flourishing out of it are cheerful, and perfected with a commendable spirit, working always in meditation, contemplation, comprehension, and (as it were) a palpitation of all things, exercised in much reading, conference, and society, with people of all conditions and humours, busied in knowledge of matters past, present, and to come, studying to be generally well skilled in all laudable arts, never slothful, never weary, triumphing in many labours, vexations, and troubles: Quippè secundaeres sapientum animos fatigunt. Such a wit should seem was in Scipio Africanus, whose business seemed most great, when his action was least: Nec 
Cic. in Amicic.  unquam minus solus fuit quam cum solus esset. Prudentissimus etenim quisque maximè negotiosus est: Neither was he ever less at leisure, than when he was alone in private. For every man which is most prudent, is least at leisure. And hence is this in Sallust: Non enim votis nec supplicijs multebribus, auxilia deorum comparantur, sed vigilando, agendo, benè consulendo prosperè omnia cedunt. For God doth not send his succours to men only because they do with a broken spirit observe strict vows, and make prayers: but he doth admit a general good success to them that are vigilant, industrious, and verily prudent. Such wits sweetly flourish in youth, and plentifully fructify, resembling (as Plato compareth it) a fruitful meadow. They be the grounds of all knowledge, being studiously tilled and manured with liberal arts and moral philosophy: for as great burdens (which cannot be lifted by the strength of many men united) will be with one engine easily moved and turned; so wit will sometimes effect, which other helps cannot. I do not mean in this place of subtle and fiery wits, which are more fit for innovation, than administration of matters, prone unto rebellious and seditious factions, which Sallust luculently describeth in the person of Catiline. In illo vis eximia facetiarum, & ratio quaedam adumbrata virtutum, facilis ad comprehendendum omnium hominum familiaritates: His force in pleasant and witty jesting did exceed, with a certain kind of reasonable counterfeisance, and adumbration of virtues; being prone to comprehend, and aucupate the familiarities of all degrees of persons. This is a lively resemblance and portraiture of a stirring hot wit, bewitching men with the shadows of virtue. These are wits of that eager temper and fierceness which will easily break; and being in any great authorities, oppress themselves with their own weight, retaining no mean, nor moderation: of whom that sentence in Seneca may be said: Grave pondus illum magna nobilitas 
In Trod.  premit: Great Nobility, being a grievous burden, did oppress him. Howbeit, such a wit as magnified Marcus Cato may be commended undoubtedly, whom Livy describeth ●…it for any business which he would undertake in these words: His knowledge was absolute both in urbanity and husbandry. 
Lib. 39  Some have attained place on the seat of honour by their learning in the laws, others by the gift of eloquence: some by the glory rebounding from their many victories, and martial trophies. But his wit was so pliant unto all properties at his pleasure, that men would say, Nature without industry did institute him; he did all things with that facility: in war most valiant, in many battles victorious, and then by degrees advanced, was a most renowned Emperor. In time of peace (if it stood upon cases of right and equity) his knowledge exceeded: in declaiming or pleading of a cause, passing eloquent. Which pattern of noble Cato, representeth unto us (as in a true Mirror) the very life of a divine wit.  
From this sweet fountain honourably floweth the purple stream of eloquence; which is none of a Counsellors mean graces: for in this Office he shall happily be commended by the prince into foreign countries, either to counsel, dissuade, accuse, defend, commend, disgrace, congratulate, condole, or to such purpose. It behoveth him therefore to be richly furnished with that quality, which is the Loadstone of all stubborn and steeled affections; not only to revive or refresh dead or dull spirits, (which are with intolerable perturbations and continual torture of passions vehemently distracted, and left almost senseless) but if it were possible, with a lively spirit and divine alacrity to lend essence from his own soul in speaking; which might miraculously lift the dead to life, with such admirable and astounding force of persuasion, as might both examinate and reclaim from trances those sore bruised affections, which he with the thunder of his eloquence hath dejected. In all seditions and tumults amongst mutinous soldiers, in all commotions and turbulent factions amongst civil societies (when they gather head, to the fearful disturbance and wounding of the Commonwealth, for quenching of their inordinate thirst after blood, and unsatiable revenge) nothing is so gracious as the balmy tongue of an eloquent and stirring Orator: who like an Evangelist, with a golden pace, and tongue overflowing with persuasion, holdeth in his hand the Olive of peace, conjuring their troubled and tumultuous spirits with force of that most sacred and omnipotent spirit of tranquillity, directing his soul, and holding the reins of his calm affections with the bridle of his tongue; which like the snaky sceptre of Hermes, hath power to calm the seas, quiet the winds, and pacify the rebellious earth, when it is most out of order. So that in the Ciceronian invective against Sallust (magnifying this golden gift of eloquence, which was imputed to Tully 
Putant quidem fa●… 〈◊〉 ●…sse ascriptam ha●… orationem in Saust●…m. Ea demum magna, etc.  for a vice) it is written: An ullum existimas civem egregium qui non hijs artibus & disciplinis sit eruditus? An ulla alia rudimenta & incunabula virtutis quibus animi ad gloriae cupiditatem aluntur? What? art thou persuaded, that any Statesman can be renowned, unless he be disciplined in these arts, and rudiments of Rhetoric? Or canst thou find any better Accidencies or Primer rules of virtue, whereby men's minds are fostered and encouraged in the desire and love of glory? For this is that admirable faculty, which protecteth our friends, succoureth strangers, relieveth the distressed, and terrifieth malicious people. Hence is it, that in admiration thereof Tacitus writeth: Eloquentia nihil in civitate nostra vel ad utilitatem fructuosius, vel ad dignitatem amplius, 
Cor. Tac. in Dialog de Orat.  vel ad urbis famam pulcherius, vel ad totius imperij atque omnium gentium noticiam illustrius excogitari potest: There is not any thing can be found or devised in our Commonwealth, either more fruitful, if you respect the profit, or more ample, in regard of the dignity thereof, or more extending to the cities good fame, or more magnificent and glorious, to disperse and emblason the greatness of the whole Empire, and of all Nations, than the gift of eloquence. No Commonwealth, which hath not to her great and exceeding comfort tasted the divine banquet of eloquence, when with grave and argute answers the demands of foreign princes (by their ambassadors in vive Oration, or by life of letters) were satisfied. This one principal quality in a Counsellor the prince should have a desire to know, by conferring with him one hour or more in private (when leisure permitteth) with what grace, spirit, and perfection, he can express the sense of his mind: how he shorteneth and continueth his periods in Oration: his form in the proposition, division, amplification, and conclusion of his speech; his grace, order, and property when he speaketh: observing moreover, if in his discourse or speech he be sententious, not savouring of the school, but plausible, short, and sweet: and if a Prince would have some readier assurance of his ability or dexterity, under the pretence, that he must forthwith write certain letters gratulatory, lamentatorie, or such like, done in his presence; the Prince may take a good and ready taste of his sufficiency. He therefore, which can discourse upon and answer unto, with readiness, any propositions or questions luculently and gallantly; and he that can with excellent moderation accommodate his saying, to the substance and worthiness of that subject from whence the fresh river of his Oration runneth: and he likewise that can plausibly bind up the garland of his speech to the present benefit of time, and to the comfort of his Auditory, may worthily be called a good Orator. Hijs namque artibus sive apud infestos, sive apud cupidos, sive apud invidentes, sive apud tristes, sive apud timentes dicendum habuerit, tenebit habenas animorum: 
Cor. T●…c. in Dialog. de Orat.  For by this art of Rhetoric, an Orator (if he shall deal with dangerous persons, or with men covetous, with envious people, with such as are afflicted, or with any persons which are distracted through some kind of fear) yet shall he prevail in qualifying and moderating their several affections and passions. For he which can speak copiously with prudence, is much more excellent than those which meditate upon grave and wise considerations, without eloquence: because cogitation converseth in itself, and eloquence is beneficial towards all which hear it: for when a man enamelleth a wise speech with copiousness, the people will confirm their opinions and counsels in his sapience: if therewithal he season the same (as it were) with a pleasant modesty, infused into constant gravity. There be four kinds of eloquent speaking and writing, according to Macrobius: Copiosum in quo Cicero, breve in quo Salustius: siccum quod Frontoni, pingue & floridum quod Plinio 
Lib. 5. cap. 3.  secundo, etc. The copious wherein Cicero, the brief in which Sallust, the dry, through which Fronto, the full and fruitful for which Plinius the second were famoused. Any of which being ingenuously practised, without affectation or sophistry, carry with them great force of reconciliation. Much eloquence is found in those letters which king Philip of Macedon did write to his son Alexander, and in those Epistles which Antipater and Antigonus did write unto Captains, persuading them by benign and favourable terms to move the people's hearts, and to cherish or toll on the soldiers to service with the Metaphysical oil and balm of their eloquence and persuasion, but to deliver those attributes of Oratory (with a kind of fervency, zeal, and affection in all causes of weight and passion) is of great avail and force, which Cicreo specially noteth: Oratio quae in multitudinem cum contentione habetur soepe universam excitat gloriam: Those Orations or speeches, which in 
Offic. 2.  audience of the people are delivered with a vehement and stirring spirit, commonly move or procure a general glory: being intended here unto the speakers, proceeding from the auditory. Observing always that Philosophical decency which prohibiteth him. Tanquam luculentum suem cum quovis volutari: non enim procacitate linguae vitae sordes eluuntur: Like a dirty sow which walloweth in any puddle: for the dishonest touches of a man's conversation are not washed out with saucy taunts or speeches. Such like was that luxurious kind of procacitie, for which Sallust and Cicero were both grievously taxed in their verbal eskairmouches, together misbelieving the prudent tongues of gravity. And therefore Tacitus specially well describeth that excess of eloquence thus: Eloquentia luxuriosa, alumna licentiae, 
In Dialog. de Orat.  comes sedicionum, effraenati populi incitamentum, sive obsequio, sive servitute, contumax, tomeraria, arrogans; quaeque in bene constitutis civitatibus non oritur, etc. Luxurious eloquence is the nurse of licence; the companion of seditions, the spur which pricketh forth unruly people, not acknowledging either service or duty: it is stubborn, rash, arrogant, and never bred or nourished in any well ordered cities. These observations are required in a perfect Counsellor, and yet wholly depending upon his excellent wit: which I last before touched; serving as a precious elixir of life, and metal for many strange purposes. And by these notes and qualities of Oratory, (if any vive ember, or spiracle of ingenuous facility remain in men) it shall appear conspicuously.  
The well speaking of many languages may be mustered amongst the rest for one special and most needful quality: in special, the tongues of those kingdoms and provinces which are either subjects contributaries or confederates to the prince, and also the languages of his enemies: as appeareth in the learnedest of our princes his Counsel at this day. For amongst them the Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, Danish, Polish, and Dutch tongues are well spoken and understood. This is a comfortable benefit, when foreign people either with us at home or abroad, are heartily glad to understand, and to be understood by those with whom they have business, opening their own meanings better and more perspicuously by their own mouth, than with help of an interpreter. Mutual counsels likewise may by this knowledge be more safely debated, than by means of a third person interpreting: what more beneficial commendation, than to hear, understand, and deliberate upon peaceable and hostile legations. If they be friends, it better confirmeth their amity, when Counsellors consult or debate with them in their own language; persuading themselves commonly, that it proceedeth from love and good observation. Admit they be sometimes deceived in that opinion; yet such a kind of frustration is available. And suppose them enemies which so confer with you, by that occasion their benevolence is so much the sooner attained.  
It must be noted also, that few men interpret perfectly, many more satisfying their own humours, than the precise meaning of the parties, adding or substracting somewhat always. What if under pretext of interpretation a referendary be foisted in, upon whose secrecy the whole weal and honour of a king with all his Sovereignty dependeth? Admit the matters so require, that no delays without danger will serve to dispatch present answer to the Prince: is it not then a double shame and offence, to make inquiry for such an interpreter as will deal faithfully? What if no fit man can be found out of hand? Or if he be found, admit the one party credit not his interpretation? All these are most dangerous difficulties, and therefore the knowledge of tongues is of special force in a secret Counsellor; and also that he know the fashions and conditions of those people, whose language he speaketh: but for the prince chiefly necessary, that his Counsellors can speak, write, and interpret in those tongues before him, rather than repose affiance in strangers: Which trust is commonly fallacious, and then undoubtedly pernicious. The cause why, the Latin and Greek languages are so commonly studied and embraced in most parts of the world, is in regard of their many most learned books and monuments of former time. The reason of their so many volumes and written works, is derived from their ancient and ample Monarchies, endowed formerly with so many precious spirits; which both for civil and military knowledge so much surpassed and exceeded. Their leagues, tributes, laws, civil customs; their many battles, victories, and triumphs: as those of Alexander, Caesar, and of others infinite, being special attributes of their government, gave infinite matter to noble wits in those Empires continually to write such excellent dignities and exploits, as their native country men had borne away, with much honour and renown, both in peace and war. The Princes, Consuls, Dictator's, and Emperors yielding royal encouragement and most munificent salaries to those Writers, (for their own glories sake, which by such their art and industry were ennobled) did make infinite the numbers of books, and Authors in all liberal faculties. The multitudes of those books (through the greatness of these Monarchies) were far and near dispersed. The learning of those volumes (after the dissolution of these Empires) hath been evermore and again thirsted and hunted after by the best and all well disposed Commonweals and Princes, which since that time were always enlightened by them, yielding a continual pattern of perfect human knowledge to posterity. And in these later ages (since the time of our Saviour Christ, of his Apostles, of their Disciples, and of those fathers, which succeeded them in the Primitive Church, being through Greece and old Italy then dispersed) the very light of sweet Gospel hath been by these means reserved unto us in those two languages: and therefore have these tongues, (so needful for the interpretation of the Scriptures, the enucliation of verities, and confutation of heresies) still kept afoot the studies of them through the grace of God amongst us to this day. The Hebrew tongue not so much in general desire of scholars, serving specially for the legal Scriptures and Prophets, I will pretermit, as also the Chaldaean, Syrian, and Arabic, peculiar to deep Divines and Doctors of the Church, Thalmudistes, Alcumistes, and Caballistes, surreaching the common apprehension and use of Counsellors and Statesmen. Hereupon a question may be projected unto me, Why then these Greek and Latin languages might not serve (instar omnium) to fulfil all meanings & purposes by good and faithful understanding amongst princes and nations in their treaties, consultations, leagues, pactions, sessions, conventions, accords, assemblies, or other private parlyes of like nature, being tongues so generally well known and studied in so many Realms? My solution is replicatively, that they cannot pass currant amongst all foreign princes and much remote Monarchies: for if that amplitude of the former Grecian and Roman dominions, occasioned a kind of uniform, use, or peculiarity of those tongues, as being the true mother languages in all the Realms, Provinces, and Seignories subjecteth to them: it doth then illatively follow by the like necessity, that if our Christian Princes near us should send in very weighty causes men of perfection in those two languages, to the great Turk or Persian, it would be very difficult and troublesome: for so much as their Monarchies extend much further than all Christendom doth beside. Wherefore I judge (by the same reason) that the language amongst them is for the most part either Persian or Turkish, and not known to any Christians, except to some few Christian merchants or slaves, which have commerced with them. For since the beginning of those Mahemetane Monarchies of Turks and Persians, our Christians have always held that people execrable and perfidious: so that their vulgar speech (by those Christians which inhabit the very skirts of Turkey under Rodolph the Emperor) is little or not at all practised in these days. Besides, what a shame it were concerning certain honourable affairs and policies of the State in any Realms and Commonweals to choose some merchant or negotiator, which should discharge the Office of a most noble ambassador, and to deal in causes of highest consequence only, because he can speak and understand the Persian or Turkish tongues. Neither will that excellent Greek tongue, which former writers have used, and which is at this day so much practised amongst the Scholars in Christendom, serve therefore in those Pagan parts, in regard, that all or the greatest part of Greece is now subject to the Turk, and in such respect sooner understood: because that excellent refined Greek (even as in old Italy the Latin) is wholly corrupt and altered, through the long and ruinous discontinuance of those two famous Monarchies. I conclude therefore, that it is not only needful for such as are Counsellors to mighty Kings and Princes, to be well skilled in the best languages of Christendom; but much behoveful in respect of the Turks and Persians also: which thing though it may seem amongst our country nobles rare and difficult, yet is tanto preclarius, & viro verè nobili dignius. For the time may come in any Christian Empire, that some necessities, or other, shall require and importune the knowledge of those tongues.  
One special point remaineth, wherein I would for our own nations glory 
An Exhortation to make famous and precious our English language amongst 〈◊〉 parts of Christendom.  wish, that all our countrymen would be very studious, and according to their faculties forward and aiding, that is, to labour how they may copiously devise and add words, derived from the Latins, from the French and Dutch languages, fitly fashioned unto the true Dialect and Ideome of our vulgar. For considering that the Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, and German tongues grew famous, copious, and ample by the commerce and intercourse of merchants, and by the repair of ambassadors and other strangers, mutually passing and repassing too and from foreign countries amongst us; after that their monarchies and dominions were amplified, enriched, and magnified: what doubt is then left to us, why this our English tongue (which in itself is so sweet and copious, wherein we can so succinctly knit up much matter) but that by continuance of this Monarchy, divinely and happily strengthened by our sacred Sovereign and his royal issue; the same may be desired, taught, and sought for from all places, amongst our friends, neighbours, and confederates in Christendom hereafter, which may repair and entercommune to and with us? The weakness of our former estate, and the youngness of our language established in the last deducted Normane Colonies, from the Conquest, and before, did not admit hitherto that perfection, which might have in times past encouraged either the French or other potent Nations greatly to respect our tongue, unless some of those merchants, which (in regard of the present necessity put upon them by the intercourse and exchange of their wares) were forcibly driven unto it. This contempt and vilety therefore hath hitherto letted many singular wits of excellent hope and learning (wherewithal by the natural temperature of that climate under which we live, our nation is divinely endowed) to write books in English: and the neglect thereof I fear hath hurt us in the glory of that sweet Latin tongue also: for it was not unknown to the learned of this nation, how little their language was and would be respected in other countries. But soon in success of time, from the later years of king Edward the third (after whose victories had in France) the peace and foison of this land gave some first light to ourlanguage (notwithstanding, that even then our law plead, according unto Glanuylle and Bracton, were first writ●…en in French) diverse did write some Books, Pamphlets, Rhymes, Romances, and Stories in barbarous English; some of which were translated out of other tongues: Howbeit, either for their own private use and practise, or for the mere benefit of our countrymen only, to little pleasure, and less profit of after times: which being then as a garden, wherein were some good herbs and simples of our own, and from other parts and countries brought and confusedly planted, hath yearly since then from time to time been bettered, increased, and reduced into squares, knots, and curious compartments, diapered with pleasant flowers, and brought into comely fashion. The best of these which first began to reduce the confused garden of our language into some proportion, were the two laureate knights of their times, Gower and his Scholar Chaucer, in the times of King Richard the second, and King Henry the fourth. One Lydgate, a Monk of Edmo●…burie, succeeded them in that work: most of whose patterns were taken and translated out of Latin, French, and Italian, intermingled with some other excellent inventions of their own, not including any great matters, tending unto government and morality. diverse of whose words, by times continuance, and the choice of better being antiquated (like herbs withered from the root) have been seconded with richer inventions: according unto that saying of the Poet Horace.  
Multa renascuntur quae iam cecidere; Cadentque  
Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula. 
In art Poet.   
Many words long time out of use renew,  
And th'after age our best words will eschew.  
For words (he saith) like leaves yearly wither and renew. Towards this excellent work, we find for our more help, that the Latin verbs sweetly confound with our English tongue: the French aptly doth offer itself to polish this workmanship; and the Italian doth in many things yield much help and dignity to the same. The German, from whose old stock our first monosyllabical roots by their old Colonies were inducted, is of itself the garden plot, already well tilled and copiously manured, to bring forth this language. And since those days of more difficult obscurity, the Latin Bible by divers learned Bishops, in the reigns of king Henry the ●…ght, and of his son king Edward, was translated into the vulgar: also certain Chronicles, Treatises, and Translations of that time have added much light to the former darkness. But since the days of blessed Queen Elizabeth (whose happy reign is as the days of heaven) what seas of paper have been always furthering, polishing, and increasing this honourable enterprise? First, by that holy Bible's more exquisite and polite translation than before: after by the books of Monuments, Chronicles, Treatises, and Translations, Theological and human, by most ingenuous Poets; and other Poetical pamphlets, always with studious addition, and curious composition of words, phrases, and sentences: howbeit, amongst the rest, as a very memorable register of English eloquence, highly deserving endless remembrance, which liveth in his own living works, Sir Philip Sidney, that divine star of sweet wit and invention, hath so much honoured the language of this nation, in that his small hive of all excellent humanity, inveloping under the true Poetical vine leaves of his labours such excellent sweet clusters of Philosophical grapes and inventions, both moral & natural, as have mightily benefited towards this rich vintage of our English knowledge. Since therefore these great hopes and helps are left unto us: first, by God in his grace plentifully poured into the wits of this nation: secondly, under his great power by the kings most excellent Majesty, through that auspicious amity and perfect Monarchy, established and growing more & more mighty betwixt all good Christian princes and us: and lastly, by that golden gift of peace, derived from God's sweet mercy seat, and from the true prudence and sapience of our gracious Sovereign, and of his reverend Counsel, which may give all lively perfections and faculties to learning; why do we not then with a cheerful and mutual alacrity combine in our wits, studies, & knowledge, to make our country famous with our own books and writings. Certainly, this enterprise, as it is virtuous and laudable, so is it glorious, and highly profitable.  
Let us therefore with cheerful consent imitate those other great Empires, that our wits, learning, and inventions, by divine benefit equalling the best of theirs, our books and languages, with our men and merchandises, may lovingly be received and embraced amongst them also. Then shall this our puissant little Monarchy, like a sweet fountain, (which the further it floweth, imboketh into the more spacious and deep channel) be more and more magnified, Cum ingeniorum ist torpor & ignavia, When this drowsy slothfulness of our wits cannot be found amongst us, but that we still study to become famous in our vulgar, as those ancient Greek and Roman writers declared in their ancient mother tongues. Encourage and gird yourselves therefore with a pleasant equanimity to this excellent service: for the ground being enlarged, hath left ample space for many seeds, and choice of herbs and roots than was before: it shall be strongly fenced with peace and plenty, when virtuous spirits shake off that idleness, which hindereth so glorious a work; so well fenced and fortified it shall be, that nothing shall come in hereafter to corrupt or deface your garden, so Geometrically set and devised. For sure it is, if the world and God's blessing continue but one age of a man from this instant, our language will be so much required by these children's children in France, Spain, and Italy, as those their tongues with us at this day. Then shall be left matter sufficient, and as King worthy for Commentaries to be written by our learned Caesar in his wars; or in his peaceable affairs, so much divine, moral, and natural Philosophy by the Solomon of our nation: then shall we find substance for the pen of Livy, and plead for the books of Cicero: Seneca shall have his place again, but in a glorious Sunshine, and fill this new Monarchy with his sage considerations. I write this therefore, oft and again iterating it, that many Livies, Senecaes', and Cicero's shall flourish under our Caesar, if we will work out the fruit of our virtues by such virtuous contemplations and exercises, as may much dignify their countries.  
It is most certain, that ingenuous natures and virtuous spirits (whose divine rational aught to be fixed upon perfect glory) are in a continual combat and civil commotion within themselves, if they do not employ their cogitations and studies in moral contemplation, still labouring like a woman with child to bring forth some excellent fair birth like themselves. But this luxurious whirlpool of idleness and sloth (into which such excellent wits are very soon and violently thrown) over-whelmeth that sweet reason, oppressing this noble birth, made abortive in the very chest of conception: Gloria namque industria alitur ubi eam dempseris ipsa per se virtus, amara & aspera est 
Sallust.  etc. Industry is fostered by glory: take away glory, which is the reward of virtue, and the taste thereof is harsh and bitter. When therefore the virtuous Prince himself, and those noble arches of his Monarchy, shall perceive this their towardness and travail in virtues, little doubt is there, that the reward of their studies and virtues shall not encourage posterity more and more to make learning as cheap in England and Scotland, as ever it was amongst the greeks and Romans.  
The knowledge of Histories is another quality most concerning a Counsellor: as with notable attention and diligence to peruse and mark the Records, Annals, and Chronicles of all ages, people, and princes, together with the written stories of friends, neighbours, and enemies. History is a vive experience of matters, the parent of Philosophy, a collection of all things, in all ages authorized by good trial and practice of many men. This is it which Diodorus in the Proheme of his Histories doth affirm, Will teach us, what ought to be the principal scope of our desires and detestations. This which summoneth all creatures of all countries and fashions as to a general muster: imitating his divine providence, which in heavenly justice and bounty bestoweth upon every man according to demerit: all virtuous actions are eternised by the pen of History: so far doth it surpass the sage counsels and golden sentences of our forefathers and former Philosophers, as times continuance comprehendeth more examples than one man's age. This is it which maketh young men's judgements of parill ripeness with old age, grounding aged persons in the depth of wisdom; to whom long experience hath already ministered a daily trial of causes. It maketh private men fit for Empire, and emperors earnest in virtue for victories; heartening soldiers to give a courageous charge upon perils, for honour of their countries, terrifying malefactors, propagating Sovereignty by good example, devising laws, inventing arts, preferring virtuous actions, enfranchised from mortality; declaring itself a memorable and perfect marble-register of misdeeds, and generally benevolent. This is it which aged time only nourisheth, when it eateth up all things: beside, this is the pattern of eloquence, the true mirror of Philosophy, the garden of knowledge: and hence is it, that Aristotle in his politics writeth, how the skill of actions and Histories of deeds done most import a Counsellor to learn, because things future are like their parent which came before them: upon which all events of actions commonly depend. He therefore, which in noble History shall contemplate and meditate upon the life of a good Prince or Counsellor, may find somewhat always worth his own observation and practice; according to that saying of Seneca: Aliquis vir bonus elegendus est nobis, ac semper ante oculos habendus, ut sic vivamus tanquam illo spectanti, & omnia faciamus tanquam illo videnti: We must propose some one good man for our pattern, and always look upon him with the eyes of our mind, that we may so live, as if he were looking upon us; and so deal, as if all our actions were performed in his sight. Let a soldier live forty years in service; great, and of continual command, as great Alexander and Caius Caesar; escape in many conflicts, as Hannibal and Cato; receive so many wounds, as Scipio and Scaeva; triumph in so many victories, subvert so many cities, devise so many stratagems, consult upon so many leagues, and truces, enterparley with so many princes, spending the full glass of his time during those years in magnificent actions, and noble consultations only, like Cirus Themistocles, Epaminondas, Cimon, Fabius, Pelopidas, and infinite others, ancient, and late: yet shall one months reading in Livy, Plutarch, Diodorus, Thucydides, Polybius, Xenophon, Dion, and some few more, (which have eternally recorded all the memorable actions and virtues of them all) open more unto him without bloodshed (if he will studiously confer, and reasonably remember) than ever the service of many more years, with the slaughters of Myriads of soldiers, could express. The knowledge of all persons, the meaning of all matters, the depth of all secrets is locked up in History. In it we find that inestimable treasure of the Laws, by which Commonweals were first ordered and instituted, in the sentences of sage and prudent men; confirming societies in peace, and magnifying them by virtues: like Physic, which is an historical commemoration or rhapsody of experiments, made by Physicians of old; by whose Aphorisms and Precepts our Physicians direct their judgements and medicines: it is a methodical Schoolmaster of human life, examplifying the fashions and natures of people, a certain experience of their actions, a sound and prudent Counsellor in difficult affairs. The cruelties and exceeding lust of Domitian, and of Nero, which may be read in Tacitus, hath power to terrify princes from those vices which are recorded of them: when also they peruse the lamentable stories of Caligula, that Fax & fex hominum: That firebrand, and filth of men. When they revolve the monstrous obscoenities of Heliogabalus, who was amongst the people a Cannon by word, scorn, and obloquy: when they shall look into the leaves of Maximus his life; than whom, no man was a more cruel slaughter man of his country, finding what horrible epithets, denominations, and attributes, were worthily thrown, or (as it were) spit into the black legend of his bloody government, being called in divers places Busyris, Phalar is, Typhon, what better precedent can remain in detestation of vice? chose, the blessed and peaceable reign of Octavian, the goodness and gracious condition of trajan, of Pertinax, of Titus, and some others, are vehement provocations, to confirm and encourage Princes in justice and honesty. For even as women (which curiously fashion and attire their heads and bodies by their glass, which representeth unto them all undecent and comely guizes) will presently show themselves abroad amongst the people, finding their bodies by that mirror pleasingly garnished: so Princes by the like resemblance find in the glass of histories, that which giveth spurs to their virtues and policy.  
The case is lamentable, and I have many times with heaviness thought it, how few be the Chronologiers and Historians of our age, how doubtful and unfaithful much of their matter, how fearfully and vainly seduced by misprizion and affection. Sure I am, that infinite actions remain worthy the pen of histories: nay, that which men write of their own princes and nation, tendeth less to truth than unto vainglory: but that which is written by men of foreign princes & people (such as Mercury Gallobelgicus falsely proclaimed in his Annals of the world) is both uncertain, fallacious, and strongly savouring of malice, blind zeal, and partial motions of the mind. Whereas if men would faithfully search out by the true records and memorial of realms and Commonweals the virtuous and vicious actions of princes and people, how would it instigate and deter the well and ill affected rulers and commons of the world to take hold and detestation of goodness & evil? In reading of them therefore we must carefully quote the map of actions, with the times & places, the causes, executions, and events of things, wherein some did prosper, and others perish, with the reasons why those were gracious, and these unwelcome. If any glorious matter happened, whether it came by chance or felicity, by virtue, or good counsel, what impediments in contrary did cause it miscarry. A Counsellor should also consider by this knowledge, what alterations have formerly been: as in the realms of England, Scotland, France, Ireland, Spain, Denmark, Italy, with other Nations: what Families possessed the Crowns of them, and by what titles and means, how long, what the causes of those mutations were, how many of every family did reign, which of the princes was most religious, valiant, wise, and fortunate; which not: how many battles every prince fought, against whom, at what time, where, and upon what occasion: what wars have been for a thousand and six hundred years past and since, betwixt England and France, England and Scotland, England and Spain, England and Ireland, England and Denmark: what with Wales, what with Heathens, and Mahemetans: what civil and intestine commotions: which and in how many battles that were conquerors: what occasioned their ruin or victory; also the causes and captains of commotions, how they were vanquished or quieted: what benefit or mischief ensued thereon. He that can well and aptly make relation hereof, may pass the muster, with more than ordinary pay for his pains.  
If a Counsellor therefore, having understanding requisite, accustom himself with patience in much reading, (which is commonly most irksome to the purest and most precious wits) that benefit is unspeakable, which by the knowledge of histories shall enrich his mind and understanding: considering how the examples of a private and public life, the beginnings, augmentations, proceedings, conseruations, and inclinations of realms, with all civil commutations, are discovered by them. The knowledge of which shall not be very long in attaining: for so much as men of this place shall find noble use thereof daily.  
Prudence is one special gift of God, attained by prayer and the due fear of his Majesty, which (as the wise Solomon saith) is the beginning of all wisdom. Since therefore it doth principally respect the knowledge and practice of wise magistrates to be possessed of that princely jewel, I will in so short as I can open the substance thereof, according to the moral observations in Philosophy. Prudence therefore is the Governess and judge of all virtue, the knowledge which teacheth men how to live blameless, or a true mental affection, declaring (as Cicero writeth) what honest and profitable things (with their contraries) we should desire and detest. It is likewise a kind of cunning, which with a mystical, honest, and profitable dissimulation myneth into the depth of causes and actions. And in another d●…finition, Est bona animi affectio & habitus indagandi quod verum sit: It is a good affection, and 
Cic. in R●…or. ad Herenn.  habit of the mind, to sent out the truth. Prudence is either large and universal, which we may term heroical prudence, or a virtue strict and distinguished, that (being composed of consultation, cunning, opinion, and sagacity) openeth the truth in all actions: and therefore it is imposed as an everlasting jewel and endless victory both in peace and war, for any prince to wear near himself. Duo sunt qua ab egregijs principibus expetuntur: sanctitas domi, in armis fortitudo, utrobique prudentia: Two properties are required 
In vita Vlp. Traiani.  in excellent good princes: in his realms sanctity, in his wars fortitude; in both places prudence. The substance of prudence is truth; by which human reason should entirely be governed. Truth is the Medium betwixt arrogance and dissimulation, moving men to show themselves plain in word and deed. There is another definition of political truth, not much different: which is a kind of habit, to speak a truth in all public and private causes, without any fraud, arrogance, or dissimulation. Towards the knowledge of truth (by lore of Philosophy) five virtuous qualities are required. The first is Science, being a sure and infallible knowledge and apprehension of any thing, which may proceed out of the causes thereof, either by natural instinct, or some other reasonable demonstrations: as in theological and Mathematical practice: for so much as the learning contained in those Sciences, teacheth such things as cannot easily be wrested otherwise by reason. As first appeareth by the definition of Religion, which is the seal or bond of Theology, being the true fear, love, and honour of God: which religion bringeth a zealous care and reverent ceremony towards the worship of a superior nature; which nature we call divine, because it so far exceedeth the corruption and perfectest apprehension of man: and amongst others by the Prophet David unto the kings of this earth, as a monition or exhortation, it is delivered: Understand, O you Kings: serve the Lord with fear, and rejoice in him with trembling, etc. And therefore if religion were nothing but human policy (which the damned and execrable Atheists imagine in their foolishness) yet must we certainly know, that if the fear of God above were not, men would contemn all laws and virtue: imagining, that all men had free leave in their own corrupt natures (which they most impiously would make their God, and be by the same directed) to do their own hearts lusts. The Mathematics also (Quae sunt quasi comites & administrae viri politici: Which are as it were the companions and agents of a Politician: and which Plutarch placeth in the soul of man, as being a part of the Theoric 
In Moral.  or contemplative faculties) are arts likewise, which cannot otherwise be wrested. And hence is it, that Science is called, Habitus demonstrandi per causas: A habit of demonstration by reasons. The second means towards the knowledge of truth, is art: being a kind of mental habit or experimental skill to perform and perfect things by such means, as without them they otherwise may be done; and as Tacitus writeth: Apud maiores virtutis id praemium fuit, cunctisque civium (si fiderent bonis artibus) licitum petere Magistratus: 
Lib. 11. Annal.  It was proposed to our ancestors, and unto all citizens for a reward of their virtues, and as a thing allowable, to sue for reputations and offices, if they did build upon their knowledge in good arts. And from hence are all trades, professions, and mysteries (by which men live and attain worldly happiness) drawn and derived. The third part of truth is Prudence itself, being a certain habit, effecting such things by reason, as either tend unto the weal or harm of persons. Hence is it called Prudence in men, to consult graciously for themselves and others, to govern private families, and to serve or minister unto the Commonwealth in public causes fortunately and beneficially. The fourth being Intelligence, nobly placed in the mind of man, is a kind of habit, moving the mind, inclining and yielding itself constantly to things, which cannot be by demonstration perfected. It is likewise a certain habit of experiment had in the principles, or heads and grounds of causes, from whence all proofs are drawn. The adjuncts and parts of Intelligence (according to Metopius the Pythagorean Philosopher) are judgement 
In lib. de virt.  and contemplation, both of them issuing from reason. The fifth and last part of truth is Sapience; being a most absolute and perfect knowledge of such things as are contained within the limits of human apprehension, as well in metaphysical as in natural causes: howbeit, especially leveling at divine matters, according to the definition of it: Quae est rerum divinarum amplissima scientia: Which is a most ample skill had of divine matters. Only that which regardeth human policies or affairs, is more properly termed Prudence: which (as Aristotle saith) is the cause, means, or procurer of 
Lib. 1. cap. v●…t. Ethicorum.  Sapience. But of this last part of truth I have spoken more at large elsewhere. Unto prudence therefore, as companions, are assigned Intelligence, which is (as I said) a perfect understanding of matters: Science a just apprehension of causes; Art a true demonstration or ensignemnt of things: and Sapience a sure and certain indagation of divine knowledge. Aristotle attributeth to prudence three parts: the first, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is a kind of power or faculty, to give good counsel in time of need: then 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, respecting a mature deliberation and perfection in doing of business: thirdly, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or intelligence; which is a providence, cunning, or expert judgement to put that in execution, which hath been by right counsel preconsulted and determined. It is likewise the part of a prudent person, to know much in general, and in particulars, to keep in readiestore and memory, things long before done and passed if they be notable: to see darts, arrows, and all se●…ious accidents of good hope and danger, long before they come; by which gift they may prevent and avoid the worst, turning that which is good to the best success; and weighing the condition of things, as they stand in present state within the scales of reason and discretion: likewise, to be well advised in all considerations and consultations; to be circumspect, judicious, and of a good conversation, as well in respect of others, as for his own sake; to ponder well the circumstances and attributes of men and matters: for by the mutations of such things we find it often succeed, how that will be ratified and made lawful on the morrow, which was the day before prohibited and punished.  
The difference likewise of persons, & of their qualities, by the respects had unto their faults and punishment (as for example, in malicious kill upon revenge, in comparison of them that do it in defence of their own persons, by the law of nature, and for necessity's sake, in making sacrilege the worst kind of theft; and (in general) when by due discretion the state and condition of people and causes, either high, great, humble, or small, are examined and respected: for by this course is the rule of decency kept.  
Moreover, prudence disperseth her force and virtues into three parts: first, into the condition monastical (if I may so term it) which appertaineth all particular persons in their peculiar estates severally: the second, into the state Economical, which respecteth the administration of each private family; which Xenophon termeth the art of dispensation. The third and last being the best and right excellent part (wherein prudence showeth most force) is the state political always employed in civil causes, generally working for the Commonwealth, being a true kind of science to which those of this counsel must be first bound apprentices, before their adoption into this society.  
He therefore, that would be a good master in his own family, must first by good demeanour and conversation amongst his neighbours hold himself up, that he may purchase a general good opinion, witness, and commendation of his integrity; being by those excellent deserts made fit for the government of a family. Which when he knoweth by that circumspection, accustomed in his own particular carriage, how to govern, then shall he likewise have his faculties by good help of moral observations and practice of virtues, surely kni●… and enhabled to give counsel, and administer in this principal Office under the King or Commonwealth: for if he cannot moderate himself, how shall he rule in Oeconomie? Neither can any man, not being exceedingly perfect in them both (with other excellent supplements and virtuous helps, such as you shall hereafter read in this book of Offices) deserve the place of a Counsellor. Howbeit, for as much as these two last, concerning the administration of private families, being called a Domestical, and this other noble part semblably termed a Civil government, 
Cic. in partionibus Orator.  are specially directed and guided by Prudence, I will therefore in brief declare, what the learnedest Philosophers have noted concerning them.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is the form of house-government, respecteth the good order of every man's family, correspondent in profit and honesty to the places, degrees, and abilities of the masters; whether they be princes, noblemen, citizens, or private persons consisting of men (which includeth the master, wife, children, and servants) and of possessions, comprehending house and domestical substance. They which might have first been worthily reputed Economical masters, were Adam, Enoch, Noah, with divers even to the time of joseph the patriarch: who did govern the kingdom of Egypt, establishing it with new laws. Amongst these, Melchisedech named a king, and Abraham, who (though in foreign countries he were a stranger) yet joined with kings, governing his family by political and Economical Empire, and maintaining wars in defence of his people. The master of the household therefore ought first to know, and put his whole power in practice, towards the preservation of his wife and children, in union and society, which both Reason and Law doth naturally moderate, being by sacred writ of the Testaments ordained, and under that commandment established by the divine sanctions of Christianity, that they should be legitimate, begotten in wedlock, and not the children of many fathers, according to the licentious rule of Plato: secondly, that the father unto them and to his servants show benevolence, and be tractable. His family must be disposed in decent order: food, cloth, maintenance, with house convenient and answerable to the retinue, must be provided, according to the nature of that place where he liveth. Wherein he must prudently consider, whether the air, which fostereth the places environing his house, be cold, hot or temperate: whether situate upon the continent, or sea coast, near a river or pool, high, low, fennish, moist, fertile, barren, near the barbarous and adverse borderer, or remote; or to what winds it is most opposed, with such like: for according to these observations, houses are edified and fortified; streets enlargened or straightened. Unto which public works, for the edification, amplification, or restoration of houses, villages, or cities, a Counsellors prudence is needfully required.  
Let them take heed of exceeding sumptuousness and overgorgeous magnificence in building, above the proportion of their lands and revenues, enuironning and answering the same: for it were better, that large demesnes required mansion houses, than that glorious manors should want means to support and furnish out their magnificence. Concerning familiar maintenance (which is either domestical, respecting tillage, pasturage, parks for game, warrens of hares and coneys, hawking, fishing, vineyards, orchards, hop-yards, gardens, and such like; or artificial, conversing in arts, handicrafts, trades, and mysteries; in part liberal, as painture, typographie, masonry, with the like, and partly not) it must be decent, honest, needful, and allowable: for the worthiness of a good householder is mental, and not corporal. Qui enim domum aut villam extruit, eamque signis, aulaeis, alijsque 
Cic. 2. Off.  operibus exornat, & omnia potius quam semet visendum exhibet, non divitias decori sed ipse illis est flagitio: For that person which buildeth a house or town, and garnisheth it with arms, hangings, and other works; making every thing more specious therein than himself, is not honourable in regard of his riches, but merely scandalizeth them, through his own imperfections. Such gains as Usurers, Publicans, and jews of that profession make to live upon by the destruction of others, is most abominable and odious: for so much as it gaineth by coins. Whereas it is evident, that coins were not devised, because they should both beget and bear fruit of themselves, (being a thing hateful and repugnant to nature) but ordained therefore, that other commodities (by means of exchange) should yield us benefit thereby. For Tacitus to prove this, writeth, That the old Germans, when coin was first used amongst them, did only love it for commerce and exchange of merchandise. Etiam quod argentum magis quam aurum sequebantur nulla affectatione 
Cor. Tacit. lib. de moribus German.  animi, sed quianumerus argenteorum facilior usui est promiscua & vilia mercantibus: Even because they did more desire to have silver than gold: not for any vain affectation of their mind, but because the number and value of their silver coins was more fit for their use in buying and selling of diverse cheap things of sundry natures. Semblably, those trades of adulterate merchandise and traffic in buying or selling of wares (which are enriched by perfidious brocage, leasings, and such dishonesties) be very contemptible. Panders likewise and brutish bawds, the ministers of licentious voluptuositie, with mercenary Players, Buffoons, Fiddlers, jugglers, Flatterers, and covening companions, living upon any kind of unlawful and dishonest shifts, by the confusion of ingenuous persons, of a liberal nature, young, and unexperienced in worldly guile, are most loathsome and filthy.  
Let that therefore, which is the fountain and profession of maintenance to them that are householders, be just, honest, and profitable: that which is so gotten also, let it be frugally spent and husbanded, as it is commendably gained: that every man according to his place, apport, and quality, may maintain that decent state, which shall best answer to the glory of his own country, where he breatheth. But if O Domus antiqua might in Cicero's time be spoken of many, when this crooked world was sixteen hundred years and more younger than it is, and not grown to that extreme avarice, unto which all aged creatures of nature, by course more and more incline: what may be said of those pompous buildings at this day, which have chimneys without fires, lodgings without strangers, kitchens without meat, fair hals without that old and comely guard of stout yeomanry, for which England hath been formerly famoused? In choice of a wife (if a man might so have it) this were to be wished, that men towards thirty years of their age join in marriage with some young woman, not much above twenty, both of them equal in substance and birth so near as may be, well brought up in modesty, good huswiferie, prudent, of honest parentage, not disparaging him in any thing, neither proud, nor malicious and froward, but such as may both love him well, and be worthily beloved again; the persons, their state and quality considered: over whom he may not (upon any jealous misconstructions, villainous suspect, or opinionative report of malicious tongues) bear a heavy hand, without certain and manifest appearance of her dishonest carriage: but in all his actions towards her, demean himself honestly, godly, decently, benignly, mildly, being directed by the rule of Christianity, that though he know himself to be the head of that double united body, yet he may so repute and esteem of her, as of that other half of himself, joining with her in equal care and diligence towards the virtuous education and instruction of his children, as he did with her in procreation of them: considering, that education is the first, second, and third part of life; without which according to Philosophy all learning is as it were armed iniquity: the definition of Education is: Liberorum tàm in sanitate totius corporis, quam in singularum partium concinnitate diligens conser●…tio: The parents diligent conservation of their children, both in health of body, and in a general cleanly properness through all parts. And in this sort also Ciantor, the scholar of Xenocrates, hath distributed man's life: the first part to be bestowed in virtuous contemplation and practice; the second, in recreation and exercise for corporal health; the third, for honest pleasures; and the fourth for the just acquisition and collection of treasure. So that the first threescore years have reference to the education, as well for particular as general government (whether Economical or Political) the second provideth in arming himself for death to benefit posterity. The care of a wife is also to join with her husband in provision for her children, that they be furnished with corporal necessaries, answerable to her estate, exercising them in true religion and obedience, disciplining them in arts and trades, according to their natures and capacities, or as his faculties require. He must also keep a just audite of his gettings and expenses, ordering and husbanding his goods with such a provident hand, as that somewhat always (according to the proportion of his living) be with a fatherly foresight reserved each year towards their stock and prosperity to come. Howbeit, if he be noble, or of such worth, as that by the virtues, pains, & worthiness of his antecessors he need not to labour for his living, but hath of his own without industry to supply that charge: then must he so moderate and attemper himself to frugality, that he neither seem prodigal, nor covetous, but liberal and like himself, suiting with his place and condition: If he live by trade, his apprentices must be well used, and diligently taught his science and cunning: if otherwise (keeping and retaining servants for his train and countenance, with workmen which attend his labour for wages) he should see that they be with good respect and answerable to their qualities entertained and kept in their offices, having their wages and hire benignly and carefully paid unto them at times fit and limited, providing that they grow not insolent, contentious, or malicious amongst themselves, but temperate and honest. The respects which ought to be required in a wife, are a diligent and daily care of her house, that she personally look to those household commodities and services herself as is fit: that she behave herself honestly towards her husband: that she be no scold, nor maliciously demean herself: that she teach and instruct her children and women servants in modest conversation, knowledge, and behaviour: that she be not proud, neither sumptuous nor sluttish: which those sweet Oracles of wisdom and Oratory, king Solomon and blessed Paul have divinely and luculently declared, as is read in holy scriptures, That if strength serve, she give suck to her own children herself: for as much as all Philosophers hold it the most natural and best course of nourishing infants: that she teach unto them frugality, reserving and increasing her husband's stock with her own huswiferie. In brief (as Freigius in his Economics noteth) that she be modest, stout, just, and silent.  
In like sort, that children should be brought up in the true knowledge, fear, and worship of God, in obedience, love, and honour, to their parents, in patience of their father's severity: that they be silent without procacitie, when he speaketh: that they be dutiful unto their schoolmasters, and unto those that teach unto them the government of themselves: that they be studious of those arts and professions to which their parents have applied them: that they be taught to loathe pestilent idleness and voluptuositie, being the perdition and confusion of all youth, from the highest to the basest: that they be reverend towards magistrates, and unto their betters: that they be true in word and deed: that they lend dutiful and willing ears unto the words and instructions of men learned, honest, and wise: that they be modest. For in all his Dialogues we find, that Plato with most vehemence and principally doth adhort parents to be careful in education of their children, verily believing, Non posse genus humanum absque gubernataribus vel honestè vivere, vel foeliciter gubernari: That the children of men can neither live honestly together, nor be governed happily without Masters and Rulers. Lastly, the duties required in servants, are subjection, fidelity, promptness, attention, assiduity, with obedience unto their masters frugality, moderation in diet, and apparel, truth in matters concredited unto their truth, patience, and facility: howbeit, I will (as before) refer myself in this true morality unto the spirit of God, speaking in those Economical precepts and commandments, which were delivered by the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul in their Epistles, and by our Saviour Christ himself, in diverse places and parables of his holy Gospel, divinely showing and teaching the duties of fathers, wives, children, husbands, servants, and of all other magistrates in their places by the lore of decency. All which Offices of wives, servants, and children, have reference unto a superior, by which they be secluded from having absolute power over themselves. Such is that divine force of order, and true disposition in all things, which are created of God.  
Whether it be lawful for Christians to retain slaves, to whom the Gospel hath granted liberty: such as in diverse parts of Christendom (under the Pope's Supremacy) be tolerated and used, being in part natural, and partly legal slaves, as you shall find in the imperial institutions, Sub tit. de servis. I refer myself to the learneder opinions of Divines, Canonists, and civil Doctors, which can make a perfect decision of that doubt: but sure am I, that amongst the true professors of Christ's Gospel, servitude is disallowed and abrogated by the general liberty which was granted by Christ jesus to them that believe. Concerning servants by nature, I refer myself to Aristotle. 
Lib. 7. de Rep. cap. 11.   
As every family composed is of several persons, so doth each Commonwealth or city consist of many families. This assembly being thus associated in the tutelage, combination, or communion of one Empire and Law, out of his own proper force can maintain, protect, and govern the state of his affairs by policy, being the third part of prudence: which (as Plutarch defineth in his book of three Commonweals) is that state and order that every city should observe in the rule and government of things. We find in holy Scripture, how God himself ordained this political doctrine and order by his immediate servant and interpreter Moses; proposing an example to posterity, from whence many most behoveful precedents towards the administration of Kingdoms, Estates, and Seignories may be taken: by this is the Prince himself directed, as by some divine cabal, according to his capacity, and to that grace which God hath poured into the hearts of his secret counsel, how to govern all the people of this earth. For even as to the Pilot his course and compass, by which he capeth and wendeth, even as health to the Physician, and victory to the captain: so to the Prince and Magistrate, the blessed and peaceable life of his people and citizens is proposed, that they may grow plentiful in riches, powerful in arms, ample in glory, constant and honest in virtue. Likewise, we find those policies most excellent, which king David, the figure of our Saviour Christ, used: for he did amplify the realm of Israel both by peace and war; adorning it with laws, judgements, treasure, arms, and power, encouraged and advanced the studies of learning, instituted the Levites, Doctors, musicans, and other professors of good arts. This civil prudence doth (as it were) prescribe unto citizens their actions, conversing in the maintenance of civil societies, by the uniformity of religion, universality of justice, and unanimity in virtuous contemplation, and practise; whereby they live together in piety towards God, in honesty one towards another, in prudence and tranquillity respecting their own private and particular estates. Aristotle maketh this difference betwixt the Commonwealth and a private family: That justice (by the distribution of equal measure to poor and rich) is most specious in every Commonwealth: whereas in Oeconomie, the master of each family doth at his own discretion govern and dispose matters, as in the person of a prince over his children, servants, and slaves. According to the general opinion of all good writers, there are six forms of policy: whereof the three good are first placed, and the three bad drawn out of the excess of those best. The first of the good doth consist of the prince his absolute authority over the people in yea and nay: which men call a Monarchy. But of this more at large in other places ensuing.  
Bodin writeth, that there are two sorts of Empire or Sovereignty: unum 
Lib. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  summum; alterum legitimum: illud legibus ac magistratuum imperio solutum, hoc legibus obligatum: summum autem magistratus est proprium, legitimum Maiestatis: The first is highest, freed from the strain of laws, and from any subjection unto magistracy; the second legitimate and obliged unto the laws: but the highest rule is proper to magistrates, and the legitimate peculiar unto Majesty. We must consider also, that the king is not only a parent and author of the laws, but a most studious and diligent conseruator, and steward of justice. For in the Commonwealth a Prince is placed, as upon a stage, whose words and actions the people (under and about him) observe: him if they find just, and of good demeanour (as I touched in the beginning of this book) they will imitate: if insolent and wicked, then will they behave themselves accordingly. Quales enim sunt in Repub. principes tales reliqui solent fieri cives: For such as be the Princes, such are the people in every Commonwealth, saith Plato. Howbeit, kings in respect of their Empire, are superior to the laws & customs of their realms; which they may commute, antiquate, and abrogate as they list, unless such as have voluntarily restrained themselves in some particulars to the consent and suffragation of their Peers and Commons: for so much as kings are the ministers and deputies under God: to and from whom they must yield account, and receive punishment, according to their administration to them committed, if they do abuse the same, or violate their oaths. And all kings for the most part, in causes concerning themselves, will annihilate laws, or remit and mitigate them, as our dread Sovereign Lord hath done in pardoning traitors and nefarious enemies of the State, being convicted. Which counsel he likewise hath given unto that gracious young Prince his son, of so great expectation and wonder, as the 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  world hath not seen his peer in towardness. But just Princes will not commonly commute, annihilate, or qualify those laws, by which their people may be prejudiced: for such Laws and Statutes as concern them, are enacted by their own consents, not by royal prerogative only. The second good State dependeth upon that government, which is referred to a competent number of the wiser noblemen: as if any Prince (being weak of himself) should twelve the whole administration of his State unto the lords and fellows of his counsel: and this is called Aristocracy. Which kind of state we read in holy Scripture to have continued under judges, from Moses unto the days of Eli: under whom the ark of God's covenant was lost, and the political glory lamentably defaced. But as it followeth, my judgement yieldeth to the learneder opinions of others: That there is not any state so laudable and divine in earthly government, as under one, according to that saying of Nestor in Homer: 
Non multos regnare bonum, rex unicus esto.  
unius imperium, cui jupiter aurea magnus  
Sceptra dedit, iussitque suis dare iur a tuendis.   
It is not good, that many kings should rule at once over one people: let there be one king and one kingdom, unto whom the God of might hath delivered the golden sceptre, commanding him to make laws for the preservation and tuition of his people.  
The third good estate of government resteth in the discreet gubernation of the Commons, which is named a Democracie: such as governed Athens in times past, and the like amongst the Cantons of Swizzerland, at this day.  
Those other three remaining, and framed out of the excess or outrage of these other three good states predefined, consist in tyranny, by which the prince, according to lust, and beyond the limits of reason, law, or honesty, cherisheth vicious persons, and by them strengtheneth his own arm against all good people, which live oppressed and tortured under his government. The life of such tyrants is a continual perilous and inward war, because they cannot repute themselves safe either in front, in rear, or on the flanks, they miserably torture themselves with everlasting danger & fear. And those are commonly called Tyranni, qui vi & armis imperium arripiunt: Which with force and in arms bereave others of their Realms and Crowns. Such was Cirus Agathocles, and others infinite, which maintained their spoils and rapine by ravening and spoiling. These are they which despise justice, laws, and equity; these which forsake the Commonwealth to multi●…lie their own private estates; these which vex and oppress their people with grievous and insupportable tributes and exactions, as vassals and slaves, base and abject: those of these conditions may not be called kings, but tyrants and nefarious oppressors: for even as ravenous wolves greedily rush upon the flock, so do they, to dilaniate and devour the people of God. The court of a good king containeth the least part of his riches, and his Commonwealth aboundeth and joyeth in all wealth and worldly felicity. The tyrant hoardeth up the people's treasure, or employeth it to his private use, impoverishing and excoriating the poor subjects. A good king hath a good Angel aiding him in the administration of his estate: a Tyrant is incensed and directed by a most malicious and wicked devil. A good king punisheth the wicked, and preferreth the virtuous; a Tyrant cutteth off the lives of good men, and prolongeth the days of the wicked. A good king thinketh himself most powerful in riches, when his people doth abound in wealth. A tyrant than reputeth himself most rich, when he hath robbed the Commonwealth of all their goods: a good king by the Philosophers is called a shepherd; a tyrant is termed a wolf: finally the good and true king esteemeth much more the life and weal of his people, than his own life. The Tyrant doth not only thirst after the riches and treasure, but even after the blood and lives of his subjects also.  
The second evil part of government is called oligarchy: which is when the Commonwealth or Universality be forcibly yoked under the violent lusts and empire of a few Nobles: as at Rome in the government of the Duumuirate and triumvirate: and in Anarchy, when the people confusedly by libidinous instinct and avaricious desire, make havoc of all under their government; using all kinds of dishonest pleasures and purchase, as a commendable and most needful recreation and profit. For the devil (which is author of confusion and disorder) reigneth in their spirits. Yea, ruinous and most desolate is that Nation like to prove, whose laws are made out of their own lusts and perturbed appetites: Multitudo namque malis artibus imbuta, 
Sallust in Orat. ad Ca Caes.  deinde in arts vitasque varias dispalata; nullo modo inter se congruens, parùm idonea videtur ad capessendam rempublicam. For a multitude which is first disordered and evil affected, and then dispersed into divers professions and fashions of living, discordant within themselves, are not meet to take any charge or tuition of the Commonwealth. For the vulgar are neither wise nor discreet, but rash and violent in all their commotions and passions; especially when they have the reins in their own hands. The violence of which misgovernment caused Demosthenes, a most learned and ever-renowned citizen of Athens, through the perverse and unjust sentence of the barbarous Athenians, being banished (after the loss of his country liberties) to cry forth in the bitterness of his spirit: O Pallas, Pallas, quae tribus infestissimis belluis delectaris, noctua, dracone, & populo: O Pallas, Pallas, which takest pleasure in three most pernicious beasts; in an Owl, in a Dragon, and in the people. Which kind of government is not unproperly compared to the weltering and unconstant billows of the sea.  
The Roman policy, when their kings were abolished, was by the Senate managed a long time. After which the people retaining a democratical state (being attempered with the moderation and authorities royal, and with the Patricians, as appeared in the Consular estate, and in the Senators) did carry with them the fasces and pre-eminence, until the reigns of julius and Augustus Caesar's. So that out of the Sovereign rule of a kingdom, being revived in the Consuls; out of the government Aristocratical, represented by the Senators; and out of the Democracie, manifested in the Plebeian Tribunes, a firm and absolute Commonwealth was fashioned.  
Those Monarchies which are esteemed most perfect and excellent at this day, being established by the Senate or Counsel of most prudent persons, advanced for their true nobility to that place with a kind of consent and approbation of the commons, do moderate, and nobly restrain the prince's force within the limits of his own laws, made and published for the benefit of his people generally: by which means their wealth & peace may be multiplied & conserved; especially when the crown is not bestowed upon any through suffragation (as by bribery, faction, or affection) but by royal right of heritage, to princes next in succession by blood; as it is in this renowned monarchy of Britain under your majesties imperial Sceptre at this day: for every good Commonwealth is under just government with excellent counsel conserved and amplified: neither can it but of force must otherwise be ruined and perish.  
For as much therefore as every Commonwealth consisteth of a multitude (which should live in unity together under one God, one king, and one law) I will speak somewhat of the incorporation and harmonious union of people and nations one within another. So much the rather, because the present state of our monarchy thus confirmed and happily linked in union requireth it; in this semblably with all requisite humiliation, as in all other things, yielding and submitting my judgement to the correction of wisdom.  
The first and best form of government and empire is, where one king moderateth and ruleth all nations under his dominion united, according to the true spirit of virtue, which domination is properly termed by the sages of wisdom a monocracie: for it representeth the perfect ordination of nature, by which every multitude and deformity submitteth itself to some one thing which governeth the same; even as all things movable are reduced unto the first mover or centre from which all Lines, Elements, and Dimensions are derived. For proof hereof Herodian in his history writeth, that Darius upon a consultation, how the Persian state might be best established as a paranymph by the lively force of a most eloquent oration defended the form of a monarchy: which the Persian senate did also with one voice applaud; declaring and proclaiming him their king thereupon. The like part did Mecanas defend against Agrippa before Octavius Caesar, and prevailed: both 
Dion. lib. 52.  their copious and effectual orations are yet extant in Dion Cassius. To confirm this both by divine authorities, and human nature, the blessed Apostle saith, that there is one head, one spirit, one lord. And it is written in the prophet Ezechias, My servant David shall be their king and only shepherd over them all. 
Ephes. 4. cap. 37.  Also we find in the government of nature amongst bees, one chief; one guide amongst crane's; one emperor or king amongst nations, united in obedience to the righteous sceptre of one; and one judge or precedent over every province. When Rome was first builded, it would not endure the government of two brethren equal in empire. And in sacred monuments we find, that jacob, and Esau disagreed in the very womb of Rebecca. unum etenim arbustum non alit duos Erithacoes: One bush will not admit two ruddocks at once 
Genes cap. 25.  upon it. Neither can the Empire or kingdom of any, brook two Phoenixes to live at once. Nature also instructeth and teacheth us how one ocean imboketh many rivers, which as contributaries, subjects, suppliants, and weak ones, have recourse and admittance into the strong bosom of the vast seas.  
In a Monarchy therefore, and in the whole course of every good policy, these three special are most certain, and faithfully to be received. The first is one God; without fellowship in power and virtue, whose sacred jealousy will not admit of any copartner or competitor, according to whose precepts and instructions delivered, as it is written in those holy books to his faithful servants Moses and Aaron, and after to the blessed patriarchs, then to the divine Prophets: and lastly, by the blessed mouth of Christ jesus his son our Saviour unto the sanctified Apostles, without addition, or diminution, our true Religion Catholic, being the virtuous balm of our mortified souls and bodies, wounded with the darts of sin and death, and extracted out of the most precious and inestimable substance of our salvation is immovably grounded.  
The second, one king, who semblably (without any competitor or associate coequal in his authority) doth represent in himself the very person of royal justice, according to that excellent verse of the Poet:  

Nulla fides regni socijs: Omnisque potestas  
Impatiens consorti●… erit.   
There is not any trust to be reposed betwixt fellows in Empire: for each power is impatient of a competitor. The pa●…ts of a true prince (as Plata defineth) is Ex lege & more regere: To rule by law and custom. H●… being thus placed in the throne of royalty, showeth Go●… high favour and dear love to that people, whom he graciously governeth by those wise and godly rulers, which under him sit on the throne of justice: wherein likewise the king showeth his own excellent prudence, that can by good discretion make choice of such excellent magistrates. Hence was it, that Queen Saba did magnify king Solomon above all the kings on earth in these words: Blessed be the Lord thy God, which loved thee, to set thee on the throne of Israel, becaus●…hee loved Israel 
3. reg. ca 10.  for ever, and made thee king●… to do righteousness and equity, etc. In the King therefore is comprehended the power and vigour of those human laws which proceeded from his divine Sapience, answering to the natures of his people and consenting with the time●… necessity: which he stands obliged to protect with the majesty of his state, antiquating such ordinances, as have been formerly thought behoveful, and not presently serving in such needful request as before: for in the Prince, and in his Laws, having entire reference and respect to the true worship and laws of God (which is the principal) all Kingdoms, Nations, and People are preserved, governed, and maintained in glory, wealth, and tranquillity. And hence is it, that the Prophet David saith: Give thy judgements to the King, O God, and thy 
Psal. 72.  ●…teousnesse unto the King's son, that in Righteousness he may judge thy people and the poor in Equitie●…: The mountains and hills shall bring peace to thy people by justice. For which special and singular glits and virtues of Righteousness, Concord, and justice, Kings and Princes were first ordained: whose institution was divine and heau●…nly, and by the most bountiful and gracious ordinance of God, appointed for the weal of his people. Also they that were so chosen in regard of their prudence, humanity, temperance, and other excellent faculties, wherein they surpassed all others, were therefore called to the government of people and nations, by general suffrages and joyful unanimity. Such was the election of Deioces amongst the Medians; of Samothes amongst our ancient Britons, and amongst the Gauls; of Minos in Crete; of Numa Pompilius, the successor of Romulus; who being absent, was chosen king of the Romans, vehemently persuaded and urged to take upon him that Sovereignty, which he most peremptorily refused a long time: for a true king is the vive pattern and Idea of all virtues, reverenced amongst his people, subjects, and vassals, as a god upon earth: whose regal authority being received from the most great and ineffable providence, grace, and secret charter of God, under the blessed seal of his omnipotency, aught by him in all humility to be continually ascribed and reacknowledged to his incomprehensible deity. For God of himself being most wise, most just, and most good, would have a most wise, a most just, and a most good vicegerent to rule his people in all righteousness and equity. Yea, the barbarous rabble did so wonder and adore their first kings in those former ages, that they did fain and comment, how they were not dead, but translated into heaven amongst their profane gods. Many write, that the three special virtues of a king, are Sapience, justice, and Concord, which without doubt are three of the four triumphant wheels of his renowned and everlasting glory: but certain it is, that he which is verily valiant, magnanimous, and industrious, and he that with assiduity, vigilancy, justice, and equity doth well govern his people, committed to his faith and sapience (after the manner of good shepherds which carefully guide and attend their flocks) doth doubtlessly discharge his function by just means well and faithfully. Finally, these three properties are they which sanctify him amongst his subjects, and through the whole world: Clemency, which is the jewel of princes; Mercy the Sunshine of kings; and Lenity being as it were the milk of majesty.  
The third, one people including the Commonwealth, which also should acknowledge one only God and one king, considering the corporeal resemblance which is betwixt him and God; both of them soveraigning over our souls and bodies in ecclesiastical and civil laws: for so much as we be naturally borne under that obedience, as those other two former by their proper power bear domination over the nations of this earth, God having his virtue of himself, infinite, omnipotent, and limitless; the king holding his authority by the deputation, grace, and sufferance of the most high God, as his immediate steward, to direct, and to see them instructed in his holy Scriptures and commandments as also with his own civil and politic sanctions to govern them, that they might live in love, peace, and union together, as one flock, obedient and answering unto the voice of their spiritual and temporal pastors, without wandering or straying from their obedience, like lost sheep, which growing wild, acknowledge not any shepherd. This third estate is divided into the nobler sort, including as well ministers and magistrates immediate and mediate under God, and the king as the commons and folk: out of which are framed all inferior politic corporations, trades, and mysteries, as I partly touched in these Morals before. From those three, the sanctified, reasonable, and absolute bodies of all Commonweals are derived, their souls being drawn from the perfect and authentical religion, delivered and approved in sacred Scriptures; which hold men's hearts in love, fear, worship, and obedience unto God, to their princes, and towards all sorts of people. This soul ought (as I have partly declared in the Morals of my third book) like justice equally to peize itself, without waving either to the right or to the left hand, further than is warranted by the written word, uttered from God's holy spirit by the mouths of all our Patriarches, the Prophets, and Apostles. This is the mightiest and most excellent charge, which rideth upon the wings of every good king's soul, presenting him sanctified and without blemish before the precious throne of God.  
The king governing and preserving in peace and good order those nations and people, which are by God's blessed ordinance laid under his sceptre, is properly called the head of this body, being the noblest member thereof, and placed in the top, containing that rich treasure of all the senses, exterior and interior: as of imagination, understanding, memory, and common sense; whereas all other members, being subject and obedient thereunto, be partakers of touch only. It likewise giveth lively faculties to the whole body, as the Spring head doth to those other rivers which are naturally derived from it. And therefore every body without a head wanteth his life and sense: whereas though it want both legs and arms, it may live and have his being, though lame and miserable. In like sort, all waters not abounding from a Spring, are fens, pools, and marshes, mortified and without motion: whereas if diverse arms and rivers branching from the head, were taken away, yet would a lively faculty remain always in the Spring. And therefore the best Philosophers and Physicians, as Aristotle and Auicenne, accord herein, that all sense and motion beginneth in the brain: which being temperate, maketh a good memory, which is gotten by quietness, by which the memory groweth rich with knowledge. In such similitude and order all the perfect senses and motions of the Commonwealth begin in the prince; who being temperate in himself, shall attain that rich wise memory (which is by the moralists and sage Poets called very properly the mother of their nine Muses) and thereby, like king Solomon, become perfect in all sapience and prudence. This match is made by tranquillity: for so much as the zealous care and study to purchase peace, maketh every king blessed and reverend, and in the presence and sight of God, and of his people. Out of which the glorious renown, honour, and good memory of every virtuous prince groweth famous in the knowledge of all posterity for ever: even as for their golden government, king Solomon, and Octavius Augustus were; whose glory shall endure with this world's memory.  
O what a comfort than may rest with the royal spirits and divine senses 
Encouragement unto peace.  of your mightiness, when all these blessings shall be plentifully poured down from God upon your gracious head with that oil of gladness, and upon the body of your kingdoms, with that Angelical Mánna of spiritual goodness which was proclaimed at the birth of Christ jesus, in the blessed days of Octavian, when all the corners of the earth were in a long and deep silence as after a strong sudden tempest: which excellent food of peace your blessed Majesty hath in your sapience from God preserved with grace and amity to distribute amongst all the nations and princes of Christendom. And 〈◊〉 these you●… majesties heavenly studies and contemplations for the weal and happiness both of your own and of other Christian p●…es; your brethren and their people, are infinite and always waking: so are we with a sacred and ever burning zeal strongly bound from cheerful and frank hearted spirits, cont●…ually to pray for the perpetuitle thereof, with yourself and with your sanctified issue successively, to the joyful time of our spiritual redemption.  
The heart which contain●… that spirit of moving and life, by me formerly compared to the form of government being also the sea●… of sapience and of intelligence, according to the Physical saying, Corsapit: and that of Solomon, Da servo tuo cor intelligens, vt●…sciat discernere bonum à malo: Give unto thy servant an understanding heart, to discern or judge betwixt good and evil: by correspondent faculties governeth next to the head in sense and sympathy: from which (as I said) counsel is derived, and by which all the●…e faculties are grounded in the mind of man, which I may call The immed●… virtue of the sc●…le: upon which man's dignity dependeth, if it be surely fastened in reason, that mind being as Philosophers write, pure, liquid, and divine. Wherefore the heart being the precious casket or receptacle thereof, I do resemble to the body of this secret counsel: for as at the time of conception it is infused, & hath his principal residence in the heart: and with it the sovereign lady, which is the quintessence thereof (being the immortal soul) conjoineth with it in this mortal tabernacle: so doth the form or state of the Common wealth with religion establish themselves by the sapience of this counsel. The members whereof as one heart inseparable should accord in wisdom, consultation, and lively spirit, to advance and put in practise the laws and precepts of God and of the king. Moreover, to that which is meditated and conceived in the head, this heart openeth, not to discover the mind, but upon wise preconsultation and precaution having fi●…t ●…rtely sifted and discussed every matter twice or thrice through the pure searle of reason like gold repurified upon the teste: till which time it doth not commit any thing to the execution of arms, hands, & fingers of the body: the right arm thereof being analogically compared to the magistrates of ●…rie justice; and the left to civil ministers deputed by the king ●…o 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: such as are judges holding the balance of equity: which I 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…to the left arm and other meaner magistrates supplying the place of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And therefore that excellent Law-father saith, that a king is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lege intellectus regitu●…; a corporal god governed by the law 
Baldus in ●…uth.  of understanding. Which understanding (as I said) is contained in the heart.  
Successively the liver, being nurse of that blood, which from thence in great conduits issueth, and is through little veins and pipes decently distributed unto the members of that body, resembleth the prince's treasure. This being bred and nourished in every part (as it correspondently feedeth and nourisheth them again) doth harmoniously keep this politic body lively and in health, each member according to nature, in his several functions imparting comfort to another: as in the prince to retain the tranquillity of his subjects, appeareth by benevolent retribution and dispensation of their subsidies, for their universal prosperity. In this alike as sapience or intelligence governeth in the heart, so doth the love of money in the liver, Cogit enim amare iecur, For the liver procureth love in creatures. And even by how much the more blood increaseth in the body, so much the more lust moveth in the members, which aptly consenteth with that old Poetical proverb, Crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa pecunia crescit: The love of money doth as much increase as the money doth.  
Also the lungs I compare unto laws; because from thence, as Avicen and Hypocrates write, all organs of the voice are drawn, according to the saying, Pulmo loquitur, The liver giveth speech: for the law is not improperly called Oraculum Reipub. lying next unto the liver and heart of the Commonwealth: which ought to be kept incorrupt, because it is so full of pipes, as by the least contageon and putrefaction therein, the same will infect & endanger the whole body: and when those pipes are stopped, the spirit of life & moving is extinct, so that the body perisheth. Semblably, when the voice of the Commonwealth and legal proceedings are stopped, which I resemble unto those pipes: the form of policy (being also compared to the life of a kingdom) by that default is defaced, the whole body's ruin ensuing thereupon. And hence are those reverend judges which interpret those laws called Prudent's and Sages, whose sentences have formerly retained the same force that laws ratified, as is noted in the beginning of my third book. The head, which is the rich treasure-house of these laws being resembled unto the prince purely and precisely, distributeth and interpreteth all difficulties, according to the direction of God's blessed grace and divine spirit, which worketh in his conscience, guiding him in the way of truth with all innocency and sincerity: so that he will not suffer any thing to proceed from his judgement and heart, in counterfeisance or any verbal formality to blind and deceive the simpler sort, & to satisfy the present impositions of his own appetite, as that wicked Florentine secretary did advise princes: but it must proceed from a sincere and just heart, which is liberal of the knowledge of equity, with which God hath enriched his heart, for the weal of his people, according to Architas the Pythagorean: Bonum non sempèr 
Lib. de morum doct.  beatunest, quando quidem non in possessione virtutis, verum in usu beatitudo cernitur, etc. That which is good attaineth not a blessed end always, because beatitude is not discerned in him which hath the possession of virtue, but in him which practiseth it: Like him that hath not power to see in utter darkness.  
Out of that head, this heart, that liver, and these lungs, are composed those liberal Artists and Philosophers, which in and by them are cherished in every politic body, such as are instructed in Schools, Colleges, and Academies.  
The loins and thighs I resemble not unfitly to the true Nobility; upon whom for their virtues merely such honours are by the prince divolued: fortifying and ennobling every kingdom with their monuments and posterity: according to the precise estimate and attribute of true honour, which is (as it were) a due reverence bestowed upon persons in testimonial of their virtue, or an external token of the Princes, or of the people's good opinion of him that is honoured: being Essential and Subiective, in respect of the person which imparteth honour; Material and Obiective, regarding him that receiveth honour.  
The ribs, bulk, and other base entrails may be likened to the folk and meaner yeomanry, which guard and empale those estates, being called the body, which according to Philosophy (being composed of that earthly kind of beginnings) serveth as a certain vessel or receptacle of the mind: or rather more properly the prison or sepulchre of those other excellent mental perfections, which contaminate and infect them with a gross contageon, darkening, or obumbrating those intellectual faculties with perturbations and deformities. Such are those that acknowledge no laws nor order.  
Lastly, the two legs which support the whole substance of all this little world, are honest merchandise, and tillage, or husbandry. Merchandise consisteth in honest traffic, and barter, in exchange, in exportation, and importation of lawful goods, from and to places, lawful and authorized by the commerce and intercourse of Nations, in league confederated with them, and by permission of their prince: which kind of mercature is fitly likened to the leg, because it is exercised in travel and service of the body to bring in that good, which may supply towards the general benefit thereof. Hence was it, that the Philosophical Poets feigned Mercurius with wings at his feet, whom they term the God of guile and merchandise.  
There are three kinds of commerce: Mercature, Usury, and Mercenary mysteries: the noblest of which is Mercature. Of Vsur●…e, I have heretofore and shall hereafter (as occasion offereth) speak more largely: the Mercenary trades are such unliberall and slovenly crafts, as merely consist in the bare works and labour of the body, according to Aristotle. Poor merchants 
In 〈◊〉.  in every State are dishonourable, no more fashioning out a good Commonwealth, than a small weak leg graceth a great body. And therefore Cicero saith: Mercatura si tenuis sordida putanda est, si magna & copiosa multa 
Off. 1.  undiquè apportans, multisque sine vanitate impertiens; ac etiam si satiata questu, vel contenta potius, videtur iure optimo posse laudari: Mercature being poor is odious; being great and copious (trafficking and bringing in commodities with and from many nations, and imparting again to diverse countries many benefits with good discretion, and also when it is satisfied or contented rather with reasonable gains) is very lawful and laudable. And therefore in regard of their huge wealth and great intercourse with other nations of the world, the State of Venice (which principally consisteth of Mercature) is accounted noble and very honourable as Bartholomeus Caepola writeth, and 
in 18. opin.  without all doubt, if it be not insatiate, mercature is the surest leg of a Commonwealth, specially to Maritime nations, islands, and free cities: such as this kingdom of ours, and that one very rich state of Venice; at this day being in comparison of others such a concised signory: and therefore one Lacon answered a vainglorious merchant which boasted in his many ships sent out to divers coasts of the world for choice of sundry commodities very wisely thus. Finis est lucro praescribendus propter varios fortunae event us. Merchant's must limit a term to lucre; because fortune is variable, least in a moment they lose that gain for which all their life time they laboured: and so be driven into that infamous disease upon the very desperate conceit thereof, which the Romans called in their laws Decoction, although through any misbehaviour or misgovernment in themselves they do not deserve the report thereof. With which bankrupt malady Cicero bitterly snuffled Marcus Antonius in these words. Tenesne memoriate pratextatum decoxisse? Patris (inquies) ista culpa est: etenim est pietatis plena ista defensio: illud tamen audaciae tuae, quod sedisti in quatuordecen ordinibus cum esset lege Roscia decoctoribus certus locus constitutus: 
Phillippic. 2.  quamuis qui fortunae vitio non suo decoxissent. Remember'st thou, that being in thy robes of honour and magistracy, thou didst deceive thy creditors, percase thou wilt reply that it was thy father's fault, and in that excuse forsooth thou shalt show great piety: but was it not audaciously done of thee, to take thy place amongst the fourteen orders of state, whereas by the law Roscia there is a certain place limited to bankrupt persons: albeit they did break by some accidental misadventure otherwise, and not by their own negligence or vice?  
And herein appeareth how vile and odious this was amongst the Romans, insomuch as if a gentleman which had dealt with merchants in their stock or cash, and broke in credit or promise, the merchants did presently protest against his credit, and proclaim him, fallen into the shame of Decoction, 
In rubric. cap. negotiatores ne militent. & ulpian lib. 3. fforum decrimine stellionatu●…. Cap. 38.  of which Lucas de Penna. But (that merchandise or mercature is a principal and most needful state in all cities and policies) it appeareth as well by continual proof, as amongst other trades mentioned in the wisdom of jesus the son of Syrach, Also Plato in institutione reipub. writeth how merchants and agents in traffic are most behoveful in every good city. The difference betwixt them according to the legists, is that a negotiatour or agent is he that buyeth commodities, selling them again without alteration of their property: such are they which transport and batter for tin, copper, iron, raw silks, wool, or woollen-clothes; with such like which they sell again in the same nature. Those are properly called merchants which buy these commodities, selling them altered into certain instruments, or implements: as ordinance, bells, vessels, stuffs of silk, clothes, and garments; with other ingenuous 
●…tol. & Ale●…ander in apostle.  needements for use of people; by their mechanical trades learned, taught, and allowed by the wardens and masters of those trades and mysteries in the places where they reside or dwell.  
Husbandry being that other support or tressle of this politic body (which consisteth of pasturage or tillage) may be worthily thought the right leg: and therefore according to the proverb I should have set forth the right leg first. Howbeit there is not any great difference, yet Cicero specially commendeth this exercise both in his book of old age; and in his first of Offices, saying, that it is the fruitfullest and sweetest of all temporal labours which yield benefit, and best befitting an honest man. And likewise to Pomponius Atticus. Nihil ad sapientis vitam agrieultur aproximè videtur accedere, habet enim rationem cum terra quae nunquam recusat imperium; nec unquam sine usura reddit quod accipit. I will not stand upon this being so much writ upon, and known: only that honour and reputation (which was anciently given unto it) is notable. For foam Roman Emperors with their victorious hands, did hold the plough; did cast corn into the ground, did plant, and did measure land with as great observation and intention, as they would in time of war busy themselves in limiting, squaring, fashioning, and quartering their battles and armies: exercising with as much industry and pleasure, the spade and mattock, as in heat of youth, their swords and lances. Such were Cincinnatus, Serranus, Portius Cato. Also the Fabiuses, Lentuli, Cicerones which had their names of pease, of beans, and pulse in sowing of which grain, each of them or their ancestors had exceeding knowledge: albeit, most renowned warriors. Cicero likewise writeth of Martinius Dentatus, who did triumph over the Sabians and Samnites, and yet contented himself with a little land, and some few cattle. Gaudenti terra vomere laureato, & triumphali aratore. The land rejoicing in a laureate plough, and in a ploughman which had borne triumph from the wars. Semblably we read that Deiotarus king of Armenia was a most diligent husbandman, and Xenophon observeth in the life of Cirus, how painful he was in tillage and rustical labour. For it is manifest that out of such folk very strong and apt soldiers are chosen and enabled for the wars, because through laborious exercise, their bodies are better knit and confirmed in health and strength, than either merchants or artificers which dwell in the walled towns. And hence was it that the Romans erected without the city, those temples to their saint of Medicine Esculapius, constantly believing and meaning that villagers were in better health than citizens; or such as inhabited walled towns. They which have written of the dignities of agriculture and husbandry were Chares, Parius, Hesiodus, Apoll●…dorus, and Lemnius in the Greek language, amongst the Latins, Cato, Varro, Columella, Virgillius, etc.  
And in this order according to my weak invention and judgement have I fashioned, and appropriated the politic parts and members of a Commonwealth: having also given soul and life unto it. Now for as much as it behoveth needfully, that these members under one head, and of one body, should harmoniously converse and consent in love and sympathy (which nature teacheth in our own bodies, by the compassion and succour that one member hath of and in another; by supplying health to the common defects; and mutually mitigating the maladies in themselves, with a kind of reciprocal toleration, passion and consent indifferently) I will speak somewhat of that unity which God out of his infinite benignity offereth and teacheth unto us of this nation, so coupled and aduned under your highnesses sanctified sceptre.  
The laws of nature as I said teach us how pleasant and consonant it is with the spirit of life, that all members accord in affection and mutual aid one towards another. Since therefore it hath pleased the true wisdom and omnipotent grace of God, to make of these two kingdoms one body under one head: meseemeth it should not stick in any man's opinion, how the same can any way prove unfit or unprofitable. Which diverse, more upon perverse opinion, than any reasonable consideration, impudently seem to believe. But the wiser sort (which though fewest in number, are soundest in judgement) perfectly know the contrary. In magna namquè repub. multa & varia ingenia sunt: For the wits of people in a great Commonwealth be variable and many: Yea, such as are of repugnant opinions: considering therefore, that by nature every body hath one head only; like one root, from which many branches united in one tree, do spring (if it be not a monstrous body) so semblably should each head have but one body: for how deformed and horrible were it in the sight of nature, that one head should have two bodies: especially, whereas they be knit by nature from the beginning, as these kingdoms both in one root, being all members of one body, from the first united, then severed again by the great and most mystical providence of Almighty God, and now reunited in your majesties blessed government, for the accomplishment of God's unrevealeable, and incomprehensible judgement? Since therefore we draw together in one yoke, we may not separate by dissent, some with their stiff necks behind, and others with their obedient heads before: for oxen yoked in such sort, can never till the land, nor tread out the corn, but leave it barren, and out of order. For it is impossible, that the labour should succeed well, when some kick with their heels, when they should have drawn with their heads, making a distraction so much more violent through their disobedience, by how much more force there is in them that are so distracted: and from hence breaketh out the ruin and confusion of all good government and policy: which answereth to the saying of our Saviour Christ, Omne regnum in se divisum desolabitur: Every kingdom divided in itself becometh desolate. And if this should happen, against which all good men should make their deprecations, that God might avert the calamity, which would impend it. Doubtlessly, the same cannot but proceed from our own malevolence, and perverse distortion, according to that true saying of Sallust: Vbi boni mores, nunquam discordia nec avaritia: ubi avaritia, nunquam boni mores nec vera concordia, etc. Where good manners, and honest fashions are used, neither can discord nor avarice be found: but where avarice reigneth, you shall never find good manners, nor true charity. And therefore let us watch and pray, that we fall not into discord at any time after this our blessed union, composed by that sacred and most charitable hand of our liege sovereign, least by those disastrous means we become fearful of those nations, whom otherwise we may retain in due fear of us.  
Turn we therefore with joyful unanimity one towards another, and let us which have received much light and true glory from so gracious & powerful a king, detest all malicious factions and distractions; which assuredly break out of minds and spirits bare of honour, and abject unto themselves in all unworthiness; which are persuaded, that avarice and ambition are the truest dignities in man, more than all his other mental and intellectual faculties. Firmanda sunt igitur concordiae vincula, & discordiae mala expellenda: Let us 
Orat. ad Caes. de R●…p. Ordinand.  therefore make strong the bonds of our concord, and expel the mischiefs of discord.  
For it hath been our ancient honour and the Britain glory, recorded of this Nation by Cornelius Tacitus: Commune periculum concordia propulsandum cognovere Britanni, in vit. jul. Agricolae. The Britons by their mutual and intestine concord knew well how to repel all common dangers to themselves. Unite we therefore cheerfully: for according to Socrates, this union of a Commonwealth is the very work and scope of friendship: and such as are true friends, Ettam ●…b vehementiam amoris cupiunt connasci, & unum ex duobus fieri: Desire even in the vehement heat of their love to be borne together again, and one entire to be made out of two bodies. Which union or communion of the laws and liberties, with other emoluments, answerable to the rule of need and decency, is confirmed by discipline, and discipline comprehended in the Laws, and in Philosophy.  
When England and Scotland were separated, yet were they brethren: for in one Proverb they did consent, That England was the elder, and Scotland the younger brother. And of late years their accord was so natural, prognosticating this indissoluble union, that to the breake-necke spite of our enemies, our late peace of England's dancing in spiritual consolation, fed upon that counsel which the divine Psalmist uttered, Ecce quam bonum & quam jucundum est fratres habit are in unum. And in the days of our fathers, when any jars happened betwixt us, they were such cavils or emulations rather, as commonly fall amongst brethren: which though they be much violent for the time, yet they continue but a little time: and now the title of brethren is gone, in respect of the body politic, for we be much nearer than before. Hengist hath married with Scota, even as Henry your majesties royal father, the son of L. Matthew Stuarte, and of Lady Margaret, who married with your mother Mary (daughter to king james the fourth, and to the Duchess of Longueville) after the death of her first husband king Francis the second, grandchild by the first ventre unto that good prince of renowned memory, king Henry the seventh, as your Highness' father was by the second venture: so that it may most fitly be said concerning that blessed conjunction of those two fair and peaceable planets. Nuper ex atrocissimis bellorum civilium vulneribus paulispèr respirantem amplexi sunt libertatem huius insulae, jacobus quartus & Margareta Scotorum coniugio sociati, etc. Out of the late most bitter wounds of civil wars, james the fourth and Margaret (being knit in wedlock together) have embraced the liberties of this Island, even when it began to faint and draw a weak breath.  
This happy marriage of those two benevolent planets portendeth the weal of Christendom: for in it by a double union twice united in blood: once by the sacred union of the two royal families of York and Lancaster, and after by that second union in marriage, of a daughter and a son; that a mother, and this a father, both of them out of the bodies of king Henry and Queen Elizabeth, is this match made betwixt Hengist and Scota, more firm than ever at the first, when Brutus reigned over them, before their separation in the persons of Locryn and Albanact: jam non sunt duo, sed caro una. Which sacred circumscription was figured and stamped in a piece of coin of your late royal parents, upon their union, figuratively presaging this union also.  
Since therefore these nations thus coupled in one body, be both of them knit up in your majesties royal person and posterity, there is not any doubt, but that they will live, love, and accord in sincere unity together, perfecting and accomplishing that general peace of conscience, which was begun and yet continued from the first of your majesties late dearest sister her beginning in reign, even to this instant, of your gracious government: your Highness representing the person of this ancient Britain, comprehending the new spouse Scotland within your princely body (though your royal residence be kept with us, as in the bridegrooms chamber) hath that ubiquity by God granted you, touching the civil supremacy which his omnipotency retaineth over all creatures. For though your Grace (being head) do not really touch certain parts of your Commonwealths body, yet that power and virtue which is contained in your heart, liver, and lungs, doth govern and moderate in those places, by direction of that head, which commandeth and predominateth all the members: insomuch, as they need not say, that the bridegroom is taken from them, and that they shall fast, because they converse with him in power, feasting with us under his goodness: for we be children of the bride-chamber all alike. And it is not to be doubted, but that this new bride will declare her true love and loyal demeanour towards her husband, whatsoever seditious or malcontented spirits mistrust or misconstrue: for she is from the first bud of her youth acquainted with her husband, having a perfect and infallible notice by long trial, and hath sincerely plighted her faith. What is he then worthy, that would in the root of all bitterness sever the bark from the tree by nefarious breach of this blessed union, that I may speak vulgarly, sowing the seed of dissension of intestine garboil and burlyment amongst ancient brethren, by making the peaceable members of one body to rebel against themselves, and against the will of God? Let them that have scarcely sucked so much as of the vile dregs of nature judge hereof. For if two weak ones united make a competent strength, then certainly, two nations so combined and of such force, being several, (such as have borne battle, and confounded the puissantest princes of Christendom) may very well grow most mighty by their united force: whereas if they should not now confirm themselves in unfeigned amity, which God hath commanded, it must necessarily follow, that it had been a million fold better for them, that they never had knit in that nuptial band together: for than will they both of them lose their own forces, in mutual resistance opening their glories to the spoil of base and despised enemies. We now stand one in more need of another, than ever we did before, if we consider it, and only because we have incorporated our hearts, laws, and obediences together under one God and one King, which hath not been of so many hundred years past. Nam utrumque per se indigens, alterum alterius auxilio indiget: For both of them being single, and standing in some need of succour, may stand one the other in steed with their own succours. This if we ponder with frank and honourable accord, and shall joyfully rouse up and unite our noble spirits, together with all heroical obedience and true magnanimity, under our dread Sovereign, for him against his enemies, as we have already done our kingdoms: for if we will endeavour and accommodate ourselves but to this our blessing of unity, which every vain fool (unless the false tempter bewitch him) will apprehend with all comfort, proffered from so sweet, good, and gracious hands of the Lord of our hosts: then Neque orbis 
Sal. ad C●…s. de R●…p. Ordinand.  terrarum, neque cunctae gentes conglobatae movere aut contundere queant hoc imperium: Neither the whole world, nor all the nations and people of this earth, assembled in hostile troops, shall have power to shiver or batter down this our Empire.  
Hereof let us prudently consider, being a matter of such high consequence: for no man's imagination, apprehension, precaution, or providence can be so strong in this case, as is requisite; Nam de futuro nemo omnium satis callidus prudensque est. Let us therefore prudently consider, and it shall appear, how both these kingdoms (which were so long severed heretofore) have been from the first remembrance which is remaining of this Island, since it was first inhabited by Brutus, (who shared it amongst his sons) and after him long and many times made one body: and how standeth then the present state of them in comparison? Even as one ancient tree lopped off from the bowl: wherein by process of time, divers old Danish, Saxon, and French graffs have been planted, which take their virtue from the root of that ancient Britain stock, including England, Scotland, and Wales, by times continuance reincorporate, and flourishing out again in one fruitful tree. So that in the persons of your Grace, and of your sweet spouse (in whom the fruits of all these nations now prosper) these several plants graciously sprout out on high, like the sweet Cedars in Salomon's forests: which shortly by transportation or inoculation of their sprigs into other kingdoms, may bear rule and pre-eminence in all the goodliest gardens of the world. Neither can any difference be found in a well seasoned palate, betwixt that taste which the fruits of these graffs yield, saving in a little relish, which I compare to the dialect of their languages, not differing at all, if you suit them with that old Britain tongue of Wales; which notwithstanding hath continued faithful so many years under the Crown of England. Since therefore the wall (that divided these two princely chambers, so nearly conjoined before) is now taken away, and that one majestical lodging is made of them both, where the bride and bridegroom do lovingly repose themselves together: there is great cause why we should call upon the daughters of Zion, (which are meant by the faithful, and well affected, in Salomon's Canticles) saying with cheerful hearts: Behold King Solomon, with the crown where 
Cantic. cap 3.  with his mother crowned him in the day of his marriage, and in the day of the gladness of his heart. For though the bride be black (as her name importeth) like 
Sco●…os.  king Salomon's beloved, yet is she amiable, and full of comeliness, her riches is in concealed treasure, and her beauty glistereth within; which shortly to the comfort of them both (through the great grace and goodness of God, is like with glory to be discovered into Christendom. Besides, what a rich dower was legacied to these happily coupled nations by God himself, even in that fair and bright cincture of strength and peace, the true Cestus, or love-girdle, which encloseth them both: wherein by the omnipotent great workman (as the sacred Psalmist saith) innumerable things creeping are wrought, both small and great: in which are placed multitudes of ships militant and merchant, that (like so many precious stones of special virtue) decore and garnish the same: some having the power attractive to draw benefits and commodities unto them from all foreign parts of the world: others distributive, which impart with a reciprocal benignity, the fruits and blessings of this Island: divers defensative, in the good cause of their friends and colleagues, which confeathered together, as feathers all of one wing, join in one fleet against those ravenous vultures, which would tyrannize over them: many that have a force repercussive, which flaming like rocks of carbuncles (even as in the violent eruptions of Veswius or Aetna) foulder and evomite the cannon stones of their indignation and vengeance upon those tyrannous adversaries, and assailants of their liberties; the dreadful smoke whereof, doth yet in some Castilian stomachs taste unsavorly. This girdle beautifully compasseth our royal bridegroom and his bride, whose most beautiful united body giveth grace to this girdle, left as a pledge of this union, wherein all Christian princes are made happy: so that the time may shortly come, when upon the coast of this blessed Island many potentates shall strike their top gallants, beckoning and bowing down with their plumes of glory, like homagiers to the Britain sceptre: So that they which repine at this association or combination, may (when malice is vanquished) hereafter with glory magnify that which they contemptuously despised before: so that as Sallust writeth; 
●…ell. jugurth.  Quod difficilimum est inter mortales gloria invidiam vincemus, si concords & unanimes fuerimus: That which is not easily seen amongst mortal men, our glory shall triumph over envy, if we concord, and unite together. For neither strength in battles, nor huge heaps of treasure, can verily support and maintain the states of kingdoms; but friends and faithful countrymen, whom neither arms can compel, nor any gold conciliate, faith alone shall retain them in duty, conquering and possessing their hearts assuredly. For who can or should be more loving than one brother towards another? Or shall we presume, that strangers will be faithful towards us, when we break forth in hostile variance amongst ourselves? A firm state and everlasting Monarchy was brought unto us by that justice, which our right royal liege Lord brought with him out of Scotland into this Realm: if we can be benign, meek, gracious, and affectionate one towards another. But if in contrary, what man is he that can express our future desolation and calamity. For even as king Mysipsa dying, spoke to jugurth his unnaturally fostered son on the behalf of his own natural children, Adherball and Hyempsall (whose honours and inheritance he most ingrateful tyrannously did usurp) Concordiaparu●…rescrescunt, etc. Small matters are increased by concord. But hereof we need not (under the protection of God) make doubt: for that which is a most comfortable assurance to the people of this Nation, the knot which our Sovereign hath already knit, is like to prove indissoluble. For the spouse hath in the body of Queen Anne, that comely turtledove of Denmark, long since brought forth unto the blessed bridegroom diverse right royal branches of this united kingdom: which serve as faithful pledges and witnesses of their inviolable love and unity. Nay, she hath sealed it upon the lips of her husband with a kiss, which kiss can never be forgotten. She hath kissed his lips already; from thence hath she sucked honey and my●…rhe, proclaiming, that her beloved is hers and she his. She shall therefore like a new wedded spouse, forget her father's house and name, and be called after 
Psal. 45.  her husband: who, because he will have a parity correspondent in all meekness, ass●…eth to himself the name of Brutus, from whom as from their great grandsire, both Hengist and Scota were delined. This ancient name is the true name, and the nobler title, because it is more ample; and yet a new name, and of late: for what is it in the course of Nature, Which is, and hath not been, or hath not been, and shall be? As Solomon in that sense so sagely sentenced: for one generation passeth, and another cometh. The righteousness hereof shall break forth as a light, and the salvation which cometh thereof, as a burning lamp. And as the Prophet Esay divining of our Saviour said: so may we not improperly apply the same to your Highness, being not his steward only, but the constant and faithful champion and defender of his Gospel: The 
Es●… 62.  Gentiles shall see thy righteousness, and all kings thy glory: and thou shalt be called by a new name, which the mouth of the Lord shall name thee: thou shalt also be a crown of glory in the hand of the Lord, and a royal diadem in the hand of thy God. And unto Scota thus much for her comfort: She shall be no more forsaken: neither shall it be said any more to that land desolate, but thou shalt be called Hephzibah, and thy lands Beulah, for the Lord delighteth in thee, and thy land shall have a husband: for as a young man marrieth a virgin, so shall thy sons marry with thee: and as a bridegroom is glad of his bride, so shall thy God rejoice in thee, etc.  
This is that blessing which hath been so long predivined and promised: so that our ancestors in many forepassed ages have heartily longed to see the same, but could not. Let us therefore, which have gotten this jewel, highly rate and esteem it: and as we wish for the continuance of that peace which dependeth thereupon, so let us embrace and defend the same: lest the proverb be verified amongst us, with our calamity, That Envy succeed our first glory: that we make not foes of our fellows, and fellows of our foes. Accord we therefore with joyful endeavours in unanimity, because peace and friendship cannot possibly reign together in people of diverse and variable minds. Let us esteem ourselves all alike in liberti●…, without ambitious crowding or thronging in for priority; ascribing all earthly power and pre-eminence to the Sovereign of our nation, and living togeher as men commorant in one family, Qui eodem igne & fumo utuntur, etc. Let us like those ancient noble Romans dilate and propagate our honours by sociable amity, rather than to repine at any just and profitable equality, to the pernicious confusion and ruin of our estates in general. Thus shall we stirie up our discont●…nted spirits, if in us any such wild●…e of ambition reign, to maintain, to protect, and to glorify those liberties which we possess: and by these means shall no foreign enemies dare to complain or repine against any thing in us, but of our greatness and amplitude. By these means shall good fashions be followed, civil and martial exercises embraced and practised, concord and firm amity shall be confirmed and increased inviolably both amongst ourselves, our old friends, and new confederates. This if we shall presently ponder and put in practice with the true vigour of our virtues, then shall we not have cause to curse our own imaginations and foresights, like foolish pilots, which when a tempest is apparent and already begun, lamentably threaten, and (as it were) aftertell of the calamity, setting men to work, when all human hopes are past: or like to the imprudent governors of cities, which when the first seditious sparks are kindled, and break forth to the ruin of their states, (which otherwise might have been antiverted by their precaution) spend the remnant of their time of succour in wailing and weeping. But if my zeal carry me too far, to make a question of that which many peradventure wise do think needless and impertinent, I crave pardon, assuring myself, that the devil, being confusion himself, will be very busy to make a disorder amongst the people of God, that he might supplant the root of our true Christian glory. Since therefore the blessed time of our union is accomplished and perfected, we shall not need to doubt, but that this our bride and bridegroom shall flourish like a garden enclosed, and abound in precious virtue like a spring and fountain of happiness, which is sealed up. Neither is it to be doubted or imagined, which 
Cantic. 〈◊〉  some frivolous opinions have cast out, that it cannot long and easily brook your majesties absence: as if according to the vulgar proverb, the chief person of majesty being out of sight, should be banished out of her loyal mind also: for (as I said) they might know, how the divine spirit doth not call kings by the name of gods in vain: for so much as this royal ubiquity disperseth their sovereign power, laws, and authority through all the parts of this world. For we know, that France, which is much larger, had not many ages past divers great and free principalities contained within her bounders: which by match and union, as this of ours is, and through the disobedience of some ambitious princes, are now firm and annexed as parts and members of that crown; such as were Normandy, little Britain, Aquitaine, Orleans, and others: and likewise in the kingdom of Spain; where at one time Arragon, Castille, Granada, Corduba, Gallicia, Andelosia, being all of them little kingdoms, were severally governed, and Portugal also lately knit unto king Philip's Crown. All which principalities and provinces are governed in peace by Precedents and Counsels established in them. There seemeth then no reason to the contrary, why Scotland should not contain itself, and continue loyal, shadowed under the royal curtain of your gracious authority by that sapience, which in your divine policy is and shall be dispersed amongst them. For they cannot be such impious, barbarous, and unthankful creatures, as to forget their faith and allegiance unto him, that from his cradle was and is so dearly affied in them, and which hath since the first spiracle of his reason expressed such mildness, and governed amongst them with such moderation & benignity. Moreover, the nobles and gentlemen of that nation are in this age by the marvelous beneficence of God and Nature, morethan ever, ingenuous, liberal, honourable, and for the most part virtuously affected, desirous to learn knowledge & good fashion; which oftentimes I did observe in the conditions of them for the most part: insomuch as it is a wonder, that a region, which was sometimes held and reported to be rude and barbarous, could afford so many civil and gallant spirits: which last good and honourable inclination is generally seen in the most of them, being a special branch of temperance, drawn from modesty, noted by the Philosophers, and touched in the Morals of my first book.  
Shall any man then amongst the people of your majesties Nations be so stubborn, as to withstand this divine ordinance, or so proud amongst the seditious, that dare appeal from this so charitable and peaceable decree? For beside, that royal Majesty shall discountenance him, the very Cannon of those civil laws which are approved & established throughout all Christendom universally, shall utterly condemn them by that prerogative which is granted to your Highness in these words: Rex Angliae est monarcha in suo regno, à cuius 
fforumde Off. prat. lib. primus, prout Baldus in cap secundo, cum venissent, etc.  sententia non appellatur, quia praefectus multorum pralatorum est sui regni. Much more privilege than is included in your Highness, in whom is justly planted the sovereign right and inheritance of both these kingdoms, now made one Nation.  
Since therefore this head including your regal grace, being prudently busied in continual contemplation, premeditation, & conference of things past, present, and to come, (which are noted to be the very faculties of prudence) doth with a zealous and pastoral care tender unto the heart, being the jewel-house of understanding and sapience, the weal of this political body, which it by mature deliberation disgesteth for the chief good thereof: even as the liver with blood, the vocal organs and arm of justice by pronunciation and distribution of the laws, and every part in his particular function is aiding towards the preservation hereof in health and tranquillity: so should this head, with all these mental faculties, and that body with all his members conjointly labour above all things to preserve the soul pure and blemishlesse: for only by that grace the countenance (which is the exterior pulchritude of this head) is made cheerful, as saith Solomon: by this the heart receiveth vigour and courage, the liver a long life; the lights, which are indeed the very lights of this politic body receive illumination and power: for out of the mouths of very babes and sucklings the strength thereof shall be delivered, as it was by little Daniel. By this the hands are made strong, and the fingers ●…ght to break a bow of steel: this covereth the body with fatness, girdeth the loins with gladness, and poureth marrow into the bones: lastly, this maketh the feet of that body like Heart's feet, swift and lively, for transportation and invection of all commodities and earthly blessings, making the whole body strong and lusty, like an Eagle. This is the consummation and perfection of all the first and last of God's blessings in every kingdom, to preserve the soul, being the true religion, spotless, and without schisms or heresies, so near as the prince's wisdom can. Which your sacred Majesty, to the most high pleasure of God, to the Commonweal of his Church, and to the unspeakable comfort of your people, have done in your royal edicts and provisions against the Papists and Puritans within your realms and dominions. Without this zeal and studious worship of God, we well know, that all the mental faculties, which are guided by the light of natural reason (with all the virtues intellectual) and spirit of living, are all of them mortified in man. And therefore your majesties sanctity and piety shineth amongst the members of this body, which are set to continual care and diligence, how to keep a clean soul within a sound body, against the time when our anointed Saviour and shepherd shall call the kings of this earth (which are his Officers under him) to bring in their flocks, then in the first rank shall your Grace (being one of his best stewards) deliver up out of your two fair sheepefolds, Britain, and Ireland, the fairest and goodliest troop in obedience and number, with clear white fleeces of pure wool, sound and entire, before the blessed Lamb immaculate, that your Highness may with them receive the wages of eternal life before the most high and everliving God: which great audite, how soon it will be summoned, and how sudden (since it is hidden in that unrevealeable book of God's incomprehensible mysteries from human knowledge) it behoveth all princes, that they have their accounts ready, lest they being taken unprovided, be cast out with the wicked and reprobate shepherds of Israel.  
Since therefore God hath prevented your Grace with the blessings of goodness, and hath set a crown of pure gold upon your head: since he hath granted unto you long life even for ever and ever: since your honour 
Psal. 21.  is in his salvation only: since this worship and glory is imposed upon your Highness: since he hath given you everlasting felicity, and made you glad with the joy of his countenance, because your Grace his anointed did put your whole confidence in him: Certain it is which he promised by the spirit of his kingly Prophet, That his boundless mercy shall not suffer you to miscarry: even when so many shepherds of his people shall be consumed in your sight by the spirit of his nostrils, vanishing like smoke out of the presence of his justice, the angels of God's sword and indignation scattering them: and in all diligent observation of wise men, which by the computation of times and conference of prophecies, as well those that were first delivered from the spirit of God in the patriarchs and holy Prophets, as by the divination of our Saviour jesus Christ himself in the Gospels, and in all human ●…dence and Mathematical judgements of Philosophers, by the course and motions of nature, it is apparent, that this world gaspeth and languisheth as being ready to be dissolved, and as I may fitly compare it in the taste of a sapient palate to Vinum fugiens, which is already spent unto the lees. Since therefore your most royal Majesty reviveth in your own person and posterity this old Britain league as a second Cadwallader, but doubtless under the joyful and propitious comfort of the Gospel like to be most fortunate in your domination, unlike to the first Cadwallader, who was the last and unfortunate king of great Britain, that reigned before your Highness, and fled from the wrathful countenance of God's devouring Angel, which then with plague and pestilence unpeopled this land. What more happiness can we wish or meditate upon in this mortal life, than after the time of our corruption and sinful servitude to be joined all in one flock under Christ jesus, even as in this life we live and breath together, after that happiness under the blessed pasturage of our anointed shepherd under God. Doubtlessly were it not a vain prophecy (me seemeth) that should be performed in your Grace, which was long-since presaged of Artery, king of the great and less Britain, who was a most zealous captain in the cause of Christ, that a little while before the consummation of the world he should come again, perfecting all that goodness to the Christian Church, which by his taking away was then newly begun. What is he that shall in these later times sack these proud walls of Antichrist? Shall not he first arise out of the North? Certain it is, that if any shall demolish that proud tower of Babel, and supplant from the lowest foundations that synagogue of superstition, by casting out the simoniacal money-changers from the Temple, by purging all clean, for the great audite and everlasting supper of our souls, it is your sacred and highly renowned Majesty: and as Carl. signifying Charles, (which 
joh. Tilius, lib. 1. de rebus gall.  interpreteth nobleness and magnanimity) is one of your majesties names, well according with your most gracious and heroical nature; so doth your most excellent highness as a right renowned champion in the cause of God want nothing towards the execution and consummation of this ever triumphant enterprise, but perfection of time to make all absolute. Gird then thy sword unto thy thigh, O thou most mighty, according to thy worship and renown. Good luck have thou with thine honour, ride on, because of the word of truth, of meekness, and of righteousness, and thy right hand shall teach thee terrible things: for thine arrows are sharp, and will subdue those people that are thine enemies, thy seat is everlasting, and thy sceptre righteous: for thou lovest equity, loathing iniquity, therefore hath God anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows. Hence is it, that thou art fairer than the children of men: hence is it, that thy lips overflow with grace, because God hath everlastingly blessed thee. Then with a valiant courage, and divine spirit from above, we may live to see your blessed Grace, advancing yourself in the name of God like judas Maccab●…s in his holy wars against God's enemies: which arose, and like a giant harnessed his breast, fitting himself with all his martial furniture 
Maccab. 1. cap. 3  to fight, and over his battles brandished victory with his own sword. Where it is also written, That he like a Lion demeaned himself in the conflict, or as a lions whelp roaring after his prey. What a glorious appearance shall it be to the poor militant members of Christ's Gospel, when they shall see your Grace like the Sun in his glory rising, and as a bridegroom, with a countenance like the Cedars of Lebanon, coming out of his chamber amongst them, to be their victorious guide, sent from God, to give them victory in battle against the enemies of his anointed: who though France be called most Christian, and Spain the most Catholic king; yet is our Britain Lord the anointed of our holy one of Israel, the valiant and most faithful champion, and defender of the faith and Gospel of Christ jesus: who when time shall serve, like a giant will joy to run his course, when the Lord of his hosts shall put it in his heart, to give a terrible alarum to his enemies. Then shall he throw down from their proud horses the stubborn & blasphemous Gog and Magog, which as the soldiers of Satan and Lucifer scomefully subsannate the blessed names and mysteries of our sweet Messias, the God of righteousness: or like a divine David against the proud brazen-headed Philistine of Gath, who reviled the host of the living God: The flesh of which reprobates 
Reg. 1. cap. 17.  shall be cast out to the fowls of the air, for their names are not written in the book of life. Howbeit, your Grace, united with a continual peace and love unto the princes of Christendom, in a bond, which cannot easily be broken, signifieth that universal peace, which should happen immediately before the great day of the Lord. And therefore, as in the reign of Octavian Augustus (upon the birth of our Messias) the voice of a blessed Angel was heard singing, Gloria deo in excelsis, in terris pax & cum hominibus bona volunt●…s: so in the conclusion of this Christian age, which seemeth very near her end, your Grace may live to see that happy time of our deliverance, as the second and last Octavius, but manifoldly more blessed in this evangelical treasure than he was: for what can these great and fatal conjunctions of the Planets, and those wonderful eclipses (which happened immediately before and since your Grace's imitation to this Crown) portend, but a great mutation or universal jail deliverance of our souls.  
Certain it is to be thought, that some strange mutation is at hand, either by grievous wars in some parts, or by divolutions or dissolutions of empires, but if by wars, than I beseech Christ, that I may most auspiciously augur against the enemies of his Gospel: or if in happy peace, then that it may to your majesties endless glory continue, which your Highness hath already so fruitfully and confidently laboured & effected amongst all Christian princes. Which blessed league, if it shall hold, what hope then remaineth, but that the golden time of our glorification is come to the door: when this our bridegroom and bride (as I said) shall come with the virgins that be her fellows, conducted into the royal palace, prepared for him before the beginning of the world. Which blessed couple incorporate in your majesties sacred person, shall joyfully mount at sound of the trumpet, attended with those three wise virgins, whose lamps are full of oil, & lighted: to whom it shall be opened when they knock faithfully, faith guiding hope, hope conducting charity, but charity (being the most full of grace and favour) glorifying them both: for in her (as S. Paul saith) is the lawfulfilled, and through her are multitudes of 
●…om. cap. 13.  misdeeds covered, etc. Which being sweetest of the three sisters, will doubtlessly conduct your Grace by the right hand, because through her, the peace and union, amongst all that profess themselves the members of Christ, is fruitfully wrought and continually sought by your Highness: so that upon this second great Sabboath, bringing with it a general rest from all our earthly labours, and a perpetual consolation in our endless praises and thanksgiving unto God: when Gloria shall be sung in Excelsis again; Pax also shall be found in Terris; and that author thereof under God shall be brought into the melodious chamber of that all good, all great, and all holy bridegroom, mentioned in the blessed Gospel, presenting before him a flock well washed, clean, without infection, and sanctified, ready for glorification, that they may with their faithful shepherd sit at the lambs supper in the holy city new jerusalem, where shall be no more night, neither light of the Sun: For the Lord 
Ap●…. 19  giveth them light, and they shall reign for ever more. Happy shall they be found, which watch, and blessed, that are accompanied with those three wise virgins: 
Apoc. 22.  for your Grace like the true Lion shall be found with your eyes open to wait and attend upon that King of Kings, and Lord of Lords, the Lion of judah.  
I have spoken (my private condition considered) sufficiently, to make known the just and godly grounds of this union: fearing, if I should meddle further with some cautelous and captious positions, suppositions, or oppositions in these cases, not only to be condemned of arrogant presumption, (which is most detestable in all good judgement and knowledge) but also to be venomously scourged with the malicious snakes of envy. Modesty therefore enjoineth me to restrain my forwardness in further discourse hereof: howbeit, in a man that sitteth on the seat of Magistracy, this were honest fortitude, to maintain vijs & modis quibuscunque, without any fear or respect of man, discharging his duty towards God, and declaring his dearest affection unto that Commonweal, (by which he liberally breatheth, and hath his free being) by the promulgation and faithful overture of his reason and knowledge in those points remaining. It shall therefore suffice, lest I be taken with some sudden convulsion, to dive no deeper into this Ocean of concealed treasure, but only to be satisfied in that my reason hath already (with the eyes of intelligence) beheld the bottom and ground of this blessed unity, which by God is composed of the rich pearl and golden sand of goodness and felicity: wishing to them that are enabled with knowledge and authority, and which ought not to be moved with the passions of fear or affection, to bring up from the bottom some grounds of this hidden treasure, that the misbelieving ignorant (if any be scrupelous or doubtful) may see, believe, and embrace this happiness: for they (whom it befitteth best to ●…ppe up furrows in the mountaives, being seated upon them) may best show their eloquence and virtues impulsive, in laying open to the son that which hath been so long concealed, if occasion hereafter shall seem to require the same. With me (that am the meanest of a million under your Highness' rod) it sitteth well to plough in the valleys, where every man yearly turneth up the same glebe. Howbeit, had I said only, that this unity standeth best with the will and wisdom of God (from whence Entheusiastically beameth a divine virtue to the prudence of all good princes, receiving their ghostly consolation from him, and by the weal of his people) which plentifully descendeth upon them through the spirit of faithful prayers, and is sucked into their souls by the sighs of their loving fear of God: or had I said that which I could easily prove by politic likelihoods, how within the revolution of one hundred years, the whole world (by this gordian knot, which Alexander himself could not, if he were alive, break; being once surely knit in our hearts by a general and faithful consent) might be made tributary to this Monarchy, if the Britons would continue their love so long towards God, and amongst themselves: then must it have followed upon necessity, that the chief temporal weal of your majesties people, and a special mean unto their spiritual consolation, might be locked up in this mystical union. So that some in their love towards God; others in regard of that glorious calm at home; diverse in desire and hope of more reputation and riches, even all of them for some one or other special affection or passion in themselves, which they would have satisfied, might joyfully give to this union (by your Highness so graciously composed) a general approbation & consent, for their universal honour and content.  
Now turning to the Morals of Prudence, where I left, I would speak somewhat summarily, respecting the conditions of magistrates, soldiers, and artificers in a Commonwealth. I deem him worthy to be reputed a good Commonwealths man, that being garnished with civil virtues (as with justice and fortitude, which are in themselves moderated with prudence and temperance) can as well in foreign places, and in the wars, as in domestical and civil affairs, perform the parts of a noble citizen and countryman. All ingenuous youth therefore ought well and painfully to be taught and practised in the liberal Sciences, and exercise of Arms; to which purpose, schools for Sciences liberal and palestrical are principally needful in every well governed estate. These things are semblably required in the consideration of every prudent Magistrate: that he see the Laws observed; Religion with all reverence embraced; Peace and Concord retained amongst citizens; all embers of discord and faction extinguished; that each man be diligent in his lawful profession; that no man intermeddle with the State and Commonwealth, before he be called to that dignity; that Tributes and Subsidies be duly paid; that every man adventure his life and substance in difficult seasons for the preservation and safeguard of his country; that strangers in league with their Commonwealth, use their own several trades and mysteries amongst themselves, without loss and impeachment; and that they be not inquisitive or over-curious in matters of that State where they live; but that a vigilant eye be cast upon them, to discern of their behaviours and honesties towards all persons, without intermeddling in any matters above their trades or professions, vehemently to defend the Church, to prescribe such orders (when occasion shall require) as may consent with the laws, and times necessity: and lastly, that those of this Counsel and all other magistrates their inferiors behave themselves according to the state and worth of their places and Offices, in a decent, court●…ous, modest, and just sort, not rudely, covetously, proudly, chu●…lishly, nor cruelly; but to deal uprightly without any passion of wrath or partial affection: in rebukes and punishments to declare mildness, and needful justice, attempered with competent severity; to punish malefactors, to reward men of good desert, to provide that their cities be furn●…ed with all necessaries for their sustentation and fortification; as with co●…e and victual, with armour, and artillery, against the days of famine and war; to prepare charitably for the poor and afflicted persons within their cities and countries, that they perish not through want of food, but that poor impotent people be relicued at all times in hospitals, in spittle houses; and (in times of pestilence) that the poor artificers also, which are not able to maintain themselves without work, but are restrained at home, may be relieved by the support and exhibition of the richer sort, in those parishes where they reside or sojourn. Also, that at other times, the poor able and healthful bodies be set unto convenient labour and business, according to their strength and cunning. Moreover, that strangers and travelers from foreign parts, being confederate, and in amity with their state, be received and entertained, answerable to their worth and degrees (and for the credit and good report of their Nation) with all liberal hospitality. For as Cicero writeth, Est Reipub. ornamento, homines externos hospitalitate in urbe nostra non egere: It is a grace to our Commonwealth, when foreigners are not destitute of entertainment and hospitality within our city. And lastly, that their whole care and study be bend to maintain the reputation of that Commonwealth, where they govern under their prince. And for as much as it is one special part of Prudence, and of good policy, that even in the most peaceable times, military preparation and provision be made: as the wise Economical father, which in the most foison and heat of his harvest will store up carefully for the cold and barren season of Winter: so is it required in those magistrates of this counsel, that (upon sudden assaults and warning) they be careful, and ready with competent force to resist all foreign malice and ambition; howbeit, maturely to consult before they levy war. If a prince without shameful and dishonourable inustion cannot avoid battle, then with great caution to resist the common adversary, having the captains and soldiers readily prepared and trained to fight, with a noble valour and constancy: which also must in time of peace be with sound deliberation, and upon just terms provided: likewise a wary provision and special notice of such as for their strength and sufficiency may lead and command soldiers. Moreover, that in tranquillity (through each dominion or province of the Commonwealth within the revolutions of three years) a general view or muster be taken of those persons which are most able for military services; and that a strict account be made as well of all military furniture, and private armour, as of public, throughout the dominions: that being conferred diligently with the muster-rolles of every Shire or County, the perfect force of men & arms may be conferred and known: and that (if any defect be found in either) a provident preparation and supply may be made; and that (whilst yet matters are in quiet) valiant and well approved captains exercise the sufficientest of every province within their several towns, cities, and villages adjacent, once each week, or every ten days, by training & disciplining them in martial practice at the common charge for their universal honour and defence: also that ships be rigged, manned, armed, dieted, and provided of captains, sailors, soldiers, victuals, and artillery, to resist all foreign invasion or hostile preparations against them: that treasure (which is truly called the sinews of war) be collected and instored for such purposes: that soldiers be taught order and obedience, having their wages justly paid unto them: and also that they be warned, and with severe punishment prohibited, that they make no spoil and booty of them, in whose defence they profess and bear arms: which complaint hath been old and usual amongst citizens and husbandmen in most places. Every Counsellor therefore, and each other civil magistrate ought to be well instructed and perfect in these military rudiments, which he shall with a little practice and pain taking (having read C●…sar, Vegetius, Frontinus, Aelianus, Polienus, with such like) attain sufficiently. And whereas in every Commonwealth there are three states or columns supporting the same, (the first of civil Counsellors or Magistrates, the second of military Governors and Captains, the third consisting of arts and artificers of trades and mysteries) me seemeth, that a captain equalleth the civil magistrate, according to his place & degree, defending and preserving things in possession, even as he which attaineth, purchaseth, and civilizeth the same. And so much hereof, considering I shall have occasion more fully to discourse of this point in my fourth book of Offices. Now somewhat concerning the opposites unto this virtue, which I will touch briefly.  
Imprudence (being ignorance, or a want of power and counsel to make a difference betwixt good and evil, or to give a reasonable judgement of any thing within vulgar apprehension) is the first opposition to prudence: and hence came it, that each unjust and intemperate person was deemed by the Philosopher's foolish and imprudent; as having no force in himself to govern his inordinate appetites to moderation. Giddiness of the mind & temerity are annexed to this vice: for imprudent persons through idleness & negligence take no regard unto their children and wives, retaining no rule or discipline in their families: but if secret Counsellors and civil ministers, in office unto states and princes, be possessed of this intolerable plague, then do the people under their governance hold it tolerable for them to sin with impunity: as also, when Generals of armies are infected therewith, then do those soldiers under their charge wax slothful: such as Scipi●… Aemilianus found at the service against Numantia, whom he by fresh practice, discipline, and instruction restored to their native valours, formerly forgotten. calidity & malicious wiliness is that other extreme, which oppositely withstandeth prudence, by which unadvised people are deceived with the mere semblance and counterfeit of virtues: yea, men of good natures and disposition otherwise (whose minds surmount their present means) oftentimes deprave their honourable conditions with hypocritical medicines, adulterating their true natures with fallacious imitation of time, place, person, and the necessity, which is by them imposed. Hence is it, that our ancestors of former ages are so much extolled above us of later times, in regard of their simple, plain, and open dealing in all actions, according to the saying of Cicero: Non placuit maioribus nostris astus: Our Elders were not pleased with craftiness. For in those times no less then with some of our honest persons in these days guile was held most odious and abject, eradicated either by legal virtue (which restraineth and punisheth the malicious devices of men) or by Philosophy, which (through the force of reason and intelligence) banisheth it: Ratio namque postulat ne quid insidiosè, ne quid falentèr, ne quid simulat? For reason requireth us to do nothing which may be treacherous, fallacious, or counterfeit. Subtleties therefore in private causes which do not concern the Commonwealth, should specially be suppressed in all honourable Counsellors, and all such hypocritical malice as counterfeiteth prudence to life, distanding so far from it, as a man may shoot a roving shaft of reason: for he (that with all his strength laboureth to do good) may retain the name of a very wiseman, and become innocent, in respect of himself, and others. But the true conclusion is that, Calliditas sapientia perfect a non 
C●…. 3. Off.  est, nec honestas, quanquam species honestatis & sapientia esse potest, etc. That calidity is no perfect sapience, nor honesty, although it seem both wise and honest. We should therefore take great care, lest those vices deceive us, which in outward appearance resemble virtues: for the least wavering either to the right or left hand is vicious; let us therefore ponder ourselves in the midst. Ignorance in this, and in the knowledge of the limits, lists, and bounders (within which virtues and vices consist) seduceth very many, bringing them into the number of those idiots, whose reason is adumbrated. 
Nam mala sunt vicina bonis, errore subillo 
ovid.   
Pro vitio virtus crimina saep●… tulit.   
For it is a near step from virtue to vice; and under that mask of error hath virtue been so deceived, that she hath tolerated heinous faults, by mistaking them for small vices.  
And hence groweth that general misconceit, preiudication, and weakness of discretion, which cannot rightly measure men's natures by their passions. For example, when they call him a coward which desireth peace: if a man be subtle headed, then is he traitorous: if simple, and a slothful dastard, him they repute gentle: if unskilful in all commendable qualities, proceeding from his own lazy sluggishness, him they term simple and honest: if a man through the intemperate and irascible passion of wrath can only deliver threatening rebukes, or opprobrious speeches, him they term a plain dealing man, whose mind and tongue (though both abominable) accord without dissimulation: if in his pride he bear himself above his place, faculties, and birth, him the vulgar calleth magnificent: if he be furious and desperate of life and fortunes, him they think valiant: prodigal persons are esteemed liberal; covetous and wretched fellows, provident, and frugal husbands; superstitious and blockish people are taken for, and reported to be devout and holy persons: such as are truly learned and excellent scholars in all faculties, are censured (by them whose judgements are not so sudden as malicious, neither so malicious as threadbare) to be curious fools, arrogant, and opinionative. And thus is every good and bad quality misconstrued with a reprobate gloss: but hereof I have sufficiently spoken in my Preface. If therefore a man will warily ponder, what things are required in him that aspireth unto the top and perfection of all goodness: if he can so fashion and shape his own affections generally; as in seeming, that he crediteth any man's sayings, whom he list to believe: if he can use those honest blandishments, wily compliments, and needful attributes, which can angle out the love of persons: Proprium enim virtutis est conciliare animos hominum & ad suos ufus adiungere: For it is a virtuous quality, to conciliate men's minds, and to make his proper use of them: if he can apprehend the plain causes, which move most honour and admiration in their hearts towards any Magistrates: if he can wisely discern the Springtide of justice, Prudence, Fortitude, and Temperance (when they pass their bounders) then is he worthily deemed judicious. In the consideration and practice of which, the whole force of prudence consisteth.  
Peregrination of countries is another chief ornament in a Counsellor, in special the realms and provinces of his prince, his friends, his enemies, and neighbours. In such travails behoveth his care, prudence, diligence, and consideration: not to pass like those gaping and wavering fools, in fairs and markers, which only come to busy their eyes without benefit. But his use of travel must be, to know how such countries are governed in peace and war: what revenues ordinary out of his own lands, and extraordinary by contribution of the people, belong to the prince; how the realm is munited; and how the people addicted: by such observation he becometh prudent, worthy to be consulted, and in honourable respect upon his return. Albeit, Honorius and Theodosius, Emperors, supposed, that men ought not to dive into the secrets of a foreign state: yet he which (upon the dispatch of any legation) returneth into his own country, shall be deemed prudent, if he can observe & open (when occasion is offered) such secrets as by being showed may profit his own country. Amongst other things, if he be commended by the prince to perform any great embassy, the special subject of his heart under God must be the renown of his prince, and the chief organ & directory, by which he must square out his business and work, should be moderation. For if it happen that in arrogant speeches he gallop out of the lists of modesty, then doth he violate and abuse the majesty and peace both of his prince and of the people. But rather if any thing in charge be by the king, through heat or some angry passion, somewhat more sharp or bitterly delivered; that when he pronounceth his Sovereign's message, the ambassador rather mollify than exasperate any matters of litigious consequence in his speech: and if other things of favour or honour be by him to be signified on behalf of his prince unto friends, his care ought to devise, how he may make the same more gracious and magnificent by his own wit and invention: for it sometimes happeneth, that princes by means of some ambassadors their intemperance and temerity, be vehemently moved unto wrath; and by the prudence of others are drawn into the true borders of friendship and amity. The things commonly notable in traveling of foreign countries, are the laws, religion, and fashions of the Nation where he sojourneth; the situation, castles, and cities of the countries; the fashions of the prince's robes, and attire; the qualities, pedigrees, families, power, treasure, and buildings of the Counsellors and Noblemen. By conference (upon such observation) he shall learn the good and evil of his own country, how to civilize the people, if their manners be corrupt, how to declare himself hospitable towards strangers: for under them have divers charitably disposed worldlings (such as Tobias and Lot) received Angels into their houses: how to grope men's minds or meanings, whether they be friends or enemies; and according to the state of his business he shall accommodate himself to the time, and unto the state of his prince, having good note of all occasions, opportunities, encumbrances, and difficulties of places and seasons. No man shall have power by cunning relation of salsehood to make him swallow a gudgine, neither to build upon any man's opinion. It is further required, that he know how many miles that country where he hath conversed, is in length; how many in breadth; with what munitions and artillery the towns are fenced; in what place of the country an army may find safest entrance: what fair and open Harbours, Ports, Creeks, Havens, and Promontories there are: how many deep rivers water the countries; what the principal virtues and vices of the people be; what their chiefest pleasure: wherein their Nobles differ from ours in England; what odds betwixt their edifices, and ours: whether of the princes is in power most absolute; how the people in those Nations oppose their Sovereigns; what difference in the forms of their service, and ours: how they muster, train, and discipline soldiers: whether in marching or quartering of armies they spoil the countryman: what order is provided, that the soldier shall not annoy the peasant. So that in his relation he may discreetly compare all those countries (where he hath travailed) with his own, distinguishing of all properties with sound judgement. For if distinction be wanting, farewell election; and if that depart, prudence is also banished; the lack whereof bringeth in confusion, which haileth on many millions of miseries.  
A sound knowledge and apprehension of the prince's strength whom he serveth, with the power of his confederates, neighbours, and enemies, is likewise adjoined. This shall teach him how great their several revenues are, either ordinary, or extraordinary, from whence, by what means, and when they be gathered: what forces his prince can levy, and how long maintain them; how well disciplined; what gallant or caitive captains amongst them that are enemies: which of them are confederate against the king; whose parties they profess, and upon what plot of malecontment, revenge, faction, ambition, or corruption: how strong or weak those secret partisanes are; with what commodities they be furnished, and wherein wanting: for this is the ready rule which measureth any prince's power. He should likewise of himself seem able and worthy (when wars require the adventure of his state and life) to bear command over many soldiers, and at all assays so well appointed, as he may be found aequè fortis ac prudens, both wise and valiant: executing the laws of arms (as those Roman Emperors, of whom it is written) That in castris they did agere iure summo, domique ex aequo & bono: That in the wars they did use martial law, and at home in peace administer equity.  
When a Counsellor can with sound knowledge like a good Physician heal the diseases of his country, providing how to prevent them, before they can take hold thereof, he magnifieth his wisdom vehemently: he should therefore hear every man willingly, favour all indifferently, yet so, that most respect be fastened to the just cause. A stranger in his good dealing and right aught to be preferred before a neighbour: wherefore if he were a jew borne, or barbarous Heathen, if he were a Turk, or of what odious offspring soever, let his cause, not his quality be respected, and in equity let him hold the privilege of nation, cognation, country, city, blood, and family with a neighbour, for so much as may concern his cause. In this quality the Counsellor is importunately warned to take great heed, that he with his parts do not corroborate any faction, or under the pretext and rob of justice revenge private wrongs. Even as dissensions amongst captains further the stratagems of their enemies: so do the disunions of Counsellors help them, against whom their Counsels are bend. The principal and most sovereign medicine, by divers used, and most prevailing against the pestilence of dissension and envy, by good experiment and knowledge, hath been humanity, and affability.  
justice and goodness is no little estimation in a Counsellor, when his sayings sooth confound with integrity, virtue, and verity: here and there, in mouth and heart all one, in word and deed plain, reprehending faults in others with all mildness and benignity. His actions are thoroughly seasoned with benevolence and courtesy: he will not withhold his good counsel from any man: a patron towards good persons, severe against malefactors, in all places zealous of virtue, enemy to calumnies, detesting lies and vanity: no dissembler, no double-tongued person, no referendary: for never was any delator of men's conditions and manners faithful, but abject and base minded. Moreover, a just man will not rebuke one, being absent, for his faults, if he may have him present: that which neither his' eyes nor hands have seen nor handled, he will not avouch, or verify. He cannot away with flatterers or talebearers: for he thinketh with Tacitus, That Adulation is an everliving evil; and with Curtius, who writeth, that people of such nature devour and waste the prince's treasure much more than enemies: and therefore it is written in the life of Constantine the son of Constantius, that he called those flatterers and enuches of the court, which wast the Commonwealth, and yet are always murmuring, moths and water rats: like those dogs of which the blessed prophet saith, That they run grudging and grinning about the city for meat, until they be satisfied, whose gluttonous appetite is bottomless & insatiable. Nero who was brought up in temperance and sobriety, through flatterers became cruel: through them Caesar lifted his arm against his own country; from them aspired the tyrannies of Rhoboham. But it is needless to produce foreign example, being well furnished with domestical testimonies: for we read and know, that the second Edward of Carnarvan, and Richard the Black prince's son, one and the other were deposed and confounded by the fruit of that vilety which they sucked from flatterers. A sage and honourable Council therefore will fence his ears against the subtleties of them, lest Sinon enter with the Trojan horse, and there unrip his pack of parasites, which wildly seizing upon his heart will tyrannously usurp upon his soul also. This is a whorish danger, which first allureth, then bindeth, and being once tied, it is almost impossible for the captived to get loose. They therefore that respect their own quiet with the prince's honour, will esteem more of one Clitius, than of six hundred Aristippis; for they present unto such noble magistrates in precious vessels, that potion which intoxicatcth their imaginations, understandings, and memories, bringing in with it the Commonwealths bane and overthrow: even as in a most sententious Tragedy was written by Seneca. 
Venenum in auro bibitur, expertus loquor.   
I speak by good experience, that vile poison is drunk out of fine gold. 
In Thyeste.  Such counsellors therefore, as are possessed of justice and goodness, will avoid these monsters especially, living in peace with all men, contented with their own; they be not any covetous money-mongers, they live justly and temperately, with a desire to pay their debts, eschewing suits and contentions; they by labours, virtues, and ability seek to raise their fortunes: which if they shall upon so good terms endeavour, then are they merely magnanimous, just, and generous: but if they do not seek for the reward of this virtue, then is it a sure sign that they want the main, and therefore to be reputed unjust, abject, and timorous.  
Liberality likewise is a very gracious ornament, seemly befitting a Counsellor: this, since I did handle in the first Book of these Offices, entreating of Treasurers, I will speak less in this place: only this, it is a principal bait to take people, because above all things they love to sport themselves in those silver waves, or under the golden gravel, delighting in the sweetness of it. It is a mere folly to lavish in hope of gain, unless a great ability will bear it: Occasions of getting will not always continue. Oppose with moderation therefore against want, which is accompanied with the loss of time and reputation: for certain it is, that more credit cometh by one ducat present in purse, than by ten already spent. This is not spoken, that a man should be so beastly minded, as to scrape or restrain liberality, when estimation and honour offer themselves by reasonable expenses, but only to use a bridle in vain, and unnecessary disbursements. Howbeit, above all things avoid avaricious Ostrocisme, which feedeth bad Counsellors, till they be so fat as porks, ready to be served to their masters table: as Aeneas Silvius fitly compareth.  
Charity with bounty (such as Polybius prescribed to Scipio) magnifieth a Counsellor, to make so good use of his going abroad at all times, that he benefit some before his return home: for even as covetousness is the root of all evil, so beneficence and charity be the well-springs of all goodness. Angelical and human eloquence, the gift of prophesying, the secret and unrevealeable knowledge of all mysteries, a faith retaining power to move mountains, are all of no force, if they be not illumined with charity: he which giveth all his possessions to the poor, which sacrificeth his body to the fire or sword, meriteth not without charity. He which is espoused to that beautiful nymph, is patient, bountiful, without malice, ostentation, pride, disdain, self-love, wrath, evil thought: for she rejoiceth, and is inwardly ravished with confolation in truth, faith, hope, patience, and perseverance: she, 
Corinth. 1. cap. 13  when prophecies, tongues, and knowledge shall cease, and be consummated, can never be consumed, but liveth immortally: of those three sweet sisters of grace and heavenly benediction, charity (being the last after faith & hope) is the chiefest, saith that divine Organ of eloquence, blessed Paul, covetousness 
Rom. cap. 13.  and malice are her open and professed enemies. Let a wise man therefore 
Prou. 10.  resist them, for they being vanquished in him that held out in force against her, leave a beautiful port triumphant for charity to come in with her gracious train of blessed virtues to take possession of her ennobled heart. It is written of Marcus Crassus, that he was magnified in five things: in his great 
Plutarch. lib. 4. Conui●…al.  Nobility; in his marvelous Eloquence; in his excellent sound knowledge had of the Laws; that he was Archbishop, and the richest of all the Romans after Sylla. But all these virtues and bounties of fortune were stained with the corruption of avarice, and with the want of charity: such Counsellors little 
Plut. in Apotheg  regard their charge, so they may gorge up their own coffers. Woe to the shepherds of isrdel, which only feed themselves, dispersing their flocks negligently without food, as the Prophet threateneth. Immoderate riches in a vile avaricious person engender pride, even as unexpected spoil and victory doth in a vainglorious captain: as was noted by those letters which Philip dispatened to Archidamus, after his victories had at Cheronaea; who taxed him with proud and bitter terms, uttered from a spirit swollen and puffed up with fe●…citie of his good success: but Archidamus in answer to the same, advised him to measure his own shadow so strictly as might be; and that he should not find it one hair breadth greater than it was before the victory. Men of this nature are like them of whom Sallust saith: Quibus neque modus contenti●…s 
Con●…. C●…l.  inest, utique victoriam crudeliter excercebant: Such as do not retain any moderation in conflict, but exercise their virtues with cruelty. And for so much as appertaineth their immoderate desire of riches. It is the general opinion of all wise men, that they (whom the force of avarice hath like a contageous pestilence invaded) do make more account of worldly pelf, than of any goodness or honesty: they be not truly nor anciently noble, but bear the mere counterfeit of honour, which upon the touch proveth very base. Et quanquam domi sint potentes (as Sallust saith) apud socios tamen magis clari sunt 
〈◊〉. jugurth.  quam honesti: Albeit they be powerful in their countries, yet do their country men esteem them to be more in authority than in honesty. This greedy pestilence subverteth all faith, all honest conditions, and good arts: in stead of which it raiseth pride, erueltie, falsehood, contempt of God, and authority. Moreover, this desire of money, Quam neme sapiens concupivit, which no wise man hath coveted, as saith Sallust elsewhere, (being as it were composed or compounded of venomous mischiefs and evils) effeminateth and cowardizeth a man's mind and body, being always infinite, never satisfied, which neither is with plenty nor poverty wasted. But of this vice I have sufficiently spoken in diverse other places more at large.  
Beneficence being a promptness to deserve well, is (as I said before) a kind of liberality required in Counsellors: which consisteth in the advancement of the Commonwealths profit; in admonishing, commending, reprehending, comforting, procuring, defending, not only requiring aid and benevolence, but by vettue deserving the same. It is a beneficence to see, that the high ways and bridges be made and repaired, to relieve poor people, villages, or societies, by cross fortune or misadventure distressed or oppressed: and (as Cicero noteth) Benignitas est Reipub. utilis redimi à servitute captos, locupletari tenuiores, etc. It is a benignity commodious to the Commonwealth, 
Off. lib. 2.  that captives be ransomed from bondage, and that the poorer sort may be relieved with riches. Such was that virtuous beneficence of the Emperor Titus, who when Rome for three days & three nights continually did burn, and that a grievous famine with mortality chanced amongst the people, with his own private purse relicucd multitudes of them; to many sick persons ministering physic himself, and visiting divers which were discomfited upon the death of their friends, performing this in his own person. Such like is that sacred beneficence used by the princes of this land, in healing of diseased persons, and in washing of feet. In regard of which excellent virtue, Vlpius Traianus was called Pater Patriae: qui per exquisita remedia multis pestilentia, incendijs, & fame affectis est opitulatus: The father of his country: who did 
I●… vita ulpij Tr●….  (by most excellent good means and remedies) relieve and restore multitudes of his people, which had been afflicted with pestilence, fire, and famine. Likewise, to minister stipends, relief, or corrodies to maimed soldiers, old servitors, forlorn sailors, poor scholars, distressed corporations and societies, according to the laws, and by superadding somewhat beyond legal limitation, is a special token of beneficence: for we shall find, that one penny (more than statuted-provision) availeth more in the people's love than ten pounds, which are provided and allowed unto them by law: and (as I did in my first book) so do I necessarile record it again in this part, that base ministers, & under petty pursers, which geld, and curtal the prince's bounties and beneficences, should be strictly and severely observed & punished in such cases: which beastly dishonour here in England our late most renowned Sovereign Q. Elizabeth could never endure, but upon any complaint approved, did cause to be severely censured. It is likewise a gracious beneficence, to be merciful & charitable towards Churches, Almshouses, & Hospitals; encouraging such as are virtuous and commendably qualified with good testimony given of their virtues & good parts unto the prince; & in furthering of their preferment at his hands. Such a counsellor protecteth justice, defendeth the people, guardeth the nobility, patronizeth his countrymen, adorneth the prince: and indeed sanctifieth him upon earth. Gentleness & benignity may not be forgotten in him towards people of all degrees & fashion, as in cheerful giving of ear with diligence and attention to their desires & petitions: in answers benevolent; and in promise of offices serious and grave; in denying, nothing supercilious, in rebukes nothing injurious, in dismission of suitors, neither proud nor peremptory: such a man (when the prince extendeth grace towards any) doth pretend it to be twice so much as it was; comforting the subject, & honouring the sovereign. If a petioner be frustrated, he doth benevolently, courteously, with very good words, & in plain honesty content him: such behaviour is much more effectual, than gold. Bountifulness, affability, dexterity, vigilancy, with diligence appear in him; his apparel is honest, grave, and neat; his delight is in company; he cannot away with factions, and alterations; he disdaineth no man's familiarity, neither doth he wrong any man in bitter speeches; he delighteth in argute, & witty sayings, loving honest liberty, loathing ostentation with hypocrisy. Fortitude deserving special respect in a counsellor is only meant by the interior virtue; which may be termed heroical valour: here of more at large, & substantially my purpose is to treat in my fourth book. Such therefore are sincerely studious of virtue, that with a mind aspiring celestial honours, contemplate happily, contemning those passions & affections, which other men hold precious; as hatred; favour, wealth, poverty, ease, labour, life or death; but live well satisfied with their present estate, whither it be good or bad. His mind is neither broken, nor disturbed; measuring himself by the cube of reason: wherefore (well knowing how suddenly time will slip) he will not omit any commendable occasions to serve his honest purposes; but as occasion shall gallop necre him, so will he warily catch hold of her bridle: boldly counseling, speaking, & aswering to the prince & people as he thinketh expedient; he cannot be corrupted; & detesteth for money; friendship, consanguinity, prayer, or fear, to deal unjustly: he defendeth the truth, offendeth flatterers. In all actions, consultations, & judgements severe, and constant, a professed enemy to tale-bearers, bold in discharging his conscience, grave in speech, not superstitious, neither dissembling in heart toward prince or privatperson: his honesty will not suffer him to deceive, his wisdom will not brook to be deceived: his valour maketh him triumph over many calamities, & tribulations, & his honour worketh towards him reverence in the eyes & hearts of all the people. By such Counsellors therefore, every prince and every state is strengthened and supported, both at home and abroad: for his own subjects will willingly serve him, and foreigners stand in awe of his virtues: so shall the prince be generally magnified.  
What strong enemy was there to this our public state, that in the later days of the late dear Sovereign of our happiness, Queen Elizabeth, feared not the valour and fortunes of Robert, than Earl of Essex; until such time as through his own credulous imprudence, he wilfully wounded himself with his own intolerable appetite. Of whom I will only say that which I might worthily cite out of Cicero, then written to the good fame of Caius Marius: Nemo unquàm multitudini fuit carior: No subject ever was more dear 
off. 3.  to the multitude; and (which was lamentable to them that depended upon his greatness) not Fortunes darling, but her baby, nay, rather Fortunes babble, whose fairest spectacle is like a momentany bubble; as appeared by those great hopes, reports, and opinions, which the people had of him: but Non minus periculum ex magna fama, quam ex mala: But the danger of a 
Tacit●… in vita I●…lij Agricola.  great same, is altogether as great, as that which proceedeth from a bad report.  
What open or close enemy was he that lived in any foreign part of Europe, which was not amated with that divine care and wisdom, with that industrious circumspection and foresight of those two most worthy Senators of her secret Counsels, the Lord William Burghley, Lord Treasurer, and Sir Francis Walsingham, sometimes principal Secretary to that good Queen: which sitting quiet in their studies, wrought so many wonders in Spain, France, and Italy, for the confirmation and fortification of this Realm, against the tyrannous enemies of the Gospel, and of that our ever renowned Empress of England? The first died very rich, in a most healthful state of soul, and in honour of his country; which was for many years sustained, comforted, and protected by his prudence: the second, both in true piety, justice, and glory, respecting God and the Commonwealth; honourable, and truly rich, which was in mental perfections, and in the love of this Commonwealth (which he so much loved) only.  
Much therefore behoveth it Counsellors, that in all their actions, counsels and consultations they become prudent and valiant, taking up a place in the midst betwixt the zealous and true worship of God, upon the right hand, with his vigilant and tender care of the Commonwealth, upon the left, respecting them both with fear and fervent affection: and above all courtly pestilence, to take antidotes and preservatives against the contagious breath of flatterers, which hath corrupted and ruined more princes and noble gentlemen in time of peace, than the sword hath many times done in bitter battle. Such were they that treacherously mined into the noble nature of that renowned Earl, whom I lately mentioned, being men enraged with a lust of innovation, and of a present satisfaction of their all variable and licentious appetites.  
This mu●…ne disperseth itself through the Courts of many Princes, infecting and eating up whole families; like pestilence the devouring Angel of God's justice sparing none. Sycophants of this distemperature naturally (like moss, or ivy) spread upon great Oaks, and strong walls, never exercised in virtuous cogitations and studies, but fraught with slanderous rumours, falsehood and forgery the professed enemies to virtue and verity; so they may laugh, feed, sleep, and enjoy corporal pleasures, they force not what aged fathers, widows, or orphans, wail, starve, watch, and endure endless vexation and calamity. I mention this vice often, inculcating the peril, and poison of it many times, because it is so much practised in this Nation; than which, nothing can be more base, more odious, or more degenerate from Nobility.  
There is one virtuous condition which must inseparably be fastened, placed, or rooted rather in a Counsellor; and it is a pure will, godly zeal, and joyful promptness to give sound and wholesome counsel, (of which I spoke somewhat before) as when things be by mature deliberation consulted, before they be peremptorily resolved upon, and all the causes (with even hand) first weighed in the balance of justice. A Senator therefore (which retaineth so reverend and honourable office) must respect the ground of his authority, which doth best and most to life anatomize a magistrate. Sudden and doubtful counsels do digest more happily with them, that are seldom vexed with troubles and difficulties; or with ambitious persons which only respecting their private glory, fear least time of deliberation will grow scant unto them; then with such Commonwealths as (being placed upon the main top of all power and authority) can leisurely tarry for a fit time and occasion. In anxious or doubtful matters therefore they choose such a course as most behoveth, and lest endangereth: yet hath it been commonly seen in giving of counsel, that the vulgar attribute all to the Counsellors prudence and foresight, if fortune favour the event; but if otherwise, then is he condemned in the contrary. And hence is it, that the meed of good Counsellors is often ascribed to fortune, and fortune's serenity attributed to good counsel. If the business in hand be very weighty, the counsellors (which handle it) must be very wary, and such things (as cannot admit a recorrection, or reconsideration) must be with good discretion deliberated.  
There is likewise one excellent part in wise and complete Counsellors required, which is to give good ear and attention to the sayings of all men uttered unto him; and in special to those of that society, which though inferior or superior in their places speak before them. Herein a Counsellor must muster his wits together, and remember those arguments wherewithal they confirm and corroborate their several opinions, that (when his turn inviteth him to speech) he may not miss a mite in recapitulation of any material points. Hence was it that Pericles (convening with Sophocles his fellow Praetor concerning State-business (upon Sophocles his commendation of the beauty of a very fair Boy passing by) earnestly replied: It is not only fit to withhold your hands, but to withdraw your eyes from such vain objects in these serious cases.  
For these respects Lycurgus inhibited all manner of pictures from the chamber of consultation; lest the Senators eyes being withdrawn from serious cogitations and observations, might (by looking upon them) forget somewhat to the prejudice of the present service.  
Deliberation also (being a diligent and prudent meditation of things future, doubtful, and contingent, remaining in our power; by which choice is made of the best means to good and happy success in any thing that may be done or spoken) is one special type of a Counsellors prudence. Which some compare to the Mulberry, that flourishing last of all trees, yieldeth ripe fruit before others: for after sound consultation matters are with expedition acted. Neither may counsel be proffered, before the king require it, like a vain physician, which will intrude himself before he be sent for, unless some special causes to himself only known, and in matters of great weight he find it most necessary: for there be three fashions of counseling, by Reason, by good Authority, by faithful example: which three concurring, are of most validity. If a Counsellor therefore yield not unto the votes and suffrages of any thing, propounded by whatsoever persons: first, let him arm himself in good proof, tempered with the steel of reason, to maintain the contrary parts more conveniently: and for so much as it standeth him in hand to confute their opinions; and that very few with due moderation can have patience to be convinced: let him use all temperance and mildness of speech, that may be, without contention: for it sufficeth a worthy Counsellor (let others think at their pleasure) to satisfy his private conscience.  
If memory likewise do not by nature richly supply to the Counsellors reading: for so much as it is fitly called the Register of eloquence, and mother of the Muses, it will be much behoveful, that a Counsellor study to reform himself by that art industriously, which by maps, characters, or Hyeroglyphickes may be best placed.  
Knowledge in the studies of Moral and Natural Philosophy, being first well grounded with Logical rules, that he may probably discourse & dispute wisely (when any question upon good occasion requireth) is needful also. The Philosophy which Plato defineth in one of his Epistles, is constancy, faithfulness, and sincerity. Which tripartite kind is by the moralists called the art of Sapience: for it teacheth us the knowledge of God, it reclaimeth us to fortitude and modesty; which illuminating our minds, consumeth those misty vapours of ignorance and dullness, that oppress our reason; so that we may clearly behold things above us, about us, and beneath us: it rooteth out vice, harrowing the mind, and making it fit to receive the seed of all good knowledge; without which man's nature is wounded, and miserable. They which study these arts, are properly called Prudentes: For Philosophy is by interpretation the study of knowledge, being the perfection of all human skill, and altogether necessarily to be studied and sought for by princes and great magistrates. For as Cicero writeth: Philosophia est fructuosa, nulla pars eius inculta atque deserta: Philosophy is fruitful, no part of which is unmanured, 
Offic. 3.  or desert. The most profitable part whereof, consisteth in mental Offices and Morals. Only by the Physics we learn the nature of things, the Nature which natureth, and the Nature natured; the divers qualities of them both: from whence those bodies are, which we call elements, lightnings, thunder, fiery impressions, rainbow, tempests, earthquakes, inundations of waters; from what natural causes they proceed. Also to be skilful in the Mathematics: For he that neglecteth the Mathematical arts, cannot be a perfect Philosopher, as Caelius thinketh: for they be certain degrees or elements, by which higher matters are attained. Hence was it, that Plato did 
Lib 5. cap. 4. in ●…e.  call it, Acumen cogitationis, The quick apprehension of man's thought: because it heaveth up the mind, and sharpeneth that edge of intelligence, towards the apprehension of divine causes; and therefore Fr. Patricius supposeth, 
Lib. 2. de Instit. Reipub.  that this quadripartite art of the Mathematics, (including Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, and Astrology) best befitteth a civil magistrate: of the two first, jacobus Faber writeth thus: Inter eas arts (qua Mathemata Graecivocant) dua Arithmetica & Geometria praecipuum sibi vendicant Locum; quòd ad caeteras assequenda●… viam sternant: Amongst those arts which the greeks call Mathematics, Arithmetic and Geometry be principal: for so much as they make easy passage unto the rest. For he which is ignorant in Arithmetic, can never proovea skilful Musician; neither can any man which hath not attained the knowledge in Geometry, prove perfect in that inspective of Astronomy: for upon these two first parts those other couple depend. The reason also that Plato giveth (wherefore he would have princes 
In Repub.  skilful in the Mathematics) is, Quod sint quasi comites & Administrae viri politici: Being the companions and agents of a political person. First therefore concerning Arithmetic; which helpeth him to make up his accounts of receipt and disbursement, when the bills and audite of the Treasurer and Exchequer are referred to his counters: of which art I shall have some occasion in my fourth book to speak somewhat; and in this knowledge Pythagoras was said to have far surmounted all the Philosophers of the world, according to that which Ovid the Poet writeth concerning him: 
Mente deos adij:, & (quae natura negavit  
Visibus humanis) oculis ea pectoris hausit.   
Being in effect thus much: By force of his mental faculties he did attain a divine knowledge, and with the eyes of his understanding did perfectly comprehend that which was by nature concealed from mortal eyes.  
Geometry likewise converseth in the magnitude and proportion of things, wherein the famous Mathematician Archi●…edes was so skilful; and by the help of those Geometrical engines which he did devise, a long time restrained Marcellus the Roman Captain from victory, when he besieged 
Plutar. in vit●… Marcelli. Sap. c●…p. 11.  that city. And hence is this saying of Solomon, How God did dispose of all his creatures, according to number, measure, and weight.  
Music (according to the course whereof the Pythagoreans did imagine that the world was composed; and the mythological poets, that devised nine Muses, because of the musical consent of the eight celestial spheres, and of that one great continent called Harmony, which includeth the vermes of those other eight) is very profitable and pleasant. Howbeit, in my weak judgement, it may be better spared in a Counsellor, than her other three sisters, serving more for ornament, than government; albeit we find, that it keepeth a proportion by notes to delight the mind.  
Astrology (being the fourth and noblest Mathematical sister) is bipartite, according to Isidorus: in part natural (when it is limited by courses of the 
●…log. 3. ●…p. 26.  Sun and Moon, or according to those certain and infallible motions of the stars and times) or superstitious, Quam mathematici sequuntur, qui in illis angurantur, quique etiam duo decem coeli signa per singula animi vel corporis membra disponunt, sidereoque cursu nativitates hominum, & mores pradicare conantur, etc. In which the Mathematicians take delight: for from them they derive their Auguries, disposing or placing through all the members of human bodies the twelve signs of heaven, and endeavouring to make known the nativities and conditions of people, by course of the stars. Both Divines and Philosophers consent, that this inferior world is (according to the discretion and disposition of God) governed by the heavens: so that these inferior bodies are ruled and moved by power of the superior. And hence is that saying of Aristotle: Necessario mundum hunc inferiorem superioribus motibus esse contiguum, ut omnis eius virtus inde gubernetur: It must of necessity be, that this inferior world neighboureth the superior powers and motions, to the end, the force and virtue thereof might be governed, and disposed from above. To confirm this also, S. Augustine holdeth opinion: Corpora haec grossiora regi atque moveri per corpora subtiliora: That these our grosler bodies be ruled and moved by force of those bodies which are more subtle. This art, as well for the rule of Navigation (which proceedeth from knowledge of the celestial bodies) as for those other secrets, issuing out of the mystical indicials of the Mathematicians, is more precious to them that have it, than any worldly felicity: for so much as they commonly (which are possessed thereof) contemn all transitory pleasures and glory. Wherefore, that noble Poet Virgil concerning that nature of the Planets, writeth thus:  

Foelix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, 
〈◊〉.   
Atque metus omnes, & inexorabile fatum  
Subiecit pedibus.   
Being this in effect. Happy is he that comprehendeth the causes of things, and doth by divine power subject all fear and inexorable fate. Also Iwenall the Satirist (concerning the benevolence of the ascendent towards certain persons, at certain times, under his subjection) writeth: 
Plus etenim fati valet hora benigni  
Qu●… site Veneris commendet epistola Marti.   
For the good hour of a benevolent fate availeth more with all persons, than the commendatory letters of Venus could ever have prevailed with Mars. Howbeit, those that will certainly judge of ensuing chances (though they be most studious and learned in this mystical part of Astrology, which is called the superstitious or Metaphysical a●…) be many times deceived in their own curiosity; according to the saying of Thomas Aquine: Licet corpora coelestia habeant inclinationem, non tamen imponunt necessitatem: & licet home inclinetur secundum dispositionem corporis ad aliquod vitium, tamen per rationem arbitrij, potest aliud facere: Albeit the celestial bodies have a kind of inclination to somewhat, yet they do not impose a necessity thereunto: and albeit persons incline (according to their corporeal disposition) to some vice, yet may they by the rule of their own will decline from it: which to me seemeth a Theological paradox. Hence was it that Socrates excused the Philosopher, which (according to Physiognomy) condemned him of incontinence. Notwithstanding, sometimes they will (upon their conjecturals) divine very near and oftentimes truly: for the confirmation whereof, I will cite one notable thing, which I did read in Cassanans the Burgundian. To whom, being at 
In 10 part Catalogi glor. mundi consid. 52.  supper with the Confallionere di guisticia in Milan (upon occasion in discourse) it was for a mere truth by diverse affirmed, That a famous ginger in that city had presaged to Giovanni Galliaceo maria Viscomi, the fifth Duke of that State, how he should be mortally wounded by some vassal about him: whereupon to the Duke, demanding of his own fate, his answer was: My death must be public, by the fall of a piece of timber. But the Duke willing to prejudice or antivert the fate (by some other sudden death denounced against the Mathematician) gave peremptory sentence, That he should lose his head, because he had entermeddled with the calculation of his nativity. And as he was conducted to the place of execution, from the port of a Tower under which he passed (called Le Dome) suddenly the top thereof fell down, and he with a piece of timber had his brains crushed out: a multitude with the Confallioniere, and other executioners in the company, were by that ruin slain also. Likewise, the Duke himself that same year upon Saint Stephen's day in the great Church of San Stephano in Milan, was by one of his slaves bloodily and cruelly butchered in the presence of many Noblemen, and others.  
And now to conclude with the Moral force of Philosophy, which as Plato did esteem, was the chiefest blessing in any Commonwealth; When Philosophers were Kings, and Kings Philosophers: For it reacheth the difference betwixt virtues and vices, what are the extremes of good and evil, how to rule private families, what authorities and offices belong to fathers, husbands, and masters; the difference betwixt instruments, having life and lifeless; the maintenance of private persons, the virtues and discipline of magistrates, the best forms of government, the true means and knowledge to sustain cities, being in danger of subversion, and how with excellent laws to rectify them: Hence is it, that Cicero doth (in admiration and great love thereof) proclaim in his questions Tusculane. O Philosophy, the rule of life, the touchstone of virtue, & antidote of vice? But hereof have I spoken more at large in the morals of these offices before. Wherefore he (which is fostered with that divine Manna) showeth himself the same in all parts of his life, contemning worldly treasures, 
Tacit. lib. 4. hist.  abiding faithful, appearing valiant in the Guard and loyal maintenance of truth, and armed with constanc●…, defieth fear; and these are the very fruits of Philosophy: such a man is not altered by time, dejected by necessity, infected with insolence, nor wearied with the bad dealings of reprobate persons: such a counsellor doth live well, and understandeth well, which is a sure sign of sapience, he consulteth well, which is a principal point of prudence; and gladly would have all well, which is a true token of justice, add hereunto his own doing, which is a manifest mark of perseverance. Such persons wholly rely upon their own virtues, yielding honour to such as are in grace with the prince, yet not committing any private secrets to their knowledge and judgements. In all things they show themselves circumspect, moderate, diligent, and discreet.  
There remaineth one special Caveat after all these observations for counsellors (which through their worthiness and virtues have attained a singular love & affiance of their Prince, to be credited and used in all the most serious & important causes of the Commonwealth) which is; that, neither the great grace of their princes, nor the multitudes of honours and superiorities heaped upon them; neither any vain gaping upon the popular air (after which men grown insolent upon their greatness commonly breath) drive them into practices ambitious; which are through want of due piety towards God and to their Soneraigne, without any season of justice, or honesty commenced. Considering therefore first, what this pestilent and infernal fire is; because in many Commonwealths that hath oftentimes been the greatest enemy, which theirowne country's womb, and breasts hath bred and fostered, I will in some principles discover the detestable nature, members, and fruits of monstrous and ambitious persons, as they be lively declared at large by divers, which have seen human sacrifices, and sepulchres overflowing with civil blood, and have showed how their late triumphant countries were suddenly mangled, and betrayed through the wildfire of unnatural wolves.  
This horrible and unnatural appetite, is called, Rabbis quadam remerariae 
A vehement, and pathetical dehortation from all kinds of treason.  ambitionis, sitiens immodicae gloria, prorsusque inflammata perpetua quadam & singulari 〈◊〉 dominandi. A certain wolvish rage of rash ambition, immoderately thirsting after undeserved glory, and violently flaming out in all parts, with a kind of endless and singular greediness of domination and empire. Many noble natures (adulterated with this counterfeit of honour) have been falsified and corrupted with diabolical furies, which though that p●…dent Consul Sallust, calleth Vitium virtuti propius, A vice cozen german to ●…e; Yet seemeth not saving in hypocritical sense, for somuch as that quality teacheth men (as he faith) Aliud clausum in pectore, aliud promptum in 〈◊〉 habere, To conceal his meaning close within his heart, and to deliver a co●…rary matter with his tongue. This pestilent fever of the mind, proceedeth from riches in great abundance allotted unto men, Quibus neque 〈◊〉 neque modestia cordi est. Which take no pleasure either in mediocrity, or modesty. For luxury (when with pride & avarice it possesseth the spirits of intemperate & green-headed fools) doth draw persons of immoderate & fiery stomachs into want of maintenance, through their own negligence; & so by such their improvidence, into dangerous attempts against their own persons, and against the whole body of the Commonwealth. Also these are they, which (having fallen from their former reputation by their own misgovernance) wax intolerable through that discontentment, which continually tosseth their fiery spirits with a most insatiable thirst, and ambitious desire of domination & sovereignty. These are they, which with the eyes of Basilisks pierce into the benefits of times, places, & persons, oftentimes poisoning and deceiving themselves: these are they which with a false judgement, and opinion had of their own plots, actions, partisanes, & conspiracies (wherein they flatter their own hearts) wilfully betray themselves to confusion and calamity: these men hath God in his divine power blinded, and deprived of those faculties by which men commonly discern all apparent & grievous punishments, that are reserved against such firebrands by the laws & equity: these are they which continually violate justice; and that (which is a most lamentable truth) such persons have not any sunshine of reason lent unto them, to see that foul turpitude and shame, which inseparably tanquàm umbrae, like shadows wait upon their dishonourable actions: their minds are deceitful, subtle, variable, hypocritical, and covetous of other men's goods, prodigal of their own, burning in lust, always malicious, never quiet, more tongue than wit, more wit than wealth, more wealth than wisdom, more wisdom than honesty; and yet poor, imprudent, giddy-headed, talkative, a vast mind, aspiring to degrees & dignities, beyond all just opinion & measure. The seeds of sedition being upon such plots, grounds, & natures sown, sprout forth into the blades of rebellion: first, when the noble sort of magistrates or peers in a Commonwealth pervert their power into pride; and when the common people (whose licence is the vive emblem of confusion) turn their liberties into lust at which time all disordered persons catch, snatch and oppress justice. Their mother the Commonwealth like a woman violated, prostituted, and defamed with her garments rend, her hairs dishevelled and feltered, her face disfigured and blubbered, standing or rather falling betwixt them both in this mutiny, suffereth torture & distraction, the noble men depending upon parties, and the multitude leaning to what factions they list, the chief heads and ringleaders of which commotions and seditious factions, falling from great, honour, & from their prince's favour through condign disgrace into discontentment, presently travail their wits horribly to disturb or diabolically root up the public State; in whose sight for that time justice & magistracy be held in great scorn and disdain. Unto them of this distemperature all foolish people, tag and rag mixed of divers qualities (insenced with poverty, lust, and covetousness, tossed & disturbed in conscience with their impious, and nefarious devices and practices, such as hold dissension to be their sweetest ease, and garboils their happiest peace; which heap tumult upon tumult, hurliment upon burliment) are coparteners and competitors in their ambition; such as being neither with glory nor shame moved, prepare themselves to strangle that Commonwealth which gave them life and light. The traps, the nets, the snares of cruel malice, of treasonable conspiracies, and of extreme wickedness erected for slaughter of their best and most honest country men; pitched to make a spoil of their wealth, and woven against the common peace of their nation, are infinite and ineffable: the Commonwealth itself as a bloody shambles of infamous civil murder, is by these means exposed to the slavish oppression of avaricious and barbarous strangers. These nefarious firebrands of malecontentment, and meteors of civil mischief (studying nothing so much as to become excellent, & beyond the comparative apprehension of malice, before their first charge or onset) will make all things in the most readiness for such a miserable tide of calamity. They therefore, even as it is witten of Catiline, dive into the natures, humours, & inclinations of noble young gentlemen, liberally and prodigally disposed; for some according to their delights they provide whores, for some horses and dogs; arms for these of a more heroical condition, and hawks for those; using all vile means, and abusing their own fortunes and modesty, that they might draw young Gentlemen unskilful and of tractable natures, into their horrible actions, to ruin themselves in the oppression and confusion of their Country. Such was the nature of Caesar Borgia (whom Nicholas Machiavelli remembreth upon the like terms) when he conspired against the Orsini and Colonnesi. Those therefore that would live magnificently or delicately, with such as delight in hazard, & they that prefer war before peace, are for these actions. The first action of conspiracy therefore commonly tendeth to the cutting off, and extirpation of those by whom the Commonwealth and public peace is sustained: as Piso and Autronius, quiparabant in Capitolio Lucium Torquatum, & Lucium Coitam Coss. interficere. Which were prepared, and resolved to murder Lucius Torquatus, and Lucius Cotta the two Consuls in the Capitol. So did Brutus and Cassius with others oppress Caesar, with their short daggers in the Capitol. So did the mutinous Guysians deal with that noble Admiral of France, Gaspar de Coligni: An. 1572. 
In hist. gall.  For the first signal or watch stroke to every seditious commotion or insurrection, is the slaughter of some one notable good man in great authority; as Caius Cornelius, and Lucius Vargunteius noble patricians, villainously combined in that treasonable conspiracy with Catilyne. Constituere cum armatis hominibus (sicuti salutatum) introire ad Ciceronen, ac de improviso domi suae imparatum confodere: They were provided with men in arms, to come into the chamber where Cicero was in his own house, under the colour of salutation, and instantly to stab him before he could suspect them; Cethegus being appointed captain of that guard, which should have attended without the doors of his house. I could give more late & familiar examples, as he which readeth and conferreth these, may very well be brought to remember even in the same nature, and of the like fashion: but I say with Cicero, Externa libentiùs hac in re quam domestica recordor: In these cases I more willingly record foreign then domestical examples. For the conference of causes, and heads of the like plots and conspiracies with their events and issues will rub upon their remembrance. After this the curious't marshalling, ordering, and disposing of their evil disposed and disordered complices; as places, streets, and quarters appointed to be spoiled, or guarded by this captain, & that rebel for their pillage, and to be mantled and defaced with so many terrible traitors in arms: some to surprise such strong peers, and noble persons; some to guard places possessed and taken; others to spoil and make waste of all good things round about them. Their nefarious captains impiously darting those virtues and graces (given unto them by God, and headed with the venomous forks of ambition and malice) upon the naked breasts of their native countries; whose minds (incessantly troubled) breath fourth in pestilent sighs, in horrible execrations, in blasphemous oaths, and in vainglorious menaces, a sudden death against all good men. For their hearts (being enraged, and as it were drunken with strange and violent wrath and feritie) eat, and havoc up the peace of their countrymen with incredible immanity: they thirst extremely for civil blood; greedily gaping for a general spoil, menacing sword and fire without any mercy to the bodies and families of their own fathers and countrymen. The principal conspirator, and arch-traitor (being like Satan totally composed of craft and confusion (and so by nature able to conciliate & aucupate the friendships & good wills of men; and being guilesully gotten, to deal with them as treacherously) seemeth very munificent and prodigal of gifts and treasure; howbeit most ravenous in avarice of other men's possessions, present in counsel, and hateful in all temerity. These are they which open the prisons, letting loose the wolves, bears, and foxes, of the Commonwealth out of their chains: which furiously rejoice and exult (as on the devils feast day) to ransack honest men's houses, and to keep a bloody triumph in the defaced streets. Before them their captain (as upon a tragical stage made of murder and of dead bodies, a man resolute and steeled in thoughts and actions of spite, and smoking slaughter of his own countrymen) calleth, and commandeth some of his Canniballes to feed upon the flesh, and to drink the blood of such noble persons, and of others in the place of high magistracy: some he commandeth unto the spoil and sack of houses; many to set fire, and to lay waste such ports, bastilles, and noble fortresses, fenced against them: matrons, and wives being torn from their husband's embracements become woeful subjects of their insatiate lusts; widows left naked of all wealth and comfort, both of them lamentably subjecteth to their bloody weapons: young maidens, and daughters wrung from their parents bosoms, ravished, polluted, and violated with villainous abomination: their most precious jewels openly carried in their sight away from them, which lie bound and piteously wounded, without hope of any recovery; round about houses burning; and carcases some mortally wounded, diverse breathless, and all wallowing in blood: others lying in the highways and ditches, mantled over and staunched full with human bodies; finally no noise but of murders wounds tears clashing of weapons, breaking up of doors, groans and outcries; with the mortal lamentations of fathers, men, old wives, women, and children. Behold here the bloody scene of sedition, which even nature abhorreth to behold, and reason shuddereth to consider; can any thing be more flagitious upon earth, then to bestow that life which our own country breathed into our bodies, by the sufferance of God unto the ruin and calamity thereof utterly repugnant to the will of God? or can any thing be thought of more abominable, then to devise the torture & servitude of them whom the same laws and fashions of life have included within the same limits, liberties, and houses with us? Certain it is therefore which Cicero noteth out of Dicaearchus the Peripatetic. Homines hominum impetu plures deleri; id est bellis & seditionibus &c. quam reliqua calamitate. More men by the violence of men (which is by war, seditions, and rebellious treasons) are wasted, then with any other calamity. And hence is that proverb. Homo homini lupus, homo homini Deus. A man is a wolf amongst men: and a god unto men. For in a noble and good action against foreign oppressors of our friends or of our liberties, it is a dutiful piety that countrymen combine in arms: howbeit to rise up in rage one against another is more than brutish; & therefore Cicero concludeth thus, homines hominibus plurimum prosunt, & obsunt. Men are very beneficial, and offensive unto men. If into any such impious & horrible practices, or conjurations (either by faction, fear, or affection) any noble counsellor should be drawn; let him assure himself that the second punishment besides that fearful danger of the first is most intolerable, & I had almost said inexpiable. Every right noble and virtuous counsellor therefore will labour, (as Cicero writeth) to deliberate in such cases, whether they should wittingly become honest, in avoiding that which they know to be reasonable; or whether they should wilfully become wicked in the top of traytorie. For they be deemed impious and abominable which make a question thereof: In ipsa namque dubitatione facinus inest etiamsi ad id non pervenerins. For in the combat or doubt 
O●…c. 3.  within a man whether he should commit treason or not, there is a foul sin: although the plot thereof take not effect. And herein is the very thought of conceived treason (though it be not put in practice) made heinous and damnable, A right noble and truly wise counsellor therefore, Non modo facere; sed ne cogitare quidem quicquid audebit, quod non audeat praedicare. Not only dare not put in execution: but also dare not harbour a thought of such things, as stand not with his safety to speak openly. For if he were possessed with that ring which Plato mentioneth, by which Gyges going invisible became king of Lydia, having power to do what he list: yet would his wisdom & honesty restrain him from all violence. And therefore Cic●…ro useth this sentence, Honesta bonis viris non occultapetuntur. Good men delight in open honesty, not in hidden practices. But I deem how no truely-noble nature can be so far debauched or corrupted, unless by flatterers and malicious minyons, to whom for the most part great spirits are most addicted. But those which are of such hot and violent natures, be grievous dissemblers and temporizors, until such time as oppo●…tunitie may fitly serve them, to the weltering and overtuning of states: for let a Prince advance to place of high dignity men of those dispositions, he shall presently find their conditions: Magistratus namque virum indicat. and according to Sallust. Difficillimnm est illis in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese probos simulavere. It is very difficult for men to bear good temper in authority, which (to further their ambition) have counterfeited themselves honest.  
divers men of Nobily likewise have through some melancholic suggestion, by reading of of Histories written to good purpose and example, fallen into these extremities: Omnia namque mala exempla ex bonis initijs orta. For all bad examples are bred out of good beginnings. When wicked men (seeking to attain sovereignty by the oppression of good sovereigns) perveit the good example of true, renowned, and virtuous Princes; which more coveting their country's liberty, than their private dignity, did suppress tyrannous usurpers. Howbeit, we may read of some noble Gentlemen, which have been drawn into treason against their Prince and country, through consanguinity, faction, or affection of parties; and some through a mortal link of amity, which tieth or combineth them to the treason of some archtraitors, upon some grievous ground of discontentment conceived against the Prince, or against some of his nearest friends in counsel: yet if these Doves should chance to fall into those nets amongst Crows, it were great pity they should undergo legal censure if they would be penitent and become loyal; having any specious tokens and appearance of good nature, desert & faculties to benefit their countries in aftertime; as hath appeared by manifold examples of divers gracious Princes; & amongst others by Henry du Bourbon, the French kings late pardon unto the royal Bastard of Au●…ergne, who was confederated in treason with the marshal Byron: For to cut off many Nobles together (after the head be taken away, when any good hope of ensuing grace remaineth by the rest alive, as some men think) were merely snperfluous; but of this point I purpose to speak somewhat in my third Book, as occasion will offer. Yet in these cases, Princes should prove very circumspect Philosophers, in sounding and measuring the natures and inclinations of their ministers, rewarding, cherishing, disgracing, and disliking those, and these as upon good grounds to their wisdoms shall seem most fit; and when any such seditious and turbulent actions have taken fire, then behoveth it them, and all other noble magistrates, Operam strenuè dare ne quidrespublica detrimenti capiat. Stoutly to labour, that the Commonwealth may not be by those means prejudiced. Whereas the very best way to cross, and convince all ambition and sedition is by their contraries, which are good arts, true virtues, and apparent justice: and these (if any noble Magistrate shall exercise them) will clearly purge all those pestilent and contagious humours. It is written in the life of the Emperor Titus: how when divers which did conspire his death, with the confusion of that Empire, were brought prisoners unto him; his speech unto them was thus: Videtisné potestates fato dari? fr●…straque facinus tentari patrandi spe, vel amittendi metu? Perceive you not now that principalities and powers are fatally distributed? and that mortal men, in vain attempt heinous practices, either in some hope by the effecting of them; or in a fear of failing or miscarrying in their ensignements? For sure it is, that traitors & seditious rebels, are provided by God's ordinance as his rods & scourges of discipline and indignation, to work out his will amongst many Nations and people; but more certain it is that they cannot afflict, torture, or prevail more than is permitted by that hand which directeth them: but most sure, certain, and true this is; that commonly these sharp rods of rebellion, are made of thorns and brambles, destined to such end as hangmen and condemned persons, which are made executioners of others. Needful hath God in his wisdom seen, that there should be treasons, but woe be to those that execute them: it had been good for them, that they never had quickened in the seed of man. For no sooner hath the father punished his children with those ungracious twigs, but in a tender compassion he casteth them into the fire, and sometimes burneth the rod before it be used; because his wrath shall not continue still against his, which if a little while it might endure (after once it were kindled) what mortal man were able to brook the smart thereof?  
There is one ambitious rule, which the Machiavellian politics have taught 
Vide cap. 17. princ. Nic. Machiavelli.  to colour their wickedness, according to that saying out of Euripides cited by Cicero from the mouth of Caius Caesar: Nam si violandum est ius, reguandi gratia violandum est: aliis rebuspietatem colas. For if men will violate justice, the violation thereof aught to proceed from the hopes or fruition of sovereignty, which may depend thereon; in all other things (saving in matters of Empire) let a man declare piety. But the wisest Philosophers teach us, that it is base and vulgar to thirst after sovereignty; meaning, that ambition cannot seize upon a very noble and magnanimous heart. Besides royal burden is accompanied with a most servile vexation, care, continual fear, with treason, & peril. Hence was it that Aecius the Comedian concluded how few princes were honest and faithful, either because no princes in his time did bear any sovereignty but tyrants: or else because he deemed in his vain opinions, that without some sinister and crooked means, kings could not retain their principalities; which Cicero to this effect distinguisheth, as if the Comedian had only meant 
Offic. 3.  it by licentious, and tyrannous kings whose ends are commonly like their governments. Such were the ancient tyrants of Greece that durst not come abroad out of their palaces; lest some good man in killing of them might emancipate the Commonwealth. And hence was it which we may read of Thales Melesius, who deemed it impossible, that tyrants should live until were old, according to this of the Poet Iwenall. 
Ad generum Cereris sive caede & vulnere pauci,  
Descendunt reges, & sicca morte Tyanni.   
Few tyrannous kings end their lives naturally; but by slaughter, wounds, or treason. Moreover, it is most certain, that a virtuous and honest spirit deemeth it a great burden to be a king; the glorrie whereof cannot countervail the tenth part of the misery which adjoineth it: were it not therefore the imposition of God, & that they dare not withstand the divine injunction and commission of the most highest; who justly calleth many princes to sit upon his seat, and to judge the people on earth, I persuade myself that divers would have refused or resigned their just inheritances of kingdoms upon such considerations. Howbeit many good men lawfully called (such as Numa Pompilius, & Heluius Pertinax have voluntarily renounced and resigned up their estates: according to that saying of Cicero, Multi sunt & fueruut qui tranquilitatem 
Offic. 1.  expetentes a negotijs publicis se removerunt; & in hijs nobilissimi Philosophi, principes, hominesque severi. Many great Philosophers, princes, and grave persons are and have been; which in their love of tranquillity, resigned all their public reputations, and offices.  
But to proceed in my discourse, certain it is as I said, that men naturally be so much the more ambitious or ready to take hold of that poison, how much the more they be fortunate: only malicious flatterers, such as have put upon their hearts that vicious habit of speaking and soothing men up in all things plausible unto them; itching their ears with painted hopes; kindling discontentment in them against other great persons & fellow counsellors near their sovereign, hatch ambition in the hands and hearts of them which have always been busied in mighty matters; ministering some salt cause of unsatiable heat and thirst of revenge against their peers; upon some unperfect grounds plotted and leveled by their turbulent and malicious heads and hearts. And this out of their spiteful humours (tending entirely to the alteration, ruin, and spoil of their countrymen) is set abroach, as in a late counsellor and peer of this land too plainly was seen, which occasioned his overthrow. Credulity before touched is a mean to move these perturbations: which never can happen to that counsellor, whose actions and consultations are honourably directed in the true fear of God, and of his prince: who will not permit any trust of such matters where the vulgar beareth standard, upon whose force and faith relying divers princes and potentates have mainly miscarried with loss of their states and lives, and some also by partaking with them in their unperfect quarrels; which leaning upon their succours aimed at such dignities as neither were preordained nor fit for them: for they be variable, giddy headed, 
Sallust in b●… jugurth.  seditious, full of discord, covetous of innovation, and enemies to peace and tranquillity. And therefore that most learned and noble poet Scalliger addeth his suffrage to this opinion very fitly in these words. 
Qui pendet ab errore & opinion vulgi  
Pendet magis, at que arbore qui pendet ab alta.   
He which dependeth upon the error and opinion of the vulgar, holdeth more nicely than he which doth hang ready to fall from the highest branch of a tall tree. Most of which (being enraged with a lust of Innovation) would willingly strangle themselves in the throat of the Commonwealth: & though they partake with traitors and highly favour the treason, yet if they find it once displayed and bolted out, (for their hearts are prone to tumult) then will they presently curse him that marshaled them in their treasons; showing themselves most forward in apprehension, and punishing of him and of his follwers. And if their Arch-captaine in that commotion or sedition be taken, or if his practices be frustrated; it hath been always noted that they then begin most vehemently to commend him, which is & was his greatest adversary, whom doubtlessly they would (had fortune otherwise turned) have miserably massacred and slaughtered: declaring (like apparent Chameleons which turn colour with every die) great gladness in their feasts, and bonefyers; as if they were delivered from that servitude, which like fainthearted hypocrites and time servitors they first desired, & hunted for. The like example was seen amongst those rabble of the Romans which did partake with Catyline, so long as his treasons took good head: but when he grew weak and remediless; then, Mutatament Catylinae consilia execrari; Ciceronem ad caelum tollere ceperunt. The case being altered, they with execrations condemn the counsel of Catyline; extolling Cicero to the heavens. It is therefore found great weakness in wise men, to trust unto the rude, ignorant, and undisciplined multitude; and he which is instructed in moral Philosophy, will never put affiance in them, unless it be where their Captain is the best man in field, and where they must either fight like men, or die like dogs without resistance. For by Philosophy men are taught (as I said before) to know themselves, and how to measure and master their own force. Example of this is recorded of the Gracchis, & of Spurius Melius. For though it be (as was before said) commendable and necessary for virtuous counsellors to regard, and make suit for dignities and preferments at their prince's hands, whose faithfulness, diligence, and general good desert, worthily may require the same: so doth it without all doubt import the contrary, when they by wicked means would aspire to sovereignty: which happeneth commonly through neglect of God's worship, and contempt of their liege sovereign: none of which as it is generally found in all writers of Histories or Chronicles, have long enjoyed that, which by such impious and unjust means hath been catched; and most of them perished in the beginnings and executions, which with some examples I think it a thing not impertinent to confirm. Agathocles the Sicilian, son to a Potter, through his malicious quickness & subtleties, attained by favour of the Syracusians, first to be made their Praetor: and after (through help of his friend Amilchar, General of an army which then served in Sycill, with whom he conspired) hunting ambitiously for the sovereign power of that State, at a signal given, divers armed persons suddenly rushing out in a chamber, where the principals under the pretext of serious consultation were assembled, slaughtered the Citizens and Senators, whereby he became prince of that State. After that precedent, Olyverotto di Fermo by treacherous murder of his Uncle Giovanni Fogliani, and of the Fermanes, became prince of Fermo: who by the Command of Caesar Borgia, than General of his father Pope Alexander the sixth, his forces by train under the like trust of consultation with Orsino, Baglioni Prince of Perugia, & others was imprisoned and strangled. Lodovik Sforza Duke of Milane, by usurpation having empoisoned his Nephew Giovanni Galliacio, did aspire to that principality which some did suppose, was a great cause of the ruin and servitude of ●…alie, with infinite other calamities: which as Francis Guicciardine writeth, happened upon it in Christendom; whose whole race was extinct not long after.  
I will not omit that which is yet f●…sh late Chronicles; and hath been many times represented unto the vulgar upon our English theatres, of Richard Plantagenet, third son to Richard Duke of 〈◊〉 who (being eldest brother next su●…iuing to King Edward the fourth, 〈◊〉 he had ●…naturally made away his elder brother, George Duke of 〈◊〉 (〈◊〉 he thought a grievous eye sore betwixt him and the mark 〈◊〉 which he leveled) did upon death of the King his brother, take upon him protection of 〈◊〉 Realm, under his two Nephews left in his brotherly 〈◊〉 both which he caused at once to be smothered together, within 〈◊〉: his majesties Tower, at London: which ominous bad lodging in memorial thereof, is to this day known, and called by name of th●…●…dly Tower▪ Hereupon, this odious Uncle usurped the crown, but within li●…le 〈◊〉 two years was deposed, & confounded in the Battle at Bosworth in Leycester shire: 1485. by King Henry the seventh, sent by God to make resti●… of the people's liberties; and after so long and h●…ble a sh●…re of civil blood, 〈◊〉 send a golden sunshine of peace, closed up in the p●…ely levies of that sweet, & modest Rose of Lancaster which being wo●…e in the 〈◊〉 bosom of Lady. Elizabeth the daughter of King Edward, (late mentioned of the Family of York) dispersed those seditious clouds of war which had a long time obscured our firmament of peace, banishing that sulphurous smoke of the newly devised Cannon, with the divine odour of that blessed inoculation of Roses: yielding by their sacred union the Lady Margaret, the firstflower of that conjunction; and great Grandmother (as I declared) to our Sovereign's Majesty, in these happy bodies reigning over us: whose blessed reign, I beseech God to lengthen as the days of heaven.  
Henry Duke of Guise, father to this young Duke now living in France, aspiring covertly to that greatness, which neither his birth nor conscience (albeit well guarded by the Church of Rome) could assure him; fell in the very bowels of his ambition under that guard, which if he could, should have been spectators of their Sovereign's tragedy. Charles du Lorreyne, likewise i●…ke du Maine, and brother to that Duke of Guise (after that he had many years waged war against his natural Sovereign Henry of Burbo●…, now the fourth French King of that name; and had usurped the titles, coins, crown, and royalties of that Realm, which he then miserably tortured, holding his liege Lord at the pikes point in most hostile defiance, was at length shamefully put to flight: in restoring of which ungrateful Duke to his office of Le gra●…d Chambellane du France (though it was done by mighty means and mediation) the king living hath declared much clemency, The late success of Marischall Byron in France, for practising against the crown and life of his Soucraigne, with the faction of Spain, being sofresh in our memories by the ransom of that capital treason (with his head, which paid it) need not to be much stood upon.  
Neither those ambitious conspiracies of the Earl Gourey in Scotland, against his highness sacred life, miraculously protected and preserved by God for the weal and government of his people. Add hereunto the late practices of our unworthy Gentlemen of England, against his anointed Majesty; whosemercy doth yet appear much great, as were their treasons. By these and other examples, infinite of that nature appeareth how needful it is, that Magistrates in such place have great care and fear of falls, when they seek to scale slippery promotions beyond their reach: which are only bestowed by divine providence, and not any ways disposed by human policy: This also did the divine Scalliger observe in his advise to such ambitious firebrands, which after th'eruption of a few turbulent sparks, soon and on a sudden end in cold, and dead embers. 
Certo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & tua metire probando:  
Ne scande Locos equibus inde sit vuendum.   
By good proof and experience learn to moderate thyself: seek not to climb unto such places from whence thou must have a fall.  
Beware therefore of this fearful elation of the spirit, towards corporal promotions and benefits: and if grief or discontentment upon good ground seize upon us, let us arm ourselves with constancy to bear and to convert all wrongs and tribulations, into the practice and use of virtues: by which means we shall so charm all dolours and perturbations, that they can have no power to brand or torture us. Add hereunto this precept of Master Francis Guycciardine, that counsellors in weigtie matters show deliberation and slowness of tongue and foot: the cnstome of their service fed with the bitter herb patience (which bringeth peace at the last) should so far prevail with them in most causes; that the more wrongs they receive at their Prince's hands, the more patience and duty they should declare.  
This, lest I become more tedious than pleasant or profitable to the Reader, I think sufficient concerning the principal qualities and offices in a counsellor: many more severally might be recounted, howbeit as adjuncts or dependences unto these before specified. And some few which herein are exexpressed, will make a man honourable, and esteemed according to that saying of Sallust, Multa vari●…que sunt artes animi quibus summa claritudo comparatur: Herein, not presumptuously nor over weaningly, to limit men in wisdom and authority, so far beyond my censure and above my degree, to such things which proceed from my weak and unripe opinions; but to give a methodical taste of my judgement, grounded upon the sound opinions of men prudent and very learned, consorting in sweet Harmony, with the Lawgivers, Commonwealths-masters, and prudent philosophers of former ages. In them for my part resting well satisfied: & yet with such due respect as by submitting myself in all reverence and humiltie to the sounder judgements approved wisdoms, and gentler corrections of men learned and experienced in offices of state with a decent obedience and readiness, I do desire to be both instructed better, and reform in any point, which their wisdoms shall deem expedient herein. To conclude therefore in opposition to them that have violently and suddenly, fallen from the throne of sovereignty by their ambition; with such as merely by their virtues have been advanced, and established kingdoms in their long succeeding posterity, through many generations. I will speak somewhat as well for their encouragement which are verily noble; as for the reformation of those that are proud, abject, & ambitious. He which deserveth well, and laboureth in the common cause of his Country with justice and sincerity, may worthily seek for condign prefe●…ment at the Prince his hands: for if every labourer meriteth wages, what doth he which incessantly busieth himself in procuring, aiding, and maintaining the peace and riches of the Commonwealth? Magnae namquè curae magna merces est: The reward is great which appertaineth to a great charge: as Sallust in his Oration to Caesar. This care and zealous desire to dignify that Nation which gave the first light to his life, is the perfectest token of a good Counsellors virtue. Virtutique perfectae nonfiet condignus honour; Perfect virtue cannot be sufficiently honoured; saith Aristotle. And according to Patricius; 
Ethicor. 8. Lib. 3. de insti●…. re●…pub.  Virtus semper secum comitem habet honorem; velut corpus umbram, laudataquè crescit: Virtue is continually accompanied with honour; as the body is with a shadow, and flourisheth by good fame. Nay, the most kindly milk which nourisheth virtue is honour. And as Aristotle writeth in another place; Homines dij dicuntur propter virtutum excellentiam &c: Men (in respect of their virtues excellency) be called Gods. What then? shall we study therefore to become honourable, nay, rather monstrous and abominable, by the corruption and brutish appetite of vice and confusion? For even as it is written, that he which killeth with the sword, shall perish therewith: (which is meant by murtheres▪ that either fall under the spiritual or civil sword of God's justice, or of the Kings) so certain is it, that he which studieth innovation, disorder, and confusion (through the secret rage of his own ambitious malice and greediness) shall utterly be confounded.  
If therefore we should endeavour to recount the numbers of them, that in this f●…ious spirit of Lucifer have perished; it were infinite, and unpossible. In contrary, let us call to remembrance such virtuous men, as from mean estate (through their own honesties) have attained great dignities, and principalities: we shall find their number exceed any common Register. Howbeit, one hundred vicious and ambitious persons, have in all Ages appeared by proportion (if a man may so term it) for one half of a virtuous man. Virtue was it which first advauced Saul fró keeping of Asses, to be king in Israel. 
Regnum 1. cap. 9  What was it which raised David the youngest of jesses' eight children, from keeping of sheep to sit upon King Saul his throne? was it not his virtuous disposition and inclination; as it appeared when God spoke to Samuel: saying, that he had found a man after his own heart: commanding the Prophet to raise 
Vide Ioseph●… lib. 6 Antiq. Tit. Lyuiu●…▪ hist. lib. primus. & Val. lib. 3.  himself and anoint David, for that was he? By verve Tullus Hostilius, a poor Neat-heard, of obscure and unknown parentage, reigned over the Romans. By such virtue Ventidius Bassus (in high favour with Cayus Caesaer) who was a poor man's son, and had been a muletter was first made Tribune of the people, after that Praetor, than Archbishop, & lastly Consul: whereupon that libel was cast out in spite of virtue (which hath always many persecutors) mulos qui fricabat, consul factus est; in my judgement wholly tending to the honour 
Gellius lib. 15. cap. 4.  of Bassus; and unto the perpetual glory of those noble Romans which (with out any superficial respect unto the shadow) precisely look into the substance. So did Telephantes, first a wheelewright become king of the Lydians. 
Petrus Bergo ●…usis lib. 14 Cr●…. etc.  Tamerlane of a neat-heard made in short time Emperor of the Turks and Persians. Valentinianus (whose father was a ropemaker) elected Emperor of the Romans: semblably Darius, Archilaus, with others infinite private persons and Philosophers were in regard of their virtues preferred to kingdoms & principalities. Let therefore virtue be the pure substance of our actions and consultations; for it commandeth by the force of a more than worldly spirit, all earthly promotions and blessings: considering how sapience and virtue be called the grounds by which man is resembled unto God.  
It resteth now that I declare the bodily tokens and complexions which are observed by some special writers in choice of a counsellor: for as in all weighty matters, it is evident amongst wise men, that great judgement and observation is used; so should it appear much rather in a matter of such special importance as this is; for so much as upon these counsellors the wealth and health of princes and principalities depend. By these exterior properties, much may be gathered of the interior faculties before declared (as Ceriolano thinketh) albeit they do not hold generally certain; for conjecturals are as notes or signs, which may sometimes deceive; and yet not to be rejected neither: For (as Aristotle and other Philosophers write) their be marks and accidents or signs in men's bodies figuring their private affections. In some beautiful persons, there is a kind of venerable majesty. A comely countenance and pleasing face, greatly graceth a counsellor; yielding good correspondence to his dignity. Hence was it that Socrates did prefer before all others beautiful persons to the studies of Philosophy; supposing that this outward pulchritude did represent to life the picture of divine beauty. And albeit sometimes within a sour countenance, a most beautiful nature is planted, and a right excellent knowledge, mind, and judgement within a body not absolute in composition and membrature; yet is it very rare to be seen: and howmuch the more rarely such persons are found, so much more excellent and rare, are their interior virtues & perfections, if we compare them with others in their natures, being intended here to that beauty, which Cicero doth ascribe unto dignity and not to comely colour: considering how the true pulchritude is interior; whereas in effeminate and affected beauty nothing is absolute. For if we consider it, Nature herself being provided of a competent force, placeth her most art and studies in fashioning of the brain, which (as I said) is the principal seat of our reasonable soul. And hence it is, that some men which in other members seem foul and deformed, yet prove to be most prudent and of admirable fine wits. It was written by divers Hystorians, that amongst barbarous and wild people, the visible beauty was had in much admiration and honour: and therefore was great Alexander despised by the Queen of Amazons, because in so puissant a prince she found not so pleasing a comelinesses, as in her fantasy was thought that a man of such a famous and exceeding valour and victories should have, the report of which moved her to visit him, as Queen Saba did Solomon, who was angelical both in exterior and interior pulchritude. The complexion therefore of such a magistrate should be temperate, either sanguine, or choleric: for such persons commonly be sharp witted; of a sound judgement, and durable quick memory: they be just, affable, faithful, beneficent, magnificent, magnanimous, strong, valiant, & well attempered with alacrity, agility, and health of body; if their natures be not with bad custom depraved or corrupted. The spirits of persons melancholic are dried up, and earthy; rude, heavy, vain, detesting honourable thoughts; malicious, superstitious, suspicious, envious, full of sorrow, vexation, and contumely; how much more in age, so much less in knowledge. Neither are phlegmatic persons eligible by the course of nature; being vicious, and unapt for learning, by the rule of Philosophy. The stature of them therefore which are ordained, should be mean; the whole corporal membrature, just, and proportionable; a visage liberal and ingenuous, eloquently conciliating benevolence and authority. For the reasonable soul (being gathered into a narrow room) hath more force to work; then as the sap in a long slender tree which extending unto the top and height of many tall branches produceth less store of fruit by much; than it would have done in a brushie, short well knitted, and tenderly branched tree, whose radical humour worketh in much less compass. Howbeit I deny not but in the purest and best attempered complexions, according with the judgements of diverse excellent naturalists and Philosophers, the power concupiscenciall will greatly predominate and incite men to sin. Yet if persons of those clear constitutions and complexions shall moderate their mental perturbations and carnal appetites; no men of other complexions can have power to come near unto them in virtues; if they set their hearts upon righteousness, and call upon the name of the most highest. For unto this precious gift of temperance their nature is most near; because their brains are less provoked by the distemperature of their inferior irascible and concupiscential parts. The complexion therefore most eligible is sanguine, aubourne hair, of a mean stature; virtuously instructed, healthful and long lived. And these (unless some other defect or violence against nature pervert the same) are for the most part endowed with much wisdom and wit: of which excellent kind we read in the books of the Kings, that king David was; as, fair and ruddy with a comely countenance, & body well shaped; & of a mean stature. Howbeit, we find that he many times through those concupiscenciall motions was excited to sin: yet had God so blessed him that he did not lose that habit of virtue which was put upon him with that blessing, when choice was first made of him to be the servant of God, and vicegerent to rule his chosen people. In election of counsellors, (according to Pliny) it was observed that no man under thirty years of age should be permitted to consult in principal causes of the Commonwealth, nor men very aged, as after the term of sixty years according to V●…rro. Which Seneca likewise confirmeth, limiting the service of soldiers to fifty years, and of Senators to sixty: Per legem annariam. For according to that Law, the Romans well knew when they might in respect of their years sue to be Tribunes, Quaestors, Dictator's, Consuls, or in other offices, as it was limited appearing by this of the Poet Ovid.  

Finit aque certis  
Legibus est atas; unde petatur honos.   
That age, (by which men may sue for honours, or promotions) is confined within certain Laws.  
For if in respect of their experience by many years old men be regarded, it must be respected that by course of nature they be timorous, suspicious, incredulous, covetous, and so much more froward and fearful as they be more wasted in years; impatient of labour and pain, oblivious (by which defect divers occasions are neglected) talkative, & obstinate in opinion, their understanding dull, their heat (which is the spur of action) wasted. Young men are likewise void of experience, much subject to vicious affections and pleasures of nature; to passions and perturbations of mind, so distracted with heat of youth, heedless temerity, and surcuidrie that they cannot observe any temper in gravity; neither will the people cleave unto their counsels. And as that excellent moralist Seneca writ: Iwenile vitium est, regere non posse impetum. It is a vice naturally graffed in youth, not sufficiently to bridle 
I●… Trod.  appetite. Men therefore of middle age are to be chosen, whose humours are plausible and temperate; whose inward affections are delayed with some experience and discretion; which can dispose, remember, and execute matters with a proportionable strength, courage, and gravity; whose memory will richly serve them for things past, whose understanding to judge of things present according to truth, and whose imagination participating of them both, can presage or provide things to come; such men are importuned with thronging multitudes for counsel; and are to be chosen (as I set down before) by the prince himself upon good experience had of their sufficiencies. Young men admitted to that place are fitly called abortive counsellors, and certain of them like summer fruits of the first season soon ripe, & fit for the administration of weighty matters, but naturally decay quickly: some long before they be come to be sound in judgement but having attained perfection in knowledge are the men indeed fit for authority most excellent above others, their wisdom continuing long with them, & yielding a fair and commendable light even to the last spiracle of their natural life; so long as the least drop of oil is remaining in their earthly lamps. As that most reverend Father in Christ, john Whytgift, late Archbishop of Canterbury; and the right sage, and ever-worthy Lord Treasurer, William Cecil declared long after the term of sixty years, even to the last period of their breath. Such young towardly plants as are like by the gifts of nature, and pleasantness of their wit to prove fit in time for such service, must first be diligenly taught in Schools, and Universities: after good knowledge in arts, commended with honest and faithful Tutors, attending them into foreign countries, there to note and learn good fashions of people with their Languages, and such things as I spoke of before in peregrination: and then towards the three or four and twentieth year of their age (when firmer strength may bear it) exercised and practised somedeal in the wars, which is a great glory to noble young spirits, and groundeth them in the love of virtue, when arms are exercised with a perfect heroical resolution, and to good purposes (as Cicero writeth: Prima est adolescenti commendatio ad gloriam, si qua ex bellicis rebus compa●…ari potest. 
O●…ic. 2.  The best honour of a young man, proceedeth from his perfection in arms. And according to Plato, Liberum hominem maxinè decet armorum disciplina 
Lib. 21. Tac●… de for●…du.  & equitatio &c. Martial discipline and horsemanship, most honoureth a Gentleman. By these means having well broken the inordinate heat of youth, with some manly moderation and experience, they may be chosen (if the Prince think it fit) into counsel; employed in public affares of policy till sixty years be past, and then let them take leave of their Prince, returning to their quiet: for the better purifying and rectifying of their consciences, seeking after their soul's health; studying how to die a blessed death, and having their honours and revenues enlarged (by the Prince's great been ficence) towards them.  
The Sovereign (which is the fountain of these counsels) needeth not any rules concerning his apport or carriage, in administration of grave and weighty businesses of his kingdoms and state: for so much as it should be presupposed that all the wise consultations and actions of his immediate ministers issue from him, as being the fountain or Lodestar of their direction: in whom all glory (which is attained by the mature deliberations and services of them that attend his counsels) remaineth. And therefore I crave pardon herein, if unhapily some shall imagine me so foolishly presumptuous, as to prescribe rules of policy for any princes, not having sufficient in myself to serve those private purposes, that are required in a single man of mean condition: for well I know Quam difficile atque asperum sit consilium regi aut imperatori 
Sal●… in 〈◊〉. ad c●… 〈◊〉.  dare, postremo cuiquam mort alium cuius opes in excelso sunt: quip cum & illi●… consultorum copia sunt: I know that it is difficult and harsh, to minister counsel unto a King, or Emperor, or to any mortal man, whose riches are huge and honourable: because such persons are plentifully furnished with choice of counsellors. Only this in brief, the respects importing his princely care are these. First a ripe demurrer in weighty causes: wherein is required his circumspection that he trifle not away the time of his action in unprofitable delays; or waste the days of his business in vain words: next that he lend a judicious care without pertinacy to them that consult upon any serious matter concerning his weal: hearing all their opinions benevolently, but warily concealing his own mind within himself, or imparting it (albeit upon necessity) to very few, judging and pondering every man's censure according to the weight of prudence. Tunc demum elucet regia maiestas, cum potest qua cuiusque sententia in senatu melior, non numero sed pondere dijudicare. Royal majesty then most luculently disperseth her glory, when it hath power to ponder every Senator his opinion according to the sound substance of reason, and not persuaded by the multitude of voices, Lastly but most needfully that his grace admit a general liberty for his Counsellors frankly to declare their minds without restraint of any thing which may concern the subject of their consultations: for miserable is that prince which wilfully, but more sluggishly rather occasioneth his own wretchedness by prohibition or punition of that liberty which openeth unto him th'impostumes or dangers of his present state, in disposing of which kind of causes he should decline from any taste of partiality: which herein is expressed, when he neither rewardeth them that advise him sound to the best, nor punisheth those which ministered counsel to the worst sense. And this is one principle, or caveat rather to every wise prince, which (as I should think) is a good member of his true fortitude; that he govern of himself, & be not governed entirely by the counsels and opinions of others; as if he should fearfully distrust his own private wisdom, in any public matters of the commonwealth: Nihil est 〈◊〉 in imperio pernicio●…us, quam ex alio sapere. And as Tilius writeth in his Commentaries of 
Lib. 1. in Chylderici primi vit●….  France: Videant principes ne munera sua ●…egligant: sed procurent ea ex mandato dei, nec incumbant toti in alienam fidem. Prince's should have a most vigilant and circumspect care unto their offices: which they should execute according to the commandment of God; and not entirely repose their trust in others. It is likewise very behoveful, that every Prince take open notice and understanding, of the singular good virtues and demerits of such valiant and excellent persons as have highly worthied his Highness, honoured the Commonwealth; or benefited any special members thereof. Tam etiam beneficij quam iniurae memor esse debet: He must remember a benefit as presently, as a wrong done unto him. Semblably, true munificence (as I said before in my first Book) is most worthy the royal Majesty: Armis nempè regem, quam munificentia vinci minus flagitiosum: The dishonour of a king is not so great which is gotten by his overthrow in wars, as by his want of due munificence. To that prince likewise, that tempereth his reign with benignity and clemency, all things seem joyful & pleasant; Etiam & hosts huic aequiores quam aliis cives sunt: Even enemies are more favourable to such princes, than subjects are to those of a contrary condition. Which that moral Tragedian witnesseth in many places; though his Scholar would never learn that Lesson. 
Qui vult amari, languida regnet manu:   
He (that would be beloved amongst his people) must punish with a languishing 
Seneca in Theb.  hand.  
Moreover, every wise prince will have his Court furnished with store of reverend Bishops, and Noblemen of port; aswell for his own more fame and honour in foreign places, as for the majesty of his State at home: by which means if any matters happen amiss, either in the Church, amongst the nobility, or in the Commonwealth; he may sagely communicate, consult, and work out (with their forces about) him towards a general or particular pacification, and tranquillity. The reputation and ancient offices of a prince amongst the romans was to summon a Parliament, senate, or counsel; to 
Spartianus in vita Antonini & Casiodorus lib. 6.  give directions unto the Senators: to deliver the law, to constitute guardians, for wards and orphans in pupilage; to make free men of servants: to dispose and bestow the public tribute. His means to conciliate the people's love is the fame & opinion of liberty, beneficence, justice, faith, and of other qualities appertaining his royal apport in manners and facility: for in just and good princes (in and from whom no deceits nor injuries appear, nor proceed) the people frankly repose all their fortunes, wives, lives, & children: as they did here in your most excellent Majesty, upon the decease of our late dear Sovereign Elizabeth: which how firm a kingdom that is, cannot but be with much comfort known unto your highness: Cum multo tutius sit volentibus 
Sallust in orat. ad Cas.  quam coactis imperitare. Considering that it is a fafer course to bear rule over such as are voluntarily, than those that by constraint are subjecteth. This happiness hath justice and prudence wrought in and for your grace, that no people can be more frank hearted in loyal allegiance, and reverend affection towards their Sovereign; then your subjects of England. For as we find that men for many reasons subject themselves voluntarily to princes (some upon a good opinion conceived of their justice and prudence; others in hope of benefit to be gotten at their royal hands; some for honour, a multitude for other preferments of divers natures; & peradventure not a few which stand in fear of some disadvantage if they should not subject themselves under them, whose true right and inheritance void of any the least colour of exception doth command and enjoin them) so nothing can be more specious, than your majesties excellent virtues and knowledge, wherewithal God hath admirably blessed you; nothing more lively declared then your true royal munificence and bounty: nothing equivalent with your kingly beneficence in honouring & preferring virtuous persons: & (that which is most apparent & clear as the sun in his purestlight) your majesties royal right of inheritance & undoubted lineal descent unto these crowns & kingdoms under your Sceptre imperiously by right commandeth it. But one thing more than all the rest (to the unspeakable comfort of your highness under God) there is; which mainly conquereth & preserveth all Empire; being a zealous & unfeigned love of your people towards your grace, so that in these three points your majesties glories are with most renown emblazoned: First with the people's love: secondly by the confidence reposed in their prince through his virtues: and lastly, through the reverence, & dutiful obedience exhibited unto him. parva namque res tantum ingenium atting ere nequit. For such a mighty wit is not apprehensible of small matters. Such infinite blessings hath the God of righteousness powered into your grace's head and heart; having girded, impaled, and fastened th'one in constancy with those graces of wisdom, within your royal crown: and of sacred understanding within those noble virtues which have circled the other. Herein (being so manifest a truth which every reasonable subject knoweth and acknowledgeth) I cannot incur the note of Adulation: so that it may be verified in this (which was spoken unto Caius Caesar) Prius defessi fuerint homines laudando facta tua, quam tu laud digna facienda, etc. Men shall first grow weary with speaking of your glorious and prayseworthie deeds, before you desist from doing such things, as most highly deserve commendation. Thus hath your Majesty given unto us a golden and a blessed kingdom, not only by adding unto your inheritance of England the crown of Scotland, but by bringing in with you as your inseparable companions, peace, prudence, magnificence, justice, clemency, with divers other princely virtues amongst us, for our imitation; which (by the true meed of honour) propagate all dominion and sovereignty, confirming that golden sentence of Seneca: 
Habere regnum casus est, virtus dare.   
The possession of a crown is the gift of fortune, the gift of a crown is the 
In Thyeste.  meed of virtue. So that in after times the like may be recorded of your grace which the romans left engraven in perpetual honour of their Emperor Heluius; who (being constrained by the Senate and people to take upon him the empire) was therefore called Pertinax. Pertinace imperanti securiviximus, 
Hist. August, in vita Helu●…i Pertinaci●….  nemine timuimus: patri pio senatus, patri omnium bonorum, etc. During the Empire of Pertinax, we lived in security, fearless of any mortal man: this therefore we consecreate to the godly father of the senate, to the father of all good men. What then remaineth further (after all these blessings in your majesty lent unto us) but that in our zealous prayers, we with a cheerful unanimity, beseech almighty God that all those your highness actions and consultations (which are and shall be) may stand with his good pleasure, and end in all prosperity.  
The best means of acquisition and preservation of sovereignty being declared (as my fashion is) I deem it needful to show by what courses it is suddenly subverted. In opposition therefore to the people's love standeth their hatred and fear of their prince his feveritie. Malus etenim custo●… diuturnit 
Offic. 2.  atis metus: quem etenim metuunt oderunt: quem quisque od●… perijsse expetir. For fear is no good treasurer of a man's life: because men hate such persons as retain them in fear: and it is expedient that he should perish, whom every man hateth: Saith Ennius in Cicero. It is therefore impossible for him to reign long amongst those people whom he doth oppress with violence and tyranny, consenting with the sage moralist.  

Violenta nemo imperia continuit diù,  
Moderata durant, 
Seneca in Trod.   
Quoquè fortuna altius evexit ac levauit humanas opes,  
Hoc se magis supprimere foelicem decet,  
Variosque casus cernere metuentem deos  
Nimium faventes.   

No king can rule long time with violence,  
But princes temperate reign many years.  
For wise men which by fortune are advanced,  
Their power and passions so much more will curb,  
And they that fear bad fruits of too good fortunes,  
Can perfectly discern the choice of chance.   
He likewise is not rightly called a king that feareth any subject, as Seneca writeth in Thyeste. 
Rex est qui metuit nihil.   
He is a true king which doth not stand in fear of any thing: and in another place to this point thus: 
Quos cogit metus  
Laudare, eosdem reddit inimicos metus.  
Such people as in fear constrained love kings,  
By the same fear are made their enemies.   
Nay true kings (as I said before) whose true firmament, is only justice) are known by two special things by which they retain their kingdoms in peace and happiness; that is by their zealous worship of God, and 
In Thyeste.  their voluntary subjection of themselves unto the laws by which they govern the nations on earth. Hence was it that Caelius did write of a grave, a just, and a learned, prince which answered a certain hypocritical and dangerous flatterer (who did affirm that all the means and proceedings of princes concerning their estates generally were just and honest) on this 
Lib. antiq lect. 12. cap. 46.  fashion: Omnia per iovem non sunt honesta, & justa, sed barbaris tantum. Nobis vero ea honesta quae honesta, & justa quae justa; & illud possumus, quod de iure possumus. I call jupiter to witness, that all things are not honest and just, but amongst barbarous kings and savages. But of us those things (which are verily honest) are esteemed honest; and all such things just, which are just indeed; and that is in our power to do, which we may lawfully do. Moreover this is a most reasonable position, and established in the civil laws. Neminem dici posse, se posse aliquid quod honestè non potest & salva dignitate. It cannot be said of any man, that he may do anything, which impugneth 
Text in leg. nepos 〈◊〉 de verborum & serun signif.  his reputation or honesty. tyrants likewise are known in two special things: by which (according to the observation of some curious heads) they be noted to preserve a tyranny. But in my judgement the members of those two means are the likeliest to demolish any state whatsoever: the first kind barbarous, and the second crafty.  
Upon the first expendeth the cutting off and extinguishing of the mighty ones, the abolishing of conviviall meetings and good fellowship in intercourse amongst neighbours, the subversion of Churches, hospitals, schools, & academies, bestowing the lands with which they formerly were endowed upon greedy flatterers, & enemies of honesty: the taking away of fairs, markets and other means whereby countrymen become strange one towards another the admittance of strangers into the public corporations, civil societies, and other popular assemblies that they might snarl and entangle people in their words & actions by which their privileges & possessions may come to be seized profisco. The dispersing through all places of the Commonwealth privy whisperers & informers, for the secret groping and mining into the peopels hearts; and to supplant the states of private gentlemen and persons of good quality: the sowing of factions, seditious slanders, and dissensions amongst noblemen, rich men, and the commoners; by whose ruin his coffers may be loaden: the driving of poor folks into mere misery, fear, and pusillanimity: the levying and undertaking of unjust war abroad, that he may make all sure at home. The diffidence, and not crediting of friends; the cherishing, preferring, and benefiting of wives, whores, parasites, servants, fiddlers, rascals, cooks, panders, daudes, players, tailors, and Buffoons.  
Upon the second means consisteth a counterfeit and hypocritical care, or pretence to cherish the Commonwealth: th'exaction of tributes under the pretext of necessary wars; and of economical occasions: to counterfeit a reverend graee and plausible majesty, both in person and countenance: to wound no man with open injury, but privily to bite him to the bone: to retain but one wife in open sight: admirably to dissemble sobriety, vigilancy, the fear of God, and care of religion; and sometimes in specious appearance, to reward honest men under the pretext of virtue. And these have been noted as eminent qualities in malicious Tyrants, such as Caligula, Domitian, and Maximus: which being continually wounded, stabbed, and tormented with the bodkins, and furies of their mischievous and impious actions and devices; as Nero was, who (neither sleeping nor waking could rest alone, from horrible and fatal visions and apparitions; and being in company stood in sear of every man about him) lived in a most miserable hell amongst men. The like was written of King Richard the third amongst us, whose nefarious practices, and bloody crimes were unspeakable. Whereas if we should in contrary compare them with those virtuous and blessed Princes, whose gracious eyes inspired peace and plenty to the Commonwealth where they governed: it shall appear, that like Angels upon earth (with a comfortable remembrance and motion of their goodness and beneficence generally dispersed) they seemed in comparison of those other tryranous devils. But I doubt least, I rest upon this point more than fitteth, and therefore I will be so short, as I can in the rest.  
First therefore, a good and wise Prince may not maintain any combat with fortune: as in contending to blow stronger than the winds, or to roar louder than the Seas; but to yield with wary vigilancy to her wrath, until prudent occasion bring her (in another body then before she was) well managed, and taught to turn at hand furnished fit for his service, with saddle and bridle, that being bravely mounted at length upon his old metamorphosed mistress, with a pair of golden spurs on his hercules, he may ride like the great Greek Monarch Alexander, when upon his great headed horse Bucephalus, all the kings of the world saluted him as their mighty sovereign. And lastly, let that serenity which should shine from the divine temples of a true prince, so generally dispo●…se itself amongst all people, that nothing repugnant to prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance, appear in his actions and consultations: for they should be th'inseparable counsellors and companions of all crowns.  
Now to conculde in the foot of my second Book, with the Prince, who is both top & root of this Counsel, being therefore called, Consilium privatum (as Vincentius Lupanus writeth) Quasi secretius, interius, selectius, & sanctius dixeris: As if you should say the most secret, inward, choice, and holy counsel. Which kind of counsel we find was instituted amongst the Athenians in their Commonwealth: Sine cuius consilio quicquam decerni, Solonis lege prohibitum erat. Without the advice of which Senate it was cautioned by the Laws of Solon, that not any thing of moment in the Athenian Commonwealth should be discerned. I therefore say, that to be a Prince is the great gift of God: for somuch as he is chosen God's Vicegerent or Steward, either good or bad for the weal or punishment of his people: but that prince which studieth, and faithfully provideth for the chiefest good and peace of his people both in soul and body, (proposing that blessing for the whole scope of his government) hath that grace divinely infused, & it merely proceedeth from his own bountiful and blessed nature. Est enim illud imperium diuturnum, & immobile; quod fulcitur gloria, & benevolentia popularis societatis: For that Empire is durable and constant, which is supported by the report and benevolence of the popular society. Which made our late dear Sovereign, that most conspicious, auspicious and peace-breathing bright Planet of Christendom, so sacred in her domination to that heartbreaking wonder of her enemies: which (having spitefully belched out in her life time the vomit of their empoisoned and malicious calumnies against her unreproucable conversation and government) were since her death, in remorse of conscience forced to acknowledge the miraculous blessings of the Almighty in her redispensed distributed and imparted to the neighbours and princes of Christendom during her reign: which more than exemplary blessing hath answerably given courage to the people subjecteth in obedience unto the Britain crowns; having declared their loves and loyalties unto your highness, being our happy sovereign which succeed her. And this is it which hath made your gracious Majesty out of your sacred disposition, and right royal lenity; not only to promise, but to perform so much on your princely part as they did expect, and as your highness presupposeth of their desert: by which you shall attain much more honour than ever Octavius, Antoninus Pius, Pertinax, Titus, Trajan, or 
S●… ad C. Cas●….  any prince that ever reigned in most happiness: considering that sage sentence. Imperium facile iis artibus retinetur quibus initio partum est. It is easy to retain a kingdom by the same means, through which it was attained. Being now maintained (even as it was gotten) in joy, justice, love and lenity: which are the true tokens, and infallible affections indeed of a very blessed Sovereign. For according to Fr. Guicciardine the sweet name of a just prince is as dearly tendered amongst all loving people as the remembrance of a tyrant odious, abject, and contemptible.  
Finis libri secundi.   

The third Book. Office of judges.  
WHen that most glorious and ever-renouned Emperor, Flavius justinianus, had (through his incomparable virtues, and travels indefatigable) subjecteth the stubborn necks of savage Barbarians, under the victorious yoke of his far stretching dominions: and with main power (in much dust and bloody smoke) had forced all Africa, being victoriously seconded with numberless Provinces of other nations, in homage and tributary service with fear and trembling, to make remonstrance of her obedience under his conquering sword. After all these tumults, bloody sweats and slaughters; and upon all his pompous triumphs for those victories ascribed to th'incomprehensible strength and goodness of Almighty God, then did he prudently call to remembrance the blessed serenity, which eternally shineth from the smiling forehead of gracious peace, after it hath been first dearly purchased with the violent confusion of unpartial war. Wherefore that he might be magnified aswell by th'olive of peace, as eternised in the Laurel of martial victory, he resolved to become as religious in establishing of Laws for the preservation of his peace and people, as he before had been famous in the propagation, subjection, and conservation of th'empire: according to that opinion of the sage Tragedian. 
Pacem reduci velle victori expedit. 
Seneca in Here. Fur.    
It is expedient for the Victor, to study the restitution of peace. In which benevolent purpose with all humbleness, under the propitious assistance of God (to which he did with most zealous sincerity first appeal) by the studious care of Tribonianus Theophilus and Dorotheus men (of most excelling prudence, nearest him of his secret Counsels, and the learnedest Sages of the Laws in that time happily, pithily, and compendiously reduced the fifty Volumes of Pandects out of Caius his Commentaries, and others, into four Books of Institutions. Which that sacred Emperor (great honours and reveneves being proposed to the Proficients in those studies) did by his imperial Edicts warranting the promulgation of that Book, cause to be generally read in all his dominions for the better establishment of his many kingdoms, and people in public weal and tranquillity. According to whose sage method and form of Laws (being much more excellent and conspicuous than all other civil institution (by which any principalities were ever governed) I purpose by God's assistance, to invest this Counsel; not majestically roabed in scarlet and purpur according to the reverence and dignity thereof: yet in the very best which my slender faculties can afford; having never attained any fruitful substance out of that paradise of divine and human knowledge equally combined by the perfection and fullness of God's grace.  
First therefore justice (being as Cicero calleth her) Omnium virtutum domina & Regina: The Lady and Queen of all othervertues. By the imperial 
justicia Ci●… 3. Offic.  institutions is thus defined; Perpetua & constans voluntas, suum cuique tribuens: A perpetual and assured will to give every man his due. And derived as I suppose from Ius, which is right, tanquam Ius stans, & immobile, veliuris statio: As a sure, immovable, or implanted right being the same in effect with the definition of justice.  
juris prudentia (which I call the knowledge how to discern of any cause aright.) 
jurisprudentia.  Est divinarum humanarumque rerum notitia, justi atque iniusti scientia: A notice of divine and human affairs: a science which maketh a true difference between right and wrong: Comprehending Sapience, which by Philosophers is defined to be the science of divine and human matters: 
S●…pientia.  and therefore judges and Interpreters of the Laws, were anciently called Prudentes and Sages. Hence proceedeth it that Ius, by the difference that I can make in our vulgar is termed, every thing that is thought and done aright. For 
juris definiti●….  according to Master Bodine, it differeth a league; Quoniam sine i●…spect at ad id 
In Repub.  quod aquum & bonum est: lex autem ad imperantis maiestatem pertinet. Because it (without motion or coaction) is wholly employed in righteousness and goodness: whereas Laws have reference to the Magistrates majesty. The substance of justice is compounded (as it were of three principal elements of the 
justitia parts. Probitas Innocentia. ●…tas.  mind: of honesty, which is a plain and cleanly perfection of the mind; constantly: conversing in just dealing and decency: of innocency, which comprehendeth our piety towards God▪ and our zealous obedience unto the laws of his holy Scriptures: with the perfect duties & true charity which every well-affected person exhibiteth towards all sorts of people in their degrees: and of Equity, which in my judgement is (as it were) a perfect Law truly written in our hearts with the pen of godly reason. Or as it is otherwise defined; Equitas virtus est, qua quis recté legem in multis instantijs deficientem corrigit & moderatur: Equity is avertue by which the law (failing, or wanting in many principal, vehement, and urgent points) is corrected and moderated. This is the same law which ruleth in his majesties Courts of Chancery, where the bitter censure and 
C●…ia Cancellaria & oequitat.  rugged Letter of the Statute is qualefied mitigated or rectified by the merciful interpretation or discretion of the judge or Chancellor, being Legis Custos: & quem penes est ●…am cancellatio, quam interpretatio & modificatio sententi●…m velrerum in legibus aqu●… magis acerbarum: The Treasurer of the Laws; in whose power it resteth: to cancel, interpret, or qualify sentences, and causes somewhat sharply censured by the strict Letter of the Laws. And this doubtlessly seemeth to be that divine and superexcellent grace, which giveth glory with vigour to justice: or rather as I may fitly call it Equitas est quasi cor Iustici●…: Equity is as the heart of justice. The first of these concerneth our own persons in particular; the second belongeth our neighbours in special; and the third respecteth all degrees of people in general.  
Ius, which I call right (being a percept or prescript of the King, tending unto 
Ius publicum & pr●…tum.  the weal of his subjects, committed to promulgation and administration, and form according to precise reason and upright conscience) is two fold, being either public as appertaining the whole Commonwealth & state, or private concerning every peculiar person in Commodity.  
Private right, is either that which is by nature: Qualege omnes ubique terra 
Ius ●…atum est aut natural●… aut nation●…e.  rum principes obligati sunt: By which Law all princes whatsoever upon earth stand bound & obliged; being common to all creatures living. From whence the conjunction of male and female, wedlock, procreation and education of children proceed (as I touched in economy before) Or that which is national, and generally belongeth all people: for in such case (upon constraint) nations made laws; whereupon wars, captivities, and slaveries ensued, repugnant unto the right of nature, which hath made all persons free. From which national right all contracts and bargains, commerce, or intercourse of Merchants from one place to another, location or the letting of any chattels, goods, or commodities for hire, conduction or the undertaking of any work for wages, people in association or society, Emption, as when men receive any thing of others for a price agreed upon betwixt them that deliver and those that receive, selling, borrowing, and lending with such like have issued.  
Civil right is that by which every Commonwealth is governed. Even as those ancient laws which King Pharamonde and Gombaldus king of Burgundy made, which were said to be the civil Laws of France. One of them being that kind of masculine law which they term Salic; first written in the Germanetongue, and instituted Anno Christi. 422. So called of the people of Salij, dwelling in Franconia near the river Rhyne, to which lists at that time the borders of the French Empire stretched. And the other called Gombet, comprehending divers necessary statutes peculiar to that nation. Semblably these our Parliamental Laws in England, which we call the Statute Laws as of the Commonwealth (from whence the modification & government of the people's natures and of the Commonwealth proceedeth) is the same in and to all effects and purposes, with that which is called the Civil law, respecting this Realm and Commonwealth generally. And such were the laws of Solon and Draco, unto which the people of Athens (that had during the Greek monarchy been a free State, and royal Commonwealth) were subjecteth in particular. For as these our Statute Laws of England, are only made & established by the popular consent and unanimity; whereupon they take title of commonwealths Laws: so were the civil Laws of all free Cities, devised and established for the general behoof of those peculiar States, by consent of all the free Citizens, and thereupon called civil Laws. For being by the general Suffragation and consent of the people, put in force and established, they must needfully Legem pati, quam tulerant: Undergo their own Laws. So that no man hath power in himself, to appeal from the Laws of his own native Country: because it is presupposed that each Commonners' vote (upon sound and deep deliberation and consultation) hath already passed in Parliament. And this is the very reason which includeth every good Prince also within the limits of his own Laws; being Per necessitatis legem ligatus: Bound by the Laws of necessity, to make good his own act; least through his refusal he give the first scope and light unto the vulgar, to contemn justice and magistracy. Hence was it, that Xenophon produced Cambyses, speaking; Nun statuunt imperatorem; ad omnia tollerantiorem & legibus magis astrictum quam subditos? is it not decreed that he which is Emperor should tolerate more difficulties, and be more straigtly bound unto the Laws then his own subjects? For sure it is, that he laboureth to make a Tyrant of him, which would exempt any king from obedience unto his own Laws.  
The right of Nations differeth from the Civil in this, that it is general 
Ius gentium.  and observed traditionally by natural reason amongst all persons: whereas the other is private and tied unto the necessity of that Commonwealth which requireth the same.  
Civil Right, is either written, or by prescription. That which is written 
Ius civil.  doth consist in Laws, in Folkemots, in the Senators Institutions; in the Prince his Pleas, in Edicts of Magistrates, and in sage sentences.  
La which is, summae potestatis iussum: The precept or commandment of the highest power. Or rather as I deem: Summum ius. Extreme right. 
Lex.  Because many things were more severely committed to the laws letter, then by the Law-sages and reverend judges did seem needful with extremity to be executed (and some prudent sentences also delivered in such mystical Oracles, as might be wrested, mollified, or hardened, as should be thought most fit in the judge his discretion by conscience and equity; only to terrify men from heinous sins) is called the Rule of Reason, the Empire of the prince, and duty of the subjects. For all the Laws both divine and human, have reference unto the true worship of God, and to the sincere and perfect concord of people amongst themselves: the virtue whereof appeareth in commanding, prohibiting, permitting and punishing of matters and persons. jamblicus calleth the Law Rectamrationem & reginam omnium, quaerecta & justa jubet, vetatque contraria: The true reason and Queen of all causes; commanding persons to do right, and justice, and prohibiting the contrary: Which is in effect the same with justum, being that, Quod cuiquam secundum praeceptum & pr●…scriptum domini fit: Which is done to every man according to the king or Prince his precept and prescription. For it is to be presupposed that the prince dealeth merely with right and equity towards all men: whereas if justice be the scope or precinct of the Laws; and if those Laws upon commandment of the prince be put in execution; (which prince representeth unto the people the lively figure of Almighty God in his royal person) it must of necessity follow, that the prince his laws should have a taste and resemblance of God's laws also: and hence is it which I derive as a position sure & infallible; that they which fear to offend the laws of God stand not in any fear of the punishment which is by the laws of man limited: because they will not offend either through impiety, or through the want of native justice and charity. Those also which in fear to lose their present lives or liberties, & those which in love of this world, and those which in using this world as though they should always use it, withdraw themselves from open offences, are for the most part Epicures, Atheists, Hypocrites, or wicked persons, not performing any good thing out of their own frank wills and honest consciences, but by constraint and fear. Only they that out of their own toward natures and in mere love to virtue, fear the transgression of laws and justice are honourably to be respected and cherished according to that saying of the Poet. 
Oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore,  
Oderunt peccare mali formidine poenae.   
Good men stand in fear to commit offences, through that love which by divine grace they bear to virtue: wicked men are loath to do wickedly because they stand in fear of that punishment which is limited by the laws.  
Moreover man's only fear of the laws cannot purge his conscience clean from sin; but merely taketh away from him the licence by which he doth offend. Leges enim possunt delicta punire, conscientiam munire non possunt. For the laws may punish offences, but have no power to corroborate or munite the Conscience. And so much in brief concerning Lex generally: which was instituted likewise (even as in those places aforesaid) amongst the Romans of ancient ages passed, at Rome upon the request of a magistrate Senatoriall being (as it were) Proconsul for that time.  
Plebiscitum which I call Folkemot (because this word hath been ancient in 
Plebiscitum. Folkemot.  our laws) was that which the magistrate or mouth of the Commons, upon motion and suit, as bearing office of their speaker and Tribune did get ratified by the Roman Consuls and Senators on their behalf. Howbeit Folkemot as it might be taken by th'interpretation of that ancient Saxon word importeth some base assembly or convention of the meaner sort of people, making and instituting laws after their own lusts: for in my judgement that might be called a Folkemot where the base commoners and inhabitants in any bad ordered Commonwealth (as not acknowledging any lords or superiors) should make laws or choose magistrates upon their own improper opinions, and indiscretions; as I touched in the morals of my second book, entreating of the worst popular estate called Anarchy. And such was it (which in my judgement might be called a Folkemot) that happened in the days of King Henry the third after the conquest: when a multitude of the base Commoners assembled at Oxford; where those blockheads of that time exempted the king with his nobles and all others that had knowledge to read and write from having any place or vote in their parliament, saving such as were to record their ridiculous and unlawful actions. Such orders likewise as the base sort in villages, hamlets, and poor towns do make amongst themselves concerning their societies: asin matters of their parishes, of commons of pasture, of moor, or of any consultation concerning the common privilege of that towneship, hundred, rape, or wapentake where they live, being now called Bierlawes; and not retaining any force of written laws, but by customary prescription within man's memory retained; as I think) may be properly called Plebiscita, and Folkemot. Hereof (being so well known to divers professors and students of our commonlawes in this Realm) I will not speak any more: only the difference whereupon I bring in that unusiall term Folkemot (according to my translation) is by the imperial institutions thus discerned. This word Plebs or folk to the base commons; and unto private persons of mean condition is only proper: whereas Populus or people includeth 
Pl●…s & Pop●…lus.  nobles and all others their inferiors generally.  
Pleas of Princes, or such mandates as only proceed from the kings will and pleasure (to whom the people have ascribed all sovereignty) consist in letters, 
〈◊〉 Princip●….  mandatory, missive, or in writs of divers natures: as in the privilege of our princes according to form of our commonlawes of this Realm: or by decrees awarded upon his highnesses own knowledge; or out of any of his highnesses courts, for the process and advancement of justice; betwixt party and party: or in that which is most near unto the legal meaning and interpretation of Placita principum in our common laws of this realm in cases of treasons and felonies of divers natures being called Placitacoron●…, Pleas of the crown: or by the king's proclamations and edicts bearing the same force that laws parliamental have, which by the Romans were called consttiutions. 
Anno 3●…. Hen. 8. chap. 8.   
Edicts of magistrates were called the laws of honour, because by those noble patricians and honourable magistrates which made and caused them to be 
Edict●… magistratuum.  publicly proclaimed that title was by the Lawfathers and Consuls permitted and assigned unto them by special privilege retaining the like vigour with their civil laws generally received and ratified.  
To such edicts may those orders, warrants, precepts, inhibitions, and acts of the like nature (awarded and subscribed by the secret counsellors of our princes in these days) be fitly resembled: semblably those metropolitical and ●…piscopall mandates and promulgations within their several provinces and diocese concerning Church discipline; as all other writs and precepts proceeding from other special magistrates of the commonwealth of what nature soever as from justices in th'ecclesiastical and civil commissions; either for causes criminal or for the peace, and from Majors, Deans, and Chapters, Archdeacon's, and other head officers of towns corporate, colleges, & lordships with such like within their several liberties awarranted by the statute laws of this realm; and retaining someforce of those laws as being mediate means legally limited, and ordained towards the readier and more commodious advancement of justice) are not improperly called Edict a magistratuum. 
Setenti●… p●…dentum.   
Sentences of prudent persons, were opinions of certain Sages of the Laws chosen to decide weighty matters in controversy betwixt parties. And these Lawfathers' or judges did enucleate divers difficult points thereof, by reason and conscience. These through permission of the Emperor did interpret all the Laws, and were called jurisprudentes; or the learned in the Laws: from whose opinion being once confirmed, no judges might in any Cases have appealed. Like unto them is our reports of Lawcases, and the juridical sentences of our learned judges in matters of long suspense and ambiguity; which have depended many years in suit at our Commonlawes of this Realm, betwixt persons in certain cases of right; and at length have been finally determined, after infinite proof and long discussion by the full consent of all our learned judges. Howbeit, these reports and final sentences in such Cases, cannot bind the judges of aftertimes in the same Cases, to give sentence accordingly: which argueth that amongst us those reports or final sentences of judges have not such legal force; as those Sense●…tiae prudentum (being th'opinions of men learned in the Laws) had formerly. Howbeit, they be vehement motives, inductions, and guides unto judges in such Cases, to lean unto the like opinions. For considering that it hath been divers times seen in a case contravertible after it hath been commended unto legal trial, that the judges of the King's bench of the Common pleas, and of the Exchequer, have all of them differed and dissented in their opinions, delivered of one and the same case amongst themselves: every Court yielding reasons probable for the maintenance and corroboration of their divers sentences.) It should therefore seem to stand with great right and reason, that such sentences of reverend and learned judges in our Common-lawes formerly given and passed, should not necessarily bind all other judges after them: which grounded upon good and probable reason with equity) may percase in some points vary from those former. Notwithstanding, if all the learned judges of this Realm assemble in the Exchequer or elsewhere, to conclude upon any weighty case (ambiguously depending in the Courts, either for the Prince, or for any subject of what condition soever) should with a frank consent and unanimity give opinion according to their private consciences, and sincere interpretation of the Law: without question it must of force move the judges in succession (which handle the like cases) to dispatch them, by that precedent, and with expedition accordingly.  
Civil right unwritten or customary (being approved with long use and 
Iu●… scrip●…▪ & none scrip●….  consent of the people embracing it) retaineth equal force with the Laws. The Lacedæmonians used those customary Laws altogether; and the Athenians from whence certain learned in Antiquities suppose the ground of our English common-lawes to be derived, and brought hither, first in the Greek tongue: even as the Egyptian laws were by Orpheus out of Egypt into Greece: 
Di●…d. Sicul●… lib. 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉  which are said to be the true grounds of all national and civill-lawes at this day through the world. And these Laws were all of them written and preserved as Records in Books.  
This is the difference betwixt the right of nature, and of civil right; that the natural is firm and immutable, the civil is changed and and abrogated, by consent of persons at any time: As when in a present Parliament such a Statute happeneth to be repealed, annullated, or antiquated, which had been enacted, instituted, and established in other Parliaments before. Finally, the whole scope of all justice and law whatsoever, with the grounds whereupon 
Ius personarum & 〈◊〉.  all crimes and trespasses be perpetrated, punished, and redressed in justice and equity, concerneth either persons or goods.  
The course of our English laws holdeth in erection of Courts, which Ceriolano termeth Counsels; and these are either Ecclesiastical or civil. The great Court of Parliament consisting of both; deviseth laws most behoveful for the time, not to the Prince or any particular person only; but for the Commonwealth; as those ancient Lawmakers Zaleuchus, Char●…ndas, Onomacritus, Philolaus, Draco, Pittacus, Androdomas did before: most of whose Histories are extant, adding unto them Lycurgus and Solon; eternally famous for teaching methods of excellent government.  
These our Parliament laws like lively blood dispersed through the members and provinces of our whole Commonwealth are executed in time, and upon needful occasion as is fit; ministering matter for all other inferior courts, which have jurisdiction over all causes needing present succour. No laws are in force against these Parliamental acts or institutions. The causes there handled being either Ecclesiastical or civil bind all persons of this kingdom, forsomuch as the whole substance of this Commonwealth, high and low, rich and poor, is supposed to be there. If therefore any thing pass in those houses of Parliament by general consent, concerning the public weal or general good or evil, it behoveth first that they sound and maturely deliberate and consult upon any thing important; sifting out the circumstances which may tend to the most benefit or prejudice, and (conscionably pondering each point in the balance of reason) may condescend to that which will least prejudice the main: for when the bills of those houses are once exhibited, past, and enacted, they cannot be repealed without another Parliament, by general consent of the Prince and of all persons. In this high court, all judgements (issuing out of the King's bench, the Chancery, Common pleas, the Exchequer, the court of Wards, and that which proceedeth out of the court of Parliament itself) may be reversed by writ of Error. There are likewise other courts Ecclesiastical and Civil: Ecclesiastical, as the whole Convocation of our Clergy assembled with our States of Parliament, consisting of Deans and chapters, Archdeacon's, Proctors of Cathedral Churches, and Deligates, which are the general; with provincial Synods of Canterbury and York, unto whom all the Byshopricks of England and Wales suffragate. In special such general courts as answer to this Synod are the Consistory, the Arches for appeals, court of the Chancellor or Audience, Commissaries court, or the Prerogative for probate of Testaments, with the court of Faculties for dispensations: the courts held at Canterbury by the Chancellor for the Diocese, the court of peculiar Deaneries appertaining th'Archbishop, and yet belonging unto divers bishoprics, unto which other Bishops are also subject. Every private Bishop or Soveragaine have courts also within their several Diocese to themselves peculiar; their course of chancellors, Archdeacon's or Officials.  
Civil courts hold pleas either in cases of right dealing, or in civil causes betwixt the prince and his tenants. But of the Exchequer, where those causes betwixt the Prince and his tenants are decided, I did speak somewhat in my first Book.  
The Duchy of Lancaster by grant from King Edward the third, to john of Gaunt was exstinct by union of Possession, with the crown in person of King Henry the fourth, by whom it was severed; and so continued the whole times of King Henry the fifth, and King Henry the sixth: then united by Edward the fourth, which being separated again by King Henry the seventh, remaineth yet accordingly.  
The Court of Chancery wherein aught to be the seat of equity, which mitigateth or morderateth the Law; or as Aristotle calleth it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tanquam sine fuco, without guile or subtle hypocrisy, should seem to distribute and execute the Law of nature and conscience, being corrected by reason, but confirmed by Religion. It is that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the soul, or that natural faculty with persuadeth the good, and dissuadeth that which is evil: and therefore (as I said elsewhere) Equity should seem to be that Balm, which modefieth and molefieth the rigorous Letter and rugged forehead of Law, graciously smoothing the same with a blessed serenity. For when the Law by severe interpretation is drawn to inconvenient kinds of 
Lambert.  facts, and by colourable arguments moved to frustrate the good meaning of the Statute; then our recourse in England is made unto the Chancery, being so notable and common, that in other Courts through the corrupt levine and covetous malice of some Lawyers, right is many times perverted. For divers wily Sophister's arguing with subtle insinuations, and heaping up authorities enforce the Letter of our Statutes, that they may be thereby accommodated to their own corrupt purposes: so that the violence done by such a Counsellor, is much more than that which is offered by the wrong dealing plaintiff or defendant, against the innocent grieved. Hence is this iniquity thus enforced by the smooth tongue of a subtle Lawyer, which often times urgeth and procureth a severe or sinister sentence: from whence appeal is made unto this Court of equity, which is the King's just mercy seat, from whence is dispensed that which is vulgarly called aequum & bonum, aequum & justum, aequum justum: Intimating righteousness and goodness, right and justice, and indifferent justice: for even the laws themselves require that they may be governed by truth, Et ut leni, facili, ac benig na interpretatione 
Lambert.  temperentur: veréque dicitur, nullus recedat a Cancellaria sine remedio: To be qualified with a gentle, mild, and favourable interpretation: And it is a true saying; Let no man depart from the Court of Chancery without remedy. The judgements delivered in this Court of honourable grace cannot be (but 
4. Hen. 7. 4.  by the Court Parliament) reversed: the special proceedings in Chancery are by petitions, traverses, and showing of right. In this Court the Lord Chauncello●… 
Monstran●…le dr●…t.  is judge with the master of Rolls: next under them the masters of the Chancery, the six Clerks, and cursitors. Adjoining these is the court of requests. All those civil courts prementioned hold plea betwixt subject and subject either in trial of land causes, as the king's Bench, so far at it dealeth in matters of debt, assumption, actions upon the case properly belonging to the court of the Common pleas; or in the Common pleas begun by king Henry the 3. Likewise in the matters of Marshallsea within the virge, limited 
〈◊〉 9 Act. 21  to twelve miles near to the king's house and no more: where the steward and Marshal are judges, or in marine causes determinable in the Admiralty; which court was erected by king Edward the third: all of them being general courts. Those which are special and peculiar to some one province, people, or signory subject to the state of this crown do follow. The Constable's court in Wales, wherein the Precedent and counsel with the Secretary and examiner, the Clerk of the counsel, and keeper of the bills do sit. In the North part of England also, where, at York a Precedent and counsel is established: both which counsels are fashioned according to the form of Parliaments in France. Likewise the chancellors court in the Exchequer, which hath a Seal, the writs under which are more ancient than the Register or Prerogative.  
There are also divers base courts, which (as it should seem) were first of any that we can read begun by Moses, who did establish judges: These ruled Tribes, Hundreds; Fifties, tenths; to whom he referred the decision of small causes, reserving to himself matters of most importance. These courts 
Vid●… D●…t. 1. cap. & Ex●…d. 18. N●…b. 11. cap.  were continued amongst us in example by king Alfred the Saxon and a Christian king, who divided his realm, First into lathes, rapes, ridings; and them into wapentakes, hundreds; and those into leets, court Barons, tithings, piepouders. Secondly, into Sheriffs turns, and hundreds. King Henry the second divided this realm into six parts, unto each of which he did assign three justices, called Itinerants by Bracton and justices in heir by Britton, whose circuits Roger Hoveden describeth to be like our juridical circuits at this day: and so much in general touching the forms and nature of our Ecclesiastical and civil courts in this realm, which master William Camden our most learned Britain Antiquary did very commendably set forth in the last edition of his book. Now somewhat concerning the laws, but in special touching our own nation.  
It is said, that Brutus (upon his settling in this Island) did write a book of laws in the Greek tongue collected out of the Trojan laws 1103. years before Christ's birth, which Greek laws the Druids first administered in this land being solemnly by vows inhibited to promulgate them to vulgar understanding. From these Druids (according to Caesar) being found out amongst us, a colony was deducted into Gall for the instruction of that people. The 
Lib. 6. 〈◊〉 gallici.  frequent and reciprocal commerce and traffic betwixt the Galls and Britons in those times, like to be by covenant or deeds ratified according to those Greek laws, by which both the nations were governed, should seem (as Str●…bo thinketh) to confirm so much. Molmutius Donwallo instituted two books of laws in this land called municipial and judiciary▪ importing the 
Lib. 4 Geog.  statute laws and the common laws. After him Mercia Proba the wife of king Guinteline, another book called Merciaes' laws. King Afraid also gathered divers which (being into one volume compiled) he named a breviary drawn from divers laws of the Troyans', Greeks, Britons, Saxons and Danes. Also Sigibert king of the East Angles published a book called the Institutes of Laws. Edward the Confessor next king before William the first, amongst the divinest and worthiest lawyers may be registered, which out of those infinite volumes of British, Roman, Danish, and English laws made a choice rhapsody which he did entitle the common law: as by the words of divers diligent and faithful Antiquaries appeareth. After these prince's king William the first (upon his great victories and military travels in subduing the rebellious violence of the borderers impaling this land) instituted divers excellent and commodious laws, abolished since then, abrogating others which were not so necessary for those times, as Geruas' of Tilbury writeth. After whom his son H. the first surnamed Henry Beauclerke (of whom Henry of Huntingdon, who lived in his days recordeth much) being a very learned and politic prince abolished certain of them, restoring divers of the former, which he thought were more behousefull for those times. And Henry the second a prince of much mildness and humanity compiled another volume divided into the laws of this Commonwealth & the statutes royal entitled. But in this point I refer myself with the reader, to the large & very learned Epistle of S. Edward Coke to those books of Lawcases by him lately compiled. And so much briefly touching the precise care and studies of former princes in ordaining & collecting the laws: the necessity whereof being so vulgarly known, needeth no confirmation by further example, considering how fresh it springeth in our memories (omitting the most sage & prudent provision of that Numa of England king Henry the seventh for the Commonwealth by good and politic institution & administration of laws) that our late sacred sovereign Elizab. (whose very name imprinteth a reverend remembrance in my heart) instituted many divine laws, by which the miraculous peace of this Commonwealth under the merciful providence of God was amplified, conserved, & eternised. And here may not I with modesty pass or post over his majesties royal prudence, knowledge, and high pains in compiling and publishing the laws of Stotland imprinted in one volume; not doubting but that God of his great and inestimable love to this nation under his blessed sceptre also shall so work by justice in his princely spirit, that this realm may becomein shorttime of a garden, wherein his highness found some weeds, a divine paradise of most civil humanity. This hath been the great care which did formerly with such vehement force work in the brains & hearts of all prudent kings & emperors, to make their people blessed & this (which amongst many more excellent virtues and honours attributed and ascribed formerly to Augustus Caesar) made him so great and eternal in the golden memorial of time so that for the correction and promulgation of laws in his own name, and for his sumptuous and many buildings, it was truly and triumphantly spoken of himself, Vrbem latericiam reperi, relinquo marmoream. These were the bulwarks which protected the peace and honour of his Empire: and those by which the superabounding tranquillity of this Nation hath been so long cherished and conserved,  
It was recorded in the Roman Annals and memorial, as a notable happiness in Antoninus Pius, that through his justice, prudence, and fortitude, there arose not any wars amongst the Romans for 23. years together: which happeneth generally by the due distribution and execution of justice and equity. What then may be said in our Chronicles of that our late gracious and auspicious planet of Christendom Queen Elizabeth; whose beams yet after the dissolution of her mortality so divinely shine amongst us, in those Laws established and taught unto us whilst she reigned over us; who (saving some few months) doubled those years of happiness upon her people in admirable honour, peace and plenty?  
It is sooth, and well answereth to the lore of wisdom, that all policies States, or Commonweals are most corrupt, wherein there be many laws established: forsomuch as it is presupposed that where multitudes of crimes and vices predominate of strange and divers qualities, divers unusual and strange laws are necessarily made to restrain them; or if they be preordained to correct or prohibit vices which are not & yet may happen, than it is as dangerous in regard of that expressed in this poetical sentence, Gens humana ruit in vetitum nefas: For Adam's children naturally lust after the forbidden fruit. Not many Books which confound men's memory with heaps of words and matter, but few substantial and necessary: referring all petty things, not being nefarious, to the censure of venerable magistrates (which will not suffer a spark to make a flame) and not to the written Letter of penal Laws; considering how the mean ministers and executioners of them which search out, inquire, and inform of such offences, do commonly more prejudice than benefit and honesty to the Commonwealth: For we know that by God's finger all the laws both divine and human were within a pair of marble Tables comprised in a compendious Decalogue.  
The reports and causes of our common-lawes and judgements have appeared in two points that the former Kings of this Realm, as king Edward the third, Henry the fourth, Henry the fifth, Henry the sixth, Edward the fourth, Richard the third, Henry the seventh with prudent inspection found that necessity, which required a luculent interpretation of the difficult points in our Common-lawes: whereupon they by the faithful conference of four most reverend and learned judges in the Laws, following the sage example of that most wise and victorious Emperor justinianus before mentioned, did each of them in their several reigns cause the genuine and very sense by specious enucleation of all intricate or equivocal points and cases to be cl●…red & explained; to the end that all other judges or justices which exceeded in administration of them, might at the first sight with commendable perspicuity deliver the faithful substance of all, as occasion was offered for the people's good; having digested them into nine Volumes of the Laws, wherein the whole essence of all by those reverend Lawfathers' was most methodically couched. For as the difference of all creatures by nature proceedeth from unity, resembling many flowers sprouting from one root: even so do sundry needful and most benevolent Laws receive life and nature from the precious wisdom of God; the blessed and all-healing fountain of whose knowledge he with ineffable grace and divine beneficence openeth to them all that are studious of righteousness, and in tender love with respect unto man, being the choice operation of his hands doth retain him by the due fear and love of justice and salvation, in eternal tranquillity. The general benefit calmly and plentifully redounding from those Books, judgements, reports and Lawcases by the enucleation of those learned law-men (as is before expressed) includeth the second point.  
Forsomuch as concerneth human Laws which are ordained by nature, and published by the prince (which by them governeth the Commonwealth to relieve and rectify the same) they must be just and possible, needful and profitable, plain, prescribed not to private but to public use and benefit, consenting with time and place, according to the nature and custom of the Country which should be moderated by them: such as are our statute-lawes of England. Upon these thus ordained and provided against faults, a knowledge showing the difference of crimes and vices dependeth: As whether the nature of them consist in impiety by violation of the first table of God's laws through foolish profanation, or derrogation of or from his omnipotent power and majesty; or if it be flagitious and repugnant to the second, importing impiety towards parents and magistrates, the defamation or contumelies of neighbours, the concupiscence and loss of livelihoods and lives, whereupon parricides and horrible slaughters are bred. Towards which legal office or ministery, three special things generally would be required in a judge: the first of which is in his head to retain a firm and venerable gravity, confirmed in his countenance with some serious kind of awful majesty, through his continual meditation upon the just judgements of God with the charge upon him imposed; which by the divine gift of heavenly justice must be fostered in his heart, that all proceedings drawn from thence may be seasoned with the gravity of his cogitations, which in excellent discretion will point out to him the time, person, and place, when, to whom, and where he should show justice naked, or invested with mercy. So that by the justice of of his heart, which ministereth wisdom and gravity to his head; and by the severe and precise prudence of his head, which inblazoned in a steadfast countenance a stout majesty withal; and by the comely grace of his countenance which admirably shadoweth all in a decent austerity, there may be due reverence and fear drawn to the person of a judge on every side about him; infusing horror to the malicious and wicked, with love and reverence to good and just persons, having his tongue so sanctified and seared with zealous prayer, and with a lively coal taken from the blessed Altar by the sacred Cherubin, that it may become th'oracle of God's justice, and the just herald of a sincere heart. For if gravity should not appear in all his judgements, then shall he be suspected of a partial & foolish lentitude: which opinion (when it is once vulgarly conceived) will prejudice him either in his reputation, or in administration of the Laws. This reputation or authority likewise is by the first three properties delineated to life; the restraint whereof will disadvantage him in his honour, which by such demeanour will be blemished with some misprizion or suspect of corruption. There is likewise in every wise judge expedient a mature experience in suits and variances, by defect whereof his ignorance deeply woundeth, or rather maimeth him. Lastly, the minds constancy corroborateth him in the perfection of all, declaring that in the whole course of all his judgements, justice alone without private affection prevaileth. Neither is it meet but most unfit, that any man should sit on throne of judgement or give sentence when his own cause is heard or discussed: lest affection usurp upon, and defile the tongue of magistracy, lest the reverend custom of judgement be violated, lest that majesty whereof I spoke (which is meet for the sage tribunal and court of equity) be diminished, lest a mischievous example corrupting the people be drawn on with it, and finally lest a contempt of the Laws and equity do succced it. Now somewhat concerning that ability which strengtheneth judges, and juridical magistrates in the administration of public causes.  
It is therefore principally to be considered, that they (which sit upon this honourable throne of judgement, and take place, to give place unto the due distribution of right, and are firmly planted for the sure supplantation of those contageous vices, which being but a little licensed would disperse and spread through all parts of the Commonweals most beautiful body, defiling it with a foul and virulent leprosy) stand deeply bound in a double recognizance of soul and body to be studious and industrious in the science and judicial practice of that wholesome physic, which must be frequently ministered to the diseased members of that State: In which (their judgements being credited) may be by the Prince allowed and justified also: for if they do not yield even law and execution of right to all subjects rich and poor, without having regard to any person, and without letting to do right for any letters or commandment which may come to them from the prince or king, or from any other by any other cause, then are they by our Laws thus censured worthily: Their bodies, lands and goods to rest at the king's pleasure, 
Cap. 1. Anno ●…eg. regis Edw. 3. 15.  who shall otherwise give judgement or sentence of and against them. The King himself also which is head and judge of the Laws, showeth great goodness & equity through the world, in showing his royal assent and contentment that these judges substituted under him shall give sentence according to the Cannon and true meaning of justice, even against himself directly, if he through negligence be driven unjustly to maintain any suit with a private person, which will not bear even in the balance of equity; in which that kingly sentence is verified, that therein differt a rege Tyrannus: for nothing more than this doth to life express a true king's glory. The kings of our nation to confirm this perfect honour of a just prince, in one act of Parliament ordained in the second year of king Edward the third, are limited: That although 
Cap. 8.  they command by their great, or priute seals to delay any cause in judicial dependence proceeding by course of law; yet shall the judges proceed with mature expedition according to justice, notwithstanding any precept from them directed. For what can be said more to the disgrace and disrobing of any king, then that which Freigius in the latter end of his political questions citeth out of a certain oration of Scattaius against tyranny. Tu justiciam imperabis & interim tamen iniuriam aliis facies? tu officium commendabis & ab officij religione deflectes? As if he should say: Why wouldst thou be king to command men to deal justly, giving in proper person example of wrong done to others? How canst thou commend men for doing of their duties and offices, when thou thyself transgressest thy functions and duties?  
Thus if princes or judges should prevaricat but a little, them their laws (which ought to be the judges of every just prince) will restrain and reform them. And if those laws be dissonant to the spirit of charity, truth and equity; them the divine power & sapience of God (which are the very judges of all laws, princes, & judges on earth) will correct & punish them with their ministers. Let therefore no partial respect of power, neither private affection, nor unexcusable ignorance of those laws which any judge stewardeth, blemish his judgements. For if he be partial let him consider with himself that it proceedeth from affection or corruption which both are incorporate; & that it cannot be hidden from many men amongst infinite which behold and hear him from so conspicuous a place, where all men's eyes are fixed upon his majesty▪ and therefore (according to Sallust) aequos bonosque favere debet ut eius benefacta reipub. 
Bell Iugurt●…  procedant, he must favour men which are just and good, that he may declare himself beneficent towards the Commonwealth. And if he be led by affection, let him consider how fallacious a passion it is, oftentimes opposite to reason even in the men of honestest natures and constitutions, showing a kind of charity for the most part, where it falsefieth the virtue, pulling down of a mountain to raise a molehill; and to satisfy his affected, commonly to deject and make ruinous such adversaries which percase even in a worse case deserve much more affection. Lastly, but specially let him have a special care to be skilful in those laws which he delivereth and administereth: for otherwise his honour is onerous and insupportable. For if he shall with all grave and profound prudence consider how chargeable and just account will be required at his hands, that having much committed to his trust his accounts will arise to great sums, not of moneys and pounds, but of men and people; the noblest work of divine nature, the creature in whom so soon as he was created the creator himself exceedingly rejoiced, and took so great pleasure, that, when through his own prevarication he was taken captive to sin, hell, and death, he ransomed him in the tender and unspeakable love of his holy spirit, in the most precious blood of his dear son Christ jesus the righteous sacrifice of his unrighteousness. If therefore he counterpoise in equal scales of divine reason, the sacred allegiance in which he liveth spiritually bound unto God; the faithful obedience wherein he standeth bodily subjecteth to his prince; the zealous duty which doth by nature invite him to study the weal of his country, pondering these with his naked conscience he will not only refuse those honours and dignities to sit in judgement upon God's beloved people unworthily, or unskilfully, but rather will choose a death accompanied with the languishing sting of infinite tortures. Albeit as Sallust thinketh. Plerosque non ijsdem artibus imperium petere & postquam adepti sunt gerere; primo industrios, supplices, modicos esse, dehinc per ignaviam & superbiam at atem agere: That many princes differ in their acquisition and government of a kingdom: because upon the first they show themselves industrious suppliant and temperate, afterward in sloth, idleness and pride pass their lives. Every king, judge, and ruler of the people therefore, aught to ponder with himself how great a part of the Commonweals hope dependeth upon him, which he should with his virtues and innocency protect, whereas all other means are forceless. Yea verily the judge representeth in himself the person of that Commonwealth, where he ministereth: wherefore he should sustain the state and honour thereof by conservation and administration of justice bearing in careful remembrance, the trust of those things which are reposed in him. A judge is as it were an eye fixed in the king's sceptre, a priest of divine justice and equity, a moderator of the laws, the life of righteousness, whose voice is the pronouncer and preserver of life and death, a public interpreter of the laws; unto whom as to a common sanctuary, all persons oppressed with damages & injuries repair and refuge themselves to be relieved in equity. And even as just judgement is fitly defined to be the balance of equity, the voice of laws, and consummation of all strife and variance, so is the judge properly called th'interpreter of those laws, the steward of equity, and oracle of the Commonwealth.  
They therefore that are fit and worthy to sit upon the throne of equity, ought sincerely to be good men, severe, incorrupt, obdurate against flatterers, impatient of smooth tales, and secret detraction, unmerciful to them that are remediless, inexorable in weighty causes of judgement, and such as will not transgress the precincts of justice in any case: for according to the discretion of Aulus Gellius they must distribute to the king and beggar equal measure without inclination or passion towards any man's estate or person: as it 
Lib. 10. cap. 4.  was most divinely shadowed in that mystical order of the Areopagites being a counsel in Athens, consisting of sixty citizens which successively through all offices and degrees of honour at length attained place upon the seat of justice to deal in affairs of state, and in tempestuous times to provide that the Commonwealth should endure no prejudice. These in the darkest season of the night would decide causes in judgement, at such time as they might hear and not see the parties appealed. Hence it is that Cicero saith, Vir bonus ponit personam amici cum induit judicis: A good man layeth apart the person of a friend when 
Offic. 3.  he taketh upon him the place of a judge. And therefore judges, as saith that most reverend Emperor justinianus must sacrifice pure and uncorrupt hands to God, to the kind, and to the law: lest that curse fall upon them which our Saviour Christ denounced against the pharisees; Woe be to you interpreters of the L●…we, for you have taken away the key of knowledge, you did not enter in your 
Luke 5.  selves; and them that would have entered you forbade.  
Amongst other politic Laws in deuteronomy, delivered from God's mouth to the sacred prince his servant Moses, it was commanded that in all the parts of their people and nations assembled, judges should be constituted which might justly judge the people, poising the balance of equity with even hand and briblesse; for somuch as bribes blear the sights of sage men, making contreseit the words of just magistrates. And hence was that prohibition either of acceptation or exception for or against any sorts of persons. It is a notable sentence left unto judges by that most religious and honest king josophat highly worth the consideration; Look unto it you that are judges, for you do not execute the laws of men, but of God, and according to your innocency & equity so shall your judgements be rewarded. For these and such indifferent respects, justice is fitly resembled to the helm in a ship which being misguided, endangereth the vessel, pilot, officers, and sailors; representing the realm, prince, magistrates, and people.  
Upon this misrule, or misguidance of the Commonwealth by corrupt judgement or iniquity, whereupon the devouring tempests of injuries, contumelies, and deceits arise, Kingdoms (by God's just judgement and indignation) are translated from one nation to another, royal families extinguished, and the prince with his people oftentimes subverted, as is verily frequent unto them that with diligence read histories in example.  
I will now speak somewhat touching their administration of justice in civil matters, which is either declared in causes litigious brought before them, for the trial of lands and goods; or in penal cases for transgressing Laws in some one of the three parts of justice which they violate: wherein the conscience of the judge with the causes of equity, should make the true balance of right. Penal cases for private transgressions be semblably referred in form (though not altogether in substance) to the judges discreet conscience. This only should remain ever green in his memory, that all judgements in civil causes be well attempered with a merciful benignity, if the nature and qualities of the faults and delinquent permit. First therefore it is to be weighed, that all offences either respect the contumelies of persons comprehending injuries; th'expense or loss of goods including damages; and offences or hurts done to people, including maims and slaughters. Injuries therefore are harms proceeding from a voluntary and malicious heart, thirsting or hunting after hurt of others. Damages include loss procured by the delinquent, either through unjust molestation by suits unjustly commenced of any nature, where the innocent is impoverished; or by violent rapine, theft, or extortion. Offences and hurts are of divers natures, either by riots, affrays, conspiracies, or murders of themselves, as principals, or by subornate persons and assistants, as accessaries, acted, & executed. And herein is to be considered, that all manner of wrongs and injustice, proceed either from election and will, perturbation and appetite, ignorance and understanding, even as in contrary those actions which are just, are operations, or proceedings derived from the fountain or habit of justice. For the judgement of all just a●…d ●…iust actions rest in them according to that of Sallust, Quibus pro magnitudine ●…perij, 
Bell. iugureth.  ius & iniurias omnes curae esse deces: To whose care (according to the limits of their Commission or circuit) all rights and wrongs are referred. Which right and wrong is twofold according to the Laws, consisting upon accusation and defension; which last depending upon lawful maintenance is thought by the Law-men to be more laudable than the other.  
These principles thus considered with the qualities of the persons and offences, the reverend judge shall find it engraven with the true pen of dinine judgement and reason in his own conscience in what sort, to whom, and when to show clemency. Certain it is, that mercy most graceth the person and mouth of a judge, if it be modefied with good prudence, and grounded upon a discreet charity: for he that hath mercy is blessed saith Solomon. 
Prou. 14.  And in the 19 Chapter of the same, the Lord will exchange his mercy for his; intimating also that he will have mercy, and not sacrifice: Forasmuch as his mercy reacheth from generation to generation of those that fear him. If 
Luk●… 1.  therefore judges will graciously consider the form and glorious fashion of God's mercy-seat (which besides many gorgeous and most specious ornaments, was by God's special direction and commandment, compassed with a most precious crown of finest gold) it shall be comfortably showed unto them how much he respected the throne of his mercy, which was many degrees 
Exod. 25. & 36.  exalted above his seat of judgement. They should therefore show mercy with cheerfulness, as Saint Paul counseleth the Romans, For he which watereth shall be refreshed with rain: according to Solomon, Nothing so much 
Chap. 12.  beautifieth the gravity, person, and majesty of a judge, as when his severe justice is 
Prou. 11.  delayed with clemency. Which Vulcatius Gallicus calleth a kingly quality: and he which would conciliate peace, love, and obedience amongst men, must govern with a languishing or unwilling hand to strike home, as grieving or repining at the punishment. Hence is that saying of Cicero; Nihil quod crudele utile: est 
Offic. 3.  enim hominum naturae (quam maximè sequi debemus) maximè inimica a crudelitas; Nothing cruel can be profitable: for the greatest enemy to nature (which we should especially follow) is cruelty. Such was that renowned and prudent Consul his speech (whom in other places I cited before) in one Oration to Caius Caesar: Neque quisquam te ad crudeles p●…nas aut acerba judicia invocet, quibus civitas vastatur magis quam corrigitur; sed ut pravas arts, malasque libidines 
Sallust. ad Caes. de repub. ord.  ab iwentute prohibeas: Let no man provoke thee to inflict cruel, or award over severe sentences, which rather confoundeth than correcteth any Commonwealth; but only to restrain Youth from wicked courses & lusts. judges therefore should so punish, Vt metus absit, charit as retineatur: To keep out fear, & retain love. And therefore those judges & rulers of the people which pinch and gird them extremely, sequestering or abrogating their liberties, with more than a competent severity stand themselves in most danger: for their hearts cannot be so lowly depressed but that they will find a time to peep up again. Whereupon Cicero most sagely censureth of that point, Acriores sunt morsus intermissae libertatis quamretentae. A liberty intermitted biteth nearer the 
Offic. 2.  bone than a restrained liberty. It behoveth them therefore in their judgements to bridle their wrath: because men in rage for the time do nothing, neither consider of any thing as is right. Antoninus Pius the Emperor used to say that mercy was it which adopted Caesar into fellowship of the gods, & only mercy which consecrated Augustus amongst men. Howbeit, I do not in any case wrest unto that excess of lenity, which the Philosophers call Lentitude, being a vice of the mind which breedeth an exceeding security with dissolute manners and behaviour in men. For he that upon the former considerations would severely punish some vices in certain persons, should not admit when times are dangerous a small fault to escape unpunished; but provide so that it may be with moderation and clemency chastised, punishing nefarious and heinous crimes with due serueritie for examples. And so much concerning mercy by discreet mitigation of punishment. In other places, where severity should take force, as occasion shall offer.  
It is not permitted that a judge should command and prohibit what he list himself without legal warrant, albeit it might rest in his arbitrement: yet whereas all articles cannot be severally comprised in the Laws, and forsomuch as many circumstances breed doubts, in such cases men are referred to the conscience and religion of the judge, nearly to determine by course of justice according to sincerity: further scope than this is not permitted unto any, being by that benefit freed from peril of punishment though he give sentence against the Law: for the case not being thoroughly discussed yieldeth him some colour for excuse; excepting always in litigious cases that it resteth not in his power to give away the goods proper of any man, beyond the limits of reason and equity. That kind of iustecying which is said to be common amongst the Turks, is in my judgement very tolerable and soon ended: for the judge closing his eyes giveth ear, pondereth, pronounceth, and dispatcheth the most part of causes very commendably, freeing and releasing the suitors from expense of time and money: both which inconveniences happen upon the process of our Laws in Christendom. For it had been oftentimes better that he which hath justice to guard his good cause, should in commencement thereof have let his suit fall; then after a long and litigious dependence buy the judgement of it with more charged than the main was worth, being only referred to the credit of just victory for his meed. Moreover by such dilatory means it often happeneth that white is died into black, either through deceit, corruption, or ignorance of the judge, and elsewhere by the rigour and false interpretation of the Laws. Howbeit to noble minded men, which are able to forbear (if the suit proceed from misprision or some misconstruction, and not from any litigious humour of the adversary) I deem it a principal type of their honours, and much available (as Cicero saith) Paulum nonnunquam de suo iure decedere. 
Lib. Offic. 2.   
In administration of civil causes also, there is one most commendable part requisite in a judge, that he withdraw his hands from the rewards of private or poor persons, which would gladly give somewhat for favour in their just and honest causes. For judges of that nature are blinded with avarice whose fashion is to make a gain of all causes both honest and dishonest: hence was it that judges league Clodia were prohibited to take any rewards of persons in suit. In special all such rewards and gratifications as are given either to further a good or a bad cause (saving the fees lawfully limited to the judges and pleaders, in regard of their salaries and pains) are dissalowable; and if any be tolerable then only such as are taken by them of great princes which reward their pains in advancement of justice only: For such as sell justice and truth are abominable, and so bethose also which take gifts of any man to further a faulty: for in that false participation if he further him, then doth he manifest violence to justice; and if not, then doth he deceive the briber of his money, both which are abject and contemptible: these may well be called mercenary judges and corrupt hirelings.  
Now somewhat so short as I can, concerning the knowledge and studies required in judges & judicial magistrates. The due reverence and fear of God's omnipotent virtue which illuminateth his understanding, perfecteth his wisdom, amplifieth his majesty, refresheth his spirits, & corroborateth all his judgements, must above all things before and after judgement, and continually with a zealous and effectual prayer from a soul blessedly breathing after spiritual consolation, be principally retained. And therefore it is written by Moses, that judges should be men of courage, fearing God, dealing truly, loathing avarice. And for this cause the Prophet David calleth them Gods saying, 
Exod. 18.  that all the children of the most high do right and justice unto the fatherless, poor, and needy. His ordinary studies therefore for pleasure and ornament are 
Psal. 82.  best approved in the sweet concord of moral Philosophy which will enable and confirm him in his profession and conversation: this teacheth him how justice is a virtue yielding every man what is his own, and willing all men to discharge their duties. Cicero calleth her the Queen and mistress of all the other virtues; because she taketh perfection from the rest being as it were a concordance or harmony of all the parts when appetite subjecteth itself to reason. It is also an affection of the mind iustecying all men benevolently, and cherishing humane society; this is also called equity which in even balance pondreth every man's right answerable to desert and dignity. Aristotle termeth it an affection of mind enabling men to do justly which kinaleth in them a zeal or fervent desire of equity. It is according to M. Bodine a kind of Geometry, 
Lib. 5. Ethicorun.  which being disannulled drowneth the concord and societies of cities: it teacheth 
Lib. 6. cap. 6.  the difference betwixt honesties and their contraries, it pointeth out the extremes of good and evil, it directeth how to rule private families, it showeth what authorities and offices are proper to fathers, husbands, and masters, it declareth the maintenance of a private state, it instructeth persons in the virtues and discipline of a magistrate, it describeth the form of a Commonwealth, it prescribeth the true means and knowledge to sustain cities which are in danger of subversion, it deviseth excellent laws and statutes to rectify them; conclusively the surest and firmest foundations of Empire are good laws moderating and measuring out all liberal sciences and good arts. Which good laws (as Freigius calleth them) are the mistresses of virtue commanding people in their living to demean themselves honestly and profitably with a restraint or prohibition of things bad, and the contrary.  
justice according to some learned moralists is known by these attributes or qualities: first she will not challenge any thing which is not her own; then she doth neglect her own private lucre in respect if she may thereby further the common equity. There be six kinds of justice according to some very learned philosophers, and they should seem to be very certain: one justice is legal, being a kind of voluntary affection to do and desire just things; and by this legal justice are men wholly bentand inclined for the benefit of their country. The second a moral justice which I prementioned out of th'imperial institutions being a constant and perpetual will, yielding each man his own. The third a kind of exchanging or commutuall justice keeping a precise and religious equality of things amongst men. The fourth is a justice distributive by which every man is out of the common charge of his country rewarded and relieved according to demerit. The fifth is a coniunctive justice, appliable to persons and causes tied together in any terms of justice. And the sixth is disjunctive, alluding to causes and persons which are not by any means of equity compared or knit together.  
This virtue principally respecteth the benefit of others more than her own, which as Aristotle saith is not so specious in her fellow virtues. According to Valerius and some other Philosophers, there are two parts of justice: the first obedience, which is general, by which th'inferior offices of the soul are subjecteth unto reason being employed in keeping a proportion amongst popular societies, respecting the commonweal, & instructing persons in the reverence and love of justice and equity: the second part is private, restoring right to all men; which is also twofold. One part thereof holdeth a simetrie in contracts and negotiations amongst men; th'other being distributive imparteth rewards proportionable to their demerits. And this distributive part of justice is called equality being the companion of peace and concord: Quae in tribuendis honoribus & reruninter cives communium aequa diuisione servatur: Which equality is kept in distribution of honours, and in equal division of things amongst citizens & countrymen, etc. Cicero defineth the law which is derived from justice to be reason graffed in human nature: unto this all laws and institutions, customs, edicts, statutes (which further the conservation of Commonwealths) have reference: And in observation and violation of them justice & injustice are opened. There is no diversity betwixt law and virtue, saving that virtue by words and promises benignly persuadeth whereas law commandeth, compelleth, and inhibiteth. The distributive part of private justice chiefly concerneth magistrates, consisting in rewards, punishments, just government, teaching all sorts of people to know their offices, places, dignities and degrees in the Commonweals, to take good notice of themselves without ostentation or insolence. This virtue Philosophers confer with geometry because it is uniform. Injustice is either general or particular: that (which I term general and illegitimate) is a kind of habit of the mind depraved and corrupted, by means whereof men in dignity and magistracy digress from the sincere and sacred gubernation of the Laws, permitting those that are under their authority to be defiled and infected with contagious vices. The particular injustice is that iniquity by which any man taketh or giveth, from or unto persons more or less than standeth with reason or desert.  
Out of the whole substance of justice (according to Cicero) these branches or properties are observed and found; Religion, piety, duty, verity, vindication, graticude, mercy, liberality, magnificence, friendship: all which fasten themselves to the lists of reason. And herein are three sorts of Laws comprised: one natural, not derived from opinion, but from a certain force in us innated; another customary, which hath by consent of nations and people without written law, tradicionally continued in force a long time; the third legitimate, which are recorded in books written and known, according to my division out of the civil institutions mentioned before. This law is twofold, as either in the most needful respect in us, which should intimate the most zealous invocation & adoration of God's blessed majesty, being both in holy writ, & all sanctions of men vehemently imposed upon us: the other relieth upon human society which is called equity; from whence that Philosophical definition of Law was drawn, which calleth it the art of equity and goodness. All moral parts of justice, whereof this book of Counsel entreateth, are therefore comprised in true religion, which is the just and unfeigned service of God. In piety, which exhibiteth a just respect of persons our superiors in degrees & offices. In verity, being the justice of our tongues consounding with a true heart, which is the divine treasure of faith. In vindication, which is a just and lawful defence, or offence against open violence. In gratitude, which is a just remuneration of benefits answerable to men's faculties. In mercy, which is a principal part of divine and natural justice towards our brethren depressed with afflictions. In liberality, which is a just dispensation of necessary relief to certain persons according to reason. In magnificence, which is a just largesse employed to virtuous and godly purposes. And in friendship, which is of itself a natural justice due to virtue. The opposites of which are accordingly called the branches of Injustice: Since therefore all virtues seem most specious when they be conferred with opposites, I will define their contraries.  
Therefore against true religion, I plant hypocritiall superstition, with precise curiosity, being the vain & unprofitable service of God, fashioned after the new-fangled humours and schismatical fancies of nice green heads: From whence floweth that detestable plague, impious profanation of God's sacred power, contempt or disestimation of others and religion, the blasphemies of damned persons, Epicures and Atheists, which deeply root impiety, sacrilege, infidelity, and perjury.  
Against piety stubbornly marcheth fourth impiety, being a want of due benevolence, obedience, or charity towards magistrates: as when we contemn or calumniate rulers, which is prohibited by Moses. A singular of example 
22. E●…od.  of which heinous contempts or contumelies, remaineth to us in the person of blessed Paul the Apostle, who being appealed before the high Priest Ananias for his divine and most eloquent exordium of his Apology Viva voce, saying that he had to that day served God, was maliced or emulated rather by the judge; which having dispiteously interrupted his period, commanded a soldier then present to strike him, who did accordingly buffet his face: whereupon Paul in anguish of spirit moved, said to the high Priest; God will smite thee, thou painted wall: for thou sittest to judge me according to the Law, and commandest thou me to be smitten contrary to the Law? then certain that stood by told him that he did not well to revile the high Priest; which he presently acknowledging in ignorance, as not having considered what magistrate he was, said: It is written, thou shalt not rail upon the judges 
Acts 23.  nor speak evil of the ruler of the people. From hence matureth the disobedience of children and people towards parents, magistrates, and towards their Country: from whence, issue scornfulness, contempt of reverence and duty. Principal actors in this Scene of devils, are parricides, traitors to their Sovereigns and country, murderers, and trecherors unto their masters, with others, such as are of the venomous spirit of Cain.  
Duty being by disobedience confronted, herein looseth his prerogative, that stubbornness (which taketh root in pride) contumeliously rejecteth it. Hence is that sottish selfe-doting, loving and over-pleasing of men, with hypocritical obedience exhibited unto true virtues, and a ready willingness to commit idolatry by the service of profane and dishonest affections.  
immanity with lenity combat against just vindication, specified in these two properties: when the correction is greater than the fault, and therefore is the Proverb, Cupid & irapessimi sunt consultores: Lust and wrath are the worst counsellors: and specially wrath is to be vehemently suppressed in a judge, lest he stain his hands in innocent blood, which is a thing so odious in the sight of God and man, as nothing can be more abominable: Hence was that saying of the noble moral Tragedian; judex futurus sanguine humano 
Senec in Horc. furens.  abstine: If thou wilt be a judge, abstain from human blood. Lenity then appeareth in a judge, when by pardoning of wicked persons he suffereth a mischief to fall upon good men, and therefore this lentitude is so great a sin, as immanity: neither should any judge in the case of his country, give any sentence upon father, countrymen, or brethren contrary to justice; lest a dangerous example and scandal be taken.  
Lies, calumnies, fraud, hypocrisy, dissimulation, and arrogancy stand at defiance with verity; what enemies these be unto the soul of man, and unto public government, I refer to men's private consciences. For calumny praiseth vice, rebuketh virtue: hypocrisy doth foolishly, maliciously, and fraudulently dispraise those in their absence whom in presence she commendeth; and in like case the rest. There is one most pemicious disease engendered of these humours, which being very rise in some prince's courts I may not forget. The condition is in killing, imprisoning and undoing certain persons, and some of good desert, which in the politic Courtier of Duro di pascolo, seemeth commonly to be bend against noble Gentlemen, of greatest respect, honest, innocent, and unconuicted: these being brought unto the pits brinck, are many times charged and surcharged with treasonable or nefarious accusations, wherein they perish; as Petro de Vineis, Alvaro de Luna, Giacobo Cord, Christophoro Colombo, Philip de Comynes, with other very wise and honourable Counsellors, even of our father's times and of our memories, which did in such cases miscarry: neither is it safe or behoveful that I particularise. This is a kind of injustice and close malice, necessarily to be sisted being wholly composed of diabolical wiliness. Wherefore they cannot be very noble, that foster in their rancorous hearts such maliciousness: and if there rest in any heroical spirits, the least spiracle which should seem to taste of that contagious humour it is emulation only: for we find in Cicero, that Nobiles sivirtute valent magis aemuli quam invidi bonorum sunt: Noblemen which are possessed of virtue, do rather emulate then malign good men. And albeit this 
Offic. 2.  vice of emulation resteth amongst Nobles & Paladynes which is most glorious being applied to virtuous and honourable purposes, as in contending to become most just, valiant, temperate, learned, active, or excellent in any such manly qualities than the rest; yet to malign others for their perfections and better properties should seem most unnatural, base, and brutish: and therefore elegantly Cicero citing the same out of Chrysippus resembleth them, to such as run together in one race for a wager, in these words; Qui stadium currit eniti & contendere debet quam maximè possit ut vincat: supplant are cum quocum certat aut cubito deppellere nullo modo debet. Sic in vita sibi quemque petere quod pertineat ad usum non iniqum est; deripere ius non est. He that runneth a race, aught to work and contend with all possible means to win the wager: he may not in any case supplant him with whom he contendeth, or strike him back with his elbow. Semblaby, that is not unfit which a man necessarily craveth for the sustenance or support of his life, but forcibly to take away from men that which is theirs, is mere iniquity.  
There is a Lesson which Cicero vehemently moveth and urgeth, and in this case fit to be considered upon, by learned and grave judges; not to summon or appeal any man in causes criminal, if he find in his heart the party's innocency so slandered or indicted: because it cannot be done without great charge and torture of conscience. For what can be found more rigorous and unmanly then to pervert that eloquence (which God, with nature hath given for the comfort and conservation of men) unto the shame and ruin of honest persons? Which charitable equability hath been observed in some worthy Lawfathers' of this land: and amongst others many times in one principal minister of his majesties plead of whom unnamed, I may speak a 
*  truth without adulation, that it hath seemed doubtful to wisemen, whether he were in Proborum defensitationibus, quam in sceleratorum accusationibu●… magis acer: more vehement in his Apologies for good and honest men in their good causes, or earnest in his invectives or informations against nefarious and wicked persons. For such aught to be the care of just judges as Cicero writeth, Vt juris & iudiciorum aequitate suum quisque teneat: That through the equity of justice and judgement, every man may retain his right.  
I speak this as a necessary caveat or monition against calumnies and envy, which hath been the devouring caterpillar of so many virtuous and gallant princes and commonwealths men, that have thereby perished, because that restless hag malice commonly doth more mischief than fortune: and therefore if men which are set upon the stage of honour and reputation can find out a sovereign preservative against her venom; then do they show great wisdom possessing this world in quiet. For sure it is that Vivos interdum fortuna, saepe invidia fatigat. Fortune some times toileth living creatures, but envy vexeth them often.  
Gratitude being another branch of justice is ungraciously wounded with unthankfulness: nothing vanisheth sooner than the remembrance of benefits received; for if you multiply them, they shall be retributed and retribled to you with infinite malefices, considering that he which neither hath heart 
Fr. Gulc. Italia. in vita Alex. 6. pont.  nor faculty to requite commonly forgetteth or underualueth your munificence; disdaining in himself the very remembrance of that necessity, which being either with your mercy mitigated or delayed in case of justice, or by your charity supplied in compassion of his poverty, should have enjoined him to thankful requital for such a benefit, which people commonly so soon forget as taste. This have I found by good experience both in particular, and by some private respects of myself and others most near unto me; not doubting but that it is a vulgar proof, wherein this world's aged malignity through devilish continuance hath increased it from a wily serpent to a subtle, malicious, and murdering old dragon; like that which is spoken of, in the Revelation of the blessed Evangelist john, being now set free from fetters towards the last times; and amongst wise men so detestable and odious, that by their often repetition it became a proverb generally delivered, if you call me unthankful, call me what you will: for nothing can be more disgraceful or infamous. And as it is used to men of that unthankful nature, an unthankful dog: for as it is odious in a dog, a snake, or any wild beast, which is cherished or fed at your table, to bite or malign their fosterers, which is a thing very rarely to be seen: howmuch more loathsome and contemptible is it in a man to whom God hath given heart and reason of gratification.  
Mercy confounded is with hardness of heart, uncharitableness, unconscionable actions, strangeness amongst brethren and societies, being both pernicious to the soul of people, and contagious to the peace and unions of all civil states and policies.  
Liberality perishethin these extremities, in avarice which cannot endure the thought of giving, and in prodigality dishabling the power thereof. These are guarded with infinite vices, of which two mischiefs, prodigality more helpeth in repairing many, whereas covetousness will not relieve any.  
Vain ostentation being undecently slubbered up, and neighbouring avarice, is opposite to magnificence: there is likewise a proud immoderate and unseasonable kind of riotous magnificence accompanied with excess: the dangers, of both are much like to the perils issuing from the extremes of liberality: but of avarice, ostentation & prodigality, I have more at large spoken in the morals of my first book of offices.  
Friendship being the navel or upshot of all justice, Etiam & habitus verè & perfectè diligendi alterum proper similitudinem morum: Which is a habit of perfect and true love betwixt men, resembling one another in conditions and manners by natural sympathy, shall take place in the bottom, base and groundwork of the rest, and it is thwarted with enmity which worketh in men's hearts cruelty with hatred; whereupon patricides and homicides engender. It is a common saying, that such a man hath betrayed or deceived his friend; because the practice and example seemeth very frequent amongst us in this age, according to that saying of Sallust, Per maximam amicitiam maxima est fallendi copia; that where greatest friendship harboureth, there hath deceit most power and force to practise; but I am not of that opinion how true friendship (if it be mutual and reciprocal) hath any port which can open unto the heart that could entertain falsehood against friends: considering that true friendship is naked, pure and immaculate according to the, definition before expressed. Howbeit there is a similitude of wicked natures, which combineth men in a kind of fraternity which me seemeth may not be called so properly friendship, being brethren in evil sacramentally tied, and perjuriously untied at pleasure, to succour, love, deceive and betray one another. This in like opposition with the former is the very seed of all disunion and injustice. From hence distractions, seditions, factions, oppressions, and divers suits arise which never have end nor will, but by conspiracies; upon which the prince is many times forced to stain his hands with blood, or to lose his sovereignty. Many men neglect this, not looking into the danger which daily stealeth out of it: and yet it is easily found, if they consider how the seed-time of each year present occasioneth the next years harvest; ministering store of matter to gorge up the covetous bags of some ambitious Lawmen, Advocates and Attorneys. Now somewhat concerning that ability which strengtheneth judges and juridical magistrates in th'administration of public affairs.  
To the perfection of knowledge herein it is right behoveful that they which judge, be sound read and practised in all the laws Civil, Cannon, and provincial consenting with the laws of those nations where men live, and also the laws of all neighbouring Commonweals politicly governed, whether they be Christian or pagan, conferring them with the ground of all good laws delivered first by God to the sacred prince Moses his servant in the decalogue: as also that he studiously peruse all the books of Moses, wherein the politic statutes and ordinances derived from the fountain of his unsearchable wisdom are touched; as in the books of Exodus, Detronomie, Numbers: likewise in the judges and Kings. Nay let him peruse the whole volumes of the new Testament; wherein he shall find the true forms and treasure of all good laws and judgements. Likewise let him converse with the laws of the ancient Egyptians which (as Diodorus recordeth them) are like in 
Lib. 2. cap. 3. lib. hist.  nature to these our Britain laws; from whence together with the secret mysteries of their gods, those ordinances were by Orpheus translated into Greece: also the Trojan and Greek laws, from whenceour Nation (as I before declared) did receive their first orders of government: the laws of Saxons and Danes when they did inhabit us; conferring them severally together, & pondering which nearest cohere in precepts & uniformity with the sacred Decalogue.  
It is also most commendable, and would add infinite riches to his judgement, if he can by diligent reading attain the Laws of all principal States and Kingdoms in this age established as in Spain, France, Portugal, the free States of Italy, the Empire of Germany, the Cantons of Swizzerland, the Kingdoms of Poleland, Hungaria, Prussia, Moscovia, with such like: most of which although they be governed by the laws imperial, have not withstanding Edicts, & customary prescriptions retaining legal force, which are most fit and worthy to be known. Also the Laws of the Turks, of the Persians, and of any strange heathens in the world, which are partakers and be governed by rule of reason.  
This Science with the riches of that knowledge, which may be gotten by the same together with the judicious conference of one with another, I cannot sufficiently declare nor commend: neither, if it were possible for a man, all other means being wanting thereunto to live until he had visited those nations, and had sojourned in each particular country, till he were acquainted with their several Laws and orders, could his pains answer the least part of benefit which that knowledge will dispense.  
In public judgements (which according to th'imperial Institutions are so called, because the execution of them is referred to any of the people) it much importeth him to be very skilful, conferring them to the benefit of his private judgement with the public judgements, as in cases criminal of his own nation. Of these some being capital and the rest not capital: those which are, do punish with death or perpetual exile; as it was called by the Romans, Interdiction from fire and water, by which was intended an exclusion from all other benefit, or comfort of his native Country. Such were those 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Freigius defineth; being persons cast out, or banished 
Quest. politic.  from all civil society: and they were called deportati or relegati, by the Romans, to whom was this interdiction of fire and water, or the prescription and abdication of people. Other judgements upon defamation proceed with pecuniary mulct, which are also public and not capital.  
Howbeit public judgements principally proceed in matters of majesty, touching traitors against the King or Commonwealth, punished with 
Ad legem jul. maiestatis.  loss of life, and extirpation of their remembrance after their death in attainder of blood, and destruction of their houses which should be demolished.  
All criminal causes according to the form of our Laws, are either treasons or felonies; and those courts in England which are ordained for trial of them that stand appealed for such crimes, are the Kingsbench, or jail deliveryes. Which judgements are through all Counties of this Realm, once each year at the least (and in some oftener) according to the greatness of the shire; and of that necessity which may happen upon the manifold offences, tryable where the facts were committed, if it be not otherwise determined by the King's privy Counsel.  
Treasons according to the laws of our Nation are crimes of such heinous nature, as either concern the Prince in his life or State. As when a man compasseth or imagineth the Kings, the Queens, or their eldest son his death; the violation or constupration of the Queen, or of the king's eldest daughter unmarried, or of the Prince his wife the levying of war against the King, in his Realm, or abroad; the counterfeiting of his great or privy Seal, or of his moneys; th'importation of false money counterfeit to the stamp of his Realms, and knowing it to be false: to kill the Ghancellor, Treasurer, or judges of the King's bench, or of the common pleas, or the justices in Eire, the justices of assize, or any justices of Oyer, & derminer, doing their offices there is another petit treason when a servant slayeth his Master, and a wife her husband; a man secular or religious, any Prelate to whom he oweth faith and obedience. Moreover if any thing should happen unnamed, respite must be granted till by Parliament it be adjudged and ordained treason or felony. 
Edw. 3. An. 25. cap. 2.   
Parricides, such as kill their parents openly or closely, and such as are either accessaries or abettors, punished with extreme torture of death, 
Ad leg. Pompey. de Paricidijs.  according to th'imperial Laws. Howbeit, such as kill their kinsfolk or allies, undergo the law provided against murderers.  
Felonies are of divers natures, including any capital injustice, as in life, or living towards divers persons: of which, some be murderers; others in theft and robberies; and some in deceit appendent to that nature; but in a more venomous degree. Murderers therefore, which with artificial instruments, poisons, 
Ad leg. jul. de de Sycarijs.  or sorceries take away the lives of people, according to th'imperial laws are punished with death. thieves secretly stealing and purloining public treasure, or sacrilegious persons: yea, judges themselves if having charge of 
Ad leg. jul. de V●… private.  any common treasure they should embezzle the same; with all assistants, receptors, and abettors are condemnable to death. Other thefts not of such heinous condition are satisfied with exile. The rapes of widows, wives, or virgins are comprehended herein by the same punishment.  
Falsifying or counterfeiting of written Chartiers, Evidences, Records, 
Ad leg. Cornel. de falsis.  Leases, or counterfeiting of seals, with such like of the same nature punished with death.  
Public violence which is done with weapon, or artificial instrument; finable to the the third part of his goods which offendeth.  
Petty thefts sometimes with loss of life, and in certain cases with lighter 
Ad leg. jul. peculatus.  punishment, at the judges discretion.  
The laws of ambition, of requiring a restitution of goods taken away, 
Ad leg. jul. Anno●…oe, amb. terum repet.  with those that concern victual; etc. are all handled in the public judgements, expressed in th'imperial Institutions. For as much as concerneth the studies and ready knowledge of our own Laws, I have sufficiently spoken before.  
In judgements criminal, generally requiring the deepest and soundest discretion of judges, there is one question which I have heard controverted: Whether in them it be better and more expedient to show mercy then rigour? but it is by the stronger part of opinions confirmed, that in the government of a multitude (where the crimes are treasonable or infectious) severe punishment much more availeth then lenity. Which Tacitus no less sagely (though living in a tyrannous Empire) doth confirm. Yet forsomuch as it is no part of my profession (but in somewhat impertinent) to declare the substance of all these causes criminal according to their natures; I will pretermit and handle only such things, as are required of a judge in his general decision or execution of them.  
Punishments therefore are either frequent, or rare: mitigate punishments of multitudes together with frequent practise of them. And he which hastily proceedeth to sentence of condemnation, will be generally said and condemned to have done it willingly. If occasion so require, that for a general good and quiet, a multitude must undergo punishment; make specious demonstration, that it is only done to prevent further offence, and not in regard of the fault: show neither wrath nor gladness in punishing; inflict not any strange or extreme punishments: for they be dangerous, & the judges which punish after new fashions are undoubtedly cruel. Be not partial in punishing, as in dealing more severely with some, then with others whose faults are of equal quality. Neither be present spectators at the execution of malefactors: which violent & irous appearance, hath drowned many princes in the blood of their Tyranny. And whereas it doth happen frequently; that many persons and some of the best estate and quality, cannot be punished with death, but with the great danger and hatred of the judge; which he should wholly neglect, honourably respecting the person of verity, represented in himself; it is required, that in heinous causes all the heads be cut off together, and that not leisurely one by one: For often reiteration of blood giveth suspicion of merciless truculencie, stirring malice in many men and pleasing few: only the due respect of severity bend against them (whose pardons are full of peril) presently washing out the note or malice of that severity, with remission and indulgence of other offenders, whose crimes being of a more humble nature, include not much danger in them. Having and retaining always a precise respect of the natures and qualities of the persons offending, and of their offences: according with that rule in Sallust, Vos sceleratissimis hominibus quiaciues sunt ignos●…ere aequo animo paterer ni miserecordia 
Bell. jugurth.  in pernicien casura esset: I could be contented that great offenders should be pardoned, were it not that such mercy would turn to mischief. Only this should be regarded, that amongst many persons combined in offence a few of the principals be cut off. Necem etenim paucorum aut unius hominis calamitati 
Porti●… 〈◊〉 in Catil.  publicae maiores nostri semper anteponendam esse putaverunt: Our fathers always thought it expedient to prefer the death of some few persons, or of one man; rather then to permit a general calamity by the effusion of much blood. It hath been anciently customed (but I will not prescribe such dangerous physic) to wash away the envy of bloodshed, with shedding the blood of certain vile persons, as sacrifices piacular against public hatred (as I noted in my first book) by the example of Sir Richard Emson, and Master Dudley, in the second year of King Henry the eight. To great offences therefore either presumptuously, or bloodily committed by great persons of note, apply notable and exemplary punishments; that meaner folk in beholding their executions, may be discouraged from the like attempts. Which rule hath been narrowly kept by that right noble, reverend and politic judge, Sir john Popham, by whose justice and severe integrity (thunder-blasting desperate offences) many grievous and contagious malefactors have been oftentimes repressed. If therefore a man's life insist upon it, let him not fear to give sentence according to conscionable evidence and equity: whereas he shall find it evident and fit, that by so judging, justice is not scandalised.  
Moreover, it must not appear to be done either in private, as by corrupt bribes, violently to divert the current of justice out of his true channel, or any malice or envy to parties, which is a kind of disease of the mind, which grievously repineth at the good success or qualities of others. And many men will sooner pardon the slaughter of their parents, than the loss of their livings unjustly. Severity therefore in necessary punishments, addeth a majesty to the magistrate: for otherwise it happeneth oftentimes, that the Prince may rebuke his foolish lentitude, in such terms as were objected by Quintus Fab. Maximus in the Roman Senate against Scipio, whose soldiers through his exceeding licence and lenity revolted from him; that he should have corrupted the state of civil government, as Scipio did the Roman military discipline: upon which reprehension, Scipio reform himself with great reputation; whereas in regard of his former mildness, the first examples of his severity were not imputed to his own nature. It is not meant here by the example of Draco, who did write all his laws in blood for the Athenians, to punish every small offence with death: but such as are either traitorous and seditious parricides, homicides, or others of like condition according to the qualities of their offences. There is a kind of grace and and mercy declared in executing or interpreting the very Letter of the Law precisely: which I refer in the religion thereof unto the judges conscience, as by a common and familiar example.  
Zaluchus (having made a Law to the Locrensians, that any persons of that commonwealth, if they were taken in adultery, should lose both their eyes) was forced to give sentence against his own son, which stood in that case appealed before him: & notwithstanding that earnest intercession made by the people for his pardon; yet in satisfaction of the Law, he caused one of his own and another of his sons eyes to be done out. In what ought a judge to declare more constant verity, then in juridical sentences? in what more zeal then in execution of the Laws? in what place more majesty then on the venerable throne of justice?  
I will confirm this with a familiar example of common record in our English Chronicles. Henry of Monm●…uth son to king Henry the fourth (who did afterwards succeed his father) rushed unto the King's Bench (the Lord chief justice of England sitting in judgement upon life and death of one of that prince's servants, then in case of felony brought unto the bar before him) and with his sword drawn made offer to rescue the prisoner without further trial: the people astonished at such unusual behaviour, were afraid. The judge himself, or rather Gods spirit directing, wisely weighing his own condition, and looking into truth and authority, banisheth all sudden fear, and stoutly with a reverend majesty rebuketh the prince in this sort. Come hither furious youngman, wound this old carcase with thy sword wherewith thou menacest me; strike, strike I say, rather will I die then endure such example. This place which thou dost violate is thy father's tribunal, the judge whom thou threatenest representeth thy father, the law which thou contemnest, adjudgeth thee guilty for it; and without any respect that thou art son to the king, on behalf of thy father, and being assisted and supported with the Commonweals authority, I do commit thee to prison. At which reverend and constant judgement of the magistrate, the prince abashed presently let fall his sword, and willingly submitted himself to prison. The king upon this tragaecomedie reported, burst with tears into these speeches: happy am I in so just & sincere a judge, & in so good and obedient a son. Which gallant prince succeeding his sather in the government so much esteemed of that judge, as (when he departed England with his forces towards France for that conquest which he there purchased) he committed the tuition and government of his whole realm, during that his absence to him: the history is true though common, and yet not so vulgar as notable.  
Sedition and malice being two pestilent and contagious diseases in a Commonwealth should be severely punished in the beginnings without remission, yet with such discretion handled, as it might seem rather to proceed from a mind very loath, and grieving to punish, but that constraint and the common cause enforceth it. Howbeit, somewhat must always be done for examples sake considering the sentence, Panarum fructus omnium maximus pertinet ad exemplum. The most fruit and profit which issueth from punishments groweth upon example.  
There is great danger in ministering a more vehement medicine, then either the nature or strength of the disease or diseased doth require. Apply not any corrosives but upon extremities and causes otherwise remediless. He which hatcheth vengeance in his heart, may not punish hastily but expect a fit occasion for his own satisfaction, which will undoubtedly fall without any combustion, note, or imputation of revenge. Those judges therefore I deem well worthy commendation, which seldom using severity can attain and keep the name of terrible magistrates: for by much exercise of bloody justice as I said before, more harm then good ensueth to the prince; for not only the persons favourers of the parties punished, but the people's hearts in general will storm at it: and admit you can remove some of the first which stir in it; yet in a case of cruelty the people's indignation may fitly be compared to wildfire, which being once kindled will increase and burn more vehemently. If therefore a judge extend severity, let it be manifested especially, when matters of blood and violation of human charity requireth it: when violence upon impious passion or perturbation of the mind, to satisfy private malice is exercised upon persons; which no man being moderated by the Law of nature will commit: as Cicero writeth; hominem naturae obedientem 
Offic. 3.  homini nocere non posse: That not any man which is obedient to nature will hurt another man. Neither can any thing express the prudence of a magistrate more to life, than the just conservation and maintenance of a man's life; nothing decipher his cruelty more, than slaughter and effusion of blood. How odious is the very name of homicide, by whose violence man which is the goodliest artifice of nature is dissolved? Nothing therefore should in a civil society be more severely sifted, nothing feel more extreme punishment than murderers. A just judge therefore sitting in judgement upon homicides, should in his right hand hold a jasper stone, to staunch the blood of innocents; & in the left a sword to strike bloody murderers and slaughterer's: so that the sword be not more forcible than the stone, lest his wrath conquer clemency when he revengeth blood.  
Next unto murder is that ulcerous and unsatiable wolf usury, which like a canker consumeth the flesh and bones of Prince and people. It is the extremest stinking plague of any commonwealth. And hence was it, that Marcus Cato said, How murder and usury were correlative. Which leprous botch (for I cannot give it a term bad enough) the Romans punished more severely than felony. And Sallust likewise advising Caesar in one of his Orations saith; Tollendus foenerator ut suas quisque res curemus: Usurers must be banished, that every man may the better follow his private business. Intimating those lets and obstacles which happen to the commonwealth; where divers principal persons are consumed and eaten up with usury. Saying moreover, that all things would have good success in the commonwealth, Sipecuniae (quae maxima omnium pernicies est) usum atque dedecus dempserit: If he would so practise, that the use and disgrace of selling and lending of money 
Ad. Cas. de rep. ordinanda.  (which he termeth the greatest of all harms) may be taken away.  
There yet remaineth one principal respect and consideration for Magistrates and judges, which specially concerneth the commonwealth: to take such careful heed and circumspection as may be, that all men and persons, young and old, of all trades and professions in all towns and cities, do follow with diligence and commendable industry their several functions and vocations, which is the readiest mean both to magnify and amplify the commonwealth. And therefore Francis Patricius, in his book De institutione 
Lib. 1. tit. 8.  reipub. writeth that they should Otij magis quam negotij rationem exigere: To take more precise account of idle fellows then of labourers: which those naked Gymnosophists that lived in India, did with all industry; for they were of opinion that nothing could be more odious in any societies, states, or Cities, than sloth and idleness. For the Gymnosophists did always before meat examine their youth, how they had employed that part of the day, and only permitted such to receive meat whose exercises they did approve, thrusting such out of doors as had been found idle or loiterers, that they might seek their food by labour, where they could gain it.  
Hence was that law amongst the Egyptians which Diodorus mentioneth 
Lib. 1. bib. l●…st.  that all the people were enjoined to make strict account unto the precedents of every province, how they bestowed their times, & what arts they did profess; each man's particular name and profession being entered into a book: so that if any was found to give up a false account of his labours, or was known to have loitered out his time, he received punishment of death; and this was one of Dracoes' bloody laws: for honest exercise and studies are a mean to reduce, exorbitate, & prodigal affections to frugality: for slothful and idle persons as Valerius writeth, Madge is oneri quam honori sunt reipub: Impose more burden then afford ornament to the Commonwealth. And therefore 
Lib. de tes●…. cap. 2  idle fellows anciently amongst the Athenians were violently trailed into the market place to receive punishment as grievous offenders. The like inquisition was amongst the sage juridical Areopagites, which is in effect expressed by 
Val●…rius lib. 2. tit. de instit. antiq.  blessed Paul in one of his Epistles, that he which will not work, shall not eat. These Areopagites whose offices were not unlike to the Roman Censors took such care, that idle fellows should give strict account of their time and profession employed and exercised. And this account of idleness was so 
Valerius lib. 16.  great amongst our forefathers of former ages passed, that they did not esteem of any thing more shameful than idleness. For this cause therefore the Philosopher Cleanthes carried water to get him bread: and this was it which made Plantus that noble Comedian to bake bread. Furthermore Sol●…n enacted it that the son was exempted from duty towards his father, if he by the father's means had not attained instruction in some science. The fruits or tokens rather of this idle leprosy which drowneth, or rather as it were insensateth the members of any Commonwealth, are luculently described by Sallust in these words: Dormire prias quam somni cupido est, non famem, non sitim, neque frigus opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu anticapere: haec iun●…tutem (ubi familiares opes 
Coniur. Catil.  defecerant) adfacinora incendebant: To sleep before a man's eyes were heavy, not to tarry till he were hungry, thirsty, or cold; but to prevent all luxuriously: These disordered fashions when their own private wealth was wasted, incensed, and provoked young men to take in hand wicked courses. If this be not too common a vice in our Commonwealth then were we most fortunate. And hence it is that in detestation thereof, Sallust in one other place saith, Vbi socordiae te ignaviaeque tradider is nequidquam deos implores, irati infestique sunt▪ It is in vain that slothful and idle persons invoke the gods, for they will be wrathful and punish them. Wherefore all such vagrant and idle persons, as our statutes have most prudently pointed out, are fittest for the galleys or banishment. Nulla namque re alia improbi ab iniurio sa facinoro saque vita magis prohibentur quam prescriptionis mei●…; quaeliberos ad egestatem perduca●…: nam malè meritus publico exemplo ad terrorem malefactorum p●…pertate laborare cogitur: For wicked persons are not by any means so soon restrained from injurious and sinful courses, as by the terror of banishment, which bringeth their children to beggary: ●…ot by public example all such as deserve evil (to terrify malefactors) are driven through extreme poverty to labour. Hence was it that the noble Tragedian writ, venit ad pigros canasenectus. Neither is it fit that 
In Her. fur.  any idle fellows should live upon the commonwealths labours, unless their labours be employed for the commonwealth; which even the course of nature in little Bees teacheth us, which will not suffer any Drone, or idle Bee that bringeth in no honey, either to eat out of their labours, or to live within their wax.  
I will not insist upon more observations, concerning the knowledge and practice of judges: desiring them that read this, not to impute my pains to arrogancy in dealing with studies beyond my weak element, neither to any other wants (which are manifold in it) considering that I have with cheerfulness done my best for the young Readers benefit.  
The noble. judges and Lawyers which have left unto us the knowledge of our Common-lawes, having taken great pains for the comfort and benefit of this Commonwealth, as is manifest by their written Books, and reports of the Law, be Master Glanvile, Littleton, Fitzherbert, Brooke, Dyer, Plowdon, and that right worthy Lawyer of our time, Sir Edw. Cook, the King's Attorney general.  
The reverend Fathers and judges in the Laws of our time, were Wray, Bacon, Harper, Bromley, Manwood, Anderson, Egerton, and Popham: whose excellent gifts of knowledge and wisdom, have been plentifully powered out, to the general benefit of this Nation.  
divers excellent men of great prudence, learning & hope for our own laws, residing and studious in our houses of court, and otherwise dispersed through his majesties dominions, adorn and beautify this Realm; whose names fit me not here to insinuate. So that this Nation under God's government, during good Queen Elizabeth her reign, was enriched and roabed with the gold and purpur of fortune and wisdom auspiciously combined together. And since her time with his majesties high prudence, always studying and inclining to the peace and happiness of his people, graciously begun, and very like blessedly to continue to his highness high comfort, so long as it shall stand with God's high pleasure, his majesties honour, and with the special weal of his Kingdoms.  
The Laws before King Edward the third his reign (as Glanvile and Bracton record) and some which were established in the days of his father Edward of Carnarvan, and of King Richard the second were written in Latin: but in the first of King Edward the third his reign, who had, as it is known generally, good and lawful right to the crown of France, and did retain divers of those Provinces in possession, were all of them written in French. Howbeit soon after, to the end that the people might the better understand what was spoken for & against them, the Lawyers which before lately pleaded in French, upon such inconvenience found, were enjoined by one act of Parliament, that all their plead in all courts & place within the 
Anno 36. Reg. Edw. 3. cap. 15.  realm should be made in English, but entered and enroled in Latin. And somuch in brief concerning the Legal counsel or court of judges.  
Finis libri tertij.   

The fourth Book of Offices.  
IT is commonly seen in the depraved condition of human nature, that divers persons do vehemently desire to be reputed skilful, and excellently learned in some commendable arts which they never attained. A vicious bindnesse proceeding (as I deem) from pride innated, and from a certain dishonest kind of sluggishness; when any man shall think, that he can buy the credit and falsed opinion of divine treasures, with mere idleness; in whose loathsome and unsavoury kennel, the ragged, blind, barbarous, and misbeli●…uing idol ignorance, filthily wallowing holdeth a perpetual slovens right, and doth in very foolish arrogancy upon mere earthly presumption, everlastingly blemish all other laudable perfections, which can be quoated in the fair and true card of man's divine nature and industry. The scandal of which dishonest imputation, that I might crush to death in the head, me seemeth it in conscience expedient, and a chief branch of my duty to confess a truth: how much it exceedeth the weak bounders of my naked judgement, to furnish fit in complete arms of proof, with all suitable habiliments of honour this right noble counsel of war; which though it be last in place, yet is it first in procession, and not lowest in profession, considering that it putteth the titles of all right, and just honour in execution. It is the noble corrector of all prodigal states, a skilful bloodletter against all dangerous obstructions and plurasies of peace, the most sovereign purgation of all superfluous and spreading humours or leprosies, which can breed in any general politic body. Necessity which importuneth a fourth placein my book doth urge me to that which my dishabilities towards the service of so serious a subject should otherwise inhibit: my practice in wars hath been very little, my knowledge in books and histories, slender in such respects: and (as it is the general fault of youthful temerity) when I first entered the martial lists, negligently did I restrain myself from those needful observations, which should have been the very scope proposed to my whole time of service in arms, through the vain weakness of my green and unstaid head: therefore I most humbly crave pardon for such omissions as will be found in this treatise frequently; recommending it unto the best and honourable judgements which cannot calumniate; with a general exception and protestation against the vulgar in their bitterness without discretion, from which kind of spirits I desire earnestly that my travels may be concealed. The matter is of it sel●…e most ample; and many things may be required, which I know cannot be (without some irksomeness to the reader) inserted: points of more moment overshooting the scope of my knowledge I refer to my masters in arms, that have by much valour and long experience attained the martial garland of just honour, and can famously from the golden trumpet of far sounding victory clang out aloud with heroical cheer and alacrity, the true flourish and everliving bruit of bloody sweats and battles.  
War being upon honourable grounds and with due deliberation undertaken, is the constant and inestimable base of a blessed peace, rectifying, composing 
Office of military Governors.  and perfecting all injuries, disorders, and imperfections in every state; hence was it that sage Heraclitus did call war the father, king, and sovereign of all creatures, reproving Homer for his ignorance, because he prayed against 
〈◊〉 de 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  variance, and debate amongst gods, and men; holding opinion that the blind Poet did (by so praying) curse the generation of all creatures, which according to the grounds of our Philosophical reason doth subsist of fight and antipathy. It is vulgar how the foundations of all Empires are framed out of good laws and good arms: But good laws are of small force, unless they be maintained by needful skill and practise of weapons. Howbeit in all places of the civil and imperial laws where there is any mention made of wars 
Lib. 1. In princ. cod ●…ustiniani & in pro●…. instit.  and laws together, arms have the first place.  
Moreover, note it positively, that where military science and exercise is frequent, there good laws are in most force and honour: for it maintaineth and magnifieth every Commonwealth and state; without it, none have long flourished or continued: and according to Thucydides, he that will not in tranquillity levy necessary war standeth in the very door of danger: and this 
Lib. 1. Conc. Cori●…h.  of Tacitus. Sapientes pacis causa bellum gerunt; laborem spe otij ●…ustentant: nisi illam firmam efficis, vinci, an vicisse quid retulit etc. Wise men to purchase peace levy war; they labour in hope of future ease: unless your peace be firm, what availeth it you to conquer or to be conquered. War is therefore a multitude combined and assembled together in arms in one cause united with a noble and needful resolution to resist and defeat all violence which is opposed or urged against any king, kingdom, or their confederates. Wherein first must be considered generally that which Sallust writeth. Omne 
●…ll▪ jugurth.  bellum facilè sumi, caeterum ●…gerrime desinere; non in eiusdem potestate initium eius & finem esse: incipere cuivis etiam ignavo licet; deponere vero cum victores velint. All wars are easily begun, but with great difficulty finished, it is not in one man's power, both to begin and end the war: every dastardly coward may begin; but it resteth in the pleasure of him that vanquisheth to make an end thereof.  
The foot or end of war therefore must be precisely looked upon, with the top and occasion. For example, when it is sound warranted by the Laws of nations; as in lawful levying of arms either in the cause of God 
Godly wars.  which is principal being moved & assisted by divine spirit, against his enemies: such as you shall find in ages not long passed, which by the Emperor (being confederated and united in force with the princes of Christendom) were auspiciously stirred up in general against the Turk, and against other blasphemous opposites of Christ, and of his people: or in defence of the Commonwealth, 
Nec●…ssarie war●….  against all foreign invasions or impeachments of their natural liberties. As it was in my remembrance provided by the dearly remembered n●…rrice of this Nation, Queen Elizabeth Pro aris & focis, against the puissant Armado of Spain; which purposed a conquest of this Nation, and was confounded by the spirit of God, moving in the winds and waters, against those foreign ships under the propitious and ever-admired valour of God's hand-maiden; whose apport & carriage in those difficulties are worthy to be recorded, with a pen of finest gold in hardest marble, or in that (if any thing be more durable) which is most permanent and divine upon earth. For being then amongst her soldiers heroically mounted, she promised with many comfortable words of encouragement, to share with them in fortunes, if the Spaniard durst show his face aland. Such and so marvelous was her native fortitude and true piety, published in her Camp at Tilburie, upon the zeal and motherly love of God's cause, and of the safeguard of his chosen people under her sceptre, as is everlastingly registered already with her soul above the stars.  
Out of this brancheth a lawful kind of invasion upon foreign states, in case of some honour or right which is unjustly detained by violent hand, after 
Lawful wars.  that restitution hath been peaceably demanded. As that which the right wise and most renowned Prince, the beautiful precedent of peace, and the devouring thunderbolt of war, King Edward the third (your majesties most worthy Progenitor) breathed out against France: which martial lighttening was so terrible that it devoured the disobedience of that people, and established him in his right: which first was won with the weight of most honourable battle. And those wars which the valorous French King maintained, a long time after the venomous murder of his predecessor, & brother in Law, King Henry the third of France and Poleland, against the Duke Du Maine, great Chamberlain of France, with the Duke of Parma and others; that resisted him in his hereditary dominions, until the Pope had restored him to the crown.  
There is likewise a just war grounded upon charity, which undertaketh 
Just wars.  the protection of our friends or confederates. Such were they, which our prementioned sovereign Lady lately levied to succour the Free-states of base Germany thereby to protect them from the rigorous and unspeakable servitude of Spain and Castille: whose approved faithfulness of old to this Realm, is many times noted in our Chronicles. Only such war as is undertaken for amplification of dominion and Empire, and that which ambition marshalleth, with such injurious quarrels as are scandalously picked out of 
Unlawful warr●….  counterfeit grounds, and heads more fit for Turks, Infidels, or traitors, then for sacred and royal minded princes; may not be fummoned to this throne of heroical justice, but unrespected or rejected utterly. Unto the performance of these wars thus justly to be commenced and raised the choice of soldiers is first required, as well Captains as ordinary servitors, including soldiers for fight, and labourers for work. Of these in their particular offices and degrees successively.  
The first and highest place of power and reputation in the field, the Prince himself upon some principal causes in his own person holdeth; under whom all other Generals and Captains are waged, and bear office. But forsomuch as at this day few princes are seen militant in foreign countries, unless they stand appealed to such battles forcibly, through some forcible injustice of others, either upon detinew of due tributes or territories (the custom and possession whereof hath been of most ancient memory continued in his antecessors by discreet succession, to the very point of his own reign) and also because few Princes are personally seen in battles of our days upon their ownesoyle, unless against assailants or tyrannous usurpers; such as were expected (of which I spoke before) by our sovereign Elizabeth, and provided against the invasion of King Philip Anno 1588. and for some other particular reasons, I will pass over the particulars of his highest place in martial Camp, referring myself to his commission; by virtue whereof, upon ordinary terms of war, the Prince or Emperor deputeth his Lieutenant general to supply the place and office of majesty; having sometimes certain private and princely directions not expressed, by which in dearest trust to him by his sovereign committed he must shape his course. In all outward appearance, he must cape according to the strict tenor of his instructions, in commission under the Prince his great seal delivered. The least syllable in sense being expressed therein, he may not without high danger to himself transgress; unless the sovereigns' advice and opinion be first had and known, or after upon more firm reconsideration delivered.  
The princes deep judgement and discretion in electing of his Lieutenant general, aught to be principally grounded upon good advice, and sure notice taken of his sufficiency for such a place. First he should be a man of able, strong, and active body, well knit, of a durable complexion, neither too much brent, nor drowned (as I said in the secret councillor) hard and at defiance with tenderness, delighting in pains and practice of Arms: and in him five principal things are required.  
The first is fidelity, rebounding from his dignities and noble education; opposite to which standeth infidelity issuing from avarice and malice: for such as are covetous and malicious be faithless; and therefore by the laws imperial not eligible to the place of Princes or Generals of Armies. Science, 
〈◊〉 ind. vers. pro ●…p. colum. 6.  the second garb of a noble Commander, converseth in the knowledge of topography both by the Card and Map, as by practice in much travel. By this he discerneth what Marches are competent for the soldiers, answerable unto their body's strength, & unto the present need which the service in hand shall impose. By this he disposeth of all advantages, which the places, times and seasons shall offer; as by the benefit of hills, valleys, lanes, rivers, marshes, woods with all the suns and winds of the compass: also such observations & attributes of that nature, as appertaineth military profession. This science is attained by the ingenuous exercise, vigilancy, assiduity, painful & frequent travel in places, by the contemplative direction of military books and indefatigable practice with a delight had in war. To discern whether he which may be thought fit for the office of a General be possessed of this science; the Prince therefore (as I said) considereth of his age, of his time employed in service, of those wars wherein he did serve; of the masters and commanders under whom he was disciplined & exercised, of his nation, his discretion, & of the place where he should serve. Valour, which is the third and principal virtue contained in his heart (whereof I purpose to speak more at large in the Morals of my fourth Book) standeth in the midst of these five properties: issuing from his sapience in advise, from his counsel in provision, from his fervency in action, from expedition in execution, from his sagacity with wiliness in stratagems, and from his patience in travel. Out of these qualities the temperature of good health, magnanimity, fortitude, contempt of pirill, and faithfulness proceed. Adjunct to them according to Coepola, be modesty, clemency, courtesy, ●…uauitie, facility, temperance in all actions accompanied with truth, innocency, justice, and liberality. These honourable qualities amongst all soldiers conciliate unto the L. general reputation or authority, which is when his b●…hests are with all diligence, willingness and expedition executed by the soldiers: but specially these have most force in military masters, when they be with beauty, power, riches, honour, and nobility made absolute. Upon this dependeth likewise his felicity which in a soldier is most glorious and should seem principally to proceed from fortitude: for certain it is, that he which in fight showeth courage and excellent alacrity, combined with prudence in all extremities, doth in favour of himself forcibly move malicious and raging fortune, being conquered with his fortitude and patience, to take his parts for very shame of herself: and hence is it that Aeneas ha●…teneth his soldiers languishing in their extremities after escape from Naufrage. 
Durate & vosmet rebus seruate secundis.   
Intimating to them, that patience engendereth prosperity, which (being the 
Aenead. 1.  companion of counsel and reason, a precious gift of God, & the true cognizance of divine favour; and not proceeding in any mean from human industry) may well suffragate with other gifts to the election of a General.  
Besides all these, he must be known firm to the Prince and quarrel committed to his decision: likewise he should retain that virtue in himself to give life and courage to his battles, by the example of Valerius corvinus, captain of the Roman forces, then ready to join in conflict against the Sam●…tes: who wished them in his oration to repose every man in his own valour, and to follow him in feits of arms to the uttermost of their foroe: or like that heroical speech which the noble Roman rebel Catiline breathed upon his soldiers and companions (fainting in their former resolutions) thus. None but conquerors will exchange war for peace: it were madness in you to think that you can save your lives by sheathing those swords which should defend you from the violence of such enemies, as pursue you with slaughter; they which are in most fear stand in deepest danger: whereas boldness is a brazen bulwark. But when I ponder your former actions and resolutions (my brave soldiers) then do I make sure account of certain victory, which is visibly presented to my spirit from your spirits, ages, and honours proportionably: Add hereunto that present necessity which coineth courage out of cowards. And in another place that which infuseth valour into caitiff carcases. Ca●…e ne inul●…i animam amittatis, new captipotius sicuti pecora trucidemini; quam virorum mod●… pugnantes, cruentam, at que luctuosam utctoriam hostibus re●…quatis: Have a care that you lose not your lives unrevenged, neither be taken prisoners like beasts destined to the slaughter; but that fight like valorous men you may leave unto your enemies such a dolorous and lamentable spoil and victory, as may be bought to their cost. Such a kind of adhortation, or vehement & impulsive persuasion doth marvelously move and spur forward the spirits of forlome soldiers upon desperate adventures: or as that noble saying of Marius; animating his fellows in arms. Egomet in agmine, in pr●… consultor idem, & socius periculi vobiscum adero; me vosque in omnibus rebus iuxtageram. I myself (in the shock, and in the battle) will be ready both to give you my best directions and advise, and to partake with you fellowlike in all perils, and in all prosperous or desast●…ous accidents, I will personally share fortunes with you. Moreover it well sitteth with the grace and good fortune of a General (after some good success, & victories attained by his soldiers which will undoubtedly give great heartiness and hopes to men in arms, although their enemies much exceed them in number) to spur them forward to noble battle by good example of that priest, by whose persuasion the Israelites were set on fire with fortitude; and to banish fear, faintness, and astonishment: For as much as the Lord went with them to fight against their enemies, and to protect them. Howbeit the prowess of a General, may not 
Deutron: 20.  only consist in gallant adhortation, fiery speeches, verbal blows, and fierce menaces only; for such take more delight in the plausible volubility of their tongues, then in th'immortal valour of their hearts: but his judgement also must be sound, and ripe, his valour noble, and perfect, his wisdom divine, and vigilant; his assiduity skilful, and profitable; his heart frank and honourable, heroically despising earthly riches, as the very corruption of all blessed minds on earth, and whatsoever tasteth of this base and humble putrefaction or mortality. For Generals which are blotted with covetousness can never attain the true faith and love of their soldiers; as by manifold example and experience is found: they should therefore consider what the conditions of some special gallant captains in former ages have been in that case; and they shall find Alexander munificent, Caesar magnificent, Cirus bountiful; and amongst private Generals and Captains that Scipio Africanus was a man that only protested against the desire of money, and treasure, when (after his conquest of all Africa which he made tributary to the Romans) he could not show any spoils or booties of that war upon his return, but only the bare title of Africanus, which enlarged and famoused his name. Good generals and captains therefore should imitate such honour, as those two noble brethren Publius, and Lucius Scipio, which were called the two thunderboults of war: for they protested that neither the treasures of Carthage nor of all Asia could make them avaritions; but that the riches (of which they were possessed, and had got from others) did wholly consist upon emulation, and envy; not upon money. A worthy precedent amongst many more remaineth living in the legend of Photion, that noble general of Athens surnamed Bonus Pauper, honourably recorded in plutarchs histories: whose condition was to contemn riches so far, that when certain Ambassadors from Philip King of Macedonia did present unto him huge heaps of treasure, and kingly gifts, he did peremptorily refuse them: the regard of his own desert, nor the benefit of his children (both which they did acknowledge unto him) would not induce Photion to receive them: but out of his singular magnificence and magnanimity (dismissing the legates loaden as the came) answered them on this fashion. If my sons follow their father's example, this little land in my possession (which maintained me in martial service until I was promoted to this dignity) may competently serve them: But if they degenerate, I do not purpose with my gains or gettings to maintain their riot. Many such observations remain to captains in the memorial of Cirus, Alexander, & of other princes and commanders. In like sort Marcus Curius after his triumphs over Pyrrhus had presented unto him (sitting then to the fire) a great mass of gold, sent from the Samnites: but his answer was, 
Cic. i●… Cat. maior.  Non aurum habere praeclarum est, sed illis (qui aurum possident) imperitare. It is not a glorious thing to be possessed of huge heaps of gold; but it is most excellent to be lord over them which have it in possession.  
Marius likewise gave all his spoils gotten at Utica amongst his soldiers: for that noble captain was of opinion, that abundance of riches would effeminate the minds of gallant soldiers; whereupon his saying was as Sallust citeth it. Exparente meo & ex aliis sanctis viris accepi, munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire: omnibusque bonis opportere plus gloriae, quam divitiarum esse; arma non supellectilem decori esse. I have learned this lesson of my father, and of other holy men; that curious and neat fashions are fit for women, and that labour and hardness becometh men: moreover that all good men should take more delight in glory then in riches; that armour and not household furniture most decoreth and graceth a man. Likewise a general must be constant in all well resolved actions, and at hostile defiance against all fear of man; skilful in all active practice of arms, having won his place by desert of honour in the field; a man fortunate upon attempts, and assaults, one that will stand like a steadfast trophy in the body and heart of his battle, Lion-like demeaning himself in eager fight with incomparable valiancy; leading, training, instructing, disciplyning, and encouraging his battles, with a more than human spirit and prudence, pricking their hearts forward to the field of victory, with the golden spur of his virtues.  
The states and lives of princes and of their people may not be committed to men exalted by birth or other desert and favour in those degrees only: but unto men approved in these & such like heroical conditions. The knowledge (which he must of necessity with all careful diligence & affection embrace) is attained in judicious hearing, and observing of actions, from the true relation of accomplished soldiers in their attempts, escairmo●…ches, defences, charges, forms of battles, assaults, countermynings, sudden, close, and unexpected camisadoes, in their secret treaties, privy confedera●…ies, articles of truce or surrender; and such ingenuous and noble choice of hidden stratagems, as have best suited with the time, the place, and persons in opposition. For (upon such his curious observation) to declare the singular quickness or ingenuous sagacity and perspicuity of his wit and judgement; he shall be stirred up (in hope of endless honour) to devise snares, sleights, and labyrinths to blind and entangle his enemies after some other new form unheard or thought of: which (by how much the more strange it is) maketh the security for the accomplishment thereof so much the readier when time for execution shall serve: herein his indefatigable industry, his body's ability, his minds alacrity, shall best to life appear. Reading of histories (which I before commended in a secret counsellor) will furnish and illuminate his knowledge and understanding specially: for certain it is, that it best behoveth Generals to attain knowledge by reading before they begin to practise: because such are otherwis●… preposterous that practice before they know how to do. For after some excercise and insight into the wars, his own experience will be the best guide unto himself if he be wise, observing, and industrous, as well for the order, and instruction of his battles, and armies; as in the care, and intricate cunning, of premeditating and deciphering his enemy's plots, purposes, and attempts, b●…fore they can happen; how to avoid and frustrate their devices in execution of them; what ways and means remain to turn their actions, once commenced upon their own heads; and lastly, how to whistle them forward with a fair and negligent semblance bearing a perfect colour to their advantage, until such time as being once entered their estates be distressed, miserable and remediiesse. All which (with infinite of that nature, to a wit which is wise and honourable, still working and always exercised in glorious cogitations) will divinely spring by studious knowledge of Histories. To this adjoin the ●…eady means and reasons of hastening, and lingering war, the causes exciting in him present hope, or fear of happy chance, or calamity Which should not move or discourage him (as I spoke before in the civil counsellor) for it is vulgar that no wise man can be dismayed, or over-hoven there with: even (in time of peace) he must give sure appearance of his exterior fortitude and assiduity, by careful exercising, & encouraging of the people and veterans ordained for service in their marches, counter-marches; divers fashions and ready forms of drawing themselves into squares, or cubes, cylinders, or lozanges, triquits, and pyramids upon a sudden, as they shall be commanded or directed to serve, with most advantage against the enemies: always yielding a renowned example of his labour and painfulness in business, of valour and fortitude in danger, of diligence and vehemency in actions, and of expedition in execution, after perfect maturity in deliberation.  
The interior goodness and bounty (which accompanieth him) is decently garnished with temperance, innocency, faithfulness, gentleness, humanity, prudence, and foresight; requiring a virtuous circumspection and doubt, as in not committing any thing to the wheel of fortune, but upon inevitable necessity, lest his actions be racked upon it, as hath been found in divers captains, which by the like temerity fell down, when they with all their forces leaned upon her wheel. For they that in rage and cruelty charge their enemies (whom they rather contemn then take heed of) are not well advised, because faults in fight are not easily redressed: as Lamachus (who governing an Army) replied; that war might not permit one fault twice. temerity therefore in martial actions, is both foolish and unfortunate: howbeit, the General should always bestow himself in some needful business being wholly governed in all his imprese by reason, without any respect of fortune. For it is not in strength and audaciousness only, whence victory must be derived, but in true courage and nobility: considering that Omnis 
Offic. 1.  v●…s nostrain animo, & corpore sit a est: alterum nobis cum dijs, alterum cum belluis common: All human force is planted in the mind, and in the body: by the mental force we be fitly resembled unto the gods, by corporal strength only to brute beasts: and you shall note it certainly, that those which put most affiance in corporal strength, repose most in fortune and good luck, and nothing in prudence. And hence was it that sapience is accounted as one inseparable companion and captain over every General which directeth him: for those which trust in other force than that which is marshaled by sapience, be like unto those of whom the Prophet Baruch speaketh: And those Giants whom 
Cap. 3.  the Lord hath not chosen perished, because they wanted wisdom. Whereupon Trogus Pompeius saith, Alexander victoriam obtinuit qui consilio gubernavit exercitum: 
Lib. 11.  Alexander was a conqueror, because he governed his Armies by counsel. And that excellent wise Poet Horace. 
Vim temperatam dij quoque provehunt. 
Lib. 3. Ode 4.    
And hence is it likewise, that the noble and true-sighted Poet Homer, in the 
Lib. 2. Illi●…d.  person of Agamemnon saith; that he could with ease have sacked Troy, having but ten such as Nestor, whose wisdom was the discipline of his war: Considering how by sapience and prudent foresight, wise captains may with a few handfuls triumph over many legions, & work out their honours in despite of fortune's malignity: which acordeth well with those common proverbs: Sapiens sibi fortunam fingit & dominabitur astris: A wise man will shape out his own fortune, as he would have it, and will antivert the fatal influence of his stars. Authority befitteth also, which includeth the true love and reverence of soldiers unto their leaders: this is none of the small respects towards his administration of war. Add unto these severity which doth purchase this benefit in a Commander, when no man in Camp nor Garrison offending, can expect more favour than is limited by the Laws of Arms. For soldiers (albeit they delight in lenity) contemn mild captains such as Scipio was, whom Fabius therefore accused to the Senate, as a corruptor of the Roman military discipline. Austerity therefore procureth obedience towards Generals (although their severity be disliked) which being well attempered with courteous behaviour, winneth grace and love. This by the Lieutenant general his bodily pains and exercise amongst his soldiers is soon attained, by his apparel and other corporal ornaments, little differing in form and substance from some of theirs, by his charity, which together with punishment for their faults, is planted in a merciful care and consideration how to relieve the poor distressed and wounded soldier, with clothes, food, and chirurgery. In all which actions meddled (as I said) with a competent severity the General winneth of his soldiers a fatherly reverence, and filial fear with all conformable obedience. Such a worthy precedent to Generals was given in the person of Hannibal (which Livy recordeth) when his soldiers in pursuit of the Numidians, had passed the great river Trebia, and being come to land their joints and members were so stark (what with the could 
2. belli Pun●…i lib. 1. 〈◊〉. 3.  wind which then in winter bet upon them, and partly with the water which took them up to the breast) that at night before every Tent Hannibal caused a great fire to be made, and sent oil unto his soldiers to mollify their bodies being aggealed with cold extremely: by which means, and presently with good victuals refreshed and cherished (as it is generally noted throughout in the care and prudence of Hannibal) the next morning they became forward, serviceable, and eager of battle. His tenderness towards them wan that love in their hearts, as being otherwise a man of severe discipline amongst his soldiers, the love of his care equalled in them the fear of his discipline.  
There is a needful kind of discipline required in generals and chieftains, which punisheth private wrongs in their soldiers mutually done amongst themselves: for otherwise they would fall to quarrels, disgraces, factions, and mutinies. Insomuch as if they be well disciplined (what with experience, and partly by good example grounded thereupon, namely when the Laws of Arms are severely distributed, and executed upon such with death, with corporal punishment, or pecuniary mulct, according to the qualities of their faults which either shall show disobedience towards those Officers under whose charge they serve, or shall fight in Camp or within the precincts thereof, leaving their colours without licence had before of the General or marshal, only to satisfy some private revenge intended upon malice or rancour) then will they grow civil and careful how to preserve the common peace of their Camp amongst themselves.  
Infinite of these examples in my knowledge & such as are vulgarly known to soldiers, I pretermit in this point; only this is a certain truth, that if a private soldier or other person not private being grievously disgraced or injured at his fellows hands, cannot upon complaint made unto the magistrate & commander find redress, it is full of peril to them that should order the same. For men in grievous wrongs are naturally covetous and eager of vengeance, which some stubborn and implacable hearts will prosecute with all violence to the prejudice & confusion of their country, rather than fail: for wrath hath no power to retain either reason or mediocrity, when it is once unquenchably kindled with the wild fire of vengeance; but outrageously tyrannizeth in extremes, negligently, but more fiercely rather rushing and encountering with the ruin of itself, & the confusion of all things next it, which it eagerly devoureth: and they that are of that fiery me●…tall, take glory like Diogenes, to beat the schoolmaster for a fault in the scholar, as Pausanias did, who being a very beautiful youth in the court of Philip K. of Macedon great Alexander's father did suffer, or was forced with violence of Attalus one of the king his minions for the b●…astly staunching of his unnatural lust: of which filthiness having made heinous complaint unto the king (who did not only neglect the punishment▪ but did afterwards advance that preposterous villain to the place of a president over some province) Pausanias gathering with indignation daily more and more poison of strong despite upon such apparent injustice, at the marriage of King Philip's daughter with the prince of Epirus, before the bridegroom and his son Alexander amongst a thousand armed persons of the guard he desperately murdered him. soldiers therefore as I said before, will through the captains industry become serviceable and valiant.  
Such therefore as propose honour for the meed of their travels are cold, resolute, of a quiet and unbroken spirit, knitting up all their virtues in that action to which the whole force of mind & body must be bend: not fight to win the garland for others, but principally proposing the wager's honour for themselves: & hence happeneth that mercenaries cannot combat with that true courage and martiall-alacritie which native countrymen will: for they fight only for a little wages; and such venture of life, and hazard of themselves will not serve in time of need, unless it be very wonderfully seconded with frequent, and those gallant succours, knowing how many noble princes have miscarried in reposing upon such hollow valours. Moreover native soldiers both by the causes necessity, and in hope of a glorious conquest wherein the largest portion of just reputation happeneth to themselves, will put to their most excellent and best approved force; to such men fear and difficulties are contemptible: the cause of this their excellent valour proceedeth from the goodness of a true parent in person of their prince, who will share his honours & commodities with them, and from the noble worthiness of their commanders and leaders being native countrymen and engrafted to their societies. Tullus Hostilius successor of Numa, notwithstanding the forty years intermission from war did only choose his soldiers out of his own cities rejecting all auxilia●…ies of the Samnites and Tuscans which had been well disciplined, training his own people; and through them attained conquest. Likewise king Henry of Monmouth the fifth of that name, from the conqueror king William the first, for his right in the Crown of France, used his own English soldiers, and returning loaden with triumphs and victories obtained by them, that during all the days of his father, and for thirty years space before had not worn any warlike furniture: whereas in contrary, the French had been exercised in continual war against the Italians, and assisted or oppressed rather with those hirelings of Swizzerland. The best form of fight in war was in making of great battles, being composed of the most approved men in field for valour, placed in the main battle or middle body of the host: for men which being united fight together in multitudes, be much more valiant by nature then in small companies or handfuls.  
Also the special thing which hangeth upon the discipline and honour of the General, is that the soldiers be duly paid their wages, and relieved with victuals, which winneth in them a dutiful kind of reverence and awful respect of their governors. This love in them exceedeth the force of gold, and the power of all opportunities and occasions, which can happen by times or places. For that which maintaineth wars commonly proceedeth from contribution of the people towards the common defence against foreign violence; and this lasteth no longer than they can be defended. Likewise all places naturally munited and fortified are nothing without the willing aid of men valiant to defend them by force: considering that treasure is won by the sword, and not the swords virtue by treasure. These four points in the General, therefore make excellent soldiers, and confirm Empire: Industrious and due discipline, strong arms and sufficient for the fight, just payment of wages, and a competent provision of victuals; add hereunto the fifth (which is the root, mother, and perfection of all noble service and conquest) being the firm love & hearty reverence of the soldiers. These points which have been formerly noted by the politic Florentine Secretary to Petro de Medici to conserve and augment, th'empire which he would have had him have sought for, consist in manning of the strong cities with soldiers, borne in the same provinces, in conciliating the friendship and societies of neighbours, in planting colonies for defence upon the skirts of their newly subdued provinces, in the spoils of enemies, in foraging and havocking upon their harvest and husbandry, in choosing rather to draw them together for battle in Camp, then to besiege them within their cities, in studious respect of the common cause and profit only, in th'instructing and disciplining of soldiers, in the knowledge and use of arms; which eight points, if the prince or lieutenant neglect, he may percase devise notwithstanding other means for the conservation of his own, but never for the amplification of Empire; which augmentation if it should happen by lawful means, as by the mere providence, suggestion, and disposition of God doth not impugn Christian religion, but is most noble and loveable.  
For some princes might under counterfeit pretext force men to defend their own, pretending a right in some things not belonging unto them: The mainten●…nce whereof may give occasion unto them, which execute Gods punishments upon ambitious usurpers, by divine in●…igation to divest them of all: forsomuch as they will not leave any thing which their unsatiate avarice hath appetite to devour; for every man is permitted to love honour, and prote●… his country: and the reason why so few free people and States are in comparison of former times, and such a defect of we lovers and of valiant champions of liberties in comparison of former ages (as a wily Commonwealths man hath noted) is, that people in hope of beatitude, and towards the fruition of a second comfortable life, devise in these days how to tolerate and not to revenge injuries: as if that no salvation could come from above, but by keeping of their sword and arms rustely sheathed and cased, when a vehement necessity doth importune the contrary; whilst they sottishly nuzzling themselves in sluggish security, utterly condemn the lawful means and courses of war, restoring that needfully by force of swords; which no law nor charms of persuasive words can accomplish.  
There yet appendeth this discipline of soldiers, one principal respect of the captains, that neither they crush nor excoriate the poor husbandman, which I partly touched in the Morals of my second Book: for if it may be said unto fraudulent merchants (whose consciences are blasted with a covetous lethargy) Whether O ye fools shall your soul's travel? What then may be spoken of such soldiers, that neither being contented with their stipend, or wages, nor with meat & drink when they be faint with marching long journeys under the languishing weight of their armour, which by poor husbandmen is daily ministered unto them, in a kind of fearful charity? For these like the bastards and counterfeits of honour, ravenously spoil and take away the goods of those which entertain them; showing all cruel ingratitude towards them as unto slaves in meed of their hospitality with grievous stripes, terrible menaces, and torturing those poor labouring caitiffs upon the strappado of their unsatiable covetousness even to the last tester, which these siely creatures do pitifully lay down at their feet to be rid of that fearful tempest, which those unthankful & barbarous guests raise in their cottages.  
For the preservation of the weal, and security of Armies from fear and dangers of enemies, all devices ought to be followed; as in the faithful promises of the adversaries, of confederates, of friends, and of their assured succours; but the special assurance is grounded in the general's person, who may by prudent direction so fashion out his estate, that he prevent his enemies of all ways and means tending to his prejudice: whose principal happiness is to force them into such a difficult strait, as without his clemency no relief may seem to remain unto them. He should also concerning auxiliaries and power of conf●…derates, repose surest trust in succours of them, that reciprocally stand in most need of his help, or of him that either in respect of private profit or detriment is interessed in depth of the cause, not building in any case upon those whom he hath benefited, lest he remedilessly exclaim against ingratitude, by the example of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who having been a great friend and faithful anchor of the Athenians, yet (being unfortunately vanquished by his enemies) Athens that ungrateful city, would neither receive nor protect him, coming thither for refuge, where he was the shield-herne before: whereat Demetrius was more vexed then for the loss of his whole estate. And likewise Pompey being vanquished by Caesar, fled to Ptolemie king of Egypt, whom he some years before had restored, and planted in his kingdom: but for such his goodness towards him, Ptolemie took away his life. Which if ingratitude may do, Princes, and Generals should not think but that in truces, leagues, confederacies, and pactions (which are but temporary, conventions, or accords, without any sufficient hostages, sureties, cautions, or pledges delivered) if danger and loss of the whole army depend thereupon, little hope will remain of keeping league or friendship with most Princes, or opposite Commanders in war. But if it were admitted that any Prince should partake with the forces of some more puissant than himself, as his friend assistant, let him assuredly persuade himself that it is either because he findeth by reasons good, and more than probable, that his help can restore him: or else because he likewise hateth those parties against which he joineth in arms, so much as cannot be with any means pacified. And hence it is that upon due deliberation (after the example of the Romans) first had the General with huge force and in short tim●…, should do his design. For they coming with multitudes of men to the field, presently decided the cause with their swords. To the conquered they granted conditions of peace, and laws, or deducted colonies of soldiers for tuition of their purchase, so that in short time they finished their wars, and without any great expense of treasure: For the Romans would not trifle, or waste away the time of their business, in idle or unnecessary parlance; and yet so truly noble, that they more respecting the name of conquest, than the covetous nature of conditions offered, would immediately when the field was won, out of their native heroical customs and inclinations grant unto the vanquished all favourable liberty, decla●…ing more than matchable magnificence in that; according to that saying in Sallust against Catiline, Vict is nihil praeter iniuriae licentiam eripiebant Romani: The Romans took nothing from them whom they subdued, but a licence or power to do them harm. If any spoils were gotten, them they brought into the public treasury for maintaining of the soldiers, and casing of the people's tributes; so that the Romans were enriched and bettered by their wars. Neither was it permitted that any Consul (albeit he had in sundry noble battles and victories amplified the Empire) should pass in pomp and triumph through the City, unless he brought with him into the common treasury infinite spoils of gold and silver also.  
How soldiers ought to be resolved in battle, and to demean themselves by direction of their captains, is spoken of sufficiently before: only this must be narrowly respected, which is most forcible to the stirring up, or cooling of their maruall courages in fight, or upon the point of charge: that sudden speeches and reports be dispersed, with wariness and ready circumspection through the battles, as Quinctius the Consul used in his battles against the Volscians. For he finding his soldiers incline in the vaward, cried unto them amain; Why turn you faces in the front (my good soldiers) considering that they which fight in the rear have got the victory. Remember my good fellows your honour which is laid up (as you know) in the bosoms of your enemies, from whence you must eagerly win it with your weapons. This sudden speech of his did add such courage to them, that with a valiant resolution uniting and knitting up all their forces together, they became Lords of the field.  
In the City Perugia there was a faction, betwixt the families of the Oddi 
Ni●… Macch. lib. 3. ded. scorsi sopra●…ed. T●…lo. Ly●….  and Baglioni, in opposition mortally divided; but the Oadi being more weak, were banished by that State: howbeit in the nighttime, by means of certain their friends within the town, they got entrance privily, purposing with their forces to possess the market place; and to that end had one to go before them with a great mallet of iron to break the locks of those chains which barricadoed the streets in every place, to the great hindrance of their horses as they should pass: they therefore having marched unto the last chain, and being ready to possess the place where they purposed to make a parado, fitting themselves for that exploit in hand, the soldiers pressed so far and fast upon him that should have broken the chain, that he was forced to call for more room, and to bid them give back: they therefore b'ing in a troop confused and close together, received the word by the sound of Echo from the first to the last: And those which stood in the rear, not knowing the meaning thereof did turn faces, and so were occasion of their general subversion.  
In such sort jugurth seeing the state of his battles desperate, upon the coming in of Bocchus, struck terror into the hearts of his enemies, by speaking in the Latin tongue (which Language he had learned at Numantia) that the field was his, that to resist his forces was in vain, that a little before he had slain Marius with his own hands, and therewithal pretending that it was brought from the slaughter of Marius, showed his sword yet smoking and died 
Sallust. Bell●…ugurth.  with blood. Moreover, this aught specially to be noted in fight, that he which can patiently sustain the first charge, and yield with calm temper to the rage of his enemies (though they betwise in number so many) may spend all their forces, by wary lingering and catching of occasions wilily watched for. He should also (which commandeth them) give good respect in his fight, to the advantages of ground, wind, and sun; and with fresh handfuls for his better seconding and relief march gallantly forward. Neither can it be spoken what encouragement it addeth to the soldier, faint and wearied with blood and conflict, when he seeth new succours freshly charging and participating of their travels with martial alacrity. Neither is it a small terror to the enemies, weakened, allayed and surrounded with the stubborn blows of their enemies to find and feel fresh gallants proudly marching, and come to tyrannize over the bodies and spirits of their adversaries, already wearied and half dead which grew faint and feeble with continuance in fight, leaving not any member of the opposite battles free from blood and wounds.  
Likewise if the soldiers be discouraged in fight, either by some negligence or other occasion lose the field: it is great wisdom in the General religiously to let them know that their neglect, or contempt of God's fear and service hath driven them into the fear and servitude of men, and also prophetically with a vehement majesty to threaten unto them the judgements of God in their slackness, encouraging such in their eager sharpness & jolly resolutionseither by some valorous example in himself, as that victorious Emperor julius Caesar did in his wars against the Galls, when he from a faint thearted soldier that doubted of victory, did snatch a shield, where withal covering himself, he did most eagerly fight, infusing a lively fortitude and steadfast resolution to his despairing soldiers, by that notable example in himself, which drew them into the field of victory: or by some other divine means and promises when they shall find it most fit; as the Romans which at the long siege of Veij growing weary, and coveting to return unto their household-gods at Rome, their captains wished them to persist in honourable valour under a religious pretext; signifying that the lake Albanus overflowing, pretended the subversion of that city the same year, according to th'oracle. The Prophet (by whose prediction it happened) for to confirm the soldiers more in those his presages was left captive at Rome, until th'oracle was accomplished. And hence was it that the soldiers recovering more spirits in heart did continue their assiege, and within that years limit possessed the town. The like was seen in Beleses a Babylonian, skilful of the Chaldean auguries and divination, who by the stars presaged a subversion of the Assyrian monarchy▪ encouraging Arbaces and his soldiers (after that Sardanapalus had thrice vanquished him in battles before) to persist and continue force against him with fresh supplies: which he did, happening according to the soothsayers prediction; but more as me seemeth through pusillanimity which dejected the prince being then fortified within Ninive, who feared an old oracle, which he thought was fulfilled in falling of some part of the city's wall. And certain it is that the force of religion will vehemently move soldiers to continue valiant in assurance of victory, by divers examples out of Livy, when their estates were most desperate and remediless; yielding a divine force and light unto their actions, if the captains can by stratagemmes to themselves only known, harden their resolutions to perform what they shall devise, not making them acquainted with any thing saving execution. It is likewise a principal part of the General's duty, that (before the battle, and every morning, when they be brought by troops into the plain, to be reduced into ranks or Battagliaes', likewise at evening after their marches before their coming into the quarter; moreover during the fight, and after the slaughter) his special care tend, that divers Chaplains, Priests and Preachers make devout prayers, intercessions, and spiritual exhortations through his whole host, which hath always been most available. For from heaven cometh fortitude and as it is written in the Maccabees: jonathan rend his raiment, and 
Lib. 1. cap. 11.  having be smeared his head and face with earth, fell to prayer, and then returned unto the battles of his armies, and put his foes to flight. And as it is written likewise in Exodus: When Moses lifted up his hands and prayed, Israel had the better over 
Cap. 17.  his enemies. And they (which after such sacred preparations and resolutions by fight in a good and honourable cause lose their lives) be said properly to die in the bed of honour. A memorable example of such piety with happy success ensuing it, may be taken from the sacred legend of judas Macchabeus, which all the nations of the world from those to these days, even to the dissolution of this universal nature natured, shall most honourably recommend and remember.  
For the beleaguriag, surprising, taking in, and fortifying of towns, bulwarks, castles, fortresses, sconces, and other defences, I refer it likewise to the knowledge of captains and soldiers experienced. Only this for that we read it from the wisdom and sacred institution of God in deuteronomy: 
Cap. 20.  that at sh'assiege of any city captains should first offer peace; and if they that be distressed make peaceable offers, or offer peaceable conditions they should have peace granted unto them, and be made tributaries and servants unto their conquerors: but if they should in obstinate heart continue war, than should the adversary maintain his siege: For saith he, God will deliver them into thyhands; then put all the male children to sword, reserving the women and all other goods for thy service and commodity. Cut not down any fruit trees, for they shall serve for thy comfort and sustenance; but of all other trees which are fit to further the assiege and serve for fortification, to make bridges, or to staunch moats and ditches.  
The Romans in surprisal or taking in of cities, would not endure the needless charge of long sieges; and therefore they won all towns, either by force apparent, or stratagem. By force, as either with sudden and unexpected assaults, by scaling ladders and multitudes of soldiers seconding one another in their scaladoes; and that was commonly performed with one days service, as Scipio took in Carthage: or if with more time than they did use 
Vide Livium 26. Vide Livium lib. 5.  rams, engines, underminings; as the city Veij was won by raising up of wooden frames or turrets higher than the walls from whence the soldier might wound and distress with divers darts, arrows, slings, crossbows and other weapons, such as kept within the walls for defence and maintenance of the city: insomuch as the walls being battered with rams, the citizens relieved themselves; as other towns and pieces at this day do, when they repair the breaches of cannons, by retiring or filling and refo●…tifying after the breach. Their pioneers likewise countermining against their opposite minings, as in this age is usual resisting them in issue with pikes and such weapons as serve fittest. They did also staunch up their enemies minings with straw, brimstone, oil, feathers, or such filth: which being set on fire within the close and dampish earth would choke, up ordrive them back with gross smoke and noisome savour.  
The course of winning such places (as before I noted) is by mixed force or stratagem; as also by secret conspiracies or confederacies, as in corrupting certain the principal governors, or captains of those towns or pieces: and yet there is danger in reposing trust or credit in such mercenary faith, which is not commonly current. For the whole state of an Army, (which is indeed the carcase of a kingdom) may not only be grievously wounded, but irrevocably broken by that means: or it may percase be laid open by some accident or other. As it of late days happened when Vlissingen should have been taken in, Sir Robert Sidney Viscount lisle Governor, having had notice of the treachery by very strange means and unexpected, by which the plots may be confounded. Certain places may be won by train under trust: as Amiens was taken by the stratagem of carts, about nine years sithence. To stand longer upon such devices being so frequent and well known to military governors and masters, were entirely needless, referring them to Caesar, Thucydides and Livy, whose Histories are fully furnished with matter of that nature.  
In the assiege of any Town or Piece whatsoever being strongly munited, the principal course is to begin with all violence, and to take away from the besieged all future means and hopes of lingering and protracting succours. For the procrastination or protraction of one day, or hour in such services (whereby the distressed Citizens or soldiers might have been relieved in the delay) may draw with it sufficient opposition to remove the assiege, and to deliver the places from all danger. It is also most perilous in contrary to the defence and fortification of any Town (being vehemently beleaguered by force) to linger out in hope of succours, until they come to the very centre of all extremity; for then remedies and means of all sorts are altogether fruitless, and unprofitable to people in such a lamentable case, being environed and near oppressed with their enemies, when the poison hath already dispersed itself through the heart veins.  
In th'assiege of Zama, the Romans under Marius (as Sallust writeth) used 
Bell. jugurth.  this kind of fight (wherein is vively set forth the true manner of those ancient Romans in scaling of cities, or castles walls, and in defence of them) Pars eminus glande aut lapidibus pugnare, alij succedere, ac murum modò suffodere, modò scalis aggredi, cupere praelium manibus facere. Contra oppidani in proximos saxa volvere, sudes, pilas: praetereà picem & sulphur taedam mistam ardenti mittere; plero squeiaculis, tormentis, rebusque manu emissis vulnerabant: Some of them from far fight did throw from their engines bullets or gun-stones, others succeeded, and sometimes undermined the walls, and otherwhiles attempted to scale them with ladders, desiring to have them brought to battle at hand. In contrary those that were within the town, did throw stones upon them that were nearest within their reach; likewise they did cast sharp stakes or billets, and darts; likewise balls of burning pitch, and torches dipped in brimstone: divers persons they did wound and hurt with arrows, engines, and other things throne by strength of arm.  
In the conquest and surprisal of Kingdoms, Provinces, Cities, or Castles, the true touch of a noble General is seen, in his prohibiting and cohibiting of all violence used against women, punishing with death according to martial laws, the rapes & constuprations of matrons and virgins, emblasoning in his whole apport upon the victory, with all heroical humiliation & modesty, that honour which so mightily magnified Scipio Africanus upon his surprisal of Carthage. For (having at the sack thereof a captive virgin of incomparable beauty, presented unto him by certain of his captains which had taken her) he with most singular and gracious humanity, preciously valuing and prising her honour as his own, did not only with great gifts and jewels which he bestowed upon her, but without any blemish or assiege laid unto her maidenhead gloriously dismiss her with a convoy. Which that noble (though unfortunate) Lord Robert Devereux late Earl of Essex, Anno 1596. declared at Cadiz: where like a true Scipto both in valour and discipline, he left the spoils of that town in special to his soldiers reserving for himself as his own share invaluable, a right renowned and infinite bruit of his victories, which upon that felicity like a cannon shot suddenly battered and made a breach in the rebated spirits of Spain: the report of which noble piece was heard far beyond the extremest confines of Christendom; insomuch that the Mahemitane Monarch hearing of that sudden brave, seconded the scoff (which his Predecessor had darted at king Philip the second An. 1588.) with another harsh taunt more bitterly relished. By which means the fame of that noble warrior grew so great, that our Sovereign (which had not been known to divers Potentates of this world) was by the bruit of his valour and victories made famous, and immortal also. I cannot sufficiently set down what in my judgement, and by the relation of very just and wise men of his secrets I have considered and conceived of that noble warrior: Howbeit thus much as the least of my just obsequies to so renowned a Lord, he never was heard (that ever I could hear) to have gloried or boasted of his victories, or fortunate services: but in all his actions civil or military did refer all with joyful humbleness and thanksgiving to God, and to the special wisdom and direction of his Prince, as a servant and minister of theirs. And thus by specious declaration of his virtue in obedience, and of his modesty in speech, he still lived free from malice; and yet as a royal Deer always pasturing within the golden pale of glory. Howbeit (to his own sudden dissolution, and to the dolorous down fall and heaviness of his many friends which fell with him, and which lamented for him long after him) he found it and left it which was by Tacitus written as a position infallible to be pondered amongst all ambitious and aspiring subjects or other great ones, which cannot set limits to their own appeties, Quam formidolosum sit privati hominis gloriam supraprincipis attolli: Which might be verified also by the example of David, who (though protected by the great providence of God) being but a shepherd (as I touched in my second Book) to reign in Israel; yet was (notwithstanding all his virtues, and honour in marrying king Saul his daughter) in danger to lose his life, by many treacherous conspiracies and attempts of his unthankful father in law. But that I may speak somewhat of him according to true judgement and indifferency: because peradventure some have either malevolently with exceeding bitterness abused his honourable ashes contumeliously; and others percase which have as blindly in the contrary sanctified him as one more than a man beyond his deserts, and the measure of his nature: both which are most odious to the true taste of all noble natures: I say thus much, which they (that wisely did know him) will acknowledge also. His mind was incomprehensible: by nature, a man much addicted to pleasures, but much more to glory. If he were at any time luxurious (which some very impudently have thrust upon his dead coffin, against all truth and modesty) it was very little, and that when he was idle, which was very seldom: howbeit never could any delicacies or corporal comforts draw him (since he was employed in the public counsels of his Prince and country) to neglect any serious business. He was eloquent, and well knew the guileful traps & insidious treacheries of this world, by good experience and much reading. He was affable and soon any man's friend, that was either by friends commended unto him, or had any specious appearance of good qualities in him. The loftiness of his wit (as I may most properly term it) was most quick, present and incredible: in dissembling with counterfeit friends, and in concealing of any matter and business of importance, beyond expectation. He was bountiful, magnificent and liberal in all the course of his life, having commended multitudes of people unto livings, pensions, preferments, & great sums of money, as appeared both by the land of his own, which he sold and engaged to maintain the same; and by the large dispensation of his Sovereign's treasure committed to his trust and discretion. And which I may speak in truth most boldly, his fortune was always good before, as appeared in France and Cadiz; but much inferior to his valorous industry (which with the great and weighty hammer of his reason and engine, did strike divine beams and noble sparks from the anvil of glory) until his late unfortunate voyage in Anno 1597. and that his other pestilent and inauspicious expedition for Ireland: before which times it was difficult to be discerned, whether his valour or fortune were more. I myself a Boy, have seen him in the French-warres to communicate in sports and sometimes in serious matters with men of mean condition and place, their fortunes and parentage valued; to be delighted and exercised in labouring with the mattock in trenches, fosses, and in other works amongst his battles; to be busied in setting of watches, in making of barricadoes at his quarter, and in often walking the round. Also that vice (which contagious ambition much affecteth) could never be noted in him; which was to detract from the credit and good fame of any his fellows in her majesties counsel, they being absent, or of any other man: only this it went near him and lay heavy to his heart, that any of them should be thought more wise or valiant than himself, being scarce a vice, but emulation rather proceeding from the mightiness of his spirit; and (without doubt) he did exceed many of them in many things. By which means, even as Sallust describeth Sylla, so did he become precious in presence of his soldiers. From his childhood he was hardened with exercise, taking pleasure and some travail and labours which other men for the most part would have reputed miseries and calamities. His apprehension and prudence was admirable, by which he would and many times did prevent and turn the mischiefs and fallacies of his enemies upon their own heads; he was circumspect in all matters appertaining his own office and charge; and would not endure, if by any means, counsel, or engine he could devise, to leave any safe evasions or munitions offensive or defensive with his enemies. And that which was most rare in so great a captain (though in discipline of war, he declared himself severe as was fit, meek and honourable towards his captains which had well deserved) neither did his mildness and facility withdraw from his reputation, nor his severity diminish the love of his soldiers: only this to conclude of him in the person of a General. The end of his life was much lamented by the better and nobler part of his countrymen, it was very grievous to them that were his friends and lovers, it was pitied and repined against with a certain kind of regret by forrenners and strangers, which had heard of his valour, and those enemies or emulators rather of his heroical virtues in Spain and France, which had felt the weight of his valour, rejoiced not upon report of his death. I would if it had so pleased God, that he might have died in the wars upon the enemies of his country, that I might heroically with good cheer have registered his death in these offices: to conclude with his description of body briefly being the same, with that which Tacitus did write of julius Agricola: decentior quam sublimior fuit, nihil metus in vultu, gratia oris supererat, bonum virum facile credideres, magnum libentèr. He was tall and in authority, yet was he more comely than lofty: in his forehead and countenance much valour and boldness were imprinted and expressed, his looks were very gracious; they that had judiciously beheld him, would have easily believed that he was a very good man, and would have been very glad to have known him a mighty man: and that which was most rare and admirable in men of our age, in his distress and calamities, his mind was not only great and noble like his blood and and place, but much loftier and firmer, then in his most firm honours, and prosperity. And so much in brief, so near as I could, have I done to life, the moral qualities and perfections of that heroical General without adulation or partiality. Now because I would be short, I will speak somewhat of some other respects and observations required in the person of a Lieutenant General.  
First therefore let all conditions of peace or truce with any people besieging or besieged (if they be clear from any suspicion of concealed danger, yielding means of quiet without more peril of further expense in future) be generally liked and embraced: but if they breed any buds or tokens of the contrary, let a wise captain or governor show special circumspection, lest a pernicious and bloody war lurk under such insidious and perfidious pretext of peace, and some pestilent poison be ministered in steed of wholesome physic. In all wounds, extremities, and miseries he must repute of death as of the consummation of all calamities, and not as a vexation, that death dissolveth all mortal perturbations: otherwise there cannot any place be left for grief or joy. He must therefore to be short be partaker of prudence as I said before; because all advantages in fight are attained thereby: for by that virtue, neither fear nor fury can dazzle his understanding. And therefore Solomon saith that in war prudence is principally to be required. And Vergetius, he that can show many martial scars and virtuous marks of honour 
Lib. 1. cap. 2. in 〈◊〉.  in his body, seemeth gracious and acceptable in sight of them that are truly noble. It is likewise written, that Antipater of Idumaea which had served 
●…hist. Sc●…olast.  in a captains place long, during the wars of king Herod's father was accused of treason against th'emperors person, and being appealed before him to make answer, opened a loose garment (wherewith he was then arrayed) discovering the scars of divers grievous wounds received in and upon his body with these speeches. I will not with verbal excuses clear myself great Emperor, but in steed of words let these wounds, whose mouths are extant, and now closed, by signs declare my love and allegiance towards you. Whereupon Caesar received him to grace, and would not any further proceeding against his honour: and without doubt there is no such glory to the renown of a soldier, as honourable scars & achievements of many battles, according to that noble saying of Marius: Non possum fidei causa imagines neque triumphos aut consulatus maiorum ostentare, at sire's postulat hastas, vexillum, phaleras, alia militaria dona, praeterea cicatrices adverso corpare. Hae sunt meae imagines, haec mea nobilitas non haereditate relicta, ut illa illis, sed quae ego plurimis meis laboribus & periculis quaesivi; doctus sum hostem ferire, praesidia agitare, nihil metuere praeter turpem famam: hyemem & aestatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem temporeinopiam & laborem tollerare: hijs ego praeceptis milites hortabor; neque illos arctè colam, me opulentér, neque gloriam meam laborem illorum faciam: hoc est utile, hoc civil imperium. I cannot make true declaration of the images, triumphs and consulships of my progenitors: but if need require I can bring forth lances, and ensigns, comparisons, and other martial honours bestowed upon me for my deserts in war, and wounds which I received upon my body in conflict with enemies. These are my images, this is my nobility not left by inheritance as other men have had their honours; but these my dignities have I with my many labours and perils sought & attained: I have learned how to wound mine adversary, to raise Garrisons, to stand in fear of nothing but of bad report: to bear with patience, cold and heat alike, to sleep and rest my weary car case upon the ground, at one time to tolerate hunger, thirst, and labour: with these perils will I persuade my soldiers; neither will I straighten them or see them evil entreated, when I have plenty myself; neiwill I make their labours my glory: this is a profitable and civil Empire. And these observations by the pattern of noble Marius will hearten and encourage Generals and captains unto true discipline and virtues.  
These and such qualities of the like heroical nature made the Romans victorious, inciting and pricking up their soldiers to pains and valour. Neither would these renowned Roman Generals (as I have partly noted elsewhere) oppress or deal extremely with any people whom they conquered, but they did repute it to be their greatest majesty to prohibit injuries, and not to suffer any man by wicked means to dilate his Empire. Besides, for discipline (because it is one special thing which should be remembered) and I have in divers places mentioned the same, being a thing so necessary to be considered, that without it the fight or battles where evil instructed soldiers are is more like to Latrociny then true war. Horsemen in confused troops without order or true direction of their Guides & Cornets: footmen intermingled with them not knowing how to draw themselves into ranks, and files, by due form & order of battle, but many times at unawares wounding, slaughtering, and maiming one another, striking their enemies behind their backs, without honourable respect like brute beasts and savages, and finally leaving themselves a spoil and shame to their enemies, their children and posterity slaves to foreigners, their Country the inheritance of ambitious and unsatiable usurpers, besides a perpetual record of shame in all Histories ensuing. How needful therefore it is for Captains to see their soldiers well armed, well practised in use of Arms, and well disciplined, concerning their behaviour in the wars, is most apparent, when after a field by such negligence and confusion lost, they shall see their virgins and daughters ravished and deflowered, their male-childrens captived or murdered, some of them violently torn from the bosoms & embracements of their parents, the mothers of children and of Families in presence of their own husbands violently exposed and prostituted to the reasonless wills and lusts of the Conquerors, their Churches, holy things, houses, and treasures to be spoiled and borne away before their eyes, murder and fire to rage every where in their desolate towns and cities; lastly, no place of their country to be free from Arms, dead corpses, blood and lamentation every where scattered. Which things being so certain and well considered, how needful it is to discipline, instruct and encourage soldiers in the love and ready practice of arms and of true valour is most evident, and aught to be the principal care of all heroical Captains, which should never cease either meditating or practising to make their soldiers under their charge so perfect, resolute, obedient and valiant, as nothing may be thought to them on earth impregnable.  
And albeit the fortune of war consisteth always upon difficult and uncertain terms, yet most certain it is that true valour mingled with absolute discipline in soldiers, maketh a triumphant Monarchy. For what more excellent spectacle can there be to them that are Lords and conquerors, through their good disposition and government, then in the open fields to pursue their enemies in slight? to wound, slaughter, and captivate them? to see their horses with the riders distressed? to see many of them which have received wounds neither to find chirurgery, nor means of escape? some of them desperately to resist, and presently to fall down? lastly to see the whole Camp covered with weapons, armour, and dead bodies, and the ground died into purple with their enemy's blood? All which noble objects and encouragements come only by good discipline.  
But for somuch as true fortitude, which is linked in the golden armelet of other Moral virtues, and participateth with the rest is one and the noblest Counsellor, and executioner of all the worthy designs of a prudent General: I will therefore deliver the members of that principle in morality.  
Fortitude is an affection or habit of the mind, which undergoing all honourable dangers, labours, and mischieous hazards considerately, represseth fear and wrath: the corporal enemies of it are sickness and poverty, mental opposites, disgrace, injury, rebuke: it holdeth at defiance death, dolour and fear. He therefore that is truly valiant showeth himself to be more than a man, as Seneca seemeth to witness. 
Quemcunque miserum videris hominem scias, 
Seneca in Herc. furent.   
Quemcunque fortem videris miserum neges.  
Those that are vexed with miseries are men:  
They that are valiant feel no miseries.   
The extremes of fortitude are temerity and timorousness: rashness attempteth perils inconsiderately, which without mature consultation and in a blind force not respecting ability to perform rusheth into dangerous actions, either through ignorance, pride, desperation, stupidity, pusillanimity, or some foolish ambition of vain glory, which mancipateth the mind: whereas fear contrarily being utterly void of reason or counsel, will be suddenly pierced with the terrible bruit and unexpected noise of any thing, upon which true valour ought to give charge; and folk of such a leaden temper inclining so much to the blind love of their own lives, are not possessed of that hardness of true metal which should oppress such brutish turpitude and disgrace. Horace the Poet excellently counseleth in this case.  

Rebus angustis animosus atque  
Fortis appare: sapientèr idem  
Contrahes vento nimium secundo  
Turgida vela:   
Let courage and true strength appear in troubles: if in thy ships stern, a stiff gale blow prosperously skanten thy sails. Herein prudence is fitly joined with courage, restraining men from inconsiderate attempts, least like beasts they seem to build more upon a violent affection of mind, by profuse adventure of their bodies, then acordeth with reason. There is a fortitude in men (as Aristotle defineth) depending upon fortune, when people 
Lib. 3. ad Nichom.  become fearless through want of a due foresight and precaution of perils, which sort of persons are ignorantly valiant: some there are which armed in the strength and goodness of their cause and conscience do show good valour; certain which heartened in a kind of fortitude by their skill, and use in ready practice of weapons; others emboldened unto valorous exploits in hope of victory, by their natural strength and artificial agility; many that in regard of their often adventures and escapes are hardened; but very valour is seen in scornful contempt of inevitable death; and in the cheerful embracements of hazards and dangerous adventures, without any fear in all honourable causes surely grounded and preconsulted.  
Stoutness and magnanimity which undertaketh and endureth all difficulties with patience and persevetance, being the substance and essence thereof, is incorporate to fortitude.  
Stoutness is a steadfast confidence of mind, armed with assured trust and hope in great and honourable actions. audaciousness contrarieth it without consideration, judgement, and respect of honesty, violently and rashly precipitating itself into perils: whereas stoutness attempted with reason, wary respect, great boldness and moderation of the mind being inseperately fastened unto virtue nobly worketh in the turbulent seas of danger. Pusillanimity which is a base dejection or rather desperation of the mind opposeth it, yet commonly pursuing temerity, by the example of Philip late King of Spain, which (amongst other his unadvised attempts, wherein the salt of wary premeditation was forgotten) luculently, to Gods unspeakable glory did appear in his military business undertaken against this nation (as I touched before) immaturely levying arms not being sound resolved how that action of such difficult and weighty consequence should be managed or finished, wholly leaning upon the fickle wheel of fortune, immeasurably mounting in the pomp of his victories had in other places before, and only through want of knowledge how to guide the gorgeous bridles of his prosperous triumphs: but when the certain success of his shattered fleet (which inwardly danced before, threatening the Britain seas and shores, in foolish confidence of undoubted conquest) had like a musket shaft peireed through his credulous ears to his trembling heart and late ambitious liver, where it was deeply fixed; then as a weak and sraile woman impatiently throwing from him all royal and princely thoughts and courage, passionately did he tear off his own beard, beating his forehead and breast impatiently, torturing himself with tears and lamentations in public and private: upon which his desperation, waxing fearless of any tokens or care in himself to conserve his own Realms (which had so fouldly missed in seeking to master ours) made such appearance of his baseness and vilety, playing the lowly part of a weak and feeble woman (which he provided for our divine Sovereign Lady) that wise men did very judiciously consider upon it by certain circumstances, how Queen Elizabeth might in the terror of that overthrow which thundered in Spain amongst the castilian courages, have easily with a small power subjecteth that nation thereupon.  
Magnanimity being the greatness of a mind invincible and mighty, the noble strength and steadfastness in execution of great and weighty matters, doth support and corroborate stoutness. Know therefore that heart to be noblest and most honourable in quest of all virtues, which is open, simple, without hypocrisy, grave, modest, repressing pride, merely great, forgetful of injuries done to itself, gentle, aiming at eternity, contemning terrestrial benefits, readier to give then to receive, more studious of just praise then profit. For this kind of nobility, contemneth that greatness which the profane vulgar admireth so much, conversing in the restraint of all perturbations, in victorious resistance of all ambition, avarice, and fleshly desires; that it may with more constancy resist other calamities. This is seen in both prosperous and adverse chances when a man is not altered through either, but endureth constant and the same in all.  
Haughtiness aspiring from a stubborn and fastidious spirit, and heart swollen up with the poison of pride, which violently ravisheth human reason, and base abjection being the vileness and filth of mind are dangerous outlaws, transgressing beyond the borders of magnanimity. From the first marcheth braggerie, foolish boasting and ostentation which issueth from fol●…e blinded in loving conceit and admiration of some worthiness which they misconceive in themselves; being a most ridiculous vice to be represented in interlude by the person of Thraso, wholly repugnant to goodness and modesty, hateful in the thoughts of all honest men, and acceptable to parasites only. Tke second being a foul abjection, and beastly downfall of mind eschewing labour, and neglecting matters of most moment, in fear of some grief and care which accompaineth it, is altogether sopped and steeped in sluggishness: such brutish people faint and languish in the quest of honourable and important affairs as Sardanapalus and Heliog abalus did. Unto these already mentioned, add a desire of good fame; opposite to which is ambition, and neglect of honest report, of impudency: but a moderate desire of honour which is placed betwixt ambition and the contempt of dignity merely proceeding from a mind that aspireth to the reward of her virtues, is in my judgement laudable and ambitious: if I dare make a maxim positively of that which Aristotle holdeth ambiguously for a paradox. But to conclude with this virtue magnanimitic, Philosophers think it to be the rule how to desire and seek for honour by due desert, moderating and directing human appetite in the acquisition of great and mighty matters: her sisters accompanying are humility, patience, magnificence, and mansuetude, which is a calm spirit interset betwixt wrath and indulgence: the means to restrain wrath and hatred are, not to be covetous of vengeance, seldom though sometimes upon just cause to be angry, to wrong and vex no man, for envy dependeth upon wrath. Security and licence of sin followeth excessive indulgence: and I am persuaded that no man which is truly valiant, can truly be said envious though most of them are emulous:  
Patience which is a virtue, fencing and preparing a soldiers mind against all wounds inflicted in fight, teacheth a General, and all sorts of soldiers, how to strengthen, exercise, and encourage themselves in all commendable hardness & difficulties; as noble Cato of Utica did in Africa instruct his soldiers, how to bear themselves amongst a swarm of mortal stings, & how to suffer heat, hunger, & thirst, sickness; for this virtue fenceth and prepareth his mind against all wounds inflicted in fight: and Quintus Fabius likewise whom I mentioned in my second book. That General therefore which is verily valiant, will in the effusion and smoking current of his own blood (that from him washeth away all spots of shame and deformities) fight most eagerly, considering that his most grace and highest commendation in conflict is to stand steadfast foot to foot, without giving any ground, or turning his face away from the adversary, unless good advantages and opportunities require the same. He likewise that can with most ingenious fortitude discover, avoid, and turn, the fallacies, engines, and mischiefs of his enemies upon their own heads: and he semblably who being wounded, rewounded, and surrewounded upon the face, will not shrink nor yield himself, but holding a secret combat betwixt dolour and glory fighteth in blood, sweat, and dust unto the last spiracle of his life, not doubling his body, nor faintly staggering under the weight of his enemy's arm, neither touching the ground during the combat with hands or knees. It is likewise honourably noted in the combatant that shall wound his foes upon their heads, foreheads, or other nobler members: which observations Vegetius specially requireth in the fanteries: if therefore this be considered, Vtifortem animum gerant, quantoque sibi in praelio minus pepercissent tanto tutiores fore: that they bear a valiant spirit, and that they shall better and more safely defend their bodies and honours, by how much more earnest and less sparing they be of themselves: then will this noble virtue of patience and true fortitude, victoriously flourish in the hearts of all good soldiers. This virtue doth (as Cicero defineth) consist in suffering continual and voluntary toil, and hardness upon honest profitable terms, which is a firm and constant toleration of human affairs, when with a mind and spirit unbroken, we bear all calamities which may happen: this long sufferance of grief and travail must be grounded upon some honest cause: for if under the reverend and demure robes thereof, hatred, wealth or honour, being riotous and ruffionlike companious be concealed, then is it not any branch of fortitude, but the extremity thereof, importing a savage and reasonless hardiness. Patience consisteth in suffering injuries, and in cheerful bearing all the crosses of fortune; herein is the Proverb complete, that Patience is victory: for in repressing his own affection, a man both subdueth himself and his adversary; whereas in contrary being subjecteth and made a vassal unto the scourge of his own appetites, he wilfully submitteth himself to that brutish yoke, being provoked by wrath and desire: only let us neglect wrong, and it is easily vanquished leaving vengeance to the benefit of time, and to the powerful judgement of the great judge and avenger. For according to blessed Paul, In having patience we do the will of 
Hebr. 10.  God, by which we receive the promise of salvation. And Solomon that oracle of wisdom, confirming it in a parable, or wise concealed sentence, saith, That he which is slow to wrath, is better than the mighty man, and he that ruleth the mind 
Prou. 16.  exceedeth a conqueror of cities.  
Moreover God himself, when he descended in a cloud to Moses, proclaimed his mercy manifested in patience, when he cried before his face. The Lord, the Lord is strong, merciful, and gracious, slow to anger, and full of goodness and truth, reserving mercy for thousands; forgiving sin and iniquity. And 
Exod. 34.  thence is it that holy Paul calleth him the God of patience and consolation, which ensueth it, admonishing the Thessalonians in another place to be patient towards 
Rom. 15. Chap. 5.  all sorts of men. Patience therefore being a principal member of fortitude giveth us a conquest and possession of our own souls in peace, and comfort: poverty, exile, loss of parents, friends, children, sorrow, reproach, contempt, servitude, grievous sickness, blindness with all the miserable defects and mischiefs of nature and fortune (if a man ponder that his life is by course of mortality full of vexation and heaviness) are nothing: and therefore just honour inviteth him to combat or wrestle willingly with all calamities, that he may purchase a glorious and renounced victory over them, rather than like a foolish coward wilfully to trust himself without courageous resistance into the jaws of inevitable troubles, as by some dastardly mancipation of himself: that though he be broken by it, yet it may be said that he was not subdued, but as it were voluntarily sacrificed unto it: for no man is said to feel grief but he that complaineth of it. Them that in desperate causes as in respect of poverty, disgrace, captivity, or in amorous passion, should kill or cast away themselves (for such persons Aristotle termeth effeminate) I cannot hold to be verily valiant; whereas it is the part of true valour to bear in equal balance of mind m●…hiefe, and prosperity; a sure token of cowardice and idleness also, to distrust, faint, or filthily to be dejected in troubles. Impatience (which is the softness of a mind echewing labour, and the toleration of dolour) opposeth it: such as are afraid to take pains and to be grieved (thinking sorrows unsufferable, which patience teacheth us to tolerate) are in this opposition: and such likewise as cannot bear honours and prosperity with moderation (but become insolent without measure) are in as much fault or more.  
Perseverance likewise is another branch of fortitude, being a constant, perpetual, and considerate apprehension of reason conversing in the former perfections, repressing their contraries, and yoking them to discretion: for without constancy & equability (which is the geometrical proportion, from the centre to the just circumference of fortitude) no man can be called truly valiant. Lenity with a giddy disposition of human affairs withstandeth it: this either through effeminacy doth unadvisedly yield itself prisoner to troubles, and cannot endure the burden of them; or with pertinacity (when reason ought to change it) doth arrogantly and contumaciously persist in a frivolous opinion: and so much for the moral knowledge of Chieftains, fit for every worthy soldier to learn and exercise.  
Caesar extolleth this noble gift of perseverance in a soldier, whereas in contrary, 
Caes lib. 8. c●…m. belli Gallic. G. Bened. in rep.  the coward and he which forsaketh his colours is punished with death. Also mutual love and charity should be dispersed amongst them, so that as they partake in pains and passion they should likewise persevere, declaring themselves companions in consolation; according to the saying of blessed Paul. Military charity dependeth upon two special points; upon the aiding 
Corinth. 1.  and seconding of our fellow-soldiers in extremities, and upon constant perseverance in maintenance thereof, when truth and equity stand with their quarrels. 
Lucas de Penna in L. fortissimi col. prim.   
There be certain of the liberal Sciences likewise most needful, towards the knowledge of all martial Governors: namely, the studies of Arithmetic and Geometry. The first entreateth of discreet numbers, and quantities very behoveful for a Captain; and so requisite, as no merchants or treasurers of Princes can in their places have more use of supputation than this required in a martial Leader. It is that art which Pythagoras (more than all other Philosophers) wondered at so much, placing it in the mind of the mightiest God, when he fitted himself first to the structure of those miraculous and incomprehensible works in the creation of heaven and earth: he did verily believe and confirmed men in that his opinion; how all creatures were made of numbers, showing many strange things by mystical and hidden arts, which consisted upon th' accrescence and decrescence of numbers. Our father's thought that, only man (all other creatures excepted) was capable of number, for that he was wisest of all. This art consisteth in conference of parity with imparity, in even and odd, the numbers either equal or unequal together, or equal by separation, also superfluous diminished and perfect. And so much lest I be too tedious, serving for the most present and perfect instruction of battles, by addition, substraction, and diminution of soldiers for several forms: how many drawn out of thus many rank●…s in file of a square battle of 2000 will by proportion fashion a crescent: how many superadded to that battle again will make a Cilinder; every battle answering to the most advantage against his enemy's battles, as they shall be skilfully form and instructed upon the sudden for all advantages. But hereof I spoke somewhat in my second Book; referring myself with the rest to Livy, Caesar, Thucydides, Polybius, Plutarch, Euclides, Vegetius, Frontinus, with such others as learnedly can explain and discourse of these with sound judgement, and better experience more at large.  
Geometry likewise ordereth and proportioneth forms, bodies, and their dimensions by discreet lines: out of lines, the superficies or outward faces; and from them these bodies which are called cubes. This art by measuring of heaven and earth, leaveth nothing unsearched which human reason can apprehend in that faculty: to this art are referred all linearie demonstrations, the coherence or knitting together of elements, whether trianguler, quadranguler, multanguler, or aspiring in pyramidical fashion. Hence was it that the Egyptians did reverence as divine idols, the forms of Cubes and Circles, in their superstitious ceremonies performed to those profane gods Osiris and Isis. Moreover Plato caused this inscription to be set upon the gate of that Academy where he professed: that, No man ignorant of Geometry should enter therein. And in all the best and ancientest Schools of the greeks and Romans the nobler sort of youth and children after their first milk wear studiously taught in the science of Arithmetic and Geometry, by which the learned fathers of former ages did illustrate and give light to all most difficult obscurities and hidden reasons of causes: for by considering how this art doth from a point or centre being indivisible, extend and draw forth lines circumferent, bowing, jacent, perpendicular, oblique, and equal in angles; narrow, large, trilaterall, quadrilaterall, multilaterall, and in them equilateral: right angles, blunt angles, sharp angles, and such as extend more on one side then from another, with Rhombus, Rhomboydes, Pyramids, Spheres, and other strange forms in divers analogies. They did find how needfully this art served in fit proportion of harmony, for uniting, fashioning and ordering of all sorts of battles, squares, squadrons, wings cornets and such like; as in rearing, devising, working, measuring, digging and fashioning bulwarks, engines, underminings, trenches, ditches: likewise for the raising, leveling and squaring of rampires, ravelings, casa●…ates, and other necessary plaits and defences against enemies, with all sort of Instruments and engines appertaining war which are infinite, being so behoveful for the knowledge of a General, as without it I doubt whether war may be called an art: for it equalleth such members as are like in proportion & harmonious consent with members unlike, making a concord out of discords. But least (I search too fair into the concealed treasure of hidden Philosophy, wherein I might either unhappily show some token of arrogancy, or rather of hierogliphical mysteries, and other rare apprehensions of sage Philosophers, exceeding the precincts of my weak reason & capacity, wronging some sciences of which I cannot skill) here will I set up my rest under pardon: only this (which many wise and will experienced soldiers, and others of sound wisdom approve) it should be required in a General to be so studious in these professions, that by much practice and pains he may devise new forms of embattailing, fight, eskairmouching, strange kinds of curious retiring, and unexpected means of distressing his enemies by noble stratagems newly stamped, & never heard of before. And albeit (according to Clitarchus) audaciousness is an excess beyond the measure of human strength and reason; yet he which prudently respecteth his own end, will upon honourable grounds voluntarily pursue perils, as I said before.  
If therefore the General would have his soldiers ambitious of honour, and victory, he must work out their resolution, and with virtuous example in himself apparent encourage their actions. For if he will industriously consider, and declare his true force (which is in most high reputation fixed) he shall find it very possible for him to infuse power sufficient to his soldiers, for performance of any reasonable action in their charge, working first confidence in them, which only proceedeth from good military discipline: let him therefore with great grace and wisdom endeavour to make his name and honour, reverend, and precious throughout his whole armies, which he shall purchase as (I say before) by mingling of charity with discipline; as in taking care that he surbate not his footmen with long and grievous hard marches, forsomuch as warriors of best judgement and experience have always esteemed them more serviceable than the horse: which hath been found aswell amongst the battles of the greeks and Romans, as in ours of these later times in Christendom: for upon urgent causes it may be that by fast troops and marches or with long fight and escairmouches they may become weary: whereupon it will be most convenient to relieve them with the horses of those Cavaliers that ride, the whiles they for their more ease in contrary refresh themselves with marching on foot in their places interchangeably as the Romans Add lacum regi●…lum, did in their wars against the Latins, and by that means attained victory: for the footmen are apt and ready for any straitor sinuous place into which their horses cannot have passage: they can also stretch forth and straighten their ranks, which upon a necessity they can break again, reducing themselves into form and order forth with as place and space shall serve them: whereas horsemen being once broken remain long confused. And as there is a difference in comparison of men valiant and well disciplined with weak and faint hearted soldiers; so likewise fareth●… amongst horses; some full of stomach and courage, others reastie, dull and stubbore: but the soldiers being all of them participant, or capable of reason may be brought into form, and kept in order when horses cannot, for divers inconveniences impending. Also cowards may ride upon bold and serviceable horses; whereas men of valour unhappily may be mounted upon i●…des; and this is dangerous: for by such means he which is well mounted, may draw back in fear, and he which would advance forth and declare some heroical tokens of his princely spirit and courage cannot possibly stir up courage in his jade: than which at such a time I would not wish a more heart breaking plague to my valiant enemy. Lucullus with a small battle of foot overthrew 40000. horsemen of Tigranes; whereof divers were cataphracts, which as me seemeth happened more by default of the beasts, than of the riders, though both miscarried: and yet want of skill and judgement in the rider is the next fault (in my judgement) to cowardice. The fauteries there of being in principal place of service are to be cheerfully cherished and disciplined above others.  
There is also required in the General, one special point towards the corroboration of his soldiers hearts. First to show religion in the observing and performing articles and promises: secondly that upon the point of service he declare unto his soldiers in honest and familiar words of comfort, the readiest and easiest means of victory, wherein it behoveth him to conceal all impediments; or (if they be pregnant) then to extenuate them by some cheerful and ingeniou excuse, which hath in it a strong taste of a true fortitude. These with some other heads, such as before and after are expressed (as occasion offereth) will generally renown the General, and further the victory. There are some soldiers which have a virtuous boldness and ferocity mixed with martial instruction and severity, from which skill and perfection that fierceness and confidence in the soldier is uttered: the like was in those ancient Roman armies, when they by such auspicious means, came home under their victorious ensigns, always loaden with rich spoils & triumphs. There is another kind of extreme ferocity brazed with boldness, void of all skilful discipline in war, & such in that age of the Roman Monarchy C●…sar with Tacitus and Livy have noted in the nature & battles of the Galls, being merely foolish and unprofitable. The third sort is of those which are not possessed either of order, discipline, or authority; of that kind are those Indians at this day, which answer in subjection to the King of Castille: for it were impossible that armies of such caitiff condition (unless their enemies turn face without cause) should ever bear away victory.  
This weakness in soldiers proceedeth from pusillanimity, being a base abjection of the mind, or a foolish and faint de●…ection of the will in ●…ying from honourable courses and attempts; but of this I will speak more at large entreating of military discipline, which specially proceedeth from the prudence and true force of a General, and is peculia●… to men indeed subsisting and composed of reason entirely; by virtue whereof Lions and Elephants are tamed and fettered in the wilderness, which bridleth & abateth the fiery stomachs of stubborn horses, which measureth the the circumference of heaven and earth with their orbs. Such a force best befitteth Hercules, and in this force are human labours nourished. This teacheth a General what the state and condition of his enemies, and how to catch them: which Epaminondas the Theban reputed the greatest honour in a captain, by winning prenotion of the deliberations, counsels and resolutions of adversaries, and being most hard and difficult, requireth deep judgement with high wisdom in him that beareth it: and not of their counsels only, but of their actions also which fathom deep into the apprehension of reason; considering it did many times happen that in a battle which hath continued a great part of the night, the victor thought himself vanquished, and he that was defeated misdeemed that he was conqueror: whereupon counsels infued most pernicious to them that consulted, as it happened unto Brutus & Cassius in the like case; these did not look unto th'event of their battle before it came to trial: for Cassius' misconceiving that Brutus had been overthrown, and put to flight with his whole regiment (who then was undoubtedly sure of victory) desperately broached his breast upon his own sword. By the inestimable benefit of this reason, which deeply groundeth itself in knowledge and continual search of hidden treasures, the General becometh just, skilful and industrious: in it are rooted all his present resolutions which happen upon extremities during the fight, and seasoned with that good fortune, with that prudent and quick apprehension, which like the sudden flash of a lightning, not so quick as divine giveth a sweet fire to the true touch of his reason; when mature deliberations want space of admittance, and only fortunate executions are importuned and instantly.  
From this flourisheth out his diligence, patience, prudence, mildness, sternness, subtlety, simplicity, wariness, promptness, liberality, with many more branches of true virtue springing together, out of that one most bountiful root. This also teacheth him his knowledge concerning the i●…structions of battles of all fashions; for even as stones, tiles, beams, and rafters of wood are by good order and disposition of the workman, knit, confirmed and kept from putrefaction, in such case are armies. By this is he taught boldness against enemies, favour towards friends, and reason with counsel in oppo●…tunitie. This maketh a wise Captain to meditate with Philopoemon Prince of the Achaeans, who did exercise himself in warlike practice, specially when nothing but peace was present and round about him. And this caused Ephicrates to raise a rampire composed with a vast moat, when no danger or enemy could be feared, saying that it was a disgraceful thing in a General (when need should suddenly require a defence) to say, these accidents which are, were not premeditated.  
But amongst all noble exercises in times peaceable (of most profit, pleasure, and honour, and seemly befitting a prince) the knowledge of places and countries is most requisite, which chiefly and most readily is got by practice of hunting: for in following of the wild boar, the stag, the fox, the hare and such like beasts of game, certain martial accidents are resembled in many things, according as Xenophon in the life of Cyrus (at that time when he should havel evied forces against the king of Armenia) describeth him, reasoning and arguing with his companions of that service which he was to perform, and of all things accommodated thereunto; by resembling of them which take refuge upon the mountains, to those that pitched toils & snares for wild beasts, comparing them that eskairmouched upon the plains, with those which roused the game from their dens or forms, driving them unto those nets, & with such like resemblance of that party. Besides, that the perfect knowledge of countries, fens, marshes, and rivers, for marching, encamping, wading, fortifying, imbattelling, and such like by such practice of hunting, shall be with sport and in short time attained: also the benefit happening to their bodies in confirming of their strength and health which use it. For by this country's topography, a perfect knowledge and discretion (of the nature, condition and soil of other countries) is attained with facility: for all regions have some resemblance one of another. In such sort Sallust (writing somewhat concerning the exercise which jugurth did use) commendeth him after a fashion for his exercise of hunting in these words; Non se luxui nequè inertiae corrumpendundedit sed (uti mos gentis illius est) equitare, iaculari, cursu cum aequalibus certare: & cum omnes gloria antecelleret omnibus tamen charus esse. Ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem atque ali●… feras primus aut imprimis ferire, plurimum facere, & minimum ipse de se loqui: He did not give himself over to be corrupted with lust or sluggishness, but as the fashion is of that country, to ride, to shoot, to run in race with his equals, and albeit he did exceed all of them in glory, yet every one of them did love him. Moreover he bestowed much time in hunting, he would be the first man or the surest man which gored, wounded, or paunched the Lion and other wild beasts: his fashion was to do very much, & to make small brags of it. In which generous exercise & recreation of hunting, your highness (soon after your first milk in the tenderness of your gracious spring) industriously & to great good end delighted having proposed it as a recreation destined to most noble and heroical purposes, when time and occasion should summon your mightiness, to make specious demonstration thereof. And that care and wisdom is exceeding great, which answereth to the choosing of a General; aswell for his reason experience, and valour, as for his bodily strength and agility: for that cause the people of Rome (having decreed by the consent of the Senate, to move war against any Nation) made choice of their Generals and Dictator's out of the prudentest Consuls: unto whom they granted a large Commission to deal in all causes (concerning the service in their trust) according to their sound discretions. And verily (whereas both the life and honour of peace and war resteth in his person) the wise judgement of a Prince (as I think) cannot be so certainly in substitution and deputation of any vicegerent or servant whatsoever, as in the prudent election of a General. For certainly those noble parts and perfections (which are needfully required in him) stand in more force and valour of all inferior soldiers under him: as Philip great Alexander's father said, That a battle of Lions which were governed by a Stag, could not be so good as an host of stags under the conduct of a Lion: for of Cowards (having able bodies) a gallant General may with some convenient pains and good discipline make victorious warriors; as Epaminondas and Pelopidas did of the Thebans, by whom they were enfranchised from the Spartans'; and albeit in regard of their long slavery some deemed them unfit for military service, yet did these Captains so labour in disciplyning of them, as they did prove soon after able, and vanquishers over them, that so tyrannised over them before. In honour of which nation, and upon their good success it was written, how not only the Lacedæmonians but even all other sorts of people would become gallant fellows and victorious through good martial instruction & practice, which ought to proceed at all times both in peace and war. For men which are skilful in the practice and exercise of Arms, will not stand in awe of their enemies, because no man feareth to do that, wherein he knoweth himself skilfully practised.  
It is also common in nature, that in laudable qualities (especially where multitudes may be witnesses of their excellent readiness and resolution) men loftily will perform the parts of their cunning with great hope, whereas the rude and unexercised soldier is like a sheep exposed to slaughter. Hence is it that Vegetius sayeth, that use in war availeth more than s●…ength and armour. 
1●… cap. lib. de re mulitari.  The special companions of martial discipline and ve●…tue which administer honour and reputation to Captains and soldiers, are labour in business, fortitude in perils, temperance in desires, indust●…ie in doing, celeri●…ie in dispatching, counsel in providing. The greatest benefit in a General towards the performance hereof is in time of peace, as fitting and preparing himself for war when there is no danger, and in 〈◊〉 times also, to seem and bear himself unto such soldiers (if wants and negligence require it) like an enemy when he disciplineth, and with his enemies in contrary to dissemble himself a friend. Menander, that he which is not experienced in military discipline having command of armies doth bring ●…oorth thousands of men for a sacrifice to their enemies: if therefore the soldiers be negligent, idle, or unexperienced in their service and use of weapons, or in keeping of their ranks, marches, or forms, discipline is required with comp●…tent severity, a●…well towards inferior Captains in their private transgr●…ssions, by ●…assiering them of their charge (which is to some noble spirits much more great disgrace, than the pain of death) driving them to the private soldiers march on foot, until such time as they by their service and industry (which they should very well know before they be chosen to govern) have practised how to remerite in a common soldiers place, the reputation of a captain, recovering and reforming that loss and omission: and if they be slack in discipline towards their soldiers which serve under their colours and ensigns (when duty bindeth that they should instruct) yet if it so hap that some of those Captains, or others of greatest place in the field, have in monitions and persuasions been mild and gentle before, and that such lenity cannot prevail: then is it not expedient that he grow severe upon the sudden, lest his purpose of extremity be discovered, and the stubborn hearts of his fieldmen become mutinous; but by little and little with wary gradation and upon sure occasion conceal his purpose, until time bring to perfection his defence, before offence be done: which is by conciliation of the more part out of the best, and those of the more conformable sort, so near as may be found, or taken with courteous encouragement and wily familiarity, winning some with benefits, & others with the right gilt of benevolence & lenity; pretending towards the benefited his great respect unto their duties and diligence declared: which course (being well entered) openeth safely the secure path of severity concerning others: but let him beware in any case that he do not neglect this; as in sudden changing his mildness into severity, for it will endanger his confusion when he wanteth aid and countenance of some their better fellows in his discipline to keep them if occasion require. And in all his apport amongst the soldiers of his ensigns that austere kind of facility should appear in him: that like as of the noble Roman Galba, so speeches & Proverbs may pass currant of him in those armies where he governeth Disce milis are miles, Galba est, non Getulicus▪ which kind of austerity was no small honour to the noble Hannibal, in exercising & instructing of his soldiers: whom Livy describeth the worthy pattern of a right renowned General, to this effect. Hannibal served under Asdrubal in the wars three years, and there lived not a man whom Asdrubal so much desired, for his worth to bear command under him in martial affairs, if any thing valorous & of force was to be put in execution: neither would the soldiers of his army's credit any man so soon, or show such excellent courage under any Captain, as at his command. He was very bold in giving charge upon perils, very wise, and full of reaching consultation if he were distressed, in danger most patient and indefatigable, contemning pains and travels, of courage undaunted, careless of extreme heat or cold, temperate in diet, moderate in sleep, vigilant and using his body to lodge hardly, many times hath he been found laid upon the cold ground covered with his mantle, which he did usually wear amongst his watches and Centrenells, or at his corpse dugard. In any service upon horseback, or foot, he was the first that gave charge, and last that left the field: yet as there are not any virtues of such excellency but are accompanied, with some vices, so was he possessed of some soldier-like faults. Thus far in effect Livy, wherein behold the true description of a right careful and noble General serving for a copy to the best Captains that ever did or shall succeed him. I will add hereunto, because it is memorable one example of discipline in a Genial, which Livy likewise recordeth.  
Titus Manlius being Consul, and lieutenant General of the Roman forces against the Latins, when his own son had advanced forth (albeit upon most honourable terms) in single duel to combat with a daring Latin, whom he most valorously vanquished, upon which combat th●… victories of either armies for safeguard of their soldiers lives were mutually wagered; yet for breaking of his rank to set forward to perform the challenge, and because he did not first ask leave of the Consul, contrary to the prescribed ancient form of the Roman discipline, in the presence of the noble army caused his head exemplarily to be struck off; a ●…euere or violent reward of his honour: and Decius the other Consul according to the religious custom of the Romans in some extremities observed, after the performance of certain ceremonies which may be read in Livy, did (by rushing alone on horseback at the full speed with all violence amongst the Latins a good space before the battles joined) voluntarily sacrifice himself to the infernals, for the whole army's safety: the Latins were in such ●…ort appalled, and his fellow soldiers encouraged at this his so confident and noble resolution, that they became lords of the field thereupon: I will hereunto knit one other example,  
Papyrius the Dictator gave express commandment against Fabius Rutilius General of the Roman horse (who with good success and great valour had encountered, and overthrown diue●…s troops of the enemies) to be beaten with rods; a strange and ignominious punishment worse than death, denounced against so noble a soldier, only because he took not advise and direction of the great magistrate, when, where, and in what sort to give charge: howbeit Rutilius seeking to stop the shame of that punishment, by secret means escaped to Rome, whom the vehement dictator pursued in such fury, that (until not only Rutilius had upon both his knees besought pardon for the same, and that the whole Senate and people of Rome had inexorably mediated for him) the severe Dictator could not be moved to repeal the sentence and execution, but would have had his head cut off also.  
Another kind of discipline is semblably requisite against captains and fellows in arms which is for a certain vain stubbornness and proud emulation in them being very dangerous to the present state and service in hand: this aught with great care & severity to be searched and reform, by the example of Sergius and Verginius, when they did assiege the Veyans; Sergius holding his quarter upon one side of the city, and Verginius upon the other, it happened that Sergius (upon some advantage found) was suddenly charged by the Phaliscians', taking in high scorn, though his forces were much weaker to requireaideo. Verginius, hereupon being forced to fly with disgrace (though he might with very good ease have rescued and repaired his honour) yet would not Verginius succour him, unless Sergius had first humbly required and sued unto him for it; which fault few wise princes or Generals, but would have punished with death: howbeit the Senate (which sustained the most loss) only fined them with a pecuniary mulct, prudently foreseeing, that such as had armies in charge, aught to be enfranchised from all fear, and to draw the counsels of all their actions from the principals and heads of occasions.  
Having partly touched the discipline concerning captains and soldiers, it we●… requisite that I declared the forms of disposing, arraying and embattelling soldiers; but forsomuch as neither my knowledge in that art is so sure as I dare aduent●… upon it, neither if I could, would it be needful considering every private captains studies, and at that art, which I by mistaking though in a particle, might worthily be reprehended of arrogant folly, I will here in forbear, only wishing a darefull ingenious and industrious practice of that skill in every private captain and able gentleman of honour, aswell in times of peace as of w●…re: and because I have heard it sometimes commended by c●…taine wise & expert soldiers, as thesure ground and true plan●… of all excellent embattle, I will set down according to Livy the true form of the Roman hosts as they were ordered for present fight, and divided into battles. The first was composed of gallant Roman youths in space of ran●…ks and files indifferently distant, and armed with pikes: the second battle equal and like the first, saving that the spaces betwixt them in ran●…ks and files were more large; these men were of ripe age and fir●…e strength, whom they called principals: the third and last battle in the ●…eare contained so many men as both the former, consisting of well approved veterans and tried soldiers, whom they called Triarij; these likewise took larger space in ran●…ks and files, then either the first or second, being so fashioned, that one battelle might for more strength and advantage draw itself into another, when odds or any necessity did constrain, without disorder or confusion: to each of which three battles were assigned certain cornets of horse, which like wings guarded the right and left flank of each battle; only the first battle of pikes standing nearer than the rest in ranks and files (as our battles of forlorn hope at this day) were so perfectly taught and instructed, that they might the better endure the first brunt or charge when it should come to their turn for fight; the second battle of those principals and strong men which followed, being larger in space to receive the pikes upon occasion by retire, and the Triarij so large as would admit them both upon necessity to their ranks without confusion: but when the Triarij have both received the pikes and principals into their battles, than they forthwith close their ranks and with most resolute and victorious courage endure and surrechardge upon their enemies in a terrible fashion; which finding a new battle stronger and more puissant than both the first (uniting them that were driven back) are frustrated of all hope and courage. And this in my judgement must of necessity be both sure and honourable, when the whole force is not ventured at the first, but hath means (if need require) left for a succour when two charges are already passed.  
Now for as much as it behoveth to reason a little of martial stratagems serving for camp or any place fortified, I will take occasion in this place to discourse somewhat. Subtleties though in private actions they be detestable, yet are in military services very commendable, and commonly more worthied then open force is against enemies: howbeit fraud in the violation of faith or breach of conditions (amongst men in arms) is excepted. For these dishonesties, may percase augment Empire with assured loss of honour much more precious. The subtleties of which I speak, are the substance of stratagems by subduing of professed enemies, and by diffidence had of their opposites: such (as for instance) Hannibal ad lacum Perusinum used by turning face from the Romans his enemies, that the Consul and his host by pursuit, might be brought into places full of danger. And hereupon note by the way, that if thine adversary turn his back towards you, pursue not in further heat and greediness of victory, but rather according to the Proverb, Make him a silver bridge to be gone: lest being constrained to fight upon necessity they become desperate, of which there is infinite example of divers being pursued after the fight, which have upon that example finished in much effusion of blood, and victorious conquest had of them that followed. Soldiers therefore should neither be too slow nor hasty, but keep a prudent moderation; which temperature will guide them to many fortunate advantages and executions: lest that be verified upon them which john Basilides the Rushian Tyrant spoke of the Moscovites and Polonians: that these were too forward, and those over backward, which he by long experience found in his armies.  
Another excellent example of lawful stratagem in the Captain Annibal to secure himself and his armies is recorded, by tying matches and firebrands to the horns of cattle driving them by night a contrary way, to misguide his enemies, that in the mean while he might provide for the safe allodgement of his own forces. The like commendable kind of stratagem, Cymon a Captain of the Athenians (which both Plutarch, and Diodorus Siculus record) 
Pl●…. in vica C●…. Diodo: lib. 11.  put in practice, he perceiving that the Persian fleet hovered too and again near the Coast of Cyprus, with 250. ships of his Navy, gave fight to 340. of the adverse; of which he through his good success and valour grappled 100 the rest being sore shattered and broken in fight recovered Cyprus; which glad of such harbour left their ships unarmed, marching a certain of leagues into the land a foot. Hereupon Cymon possessed himself of the whole remainder of the Persian fleet, furnishing divers of those his enemies ships with soldiers drawn out of his own▪ and upon the river Euribas where his enemies were encamped brought in the Navy, his soldiers being attired in Persian habit with surcoates and turribants found aboard them: their enemies by this means mistaking the Athenians for their own soldiers, & knowing the sleet, supposed them to be returned which had lately loosed anchor from them before, & so with quietness gave them leave to come in with their fleet into the Havens mouth. Cymon therefore at the dead time of night, landing himselfewith his soldiers in that falsed habit, slew them all which met him, and made spoil of his enemy's Tents; giving to Pheridates the Persian General a mortal camisado, besides the loss of his and many more Persian lives, with a bloody destruction and havoc of others; so that such error and horror was amongst the Persians in this dead dark season, that they knew not what nation it was which did invade them. So terrible and sudden a charge went beyond their present reason. Likewise amongst the Athenians with such another cunning advantage, Clearchus surprised Byzantium. divers martial slights are recorded of Pontius Captain of the Samnites, Portius Cato, Miltiades, Themistocles, and others (of which Thucydides and Diodorus make mention) but these shall suffice for copy.  
There is yet another adjunct of wiliness sometimes used in war, which resteth in taking occasion upon good advantages to fight with confederates, and then the mean to work it, is quarreling or martially moving against some other friend being with his confederate in confederacy; so that he must be forced in honesty to partake and break truce with him that cunningly seeketh it, he giving the first signal to Battle, or declare himself false or perfidious towards his friend and Client. Also there is a certain oblique prudence (if a man may so term it) of another nature, yet not unlike the former after the example of the Campanians; which (sithence their exceeding weakness would not otherwise admit, but that they must necessarily fall into the danger of those enemies upon whom they breathed defiance) presently put themselves into the protection of some mighty prince of more force, to defend them and their liberties: and this rule is generally certain that such people (as stand in fear of oppression or tyranny, by some great Prince) will offer & send voluntary succours with any comfort to the best of their power, to some other more puissant prince, which may when good time shall serve collaterally protect and assist them in their extremities against all violence and oppression of others: as may be read in the Roman Histories of the Massilians, Rhodians, Hiero king of Siracuse, Massinissa, Eumenes with others, which had in the same case aided the Romans in their wars. And as in our late English expeditions Anno 1596. and in Anno 1597. was sent unto us by the States of base Germany upon our taking of Cales accosting Andalusia; and towards that service intended but unfortunately crossed, when our Generals after ominous beginnings reconducted us to the islands, Tercaere, where they made very small proof, and far short in fathom of their expectation.  
What I have spoken here in particular respecting the office of a Lieutenant general, may serve for other inferior Captains and Officers of war also: Yet considering that it were semblably behoveful for me to declare what the places of most reputation are in the field, according to the service of our English wars; the brute, and joyous rebounding honour of which battles have formerly sounded aloud from their drums & trumpets in the most flourishing parts of Christendom, I will brieflly touch them so near in the sequel as I can gather.  
Next unto the L. lieutenant General, which absolutely representeth and useth (for the time) the person and dignities of the Prince are these principal persons of honour, serving as counsellors and assistants immediate and under his Excellency.  
The first place is assigned to the Lord Marischal; adjoining him the Colonel general of foot, and he seconded with the Colonel general of horse; ensuing them the Captain or Colonel of every Regiment or battle: after these the camp-master, next him the master of the Ordinance: successively the Treasurer of the whole host; and lastly the Sergeant maior general in field: these be principals and of counsel to the L. lieutenant General.  
There are Offices also deputing unto the former, and some others which are not of such special reputation: as the Lieutenant to the Colonel of foot, Lieutenant of the Colonel of horse, the Provost Marischall, the Muster-master general, the Corporals of foot and horse, the Sergeant's majors of every battle or Regiment, the Scout-master, the Trenchmaster, the forrage-master, the provant master, the captain of the carriages, & the captain of the Pioneers; most of which are in office and degree superior to private captains of Companies.  
The Lord high Marischalls office (upon which the whole charge of an Army dependeth) is very noble, and commonly taketh the second place of honour in the field: it importeth him therefore of necessity to know through what manner of ground the whole army must pass; if in Champion, how the ways open for ranks in companies, or for battles; if in valleys or lanes, how they be straightened for troops and confused marches, having sound considered of all means which may give advantage against the enemy, by marching, encamping, and disposing or ordering of his forces, noting with judicious and well experienced observation all the disabilities which his enemies must have in meeting with him; eskairmouching or giving present charge upon his armies, here, there, or in any place in his way with such means as may be devised how to redress and recover them from all dangers and disadvantages of land, hill, or river in the way, making a safe and sure audite of the best & worst of all which can happen, providing remedies against dangers if they chance, and readiness with expedition towards the embracement of all fortunate occasions. In him likewise is required perfectly to know the extreme force of his Prince for the present, and likewise the power of his enemies, what horse, what foot, what young, what old instructed soldiers, what leaders of note, experience, and valour, comparing one with another, and working out to the best advantage, the renown of his Prince's armies, he must also take notice of the strength which his enemies attain by confederates, how much they make with the mercenaries, and auxiliaries of others: he should consider and confer by judicious reading, the wars and battles of his Prince's Progenitors and Predecessors, wherefore they were levied, how performed and fought, upon what conditions ordered, and the means moving either party to the taking or offering of those Articles, with such special instructions, as I partly noted before in the Lieutenant general. When therefore he knoweth and is well instructed through what manner of ground the Army must pass, than he presently giveth notice and warning to the Colonels of horse and foot, in what forms they should order their troops and battles, for their more present and commodious passage; narrowly respecting that every Commander do with diligence respect his charge, without intermeddling further in matters beyond his office, or short of it.  
He therefore causeth first in audi●…nce of the whole Armies a proclamation to be made, advertising what time the Lord Lieutenant General purposeth to march forward into the field, that they may suitably be prepared: and the same day that his excellency shall set forth, the Lord Marischals trumpet soundeth and gives warning of a removal; after him all other trumpets follow, that upon the third flourish, every captain, soldier, and servant may be ready to perform their offices in each degree for that service. The scoutmaster therefore is first set forth to dispose of his scurriers for espial, that he may for the armies more safety certify, whether the country round about be clear: after him the master of the Ordinance setteth forward with his Artillery furnished of all needful instructions, for the dispatch of any thing which resteth in his charge: after them the treasurer seconded with the provaunt master with victual: and lastly the carriages which by directions of the captain or master of them take their places in marching. When these offices are thus fitted, and that the Colonels and captains by their directions have out of troops ordered their armies, than the Lord Marischall seeth the footmen march; upon which there are guides attending to direct them in the sure and readiest way, which guides the Lord Marischall seeth provided; one to wait upon the Lord lieutenant, another upon the Colonel of foot, another upon the Colonel of horse: in like case several guides for the master of the Ordinance, to point out the surest and most convenient way for the conveyance of his Artillery: for the master of the carriages one, for the Sergeant mayor, and for the scoutmaster attending the avaunt curriers each of them one. This being orderly disposed, there are (by the Lord Marischals direction to the captain of the pioneers) a certain number of labourers attending the Ordinance, which may mend the ways for the better passage thereof. After this the Lord Marischall taketh with him certain of his horse, and foot to view the ground where the forces should lodge or encamp. Likewise the Campemaster, the provost Marischall, and harbinger with the four quartermasters, when he shall come to the place, his foresight is what forage, water, and other needements for the armies are there about: and (when this is seen into) the camp-master, with the provost marshal quarter out the ground according to the several regiments, making the middle space within the quarters so large, that the regiments upon a sudden alarm, may presently meet, and be set in array for the present service. The marshal also noteth what number shall out of every private company walk the round, and keep sentinel, with the places where they shall abide: he giveth watch word which the clerk of the watch doth write by his direction, delivering to every counsellor of the field, to the scout-master, and to every private captain a note thereof: if the L. Marischall see cause, he may change the watchword at his pleasure. He declareth his opinion to the Lieutenant upon any enterprise, what number of horse and foot are competent therefore that they may be by the Colonels chosen out for the execution of any design: the the Lord lieutenant giving direction who shall have the general charge of such service. All intelligence brought by the scurriers or pioneers taken in espial or near the camp, are first brought unto the Lord high marshal and by him made known unto the Lord lieutenant: and (that the Lord Marischall may be the readier found out) one of his pages beareth before him a corone●… of his arms or devise. It resteth in his judgement, to determine of all prisoners taken; which are forfeited forthwith unto him, if they (that surprise them) do not presently present them to his Lordship, which likewise are punished at his discretion: the third part of all booties got, is his by right of that office. He likewise provideth that the slaughters of beasts and other easements of the soldiers be not made to the annoyance of the Camp, seeing that every soldier pay for his victuals that he taketh, looking that all such prisoners as are committed to the Marischalsie be well used, punishing quarrelous or mutinous persons, thievish soldiers, & treasons according to the laws of arms in that case provided: which are (by direction from him) fair written in articles, and fixed upon the Marischalsies gate, or on some other more conspicuous place in the camp or quarter, so that they may be generally published. From him proceed all proclamations by voice of Herald with a trumpet in the Lord lieutenants name. He seeth the watches, as captains, rounders, centrenels, to stay their due times, until their drums or triumpets discharge their watches: he looketh that quietness and silence be kept in the camp, upon setting of the great watch after the warning piece be discharged: through him are all honourable and dishonourable actions and exploits of persons (to their immortal shame or good fame) recorded in perpetual history for example: he likewise (accompanied with the Colonels, General of horse, and foot, with the master of the Ordinance, and Sergeant mayor) vieweth the ground, where most advantage in their discreet judgements may be found, for placing or abiding with their troops on horse and foot, and for the most available planting of their Artillery, with such cunning lures as may bring forward the enemies being near to that place of advantage. In time of battle he serveth on foot with the Sergeant maior: when the camp shall move, his trumpet giveth the summons; by notice thereof all other trumpets soon after sound a flourish at the L. lieutenants lodging to the discharge. He likewise towards the assieging of any cities or forts appointeth what strength of men and munition, what numbers of horse & foot are required: for he taketh first a perfect view of the place and then prescribeth a form how to plant the camp with most advantage against it, setting down where the trenches must be made; having acquainted first the Lord lieutenant therewith. He directeth the camp-master in his form and order of encamping, and what number of camps should be made in every quarter; instructing likewise the trenchmaster in the manner, breadth, and depth of his trenches, for the most safety towards battery by night or otherwise: considering what flanks or buttresses may conveniently be taken away; and (if they be flanked) where they may soonest and safest approach: what course best serveth (in case they cannot get entrance by plain means) to distress their flanks, by minings, or counterminings, if the ground will serve, if not so, then by scaladoes, or stratagems of strange & excellent devise, with other means, which have been, or may be done with most commendation, and security for such a purpose.  
Beatus Rhenanus thinketh that Mariscallus is called of Marca, an old word signifying a horse: Budaeus calleth them Marischals, quasi maiores, judges sitting on horseback. The office of Marischals according to Vincentius Lupanus is 
De mag. Fran.  castris locum eligere, ac milites in officio continere, in quos vitae & necis potestatem habent: To choose a place for lodging of the Army, to keep the soldiers in order and office, over whose lives and deaths they have power. The knowledge and persecution of military crimes; likewise the doom of punishment of outlaws, and of such soldiers as without honest and lawful leave depart the Camp, and are not present at musters, and times limited unto them; also the defaults of scouts, escurriers, espials, traitors, fugitives, watch breakers, such as forsake the spoil, sack, havoc, with all actions personal of soldiers in private quarrels, are censured by the Marischal in our wars: as in France by the Constable, who hath carried before him a sword with a 
Vinc. Lupan. de mag. Franc.  point fashioned like a Lily.  
The office of the Colonel general on foot, disposeth his Armies by direction from the Lord lieutenant into competent battles according to the gross number: he directeth the Captains in their charge, what, and how many long or short weapons in every Band or Company they should have, in what form & order the armies must march, which the sergeant mayor (by direction from him) seeth performed. From him is a scroll sent to the governors of every battle containing their several charges: he certifieth the removals of Camps unto them for the more readiness of soldiers by the sound of drums or trumpets: all armies (being distributed into Regiments of Battles) are with their Colonels under his command. Upon any service he joineth in directions with the L. Marischall in choice of the ground: and his place of service is in the midst of the battle with the L. General. Over all our English battles there are Governors appointed which are at command under the Colonel general, or his Lieutenant. These Governors appoint every captain to send his Harbinger unto the camp-master, to take notice of the place and order of their quartering: or (if in Camp) of their Tentpitching; declaring where, & how the soldiers should make Cabbines, foreseeing withal that they do not hastily nor confusedly come into their quarters, but take their places orderly and civilly, being directed by their Harbingers. His Lieutenant looketh to the Captains of the watch, the Rounders, and the Centrenels, to fit themselves to their duties, by direction from the Lord Marischall. If any foot-spiall be taken by them, him they bring to the L. Marischall, to the Colonel General, or to the L. lieutenant himself. The Lieutenant Colonel (upon service) taketh place in the vaward with the Sergeant maior. His special care (which bindeth him in the same terms with the L. lieutenant general) is to see, that his soldiers under his charge prove not effeminate, impatient of pains and peril, that they show not more valour in words than weapons, that they spoil not their own fellows in Arms, that they leave not themselves open for a pray to the enemy without discipline, order, government, & modesty; that they set & keep their watches like good soldiers after the course of war, that they neither forsake, nor withdraw themselves from their colours without leave: that the stragglers, boys, s●…uls, and slaves attempt not to march or intermingle the ranks, troops, or battles confusedly by night, or day: that the soldiers waste not no●…tread down the corn lands, and meadows, if they may be benefited thereby: that they be not suffered negligently to drive herds and flocks of cattle, and prisoners before them disorderly, but that they keep in the rear with the carriages: that they do not exchange them with merchants & victuallers of the camp for money, to buy bread and wine daily: that they suffer no shame of sloth and luxury to dishonour their Armies: these are the special means for every Colonel general to reform bad soldiers. Likewise it is his office carefully to provide skilful and painful chirurgeons for his wounded soldiers and hurt men; to reward and give honour to men of worth and desert in the wars, according to the custom of war: after the field fought (by summons of his d●…umme mayor) to assemble the remainder of his Army, and there in open assembly with very good terms and cheerful behaviour, to give thanks and commendation to them that had fought the field, to exhort them that they bear themselves always of a valiant spirit, well affected one towards another, and that the glory of that days service should maintain a continual courage in them, for any battle whensoever opportunity should require; that they should willingly receive the spoils of their enemies according to the discretion and direction of the Lord lieutenant in all equ●…litie; and that he did only look for labour in steed of his reward.  
The Colonel general of horse, receiveth from the L. lieutenant a roll of all the serviceable horse in field. His office is to direct and distribute the Lances, light horses, Argolitiers, pistoliers, carbin●…s, and such like into troops ordered for battle; he signifieth to the Corne●… of every troop when any removal is, which after the flourish of Trumpets, advance forth to march when he commandeth; such of them as watch the first night, are first placed in Camp, or Quarter. It is in him to send forth avant curriers for advertisement; he placeth a strong troop of horse in the rear of all the battles, to see there be not stragglers, or carriages left behind for a pray to the enemies; and that those his Cavaliers dismount not till the Camp be lodged or quartered. By consent of the L. lieutenant he setteth forth what number of the horse is fit upon any present service: he seeth the scouts forth before night, the scurriers placed in the day time upon the mountains, and at night in the valleys for their better sight at all times: these in dark nights (if the wind be so great that they cannot either hear, or see) do dismount, and making holes in the ground, listen if they can hear the beating of horse hooves; which (if any be near) they shall soon perceive, and upon notice do give warning to the foot Centrenels, which with alarm given to the Camp, set all in readiness. His Lieutenant's office is to take care, how all such as are destined to watch, give attendance unto the L. Marischall, or to his provost for directions. He seeth in the morning that no man leave his watch upon pain of death before the scurriers be returned to the Camp, & received their places. In time of battle he provideth to answer troop for troop of the enemies, and to fit himself by proportion against them all, and if percase his power be to weak, then doth he succour his horses by wood, strait, hill, water, or neighbouring villages, for his more relief and refuge. He determineth what number shall give charge upon the enemy; where, and how many soldiers to place in time of need for their rescue. Every Colonel doth (as he willeth) attend the camp-master, for his quarter, and for decent and orderly coming thereto: his place is upon service in front to the pikes of his chief battle.  
The camp-master receiveth a roll of the whole army's horse and foot: and by the L. Marischals consent provideth & limiteth the Camp according to the multitude, dividing the ground into so many regiments or battles of foot and horse, as is requisite, betwixt every battle making a large street or space of 80. feet breadth at the least. He placeth every General of each regiment according to his degree in the midst of his regiment; so that the porch of his tent may open into the place of assembly, every captain having his soldiers cabbines so seated and limited upon the backside of his own tent in little lanes and streets, not above eight foot breadth, and in form of a city; so that they may readily find recourse into the great street or place of assembly when alarms are given. He deviseth a great open court or spacious square within which the L. Lieutenant's tent is pitched, with all his officers about him: upon the right hand thereof the L. Marischals tent, the Colonel general on the left, with other counsellors according to their degrees & places, all opening into the place of assembly; where the master of the ordinance with all his carriages and Artillery remaineth. near to this there must a place of necessity be entrenched forthwith for preservation of the powder, aswell from danckenesse, as from all danger of fire. Also the provant and carriagemasters with all their victuals & carriages have places there. Within the virge of the Camp, he doth appoint what ground of advantage shall serve for planting the Ordinance, and that all carriages which shall come in, may make their repair to the precincts for the Camps defence; the precinct or virge of the Camp, being distended sevenscore foot at least from all tents and cabbines. He seeth upon every remoueall that such watches as must serve for that night be first placed for their ease, making themselves ready for the remove, and in like sort all the horse. A spacious street of sevenscore foot at the least must divide the horse quarter from the foot, through which their horses may with ease pass to watering and forage. A place of assembly likewise (even as in the foot quarter) should be made there; that the troops may with ease come forth upon present service. He likewise appointeth what number of horses must attend every foot battle according to their places, with other Governors even as the foot were, saving that the small streets in their horse quarter: must be twenty four foot wide at the least: the Colonel general having chief place in the midst as before; & his tent opening semblably to the place of assembly. Near him the Scoutmaster, next to the Colonel of horse; forsomuch as their offices require a reciprocal vicinity; their carriages fencing or impailing the Camp together with the footcarts as aforesaid: all the captained likewise with the Cornets of horse receive their billets or places of the camp-master, as the foot captains do; the camp-master himself is to be lodged near the Lord lieutenant amongst the counsellors; besides him the quartermasters or harbingers of the field: annexed to the L. Marischall his provost, with the prison of Marischall-sea; betwixt which and the Marischals tent, the provost is placed. At all assieges the camp-master accompanieth the Lord Marischall to view the ground, that they may know thereby to distribute it into competent Camps & quarters accordingly, with the certain number of soldiers apportioned, and destined to their places in every Camp: the greatest number environeth the L. lieutenant, where the place of assembly should be so large, that (upon alarm given) the whole forces may reunite in present form of battle, being well instructed and ready: he likewise provideth that every Camp be well entrenched, saving where the entries of every street are, serving for issue to & fro. And so much because it is one special place of service in the field, have I spoken at large of the camp-master: I will be brief in the rest for so much as they depend for the most part upon the former.  
The master of the Ordinance (after his charge received) must be provided of all necessaries thereunto: first under him in office are a Lieutenant of the Artillery, certain Clerks, a Master groom and his Mate, all of them in pay, with all sorts of artificers needful, as canoneers for great Ordinance, servitors and labourers only for the Cannon, Armourers, sawyer's, Smiths, Pistolmenders, & of other pieces, Engineers, Cutlers, Carpenters, Collermakers Wheelewrights, Basketters, Cooper's: the munition appertaining his office are Lances, Halberds, Partisanes, Bills, Dags, Pistols, and pistolets, Corselets with their Burganets, and Pikes, Armonish for horsemen, Lighthorsemens' staves, Muskets with their rests, and Bandaleirs, Harquebusies furnished, and also for other necessaries belonging Ordinance, as Serpentine & cornepowder for the Cannon, and other shot of all sorts and quantities, Scaling ladders and bridges, match and plate for ladles, platesheers, gabions for defence of the canoneers, okeham, and hair, hatchets, and hedgebilles, forges for smiths, with their implements, hammers, iron and steel, lead for small shot, moulds, stuff for cartages and fireworks, priming powder, with pings, rests, worms, wires, ramming staves, ladles, flasks, squares, rules, and other Geometrical instruments for planting, levying, and leveling of the Cannon.  
It is not to be thought that the Romans could have so boldly borne away many victories, with daily triumph, if the devise of Cannon and gunpowder had been known unto them: for these be grievous and almost dastardish impediments to men's valours, which only by violence of those ensigns are taken away before they can have space and opportunity, to make noble account of their heroical virtues; which example hath been and is so general and common, as that it need not be specified. The best use of them is for offence, as at the batteries of towns, castles, sconces, bulwarks and such like; for they will beat down the grossest walls, staunching the ditches, and moats under them with gravel and rubbish: but to bring them for battle into field (unless your battles be strong and very well instructed) is thought by divers wise Captains, vain, and difficult at execution: by good example of the Swissers, which about 88 years since in a battle against the French near Na●…rre, in a very so deign and stiff resolution charged them in the fiery mouths of their ordinance, being very many principal pieces of brass; driving them from their Tents & munition, which they recovering became Lords of that days service also. Such artillery must of force be well armed, either with walls, rampires, gabions, and such like defences, lest a resolute enemy seize upon them. Some say that the brazen artillery was known and invented many ages since, which Vin●…ntius Lupanus citeth out of Robertus Vulturius▪ but more certain it is that a ch●…isticall Monck devised the same in Germany. The Venetians were said to have the first use of them in their wars against the Genoveses Ann●…. 1380. To which pieces of Ordinance, divers names of birds and serpents were given; as F●…ulcons, Sacars, Muskets, Hawks, Basalisks, Crocodiles, Salamanders, Lizards, etc.  
The Treasurer's office in Camp being so well known (as at home) needeth not to be stood upon; only this he keepeth a muster-book of the prince's forces, pensions, and allowances, distributing to the several offices and places in the field according to their stipends which execute them; which I said in the peaceable Treasurer before, must be well husbanded and stored; so that the soldier in service (whether he pray upon his enemy's spoils or not) be not wanting of his wages, nor pray payment at the Treasurer for which he serveth, being so dearly bought with continual hazard of life, which he so nobly doth adventure. The General likewise (respecting his prince's honour) should satisfy himself with a little, that he may gratify, reward, and aid the just soldier in more. And hence happeneth it that the Prince militant shall have great occasion to move his people in the common cause: for the reason well reacheth, that such as in peace till their grounds at home, should for the preservation thereof, and of their own wives, lives, and children sleeping at ease, contribute to their noble and true hearted countrymen; whose able minds and bodies are vigilantly devowed, and p●…cularly sacrificed for their general safeties in the field.  
Concerning the Sergeant mayor of the whole army, who disposeth according to the directions of the Lord Marischall and Colonel general, all the forms of instructing, and marching of the battles, it wear altogether superfluous, and might rather increase ●…autologies, then profit the Reader. And these above recited offices are all of counsel with the L. lieutenant general, all the rest being inferior, and by deputation subject to them.  
In the watch-Captaines, scouts, escurriers, rounders, and centrenels; likewise in all sorts of private soldiers and military Commanders, vigilancy is principally needful. How many surprisals of towns, castles, pieces, houses; how many camisadoes in Camps, sudden eskairmouches, violent and bloody ●…allies and triumphs have been showed, to the continual shame of negligent and slothful soldiers. And therefore it is a parable or similitude from the spirit of God delivered in the Gospel, Vigilate & esto●… parati; ignoratis eni●… qu●… subi●…●…rit f●…ris adventus: For enemies may fitly be resembled unto thieves, which by wily means and hidden stratagemmes against all oaths, treagues, and promises, will many times infringe and violate their faith and honesties: as Macrobius captain of the Carthagenians used the Assyrians his enemies, whom (being drunk with wine, and mandragora) he most insidiously slaughtered: for had not that advantage encountered them, it would have been very doubtful of the victory. And therefore as it is the captains duty to direct and vigilantly to look unto the charge of his watches; so doth the soldier show no less honour in careful obedience for his own security, next after the state of his prince and country; which (if the captains do neglect) ought to be with due severity punished in them. We read that Moses (who was a careful warrior against the Egyptians) did send out s●…outs, centrenels, and escurriers: and that josua that divine and triumphant captain (purposing the destruction of jerico) scent espials which were lodged in Rhahabs' 
Ios●… chap. 20.  house. When Saul had pitched in Hachilah before jeshimon, David sent 
S●…. 1. chap. 26.  espials out of the wilderness, which brought tidings of his approach.  
There is a kind of soldiers which are chief men of the nobler sort used amongst the Frenchmen, which in that Realm are by common and ancient custom in time of special service, to maintain themselves, and servants in those wars three months; the Frenchmen call them ban, and Retrobanne. Which as Procopius saith, Romani bannum, signum dixerunt, & bandoferum, ducis 
Lib. 4. bell. ●…andal.  belli signum ferentem: the Romans did call this word bannum, that which we call ensign, and Bandoferus him which beareth the captains ensign▪ & from thence should seem that anciently the name of ensigns were called banners; wherein certain emblems and armory of the noble leaders and captains were known and distinguished from others: also when any public edict was divulged or proclaimed it was called Bannire, & in bannum solvere, which signifieth as much, as to set it to the view and knowledge of the whole host. Likewise the creation of knights according to their deserts after the wars, being many and of divers orders, I will not insist upon because they be so well known. The creation of knights, bannerets (which is under the prince's standard, being displayed) is the most honourable knighthood in the field: for they be called equi●…es redubitati, twice knighted, for their martial prowess: & such as in honour of war, and for their noble achievements by military worthiness, attain knighthoods of collars, such as the Chevalliers sans ●…proch, devised by Lewis the eleventh at Ambois 1469. of the first Institution being thirty six Nobles of the Realm, and since more according to the King's pleasure, and such Noble men his friends of other nations, as for their valour in serving him in his wars are invested to that honour at this day: Likewise the order of Saint George, instituted by King Edward the third: the ceremonies whereof being so well known and celebrated at Windsor, I let pass; with that Order of the golden Fleece, which Philip Duke of Burgundy instituted at Dijoun in France, which King Philip of Spain and the Emperor Randolph, by right of the Emperor Charles the fifth (whose mother was heir of that Duchy) at this day retain, as their order of honourable Knighthood: and all these noble Orders with divers of like fashion first devised as a reward and m●…d of their military virtues: and in that respect, the Romans did bestow upon their worthiest captains and military commanders, horse and furniture, with rich comparisons, bracelets, chains, girdles, and crowns of pure gold, lan●…es, with other warlike habilimen●…, and armory: such as Cicinius Dentatus received of them for his fortitude showed in their wa●…es, which were golden spurs and a sword, with the kings personal embrace▪ as our 〈◊〉 of honour are created at this day. The most famous and best renowned soldiers that in our times have been noted, were Ambrose Dudley the old Earl of Warwick, Thomas Ratcliff Earl of Sussex, the three brethren of that honourable race of Ricot, the two noble and unfortunate Earls of Essex, both deceased, the father and son, the Lord Willoughby late Governor of Berwick, Sir Roger Williams, Sir Philip Sidney, who singeth in heaven crowned both with martial and civil garlands, Sir Thomas Morgan: but there have been so many, and yet are of gallant heroical spirits alive amongst us; that it were infinite to reckon, and would rather bring one into suspicion of that fault (for which I detest to converse in the houses of great princes) than any way●…s answer to the worthiness, of them whom I commemorate.  
And here lest I might unhappily seem too curious or tedious, will I knit up my labours, satisfying myself with a little taste of some principles in every counsel: forasmuch as (if I should write all that aught in these discourses to be set down) it would be both infinite in regard of the matter, and needless if your Grace respect the learneder writings of others: not craving more than benevolence for my voluntary liberality, which is the best treasure that a double poverty proceeding from my single fortunes in ward, and exterior affordeth. From the profane multitude full of error and confusion (whose opinions distand from verity so far as England (according to 〈◊〉 tables) is divided from the Indies) I will appeal by protestation: that, they which lean upon vain hope and idle counsels, which threaten and disdain sea-storms, slothfully wallowing in their warm beds at land, and which in tempestuous times are immeasurably blasted with ignominious fear and pusillanimity may not be taken for equal judges of my studies. How mean my matter is, how naked my sentences, how little my travels, how bare my knowledge, I must acknowledge, that I know; neither is it written in arrogancy; and it is well spoken, that nothing can be spoken, which hath not been first spoken: and I will pray that my studies (being published) may not be forespoken with i●…enomed tongues, swollen too great for their mouths; but to them that are just and truly noble, I will simply submit them, such as they be with all modesty, heartily loathing (as I still profess) without and within, all ostentation and hypocrisy.  
All Glory be to the blessed seed of all, in all immortal perfection of incomprehensible goodness, everlastingly reigning in that unconceivable power of salvation by miraculous faith inanimate, in the true charitable root of the ineffable Trinity, mystically revealed in omnipotent unity.  
FINIS.   

Imprinted at London by Adam Islip. 1606.