Certain grammar questions for the exercise of young Scholars in the learning of the Accidence. The first part of Grammar. Q. WHat book do you learn? R. Mine Accidence. Q. What book is that? R. It is the first book which we use to learn to teach us the grounds and principal rules of Grammar. Q. What is Grammar? R. It is an art which teacheth the right and due order of speech as well in writing as in speaking? Q. How many parts of Grammar be there? R. Some good writers make but two, but we commonly reckon four? Q. Which be they? R. These. 1 Orthographia. 2 Etymologia. Syntaxis. 4 Prosodia. Q. What words be these. R. They be Greek words. Q. Why do ye rehearse them in Greek words? R. Because there is no fit terms used for them in English. Q. How be they termed in Latin? R. The same words be used also in Latin. Q How chance the Latins in teaching of this art do use Greek terms? R. Because the Romans whose speech was Latin had the knowledge of the learned arts from the Greeks', and for that at the first they had not devised in the Latin tongue fit words to express the meaning of these Greek terms, therefore they kept still the greek words, not only in Grammar but also in all the other liberal Sciences. Q. What mean you by Orthographia? R. It may be called in Latin recta scriptura, in English true writing? Q. What do you learn in this part of Grammar? R. It teacheth the perfect order that is to be used in writing and reading. Q. How many things are to be observed for the right order of writing. Five, that is to say, 1 Letters. 2 Dipthongs. 3 Syllabells. 4 Words. 5 Distinctions of words and sentences. Q. What call ye a letter? R. A letter is every several figure that is written in a word. Q. How many letters have ye? R. In english we use 24. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. k. l. m. n. o. p. r. s. t. v. w. x. y. z. The Latins leave out k. y. Because they be more usual to the Greeks'. They leave out also w. for it is a letter proper to our English tongue. And though they use h. in many words, yet they count it not a letter but only the mark of a breathed vowel: so that the Latins in deed have but 20. proper letters. Q. How be your letters divided? R. Into vowels and consonants. Q. How many be vowels? R. These five, a e i o u. and the Greek y. Q. Why be they called vowels? R. They be so called of this word vox, which signifieth a voice: for that no other letters do make any voice in sounding without some of these joined with them. Q. Why what spelleth prs? R. Nothing, because there is never a vowel among those letters. Q. How many letters be called consonantes? R. All other saving these six vowels. Q. Why be they called consonantes? R. They be so called a consonando. That is to say of sounding together, because that of themselves they give no certain sound, but must be sounded together with the vowels. Q. How be your consonantes divided? R. Thus. Some be called. 1 Mutes, or dumb letters. 2 Semivocales, or half vowels. 3 Liquides, or mild and melting letters. 4 Double consonantes. Q. How many be called Mutes? R These niene. b c d f g k p q t. Q. Why be they so called? R. Because that of themselves they have no manner of sound, and therefore in pronouncing ye add unto them this vowel e. or a. as be. ce. de. ka. etc. Q. How many be called Semivocales, or half vowels? R. These seven. l. m. n. r. s. x. z. Q. Why be they so called? R. Because every one of them hath as it were half a sound of itself. Q. How many be called Liquides, or mild & melting letters? R. Forsooth four of those Semivocales. That is l. m. n. r. Q. Why be they so called? R. Either because they sound not so hard in pronouncing: Or else, because when one of them standeth in a word next after any of the Mutes it maketh the vowel going before to be either long or short. Q. How many be called Double consonantes? R. These two. x. and z. Q. Why be they so called? R. Because they be made of two consonantes, and stand for two consonantes in speech. As x standeth for cs. or gs. and z. for ds. or 'tis. or as some think for ss. Q. To what use serve these letters? R. They serve to express in writing the words that a man thinketh to speak. Q. How do ye know with what letters to write a word? R. That is best learned by use. But in the vowelles the sound will teach ye which is to be used, and in the consonantes the framing of the tongue in speaking will bring ye to the letter. Q. What special notes have ye for the placing of your letters in writing? R. These. 1. The first letter of every word that beginneth a sentence and the first letter of every proper name must be written with a bigger letter than the other words, and those bigger letters are commonly called Capital letters. 2 Betwixt m & n ye shall never write p. 3 In Latin after x ye shall never write s. 4 In all simple words these letters following must always be joined and spelled with the vowel that cometh after them. bd. ct. ps. st. cn. gm. gn. st. x. 5 In compounding of words ye must always take heed to make good sound, which the Greeks' call Euphonia and therefore sometime some letters are to be put out, sometime others are to be put in, sometime those are to be changed. Q. How prove ye that? R. For Example. Of ob & curro I compound one verb which I writ not obcurro, but occurro. Euphoniae gratia that is for good sounds sake. So for Absfero I writ aufero. and for conlego I writ colligo. Q. Now, What call ye a diphthong? R. It is a greek word and signifieth a double sound. And it is the placing of two vowels in one syllable which must be pronounced both together. Q. How many dipthonges have ye? R. Among the Latins there be commonly used these five. ae as musae. au as audio. oe as coelum. ei as hei. eu as euge. And in english we use these ten. ai. or ay. gain. au. or awe. god. ea for e full. great. ee or ie for i small. grief. ei or eye height. ew. lewd. oi or oy. joy. ou or ow. loud. ui for i broad. guide. oo. good. Q. Now. What call ye a syllable? R. It is a greek term, and may signify in english a coupling. For it is the coupling of vowels and consonantes that are to be pronounced together without breaking of the sound, as if it were but one letter. Q. Must there needs be a vowel in every syllable? R. Yea. Or else there is no sound. Q. Can there be no more vowels but one in a syllable? R. No. In latin two vowels can never properly be joined together in one syllable, except it be a diphthong. Q. How many letters may be in a syllable? R. So many as may be pronounced together with one breath without breaking of the sound. Q. How few letters may be in a syllable? R. Sometime but one. But that must needs be a vowel. and then it is called, a or e, or o, pierce, that is a or e or o by itself, but if there be any consonant in the syllable there must needs be more letters than one. Q. How will ye know how many syllables there be in a word? R. Very easily, for in latin there be so many syllables as there be vowels. Except there be a diphthong. But it is best known by the pronouncing of the word. Q. Why so? R. For. So often as I am compelled to break the sound in pronouncing of a word, so many syllables be in the word as in me, ri, di, e, i. I break the sound five times, and therefore I have five syllables. Q. Now. What call ye a word? R. It is a voice consisting of one syllable or more, wherein is uttered so much as signifieth some what. Q. How many syllables do make a word? R. There is no certain number appointed. For some words be of one syllable called Monosyllaba, some be of 2. called Dissillaba. Some of more than two, called Hyperdissyllaba, Or of many syllables called Polysyllaba. Q. Now what mean ye by distinctions of words? R. They be certain pricks and marks which be used in writing, to divide every sentence into his parts and to teach us how to pause in reading. Q. How many such marks have ye? R. They be commonly these six. 1 Comma. 2 Colon. 3 Periodus. 4 Interrogatio. 5 Apostrophes. 6 Parenthesis. Q. What is meant by Comma? R. It is a little crook set at the end of a word, thus (,) which noteth that there is ended a little piece of a sentence, which we call a clause, and must have a very little pause in reading. Q. What mean ye by Colon? R. It is a mark made with two pricks thus (:) and doth note that there is ended one of the chief parts of a sentence, called a member of a sentence, and therefore requireth a longer pause. Q. What call ye Periodus? R. It is a mark made with one prick, thus (.) and noteth that the sentence is there fully ended. And therefore requireth a perfect pause. Q. What mean ye by Interrogatio? R. It is a mark made with two pricks thus (?) and noteth that the sentence going before it is a question, and should have the last words raised up somewhat sharp in pronouncing. Q. What call ye Apostrophes? R. It is a little crook set at the top of a letter thus. Nost in '. And noteth that there is something lacking in the end of that word. Q. What mean ye by Parenthesis? R. That is a mark made with two half circles thus () and noteth that all the words betwixt these two half circles are no part of that sentence wherewith they be joined, but are a special sentence of themselves, thrust into the other sentence upon some special occasion: so that the other sentence may be taken together whole without them. Q. Now what things do ye observe in reading? R. These two things. 1 Clean sounding. 2 Dew pausing. Q. Wherein standeth clean sounding? R. In giving to every letter his just and full sound. In breaking or dividing every word duly into his several syllables, so that every syllable may be heard by himself and none drowned, nor slubbered up ill favouredly. In the right pronouncing of ti, which of us is commonly sounded ci when any vowel doth follow next after him or else not. And finally in avoiding all such vices as are of many foolishly used by evil custom. Q. What vices be those? R. jotacismus. sounding i too broad. 2 Labdacismus. sounding l too full. 3 Ischnotes. mincing of a letter, as feather for father. 4 Traulismus. stammering or stutting. 5 Plateasmus, too much mouthing of letters. 6 Cheilostomia. maffling or fumbling words in the mouth. 7 Abusing of letters. as v for f. vat for fat. z for s as muza for musa. should for ci. as fasho for facio dosham for doceam foelishum for felicium and such like. Q. Wherein standeth due pausing? R. In right observation of the marks and pricks before mentioned. And thus much for the first part of Grammar. The second part of Grammar. Q. WHich is the second part of Grammar? R. Etymologia. Q. What mean ye by Etymologia? R. It is a greek word, Which some interpret in latin Veriloquium. And (if the word were used) in English, I would call it true woording. Or the true use of words. Q. What do you learn in Etymologia? R. Three things. 1. The true original & beginning of words. 2. What every word is to be called in Grammar. 3. What things fall or chance to every word. Q. How will you learn the true original or beginning of words? R. That must be learned by much reading after we know the rules of Grammar. Q. Then what do ye learn in this part of Grammar for the calling of words? R. There be many proper terms in Grammar which pertain to words and speech. Q. Why, are words called otherwise in your art of Grammar than they be in common speech? R. Yea forsooth. Q. Why so? R. Because neither Grammar, nor any other art can be taught without some special terms devised, to express the parts and things belonging to the same. Q. Show me some example? R. As in the art of sailing there be many terms proper to that art. As of the ship, the dock, the rudder, the snout, the hatches, the deck, the mast, etc. The ploughman hath proper terms in his own art, as of the plough, the beam, the cock, the tail, the cowlter, the share, etc. And so is it in all other arts. Q. Be all the terms of Grammar contained in Etymologia? R. No. For every part of Grammar hath his proper terms. As in Orthographia: You had these terms, Letters, Dypthonges, Syllables, Distinctions, etc. So are there special terms belonging to the other parts of Grammar. Q. Then what terms of Grammar be in this second part called Etymologia? R. Such terms as belong to the naming of words and things pertaining to the same. Q. What doth Etymologia especially entreat of? R. Of every word that is to be used in speech. Q. What is speech? R. It is a pronouncing of words together, wherein every man and woman speaking to each other, use to utter their minds. Q. Whereof is speech made? R. Of words. Q. Then what call ye words in Grammar? R. I call all words parts of speech. Q. How many parts of speech be there in Grammar? R. Eight. Q. Why, you said that every word is a part of speech and are there but eight words in all the world? R. Yes there be many thousands of words: But, all words that be used in speech are called by one of these eight terms in Grammar. Q. Which be those eight terms which ye call the eight parts of speech? R These. 1 Noun. 2 pronoun. 3 Verb. 4 Participle. 5 adverb. 6 Conjunction. 7 Preposition. 8 Interjection. Q. Can there be no fewer than eight terms which do contain in them all sorts of words? R. Yes it were more easy to say there are but 4. a Noun & a Verb, an adverb & a Conjunction. Q. How so? R. Because a pronoun & a Participle may very well be referred to a Noun, & a Preposition and Interjection may well be referred to an adverb. Q. What is the first difference amongst these 8. parts of speech? R. Forsooth that first 4. be declined: & that latter 4. be undeclined. Q. What mean ye by declined and undeclined. R. That word in Grammar is said to be declined, which may be changed in the last letter or syllable into other letters or syllables. And that which cannot be so changed is said to be undeclined. Q. Be those first four declined all in one manner? R. No. For some of them be declined with cases, and some with moods and tenses. Q. How many parts of speech be declined with cases? R. These three. Noun, pronoun, and Participle. And a verb only is declined with modes and tenses. Q. What were the first difference among words if there were but four parts of speech? R. This. Some be words that have number in them, as a Noun, & a verb. Some be words that have no number in them as an adverb and a conjunction. Q. What is to be considered in every part of speech? R. These 3. things. 1 what it is which is called the definition 2 what parts it hath which is called the division. 3 what things chance unto it which is called the accidents. Q. Then first what is a noun? R. Any word that betokeneth the name of any thing is a noun. Or thus. The name of any thing that may be seen, felt, heard, or understanded is a noun. As a book. Q. Is thy book a noun? R. The thing itself which is called a book is not a noun, but this word book, which is the name of the thing is a noun, for a noun signifieth nothing else but a name. Q. Why dost thou put this difference betwixt the thing and the name of the thing? R. For that in Grammar which teacheth the true order of speech, we have to consider nothing but the very words that be spoken: so that things which be signified by these words pertain nothing to Grammar, and therefore no kind of thing is a noun, but the word which is the name of any thing, that is a noun. Q. How many sorts of nouns have ye? R. Two, some be called Substantives and adjectives. Q. How know you a noun substantive? R. A noun substantive is a name that standeth by himself. Q. How can a noun which is but a word stand by itself. Q. I know that no word can properly stand by itself, but is a borrowed speech and I mean an other thing by it. Q. What mean ye by standeth by himself? R. That is to say, requireth not an other word to be joined with him. Q. Tell me this more plainly? R. A noun substantive is a perfect word, and a name so certain, that I know certainly what thing it nameth, although there be no other word joined with it. So that when I say it standeth by itself, I mean I can understand by itself the thing that it signifieth although there be no other word joined unto it. Q. Have ye any special mark whereby to know a noun substantive? R. Yea forsooth. Any word that may aptly and properly have before his English this sign a. or the. is a noun substantive, as A city, the city. Q. How many sorts of nouns substantives have ye? R. Two for some be called Proper and Common or appellative. Q. What call ye a noun proper? R. A proper name is a noun which is proper to the thing that it betokeneth, that is to say, which doth signify some one special thing. Q. How many sorts of proper names have ye? R. Ten as proper names of 1 Gods. 2 Men. 3 Floods. 4 Months. 5 Winds. 6 Goddesses. 7 Women. 8 Cities 9 Countries 10 Islands. Q. What call ye a common name, or a noun appellative. R. A noun common is that whose signification is common to more, that is, which betokeneth all things of that force. Q. Show me examples of a proper name, and of a common name? R. Edovardus is a proper name, and signifieth but one man so called. But A man is a common name and signifieth all men. So Londinum the City of London is a proper name: because it is the name but of one City so called. But urbs a City is a common name, because every City is called a City, but every city is not called London. Q. Now how know ye a noun adjective? R. A noun adjective is a name that cannot stand by himself. Q. What mean ye by that? R. That is to say, requireth an other word to be joined with him. Q. Tell me this more plainly? R. A noun adjective is the name of a thing, but so doubtful and uncertain, as I know not certainly what thing it nameth except there be some other word joined unto it: so that when I say it can not stand by itself: I mean that I cannot perfectly understand what thing it belongeth unto, except there be a substantive joined unto it, as Good. Q. Why, do ye not know that good is the name of a thing? R. Yes, I know that when you say good you mean something, but I know not what thing ye call good, except ye put some other word unto it: as a good horse, a good boy. Q. Have ye any special mark whereby to know a noun adjective? R. Yea forsooth In English, any name with which I may aptly join this word thing, is a noun adjective: as a good thing. Q. This is enough for the division of a noun. Now what mean ye by the Accidents. R. The Accidents be certain properties falling or belonging to all the parts of speech generally, or to every several part of speech particularly, and thereof my book is called an Accidence or the Accidents. Q. Why so? R. For that is (as I take it) the book that teacheth all the accidents, that is to say, all such things as fall or belong to all the parts of speech. Q. How many sorts of accidents have ye? R. Two sorts, for some be general and belong to all parts of speech as form and figure. particular whereof some belong to 1 the four parts of speech that be declined as number. 2 Three of those that be declined as case, gender & declension to all nouns pronouns and participles. 3 Every several part of speech as all the rest. Q. How many accidents belong to a noun. R. 7. First the 2. general accidents. Form. Figure. Secondly the general accidents of the four parts declined, which is Number. Thirdly these four. Case. Gender. declension. Comparison. Q. What call ye form? R. Form is that Accident which in Latin is called species, whereby I discern whether the word be sprung of itself and therefore called a primitive, or whether it be drawn or derived out of an other word and so called a derivative, for all words be either the primitive or derivative form. Q. How many sorts of nouns have ye of the primitive form or that be called primitives? R. 18 Substantives. 10. 1 Corporale. 2 Incorporale. 3 Absolutum. 4 Generale. 5 Speciale. 6 Homonymun or aequiuoc●. 7 Synonimum. 8 Collectiwm. 9 Ad aliquid. 10 Temporale. adjectives 8. 1 Interrogatiwm. 2 Infinitum or Indefinitum. 3 Relatiwm. 4 Redditiwm. 5 Nun. Cardina. Ordinale. Distributi. 6 Partiti. 7 Vniver. 8 Particu. Nomina in riu● plus plex Q. How many sorts of nouns have ye called derivatives▪ R. 16. Whereof some be Substantives. 8. 1 Denominatiwm. 2 Contentiwm. 3 Ficticium. 5 Verbale. 5 Patrium. 6 Gentile. 7 Patronimi. 8 Diminitiwm. adjectives. 8 1 Possessiwm. 2 Materiale. 3 Locale. 4 Participiale. 5 Gerundiwm. 6 Aduerbiale. 7 Comparatiwm. 8 Superlatiwm. But of verbals some be substantives some be adjectives, their terminations for the most part be these. Tus sus bundus io tor trix menxus bilis ura. Q. What call ye figure? R. Figure, called in Latin Figura is that accident whereby we discern whether a word be altogether of himself, and that is said to be the simple figure: or whether it be mingled with some other word, and such a word is said to be either the compound figure, or the double compound figure. Q. And are these 2. accidents common to all words? R. Yea forsooth, for there is no word but that he is either Primitive, or Derivative. Simple or Compound. Q. Now what call ye number? R. Number is an accident whereby I discern whether ye speak of one thing or of more. Q. How many numbers have ye? R. Two, the Singular, which speaketh of one as lapis a stone. Plural, which speaketh of more than one as lapides stones. Q. What call ye a case? R. A case is every several ending of a noun, pronoun and participle when it is declined. Q. What mean ye by declined? R. Declined, that is to say altered, broken, or changed from the first name of the word into other terminations. Q. What mean you by terminations? R. A termination is the end of a word, either in the last letters or in the last syllables. Q. How many cases have ye? R. Six, the Nominative. Genitive. Dative. Accusative. Vocative. Ablative. Q. Hath every noun all these six cases, or several portions as ye call them? R. Yea, if it be a perfect noun. Q. Why, have ye some nouns that be unperfect? R. Yea, and those we call heteroclita, whereof be 3. sorts. 1 Variantia, which do vary somewhat from the common sort of nouns. 2 Deficientia, which do lack somewhat that commonly nouns have. 3 Redundantia, which have something more than commonly nouns have. Q. What mean ye by the nominative case? R. It might be called the name. It is so called a nominando, that is of naming: for it is the very first name of every noun, pronoun, and participle: it is not properly a case, but is so termed only for plain teaching, it is called in Latin rectus, and so is the vocative for the most part, and all the other cases be called obliqui casus. Q. What is the reason of these names? R. Rectus casus signifieth the right case, and the nominative case is so called, because it setteth down rightly the very name of every thing, as homo. Obliquus casus, signifieth a crooked or bended case, and so be all other cases called, because their terminations are as it were bend and crooked away from the nominative, As hominis, homini, hominem, homine. etc. Q. How know ye the nominative case? R. The nominative case in the natural order of speech cometh before the verb, and if I join with the verb this qustion who or what, the word that answereth to that question is the nominative case. As The Master teacheth. Question Who teacheth? Answer. The master. Q. How know ye the genitive case? R. The genitive is known in Latin by the terminations of the declensons, and in English he hath this sign of before him: and answereth to the question whose, of whom, or whereof, as. The learning of the Master. Q. How know you the dative case? R. In Latin by the termination, in English it hath commonly this sign to, before him, and answereth to this question To whom or To what? as I give a book to the Master. Q. How know ye the Accusative case. R. The Accusative case in order of speech followeth the verb, and if ye join the question whom or what with the verb, the word that answereth the question is the accusative case. As I love the Master. Q. How know ye the vocative case? R. In Latin by the termination: In English by calling or speaking to. Q. For if I call or speak to any person, I must put the name of the person to whom I speak in the vocative case, as Master, I love you. Q. How know ye the ablative case? R. In Latin by the termination of the declension, and in English it hath commonly one of these signs before it. In with through for from by or then. Q. This is sufficient for the cases, what call ye Gender? R. Gender is an accident of a noun, whereby we make difference of natures in the names of things considering whether the word signify the Male kind or the Female. Q. How many Genders have ye? R. Mine accidence rehearseth 7. but in deed there are but three. Q. Which be those seven? R. The 1 Masculine. 2 Feminine. 3 Neuter. 4 Common of two. 5 Common of three. 6 Doubtful. 7 Epicaene. Q. You say there are but 3. genders in deed, which be they? R. The Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Q. What are the rest if they be not properly genders? R. A mixture or mingling of genders. Q. What mean yet by Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. R. Masculine, betokeneth the male kind. Feminine, betokeneth the female kind. Neuter, signifieth neither male nor female and under those 3. words are all kind of natures comprehended. Q. How is every gender discerned from other? R. Every proper gender hath his proper article. Q. What call ye an Article? R The mark whereby we discern the gender. Q. How many articles have ye? R. Three. Hic. Haec. Hoc. Q. Why, this Hic. Haec. Hoc, is a pronown & signifieth this? R. It is true. Hic. Haec. Hoc, is a pronoun and then it signifieth this, but when it is declined with a Noun, it is only an article, that is to say, the mark of a gender and hath no signification at all. Q. Then which is the proper article of the Masculine gender? R. The Masculine gender is declined with this article hic, as hic vir a man. Q. Which is the article of the Feminine? R. Haec. Q. Which of the Neuter? R. Hoc. Q. You say there are but three genders in deed: and they have their proper articles. What then? Have those other which ye numbered among the genders, no articles? R. They be not properly genders, and therefore they have no proper articles, But as they be a mixture or mingling of genders, so do they borrow their articles of the three proper genders. Q. How so? R. The common of two is both the masculine gender and the feminine, and therefore he hath both their articles hic and haec. The common of three is both the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter, and therefore he borroweth all their articles hic haec and hoc. The doubtful gender is either the masculine or the feminine, and therefore he hath hic or haec. Q. What article hath the Epicene gender? R. The Epicene gender may have any article according to the nature of the word. But all nouns of the Epicene gender be either names of fowls or of fishes, or of wild beasts. And because these nouns do in one word signify two kinds, that is, the male & the female. Therefore we say such a word is the Epicene gender, that is the common or mingled gender. Q. Why so? R. Because that in any such one word what article soever it hath is understood two natures, the male and the female As Vulpes the he fox and the she. Passer the cock sparrow & that hen. Halec the male hearing, & that female. Q. How will you find out the gender of a noun? R. By certain rules in latin verses set down in my book of the latin Grammar. Q. This is sufficient for genders, what call ye declension? R. It is the breaking of the first name of a word into divers other terminations which we call cases. Q. How many Declensons of nouns have ye? R. Five. Q. How will ye know what declension a noun is? R. By the termination or ending of the genitive case singular. Q. How ends the genitive case singular of every declension? R. The genitive case singular of the first declension endeth in ae second declension endeth in i third declension endeth in is fourth declension endeth in us fifth. declension endeth in ei Q. What call ye this breaking of nouns into cases? R. I call it declining of nouns. Q. How ends the vocative case singular of the first declension? R. Like the nominative except nouns in as which do make their vocative in a as Nominativo Thomas vocat. Thoma. Q. How ends the Dative case plural of the first declension? R. in is. Q. what, in all nouns? R. No. For these two nouns filia and nata do make the dative and the ablative case plural in is or in abus, As Dativo his filiis vel siliabus. And these four nouns Dea, Mola, Equa, Liberta do not make the dative and the ablative case plural in is but only in abus, as Dativo Deabus, Mulabus, Equabus, Libertabus. Q. How ends the vocative case singular in the 2. declension? R. For the most part like the nominative? Q. Doth it not always end like the nominative? R. No forsooth. Q. When doth it not end like the nominative? R. When the nominative endeth either in us or in ius. Q. How endeth the vocative when the nominative endeth in us? R. When the nominative endeth in us the vocative shall end in e. Q. What in all nouns? R. Yea forsooth. Except this word Deus which maketh the vocative case Deus also. And filius which maketh the vocative fili. Q. How ends the vocative when that nominative endeth in ius? R. When the nominative endeth in ius the vocative shall end in i if the word be a proper name of a man, as Terentius vocat. Terenti: otherwise it endeth in e. Q. You said that all Nouns which have their nominative in us, do make their vocative in e except Deus & filius. How say ye to Manus, doth he make his vocative case Mane? R. No. For manus is a noun of the 4. declension. And this rule is only for nouns of the second declension. Q. Do all other nouns in us of the second declension except Deus, make their vocative in e. R. Nay. These 6. nouns, agnus, lucus, vulgus, populus, chorus, flwius, make their vocative in e or in us. Q. How ends the vocative case in all other declensons? R. The vocative case in all declensons generally ends like the nominative both in the singular number & in the plural. Q. Hoc regnum, tegni, what declension is it? R. The second because the genitive case singular endeth in i Q. What is his nominative case plural? R. Regna. Q. Why, how ends the nominative case plural of the second declension? R. in i Q. Then why do ye not say nominative haec regni? R. Because it is a noun of the neuter gender. Q. And what then? R. All nouns of the neuter gender of what declension soever, have the nominative, the accusative and the vocative alike both in the singular number and in the plural. And those three cases in the plural number end always in a as well in substantives, as in adjectives of the neuter gender. Q. Is there no noun substantive nor adjective of the neuter gender but that he makes the nominative the accusative and the vocative case plural in a? R. None except these two nouns ambo & duo. And they do not make these three cases plural in a. but in o, and therefore I say pluraliter ambo ambae ambo, & not amba. Of adjectives. Q. This is sufficient for substantives. Now how many sorts of adjectives have ye? R. So many as I had of substantives. For some be proper, some be common. And some be Primitive some Bee Derivative. And some be simple and some be compound. Q. What accidents hath an adjective? R. All those which a substantive hath and one more. Q. Which is that? R. Comparison. Q. Why doth not a sudstantive make comparison? R. No forsooth. For comparison is only proper to adjectives, although in some Authors are read some few words of the comparative degree drawn out of substantives, yet it is unproper. For no substantive doth properly form comparison but by abuse. Q. Are all the accidents in an adjective as they be in a substantive? R. Form, Figure, Number, and case be the same and in the same manner in an adjective, that they were in a substantive: but there is some difference in the genders and in the declining. Q. What genders hath an adjective? R. Every perfect adjective hath in every case both in the singular number and in the plural all the three proper genders: That is to say, the Masculine, the Feminine & that Neuter. Q. How will ye find out these three genders in every case of an adjective? R. If there be three terminations of the adjective as bonus, bona, bonum, the first termination is the Masculine gender, the second is the feminine, and the third is the neuter. If there be but two terminations as hunc & hanc foelicem & hoc foelix, than the former termination as foelicem is both the Masculine and the Feminine, and the latter termination as foelix is the Neuter. If there be but one termination, as hic haec & hoc foelix or Dativo bonis, than that one termination is both the Masculine, the Feminine, and the Neuter in what case soever it be. Q. How chance ye said there were but two terminations, when ye reckoned hunc & hanc foelicem & hoc foelix, are there no words but two? R. Yes, but because hunc hanc & hoc are but articles, that is to say, signs of the gender, therefore I must not reckon them nor any one of the articles in what case soever it be, for any part or termination of the Noun, so that beside the articles there are no more terminations in that case but foelicem & foelix. Q. What difference is there in declining of adjectives? R. Forsooth some be declined with three terminations in every case without any articles: and some be declined with three articles. Q. How be nouns adjectives of 3. terminations declined? R. Nouns adjectives of 3. terminations in the masculine gender, be declined like nouns substantives of the Masculine gender in the second declension, that is to say, like Dominus or Magister. In the Feminine gender like a noun of the first declension as Musa. In the neuter, like a noun of the Neuter gender in the second declension, as Regnum. Q. How be nouns adjectives of 3. articles declined? R. Like nouns substantives of the Masculine, Feminine, and neuter gender in the 3. declension. Q. Be all adjectives declined in this manner? R. All saving these eight, unus, totus, solus, ullus, alius, alter, uter and neuter. And their compounds which make their genitive case singular in ius and their dative in i, in all other cases they are declined like nouns adjectives of three terminations. Of Comparison. Q. We have passed over six of the accidents of a Noun, which is the seventh? R. Comparison. Q. What call ye comparison? R. It is in english the altering of the signification of a word by degrees into more or less, In latin it is the altering of a word into other terminations, whereby the word doth signify more or less. Q. How many parts of speech do form comparison? R. These four, a Noun. Participle. adverb. Preposition. Q. Are ye sure that all these four parts of speech dot make comparison? R. I cannot say that they all properly do form comparison, so long as they be taken for those parts of speech. Q. Why so? R. For a Participle when he formeth comparison is accounted to be a noun adjective. And a Preposition when he formeth comparison is counted an adverb. Q. Well then, do all nouns adjectives and all adverbs form comparison? R. No forsooth. Q. Which then? R All such nouns and adverbs whose signification may be increased or diminished, That is to say, made more or made less, as hard, harder, hardest. Q. How many sorts of comparison have ye? R. These four a comparison that is called 1 perfect. 2 anomala. without rule 3 defectiva. lacking. 4 abusiva. not in use. Q. Which call ye a perfect comparison? R. That which hath all the degrees of comparison and is form after some certain rule. Q. What mean ye by a degree of comparison. R. Every word in the adjective or adverb that altereth the signification by more or less is called a degree. Q. How many degrees of comparison be there? R. Three. The Positive. Comparative. Superlative. Q. What mean ye by the Positive? R. The Positive degree is that very first word of the adjective or adverb that formeth comparison, as durus hard. Q. Why, here is no signification increased by more or less? R. It is true. For the positive doth signify a thing absolutely without excess, that is to say it hath no respect of comparison with any other word, neither doth it increase his signification by more or less, and therefore it is unproperly called a degree of comparison. Q. What call ye the comparative degree? R. That which signifieth somewhat more than the positive, as durior harder. Q. What call ye the Superlative degree? R. That which exceedeth the positive in the highest degree, that is, which signifieth more than his positive in all respects. As Durissimus, hardest of all. Q. And how many rules have ye to form these degrees? R. I have only one rule to form the comparative degree: And three to form the superlative. Q. How form ye the positive? R. The positive is not form at all: But is the very first word of the adjective or adverb out of which the comparitive and superlative degree is form. Q. Which is the rule to form the comparative degree? R. This, The comparative degree is form of the first case of his positive that endeth in i by putting to or, or us, as Durus hard, the genitive case is Duri, put to or and it maketh Durior, put to us and it maketh Durius, and so the comparative degree of Durus, is hic & haec durior & hoc durius. Q. Which is your first rule for the superlative degree? R. This. The superlative degree is form of the first case of his positive that endeth in i by putting thereto s. and simus. As Durus the genitive case is Duri, put to s. and it maketh Duris, and then put to simus and it maketh Durissimus, and that is the superlative degree. Q. Is the genitive always the first case in i? R. Yea forsooth, in adjectives of three terminations, but in adjectives of three articles, the dative is the first case in i Q. What is your second rule to form the superlative degree? R. This. If the positive do end in er, than the superlative degree is not form of the first case of his positive that endeth in i, but of the nominative case of the positive that endeth in er, by putting thereto rimus. As to Nominativo pulcher, I put rimus, and so the superlative degree is pulcherrimus. Q. What is your third rule to form the superlative degree. R. The third rule is for these six adjectives that end in lis, humilis, similis, facilis, agilis, gracilis, docilis. Q. Is it not for all adjectives that end in lis as well as for these six? R. No. For all other adjectives in lis except these six do form their superlative degree according to the first rule, as utilis maketh utilissimus. Q. But how do these six form the superlative degree? R. Of the nominative case in lis, by changing is into limus, as humilis change is into limus and there is the superlative degree humillimus. Q. Be here all the rules for perfect comparisons? R. No forsooth, there be certain nouns compounded of these verbs dico, volo, and facio, which are also referred to the perfect comparison. Q. How do nouns that be made of dico, volo, and facio make comparison? R. They make the comparative degree by changing us into entior, & the superlative by changing us into entissimus. As maledicus, maledicentior, maledicentissimus. Q. Be there any more rules to form comparisons? R. Some call it a comparison which is made by these adverbs magis and maxim. Q. What nouns make comparison by magis and maxim? R. Nouns that end in us, and have a vowel going before us, as pius. Q. And how do they make comparison? R. For the comparative degree we put magis to the positive: and for the superlative we put maxim to the positive. Q. Show me how? R. Pius, is Latin for godly and this is the positive degree, and for the comparative degree I say magis pius more Godly, and for the superlative I say maxim pius most Godly. So in this word assiduus for continual the comparative is magis assiduus, the superlative is maxim assiduus. Q. This is sufficient for the perfect comparisons, now what call you a comparison anomala or without rule. R. That comparison I call anomala or without rule, which although it hath all the degrees of comparison, yet it is form after no certain rule, as bonus, melior, optimus. Q. Is not this formed after a rule? R. No, For I have no rule to form melior or optimus out of bonus, for according to my rule I should say bonus, bonior bonissimus. Q. What adjectives be of this sort of comparison? R. These adjectives, adverves, and prepositions. adjectives. Vetus. Veterior. Veterrimus. Maturus. Maturior. Maturimus Bonus. Melior. Optimus. Malus. Peior. Pessimus. Magnus. Maior. Maximus. parvus. Minor Minimus. Multum. plus. Plurimun. Praepositiones. Citra. Citerior. Citimus. Intra. Interior. Intimus Infra. Inferior. Infimus, vel Imus. Extra. Exterior. Extimus vel Extremus. Supra. Superior. Supremus vel Summus. Post. Posterior. Postremus. Vltra. Vlterior. Vltimus. Prope. Propior. Proxime. adverbs. Pridem. Prior. Primus. Diu. Diutior. Diutissimus. Saepe. Saepius. Saepissime. Paenitus. Paenitior. Paenitissimus. Q. Which call ye the defective or lacking comparison? R. That which lacketh some of the degrees of comparison, as Multus, Plurimus, multa, Plurima. Here I have the Positive and the Superlative, but here lacketh the comparative. For Multus hath not the comparative degree, but in the neuter Gender. Q. What other words have ye that lack some degrees of comparison. R. These want the positive. Ocyor. Ocissimus Potior. Potissimus. Habitior. Habitissimus. These want the comparative. Inclytus. Inclytissimus. meritus. meritissimus. multus. plurimus. multa. plurima. paene. paenissimus. nuper. nuperrimus. apricus. apricissimus. falsus. falsissimus. nows. novissimus. diversus. diversissimus. These want the superlative. Opimus. Opimior. adolescens. adolescentior. juvenis. junior. senex. senior. Maximusnatu. sinister. sinisterior. ante. anterior. longinquus. longinquior. dives. Divitior. infinitus. infinitior. barbarus. barbarior. Decliws. declivior. Q. Which call ye the comparison abusiva, or not in use? R. That which although Poets and old writers have used, yet it is unproper and of us not to be used. Q. Rehearse some such words? R. Ipsissimus. of Ipse. Tuissimus. of Tu. Assiduior. Assiduissimus. of Assiduus. Proximior. of Proximus. Strenuior. of strenuous. Egregiissimus. of Egregius. Pientissimus piissimus. of Pius. Multissimus. of Multus. Perpetuissimus. of Perpetuus. Mirificissimus. of Mirificus. Neronior. of Nero. Substantives. Cinaedior. of Cinaedus. Punior. of Paenus. Of the pronoun. Q. Which is the second part of speech? R. A pronoun. Q. What is to be considered in a pronoun? R. 3. things, his Definition. that is to tell what it is. Division. that is to tell what parts or sorts it hath. Accident. that is to tell what things chance or belong to it. Q. What is a pronoun? R. A pronoun is a part of speech much like to a Noun, put in stead of a Noun, and serveth for a Noun. Q. Is not a pronoun the same that a Noun is? R. Some good writers make them all one: But according to the accustomed manner, we make them divers. Q. For what cause are pronouns used? R. For two causes, namely for showing some thing or person, which we list not to name, as this man, or else for rehearsing some thing or person that hath been before spoken of. As that man. Q. How many sorts of pronouns have ye? R. Two Substantives and adjectives. Q. How many pronouns are Substantives, and how many adjectives? R. These three, ego, tu, sui, be substantives, and the other be adjectives. Q. How many pronouns have ye in all? R. Fifteen, ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras. Q. Be there no more but fifteen pronouns? R. Yes there be more, as egomet, tute, idem, isthic, hiccine, etc. but these be compounds: so that I have no more but fifteen simple pronouns. Q. Yes ye have the relative qui amongst them, and qui is no compound, therefore there be more than fifteen simple pronouns? R. The relative qui in deed is put amongst the pronouns, but there is a doubt amongst the Grammarians of qui, for some say it is a noun, and some say it is a pronoun. Q. This is sufficient for the definition & the division of pronouns, Now tell me what accidents hath a pronoun? R. First the two general accidents. Form and Figure. Q. What call ye form? R. The accident whereby we discern which be primitives and which be derivatives. Q. How many be primitives? R. These eight, ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste, hic and is. Q. How many be derivatives? R. These seven, meus, tuus, suus, noster and vester. Q. Why be they called primitives? R. Because they spring of themselves. Q. Why be they called derivatives? R. Because they be derived or drawn out of the primitives. Q. Out of what primitives be your 7. derivatives drawn? R. Out of mei, cui, sui, nostri and vestri, which are the genitive cases of ego, tu, sui, nos, and vos. Q. How many sorts of primitives have ye? R. Two, for some be called Demonstratives, such are all those eight primitives, ego, tu, sui, etc. Relatives, as ille, iste, hic and is. Q. Why be they called Demonstratives? R. Because they show a thing not spoken of before. Q. Why be they called Relatives? R. Because they rehearse something that was spoken of before. Q. How many sorts of Derivatives have ye? R. Two also, for some be called Possessives, as meus, tuus, suus, noster and vester. Gentiles, as nostras, vestras. Q. What mean ye by possessives? R. They be so called, because they betoken owing or possession, as meus mine, tuus thine, etc. Q. Why be they called Gentiles? R. They be so called of Gens a country or nation, because they properly betoken pertaining to countries or nations, to sects or factions, as Nostras signifieth of our country or sect or faction, and so vestras of your country etc. Q. This is for the form, what mean ye by figure? R. It is the general accident, whereby is considered, whether the word be simple or compound. Q. How many pronouns be simple? R. All those fifteen before rehearsed. Q. How many sorts of compound pronouns have ye? R. Five sorts. For, Nouns, as Cuiusmodi. Pronownes, as Isthic, Egomet. adverbs, as Idem of Is and Demum, Eccum, of Ecce hic Illum. Some be compounded with Prepositions, as mecum, tecum, secum. these syllables, ce as hicce cine as hiccine. met, as egomet, te, as tute, pte, as meapte. Q. This is sufficient for the general accidents. What special accidents hath a pronoun? R. All & the same that a noun hath saving one. Namely, Number. Case. Gender. declension, and Person. Q. And are these in the same manner in a pronoun, as they are in a Noun? R. Number, case, & Gender, are the same in a pronoun, that they be in a noun. But the declensons do somewhat differ. Q. How many declensons of Pronownes have ye? R. Four. Q. What pronouns are of the first declension? R. The three substantives, Ego, Tu, Sui, be of the first declension and have the genitive case in i Q. What pronouns be of the second declension? R. These five ille, ipse, iste, hic and is, be of the second declenson and have the genitive case in ius and the Dative in i Q. Your Accidence rehearseth six? R. It is true, for the Relative qui is numbered amongst them, because he is declined much like unto them, but as I said before, it is doubted whether he be a noun or a pronoun. Q. What pronouns be of the third declension? R. The five Possessives, and be declined like nouns adjectives of three terminations. Saving that meus in the Masculine gender of the vocative case singular maketh not me but mi & tuus, suus, and vester do lack the vocative case. Q. What pronouns be of the fourth declension? R. The two Gentiles Nostras & Vestras, and they be declined altogether like nouns adjectives of 3. articles. Q. Your Accidence rehearseth 3. R. It is true, for Cuias is joined with them, because he is called a Gentile & declined as they be. But Cuias is a mere Noun, & no pronoun. Q. This is sufficient for Declensons. But doth not a pronoun form comparison? R. No not properly. Q. Why, Ipse and tu be Pronownes, and they form comparison, as Ipse ipsissimus, Tu Tuissimus. Ergo a pronoun also formeth comparison? R. Indeed these words are to be found in some writers: But this comparison in Pronownes' is unproper and out of use, although suffered sometimes in the Poets. Q. Well then, the last accident of a pronoun is person, what call ye person? R. Person is the name of any thing or creature which is said to do or suffer any thing, as well in things that have no life as in living creatures. Q. Doth not person also chance to a Noun? R. No not properly. Q. Why, the name of every thing is a noun, and you say that the name of every thing is a person, & therefore every Noun is a person. R. It is true, every Noun substantive & every pronoun substantive, & whatsoever supplieth the place of a substantive in Grammar is a person. Q. Why do ye not say then that person belongeth as well to a Noun as to a pronoun? R. Because there is no such special difference of persons in nouns as there is in Pronownes. For every noun is of the third person. Q. How many persons be there? R. Three. Q. How know ye the first person? R. The first person is a word that speaketh of himself, as I, We: And hath no more words in Latin of the first person properly, but Ego and Nos. Q. How know ye the second person? R. The second person betokeneth somewhat that is spoken to, as Thou, Ye: And hath no more words of that person properly in Latin, but Tu, & Vos, and every vocative case. Q. How know ye the third person? R. The third person betokeneth somewhat that is spoken of, as He, They: And so all nouns Pronownes & Participles are of the third Person except Ego, Nos, Tu & Vos, and every vocative case. Q. To what use serve these persons in speech? R. They be always referred to some verb, and I can form no verb in any mood or tense, except the Infinitive, but I must always have with it one of these persons. Q. Why so? R. For these persons in Pronownes' be like to articles in nouns. For as I join some of them with the noun in declining it. So I join some of these persons with the verb in forming it. Q. Which be the persons that ye use in forming of verbs? R. These. Singular. 1 Ego. I. plural. 1 Nos. We. 2 Tu. thou. 2 Vos. Ye. 3 Ille. he. 3 Illi. They. Of a Verb. Q. Which is the third part of speech? R. A verb. Q. What is to be considered in a verb? R. Three things, His Definition. Division. Accidents. Q. What is a verb? R. A word that signifieth any thing, which any thing or creature may be, may do, or cause to be done, is a verb. Or thus. A verb is a part of speech that betokeneth, doing, suffering, or being: And is always form with mode and tense. Q. To what use serveth a verb in speech? R. To make the speech perfect. For there can be no speech without a verb. Q. Why so? R. For as in a Noun be comprehended all words that signify the name of any creature that may do, may suffer, or may be any thing. So a verb comprehendeth all words that signify the doing, suffering or being of any such creature. Q. How many sorts of verbs have ye? R. Two. That is to say. Personal, and Impersonal. Q. What call ye Personal? R. That which is form with Persons. Q. What call ye Impersonal? R. That which is form in that third person singular throughout all modes and tenses without any persons: And have commonly before them in English this sign it or there. Q. How many sorts of verbs Impersonals have ye? R. Two. One of the Active voice ending in t. Another of the Passive voice ending in tu●. Q. How many kinds of verbs Personals have ye? R. Of verbs personals there be five kinds. Active. Passive. Neuter. Deponent. Common. Q. How shall I know of what kind my verb is? R. By his Voice. Termination. Declining. Q. What mean ye by voice? R. I call voice the signification of the verb. Q. How many sorts of voices be there in verbs? R. Three. Active. Passive. Neuter. But we will make no difference between Active and Neuter. Q. What mean ye by Active voice? R. Active signifieth doing. And so a verb of the Active voice is a word that signifieth to do somewhat. Q. How will ye know which verb is the Active voice? R. Any verb is the Active voice, which hath not before his english any sign of a Passive? Q. How will ye know which verb is the Passive voice? R. Any verb is the Passive voice which hath before his english any of these signs of the Passive. Q. Which be the signs of the Passive? R. These: am, are, art, is, was, were, wert, be, or been. Q. Which kind of verbs have the Active voice, & which have the Passive? R. A verb Active-hath always the Active voice: A verb passive hath always the Passive voice. Some verbs neuter have the Active voice and some have the Passive. A verb Deponent hath always the Active voice, & a verb Common hath both the Active and the Passive voice. Q. What mean ye by termination in verbs? R. I mean the latter end of the verb in the last letter. Q. How many terminations have ye in verbs? R. Three. For some verbs end in o. or. m. Q. How many sorts of verbs end in o? R. Two. A verb Active and a verb Neuter. Q. How many kinds of verbs end in or? R Three. A verb Passive, a verb Deponent, & a verb Common. Q. How many kinds of verbs end in M? R. A few verbs neuter, as Sum. Forem. and their compounds. Q. Now what mean ye by declining of verbs? R. I mean the rehearsing of the first and second person, of the preterperfectense, of the infinitive mode, of the gerunds & supines, & of the participles. Q. And how many sorts of declinings be there in verbs? R. Generally two. For all verbs for the most part be declined either like the verb Active, or like the verb Passive. Q. How know ye a verb Active? R. A verb Active endeth in o, hath the Active voice & by putting to this letter r, may be made a Passive. Q. How is he declined? R. Thus. His first word ends in o, as Amorett, Doceo, Lego, Audio. His second word ends in as, es, or is, as amas, doces, legis, audis. The third word in declining of verbs is the preterperfectense & ends in i as amavi, docui, legi, audivi. His 4. word in declining is the Infinitive mode, and ends in re, as amare, docere, legere, audire. Then followeth 3. gerunds ending in di, do, & dumb, as amandi, amando, amandum, docendi, docendo, docendum, legendi, legendo, legendum, audiendi, audiendo, audiendum. Then two Supines, the first ending in 'em and the other in u, as amatum, amatu, doctum, doctu, lectum, lectu, auditum, auditu. Then a Participle of the Presentense in ans or ens, as amans, docens, legens, audience. Lastly, a Participle of the first Future tense in rus, as amaturus, docturus, lecturus, auditurus. Q. How know ye a verb Passive? R. A verb passive endeth in or, hath always the Passive voice, and by putting away the letter r he may be made an Active. Q. How is he declined? R. Thus: his first word ends in or, as amor, doceor, legor, audior: his second word ends in ris or re, as amaris vel amare, doceris vel docere, legeris vel legere, audiris or audire: the third word in declining is always the Preterperfectense and is made of the Participle of the Pretertense and the verb Sum, es, fui, as Amatus sum vel fui, Doctus sum vel fui, Lectus sum vel fui, auditus sum vel fui: the fourth word in declining is the Infinitive mode and ends in i, as amari, doceri, legi, audiri: Then followeth a Participle of the Pretertense, as amatus, doctus, lectus, auditus: and lastly, a Participle of the latter Future tense, as amandus, docendus, legendus, audiendus. Q. How know ye a verb Neuter? R. He endeth always in o, or m, and hath for the most part the Active signification. But some verbs neuter have the Passive voice, and he cannot take r to him and become a Passive. Q. How is he declined? R. Altogether like a verb Active, saving that some verbs neuter have their Preterperfectense like the verb Passive and such be called Neuter Passives. Q. How many sorts of verbs neuter have ye? R. Three, for some be called Substantives. Absolute, or Intransitive. Transitive. Q. Which call ye a verb Substantive? R. Such a verb as only signifieth being, as Sum, forem, fio, and existo. Q. What mean ye by Absolute or Intransitive? R. Such a verb as hath an absolute or perfect sense in his own signification without any word joined after him, as aegroto I am sick: curro, I run. Q. What mean ye by a verb Transitive? R. Such a verb as hath not a perfect sense in his own signification, but must be made up by some word coming after him, as vivo vitam, I live a life, & of this sort are actives and Deponentes: as amo magistrum, I love the master, loquor verbum, I speak a word. Q. How know ye a verb Deponent? R. A verb Deponent endeth in or like a Passive, but he hath the Active voice, and cannot put away the letter r, and so become an Active. Q. How is a verb Deponent declined R. Altogether like a verb Passive till after the Infinitive mode, and then with Gerunds and Supines like a verb Active, saving that he must have three Participles one of the Presentense, one of the Pretertense, and one of the future in rus. Q. How know ye a verb Common? R. He endeth always in or, and hath both the Active and the Passive voice▪ but he cannot put away r, and become an Active. Q. How is a verb Common declined? R. Altogether like a verb Deponent, saving that he must have all the four Participles. Q. Now tell me what accidents hath a verb? R. First, the two general Accidents. R. For all verbs be either the Primitive or Derivative Form. Simple or Compound. Figure. And then the general accident of the 4. declined parts, which is Number. Q. How many sorts of Primitives be there? R. There is no difference of Primitives. Q. How many sorts of Derivatives have ye? These 7. for the most part. 1 Inchoatives. 2 Frequentatives. 3 Desideratives. 4 Imitatives. 5 Diminutives. 6 Denominatives. 7 Aduerbials. Q. What call ye figure in a verb? R. The same that was in a noun. For all verbs be either the simple figure, as facio. The compound figure as terrefacio. Or the double compound figure as perterrefacio. Q. These be the general accidents. But which be the special accidents of a verb, or how many things chance specially to a verb? R. These five. 1 Kind. 2 Mode. 3 Tense. 4 Person. 5 Conjugation. Q. What mean ye by the kind of verbs? R. The several sorts of verbs which we spoke of in the division of a verb. Q. What call ye mode? R. Mode is the manner of speech that is uttered when any creature is said to do or suffer any thing. Q. How many modes have ye? R. Six, the Indicative. Imperative. Optative. Potential. subjunctive. Infinitive. Q. How will you know what mode your verb is? R. By diligent marking the manner of speech, and in some words by certain special signs. Q. What mean you by the Indicative mode? R. The mode that showeth or telleth a thing, so called of Indigo. Q. What mean ye by the Imperative mode? R. The mode that biddeth or commandeth, so called of Impero. Q. What mean ye by the Optative mood? R. The mode that wisheth or desireth, so called of Opto. Q. What mean ye by the Potential mode? R. The mode of duty or ability, so termed of Potens. Q. What mean ye by the subjunctive mode? R. The mode that dependeth of an other verb, of Subiungo. Q. What call ye the Infinitive mode? R. The mode that is without person, of Infinitus. Q. What signs hath the Indicative mode? R. None but the signs of the tenses. Q. Which be the signs of the tenses? R. These. Do or doth. Did. Have. Had. Shall or will or hereafter. Q. What signs hath the Optative mode? R. Would God, I pray God, God grant, or I wish. Q. What signs hath the Potential mode? R. May, can, might, would, should, or aught. Q. What signs hath the subjunctive mode? R. Come when, Si if, We that, or some other conjunction. Q. What signs hath the Infinitive mode? R. This sign to, as to love. Q. What manner of speech is used in the Indicative mode? R. A speech that showeth somewhat, or asketh a question. Q. What manner of speech is used in the Imperative mode? R. A speech that biddeth or commandeth. Q. What manner of speech is used in the Optative? R. A speech that wisheth or desireth. Q. What manner of speech is used in the Potential mode? R. A speech that signifieth somewhat which one, may, can, might, would, should, ought, or could do. Q. What manner of speech hath the subjunctive mode? R. Such a speech as is uttered with, when, that, if, or some such conjunction, and that always after some other verb. Q. What manner of speech hath the Infinitive mode? R. Such a speech as is not referred to any special person, but generally signifieth to do or to be done. Q. Now what call ye a tense? R. A tense is nothing else but the time wherein we note any thing to be done: so that ye may as well call it the time as the tense. Q. How many tenses or times have ye? R. There be in deed but three, but we divide them into five. Q. Which be those three tenses? R. The time present. which we call the present tense. past. which we call the preter tense. to come. which we call the future tense. Q. How do you divide them into five? R. We divide that preter tense into 3. thus the preterimperfect tense, that is, the time not perfectly past preter perfect tense, that is, the time perfectly past preterpluperfect tense, that is, the time more than perfectly. past Q. Which be your five tenses together? R. These, the Present tense. preterimperfect tense. preterperfect tense. preterpluperfect tense. future tense. Q. How do you know what tense your verb is? R. By diligent marking what time it speaketh of, and by certain signs. Q. Which be the signs of the present tense? R. In the Active voice it hath do or doth, or else may be so expounded, as he loveth or he doth love, and in the passive voice it hath am, are, art, is, or be. Q. What signs hath the preterimperfect tense? R. In the Active voice it hath did, or else may be so expounded, as I loved or I did love, and in the passive voice it hath was, were, or wert. Q. What sign hath the preterperfect tense? R. Only this sign have or hath, and sometime it is englished without the sign, as amavit he loved, or he hath loved. Q. What sign hath the preterpluperfect tense? R. This sign had. Q. What sign hath the Future tense? R. These signs, shall or will, or hereafter. Q. Now what call ye person in verbs? R. Person in verbs, is every several changing of the verb in every tense into other terminations, and is much like that which we call case in a noun. Q. How many such persons have ye in verbs? R. I have in every tense of any mode (except the Infinitive and the Imperative) three persons in the singular number and three in the plural, if the verb be perfect. Q. Why do ye except the Infinitive mode? R. Because the Infinitive mode hath neither number nor person nor nominative case before him. Q. Why do ye except the Imperative mode? R. Because the Imperative mode lacketh the first person singular. Q. What difference is betwixt the persons in verbs and the persons in a noun, and in a pronoun? R. Those persons of a noun and of a pronoun, do note who or what it is that doth or suffereth any thing: These persons in a verb do note what it is that is done or suffered. Q. Rehearse the persons of the pronoun? R. Singulariter. Ego. I Tu. thou. Ille. he. Pluraliter. Nos. we. Vos. ye. Illi. they. Q. Rehearse the persons of some verb? R. Singulariter. Amo. Amas. Amat. pluraliter. Amamus. Amatis. Amant. Q. How join ye them together? R. Singulariter. Ego amo 1 I love Tu amas 2 thou lovest. Ille amat 3 he loveth. Pluraliter. Nos amamus 1 we love. Vos amatis 2 ye love. Illi amant. 3 they love Q. Do ye always in forming the tenses of your verbs, join one of these persons of the pronoun. R. No forsooth, I do not always express the person of the pronoun with the person of the verb, but wheresoever I have any person of a verb, I must always understand one of these persons of the pronoun with it. Q. This is sufficient for the persons, what call you conjugations? R. It is the breaking of the first name of a verb into divers other terminations called persons: As a declension is that breaking of the first name of a noun into divers other terminations called cases. Q. How many sorts of conjugations be there in verbs? R. 4. Namely, The conjugation which is called. 1 Perfecta that is to say, perfect. 2 Anomala out of rule. 3 Defectiva lacking. 4 Abusiua out of use. Q. Which call ye the perfect conjugation? R. That which hath all modes, tenses, numbers and persons that ought to be in a verb, & is form after one of those 4. examples which I have in mine Accidence. Q. How many sorts of perfect conjugations have ye? R. Four. Q. How will you know what conjugation your verb is? R. If it end in o: by the vowel that goeth next before re in the Infinitive mode: but if it end in or, by the vowel that goeth next before ris in the second person singular of the Indicative mode, and this vowel is called the latter index. Q. How shall I find out the Infinitive mood? R. It is always the fourth word in declining a verb. Q. How shall I find out the second person? R. It is always the second word in declining the verb. Q. How many tenses be in every mode? R. Every mode hath all the five tenses except the Imperative mode, which hath no more but the present tense, and as some say the future tense. Q. How know you a verb of any conjugation? R. The first. conjugation hath a long before re and ris. The second. conjugation hath e long before re and ris. third conjugation hath e short before re and ris. fourth conjugation hath i long before re and ris. Q. Which call ye the Conjugation anomala or without rule? R. That which although it hath all modes, tenses, numbers and persons that ought to be in a verb, yet it is not form after any of the examples of the 4 perfect conjugations. Q. How many conjugations have ye of those that be called anomala or without rule. R. So many as there be verbs without rule, for every one of them hath a conjugation proper to himself, and must be learned by use without rule. Q. How many such verbs have ye? R. These are the most common Sum. Possum. Volo. Nolo. Malo. Edo. fio. fero. feror, and eo and queo be in some tenses. anomala. Q. How be eo and queo anomala? R. For eo makes Ibam, and queo makes quibam in the preterimperfect tense of the Indicative mode, and eo makes ibo and queo makes quibo in the future tense of the Indicative mode, but in all other modes and tenses, they be form like verbs in o of the fourth conjugation, saving that they make their gerunds eundi, eundo, eundum, queundi, queundo, queundum. Q. Which is the conjugation that you call defectiva or lacking. R. That which lacketh some modes, tenses, numbers and persons. Q. How many conjugations have ye of verbs called defectiva? R. So many as there be verbs Defectives. Q. Which be those? R. These be the most common, aio, ausim, salve, ave, vale, cedo, faxo, forem, quaeso, insit, inquio vel inquam, and these four, odi, caepi, memini, and novi, be in some tenses defectives. Q. What tenses do these four verbs odi, caepi memini and novi lack? R. They lack all present tenses and preterimperfect tenses, the future tense of the indicative and of the infinitive mode. Q. What tenses have odi, caepi, memini, and novi? R. They have no more tenses than the preterperfect tense of the indicative mode and such tenses as be form of the preterperfect tense of the Indicative mode. Q. What tenses be form of the preterperfect tense of the Indicative mode. R. Of the preterperfect tense of the indicative mode be form preterpluperfect tense of the indicative mode preterperfect tense of the optative mode preterpluperfect tense of the potential & mode future tense of the subjunctive mode preterperfect tense of the infinitive mode preterpluperfect tense of ye infinitive mode Q. Tell me how? R. The preterpluper. tense of the indicat. is form by changing the last vowel of the preterper. into e & putting to ram preterperfect optative potent. rim future subiunc. ro. The preterpluperfect of the optat. potent. subiunct. is form by keeping still s and sem. preterperfect. of the infinite. of the last vowel of the preterper. which is i and putting to s & se preterpluper. Q. What is the conjugation of verbs called Abusiva? R. That neither is form according to the order of the four conjugations, neither is in use among writers, but was abused by old Poets for the verse sake. As perduint for perdant? Q. What call ye forming of verbs? R. It is like that which I call declining of nouns, for it is the breaking of the first name of the verb into his several modes, and every mode into his several tenses, and every tense into his several persons. Q. How is a verb form? R. It is better learned by use and example then by rule, & therefore I have in my Accidence, for every one of the four perfect conjugations a several example as well for the verb in o as for the verb in or, according to the which I must form all other perfect verbs. Q. Which be the examples of your 4. perfect conjugations? R. The example of the first conjugation, is Amorett and his passive Amor. The example of the second conjugation, is Doceo and his passive Deceor. The example of the third conjugation, is Lego and his passive Legor. The example of the fourth conjugation, is Audio and his passive Audior. Q. May any verb be form according to one of these four examples? R. Yea any perfect verb, saving that there is some difference in the preter perfect tense, and supines. Q. How shall I find them out? R. We have certain rules for them in Latin verses, whereof we shall speak more by themselves. Q. How shall ye form your verbs that be called Anomola, defectiva, and abusiva. R. Every one of them must be learned with use severally by themselves, because we have neither rules nor examples for them. Q. How be verbs impersonals form? R. In the third person singular only throughout all modes and tenses, as well in the Active voice as in the Passive. Q. Which call ye Gerunds? R. They be certain voices in verbs belonging to the Infinitive mode ending in di, do, and dumb, as amandi, amando, amandum. Q. Why be they called Gerunds? R. Some say a gerendo morem: Because they serve both for nouns and for verbs. Q. How so? R. They serve verbs for that they have the signification of verbs both Active and Passive: they serve nouns because they have the form of nouns, and of some be declined like nouns. Q. How be Gerunds declined like nouns? R. Nominat, caret. Genitivo Amandi, of loving, or of being loved. Dativo caret. Accusativo Amandum, to love or to be loved. Vocativo caret. Ablativo Amando in loving, or in being loved. Q. What mean ye by Supines? R. The Supines be also two several voices pertaining to verbs, whereof the first ends in 'em, and is englished like the Infinitive mode Active as amatum, to love, and the latter ends in u, and is englished like the Infinitive mode Passive, as amaru, to be loved. ¶ Linacer thinketh that both these should be called participial verbs, because they take part with a verb as signification, and part with a noun as case and declension. Of a Participle. Q. Which is the fourth part of speech? R. A Participle. Q. What is to be considered in a Participle? R. Three things, his Definition, That is to tell What it is? Division. What parts or kinds it hath? Accidents. What things fall or belong to it. Q. What is a Participle? R. A Participle is a part of speech derived of a verb, and taketh some part with a verb only, & some part with a Noun only, and some part with both. Q. What taketh a Participle with a Noun only? R. Gender, case, and declension. Q. What taketh a Participle of a verb only? R. Tense and signification. Q. What taketh a participle both of a Noun & of a verb? R. Number and figure. Q. How many sorts or kinds of Participles have ye? R. There be four kinds of Participles. That is to say one of the Present tense. Preter tense. First Future tense in rus. Latter Future tense in dus. Q. How know ye a Participle of the Present tense? R. A Participle of the Present tense hath his english ending in ing, and his latin in ans or ens. Q. Whereof is it form? R. Of the first person singular of the Preterimperfect tense of the Indicative mode. Q. How? R. By changing the last syllable into ns, as Amabam, change bam into ns, and it is amans, auxiliabar, change bar into ns, and it is auxilians. Q. How many kinds of verbs may have a Participle of the Present tense. R. Four, that is to say, a verb Active. Neuter. Deponent. Common. Q. How know ye a Participle of the Future in rus? R. A Participle of the Future in rus is englished like the Infinitive mode Active. And his Latin endeth in rus as amaturus to love or about to love. Q. Whereof is the Participle in rus formed? R. Of the latter Supine. Q. How so? R. By putting to rus as Doceo the latter supine is Doctu to the which I put rus, and so is made Docturus. Q. What kinds of verbs may have a Participle in rus? R. Four kinds, that is a verb Active. Neuter. Deponent. Common. Q. How know ye a Participle of the Preter tense? R. A participle of the preter tense hath his english ending in d, or o, and his latin in tus, sus, xus, or vus. Q. Whereof is a Participle of the Preter tense form? R. Of the latter Supine. Q. How so? R. By putting s to the latter supine, as of Doceo, the latter supine is Doctu, to the which I put s, and so is made the Participle Doctus, except Modulus. Q. How many kinds of verbs may have a Participle of the preter tense? R. Three properly, that is, a verb Passive. Deponent. Common. Yet some verbs neuter have also a Participle of the Preter tense. Q. What if these verbs lack Supines? R. Then there can be no Participle of the preter tense nor of the future in rus, and the Passive whose Active lacketh Supines can have no preterperfect tense. Q. Why so? R. Because the Preterperfect tense of the Passive is made of the Participle of the Preter tense, and the verb, Sum, es, fui. Q. How know ye a Participle of the future in dus? R. A Participle of the Future in dus, is englished like the Infinitive mode Passive, and in latin endeth in dus. Q. Whereof is a Participle of the future in does form? R. Of the genitive case of the Participle of the present tense. Q. How? R. By changing the last syllable which is 'tis into dus, as amo, the Participle of the present tense is amans, the genitive case amantis, change 'tis into dus & so is made amandus. Q. How many kinds of verbs may have a Participle in dus? R. Two properly, that is, a verb Passive. Common. But some verbs neuter have also a Participle in dus. As also the verb Deponent hath, if he govern an Accusative case after him. Q. What accidents hath a Participle? R. Eight, first the two general accidents. Form, and Figure. Secondly, Number. Thirdly, Gender, Case, and declension, which he borroweth of a noun. Tense and Signification, which he borroweth of a verb. Q. What Participles be there of the Primitive form? R. None, for all Participles be derived of some verb. Q. What Participles be derived of a verb Active? R. Two: one of the Present tense. Future in rus. Q. What Participles hath a verb Neuter? R. Two, one of the Present tense. Future in rus. And some verbs neuter have also a Participle of the Preter tense, and of the Future in dus. Q. What Participles be derived of a verb Passive? R. Two, one of the Preter tense. Future in dus. Q. What Participles hath a verb Deponent? R. Three, one of the Present tense. Preter tense. Future in rus. And if the verb Deponent do govern an accusative case after him, it may form also a Participle in dus. Q. What Participles be derived of a verb Common? R. All the four Participles, namely, one of the Present tense. Preter tense. Future in rus. Future in dus. Q. Of what figure be Participles? R. Some be Simple, as faciens. Compound, as terrefaciens. Double compound, as perterrefaciens. Q. What numbers be in a Participle? R. Two, the singular and the plural. Q. What cases and genders be in a Participle? R. The same that be in adjectives, six cases 3. genders. Q. What declensons be in Participles? R. Participles of the Preter tense, the Future in rus and the Future in dus be declined like nouns adjectives of three terminations, as bonus. Participles of the Present tense be declined like nouns adjectives of three articles, as foelix. Q. What tenses be in a Participle? R. Three, namely the Present tense. Preter tense Future tense, whereof one is Active. Passive. Q. What significations be in a Participle? R. Two, for some be Active, as a Participle of the Present tense. Future in rus. Passive, as a Participle of the Preter tense. Future in dus. Q. Doth not a Participle form comparison? R. No not properly. Q. Why doctus is a Participle, & formeth comparison, as doctus doctior doctissimus, ergo, a Participle formeth comparison. R. When any Participle formeth comparison, he is not counted a Participle, but a noun. Q. How many ways may Participles be turned into nouns? R. Four ways namely, when they 1 Are compounded with such words as the verbs which they come of cannot be compounded withal. when they 2 Govern an other case then the verb doth whereof they be derived. 3 Form the degrees of comparison. 4 Have no manifest difference nor respect of time. Q. What do ye call the Participles when they be changed into Nouns? R. I call them participial nouns. Q. How many sorts of participial nouns be there? R. Two. Some properly so called, which be participles indeed but be changed into nouns, after one of the manners aforesaid, as Armatus, doctus, sanctus, acutus, argutus, sapiens, monitus, and such like. Unproperly so called, which have the show of Participles but indeed are nouns because they be derived, of no verb such be togatus, tunicatus, laruatus, personatus, annulatus, barbatus, loricatus, and such like. Of an adverb. Q. Which is the first of your 4. parts of speech undeclined? R. An adverb. Q. What is to be considered in an adverb? R. Three things the Definition. That is to tell What it is. Division. That is to tell What parts or sorts it hath. Accidents. That is to tell What things chance or fall unto it. Q. What is an adverb? R. An adverb is a part of speech joined both to verbs and nouns to make plainer or fuller their signification. Q. How many sorts of adverbs have ye? R. adverbs are not divided into parts but in respect of their accidents. Q. Then what accidents hath an adverb? R. The two general accidents Form. Figure. And two special accidents, Signification and Comparison. Q. Of what form be adverbs? R. Some Primitive, as heri, cras. Derivative, as docte, pulchre. Q. Of what figure be adverbs? R. Some Simple, as prudenter. Compound, as imprudenter. Q. Of what signification be adverbs? R. adverbs be of divers significations. Time. Place. Some be of Number. Order. Ask or doubting. Calling. Affirming. Denying. Swearing. Some be of Exhorting. Flattering. Forbidding. Wishing. Gathering together. Parting. Some be of Choosing. A thing not finished. Showing. Doubting. Answering. Some be of Chance. Likeness. Quality. Quantity. Comparison. Q. How many sorts of comparisons be in an adverb? R. Three, the comparison which is called 1 Perfect, which hath all the degrees of comparison, & formeth them all out of himself by a certain rule. 2 Anomala, which formeth not the degrees of comparison out of himself. 3 Defectiva, which lacketh some degrees of comparison, Q. What rules have ye to form the perfect comparison? R. The positive of such adverbs as make a perfect comparison end in e or in oer. The comparative is like the neuter gender of the comparative in nouns adjectives, and the superlative is made of the superlative of nouns adjectives by changing the termination of the masculine gender into 'em or e, as docte, doctius, doctissime, fortiter, fortius, fortissime. Q. What adverbs make comparison without rule? R. Such as be form of nouns that make comparison without rule, as been, melius, optime, and prepositions that are changed into adverbs. Q. What adverbs make the defective comparison? R. Such as be form of adjectives that make the defective comparison, and some special adverbs which must be learned by reading. Of a Conjunction. Q. Which is the second of the four parts of speech undeclined? R. A Conjunction. Q. What call you a Conjunction? R. A Conjunction is a part of speech that joineth words and sentences together. Q. How many things chance to a Conjunction? R. 4. That is to say, form, figure, power and order. Q. Of what form be Conjunctions? R. All Conjunctions be primitives. Q. Of what figure be Conjunctions. R. Some be Simple. as Nam. Compound as Namque. Q. What mean ye by power? R. I mean signification. Q. How many several significations be in a conjunction? R. 13. For some be Copulatives Disiunctives Discretives Cawsalls Interrogatives Condicionalls Illatives. Exceptives. Aduersitives. Redditives. Diminitives. Electives. Expletives. Q. What mean ye by order? R. The ordering of conjunctions in sentences, for some be 1 set before, as nam, quare, ac, hast, atque, et, aut, vel nec, neque, si, quin, quatenus, sin, seu, sive, ni, nisi. set after, as quidem, quoque, autem, vero, enim, & 2 que, ve, ne, called encliticae coniunctiones quod accentum in praecedentem syllabam inclinent. 3 set indifferently, sometime before, sometime after, such are almost all other conjunctions. Of a Preposition. Q. Which is the third of your parts of speech undeclined? R. A preposition. Q. How know you a preposition? R. A preposition is a part of speech most commonly set before other parts of speech, either in apposition or in composition, for he is called a preposition a praeponendo, that is to say, of setting before. Q. Is a preposition then always set before the other parts of speech with whom he is joined. R. Not always, for these four Cum. Tenus. Versus. Vsque. may be set after the case which they govern, & sometime penes also. as Quibuscum. Pube tenus. Angliam versus. Ad occidentem usque me penes. Q. How many things chance to a preposition? R. This one thing especially, governing of cases. Q. What cases do prepositions govern. R. Some govern an Accusative case only. an Ablative case only. both an Accusative and an Ablative. an Ablative and a Genitive. Q. How many prepositions govern an Accusative case. R. These 32. Ad to. Apud at. Ante before. Aduersus Aduersum. against. Cis Citra on this side. Circum Circa about Contra against. Erga towards. Extra without. Intra within. Inter between. Infra beneath. juxta beside or nigh to Ob for. Pone behind. Per, by or through. Prope, nigh. Propter, for. Secundum Post after. Trans on the farther side Vltra, beyond. Preter beside. Supra above. Circiter about. Vsque until. Secus by. Versus towards. Penes in the power. Q. How many Prepositions govern an ablative case? R. These 15 A Ab Abs from or fro. Cum with, Coran, before or in presence. Clam secretly or privily. De E Ex of or from. Pro for. Prae before or in comparison. Palam openly. Sine Absque without. Tenus until or up to. Q. How many prepositions do govern both an Accusative case and an Ablative? R. These 4. In. when it signifieth into, unto, towards, or against, governeth an Accusative case, when it signifieth no more but only in, it governeth an ablative case. Sub when it signifieth unto, by, about, or before, governeth an accusative case, when it signifieth under, governeth an ablative case. Super when it signifieth beyond, governeth an Accusative case, when it signifieth of or in, governeth an Ablative case. Subter under, in this one signification governeth both an Accusative and an Ablative case. Q. Which govern an Ablative case and a Genetive? R. Tenus governeth an Ablative case both in the singular number and in the plural. He governeth a Genitive case also, but that must ever be the plural number. Crure tenus Cruribus tenus Crurum tenus but not Cruris tenus. Q. Do all prepositions govern cases? R. No forsooth these 6. Am. Di. Dis. Re. Se. Con. are never found alone which cases, but always compounded with other words. Q. Be your other prepositions never found alone without cases? R. Yes forsooth, but then they be adverbs. Q. How so? R. For prepositions when they be set alone without their case, or when they form comparison, be not prepositions, but are changed into adverbs. Of an Interjection. Q. What is the last part of speech? R. An Interjection. Q. How know ye an Interjection? R. An Interjection is a part of speech which betokeneth some sudden affection or passion of the mind in an unperfect voice. Q. How many things chance to an Interjection? R. This one, namely signification. Q. What significations hath an Interjection? R. So many as there be motions or passions of the mind. Q. Tell me the several significations of an Interjection. R. Some be of mirth. sorrow. dread. marveling. disdaining. shunning. praising. scorning. exclamation. cursing. laughing. calling. silence. Of Construction. Q. Which is the third part of Grammar? R. Syntaxis. Q. What mean ye by this? R. It is a Greek word compounded of Sin and Taxis, in Latin it is interpreted Constructio or Coordinatio in English Construction or framing together. Q. What is Construction? R. It is the due ordering or framing together of words, in speech. Q. How many sorts or manners of Construction have ye? R. Two, that is to say the perfect, natural, or usual construction. figured or fined Construction. Q. Which of these parts do ye learn in your Accidence? R. The first part which I called the perfect or natural construction. Q. How many things are to be considered for the due framing together of words according to the perfect or natural construction. R. Two, that is to say, Three special agreements of words, which we call the three concords. And the three rules for the particular construction of every part of speech by himself. Q. Which be your three agreements of words or your three concords. R. The 1 Between the nominative case and the verb. 2 Between the Substantive and the adjective. 3 Between the Antecedent and the Relative. Q. Why be they called Concords; R. Because they do concord, that is to say, agree mutually together in some special accidents, so that the three latter cannot stand perfectly in speech without the three former. Q. What terms have ye for them in Grammar? R. The three former, that is, the Nominative case, the substantive and the Antecedent, be called Subiecta as it were the pillars or upholders or under setters of the other. The latter three, that is to say, the verb, the adjective, & the relative, may be called Adiecta, which we may term in English the weaklings, or the waverers, or the leaners: because they be of themselves wèake and wavering, except they do as it were lean to their pillars or undersetters. Q. How do these Adiecta agree with their Subiecta? R. I have for every one of these Concords or agreements certain proper rules to show how they do agree together. The first Concord. Q. Which is the rule for the first Concord? R. A verb personal agreeth with his Nominative case in two things, that is, in number and person. Q. Must the verb Personal then always be the same number and person that his nominative case is? R. No forsooth, not always: for I have three exceptions. Q. Which be they? R. The first is this, when I have more Nominative cases, than one coming together with a conjunction copulative between them, although they be all the singular number, yet my verb must be put in the plural number, but it must be such person as the most worthy Nominative case is. Q. Which call ye the most worthy nominative case? R. The Nominative case of the first person is more worthy than the second, and the nominative case of the second person is more worthy than the third. Q. Which is your second exception? R. When a verb cometh between two Nominative cases of divers numbers, it may indifferently accord either with that which goeth before him, or with that which cometh after him, so that they be both of one person. Q. Which is the third exception? R. This. The Nominative case to the verb is not always a casual word, but sometime a whole sentence, sometime a piece of a sentence, sometime an Infinitive mode, sometime an adverb with a Genitive case. Q. What call you a casual word? R. Such a word as is declined with cases, namely a noun, a pronoun, and a participle. Q. How can a whole sentence, a piece of a sentence, an infinitive mode or an adverb with a Genitive case be Nominative case to the verb? R. When they stand for the Nominative case they be taken altogether as it were a Substantive, and may be supposed to be declined altogether like hoc nihil indeclinabile. Q. Why so? R. Because nothing can be the Nominative case to the verb, but a substantive or that which is taken as a substantive. Q. Why, the relative may be the Nominative case to the verb, and yet he is no substantive? R. The Relative as touching his case standeth for a substantive and is always answered to in his case severally as a Substantive. Q. May not an adjective be nominative case to the verb? R. Yes, but then he must be put alone without a substantive in the Neuter gender, and so supply the place of a substantive. Q. What number and person shall the verb be when a whole sentence, a piece of a sentence, an Infinitive mode, or an adverb with a genitive case is the nominative case to the verb? R. If it have respect but to one thing, it shallbe the singular number, and the third person. If it have respect to more things than one, it shallbe the plural number & 3. person. Q. In making and construing Latin, where shall I put the Nominative case? R. For the most part before the verb: but sometime after the verb. Q. When is the Nominative case put after the verb? R. At 3 times, when We ask a question. the verb is the Imperative mode. the sign it or there cometh before the english of the verb. Q. How will ye find out the nominative case to the verb? R. Put the question who or what with the english of the verb & the word in the sentence that answereth that question is the nominative case. Q. How many things may be the nominative case to the verb? R. Five, that is to say. a 1 Casual word & that is either a Substantive. Relative. 2 Whole reason or sentence Substantive. Relative. 3 Clause or piece of a sentence adjective standing for a substantive. 4 Infinitive mode of a verb adjective standing for a substantive. 5 Adverb with a genitive case adjective standing for a substantive. Of the second Concord. Q. Which is the rule of the second Concord? R. The adjective whether it be noun, pronoun or participle agreeth with his substantive in 3. things, that is Case, Gender, and Number. Q. Why, have ye more adjectives then of nouns? R. Yea forsooth. Very many nouns. be adjectives. All pronouns saving Ego, tu, sui, be adjectives. All Participles. be adjectives. Q. Is an adjective always the same Case, Gender, and Number that his Substantive is? R. Not always, for I have 3. such exceptions as I have in the first Concord. Q. Which is the first exception for the second Concord? R. Many Substantives singular with a Conjunction Copulative coming between them will have an adjective plural, which adjective shall agree with the Substantive of the most worthy gender? Q. Which is the Substantive of the most worthy gender? R. The Substantive of the Masculine gender is more worthy than the feminine, & the substantive of the feminine gender is more worthy than the Neuter. Q. Is this ever true? R. Nay, for in things not apt to have life, the Neuter gender is most worthy. Q. Which is the second exception for the second Concord? R. When an adjective cometh between two Substantives of divers Genders it may indifferently accord with either of them. Q. Which is the third exception for the second concord? R. This, the Substantive is not always a casual word, but sometime a whole sentence, sometime a piece of a sentence, sometime an Infinitive mode, and sometime an Adverb with a Genitive case. Q. What case, gender, and number, shall the adjective be when any of these is his Substantive? R. He shallbe such case as they are accounted to be, and if it have respect but to one thing as one sentence, or one piece of a sentence, it shallbe the Neuter Gender and singular number: but if it have respect to more things than one, or to more sentences, or more pieces of sentences it shall be the Neuter Gender and plural Number. Q. How will ye find out the substantive to the adjective? R. Put the question who or what to the English of the adjective, and the word or words in the sentence that answer that question is the Substantive to it. Q. How many things may be substantive to the adjective? R. Whatsoever is nominative case to the verb, the same may be Substantive to the adjective. The third Concord. Q. Which is the rule of the third Concord? R. This, the Relative agreeth with his Antecedent in three things, that is, Gender. Number. Person. Q. Is the Relative always the same gender, number, and person that his Antecedent is? R. Not always, for I have here the same three exceptions, that I have in the first Concord and in the second. Q. Which is the first exception for the third Concord? R. When I have more Antecedentes then one of the singular number coming together with a Conjunction copulative between them, than the Relative shall be put in the plural number, and agree in gender with the Antecedent of the most worthy gender. Q. What mean ye by Antecedent? R. The Antecedent is any such word as goeth in the sentence before the relative and is rehearsed again by the Relative. Q. Which is the second exception for the third concord? R. When a Relative cometh between two substantives or antecedentes of divers genders, it may indifferently accord with either of them, yea though they be both of divers numbers also. Q. Which is the third exception for the third concord? R. The Antecedent is not always a casual word, but sometime a whole sentence, sometime a piece of a sentence, sometime an Infinitive mode, sometime an adverb with a genitive case. Q. What gender, number and person shall the Relative be when he hath any of these Antecedentes? R. If he have respect but to one thing, one sentence, or one piece of a sentence: he shallbe the Neuter gender, singular number and third person: but if he have respect to more than one: he shallbe the Neuter gender, plural number, and third person. Q. How many things may be antecedent to the Relative? R. Whatsoever is nominative case to the verb, the same may be Antecedent to the Relative. Q. How will ye find out the Antecedent to the Relative? R. Put the question who or what to the English of the Relative, and the word or words in the sentence that answereth the question is the Antecedent. Q. How shall I order the case of the Relative? R. The Relative for his case always supplieth the place of a Substantive, and must be answered to severally as a Substantive. Q. Have ye none other rules for the case of the Relative than ye have for substantives? R. Yes I have two special rules for the case of the Relative but they are all one in effect with the rules of Substantives. Q. Which is the first rule for the case of the Relative? R. When there cometh no nominative case between the Relative & the verb, the Relative shallbe the nominative case to the verb. Q. Which is the second rule for the case of the Relative? R. When there cometh a nominative case between the Relative and the verb: then the Relative shall not be the nominative case to the verb: but shall be governed of the verb, or of some other word in the same sentence. Q. What mean you by shallbe governed? R. To be governed is to be such case as the verb or any other part of speech will have after him. Q. Then if the Relative be not nominative case to the verb, must he not follow the verb or some other word in the same sentence, whereof he is governed? R. No forsooth, he must indeed be such case as the verb or some other word in the same sentence will have after him, but the Relatives qui, qualis, and quantus be set before the verb and not after. Q. How so? R. For it is the nature of these Relatives to stand before that word whereof they be governed. Q. Doth no words else stand before the words which they be governed of but the Relative? R. Yes, for the substantive which is joined with the Relative doth follow the nature of the Relative? Q. Show me an example of this? R. If the Relative be joined in like case, gender, and number with a Substantive, if there come also an other Substantive both the Relative, and the Substantive with which he is joined, shall be the genitive case, and yet shall stand before the other Substantive, as Scaevola nobis exposuit Lelii sermonem de amicitia, cuius disputationis sententias memoriae mandavi, Q. Show me how standeth this with your rule? R. Here I have Cuius disputationis sententias, whereas the Relative cuius agreeth in Case, Gender, and Number, with disputation is both which in order are placed before the other Substantive sententias, & yet are the genitive case, because the latter of two substantives coming together must be the genitive case. Q. But if the Relative be not Nominative case to the verb, what case must he then be? R. If he be not Nominative case to the verb, then look what case any noun substantive should be being governed of the same word, the same case must the Relative be and by the same rule. Q. How will ye know of what word that Relative is governed? R. By putting for the Relative the same case of hic, haec, hoc, & so construing the sentence. For than that case of hic, haec, hoc which is put for the Relative will in construing follow the word that the Relative is governed of. Q. In what order are the rules for the construction of every part of speech to be considered? R. In such order as the parts of speech be rehearsed in mine Accidence. The rules for the construction of 1 Nouns Substantives. 2 Nouns adjectives. 3 Pronownes, 4 Verbs personals. 5 Gerunds. 6 Supines. 7 Verbs impersonals. 8 Participles, and so forth in such order as the parts of speech be rehearsed in mine Accidence. Q. What order keep ye in the placing of these rules? R. The rules for every part of speech stand according to the order of the cases. 1 First, the rules for the nominative case if the part of speech govern a nominative case after him. 2 Secondly, the rules for the Genitive case. 3 Thirdly, the rules for the Dative case. 6 Fourthly, the rules for the Accusative case. 7 Lastly, the rules for the Ablative case. Q. Why leave ye out the rules for the vocative case? R. For the vocative case is not governed of any other part of speech except an Interjection. Q. Then how know ye when to put a word in the Vocative case? R. This one rule is sufficient for it. Whensoever I call or speak to any thing or person it is the Vocative case. Q. How will ye find out the rule for any word in a sentence, to know why he is put in the nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative or Ablative case? R. First I must look what part of speech the word is which I have to seek out, secondly of what word he is governed, thirdly what part of speech that word is whereof he is governed, lastly I must look what case my word is, & so shall I turn to the rules that be for that part of speech & for that case. Q. Show me it by example? R. If my word be a substantive & the genitive case, and governed of a noun adjective, than I turn to the rules that I have for adjectives that govern a genitive case. If my word be a Substantive, the genitive case, & governed of a verb, than I turn to my rules for verbs which govern a genitive case. Then I consider of what signification the word is whereof he is governed, and so I take the rule that agreeth to that signification. Q. But how will ye know of what word the same case which you seek is governed? R. That must be learned by diligent marking how the sentence is construed. Q. Why so? R. Because every case is governed of that word which goeth next before him in the natural construing of a sentence. Q. What mean ye by construing? R. Construing is the right placing of every word that is written in a sentence, in the natural order of speech, & giving to every word his proper signification in english. Q. Show me how? R. Virtutis comes est invidia. This sentence is construed thus. invidia envy, est is, cometh that companion, virtutis of virtue. Q. If ye have a sentence given to be construed, what order will ye keep in englishing and placing of every word? R. divers men teach diversly, but this way is plain and not unprofitable. If there be any vocative case in the sentence I take that first. Secondly, the Nominative case, or that which is put in steed of the nominative case, and to him I adjoin any word that hangeth upon him. Then take I the verb Personal. Then the Adverb. After this the cases in their own order. The Accusative case next after the verb, and that which hangeth upon him, than the Genitive, and so the Dative, and last the Ablative. Q. What if there be not all these kinds of words in that sentence? R. Then take so many of them as be in it, and in this order, and always take heed that ye put that case next after the verb, which that verb doth properly govern after him, & then the other cases in order. The Accusative case goeth before the Infinitive Mode, the Infinitive comes after any other mode. The adjective and the Substantive must be construed together except one of them doth pass over his signification into some other word. Q. May this order be always kept? R. No forsooth, for it is broken many times by the cases of Relatives, Interrogatives, Infinitives & Genitives of partition and by some Conjunctions etc. Q. If you have an english given to be made in latin, what must you do? R. First I must look out the principal verb in the sentence. Q. How will ye find out the principal verb? R. It is always the first verb, except the first verb be the Infinitive mode, or have before it a Relative or a Conjunction. Q. What will ye do when ye have found out the principal verb? R. Then I must seek out his Nominative case. Q. What seek ye out after the Nominative case? R. After I have made the verb and his Nominative case, I consider what part of speech every word in the sentence is beside these: and then I join them in such order as I do in construing of a sentence, and so make every one of them into latin. For the Genders of Nouns. Q. How will ye find out the genders of a Noun? R. I have certain rules in Latin verses for the Genders of nouns. Q. How will ye seek out the Gender of a Noun by these rules. R. First, I must look whether it be a proper name or a common. Q. What if it be a proper name? R. Then I have two general rules for his gender. Q. Which be they? R. The first is this. Propria quae maribus tribuuntur mascula dicas. etc. The second is this. Propria faemineum referentia nomina sexum, Faemineo geneti tribuuntur. Q. How will ye know whether it be a proper name or no? R. If it be a proper name, it is one of these ten. As proper names of Gods. Men. Floods. months Winds. And these be all the masculine gender. Goddesses Women. Cities. countries Islands. & these be all the feminine gender for the most part. Q. Be not all those latter five the feminine gender aswell as all the first five be the masculine. R. No, for certain names of Cities be excepted? Q. What gender be those that be excepted? R. These two of the masculine gender, Sulmo, Agragas, these of the neuter gender, Argos, Tibur, Preneste. This one Anxur, which is sometime the masculine, sometime the neuter. Q. What if your noun be no proper name? R. Then I must look whether it be not the name of a tree. Q. What if it be the name of a tree? R. Then I have this rule for him. Appellativa arborum erunt muliebria ut alnus. Q. What gender must your noun be by this rule? R. The feminine. Q. Be all names of trees the feminine gender? R. No. Q. Then how will ye know the gender of such Nouns as do not agree with the rule? R. All such nouns as do not agree with the rule, either be rehearsed by name straight after the rule, or else there is some special rule of exeception set down for them. Q. What nouns have ye excepted from this rule. R. Two of the Masculine gender, Pinus and Oleaster five of the Neuter gender, Siler, Suber, Thus, Robur, and Acer. Q. What if your noun be neither proper name nor name of a tree? R. Then he is a noun common, or a noun appellative. Q. How will ye seek out the gender of a now appellative? R. First, I must look in his genitive case whether it doth increase or no. Q. Why so? R. For I have three special rules referred to the genitive case of a noun common, whereby I may learn his gender. Q. Which be they? R. The first is, Nomen non crescens Genitivo seu caro carnis. etc. The second is Nomen crescentis penultima si Genitivi, syllaba accuta sonnet. etc. The third is, Nomen crescentis Penultima, si Genitivi fit gravis. etc. Q. What manner of no wnes belong to your first rule? R. All such as do not increase in the Genitive case? Q. When are nouns said to increase in the genitive case? R. When they have more syllables in the Genitive case than they have in the Nominative. Q. What gender then must those nouns be, by this rule which do not increase in the Genitive case? R. All those which do agree with the rule be the feminine gender. Q. Did you not say that all nouns which do not increase in the Genitive case do agree with the rule? R. No forsooth, I said in deed that all nouns which do not increase in the genitive case do belong to the first rule but all they do not agree with the rule. Q. What difference do ye put between these two words belonging and agreeing. R. I count all those to belong to the rule which be of the same sort of nouns that the rule is made for, though they be not the same gender which the rule appoints them to be: but I count none to agree with the rule but such as both be of the same sorts of Nouns, that the rule is made for, & also be the same gender that the rule appoints them to be. Q. Then what gender be those nouns that be excepted from this first rule. R. First, some of the Masculine gender contained in this note of exception. Mascula nomina in a dicuntur multa virorum etc. and in this note. Mascula in er ceu venter in os vel us, ut logos annus. Secondly some of the neuter Gender contained in this note. Newtrum nomen in e si gignit is etc. Thirdly some of the doubtful gender contained in this note of exception. Incertigeneris sunt talpa et dama canalis, etc. Lastly, some of the common of two contained in this rule of exception. Compositum a verbo dans a common duorum est. etc. Q. Have ye not also some of the feminine gender excepted, contained in this note. Feminei generis sunt matter humus domus. etc. R. No forsooth, this is no exception from the first rule, for all these nouns in this exception be the feminine gender, and do agree with the first rule, but these be excepted from the second rule of exception. Mascula in er ceu venter in os vel in us. etc. Q. How so? R. For whereas he had made that rule that nouns which end in er, os or us were the masculine gender, he found these nouns so ending to be the feminine gender, & therefore he put them here in an exception from that rule. Q. What manner of nouns belong to your second rule? R. All such nouns as do increase in the genitive case, and have the last syllable saving one lifted up sharp in sound, as virtus virtutis. Q. What Gender be those nouns that belong to this rule? R. All those that do agree with the rule be the feminine gender. Q. And what gender are those that are excepted? R. Some be of the Masculine gender contained in this note of exception. Mascula dicuntur monosyllaba nomina quaedam. And in this. Mascula sunt etiam polysyllaba. etc. And in this Mascula in oer, or et os. etc. Some be the neuter gender contained in this note Sunt neutralia et haec monosyllaba nomina. etc. Some be the doubtful contained in this note. Sunt dubia haec python, etc. Some be the common of two contained in this note. Sunt commune parens. etc. Q. What manner of nouns belong to your third rule? R. All such as do increase in the genitive case and have the last syllable saving one pronounced flat or pressed down, as Sanguis Sanguinis. Q. What gender be those nouns which belong to this rule? R. All those that do agree with the rule be the masculine gender. Q. What gender be those that be excepted? R. Some of the feminine gender contained in this note of exception. Faemineigeneris sit hyperdissyllabon in do. Some of the neuter gender contained in this note. Est neutrale genus signans rem non animatam. etc. Some of the doubtful contained in this note. Sunt dubil generis cardo margo. etc. Some of the common of two contained in this note. Communis generis sunt ista vigil pugil. etc. For the preterperfect tenses of simple verbs. Q. How will ye seek out the preterperfect tense of a verb? R. I have certain rules in latin verses for the forming of them. Q. How will ye find out the preterperfect tense of a verb by those rules? R. First, I must look whether the verb be simple or compound. Q. Why so? R. Because the preterperfect tense of a compound verb is most commonly made of the preterperfect tense of the simple verb, of which he is compounded. Q. What if your verb be simple? R. Then I must look whether he ends o, or in or. Q. Why so? R. Because the preterperfect tense of verbs in or be form of the latter supine of verbs in o. Q. What if your verb end in o? R. If the verb end in o and be either of the first, the second or the fourth Conjugation: I shall find out his preterperfect tense by that rule which is made for the termination of the second person singular of the presentense of the indicative mode or by the rules of exception. Q. What is the termination of the second person singular in the present tense of the Indicative mode, in verbs of the first Conjugation? R. As. Q. What is the rule for this termination? R. As in presenti perfectum format in avi. Q. Do all verbs of the first Conjugation make their preterperfect tense in avi. R. All saving those which be excepted after this rule. Q. What is the termination of the second person singular in the second Conjugation. R. Es. Q. Which is the rule for this termination. R. Es in praesenti perfectum format ui dans. Q. Do all verbs of the second Conjugation make their preterperfect tense in ui? R. All saving those that be excepted either by name or by some special rule. Q. How many special rules of exception have ye for verbs of this conjugation? R. These two, l. vel r. ante geo si stet, geo vertitue in si. And Veo fit vi. etc. Q. What is the termination of the 2. person in the 4. Conjugation? R. Is. Q. What is the rule for this termination? R. Quarta that is ivi monstrat scio scis tibi scivi. Q. Do all verbs of the 4. Conjugation make their preterperfect tense in ivi? R. All saving those that be here specially excepted after this rule. Q. What if your verb be the third Conjugation, how will ye then find out his preterperfect tense? R. If my verb be the third conjugation, than I shall find out his preterperfect tense by the special rule which is made for the termination of the first person singular in the present tense of the Indicative mode. Q. Which is the termination of the first person singular? R. There be as many terminations of the first person singular almost as there be letters. Q. Which be they? R. These Bornwell, Co, Do, Go, Ho, Lo, More, No, Po, Quo, Ro, So, Sco, To, Vo, Xo, Cio, Dio, Gio, Pio, Rio, Tio, üo. Q. Have ye a rule for every one of these terminations? R. Yea forsooth. Q. What is the rule for Bornwell? R. Bo fit by, ut lambo lambi. Q. Do all words that end in bo make their perfect tense in by? R. All saving those which be after specially excepted. Q. And is this the order in every termination. R. Yea forsooth. For the preterperfectense of compound verbs. Q. If your verb be a compound how will ye find out his preterperfectense? R. If the verb be compound, I have this general rule for his preterperfect tense Preteritum datidem simplex et compositiwm. Q. Why, is the preterperfect tense of the verb compound the same that the preterperfect tense of the simple is always? R. No forsooth not always, for the compounds of many verbs be afterwards excepted by certain special rules. Q. What verbs be those whose compounds do alter from this general rule. R. Some compound of Plico. a plico compositum. etc. Olco. quamuls vult oleo simplex. etc. Pungo. Composita a pungo. etc. Do. Natum a do quando est. etc. Sto Natum a sto stas. etc. Q. What other exception have ye from this general rule? R. I have three rules, wherein divers verbs be excepted. Q. Which is the first exception from the general rule of compound, verbs. R. The first rule is of certain verbs whose compounds change the first vowel of their present tense & of their preterperfectense into e Verba haec simplicia presentis etc. among which are specially noted: Some compounds of Pario, pario cuius nata peri duo. Pasco, a pasco pavi tantum, etc. Q. Which is the second exception from the general rule of compound verbs? R. The second rule is of certain verbs whose compounds change their 1. vowel into i Haec habeo, lateo, etc., among which are specially noted? Some compounds of Canon, a cano natum praeteritum per ui, etc., Placeo, a Placeo sic displiceo, etc. Pango, Composita a pango, etc. Maneo, A maneo mansi minui daunt, etc. Some compounds of Scalpo. Composita a scalpo, calco, etc. Calco. Salto. Claudo. Composita a claudo, etc. Quatio. Lavo. Q. Which is the last exception from the general rule of compound verbs. R. The last rule is of some verbs whose compounds change the first vowel of their present tense, but not of the preterperfectense into i, Haec si componas, ago etc. After which be specially noted. Some compounds of Ago, sed pauca notétur, namque suum, etc. Vtque ab ago, etc. Rego, A rego sic pergo, etc. Facio, Nil variat facio, etc., Lego, A lego nata re, se, etc. For the Supines of simple Verbs. Q. How will ye find out the supine of a simple verb? R. By the rule that is made for the termination of his Preterperfectense. Q. Which be the terminations of the Preterperfectense? R. There be almost as many terminations of the Preterperfectense as there be letters. Q. Rehearse them? R. By, Ci, Di, Gi', Li, Mi, Ni, Pi, Qui, Ri, Si, Psi, Ti, Vi, iii, Xi. Q. What is the rule for By? R. By sibi tum format, etc. Q. Doth all those verbs whose Preterperfectense end in by, make their supines in tum? R. All saving those that hereafter are specially excepted. Q. And is this the order for all the other terminations? R. Yea forsooth. For the Supines of compound Verbs. Q. How will ye seek out the Supine of a verb Compound? R. I have this general rule for the Supines of verbs pound. Compositum ut simplex formatur quodque Supinum. Q. Do all compound verbs form their supines in the same manner that their simples do? R. All saving a few that be specially afterward excepted.