PALLAS ARMATA, OR Military Instructions for the Learned: And all Generous Spirits, who affect the Profession of Arms. THE FIRST PART. Containing the Exercise of Jnfanterie, as well Ancient, as Modern Wherein are clearly set down all the Postures and Motions, belonging to Battalions of Foot. PRO PRINCIPE ET PATRIA INUTRUMQVE PARATV Printed at Edinburgh by the Heirs of Andro Hart, 1627. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE, and NOBLE LORD, JOHN Earl of Rothes, LORD Leslie, etc. MY Noble LORD, It is not unknown to Your Lo. what perfect concord is between Mars and the Mu●es, and how much the Brave & renowned Persons of Ancient times were endued with the knowledge, both of Letters and Arms, that both in Peace & War, they might be serviable unto their Country: Epaminondas, Themistocles, Aristides, Photion, Alcibiades, and mante other Brave Grecians, As also Fabius, Cato, Piso, Pompeius, and many other excellent Romans can bear witness: But the Grecians did excel all Nations in both, and were the first, that out of a long practice & experience, reduced the knowledge of Arms to an Art, and gave instructions for right exercising and due ordering of a Battle: for which effect, they had Schoolmasters called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, who taught the Art Military: whose precepts the (a) Veget. de ●e milit. lib. 3. in Prologo. Romans themselves thought no disparaigement to put in practice, & commit to writ: Wherefore a well governed Commonwealth, aught to have a care, so to instruct her Children, that they may be steadable to Herboth in Peace and War: And a well affected Subject aught to enable himself to do service to his Country, by the studies, both of Mars & Minerva. Hence is it that I, although least in power, yet not the last in affection, have ever endeavoured to enable myself to serve my King and Country, both by Book and Sword, and applied my mind in my Travels, to learn and practise all that I could in the Art Military: wherein, what I have obtained by mine own experience, study, or conference with learned Soldiers. I have adventured to publish for the use & benefit of my Countrymen, and chiefly of my fellow lawyers, not so much that I think any Works of mine worthy of light; but only to stir up those of better spirits to do more perfectly in this subject. This Treatise I have presumed to Dedicate unto your Lo. in respect the matter doth much become You, as well for the martial Virtues already shining in You, as for the Sympathy that your honourable Birth and Nobility hath with this subject of which I treat, being War and Arms: War, the exercise of true Courage and Fortitude, the Art and pastime of Kings & Princes, the Theatre of Honour and Glory: And therefore a fit Court for your Lo. to walk into, who aims at nothing, but what is Noble, Heroic, and Glorious. And moreover, your Lo. being not only a Favourite of Mars but also of Minerva, having your mind equally affected, & perfected in the studies, both of War & Peace (although your years and the quietness of by past times, in the first, hath not yielded you much experience) deserveth to be crowned, as well with the Laurel as the Olive and therefore fitly chosen by me to be a Protector to Armed Gown; men, seeing most justly, ye deserve to be a Tutelar Patron to men of both professions; So that men of Arms ought to offer unto You, as to their Mars, & men of learning ought their vows unto You, as to their Apollo. Pyrrhus, Hannibal, & julius Caesar, the bravest Generals that ever lived, were both learned, & Marshal, & did use the Pen no less, than the Pick as their memorable exploits, & their choice writings do testify: The works of Caesar are amongst our hands: the writings of the other two, are perished by the injury of time, but were extant in the days of (b) Aelian▪ Tact. lib. ●. cap. 1. Plutarch. in P●rro. & in Hanib. Emil. Prob. in Han ib. Aelian Plutarch & Aemilius Probus. Great Alexander himself is not renowned so much for his many Diadems, as that he did delight in the understanding of the Acroamaticke Sciences: Of those Heroic Spirits. Your Lo. is a lively image, who trading their honourable steps, doth imitate them both in learning and Martial courage. I will not here speak of the completeness of your other eminent Graces and Virtues, wherewith ye are endued fare above your years (without any blemish of vices) of your beautiful Personage, your admirable Prudence, your rare & pregnat Wit, Your gracious affability, and courtesy, the only token of a true Noble mind, your zealous affection to do service to your KING and your Country, Your forwardness to assist and advance all honourable enterprisses, your singular judgement and understanding in affairs of all Natures, and the rest of your eminent and conspicuous Virtues, whereby Ye adorn and decore your Noble Race, which is one of the most Ancient, and most Illustrious of our Kingdom: So that I may boldly affirm, that Your Lo. in the Hight and Abundance of all Honourable and Heroic Virtues, doth Excelle, and Shin amongst the rest of the Nobiitie of our Age. Sicuti inter Stellas, Luna Minores. And therefore, how can I who am 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but love and admire in You, that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which most gloriously shinneth in You, to the admiration of all men. I have offered these instructions to your Lo. view and protection, that under the shadow of your name they may be sheltered from the envious censure of the Critics of our time, who are more ready to reprove, than to amend, to carp, than to set forth of their own. Neither do I offer this tribute to your Lo. as to add any thing unto your knowledge, whose mind is plentifully enriched with the perfection of all noble Arts, and Sciences, But only to testify my humble and bound duty to your Lo. For, the honour that I have to be tied to Your Lo. by Blood, being descended of your House, by my Grandmother, doth oblish me to consecrat all my endeavours unto You. Wouchsafe then My Thrice Noble Lord, out of your gracious generosity, favourably to accept, and protect this poor Present of mine, and to esteem the Author thereof to be for ever. Your Lo. most humble and affectionate Servant, T. K. To His Fellow Advocates. Ye are not forgetful (worthy Colleagues) when I entered into your Society: how I spoke of the great Harmony that was between Mars and Minerva, and the necessity of their coherence, although the Ignorant vulgar conceive in them, a great repugnance and contrariety: And how that I coming from my travels, where I had studied to better my mind, aswell with the knowledge of Arms as of letters, and had laboured to approve myself such a one Quem fora pacatum bellantem castra decerent. did enter in judiciariam Palaestram, where with you I might Exercere Togatae, Munera Militiae— & sine Sanguinis haustu, Mitia legittimo sub judice bella movere. But now the times are changed, according to the Dispensation of the Almighty, and everturning vicissitude of the World: The Temple of janus which hath been long shut, is now opened, & there is an Invasion threatened by the Enemies of this Kingdom: It is your parts to put off your Gowns, and to take the Sword in your hands for defence of your Country: Ye are Patrons of all men in this State, and with your tongues ye defend their Lands, & their goods as your Clients, and ought ye not aswell to prove Patrons to them, when not their goods and their Lands, but their lives, and their liberty are in question, & not theirs, but your own also: & not only theirs and yours, but the Honour of our Prince, the safety of our Country, th● standing of our State is in danger: Nunc pro aris & fo●is di●●icandum est. Ye have examples of this, in Ancient times, and all well governed commonwealths had their men ready for both: The fountain of Greek eloquence Demosthenes (to omite Pericles, Themistocles, Alcibiades, Epaminondas, and many other Brave Grecians, who did excel both in learning and faits of Arms) was a resolute Soldier and did use the Sword for defence of his Country (although Plutarch most unjustly▪ blaemisheth his courage, with the note of covardice at Thermodon) and did behave himself very valiantly in all exploits, as he shown at the taking in of (a) Polyenus Stratag. lib. 3. in Demost. Pilus from the Lacedæmonians & in overthrowing the Peloponesians, who exceeded him fare in number. All the Grave Roman Orators: The Fabii, Camilli, Scipiones, Pisones, etc. were also expert Soldiers, and being In utraque militia fagata & togata pariter exercitati did as good service to their Country in time of war with their Swords, as they did in time of peace in their Robs. And there was none of eminency amongst them that did not enable himself to be such a one, who Si bella vocabant, Miles erat, si pax positis toga gestiat armis. Cato was a grave Orator and brave Soldier, and did write of the Art Military. Plutarch in his life setteth down his valiant acts against Antiochus & testifies of his learned writings (b) Veget de re. milit lib. 2. cap. 3. Vegetius sayeth thus of him: Cato ille maior cum & armis invictus esset, & consul exercitum sepe duxisset, plusse reipublicae credidit profuturum si disciplinam militarem conferret in literas, Nam unius aetatis sunt res quae fortiter fiunt, quae vero pro utiltate Reip. scribuntur aeterna sunt: And in another place, he citeth (c) Veget de re. milit. lib. 1. cap. 15. his Books, de disciplina militari, which by injury of time are perished. The Prince of Latin Orators himself if he had not been sufficiently instructed in the knowledge of Arms, he could never have acted his part so bravely in preserving the Commonwealth from the conjuration of Catiline: And having the Roman Army committed unto his charge in Cilicia did wisely & valiantly carry himself in all exploits, and gained such notable victories at Amanus, that he was declared Imperator, & a Triumph (d) Plut in Cicer. discerned unto him by the Senate, which out of a humble modesty he refused. A short narration of this, ye shall find in his own (e) Epistola. lib. 2. ep. 10 & lib. 45. ep. 4. Epistles: And in divers of them, he styleth himself M. T. Cicero Imperator: That he did alike worthily behave himself in his Arms as in his Gown for his Country, ye shall see the testimony of Cato in an Epistle to him: (f) Epistola●. lib. 15. ep. 5. M. Cato. M. Cicer. Imperatori. S. P. D. Quod & Resp. me & nostra amicitia hortatur libenter facio, ut tuam virtutem innocentiam diligentiam cognitam in maxi nis rebus, ●ogati domi, Armati foris, pari industria administrari gaudeam. Calphurnius Piso, descended of the Noble and warlike house of the Pisones To whom it is said, Armorumque decus praecede forensibus acts, was himself a brave and renowned Warrior, and also such a facound & eloquent Orator, that, how much he did by his discourse in pleading, ravish the heart of the judge, and by his forceable speeches move his mind to sorrow, joy, anger, or any passion he pleased, may be seen in these words, (g) Luean. ad Pisonem● Laudibus ipsa tuis resonant fora: namque ubi Piso judicis affectum, possessaque pectora tentas Victus sponte suà sequitur quocunque vocasti, Flet si fl●re libet, gaudet gaudere coactus, ●ttedante capit judex si non habet iram. And thereafter, Quis non attonitus judex tua respicit ora? Quis regit ipse suam nisi per tua pondera mentem. I will give you but one instance of our own days: Brave Desdisguieres, so much beloved of Henry the Great, the late French King, was an Advocate in the Parliament of Aix, and finding that he might be also steadable to his Country by the Sword, did take Arms, and by long and fortunate service came to that perfection of the art Military, that for his martial valour he was both honoured at home, by receiving the Supreme Dignity of his Kingdom, & was also such a terror to the Enemies of his Country, that I have seen them affright their children, with the name of Aldiguera. But what do I talk of Mortality? The fountain of all Arts and Sciences, The Eternal Himself is a Soldier as the (h) Exod. chap. 15. vers. 3. Scripture sayeth: The Lord is a Man of War, His Name is JEHOVAH. But I will go further on with you, and evidently prove the profession of Arms, not only to become your profession & fitly to be joined therewith, but also to be fare more Noble & more excellent, then yours, or any other else: I will not produce Testimonies from martial men lest ye reject them as partial, but I will bring an irrefragable conclusion from him, whose sentence I hope ye will not decline, and it is from your own Doctor and Master, who although out of an inconsiderate Poetical humour, did cry, Cedant arma togae: Yet when he was in his own settled and wise disposition, he freely confesseth the verity, and sayeth. (i) Cicero. in Orat. pro L. Muraen● Ac●…nimirum (dicendum est enim quod sentio) Reimilitaris virtus praestat caeteris omnibus, haec nomen populo Romano, haec huic urbi aeternam gloriam peperit, hec orbem terrarum parere huic imperio coegit: Omnes urbanae res, omnia haec nostra praeclara studia, & haec forensis laus & industria, latent in tutela, ac praesidio bellicae virtutis: And immediately before, he said; Multo plus affert dignitatis res militaris quam juris civilis gloria; Vigilas tu de nocte ut tuis consultoribus respondeas, ille ut quo intédit mature cum exercitu perveniat; te gallorum, illum buccinarum cantus exsuscitat, tu actionem instituis, ille aciem instruit, tu caves ne tui consultores, ille 〈◊〉 urbes aut castra capiantur. And a little thereafter, Summa dignitas est in iis quae militari laude antecellunt, Omnia enim●quae sunt in Imperio & in statu civitatis, & iis defendi & firmari putantur: summa enim utilitas, siquidem eorum consilio & periculo cum repub▪ tum etiam nostris rebus perfrui possumus: What can be better and more truly said for the Dignity & Excellency of Military profession? Since then the carrying of Arms is a thing so Noble, so Generous so befitting your profession, I doubt not but ye will all apply your minds to the understanding and practice of the Art Military: For ye have Strength, Courage, judgement, Learning, and other qualities befitting a perfect Soldier: and in this ye add great praise and happiness to your Country: Seeing (h) Veget. de re milit. lib. 1. c. 13. Nihil est neque firmius, neque laudabilius, neque foelicius republica in qua abundant milites eruditi: I have set down some Military instructions for your use, which I have learned by sight and practice abroad in my Travels, or by discourse of learned Commanders, or by my own reading: Whereby I do not presume to instruct You, whose knowledge exceedeth mine in all things, but only to stir up you of greater gifts, than I, not only to take the Pen and publish more perfectly in this kind, but also to put the same in practice, as I have done, either abroad, or at home, for service of your Country. For Bellona and Minerva are my two Mistresses, whom I have this long time equally Courted, whose Service I have with equal affection prosecuted, although of them I have obtained but small Favours, being always infortunate in my love: Yet if any of you of better merit will give attendance upon them, ye may be better rewarded, and in this love, I will not envye, but will cherish my Corrivalles, and shall be ready to impart to any the small favours which I have received. So that at this time I have set down in the first part of my Treatise, as copiously & perspicuously as I could, the modern Exercise of Infantry, and hath clearly descriued all the Postures and Motions belonging to Companies, of Foot, together with them use, and manner how to perform them, and hath illustrate them by precepts of the best Tactict writters Aelian, & the Emperor Leo, giving you their own words, & confirming them by examples of practice, of the bravest Greek Commanders, to show you a conformity between the Ancient Military Discipline and our Modern. I doubt not therefore (worthy Colleagues) but ye will follow out really, that which I have aimed at; & hereafter accustom yourselves to do service to your Country, as well by the Sword as the Gown, Seeing it is a thing so Generons' so Honourable, & so convenient for your calling: I speak not to Base Spirits, whose only happiness is to live in a brutish sensuality, and to deride all Virtue, But to the Generous minded, who by following Virtue: and doing actions worthy of memory; are desirous, Ipsorum ut vivat post funera fama, Those I love, those I honour, to those I offer my endeavours, and to those I will be while I live. An affectionate Friend and Servant. T. K. To the indifferent Reader. NOBLE, worthy, and courteous Reader: although I have set out this Treatise, principally for the use of my Fellow-Lawers, coting the chief instructions and terms of Aelian and Leo (the best Masters of the Art Military) in their own Idiom; yet I have had a care to put the same passages in our language for the use and profit of those who understand not the Greek tongue, and have set down a plain description of all the Motiones of Infantry, with a demonstration of them in figures, so that I think they shall be facile and perspicuous to the meanest capacity, whereby I hope the Noble and worthy-minded Reader shall be alured, not only to a further understanding of Martial exercise, but also animated to put the 'samine precepis in practice for the well and service of his Country. For I hope, he is not ignorant of the worth and dignity of the Art Military: and how much It, and the professors thereof, have ever been esteemed in the World. (a) Plutar. in Lycurgo. Lycurgus in his Laws did Ordain, that no Epitaphe should be made, nor no man's Name remembered upon his Tomb, except of him who had been a Soldier, esteeming them only worthy of memory. When the several Provinces of Grecia sent their Ambassadors to (b) Plutar. in Pelopida. Artarxerxes, King of Persia, be preferred Pelopidas & the Theban friendship to the rest, because he heard they were the best Soldiers, & best practised in the faites of Arms: not respecting the wealth & power of the Athenians, Spartans', & other Cities. Philip of Macedon King of a poor Country, by exactly learning the Exercise of Arms, & practising a new military discipline invented (as some say) by himself, did not only fry his Kingdom from the oppression of the Poeonians & Illirians, but also subjected the most goodly rich Provinces and Cities of Grecia to his Crown; So that making a preparation against the Persians, he died, and left his young Son Alexander successor of his Kingdom, and of his Designs, who being carefully instructed by his Father in the discipline of Arms, and surpassing him fare in martial valour, Telamonem Aiax ut Pelea vicit Achilles, did not only execute his Father's designs against Darius, by overthrowing him in two great Battles, but also in a short time did overcome and subdue the most populous Kingdoms of Asia; And by terror of Arms, made all the World to tremble at his Name. The Romans rose from nothing to be Masters of the World, by no other means, but a continual Exercise of Arms: and when through laziness, they left off their use, they were over run, by the barbarous Goths and Vandals: And in the time of their Imperial Government, how many were there, who by Military virtue, did rise from a mean Birth and condition to Supreme Honours, yea, to Sway the Imperial Sceptre? As Severus, Pertinax, Valerius, Aurelianus, Maximinus, & many other, whom ye shall find in History. The Suyzers, a base mechanic Nation, of little account, being provoked by Charles of Burgundy, to take Arms against their will, like Oxen ignorant of their own strength, hath ever since continued in that course, & hath gained such credit & reputation amongst Christian Princes, that the mightiest of them are glad to buy their friendship at a great price. Our Neighbours the States of the united Belgic Provinces, lately were reputed, a dull, poor, lazy people, But by taking Arms, and maintaining the professors of Arms, they have not only vindicate themselves from subjection to a mighty and powerful Master, and gained Liberty, (which if it were not in our Age would seem incredible) But have come to such a height of wealth, and power, that they are extremely redoubted by their Enemies, and respected by their Friends. Hence it was, that our Heroic King ROBERT the First of most famous memory, left in His Testament, that our Scots should never make a long Peace with England: knowing well, that the Exercise of Arms was the only means to maintain our Credit, Honour, and Liberty, and that the desuetude thereof was the loss of all. Since then the benefit of the Art Military is such, that the poor have grown rich, the weak strong, the vile and abject, valorous and of good Fame: Since it is the only means to Conserve the Honour and Liberty of a Nation, I hope there are no worthy and Generous minds, but will apply themselves to Military exercise, and take Arms, if not for other ends, yet for defence of the Honour and Liberty of their Country, now when it is in danger: And I hope they will spend their Blood before they suffer this our Ancient and Noble Kingdom, which having ever been Externi immunis Domini, out-braves the rest of the Nations of the World, with Nunquam victa; now to be subjected, and to fall in the hands of any foreign usurper. A well governed Commonwealth in time of Peace, will prepare for War, knowing the course of the world, to be still subject to change and alteration (resembling the ebbing and flowing of the Sea.) & constant in nothing but inconstancy; yea, a well Settled Mind in time of Prosperity will prepare for Adversity, Metuens alteram sortem: How much more ought we, now, when the Time of Peace is gone, and the Days of War come upon us, when a fearful Invasion is threatened by a mighty and powerful Enemy; Now to rouse up our Spirits, and prepare for Resistance: Shall we be still slougishlie secure, and lie in a lavish senselessness, without making any address for Defence: Where is the Ancient Vigour of our Scottish Blood? Where are those, who not only at Home, defended their Liberty against foreign Hostility, limiting the proud Roman Triumphs at our Borders, & repressing the Fury of the Goathes, Danes, & Vandals, But also assisted their Friends, and Allies abroad? where are those, without whom, Nulla unquam Francis Fulsit victoria castris? Those (I say) who put Crowns upon Kings their distressed Friends heads: Those (I say) who at the Conquest of Italy, were always the first in acquiring, and last in surrandring, when adverse Portoune brought necessity, (although that assistance be now by them, ingratfullie buried in oblivion:) Where are all those Brave Spirits now in this Age? Now (I say) when not our Friends & Allies stand in need of our help: But the Daughter of our King, the Sister of our Dear Sacred SOVEREIGN, is in extreme distress: The true and lively Image of his own Goodness, & Graciousness, A Princess, although suppressed by Fortune yet of Herself worthy, to whom the World should ascribe, and on whom the Heavens should bestow, the highest Degree of Glory, and Felicity, that Humane condition is capable of: Whose Worth no Lynes can express, nor Fame duly report of, Being endued with all Royal Graces and Virtues, and chiefly with an Invincible Fortitude of Mind, in the midst of Her Calamities, fare above the Condition of her Sex: She is by the consent of all; The Flower of Princes, The Grace of Queens, and The Queen of Graces, The Delight of the World, the Glory of Her Sex, yea, by confession of Her own Enemies, The jewel of Europe; A Princess whose rare Virtues are so infinite and eminent, whose Majestical Carriage is so sweet and so Gracious, that I dare avouch, Never Eye did see Her, whose Heart did not admire and adore Her. And when Her so many Princely Children partake Her Calamities, But above the rest, That most Hopeful Prince Frederick, Her first Borne: A Plant, out of which all Heroic Virtues do bud; Adorned with all Princely Qualities, of a singular activity in all exercises of body becoming His Highness, Of an Admirable judgement and Understanding in all Noble Sciences, fare above His Age; He is of so rare Hopes, and such exquisite Perfections, that I cannot remember Him without Admiration: I wish my Pen were as able to express Their due praises, as my Sword shallbe ready to Redress their Wrongs: Can a true hearted Britain live in Security, and think of the Distresses, of those Princes? Can a Mind any ways affected to Grace, & Virtue, not be commoved to see the very Temple of Virtue defaced? Can neither the duty which we own to those afflicted Princes, nor the Safety of our own Country, move us to taken Arms? Shall we be still slow in advancing the affairs of the Magnanimous and Invincible KING of Denmark: a Prince, who for his Royal Courage, His Incomparable Valour, His Compleetnesse in all Martial Virtues is to be paralleled with the Greatest Kings and Princes, and Bravest Generals that ever lived: who hath adventured His Life, His Crown, His Posterity, for our Quarrel, our Safety, and Restitution of these distressed Princes: who by His only power withholdeth the Enemy's Forces from falling upon us: Shall we then be still insensible of our own Danger, and of the Obligation which we own to this Most Valorous KING? Shall we contribute nothing to the furtherance of those levyes, which our Most Sacred SOVEREIGN, out of the Dutiful respect which he ought to Him, and the tender Love which He caries to His Dear Sister, and the Earnest Care which He hath of oursafetie, hes granted unto Him: O let it never be said! and let the averseness of sundry from this Service be amended, that they may eschew the note of Disloyalty to their King and Country, and of ill affected minds to these Princes: I can not likewise, but remember with due Praises those two Worthy and Generous minded Noblemen, who have left their Ladies, their Children, their estate in this Country, and with extreme difficulty, and great charges, have lifted their Regiments, and have consecrated their Fortunes, Blood, and lives, for the Service of their King, their Country, and those afflicted Princes, under the Banner of that Most Valorous CHRISTIAN General: and also all those Worthy Gentlemen, who have accompanied them in this expedition, as well Officers, as private Soldiers: And likewise all other Noblemen, Gentlemen, and well affected Subjects, who have bend their whole power to further and advance those Levies: What praise is due unto their merit? and with what Commendation ought they to be extolled? Let their Fame live for ever, and the Sincerity of their minds be known to all those who are interressed in our Quarrel. The example of those Brave Spirits (Noble and worthy Reader) I hope will allure You, either to follow them, that ye may be partaker of their Honour, (for I assure You that our Countrymen, both with that Magnanimous KING, and with all other Princes and States for their Military Valour are more respected, than other Nations:) or at least to Dedicate yourselves to a daily understanding and exercise of Arms at home, that ye may be able and ready to do Service to your Country in time of Danger. I speak not to Base vulgar minds, whom I know, no persuasions, nor examples will allure to follow Honour, who being naturally repugnant to all Grace and Virtue, and being unprofitable burdens to the Earth, make themselves to be esteemed unworthy of life: But to You, whose Noble Minds breathes after all Honourable and Vertoves Designs, who carry an upright and well affected heart to your Country, who are always ready to purchase her Quietness by painful Industry, her Honour with effusion of Your Blood, her Safety with lose of your lives: It is You, whom I exhort, It is You, whom I affectionately honour, and to whom I will ever approve myself. Your most dutiful Servant, T. K. D. THOMAE KELLIE Equiti Aurato, Libellum eruditum, De Re Militari aedenti, Simul & in Militiam, cum Mandato Serenissiimi Regis proficiscenti. SI bene de Patria meruitque & Caesare, leges, Qui Martis doctas rettulit in tabulas? Pro REGE & Patria, atque aris, sudore cruento Rugnasse, extremus si sit Honoris Apex? Gloria quanta tua est, nostram qui in praelia Gentem Pectore Mavorti, & ducis & arte doces? Aliud. SCinditur in partes pro Marte, & Pallade mundus, Palmam pro genio, dat fere quisque suo: Vincat uter, par erit Semper tua Laurea, sive Cedant arma togae, seu Literae, lituo. R. Balcanquall. PARAINETICON. Poor Rhine, and canst Thou see, Thy Natives Gore Thy Crystal Curls deface, Thy Nymphs so bright which be, Halfe-Blackamores embrace, And (dulled with Grapes) yet not resente Thy Case? Fallen are Thy Anadeames, O of such goodly Cities Famous Flood; Dimmed be Thy Beauty's Beams, And with Thy Spoils, and Blood, Hell is made rich, proud the Iberian Brood. And You fair Europe's Queen, Which hast with Lilies decked your purple Seat, Can You see those have been Stern Comets to Your State, On Neighbours Wrack to grow so hugely great? Look how much Iber gains, By as much lessened is Your flowery Throne; O do not take such pains On Bartholomewes' alone, But seek to reacquire your Pampelone. Brave People, which endwell The happiest Isle that Neptune's arms embrace, World, which doth yet excel In what first Worlds did grace, Do never to base servitude give Place. Marshalle your Wits and Arms, Your Courage whet with Pity and Disdain, Your deem your Allies Harms; All lose or reobtain, And either Palm or fatal Cypress gain. To this Great Spirits Frame If moulded were All Minds, all Endevoures, Can Worth thus All inflame, Than not this I'll were Ours Alone, but all between S●nnes golden Bowers. W. DRUMMOND. TO THE RIGHT Worshipful, His Dear Friend, Sr. Thomas Kellie Knight. WHO reads these Tacticts (Old new Art of Wars) Must ravished rest, although he knew no more, But knowing Thee an Actor in these larres, And Thine Adventures, must Thee more adore: Essential life This to Thy Book doth lend, Whilst that Thine Hand performs, what Wit hath penned. Thou makest Pallas truly to confess, A Corslet, than a Gown, now fits Her better: The Thracian God his precepts doth express In learned terms, and rests for this thy Debtor, And Themis ever silent 'mongst Alarms Speaks loud by Thee, an Advocate in Arms. A Thousand ways Thou dost display Thy Worth, Honoured of Mars, still honouring Apollo: Brave, learned, All where Thy Virtue's Beams burst forth, Beloved of Kings; O! who Thy Steps can follow? This Sympathy makes me above all other, Admire Thy Valour, love Thee as a Brother. Sr. G. Keith. Knight. To the Right Worshipful Sr. Thomas Kellie, Captain, & Gentleman of His MAJESTY'S Privy Chamber. EPIGRAM. Mar and Minerva both in one Conspire, To make the World, Thy high Attempts admire: Each day thou'rt seen, to trace the twofold Way, Which leads to Honours, sweet Immortal Bay: For by Thy Virtue, Thou hast raised again Thy blasted Stem, which Envies breath had stain, You from the Ashes of Oblivion rise, And by Your Worth and Virtues climbs the Skies: To King and Country, Thine affection dear, Claims on the Frame of Fame the highest Sphere, Arts, Arms, are only Thy proposed Aim, To make Thee gain a Great and Glorious Name: Since Thy Brave Mind affects such Noble Things, Thy Praise yet more shall flow from Mouths of Kings. ANAGRAMS. Sir Thomas Kellie Lo, Mars is like Thee, or als like Themis. Name's, oft agree with Fates, Thy Heaven bred Name, Lo, Mars is like Thee, doth express the same, Or als like Themis; These make All to know, The divers Gifts Heavens do on Thee bestow, The justice and the Courage they Thee give, Shall make Thy Fame Eternally to live. W. Forbes. OF THE ART MILITARY. Of Footmen, and their Arming: Of drawing of them into bodies. Tit. 1. TAKTIKH, (a) Leo Tacticor. cap. 1 § 1. or the Art Military is defined by the Emperor Leo to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, A Science of warelike motions, and thereafter (b) Leo ibid. § 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. A General's Art of framing of Battles, and of Military motions and Arms. (c) Aelian Tact. cap. 3. Aelian the most accurrate of Tacticke writters citeth the former out of Aeneas his book of Tactickes, which by the injury of time hath perished. The preparations for War, are of two sorts (saith the Emperor (d) Leo. ibid. § 7. Leo and (e) Ael. Tactic. cap. 2. Aelian) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: The one are Land-forces, who fight upon Land, the other naval forces, who fight upon Sea. The Levees for Land service, are twofold, (f) Vterque, ibid. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Some are that fight, some are that fights not, but cometh for their use that fights: as Physicians, Clerks, Merchants, Chirurgeons, Women, and all those that follow the Camp, for the necessary use of the Army. Those who fight are either (g) Vterque. Ibid. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Foot men, or Horsemen. I will treat at this time of footmen only: of their arming, ordering, and exerceasing. The Footmen than are either (h) Aelian. Ibidem. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 armed, or naked, that is, heavy armed or light armed: as for the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 I reckon them with the light armed. The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 had a complete armour covering the body, called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Target for defence: and a long 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Pick of (i) Aelian Tactic. c. 14. 14. some of 16. cubits long, which is 21. or 24. foot, for offence. The light armed had for offensive arms only Arrows, Deartes, and Slungs. The Roman heavy armed, called, Scutati, was of three sorts, Hastati, Principes & Triarij. The light armed, called, Velites, were Sagittarii funditores and ferentarii. How they were armed, see (k) Veget de re militari lib. 2. cap 15 & 16. Vegetius (l) Polyb. Hist. lib. 16. Sect. 8. and Polybius; for I will not burthing this short Treatise with citations of antiquities, my purpose being to treat only of the Military discipline used in our days. Ye shall therefore know that our Pickemen and our Musquetiers serveth in place of the Greek and Roman heavy armed, and light armed, our Pickemen resembleth their heavy; our Musquetiers their light armed, since the invention of Artillery. The Arms which our Pickemen are accustomed to carry, are: a Head-peace, or Morion, a Gorget or Craige-peace, a Corslet, or Cuirace with Taces; I have seen some wear Puldrons or arm Pipes, and those are defensive: his offensive arms, are a Sword, and Pick of 15. foot long, shorter than the Grecian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: The Arms of a Musketeer offensive, are a Musket, the Barrel of the length of four foot, the bore of 12 bullets to the pound: Bandelier with 12 charges at the least, primer, bullet Bag, and pruning iron, with a Rest of a length proportionable to his stature, and a Sword. As for defensive Arms, he hath none, although in some parts I have seen them wear an Head-peace. The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 amongst the Greeks', were ordered in bodies by themselves, and had their own Officers, differing both in command and appellation from the Officers of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of a Phalanx: for a Company of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 consisting of 16. files, and containing four dilochies, was called, (m) Ael. Tact. cap. 9 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the commander of it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: But a Company of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, consisting of as many files, was called, (n) Aelian. cap. 16. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Leader of it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and had their own Colours carried by their own 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, who was distinguished from the enseignie of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the deipth also was but half so much as the other. A Regiment of armed, containing 16. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, was called a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and the Commander of it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: a Regiment of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 containing 16 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was called a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Commander 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and so forth, which all ye may see in (o) Ael. Tactic. cap. 9 & cap. 16. Aelian: The Roman Velites, sick like were not comprehended under the maniples of the Legion, but were ordered by themselves, and had their own Commanders. In our modern Discipline, we differ from them both: for our Pickemen and our Musqueteirs concur together, to make, up one Company, and one Regiment under the command of the self same Officers, and are alike ordered, and alike framed for service, and follow both of them one Colours. All Soldiers then both Pickemen & Musquetiers, according to our Discipline are collected into Companies, Companies into Regiments, Rigiments into one Army, which are all under the command of a General (whose duty the Emperor Leo sets down through his whole Book of Tactickes) Every Company hath for Officers of the field: A Captain, a Lieutenant, an Ensign, (whom the English corruptly calleth Ancient), two Sergeants,, three Corporals, with their Lanzprazadoes: those resembleth the Officers of a Grecian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, who were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, (p) Aelian. Tac. cap. 9 as Aelian showeth. Every Company hath also two Drums a Furrier forlodging the Company, (but in the Low-countries the Sergeant dischargeth this duty.) A Provoost, a Clerk, and Chirurgeon. Companies are not always of alike number: Some have 100 some 200. some 300. men; sicklike Regiments containeth not always alike number of Companies; some have 10. some 15. some 20. Companies; and in this we differ from the Grecian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who did always consist of one equal number of Files. A Regiment hath for Officers of the Field, a Colonel, a Lievetenat Colonel, a Sergeant major, and for Delinquents, a Provoost marshal a Quartermaster for lodging the Regiment, a proviant Master for providing of victuals, a Chirurgeon. The Spanish Discipline admits no Lieutenant Colonel to a Regiment, nor Lieutenant to a private Company, but maketh the Sergeant major discharge the place of the one, & the Alfiero or Ensign the place of the other. The duty of these Officers who have not yet learned them by practice. may read them in a Treatise published by the illustrious (q) C. Mansf. in his directions of war. Count Mansfeilde, or at the least in his name: and in Markham's Epistles of war, and in sundry others, for I will only at this time insist in the exerceasing of a Foot Company. A Company is a Body of men composed of Files. Of Files and Ranks. Tit. 2. A File or String called by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is defined by (a) Aelian Tact. cap. 4. Aelian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. A number of men from one Leader, and his followers to the last man: and again, (b) Aelian Tact. cap. 5. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. A row of followers placed after a Leader, every one according to his worth. We define it commonly to be. A Sequence of men standing one behind another back to belly. (c) Man's. in his direct. of War Count Mansfeilde calleth a File which consist of 10. Soldiers armed alike, whereof every one knoweth his place; all of them standing in a direct Line downward, behind one another, and comprehended between the Leader and the bringer up. The File is the deipth or thickness of the battle. The number of a File is uncertain, and variable according to the diversity of Discipline of every Nation; and according to occasions (d) Aelian Tact. cap. 4. Aelian saith, that the Files of the Grecian Phalanx were some times 8. some times 12. but most ordinarily 16. deep, yet some times of 50 deep, as you may see in (e) Zenoph. hist. Grec. lib. 6. 596. Zenophon, at the Battle of Leuctra, the Thebans were ordered 50 deep: but Cleombrotus drew up the Lacedæmonians 12. deep (f) Zenophon d. l. 6. num. 605. Agesilaus bringing his Army out of the strait of Mantinaea, ordered them in 9 deep; but I think the Text be corrupted: for all odd numbers are rejected by Tactics, as unfite for doubling. The Emperor (g) Leo Tactic. c. 4. § 94. Leo giveth command to his General, to make the Files of the foot Battles 16. deep, and the front according to the number of his men: But I find in (h) Veget de re militari. lib. 2. cap. 8, Vegetius and (i) Polyb. hist. lib. 6 Sect. 9 Polybius, that the Files of the Roman maniples consisted only of 10. men: the File was called, Decuria or Contubernium, the Leader of it Decanus, Decurio, or Caput Contubernii▪ The deipth of a File according to our modern Discipline is 10. howsover the Spaniards and the Italians maketh it incertain: for the deipth of 10. is thought a sufficient thickness to receive all charges. Every man in his File is placed according to his worth and dignity; The first man in dignity is first in place, and is called by (k) Leo Tac. cap. 4. § 71. Leo and (l) Aelian. Tac. cap. 5. Aelian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Leader, or Forestander: He hath commandment over his File, & seethe that every one of them do their duty both in March and Fight, and in exercease, as he moveth and turneth, so must the rest of his File do. The second man in dignity is last in place, and is called (m) Leo and Aelian ibid. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bringer-up, or Reare-commander. He hath command over the File next unto the Leader, and seethe that those before him keep a right Line. The third and fourth dignity is in the 5. and 6. place, and they are called middle-men, the one middle-man to the Front, the other middle-man to the Rear. The fist, sixth, and seventh Dignity are in the 2.9 & 4. places. The eight, ninth, and tenth Dignity in the 7.3. and 8. places, as this Table showeth. Number of place. Number of dignity. 1. 0. Leader 1. 2— 5. 3.— 6 4— 7. 5. 0. Middleman 3. To the Front. 6. 0. Middleman 4. To the Rear. 7.— 8. 8— 10. 9— 6. 10. 0. Bringer-up. 2. joining of Files, produceth Ranks, which is called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; for if ye jone 6. Files or 8. Files together, ye make 6. men, or 8. men in a Rank, and the more Files ye join, the more ye extend the length of your Battle; for as the File measureth the deipth or thickness, so doth the Rank the length of the Battle. Those who are in one File are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Leaders and followers Those of one Rank, are called, Of Ranks. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or Sidemen. A Rank than is. A row of men standing one by another, in a right Line, shoulder to shoulder, or as Aelian describeth it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 When the sidemen beareth strait forth in length. The length is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & it is the dimension of the Battle from the one wing or Flank to the other. The deipth is called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and it is; the dimension of the Battle from the Front to the Rear. The first Rank is: A row of File Leaders, and is called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Frons, Acies. The Front. The last Rank is: A row of Bringers-up, and is called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cauda the Rear. As men in their Files are placed according to their worth, so are the Files ranked in the Battle according to their dignity: The first place of dignity hath the File on the right hand, which is the right Flank. The second place hath the File on the left hand which is the left Flank, being the tenth (if there be only 10. in Rank.) The third and fourth dignitic, hath the 5. and 6. Files, which are in the midst of the Ranks. The fift, sixth, and seventh dignity, hath the 2.9. and 4. Files. The eight, nynth, and tenth dignity hath the 7.3. and 8. Files. Lief Flank. Number of place. Right Flank. 10. 9 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2 1. 0. 1. 1. 1. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 0. 2. 6. 10. 8. 4. 3. 7. 9 5. 1. Number of dignity. Count Mansfeilde his discourse in this varieth from his Table. C. Man's. in his Direct. of war. Pag. 31. & 32. Every man in the first Rank is Leader of a File; every man in the first File is Leader of a Rank. ABCD This Figure, A, B, C, D, showeth you the distinction and disposition of Ranks and Files, A. B, is the Front. C. D. the Rear. B. D. the right Flank. A, C, the left Flank. The Lines A. B. and C D. with the others between them, are Ranks consisting every one of 10 men. The Lines B. D. and A C with the others between them, are Files consisting every one of 10. men also. The number of Files, is from B to A, which is the length of the Battle: The number of Ranks, from B. to D. which is the deipth of the Battle. From B. to D. are Leaders and Followers, from B. to A. Sidemen. In placing our best men in the Front, of the Battle, & putting our bravest Soldiers in the Auantgarde of the Army, we follow the custom of the Grecians, who put always their choicest Soldiers, in the Front of the Phalanx; contrary to the custom of the Romans, who placed the Maniples of their Hastati Soldiers of least experience in the Front of the Legion; their principes Soldiers of better worth in the middle; their Triarii the oldest Soldiers, and of greatest valour in the Rear, who were not to join with the Enemy, till the former had been beat or retired. Of Distances. Tit. 3. Soldiers being armed, and put in a Body, they must then know their distances, for all Ranks ought to be parallel one to another, as also Files; and therefore, a Soldiers chief care, should be to have an eye to his Leader & his Sideman, that he may keep an equal distance both in his Rank and File; for: not keeping of distance, breeds confusion, and ofttimes is the cause of the overthrow of a Battle, and too much thronging together, maketh a Soldier unable to use his Arms, too much standing removed, weakeneth the Battle, and maketh way to the Enemy to break it: as (a) Veget. de. re. Militari. lib. 1. cap. 26. Vegetius pertinently admonisheth. Nec ultra magis quam expeditant conglobent agmen aut laxent; nam constipati perdunt spatia pugnandi & sibi in vicem impedimento sunt; & rariores atque interlucentes aditum perrumpendi hostibus praestant. Wherefore due distances are the midst betwixt those extremities. Distances than in our modern Discipline by the opinion of the most learned Commanaders are three, First, second, and third distance or open Order, Order and close Order. Open Order or first Distance, is when your men both in Rank and File stand removed six foot from another. This distance contains 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 4. cubits in square; at this distance ye are to exercise your Company. Order or second distance is when they stand removed 3. foot both in Rank and File one from another: this distance is used, when ye embattle your Troops, and lead them against the Enemy, or when ye come to stand, or means to wheal the Body. This distance is called of the (b) Aelian Tact. c. 11. Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Densatio, and taketh up 2. cubits, that is three foot, as the former did 4. cubits, for a cubite is a foot and an half: Observe that when your Company marcheth, they must keep 3. foot between Files, and 6 foot between Ranks. Close Order or third distance, is when your Soldiers stand a foot and an half removed from File to File, and 3. foot from Rank to Rank, and this distance is only for Pickemen, when they charge, or receive the charge of the Enemy: For the Musquetiers are never to be closer, than three foot in square, because they must have a free use of their Arms. (c) Aelian Tact. c. 11. Aelian calleth this distance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Constipatio or a joining of Targets together, and taketh up a cubitt. There is also a double Distance, or open open Order, which containeth 12. foot betwixt Ranks and Files; and is used when ye march toward a Fort, to let the shot go through the Files: and when ye double your Files by conversion. Now the measure of those Distances cannot be taken justly by the eye; but the Soldier to learn them must account the distance of six foot to be betwixt File and File, when the Soldiers streatching out their airmes, toucheth one another's hands: and betwixt Ranks, when the ends of their Picks come well near to the heelles of them that march before: As for the Musquetiers, they must keep level with the Picks: And the measure of the 3. foot betwixt the Files, is when their Elbows toucheth one another, betwixt Ranks, when they come up to touch one another's Swords; The measure of a foot and an half betwixt Files, is when they join shoulder to shoulder. Many Commanders holds that open Order is not six foot in square, but is 12 foot in Rank, and 6. in File; Order 6. foot in Rank, and 3. in File: but I leave every man to his own opinion: For it is in Military Discipline, as in all others Sciences: Certant doctores & adhuc sub judice lis est. Always the former opinion is most received. What Distance and interval the Romans used betwixt the Maniples and Cohortes of their Legions (d) Veget. de re Militari lib. 3. cap. 15. see Vegetius. Of Marching. Tit. 4. AFter that a confused Body of men is orderly digested into Files and Ranks, and that every one of them knoweth their Distance; the next thing of consideration is how to make them March in due order. All Marches are either in Battle array or by divisions. I will not here touch the Grecian Marches, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; the knowledge whereof I remit the Reader to find in (a) Aelian Tactic. cap. 35. & cap. 36.37, 38. & sequent. Aelians Tactikes, but will only speak of the ordinary Marches used now a-dayes. Suppose then that ye have a Company of men consisting of 200. whereof the one half are Picks, and the other Musquetiers: and ye would draw them up in Battle. You must first know what should be the length of your Battle, that is, How many men ye should put in Rank, the deipth already known 10. which is speedily done thus: Divide your whole number 200. by the deipth 10. the quotus being 20. showeth you the length of your Battle, so that you have 20 in Rank, and therefore your Battle consisteth of 20. Files; 10. deep. Of those 20. Files, 10. are Picks, 10. Musquetiers: which you shall dispose after this manner. Set your 10 Files of Picks altogether: divide your 10. Files of Musquetiers, and draw them up, five of them upon the right hand of the Picks, and the other five upon the left hand of the picks, all fronting equally, so that the Body of your Picks shall be flanked, with your Musquetiers upon the right and left, as you see in the Figurs following, where P. signifieth the Pickemen, and M. the Musquetiers, for lack of better figurs to express them. ABCDEF Hear than ye see your 10. Files or body of Picks, are B. E. your five Files of Musquetiers on the right Flank of your picks, C. F. the other 5. Files of Musquetiers, on the left Flank, A. D. from C. to A. is the whole number of your Files as well Musquetiers as Picks; from C. to F. the number of your Ranks. Now if ye would march by divisions as being forced by the straightness of the ground, ye are to command the Body to make an halt, or stand, than ye command the five Files of Musquetiers which are on the right Flank of the Picks, to march out from the Body, till their Bringers up be before the File-Leaders of the Picks: And this shall be your first division of Musquetiers. Next ye are to command the five Files of Picks on the right hand, to march out from the rest, and to follow the Musquetiers Fileing evin with them but keeping a distance of 12 foot betwixt the divisions where the Ensign must march, and this shall be your first division of Picks; After them shall follow therest of the Picks, which shall be your second division of Picks, keeping also a distance as the former. Last of all shall follow the 5. Files of Musquetiers, which was on the left Flank of the Picks, and this shall be your second division of Musquetiers. The Officers of the Company must be thus placed: The Captain marcheth in the Front before the first division of Musquetiers; The Ensign with the Colours is to march before the first division of picks: The oldest Sergeant is to lead the second division of picks. The second Sergeant leads the second division of Musquetiers. The Lieutenant marcheth after the second division of Musquetiers, & bringeth up the Rear. The chiefest Drum beats in the first division of Picks, betwixt the 3. and 4. Rank; The second Drum beats in the first division of Musquetiers, betwixt the 3. and 4, Rank: but some by the contrary, maketh the chiefest Drum to beat in the first division of Musqueties, because (say they) the Captain ought to have the chief Drum with him: Some also I have seen make the Drum who marcheth with the Picks, to beat in the Front beside the Ensign, but those differences are not of great moment; if the Company have a third Drum, he shall beat in the last division of Musquetiers: The figure following expresseth this march clearclie. In this figure then. A. B. C. is the first division of Musquetiers, before which the Captain marcheth. In D. the second Drum beats betwixt the 3. and 4. Ranke. D. E. F. is the first division of Picks. C. D. is the interval, or distance betwixt the first division of Musquetiers, and the first division of Picks where the Ensign marcheth. In E. the first Drum beateth betwixt the 3. and 4. Rank of Picks. G. H. is the second division of Picks. F. G. the distance betwixt the two divisions of Picks, which is the oldest Sergeants place. I. K. is the last division of Musquetiers. H. I. the interval where the second Sergeant marcheth. K. is the place of the Lieutenant in the Rear. Now when ye come again to a fair Campaigne & desireth to march in Battle, to be the more ready to withstand the assaults of the Enemy. The Captain in the Front, commandeth the first division of Musquetiers to halt; then commandeth the first division of Picks, which the Ensign leadeth to march up upon the left hand of them; thereafter the first Sergeant, to bring up the second division of Picks upon the left hand of the former; Lastly the second Sergeant to march up with the second division of Musquetiers upon the left hand of all; & so they stand embattelled, as they were at the first. Observe when they march in Battle, the Ensign goeth in the Front of the Picks with his Colours fleeing, chiefly if he be in sight of the Enemy, or yet be going out, or coming into his Quarter, or entering upon Guard, but in fight, he is to retire into the middle Rank of the picks: The Drums beats also in the Front, but in fight, they must draw aside to the angles on the Flanks: The chief Drum is to attend the Captain, to deliver his Commands by touke of Drum to the Soldiers when the voice cannot be heard. The Sergeants marcheth in the Flanks, the oldest in the right, the other in the left: having care that every man march orderly, and keep his distance, and that no man go out of his Rank. The Lieutenant remains in the Rear, bringing up the Company, and seeing that no man fall back, but that every man do his duty. That which I have shown of a single Company, may be understood of a division of a Regiment, a brigada, or any greater Body: but than the divisions both of Picks and Musquetiers, must be framed according to the number of your Body, and the Officers are placed according to the Sergeant major his Direction. Observe, that when ye march by divisions & cometh to a narrow Straight, where only one or two can go in Front as over a little Plank or the strait of a Ditch: Ye must make them march away by Files leading out one File after another, or by Ranks, commanding Ranks to rank 1. or 2. or 3. according to the capacity of the Straight: and that either to the right or left hand, as the Straight shall lie upon the right or lef Flank of your division: If upon the right; then the right hand man marcheth fordward with his sideman, if the place suffer 2. and the nixt 2. sidemen of that Rank followeth: And so the rest of the Ranks, till all the divisions be passed over: which being done, he is to command Ranks. Rank as ye were: And so they return all to their first Station and Posture. Observe also, that if ye be to draw up your men in a battalion Quarre, or Square Battle (I mean of men, not of ground) that is a square Quadrate, which is a (b) Eucl. lib. 1. in defin. figure Equilateral and Rectangulare; whose Ranks and Files shall be of equal number: It is quickly and exactly done by extracting the radix quadrata, or the Square root of the number of your men, which will be both the length and deipth of your Battle: As for example, ye have 400. men to put in a square Battle, ye seek out the square-roote of 400 which ye find to be 20. And therefore in an instant you draw up your men 20. in File, and 20. in Rank. But if ye be to make up any other square Battle Quadrilaterall, which is (c) Evil. lib. 1. in def. Figura alter a part longior, called by the French battalion Quarreen longue, ye have nothing to do, but to divide the number of your men by the deipth given: and the quotus shall be the length of your Front, which I show before, as in this instance divide 400. by the deipth of 10. the quotus 40. shall give you 40. in Rank, and siclike of any greater number, the figure following A. B. showeth the first. C. D. the second. A.B. C.D. Observe by the way, that with a contrary operation, ye may at the first sight, find the number ofa Batallion, passing by it, and counting the length & the deipth thereof, & multiplying the one by the other as in the former instance, multiply 40. in Rank, by 10 in File, ye shall find the whole number to be 400. I will not here speak of the other Battles, which are not square, as of Round, Demilunar, concave or convexe, Rombus or Diamond, Triangle or Vedge, which is half a Diamond; and such like others; because they are not fit for march, neither are they now much used in Battle or fight, as also they are described (d) Aelian Tact. cap. 46, 47. by Aelian, where they may be found by any, who are curious to understand them. But before I go further, I must advertise of one thing, that the Soldiers be acquainted with the several beats of the Drum, and to understand when the Drum beats a Call, or Gathering; a March, a Troop, a Charge, a Retreat, a Relief; and according as the Drum beats, swift or slow, so to accommodate their motion: as to march slow or fast, to charge with greater or less violence, to retire with greater or less speed, and so forth. Of the several Postures of the Pick and Musket. 'tis 5. IN the next place, the Soldiers are to be taught the use and postures of the Arms, that every one of them doth carry, be they Pick or Musket, and to handle them gracefullie. The Postures then, which the Pickemen should use, either standing or marching, are these following: In the column upon the right hand, are contained the terms of command in our Scots Language: on the left the English: for I thought good to acquaint you with both, seeing sometimes the words are different. 1. Take up your Pick. 2. Shoulder your Pick. 3. Slope your pick. 4. Level your pick. 5. Order your pick. 6. Advance your pick. 7. trail your pick. 8. Cheek your pick. 9 Recover your pick from trail or cheek by palming. 10. Port your pick. 11. Charge your pick. 12. Charge to the right hand. 13. Charge to the left. 14. Charge to the Rear by the right or left. 15. Charge at the foot against horse and draw your Sword. 16. Lay down your pick. 1. Lift your pick. 2. Shoulder your pick. 3. Sclant-carie your pick. 4. Plate-carie your pick. 5. Over end, or set down your pick▪ 6. Mount your pick. 7. trail your pick. 8. By the point hold your pick. 9 Recover your pick by palming. 10. Porte your pick. 11. Present your pick fordward. 12. To the right hand, or right about present your pick. 13. To the left hand, or left about present your pick. 14. To the Rear, or to the lief rood about present your pick. 15. Foot your pick, and draw▪ your Swords. 16. Lay down your pick. Observe that those three Postures, Take up your Pick, Order your Pick, Lay down your Pick, are to be done only standing: The rest standing or marching: but ye must remark that when your Soldier's charge, standing to make them fall back with the right Leg, and marching to set fordward the left: Also they must know to charge to the right, to the left, to the Rear, from being advanced, ordered or shouldered, all alike ready, and with alike promptitude: For howsoever the Enemy appear, they must be ready to charge from every Posture they stand in. The Charging to the Rear by the left, is the most easy and most commodious motion: For the charging by the right (although it be much used by the French, when they command, Lafoy charge be a demytour a droit) is very troublesome and dangerous, & is discharged by the Law Country Discipline, for they being at close order, (which is the distance, wherein they Charge, or receive a Charge) and turning to the right hand, their Swords do chap and are entangled upon their Sidemen, so that they annoy their Sidemen, and themselves are hindered to turn, and therefore breeds a great embarras and confusion in the Battle. This Posture, Advance or Mount your Pick, (which the French calleth, Pique en haut, the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) is to be used in a Troop, and in exercising their motions. In a march they must always have their Picks Shouldered, either Level or Slop, as the word shallbe given: When they come through a gaten or port, they must port their picks, that is, carry them as as they were half charged: Upon an halt or stand, they must order their Picks, unless there be command to the contraire. When the whole Battle chargeth one way, the first 5. Ranks must only charge, they way commanded, and the other 5. (if they be 10. deipth) must only port their picks, & carry them so over the heads of the Leaders, that they no ways empesh them, either in charging or retiring: When they lift their Picks from their shoulders to charge, let them take heed to lift them in a right Line and parallel with their own File: for otherwise by inclining of them to either hand, they shall trouble their next Files. When Battles cometh to push of pick, good Commanders sayeth, that your pickemen must not push by advanceing and retireing their Arm as commonly is done; but only go jointly on together in a Rout without moving their Arms. The charge at the foot against horse, is not now used in the Low-Countries, but they charge over hand aloft: because (say they) they have the pick more at command to turn where they will. The Posturs' of the Musketeer are those following, our Scots in the right hand columme, the English in the left. 1. Take up your Musket, and your Rest. 2. Recover your Musket, & join your rest to your Musq. 3. Draw out your match. 4. Blow your match. 5. Cock your match. 6. Try your match. 7. Guard your pan. 8. Present by blowing your match and opening your pan. 9 Give fire. 10. Dismount your Musket, & carry it with your rest. 11. Vncocke your match. 12. Return your match. 13. Blow your pan. 14. Prime your pan. 15. Shoot your pan. 16. Cast off your louse powder. 17 Blow your pan lid. 18. Cast about your Musket, and traill your staff. 19 Charge your Musket. 20. Draw out your Ram stick. 21. Shorten your Ram-sticke. 22 Put in your Bullet, and ram down your powder & Bullet. 23. Draw out your Ram stick. 24. Shorten your Ram stick. 25. Put up your Ram stick. 26. Fetch your Musket forward with the left hand, and hold it up in the right, and recover the staff. 27. Shoulder your Musket, and carry your staff with it. 28. March, and carry your staff in your right hand. 29. Sink your Musket, and unshoulder your Musket. 30. Lay your Musq. on your staff. 31. Stand to your Sentinell posture. 32. Hold your Musket in your staff with the left hand, only in balance. 33. Lay down your Musket. 1. Take up your Musqut, and your staff. 2. Recover your Musket, and join your staff to your Mus. 3. Take out your lunt. 4. Blow your Lunt. 5. Cock your lunt. 6. Try your lunt. 7. Guard your pan. 8. Present or lay on by blowing your lunt, & opening your pan. 9 Give fire. 10. Take down your Musket, and carry it with your stâffe. 11. Vncocke your lunt. 12. Put your lunt between your fingers. 13. Blow your pan. 14. Morse your pan. 15. Shoot your pan. 16. Cast off your louse powder. 17 Blow your pan. 18. Cast about your Musket and trail your rest. 19 Charge your Musket. 20. Draw forth your succourer. 21. Shorten your succourer. 22. Charge with bullet and ram down your powder & bullet. 23 Draw forth your succourer. 24 Shorten your succourer. 25. Return your succourer. 26. Bring about your Musket, and poise it, and recover your rest. 27. Shoulder your Musket, and carry your rest with it. 28. March, and carry your rest in your right hand. 29. Slip your Musket, and unshoulder your Musket. 30. Rest your Musket. 31. Stand to your Sentinell Posture. 32. To your saluting Posture. 33. Lay down your Musket. Observe that all this multitude of Postures in service, are redacted to three, Make ready present, and give fire. The Musketeer upon a March is always to have his Musket shouldered, and the Rest in his right hand, his left upon the Butte-end or head of the Musket: Although I have seen many Soldiers and chiefly the lazy Duchess, to carry their Musket with their hand upon the Barrel, and the mouth before them, which is an unseemly Posture, and very unready for service. Upon one halt or stand the Musketeer is always to rest his Musket, unless he have command to the contrary. The Musquetiers are to carry the mouth of their Musket high, as well when they are shouldered, as when they prime or guard their pan, or come up to give fire: And when they blow their Match, they are to bring their Musket to their mouth, and not to stoop to it. A Musketeer in making ready, and in falling away through an division, or by countermarch, must take good heed to carry his Musket in a evin strait line with his File, for if he carry it cross, he will disturb his neighbour Files. When they give fire against the Enemy, being in open Field, they must aim no higher, than the Girdle of a man: But within a Trench or Parapet; where perchance nothing shall be discovered, but the head of the Enemy, they must aim at that part which appeareth. How those Postures, as well of the Pick as Musket, are to be performed, may be somewhat understood by the figures which are set down in his Excellence Grave Maurice, his Book of postures, but they are never to be learned without action and practice. Of Motions, and first of Faceing. Tit. 6. Soldiers then being Armed, and drawn up in an orderly Body, and knowing their distances, marches & Postures: The chief thing thereafter that they are to learn, is their Motions, which are the life of an Army, for as the Soul is to the body, so is Motions to a Battle: and it is assured that a few number of men well disciplined, and being perfect in their Military Motions, are able to rencontre and overthrew great multitudes without practice of Arms 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (a) Aelian Tact. cap. 3. (sayeth Aelian) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, We find often great Forces to be by their disorder overcome by a few well ordered and exercised, and therefore; the chief thing that Soldiers are to understand, is their Military Motions, for the Science of their Motions, is the definition of the Art Military: These then, I shall set down in some few Titles with as great variety and perspicuity as I can, touching only the ancient exercise in so fare as it is a ground, or doth agree with our modern Discipline. The Motions of Troops are two fold: of the whole, or of a part: of the whole, either in keeping ground, or changing ground: Keeping ground when every person moveth in his proper place, as in Faceing: Changing ground, when the Battaillon changeth the ground it stood in, as in countermarch and wheeleing: The Motion of a part, is when a part of the Battle moveth, and a part standeth still, as in doublinge, closinges, openings, for in those Motions, some Ranks or Files standeth, & the rest moveth: I will then begin with Faceing. Faceing is: a Motion transferring the Soldier's face to the Flank or the Rear of the Battle: And therefore is of two sorts, the one, when the Soldier maketh a Quarter turn to the right or the left hand, the other when he maketh an half turn: The first Motion the Greeks' called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is defined by (b) Aelian Tact. c. 24. Aelian, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Motion of the Soldier, turning his face to the Pick or the Target, that is to the right, or the left hand, For the Grecians (as I told you before) carried a Pick in their right hand, and a Target in the left, but I wonder why Aelian calleth it a Motion of the Armed Soldier only 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 seeing the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 did also use this Motion. The action of this Motion is thus performed, How to perform the Motion. the Soldier standeth firm with his left Leg, and turning only upon his heel, draweth back the right Leg, if he face to the right hand, or bringeth forward the right Leg if he face to the left hand & this is to be done in a stand, but in a March, faceing to the right hand, they must bring forward their left Leg. The use of the Motion The use of this Motion, at a stand is to be ready at an instant to receive the charge of the Enemy, if they assail either of your Flanks: But if ye face and march, ye may thereby prevent the Enemy from falling upon your wings (c) Leo Tact. c. 7. § 79. (as Leo showeth) by bringing your Battle to some River or other Strength, and also to eschew some dangerous ground: as Alexander did at Arbela, who perceiving that Darius had strewed the ground between the two Battles with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Calthropes, faced his right wing to the right hand: and marched about: (d) Polienus Stratag lib. 4. in Alexandro § 17. See Polienus. But if the Enemy charge both your Flanks at one time, ye must face the half of your Battle to the right hand, the other half to the left, that is: the half of your Files which are upon the right Flank, faces to the right hand, the other half which are upon the left Flank, faces to the left hand: and this is the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 described by (e) Aelian Tact. c. 38. Aelian, and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Captain (f) In his Notes upon Ael. Tact. cap. 25. Bingame, sayeth. The forms of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ye shall see in the figures following. ABCD EFGH IKLMNO The figure A. B. C. D. is a faceing of the whole Battle to the right: where that which was before the right Flank. B. D. is now become the Front: the Rear before C. D. is now become the right Flank: the Front before A. B. is now become the left Flank: the left Flank before A.C. is now become the Rear: The figure E. F. G. H. is a faceing of the Battle to the left, where that which was the left Flank before E. G. is now become the Front: The right Flank F. H. the Rear: The Front E. F. the right Flank: The Rear G. H. the left Flank. The figure I. K. L. M. N. O. is a faceing of the Battle to the right and left by division, where the one half of the Battle K. L. N. O. consisting of 5. Files of Picks and 5. of Musquetiers, faces to the right hand, and maketh the Front. L O. which before was the right Flank, & the other half, I. K. M. N. consisting of alike Files, faces to the left, and maketh the Front. I. M. which before was the left Flank, so that thereby it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or a double fronted Battle. The words of command are these, Face to the right, As ye were. Face to the left, As ye were. Face to the right and left by division. As ye were. Some say only, To the Right, To the Left, etc. Our Scots words of command are, Right about, To your first oder. Left about, To your first oder. Right and left about, To your first oder. But they are not so proper as the former. The second manner of faceing is when the Soldiers maketh an half turn to the Rear, by the right or left hand: The French calleth it Demy tour a droit or a Gauch. The Greeks' calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which was either 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (g) Leo Tact. cap. 7. § 79. & 84 Leo calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Aelian (h) Aelian. Tact. c. 24. defineth it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Translation of the former aspect to the Rear. The Motion is done as the other, How to do the Motion. except that the Soldier maketh twice so great a Turn, for standing fast with his left Leg, he only turneth upon his heel, and draweth back his right Leg if he face to the right about, and bringeth forward his right Leg, if he face to the left about, but in a March faceing to the right about, he must bring forward his left Leg. The use of it is, The use of the Motion. if the Enemy charge your Rear, than ye are ready to receive him by turning the faces of all the Soldiers of your Battle to the Rear against him, which (i) Plutar. in Pyrro. Pyrrhus King of Epirus did coming out of Argos being pressed with a multitude of Enemies; and (k) Zenoph. Cyroped. lib. 7. 189. Cyrus coming from the walls of Babylon to his Camp, often faced about his Army to receive the Enemy, who saliing out of the Town, did charge his Rear: But if your Enemy charge both Front and Rear, them ye must face about the half of your Battle, that is, if ye be 10. deep, ye face about the half Files or middle-men with their followers, (which are the last five Ranks) to the Rear, so ye shall be able to receive his charge both in Front and Rear: The (l) Aelian. Tact. c. 38. Greeks' called this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Captain Bingam would have it: The figures following will manifest them. PQRS' TUXY The figure P. Q. R. S. is a faceing of the whole Battle to the Rear by the right or the left, where R.S. which before was the Rear, is now become the Front and the Front before P.Q. now the Rear: the right Flank Q.S. now the left: The left P.R. now the right. The figure T. V. X. Y. is a faceing only of the half Files, or last five Ranks to the Rear, so that ye see the one half of your Battle, both Picks and Musquetiers faceing towards the Front, T. V and the other half faceing towards the Rear, X. Y. which is now also become a Front, so that it is likewise 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or a double Fronted Battle. The words of Command are those, As ye were. Face to the right about, Face to the left about, Half Files face to the right or left about. Some say only, To the right about, to the left about, etc. Count (m) In his direct. of war. Mansfield his words of Command, are: By the right hand to the Rear: By the left hand to the Rear: which are all one with the former. But our Scots words, To your first order. Right round about, Left round about, sixth Rank right or left round about. They are very unproper, and I wish our commanders could agree to change them, for to turn round about, is to bring your face to the part where ye stood in before ye turned, and so ye shall face not to the Rear but to the Front again. If the Enemy charge you on all sides, ye must face to the Front, Rear, and Flanks: the Grecians called this Battle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Alexander at Arbela was forced to draw up his Battle after this fashion as (n) Frontinus Stratagem. lib. 2. cap. 3. Frontinus doth report: Alexander ad Arbela cum hostium multitudinem vereretur, virtuti autem suorum fideret, aciem in omnem partem spectantem ordinavit, ut circumventi undique pugnare possent. It is also described by (o) Aelian Tact. c. 36. Aelian to whom I refer the Reader, for I cannot insist particularly in all things: but you shall mark that when such a charge is expected, and that, ye are forced to frame such a Battle, ye must enlarge your deipth above 10. But before I go further, I must advertise you, of one thing, which will serve in all Motions: When ye would reduce your Soldiers to their first station, ye are to command them, As ye were, or To your first order: which the (p) Aelian. Tactic. cap. 25. & 27. Greeks' called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (q) Leo Tact. cap. 7. § 79. Leo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The French calleth it Remettez vous, and so ye are to bring them back to the place from which they went by the contrary way, As for example, if they turned to the right hand: they must return back again to the left hand: If they turned to the left, they must return to the right: If they turned to the right about, they must return to the left about, and so forth. Aelian (r) Aelian Tact. cap. 25. describeth this Motion to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to restore the Soldier's sight to the former aspect he had in the beginning: That is, before he turned. Of Doubling. Tit. 7. DOubling is, a Motion of a part of the Battle (for the part doubled standeth, and the part doubling only moveth) Whereby either the length or the deipth is augmented: and therefore Doubling is of two sorts, Doubling of Ranks. of Ranks or of Files. Doubling of Ranks is a Motion whereby the length of the Battle is enlarged, and the deipth diminished, by inserting the one half of the Ranks in the other. (a) Leo Tact. cap. 7. § 16. etc. 9 § 109. Leo calleth this Motion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. (b) Aelian Tact. c. 28. Aelian calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The Motion is performed sundry ways. FIrst when the evin Ranks are inserted into the odds, as the second in the first, the fourth in the third, the sixth in the fift, and so forth, and this is to be done either to the right or left hand. If the Command be to double to the right hand, than every man that doubles steps forward upon the right hand of his Leader: If the command be to the left, he that doubles steps forward on the left hand, of his Leader, so that of ten ranks they become five, and consequently five deep, and if they were before 20. in Rank, they become 40. and therefore 40. Files, as in the figures following is shown. ABCD EFGH The figure A. B. C. D. is a doubling of Ranks to the right hand, where ye see the evin Ranks 2.4.6.8.10. step forwards upon the right hand of their Leaders, the odd Ranks 1. 3. 5. 7. 9 The evin Ranks, are marked with these points ..... by which you may consider the place they stood in before the doubling, and these marks//// showeth the way they go up on the right hand of their Leaders: and being doubled, ye see the second Rank is inserted in the first, the 4. in the 3. the 6. in the 5, the 8. in the 7, the 10, in the 9 The figure E. F. G. H. is a doubling to the left hand, where ye see the evin Ranks are inserted as the former, but only that they step forward on the left hand of their Leaders as these marks \\\\ showeth. In the first figure I have put the number of the Ranks upon the left Flank A. C: In the second on the right Flank F. H. because the Motion is most perceptible upon those sides. The Motion is to be performed by the Soldiers in three steps, How the Motion is done. beginning with the left leg and stepping forward with the right upon the right or left hand of their Leaders, and then bringing up the left leg, place themselves in evin Rank with the rest: but in reducement, they must turn to the contrary hand, that is, if they doubled to the right, they must turn again to the left: and if they doubled to the left, they must turn to the right, because it is the shortest way to to their own place. The words of Command are, Ranks as ye were. Ranks to the right hand double, Ranks to the left hand double, Our Scots words of Command, Ranks to your first order. Double your Ranks to the right hand, Double your Ranks to the left hand. secondly Ranks are doubled by the Bringers-up, when the last Rank advanceth through the distances between the Files, and after it the nixt last Rank, and so the rest successively till the Bringers-up be in Rank with the Leaders. The 9 Rank with the 2. the 8 with the 3. the 7 with the 4. The Bringers-up middlemen with the Leaders middle-men: so your Front is doubled with your best men: and this is done as the former, either to the right or left hand: If the Command be to the right, the Bringers-up with those that follow, go up, upon the right hand of the Leaders: if to the left, they go up upon their left hand, as in these figures following appeareth. IKLM NOPQ The figure I. K. L. M. is a doubling of the Bringers-up to the right hand: where ye see the 10 Rank with the 9 and 8. following it, are marching through the distances of the Files, and going up upon the right hand of the Leaders, until the 10 Rank come to the Front I K. And as the Ranks marcheth up to the Front, they leave as many void places towards the Rear L, M. as in the figure ye may see marked by these points ... The figure N O P Q showeth a doubling of the Bringers-up to the left hand, where the 10. Rank with the rest following it, are marching up upon the left hand of the Leaders towards the Front N. O. and leaves the void spaces towards the Rear P. Q. as did the former. Let the Pickemen observe when they begin to double, that they Advance or mount their Picks: and when they have doubled, that they order or overend them: and in reducement, that they turn to the contrary hand, as I show before in the first doubling. (c) Count Mansfield in his directions of War. Count Mansfield calls this Motion, A doubling by induction. The words of Command are, Bringers-up as ye were. Bringers-up, double your Front to the Right. Bringers-up double your Front to the Left. Our Scots words of Command are, Tenth Rank to your first Order. Tenth Rank to the right hand advance to the Front. Tenth Rank to the Left hand advance to the Front. thirdly Ranks are doubled by Middle-men, or half Files, that is to say, The last five Ranks marcheth up through the distances betwixt the Files, till the Bringers-up Middle-men be in evin Front, with the File-Leaders, so that the sixth Rank (of 10, deipth) doubleth the first, the 7. the 2. the 8. the 3. the 9 the 4. the Bringers-up the Leaders Middle-men: And this is done, either to the right or left hand, as the former, when the Middle-men goeth up either to the right or left hand of the Leaderes: according to the word of Command, as the figures following showeth. RSTV XYZA Those two figures are battles of Picks only, which I have set down for breafe perspicuities cause: for ye may imagine the like Motions to be done, by Musquetiers on the Flanks: The Battle then R. S. T. V is a doubling of Ranks by Middle-men to the right hand, where ye see the sixth Rank with the 7.8.9. & 10. following it, is going up upon the right hand of the Leaders, to the Front R.S. and leaving the void spaces where they stood towards the Rear T. V so that the depth which was before from S. to V is now diminished to the half. X. Y. Z. A. is a doubling by Middle-men to the left, where the 'samine ranks marcheth up upon the left hand of the Leaders to the Front X. Y. leaving their void spaces toward the Rear Z. A. and diminishing the depth as the former. The words of Command, Half Files as ye were. Middle-men or half Files, to the right hand double your Front. Middle-men or half Files, to the left hand double your Front. Our Scotes words of Command are, sixth Rank to your first order. sixth Rank to the right hand, advance to the Front. sixth Rank to the left hand, advance to the Front. Observe that those doublinge are to be done at open order. fourthly, Ranks are doubled by Middle-men or half Files enteare, or by division: enteare, when the half Files or last five Ranks faceth about to the hand, to which they are commanded to double; & marcheth out altogether from the Body, till they be clear of it, and then face to the Front, and march up to join themselves in evin Front, with the File Leaders: By division, when those half Files do face the one half to the right hand, the other to the left, and so going out from the Body, they march up upon both Flanks, until they come and Front with the File-Leaders, as may be seen by these figures following. ABC DEF GHIK The figure A. B. C. is a doubling of the Front by the half Files to the right hand enteare, where ye see the last five Ranks C. are passed out together from the Body, and are marching up upon the right Flank B. to join in evin Front with the first 5. ranks. The figure D. E. F. is a doubling to the left hand, where the last five Ranks F. are gone out from the Body to the left, and are marching up the left Flank D. to front with the rest, as the former did upon the right. G. H. I. K. is a doubling to the right and left by division, where ye see the last 5. Ranks I.K. hath divided themselves and gone out from the Body; the one half K. marching up the right Flank H. the other half I. marching up the left Flank G. to join all in evin Front with the rest. The words of Command are, Half Files as ye were. Half Files to the right, double your Front Enteare. Half Files to the left double your Front Enteare. Half Files double your Front to the right and left by division. I have not seen our Scots Commanders use this Motion in their exercease, and therefore I cannot set down their words of Command. In this Motion, if you would keep your shot and your picks together, ye must cause your shot on the Flanks to edge outward, and leave a distance for the Picks to come up and join with the rest, and your Shot that doubleth, marcheth out, and joineth with rest of the Shot. I have heard many Commanders slight this Motion as unprofitable: but I do not approve their opinion, for I hold it the most useful Motion that can be practised in doubling of Ranks, and more serviceable than any other doubling whatsoever: because all other doublings must be done at open order & therefore cannot be used when the enemy cometh to charge, or in time of fight, because that distance is not fit to receive the charge of the Enemy, but these doublinge are done at close order, & therefore may be used in time of fight, and at all other times, without any trouble: Again, other doublings disturbs the Battle, & maketh a confusion by marching through the Files of the Body: And in this doubling, the half Files marching out from the Body, breedeth no disorder, nor disturbance at all: but on the contrary bringeth up fresh aids upon the Flanks against the Enemy, and will affright him no less, than if a new Battalion werecomming to charge him. Lastlie, it is more conducible for the use of doubling (which ye shall see hereafter) seeing it extendeth more the length of the Battle, and keepeth it more from overwinging, than any other doubling: For if the enemy come upon you with a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, an overwinging Battle, minding to encompass either of your Flanks: by this Motion ye may handsomely rencontre him: For if it be your right Flank which he persewes, ye ought to use the doubling Enteare to the right hand, A. B. C. If it be the left Flank, ye are to use the doubling Enteare to the left hand D. E. F. But if he come upon you with a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, an over-fronting Battle, minding to encompass both your Wings, than ye are to use the doubling to the right and left by division G. H. I. K. so that by this Motion, ye are ready to resist all his attempes (d) Capt. B'ing. in his Notes upon. Aelian Tac. c. 29. § 3. & 5. Captain Bingam (whose learning and understanding in the Airte Militar is sufficiently known) doth allow of this Motion, and commends it above the other do ublinge. The illustrious (e) Count Mansfielde in his direction of War. Count Mansfield himself (whose Authority is sufficient to stop the mouths of all contradictors) describeth this doubling, and setteth it down with the words of Command, as very useful: But laying aside Authority, the argument is clear. That Motion which in time of fight, without disturbance of the Battle bringeth supply unto it, and annoyeth the Enemy, is a steadable Motion. But, doubling of the Front enteare to either hand or by division, is such a Motion. Ergo it is a steadable Motion. The major is manifest, the minor I have already provene: so that this Motion remaineth good and steadable in service, although those who understand it not, disdain it, and neglect the practice of it: I have insisted longer in this point, than I would have done, because I cannot digest the haughty ignorance of many Commanders, who slighteth and contemneth all things which surpasseth the reach of their understanding. There is yet other doublings of Ranks, as namely by Countermarch, which (f) Leo Tac▪ c. 7.9.84. Leo describeth in those words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 etc. And I have seen it oft practised by the English. It is thus done: The Captain commandeth the Files to countermarch to the right or left (what Countermarch is, ye shall see hereafter) then the File-Leaders beginneth to turn, and the rest following them, they march down through the Files, till the Leaders be in evin rank with the Bringers-up: then presently he commandeth them to halt or stand, so that the last five Rank are faced to the Front, and the first five to the Rear: The Captain then if he will have the Battle fronting as it was, he commandeth the first five Ranks to face about to him: which done, they shall all have their faces directed one way towards the Front: But if he please to turn the aspect of his whole Battle towards the Rear he commandeth thee Rear division, or last five ranks, to face about, and so the whole Battle shall be faced about to the Rear: This is of singular use against an enemy, coming to charge your Rear, and to encompass you: For by this Motion in an instant, ye both double the length of your Battle, and bring your best men to receive the charge of the enemy: And this is the use which the Emperor (g) Leo. Tact. § c. 7. Leo maketh of this Motion, who was the breavest Commander of his time, and who for his exquisite knowledge in the Art Military was brought to wear the Imperial Crown. There is another doubling of Ranks, when the evin Ranks are drawn out fully from the Body towards either of the Flanks, or else when they divide themselves, and march out towards both Flanks together, Count (h) Count Mansfield in his direct. of war. Mansfield calls this to double the Front by the Flanks: The Emperor (i) Leo. Tac. c. 7. § 69. Leo speaketh also of it, and sayeth, It is to be done by this word of command 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Ranks also are doubled by wheeling the Flanks, into the Body, as ye shall see here after. The use of Doubling of Ranks. The general use of Doubling of Ranks (k) Aelian Tact. c. 28. Aelian setteth down clearly, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The length of the Battle is doubled, when either they purpose to overwing the Enemy or else expectes to be overwinged by him. This did (l) Polienus Strat lib. 2. in Cleandrida § 4. Cleandridas the Lacedaemonian General against the Leucans', for he surpassing them in multitude, first drew his Battle to a great depth, that he might allure them to charge, which the Leucans' seeing drew out their Army in length & came forward to encompass his wings: but Cleandridas doubling the length of his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 overfronted them and overthrew them. The Emperor (m) Leo. Tact. cap. 7. § 69. Leo giveth another reason of Doubling the length of the Battle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (saith he) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. etc. The length of the Battle is doubled for ornament, and to make a fair show, or to make it equal with another Battle: or else to affright the Enemy, making him think your multitude to be greater than it is: as did (n) Polienus Strat. lib. ●. in Antigono § 19 Antigonus against Eumenes. But the Emperor (o) Leo Tact c. 14. § 108. Leo gives an good advertisement and caution for doubling the length of the Battle, whereof all Commanders should take heed: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (saith he) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 etc. When the depth of the Battle is drawn up in length, it must not be so lengthened that it be overweakned in the depth, for it will fall out that the Enemies shall easily break it asunder and make a passage through it, and will not only encompass it before but passing through the midst will be found behind, and there do great harm: Wherefore a General should not only seek to prevent this, but to do the like to the Enemy. Aelian speaketh of a doubling of Ranks in place, which is nothing but an opening of Files to a greater distance. DOubling of Files, OF doubling of Files. is a Motion whereby the depth of the Battle is increased, and the length diminished by inserting the one half of the Files in the other: (p) Leo Tact. c. 7. § 16 etc. 14 § 109. Leo calleth this Motion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. (q) Aelian Tact. c. 28. Aelian calleth it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: And is performed sundry ways. FIrst, when the one half of the Files fall in into the other, the evin Files into the odd, when the command of Doubling is to the right hand: the odd Files into the evin, when the command is to the left, so that of 10. deep they are made 20. and therefore 20. Ranks and if they were 10. in Rank, they become but 5. and therefore 5. Files. The first is this way done, The right hand File which is the first, stands still, the second Filenext it, steps about and moves in into it: every one going behind his right hand Sydeman, so doth the 4. into the 3. the 6. into the 5. the 8. into the 7. the 10. into the 9 & so forth if there be more Files in your Battle. Doubling to the left is when the left hand File together with the rest of the evin Files stands still, and the odd Files turns about to the left and steps in behind their Sidemen on the left hand, so that the first File is inserted in the second, the 3▪ in the 4; the 5. in the 6, and so forth of the rest of the Files of your Battle, as the figures following showeth. PQRS LMNO The figure L. M. N O. showeth you a doubling of Files to the right hand, where ye see the evin Files 2. 4 6. 8. 10. inserted in the odd Files. 1. 3. 5. 7. 9 P. Q. R. S. showeth a doubling to the left hand, where ye see the odd Files 1. 3. 5. 7. 9 moveth into the evin. 2 4. 6. 8. 10. These points · letteth you see the place where the Files stood · before the Doubling. Those marks/ \ shew·eth the way of the Motion, which in the first figure is towards the right hand M. O. and in the other towards the left hand P. R. How to do the Motion. For the right action of this Motion, your Soldiers must observe, that if the command be to double to the right hand, than they who double first turns about, and setteth forward the right Leg, next steppeth forward with the left leg behind their Sidemen on the right hand, and then brings on the right Leg, and place their Body even in a right line behind their Sideman now their Leader, and in reducement to come again to their former Posture, they must first move their left Leg and in three steps recover their first Station: If the command be to double to the left hand, they who double first turneth about, and setteth forward their left Leg, then steppeth forward with the right, behind their Sidemen on the left hand, and then bringeth on their left Leg, and placeth their Body in an evin line with their Side. men. In reducement they first move their right Leg, and in three steps returns to the Posture they were in. The words of Command, Files as ye were. Files to the right hand double Files to the left hand double Our words of Command, Strings to your first order. Double your Strings to the right hand Double your Strings to the left hand Observe that this Doubling must be done at open order. I have seen some Commanders in exerceasing, command a Doubling of Files to the right and left by division: which was done by inserting the evin Files of the right Flank in the odd, and the odd Files of the left Flank, in the evin: But in this Motion the Files must consist of a number divisible in evin numbers, as 8. 12. 16. And this I think more curious than profitable Observe that Doubling of Ranks & Files, are one another's reducements, but to the contrary hand, as if there be a doubling of Ranks to the right hand, ye may command Files double to the left, and so the Ranks are reduced to their first Posture. If the Ranks be doubled to the left, then command Files to double to the right, and so ye bring the Ranks as they were. Again, if there be a doubling of Files to the right, command Ranks to double to the left, and so ye restore Files to their first Station: If the Files be doubled to the left, command Ranks to double to the right, and so the Files are reduced. secondly Files are doubled by Countermarch (saith (r) Aelian. Tact. c. 28. Aelian) when the evin Files countermarch, to the Rear, and place themselves behind the bringers. up of the odd Files: And this is if the Command be to the right hand: But if it be to the left, the odd Files Countermarcheth and placeth themselves in the Rear of the evin. Or it is done, when the Files divideth themselves (sayeth. s. Aelian) that it to say, (s) Aelian dict. cap. 28 The Files upon the one Flank separates themselves from the Files on the other Flank (for ye must conceive the Body to be divided into two Flanks) and countermarcheth to the Rear, & there placeth themselves behind the standing Files of the other Flank, according as the word is given to the right or left hand: for if the command be to the right hand, the Files of the left Flank countermarches to the Rear, and placeth themselves behind the Files of the right Flank: if the Command be to the left, the Files of the right Flank doth the like behind the Files of the left Flank, as in the figurs following. ABCD TUXY IKLM EFGH This figure T. V. X, Y. is a doubling by countermarch to the right hand. X. Y was the Rear of the Battle before the Doubling, but after the Doubling, ye see the 2. 4. 6. 8. and 10. Files are counter-marched to the Rear, and placed behind the odd Files, so that the depth which stretched before from V to Y. is now augmented to the double. A. B. C. D. is a Doubling by Countermarch to the left hand, where the Rear before the Doubling was C. D. and the depth of the Battle which was only from B. to D. is now extended so far as the odd Files are countermarched and placed behind the evin Files. The figure E. F. G. H. is the second manner of Doubling, by Countermarch, where the half of the Files that was upon the left Flank E. G. to wit, the 10. 9 8. 7. and 6. hath divided themselves from the Files of the right Flank, and are Countermarched to the Rear and enlarged the depth F. H. to the Double. In. I. K. L. M. the first five Files of the right Flank K. M. are divided from the rest, and countermarched to the Rear of the left Flank, and hath augmented the depth I. L. as did the former. The words of Command may be those, Files as ye were. Double your Files by Countermarch to the right hand. Double your Files by Countermarch to the left hand. Divid your Files and double them by Countermarch to the right or left hand. This Motion was oft used amongst the Grecians, but I have not seen it practised in our modern exercease. thirdly, Files are doubled by advancing or leading forth: when the evin Files marcheth out from the Body, & placeth themselves in a right▪ line before the Leaders of the odd Files, if the Command be to the right hand: and the odd Fills before the evin, if the Command be to the left hand: or else it is done when the one half of the Files upon either Flank marcheth forth together and advanceth before the Files of the other Flank, according as the Command is to the right or left hand if to the right, the Files of the left Flank advanceth before the right Flank: if to the left, the Files of the right Flank advanceth before the Files of the left Flank, as in the figures following. RSTV NOPQ DEFGHI XYZABC The figure N. O. P. Q. showeth a doubling to the right hand by advancing the evin Files before the odd: N. O. was the front of the Battle before the Doubling: the depth was fion O. to Q. which now is extended to the double. R. S. T. V is a Doubling to the left hand, by advancing the odd Files before the evin: R S was the Front before the douling, and S. V the depth, which is extended as the former: The other two figures are doublings by advancing of the half of the Files: Z. A. B. C. is a doubling of the half of the Files to the right, where the Files of the left Flank Z B, the 10. 9 8, 7. & 6. advanceth together before the Files of the right Flank. Z. A. was the Front or length of the Battle before the Doubling which now is contracted to X. Y. A C was the depth of the Battle, which is now extended to C. A. Y. The other F. G. H I. is a Doubling of the half of the Files, to the left; for the Files of the right Flank 1. 2 3. 4. & 5. advanceth before the Files of the left Flank the Front of the Battle before the Doubling F. G. is now diminished to D. E. the depth F. H. is now augmented to H. F. D. Those Doubling extendeth the depth of the Battle towards the Front, as the doublinge by Countermarch did towards the Rear. Those Doubling altereth ground, but if ye desire to keep the same ground, (t) Count Mansfield in his Direct of War. pag. 45. Count Mansfield showeth a way, which is to make the Files that are to double to close their Ranks forewards: and the other to close backwards, and so by a little edgeing aside, shall be placed before them: But the publisher of his directions hath mistaken himself in saying, that the Leaders of the half, which is to double, will stand alittle beyond the Bringers up of the other half: for it is the Bringers-up of the half which is to double that will stand before the Leaders of the other half. The words of Command, Files as ye were. Files advance, and double to the right hand. Files advance, and double to the left hand. Divide your Files, and double them to the right or left. Count Mansfield useth those words File upon File. Files double the Body to the right or left hand. fourthly, Files are doubled by the Flanks, that is, When the Files of either Flank are inserted in the other, and so double them, and that either to the right or left: If the Command be to double the right Flank, than the Files of the left Flank (for ye must conceive the whole Body to be divided into two Flanks) faceth to the right hand, and marcheth through the spaces of the right Flank, till the sixth File be in one evin File with the first, the 7. with the 2. the 8. with the 3. the 9 with the 4 and the 10. with the 5. and then they face as the rest: If the word be to Double the left Flank, than the Files of the right Flank faceth to the left, and do as the former, till the fift File join with the 10 the 4. with the 9 the 3. with the 8. the 2. with the 7. the 1. with the 6. as these figures following showeth. OPQR KLMN The figure K. L. M. N. is a Doubling of the right Flank by the left: where ye see the Files of the left Flank K. M. which are the 10. 9 8. 7. and 6. are joined with the Files of the right Flank L. N. O P Q R showeth a Doubling of the left Flank by the right: where the Files of the right Flank P. R. the 1. 2. 3. 4. and 5. are inserted in the Files of the left Flank O. Q. Of both the Battles, the length K. L. and O. P. are contracted to the half; and so the Battle is brought into a wing, whereof is made the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, described by (t) Aelian. Tact c. 27. Aelian●. These points · in all these former figurs showeth the place where · the Doubling Files stood. The words of Command, Files as ye were. Files double your right Flank. Files double your left Flank. Some say, Half Ranks double your right or left Flank. This Doubling mixeth your Arms, which if ye would eschew, ye may countermarch your Flank, beginning the Motion with the uttermost File of that Flank, which doubleth: making it march through the distances betwixt Ranks, till it join with the uttermost File of the other Flank, the rest following it successively, so your Picks shall double your Picks, and your Musquetiers your Musquetiers: As if ye should suppose the tenth File of the figure K. L. M. N, to double the first, the 9 the 2. the 8. the 3. and so forth. But of this ye shall know more hereafter. Observe that ye may proceed in doubling your Files, till ye bring your whole Battle in two Files, or one File. Or ye may do this, by making your Ranks File to either hand, or both by division: If ye command Ranks to File to the right hand, the right hand man of every Rank stands still, the next to him falls behind him, the rest of the Rank follow, until the whole Rank be in a File: All the Ranks do the same, falling behind their right hand man, and making one File of the whole Body. If the word be to the left, the left hand man stands firm, the next to him falls behind him, and the rest follow, and all the Rank falls behind their left hand man, and so are converted in one File: But in this Motion ye must observe a Double distance, Yet if it be in a March, ye may do it at any Or der: Some call this Motion, Fileing by conversion: But ye must observe that in a great Front ye can not well use this Motion. If ye would bring your Bodic in two Files, the one half of the Ranks fall into the right hand File, the other into the left hand File, the right and left hand File standing fast, and the rest of the Files inverting to them, for some calleth this Motion Fileing by inversion. VX ST US The figure S. T. is a Fileing of Ranks to the right hand, where ye see the first rank is casting itself in a File behind the right hand man. V. X. is a Fileing to the left hand, where the first Rank is going to File behind the left hand man, and as the first Ranks in both doth, so ye must imagine the rest to do in an instant. Y. Z. is a Fileing to the right and left by division, where ye see the half of the first Rank falling in behind the right hand man, and the other half of it behind the left hand man: which also ye must conceive the rest of the Ranks to do. The words of Command, File Rank as ye were. Ranks File to the right hand Ranks File to the left hand Some say, Ranks File by conversion to the right or left hand. Files as ye were. Ranks File to the right and left by division. Or Ranks File by inversion to the right or left. There is yet a Doubling of Files by wheeling the Ranks to the right or left hand. If the word be to the right, the right hand man turns to the right, and the rest of his Rank wheel together, and come above him on the left hand, all the Ranks doth the like: If the command be to the left, the left hand man turns to the left, the rest of his Rank cometh all above him on the right hand, and so all the other Ranks. CD AB The figure A. B. is a wheeling to the right hand: where ye see the first Rank wheeling about the right hand man, and coming up upon his left hand. C. D. is a wheeling to the left hand, where the first Rank is wheeling about the left hand man, and coming up on his right hand, and so doth all the rest of the Ranks. The words of Command, Ranks as ye were. Ranks wheel to the right hand, Ranks wheel to the left hand Ye may wheel Ranks also to the right or left by division. The use of Doubling of Files, is to strengthen the depth of your Battle, to resist the Enemy, The use of Doubling of Files. when ye think he minds to break through and divide your forces: It serves also to let the shot go through your Files, when ye are marching towards an Fort, for which the first manner of Doubling is proper, & the Fileing of Ranks to the right or left hand: Also to give a Volley of Musquetadoes upon either Flank, or both: or to make a street for a General, or some great Commander to go through, or else to lodge the Colours: The Fileing of Ranks to the right or left, or both by division, or the wheeling of Ranks performeth this. It serveth also to make your Forces seem small to allure the Enemy to fight as did (u) Polien. Strat. lib, 2. in Cleandri. §. 4. Cleandridas against the Leucans': who first first drew out his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in a greath depth, whereby his enemies contemning his apparently small number, did charge him, but he instantly doubling his Ranks, did encompass them, and overthrew them. But ye must take heed (as the Emperor (x) Leo Tact. c. 14. §. 109. Leo advertiseth in these words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 etc.) That when ye double the depth of your Battle, ye make not the Front of your Army too narrow, and so give occasion to the Enemy to overfront you, & encompass you, which was (y) Polyb. histor lib. 1. §. 10. Marcus Attilius Regulus, his error in the Battle against the Carthagenians for he fearing the Forces of the Carthaginian Elephants to break through his Army, drew his Battle to so great a depth, that it was easily encompassed by the Carthaginian horsemen, led by Zantippus the Lacedaemonian, and by them utterly defeat, and himself taken prisoner. For as too much weakening of the depth, and doubling the length of your Battle puts in danger to be divided and broken: So too much Doubling the depth, and diminishing the length puts it in peril to be overwinged, and encompassed: And therefore a wise Commander will have a care, if his Front be narrow, to take the advantage of a Trench, River or Marish, thereby to secure his Flanks that the Enemy may not annoy him there, and if he can attain to none of those, yet to make use of his own Wagons. Observe that this Motion of Doubling altars the form of the Battle, changing both the length and the depth thereof, which no other Motion doth. Observe also, that in Doubling the length of your Battle ye make the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in doubling the depth ye make the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 described by (z) Aelian Tact. c. 29. Aelian. (a) Aelian Tact. c. 28. Aelian speaketh of a Doubling of the depth, in place which is nothing but an opening of Ranks to a geater distance. Of Evolution or Countermarch. Tit. 8. EVolution or Countermarch called by the Grecians (a) Aelian Tact. c. 26. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. is a Motion of the whole Battle whereby the Front is brought in place of the Rear, or one Flank in place of the other. And therefore Countermarch is two fold: of Files, or of Ranks, and both of those, saith (b) Aelian Tact. c. 26. Aelian is threefold, for either they gain ground (in marching not in charging) or lose ground, or keep that same ground, the first is called the Macedonian Countermarch, the second the Lacedaemonian, the third the Chorean or Persian. The Macedonian Countermarch by File (so called from the Macedonians who were the inventors and users of it) is described by (c) Aelian Tact. c. 27. Aelian in those words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 etc. When the File-Leader turneth his face, and the bringer up with all the rest go against him on the right or left hand, and passing on to the ground before the Front of the phalanx placeth themselves in order, one after another according as the File Leader himself hath turned his face: Or it is, when the File-Leader turneth his face, and the next to him passing by him, on the right or left hand, placeth himself behind him, & so all the rest one after another: As ye shall see in the figure following. EFABCD A B C D is the Battle before the Countermarch. E F A B the Battle after the Countermarch, which hath left the ground A B C D wherein it stood, which ye see marked with points, and taken the ground before it E F A B, and are all faced about to the Rear. A B which before the Countermarch was the Front, doth yet remain the Front, but the right hand File B D is become the left hand File B F and the left hand File A C, the right hand File A E. the Rear C D is now the Rear E F. The words of Command, Files Countermarch and gain ground. The Lacedaemonian Countermarch by File, (so called from the Lacedæmonians who invented and practised this Motion) is set down by (d) Aelian Tact. c. 27. Aelian in those words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 etc. When the File-Leader turning his face about to the Pick transferreth the whole File to a place equal to the first, & the rest following standeth behind him: or else, When the Bringer-up turns his face about, and he that stood next before him passing by on either hand, is placed again next before him and the rest following takes place one before another as they stood till the File Leader be first. GHIKLM G H I K is the Battle before the Countermarch I K L M the Battle after the Countermarch which hath left the ground it stood in before, and taken the ground behind it, the Flanks are changed as in the former figure. H K the right Flank to K M the left, and G I the left Flank to I L the right: But the Front G H is brought to be the Front L M contrary to the former, where the Front of both figures A B did keep still one place. The words of Command, Files Countermarch and lose ground. The proceeding of this Countermarch is contrary to the former, for the Macedonian took the ground before the Battle, but this possesseth the ground after the Battle: In the Macedonian the Motion is from the Rear to the Front, in this the Motion is from the Front to the Rear: The Macedonian seemeth to run away, but the Lacedaemonian to charge, and therefore it is preferred to the Macedonian by (e) Aelian Tact. c. 27. Aelian, because sayeth he, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It maketh a show of falling on, the Enemy appearing behind: Whereas the Macedonian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, It maketh a semblance to the Enemies appearing in the Rear of flying away: neverhelesse, in some cases, the Macedonian is of greater use, as if ye desire to gain some ground of advantage, or else when ye desire to March on & not give Battle, for by it ye do noways hinder your March, but continueth the same, & in the mean time may make your Musquetiers give fire upon the Enemy, so that ye both March & fight: But the Laced emonian falleth on upon the Enemy, and interupteth the March, (f) Zenephon. bistor. grec. lib. 6.605 Agesilaus. the Lacedaemonian General seemeth to have used this Countermarch, when he made his Army to March out of the straits of Mantinaea, perceiving that his Enemies were to charge his Rear, from the Hills he made his Reare-guarde to Countermarch, and go out of the straits, himself staying last with the Avantguarde: The 'samine: (g) Zenoph. hist. grec. lib. 4.519. Agesilaus having embattelled his Troops at Coronea against the Thebans himself had the right wing of the phalanx & put the Argives on the left wing of the Theban Army to flight, but the Thebans having beaten the Orchemenians who were upon his left wing forced a passage through them to the Baggage; which he understanding, did presently Countermarch his phalanx & led against them, where after a fnrious chocke he killed many of them: and many fled away to Helicon after their Confederates. The Persian or Cretan Countermarch, used by the Persians and Cretans, is also called Chorean, from the similitude of the Grecian Dances, which ●he Dancers, called Chorus, used. for they ordered themselves in Ranks and Files, and danced one through another, keeping the same bounds of the place. This Countermarch is described by (h) Aelian Tact. c. 27. Aelian in those words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 etc. The Chorean is, when the File-leaders turning to the Pick or the Target precedeth the File: The rest following, till the Leader have gotten the place of the Bringer-up & the Bringer up the place of the Leader, the Bedie moving joynthie together, so that this Countermarch maintains and keeps the 'samine ground the Battle stood in: And this is our Modern Countermarch which we use in our exercease. NOPQ Ye see the figure N O P Q, where the File-leaders of every File, with their next followers, that is to say, The first two Ranks are turned to the right hand, and hath begun to Countermarch, and are in the distances betwixt the Files, so that the two last of every File, that is, The 10. and 9 Rank hath marched up with the rest to the Front N O. and hath left the place of the Rear P Q so much void as the first two Ranks hath marched through the Files from the place of the Front: so that the File-Leaders shall march until they come to the place of the Bringers-up P Q. and the Bringers up, till they come to the place of the File leaders N O. and there do stand, and face about with the rest. Captain (i) Bingam in his Notes upon Aelians Tact. c. 28. Bingam expresseth this Motion more lively by figures of Armed Pickemen. The words of Command, Files to the right hand Countermarch. Files to the left hand Countermarch. Our words of Command are, Strings to the right hand Countermarch. Strings to the left hand Countermarch. Because this Chorean Countermarch is that which is used in our exercease, How the Motion of this Countermarch is done. I will show you how the motion is performed. If the word of Command be to Countermarch to the right hand, than all the File-leaders at one instant stepeth forward with the right leg: and bringing about their left leg turneth their Body to the right hand, and so march down through the Files, till they come to the place of the Bringers-up, where they shall stand, the rest that followeth the File-leaders, must not offer to turn, before they have come up to the place of the File-leaders. If the Command be to the left hand then the File-leaders must step forward with the left leg, and bringing about the right leg turn their Body to the left hand, & march down as the former; The figure N O P Q showeth a Countermarch to the right hand. The other to the left hand, by it may be easily understood, for if ye make the File-leaders to turn toward N P. which ye see now turned towards O Q. it shall be a Countermarch to the left hand. It seemeth to me to be this Chorean Countermarch whereof the Emperor (k) Leo Tact. c. 12, § 65. Lee speaketh, giving this word of Command 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It is to be observed in this Motion of Countermarch, that euerie follower remark his Leader, and his right hand man, that by them he may keep a due distance; for otherwise the least disorder in this Motion will breed a confusion of the whole Body. Observe also that this Motion of Countermarch cannot be done, but at open Order: Also it ought not to be practised when the Enemy is near hand: for if the Enemy should suddenly charge a Battle, while it is Counterraarching, he should assuredly overthrew it, so that in this case, the best expedient is to face about your Battle. The use of Countermarching of Files is, if the Enemy appear in the Rear and come to charge you, ye may by this Motion bring your File-leaders who are your best men to encounter with him: for it was ever the use of good Commanders to bring the front of their Battle against their enemies: Thus Frontinus witnesseth, Alexander & julius Caesar to have been accustomed to bring the Soldiers who were in acie or the Front of the Battle, to fight against their Enemy (l) Frontinus Strat. lib. I. c. 3. Alexander Macedo cum haberet vehementem exercitum, semper eum statum belli elegit ut acie confligeret. Caius Caesar Bello civili cum exercitum vete, ranum haberet, hostium autem tyronem esse sciret, acie semper decertare studuit. COuntermarching of Ranks is when one wing of your Battle is brought in place of the other, OF Counter-marching of Ranks. or the wings into the midst of the Battle, or one wing to double the other. This Countermarch is also threefold as the former of Files, for it is Macedonian Laceden onian and Chorean. The Macedonian taketh the ground which is on the contrary wing from the Enemy, and therefore seemeth to march away from him. The Lacedaemonian taketh the ground which lieth on the side of that wing which is towards the Enemy, & therefore maketh a show of charging him. The Chorean keepeth still the same ground whereon the Battle stood before the Countermarch: Aelian speaketh but little of those countermarches by Ranks, neither have I seen them much used in our exercise: Yet for your understanding I will set down their Motion, and their figures, because some good use may be made of them. In the Macedonian Countermarch by Rank the right hand corner File faces to the left hand, & stands, the rest of every Rank passes through, and place themselves orderly behind their right hand sidemen, beginning either with the uttermost File on the left Flank, or with the File next the right hand File, and so they take up the ground which was on the right wing of the Battle. RSUX STXY R S V X is the Battle before the Countermarch, S T X Y the Battle after the Countermarche, which hath left the place it had, and takin the place upon the right wing, and are all faced about to the left; so that the front before R S is now become the right Flank S T. The right hand File before S X is now become the Front. The words of command Left wing Countermarche through to the place beyond the right wing. or Ranks Countermarche from the left wing to the right. The Lacedaemonian Countermarche by Ranke is when the left hand corner File turns his face to the left hand & the rest of every Rank pass through to the left, and place themselves orderly before their left hand side-man, beginning either from the uttermost File on the right hand, or from the File next to the left hand File. ABDE BCEF Ye see this Battle hath left the place where it stood B C E F, and taken the ground beyond the left wing A B D E, & they are all faced about to the left. The Front before the Countermarch was B C and is now become the right Flank A B. The right hand File C F is now the Front A D: The left hand File B E keeping still its place becomes the Rear. The words of Command. Right wing Countermarche through to the place beyond the left wing. or Ranks Countermarche from the right wing to the left. The Chorean Countermarche by Ranke is when the right hand corner File faces to the left, and marches forward to the place of the left hand File: the rest of every rank following it, & the body moving jointly together while the right hand File come to the place of the left hand File, and the left hand File to the place of the right hand File, so that the body keepeth still that same ground it had before: or to do this more easily, face only about your Battle to the left, and then command a Countermarche of Files and this will produce the 'samine effect,: for it is all one to bring the front of your Battle to the Rear when it is faced to the right as to bring the right wing to the left before it be faced. GHIK In this Battle ye see the first man of every Rank with his Sydman that is to say, the first two Files on the right Flank H K are turned & are Counter-marching through the distances betwixt the Ranks: the rest hath followed them on, to the right Flank and hath left the place of the left Flank G I somuch void as the first two Files hath marched through the Ranks from the place of the right Flank, So that the right hand File shall march on till it come to the place of the left hand File G I: And the left hand File till it come to the place of the right hand File H K, and so the Battle shall maintain the 'samine ground it stood in, and be faced to the left. The words of Command are, Ranks to the right or left hand Countermarche and maintain ground. Our words of Command are, Countermarch your Ranks to the right or left hand. The use of Countermarching by Ranks is: when the enemy appeareth on your left wing to charge you, ye may by this motion oppose him with your best men, and bring your right wing in place of the left against him: and may apply your left wing to some advantage, as a River Marish or Trench, that thereby it may be secure from encompassing: or else it serves to bring one of your wings in place of the other: when being embattelled ye mind to change the form of your embattelling: as if ye desire to set the right wing of your Battle against the right wing of your enemy's Battle for some advantage of fight: This did (m) Herodot. in Calliope. 248. & Plutarch. in Aristide. Pausanias' general of the Grecian army at the Battle of Platea against the Persians: who having embattelled the Lacedæmonians in the right wing of his army and the Athenians in the left: Mardonius the Persian General gave the Thebans and other Greeks' his right wing and the Persians the left wing, Now Pausanias desiring to oppose the Athenians against the Persians as being better acquainted with the Persian fights then the Lacedæmonians, he Countermarched his right wing to the place of the left: and so brought the Athenians against the Persians, which Mardonius perceiving did the like, & immediately Countermarched his right wing of Thebans to the left wing of the Persians as fearing to join the Persians with the Athenians. By this manner of Countermarche ye may bring your wings in place of the body of your batallion which is this done: Your right hand File faces to the left: the left hand File to the right, and march both in towards the centre of the Battle while they meet other face to face: the rest of each Rank upon both wings follows them and marches out until the two middle Files have gotten the place of the corner Files, and the Corner Files the place of the middle Files. By this means P. Scipio making war in Spain against Asdrubal brought the Romans into the wings, and the Confederates into the midst of his Battle, whereby he overthrew Asdrubal, as (n) Polyb. Hist. lib. 11 Sect. 7. Polybius and (o) Livius, decad 3. lib. 8. 204. Livius at more length reports. This is of excellent use in our discipline, to bring the picks to the wings & the Musquetiers to the midst of the Battle, incase there were one charge of Horse upon both your Flanks, for by this, the Pickemen would receive the charge of Horse, and the Musquetiers give fire upon them. Ye may also by this Motion double one wing with another to make the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: which is done as before, except that the Flanks do not march through, but when the Corner-File of the one Flank is come in evin line, and joined with the Corner file of the other Flank, than ye command an halt and a faceing of them all to the Front: Observe, that the Countermarch of Files & of Ranks takes not the denomination à movente, as would appear: but à loco in quo fit motus evolutionis: for in a Countermarch of Files, it is the Ranks that countermarches and moves down through the distances between the Files, the first Rank beginning, the second with the rest, continuing the Motion, till it be ended: In a Countermarch of Ranks, the Files Countermarches, and moves through the distances betwixt the Ranks: the Corner-File which hath the command to Countermarch, beginning the Motion, and the rest of the Files continuing it until it be finished. And therefore in the Countermarch of Files, the Motion is in the depth of the Battle, in the Countermarch of Ranks the Motion is in the length of the Battle. Hence it is, that the illustrious Count (p) Count Mansfield in his Direct of war. Mansfield calleth a Countermarch of Ranks when the Front is brought in place of the Rear, and a Countermarch of Files when one Flank is brought in place of the other, which is contrary to the common appellation both of the Ancients and moderns, or else I cannot see how he can be reconcealled unto them. Of Closiing, and Opening the Battle. Tit. 9 Closing, is a drawing of the Battle to a less distance. Opening, an extending of it to a greater distance than it had before: and both are either in length or in depth. And therefore two fold: of Files and of Ranks. Closing of Files is a contracting of the length of the Battle maintaining the 'samine depth, and it is threefold, for Files are either closed to the right hand, or to the left, or to the middle of the Battle: The (a) Aelian Tact. c. 32. Greeks' calleth these Motions 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. To thicken to the right wing or the left wing, or the midst of the Phalanx. (b) Leo. Tact. c. 7. §. 33. Leo calleth the closing to the right and left 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: To be thickened towards the sides. Aelian (c) Aelian. d. cap. 32. showeth how the closing to the right hand is to be done in those words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 etc. Ye must command the right hand corner File to stand still, and the rest turning their faces to the Pick to advance forwards towards the right hand, until they have gotten the distance commanded, the second File first taking his distance, and the rest their distance from him; and then all to face as they were. ABCD The figure A B C D is the bounds where the Battle stood at open order; imagine then the right hand File B D to have stood still, and the rest of the Files to have marched from the left Flank A C. towards the right B D so that they are contracted to half the bounds they possessed before the closing, and therefore stands at order or the distance of three foot, from A C to the left hand File, is the bounds which is left after the closing wherein the half of the Battle did stand before the closing, to wit the 10. 9 8. 7. and 6. Files: so that the 10. File doth now stand in the place where the 6. stood before the closing. If ye close Files to the left hand, ye must make the left hand corner File stand still, and the rest facing to the Target advance forward to the left hand as the former did to the right until they have all gotten their distance required, and then they face as they were. EFGH E F G H is a closing to the left hand, where ye must conceive the left hand File E G to have stood still, and the rest of the Files to have advanced from the right Flank F H until they have contracted themselves as ye see: so that they possess only the half of the bounds they had before they closed: From F H to the right hand File is the bounds wherein the half of the Battle stood before the closing to wit, the 1. 2. 3. 4. and 5 Files: so that the first File possesseth now the place which the fifth had. If ye would close your Battle to the middle, Aelian. d. c. 32. (saith Aelian) ye command the two middle Files to stand still, and then the diphalanx (that is the half Battle) on the right wing to face to the Target, and the diphalanx on the left wing to face to the Pick, and then to move forwards to the middle of the phalanx, the two middle files also close, and so after they have gotten their true distance they face as they were. IKLMNO This figure is a closing of the Battle to the middle: The middle Files in K N: that is, the 5 & 6 files stands still: The half Battle K L N O moves from the right Flank L O towards the middle K N: The half Battle I K M N moves from the left Flank I M towards the middle K N: so that the whole Battle I L M O is closed to half the distance it had before, leaving the bounds void on the right Flank L O where the first and second File, and on the left Flank I M: where the 9 and 10. did stand. The words of Command, To your order or clo order. Files close to the right hand. Files close to the left hand. Files close to the middle, or as some say, Files close; for when the Command is only for Files to close: without nameing any hand, it is to be understood a closing to the middle. Our Scotes words of Command, To your first or second distance. Close your Strings to the right hand, Close your Strings to the left hand, Close your Strings. Some will Close Files to the right and left by division making the half Battle on the right hand, move from the middle to the right hand File, and the other half on the left hand, to the left hand File, leaving the void distance in the middle which other closings leaves upon the wings, as if the half Battle should move from K N to L O, and the other half from K N to I M, with this word of Command, Files close to the right or left by division to your order, or close order. To reduce your Files after closing to their first posture or station is to open Files to the distance they had before their closing of which I shall shortly speak. (c) Aelian Tact. c. 32. Aelian saith that closing of Files is to be done by facing as indeed it is the most fit action, How the Motion is to be performed. but I have seen many Commanders in exercise use this Motion without any Facing; only moving sydelings to the hand to which the command is to close, and forsooth they will defend this to be good, because say they Facing in so small a bounds as a private company taketh up is needless, but, I say they maintain one error, for laying aside the authority of the Grecian practice (which justly may be termed the touchstone of martial discipline,) they are easily convinced by reason, because Facing performs the Motion more assuredly and more gracefully then going asydwayes, seeing their steps are not sure being subject to stumbling, neither the action comely, and although the first or second file next the hand to which they close, have but a little ground to go: Yet the ground doth accresse according as the Files are removed from the standing File (which our blunt Commanders doth not consider), so that the uttermost File must march the half of the bounds wherein the battle stood before the closing: as for example, Say, ye had a single company of 200 men, making you 20 in Front, and standing at open order, six foot betwixt Files: The bounds that the length of your Battle takes up, is 120 foot (this is found by multiplying the number of your men in Front by the distance they stand in: as 20 multiplied be 6 the factum is 120) if then ye command Files to close to the right hand to their order or distance of 3 foot: the left hand File shall have 60 foot of ground to march before he close to his distance required: which if he march sydelings ye may easily consider what a steadfast and graceful Motion it will be: The Argument than is evident. The most assured and most graceful Motion is the best Motion. But so it is, that closing of Files by facing, according to the Grecian form, is the most assured and most graceful Motion. Ergo, Closing of Files by Facing is the best. The major I hope no man will deny: The minor I have already proven. This I thought good to advertise you, whom I would wish to learn the Art Militare, scientifice, and not according to the vulgar 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for there are many men who pertinaciously will maintain their bad customs, and will obtrude them for precepts and good Laws upon men, as also I have known many Commanders more fraught with a Thrasonical ostentation, than any skill to perform their charge. Closing of Ranks is a contracting of the depth of the Battle, Of Closing of Ranks. and it is performed one way only, to wit, towards the Front, which is thus done. The File-leaders or first Rank stands still, the second Rank comes up and closes to the distance commanded, the rest of the Ranks move up, and close to the 'samine distance, every man taking his distance from his Leader. PQRS This figure P Q R S is the bounds wherein your Battle stood at open order, or distance of 6. foot betwixt Ranks, Now the depth is contracted and the Ranks hath marched up from the Rear R.S. and closed towards the Front P Q. to their order or distance of 3 foot, so that your Ranks possesses only the half of the bounds they had before the closing: from R S to the 10 Rank is the void ground wherein the half of your Ranks did stand before your closing to wit, the 10.9.8.7 & 6. so that the 10 Rank stands now in the place where the 6 stood before the closing, The words of Command, Close your Ranks to your order or close order. Our words of Command Ranks close to your second or third distance. The Emperor (d) Leo Tact. c. 7. §. 84. Leo speaks of a closing of Ranks backwards to the Rear, which he calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; this Motion because it is not commodious nor yet aggreeable to our modern practice I will not touch. OPening, OF opening of Files. is an extension of the length or depth of the Battle and therefore is twofold: of Files or of Ranks. Opening of Files is an extension of the length of the Battle in place: and it is threefold as was the closing: For Files are opened to the right hand, or to the left hand, or to both. Opening of Files to the right hand is thus performed. The left hand File stands still, the next File unto it first taketh its distance pressing upon the next File on the right hand and so the rest of the Files successively still presseth upon the right hand till they have all obtained the distance commanded, TUXY TUXY is an opening of Files to the right hand where ye must conceive the left hand File TX which is the 10 to stand still, so ye see the 9 and 8 to have already taken their distance, and the rest of the Files to be moving towards the right hand VY, till they have all gotten their distance, required. In opening of Files to the left hand ye must do the contrary way, for ye make the right hand File stands still, and the rest to open towards the left still pressing upon the left hand, as the former did upon the right hand, till they have all gotten the distance commanded: and so both of them taketh up the double of the bounds they stood in before. ABCD ABCD is an opening of Files to the left hand, where the right hand File BD stands still: The 2 and 3 have already gotten their distance, the rest are moving towards the left hand AC, till they also get their distance required. Opening of Files to both hands is performed thus: The two middlemost Files press upon the Flanks, the one upon the right, the other upon the left, and take their distances and stands, the rest of the Files on both Flanks takes their distance from them, moving, the one half to the right, and the other to the left hand: till they have all gotten their distance commanded. EFGH EFGH is an opening of Files to both hands, where ye see the two middlemost Files to have got their distance, the fifth having pressed upon the right Flank FH: The sixth upon the left EGLANTINE: the files next unto them, the 4 upon the right Flank, and the 7. upon the left, hath also taken their distance: The rest are moving upon both Flanks till they likewise get their distance commanded, so that in this Motion, as in the other openings, the Battle shall possess in length after it be fully opened the double of the ground it had before the opening. The words of Command for these Motions, To your open oder, or any order else Files open to the right hand. Files open to the left hand. Files open to the right and left Or as some say open both ways: and some only, files open: for when there is no nomination of any hand, it is understood (as before in closing) an opening from the middle, to both hands. Our words of Command, To your first distance or any distance else. Open your Strings to the right hand. Open your Strings to the left hand. Open your Strings. OPening of Ranks is an extension of the depth of the Battle in place, and is performed but one way, to wit, towards the Rear, which is thus done: The File-leaders, or the first Rank stands still, and the rest of the Ranks falls backwards towards the Rear, until the second Rank have gotten its distance, which then stands; the rest of the Ranks moves still backwards, until they all have gotten their distance commanded. IKLM IKLM is an Opening of Ranks where ye see the 2 and 3. Ranks hath moved backwards, and hath already taken their distance, and ye must conceive the rest of the Ranks to be moving from the Front IK backwards to the Rear LM until they all get their distance required. The words of Command, Ranks open to your open order or any order else. Our words of Command. Open your Ranks to your first distance or any distance else, Some use an opening of Ranks also forwards from the Rear to the Front if the ground permit: The action of these Motions of opening which I have now shown both of Files and Ranks by making the Files press upon their Sydmen, and the Ranks upon their Followers, is according to our common modern exercise, which differs much from the action of the Ancient (e) Aelian. Tact. c. 32. Greeks; for they in opening Files and Ranks did perform the Motion by Facing: but in my opinion our common form is rather to be followed: for although it want not its own inconvenients being subject to stumbling on stobbs stones, or holes in the way; Yet in respect the terminus ad quem is not certain nor seen as it was in closing of Files and Ranks: The last Rank, or the uttermost File which beginneth the Motion of opening, shall never be assured where to stand, or in what part to set themselves, to give a due competent ground to all the Ranks or Files to take their distance commanded; neither can the 'samine be discerned be the ey of the Commander: and therefore the Motion must be begun, and the distance must first be takin from the terminus à quo which is seen and certain: to wit, the Rank or File that stands and so every one after other shall assuredly get their distance commanded, which they could not do behind their backs if they used a Facing but in this I submit myself to the judgement of the more learned: For I think also that Soldiers may be taught to take their distance by pacing. Observe that closing and opening both of Files and Ranks are one another's reducements as if ye closed Files to the right hand, and would reduce them to their first station, command them to open to the left; if ye opened Files to the left hand, to bring them as they were ye must close Files to the right hand; if ye closed to the middle open to the right and left by division: and so they are reduced, & è contra. Again if ye close ranks forwards open them backwards, and so ye bring them as they were & è contra. (f) Aelian. Tact. e. 28. Aelian calleth an opening of Files or Ranks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a doubling of the length or depth in place, which in my opinion is not fitly spokin, for although Files and Ranks be opened to a greater distance yet the Battle cannot be said to be doubled. The use of opening and closing the Battle in length and depth ye may find (g) Supra Tit. 3. before, when I spoke of distances to the which I remit you, for I will repeat nothing: only this, I add that Battles are opened and closed, when a General will make his Army appear strong or weak according as he minds to terrify or allure the enemy, Files are closed to the right or haft hand when a troop of Horse or Foot or Waggones with baggage are to pass betwixt either of your Flanks and some strait: Files are closed to the right and left by division when ye will make a street through your Battle for a General or some great Commander to pass. Of Conversion or Wheeling Tit 10. COnversion or Wheeling is a Motion of the whole Battle towards the Flanks or Rear, changing the ground. And therefore Wheeling is two fold, the one when the Battle makes a quarter turn to the right or left Flank which the Greeks calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or conversion the other when it makes an half turn to the Rear be the right or left hand, and this they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or inflexion: no other languadge except the Greek doth express this Motion in two several words. Epistrophe, is described clearly by (a) Aelian Tact. c. 24. Aelian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 &c When closing the Battle be the Sidemen and the followers we turn it wholly as the Body of an man either to the Pick or the Target it being carried about the corner File-leader as about a centre, and changing the place of the Front, transfer the countenance of the Soldiers to the right or left Flank. (b) Aelian. Tact. c. 31. Aelian in an other place setteth it down more amply, & it is thus to be performed: Ye must command the Files to close to the hand to which ye mean to Wheel & the Ranks to close also forwardly: Then ye cause the Corner File-leader on the 'samine hand to stand still as the fixed foot of a compass but moving in his own place, and all the rest keeping their Files and Ranks closed to turn to the 'samine hand jointly about the corner File-leader, until the Front of your Battle be towards the Flank to which ye Wheel, so that the Front of the Battle being wheeled falls like a perpendicular line upon the Front of the Battle before it Wheeled, making a right angle of 90 degrees at the corner File-leader about whom they Wheel, and the Flank falls upon the Front as a parallel which the figure following showeth. ABCDEF GHIKLM The figure ABCDEF is An Epistrophe or wheeling to the right hand. CDEF is the Battle before the Wheeling, whereof CD is the Front, DF the right hand File: The Command being given, the right hand File-leader D who is thus marked * stands in his place, and the whole body turns about him, until the Front of the Battle be in an evin line with the right Flank of the former. The Battle after the wheeling is ABCD whereof BD is the Front DC the right hand File: BD falls as it were perpendicular upon the former Front CD, making the angle BD C a right angle, DC falls as it were parallel unto the former Front. The other figure is a Wheeling to the left, which by the former ye may easily understand: for the left hand File leader. I. having also this mark * stands still, and the whole Battle moves about him to the left, leaving the place they stood in IKLM and taking the place GHIK. The Front of the Battle before the Wheeling is IK, the left hand File IL: The Front after the Wheeling is GI': The left hand File IK, which is parallel unto the former Front, and GI' falls upon I K, & makes the like angle as was in the former figure. After ye have made them close Ranks, and Files: The words of command for Epistrophe, are, Wheel your Battle to the right hand. Wheel your Battle to the left hand. Our words of Command are, The Great turn to the right about, The Great turn to the left about. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (saith (c) Aelian. Tact. c. 24. Aelian) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Perispasmus or Wheeling about is a Motion of the Battle in two Epistrophes or single Wheelinges, whereby the Front is brought in place of the Rear. In performing of the Motion ye must do all as before in Epistrophe, except that your Battle must make an half turn towards the Rear to the right or lefthand, whereas before it made only an quarter turn to the right or left hand: So that Epistrophe brought the Front of the Battle to either of the Planks, Perishasmus brings the Front to the Rear as ye see in the figure following. VXYZABC NOPQRST The figure N O P Q R is a Perispasmus or Wheeling about to the Rear by the right hand where the left hand Fileleader Q*. stands still, the rest of the body moves about him an half turn until they be all faced to the Rear and leaves the place they stood in, P Q S T: and takes the place N O Q R, so that it falls upon the other like an quadrant upon an others angle the right hand Fileleader being the point of the angle to them both: the Front before the wheeling is P Q: the right hand File Q T: the Front after the wheeling Q R: the right hand File Q N which falls in a right line with the former Q T. The other figure is a Perispasmus or wheeling about by the left hand, where the body moves about the left hand Fileleader Z* to the left making an half turn till they be all faced to the Rear, and leaves the place they stood in Z A B C & takes the place V X Y Z. The tront before the wherling is Z A the left hand File Z B: the Front after the wheeling is Y Z, the left hand File Z X, which falls in a right line with Z B. Observe that the corner Fileleaders about whom the Battle is turned, either to the Flanks or to the Rear, which I have marked so*, are said to stand still, not in respect of Motion, but of altering of ground, for they do also move in their own place where they stand, not changing the ground, only facing to the hand they wheel, but all the rest changes the ground and moves to the Flanks or the Rear as the Command is. The words of Command for Perispasmus, after closing the Battle are, Wheel your Battle to the right-hand about, Wheel your Battle to the left hand about. Our words of Command are. The great turn to the right round about. The great turn to the left round about. The reducement from a wheeling which the (d) A lian. Tact. c. 24. etc. 31. Greeks' calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is thus performed. If ye made an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or quarter turn to either hand, ye must first face them to the contrary hand, and then wheel the Battle back to the place it stood in before: and after they have faced again as they were, Open Ranks and Files, and so they shall be brought to their first station, (many do not use a facing in this Reducement): but if ye have made a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or half turn, To reduce the Battle, ye must yet make another Perispasmus or wheeling about to the same hand, as if ye wheeled about to the right hand, ye must yet wheel about to the right hand: if ye wheeled about to the left hand, ye must yet wheel about to the left, and then open Ranks and Files, and so your Battle shall be reduced to its first Station. Observe that the Remoter the Soldiers be from the Fileleader that stands, and the nearer they approach to the opposite corner, the swifter pace they must move in wheeling, because they make an greater are of an Circle, and therefore, hath more bounds to walk, for every Rank of the Battle in wheeling considdered as a Rhombe, describes an quadrant or semi circle according as the wheeling is to the Flanks or the Rear about the corner Fileleader as a centre: And ye know that of many Circles described about one centre, taking proportionable arcs, they shall be Unequal in bigness, for the Remoter the Circles be from the Centre the greater the arcs of them are, as ye see in the figure following. ABCDEFG F G and D E and B C are proportionable arcs of three Circles described about the centre A, whereof ye see F G to be the biggest, because it is remotest, & B C the least, because it is nearest to the centre A. Suppose then three men were placed, the one in F, the nixt in D, the third in B, and were to make their course, the one to G, the next to E, the third to C, which they behoved to make in equal time, it is certain that he who goes from D to E must go more swiftly than he who goes from B to C, because his bounds is greater, and he who walks from F to G must go yet a swifter pace than he who went from D to E, because his arc is geater. Hence it is clear that the Remoter the Soldiers are from the File leader about whom they turn, the swifter pace they must go, because they describe the greater arcs, and the File-bringer up who is Diagonallie opposite to the File-leader that stands as Centre, describes the greatest arc of all: For lack of this consideration, I have seen much disorder in wheeling of a Battle. There is another kind of Wheeling used in the Low Country exercise: which is a wheeling by the Centre to either hand, or to either hand about: It is thus performed: The middle File-leader of the Flank, to which they wheel stands still, as the Centre, all the rest moves about him, the one half falling backward, the other half advancing forward, according as the Command is to wheel: If the Command be to the right hand, the right Flank middle File-leader stands still, and all those of the right Flank goeth backward, the left Flank forward: If to the left hand, the left Flank middle File leader stands, the left Flank moves backward, and the right forward, until they have all made their Quarterturne, or half turn, as the word is to wheel to the Flanks or the Rear. ABCDEFGH This Figure is a wheeling of the Battle by the Centre, to the right hand, where the fift File leader D* did stand as the Centre, the body hath moved about him, the right Flank F C falling backward, & the left Flank A B advancing forward, until they have left the place D E G H and taken the ground A B C F. D E is a part of the Front before the wheeling E H the right Flank. B F is the Front after the wheeling, F C the right Flank: the number of the Files are set down in the Rear of both the figures, because I had no place to set them in the Front, for the intersection of the two Fronts. By this ye may also easily conceive a wheeling to the left, for making the sixth File leader to stand, & the right Flank F C to move forward, and the left Flank B A to fall backward and make a quarter turn, until the Front B F shall be converted to the left hand. Likewise ye may consider a wheeling to the right or left about, if ye cause the Body make an half turn to either hand, until the Front be towards the Rear, so that B F shall fall parallel unto the former Front, whereas now it cuts it perpendicularlie. The words of Command for this Motion. Wheel your Battle by the Centre to the right hand. Wheel your Battle by the Centre to the left hand. Wheel your Battle by the Centre to the right or to the lefth and about. This Wheeling doth not alter the ground so much as the other wheelings. The use of this Motion, The use of Wheeling is when the Enemy comes to assault you in any one place, as on either of the Flanks, or the Rear, ye turn the Front of your Battle towards him, and so brings your best men to fight with him, which Good Commanders was always accustomed to do, as I show before; But if he come to charge you on more places than one, as in the Flanks and the Rear, or in the Front and the Rear, or in the Front and the Flanks, Wheeling will do you no good: your only remeade will be to face about, and receive his Charge: By this Motion (e) Plutar. in Pyrrho Pyrrhus. overthrew Arieius King of Lacedaemon, and (f) Polyb. Hict. lib. 1. Sect. 21. Amilcar defeat Spendius with the rest of his Rebels: See the Histories, For I will not birding this small Treatise with many Allegations. Observe that Epistrophe and Perispasmus are in the whole Battle, the same which Clisis and Metabole was in a particular Soldier, for as their turns the face of the Soldier to the Flanks or the Rear, keeping still his place, so doth the others turn the Face or Front of the whole Battle to the Flanks or the Rear, changing the ground. There is another kind of Wheeling which is when the wings are wheeled into the Body: & this is done either towards the Front or towards the Rear, If towards the Front, than ye command the middle File leaders to stand still (I mean from changing of ground not from Motion, for they move in their own place) and the right wing to wheel forwards to the left, about its own middle Fileleader, transferring their faces to the contrary wing: The left wing in the same time wheels forward to the right, about the other middle Fileleader, meeting the other wing in the midst face to face: Then the Commander bids the right wing, face to the right hand, and the leftwing to the left hand, & so they shall all have their aspect towards the Front, If the wheeling be towards the Rear, ye must first face your Battle about by either hand, than the bringersup of the middle Files who are now become leaders stands still & both the wings shall move about the Bringersup, the one to the right hand, the other to the left, till they meet other in the midst as did the former: then the Commander may bring their aspect to the Front or the Rear as he pleases. IKLMNOPQ This figure is a Wheling of the wings into the midst of the Battle towards the Front, where ye see the right wing K L O P to bee wheeling to the left hand, about the middle Fileleader K* & the left wing I K M N to be wheeling to the right, about its own middle Fileleader, marked also K* and ye must conceive those two wings to move still on, until they meet other, the Picks joining with the Picks and the Musquetiers with the Musquetiers, and then the left hand File of the left wing I M shall come in evin line with the right hand File of the right wing L P making thereof the Front of the Battle after they are turned, and the File K N shall come in an evin line with K O making thereof the Rear. N Q O is a part of the ground where the Battle stood before it began to wheel. But if ye wheel your Battle towards the Rear ye must conceive N and O to be joined & to stand still, and the right wing after it is faced about, to wheel to the right hand about O, & the left wing to wheel to the left hand about N, until they meet other face to face, so that the File I M● shall come in evin line with L P. The words of Command for this Motion are Wheel the wings into the midst of your Battle Or Wheel your Battle to the right & left hand by division towards the Front or towards the Rear. The use of this wheeling is to bring all your Musquetiers or all your Picks to the Front as occasion shall serve, and therewith to double your Front: The Musquetiers are brought to the Front, by wheeling towards the Front, (if they were before on the Flanks.) The Picks are brought to the Front, by wheeling towards the Rear (if they were before in the middle): Suppose then that an troop of the enemy's horse were coming to charge your Front, or your Rear, minding also to encompass your wings, by this wheeling of the wings into the midst of your Battle, with one labour ye both bring your Picks against the Enemy's horse, and doubles the length of your Battle to eschew overwinging. This wheeling hath only a quarterturne, but if ye will make an half turn either to the Front or the Rear, ye shall bring the Picks to both Flanks, if they were before in the mids: as in the former figure, if ye should make an half turn, the Files K O and K N shall come to be the Flanks of the Battle, and I M and L P shall join in the middle. This is of good use against troops of horse coming to charge both your Flanks, for the Picks may withstand the charge of the horse, and the Musquetiers play upon them from the middle. The words of Command. Wheel your Battle to the right and left hand about by division. If ye would reduce any of those to their first station, ye have nothing to do, but to face to the contrary hand and to wheel your Battle back the contrary way quarter turn or half turn as they wheeled first, and then they face as they were. (g) Aelian. Tact. c. 24. & cap. 31. Aelian describeth an triple wheeling which he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but I think it is an superfluous and foolish Motion, neither can I believe that ever the Greeks did use it, for to what effect shall ye make an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or triple wheeling of your Battle to the Pick or the Target, when a single wheeling, or quarter turn to the contrary hand will effect the 'samine with greater readiness, and thrice also little pains and time? as for example, if you make an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the Target, that is, if ye wheeled your Battle thrice to the left hand, ye bring the Front of it to the right Flank against the enemy; now if you make but one 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or single wheeling to the right hand, ye do the same thing, and I think there is no man of sense but will accord that it is superfluity, to use three turns when one turn will do the business, and chief in affairs of war where the moment of time doth carry with it a great weight: This I thought good to advertise any who shall read this Motion in Aelian that he may eschew it, for it is not only against our modern excercise, but contrary tosense and reason. Of the particular exercising of Pickemen and Musquetiers. Tit. 11. Our Pickemen (as I show before) represents the heavy armed, our Musquetiers the light armed, both of the Grecian Phalanges, and the Roman Legions. Their heavy armed, did carry for defence: a Target, besides the complete arming of the body: but whether the Discipline of our time hath done well or not, in laying aside the Target from our Pickemen, I will not disput, because it is thought heavy and unwieldy for an armed man, and very noisome in a March, yet I think that custom and exercise would alleviat those difficulties, and I believe no good Commander will deny, but it were expedient that strong able men being File, leaders of every Battaillon, were appointed to carry large Targets of proof, after the Macedonian fashion, that under the shadow of them, the rest of the Battalion might be sheltered from the shot of the Enemy, and also the Battalion might be kept strong against the charge of the Enemy, minding to break it, as the Greckes did, when they made their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which did mightily astonish the Romans themselves when they had ado with them, for (a) Plutar. in Emilio. Suidas in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Consul Lucius Aemilius saepe apud Romanos confitebatur se nihil unquam vidisse terrililius Phalange Macedonicâ. Now as for the particular exercise of the Pickemen alone, there is no other, but that they ought exactly to do their Postures shown (b) Supra Tit. 5. before (the Motions which I have hitherto described, being alike competent to them & the Musquetiers) for ordinarlie the pickemen in time of fight or skirmish doth nothing until the Battles come near to push of pick, and then only they charge their picks against the Enemy, for the birding of sustaining the fight before that, lies upon the Musquetiers of both sides, during which time the Pickemen stands as idle spectators, serving only as a prop for the Enemy's shot, and never being able to offend them, which is a pitiful consideration. To remead this inconvenient, the Gentlemen Soldiers of the trained bands of the Artillery Guarding of London do practise a shooting with the Bow they who are Pickemen, without any disturbance or hindrance of the use of their pick, which is thus done: They have a Bow tied to the pick in that place where they shoulder by a little engine or vice, about which it turneth as they list, so that planting the Butt-end of the pick on the ground, against the right foot, and holding the Bow with their left arm, the pick sloped, and being as it were a rest unto the Bow; they shoot off their volie of Arrows (which hang in a Case at their Girdle behind their back) with great ease & dexterity, if they be exercised therewith: & thereafter they may fasten their Bow to a little pin, and recover their pick, order, advance, shoulder, or do any other posture commanded as well with the Bow as without it: When the whole Battle shoottes, the followers must shoot throw their own File over their Leaders head: & they must stand in order at the least. But when the Enemy cometh near hand to charge, the first five ranks must close to their close order: and if it be against horse, while they foot their Picks to receive the charge and have their swords drawn, the last five Ranks may shoot their volies of arroves, and do great execution against them, whereas without their Bows they can do nothing but stand with their picks ported. The words of Command for the use of the Bow with the Pick are those. Order your pick. Slope your pick. Vnfasten your Bow. Draw out your Arrow. Noke your Arrow. Shoot wholly together. Recover your pick. Fasten your Bow. Advance your Pick. This weapon is of excellent use both against the Enemy's foot and his horse: as for the foot it overthroweth clean the Musquetiers, seeing they are unarmed, & the pickmens' face, arms, and legs are also subject to the wounds of the Arrow, which parts being hurt, maketh them unable for service: but it doth especially gall the horse; for a horse being wounded and having an hooked Arrow fixed in his flesh he will so rampage and run to and fro, that he shall disorder the whole Battle: They serve also to shoot fireworks into the Enemy's Trench or Fort, and also are steadable for convoys, who ofttimes are assallied by horse. But ye will say, that those only of the first Ranks can use this Bow, and that it cannot be handled by them of the middle and Rear of the Battle, for they will harm their own Leaders: To clear this, I would ask you, How did the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or light armed of the Grecians any service, being placed in the Rear of their phalanx, or the Roman Velites in the Rear of their Maniples? for they were sundry times so ordered as ye may see in (c) Aelian Tact. c. 7. & 15. Aelian and (d) Leo. Tact. c. 14. § 69. Leo: and also being placed in the middle of the Battle, or in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 described by (e) Aelian Tact. c. 8. Aelian, or yet being inserted between the Files of the armed men, as in the (f) Aeiian. Tact. c. 30. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, how could the light armed, I say, and chiefly Archers, do any service? how could they do any harm to their E nemies without endamnadging their own Phalanx, or Maniples? The doubt is alike, and yet the Ancients many times were accustomed to use this form of Embattelling: There is no question then, but our Pickmen with their Bows may do the same execution, as did the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or velites, yea in this respect they have a great advantage above their Archers, seeing they had to shoot their Arrows over the heads of 16 deep attour the depth of their own Body: but the last Ranks of your Pickemen hath to shoot over the head of 9 deep only: Al. ways, ye shall consider, that the Enemy must be at a fare distance, when the whole Battle shoots off; otherways, when he comes nigh to charge (as seldom he will do, if this weapon be rightly used) they must shoot a strait shoot, and then the last Ranks can hardly let flee their Arrows, except the first ranks charge at footte, as I said: in which case the first Ranks recovers their picks, fastens their Bows, cometh up to close order, & chargeth their picks against the Enemy, the last Ranks standing still at their shooting Posture. This Bow is very steadable in warlike service, Wherein the Bow excels the Musket. and although the use thereof is almost quite extinguished by the furious execution, which the Musket appeareth to make, yet I will prove it to surpass the Musket in many respects: first in sureness because an archer cannot miss to knock his arrow, and to shoot off, but an Musketeer may fail of his shot, by sundry accidents, as by rolling out of the bullet, by an bad match, an match not right cocked, by evil powder, or wet powder in his Pan, and such like: and I have oftentimes seen an Rank of Musquetiers having presented and given fire, that three or four of ten hath failed of their shot & ye must know that in service there is no time to prime again, or to right their match, for they must fall away with the rest of their Rank and make place to the next Rank to give fire. Again it surpasses the Musket in readiness, for an Archer shall shoot six arrows at the least, before a Musketeer have dismounted his Musket; Vncocked his match, Blown his Pan, primed, shoot his Pan, cast off his lose Powder, cast about his Musket, charged, drawn out his succourer, shortened his succourer, & done all therest of the Posturs' which are requisite for the right using of the Musket: Also the Musket, as all fiery wapons, is dangerous to them who are Unskilful, for an unexpert man may spoil himself and many about him, which inconvenient is notsubject to the Bow. Lastlie, it excelleth the Musket in execution and plurality of volleys, for an whole battalion of Archers or Pickmen, with their Bows may shoot off all together, whereas one Rank only of Musquetiers can give fire at once, unless the rest would either shoot at random, or else kill their leaders, so that in an battalion of 200 men, half Picks, half Musquetiers, the Pickmen shall shoot 100 arrows for 10 shot of Musket: wherefore so many flights of 100 arrows following suddenly, and continually after others, upon the enemy's battalion shall assuredly so terrify and disorder them, that they shall be forced rather to save themselves by flight, than either follow or a abide the charge. Of what esteem the Bow was in ancient times and how serviceable in wars, (g) Veget. de re milit. lib. 1. c. 15. Vegetius citeth the Books of Cato de disciplinâ militari, and showeth the example of Claudius and Scipio Africanus, who by this weapon overcame their enemies, whom otherwise they could not have matched. His words are those. Quamtum autem utilitatis boni sagittarij in preliis habeant, & Cato in libris de disciplinâ militari evidenter ostendit; & Claudius pluribus jaculatoribus ante institutis atque perdoctis hestem cui prius impar faerat superavit: Africanus quidem Scipio cum adversum Numantinos, qui exercitum populi Romani sub jugum miserant, esset acie certaturus, aliter superiorem se futurum esse non credidit, nisi in omnibus centuriis lectos sagitarios miscuisset. The Emperor (h) Leo. Tact. c. 11. ●ultimo. Leo after he hath given Command to renew the practice of Archery he subjuneth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (meaning 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the neglect of Archery hath brought great skaith and damnage to the Roman army: and it is certain that by this weapon the (i) Veget. de. re milit. lib. 1. cap. 20. Goths did subdue the Romans & exstirpat their Empire. By this weapon in leate times the English did ever overthrew the French cavalry, & thereby obtained many great and famous victories, as those of Cressi, Poitiers, again. court, and others. The Soldiers of the military yard at London are taught to use a Musqueton or demi Musket, with their Pick, which hangs about their Neck in a Belt like a carabine, being two foot in length, and of full Musket bore 12. bullets to a pound, but having a snapwork, it will carry blank as far as a Musket which I have seen: This demi Musket they charge and discharge with as great facility, as if they had nothing to use but their peace: making their Picks as it were a rest unto it: but the use hereof cannot be so well understood by discourse as by practice, Yet it is certain that the first or last two Ranks only can have the benefit of this weapon, whereas the whole Battle of Pickmen may shoot off their Arrows altogether. And thus much for the exercising of Pickmen with a Bow or half Musket, wherein I have insisted longer than I intended, because the matter is worthy of imitation; for it hath oftentimes grieved my mind that the choicest men in the Battle should patiently stand as a mark to the enemy's shot, and thereby fall to the ground before they come to hands. OF the exercising of Musquetiers. This exercise of Pickemen with the Bow and half Musket, I have not else whereseene except in the fornamed places, but the exercising of Musquetiers is ordinary everywhere. The Musquetiers most commonly are placed in the Flanks of the Battle, although upon occasron the Commander sometimes will place them in the Front, sometimes in the Rear, sometimes make plottons of them or troops of reserve. Musquetiers than are to be exercised and taught to Give fire three manner of ways: In the Front, in the Rear, in the Flanks: By the first they give fire advancing upon the enemy, or receiving his charge: by the second reteiring from the enemy: by the third marching by an enemy. First then they are taught to Give fire in the Front advancing upon the enemy, after this manner: How to Give fire in the Front. A Sergeant or some higher Officer if the body be great stands some 7 or 8 pace before the body & command's the first two Ranks of both wings to make ready, and to come up to him: which when they have done he commands the first Rank to present and give fire, and thereafter to fall away, those of the right Flank to the right hand, those of the left Flank to the left hand, that is: to march away one after another in a File down by the Flanks of the battalion and join in the Rear every man behind his own File. When the first Rank is fallen away, the second presents and gives fire, and falls away, as the first: Immediately as the first two Ranks doth move to go up, and give fire, the next two Ranks must make ready, and as soon as the first two Ranks are fallen away, they go up to their place and gives fire, and falls away in the like manner as they did: So all the other Ranks by twoes are to do the 'samine, one after another, until they have all given fire: when the first two Ranks are advanced, the body moves up to their place, and the rest successively till the whole Ranks have given fire, and made way for the first Rank to renew the volie. ABCD Ye see in this Battle A B C D the first two Ranks of each wing are advanced before the body to give fire, and the first Rank of both wings hath already given fire, and fallen away, That of the right wing B D to the right hand, that of the left wing A C to the left hand, and both of them falleth down to the Rear, every man behind his own File: The second Rank of both wings hath presented to give fire, and thereafter falls away as the first did, and so all the rest. But if your battalion cosist of any greater number as of 400 or 600 men, so that ye have 10 or 15 Musquetiers in Rank on each wing, than ye must observe to make them fall away by divisions, that is, they must divide themselves and fall away down by the divisions or streets, which the Sergeant causes make to that purpose through the body of the Musquetiers, those of the right wing falling to the right hand, those of the lest wing falling to the left hand. EFGHIKLMNO Ye see here a battalion of 400 men, consisting of half Picks half Musquetiers, having 10 Musquetiers in Rank on each wing: The right wing is G H M O, The left wing E F I L: The first Rank of both wings hath given fire, & fallen away, That of the right wing to the right hand, the one half without the right Flank H O, the other half through the division N, That of the left wing to the left hand, the one half without the left Flank E I, the other through the division K. Or else ye may make them fall away (as I have seen many do) on each wing to the right or left hand, making those who fell away to the right hand through the division N, to fall away to the left hand through the division G M betwixt the right wing of the Musquetiers and the body of the Picks, and those who fell away to the left hand through the division K, to fall away to the right hand through the division F L, betwixt the left wing of the Musquetiers and the body of the Picks, and by this means ye shall keep the body of your shot whole and undisjoined, which many Commanders study to do. But if your Battalion be greater, as consisting of 600 or 800 men, so that ye have 15 or 20 Musquetiers in Rank on each Wing, then of necessity ye must make streets or divisiones through the body of your Musquetiers to them to fall away five & five: For good Commanders holds a maxim, that more than five Musquetiers (to make ready service) ought not to fall away together, and if the Front be long, then to make so many divisiones as there is five to fall away, because when the whole Rank of Musquetiers (if they be many) falls away together, one after another, they take a long time before they can all fall away, and so hinders the next Rank to come up and give fire, whereas falling away by divisions, they do it in an instant, and makes present way for the next Rank to give fire, as ye see in the figure following. OPQRSTV O P Q V is the right wing, of a Battle of 800. men, containing 200. Musquetiers, making 20 in Front: ye see then the first Rank O P hath given fire, and divided itself in four parts, containing every one five, falling all away to the right hand, whereof the one is falling away by the right Flank P V, the next through the division T, the third through the division S, the fourth through the division R: So that the whole twenty Musquetiers falleth away in as short time, as five only would have done: whereas if they had fallen away altogether to either hand, they would have taken four times as much time, or had fallen away to the right and left, they would have taken twice so much time as they have now taken in falling away by divisions, & therefore makes ready way to the following Ranks to come up & give fire against the Enemy: The like ye may understand of the left wing of Musquetiers, where they will all fall to the left hand as these hath done to the right: This form of falling away, I have found approved, and have seen practised by the most judicious and best experimented Commanders of our days: Notwithstanding, I know many Commanders, who not considering this, make all their Musquetiers fall off together, or at the most, to the right and left by division, how many so ever they be: For there are many more curious to make unlawful gains by their company, then careful to perform a duty belonging to their charge. I have seen another manner of falling away, used by the English, which is by Counter march, thus: when the first Rank hath given fire, all those of the rank turneth together to the right hand, and marcheth down through the distances between the Files, while they come to the Rear, and likewise the second Rank, & all the rest one after another: And it is chiefly used in a Phalanx amphistomus; where the half of the Ranks of the Musquetiers gives fire in the Front, and the other half in the Rear, when they Countermarch to the division, which is made through the middle of the Ranks: But to perform this, the Files must be at open order, and they must be very expert Musquetiers. They use another form of giving fire in the Front without any falling away, thus: when the first rank hath given fire, it standeth still, the Rank next it, passeth up through the same Rank, and presenteh in due distance before it, and giveth fire: the third Rank passeth through them both, and giveth fire before them, and so the rest of the ranks successively, till the bringers-up have given fire in the Front: But I think this not so fit for service, as to show the variety of exercise. If the Commander please to make more execution against the enemy, he may command the second Rank to double the first, and to give fire altogether, so that for five shot, he may shoot ten, and for ten twenty. The use of this exercise is to advance and to charge the Enemy if ye be stronger than he, and to gain ground upon him. But if ye desire not to gain ground, as being more fire to defend, then offend, ye may make the Ranks give fire, where they stand without advancing, and fall away to the right, or to the right and left, as before. If ye sustain a charge both in Front and Rear, than they who hath given fire, falleth away to either hand, and joins in the the division made through the middle of the Battle, between the two middle ranks, as in the figure following. ABCD A B C D is a wing of 100 Musquetiers, whereof the one half of the ranks gives fire in the Front A B, The other half of the Ranks gives fire in the Rear C D: and the Ranks that hath given fire both of A B and C D, to wit the first and the tenth, falls away to the right and left hand, and joins in the division E, every man toward his own Front: the Ranks next them presents, gives fire, and falls away, as the former, and so all the rest. Or else they may fall away by Countermarch, as I have said before: but in so doing, they must be expert Musquetiers, and carry their Pieces aright, otherwise they will disturb the whole Ranks: And it is a very comely sight to see this Battle, when the picks are charged, both to the Front & Rear, & the Musquetiers doing their duty, that is, giving fire, and falling away by Countermarch, gracefullie and with readiness, as I have seen the Soldiers of the Artillery Guarding do it most exactly. How to Give fire in the Rear. The second way of Giving fire is in Reteiring from the Enemy, and then they give fire in the Rear, which is in this manner: The Captain marching in the Rear, (for that is his place in a retreat from the Enemy (honour being always accompanied with danger) commands the last Rank to make ready, and then to the right hand about, and give fire, which they do, the body still continuing their march, and thereafter turns off to the right hand, or (if they be many) to the right & left towards both Flanks, or else through the divisiones of the body which are made for that end, and marches up a good swift pace to the Front, where every man falls in the Front of his own File: As soon as the last Rank is turned to give fire, the next Rank makes ready, and when the last Rank is fallen off and marched away, it turns about, gives fire, falls off, and doth all as the former did, and so all the rest of the Ranks successively one after another, as in the figure following. FGHI F G H I is a wing of an 100 Musquetiers Retireing from the enemy: where ye see the 10 Rank in the Rear hath given fire, turned to the right hand, divided itself, and fallen away the on half through the division H F betwixt the Musquetiers and the Picks, the other half through the division K, and are marching away up to the Front, but if ye would keep the body of your Musquetiers whole, ye may make the Rank which gives fire, divide itself, and the one half fall away to the right hand, the other to the left, so that the half which falls away through the division K shall fall away by the Flank I G. The ninth Rank hath turned about and presented, and after it giveth fire, divideth itself, and marcheth away as the former, and so doth all the Ranks successively, one after another continueing still their march, and giving fire upon the Enemy. If ye would make more execution upon the Enemy, ye may make the penult Ranke double the last: as I show before in doubling the Front. The use of Giving fire Reteiring is, when the Enemy is stronger than you, and follows you in the Rear, ye being much weaker, and not able to encounter him, ye march away, and makes haste to gain your own Quarters or Trench or Forte, from whence you sortied, or to join with more of your own arm, and yet ye skirmish with the Enemy giving fire upon him, and no ways hindering your own march. The third way of Giving fire is, How to Give fire on the Flanks. Marching by an Enemy, which is done upon the Flanks after this manner. The outmost File of the Flank next the Enemy is commanded to make ready and to turn to the right or left hand (according as the Enemy appears upon the right or left wing) and to give fire altogether: thereafter they march not with the body, but stands still, and keeps their ground, and charges their Muskets again: Now whensoever the foresaid File turns to give fire, the next File unto it makes ready, keeping always along with the Body, till its bringer-up be past a little beyond the leader of the File that gave last fire; and then the whole File must turn and give fire, and do all as the former did. Thereafter the first File marches up and joins with the second File: Assoon as the second File turns to give fire, the third File which is now outmost towards the Enemy, makes ready, turns about, gives fire, and doth all as the other two, and so the rest one after another: and then the first two Files marcheth up to the third, and those three to the fourth after it hath discharged, and so forth all the rest till the whole wing of shot be gathered together, and then they all march up, and join in equal Front with the Picks: as ye see in the figure following. KLMN K L M N is a wing of 100 Musquetiers marching by an Enemy who shows himself on the right Flank of the battalion L N: Your first File P. towards him, hath given fire upon him, and hath charged their Muskets again in the place they stood: The next File. (). hath also given fire upon him, and are charging again in the same ground also, the third File hath turned to the right hand, and so hath presented to give fire: after which, ye must imagine the first File. P. to march up and join with the second File. O. and both of them to march up to the third File, and so forth till the whole wing gather and join together again after they have given fire. The like ye may understand if the Enemy appear upon your left wing for then the left hand File is to turn about to the left, and to give fire, upon the Enemy, and to do all as the right hand File hath done: and so the rest of the Files in the left wing do after the like manner, as those of the right, observing only the diversity of the hand: Or if the Enemy be on both your Flanks, ye may make both your Flanks do as one hath done. Although this form of Gathering together of the Files which I have shown, be most usual, yet there is many good Commanders who dislike it, and thinks it better that the File which hath given fire do not stand longer than they be free of the body, but turning a little to the left, march immediately up to the other side between the Picks, and the wing of Musquetiers, where there is a distance left for that effect. QRSTV Hear ye see the first File. V having given fire and being free of the body is marching up the division Q. S. to join with the rest on the left side between the Picks and the Musquetiers: the second File doth the like, and so all the rest one after another: but in this the whole wing in marching is to edge a little to the right, that it may keep the division clear and free to receive the Files as they give fire: This they think doth not so much dismember the body as the other, nor yet oppose the Files so much to the Enemies shot for when three Files stands one before another they make a great prop to the Enemy: But I leave every one to their own opinion, for Martial Commanders differs amongst themselves, in points of exercise, every one following the custom of his own Country. If ye would Give more fire upon the Enemy ye may make the second File to double the first, and both to give fire together, and so, through the rest of the Files, as I show before in giving fire by doubling of Ranks in the Front or the Rear. The use of Giving fire in the Flanks, is when the Enemy appeareth on either of your Flanks to charge you, and ye not able to sustain his charge, ye march away by him in good order, and gives fire upon him: and if he would continue his march with yours thinking to hasten and cut off your passage, or come betwixt you and your retreete, ye may make as much haste as he, and yet sustain skirmish with him. A Collection of the Words of Command which are most necessare in exercise and service. Tit. 12. IN this treatise I have set down sundry Motions with their words of Command, more to show the variety of exercise than to approve them as steadable in Service: Therefore I have made here a collection of the words of Command, which are most necessary in the exercise of Motiones, and useful in Service. Our scott's words, I have set down in the right hand Column, the English in the left: But the words of Command for the Postures of the Pick and the Musket I show you (a) Supra Tit. 5. before: Your Company then being orderly drawn up and standing at a due distance, both in Ranks and Files which is open order: The Captain or other Officer, after he hath commanded Silence, he gins. Stand right in your Ranks and your Files. As ye were. To the right hand. To the left hand. To the right and left hand by division. To the right hand about. To the left hand about. Half Files to the right or left hand about. Ranks as ye were. Ranks to the right hand double. Ranks to the left hand double. Bringers up as ye were. Bringers up double your Front to the right hand. Bringers up double your Front to the left hand. Half Files as ye were. Middlemen, or Half Files to the right hand double your Front. Middlemen or Half Files to the left hand double your Front. Half Files to the right double your Front enteare. Half Files to the left double your Front enteare Half Files double your Front to the right and left by division. Files as ye were. Files to the right hand double. Files to the left hand double. File rank as ye were. Ranks file to the right hand. Ranks file to the left hand. Ranks file to the right and left by division. Files Countermarch to the right hand. Files Countermarch to the left hand. Ranks Countermarch to the right Flank. Ranks Countermarch to the left Flank. To your order or close order. Files close to the right hand. Files close to the left hand. Files close. Close your Ranks to your order or close order. To your open order, or any order else. Files Open to the right hand. Files Open to the left hand. Files Open Ranks Open to your open order or any order else. Wheel your Battle to the right hand. Wheel your Battle to the left hand. Wheel your Battle to the right hand about. Wheel your Battle to the left hand about. Stand right in your Ranks and your Strings. To your first order. Right about. Left about. Right and left about Right round about. Left round about. sixth Ranke right or left round about. Ranks to your first order. Double your Ranks to the right hand. Double your Ranks to the left hand. Tenth Rank to your first order. Tenth rank to the right hand advance to the front Tenth rank to the left hand advance to the Front. sixth rank to your first order. sixth Rank to the right hand advance to the Front. sixth Rank to the left hand advance to the Front. Strings to your first order. Double your Strings to the right hand. Double your Strings to the left hand. Strings to the right hand Countermarh. Strings to the left hand Countermarch. Ranks to the right hand Countermarch. Ranks to the left hand Countermarch. To your second or third distance. Close your Strings to the right hand. Close your Strings to the left hand. Close your Strings. Ranks close to your second or third distance. To your first distance or any distance else. Open your Strings to the right hand. Open your Strings to the left hand. Open your Strings. Open your Ranks to your first distance or any distance else. The great turn to the right about. The great turn to the left about. The great turn to the right round about. The great turn to the left round about. The words of Command for the exercise of Musquetiers. The words for Giving fire in the Front. First Ranke make ready, Advance before the Front six paces. Present and give fire. Fall away orderly to the right or to the left hand, or to both by division. Next Ranke do the like. All the rest follow. For Giving Fire in the Rear. Last Ranke make ready, To the right about present, and give fire. Fall off to the right or left hand, or to both by division. March up to the Front, Next last Ranke do the like. At the rest follow. For Giving fire in the Flanks. Right or left hand File, make ready. To the right or left hand present & give fire. Keep your ground and charge your Muskets again. Next File to the right or left hand present and give fire. Keep your ground and charge your Muskets again The rest of the Files do the like. First File march up and join with the second: March up both and join with the third and so forth. AND this much for exercising of foot Companies, in their Postures and Motions. I intended to have spoken of the Duty and Charge of every Officer of foot; and of the Embattelling and Encamping of Footmen, if I had not been pressed with shortness of time, and diverted by sundry distractiones, besides the leevying of my Company, and chief by a little praeparation which I have made for the plantation of New Scotland, in America: A Work so Noble, so Glorious, so conducible to the honour, and commodity of this Kingdom, that the like hitherto, was never intended. The Author whereof, although his rare Virtues, be not now according to their height acknowledged by us, yet ensueing times will approve them, and prove him to have been the Glory of his Age. If in this treatise I have committed any error, I submit myself to the judement and censure of the Learned and experimented Soldier, whose amendation I crave: As for the envious Thrasonical Critic, who will still be carping that which he understands not, I disdain him, I defy him. If in this I bring any profit to my Country men, it shall encourage me with the first opportunity God willing, to proceed and set forth somewhat of the exercise of cavalry: and also of the form of erecting any regular, or irregular figure of Fortification, with the manner of assailing, and defending a Fort; and that more, to allure others of better understanding, to employ their pen, and publish more perfectly in this subject, then that I esteem any thing of mine worthy of light: avouching only this, that in a true affection to my KING and my Country, and in a firm resolution to spend the last drop of my Blood in their service, I shall be Inferior to no Man living. FINIS. Printed at Edinburgh by the Heirs of Andro Hart, ANNO DOM. 1627.